Wikipedia sowiki https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogga_Hore MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.16 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Portal Portal talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 3837 305881 300606 2026-08-24T18:31:36Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305881 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Côte d'Ivoire | common_name = Ivory Coast | native_name = {{ublist|{{native name|fr|République de Côte d'Ivoire}}|{{native name|dyu|Kɔdiwari Jamana}}}} | image_flag = Flag of Côte d'Ivoire.svg | image_coat = Coat of Arms of the Ivory Coast.svg | coa_size = 100 | national_motto = {{native phrase|fr|'Union – Discipline – Travail'|italics=off}}<br />'Midnimo – Edbitaan – Hawl' | national_anthem = {{lang|fr|[[L'Abidjanaise]]}}<br />({{Langx|en|"Heestii Abidjan"}}) [[File:United States Navy Band - National Anthem of Côte D'Ivoire "L'Abidjanaise".ogg]] {{parabr}}{{center|}} | image_map = {{Switcher| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]] |Muuji khariidadda Afrika|default=1}} | map_caption = | image_map2 = | capital = [[Yamoussoukro]] | coordinates = {{Coord|6|51|N|5|18|W|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Abidjan]] | official_languages = [[Af-Faransiiska Afrika|Faransiis]] | languages_type = Luuqadaha<br />waddaniga ah | languages = {{hlist|[[Af-Ingiriisi|Ingiriis]]|[[Af-Faransiis|Faransiis]]|[[Af-Carabi]]|[[Luuqadaha Bété|Bété]]|[[Luuqadda Dyula|Dyula]]|[[Luuqadda Baoulé|Baoulé]]|[[Lahjada Bono|Abron]]|[[Luuqadda Agni|Agni]]|[[Luuqadaha Senufo|Senoufo]]|[[Luuqadaha Ivory Coast|kuwo kale]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{tree list}} * 78.0% Reer Ivory Coast * * 38.0% [[Dadka Akan|Akan]] * * 22.0% [[Dadka Mandé|Mande-ta Woqooyi]] * * 22.0% Voltaiques/Gur * * 9.1% [[Dadka Kru|Kru]] * * 8.6% [[Dadka Mandé|Mande-ta Koonfureed]] * * 0.3% dadka jinsiyadda la siiyay ee Ivory Coast * 22.0% [[Astaamaha dadka ee Ivory Coast|Ajaanib]]^a {{tree list/end}} | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name=":11" /> | ethnic_groups_year = Tiriya dowladda ee 2021 | religion = {{Ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap; |42.5% [[Islaamka ee Ivory Coast|Islaam]] |{{Tree list}} * 39.8% [[Masiixiyad]] * * 17.0% [[Kaniisadda Kaatooligga ee Ivory Coast|Kaatoolig]] * * 22.8% [[Masiixi]] kale {{Tree list/end}} |12.6% [[Diin la'aan|diin lahayn]] |2.2% [[Diimaha hiddaha ah ee Afrika|diimaha hiddaha ah]] |0.7% diimo kale |2.2% aan ka jawaabin }} | religion_year = Tiriya dowladda ee 2021 | religion_ref = <ref name=":11" /> | demonym = {{unbulleted list|[[Dadka Ivory Coast|Ivorian]]|Reer Ivory Coast}} | government_type = Jamhuuriyad [[Nidaamka madaxtooyada|madaxtooyo]] oo midaysan | leader_title1 = [[Liiska madaxda gobolka ee Ivory Coast|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Alassane Ouattara]] | leader_title2 = [[Madaxweyne ku-xigeenka Ivory Coast|Madaxweyne ku-xigeen]] | leader_name2 = [[Tiémoko Meyliet Koné]] | leader_title3 = [[Liiska madaxda xukuumadda ee Ivory Coast|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name3 = [[Robert Beugré Mambé]] | leader_title4 = Ra'iisul Wasaare ku-xigeen | leader_name4 = [[Téné Birahima Ouattara]] | legislature = [[Baarlamaanka Ivory Coast]] | upper_house = [[Aqoalka Sare ee Ivory Coast|Aqalka Sare]] | lower_house = [[Golaha Shacabka (Ivory Coast)|Golaha Shacabka]] | sovereignty_type = [[Taariikhda Ivory Coast|Taariikhda]] | established_event1 = Aasaaskii Jamhuuriyadda | established_date1 = 4 Diseembar 1958 | established_event2 = [[Xorriyadda]] ka qaadashada Faransiiska | established_date2 = 7 Agoosto 1960 | area_km2 = 322,462 | area_rank = 68aad <!-- Should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 124,502 <!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | percent_water = 1.4<ref name="CIA">{{cite web|title=Côte d'Ivoire|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cote-divoire/|website=The World Factbook|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence|date=30 March 2022|access-date=16 March 2022|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109221218/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cote-divoire|url-status=dead}}</ref> | population_estimate = 31,500,000<ref name="2024_data_sheet">{{cite web|title=2024 World Population Data Sheet|url=https://2024-wpds.prb.org/africa/#western-africa|author=[[Population Reference Bureau]]|access-date=11 December 2024}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = Luulyo 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 49aad | population_census = 29,389,150<ref name="census_2021">{{cite web|title=RGPH 2021 Résultats globaux|url=https://www.ins.ci/RGP2021/RGPH2021-RESULTATS%20GLOBAUX_VF.pdf|author=[[Institut National de la Statistique de Côte d'Ivoire]]|access-date=9 August 2022|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404151119/https://www.ins.ci/RGP2021/RGPH2021-RESULTATS%20GLOBAUX_VF.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> | population_census_year = Diseembar 2021 | population_density_km2 = 97.7 | population_density_sq_mi = 236 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 139aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $202.647 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.CI">{{cite web|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (CI)|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=662,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|date=10 October 2023|access-date=14 October 2023|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203145913/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=662,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|url-status=live}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_rank = 78aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $6,960<ref name="IMFWEO.CI" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 138aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $79.430 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.CI" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = 84aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $2,728<ref name="IMFWEO.CI" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 141aad | Gini = 35.3 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2021 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=Gini Index coefficient|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/|publisher=[[The World Factbook]]|access-date=24 September 2024|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204222738/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.582 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{Cite web|title=Human Development Report 2025|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|language=en|date=6 May 2025|access-date=6 May 2025|archive-date=6 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 157aad | currency = [[CFA franc-ga Galbeedka Afrika]] | currency_code = XOF | utc_offset = ±00:00 | time_zone = [[Waqtiga Greenwich|GMT]] | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | calling_code = [[Lambarrada taleefanka ee Ivory Coast|+225]] | iso3166code = CI | cctld = [[.ci]] | footnote_a = Waxaa ku jira qiyaastii 130,000 oo [[Dadka Lubnaan|Lubnaaniyiin ah]] iyo 14,000 oo [[Dadka Faransiiska|Faransiis ah]]. | footnotes = {{Notelist}} | today = }} '''Ivory Coast''', sidoo kale loo yaqaanno {{lang|fr|'''Côte d'Ivoire'''|italic=no}}{{Efn|Loo dhawaaqo {{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|oʊ|t|_|d|iː|ˈ|v|w|ɑːr}} {{respell|KOHT|_|dee|VWAR}} ee afka Ingiriisiga<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Cambridge Dictionary: English Dictionary|access-date=26 July 2024}}</ref> iyo {{IPA|fr|kot divwaʁ||Fr-Côte-d'Ivoire-fr-Paris.ogg}} ee afka Faransiiska.<ref>{{cite dictionary|title=Cote d'Ivoire definition|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cote%20d%27ivoire|access-date=23 May 2014|archive-date=23 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723020443/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cote%20d%27ivoire|url-status=live}}</ref>}} si rasmi ahna loo yagooray '''Jamhuuriyadda Côte d'Ivoire''', waa dal ku yaalla xeebta koonfureed ee [[Galbeedka Afrika]]. Caasimaddiisa, [[Yamoussoukro]], waxay ku taal bartamaha dalka, halka [[Abidjan]] ay tahay magaalada ugu weyn iyo xarunta dhaqaalaha. Waxay xuduud la leedahay [[Gini]] dhanka [[Xadka Gini iyo Ivory Coast|waqooyi-galbeed]], [[Laybeeriya]] dhanka [[Xadka Ivory Coast iyo Laybeeriya|galbeed]], [[Maali]] dhanka [[Xadka Ivory Coast iyo Maali|waqooyi-galbeed]], [[Burkiina Faaso]] dhanka [[Xadka Burkiina Faaso iyo Ivory Coast|waqooyi-bari]], [[Gana]] dhanka [[Xadka Gana iyo Ivory Coast|bari]], iyo [[Gacanka Gini]] ee [[Badweynta Atlaantik|Atlaantiga]] dhanka koonfureed.<ref>{{Cite thesis|title=ADDING A SOURCE CODE SEARCHING CAPABILITY TO YIOOP|url=https://doi.org/10.31979/etd.nk56-uyfc|publisher=San Jose State University Library|url-access=subscription|last=Parvatneni|first=Snigdha Rao|date=2013|doi=10.31979/etd.nk56-uyfc}}</ref> Iyadoo leh 31.5 milyan oo qof sanadkii 2024, Ivory Coast waa [[Liiska waddamada Afrika marka loo eego tirada dadka|dalka saddexaad ee ugu dadka badan]] Galbeedka Afrika.<ref name="2024_data_sheet" /> Luuqaddeeda rasmiga ah waa [[Af-Faransiis|Faransiis]], luuqadaha waddaniga ahna si ballaaran ayaa loo isticmaalaa, oo ay ku jiraan [[Luuqadaha Bété|Bété]], [[Luuqadda Baoulé|Baoulé]], [[Luuqadda Dyula|Dyula]], [[Luuqadda Dan|Dan]], [[Luuqadda Anyin|Anyin]], iyo [[Luuqadaha Senari|Cebaara Senufo]].<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=Republic of Côte d'Ivoire|url=https://achpr.au.int/en/member-states/cote-divoire|website=African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights|language=en|access-date=30 May 2025}}</ref> Isku gaddoon, waxaa jira ku dhawaad 78 [[Luuqadaha Ivory Coast|luuqadood oo loogu hadlo Ivory Coast]].<ref name=":13" /> Dalku wuxuu leeyahay [[Diinta ee Ivory Coast|shacab kala diimo ah]], oo ay ku jiraan taageerayaal badan oo [[Islaamka ee Ivory Coast|Islaamka]], [[Masiixiyadda ee Ivory Coast|Masiixiyadda]] iyo [[Diimaha hiddaha ah ee Afrika|diimaha hiddaha ah]] oo badanaa wata [[animism]].<ref name=":religions2021" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite web|title=RECENSEMENT GENERAL DE LA POPULATION ET DE L'HABITAT 2021 RESULTATS GLOBAUX DEFINITIFS|url=https://www.caidp.ci/uploads/7113b93cc641ba78c591e9f79a4e729c.pdf|website=Institut National de la Statistique (INS)|language=fr|date=October 2022|access-date=5 August 2023|archive-date=14 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814112828/https://www.caidp.ci/uploads/7113b93cc641ba78c591e9f79a4e729c.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Ivory Coast waxay ahaan jirtay hoy u ahaa dhowr dawladood, oo ay ku jiraan [[Gyaman|Gyaaman]], [[Boqortooyadii Kong]], iyo [[Dadka Baoulé|Baoulé]]. Deegaanku wuxuu noqday [[maxmiyad]] Faransiis ah sanadkii 1843 waxaana loo adkeeyay sidii [[Liiska gumeysigii Faransiiska|gumeysi Faransiis]] sanadkii 1893 intii lagu jiray [[Tartankii Afrika]]. Waxay xorriyadda qaadatay sanadkii 1960, iyadoo uu hoggaaminayay [[Félix Houphouët-Boigny]], oo xukumay dalka ilaa 1993. Marka loo eego heerarka gobolka, Ivory Coast waxay xiriir dhow oo dhanka siyaasadda iyo dhaqaalaha ah la lahayd dariskeeda Galbeedka Afrika iyadoo sii haysata xiriir dhow oo ay la leedahay [[Isbahaysiga Galbeedka|Galbeedka]], [[Françafrique|gaar ahaan Faransiiska]]. Degganaanshaheedii waxaa ruxay [[Inqilaabkii Ivory Coast ee 1999|inqilaab dhacay 1999]] iyo laba dagaal sokeeye—kii koowaad [[Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Koowaad ee Ivory Coast|guntii 2002 iyo 2007]]<ref name="loi">{{cite journal|title=Loi n° 2000-513 du 1er août 2000 portant Constitution de la République de Côte d'Ivoire|url=http://www.jfaconseil.com/jorci/2000/RCI%20JO%202000-30.pdf|volume=42|journal=Journal Officiel de la République de Côte d'Ivoire|issue=30|pages=529–538|language=fr|date=3 August 2000|archive-date=25 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325153412/http://www.jfaconseil.com/jorci/2000/RCI%20JO%202000-30.pdf|url-status=dead}},</ref> iyo markale [[Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Labaad ee Ivory Coast|intii u dhaxeysay 2010–2011]]. Waxay qaadatay [[Dastuurka Ivory Coast|dastuur cusub]] sanadkii 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ivory Coast backs new constitution in landslide vote, opposition cries foul|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20161102-ivory-coast-approves-new-constitution-referendum-opposition-boycott|date=2 November 2016|access-date=8 March 2023|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326030516/https://www.france24.com/en/20161102-ivory-coast-approves-new-constitution-referendum-opposition-boycott|url-status=live}}</ref> Ivory Coast waa jamhuuriyad leh awood fulineed oo xooggan oo la siiyay [[Liiska madaxda gobolka ee Ivory Coast|madaxweynaheeda]]. Iyadoo loo marayo [[Waxsoosaarka kafeega ee Ivory Coast|waxsoosaarka koofiga]] iyo [[Waxsoosaarka kookaha ee Ivory Coast|kookaha]], waxay ahayd quwadda dhaqaalaha ee Galbeedka Afrika intii lagu jiray 1960-gii iyo 1970-gii, ka dibna waxay la kulantay dhibaato dhaqaale 1980-gii, taasi oo gacan ka geysatay xilli qas siyaasadeed iyo mid bulsho ah oo sii dheeraaday ilaa 2011. Ivory Coast waxay haddana la kulantay korriin dhaqaale oo sarreeya tan iyo markii ay soo laabatay nabadda iyo degganaanshaha siyaasadeed ee 2011. Laga soo bilaabo 2012 ilaa 2023, dhaqaaluhu wuxuu ku koray celcelis ahaan 7.1% sannadkii [[Waxsoosaarka Guud ee Gudaha|marka la eego dhabta]], waana heerka labaad ee ugu dhaqsiyaha badan ee korriinka dhaqaalaha ee Afrika iyo kan afraad ee ugu dhaqsiyaha badan adduunka.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Economic Outlook database: October 2023|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=512,914,612,171,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,146,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&s=NGDP_R,&sy=2011&ey=2023&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|author=[[IMF]]|access-date=11 February 2024|archive-date=19 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219102804/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=512,914,612,171,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,146,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&s=NGDP_R,&sy=2011&ey=2023&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|url-status=live}}</ref> Sannadkii 2023, Ivory Coast waxay lahayd GDP per capita-ga labaad ee ugu sarreeya Galbeedka Afrika, iyadoo ku xigta [[Cape Verde]].<ref>{{cite web|title=World Economic Outlook database: October 2023|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=614,638,616,748,618,624,622,626,628,632,636,634,662,642,643,734,644,646,648,652,656,654,664,666,668,674,676,678,684,688,728,692,694,714,716,722,718,724,199,733,738,742,746,754,698,&s=PPPPC,&sy=2023&ey=2023&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|author=[[IMF]]|access-date=11 February 2024}}</ref> Naas kasta oo ay taasi jirto, marka loo eego sahankii ugu dambeeyay ee 2016, 46.1% dadka waxaa weli saameyn ku haya [[Tusaha Saboolnimada ee Dhinacyada Badan|saboolnimada dhinacyada badan]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023 Côte d'Ivoire|url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/CIV.pdf|website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports|date=2023|access-date=15 April 2024|archive-date=16 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416190049/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/CIV.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Sannadkii 2023, Ivory Coast waa dalka ugu weyn adduunka ee dhoofiya digirta kookaha, wuxuuna leeyahay dakhli aad u sarreeya marka loo eego gobolkiisa.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Cocoa beans, whole/broken, raw/roasted – Imports and Exports – 2023|url=https://trendeconomy.com/data/commodity_h2/180100#:~:text=Top%20exporters%20of%20Cocoa%20beans,%2D%205.38%25%20($417%20million)|publisher=Trendeconomy|date=7 November 2024|access-date=20 March 2024|archive-date=25 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125140048/https://trendeconomy.com/data/commodity_h2/180100|url-status=live}}</ref> Dhaqaaluhu weli wuxux si weyn ugu tiirsan yahay beeraha, iyadoo [[Beeraleyda yaryar|beeraleyda yaryar]] ee soo saarta dalagyada lacagta lagu doonayo ay u badan yihiin.<ref name="CIA" /> ==Asalka magaca== Asal ahaan, [[Sahan badeedka Burtuqiiska|ganacsatada-sahamiyayaasha Burtuqiiska]] ee qarniyadii 15aad iyo 16aad waxay u qaybiyeen xeebta galbeed ee Afrika, si qallafsan, afar "xeebood" oo ka tarjumayay kheyraadka laga heli karo xeeb kasta. Xeebta ay u bixiyeen {{lang|pt|Costa do Marfim}}—oo macnaheedu yahay 'xeebta fool-maroodiga', loona turjumay Faransiis ahaan {{lang|fr|Côte d'Ivoire}}—waxay u dhaxaysay wixii loo yaqaanay {{lang|pt|Guiné de Cabo Verde}}, oo loo yaqaanay "Gini-da Sare" ee ku taal {{lang|fr|[[Cap-Vert]]|italic=no}}, iyo Gini-da Hoose.{{sfn|Thornton|1996|pp=53–56}}{{sfn|Lipski|2005|p=39}} Waxaa sidoo kale jiray [[Xeebta Basbaaska]], oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan "Xeebta Siraadka" (Laybeeriyada maanta), "[[Xeebta Dahabka (gobo)|Xeebta Dahabka]]" (Gana), iyo "[[Xeebta Addoomaha ee Galbeedka Afrika|Xeebta Addoomaha]]" (Toogo, Benin iyo Nayjeeriya). Sida kuwaas oo kale, magaca ''Ivory Coast'' wuxuu ka tarjumayay ganacsigii weynaa ee ka jiray qaybtaas gaarka ah ee xeebta: dhoofinta [[fool-maroodiga]].{{sfn|Duckett|1853|p=594}}{{sfn|Thornton|1996|pp=53–56}}{{sfn|Homans|1858|p=14}}{{sfn|Lipski|2005|p=39}}{{sfn|Plée|1868|p=146}} Magacyada kale ee deegaanka loo yaqaanay waxaa ka mid ahaa {{lang|fr|Côte de Dents}},{{Efn|[[Joseph Vaissète]], buuggiisii 1755 ee {{lang|fr|Géographie historique, ecclésiastique et civile}}, wuxuu ku liisgreeyay magaca sidii {{lang|fr|La Côte des Dents}} ('Xeebta Ilkaha'), laakiin wuxuu xusay in {{lang|fr|Côte de Dents}} ay tahay qaabka ugu saxan.{{sfn|Vaissète|1755|pp=185–186}}|name=teeths}} oo macnaheedu yahay 'Xeebta Ilkaha', markale ka tarjumaysa ganacsiga fool-maroodiga;{{sfn|Blanchard|1818|p=57}}{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=100}}{{sfn|Duckett|1853|p=594}}{{sfn|Lipski|2005|p=39}}{{sfn|Plée|1868|p=146}}{{sfn|Walckenaer|1827|p=35}} {{lang|fr|Côte de Quaqua}}, oo loogu magac daray dadkii ay reer Holland u bixiyeen ''Quaqua'' (ama ''Kwa Kwa'');{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=100}}{{sfn|Thornton|1996|pp=53–56}}{{sfn|Vaissète|1755|pp=185–186}} Xeebta Shanta iyo Lixda Xariijimood, oo loogu magac daray nooc ka mid ah dharka cudbiga ah ee halkaas lagu gadan jiray;{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=100}} iyo ''Côte du Vent'',{{Efn|{{lang|fr|Côte du Vent}} mararka qaarkood waxay muujinaysay isku-darka xeebaha "Ivory" iyo "Siraadka", ama mararka qaar xeebta "Siraadka" oo kaliya.{{sfn|Duckett|1853|p=594}}{{sfn|Thornton|1996|pp=53–56}}|name=vent}} Xeebta Dabaylaha, sababo la xiriira xaaladaha cimilada maxaliga ah ee xeebta ka baxsan.{{sfn|Duckett|1853|p=594}}{{sfn|Thornton|1996|pp=53–56}} Qarnigii 19aad, isticmaalku wuxuu u guuray {{lang|fr|Côte d'Ivoire}}.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=100}} Xeebta dawladda casriga ahi si sax ah uma wada eka wixii ay ganacsatadii qarniyadii 15aad iyo 16aad u yaqaaneen xeebta "Ilkaha" ama "Ivory", taasi oo loo haystay inay ka soo bilaabato [[Cape Palmas]] ilaa [[Cape Three Points]] taas oo hadda u qaybsan dawladaha casriga ah ee Gana iyo Ivory Coast (iyadoo qayb yar ay haysato Laybeeriya).{{sfn|Blanchard|1818|p=57}}{{sfn|Homans|1858|p=14}}{{sfn|Walckenaer|1827|p=35}}{{sfn|Vaissète|1755|pp=185–186}} Waxay sii haysatay magaca intii lagu jiray xukunkii Faransiiska iyo xorriyaddii 1960.<ref name="WDL1">{{cite web|title=The Ivory Coast|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/643|publisher=[[World Digital Library]]|access-date=16 February 2013|archive-date=4 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204073233/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/643/|url-status=live}}</ref> Magaca muddo dheer ayaa si dhab ah loogu turjumay luuqado kale,{{Efn|Turjumaadaha dhabta ah waxaa ka mid ah {{langx|de|Elfenbeinküste}}, {{langx|it|Costa d'Avorio}}, {{langx|fi|Norsunluurannikko}}, {{langx|ru|Бе́рег Слоно́вой Ко́сти}}, iyo {{langx|en|Ivory Coast|italic=no}}.{{sfn|David|2000|p=7}}|name=trans}} taasi oo xukuumaddii xorriyadda ka dib ay u aragtay dhibaato sii kordheysa mar kasta oo xiriirkeeda caalamiga ah uu dhaafsiisanyahay fagaaraha ku hadla Af-Faransiiska. Sidaa darteed, bishii Abriil 1986, xukuumaddu waxay ku dhawaaqday in '''{{lang|fr|Côte d'Ivoire}}''' (ama, si buuxda, {{lang|fr|République de Côte d'Ivoire}}{{sfn|Auzias|Labourdette|2008|p=9}}) ay ahaan doonto magaceeda rasmiga ah ee ujeedooyinka hab-maamuuska dublamaasiyadeed, tan iyo markaasna waxay si rasmi ah u diidday inay aqoonsato wax turjumaad ah oo laga bixiyo Faransiiska loona turjumayo luuqado kale marka ay la macaamilayso caalamka.{{sfn|David|2000|p=7}}{{sfn|Lea|Rowe|2001|p=127}}{{sfn|Jessup|1998|p=351}} In kasta oo ay jirtay codsiga xukuumadda Ivory Coast, turjumaada Ingiriisiga ah ee "Ivory Coast" (badanaa "''the'' Ivory Coast") ayaa weli si joogto ah loogu isticmaalaa Ingiriisiga meelo kala duwan oo warbaahinta iyo daabacadaha ah. Dawlado badan ayaa u isticmaala "Côte d'Ivoire" sababo dublamaasiyadeed, sida ay u isticmaalaan xarumahooda warbaahineed, sida [[CCTV News (Chinese)|CCTV News]] ee Shiinaha. Ururada kale ee isticmaala "Côte d'Ivoire" waxaa ka mid ah [[Central Intelligence Agency]] ee buuggooda ''[[The World Factbook|World Factbook]]''<ref name="CIA" /> iyo ururada isboortiga caalamiga ah ee [[FIFA]]<ref>{{cite web|title=CAF Member Associations|url=http://www.cafonline.com/en-us/memberassociations.aspx|publisher=[[Confederation of African Football]]|access-date=20 July 2017|archive-date=25 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170725110443/http://www.cafonline.com/en-us/memberassociations.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> iyo [[Guddiga Olombikada Caalamiga ah|IOC]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Côte d'Ivoire|url=https://www.olympic.org/cote-d-voire|publisher=[[International Olympic Committee]]|access-date=20 July 2017|archive-date=18 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718054551/https://www.olympic.org/cote-d-ivoire|url-status=live}}</ref> (iyagoo tixraacaya [[Xulka kubadda cagta qaranka ee Ivory Coast|xulkooda kubadda cagta qaranka]] iyo kooxaha Olombikada ee ciyaaraha caalamiga ah iyo baahinta rasmiga ah), ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Cote d'Ivoire|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/139651/Cote-dIvoire|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|access-date=20 June 2010|archive-date=18 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618075934/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/139651/Cote-dIvoire|url-status=live}}</ref> iyo ''[[National Geographic Society]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Places Directory|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/destination/cote-divoire?source=A-to-Z|publisher=[[National Geographic Society]]|date=25 June 2008|access-date=20 June 2010|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308101113/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/destination/cote-divoire?source=A-to-Z|url-status=live}}</ref> [[BBC]]-du badanaa waxay u isticmaashaa "Ivory Coast" labadaba warbixinnada wararka iyo boggeeda ku saabsan dalka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Country profile: Ivory Coast|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1043014.stm|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=24 February 2010|access-date=30 April 2010|archive-date=15 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100415042400/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1043014.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Si la mid ah, ''[[The Economist]]'' wuxuu sheegayaa "...Ivory Coast, ''faal'' Côte d'Ivoire..."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wroe|first=Ann|title=The Economist Style Guide: The Bestselling Guide to English Usage|url=https://archive.org/details/economiststylegu0000annw|publisher=Profile Books|year=2018|isbn=978 1 78125 831 6|edition=12th|location=Great Britain|page=[https://archive.org/details/economiststylegu0000annw/page/112 112]|language=en}}</ref> [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]], [[Fox News]], ''[[The Times]]'', ''[[The New York Times]]'', [[Shirkadda Baahinta ee Koonfur Afrika]], iyo [[CBC News|Shirkadda Baahinta ee Kanada]] dhamaantood waxay u isticmaalaan "Ivory Coast" si gaar ah ama ugu weyn.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}} ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} q5e92v11lqaoe5tufajohnp1i7pw4xu 0 3900 305791 298777 2026-08-24T17:41:33Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305791 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox former country |common_name = imbayrka Cusmaaniyiinta</br>Ottoman Empire |continent = Afroeurasia |native_name = {{lang-ar|دَوْلَتِ عَلِيّهٔ عُثمَانِیّه}} <br />''Devlet-i ʿAlīye-i ʿO<u>s</u>mānīye'' |conventional_long_name = Ottoman Empire |image_coat = Osmanli-nisani.svg |image_flag = Flag of the Ottoman Empire.svg |flag = Calan |flag_type = Calan (1844–1922) |symbol = |symbol_type = Astaanta ciidanka (1882) |image_map = OttomanEmpireIn1683.png |image_map_caption = Dhulka boqortooyadu ka talin jirtey 1683. |national_motto = {{lang|ota-Arab|دولت ابد مدت}}<br />''Devlet-i Ebed-müddet''<br /><small>"The Eternal State"</small> |national_anthem = ''Noocyo badan''<br />(1808–1922) |capital = {{plainlist| *[[soogoot]]<ref>Stanford Shaw, ''History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey'' (Cambridge: University Press, 1976), vol. 1 p. 13</ref> * <small>(1299–1335)</small> * [[Bursa]]<ref>"In 1363 the Ottoman capital moved from Bursa to Edirne, although Bursa retained its spiritual and economic importance." [http://www.kultur.gov.tr/–EN,33810/ottoman-capital-bursa.html ''Ottoman Capital Bursa'']. Official website of Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Turkey. Retrieved 26 June 2013.</ref> * <small>(1335–1363)</small> * [[Istanbul]]<ref>In Ottoman Turkish the city was known with various names, among which were ''[[Kostantiniyye]]'' ({{lang|ota-Arab|قسطنطينيه}}) (replacing the suffix ''-polis'' with the Arabic [[Arabic nouns and adjectives#Nisba|nisba]]), ''[[Dersaadet]]'' ({{lang|ota-Arab|در سعادت}}) and ''Istanbul'' ({{lang|ota-Arab|استانبول}}). Names other than Istanbul gradually became obsolete in Turkish, and after Turkey's transition to Latin script in 1928, the city's Turkish name attained international usage.</ref><small> * (1453–1922)</small>}} |common_languages = {{plainlist| * [[Af-Turki]] * Luuqado kale}} |religion = {{plainlist| * [[Sunni Islam]] }} |government_type = {{plainlist| * [[Boqortooyo]] * <small>(1299–1876)</small> * <small>(1878–1908)</small> * <small>(1920–1922)</small> }} |title_leader = [[Suldaan]] |leader1 = [[Cusmaan gaazi|Cusmaankii Koowaad]] <small>(ugu horeeyay)</small> |year_leader1 = 1299–1326 |leader2 = Mehmed VI <small>(ugu dambeeyay)</small> |year_leader2 = 1918–1922 |title_representative= [[Khaliif]] |year_representative1= 1512–1520 |representative1 = Selim I <small>(ugu horeyay)</small><ref name="Lambton">{{cite book |last1=Lambton |first1=Ann |author-link1=Ann Lambton |last2=Lewis |first2=Bernard |author-link2=Bernard Lewis |title=The Cambridge History of Islam: The Indian sub-continent, South-East Asia, Africa and the Muslim west |volume=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4AuJvd2Tyt8C |page=320 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-521-22310-2|access-date= }}</ref> |year_representative2= |representative2 = }} '''Imbayrka Cusmaaniyiinta''' loogu dhawaaqo: {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɒ|t|ə|m|ə|n}}; '{{lang-tr|Devlet-i ʿAlīye-i ʿO<u>s</u>mānīye}}; [[Af-Turki|Luuqada Turkig maanta]]: ''{{lang|tr|Osmanlı İmparatorluğu}}'' ama ''{{lang|tr|Osmanlı Devleti}}''), sidoo kale loo yaqaano '''Saldanadii Turkiga''',<ref>{{cite book|author=Hamish Scott|title=The Oxford Handbook of Early Modern European History, 1350-1750: Volume II|url=https://books.google.be/books?id=Jb4DCgAAQBAJ&dq=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Early+Modern+European+History,+1350-1750:+Volume+II&hl=nl&source=gbs_navlinks_s|year=2015|page=612}}"The Ottoman Empire-also known in Europe as the Turkish Empire"</ref> '''Cusmaaniyiinta Turkeyga''',<ref name=":0">{{cite book|author=Raphaela Lewis|title=Everyday Life in Ottoman Turkey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aUJNAAAAYAAJ|year=1988|publisher=Dorset Press|isbn=978-0-88029-175-0}}</ref><ref name="Goodwin1977">{{cite book|author=Godfrey Goodwin|title=Ottoman Turkey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WBvcheAv62wC|year=1977|publisher=Scorpion Publications}}</ref> waxay ahayd [[boqortooyo]] [[Islaam]]iya oo awood yeelatay qarnigii 13aad deegaano ka mid ah waqooyigalbeed wadanka maanta loo yaqaano [[Turkiga]].<ref> * {{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/434996/Ottoman-Empire |title=Ottoman Empire |publisher=Britannica Online Encyclopedia|accessdate=11 February 2013}} * {{cite book|last1=Atalay|first1=Kaşgarlı Mahmud ; çeviren Besim|title=Divanü lugat-it-Türk : (çeviri)|date=2006|publisher=Türk Dil Kurumu|location=Ankara|isbn=975-16-0405-2|page=55|edition=5.baskı}}</ref> Boqortooyada waxaa asal ahaan bilaabay ismaamulkii beelaha ee ka jiray deegaanada Antanoliya wakhtigaasi, waxaana markiiba awooda qabsadey ninkii loogu magaca daray boqortooyada Cusmaankii I.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Finkel |first=Caroline |title=Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1923 |year=2006 |url=https://archive.org/details/osmansdreamstory0000fink |page=[https://archive.org/details/osmansdreamstory0000fink/page/2 2], 7 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-465-02396-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kafadar |first=Cemal |title=Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State |url=https://archive.org/details/betweentwoworlds0000kafa |date=1995 |page=[https://archive.org/details/betweentwoworlds0000kafa/page/122 122] |isbn=978-0-520-20600-7 |quote=That they hailed from the Kayı branch of the Oğuz confederacy seems to be a creative "rediscovery" in the genealogical concoction of the fifteenth century. It is missing not only in Ahmedi but also, and more importantly, in the Yahşi Fakih-Aşıkpaşazade narrative, which gives its own version of an elaborate genealogical family tree going back to Noah. If there was a particularly significant claim to Kayı lineage, it is hard to imagine that Yahşi Fakih would not have heard of it }} * {{Cite book |last=Lindner |first=Rudi Paul |title=Nomads and Ottomans in Medieval Anatolia |publisher=Indiana University Press |date=1983 |page=10 |quote=In fact, no matter how one were to try, the sources simply did not allow the recovery of a family tree linking the antecedents of Osman to the Kayı of the Oğuz tribe. }} * {{Cite book |last=Shaw |first=Stanford |title=History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofottoman00stan |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1976 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofottoman00stan/page/13 13] |quote=The problem of Ottoman origins has preoccupied students of history, but because of both the absence of contemporary source materials and conflicting accounts written subsequent to the events there seems to be no basis for a definitive statement. }}</ref> ==Hordhac== [[File:Osmanli-nisani.svg|thumb|Dawlada Cosmaniya]] [[File:Bellini, Gentile - Sultan Mehmet II.jpg|thumb|[[Maxamed Al-faatex|Maxamed al-Faatex]]]] [[File:Ottoman small animation.gif|thumbnail|Dowladda Cosmaniya]] Dowladii Cusmaaniyiinta (1299-1924) waxay ahaayeen dawlad [[Islaam]]iya taasi oo aasaasey [[Cusmaan gaazi|Cismaannkii Koowaad]]. Dowlada boqortooyadani waxa ay xukuntay dhul aad u balaaran, waxaa ka mid ah [[Aasiya]] (sida [[Bariga Dhexe]] wadanada maanta loo yaqaano), [[Geeska Afrika]], iyo meelo badan oo ka mid ah [[Yurub]]. Boqortooyadii dowlada Cusmaaniyiinta waxaa saldhigeeda ugu wayni ahaa magaalada [[Istanbuul]], ee maanta ka tirsan wadanka [[Turkiga]]. ==Taariikh== === Asalka cusmaaniyiinta === asal ahaan cusmaaniyiinta waxay ka soo jeedaan [[Aasiyada Dhexe|aasiyada dhexe,]] Waana qabiil [[turki]] ah oo la yiraahdo [[kaay]], waxay dagi jireen [[buuraha altaay]] iyo [[Bada Qaswiin|bada qazwin]] inta u dhaxeyso, duulaamadii [[tataarka]] awgeed ayee uga soo qaxeen dhulkooda, waxay dageen meel u dhaw magaalada [[khilaad]], mudo kadib duruufo jira awgeed waxay u guureen darta dijla, halkaas ayuu ku dhintay kaaba qabiilkood suleymaan shaah, qabiilka wuu qeybsamay [[ardogrol]] oo ahaa mid ka mid ah wiilasha suleymaan shaan iyo inti raacay waxey u guureyn magaalada [[arzanjaan]], wuxey la kulmayn dagaal u dhaxeeyay [[Salaajiqada ruum|salaajiqada]] oo hugaaminaayay [[Calaaudiin keyqubaad|calaaudiin]] iyo khawaarzimiyiinta, [[ardogrol]] wuxuu la saftay oo taageeray [[Calaaudiin keyqubaad|calaaudiin]],<ref name="أرطغرل">تاريخ الدولة العليّة العثمانية، تأليف: الأستاذ محمد فريد بك المحامي، تحقيق: الدكتور إحسان حقي، دار النفائس، الطبعة العاشرة: 1427 هـ - 2006 م، صفحة: 115 ISBN 9953-18-084-9</ref>[[Calaaudiin keyqubaad|calaaudiin]] wuxuu ugu abaal guday [[ardogrol]] inuu dajiyay meelo u dhaw [[ankara]], [[ardogrol]] garab istaagiisa ayuu siiwaday markii dambe suldaankii salaajiqada ayaa siiyay mandiqada [[sogut]] ee xuduudka [[Imbiraadooriyada Biriizanda|biriizanda]],<ref name="كوبرولي" /> wuxuuna u magacaabay ilaaliyaha xuduudka,<ref name="محمد سهيل" /> [[ardogrol]] ayaa ku qaaday weeraro badan dhulka [[Imbiraadooriyada biriizanda|biriizanda]], dhufeesyo qaar ayuu ka qabsaday wuxuu dhintay sanadii 1281<ref name="محمد سهيل2">أ.د. محمد سهيل طقّوش: تاريخ العثمانيين من قيام الدولة إلى الانقلاب على الخلافة: صفحة 26 ISBN 978-9953-18-443-2</ref> === Aasaasanka dawlada === Kadib waxaa booskiis loo magacaabay wiilkiis [[cusmaan gaazi]], cusmaan wuxuu muujiyay siyaasad fiican, dawladaha dariskiis ee turkida ahaa ayuu hishiisyo la sameeyay duulaamada oo ku waday dawladii [[Imbiraadooriyada biriizanda|biriizandiyiinta]] buu laba laabay wuxuu ka qabsaday dhulal badan sida karaja xisaar, enagol, belajik, [[izniik]], iyo askee shahar [[Cusmaan gaazi|Cusmaan]] xiligiisa waxaa dhacday dawladii [[Salaajiqada ruum|salaajiqada]], dawladii waxay u qeybsantay dawlado yar yar oo toban ka badan, waxaa ka mid ah [[Imaarada qarmaan|dawladii qarmaan]], dawladii banii jandaar iyo dawladii [[Imaarada banuu aaydiin|banuu aaydiin]] sanadii 1299 ayaa la dhahaa waa bilawga cusmaaniyiinta kadib markii ay ka go'een [[Salaajiqada ruum|salaajiqada]] waxey muujiyeen astaanta dawladnimo waxay samaystay dawlad adag iyo ciidan aad u awood badan waxay hadaf ka dhigatay faafinta [[Islaam|islaamka]], [[cusmaan gaazi]] wuxuu dhintay sanadii 1326 miladi xiligaas ciidankiis waxey hareero ka haayeen magaalada [[Bursa|buursa]], wiilkiis [[orkhan]] ayaa hogaaminayay [[Orkhan]] ayaa la wareegay talada [[Cusmaan gaazi|cusmaan]] kadib wuxuu la imaaday nadaamin cusub wuxuu sameeyay walaayaad [[Bursa|buursa]] ayuu caasimad ka dhigay, wuxuu lacagaha ku sameeyay magaciisa, ciidamada ayuu nadaamiyay ilmaha yurubiyaanka kirishmiska ah ee lasoo qabto ayuu ka aasaasay ciidan la magac baxay [[Inkishaariyiinta|inkishaariya]], <ref name="Nicolle7">Nicolle, p. 7.</ref> ciidankaan tababar gooni ah ayuu siiyay, fidinta dawlada ayuu ka shaqeeyay dagaalada ayuu sii waday wuxuu qabsaday magaalooyinka [[niiqiya]] iyo [[İzmit|izmiid]] sandii 1337 ayuu weerar ku qaaday caasimadii [[Imbiraadooriyada biriizanda|biriizandiyiinta]] [[Istanbuul|Qusdandiiniya]] lkn kuma guuleysan qabasashadeed, ،<ref group="la">J.J.Norwich (1996) ''Byzantium: the Decline and Fall'', Penguin, London p.320</ref> balse imbiraadoorkii biriizandiyiinta [[andronikos sedexaad]] ayaa ka cabsaday wuxuu u orday in gabadhiis uu ku daro [[orkhan]] balse guurkan cusmaaniyiinta kama celin horay iney u socdaan, xiligiisa ayee cusmaaniyiinta cagata dhigeen [[yurub]], jasiirada Galiiyobi wuxuu qabsaday imaarda qarsii oo ka mid ahay dawladaha yar yar ee dhashay kadib burburkii [[Salaajiqada ruum|salaajiqada]]. Sidoo kale [[orkhan]] wuxuu adkeeyay tiirarka dawlada, wuxuu camiray magaalooyinka masaajid buu dhisay iyo goobo wax lagu barto, wuxuu dhintay sanadkii 1360 da'diisu waxay ahayd 81 sano waxaa kaga dambeeyay talada [[muraad koowaad]]. [[Muraad koowaad]] xiligiisa waxaa aad u awoodeestay dawladii cusmaaniyiinta, dawladiihii turkida ayaa daciifay, badanaa waxaa qabsaday cusmaaniyiinta, qaarna waxay naqdeen kuwo hoos imaada, [[imaaradii qarmaan]] ayaa isku dayday hor istaagida cusmaaniyiinta lkn [[Muraad koowaad|muraad]] koowaad ayaa weerar uu ku qaaday ku qabsaday caasimadood [[ankara]], wuxuu qabsaday magaalada [[Edirne|adirna]] caasimada ayuu usoo wareejiyay <ref name="عهد مراد الأول">[http://www.islamstory.com/عهد-مراد-الأول قصة إسلام: السلطان الغازي مراد الأول (761- 791هـ)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.islamstory.com/%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84 |date=20160306195751 }}. تاريخ التحرير: الأحد، [[28 مارس|28 آذار/مارس]] [[2010]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306195751/http://islamstory.com/عهد-مراد-الأول|date=6 مارس 2016}}</ref> wuu sii waday furashadiisa koonfur bari ee [[yurub]], [[Soofiyaa|sofiyaa]] ayuu qabsaday sanadkii 1383, kadib [[Saaluuniik|salaaniik]], <ref name="عهد مراد الأول2" /> waxa oo ku qasbay boqorada [[seerbiya]] iyo [[Bulgariya|bulgeeriya]] xitaa imbiradorka [[biriizanda]] inay u hogaasamaan jizya sanadla ah ay bixiyaan, Boqoradii kirishmiska ayaa kulmeen waxay qeeli dhaan u direen baabaa [[orbaan shanaad]] waxay ka dalbeen inuu ka taageero la dagaalanka muslimiinta iyo in ay ka saaraan [[yurub]], wuu ka yeelay, woxa uuna ku baaqay dagaal saliibi ah ee lagu difaacayo [[yurub]], sanadkii 1389 ayee fooda is dareen ciidankii kirishmiska ahaa oo ka kooban seerbiyiin, albaaniyaan, boosniyan iyo ciidanka cusmaaniyiinta, dagaal adag kadib cusmaaniyiinta ayee guusha raacday, hase ahaatee [[muraad koowaad]] dagaalka ayuu ku dhintay waxaa loogu magac daray dagaalkan [[dagaalkii Kosofo]] <ref name="عهد مراد الأول3" /> [[bayazid koowaad]] ayaa xilka kaga dambeeyay dawladu waxay ahayd inay aad u fiday wuxuu xooga saaray siduu ku adkeyn lahaa, aalaashahar ayuu ka qabsaday [[biriizandiyiinta]] waxay ahayd dhulka [[Anatooliya|anaadool]] meeshii ugu dambeesay ee ka joogeen, <ref name="بايزيد1">المصور في التاريخ، الجزء السادس. تأليف: شفيق جحا، [[منير البعلبكي]]، [[بهيج عثمان]]، [[دار العلم للملايين]]، صفحة 120</ref> sidoo kale wuxuu xaqiijiyay midnimada [[Anatooliya|anaadool]] kadib markuu tirtiray wixii ka haray imaaradihii turkida ahaa ee ka jiray [[anaadool]], Sanadkii 1393 wuxuu dhulka dhigay [[Bulgaariya|bulgeeriyiinta]], ،<ref name="بايزيد12" /> boqrkii [[Hungary|hangari]] [[sikesmond]] ayaa ka naxay dhul balaarsiga cusmaaniyiinta, wuxuu gurmad waydiiyay [[Yurubta Galbeed|yurubta galbeed]] baabaa [[buunifaas sagaalaad]] ayaa ku baaqay weerar saliibi ah oo ka dhan ah cusmaaniyiinta waxaa yeelay boqorkii [[Hungari|hangari]] iyo hogaamiya yaasha [[faransiiska]], baafaariya [[Awstriya|hostoriya]] iyo [[fardooleyda qadiis yoxanaa]], labada ciidan waxay ku kulmeen [[dagaalkii nikobolos]] waxaana si xun ugu jabay ciidankii kirishmiska,<ref name="بايزيد13" /> wuxuu hareereeyay [[Istanbuul|Qusdandiiniya]] labo jeer lkn dhufeesyadeed ayaa celiyeen <ref name="بايزيد14" /> [[Timuurlank|tiimuurlank]] ayaa ku soo duulay cusmaaniyiinta waxaa dhaxmaray 1402dii [[dagaalkii Ankara]] oo lagu jabshay cusmaaniyiinta waxaa la qabsaday [[Bayazid koowaad|bayazid]], xabsiga ayuu ku dhintay sanadii 1403dii.<ref name=":2">أ.د. محمد سهيل طقّوش: تاريخ العثمانيين من قيام الدولة إلى الانقلاب على الخلافة: صفحة 72 ISBN 978-9953-18-443-2</ref> '''xiligii rabshada (1402-1413)''' waxaa bilaawday kadib guuldardii [[dagaalkii Ankara]] rabshado iyo fitno badan, [[timuurlank]] ayaa dib u soo celiyay imaaradihii turkida ahaa ee [[anaadool]] sida [[qaramaan]] [[saaruukhaan]] [[karmiyaan]], ،<ref name="تيمورلنك" /> sidoo kale [[Bulgaariya|bulgeeriyiinta]] iyo [[Seerbiya|seerbiyiinta]] ayaa dib usoo ceshadeen dawladahooda, wax yar un baa u haray cusmaaniyiinta intaas waxaa sii dheeraa dagaalada ka dhax bilaabmay wiilasha [[Bayazid koowaad|bayazid]] ee isku haysta xilka kadib dhimashada aabahood wiilasha is heystay waa suleymaan, [[Muxamad koowaad|Maxamad]], ciisa, iyo muusa ugu dambeyn waxaa adkaaday 1413dii [[muxamad koowaad]] wuxuuna awooday in uu soo celiyo qaar ka mid ah dhulalkii ay dawladu weyday <ref group="la" name=":0">Imber, Colin, ''The Ottoman Empire''. London: Palgrave/Macmillan, 2002. ISBN 0 333 613872</ref> '''soo laabashada dhul balaarsiga iyo furashada Qusdandiiniya''' [[Muxamad koowaad|Maxamad koowaad]] kadib talada waxaa la wareegay [[muraad labaad]], muraad labaad wuxuu sii waday soo celinta imaaradaha iyo magaalooyinka ka go'een dawlada, wuxuu hareereeyay [[Istanbuul|Qusdandiiniya]] lkn kuma guuleysan qabsashadeyda, kadib wuxuu isku dayay mandiqada [[balqaan]] in uu hooskeeno awoodiisa wuxuu furtay dhowr magaalo iyo dhufeesyo magaalada [[Belgaraad|balgaraad]] ayuu qabsan waayay, ،<ref>أ.د. محمد سهيل طقّوش: تاريخ العثمانيين من قيام الدولة إلى الانقلاب على الخلافة: صفحة 92 ISBN 978-9953-18-443-2</ref> [[yurub]] ayaa ku baraarugtay halista cusmaaniyiinta dawladaha [[Boland|boolanda]], [[Hungary|hangari]], [[Kuruweshiya|korweeshiya]] [[Litwaaniya|litwana]] iyo kuwo kale ayaa ciidamo aruursadeen [[dagaalkii faaranaa]] ayee kula kulmeen cusmaaniyiinta 1444 jabweyn ayaana ka soo gaaray<ref name="الفاتح">المصور في التاريخ، الجزء السادس. تأليف: شفيق جحا، [[منير البعلبكي]]، [[بهيج عثمان]]، [[دار العلم للملايين]]، صفحة 122-123</ref> [[muraad labaad]] waxaa xilka kaga dambeeyay [[Maxamed Al-faatex|muxamad alfaatix]], wuxuu diirada saaray furashada [[Istanbuul|Qusdandiiniya]] 1453dii ciidamo badan ayuu aruursaday iyo madaafic waaweyn iyo usduul weyn, badda iyo dhulka ayuu ka hareereeyay [[Imbiraadooriyada biriizanda|biriizandiyiinta]] difaac weyn ayee u muujiyeen caasimadooda lkn 53 bari kadib cusmaaniyiinta ayaa galeen magaalada kadib markii madaaficdooda ku dumiyeen qeybo ka mid ah darbiga magaalada, <ref name="فريد بك3">تاريخ الدولة العليّة العثمانية، تأليف: الأستاذ محمد فريد بك المحامي، تحقيق: الدكتور إحسان حقي، دار النفائس، الطبعة العاشرة: 1427 هـ - 2006 م، صفحة: 164 ISBN 9953-18-084-9</ref> maalinkaas ayaa loo bixiyay "alfaatix" caasimada ayuu [[Edirne|adirna]] kasoo raray [[Istanbuul|Qusdandiiniya]] usoo raray wuxuu u bixiyay "islaambuul" yacni magaalada islaamka, <ref name="فتح القسطنطينية">[http://www.islamstory.com/قصة_الخلافة_العثمانية قصة إسلام: محمد الفاتح وفتح القسطنطينية] {{Wayback|url=http://www.islamstory.com/%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9 |date=20160810050255 }}، تاريخ التحرير: الخميس، [[17 يوليو|17 تموز/يوليو]] [[2008]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810050255/http://islamstory.com/قصة_الخلافة_العثمانية|date=10 أغسطس 2016}}</ref> sidaas ayee ku dhacday dawladii [[Imbiraadooriyada biriizanda|biriizanda]] ama ruum kadib markii ay jirtay kow iyo toban qarni. sanadihii xigay wuxuu sii waday [[Maxamed Al-faatex|muxamad alfaatix]] furashooyinkiisa, wuxuu qabsaday dhulka [[Seerbiya|serbiya]] dhulka Moora ee koonfurta [[Giriiga|gariiga]], gobolka [[Romania|aflaaq]] iyo [[Albania|albaaniya]], wuxuu jabshay [[Jamhuuriyada bunduqiya|bunduqiya]], midnimada [[Anatooliya|anaadool]] ayuu soo celiyay asoo ka taqalusay [[imaarada qaramaan]] iyo [[Darabazoon|darabazon]], wuxuu isku dayay furashada [[talyaaniga]] lkn geerida ayaa u timid Sandkii 1481<ref name="فتح القسطنطينية2" /> === '''Xiliga balaarashada iyo awooda (1453-1683)''' === Waxa loo qaybin karaa xiligaan taariikhdii cismaaniyiinta laba qaybood. qaybta hore waxa ay tahay xilgii horumarka iyo awooda milatari taas oo soo gaadhsiisnayd sanadii 1566 iyo taariikh kale oo ay dawladaasi soo martay xiliyo adag iyo dhibaatooyin siyaasadeed, waxaanay soo gaadhsiisanayd sanadii 1683. Kadib markii uu dhintay suldaan [[Maxamed Al-faatex|Muxamed al-faatix]] waxa xukunka ku murmay labada wiil ee uu ka tagay [[Bayazid labaad|bayazid]] iyo [[Jam suldaan|jam]], laakiin waxa adkaaday oo loo doortay boqor [[Bayazid labaad|baayasiid]]. kadib walaalkii waxa uu u cararay dhankaas iyo masar halkaas oo uu kaalmo karaadsaday dawladii katalinjiratay [[masar]] xiligaas ee [[Dawladii Mamaaliikta]] kadib halkaas wuu katagay oo waxa uu aaday dhanka [[jasiirada Rodos]] halkaas oo uu isku dayay in uu gacansiiyo ciidamadii hogaamiye diimeedka (Knights Hospitaller) iyo dawladaha [[Reer galbeed|reer galbeedka]]. [[Bayazid labaad]] wuxuu ahaa nin nabada jecel dagaalna galin inuu is daafacaayo maahee, wuxuu la dagaalamay [[jamhuuriyada bunduqiya]] weerarada oo usduulkood ku qaaday bilaada moora awgeed, [[Dawladii Mamaaliikta|mamaaliikta]] ayuu la dagaalamay kadib markii suldaankood [[Ashraf qaaytibaay|qaaytibaay]] go'aansaday qabsashada [[imaarada dilqaadir]] iyo magaalada albastan ee hoos imaayeen cusmaaniyiinta, wuxuu jeclaa lafariisiga culumada . Xiligiisa ayee dhacday garnaada oo ahay meeshii ugu dambeesay ee muslimiinta ka joogeen [[andalus]], wuxuu diray doomo si muslimiinta iyo [[Yuhuuda|yahuuda]] u dajiyo magaalooyinka dawlada ka taliso, ،<ref group="la">{{استشهاد بكتاب|الأخير=Egger|الأول=Vernon O.|عنوان=A History of the Muslim World Since 1260: The Making of a Global Community|وصلة=https://archive.org/details/historyofmuslimw0000egge|تاريخ الوصول=2009-04-13|سنة=2008|ناشر={{وإو|برنتيس هول|Prentice Hall}}|الرقم المعياري=0132269694|صفحة=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmuslimw0000egge/page/n82 82]}}</ref> Isla xilgiis ayee ka soo baxday dhulka [[iiraan]] dawlad [[Shiica|shiico]] ahayd oo halis ku ahayd cusmaaniyiinta waa [[Dawlada safawiyiinta|dawladii safawiyiinta]] oo hugaaminaayay [[Shaah ismaaciil|ismaaciil al-safawi]] Xiliyadiisa dambe waxaa khilaaf ka dhexdhacay ilmihiisa, wiilkiis [[saliim koowaad]] ayaa afgambi ku sameeyay aabiihiis, <ref name=":0" /> wuxuu dhintay [[bayazid labaad]] 26 may 1512,<ref name=":1" /> [[saliim koowaad]] waxaa looga baahnaa is af garad in uu la sameeyo dawladaha yurubiyaanka ee deriska yihiin soo ugu firaaqo helo halista [[Dawlada Safawiyiinta|safawiyiinta]], wuxuu la galay hishiis mudadiisu dheertahay, dhanka bari ayuu u jeestay wuxuu hadaf ka dhigatay qabsashada wadooyinka ganacsi ee bari iyo galbeed, mideynta awooda islaamka, iyo ka hortagida halista shiicada, shiico gaareesa 40kun oo [[Shiica|shiico]] ah ayuu [[Anatooliya|anaadool]] ku laayay, [[Saliim koowaad|saliim]] iyo [[shaah ismaaciil]] ayaa fooda is daray dagaalkii jaldiiraan oo lagu jabshay shaaha<ref group="la">{{استشهاد بدورية محكمة|الأخير=Savory|الأول=R. M.|عنوان=The Principal Offices of the Ṣafawid State during the Reign of Ismā'īl I (907-30/1501-24)|صحيفة=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London|المجلد=23|العدد=1|صفحات=91–105|سنة=1960|مسار=https://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0041-977X(1960)23:1<91:TPOOTS>2.0.CO;2-B|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00149006|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312131610/https://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0041-977X(1960)23:1<91:TPOOTS>2.0.CO;2-B|تاريخ أرشيف=2020-03-12}}</ref>wuuna cararay [[Saliim koowaad|saliim]] wuu soo naqday [[Dawladii Mamaaliikta|mamaaliikta]] ayuu ladiriray [[dagaalkii maraj daabiq]] ayuu ku jabshay suldaankii mamaaliikta [[Qaansuu alguuri|qansoo alguuri]] ayaa lagu dilay dagaalka, weerar koodi ayee kusii wadeen dhanka [[masar]] mar kale ayee mamaaliikta is ku dhaceen [[dagaalkii riidaaniya]] 1517 taas oo ku cirib tireen [[Dawladii Mamaaliikta|mamaaliikta]], ،<ref name="سليم1" /> shariifkii maka ayaa ku wareejiyay suldaan [[Saliim koowaad|saliim]] furayaasha xarameynka, wuxuu qiray dhulka barakeesan inay hoos imaan doonaan cusmaaniyiinta<ref name="سليم12" /> isla waqtigaas kii u dambeeyay [[khulafada cabaasiyiinta]] mutawakil sedexaad ayaa khilaafda uga dagay suldaan [[Saliim koowaad|saliim]], maalinkaas wixii ka dambeeyay boqorada cusmaaniyiinta waxay qaateen magaca khaliifka islaamka iyo [[Amiir al-Mu'miniin|amiirulmu'miniin]] [[saliim koowaad]] wuxuu ka dhigay dawlada awood gobol oo aad u weyn wuxuu dhintay 22 September 1520<ref name="Yavuz Sultan Selim Biography">[https://www.sevgi.k12.tr/~ottomanempire/ingosmanli/Sultans/yavuz_sultan_selim_biography.htm السيرة الذاتية للسلطان سليم القاطع] {{Wayback|url=https://www.sevgi.k12.tr/~ottomanempire/ingosmanli/Sultans/yavuz_sultan_selim_biography.htm |date=20070929100539 }} وُصل لهذا المسار في 2007-09-16 {{وصلة مكسورة|date=يوليو 2017|bot=JarBot}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929100539/https://www.sevgi.k12.tr/~ottomanempire/ingosmanli/Sultans/yavuz_sultan_selim_biography.htm|date=29 سبتمبر 2007}}</ref> === '''xiligii dahabiga ee dawlada''' === [[Suldaan Suleymaan Al Qaanuuni|suleymaan qaanuuni]] ayaa talada la wareegay wuxuu u jeestay dhanka galbeed dagaalo ayuu qaaday wuxuu qabsaday magaalda [[Belgaraad|balgrad]] sandii 1521, [[jasiirada rodos]] ayuu la wareegay 1523, wuxuu weerar ku qaaday boqortooyada [[Hungary|hangari]], isbahaysi adag ayaa ka hor imaday [[dagalkii muuhaakish]] ayuu uga adkaaday boqortooyadii ayuu dumshay,<ref name="عهد سليمان">[http://www.islamstory.com/عهد-سليمان-القانوني قصة الإسلام: الخليفة سليمان الأول (القانوني) (926- 974هـ)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.islamstory.com/%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF-%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A |date=20161212033508 }}، تاريخ التحرير: الثلاثاء، [[6 أبريل|06 نيسان/أبريل]] [[2010]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161212033508/http://islamstory.com/عهد-سليمان-القانوني|date=12 ديسمبر 2016}}</ref> [[Fiyena|fiyeena]] caasimada [[Awstriya|hostori]] ayuu hareereeyay balse wuu ka soo laabtay nafaqdiyaa kago'day<ref>Imber, 50.</ref> 1532 ayuu mar labaad hareereeyay [[Fiyena|fiyeenaa]] balse kuma guuleysan qabsashadeyda, wuxuu la saxiixday boqrokii [[Hungary|hangari]] ferdinal hishiis, waxaana ku qasbay hishiiska shaaha iiraan [[dahmaasib]] oo ku soo dhaqaaqay dawlada, <ref name=":2" /> [[iiraan]] ayuu weerar ku qaaday [[baqdaad]] ayuu ka qabsaday [[Dawlada Safawiyiinta|safawiyiinta]] wuu bursaday shaaha, caasimadood [[tibriiz]] ayuu galay<ref name="Cambridge" group="la">''The Cambridge history of Islam'' by Peter Malcolm Holt,Ann K. S. Lambton, Bernard Lewis p.330 [https://books.google.com/books?id=j15MBH-FIwkC&pg=PA330] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527132814/https://books.google.com/books?id=j15MBH-FIwkC&pg=PA330|date=27 مايو 2016}}</ref> Xiligiisa waxay xaqiijiyeen cusmaaniyiinta guulo dhanka bada, [[kheyrudiin barboosa]] ayaa lahaa mahadaas oo dhoor mar jabiyay usduulka boqrtooyada [[Isbania|isbeen]],<ref name=":0" group="la" /><ref group="la">[https://corsaridelmediterraneo.it/corsari/b/barbarossa.html Corsari nel Mediterraneo: Hayreddin Barbarossa] {{Wayback|url=https://corsaridelmediterraneo.it/corsari/b/barbarossa.html |date=20160303191202 }} {{وصلة مكسورة|date=يوليو 2017|bot=JarBot}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191202/https://www.corsaridelmediterraneo.it/corsari/b/barbarossa.html|date=03 مارس 2016}}</ref> furashooyinkiisa muhiimsan ee usduulka cusmaaniyiinta xaqiijiyay, waxaa kamid ah xoreenta [[Triboli|tiriboli]] 1551 oo ka xoreeyeen [[Isbania|isbeen]] iyo fardooleyda qadiis yoxanaa === '''Xiliga fadhiidnimada ee dawlada''' === 1566 ayuu dhintay [[Suldaan Suleymaan Al Qaanuuni|suleymaanqaanuuni]], waxay gaartay dawlada xiligiisa heerkeedii ugu sareesay, <ref name="Kinross206" group="la">L. Kinross, ''The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire'', 206</ref> ka gadaal dhimashadiisa dawlada waxaa ku imaaday daciifnimo, boqorada ka dambeeyay waxay ahaayeen kuwo liito sadrulacdamka ayaa badanaa hoolahaa maamulaayay, mashaakil badan baa soo wajahday lakiin saameyn kuma yeelan 1683 ayee toos u bilaabatay fadhiidnimada kadib markii ku jabtay dagaal [[Awstriya|hostori]] iyo dawlado kale ay la gashay dhul badan bee ku weesay, soo ifbixida [[ruushka]] dawlad awood leh xiligii [[Bodros weyne|bodros]] Wayne waxay sii xumeesay xaala dawlada [[ruushka]] ayaa dagaalo badan la galay cusmaaniyiinta dhul badan buu ka qabsaday sida [[Jasiirada qiram|qaram]] === '''Isku dayo dib u hagaajin''' === [[Saliim sedexaad]] markuu xilka qabtay hagaajin badan buu bilaabay dhanka ciidanka iyo maamulka balse ciidanka [[inkishaariyiinta]] ayaa qalad u arkay wuxuu waday afgambi ayee ku sameeyeen weyna dileen [[Saliim sedexaad]] xiligiisa ayuu dhacay [[Kacdoonkii faransiiska|kacdoonkii faransa]], [[naabulyoon]] ayaa ku soo duulay [[masar]] 1798 waxuuna ujeedkiis ahaa udiidida [[ingiriiska]] inuu gaaro [[hindiya]] balse cusmaaniyiinta oo gacan ka helaaya [[ingiriiska]] ayaa dib u saaray === '''Xiliga dhicitaanka (1828-1908)''' === xaaldaha ayaa sii xumaaday waxaa bilaabay kacdoomo ay qowmiyadaha sameynayaan oo u dagaalamaya see uga go'i lahaayeen dawlada, waxay taageero buuxa ka helaayeen dawladaha [[yurub]] [[Giriiga|gariiga]] ayaa goosteen 1832 [[Seerbiya|serbiya]] 1835 [[Romaniya|romaaniya]] 1878 [[maxamed cali baashaa]] ayaa [[masar]] goostay wuxuu lasoo baxay awood sareesa Dawladaha [[yurub]] ayaa u bixiyay "ninka xanuunsan" waxaa durbadii soo waxa loogu magac daray "arinta bariga" oo looga doodayo sidii loo kala qaadan lahaa dhulka dawlada cusmaaniyiinta kadib markee dhacdo, [[faransiiska]] ayaa qabsaday [[aljeeriya]] 1830 sidoo kale [[Tunisiya|tuniisiya]] 1881 [[ingiriiska]] ayaa qabsaday [[masar]] 1882 === '''Xiligii kala furfurashada iyo dhamaadka dawlada''' === Waxaa soo baxay ururo qowmi ah oo calmaani ah oo dalbanaaya in la sameeyo dastuur waxaa ka mid ahaa urur la yiraahdo "midnimo iyo koritaan" waxay la wareegeen dawlada 1908 dastuur ayee sameeyeen isla sanad kadib way afgambiyeen suldaankii dawlada cabdixamiid labaad waxay saareen xilka muxamad shanaad boqortooyada [[Awstriya|hostoriya]] [[Hungary|hangari]] ayaa faaideesatay oo ka qabsatay dawlada [[boosniya]] iyo harsak, [[talyaaniga]] ayaa asna qabsaday [[Libiya|liibiya]] 1911 Hadana [[dagaalkii balqaan]] ayaa dhacay 1912-1913 oo dawlada ku weesay badnaa dhulkeeda yurub === '''Dagaalkii koowaad ee dunida (1914-1918)''' === waxay gashay dawlada dagaalkii koowaad ee dunida kaa oo noqday mindidii dhameestirtay markuu dhamaaday dagaalka waxay ku waasay dhamaan dhulkeeda caasimada ayaa lasoo galay way isdhiibtay waxaa lagu xukumay [[hishiiskii seefar]] oo mar dambe lagu badalay [[hishiiskii loozaan]] Musdafa kamaal ataturki ayaa ku dhawaaqay curashada dawlada [[Turkiga|turkiya]] wuxuuna dalka ka buriyay 1924kii khaliifkii cusmaaniyiinta u dambeeyay cabdimajiid labaad == Liiska boqorada cusmaaniyiinta== '''kuwo boqor bas ahaa''' * [[Cusmaan gaazi]] koowaad: (1281-1326) * [[Orkhan]]: (1326-1359) * [[Muraad koowaad]]: (1359-1389) * [[Bayazid koowaad]] : (1389-1402) * Xili rabsho : (1402-1413) * [[Muxamad koowaad]]: (1413-1421) * [[Muraad labaad]]: (1421-1444) markii koowaad * [[Maxamed Al-faatex|Muxamad alfaatix]]: (1444-1446) markii koowaad * [[Muraad labaad]]: (1446-1451) markii labaad * [[Maxamed Al-faatex|Muxamad alfaatix]]: (1451-1481) markii labaad * [[Bayazid labaad]]: (1481-1512 '''Kuwo isku eh boqor iyo khaliif''' * [[Saliim koowaad]]: (1512-1520) * [[Suldaan Suleymaan Al Qaanuuni|Suleymaan qaanuuni]] : (1520-1566 * [[Saliim labaad]] : (1566-1574) * Muraad sedexaad : (1574-1595) * Muxamad sedexaad : (1595-1603) * Axmad koowaad : (1603-1617) * Musdafa koowaad : (1617-1618) markii koowaad * Cusmaan labaad (1618-1622) * Musdafa koowaad : (1622-1623) markii labaad * Muraad afaraad : (1623-1640) * Ibraahiim koowaad : (1640-1648) * Muxamad afaraad (1648-1687) * Suleymaan labaad : (1687-1691) * Axmad labaad : (1691-1695) * Musdafa labaad : (1695-1703) * Axmad edexaad : (1703-1730) * Maxamuud koowaad : (1730-1754) * Cusmaan sedexaad : (1754-1757) * Musdafa sedexaad : (1757-1774) * Cabdixamiid koowaad : (1774-1789) * Saliim sedexaad : (1789-1807) * Musdafa afaraad : (1807-1808) * Maxamuud labaad : (1808-1839) * Cabdi majiid koowaad: (1839-1861) * Cabdi caziiz koowaad: (1861-1876) * Muraad shanaad : (1876) * Cabdi xamiid labaad: (1876-1909) * Muaxamd shanaad : (1909-1918) * Muxamad lixaad : (1918-1922) '''khaliif kaliya''' Cabdi majiid labaad (1922-1924) ==Sidoo kale fiiri== *[[Islaam|Taariikhda Dowladihii Islaamka]] ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} [[Category:Islaam]] [[Category:Taariikh]] tu5hgqyrohzwtbih1ywa6y5723bmuge 0 4384 305812 268364 2026-08-24T17:56:50Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305812 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Dawladda Falastiin |common_name = Palestine |native_name = {{native name|ar|دولة فلسطين|italics=off}}<br>''{{transl|ar|Dawlat Filasṭīn}}'' |image_flag = Flag of Palestine.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Palestine.svg |symbol_width = 70px |national_anthem = "{{lang|ar|{{big|فدائي}}}}"<br />{{lower|0.1em|"[[Fida'i]]"<ref>{{cite web|title=Palestinian National Authority |access-date=8 June 2014 |website=World Statesmen.org |url=http://worldstatesmen.org/Palestinian_National_Authority.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208062450/http://worldstatesmen.org/Palestinian_National_Authority.htm |archive-date=8 February 2014 |deadurl=no |publisher=Ben Cahoon |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Palestine |accessdate=8 June 2014 |website=nationalanthems.info |url=http://www.nationalanthems.info/ps.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331034257/http://www.nationalanthems.info/ps.htm |archive-date=31 March 2014 |format=includes audio |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref>}}<br />"Jabhad"<br><center> </center> |image_map = State of Palestine (orthographic projection).svg |map_width = 220px |map_caption = Dhul ay sheegato Dawladda Falastiin (cagaaran)<ref name=only1967/><br>Dhul sidoo kale ay sheegatay Israaiil (cagaar khafiif ah) |capital={{unbulleted list |item1_style=white-space:nowrap;margin-bottom:2px;|[[Jerusalem]]:-){{ref label|capital|ii|}}<ref name=Bissiop433>{{cite book |title=The World: A Third World Guide 1995–96 |url=https://archive.org/details/worldthirdworldg0000unse |editor=Bissio, Robert Remo |location=[[Montevideo]] |publisher=[[ITeM|Instituto del Tercer Mundo]] |year=1995 |page=[https://archive.org/details/worldthirdworldg0000unse/page/443 443] |isbn=978-0-85598-291-1}}</ref><ref name=Lapidoth>{{cite web|first1=Ruth |last1=Lapidoth |author1-link=Ruth Lapidoth |title=Jerusalem: Some Legal Issues |date=2011 |access-date=5 June 2014 |website=The Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies |url=http://www.jiis.org/.upload/lapidoth-jerusalem.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605013337/http://www.jiis.org/.upload/lapidoth-jerusalem.pdf |archive-date=5 June 2014 |deadurl=no |format=PDF |page=26 |quote=The attitude of the Palestinians was expressed inter alia in 1988 and 2002. When the Palestine National Council proclaimed in November 1988 the establishment of a Palestinian State, it asserted that Jerusalem was its capital. In October 2002, the Palestinian Legislative Council adopted the Law on the Capital, which stipulates that Jerusalem is the capital of the Palestinian State, the main seat of its three branches of government. The State of Palestine is the sovereign of Jerusalem and of its holy places. Any statute or agreement that diminishes the rights of the Palestinian State in Jerusalem is invalid. This statute can be amended only with the consent of two-thirds of the members of the Legislative Council. The 2003 Basic Law also asserts that Jerusalem is the capital of the State of Palestine. |df= }} Reprinted from: [[Rüdiger Wolfrum|Wolfrum, Rüdiger]] (ed.) (online 2008, print 2011). ''[[Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law|The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law]]''. Oxford University Press.</ref> |[[Baytulaxam]]:-) }} |status = [[List of states with limited recognition|Partially recognized state]], [[United Nations General Assembly observers|UN observer state]]<br>[[International recognition of the State of Palestine|Recognized by 136 UN member states]] |capital_type = {{unbulleted list |item1_style=white-space:nowrap;margin-top:2px;margin-bottom:2px;|Proclaimed capital |Administrative<br>center }} |largest_city =•[[Marinka Gaza]]:-) |official_languages = [[Carabi]] |demonym = Palestinian |government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[republic]]<ref name=declaration1988>{{cite web|title=Declaration of Independence (1988) (UN Doc) |date=18 November 1988 |accessdate=8 June 2014 |website=State of Palestine Permanent Observer Mission to the United Nations |url=http://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/palestine/cache/offonce/pid/12353 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608203237/http://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/palestine/cache/offonce/pid/12353 |archive-date=8 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |publisher=United Nations |df= }}</ref><!-- Articles in Wikipedia may not be used as citations; I have cited the published document --> |leader_title1 = [[President of the State of Palestine|President]] |leader_name1 = [[Mahmoud Abbas]]^b |leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of the State of Palestine|Prime Minister]] |leader_name2 = [[Rami Hamdallah]] |leader_title3 = [[Palestinian National Council|Speaker of Parliament]] |leader_name3 = [[Salim Zanoun]] |legislature = [[Palestinian National Council|National Council]] |sovereignty_type = [[State of Palestine#History|Formation]] |established_event1 = [[Palestinian Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] |established_date1 = 15 November 1988 |established_event2 = [[United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19|UNGA observer state resolution]] |established_date2 = 29 November 2012 |established_event3 = Sovereignty dispute with [[Israel]] |established_date3 = {{nowrap|''Ongoing''^c{{ref label|control|iii|}}<ref>{{cite web|first1=Maayana |last1=Miskin |title=PA Weighs 'State of Palestine' Passport |date=5 December 2012 |accessdate=8 June 2014 |website=israelnationalnews.com |url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/162844#.U5TD6vmICm6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121207082503/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/162844 |archive-date=7 December 2012 |deadurl=no |publisher=Arutz Sheva |quote=A senior PA official revealed the plans in an interview with ''Al-Quds'' newspaper. The change to 'state' status is important because it shows that 'the state of Palestine is occupied,' he said. |df= }}</ref><ref name="Limitations">{{cite news|title=State of Palestine name change shows limitations|url=https://news.yahoo.com/state-palestine-name-change-shows-limitations-200641448.html|agency=AP|date=17 January 2013|quote=Israel remains in charge of territories the world says should one day make up that state.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110025703/http://news.yahoo.com/state-palestine-name-change-shows-limitations-200641448.html |archivedate=10 January 2013 }}</ref><!--end nowrap:-->}} |area_km2 = 6,020 <ref>{{cite book |chapterurl=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf |chapter=Table 3, Population by sex, annual rate of population increase, surface area and density |title=Demographic Yearbook |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm |date=2012 |publisher=[[United Nations Statistics Division]] |accessdate=28 January 2018 }}</ref> <!-- Area should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> |area_rank = 163rd <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> |area_footnote = |area_sq_mi = 2,320 <!-- Area should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> |percent_water=3.5<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/we.html |title=The World Factbook: Middle East: West Bank |website=cia.gov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506164505/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/we.html |archive-date=6 May 2014 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=7 April 2014 |accessdate=8 June 2014 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref> |area_label2 = [[West Bank]] |area_data2 = 5,860&nbsp;km{{smallsup|2}} |area_label3 = [[Gaza Strip]] |area_data3 = 360&nbsp;km{{smallsup|2}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gz.html |title=The World Factbook: Middle East: Gaza Strip |website=cia.gov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608204417/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gz.html |archive-date=8 June 2014 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=12 May 2014 |accessdate=8 June 2014 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref> |population_estimate=4,550,368<ref>{{cite web|title=Estimated Population in the Palestinian Territory Mid-Year by Governorate,1997–2016 |accessdate=8 June 2014 |website=Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics |url=http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_Rainbow/Documents/gover_e.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608204943/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_Rainbow/Documents/gover_e.htm |archive-date=8 June 2014 |publisher=State of Palestine |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref> |population_estimate_year = 2014 |population_estimate_rank = 123rd |population_census_year = |population_density_km2 = 731 |population_density_sq_mi = 1,895 |population_density_rank = |GDP_PPP = {{nowrap|$11.95 billion^a}} |GDP_PPP_year = 2008^a |GDP_PPP_rank = – |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $2,900^a |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = – |Gini = 35.5 |Gini_year = 2009 |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini_ref=<ref>{{cite web|title=GINI Index: West Bank and Gaza |accessdate=8 June 2014 |website=The World Bank: Data |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608054636/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI |archive-date=8 June 2014 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref> |Gini_rank = |HDI = 0.677<!--number only, between 0 and 1--> |HDI_year = 2014<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> |HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr_2015_statistical_annex.pdf |title=2015 Human Development Report |date=2015 |accessdate=15 December 2015 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> |HDI_rank = 113th |currency = {{unbulleted list |[[Egyptian pound]] ([[ISO 4217|EGP]]) |[[Israeli new shekel]] (ILS) |[[Jordanian dinar]] (JOD)<ref>According to [http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace+Process/Guide+to+the+Peace+Process/Gaza-Jericho+Agreement+Annex+IV+-+Economic+Protoco.htm Article 4 of the 1994 Paris Protocol]. The Protocol allows the Palestinian Authority to adopt multiple currencies. In the [[West Bank]], the Israeli new sheqel and Jordanian dinar are widely accepted; while in the [[Gaza Strip]], the Israeli new sheqel and Egyptian pound are widely accepted.</ref>| (see also [[Palestinian currency]])}} |time_zone = [[Palestine Standard Time]] |utc_offset = +2 |utc_offset_DST = +3 |time_zone_DST = [[Palestine Summer Time]] |date_format = dd/mm/yyyy<!--numeric dates (dd-mm-yyyy, yyyy.mm.dd, etc.) plus era (CE, AD, AH, etc.)--> |drives_on = right |calling_code = [[+970]] |iso3166code = PS |cctld = [[.ps]] |footnote_a = Population and economy statistics and rankings are based on data from the [[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics|PCBS]]. |footnote_b = Also the leader of the state's government.{{big|{{ref label|PLOChair|iv|}}}} |footnote_c = The territories claimed are under [[Israeli-occupied territories|Israeli occupation]]. |country_code = PLE }}{{Coord|31.6253|N|35.1453|E|source:wikidata|display=title}} '''Falastiin''', ([[Carabi]]: فلسطين, [[Hebrew|Af-Cibriga]]: ארץ ישראל ) waa wadan ku yaalo bariga dhexe ee [[Qaarad]]a [[Aasiya]]. Falastiin, waxa ay Xuduud la leedahay wadamada [[Masar]], [[Urdun]], [[suuriya]], [[Lubnaan]] iyo [[Israaiil]]. Markii hore dhulka waxaa degenaan jiray carab falastiin ah iyo yahuud aad u yareed, waxaana lagu qiyaasaa in ee falastiinta ee gaarayaan in ka badan 8 miliyan oo qof, (dad tiriskii 1997), qaxootiga falastiinta waxee kala degenyihiin wadamada [[Urdun]] 3miliyan , [[Lubnaan]] 400,000 iyo wadamada kale ee carabta in kabadan 800,000 oo falastiin ah, Qaar neh waxee kala degenyihiin wadamada aduunka, [[Yurub]], [[Ameerika]], iyo [[Aasiya]], Falastiinta badankooda ama 3diiba 1 waxuu ku jiraa Kaamamka qaxootiga.dadka reer falastiin hadii ay hal meel wada degaan yuhuuda waxay ku keeni kartaa war war aad u badan. == Taariikh == ::''Shaxdan tusmada waa in la hagaajiyaa.'' Taariikhda Falastiin waxa ay inbadan kuxusantahay qoraalada diiniga ha ee yuhuudiga masiixiga iyo islaamka.falastiin waa dhulka nabiyda iyo rususha,waana qibladii islaamka ee ugu horaysay. Falastiin waxa ilaa hada kadhisan dhismayaal taariikh aad iyo aad udheer leh oo cadaynaya taariikhda soojireenka ah ee israaiil ay leedahay. falastiin waxa ayleedahay taariikh soo jiitamaysay xiliyo aad iyo aad u fog waa dhulkii ay kunoolaayeen shacabkii looyaqaanay [[Kanaan]] magaca falastiin cidiibixisay waxa ay ahaayeen giriigii hore markaas oo ay magaca falastiin u bixiyiin dhulka xeebaha ah ee wadnka falastiin.xiliyada qaar magaca falastiin waxa loogu yeedhi jiray dhulka falastiin iyo wadanka Urdun oo wadan socda. == Kaalinta Diimeed == Falastiin ahmiyad wayn ayay u leedahay sadexda diimood ee samawiga ah amaba diimaha samada kasoo dagay .Yuhuudiga Kiristanka iyo Islaamka.taariikha Falastiin soomaray,waxaa kamid ahaa qaar dagaalada iyo muranada kataagnaa ay ahaayeen murano iyo dagaalo diimeed.Sida [[Weeraradii Siliibiyiinta]] sidoo kale marmarka qaarkood dagaalka ka dhexeeya carabta iyo israaiil waxa uu noqdaa dagaal diimeed. === Islaamka === Islaamka kaalin wayn ayay falastiin kuleedahay,waa dhulkii barakaysnaa ee ilaahay [[Qur'aan]]kiisa ku sheegay,ilaahay suurada [[Isra]] waxa uu kusheegay "in [[Masjid Al-Aqsa|Misaajidka Al-Aqsa]] iyo hareerihiisuba ay barakaysanyihiin". Ilaahay markalale kitaabkiisa kariimka ayuu ku sheegay "Dhulka Falastiin marka uu yidhi kor ahaaye" [[File:Al-Khader.jpg|thumb|195px|]] [[File:Palestine_breakfast.jpg|thumb|195px|]] [[File:Placa_dels_màrtirs_Nablus.jpg|thumb|right|195px|]] ==Xubin== * [[Jaamacada Carabta]] * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * [[Unionka Mediterraneanka]] == Sidoo kale Eeg == * [[Maamulka Falastiin]] * [[Daanta galbeed]] {{commonscat|Palestine}} jbtsr3nmzb6wdtooy50vkxyqbh5rmlp 0 4526 305905 295430 2026-08-24T18:45:33Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305905 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Imaaraatka Carabta''' ( UAE ), oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Imaaraadka Carabta , waa waddan ku yaal Galbeedka [[Aasiya]] , oo ku yaal cidhifka bari ee [[Jasiiradda Carabta]] . Waa boqortooyo federaal ah oo dastuuri ah oo ka kooban todobo imaaradood , iyadoo [[Abu Dabi|Abu Dhabi]] ay u adeegto caasimad qaran halka [[Dubay]] ay tahay magaalada ugu weyn dalka . Waxa ay xuduud dhuleed la wadaagtaa Cumaan bari iyo waqooyi-bari, iyo Sucuudiga oo koonfur-galbeed ka xiga; iyo sidoo kale xudduudaha badda ee gacanka Faaris ee Qatar iyo Iran , iyo Cumaan ee Gacanka Cumaan . Ilaa 2024 , Imaaraadku waxa lagu qiyaasaa in ka badan 10 milyan, kuwaas oo ah qowmiyado badan. Islaamku waa diinta rasmiga ah , Carabigana waa luqadda rasmiga ah, halka Ingiriisiga uu yahay luqadda ugu badan ee lagaga hadlo iyo luqadda ganacsiga. {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Imaaraadka Carabta | common_name = UAE | native_name = الإمارات العربية المتحدة ([[Carabi]]) | image_flag = Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg | flag_type = [[Flag of the United Arab Emirates|Flag]] | image_coat = Emblem of the United Arab Emirates.svg | symbol_type = [[Emblem of the United Arab Emirates|Emblem]] | national_anthem = [[File:UAE national anthem.ogg]] | image_map = United Arab Emirates (orthographic projection).svg | map_width = 250px | map_caption = Goobta Imaaraadka Carabta (cagaaran) ee Jasiiradda Carabta | image_map2 = {{maplink |frame=yes | frame-width=250 |frame-height=250 |frame-align=center | text= '''United Arab Emirates''' | type=line|id=Q878|stroke-width=1|stroke-colour=#0000ff|title=UAE }} | capital = [[Abu Dabi|Abu Dhabi]] | coordinates = {{Coord|24|28|N|54|22|E|type:city}} | largest_city = <!-- Don't change to Abu Dhabi without a citation -->[[Dubai]]<br />{{coord|25|15|N|55|18|E|display=inline}} | official_languages = [[Carabi|Carabi]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Fact sheet |url=https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/fact-sheet |website=United Arab Emirates |publisher=U.ae |access-date=31 August 2020 |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118101755/https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/fact-sheet |url-status=live }}</ref> | common_languages = [[Emirati Arabic]], [[English language|English]]{{efn|English is the most commonly spoken language in the UAE.<ref name="Siemund">{{cite journal |last1=Siemund |first1=Peter |last2=Al-Issa |first2=Ahmad |last3=Leimgruber |first3=Jakob R. E. |title=Multilingualism and the role of English in the United Arab Emirates |journal=World Englishes |date=June 2021 |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=191–204 |doi=10.1111/weng.12507 |s2cid=219903631 |language=en |issn=0883-2919|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="visitdubai">{{cite web |title=What Languages are Spoken in Dubai? {{!}} Visit Dubai |url=https://www.visitdubai.com/en/articles/spoken-languages-in-dubai#:~:text=Absolutely.,English%20is%20always%20an%20option. |website=www.visitdubai.com |publisher=Dubai Department of Economy and Tourism |access-date=15 May 2023 |language=en |archive-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115224604/https://www.visitdubai.com/en/articles/spoken-languages-in-dubai#:~:text=Absolutely.,English%20is%20always%20an%20option. |url-status=live }}</ref>}} | ethnic_groups = * 59.4% [[Koonfurta Aasiya]] ** 38.2% [[Indians in the United Arab Emirates|Hindi]] ** 9.5% [[Bangladeshis in the United Arab Emirates|Bangladeshi]] ** 9.4% [[Pakistanis in the United Arab Emirates|Bakistani]] ** 2.3% [[South Asian ethnic groups|kuwa kale]] * 11.6% [[Emiratis|Imaaraadka Carabta]] * 10.2% [[Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates#Egyptians|Masar]] * 6.1% [[Filipinos in the United Arab Emirates|Filibiin]] * 12.8% [[Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates|Kuwa kale]] | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="WorldFactbook" /> | ethnic_groups_year = 2015 | religion = {{tree list}} *74.5% [[Islam in the United Arab Emirates|Islam]] ([[State religion|official]]) **63.3% [[Sunni Islam]] **6.7% [[Shia Islam in the United Arab Emirates|Shia Islam]] **4.4% [[Islamic schools and branches|other]] *12.9% [[Christianity in the United Arab Emirates|Christianity]] *6.2% [[Hinduism in the United Arab Emirates|Hinduism]] *3.2% [[Religion in the United Arab Emirates|Buddhism]] *1.3% [[Irreligion in the United Arab Emirates|Agnosticism]] *1.9% [[Religion in the United Arab Emirates|other]] {{tree list/end}} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref name="WorldFactbook" /> | demonym = [[Imaaraadka Carabta|Imaaraadka ]]<ref name=WorldFactbook /> | government_type = Madaxweynaha Federaalka [[boqortooyo dastuuri ah]]{{refn|<ref>{{cite book|last=Stewart|first=Dona J.|title=The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural Perspectives|publisher=Routledge|date=2013|location=London and New York|isbn=978-0-415-78243-2|page=155}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Day|first=Alan John|title=Political Parties of The World|url=https://archive.org/details/politicalparties0004daya|publisher=Stockton|date=1996|isbn=1-56159-144-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/politicalparties0004daya/page/599 599]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://elaws.moj.gov.ae/MainArabicTranslation.aspx?val=UAE-MOJ_LC-En/00_CONSTITUTION/UAE-LC-En_1971-07-18_00000_Dos.html&np=&lmp=undefined|title=United Arab Emirates Constitution|work=UAE Ministry of Justice|access-date=10 October 2018|archive-date=11 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011053637/https://elaws.moj.gov.ae/MainArabicTranslation.aspx?val=UAE-MOJ_LC-En/00_CONSTITUTION/UAE-LC-En_1971-07-18_00000_Dos.html&np=&lmp=undefined|url-status=live}}</ref>}} | leader_title1 = [[Madaxwaynaha]] | leader_name1 = [[Maxamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]] | leader_title2 = [[Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name2 = [[Maxamed bin Rashiid Al Maktoum]] | leader_title3 = [[Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Imaaraadka Carabta|Madaxweyne ku xigeenada]] | leader_name3 = {{plainlist| * Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum * [[Mansuur bin Zayed Al Nahyan]] }} | legislature = {{plainlist| * [[Golaha Sare ee Federaalka]] }} | sovereignty_type = [[Taariikhda|Dhisidda]] | established_event1 = [[Maxmiyadda Ingiriiska]] oo qayb ka ah [[Dawladaha Gaarka ah]] | established_date1 = 1820 and 1892 | established_event2 = [[Maalinta Qaranka ( Imaaraadka Carabta)|Madaxbanaanida]] oo ka yimid Boqortooyada Ingiriiska | established_date2 = 2 December 1971 | established_event3 = Admission of [[Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah|Ras Al Khaimah]] | established_date3 = 10 February 1972 | area_km2 = 83,600 | area_rank = 114aad | area_sq_mi = 32,278 <!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | percent_water = Dayacan | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate = 11,027,129<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistics by Subject - Population |url=https://fcsc.gov.ae/en-us/Pages/Statistics/Statistics-by-Subject.aspx#/?folder=Demography%20and%20Social/Population/Population&subject=Demography%20and%20Social |access-date=2 November 2023 |website=Federal Competitiveness and Statistics Centre |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204085440/https://fcsc.gov.ae/en-us/Pages/Statistics/Statistics-by-Subject.aspx#/?folder=Demography%20and%20Social/Population/Population&subject=Demography%20and%20Social |url-status=live }}</ref> | population_density_km2 = 132 | population_density_sq_mi = 341.6<!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | population_density_rank = 83aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $905.23 billion<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Databases |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/SPROLLs/world-economic-outlook-databases |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_rank = 36aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $81,680<ref name="auto"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 13aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $548.60 billion<ref name="auto"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_rank = 28aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $49,550<ref name="auto"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 21aad | Gini = 26 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2018 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) – United Arab Emirates|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AE|website=data.worldbank.org|publisher=World Bank|access-date=30 March 2020|archive-date=30 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330025458/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AE|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/|title=Gini Index coefficient|publisher=[[The World Factbook]]|access-date=24 September 2024|archive-date=17 Bisha Todobaad 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717071854/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison|url-status=dead}}</ref> | HDI = 0.940 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2023 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 15aad | currency = [[United Arab Emirates dirham|UAE dirham]] | currency_code = AED | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in the United Arab Emirates|+971]] | time_zone = [[Time in the United Arab Emirates|GST]] | utc_offset = +04:00 | cctld = {{unbulleted list |[[.ae]] |[[emarat|امارات.]]}} | footnotes = <div style="background:#ddf;padding:0.2em;font-size:135%;text-align:center;">'''[[Portal:United Arab Emirates|United Arab Emirates portal]]'''</div> | linking_name = }} ==Xubin== * [[IMF]]_* * [[ Bankiga Aduunka]]_* * [[ Jaamacada Carabta]]_* * [[ Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka]]_* * [[Qaramada Midoobay]]_*_* ==Waddanamha Deggan Emmaratka== * {{Flag|Bahrain}}: 20,000+ * {{Flag|Qatar}}:10,000+ * {{Flag|Kuwait}}: 20,000+ * {{Flag|Oman}}: 30,000+ * {{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}:50,000++ ==sido kale fiiri== * [[Oman]] * [[Somaliland]] * [[Egypt]] * [[Turkey]] *[[Imaaraatka Carabta Visa Dalalka]] {{Dalalka Aasiya}} [[Category:Dalalka carabta]] {{Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka}} [[Category:Aasiya]] {{commons|الإمارات العربية المتحدة / United Arab Emirates‏}} Imaaraatka Carabta ee hadda jira waxa uu ku yaalaa dhexda dhexe ee Bariga Carabta oo wadaaga dhaqanka badweynta . Boqortooyadii Boortaqiisku waxay timid gobolka qiyaastii 1500 waxayna saldhigyo ka sameysatay dhulkaas iyagoo dagaal kula jira Faaris . Ka dib markii la eryay, Nederlaanku waxay xakameeyeen cidhiidhiga waxayna dejiyeen awoodda badda ee caalamiga ah. Qarnigii 19aad, iyadoo luul noqday dhaqaale weyn, budhcad-badeedda gacanka ay sababeen qaar ka mid ah qabaa'ilka maxalliga ah ayaa sababay in Ingiriisku yimaado, taas oo keentay in sheekhyadu ay heshiis la samaystaan ​​iyaga oo abuuraya Dawlado run ah , si wax ku ool ah u ilaalinaya aagga Sucuudiga iyo Cumaan ee ku andacoonaya suzerainty in ka badan. Dawladaha dhabta ah waxay sii ahaan jireen maxmiyad Ingiriis ah ilaa madax-bannaani buuxda sida Isutagga Imaaraadka Carabta ee 1971. Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan , taliyaha Abu Dhabi iyo madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee dalka (1971-2004), wuxuu kormeeray horumarka degdegga ah ee Emirates isagoo maalgelinaya dakhliga saliidda cusub ee la helay daryeelka caafimaadka, waxbarashada, iyo kaabayaasha. Caalami ahaan, UAE waxaa loo arkaa quwad dhexe iyo magaalada Dubia waxay u adeegtaa sidii xarun caalami ah. Kaliya 11% dadka ayaa ah Imaaraatka udhashay wadankaas oo ay ka tiro badan yihiin ajaanibka iyo shaqaalaha soogalootiga , kuwaas oo intooda badan ka yimid Koonfurta Aasiya . Imaaraadka Carabta waxa uu leeyahay kaydka saliidda ee toddobaad ee ugu weyn adduunka iyo kaydka gaasta dabiiciga ah ee toddobaad ee ugu weyn . Dalku wuxuu leeyahay dhaqaalaha ugu kala duwan ee xubnaha Golaha Iskaashiga Khaliijka (GCC), ka dib markii ay noqdeen kuwo aan ku tiirsanayn kheyraadka dabiiciga ah qarniga 21aad oo sii kordheysa diiradda dalxiiska iyo ganacsiga. Waa xubin ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay , Jaamacadda Carabta , Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka , OPEC , Dhaqdhaqaaqa Aan Isbahaysiga ahayn , Ururka Ganacsiga Adduunka , iyo BRICS . Imaaraadku sidoo kale waa saaxiibka wadahadalka ee Ururka Iskaashiga Shanghai . Golaha Sare ee Federaalka oo ka kooban toddobada Amiir ee talada haya ayaa ah maamulka ugu sarreeya dowlad goboleedyada, iyagoo si wadajir ah hal xubin u magacaabaya Madaxweynaha Federaalka oo isna soo magacaabaya Ra’iisul Wasaare, isaga laftiisa ayaa soo dhisaya Golaha Wasiirada . [ 27 ] Dawlad awood leh , UAE guud ahaan waa xor marka loo eego heerarka gobolka [ 17 ] waxayna si heer sare ah ugu jirtaa dhowr tilmaame bulsheed sida guriyeynta, daryeelka caafimaadka, waxbarashada iyo badbaadada shakhsi ahaaneed, iyo sidoo kale gobolka ugu sarreeya ee Heerka Horumarinta Aadanaha . [ 28 ] Ururada xuquuqal insaanku waxay tixgeliyaan UAE heerka hoose ee xuquuqda bini'aadamka, oo ay ku hooseeyaan tusmada xorriyadda aadanaha . Arintaan ayaa waxaa sabab u ah wararka sheegaya in dadka dhaliila dowladda loo geysto xarig iyo jirdil, qoysas ay hey’adaha ammaanka dowladda dhibaateeyaan, iyo kiisas la sheegay in si qasab ah lagu waayay . [ 29 ] Xuquuqda shakhsiga ah sida xorriyaadka shirarka , ururrada , ra'yi dhiibashada , iyo xorriyadda saxaafadda ayaa si ba'an loo cabudhiyaa. ==Asalka erayga == Imaaraatka carabta waxaa loogu magac daray todobada imaaradood ee samaystay federaal ee kala ah imaarada Abu Dhabi , imaarada dubai , imaarada cajmaan , imaarada sharjah , imaarada ras al khaimah , imaarada umm al quwain , imaarada fujairah . ==Taariikhda== ===Qadiimiga=== [[File:Cántaro (26738115330).jpg|thumb|Qarnigii 2aad ee BCE weel laga helay goobta qadiimiga Mleiha ee Sharjah]] Aaladaha dhagaxa ah ee la helay ayaa daaha ka qaaday in la degay dad ka yimid Afrika ilaa 127,000 oo sano ka hor iyo qalab dhagax ah oo loo isticmaalo qalitaanka xoolaha oo laga helay xeebaha Carabta ayaa tilmaamaya in xitaa deegaan ka sii da'weyn 130,000 sano ka hor. Waqti ka dib, xiriiro ganacsi oo firfircoon ayaa la kobciyay ilbaxnimada Mesobotaamiya , Iran, iyo dhaqanka Harappan ee Dooxada Indus. Xidhiidhku wuu sii socday oo wuu sii ballaadhay, malaha waxa dhiirigeliyay ka ganacsiga naxaasta ee Buuraha Xajar , kaas oo bilaabmay qiyaastii 3,000 BC. Ilaha Sumerian waxay ka hadlaan ilbaxnimada Magan , taas oo loo aqoonsaday inay ka kooban tahay UAE iyo Cumaan casriga ah. Waxa jira lix xilli oo ay dadku degeen oo leh dhaqammo gaar ah oo ka jira gobolka Islaamka ka hor, kuwaas oo ay ku jiraan xilligii Hafit laga bilaabo 3,200 ilaa 2,600 BCE, dhaqanka Umm Al Nar ee 2,600 ilaa 2,000 BCE, iyo dhaqanka Wadi Suq laga bilaabo 2,000 ilaa 1,300 BCE. Laga soo bilaabo 1,200 BC ilaa imaatinka Islaamka ee Bariga Carabta, iyada oo loo marayo saddex qarni oo bir ah oo kala duwan iyo xilligii Mleiha , aagga waxaa si kala duwan u qabsaday Achaemenids iyo ciidamada kale, waxaana la arkayay dhismayaal deyr leh iyo beero ballaaran oo ay ugu wacan tahay horumarinta nidaamka waraabka ee Falaj ===Islaamka=== Fidinta Islaamka ee cidhifka waqooyi-bari ee Jasiiradda Carabta ayaa loo malaynayaa inay si toos ah uga timid warqad uu nebi Islaamku Muxammad u diray madaxdii Cumaan sannadkii 630-kii. Tani waxay keentay in koox ka mid ah madaxda ay u safraan Madiina , oo soo galaan diinta Islaamka, ka dibna ay wateen kacdoono guul leh oo ka dhan ah Sassanids aan la jeclayn , oo xeebaha ka talinayay wakhtigaas. Ka dib dhimashadii Muxammad , bulshooyinka cusub ee Islaamka ee koonfurta Gacanka Faaris waxay ku hanjabeen inay burburaan, oo ay la socdaan kacdoono ka dhan ah hoggaamiyayaasha Muslimiinta . Khaliifkii Abuu Bakar wuxuu ka soo diray ciidan uu ka soo diray caasimadda Madiina oo dhameeyay dib u qabsashadii dhulkii ( Dagaalladii Ridda ) ee uu la galay dagaalkii Dibba oo loo malaynayo in lagu dilay 10,000 oo qof. Tani waxay xaqiijisay hufnaanta Khilaafada iyo midaynta Jasiiradda Carabta oo hoos imanaysa Khilaafada Raashidun ee dhawaan soo shaac baxday . Sanadkii 637, Julfar (oo ku taal aagga Ras Al Khaimah ) waxay ahayd deked muhiim ah oo loo isticmaali jiray goob laga soo abaabulo duullaankii Islaamka ee Boqortooyadii Sasaniya . Aagga Al Ain / Buraimi Oasis waxaa loo yaqaanay Tu'am waxayna ahayd goob ganacsi oo muhiim u ah waddooyinka geela ee u dhexeeya xeebta iyo gudaha Carabta. Meesha ugu horraysa ee Kiristaanka ee Imaaraadka waxa markii ugu horreysay la helay sagaashamaadkii, dhisme ballaadhan oo monastic ah oo ku yaalla waxa hadda loo yaqaan Jasiiradda Sir Bani Yas oo soo taxnayd qarnigii toddobaad. Malaha Nestorian oo la dhisay 600 CE, kaniisaddu waxay u muuqataa in si nabad ah looga tagay 750 CE. Waxay samaysaa xidhiidh naadir ah oo jireed oo la xidhiidha dhaxalka Masiixiyadda, kaas oo loo malaynayo inuu ku faafay jasiiradda 50 ilaa 350 CE ka dib waddooyinka ganacsiga. Dhab ahaantii, qarnigii shanaad, Cumaan wuxuu lahaa hoggaamiyaha kiniisadda la odhan jiray John - hoggaamiyaha kiniisaddii ugu dambeeyay ee Cumaan wuxuu ahaa Etienne, 676 CE. ===Waagii Bortuqiisku=== [[File:Forte de doba.jpg|thumb|Sawir gacmeedkii Boqortooyadii Boortaqiiska ee Doba Fortress [ pt ] ee Dibba Al-Hisn sanadkii 1620]] Deegaanka saxaraha ah ee qallafsan ayaa horseeday in ay soo baxaan "qabiilka badan", kooxaha reer guuraaga ah oo ku noolaaday dhaq-dhaqaaqyo kala duwan oo dhaqaale, oo ay ku jiraan xannaanada xoolaha, beeraha, iyo ugaarsiga. Dhaqdhaqaaqa xilliyeedka ee kooxahani ma keenin oo kaliya isku dhacyo soo noqnoqda oo u dhexeeya kooxaha laakiin sidoo kale waxay abuureen deegaamayn xilliyeed iyo xilli-xilliyeedyo iyo xarumo. Kooxahan waxa ay sameysteen kooxo qabiilo ah oo magacyadooda ay wataan Imaaraatka casriga ah, oo ay ku jiraan Bani Yas iyo Al Bu Falah ee Abu Dhabi , Al Ain, Liwa , iyo xeebta galbeed; Dhawahir , Awamir, Al Ali , iyo Manaasirkii gudaha ; Sharqiiyinkii xeebta bari ; iyo Qawaasimkii waqooyi. Markii ay ballaarteen boqortooyooyinkii gumeysiga Yurub , Boortaqiis , Ingiriisi , iyo ciidamada Nederland waxay ka soo muuqdeen gobolka Gacanka Faaris. Qarnigii 18-aad, ururka Bani Yas wuxuu ahaa xoogga ugu sarreeya inta badan aagga hadda loo yaqaan Abu Dhabi, halka Waqooyiga Al Qawasim (Al Qasimi) uu xukumayay ganacsiga badda. Bortuqiisku waxay ku adkaysteen inay saameyn ku yeeshaan degsiimooyinka xeebaha, iyagoo dhistay qalcado ka dib qabsashadii qarnigii 16aad ee dhiigga ee beelaha xeebaha ee Albuquerque iyo taliyayaashii Bortuqiisku ee raacay isaga - gaar ahaan xeebta bari ee Muscat , Sohar , iyo Khor Fakkan . Xeebta koonfureed ee Gacanka Faaris waxa Ingiriisku u yaqaannay " Xeebta Budhcad-badeedda ", sida doomaha federaalka Al Qawasim ay dhibaateeyeen maraakiibta calanka Ingiriiska ee qarnigii 17aad ilaa qarnigii 19aad. Eedaynta budhcad-badeednimada waxaa ku muransan taariikhyahannada casriga ah ee Imaaraatka, oo uu ku jiro taliyaha hadda ee Sharjah, Sheikh Sultan Al Qasimi , buuggiisa 1986 ee Khuraafaadka Budhcad-badeedda Carabta ee Gacanka . [[File:Persian Gulf 1507-1750.gif|thumb|Purple - Boortaqiis oo ku yaal Gacanka Faaris qarnigii 16aad iyo 17aad. Magaalooyinka waaweyn, dekedaha, iyo jidadka.]] [[File:Ras Al Khaimah under attack, 1809 01.jpg|thumb|Sawir muujinaya gubashada magaalada xeebta ah iyo dekedda Imaaradda Ras Al Khaimah intii lagu jiray ololihii Gacanka Faaris ee 1809]] Socdaalkii Ingiriiska ee lagu ilaalinayay jidadkooda ganacsi ee Hindiya ayaa horseeday olole ka dhan ah Ras Al Khaimah iyo dekedaha kale ee xeebta, oo ay ku jiraan ololihii Gacanka Faaris ee 1809 iyo ololihii guusha badnaa ee 1819 . Sannadkii xigay, Ingiriiska iyo tiro ka mid ah hoggaamiyeyaasha maxalliga ah ayaa saxeexay heshiis xabbad-joojin badeed ah , taasoo keentay ereyga Dawlad-goboleedka , kaas oo u yimid inuu qeexo xaaladda imaaradaha xeebaha. Heshiis dheeraad ah ayaa la saxeexay 1843 iyo 1853-kii, waxaa la isku raacay Heshiiskii Badda ee Joogtada ah . Tan waxaa lagu daray 'Heshiiska Gaarka ah', ee la saxiixay 1892, kaas oo ka dhigay Waddamada Xaqiiqda ah maxmiyad Ingiriis ah. Sida ku cad heshiiskii 1892-kii, shuyuukhdii xaqa ahayd waxay ku heshiiyeen in aan dhulna laga tuurin marka laga reebo Ingiriis iyo in aanay xidhiidh la samayn dawlad shisheeye oo aan Ingiriis ahayn iyaga oo aan raalli ka ahayn. Taa baddalkeeda, Ingiriisku wuxuu ballanqaaday inuu ka ilaalinayo Xeebta Trucial dhammaan gardarrada badda iyo inuu caawiyo haddii weerar dhulka ah. Bilayska badda ee Ingiriiska waxa uu ka dhigan yahay in maraakiibta luulku ay ku shaqayn karaan ammaan sugan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, mamnuucida Ingiriiska ee ganacsiga addoonta waxay ka dhigan tahay ilo dhaqaale oo muhiim ah ayaa lumay sheekhyada iyo ganacsatada qaarkood. Sannadkii 1869kii, qabiilka Qubaysat waxa ay degeen Khor Al Cadaaid oo ay isku dayeen in ay taageero ka helaan Cusmaaniyiinta. Khor Al Cadaaid waxaa xilligaas sheegan jiray Abu Dhabi, taas oo uu taageeray Ingiriiska. Sannadkii 1906dii, Deganaanshaha Siyaasadda Ingiriiska, Percy Cox , ayaa qoraal u xaqiijiyay taliyihii Abu Dhabi, Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan ('Zayed the Great'), in Khor Al Cadaaid uu ka tirsan yahay sheekhnimadiisa. ===Waagii Ingiriiska iyo helista shidaalka=== [[File:Dhayah Fort showing hilltop location.jpg|thumb|Dhayah Fort at the hill top. In 1819 it was the last Al-Qasimi stronghold to fall in the Persian Gulf campaign of 1819. The fall of Dhayah was to pave the way for the signing of the General Maritime Treaty of 1820.]] Intii lagu guda jiray qarniyadii 19-aad iyo horraantii 20-aad, warshadaha luulka ayaa horumaray, taasoo dakhliga iyo shaqadaba siin jirtay dadka Gacanka Faaris. Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka wuxuu saameyn ba'an ku yeeshay warshadaha, laakiin waxay ahayd niyad-jabka dhaqaale ee dabayaaqadii 1920-meeyadii iyo horraantii 1930-meeyadii, oo ay weheliso abuuritaanka luul-dhaqameedka , kaas oo tirtiray ganacsiga. Hadhaagii ganacsiga ayaa aakhirkii meesha ka baxay wax yar ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka , markii dawlada cusub ee xornimada qaadatay ee Hindiya ay canshuur culus ku soo rogtay luul dibadda laga keeno. Hoos u dhaca luulku wuxuu keenay dhibaato dhaqaale oo aad u daran oo ka jirta Dawladaha Xaqiiqda ah. Sannadkii 1922-kii, dawladda Ingriisku waxay ballan-qaadyo ka samaysay taliyayaashii Dawlad-goboleedka oo aan heshiisyo la saxeexin shirkado shisheeye ogolaansho la'aan. Iyadoo la ogsoon yahay suurtogalnimada horumarinta khayraadka dabiiciga ah sida saliidda, ka dib markii laga helay Faaris (laga bilaabo 1908) iyo Mesopotamia (laga bilaabo 1927), shirkad shidaal oo British ah, Shirkadda Shidaalka Ciraaq (IPC), ayaa muujisay xiisaha gobolka. Shirkadda Saliida ee Anglo-Persian (APOC, oo markii dambe noqotay British Petroleum , ama BP) waxay lahayd 23.75% saamiga IPC. Laga soo bilaabo 1935kii, heshiisyada badda ee lagu sahaminayo shidaalka waxaa bixiyay taliyayaasha maxalliga ah, iyadoo APOC ay saxiixday tii ugu horreysay oo ay wakiil ka tahay Petroleum Concessions Ltd (PCL), oo ah shirkad xiriirisa IPC. APOC waxaa laga hor istaagay inay horumariso gobolka oo keliya sababtoo ah xannibaadaha Heshiiska Khadka Cas , kaas oo u baahan inuu ku shaqeeyo IPC. Tiro door ah oo u dhexeeya PCL iyo taliyayaasha dhabta ah ayaa la kala saxeexday, taasoo dakhli waxtar u leh bulshooyinka soo maray faqriga ka dib burburkii ganacsiga luul. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, hantida saliidda ee madaxda ay ka arki karaan dakhliga ka soo xerooda wadamada ku xeeran ayaa ahaa mid aan la garanayn. Godadki ugu horeeyay ee Abu Dhabi waxa qoday shirkadii IPC ee ka shaqaynaysay, Petroleum Development (Trucial Coast) Ltd (PDTC) ee Ras Sadr 1950kii, iyada oo god dhererkiisu dhan yahay 13,000 cagood (4,000-mitir) godad qodis ah oo qaatay sanad in la qodo kana soo baxo qalalan, waxaana ku baxay lacag aad u badan oo £1 million ah wakhtigaa [[File:Mid-20th century Dubai.JPG|thumb|Dubai 1950kii: aagga sawirkan wuxuu muujinayaa Bur Dubai oo ku yaal xagga hore (oo ku taal Al-Fahidi Fort), Deira oo ku taal midigta dhexe ee dhinaca kale ee qulqulka, iyo Al Shindagha (bidix) iyo Al Ras (midig) ee gadaasha qulqulka, laga bilaabo Deira.]] Ingriisku waxa uu sameeyay xafiis horumarineed oo ka caawiyay horumarada yaryar ee imaaradaha. Todobadii sheekh ee imaaradaha ayaa markaas go’aan ku gaaray in la sameeyo gole ka shaqeeya arrimaha dhexdooda, waxayna la wareegeen xafiiskii horumarinta. 1952, waxay samaysteen Golaha Dawladaha Trucial, waxayna u magacaabeen Adi Al Bitar , Dubai's Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum ' lataliyaha sharciga, xoghaye guud iyo lataliyaha sharciga ee golaha. Golahan ayaa la joojiyay markii la dhisay Imaaraadka Carabta. Dabeecadda qabiilka ee bulshada iyo qeexitaan la'aanta xudduudaha u dhexeeya imaaradaha ayaa had iyo jeer keena khilaaf, lagu dhammeeyo dhexdhexaadin ama, marar dhif ah, xoog. Cuman Scouts Trucial waxay ahayd ciidan yar oo Ingiriisku u isticmaalo ilaalinta nabadda. Sanadkii 1953, shirkad hoos timaada BP , D'Arcy Exploration Ltd, waxay ka heshay heshiis dhinaca badda ah taliyihii Abu Dhabi. BP waxay ku biirtay Compagnie Française des Pétroles (kadib Total ) si ay u sameeyaan shirkado ka shaqeeya, Abu Dhabi Marine Areas Ltd (ADMA) iyo Dubai Marine Areas Ltd (DUMA). Dhowr sahan oo saliidda hoosteeda ah ayaa la sameeyay, oo uu ku jiro mid uu hogaaminayo sahamiyaha caanka ah ee badda Jacques Cousteau . Sannadkii 1958-kii, riig sabeynayay ayaa laga soo jiiday Hamburg , Jarmalka , waxaana la dhigay sariirta Umm Shaif luul, oo ku taal biyaha Abu Dhabi, halkaas oo qodista laga bilaabay. Bishii Maarso, waxay ku dhufatay saliid samaynta dhagaxa sare ee Thamama. Tani waxay ahayd markii ugu horreysay ee la helo ganacsigii ugu horreeyay ee Xeebta Trucial, taasoo keentay dhoofinta ugu horreysa ee saliidda 1962. ADMA waxay sahan dheeraad ah ka samaysay Zakum iyo meelo kale, shirkado kale waxay sameeyeen ganacsiyo ganacsi sida saliidda Fateh ee Dubai iyo beerta Mubarak ee Sharjah (oo lala wadaago Iran). Dhanka kale, sahaminta xeebaha waxaa hor istaagay muran dhuleed. Sanadkii 1955, Boqortooyada Midowday (UK) waxay wakiil ka ahayd Abu Dhabi iyo Cumaan khilaafkii Sucuudiga ee ku saabsanaa Buraimi Oasis . Heshiis 1974 dhex maray Abu Dhabi iyo Sacuudi Carabiya ayaa u muuqday mid lagu xaliyay murankii xudduudda ee Abu Dhabi iyo Sacuudiga , laakiin tan lama ansixin. Xadka Imaaraadku la leeyahay Cumaan waxa la ansixiyay 2008. PDTC waxay sii waday sahaminta badda ee ka fog aagga lagu muransan yahay, iyada oo qoday shan godad oo kale oo iyaguna qalalan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, 27kii Oktoobar 1960, shirkaddu waxay heshay shidaal tiro ganacsi ah ceelka Murban No. 3 ee xeebta u dhow Tarif. Sannadkii 1962, PDTC waxay noqotay Shirkadda Shidaalka ee Abu Dhabi . Markii dakhliga saliidda uu kordhay, taliyaha Abu Dhabi, Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan , wuxuu qabtay barnaamij dhisme oo ballaaran, dhisidda dugsiyo, guriyeynta, isbitaallada, iyo waddooyinka. Markii dhoofinta saliidda ee Dubai la bilaabay 1969, Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum , oo ah taliyaha Dubai, wuxuu awooday inuu maalgeliyo dakhliga ka soo baxa kaydka xaddidan ee la helay si uu u kiciyo dhaqdhaqaaqa kala-duwan ee abuurista magaalada casriga ah ee caalamiga ah ee Dubai ===Madaxbanaanida=== [[File:Flag-hoisting at the Union Declaration.jpg|thumb|Sawir taariikhi ah oo muujinaya markii ugu horreysay oo madaxda imaaraadku ay ka taageen calanka Imaaraadka Carabta ee ku yaal Aqalka Midowga ee Dubai 2dii Disembar 1971]] Sannadkii 1966kii, waxa caddaatay in dawladda Ingiriisku aanay awood u lahayn inay maamusho oo ay ilaaliso Dawladaha Saxda ah , oo hadda loo yaqaan Imaaraadka Carabta. Xubnaha baarlamaanka Ingiriiska (MPs) ayaa ka dooday diyaargarowga ciidamada badda ee boqortooyada si ay u difaacaan sheekhyada . 24-kii Janaayo 1968, Ra'iisul Wasaarihii Ingiriiska Harold Wilson wuxuu ku dhawaaqay go'aanka dowladda, oo uu xaqiijiyay March 1971 Ra'iisul Wasaarihii Edward Heath , si loo soo afjaro xiriirka heshiiska ee toddobada sheekh ee dhabta ah. Maalmo ka dib markii lagu dhawaaqay, taliyaha Abu Dhabi, Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan , oo ka baqaya nuglaanshaha, ayaa isku dayay inuu ku qanciyo Ingiriiska si ay u ixtiraamaan heshiisyada ilaalinta isaga oo bixinaya kharashka buuxa ee ku haynta Ciidamada Qalabka Sida ee Ingiriiska ee Imaaraadka. Dawladda Ingiriiska ee muxaafidka ah ayaa diiday dalabkaas. Ka dib markii xildhibaanka xisbiga shaqaalaha Goronwy Roberts uu u sheegay Sheikh Zayed warka ka bixitaanka Ingiriiska, sagaalka sheekh ee Khaliijka Persian waxay isku dayeen inay sameeyaan midowga imaaradaha Carabta, laakiin bartamihii 1971 wali way awoodi waayeen inay ku heshiiyaan shuruudaha midowga inkastoo xiriirka heshiiska Ingiriiska uu dhacayo December ee sanadkaas. Cabsida nuglaanta ayaa la xaqiiqsaday maalin ka hor xornimada. Koox burburiye Iiraaniyiin ah ayaa ka jabtay dhoolatus ay ku sameynayeen gacanka hoose, iyagoo u shiraacday jasiiradaha Tunb . Jasiiradaha waxa lagu qabsaday xoog , shacab iyo difaacyo carbeed si isku mid ah ayaa loo ogolaaday inay cararaan. Markab dagaal oo Ingiriis ah ayaa istaagay intii uu socday duulaanka. Koox wax burburisa ayaa iyana u soo dhawaaday jasiiradda Abuu Muusa . Laakin halkaas, Sheikh Khalid bin Mohammed Al-Qasimi wuxuu horey ula xaajooday shahka Iran, jasiiradda ayaa si degdeg ah loogu kireeyay Iran $ 3 milyan sanadkii. Dhanka kale, Sacuudi Carabiya ayaa sheeganeysa in Abu Dhabi ay ku badan tahay. Waxay ahayd ilaa 1974kii markii heshiis xuduudeed lala saxeexday Sucuudiga, kaas oo si rasmi ah u calaamadaynaya soohdimaha u dhexeeya Imaaraadka iyo Sucuudiga. Dareenka Qatarta Imaaraatka ee Iran ayaa saameyn ku yeelatay taageeradii dhaqaale ee Ciraaq intii uu socday dagaalkii Iran iyo Ciraaq Asal ahaan loogu talagalay inay ka mid noqoto Isutagga Imaaraadka Carabta ee la soo jeediyay, Bahrain waxay xorowday bishii Agoosto, iyo Qatar Sebtembar 1971. Markii heshiiskii Sheikhdoms ee Ingiriiska iyo Ingiriiska uu dhacay 1dii Disembar 1971, labada imaaradoodba waxay noqdeen madax-bannaani buuxda. 2dii Diisambar 1971, lix ka mid ah imaaradaha (Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Sharjah, iyo Umm Al Quwain) waxay ogolaadeen inay galaan urur la magac baxay Imaaraadka Carabta. Ras al-Khaimah wuxuu ku biiray ka dib, 10 Janaayo 1972. Bishii Febraayo 1972, Golaha Qaranka ee Federaalka (FNC) ayaa la sameeyay; waxay ahayd gole la tashi oo ka kooban 40 xubnood oo ay soo magacaabeen todobada masuul. Imaaraadku wuxuu ku biiray Jaamacadda Carabta 6 December 1971 iyo Qaramada Midoobay 9 December. Waxay ahayd xubin aasaasi ah oo ka tirsan Golaha Iskaashiga Khaliijka bishii Maajo 1981, iyadoo Abu Dhabi ay martigelisay shirkii ugu horreeyay ee GCC . ===Aabayaashii asaasay=== Asaasayaashii Imaaraadka Carabta waxaa ka mid ahaa: Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan ee Abu Dhabi ; Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum ee Dubai ; Khaalid bin Muxammad Al Qasimi ee Sharjah ; Rashid bin Xumaid Al Nuaimi of Ajman ; Axmad bin Rashid Al Mucalla ee Umm Al Quwain ; Saqr bin Mohammed Al Qasimi of Ras Al Khaimah iyo Mohammed bin Hamad Al Sharqi of Fujairah . ===Xornimada ka dib=== [[File:Burj Khalifa (worlds tallest building) and the Dubai skyline (25781049892).jpg|thumb|Skyline ee Dubai]] Imaaraadku waxa uu taageeray hawlgallada milatari ee Maraykanka iyo dawladaha kale ee isbahaysiga ee ku hawlanaa dagaalkii khaliijka ee ka dhanka ahaa Saddam Hussein ee Baathist Ciraaq (1991), iyo sidoo kale hawlgallada taageeraya dagaalka caalamiga ah ee argagixisada Geeska Afrika ee saldhigga hawada ee Al Dhafra ee ku yaala meel ka baxsan Abu Dhabi. Saldhigga cirku wuxuu kaloo taageeray hawlgallada Isbahaysiga intii lagu jiray Dagaalkii Gacanka Faaris ee 1991 iyo Hawlgalkii Ilaalada Waqooyi . Wadanku waxa uu hore u saxeexay heshiis difaac milatari oo Maraykan ah 1994 iyo mid Faransiis ah 1995. Bishii Janaayo 2008, Faransiiska iyo UAE waxay saxiixeen heshiis u oggolaanaya Faransiiska inuu saldhig milatari oo joogto ah ka sameysto imaarada Abu Dhabi. Imaaraadku wuxuu ku biiray hawlgallada milatari ee caalamiga ah ee Liibiya Maarso 2011. 2-dii Noofambar 2004, madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee Imaaraadka, Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan , ayaa geeriyooday. Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan ayaa loo doortay madaxweynaha Imaaraadka Carabta . Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan ayaa xilka kala wareegay Sheikh Khalifa oo ah dhaxal sugaha Abu Dhabi. Bishii Janaayo 2006, Sheikh Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum , ra'iisul wasaarihii Imaaraadka iyo xaakimkii Dubai, ayaa dhintay, iyo Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum ayaa qaatay labada door. Doorashadii ugu horreysay ee heer qaran ah ayaa la qabtay 16kii Disembar 2006. Tiro codbixiyeyaal ah ayaa doortay kala bar xubnaha Golaha Qaranka ee Federaalka . Imaaraadku wuxuu si weyn uga badbaaday kacdoonkii Carabta , kaas oo ay dalal kale soo mareen; si kastaba ha ahaatee, 60 ka mid ah dhaq-dhaqaaqa Imaaraatka ee ka tirsan Al Islaax ayaa gacanta lagu dhigay, kuwaas oo lagu eedeyay in ay isku dayeen afgambi iyo isku daygii ay ku doonayeen in ay ku dhistaan ​​dowlad Islaami ah oo ka dhisan Imaaraadka. Anigoo ka duulaya mudaaharaadyadii ka dhacay Baxrayn ee u dhow, bishii Nofembar 2012 Imaaraadku wuxuu mamnuucay jeesjeeska khadka tooska ah ee dawladdiisa ama isku dayga lagu abaabulayo mudaharaadyada dadweynaha iyada oo loo marayo warbaahinta bulshada. Janaayo 29, 2020, Faafida COVID-19 ayaa la xaqiijiyay inuu gaaray Imaaraadka . Laba bilood ka dib, bishii Maarso, dawladdu waxay ku dhawaaqday xidhitaanka xarumaha dukaamaysiga, dugsiyada, iyo goobaha cibaadada, marka lagu daro soo rogida bandow 24 saacadood ah, iyo joojinta dhammaan duulimaadyada rakaabka ee Emirates . Tani waxay keentay hoos u dhac dhaqaale oo weyn, kaas oo aakhirkii horseeday inay midoobaan in ka badan 50% hay'adaha federaalka ee Imaaraadka Carabta . 29kii Agoosto 2020, Imaaraadku wuxuu xidhiidh diblomaasiyadeed oo caadi ah la samaystay Israa'iil , isagoo gacan ka helaya Maraykanka , waxay la saxeexdeen Baxreyn Heshiiskii Abraham 9kii Febraayo 2021, Imaaraadku wuxuu gaaray guul taariikhi ah markii baaritaankeedii, loogu magac daray Hope , uu si guul leh u gaaray meeraha Mars . Imaaraadku wuxuu noqday waddankii ugu horreeyay ee dunida Carabta ah ee gaadha Mars, waa waddankii shanaad ee si guul leh ku gaadhay Mars, iyo waddankii labaad, ka dib baadhitaan Hindi ah , si uu ugu wareego Mars isku daygii ugu horreeyay. 14 May 2022, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan ayaa loo doortay madaxweynaha cusub ee Imaaraadka kadib geeridii Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan ==Juqraafiga== [[File:Satellite image of United Arab Emirates in October.jpg|thumb|Sawirka dayax-gacmeedka ee Imaaraadka Carabta]] Imaaraadka Carabta waxa uu ku yaalaa Bariga Dhexe , waxa uu xad la leeyahay Gacanka Cumaan iyo Gacanka Faaris , waxa uu u dhexeeyaa Cumaan iyo Sucuudiga ; waxa ay ku taal meel istaraatiiji ah oo in yar ka xigta marin biyoodka Hormuz , oo ah marin muhiim u ah saliida cayriin ee aduunka . UAE waxay u dhaxaysaa 22°30' iyo 26°10' waqooyi loolka iyo inta u dhaxaysa 51° iyo 56°25′ east longitude. Waxay xuduud dhan 530 kiiloomitir (330 mi) la wadaagtaa Sucuudiga galbeed, koonfur, iyo koonfur-bari, iyo 450 kiiloomitir (280 mi) oo xuduud ah oo ay la leedahay Cumaan ee koonfur-bari iyo waqooyi-bari. Soohdinta dhulka ee Qatar ee aagga Khor Al Cadaaid waa qiyaastii sagaal iyo toban kiiloomitir (12 mayl) ee waqooyi-galbeed; si kastaba ha ahaatee, waa isha khilaaf joogta ah . Ka dib bixitaankii millatari ee Ingiriisku ka baxay Imaaraadka sannadkii 1971-kii, lagana aasaasay dawlad cusub, Imaaraadku waxa ay sheegteen jasiiradaha Abu Muusa ee ay Iiraan gumaysan jirtay iyo Tunbiyada Weyn iyo tan ka yarba, markii ay Iran qabsatay intii uu Ingiriisku xukumayay, taas oo keentay in Iiraan la isku haysto oo aan weli xal loo helin. Imaaraadku sidoo kale wuxuu ku muransan yahay sheegashada jasiiradaha kale ee ka dhanka ah dawladda ay jaarka yihiin ee Qatar. Imaaradda ugu weyn, Abu Dhabi , waxay ka dhigan tahay 87% bedka guud ee Imaaraadka, 67,340 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (26,000 sq mi). Imaarada ugu yar, Ajman , waxa ay ka kooban tahay 259 km2 ( 100 sq mi). Xeebta Imaaraadku waxay fidsan tahay ku dhawaad ​​650 km (404 mi) oo ku teedsan xeebta koonfureed ee Gacanka Faaris , oo ay muddo kooban hakisay meel go'doonsan oo ka tirsan Saldanada Cumaan. Lix ka mid ah imaaradaha waxay ku yaalliin gacanka Faaris, ta toddobaadna, Fujairah, waxay ku taal xeebta bari ee jasiiradda iyadoo si toos ah u gelaysa Gacanka Cumaan. Inta badan xeebta waxay ka kooban tahay weel milix ah oo fidsan 8-10 km (5.0-6.2 mi) gudaha gudaha. Dekadda ugu weyn ee dabiiciga ahi waxay ku taal Dubai, in kasta oo dekedo kale lagu jeexjeexay Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, iyo meelo kale. Jasiirado badan ayaa laga helaa Gacanka Faaris, lahaanshaha qaar ka mid ahina waxay ahayd mawduuc muran caalami ah oo ka dhexeeya Iran iyo Qatar labadaba . Jasiiradaha yaryar, iyo sidoo kale dhul-badeedyo badan oo shacaab ah iyo bacaad-is-beddelasho, ayaa khatar ku ah socodka. Mawjadaha xooggan iyo dabaylaha mararka qaarkood waxay sii adkeeyaan dhaqdhaqaaqa markabka ee u dhow xeebta. Imaaraadku wuxuu kaloo leeyahay fidsan xeebta Al Bāţinah ee Gacanka Cumaan. Jasiiradda Musandam , oo ah cidhifka Carabta ee marin biyoodka Hormuz, iyo Madha waa dhulkii Cumaan ee ay kala qaybiyeen Imaaraadku. [[File:View from Jebel Jais - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Waddooyinka taga Jebel Jais , buurta ugu dheer Imaaraadka (1,892 m), ee Ras Al Khaimah]] Koonfurta iyo galbeedka Abu Dhabi, godad bacaad ah oo rogrogan ayaa ku biiraya Rub al-Khali (Qarter Madhan) ee Sucuudiga. Meesha saxaraha ah ee Abu Dhabi waxaa ku jira laba oases oo muhiim ah oo leh biyo ku filan oo dhulka hoostiisa ah oo loogu talagalay degsiimooyinka joogtada ah iyo beerashada. Liwa Oasis oo ballaadhan waxa ay ku taal koonfurta oo u dhaw xuduudka aan la cayimin ee Sucuudiga. Qiyaastii 100 km (62 mi) waqooyi-bari ee Liwa waa Al-Buraimi oasis, kaas oo ku fidsan labada dhinac ee xudduudda Abu Dhabi iyo Cumaan. Harada Zakher ee Al Ain waa haro bini'aadanku sameeyay oo u dhow xudduudda Cumaan taas oo laga sameeyay biyo wasakh ah oo la daweeyay. Kahor inta aysan ka bixin aaggaas 1971-kii, Ingriisku wuxuu xadeeyay xudduudaha gudaha ee toddobada imaaradood si ay uga hor-tagaan murannada dhuleed ee carqaladayn kara samaynta federaalka. Guud ahaan madaxda imaaraadku waxay aqbaleen faragelintii Ingriiska, laakiin marka la eego muranka xuduudeed ee u dhexeeya Abu Dhabi iyo Dubai, iyo sidoo kale Dubai iyo Sharjah, sheegashooyinka iska soo horjeeda lama xalin ilaa markii Imaaraadku xoroobay. Soohdimaha ugu murugsan waxay ahaayeen buuraha Hajar-galbeed , halkaas oo shan ka mid ah imaaradaha ay ku muransanaayeen in ka badan toban deegaan ===Kala duwanaanshaha noolaha=== [[File:1501200713074 Acacia tortilis.jpg|thumb |Geedaha Acacia ee ka baxa xaafado saxare ah oo u dhow Fujairah]] Imaaraadku wuxuu ka kooban yahay dhulalka soo socda ee dhulalka: Al-Hajar montane dhulalka iyo dhirta geedaha, Gacanka Cumaan ee saxaraha ah iyo saxaraha-yar , iyo Al-Hajar foothill xeric geedo iyo geedo yaryar . Geeduhu waxay koraan timirta , qudhacyada , iyo geedaha eucalyptus . Saxaraha dhexdiisa, flora waa mid aad u yar oo ka kooban caws iyo geedo qodax leh. Xayawaanka wadaniga ah ayaa ku dhawaaday inay dabar go’aan sababtoo ah ugaarsi xooggan, taas oo keentay barnaamij lagu ilaalinayo Jasiiradda Sir Bani Yas oo uu bilaabay Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan 1970-meeyadii, taasoo keentay badbaadada, tusaale ahaan, Oryx Carabta , Geela Carabta , iyo shabeelka . Kalluunka xeebaha iyo naasleyda ayaa ka kooban inta badan mackerel , kalluun , iyo tuna , iyo sidoo kale shark iyo nibiriyada. ===Cimilada=== Cimilada Imaaraadku waa dhul-kuleelo-hoosaad oomane leh xagaaga kulayl iyo jiilaal diiran. Cimilada waxaa loo kala saaraa cimilo saxare ah. Bilaha ugu kulul waa Julaay iyo Agoosto, marka celceliska heerkulka ugu sarreeya uu gaaro 45 °C (113 °F) ee bannaanka xeebta . Buuraha Xajar, heerkulku aad buu u hooseeyaa, taasoo ka dhalatay kor u kaca. Celceliska heerkulka ugu yar bilaha January iyo February waa inta u dhaxaysa 10 iyo 14 °C (50 iyo 57 °F). Inta lagu jiro bilaha xagaaga dambe, dabaysha qoyan ee koonfur bari ee loo yaqaan Sharqi (ie "Easterner") ayaa gobolka xeebta ka dhigta mid aan wanaagsanayn. Celceliska roobabka sanadlaha ah ee aagga xeebuhu waxa ay ka yar yihiin 120 mm (4.7 in), laakiin meelaha buuraleyda ah qaarkood roobabka sannadlaha ahi waxa ay gaadhaan 350 mm (13.8 in). Roobabka ka da'a gobolka xeebta ayaa si kooban u da'a, roobab mahiigaan ah ayaa dillaaca bilaha jiilaalka, mararka qaarkoodna ay sababaan daadad ku soo rogmado sariiraha wabiyada ee sida caadiga ah qalalan . Gobolku wuxuu u nugul yahay marmar, duufaanno boodh rabshado wata , kuwaas oo si ba'an u yarayn kara aragtida. 28kii Diseembar 2004, baraf ayaa laga duubay UAE markii ugu horeysay, oo ku yaal kooxda buurta Jebel Jais ee Ras al-Khaimah. Dhawr sano ka dib, waxaa la arkay baraf iyo roobdhagaxyaale badan. Kooxda buurta Jebel Jais waxa soo maray baraf kaliya laba jeer tan iyo markii la bilaabay diiwaanada. ==Dowladda iyo siyaasadda== [[File:His Highness Sheikh Mohammed Bin Zayed Al Nahyan, at Hyderabad House, in New Delhi on February 11, 2016.jpg|thumb|Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan madaxwayne ilaa 2022]] [[File:Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum (15-02-2021) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Mohammed Rashid Al MaktoumRaiisel wasaare iyo madaxwayne ku xigeen ilaa 2006]] ===Dowladda=== Imaaraatka Carabta waa boqortooyo dastuuri ah oo federaal ah oo ka kooban federaal ka kooban todobo qabiil oo la iska dhaxlo oo la iska dhaxlo unugyo siyaasadeed oo la yiraahdo Shiikhdoms . Waxaa maamula Gole Sare oo Federaal ah oo ka kooban Sheikhyada Abu Dhabi , Ajman , Fujairah , Sharjah , Dubai , Ras Al Khaimah , iyo Umm Al Quwain . Dhammaan mas'uuliyadaha aan la siin dowladda federaalka waxay ku kooban yihiin imaaradaha gaarka ah. Boqolkiiba dakhliga imaarad kasta waxaa loo qoondeeyay miisaaniyadda dhexe ee UAE. Imaaraadku wuxuu adeegsadaa magaca Sheekh halkii Amiir si uu ula jeedo madaxda imaaradaha gaarka ah. Ciwaanka waxaa loo adeegsadaa nidaamka maamul ee u qaabaysan sheekhnimada iyadoo la raacayo dhaqanka qabaa'ilka Carabta , halkaasoo Sheekh uu ula jeedo hoggaamiye, oday, ama caaqilka qabiilka oo ka qayb qaata go'aan qaadashada la wadaago xertiisa. Madaxweynaha iyo ku xigeenkiisa waxaa dooranaya Golaha Sare ee Federaalka . Caadi ahaan, Madaxa qoyska Al Nahyan , ee fadhigoodu yahay Abu Dhabi, ayaa haya madaxweynaha iyo madaxa qoyska Al Maktoum , oo fadhigiisu yahay Dubai, ra'iisul wasaaraha. Dhammaan ra'iisul wasaarayaasha mid ka mid ah ayaa isla markaa noqday madaxweyne ku xigeen. Dawladda federaalku waxay ka kooban tahay saddex qaybood: Sharci-dejin : Gole Sare oo Federaal ah oo aan hal aqal ahayn iyo Golaha Qaranka ee Federaalka ee la-talinta (FNC). Fulinta : Madaxweynaha , ahna taliyaha guud ee ciidamada, ra'iisul wasaaraha , iyo golaha wasiirada . Garsoorka : Maxkamadda Sare iyo Maxkamadaha hoose ee federaalka [[File:Palacio Presidencial de los Emiratos, sede del Poder Ejecutivo Nacional..jpg|thumb |]] Dawlada Imaaraatka e-Government waa kordhinta dawlada dhexe ee UAE qaab elegroonig ah. Golaha Wasiirrada ee UAE ( Af-Carabi : مجلس الوزراء ) waa laanta fulinta ee dawladda uu hogaamiyo ra'iisul wasaaruhu. Ra'iisul wasaaraha oo uu soo magacaabo Golaha Sare ee Federaalka , ayaa magacaabaya wasiirrada. Golaha Wasiirada ayaa ka kooban 22 xubnood, waxaana ay maamulaan dhammaan arrimaha gudaha iyo dibadda ee Federaalka sida uu qabo sharciga dastuuriga ah iyo federaalka. Bishii Diseembar 2019, Imaaraadku wuxuu noqday dalka keliya ee Carbeed, iyo mid ka mid ah shanta waddan ee adduunka, si ay u helaan sinnaanta jinsiga ee hay'ad sharci-dejineed oo qaran, iyada oo aqalkeeda hoose 50 boqolkiiba haween ah. Imaaraadku waa dalka kaliya ee adduunka ee leh Wasaaradda Dulqaadka , Wasaaradda Farxadda , iyo Wasaaradda Sirdoonka Artificial. Imaaraadku waxa kale oo uu leeyahay wasaarad muuqaal ah oo lagu magacaabo Wasaaradda suurtagalka ah, oo loogu talagalay in lagu xalliyo caqabadaha iyo horumarinta tayada nolosha. Imaaraadku waxa kale oo uu leeyahay Golaha Dhallinyarada Qaranka , kaas oo uu ku matalo golaha wasiirrada UAE Wasiirka Dhallinyarada. Hay’adda sharci-dejinta ee Imaaraadka waa Golaha Qaranka ee Federaalka oo qabanqaabiya doorashooyin dalka oo dhan afartii sanaba mar. FNC waxay ka kooban tahay 40 xubnood oo laga soo kala xulay imaaradaha oo dhan. Imaaraad kasta waxaa loo qoondeeyay kuraas gaar ah si loo xaqiijiyo matalaad buuxda. Kala badh waxaa soo magacaabaya saldanada Imaaraatka ka dhisan, halka qeybta kalena ay soo doorteen tiro yar oo Imaaraat ah, oo hadda ah 33%, oo ay soo xulaan madaxda imaaraad kasta.Sharci ahaan, xubnaha golaha waa in ay si siman u qaybsadaan ragga iyo dumarka. FNC waxay ku xaddidan tahay door wada tashi ah . Imaaraatka Carabta waa boqortooyo federaal ah oo kali talis ah . Sida laga soo xigtay New York Times , Imaaraadku waa "ka-talisnimo leh dhalasho horumar, dawlad casri ah". Imaaraatka waxa lagu tilmaamay inay tahay "Qabiil madax-bannaani" halkaasoo toddobada boqortooyo ee ka kooban yahay ay hoggaamiyaan saldanad qabiil oo hab iskeed u madaxbannaan. Ma jiraan hay'ado si dimoqraadi ah loo soo doortay, mana jirto ballanqaad rasmi ah oo ku aaddan xorriyadda hadalka. Sida laga soo xigtay ururada xuquuqul insaanka, waxaa jira xad-gudubyo nidaamsan oo xuquuqul insaanka, oo ay ku jiraan jirdilka iyo waayitaanka qasabka ah ee dhaleeceynta dowladda. Imaaraadku wuxuu ku liitaa tusaha xorriyadda ee cabbiraya xorriyadaha madaniga ah iyo xuquuqda siyaasadeed . Imaaraadku sannad walba waxa lagu qiimeeyaa "Non Free" warbixinta sannadlaha ah ee Freedom House 's Freedom in the World , taas oo cabbiraysa xorriyadaha madaniga ah iyo xuquuqda siyaasadeed. Imaaraadku sidoo kale wuxuu ku jiraa meel aad u liidata tusmada xorriyadda saxaafadda ee suxufiyiinta aan xuduudda lahayn . Tusaha isbeddelka Bertelsmann wuxuu UAE ku sifeeyaa "Boqortooyo dhexdhexaad ah". Dalku waxa uu ku jiray 91 ka mid ah 137 dawladood waxana uu aad uga hooseeyaa celceliska dhibcaha horumarka ee dimuqraadiyadda. Marka loo eego 2023 V-Dem Democracy tusaha , Isutagga Imaaraatka Carabta waa dalka saddexaad ee ugu dimuqraadiga yar Bariga Dhexe . ===Qaybaha maamulka=== Imaaraadka Carabta waxa uu ka kooban yahay todobo imaaradood. Imaaradda Dubia waa imaaradaha ugu dadka badan oo leh 35.6% dadweynaha Imaaraadka. Emirate -ka Abu Dhabi waxa uu haystaa 31.2%, taasoo la macno ah in saddex meelood laba meel dadka Imaaraadka ay ku nool yihiin Abu Dhabi ama Dubai midkood. Abu Dhabi waxa ay leedahay bed dhan 67,340 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (26,000 square miles), taas oo ah 86.7% bedka guud ee dalka, marka laga reebo jasiiradaha. Waxay leedahay xeeb dhererkeedu ka badan yahay 400 km (250 mi) waxayna u qaybsantaa arrimo maamul saddex gobol oo waaweyn. Imaaradda Dubai waxay ku fidsan tahay xeebta Gacanka Faaris ee Imaaraadka ilaa 72 km (45 mi). Dubia waxay leedahay bed dhan 3,885 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (1,500 square miles), oo u dhiganta 5% bedka guud ee dalka, marka laga reebo jasiiradaha. Imaarada Sharjah waxay ku fidsan tahay qiyaastii 16 km (10 mayl) ee xeebta Gacanka Faaris ee Imaaraadka Carabta iyo in ka badan 80 km (50 mi) gudaha. Imaarada waqooyi oo ay ku jiraan Fujairah, Ajman, Ras al-Khaimah, iyo Umm al-Qaiwain dhamaantood waxay leeyihiin bedka guud ee 3,881 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (1,498 mayl laba jibaaran). Waxaa jira laba aag oo si wadajir ah loo maamulo. Mid waxaa si wadajir ah u maamula Cumaan iyo Ajman, ka kalena Fujairah iyo Sharjah. Waxaa jira carro weyn oo Cumaan ah oo uu ku hareereysan yahay dhulka Imaaraadka Carabta, oo loo yaqaan Wadi Madha . Waxay ku taallaa kala badh u dhexeeya Jasiiradda Musandam iyo Cumaan inteeda kale ee Imaarada Sharjah . Waxay daboolaysaa qiyaastii 75 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (29 mayl laba jibaaran) xuduuda waxaa la dejiyay 1969. Geeska waqooyi-bari ee Madha ayaa ugu dhow wadada Khor Fakkan-Fujairah, oo u jirta 10 mitir (33 cagood). Dhulka Cumaan ee Madha, waxaa ku yaal carro Imaaraatka oo lagu magacaabo Nahwa , oo sidoo kale iska leh imaarada Sharjah. Waxay qiyaastii siddeed kiiloomitir (5.0 mayl) u jirtaa waddo wasakh ah oo galbeed ka xigta magaalada New Madha. Waxay ka kooban tahay ilaa afartan guri oo leh rug caafimaad iyo telefoon isweydaarsi u gaar ah ===Xiriirka dibadda=== [[File:President Trump and The First Lady Participate in an Abraham Accords Signing Ceremony (50346677397).jpg|thumb|Wasiirka Arrimaha Dibadda ee Emirate-ka Carabta Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan (midigta fog) markii uu saxiixay heshiiskii Abraham]] Imaaraadka Carabta ayaa xiriir diblomaasiyadeed iyo mid ganacsi oo ballaaran la leh inta badan dalalka iyo xubnaha Qaramada Midoobay . Waxay kaalin mug leh ka ciyaartaa OPEC , waxayna ka mid tahay xubnihii aasaasay Golaha Iskaashiga Khaliijka (GCC). Imaaraadku waa xubin ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay iyo dhowr hay'adood oo gaar ah ( ICAO , ILO , UPU , WHO , WIPO ), iyo sidoo kale Bankiga Adduunka , IMF , Jaamacadda Carabta , Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka (OIC) iyo Dhaqdhaqaaqa aan Isbahaysiga ahayn . Sidoo kale, waa goobjooge ka tirsan Ururka Internationale de la Francophonie . Waddamada intooda badan waxay xafiisyo diblomaasiyadeed ku leeyihiin caasimadda Abu Dhabi iyadoo qunsuliyadaha ugu badani ay ku yaalliin magaalada ugu weyn Imaaraadka Carabta, Dubai . Xidhiidhka arrimaha dibadda ee Imaaraatka waxa si weyn u dhiirigeliya aqoonsiga iyo xidhiidhka dalalka Carabta . Isutagga Imaaraatka Carabta waxay xidhiidh adag la leedahay Bahrain, China, Egypt, France, India, Jordan, Pakistan, Russia, Saudi Arabia, and the United States. Ka dib ka bixitaankii Ingiriiska ee Imaaraadka 1971 iyo aasaaskii Imaaraadku dawlad ahaan, Imaaraadku waxay ku murmeen xuquuqaha saddex jasiiradood oo ku yaal Gacanka Faaris oo ka dhan ah Iran, oo kala ah Abu Musa , Tunb weyn , iyo Tunb yar . Imaaraatka Carabta ayaa isku dayay in ay arintaan geeyaan maxkamada caalamiga ah ee cadaalada , balse Iran ayaa ku gacan seyrtay fikradaas. Pakistan waxay ahayd waddankii ugu horreeyay ee si rasmi ah u aqoonsada Imaaraadka Carabta markii la dhisay. Imaaraadka Carabta oo ay weheliyaan dalal badan oo Bariga Dhexe iyo Afrikaan ah ayaa xiriirka diblomaasiyadeed u jaray Qatar bishii Juun 2017 sababo la xiriira eedeymaha Qatar ee ah in Qatar ay tahay dowlad taageerta argagixisada , taasoo keentay xiisadda diblomaasiyadeed ee Qatar . Xidhiidhka ayaa dib loo soo celiyay bishii Janaayo 2021. Imaaraadku wuxuu aqoonsaday Israa'iil Agoosto 2020, isagoo gaadhay heshiis nabadeed oo taariikhi ah oo Israa'iil iyo Isutagga Imaaraadka Carabta ah oo horseedaya in si buuxda loo caadiyeeyo xidhiidhka labada waddan. ===Milatari=== [[File:Baynunah-class corvette Al Dhafra P-173 at NAVDEX.JPG|thumb|Baynunah -class corvette ee ciidamada badda ee Imaaraadka Carabta]] [[File:F-16e block60.jpg|thumb |F-16 Desert Falcon ee Ciidanka Cirka ee Imaaraadka Carabta]] Ciidamada Imaaraatka Carabta ayaa ka kooban 44,000 oo askari oo firfircoon , 2,500 oo askari iyo 46 markab oo ciidamada badda ah , 4,500 askari iyo 386 diyaaradood oo ciidamada cirka ah iyo 12,000 oo askari oo ka tirsan ciidamada ilaalada madaxtooyada . 2022 wadanku waxa uu ku kharash gareeyay US$20.4 bilyan difaaca, taas oo ah 4% GDP. Imaaraatka Carabta ayaa lagu tiriyaa in uu yahay kan ugu awooda badan dhanka ciidamada wadamada Khaliijka.  In kasta oo markii hore ay tiro yaraayeen, ciidamada qalabka sida ee Imaaraadku aad ayay u kordheen sannadihii la soo dhaafay, waxaana hadda lagu qalabeeyay qaar ka mid ah hababka hubka ee ugu casrisan, oo laga soo iibsaday dalal kala duwan oo militariga reer galbeedka ah, oo ay ugu horreeyaan Faransiiska, Mareykanka, iyo UK. Saraakiisha badankoodu waa kuwa ka qalin jabiyay Akadeemiyada Militariga Boqortooyada Ingiriiska ee Sandhurst , iyadoo qaar kalena ay ka soo baxeen Akadeemiyada Militariga Mareykanka ee West Point , Royal Military College, Duntroon ee Australia, iyo St Cyr , akadeemiyada militariga ee Faransiiska. Faransiiska iyo Maraykanku waxay ciyaareen doorarka istaraatiijiyadeed ee ugu muhiimsan heshiisyada iskaashiga difaaca iyo bixinta agab milatari.  Qaar ka mid ah ciidamada Imaaraatka Carabta la geeyay waxaa ka mid ah guuto lugta ah oo ka tirsan ciidamada Qaramada Midoobay ee UNOSOM II ee Soomaaliya 1993, guutadii 35aad ee Mechanized Infantry ee Soomaaliya, Kosovo , guutooyin u socday Kuwait intii uu socday dagaalkii Ciraaq , howlgalladii miino baarista ee Lubnaan , Howlgalka Xoreynta Afgaanistaan , Faragelinta Mareykanka uu hoggaamiyo ee Liibiya , faragelintii Yemen ee uu hoggaamiyo Mareykanka iyo Suuriya . Doorka ciidan ee fir fircoon ee wax ku oolka ah, inkastoo ay yar yihiin shaqaale firfircoon, ayaa keentay in millatariga Imaaraatka lagu naanayso "Little Sparta" ee Generalada Ciidamada Qalabka Sida ee Mareykanka iyo xoghayihii hore ee difaaca Mareykanka James Mattis .  Imaaraadku wuxuu soo farageliyay dagaalka sokeeye ee Liibiya si uu u taageero General Khalifa Haftar ee Ciidanka Qaranka Liibiya ee dagaalka kula jira dawladda caalamku aqoonsan yahay ee Axdiga Qaranka (GNA).  Tusaalooyinka hantida militariga ee la geeyay waxaa ka mid ah fulinta aagga duulimaadka ka caagan ee Liibiya iyadoo loo dirayo lix UAEAF F-16 iyo lix Mirage 2000 oo ah diyaaradaha dagaalka ee doorka badan ,  ciidamo dhulka ah oo la geynayo Afgaanistaan, 30 UAEAF F -16s iyo ciidamada dhulka ee la geeyay Koonfurta Yemen bartilmaameedyada Suuriya.  Imaaraadku waxa uu bilaabay soo saarista tiro badan oo qalab milatari ah, si loo yareeyo ku tiirsanaanta shisheeye iyo caawinta warshadaha qaranka. Tusaalooyinka horumarinta millatariga qaranka waxaa ka mid ah shirkadda Abu Dhabi Shipbuilding (ADSB), oo soo saarta maraakiib kala duwan oo qandaraasle ah oo ku jira Barnaamijka Baynunah , barnaamij lagu naqshadeeyo, horumarinta, iyo soo saarista corvettes ee loogu talagalay hawlgalka biyaha gacmeed ee Gacanka Faaris . Imaaraadku waxa kale oo uu soo saarayaa hubka iyo rasaasta Caracal International , gaadiidka dagaalka ee Nimr LLC , iyo diyaaradaha aan duuliyaha lahayn ee si wada jir ah u soo saara shirkadda Imaaraad ee Difaaca Warshadaha . Imaaraadku waxa uu ka shaqeeyaa General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon F-16E Block 60 nooc gaar ah oo si aan rasmi ahayn loo yaqaan " Desert Falcon ", oo ay soo saartay General Dynamics oo kaashanaysa Imaaraadka Carabta iyo gaar ahaan Ciidanka Cirka ee Imaaraadka Carabta . Ciidanka Isutagga Imaaraatka Carabta ayaa ka shaqeeya taangiga Leclerc oo la habeeyey waana ta kaliya ee ka shaqeysa taangiga marka laga reebo Ciidanka Faransiiska. Bandhigga ugu weyn ee difaaca iyo shirka Bariga Dhexe, Bandhigga Difaaca Caalamiga ah , wuxuu ka dhacaa Abu Dhabi sannadkiiba mar. Imaaraadku wuxuu soo rogay adeeg ciidan oo qasab ah ragga qaangaarka ah, tan iyo 2014-kii, muddo 16 bilood ah si loo ballaariyo ciidamadooda kaydka ah. Khasaaraha nafeed ee ugu badan taariikhda ciidamada Imaaraatka Carabta ayaa dhacay Jimcihii 4-tii Sebtembar 2015, kaas oo 52 askari lagu dilay deegaanka Marib ee bartamaha Yaman oo loo adeegsaday gantaal Tochka ah oo lala beegsaday kayd hub ah oo sababay qarax weyn ===Sharciga=== [[File:Police helicopter at sunset (Unsplash).jpg|thumb |Diyaarad Helicopter ah oo Bilayska Dubai ah oo ku duulaysa qorrax dhaca]] Isutagga Imaaraadka Carabta waxa ay leedahay nidaam maxkamadeed oo federaal ah, imaaradaha Abu Dhabi , Dubai , iyo Ras Al Khaimah sidoo kale waxay leeyihiin habab maxkamadeed oo maxalli ah. Nidaamka garsoorka Imaaraadku waxa uu ka soo jeedaa nidaamka sharciga madaniga ah iyo shareecada . Nidaamka maxkamaduhu wuxuu ka kooban yahay maxkamadaha madaniga ah iyo maxkamadaha shareecada. Maxkamadaha shareecada islaamku waxay leeyihiin awood gaar ah arimaha sharciga qoyska muslimka ah, halka maxkamadaha madaniga ahi ay qabtaan dhamaan arimaha kale ee sharciga ah. Ilaa Sebtembar 2020, ciqaabta jidhku hadda ma ahan qaab ciqaabeed sharci ah sida uu dhigayo sharciga federaalka UAE. Sida ku cad wareegtada, qaababka sharciga ah ee ciqaabtu waa aargoosiga iyo bixinta lacagta dhiigga, ciqaabta dilka, xabsi daa'im, xabsi ku meel gaar ah, xarig aan xad lahayn, iyo ganaaxyo. Qodobka 1aad ee Xeerka Ciqaabta Federaalka waxa wax laga beddelay 2020 si uu u sheego in Shareecada Islaamku ay khusayso oo keliya ciqaabta magta iyo dhiigga; Horey maqaalku wuxuu u sheegay in " sharciga Islaamka lagu dabaqi doono dembiyada ciqaabta caqiidada, ciqaabta ciqaabta iyo lacagta dhiigga." Kahor 2020, karbaashka , dhagxaanta , goynta , iyo iskutallaabta waxay ahaayeen ciqaabo farsamo oo sharci ah dembiyada dembiyada sida sinada , galmada ka hor , iyo isticmaalka daroogada ama khamriga. Taariikhda dhow, Imaaraadku wuxuu ku dhawaaqay inuu doonayo inuu u dhaqaaqo xeer sharci oo dulqaad badan, iyo inuu meesha ka saaro ciqaabta jirka guud ahaan si loo helo ciqaab gaar ah. Iyadoo sharciyada khamriga iyo wada-noolaanshaha la sii daayay ka hor 2020 World Expo , sharciyada Imaaraadku waxay noqdeen kuwo si isa soo taraysa loo aqbali karo booqdayaasha ka imanaya wadamada aan muslimka ahayn. [[File:Dubai Police at work (12385410394) (cropped).jpg|thumb |Mootada Baabuurta sare ee Booliska Dubai ee Jumeirah Road]] Maxkamadaha shareecada islaamku waxay leeyihiin awood gaar ah oo ku saabsan arrimaha sharciga qoyska Muslimka sida guurka, furriinka, xannaanaynta carruurta, iyo dhaxalka.  Haweenka Muslimiinta ah waa inay ka helaan ogolaansho nin mas'uul ah si ay u guursadaan oo ay dib u guursadaan. Shuruuddan waxa ay ka timid shareecada shareecada waxana ay ahayd sharci federaal ah ilaa 2005 . Qurbajoogta aan Muslimka ahayn waxay mas'uul ka ahaayeen xukunnada shareecada ee guurka, furriinka, xannaanada carruurta, iyo dhaxalka, si kastaba ha ahaatee, sharciga federaalka ayaa la bedelay si loo soo bandhigo sharciga sharciga shakhsi ahaaneed ee aan shareecada ahayn ee dadka aan muslimka ahayn. Dhowaan, imaaradda Abu Dhabi waxay furtay maxkamad qoys oo sharciga madaniga ah oo loogu talagalay dadka aan muslimka ahayn waxayna Dubai ku dhawaaqday in dadka aan muslimka ahayn ay dooran karaan guurka madaniga ah.  Riddada waa fal-dembiyeed farsamo ahaan weyn oo Imaaraadka ka jira, si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma jiraan kiisas la diiwaangeliyay oo murtad lagu fuliyay. caydu waa sharci darro; Qurbajoogta ku lug leh aflagaadada Islaamka ayaa mas'uul ka ah masaafurinta. Sodomigu waa sharci darro waxaana lagu ciqaabayaa ugu yaraan 6 bilood oo xadhig ah ama ganaax ama labadaba, laakiin sharciga ma khuseeyo "marka laga reebo cabasho ka timid ninka ama mas'uulka sharciga ah", laakiin ciqaabta waa la laali karaa haddii cabashada la dhaafo.  Sannadkii 2013-kii, nin Imaaraati ah ayaa lagu soo oogay dacwad isaga oo lagu eedeeyay "gacan qaadka".  Sababo la xiriira kastamka maxalliga ah, bandhigga kalgacalka dadweynaha ee meelaha caamka ah qaarkood waa sharci-darro waxayna keeni kartaa in la masaafuriyo , laakiin gacmaha is-qabsiga waa loo dul-qaadanayaa.  Qurbajoogtii Dubai ayaa loo tarxiilay dhunkashada meel fagaare ah. Marar badan, maxkamadaha Imaaraadku waxay xidheen dumar soo sheegay kufsi. Sharciga federaalka ee UAE ayaa mamnuucaya in lagu dhaariyo baraha bulshada.  Qoob ka ciyaarka dhexdiisa waa sharci darro gudaha UAE.  Bishii Noofambar 2020, UAE waxay ku dhawaaqday inay mamnuucday khamriga, waxay qaadday mamnuucidda lammaanaha aan isqabin ee wada nool, waxayna soo afjartay ciqaabta naxariista leh ee dilka sharafta . Ajaanibta ku nool Imaaraadka ayaa loo ogolaaday inay raacaan sharciga dalkooda hooyo ee ku saabsan furriinka iyo dhaxalka.  Inkasta oo sharciyada shareecada ee xaddidaya qalabka khamaarka iyo mishiinnada UAE, waddanku wuxuu siiyay shatiga ganacsigiisa ugu horreeya ee ganacsiga Wynn Resorts kaas oo horumarinaya dalxiis qaali ah, oo ay ku jiraan 224.000 sq ft (20.800 m 2 ) qaybta casino, ee Al Marjan Island ee Ras Al Khaimah . Bishii Sebtembar 2023, Imaaraadku wuxuu aasaasay Maamulka Guud ee Ciyaaraha Ganacsiga ee Ganacsiga (GCGRA), isagoo ka dhawaajiyay qorshihiisa sharciyaynta khamaarka . GCGRA waxay qeexday qaab-dhismeed dhamaystiran oo ay ku jiraan shatiyada casinos, mashiinnada booska , iyo miisaska turubka , iyo sidoo kale bakhtiyaa-nasiibka , ciyaaraha internetka , iyo wagering isboortiga. GCGRA waxay xooga saartaa ciyaaraha masuuliyada leh, waxay u baahan tahay hawl wadeenada inay hirgaliyaan barnaamijyada ciyaaraha ee mas'uul ka ah bulshada oo ay maraan xisaab hubin labadii sanaba mar. Barnaamijyadan waxaa ka mid ah waxbarashada cayaartoyga, suuqgeyn mas'uul ka ah, tababarka shaqaalaha, iyo qorshayaasha qiimeynta si loo cabbiro waxtarkooda. Hawl wadeenada ciyaaraha waa in ay ku lahaadaan "sharaf u qalma" gudaha UAE, oo lagu qeexay shirkad kasta oo UAE ah oo hawlo ganacsi oo la taaban karo ku leh xukunka. GCGRA waxa kale oo ay amar ku bixisaa qalabka maaraynta ciyaartoyga, oo ay ku jiraan xadaynta deebaajiga iyo wakhtiyada qaboojinta ciyaaraha khadka tooska ah.  Shatiga ugu horreeya ee bakhtiyaanasiibka waxaa la siiyay Game LLC, oo hoos yimaada calanka 'UAE Lottery'. Tallaabadan ayaa ka sarraysa hawl-wadeennada bakhtiyaanasiibka sida Mahzooz iyo Big Ticket, kuwaas oo aan hadda si sharci ah loo oggolayn inay bixiyaan adeegyadooda. Ciyaartoyda waxaa looga baahan yahay inay la xiriiraan hawl wadeenada ciyaaraha shatiga leh si ay uga fogaadaan ganaaxyada daran. Xeerarka ayaa sidoo kale qeexaya in hawl-wadeenadu ay awood u siiyaan ciyaartoydu inay iska xakameeyaan goobaha ciyaaraha ee khadka ah ugu yaraan 72 saacadood marka la codsado. Tani waa qayb ka mid ah hindisaha ballaadhan ee lagu xaqiijinayo ammaan iyo mas'uul ka ah jawiga ciyaaraha ganacsiga ee UAE. Talaabada Imaaraadku ku sharciyeynayo ciyaaraha ayaa loo arkaa inay tahay tilaabo istiraatijiyadeed oo lagu wanaajinayo dalxiiska iyo qaybteeda madadaalada, iyada oo ka faa’iidaysanaysa kaabayaashiisa jira iyo deegaan ganacsi oo saaxiibtinimo leh. Horumarkan ayaa la filayaa inuu soo jiito hawl-wadeennada ciyaaraha oo si weyn uga qayb qaata dhaqaalaha dalka. Wadanku ma laha sharciyo rasmi ah oo ciyaaraha rasmiga ah, sidaas darteed faahfaahinta mashruuca ee casino si buuxda looma soo bandhigin dadweynaha. Muwaadiniinta maxalliga ah looma ogola khamaarka, taas oo weli ah mamnuuc sharci iyo dhaqameed. ===Xuquuqda Aadanaha=== Laamaha ammaanka dowladda ee Imaaraadka ayaa lagu eedeeyay xadgudubyo ka dhan ah xuquuqda aadanaha oo ay ka mid yihiin dad si qasab ah loo waayay, xarig aan loo meel dayin iyo jirdil. Warbixinta sanadlaha ah ee Freedom House ee xoriyada aduunka ayaa ku dartay Imaaraatka Carabta kuwa aan xor ahayn sanad walba tan iyo 1999, sanadkii ugu horeeyay ee diiwaanada laga heli karo shabakadooda. Xorriyadda isu-ururinta sidoo kale aad baa loo yareeyey. Ururada iyo NGO-yada waxaa looga baahan yahay inay iska diiwaan geliyaan dowladda; si kastaba ha ahaatee, labaatan kooxood oo aan siyaasadda ku jirin ayaa la sheegay inay dalka ka hawlgalayeen diiwaangelin la’aan. Dhammaan ururada waa in loo gudbiyaa habraacyada faafreebka oo dhammaan daabacadaha waa in marka hore ay ansixiyaan dowladda. Warbixin-sannadeedkeeda 2013, Amnesty International waxay dhaleecaysay rikoorka liita ee UAE ee arrimaha xuquuqda aadanaha; muujinta xaddidaadda xorriyadda hadalka iyo isu imaatinka, adeegsiga xarig aan sabab lahayn iyo jirdil, iyo adeegsiga ciqaabta dilka. Imaaraadku wuu ka baxsaday kacdoonkii Carabta ; iyo tan iyo 2011, ururada xuquuqul insaanka waxay ku andacoonayaan in dawladdu ay si isa soo taraysa u fulisay dad si qasab ah loo waayay . [ baahi loo qabo ] Ururka Carabta ee Xuquuqda Aadanaha ayaa marqaatiyo ka helay eedaysaneyaal sheegtay in lagu afduubay, lagu jirdilay laguna tacaddiyeeyey xarumaha dadka lagu hayo; waxay sheegeen 16 hab oo jir dil ah oo ay ku jiraan garaacid, hanjabaad koronto iyo diidmo daryeel caafimaad. Tallaabooyin cadaadis ah, oo ay ku jiraan masaafurinta, ayaa lagu dabaqay ajaanibta iyadoo lagu saleynayo eedeymaha isku dayga lagu carqaladeynayo xasilloonida dalka. Arrinta xadgudubka galmada ee haweenka guryaha ka shaqeeya waa qayb kale oo walaac leh, gaar ahaan marka la eego in shaqaalaha gurigu aysan ku jirin sharciga shaqada ee UAE ee 1980 ama sharciga qabyada ah ee shaqada ee 2007 . Amnesty International ayaa sheegtay in rag u dhashay dalka Qatar ay dowladda Imaaraatka Carabta afduubatay, waxaana la sheegay inay ka qariyeen qoysaskooda xogta ku saabsan halka ay ku danbeeyeen raggaasi. Sida laga soo xigtay ururada qaar, in ka badan 4,000 shiicada shiicada ah ayaa laga soo tarxiilay Imaaraadka; oo ay ku jiraan qoysaska Shiicada Lubnaan oo lagu eedeeyay inay u damqadeen Xisbullah . Sannadkii 2013-kii, 94 qof oo u dhaqdhaqaaqa Imaaraatka ayaa lagu hayay xabsiyo qarsoodi ah waxaana la soo taagay maxkamad iyaga oo lagu eedeeyay inay isku dayeen inay afgembiyaan dowladda; Ehelka eedaysanaha ayaa loo xiray tweet-ka ku saabsan maxkamadeynta, waxaana lagu xukumay 10 bilood oo xabsi ah. Waayidii ugu dambeysay ee qasabka ah waxaa ku lug leh saddex gabdhood oo walaalo ah oo ka yimid Abu Dhabi . Sara Jacobs waxay qabatay jilayaal shisheeye, oo ay ku jiraan UAE, mas'uul ka ah dhibaatada bini'aadantinimo ee Suudaan . Waxay muujisay aragtideeda bishii Maarso 2024 booqashadii ay ku tagtay xeryaha qaxootiga, iyadoo sheegtay in carruurta Suudaan ay la nool yihiin dhaawacyo aad u ballaaran. Wakiilka Maraykanka ayaa sidoo kale ku andacooday in si degdeg ah dagaalka loo soo afjari karo hadii la joojiyo ku lug lahaanshaha wadamada sida Imaaraatka Carabta. Jacobs waxa kale oo uu sheegay in Maraykanku uu damiir ahaan waajib ku yahay inuu qaado tillaabooyinka iyo joojinta hubka Imaaraadka, ilaa Imaaraadku joojiyo hubka uu siiyo RSF-ta. 29-kii Maarso 2024, Suudaan waxay dacwad rasmi ah oo ka kooban 78 bog u gudbisay Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay (UNSC), iyadoo ku eedeysay Imaaraadka inay qorsheynayaan oo ay taageeraan maleeshiyada Rapid Support Forces (RSF) ee ka dhanka ah ciidamada Suudaan. Imaaraatka ayaa lagu eedeeyay in ay kaalmo ka qaadaneysay Chad , oo u shaqayn jirtay sidii marin loogu talagalay saadka milatari iyo calooshood u shaqeystayaal si ay u gaaraan RSF ee Suudaan. Hay'adaha xuquuqul insaanka ayaa tilmaamay in colaada Sudan ay ka mid tahay "dhibaatada bini'aadantinimo ee ugu xun aduunka", halka wadamada shisheeye sida UAE ay sii wadeen inay hub iyo qalab siiyaan dhinacyada is haya. Wararka ayaa sidoo kale daaha ka qaaday in Imaaraatka Carabta ay sheegteen in ay qaadeen olole bini'aadantinimo oo gargaar loogu fidinayo dadka Suudaan. Dhab ahaantii, waxa ay balaadhinaysay hawl-gal qarsoodi ah oo hub, lacag iyo xataa diyaaradaha aan duuliyaha lahayn ee aan duuliyaha lahayn ee aan duuliyaha lahayn ee xoogga leh u gudbinaysay maleeshiyada Suudaan. Saraakiishu waxay sheegeen in Imaaraadku doorkii ugu saamaynta badnaa ka ciyaarayay sidii uu u hurin lahaa xiisadda, iyagoo dhinaca kale ballan qaaday inay fududayn doonaan. Bishii Oktoobar 2024, Suudaan waxay warqad labaad oo rasmi ah u qortay UNSC, iyadoo ugu baaqday inay tallaabo adag ka qaado gardarrada joogtada ah ee Imaaraadku ku hayo Suudaan. Wasaaradda arrimaha dibadda Suudaan ayaa sidoo kale sheegtay in Imaaraadku aanu ahayn taageere dadban oo kaliya ee RSF, balse uu yahay "ciyaaryahan safka hore ah oo xun oo dagaalka gardarada ah" ka dhanka ah Suudaan. Bishii Disembar 2024, ECDHR waxay iftiimisay arrimaha xuquuqul insaanka ee UAE iyo maqnaanshaha madax-bannaanida garsoorka, inta badan waxay diiradda saaraysaa maxkamadaynta caddaalad-darrada ah ee u horseedaysa eedaysanayaasha inay wajahaan xaalado xadhig ah. Dacwadaha noocan oo kale ah ayaa inta badan loo qabtaa si qarsoodi ah oo qareennada eedaysanayaasha waa la dayacay inay helaan galka dacwadaha iyo waraaqaha maxkamadda. Sharciga Imaaraatka Carabta ee 2014-ka ee ka hortagga argagixisanimada waxaa loo adeegsadaa in lagu dhaqan geliyo mamnuucista safarka, xabsi daa’im iyo xitaa dil toogasho ah dadka naqdiya nidaamka iyo kuwa maamula urur. ECDHR ayaa sheegtay in sharciga Imaaraatka Carabta u degsan la dagaalanka argigixisada uu yahay mid lagu caburinayo xoriyatul qawlka waxayna ku baaqday in dowlada imaaraadku ay wax ka badasho. Isagoo tilmaamay in nidaamka garsoorka dalka uu u baahan yahay hufnaan iyo madax-bannaani dheeraad ah, hay’adda xuquuqul insaanka ayaa sheegtay in loo baahan yahay in la sameeyo guddi madax-bannaan oo dib u eegis ku sameeya dhammaan eedeymaha la xiriira jirdilka, xarigga qarsoodiga ah, iyo maxkamadeynnada caddaalad-darrada ah. Bishii Janaayo 2025, Human Rights Watch (HRW) ayaa daabacday warbixin muujineysa xadgudubyada ka dhanka ah xuquuqul insaanka ee Imaaraadku geystay 2024-kii, iyadoo inta badan diiradda saareysa maxkamadeynta baahsan ee aan cadaaladda ahayn. Waxay tilmaamtay kiiska ku lug leh xad-gudubyo badan oo muhiim ah, halkaas oo 44 qof oo ka mid ahaa "UAE94" si xaqdarro ah loogu xukumay laguna xukumay eedo la xiriira argagixisanimo. HRW waxay dhaleecaysay adeegsiga Imaaraatka Carabta Xeerka Ciqaabta Federaalka iyo Xeerka Dembiyada Internetka si ay u aamusiyaan dhaleecaynta dawladda, saxafiyiinta, mucaaradka iyo dadka u dhaqdhaqaaqa, iyadoo la xaddiday xorriyaddooda hadalka. Bishii Luulyo 2024, mas'uuliyiinta Imaaraatka ayaa 57 Bangladeshi u dhashay ku xukumay xabsi daa'in, sababo la xiriira mudaaharaadyo ka dhacay Imaaraadka oo looga soo horjeedo dowladdooda. Warbixintu waxa ay ku eedaysay Imaaraatka in ay caddeeyeen muuqaalkeeda iyada oo martigelinaysa dhacdooyin waaweyn oo caalami ah sida COP28, kuwaas oo la kulmay dhaleecayn ku saabsan ka qayb qaadashada joogtada ah ee wax soo saarka shidaalka iyo xadgudubyada xuquuqda aadanaha. Waxay kaloo walaac ka muujisay doorka Imaaraadku ku leeyahay hubaynta iyo taageerada RSF ee colaadda Suudaan, iyadoo dhanka kale jabinaysa cunaqabataynta hubka ee Qaramada Midoobay. HRW waxay ku boorisay UNSC inay cusboonaysiiyaan oo ay xoojiyaan cunaqabataynta Suudaan ee 1591, iyo inay cunaqabatayn ku soo rogaan kuwa ku xadgudba, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa Imaaraadka. ===Shaqaale muhaajiriin ah=== [[File:Burj Dubai Construction Workers on 25 January 2008 Pict 2.jpg|thumb |Laba shaqaale buluug ah oo u dhashay Koonfur Aasiya oo sawir la galay Burj Khalifa oo gadaal ka taagan]] Shaqaalaha soo galootiga ah ee ku sugan Imaaraadka looma ogola inay ku biiraan ururada shaqaalaha ama shaqo joojin sameeyaan. Kuwa shaqo joojinta sameeya waxay halis gelin karaan xabsiga iyo masaafurinta, sida lagu arkay 2014 markii daraasiin shaqaale ah loo tarxiilay shaqo joojin. Isutagga Ururka Shaqaalaha Caalamiga ah ayaa ugu baaqay Qaramada Midoobay inay baarto caddaymaha sheegaya in kumanaan ka mid ah shaqaalaha muhaajiriinta ah ee Imaaraadka loola dhaqmo sidii shaqo addoonnimo. 2019, baaritaan uu sameeyay The Guardian ayaa shaaca ka qaaday in kumanaan ka mid ah shaqaalaha dhismaha ee soogalootiga ah ee ka shaqeeya kaabayaasha iyo mashaariicda dhismaha bandhigga Imaaraadka Carabta ee Expo 2020 ay ku shaqeynayeen jawi aan ammaan ahayn. Qaar ayaa xitaa la kulmay xaalado halis ah oo ay sabab u tahay arrimaha wadnaha iyo xididdada dhiigga. Saacado dheer oo qorraxdu ku jireen ayaa ka dhigay kuwo u nugul istaroogga kulaylka. Warbixin la soo saaray bishii Janaayo 2020 ayaa iftiimisay in loo shaqeeyayaasha Imaaraatka Carabta ay si xun uga faa’iidaystaan ​​shaqaalaha Hindida oo ay ku qaataan fiisaha dalxiiska , taas oo ka sahlan kana jaban warqadaha shaqada . Shaqaalahan soogalootiga ah ayaa u furan in lagu xad-gudbo shaqada , halkaas oo ay sidoo kale ka baqayaan ka-faa'iidaysiga sharci-darrada awgeed. Ka sokow, arrintu wali waa mid aan la garanayn maadaama xogta fiisaha booqashada aan lagu haynin labadaba UAE iyo Hindida socdaalka iyo diiwaannada shaqada. 2dii Maajo 2020, Qunsulka Guud ee India ee Dubai , Vipul, ayaa xaqiijiyay in in ka badan 150,000 oo Hindi ah oo ku nool Isutagga Imaaraadka Carabta ay isu diwaangaliyeen in lagu celiyo dalkoodii iyada oo loo marayo ikhtiyaarka diiwaangelinta elektaroonigga ah ee ay bixiso qunsuliyadaha Hindiya ee Imaaraadka. Marka loo eego tirooyinka, 25% codsadayaasha ayaa waayay shaqooyinkoodii halka ku dhawaad ​​15% ay ku xayiran yihiin dalka sababo la xiriira xannibaadda. Ka sokow, 50% wadarta codsadayaasha waxay ka yimaadeen gobolka Kerala , India. 9kii Oktoobar 2020, The Telegraph ayaa soo warisay in shaqaale badan oo muhaajiriin ah laga tagay, maadaama ay ku waayeen shaqooyinkooda iyada oo lagu jiro dhaqaalaha sii adkeynaya COVID-19 dartiis . Ururo kala duwan oo xuquuqul insaanka u dooda ayaa walaac xoogan ka muujiyay xadgudubka lagu eedeeyay shaqaalaha soogalootiga ah ee ay ku kacayaan qandaraaslayaasha waaweyn ee qabanqaabinaya Expo 2020. Bixiyaha xalinta ganacsiga ee UAE German Pavilion ayaa sidoo kale lagula xisaabtamayaa xadgudubka shaqaalaha muhaajiriinta ah. ===Siyaasadda deegaanka=== Dalku waa hormuudka soo saarista saliidda iyo gaasta . Isticmaalkeeda tamarta qofkiiba waa ku dhawaad ​​370 Gigajoule . qiiqa kaarboon laba ogsaydh ee Imaaraatku qofkiiba waa mid aad u sarreeya, isagoo kaalinta lixaad ka galay dalalka caalamka. Dhawaan, waxay samaysay dadaallo ay nafteeda ku sii waari karto. Waxaa ka mid ah: Dejinta yoolka lagu dhimayo qiiqa GHG 31% marka la barbardhigo xaalad ganacsi marka la gaaro 2030 lana gaaro eber saafiga ah 2050. Daah-furka barnaamij si looga dhigo 3-da qaybood ee ugu badan ee qiiqa sii daaya, 40% tamar hufan . Daahfurka qaar ka mid ah barnaamijyada la xidhiidha dhismaha cagaaran . Dib u habeynta 30,000 oo dhismo oo keliya, waa in ay jartaa 1 milyan oo tan oo qiiq ah. Kor u qaadida gaadiidka dadweynaha iyo qaar kale. Sida laga soo xigtay ilo rasmi ah, gudaha Dubai, "saamiga gaadiidka tirada badan ee dhaqdhaqaaqa dadku wuxuu kordhay min 6 boqolkiiba 2006 ilaa 20.61 boqolkiiba 2022." Si wada jir ah USA wadanku wuxuu 17 bilyan oo doolar ku maalgaliyay beero waara ==Dhaqaalaha== Isutagga Imaaraatka xirmooyinka ayaa ka soo baxay isku dhafka qabiilada Baadiyaha ilaa mid ka mid ah dowladaha ugu qanisan ilaalinta ku dhow 50 sano gudahood, iyaga oo ku faanaya mid ka mid ah GDP-ga ugu sarreeya (PPP) tirooyinka ilaalinta. Kobaca dhaqaaluhu waxa uu ahaa mid wanagsan oo joogto ah ilaa taariikhda isbahaysigan da'da yar ee imaaradaha oo leh hakad kooban oo hoos u dhac dhaqaale ah, tusaale ahaan xiisadii dhaqaale iyo dhaqaale ee caalamka sanadihii 2008-09, iyo sano oo isku dhafan oo sano 2015 ilaa 2019. Intii u koobay 2000 iyo 2018 . Waa dhaqaalaha labaad ee ugu weyn GCC ( ka dib ganacsiga), with a nominal gross domestic product (GDP) of US$414.2 billion, and a real GDP of 392.8 billion constant 2010 USD in 2018 Tan iyo markii ay xornimada qaateen 1971, dhaqaalaha Imaaraadka waxa uu kor u kacay ku dhawaad ​​231 jeer ilaa 1.45 trillion ganacsiga ilaa 1.2 trillion AED, kobaca ku dhawaad ​​28 jeer laga soo bilaabo 1981 ilaa 2012 Hadda, Imaaraadku wuxuu ka mid yahay waddamada ugu qanisan adduunka, iyadoo GDP qofkiiba uu ku dhawaad ​​80% ka sarreeya celceliska OECD [[File:The view from the 43rd floor of the Four Points by Sheraton Hotel - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Dubai xarun maaliyadeed oo caalami ah]] Sida cajiibka ah ee kobaca dhaqaale ee Imaaraadka, wadarta dadka waxay kor u kacday qiyaastii 550,000 1975 ilaa 10 milyan 2018. Kobacani wuxuu inta badan sabab u yahay qulqulka shaqaalaha ajnabiga ah ee dalka soo galaya, taas oo ka dhigaysa dadka qaranka ee laga tirada badan yahay. Imaaraadku waxa uu leeyahay nidaam u gaar ah suuqa shaqada, kaas oo deganaanshaha UAE ay ku xidhan tahay xeerarka fiisaha adag. Nidaamkani waa faa'iido weyn marka la eego xasilloonida dhaqaalaha guud, maadaama saadka shaqaaluhu uu si dhakhso ah ula qabsado baahida inta lagu jiro wareegyada ganacsiga dhaqaalaha. Tani waxay u ogolaanaysaa dawladda in shaqo la'aanta dalka ka jirta ay ku hayso heer aad u hooseeya oo ka yar 3%, sidoo kale waxay siinaysaa dawladda fursad dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan siyaasadda dhaqaalaha - halkaas oo dawladaha kale ay inta badan u baahan yihiin inay sameeyaan is-dhaafsi u dhexeeya la dagaalanka shaqo la'aanta iyo la dagaalanka sicir-bararka. Intii u dhaxaysay 2014 iyo 2018, hoyga iyo cuntada, waxbarashada, macluumaadka iyo isgaarsiinta, farshaxanka iyo madadaalada, iyo waaxaha hantida maguurtada ah ayaa si xad dhaaf ah uga shaqeeyay dhanka kobaca, halka dhismaha, saadka, adeegyada xirfada, dadweynaha, iyo saliida iyo gaaska ay hoos u dhacday. Dhanka tartanka, bishii Juun 2024 ayaa la sheegay in Imaaraadku uu kor u kacay saddex meelood oo uu galay kaalinta 7aad ee 10ka waddan ee ugu sarreeya tartanka IMD World. Qiimeyntan waxaa soo saaray Xarunta Tartanka Adduunka ee Machadka Horumarinta Maareynta (IMD) ee Switzerland ===Dalxiiska=== [[File:Palm Island Resort.jpg|thumb |Palm Jumeirah ee Dubai]] [[File:DubaiMallAquariumDSC 7260.JPG|thumb |Dubia Mall]] Dalxiiska wuxuu u shaqeeyaa sidii waax kobac ah oo loogu talagalay dhammaan dhaqaalaha UAE. Dubai waa meesha ugu sareysa ee loo dalxiis tago ee Bariga Dhexe. [ 193 ] Marka loo eego sanadlaha MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index, Dubai waa meesha shanaad ee dalxiiska ugu caansan adduunka. Dubai waxay haysataa ilaa 66% dhaqaalaha dalxiiska Imaaraadka Carabta, iyadoo Abu Dhabi ay leedahay 16% iyo Sharjah 10%. Dubai waxay soo dhawaysay 10 milyan oo dalxiisayaal ah 2013kii. Imaaraadku wuxuu leeyahay kaabayaashii dhaqaale ee ugu horumarsanaa uguna horumarsanaa gobolka. Ilaa 1980-meeyadii, Imaaraadku waxa uu balaayiin doollar ku bixinayey kaabayaasha dhaqaalaha. Horumarradan ayaa si gaar ah uga muuqda imaaradaha waaweyn ee Abu Dhabi iyo Dubai. Imaarada waqooyi ayaa si degdeg ah u raacaya qaabkaas, iyaga oo siinaya dhiirigelin weyn horumarinta guryaha iyo guryaha ganacsiga. Kharashka dalxiiska ee soo gelaya UAE ee 2019 ayaa ahaa 118.6 boqolkiiba kharashka dalxiiska ee dibadda ka baxa. Laga bilaabo 6 Janaayo 2020, fiisooyinka dalxiiska ee Imaaraadka Carabta waxay shaqeynayaan shan sano. Waxaa la saadaaliyay in socdaalka iyo warshadaha dalxiisku ay ku biirin doonaan ilaa 280.6 bilyan dirham Imaaraadka Carabta Imaaraadka Carabta marka la gaaro 2028. Dalxiiska ugu weyn ee dalka waxaa ka mid ah Burj Khalifa caanka ah ee Dubai , munaaradda ugu dheer adduunka; Jasiiradaha Adduunka iyo Palm Jumeirah sidoo kale Dubai; Masjidka weyn ee Sheikh Zayed iyo Yas Marina Circuit ee Abu Dhabi ; Buuraha Al Xajar ee Fujairah . Gaarka ah ee nolosha saxaraha dabiiciga ah ee dalka, gaar ahaan kuwa reer Baadiyaha ah , ayaa sidoo kale fududeynaya warshadaha dalxiiska ee dalka. Imaaraadku wuxuu kala duwanayn doonaa qaybtiisa dalxiiska iyadoo la bilaabayo khamaarka casino . Wynn Al Marjan Island ee Ras Al Khaimah ayaa ka muuqan doona casino ugu horeysay ee dalka iyo sidoo kale waxay noqon doontaa dalka ugu horeysay ee dalxiiska isku dhafan marka la furo 2027. Abu Dhabi ayaa lagu wadaa inay noqoto guriga Disneyland Abu Dhabi , beerta mawduuca Disney ee ugu horeysa ee Bariga Dhexe ===Gaadiidka=== Gegida caalamiga ah ee Dubai ayaa noqday gagida diyaaradaha ugu mashquulka badan aduunka ee ay raacaan taraafikada rakaabka caalamiga ah sanadkii 2014, isagoo dhaafay London Heathrow . Gegida caalamiga ah ee Abu Dhabi waa madaarka labaad ee ugu weyn UAE. Sababo la xiriira balaarinta lagu dhawaaqay ee garoonka Al Maktoum 28ka Abriil 2024, Gegida Caalamiga ah ee Dubia waa la xirayaa marka la dhammeeyo balaadhinta garoonka Al Maktoum. [[File:Dubai Roads on 8 May 2008 Pict 2.jpg|thumb |E 311 , waddo weyn oo ku taal Imaaraadka]] Abu Dhabi , Dubai , Sharjah , Ajman , Umm Al Quwain , iyo Ras Al Khaimah waxaa isku xidha jidka wayn ee E11 , kaas oo ah wadada ugu dheer dalka imaaraadka carabta. Dubai gudaheeda, marka lagu daro Metro Dubai , Tram Dubai iyo Palm Jumeirah Monorail waxay sidoo kale isku xiraan qaybo gaar ah oo magaalada ah. Waxa kale oo jira bas, tagsi, abra (doonta dhaqameed), iyo shabakad taxi-biyood oo ay maamusho RTA. T1 , nidaamka taraamka laba-dabaq ee ku yaal Downtown Dubai , waxay shaqeynayeen 2015 ilaa 2019. Salik, oo macneheedu yahay "furan" ama "cad", waa nidaamka aruurinta lacagaha elektaroonigga ah ee Dubai oo la bilaabay bishii Luulyo 2007 waana qayb ka mid ah nidaamka maareynta ciriiriga gaadiidka ee Dubai. Mar kasta oo mid ka mid ah uu soo maro barta lacag bixinta ee Salik, lacagta ayaa laga jarayaa koontada taleefoonka ee darawalada iyadoo la isticmaalayo tignoolajiyada horumarsan ee Soo noqnoqoshada Raadiyaha (RFID). Waxaa jira afar dhibcood oo Salik ah oo la dhigo goobaha istiraatiijiga ah ee Dubai: buundada Al Maktoum , buundada Al Garhoud , iyo hareeraha wadada Sheikh Zayed ee Al Safa iyo Al Barsha [[File:5018 Dubai Metro in Dubai UAE.png|thumb|Tareenka metro ee Dubai . Dubai Metro waa nidaamkii ugu horreeyay ee deg deg ah ee Jasiiradda Carabta waxayna ahayd shabakadda metro darawal la'aanta ugu dheer adduunka ilaa 2016.]] 1,200 km (750 mi) oo tareen dalka oo dhan ah ayaa dhismihiisa lagu wadaa kaas oo isku xiri doona dhamaan magaalooyinka waaweyn iyo dekedaha. Dubia Metro waa shabkada tareenada magaalo ee ugu horeyay ee Jasiirada Carabta . Dekadaha ugu waaweyn ee Imaaraadka Carabta waxaa ka mid ah Dekedda Khaliifa , Dekedda Zayed , Dekedda Jebel Cali , Dekedda Rashiid , Dekedda Khaalid , Dekedda Siciid , iyo Dekedda Khor Fakkan. Imaaraadku waxay sii kordhayaan horumarinta saadka iyo dekedahooda si ay uga qayb qaataan ganacsiga u dhexeeya Yurub iyo Shiinaha ama Afrika. Ujeedadaas awgeed, dekedaha si degdeg ah ayaa loo balaadhinayaa, waxaana lagu samaynayaa maalgashi xagga farsamada ah. Imaaraadku taariikh ahaan waa qayb ka mid ah Jidka Xariirta Badda ee ka baxa xeebta Shiinaha ilaa koonfurta iyadoo la sii marayo cirifka koonfureed ee Hindiya ilaa Mombasa , halkaas oo la sii maro Badda Cas ee Suez Canal ilaa Mediterranean-ka, halkaas ilaa gobolka Sare ee Adriatic iyo xuddunta waqooyiga Talyaaniga ee Trieste oo leh isku xirka tareenka ee Bartamaha Yurub , Bariga Yurub, iyo Waqooyiga Badda . ===Isgaarsiinta=== Imaaraadka waxaa ka shaqeeya laba shirkadood oo isgaarsiineed , Etisalat iyo Emirates Integrated Telecommunications Company ("du"). Etisalat waxa ay ku shaqaynaysay monopoly ilaa du ay bilawday shaqada mobilada bishii February 2007. Macaamiisha Internetka waxa la eryay in ay korodho 0.904 milyan 2007 ilaa 2.66 milyan sanadka 2012 . Adeegyada wireless-ka ee 5G ayaa lagu rakibay dalka oo dhan sanadka 2019 iyadoo lala kaashanayo Huawei . ===VAT=== Dawladda Imaaraadku waxay dalka ka hirgalisay cashuurta qiimaha lagu kordhiyey (VAT) laga bilaabo 1-da January 2018, iyada oo ku kacaysa halbeeg dhan 5%. [ 259 ] Iyadoo ay dawladdu wali hagaajin karto habaynta saxda ah ee VAT, uma badna in wax cashuuro cusub ah la soo saari doono mustaqbalka la filayo. Canshuuraha dheeraadka ah ayaa burburin doona mid ka mid ah waxyaabaha ugu muhiimsan ee Imaaraadku ku soo jiito ganacsiyada dalka ka jira, waxayna culeys weyn saaraysaa dhaqaalaha. ==Tirakoobka dadweynaha== [[File:Dubai banner 2.jpg|thumb|Skyline of Dubai , magaalada ugu weyn ee Imaaraadka Carabta]] Marka loo eego qiyaas uu sameeyay Baanka Adduunka , tirada dadka UAE ee 2020 waxay ahayd 9,890,400. Soo galootigu waxay ahaayeen 88.52% halka Imaaraadku ka dhigay inta soo hadhay 11.48%. Isku dheelitir la'aantan gaarka ah waxaa sabab u ah heerka socdaalka saafiga ah ee sida gaarka ah u sarreeya ee dalka oo ah 21.71, kan ugu sarreeya adduunka . Dhalashada UAE aad bay u adag tahay in la helo aan ka ahayn fayl-garayn oo keliya oo lagu bixiyo xaalado gaar ah. [[File:Palm jumeirah core.jpg|thumb |Guryaha la deggan yahay ee Palm Jumeirah ee timirta ee Dubai]] Imaaraadku isir ahaan wuu kala duwan yahay. Shanta jinsiyadood ee ugu dadka badan imaaradaha Dubai, Sharjah, iyo Ajman waa Hindi (25%), Pakistani (12%), Emirati (9%), Bangladeshi (7%), iyo Filibiin (5%). Muhaajiriinta ka yimid Yurub, Australia, iyo Waqooyiga Ameerika waxay ka kooban yihiin ku dhawaad ​​100,000 oo dadweynaha ah. Inta kale ee dadwaynaha waxay ka soo jeedaan dawladaha kale ee Carabta . Qiyaastii 88% dadka ku nool Imaaraadka Carabta waa magaalo. Celceliska rajada noloshu waxay ahayd 76.7 2012, oo ka sarraysa waddan kasta oo Carbeed. Marka la eego saamiga lab / dhedig ee 2.2 lab ee dheddigga kasta ee tirada guud ee dadweynaha iyo 2.75 ilaa 1 kooxda da'da 15-65 , Isku dheelitir la'aanta jinsiga UAE ayaa ah tan labaad ee ugu sareysa adduunka ka dib Qatar. ===Luuqad=== Casriga casriga ah Carabi waa luqadda qaranka ee Imaaraadka Carabta. Ingiriisigu waa luqadda ugu badan ee lagu hadlo, ka dib heshiisyada Ingiriisiga Ingiriiska . Emirati Carabi , noocyo kala duwan oo ah Gacanka Carabiga , waxaa ku hadla afka hooyo dadka Imaaraadku. Islaamku waa diinta ugu weyn waana diinta rasmiga ah ee dawladda Imaaraadka Carabta. Dawladdu waxay raacdaa siyaasad u dulqaadanaysa diimaha kale oo marar dhif ah ayay faragelisaa hawlaha diineed ee dadka aan muslimka ahayn. Waxa jira Sunni ka badan Shiicada Muslimiinta ku nool Imaaraadka Carabta, iyo 85% dadka Imaaraadku waa Muslimiin Sunni ah. Inta badan 15% ee soo hadhay waa Muslimiin Shiico ah, kuwaas oo ku badan Imaaradaha Dubai iyo Sharjah . In kasta oo aan la hayn tirokoob rasmi ah oo ku saabsan burburka u dhexeeya Sunniga iyo Shiicada Muslimiinta ee degan dadka aan dhalashada haysan, haddana qiyaasaha warbaahintu waxay soo jeedinayaan in ka yar 20% dadka Muslimiinta ah ee aan dhalashada haysanin ay yihiin Shiico. Masjidka weyn ee Sheikh Zayed ee Abu Dhabi waa masaajidka ugu weyn dalka waana goob dalxiis oo weyn. Cibadi waxay ku badan tahay Cumaaniyiinta Imaaraadka, halka saamaynta suufiyada ay sidoo kale jiraan. Masiixiyiinta ayaa 9% ka ah tirada guud ee dadka Imaaraadka Carabta, marka loo eego tirakoobkii 2005; qiyaasaha 2010 ayaa soo jeediyay tiro dhan 12.6%. Roman Catholics iyo Protestants waxay sameeyaan qaybo muhiim ah oo ka mid ah Masiixiyiinta laga tirada badan yahay. Wadanku waxa uu leeyahay in ka badan 52 kaniisadood 2023. Masiixiyiin badan oo ku sugan Isutagga Imaaraadka Carabta ayaa asal ahaan ka soo jeeda Aasiya, Afrikaan, iyo Yurub, oo ay la socdaan waddamada Bariga Dhexe sida Lubnaan, Suuriya, iyo Masar. Isutagga Imaaraatka Carabta waxay ka kooban tahay qayb ka mid ah Vicariate Rasuullada ee Koonfurta Carbeed iyo Basharka Rasuullada Vicar Paul Hinder wuxuu xaruntiisu tahay Abu Dhabi . Jaaliyad yar oo Yuhuudi ah ayaa ku nool Imaaraadka Carabta. Kahor 2023, waxaa jiray hal sunagog oo caan ah oo ku yaal Dubai , kaas oo furnaa ilaa 2008 iyo sunagogga sidoo kale soo dhaweeya booqdayaasha. Sunagog kale, Moses Ben Maimon Synagogue ayaa la dhameeyay 2023 iyada oo qayb ka ah dhismaha Guriga Qoyska Abraham ee Abu Dhabi . Laga bilaabo 2019, sida uu qabo Rabbi Marc Schneier oo ka tirsan aasaaska fahamka qowmiyadaha , waxaa lagu qiyaasaa inay jiraan ilaa 150 qoys ilaa 3,000 oo Yuhuud ah oo si xor ah ugu nool oo cibaadaysanaya gudaha UAE Koonfurta Aasiya ee Imaaraadka Carabta ayaa ah qowmiyadda ugu badan dalka. In ka badan 2 milyan oo muhaajiriin Hindi ah (badanaa ka yimid gobollada koonfureed ee Kerala , Andhra Pradesh , Xeebta Karnataka , iyo Tamil Nadu ) ayaa lagu qiyaasaa inay ku nool yihiin UAE. Waxaa hadda jira saddex macbadyo Hindu ah oo ku yaal waddanka. Diimaha kale ayaa sidoo kale ka jira Imaaraadka Carabta, oo ay ku jiraan Jainism , Sikhism , Budhiism , Juudism , Bahá'ís , iyo Druze . Wasiirka arrimaha dibadda iyo iskaashiga caalamiga ah ee Imaaraatka Carabta, Abdullah bin Zayed , ayaa sanadka 2019 ku dhawaaqay nashqadaynta iyo dhismaha guriga Abrahamic Family House , kaas oo u shaqayn doona sidii dhismo diimo ah oo ay ku yaalaan macbad , masaajid iyo kaniisad ku taal Jaziirada Sadiyat ee Abu Dhabi . ===Waxbarashada=== [[File:UniversityCityHall.jpg|thumb |Hall City Hall waa dhismaha ugu weyn ee ku yaal magaalada Jaamacadda ee Sharjah . Xafladaha qalin-jabinta ee Jaamacadda Mareykanka ee Sharjah , Jaamacadda Sharjah , iyo Kulliyadaha Tignoolajiyada Sare ayaa si gaar ah halkan loogu qabtaa.]] Nidaamka waxbarashada ilaa heerka dugsiga sare waxaa maamula Wasaaradda Waxbarashada dhammaan imaaradaha marka laga reebo Abu Dhabi, halkaas oo ay ka hooseeyeen waxbarashada waxbarashada iyo Aqoonta . dugsiyada sare waxay u qaybsan yihiin dugsiyo hoose , dugsi dhexe iyo dugsi sare . Dugsiyadda dawliga ah ayaa ah kuwa ay maaddo macalliso, manhajka waxbarashada waxa loo sameeyay si uu u waafajiyo himilooyinka calaamadaha ee saldhigga. Dhexdhexaadka waxbarashada ee dugsiga dadwaynaha waa Carabi iyadoo muuqalka la saarayo saliimka luqadaha. Waxa kale oo jira dugsiyo badan oo gaar loo leeyahay oo si caalami ah loo aqoonsan yahay. Dugsiyada Dawliga ah ee dalka waa u bilaash baxay, halka sababta laga qaado dugsiyada gaarka loo leeyahay ay kala duwan yihiin. Nidaamka waxbarashada sare waxa la socda tacliinta sare. Wasaaraddu waxay kaloo mas'uul ka tahay inay ardayda geliso machadyada buuga ee jaamacadda . Heerka aqoonta dadka waaweyn ee 2015 waxay ahayd 93.8%. Imaaraadku waxa uu muujinayay uu u qaboojiyeey iyo cilmi- maqal. Shirkadaha waxaa ka mid ah samaynta tayeynta cilmi-baarista CERT iyo waxay hoos u dhigtay Masdar ee Sayniska iyo Tign-ka tayada iyo horumarinta ganacsiga. Marka loo eego QS Rankings, Jaamacadda ugu sareysa ee dalka waa Jaamacadda Jaamacadda (421-430th baahinta oo dhan), Jaamacadda Khalifa (441-450th baahinta oo dhan), Jaamacadda Mareykanka ee Sharjah (431-440th), iyo Jaamacadda Sharjah (551-600th fiirsashada). Ikhtiyaarka koowaad 33aad ka galay Tusaha Hal-abuurka Caalamiga ah ee 2021, marka loo eego 36th ee 2019. ===Caafimaadka=== Cimriga nolosha ee dhalashada UAE waa 76.96 sano.  Cudurka wadnaha waa sababta ugu weyn ee dhimashada UAE, oo ka kooban 28% wadarta dhimashada; Sababaha kale ee ugu waaweyn waa shilalka iyo dhaawacyada , malignancies , iyo cilladaha ku dhasha . Marka loo eego xogta Ururka Caafimaadka Adduunka ee 2016 , 34.5% dadka qaangaarka ah ee ku nool UAE waa kuwo caafimaad ahaan cayilan , oo leh index mass index (BMI) oo ah 30 ama ka badan.  Bishii Febraayo 2008, Wasaaradda Caafimaadka ayaa soo bandhigtay istaraatiijiyad caafimaad oo shan sano ah oo loogu talagalay waaxda caafimaadka dadweynaha ee imaaradaha woqooyiga, taas oo hoos imaanaysa qorshaheeda oo, si ka duwan Abu Dhabi iyo Dubai, aan lahayn maamulo daryeel caafimaad oo gaar ah. Istaraatiijiyadu waxay diiradda saaraysaa midaynta siyaasadda daryeelka caafimaadka iyo hagaajinta helitaanka adeegyada daryeelka caafimaadka qiimo macquul ah, isla markaana yaraynaysa ku tiirsanaanta daaweynta dibadda. Wasaaraddu waxay qorsheyneysaa inay ku darto saddex isbitaal oo hadda ah 14, iyo 29 xarumaha caafimaadka aasaasiga ah ee hadda jira 86. Sagaal ayaa la qorsheeyay in la furo 2008.  Soo bandhigida caymiska caafimaadka ee qasabka ah ee Abu Dhabi ee loogu talagalay qurba-joogta iyo kuwa ku tiirsan waxay ahayd darawal weyn oo dib-u-habeyn ku ah siyaasadda daryeelka caafimaadka. Muwaaddiniinta Abu Dhabi waxaa la keenay nidaamka laga soo bilaabo 1 Juun 2008 Dubai waxay raacday shaqaalaheeda dawladda. Ugu dambayntii, sida uu dhigayo sharciga federaalka, Imaaraad kasta iyo qurbe-joog kasta oo dalka ku nool waxa uu dabooli doonaa caymis caafimaad oo khasab ah oo hoos imanaya nidaam midaysan oo khasab ah. Dalku wuxuu ka faa'iiday dalxiisayaal caafimaad oo ka kala yimid dhammaan Golaha Iskaashiga ee Dawladaha Carabta ee Gacanka . Imaaraadku waxa uu soo jiitaa dalxiisayaasha caafimaad ee doonaya qalliinka isqurxinta iyo hababka horumarsan, qalliinka wadnaha iyo laf dhabarta, iyo daawaynta ilkaha, maadaama adeegyada caafimaad ay ka heer sarreeyaan dalalka kale ee Carabta ee Gacanka Faaris ==Dhaqanka== [[File:UAE Folk Dance- Khaliji.jpg|thumb |Dumarku timahooda dhinac bay u rogaan oo waxay xidhaan dhar-dhaqameed midabyo dhalaalaya leh iyagoo soo bandhigaya qoob-ka-ciyaarka Imaaraatka.]] Dhaqanka imaaraadku waxa uu ku salaysan yahay dhaqanka Carabta waxaana saamayn ku yeeshay dhaqamada Faaris , Hindiya iyo Bariga Afrika . Qaab dhismeedka Carabta iyo Carabta waxyooday waa qayb ka mid ah muujinta aqoonsiga Imaaraatka maxalliga ah. Saamaynta Carabtu ku leedahay dhaqanka imaaraatka waxay si muuqata uga dhex muuqanaysaa qaab dhismeedka Imaaraatka ee soo jireenka ah iyo fanka dadweynaha . Tusaale ahaan, munaaradda dabaysha ee gaarka ah oo kor u kacda dhismayaasha Imaaraatka ee dhaqanka, Barjeel , waxay noqotay calaamad lagu garto dhismaha Imaaraatka waxaana loo aaneynayaa saameynta Carabta. Saamayntan waxa ay ka timid ganacsatadii ka soo qaxday nidaamkii cashuuraha ee Faaris horraantii qarnigii 19aad iyo lahaanshaha Imaaraatka ee dekedaha ku yaal xeebta Carabta, tusaale ahaan dekedda Al Qassimi ee Lingeh. Isutagga Imaaraadka Carabta waxa ku nool bulsho kala duwan. Dhaqaalaha Dubai wuxuu aad ugu tiirsan yahay ganacsiga caalamiga ah iyo dalxiiska, waana u furan yahay dadka soo booqda, halka bulshada Abu Dhabi ay aad u badan tahay gudaha maadaama dhaqaalaha magaaladu uu diiradda saarayo soo saarista shidaalka. Fasaxyada waaweyn ee Imaaraadka Carabta waxaa ka mid ah Ciidul Fitriga , oo ku beegan dhammaadka Ramadaan , iyo maalinta Qaranka (2 Disembar), oo ku astaysan aasaaska Imaaraadka Carabta. Ragga Imaaraatka ah waxay door bidaan inay xidhaan kandura , khamiis cad oo dhererka anqawga ah oo laga tolo dhogorta ama suufka, dumarka Imaaraatkuna waxay xidhaan abaya , maro madow oo ka badan oo daboolaya inta badan qaybaha jidhka. Gabayaagii ugu horeyay ee Imaaraatka laga yaqaan waa Ibnu Majid , waxa uu dhashay intii u dhaxaysay 1432 ilaa 1437 kuna dhashay Ras Al-Khaymah. Qoraaga Imaaraatka ee ugu caansan waa Mubarak Al Oqaili (1880-1954), Salem bin Ali al Owais (1887-1959), iyo Ahmed bin Sulayem (1905-1976). Saddex kale oo gabayaa ah oo Sharjah ah, oo loo yaqaan kooxda Xiirah, ayaa la arkayaa in ay si weyn u saameeyeen Apollo iyo gabayada Romantic . Bandhiga Caalamiga ah ee Buugaagta Sharjah waa kan ugu da'da weyn uguna weyn dalka. Liiska matxafyada Imaaraadka Carabta waxaa ku jira qaar ka mid ah sumcadda gobolka, oo ay ugu caansan tahay Sharjah oo leh Degmada Heritage oo ka kooban 17 madxaf, oo 1998-kii ahayd Caasimadda Dhaqanka ee Dunida Carabta. Dubia, aagga Al Quoz ayaa soo jiitay tiro ka mid ah goobaha farshaxanka iyo sidoo kale matxafyada sida Matxafka Gaarka ah ee Salsali . Abu Dhabi waxay ka dhistay jaziiradda Sadiyat xaafad dhaqameed . Lix mashruuc oo waaweyn ayaa la qorsheeyay, oo ay ku jiraan Guggenheim Abu Dhabi iyo Louvre Abu Dhabi . Dubai waxa kale oo ay qorshaynaysaa in ay dhisto madxafka Kunsthal iyo degmo loogu talo galay galleries iyo fanaaniinta. Dhaqanka imaaraadku waa qayb ka mid ah dhaqanka Carabta bari . Liwa waa nooc ka mid ah muusiga iyo qoob ka ciyaarka lagu sameeyo gudaha, gaar ahaan bulshooyinka ay ku jiraan faraca dadka Bantu ee ka soo jeeda gobolka harooyinka waaweyn ee Afrika . Bandhiga Desert Rock Festival ee Dubai sidoo kale waa xaflad kale oo weyn oo ka kooban farshaxanada birta culus iyo dhagaxyada. Shineemada Imaaraadka Carabta ayaa ah mid aad u yar laakiin way sii fidaysaa. ===Cunto=== [[File:Luqaimat.jpg|thumb|Qaxwaha Carabiga oo leh lugaimat , macaan imaaraad dhaqameed]] Cunto-dhaqameedka Imaaraatku waxa ay had iyo jeer ahaan jireen bariis, kalluun, iyo hilib. Dadka Imaaraatka Carabta ayaa inta badan cuntadooda ka qaatay wadamada kale ee Galbeedka iyo Koonfurta Aasiya sida Iran, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Pakistan, iyo India. Cuntooyinka badda ayaa qarniyo badan ahaa tiir-dhexaadka cuntada Imaaraatka. Hilibka iyo bariiska ayaa ah cuntooyinka kale ee daruuriga ah, oo ay ku jiraan wan iyo hilib lo'aad oo ay door bidaan ariga iyo hilibka lo'da. Cabitaanada caanka ah waa qaxwaha iyo shaaha, kuwaas oo lagu kabi karo karoom ama saffron si ay u helaan dhadhan gaar ah. Cuntooyinka dhaqanka ee Emirate-ka ee caanka ah waxaa ka mid ah seddexda , machboos , khubisa , khameer , iyo rootiga chabab iyo kuwo kale halka lugaimat uu yahay macmacaan caan ah oo imaarati ah. Saamaynta dhaqanka reer galbeedka, cuntada degdega ah waxay noqotay mid aad caan u ah dhalinyarada, ilaa heer la qabtay olole lagu muujinayo khatarta cuntooyinka degdega ah ee xad-dhaafka ah. Khamriga waa la ogol yahay in lagu adeego oo kaliya makhaayadaha hoteelada iyo baararka. Dhammaan goobaha lagu caweeyo waa loo ogolyahay inay iibiyaan khamriga. Suuqyada waaweyn ee gaarka ah ayaa laga yaabaa inay iibiyaan khamriga, laakiin alaabtan waxaa lagu iibiyaa qaybo gaar ah. Sidoo kale, hilibka doofaarka, kaas oo xaaraan ah (aan loo ogolayn Muslimiinta), waxaa lagu iibiyaa qaybo kala duwan dhammaan dukaamada waaweyn ee waaweyn. Inkasta oo khamriga la cabbo, waa sharci-darro in lagu sakhraamo meel fagaare ah ama lagu kaxeeyo baabuur leh raad khamri ah oo dhiigga ku jira ===Ciyaaraha=== [[File:Yas Marina Circuit, October 12, 2018 SkySat (cropped).jpg|thumb |Yas Marina Circuit ee Abu Dhabi]] Formula One ayaa si gaar ah caan uga ah Imaaraadka Carabta, waxaana sanad walba tartanka Grand Prix lagu qabtaa wareegga Yas Marina ee Yas Island ee Abu Dhabi. Tartanku waxa uu dhacaa fiidkii,waxana uu ahaa Grand Prix-gii ugu horeeyay ee bilaaba maalinta oo dhammi habeenka. Ciyaaraha kale ee caanka ah waxaa ka mid ah tartanka geela , falconry , fuulista dulqaadka , iyo tennis-ka . Imaarada Dubai waxay sidoo kale hoy u tahay laba koorso oo Golf ah oo waaweyn : Dubai Golf Club iyo Emirates Golf Club . Marka laga reebo dhinaca wakhtiga firaaqada, ciyaaruhu waxa ay qayb muhiim ah ka qaadan karaan qaabaynta aqoonsiga qaranka. Falconry, tusaale ahaan, waxay u shaqaynaysay sidii astaan ​​qaran tan iyo markii la aasaasay 1971. Marka laga reebo baahsanaanta qaranka ee falconry, Imaaraadku wuxuu door laxaad leh ka qaatay caalami ahaan isku dubaridka aqoonsiga UNESCO ee aqoonsiga falconry inuu yahay dhaxal aan la taaban karin . Waagii hore waxa la isticmaali jiray ciyaalka geela, taas oo keentay dhaleecayn baahsan. Ugu dambeyntii, Imaaraadku wuxuu soo saaray sharci mamnuucaya isticmaalka carruurta ee ciyaaraha, taasoo keentay in si degdeg ah meesha looga saaro ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan jockey-yada carruurta. Dhowaan robot jockeys ayaa la soo bandhigay si looga gudbo dhibaatada jookooyinka geela ee carruurta taasoo ahayd arrin ku saabsan xadgudubyada xuquuqda aadanaha. Ansar Burney ayaa inta badan lagu amaanaa shaqada uu ka qabtay deegaankan ===Kubadda Cagta=== [[File:Abu Dhabi Zayed Sports City Stadium 1.jpg|thumb |Zayed Sports City Stadium ee Abu Dhabi]] Kubadda cagta waa ciyaar caan ka ah Imaaraadka. Al Nasr , Al Ain , Al Wasl , Sharjah , Al Wahda , iyo Shabab Al Ahli waa kooxaha ugu caansan oo ku raaxaysanaya sumcadda horyaalada gobolka. Xiriirka Kubadda Cagta Isutagga Imaaraadka Carabta ayaa la aas aasay 1971-kii tan iyo xilligaas waxa uu waqti iyo dadaalba u huray sidii uu ciyaarta u horumarin lahaa, una abaabuli lahaa barnaamijyada dhalinyarada , iyo in kor loo qaado awoodda ciyaartoydiisa oo keliya, balse sidoo kale mas’uuliyiinta iyo macallimiinta ku lugta leh xulalka gobollada. Imaaraadku wuxuu u soo baxay Koobka Adduunka ee FIFA 1990 , isagoo la socday Masar . Waa markii saddexaad ee isku xigta ee Koobka Adduunka oo ay ka soo baxaan laba waddan oo Carab ah, ka dib Kuwait iyo Algeria 1982 , iyo Ciraaq iyo Algeria mar kale 1986 . Imaaraadku waxa uu ku guuleystey Koobka Gacanka laba jeer: Koobkii ugu horreeyey ee uu qaado January 2007 oo lagu qabtay Abu Dhabi iyo kii labaad ee January 2013, oo lagu qabtay Bahrain .  wadanku waxa uu marti galiyay koobka AFC Asia 2019 . Xulka Imaaraatka Carabta ayaa u soo gudbay semi-finalka,halkaas oo ay kaga adkaadeen xulka Qatar  ===Cricket=== [[File:Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium-01.jpg|thumb |Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium ee Abu Dhabi]] Cricket-ku waa mid ka mid ah ciyaaraha ugu caansan Imaaraadka Carabta, sababta oo ah waxaa sabab u ah dadka ka soo qaxay dalalka SAARC , Boqortooyada Ingiriiska, iyo Australia. Xarunta Dhexe ee Golaha Cricket-ka Caalamiga ah (ICC) waxay ku taallaa dhismaha magaalada Dubai ee isboortiga tan iyo 2005, oo ay ku jiraan ICC Academy oo la aasaasay 2009. [ 360 ] Waxaa jira tiro ka mid ah goobaha cricket-ka caalamiga ah ee UAE, kuwaas oo inta badan loo isticmaalo tartamada caalamiga ah iyo "dhexdhexaad" taxane laba geesood ah oo ay ugu wacan tahay cimilada deegaanka iyo heerka Dubai ee xarun gaadiidka. Tartamada caalamiga ah ee xusida mudan ee ay marti galisay Imaaraadku waxa ka mid ahaa 2014 ka 19 Cricket World Cup , 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup , iyo saddex koob oo Asia Cup ah (1984, 1995, iyo 2018). Garoomada xusida mudan waxaa ka mid ah Garoonka Ururka Cricket-ka Sharjah ee Sharjah , Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium ee Abu Dhabi , iyo Dubia International Cricket Stadium ee Dubai. The Emirates Cricket Board (ECB) waxay xubin ka noqotay ICC ee 1990. Kooxda qaranka ee cricket-ka UAE ayaa u soo baxay Koobka Adduunka ee Cricket laba jeer ( 1996 iyo 2015 ) iyo ICC Men's T20 World Cup laba jeer ( 2014 iyo 2022 ). Kooxda haweenka qaranka si la mid ah waa mid ka mid ah kooxaha isku dhafka ah ee ugu xoogan Aasiya, gaar ahaan ka qayb qaadashada Isreebreebka Haweenka Adduunka 2018 ee ICC . Ka dib weerarkii 2009 ee lagu qaaday kooxda Cricket-ka qaranka Sri Lanka , Imaaraadku waxa ay u adeegeen sidii guriga dhabta ah ee kooxda cricket-ka qaranka Pakistan muddo ku dhow toban sano, iyo sidoo kale martigelinta Pakistan Super League . Imaaraadku waxa kale oo uu marti galiyay hal daabacaad oo buuxa ee Horyaalka Hindiya (IPL) ee 2020 iyo laba qaybood oo qayb ka mid ah Horyaalka Hindiya (IPL) ee 2014 iyo 2021. ==Tixraacyo== [http://people.exeter.ac.uk/nsaa201/UAE%20Federal%20Boundaries.pdf "Xuduudaha Federaalka ee Imaaraadka Carabta"] [https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/data/browser/#/?pa=00000000000000000000000000000000002&c=vvvvuvo&ct=0&tl_id=5-A&vs=INTL.57-1-AFG-TBPD.A&vo=0&v=H&start=2014&end=2016 "Soosaarista Saliid Ceyriin oo ay ku jirto Condensate Lease 2016"] [http://countrystudies.us/persian-gulf-states/84.htm Isutagga Imaaraadka Carabta – Dhaqaalaha] [http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/government/historic-uae-oman-accord-involves-272km-of-border-1.119592 "Heshiiska taariikhiga ah ee Imaaraadka iyo Cumaan wuxuu ku lug leeyahay 272 km oo xuduud ah] [http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/sun-sets-on-british-empire-as-uae-raises-its-flag#page5 "Qorraxdu waxay ku dhacday Boqortooyada Ingiriiska iyadoo Imaaraadku calankiisa kor u qaaday"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20150704222708/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/tonb " Jasiiradaha Tonb (Greater iyo Ka yar), laba jasiiradood oo yaryar oo muhiimad istiraatiiji ah oo lagu doodi karo oo ku yaal Gacanka Persian bari, koonfurta cidhifka galbeed ee jasiiradda Qešm"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20111119060814/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O209-TrucialOmanorTrucialStats.html "Oman ama Dawlado Xaqiiq ah - Asalka Cumaan Xaqiiqda ah ama Dawladaha Xaqiiqda ah | Encyclopedia.com: Qaamuuska Oxford ee Magacyada Goobaha Adduunka"] [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-53770859 "Israa'iil iyo Imaaraadku waxay galeen heshiis taariikhi ah si loo caadiyeeyo xiriirka"] [http://www.uaeprison.com/uae_disputes.htm "Khilaafaadka Imaaraatka Carabta, Khilaafaadka Imaaraatka Caalamiga ah, Khilaafka Imaaraatka Carabta, Khilaafka Imaaraatka Carabta, Khilaafka Imaaraatka Carabta, Sheegashada Saddex Jaziiradood, Jaziirada Abu Muusa, Tumba Weyn & Tumbo Yar, Taariikhda Jasiiradaha, Khayraadka Shaqaalaha UAE, Imaaraadka Carabta"] [https://books.google.com/books?id=Le0Ryxzh7cQC&q=musandam Sharaftu waxay ku jirtaa Qanacsanaan: Nolosha Kahor Saliidda ee Ras Al-Khaimah (UAE) iyo Gobollada deriska ah qaarkood] [https://responsiblestatecraft.org/2020/01/24/why-the-relationship-between-russia-and-the-united-arab-emirates-is-strengthening/ "Waa maxay sababta uu u xoojinayo xiriirka Ruushka iyo Imaaraadka Carabta"] [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/07/united-arab-emirates-to-relax-islamic-laws-on-personal-freedoms "Imaaraatka Carabta waxay dhaleeceeyeen khamriga, waxayna meesha ka saartay mamnuucidda lammaanaha aan isqabin inay wada noolaadaan"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20141225122354/http://www.amnestyusa.org/sites/default/files/uaa25614.pdf "Tallaabada Degdega ah: Waajibkii La Dhaqan Galiyay ee Muwaadiniinta Qatar"] [https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/pakistan-not-to-play-home-matches-in-uae-anymore-pcb-ceo/story-tYo1UuA3czorquuVluZzxL.html "Pakistan yaanay ku ciyaarin guriga UAE mar dambe: Maamulaha PCB"] [https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ipl-2020-to-be-held-in-uae-from-september-19-to-november-10/story-GeHbVaf1f4zv07p3V8RGwO.html "IPL 2020 oo la qabanayo laga bilaabo Sebtembar 19 ilaa Noofambar 10"] [https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/heritage/first-images-of-abu-dhabi-s-abrahamic-family-house-under-construction-released-1.1241661 "Sawirradii ugu horreysay ee Guriga Qoyska Ibraahim ee Abu Dhabi oo la dhisayo ayaa la sii daayay"] [https://www.mk.co.kr/en/world/10979447 <nowiki>"[Pilot Johan's Arab Nights-18] Luuqadda Imaaraadka Carabta (UAE) waa Carabi, sida na.. - MK"</nowiki>] [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/transport/11372616/Dubai-overtakes-Heathrow-to-become-worlds-busiest-airport.html "Dubai waxay dhaaftay Heathrow si ay u noqoto kan aduunka ugu mashquulka badan"] sis2wwpcmjejygnqjd1lwiu7jtg0l01 0 4652 305794 267036 2026-08-24T17:42:50Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305794 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:FoodMeat.jpg|thumb|Noocyo kala duwan oo hilib ah]] '''Hilib'''({{lang-en|meat}}; {{lang-ar|لحم}}) waa [[jiidh]]ka [[xayawaan]]ka kaasi oo dadku u quutaan [[cunto]] ahaan.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lawrie|first=R. A.|author2=Ledward, D. A.|title=Lawrie’s meat science|url=https://archive.org/details/lawriesmeatscien0000lawr|publisher=Woodhead Publishing Limited|location=Cambridge|year=2006|edition=7th|isbn=978-1-84569-159-2}}</ref> Sida caadiga ah, aadamuhu (dadka) waa gebi-quute (Saynis ahaan ''omnivorous''),<ref>{{cite book|title = Advanced Human Nutrition|authors = Robert E. C. Wildman, Denis M. Medeiros| publisher = [[CRC Press]] | year = 2000 | page = 37| accessdate = October 6, 2013 |isbn = 0-8493-8566-0| url = https://books.google.com/?id=CXwylbbRXvAC&pg=PA37&dq=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false}}</ref> taasi micnaheedu waa in dadku quutaan hilibka iyo caanaha xayawaanka iyo dhamaan kheyraadka [[dhir]]ta.<ref>Ayyıldız, Esat. [https://ia601504.us.archive.org/30/items/klasik-arap-edebiyatinda-et-motifi/Klasik%20Arap%20Edebiyat%C4%B1nda%20Et%20Motifi.pdf “Klasik Arap Edebiyatında Et Motifi”]. ''International Malatya Gastronomy Culture and Tourism Conference''. ed. Aynur Ismayilova – Gunay Rzayeva. 19-24. Malatya: IKSAD Publishing House, 2022.</ref> Tan ilaa iyo kumanaan sano ka hor dadku waxay ku tiirsanaayeen hilibka xayawaanka iyo midhaha dhirta ayagoo isticmaali jirey [[Ugaadhsi iyo Qadhaabsi]]. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, horaantii ilbaxnimada aadamaha ayaa dadku bilaabeen ineey dhaqdaan [[xoolo]] si loo manaafacaadsado kheyraadkooda. Hilibku wuxuu ka kooban yahay [[biyo]], [[borotiin]], iyo [[dux]]<ref>{{cite web|title=US Department of Agriculture Food-A-Pedia reference database|url=https://www.supertracker.usda.gov/foodapedia.aspx|website=SuperTracker|publisher=United States federal government|accessdate=11 April 2015|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=6 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406151158/https://www.supertracker.usda.gov/foodapedia.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> waana cunto aad ugu muhiim ah jidhka iyo caafimaadka dadka. Hilibka waxaa laga helaa xayawaanka. Hilibka waxoo ka sameysanyahay, murqo,ama seed, iyo subak. Hilibka waxoo leeyahay brotiin, aad u badan oona muhiim u ah, korka ama jirdhiska bini aadanka. Hilibaha la cuno wee kala duwan yihiin. Hilibka [[soomaali]]da cunto, waxaa ka mid ah, hilbaha xalaasha ah, sida Hilibka [[Lo]]'da, [[Geel]]ka,[[ari]]ga, [[Ida]]da, [[Malaay]]ga,[[Dooro|doorada]] iyo [[Sagaaro|Sagaarada]].Dadka aduunka ku nool waxaa saaid uugu ah Hilbaha ee cunaan, sida Hilibka [[Doofaar]]ka, [[Ey]]ga, [[Faras|Fardaha]], [[yaanyuur]]ta,[[Dooli]]ga,[[Mas]]aska,iyo [[Caaro caaro]]. Iyo wax badan oo la tiri karin. ==Sidoo kale arag== *[[Calooleey]] ==Tixraac== * [https://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200002137 Meat] {{Reflist}} {{gumud}} [[Category:Cunto]] fne0iapcd5pahsnb55egror0nt3v8vb 0 4736 305770 304342 2026-08-24T17:30:51Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305770 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah ee Iiraan | common_name = Iiraan | native_name = <templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css"/><span class="nobold">{{native name|fa|جمهوری اسلامی ایران|italics=off}}<br />{{transliteration|fa|Jomhuri-ye Eslâmi-ye Irân}}</span> | image_flag = Flag of Iran (official).svg | image_coat = Emblem of Iran.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert | symbol_type = Astaanta | national_motto = {{ubl | {{lang|ar|اَللَّٰهُ أَكْبَرُ}} | {{transliteration|ar|Allāhu ʾAkbar}} (''[[Takbiir]]'') | "[[Ilaah ee Islaamka|Ilaah]] baa Weyn" | (''[[de jure]]'') | {{lang|fa|استقلال، آزادی، جمهوری اسلامی}} | {{transliteration|fa|Esteqlâl, Âzâdi, Jomhuri-ye Eslâmi}} | "Madaxbannaani, xorriyad, Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah" | (''[[de facto]]''){{sfn|Temperman|2010|p=87}} }} | national_anthem = {{lang|fa|مهر خاورan}}<br />''[[Mehr-e Khavaran|Mehr-e Khâvarân]]''<br />"Cadceedda Bari"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Sorud-e Mellí-e Yomhurí-e Eslamí-e Irán (instrumental).oga]]}} | image_map = {{switcher|[[File:Iran (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Muuji globe-ka|[[File:Iran - Location Map (2013) - IRN - UNOCHA.svg|frameless]]|Muuji khariidadda Iiraan}} | map_width = 250px | capital = [[Tehran]] | coordinates = {{#invoke:Coordinates|coord|35|41|N|51|25|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Tehran]] | official_languages = [[Af-Faarsi|Faarsi]] | languages2_type = Hejacaad gaar ah | demonym = [[Dadka Iiraan|Iiraani]] | government_type = Midaysan [[nidaamka madaxweynenimo|madaxweynenimo]] tayaquraadi ah [[Jamhuuriyad Islaami ah]] oo hoos timaada kalitalis [[authoritarianism|maamul adag]]{{efn|Awoodda kama dambaysta ah waxay u xilsaaran tahay [[Hogaamiyaha Sare ee Iiraan|Hogaamiyaha Sare]], oo ah jago ka sarreysa Madaxweynaha.}} | leader_title1 = [[Hogaamiyaha Sare ee Iiraan|Hogaamiyaha Sare]] | leader_name1 = ''[[Doorashada Hogaamiyaha Sare ee Iiraan 2026|Bannaan]]{{efn|[[Golaha Hogaaminta Ku-meel-gaarka ah]], oo ka kooban Madaxweyne Masoud Pezeshkian, Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare [[Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i]], iyo Ayatollah [[Alireza Arafi]], ayaa si ku-meel-gaar ah u gudan doona waajibaadka ilaa hogaamiye sare oo cusub laga [[Doorashada Hogaamiyaha Sare ee Iiraan 2026|dooranayo]].{{refn|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Motamedi|first=Maziar|date=2026-03-01|title=Iran forms interim council to oversee transition after Khamenei's killing|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2026/3/1/iran-to-form-interim-council-to-oversee-transition-after-khameneis-killing|access-date=2026-03-01|website=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Reals|first=Tucker|last2=|first2=|last3=|first3=|last4=|last5=|first5=|last6=|first6=|last7=|first7=|last8=|first8=|last9=|first9=|date=2026-03-01|title=Iran names three men for interim Leadership Council to pick next supreme leader|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/live-updates/us-iran-war-israel-supreme-leader-khamenei-funeral-day-2/|access-date=2026-03-01|website=CBS News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>https://www.cbsnews.com/live-updates/israel-us-attack-iran-trump-says-major-combat-operations/#post-update-a08fca3a</ref><ref>https://www.cbsnews.com/live-updates/israel-us-attack-iran-trump-says-major-combat-operations/#post-update-7d54fc15</ref>}}}} | leader_title2 = [[Madaxweynaha Iiraan|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name2 = [[Masoud Pezeshkian]] | leader_title3 = [[Madaxweyne kuxigeenka Iiraan|Madaxweyne kuxigeen]] | leader_name3 = [[Mohammad Reza Aref]] | leader_title4 = [[Liiska guddoomiyeyaasha Baarlamaanka Iiraan|Guddoomiyaha Golaha]] | leader_name4 = [[Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf]] | leader_title5 = [[Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Iiraan|Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare]] | leader_name5 = [[Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i]] | legislature = [[Golaha La-talinta Islaamka]] | sovereignty_type = [[Taariikhda Iiraan|Abuuritaanka]] | established_event1 = [[Boqortooyadii Meediya]] | established_date1 = {{circa|678 CH}} | established_event2 = [[Boqortooyadii Akhaamenid]] | established_date2 = 550 CH | established_event3 = [[Boqortooyadii Paartiya]] | established_date3 = 247 CH | established_event4 = [[Boqortooyadii Sasaaniyiinta]] | established_date4 = 224 CD | established_event5 = [[Iranian Intermezzo]] | established_date5 = 821 | established_event6 = [[Safawi Iiraan]] | established_date6 = 22 Diseembar 1501 | established_event7 = [[Afshari Iiraan]] | established_date7 = 22 Janaayo 1736 | established_event8 = [[Zand Iiraan]] | established_date8 = 1751 | established_event9 = [[Qaajaari Iiraan]] | established_date9 = 20 Maarso 1794 | established_event10 = [[Kacaankii Dastuuriga ahaa ee Faaris|Kacaankii Dastuuriga]] | established_date10 = 12 Diseembar 1905 | established_event11 = [[Pahlavi Iiraan]] | established_date11 = 15 Diseembar 1925 | established_event12 = [[Kacaankii Iiraan]] | established_date12 = 11 Febraayo 1979 | established_event13 = [[Dastuurka Iiraan|Dastuurka hadda jira]] | established_date13 = 3 Diseembar 1979 | established_event14 = [[Aafti-dastuurka Iiraan ee 1989|Wax ka badalida dastuurka]] | established_date14 = 28 Luulyo 1989 | area_km2 = 1,648,195 | area_rank = 17aad | area_sq_mi = 636,372 | percent_water = 1.63 (ilaa 2015)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surface water and surface water change |url=https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER |access-date=11 October 2020 |publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) |archive-date=24 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324133453/https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER |url-status=live}}</ref> | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 92,417,681<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/iran-population/ |title=Iran Population (2025) |website=Worldometer}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 17aad | population_density_km2 = {{#expr: 85961000/1648195 round 0}} | population_density_sq_mi = {{#expr: 85961000/636372 round 0}} | population_density_rank = 163aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.879 tiriliyan<ref name="IMFWEO.IR">{{cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0)|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025 Edition. (Iran) |website= |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |date=14 October 2025 |access-date=13 November 2025}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = 22aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $21,473<ref name="IMFWEO.IR" /> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 88aad | GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $356.513 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.IR" /> | GDP_nominal_rank = 42aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $4,074<ref name="IMFWEO.IR" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 132aad | Gini = 35.9 | Gini_year = 2023 | Gini_change = korodh | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |title=Gini Index coefficient |work=[[The World Factbook]] |access-date=24 September 2024 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717071854/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison |url-status=dead}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.799 | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = korodh | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 75aad | currency = [[Riyaalka Iiraan]] ({{nq|{{wikt-lang|fa|ریال}}}}) | currency_code = IRR | time_zone = [[Waqtiga Halbeegga ee Iiraan|IRST]] | utc_offset = +3:30 | calling_code = [[+98]] | cctld = {{unbulleted list |[[.ir]] |[[.ir|ایران.]]}} | drives_on = midig }} '''Iiraan''', si rasmi ahna loo yiraahdo '''Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah ee Iiraan''', laguna yaqaanay '''Faaris''', waa dal ku yaalla [[Galbeedka Aasiya]]. Waxay xuduud la leedahay [[Ciraaq]] dhanka galbeed, [[Turkiya]], [[Asarbayjan]], iyo [[Armeeniya]] dhanka waqooyi-galbeed, [[Badda Kasbiya]] dhanka waqooyi, [[Turkmenistaan]] dhanka waqooyi-bari, [[Afgaanistaan]] dhanka bari, [[Bakistaan]] dhanka koonfur-bari, iyo [[Gacanka Cumaan]] iyo [[Gacanka Faaris]] dhanka koonfureed. Iyadoo ay ku nool yihiin dad ka badan 92 milyan, Iiraan waxay fadhidaa kaalinta 17aad ee caalamka xagga [[Liiska dalalka marka loo eego bedka|baaxadda dhulka]] iyo [[Liiska dalalka marka loo eego dadka|tirada dadka]] waana [[Liiska dalalka Aasiya marka loo eego bedka|dalka lixaad ee ugu weyn]] Aasiya. Waxay u qaybsantaa [[Gobollada Iiraan|shan gobol]] oo ka kooban [[Gobollada Iiraan|31 gobol (provinces)]]. [[Tehran]] waa caasimadda qaranka, [[Liiska magaalooyinka Iiraan|magaalada ugu weyn]], iyo xarunta maaliyadda. Iiraan waa hoyga mid ka mid ah ilbaxnimooyinka ugu da'da weyn caalamka ee aan kala go'in, waxaana markii ugu horreysay la isugu keenay [[Boqortooyadii Meediya|dal]] ahaan [[Meediyiinta]] hoostooda qarnigii 7aad CH, waxayna gaartay baaxaddii ugu weyneyd qarnigii 6aad CH, markii [[Kuruska Weyn]] uu aasaasay [[Boqortooyadii Akhaamenid]]. [[Alesandarka Weyn]] ayaa qabsaday boqortooyada qarnigii 4aad CH. Kacdoon Iiraani ah oo dhacay qarnigii 3aad CH ayaa dhisay [[Boqortooyadii Paartiya]], taasoo markii dambe dalka xoreysay. Qarnigii 3aad CD, Paartiyadii waxaa beddelay [[Boqortooyadii Sasaaniyiinta]], taasoo horseedday xilli dahabi ah oo ka mid ah [[Taariikhda Iiraan|taariikhda ilbaxnimada Iiraan]]. Muddadaas, Iiraantii hore waxay aragtay horumarradii ugu horreeyay ee qoraalka, beeraha, magaalo-falka, diinta, iyo maamulka. Iiraan oo mar ahaan jirtay xarun [[Zoroastrianism|Soroastariyiinta]], waxay martay [[Islaaminta Iiraan|Islaamin]] ka dib [[Qabsashadii Faaris ee Muslimiinta|qabsashadii Muslimiinta ee qarnigii 7aad CD]]. Hal-abuurka [[Suugaanta Faaris]], [[Falsafadda Iiraan]], xisaabta, [[Daawada qadiimiga ah ee Iiraan|daawada]], xiddigiska iyo [[Farshaxanka Faaris]] ayaa dib u soo cusboonaaday xilligii [[Waayihii Dahabiga ahaa ee Islaamka]] iyo [[Iranian Intermezzo]], xilli ay [[Boqortooyooyinka Muslimiinta ee Iiraan|boqortooyooyinka Muslimiinta Iiraan]] soo afjareen xukunkii Carabta oo ay dib u soo nooleeyeen [[Af-Faarsi|luuqadda Faaris]]. Waxaa xilligan ku xigay xukunkii [[Boqortooyadii Saljuuqiyiinta]] iyo [[Boqortooyadii Khwaarismiyiinta]], [[Qabsashadii Mongol ee Faaris|qabsashadii Mongoliinta]] iyo [[Renaissance-ka Timuriyeed]] qarnigii 11aad ilaa 14aad. Qarnigii 16aad, [[Boqortooyadii Safawiyiinta]] ee u dhalatay dalka ayaa dib u dhistay dawlad Iiraani ah oo midaysan iyadoo [[Shiicada|Shiicada Laba-iyo-tobnaad]] ka dhigtay [[Diinta dawladda|diinta rasmiga ah]], taasoo dhigtay aasaaska dawladda casriga ah ee Iiraan. Xilligii [[Boqortooyadii Afshariyiinta]] ee qarnigii 18aad, Iiraan waxay ahayd quwad caalami ah oo hormuud ah, laakiin waxay lumisay maqaamkaas ka dib markii [[Qaajaariyiinta]] ay la wareegeen awoodda 1790-meeyadii. Bilowgii qarnigii 20aad waxaa dhacay [[Kacaankii Dastuuriga ahaa ee Faaris]] iyo dhismihii [[Boqortooyadii Pahlavi]] oo uu aasaasay [[Reza Shah]], kaasoo xilkii ka tuuray Shaahii ugu dambeeyay ee Qaajaariyiinta 1925-kii. Ka dib [[Qabsashadii Ingiriiska iyo Soofiyeeti ee Iiraan|duulaankii Ingiriiska iyo Soofiyeeti ee Iiraan 1941-kii]], wiilkiisa [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] ayaa xilka qabtay. Isku dayadii uu [[Mohammad Mosaddegh]] ku doonayay inuu [[Qaramaynta warshadaha saliidda Iiraan|ku qarameeyo warshadaha saliidda]] waxay horseedday [[Inqilaabkii Iiraan ee 1953|inqilaabkii Ingiriis-Ameerika ee 1953-kii]]. [[Kacaankii Iiraan]] ee 1979-kii ayaa xilkii ka tuuray boqortooyada, waxaana la dhisay Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah ee Iiraan oo uu hormuud ka ahaa [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], oo ahaa [[Hogaamiyaha Sare ee Iiraan|hogaamiyihii ugu horreeyay ee dalka]]. 1980-kii, [[Duulaankii Ciraaq ee Iiraan|Ciraaq ayaa soo weerartay Iiraan]], taasoo dhalisay [[Dagaalkii Iiraan iyo Ciraaq]] oo socday siddeed sano, kaasoo ku dhammaaday ismari-waa. Iiraan tan iyo markaas waxay ku lug lahayd [[dagaallo wakiilnimo]] ay la gashay [[Dagaalka wakiilnimo ee Iiraan iyo Israa'iil|Israa'iil]] iyo [[Dagaalka wakiilnimo ee Iiraan iyo Sacuudiga|Sacuudi Carabiya]]; bishii Juun 2025, duqeymaha Israa'iil ee Iiraan waxay kiciyeen xiisado horseeday [[Dagaalkii Laba-iyo-tobanka Maalmood]]. Dagaalkaas ka dib iyo iyadoo ay jirto [[Xiisadda dhaqaale ee Iiraan|xiisad dhaqaale oo sii kordhaysa]], waxaa dhici karta in [[Dibadbaxyada Iiraan ee 2025–2026|dibadbaxyadii ugu weynaa tan iyo 1979-kii]] ay dillaaceen dhammaadkii Diseembar 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=As protests surge, the Iranian regime's options are narrowing |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2026/01/09/as-protests-surge-the-iranian-regimes-options-are-narrowing |url-access=limited |access-date=9 January 2026 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=9 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Doucet |first1=Lyse |title=Iran's rulers face biggest challenge since 1979 revolution |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3ve572edzqo |website=BBC |access-date=12 January 2026 |quote=Iran's rulers are confronting their most serious challenge since their own 1979 revolution.}}</ref> [[Maraykanka]] iyo [[Israa'iil]] ayaa bilaabay [[Isqabqabsiga Iiraan ee 2026|weerar weyn oo ka dhanka ah Iiraan]] iyagoo ujeedkeedu yahay [[beddelidda nidaamka]] dhammaadkii Febraayo 2026.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sanger|first=David E.|author-link=David E. Sanger|date=February 28, 2026|title=For Trump, the Iran Attack Is the Ultimate War of Choice|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/02/28/us/politics/trump-iran-attack.html|url-access=subscription|access-date=March 1, 2026}}</ref> Dawladda Iiraan waa [[Tayaquraadiyad Islaami ah]]{{efn|Iiraan waxaa lagu tilmaamay "jamhuuriyad tayaquraadi ah".}} oo ay maamulaan hay'ado la doortay iyo kuwo aan la dooran, iyadoo awoodda kama dambaysta ah ay u xilsaaran tahay hogaamiyaha sare. In kasta oo ay [[Doorashooyinka Iiraan|qabato doorashooyin]], xafiisyada muhiimka ah, oo ay ku jiraan madaxa dawladda iyo milatariga, ma khuseeyaan codka dadweynaha. Dawladda Iiraan waa [[authoritarianism|maamul kalitalis ah]] kaas oo si weyn loogu dhaleeceeyay caalamka sababo la xiriira [[Xuquuqda aadanaha ee Iiraan|diiwaankeeda liita ee xuquuqda aadanaha]], oo ay ka mid yihiin xayiraadaha saaran [[xorriyadda isu-uimaatinka]], [[Xorriyadda hadalka ee Iiraan|hadalka]], iyo [[Warbaahinta Iiraan|saxaafadda]], iyo sidoo kale [[Xuquuqda dumarka ee Iiraan|la dhaqanka haweenka]], [[Laga tirada badan yahay ee Iiraan|dadka laga tirada badan yahay]], iyo [[Maxaabiista siyaasadeed ee Iiraan|mucaaradka siyaasadeed]]. Kormeerayaasha caalamiga ah ayaa walaac ka muujiyay caddaaladda geeddi-socodka doorashooyinka, gaar ahaan hubinta murashaxiinta ee hay'adaha aan la dooran sida [[Golaha Ilaalada]]. Iiraan waxay leedahay [[Dhaqaalaha dhexe|dhaqaale qorshaysan]] oo leh [[Shirkadaha dawladda|lahaanshaha dawladeed]] oo weyn qaybaha muhiimka ah, inkasta oo [[Ganacsiga gaarka ah|ganacsiga gaarka ahi]] uu garab jiro. Waa [[quwad dhexdhexaad ah]], sababtoo ah kaydka weyn ee [[shidaalka]] (oo ay ku jirto adduunka labaad ee ugu weyn [[Gaaska dabiiciga ah ee Iiraan|gaaska dabiiciga ah]] iyo [[Liiska dalalka ee kaydka saliidda|kaalinta saddexaad ee kaydka saliidda ee la hubo]]), meesha ay ku taallo oo muhiim u ah juquraafi-siyaasadeedka, iyo doorkeeda xarun caalami ah ee [[Shiicada]]. Iiraan waa dal leh [[Nuclear latency|aqoonta nukliyeerka]] oo leh [[Barnaamijka nukliyeerka ee Iiraan|mid ka mid ah barnaamijyada nukliyeerka ee loogu baadhista badan yahay]], kaas oo ay sheegtay inuu yahay uun ujeeddooyin madani ah; hase yeeshee, [[IAEA]], oo ah hay'ad ka tirsan [[Qaramada Midoobay]] (QM) oo loo xilsaaray la socodka soo saarista [[hubka nukliyeerka]], ayaa laba jeer ogaatay in Iiraan aysan u hoggaansamin waajibaadkeeda ilaalinta.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kerr |first1=Paul |title=Iran's Nuclear Program: Tehran's Compliance with International Obligations |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R40094 |publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=12 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mills |first1=Claire |last2=Curtis |first2=John |title=Israel-Iran 2025: Developments in Iran's nuclear programme and military action |url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-10284/ |website=House of Commons Library |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=12 January 2026 |quote =In June 2025, the IAEA Board of Governors adopted a resolution which, for the first time since 2005, formally found Iran to be non-compliant with its nuclear safeguards obligations }}</ref> Waa xubin aasaasi ah oo ka tirsan QM iyo [[Xiriirka dibadda ee Iiraan|xubin ka tirsan ururro badan oo caalami ah]]. Iiraan waxay leedahay 29 goobood oo ah [[Liiska Goobaha Dhaxalka Adduunka ee Iiraan|UNESCO World Heritage Sites]] (kaalinta 10aad ee adduunka) waxayna fadhidaa kaalinta 4aad ee [[dhaxalka dhaqanka ee aan la taaban karin]] ama hantida aadanaha. == Taariikhda == {{Main|Taariikhda Iiraan}} === Taariikh ka hor === {{Main|Prehistory of Iran}} Joogitaanka ugu horreeya ee bani'aadamka ee Iiraan la yaqaan waxay ku beegan tahay qiyaastii 800,000 oo sano ka hor, xilligii [[Middle Paleolithic]].<ref name="bishi">Biglari, F. and Shidrang, S., (2006) The Lower Paleolithic Occupation of Iran, Near Eastern Archeology 69 (3–4): 160-168</ref> Goobo badan oo [[Middle Paleolithic]] ah ayaa la helay, badanaaba [[Buuraha Sagros]] ee galbeedka Iiraan iyo qaar ka mid ah goobaha la xiriira [[Neanderthal]]-ka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Biglari |first1=Fereidoun |last2=Shidrang |first2=Sonia |year=2019 |title=Rescuing the Paleolithic Heritage of Hawraman, Kurdistan, Iranian Zagros |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/706536 |journal=Near Eastern Archaeology |volume=82 |issue=4 |pages=226–235 |doi=10.1086/706536 |s2cid=212851965 |issn=1094-2076 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>J.D. Vigne, J. Peters and D. Helmer, ''First Steps of Animal Domestication'', Proceedings of the 9th Conference of the International Council of Archaeozoology, Durham, August 2002, {{ISBN|1-84217-121-6}}</ref> [[Dhaqankii Sarsiyaan]] ayaa laga diwaangeliyey Iiraan xilligii [[Epipaleolithic]] (25,000–11,500 sano ka hor).<ref>Deborah I. Olszewski: "The Zarzian in the Context of the Epipaleolithic Middle East", in: ''Humanities'' 19 (2012) 1-20, page 2.</ref> Beeruhu waxay markii ugu horreysay ka soo muuqdeen Iiraan qiyaastii 12,000 oo sano ka hor oo ay weheliyaan degsiimooyin si fiican loo diwaangeliyey ee [[Fertile Crescent]]. Goobta [[Chogha Golan]] waxay ka muuqatay beerashadii ugu horreysay ee qamadiga [[emmer]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Early humans in Iran were growing wheat 12,000 years ago |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/science/science-news/early-humans-iran-were-growing-wheat-12-000-years-ago-f6C10536898 |publisher=NBC News |date=4 July 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Goobta casriga ah ee [[Ganj Dareh]] waxay sidoo kale ka muuqataa dhaqashada ugu horreysay ee la yaqaan ee [[riyo|riyaha]] qiyaastii 10,000 oo sano ka hor.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=The Initial Domestication of Goats (''Capra hircus'') in the Zagros Mountains 10,000 Years Ago |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2000-03-24_287_5461/page/2254 |journal=Science |bibcode=2000Sci...287.2254Z |last1=Zeder |first1=Melinda A. |last2=Hesse |first2=Brian |year=2000 |volume=287 |issue=5461 |pages=2254–2257 |doi=10.1126/science.287.5461.2254 |pmid=10731145}}</ref> Magaalada qadiimiga ah ee [[Susa]], oo noqon lahayd caasimadda [[Elam]] ka dibna caasimadda boqortooyadii Akhaamenid, ayaa markii ugu horreysay la degay 4400–4200 CH, waxayna ku dhowdahay goobta casriga ah ee [[Shush, Iiraan]].<ref name="Elam">{{cite book |title=The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State |url=https://archive.org/details/archaeologyofela0000prof |first=D. T. |last=Potts |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1999 |isbn=0-521-56358-5}}</ref>{{rp|46–47}}<ref>{{cite web |title=SUSA |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/susa-parent/?highlight=Susa |website=Encyclopaedia Iranica}}</ref> [[Dhaqankii Kura–Araxes]] ({{circa|3400|2000 CH}}) wuxuu ka jiray waqooyi-galbeed Iiraan iyo [[Kawkas]].<ref name="books.google.nl2">{{cite book |last=Kushnareva |first=K. Kh. |title=The Southern Caucasus in Prehistory: Stages of Cultural and Socioeconomic Development from the Eighth to the Second Millennium B.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e1PNO7urjHQC&pg=PA44 |year=1997 |publisher=UPenn Museum of Archaeology |isbn=978-0-924171-50-5 |access-date=8 May 2016 |archive-date=13 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913110041/https://books.google.com/books?id=e1PNO7urjHQC&pg=PA44 |url-status=live}}, page 44</ref> _america_helped_saddam_as_he_gassed_iran?page=0%2C2 |archive-date=15 September 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Era Khamenei ==== {{further|2009 Iranian presidential election protests|Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action|Assassination of Qasem Soleimani|Mahsa Amini protests|2024 Iran–Israel conflict|Iran–Israel war|2025–2026 Iranian protests}} Markii uu dhimanayay sannadkii 1989, Khomeini wuxuu magacaabay Golaha Dib-u-habaynta Dastuurka oo ka kooban 25 xubnood, kuwaas oo u magacaabay [[Ali Khamenei]] inuu noqdo Hoggaamiyaha Sare ee xiga, waxayna isbeddel ku sameeyeen dastuurka Iiraan.<ref>Abrahamian, ''History of Modern Iran'', (2008), p.182</ref> In kasta oo Khamenei uu ka maqnaa "soo jiidashadii iyo maqaamkii wadaadnimo" ee Khomeini, haddana wuxuu dhisay shabakad taageerayaal ah oo ku dhex jira ciidanka qalabka sida iyo [[Bonyad|mu'asasada diimeed]] ee dhaqaalaha awoodda u leh.<ref>"Who's in Charge?" by Ervand Abrahamian ''London Review of Books'', 6 November 2008</ref> [[File:Ayatollah Ali Khamenei at the Great Conference of Basij members at Azadi stadium October 2018 033.jpg|thumb|Ali Khamenei oo jooga Shirweynihii weynaa ee xubnaha [[Basij]] ee [[Azadi Stadium]], Oktoobar 2018]] Madaxweyne [[Akbar Rafsanjani]] wuxuu xoogga saaray siyaasadda ganacsiga u janjeerta ee dib loogu dhisayo dhaqaalaha, isagoon ka tanaasulin mabda'ii kacaanka. Wuxuu taageeray suuqa xorta ah, isagoo doorbidaya in la gaar yeelo warshadaha qaranka iyo inuu mowqif dhexdhexaad ah ka istaago heer caalami. Sannadkii 1997, waxaa Rafsanjani beddelay [[Iranian reform movement|isbeddel-doonkii]] dhexdhexaadka ahaa ee [[Mohammad Khatami]], kaas oo xukuumaddiisu u qareentay xorriyadda hadalka, xiriir diblomaasiyadeed oo wax ku ool ah oo lala yeesho Aasiya iyo Midowga Yurub, iyo siyaasad taageeraysa suuqa xorta ah iyo maalgashiga shisheeye. [[2005 Iranian presidential election|Doorashadii madaxtinimo ee 2005]] waxay awoodda u keentay musharraxa muxaafidka ah, caanka ah, ee wadaniyadda u janjeera ee [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]]. Waxaa lagu yaqiinnay aragtiyihiisa adag, nukliyeeraynta, iyo [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel|colaadda uu u qabo Israa'iil]], [[Saudi Arabia]], Boqortooyada Ingiriiska, Maraykanka iyo dawladaha kale. Wuxuu ahaa madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee uu u yeero [[Islamic Consultative Assembly|baarlamaanka]] si uu uga jawaabo su'aalo ku saabsan madaxtinimadiisa.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 June 2012 |title=Ahmadinejad critic Larijani re-elected Iran speaker |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-18328882 |access-date=10 May 2024 |work=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB |archive-date=10 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510171821/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-18328882 |url-status=live}}</ref> Sannadkii 2013, waxaa madaxweyne loo doortay [[Hassan Rouhani]] oo ahaa dhex-dhexaad isbeddel-doon ah. Wuxuu dhiirigeliyay xorriyadda shakhsi ahaaneed, helitaanka macluumaadka, iyo horumarinta xuquuqda haweenka. Wuxuu horumariyay xiriirka diblomaasiyadeed isagoo adeegsanaya is-dhaafsiga waraaqo dib u heshiisiin ah.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Borger |first1=Julian |last2=Dehghan |first2=Saeed Kamali |date=19 September 2013 |title=Hassan Rouhani sets out his vision for a new and free Iran |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/19/hassan-rouhani-vision-iran-free |access-date=10 May 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=12 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112101132/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/19/hassan-rouhani-vision-iran-free |url-status=live}}</ref> Heshiiska [[Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action]] waxaa lagu gaaray [[Vienna]] sannadkii 2015, intii u dhaxeysay Iiraan, [[P5+1]] ([[permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|xubnaha joogtada ah ee Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay]] + Jarmalka) iyo Midowga Yurub. Wada-xaajoodyadu waxay udub dhexaad u ahaayeen joojinta [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1929|cunaqabataynta dhaqaale]] iyadoo beddelkeeda Iiraan laga xaddidayo soo saarista [[enriched uranium|yuraaniyamka la hodmey]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Kutsch, Tom |date=14 July 2015 |title=Iran, world powers strike historic nuclear deal |url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/7/14/iran-world-powers-strike-historic-nuclear-deal.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715175516/http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/7/14/iran-world-powers-strike-historic-nuclear-deal.html |archive-date=15 July 2015 |access-date=15 July 2015 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> Sannadkii 2018, Maraykanka oo uu hoggaaminayay Madaxweyne [[First presidency of Donald Trump|Donald Trump]] ayaa ka baxay heshiiska, waxaana lagu soo rogay cunaqabatayn cusub. Tani waxay meesha ka saartay qodobbadii dhaqaalaha waxayna Iiraan keentay [[nuclear latency|heerka u dhow nukliyeerka]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brewer |first=Eric |date=25 June 2024 |title=Iran's New Nuclear Threat |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/iran/irans-new-nuclear-threat |access-date=2 July 2024 |work=Foreign Affairs |language=en-US |issn=0015-7120}}</ref> Sannadkii 2020, jeneraalka [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|IRGC]] [[Qasem Soleimani]], oo ahaa qofka 2-aad ee ugu awoodda badan Iiraan,<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2020 |title=U.S. killing of Iran's second most powerful man risks regional conflagration |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-security-blast-soleimani-analysi/u-s-killing-of-irans-second-most-powerful-man-risks-regional-conflagration-idUSKBN1Z21TJ/ |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=7 May 2024 |archive-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418120615/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-security-blast-soleimani-analysi/u-s-killing-of-irans-second-most-powerful-man-risks-regional-conflagration-idUSKBN1Z21TJ/ |url-status=live}}</ref> waxaa [[Assassination of Qasem Soleimani|dilay Maraykanka]], taas oo kordhisay [[Iran–United States relations|xiisadda u dhaxeysa labada dhinac]].<ref name="Roelants">Carolien Roelants, khabiir ku xeel dheer Iiraan ee ''[[NRC Handelsblad]]'', dooddii ka dhacday ''[[Buitenhof (TV series)|Buitenhof]]'' ee telefishinka Nederlaan, 5 Janaayo 2020.</ref> [[Operation Martyr Soleimani|Iiraan waxay uga jawaabtay weerar lagu qaaday saldhigyada cirka ee Maraykanka ee Ciraaq]], kaas oo ahaa weerarkii ugu weynaa ee gantaallada ballistic-ga ah ee abid lagu qaado dad Maraykanka ah;<ref>{{Citation |title=Never-before-seen video of the attack on Al Asad Airbase |date=28 February 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGP7hZQuTL0 |access-date=8 January 2024 |language=en |archive-date=23 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223104408/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGP7hZQuTL0 |url-status=live}}</ref> 110 ayaa qabay [[Traumatic brain injury|dhaawacyo maskaxda ah]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=109 US troops diagnosed with brain injuries from Iran attack |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/2/10/109-us-troops-diagnosed-with-brain-injuries-from-iran-attack |access-date=7 April 2024 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=7 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407113740/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/2/10/109-us-troops-diagnosed-with-brain-injuries-from-iran-attack |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pentagon admits 109 brain injuries in Iran attack |url=https://www.dw.com/en/109-us-service-members-were-injured-in-the-iran-missile-attack/a-52331039 |access-date=7 April 2024 |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |language=en |archive-date=7 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407113741/https://www.dw.com/en/109-us-service-members-were-injured-in-the-iran-missile-attack/a-52331039 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Starr |first=Barbara |date=10 February 2020 |title=Over 100 US troops have been diagnosed with traumatic brain injuries following Iran strike |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/10/politics/traumatic-brain-injuries-iran-strike/index.html |access-date=7 April 2024 |publisher=[[CNN]] |language=en |archive-date=7 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407113740/https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/10/politics/traumatic-brain-injuries-iran-strike/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> 8-dii Janaayo, [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] ee Iiraan ayaa soo riday diyaaraddii [[Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752]], iyadoo dishay 176 rayid ah, taas oo horseeday [[Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests|mudaaharaadyo dalka oo dhan ka dhacay]]. Baaritaan caalami ah ayaa keenay in dawladdu ay qirato in gantaal dhulka laga rido lagu soo riday diyaaradda.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-crash/ukrainian-airplane-with-180-aboard-crashes-in-iran-fars-idUSKBN1Z70EL |title=Ukrainian airplane with 180 aboard crashes in Iran: Fars |date=8 January 2020 |work=Reuters |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108035747/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-crash/ukrainian-airplane-with-180-aboard-crashes-in-iran-fars-idUSKBN1Z70EL |archive-date=8 January 2020 |access-date=8 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-51077788 |work=BBC |title=Demands for justice after Iran's plane admission |date=11 January 2020 |access-date=11 January 2020}}</ref> Muxaafidka adag ee [[Ebrahim Raisi]] ayaa laga adkaaday doorashadii madaxtinimo ee 2017, laakiin wuxuu mar kale isu taagay [[2021 Iranian presidential election|doorashadii 2021]], isagoo beddelay Rouhani.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Motamedi |first1=Maziar |title=Hardliner Raisi elected Iran's new president |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/19/raisi-wins-irans-presidential-election-amid-low-turnout |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=1 September 2021 |access-date=2 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901094359/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/19/raisi-wins-irans-presidential-election-amid-low-turnout |url-status=live}}</ref> Muddadii uu Raisi xilka hayay, Iiraan waxay [[Nuclear program of Iran|xoojisay hodminta yuraaniyamka]], waxay hor istaagtay baaritaannada caalamiga ah, waxay ku biirtay SCO iyo BRICS, waxay [[Iran and the Russian invasion of Ukraine|taageertay]] [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|duullaankii Ruushka ee Yukrayn]] waxayna soo celisay xiriirkii ay la lahayd Sacuudi Carabiya. Bishii Abriil 2024, [[Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus|weerarkii cirka ee Israa'iil ee qunsuliyadda Iiraan ee Dimishiq]] ayaa lagu dilay taliye ka tirsan IRGC.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Several killed in Israeli strike on Iranian consulate in Damascus |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/1/several-killed-in-israeli-strike-on-iranian-consulate-in-damascus-reports |access-date=1 May 2024 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430180537/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/1/several-killed-in-israeli-strike-on-iranian-consulate-in-damascus-reports |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2024 |title=Israeli strike on Iran's consulate in Syria killed 2 generals and 5 other officers, Iran says |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-syria-airstrike-iranian-embassy-edca34c52d38c8bc57281e4ebf33b240 |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=[[AP News]] |language=en |archive-date=19 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419075609/https://apnews.com/article/israel-syria-airstrike-iranian-embassy-edca34c52d38c8bc57281e4ebf33b240 |url-status=live}}</ref> Iiraan waxay [[April 2024 Iranian strikes on Israel|uga jawaabtay]] iyadoo u adeegsatay [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|UAVs]], [[Cruise missile|gantaallada cruise-ka]] iyo [[ballistic missile|ballistic-ga]]; 9 ka mid ah ayaa ku dhacay Israa'iil.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Jack Dutton |date=15 April 2024 |title=How Iran's attack on Israel is disrupting air traffic |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2024/04/how-irans-attack-israel-disrupting-air-traffic |access-date=1 May 2024 |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501174027/https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2024/04/how-irans-attack-israel-disrupting-air-traffic |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Toossi |first=Sina |date=2 May 2024 |title=Iran Has Defined Its Red Line With Israel |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/04/18/iran-has-defined-its-red-line-with-israel/ |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501174027/https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/04/18/iran-has-defined-its-red-line-with-israel/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 April 2024 |title=What was in wave of Iranian attacks and how were they thwarted? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68811273 |access-date=1 May 2024 |language=en-GB |archive-date=14 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414091527/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68811273 |url-status=live}}</ref> Waxay ahayd weerarkii diyaaradaha aan duuliyaha lahayn ee ugu weynaa taariikhda,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The largest drone attack in history |url=http://iranpress.com/aliaspage/277652 |access-date=1 May 2024 |website= |language=en}}</ref> weerarkii gantaallada ee ugu weynaa taariikhda Iiraan,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Motamedi |first=Maziar |title='True Promise': Why and how did Iran launch a historic attack on Israel? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/14/true-promise-why-and-how-did-iran-launch-a-historic-attack-on-israel |access-date=1 May 2024 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=14 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414145020/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/14/true-promise-why-and-how-did-iran-launch-a-historic-attack-on-israel |url-status=live}}</ref> weerarkeedii ugu horreeyay ee toos ah oo ay ku qaaddo Israa'iil<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2024 |title=Iran launches first-ever direct attack on Israel |url=https://abc7ny.com/israel-gaza-live-updates-iran-launches-dozens-of-drones-in-retaliatory-strike/14656640/ |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=ABC7 New York |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501174027/https://abc7ny.com/israel-gaza-live-updates-iran-launches-dozens-of-drones-in-retaliatory-strike/14656640/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2024 |title=How Israel could respond to Iran's drone and missile assault |url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20240418-how-israel-could-respond-to-iran-s-drone-and-missile-assault |access-date=1 May 2024 |publisher=[[France 24]] |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501174029/https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20240418-how-israel-could-respond-to-iran-s-drone-and-missile-assault |url-status=live}}</ref> iyo markii ugu horreysay [[1991 Iraqi missile attacks against Israel|tan iyo 1991]] oo Israa'iil ay si toos ah u weerarto dawlad.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Johny |first=Stanly |date=14 April 2024 |title=By attacking Israel, Iran turns shadow war into direct conflict |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/analysis-three-takeaways-from-irans-attack-on-israel/article68064678.ece |access-date=1 May 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=14 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414203401/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/analysis-three-takeaways-from-irans-attack-on-israel/article68064678.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> Bishii Maajo 2024, Raisi waxaa lagu dilay [[2024 Varzaqan helicopter crash|shil helicopter]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Who died alongside Iran's President Raisi in the helicopter crash? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/5/20/who-died-alongside-irans-president-raisi-in-the-helicopter-crash |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=19 May 2024 |access-date=2 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519213002/https://apnews.com/article/helicopter-iran-raisi-crash-azerbaijan-3ef9fe5772fb06f6d9dcc371b115923f |url-status=live}}</ref> Iiraanna waxay qabatay [[2024 Iranian presidential election|doorasho madaxtinimo]], markaas oo isbeddel-doonkii iyo wasiirkii hore ee [[Ministry of Health and Medical Education|Wasaaradda Caafimaadka]], [[Masoud Pezeshkian]], la doortay.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2024 |title=Masoud Pezeshkian, a heart surgeon who rose to power in parliament, now Iran's president-elect |url=https://apnews.com/article/iran-presidential-runoff-election-masoud-pezeshkian-profile-a07e9921fa8c25b1a05333e128c03916 |access-date=6 July 2024 |website=[[AP News]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Fassihi |first1=Farnaz |last2=Vinograd |first2=Cassandra |date=6 July 2024 |title=Reformist Candidate Wins Iran's Presidential Election |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/05/world/middleeast/iran-election-reformist-wins.html |access-date=6 July 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=6 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706034614/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/05/world/middleeast/iran-election-reformist-wins.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Bishii Oktoobar, Iiraan waxay [[October 2024 Iranian strikes on Israel|ridday]] 180 gantaallada ballistic-ga ah oo ku wajahan Israa'iil si looga aarguto dilalkii [[Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh|Ismail Haniyeh]], [[2024 Hezbollah headquarters strike|Hassan Nasrallah]] iyo [[Abbas Nilforoushan]]. Israa'iil waxay [[October 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran|weerartay]] goobo milatari oo Iiraan ah.<ref>{{cite news |title=What we know about Israel's attack on Iran |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cgr0yvrx4qpo |work=[[BBC News]] |archive-date=27 October 2024 |access-date=31 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241027231243/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cgr0yvrx4qpo |url-status=live}}</ref> Bishii Maajo 2025, xukuumadda Iiraan waxay amar ku bixisay [[2025 Afghan deportation from Iran|masaafurin ballaaran]] oo lagu sameynayo qiyaastii afar milyan oo [[Afghan diaspora|muhaajiriin Afgaanistaan ah]] iyo qaxooti ku nool Iiraan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Iran tells millions of Afghans to leave or face arrest on day of deadline |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/7/6/iran-tells-millions-of-afghans-to-leave-or-face-arrest-on-day-of-deadline |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=6 July 2025}}</ref> [[File:تقدیم پیام پادشاه عربستان به رهبر انقلاب 07.jpg|thumb|Ayatollah [[Ali Khamenei]] oo ay weheliyaan Wasiirka Gaashaandhigga [[Saudi Arabia]] [[Khalid bin Salman Al Saud|Khalid bin Salman]] iyo Janaraal [[Mohammad Bagheri (general)|Mohammad Bagheri]] 17-kii Abriil 2025]] Wiiqidda [[Axis of Resistance|xulafada muhiimka ah iyo kooxaha u adeega]] Iiraan tan iyo 2023 waxay ka dhigtay xukuumadda Iiraan mid daciif ah oo go'doon ah.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Iran's leader hopes America can save his faltering regime |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2025/05/01/irans-leader-hopes-america-can-save-his-faltering-regime |access-date=25 May 2025 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |issn=0013-0613}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2024 |title=Iran in a 'position of unprecedented weakness' after the fall of Assad in Syria |url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20241209-iran-position-unprecedented-weakness-after-fall-of-assad-syria-proxies-hezbollah-middle-east |access-date=25 May 2025 |publisher=[[France 24]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2025 |title=The fall of Assad has exposed the extent of the damage to Iran's axis of resistance |url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/2024/12/fall-assad-has-exposed-extent-damage-irans-axis-resistance |access-date=25 May 2025 |website=Chatham House |language=en}}</ref> Horraantii 2025, Iiraan waxay si xawli ah u hormarinaysay barnaamijkeeda nukliyeerka.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Barnes |first=Joe |date=31 January 2025 |title=Iran 'secretly building nuclear missiles that can hit Europe' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2025/01/31/iran-nuclear-warhead-europe-revolutionary-guard-north-korea/ |access-date=28 April 2025 |work=The Telegraph |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}</ref> Dadka falanqeeya waxay ka digeen in dhaqdhaqaaqaas uu dhaafay wax kasta oo qiil rayid ah u yeelan kara.<ref name="Economist20250128">{{Cite news |title=Iran's alarming nuclear dash will soon test Donald Trump |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2025/01/28/irans-alarming-nuclear-dash-will-soon-test-donald-trump |access-date=23 February 2025 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |issn=0013-0613}}</ref> Iiraan iyo Maraykanka waxay [[2025–2026 Iran–United States negotiations|bilaabeen wada-xaajoodyo]] heshiis nukliyeer oo cusub ah, laakiin horumarka ayaa istaagay. Bishii Juun, [[International Atomic Energy Agency|IAEA]] waxay ogaatay in Iiraan aysan u hoggaansamin waajibaadkeeda nukliyeerka;<ref name="Euronews20250612">{{Cite web |title=UN nuclear watchdog finds Iran in non-compliance with its obligations |url=https://www.euronews.com/2025/06/12/un-nuclear-watchdog-finds-iran-in-non-compliance-with-nuclear-obligations |access-date=12 June 2025 |website=Euro News |date=12 June 2025}}</ref> iyadoo taas ka jawaabaysa, Iiraan waxay ku dhawaaqday kicinta xarun hodmin oo cusub.<ref name="CNN20250612">{{Cite web |last1=Salem |first1=Mostafa |last2=Pleitgen |first2=Frederik |date=12 June 2025 |title=Iran threatens nuclear escalation after UN watchdog board finds it in breach of obligations |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/06/12/middleeast/iran-threatens-nuclear-escalation-iaea-intl |access-date=12 June 2025 |publisher=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref> 13-kii Juun 2025, Israa'iil waxay weeraro ka bilowday Iiraan oo dhan, iyadoo beegsanaysa xarumaha nukliyeerka ayna dishay xubno sarsare oo ka tirsan hoggaanka milatariga Iiraan.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Shotter |first1=James |last2=Sevastopulo |first2=Demetri |last3=England |first3=Andrew |last4=Bozorgmehr |first4=Najmeh |date=13 June 2025 |title=Israel launches air strikes against Iran commanders and nuclear sites |url=https://www.ft.com/content/46b1a363-c805-4800-abbf-6b47b9602ef2 |access-date=13 June 2025 |work=Financial Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Fassihi |first1=Farnaz |last2=Nauman |first2=Qasim |last3=Boxerman |first3=Aaron |last4=Kingsley |first4=Patrick |last5=Bergman |first5=Ronen |date=13 June 2025 |title=Israel Strikes Iran's Nuclear Program, Killing Top Military Officials: Live Updates |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2025/06/12/world/israel-iran-us-nuclear |access-date=13 June 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Iiraan waxay ugu jawaabtay weeraro gantaallo ah, colaadduna waxay keentay [[Twelve-Day War|dagaal toos ah]] oo u dhaxeeya labadooda. 22-kii Juun, [[United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites|Maraykanka ayaa weeraray xarumaha nukliyeerka ee Iiraan]];<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 June 2025 |title=Trump says US has attacked three nuclear sites in Iran |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jun/21/trump-us-nuclear-strikes-iran |access-date=22 June 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Iiraanna waxay [[Iranian strikes on Al Udeid Air Base|weerartay saldhigyada Maraykanka ee Qatar]] taas ka dhalatay. 24-kii Juun, Israa'iil iyo Iiraan waxay ku heshiiyeen xabbad-joojin ka dib markii uu Maraykanku ku adkeeyay.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 June 2025 |title=Trump says Iran and Israel agree to a ceasefire |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/trump-says-iran-israel-agree-ceasefire-2025-06-23/ |access-date=23 June 2025 |work=[[Reuters]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-iran-israel-ceasefire-agreement-terms-b5fc5cc8a8c32b4899646130b496798a |title=A whirlwind 48 hours: How Trump's Israel-Iran ceasefire agreement came together |date=24 June 2025 |website=AP News}}</ref> Tan iyo bishii Diseembar 2025, Iiraan waxaa ka jiray [[2025–2026 Iranian protests|mudaaharaadyo ballaaran]] oo ka dhacay magaalooyinka kuwaas oo loogu baaqayo in la rido Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah, taas oo ka dhalatay niyad-jab ku saabsan [[Iranian economic crisis|xiisadda dhaqaale]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Parent |first1=Deepa |last2=Christou |first2=William |date=31 December 2025 |title='We want the mullahs gone': economic crisis sparks biggest protests in Iran since 2022 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/dec/31/we-want-the-mullahs-gone-economic-crisis-sparks-biggest-protests-in-iran-since-2022 |access-date=1 January 2026 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> {{As of|2026|01|13}}, ''[[Iran International]]'' waxay ku qiyaastay in ugu yaraan 12,000 oo mudaaharaadayaal ah lagu dilay gudaha [[2026 Internet blackout in Iran|xannibaadda internet-ka]], iyadoo ciidamada ammaanka ee dawladdu ay kordhiyeen isticmaalka rasaasta dilaaga ah ee ka dhanka ah mudaaharaadayaasha.<ref name="2000killed">{{cite news |date=10 January 2026 |title=Mass killings reported as security forces use live fire on Iran protesters |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202601103903 |access-date=10 January 2026 |publisher=Iran International}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Sparks |first=John |date=9 January 2026 |title=Iran's leaders facing most serious threat since 1979 revolution |url=https://news.sky.com/story/irans-leaders-facing-most-serious-threat-since-1979-revolution-13492604 |access-date=9 January 2026 |website=Sky News |language=en}}</ref><ref>https://www.iranintl.com/en/202601130145</ref> {{As of|2026|01|17}}, qiyaasuhu waxay soo jeediyeen in ugu yaraan 16,500 oo qof lagu dilay ku dhawaad 330,000 oo kalena lagu dhaawacay [[2026 Iran massacres|xasuuqyadii Iiraan ee 2026]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lamb |first=Christina |date=17 January 2026 |title=Iran report says 16,500 dead in 'genocide under digital darkness' |url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/middle-east/article/iran-young-protesters-news-nsdztp5t2 |access-date=18 January 2026 |website=The Sunday Times |language=en}}</ref> 28-kii Febraayo 2026, [[United States|Maraykanka]] iyo [[Israel|Israa'iil]] waxay fuliyeen [[2026 Israeli–United States strikes on Iran|weeraro milatari oo isku dubaridan]] oo ka dhan ah bartilmaameedyo dhowr ah oo ku yaalla Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah ee Iiraan, taas oo muujinaysa kor u kac weyn oo ku yimid xiisadda soo jireenka ah ee u dhaxeysa [[Tehran]] iyo [[Israel–United States relations|isbahaysiga Maraykanka iyo Israa'iil.]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Liptak |first=Kevin |last2=Ebrahim |first2=Nadeen |last3=Liebermann |first3=Oren |date=2026-02-28 |title=US carrying out strikes against Iran, three US officials say |url=https://edition.cnn.com/world/live-news/israel-iran-attack-02-28-26-hnk-intl |access-date=2026-02-28 |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Iyadoo ay socdeen weeraro gantaallo ah oo baaxad leh oo ay Maraykanka iyo Israa'iil ku qaadeen Iiraan qayb ka mid ah [[2026 Israeli–United States strikes on Iran|Operation Epic Fury]], sarkaal Israa'iili ah oo aan magaciisa la sheegin ayaa sheegay in la helay maydka Ali Khamenei. Ma jirin qof si cad u beddelaya Khamenei.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-28 |title=What to know about Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei |url=https://apnews.com/article/raw/iran-khamenei-supreme-leader-nuclear-protests-military-487aa76fd32f398f2ca37d316e543760 |access-date=2026-03-01 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> == Juquraafi == {{Main|Juquraafiga Iiraan}} {{See also|Xuduudaha Iiraan|Beeraha Iiraan|Liiska buuraha Iiraan|Liiska jasiiradaha Iiraan}} [[File:Iran-geographic map.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Geography of Iran#Topography|Topografiyada Iiraan]]]] Iiraan waxay leedahay bed gaaraya {{convert|1648195|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}. Waa [[List of Asian countries by area|dalka lixaad ee ugu weyn qaaradda Aasiya]] iyo kan labaad ee ugu weyn Galbeedka Aasiya.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Iran's Strategy in the Strait of Hormuz |url=https://thediplomat.com/2012/07/irans-strategy-in-the-strait-of-hormuz/ |magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208071232/https://thediplomat.com/2012/07/irans-strategy-in-the-strait-of-hormuz/ |archive-date=8 December 2015 |access-date=29 November 2015}}</ref> Waxay dhacdaa inta u dhaxaysa loolka 24° iyo 40° N iyo dhigaha 44° iyo 64° E. Waxay xuduud la leedahay dhanka waqooyi-galbeed [[Armenia]], gobolka go'an ee [[Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic|Nakhchivan]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/azerbaijan/ |title=CIA – The World Factbook |access-date=7 April 2012 |archive-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127171042/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/azerbaijan/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> iyo Jamhuuriyadda [[Azerbaijan]]; dhanka waqooyi waxaa ka xiga [[Caspian Sea|Badda Casbiya]]; waqooyi-bari [[Turkmenistan]]; bari waxaa ka xiga [[Afghanistan]] iyo Pakistan; koonfur waxaa ka xiga [[Persian Gulf|Khaliijka Faaris]] iyo [[Gulf of Oman|Khaliijka Cumaan]]; dhanka galbeedna [[Iraq]] iyo Turkiga. Iiraan waxay ku taal aag u nugul dhulgariirka.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/which-country-has-most-earthquakes |title=Which country has the most earthquakes? |date=2 May 2010 |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |access-date=22 May 2021 |archive-date=22 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522195818/https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/which-country-has-most-earthquakes |url-status=live}}</ref> Celcelis ahaan, dhulgariir cabbirkiisu yahay 7.0 ama ka badan wuxuu dhacaa tobankii sanno mar.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ilna.news/fa/tiny/news-11875 |script-title=fa:هر ده سال، یک زلزله ۷ ریشتری در کشور رخ می‌دهد &#124; خبرگزاری ایلنا |date=13 October 2012 |access-date=5 August 2022 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328151114/https://www.ilna.ir/بخش-اخبار-47/11875-هر-ده-سال-یک |url-status=live}}</ref> Inta badan dhulgariirradu waa kuwo gacmeed ah (shallow-focus), waxayna keeni karaan burbur weyn, sida [[2003 Bam earthquake|dhulgariirkii Bam ee 2003]]. Iiraan waxay u badan tahay [[Iranian Plateau|Dhul-sareedka Iiraan]], iyadoo qaybteeda koonfur-galbeed ay saaran tahay [[Arabian plate|huurada Carabta]]. Waa mid ka mid ah dalalka ugu buuraha badan adduunka; muuqaalkeeda waxaa u badan silsilado buuro ah oo kala sooca dooxooyinka ama dhul-sareedyada. Galbeedka Iiraan oo dadku ku badan yahay ayaa ah meesha ugu buuraha badan, waxaana ku yaal silsilado ay ka mid yihiin [[Caucasus Mountains|Caucasus]], [[Zagros Mountains|Zagros]], iyo [[Alborz]]. [[Mount Damavand]] waa halka ugu sarreysa dalka, jooggeedu waa {{convert|5610|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, waana foolkaanooyinka ugu sarreeya Aasiya. Buuraha Iiraan waxay saameyn ku lahaayeen siyaasadda iyo dhaqaalaha dalkaas muddo qarniyo ah. Waqooyiga Iiraan waxaa qariyay dhul-daaqsimeedka doogga ah ee [[Hyrcanian forests|kaymaha Hyrcanian]], oo u dhow xeebaha koonfureed ee Badda Casbiya. Dhanka bari wuxuu u badan yahay dooxooyin saxare ah, sida [[Dasht-e Kavir|Saxaraha Kavir]], oo ah saxaraha ugu weyn dalka, iyo [[Dasht-e Loot|Saxaraha Lut]], iyo sidoo kale harooyin cusbo leh. Saxaraha Lut waa meesha ugu kulul ee laga diiwaan geliyay dusha sare ee dhulka, iyadoo 70.7 °C laga diiwaan geliyay sannadkii 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2009 |title=The 5 Hottest Deserts in the World |url=https://www.mapquest.com/travel/survival/wilderness/5-hottest-deserts-on-earth.htm |access-date=31 December 2023 |website=MapQuest Travel |language=en-us |archive-date=31 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231121804/https://www.mapquest.com/travel/survival/wilderness/5-hottest-deserts-on-earth.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Bannaanlo ballaaran ayaa laga helaa xeebaha Casbiya iyo cirifka waqooyi ee Khaliijka Faaris, halkaas oo Iiraan ay xuduud ka leedahay webiga [[Shatt al-Arab|Arvand]]. Bannaanlo yaryar oo aan isku xirneyn ayaa ku yaal inta kale ee xeebta Khaliijka Faaris, [[Strait of Hormuz|Marinka Hormuz]], iyo Khaliijka Cumaan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Iranian Student Organization (IrSO) |url=https://www.unl.edu/irso/geography |access-date=28 January 2024 |website= |archive-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128122610/https://www.unl.edu/irso/geography |url-status=live}}</ref> === Cimilada === {{main|Cimilada Iiraan}} [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map IRN present.svg|thumb|Khariidadda [[Köppen climate classification|noocyada cimilada]] ee Iiraan]] Cimilada Iiraan waa mid kala duwan, laga bilaabo [[Desert climate|engeg]] iyo [[semi-arid climate|nus-engeg]], ilaa [[subtropics|kuleyl-xigeen]] ka jira xeebta Casbiya iyo kaymaha waqooyiga.<ref name="HaftlangLang2003">{{cite book |author1=Kiyanoosh Kiyani Haftlang |author2=Kiyānūsh Kiyānī Haft Lang |title=The Book of Iran: A Survey of the Geography of Iran |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gecy7sqblqoC&pg=PA17 |year=2003 |publisher=Alhoda UK |isbn=978-964-94491-3-5 |page=17}}</ref> Cirifka waqooyi ee Iiraan, heerkulku dhif iyo naadir ayuu hoos ugu dhacaa dhibicda barafka (freezing), aaggaasna waa mid qoyan. Heerkulka xagaaga dhif ayuu ka sarreeyaa {{convert|29|°C|°F|1}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-Rainfall-Temperature-Sunshine-in-Iran |title=Weather and Climate: Iran, average monthly Rainfall, Sunshine, Temperature, Humidity, Wind Speed |newspaper=World Weather and Climate Information |access-date=29 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922105410/https://weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-Rainfall-Temperature-Sunshine-in-Iran |archive-date=22 September 2015}}</ref> Roobka sannadlaha ah waa {{convert|680|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} bannaanada bari iyo in ka badan {{convert|1700|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} dhanka galbeed. Isku-duwaha Qaramada Midoobay ee Iiraan ayaa sheegay in "[[Water scarcity|Biyo-yaraantu]] ay tahay caqabadda ugu weyn ee xagga amniga bini'aadamka ee maanta ka jirta Iiraan".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.yahoo.com/farming-reforms-offer-hope-irans-water-crisis-131227395.html |title=Farming reforms offer hope for Iran's water crisis |last1=Moghtader |first1=Michelle |date=3 August 2014 |agency=[[Reuters]] |access-date=4 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140807031853/http://news.yahoo.com/farming-reforms-offer-hope-irans-water-crisis-131227395.html |archive-date=7 August 2014}}</ref> Dhanka galbeed, deegaannada ku yaal dooxada Zagros waxay leeyihiin heerkul hoose iyo qaboobeyaal adag, oo leh baraf culus. Dooxooyinka bari iyo kuwa dhexe waa engeg, roobkuna wuxuu ka yaryahay {{convert|200|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}. Heerkulka xagaaga ee celceliska ah wuxuu gaari karaa {{convert|38|°C|1}}. Bannaanada xeebaha koonfureed ee Khaliijka Faaris iyo Khaliijka Cumaan waxay leeyihiin qaboobeyaal dhexdhexaad ah, iyo xagaayo aad u qoyan oo kulul. Roobka sannadlaha ah wuxuu u dhaxeeyaa {{convert|135|to|355|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Nagarajan2010">{{cite book |author=R. Nagarajan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x1505bxl0EkC&pg=PA383 |title=Drought Assessment |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2010 |isbn=978-90-481-2500-5 |page=383}}</ref> === Kala-duwanaanshaha Noolaha === {{See also|Duurjoogta Iiraan|Liiska jardiinooyinka qaranka Iiraan|Kaymaha Iiraan}} [[File:Persian Leopard sitting.jpg|thumb|[[Persian leopard|Libaax-badhka Faaris]], oo u dhashay [[Iranian Plateau|Dhul-sareedka Iiraan]]]] Ku dhowaad 60% Iiraan waa buuraley, in ka yar 10% na waa kaymo. Qiyaastii 120 milyan oo hektar oo kaymo iyo beero ah ayaa dawladdu leedahay. Kaymaha Iiraan waxaa loo qaybin karaa shan goobood: gobolka Hyrcanian oo ka kooban suunka cagaaran ee dhanka waqooyi; gobolka [[Turan]], oo u badan kuwo ku kala firirsan bartamaha Iiraan; gobolka [[Zagros Mountains|Zagros]], oo u badan kaymo geed-ballood (oak) ah dhanka galbeed; gobolka Khaliijka Faaris, oo ku kala firirsan suunka xeebta koonfureed; iyo gobolka [[Arasbaran|Arasbarani]], oo ay ku jiraan noocyo dhif ah. In ka badan 8,200 oo nooc oo [[plant|dhir]] ah ayaa ka baxa. Waxaa jira in ka badan 200 oo aag oo la ilaaliyo si loo dhowro duurjoogta, iyadoo in ka badan 30 ay yihiin [[national park|jardiinooyin qaran]]. Duurjoogta Iiraan waxaa ka mid ah 34 nooc oo fiidmeerta ah, [[Indian grey mongoose|shabeel-biyeedka Hindida]], [[golden jackal|dawaco-cas]], [[Indian wolf|yeyda]], [[fox|dawacooyinka]], [[striped hyena|waraabaha xariijimaha leh]], [[leopard|shabeelka]], [[brown bear|madax-madowga]] iyo [[Asian black bear|oromada madow ee Aasiya]]. Noocyada [[Ungulate|xayawaanka qofka leh]] waxaa ka mid ah [[wild boar|doofaarka duurka]], [[red deer|deerada cas]], iyo [[goitered gazelle|deerada goitered]].<ref name="Fast2005">{{cite book |author=April Fast |title=Iran: The Land |url=https://archive.org/details/iranland0000fast |year=2005 |publisher=Crabtree Publishing Company |isbn=978-0-7787-9315-1}}</ref> [[Asiatic cheetah|Shabeelka Aasiya]] ee khatarta weyn ugu jira dabar-goynta wuxuu ku haray oo kaliya Iiraan. Iiraan waxay weysay dhamaan [[Asiatic lion|libaaxyadii Aasiya]] iyo [[Caspian tiger|shabeel-dharihii Casbiya]] horraantii qarnigii 20-aad. Iiraan waxay hoy u tahay in ka badan 570 nooc oo shimbiraha ah sida [[pheasant]], [[partridge]], [[stork]], [[eagle|gorgorka]] iyo [[falcon|shaqrada]]. == Dawladda iyo Siyaasadda == {{Main|Dawladda Iiraan|Siyaasadda Iiraan}} === Hoggaamiyaha Sare === {{Main|Hoggaamiyaha Sare ee Iiraan}} {{Multiple image | direction = horizontal | align = right | caption_align = center | total_width = 320 | image1 = Emblem of Iran.svg | image2 = Masoud Pezeshkian 2025 (cropped).jpg | image3 = Mohammad Reza Aref, July 2025 (cropped).jpg | caption1 = ''Bannaan''<br /><small>[[Supreme Leader of Iran|Hoggaamiyaha Sare]] </small> | caption2 = [[Masoud Pezeshkian]]<br /><small>[[President of Iran|Madaxweynaha]] </small> | caption3 = [[Mohammad Reza Aref]]<br /><small>[[Vice President of Iran|Madaxweyne ku-xigeenka]] </small> }} [[File:Ayatollah Ali Khamenei met with Pakistani Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif 1404-3-10.jpg|thumb|Hoggaamiyaha Sare Ayatollah [[Ali Khamenei]] oo la jooga Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Pakistan [[Shehbaz Sharif]] 26-kii May 2025]] Hoggaamiyaha Sare,{{efn|{{langx|fa|رهبر معظم|Rahbar-e Moazam}}}} ama ''Rahbar'', waa [[head of state|madaxa dawladda]] waana qofka mas'uulka ka ah kormeerka siyaasadda. Madaxweynuhu wuxuu leeyahay awood xaddidan marka loo eego ''Rahbar''. Wasiiro muhiim ah ayaa lagu soo doortaa heshiiska ''Rahbar'', kaas oo leh go'aanka ugu dambeeya ee siyaasadda dibadda.<ref name="reuters.com">{{cite news |date=8 January 2018 |title=In jab at rivals, Rouhani says Iran protests about more than economy |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-rallies-rouhani/in-jab-at-hardliners-rouhani-says-iran-protests-were-not-only-economic-idUSKBN1EX0S9 |newspaper=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> ''Rahbar'' wuxuu si toos ah ugu lug leeyahay magacaabista wasiirrada gaashaandhigga, sirdoonka iyo arrimaha dibadda. ''Rahbar'' wuxuu si toos ah u xukumaa siyaasadda gobolka. Safiirada loo diro dalalka Carabta, tusaale ahaan, waxaa soo doorta [[Quds Force|Ciidanka Quds]], kuwaas oo si toos ah ugu warbixiya Rahbar.<ref name="english.aawsat.com">{{cite web |last=Al-awsat |first=Asharq |date=25 September 2017 |title=Khamenei Orders New Supervisory Body to Curtail Government |url=https://english.aawsat.com/amir-taheri/features/khamenei-orders-new-supervisory-body-curtail-government}}</ref> ''Rahbar'' wuxuu amri karaa in sharciyada la beddelo. [[Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order|Setad]], oo ah shirkad dawladu leedahay oo hoos timaada ''Rahbar'', ayaa lagu qiimeeyay $95 bilyan sannadkii 2013, xisaabaadkeeduna waa sir xitaa [[Iranian parliament|baarlamaanka]] laguma soo bandhigo. ''Rahbar'' waa [[commander-in-chief|taliyaha guud]] ee [[Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran|Ciidanka Qalabka Sida]], wuxuu xukumaa sirdoonka milatariga iyo hawlgallada amniga, wuxuuna leeyahay awoodda kaliya ee uu ku iclaamin karo dagaal ama nabad. ''Rahbar'' wuxuu sidoo kale magacaabaa madaxda garsoorka, shabakadaha raadiyaha iyo telefishinka dawladda, taliyayaasha booliska iyo milatariga, iyo xubnaha [[Guardian Council|Golaha Ilaalada]]. [[Assembly of Experts|Golaha Khubarada]] ayaa mas'uul ka ah doorashada ''Rahbar'' waxayna leeyihiin awood ay xilka kaga qaadaan. Ilaa iyo hadda, Golaha Khubarada ma tartamin go'aan kasta oo ''Rahbar'' uu gaaray, ismana isku dayin inay xilka ka qaadaan. Qaar badan ayaa raba inay aamminsan yihiin in Golaha Khubarada uu noqday gole maamuus oo kaliya oo aan lahayn awood dhab ah. Nidaamka siyaasadeed wuxuu ku saleysan yahay [[Constitution of Iran|dastuurka dalka]]. Sida laga soo xigtay tusmooyinka caalamiga ah, Iiraan waxay ku jirtaa heer hoose xagga cabbirada dimuqraadiyadda, gaar ahaan sinnaanta ragga iyo haweenka, xorriyadda ururrada, iyo xorriyadda hadalka. === Madaxweynaha === {{Main|Madaxweynaha Iiraan}} [[File:Presidential Administration of Iran building.jpg|thumb|Albaabka laga galo madaxtooyada Iiraan, halkaas oo golaha wasiiradu ku kulmaan]] Madaxweynuhu waa [[head of government|madaxa xukuumadda]] iyo maamulka labaad ee ugu sarreeya Hoggaamiyaha Sare ka dib. Madaxweynaha waxaa lagu soo doortaa [[universal suffrage|codbixin guud]] muddo 4 sanno ah. Doorashada ka hor, musharraxiinta waa inay oggolaansho ka helaan [[Guardian Council|Golaha Ilaalada]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2024 |title=Council of Guardians {{!}} Definition, Role, Selection, & History |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Council-of-Guardians |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> Madaxweynaha waxaa dib loo dooran karaa hal mar oo kaliya. Madaxweynuhu waa guddoomiyaha [[Supreme National Security Council|Golaha Amniga Qaranka]], wuxuuna leeyahay awood uu ku iclaamiyo [[state of emergency|xaalad degdeg ah]] ka dib marka baarlamaanku ansixiyo. Madaxweynuhu wuxuu mas'uul ka yahay dhaqangelinta dastuurka iyo fulinta go'aannada iyo siyaasadaha guud ee uu qeexay ''Rahbar'', marka laga reebo arrimaha si toos ah ugu xiran ''Rahbar''. Madaxweynuhu wuxuu magacaabaa wasiirrada, iyadoo ay ku xiran tahay ansixinta Baarlamaanka iyo ''Rahbar'', kaas oo eryi kara ama dib u soo celin kara wasiir kasta. Sideed madaxweyne ku-xigeen ayaa hoos timaada madaxweynaha, iyo sidoo kale gole wasiirro oo ka kooban 22 wasiir. === Golaha Ilaalada === {{Main|Golaha Ilaalada}} Musharraxiinta madaxweynaha iyo baarlamaanka waa in ay ansixiyaan 12-ka xubnood ee Golaha Ilaalada (dhammaan xubnahooda waxaa magacaaba Hoggaamiyaha Sare) ka hor inta aysan u tartamin xilka si loo xaqiijiyo daacadnimadooda.<ref>{{cite book |author=Chibli Mallat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5oB4_tohQegC |title=The Renewal of Islamic Law |date=2004 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]}}</ref> Hoggaamiyaha Sare wuxuu ka noqon karaa go'aannada Golaha Ilaalada. Dastuurku wuxuu siinayaa golaha saddex waajibaad: awoodda diidmada (veto) ee sharciyada uu soo saaro [[Majlis of Iran|baarlamaanka]], kormeerka doorashooyinka, iyo ansixinta ama ka saarista musharraxiinta u tartamaya doorashooyinka maxalliga ah, baarlamaanka, madaxtooyada, ama Golaha Khubarada. Goluhu wuxuu burin karaa sharci kasta haddii uu ka soo horjeedo [[sharia|shariicada Islaamka]] ama dastuurka. === Ciidanka === {{Main|Military history of Iran}} [[File:Sejjil missile launch - November 2008 (21).jpg|thumb|upright=.7|[[Medium-range ballistic missile|MRBM]] [[Sejjil]]. Iiraan waa quwadda 6-aad ee [[Ballistic missile|gantaalaha]] adduunka, waana dalka 5-aad ee caalamka ee leh farsamada [[Hypersonic missile|gantaalaha haaybarsanik-ga]]]] Ciidanka waxaa loo qaabeeyey qaab midaysan, kaas oo ah [[Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces]], oo ka kooban [[Islamic Republic of Iran Army]], oo ay ku jiraan [[Islamic Republic of Iran Army Ground Forces|Ciidanka Dhulka]], [[Islamic Republic of Iran Air Defense Force|Ciidanka Difaaca Cirka]], [[Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force|Ciidanka Cirka]], iyo [[Islamic Republic of Iran Navy|Ciidanka Badda]]; iyo [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]], oo ka kooban [[Islamic Republic of Iran Revolutionary Guard Corps Ground Forces|Ciidanka Dhulka]], [[Islamic Republic of Iran Revolutionary Guard Corps Aerospace Force|Ciidanka Hawada Sare]], [[Islamic Republic of Iran Revolutionary Guard Corps Navy|Ciidanka Badda]], [[Quds Force]], iyo [[Basij]]; iyo sidoo kale [[Police Command of the Islamic Republic of Iran|Taliska Booliska]] (Faraja), kaas oo qabta shaqo u dhiganta [[Gendarmerie|jandarmaari]]. In kasta oo IRIAF ay ilaaliso madaxbannaanida dalka qaab dhaqameed, IRGC waxaa loo xilsaaray inay sugto hufnaanta Jamhuuriyadda kana hortagto faragelinta shisheeye, afgembiyaasha, iyo rabshadaha gudaha.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7064353.stm "Profile: Iran's Revolutionary Guards"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227172931/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7064353.stm|date=27 December 2008}}. [[BBC News]]. 18 October 2009.</ref> Sanadkii 2019, Mareykanka oo uu hoggaaminayo [[Donald Trump|Madaxweyne Donald Trump]] ayaa si rasmi ah ugu calaamadiyay Ilaalada Kacaanka urur argagixiso shisheeye. Waa markii ugu horreysay oo qayb ka mid ah dawlad shisheeye loo aqoonsado urur argagixiso.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-to-designate-iranian-guard-corps-a-foreign-terrorist-organization-11554499401|title=U.S. to Designate Iranian Guard Corps a Foreign Terror Group|last1=Gordon|first1=Michael R.|date=5 April 2019|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=7 April 2019|last2=Strobel|first2=Warren P.|language=en-US|issn=0099-9660|last3=Youssef|first3=Nancy A.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/label-iran-revolutionary-guard-corps-terrorist-group-190406061535338.html|title=US 'to label Iran's Revolutionary Guard Corps a terrorist group'|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref> [[Conscription in Iran|Tan iyo 1925]], dhammaan muwaadiniinta labka ah ee jira 18 sano waa inay u adeegaan qiyaastii 14 bilood IRIAF ama IRGC.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2024 |script-title=fa:اخبار سیاسی ۲۶ اسفند؛ کمک رهبرانقلاب به زندانیان نیازمند/تایید کاهش مدت سربازی |url=https://www.isna.ir/news/1402122618464/اخبار-سیاسی-۲۶-اسفند-کمک-رهبرانقلاب-به-زندانیان-نیازمند-تایید |access-date=16 March 2024 |website= |language=fa |archive-date=16 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316122351/https://www.isna.ir/news/1402122618464/اخبار-سیاسی-۲۶-اسفند-کمک-رهبرانقلاب-به-زندانیان-نیازمند-تایید |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2024 |script-title=fa:تایید مصوبه کاهش مدت سربازی در شورای نگهبان |url=https://www.ekhtebar.ir/تایید-مصوبه-کاهش-مدت-سربازی-در-شورای-نگ/ |access-date=16 March 2024 |website= |language=fa-IR |archive-date=16 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316171553/https://www.ekhtebar.ir/تایید-مصوبه-کاهش-مدت-سربازی-در-شورای-نگ/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Iiraan waxay leedahay in ka badan 610,000 oo askari oo firfircoon iyo qiyaastii 350,000 oo kayd ah, taas oo ka dhigan ugu yaraan in ka badan hal milyan oo shaqaale ciidan ah, waana mid ka mid ah [[List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel|boqolleyda ugu sarreysa ee muwaadiniinta leh tababarka ciidan]] ee adduunka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hussain |first=Murtaza |title=Why war with Iran would spell disaster |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2012/9/12/why-war-with-iran-would-spell-disaster |access-date=15 March 2024 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=29 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229012940/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2012/9/12/why-war-with-iran-would-spell-disaster |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Seth G. |chapter=Regular Military Power |pages=19–27 |jstor=resrep29480.7 |jstor-access=free |title=Containing Tehran: Understanding Iran's Power and Exploiting Its Vulnerabilities |date=2020 |publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies |isbn=978-1-4422-8149-3}}</ref> Basij, oo ah maleeshiyo iskaa wax u qabso ah oo ka tirsan IRGC, waxay leedahay in ka badan 20 milyan oo xubnood, kuwaas oo 600,000 ay diyaar u yihiin u yeeritaan degdeg ah, 300,000 oo kayd ah, iyo hal milyan oo la abaabuli karo markii loo baahdo.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=fa:ارتش بیست میلیونی |url=http://www.imam-khomeini.ir/fa/n151194/ارتش_بیست_میلیونی |access-date=15 March 2024 |website= |archive-date=15 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315102527/http://www.imam-khomeini.ir/fa/n151194/ارتش_بیست_میلیونی |url-status=live}}</ref> Faraja, oo ah ciidanka booliska ee Iiraan, waxay leedahay in ka badan 260,000 oo shaqaale firfircoon. Inta badan hay'adaha tirakoobka kuma daraan Basij iyo Faraja warbixinadooda qiimeynta. Iiraan waxay ku jirtaa kaalinta 7-aad ee tirada ciidamada firfircoon<ref>{{Cite web |author=Sinéad Baker |author2=Thibault Spirlet |title=The world's most powerful militaries in 2023, ranked |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/ranked-world-most-powerful-militaries-2023-firepower-us-china-russia-2023-5 |access-date=28 December 2023 |website=[[Business Insider]] |language=en-US |archive-date=24 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224124226/https://www.businessinsider.com/ranked-world-most-powerful-militaries-2023-firepower-us-china-russia-2023-5 |url-status=live}}</ref> iyo kaalinta 9-aad ee baaxadda ciidamada dhulka iyo kuwa gaashaaman. Ciidamada qalabka sida ee Iiraan ayaa ah kuwa ugu weyn Galbeedka Aasiya, waxayna ka kooban yihiin raxan diyaaradaha qumman ee ugu weyn Bariga Dhexe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Ghorbani: Iran helicopter fleet, strongest in Middle East |url=http://iranpress.com/aliaspage/7560 |access-date=24 December 2023 |website=Iran Press |language=en |archive-date=24 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224125731/https://iranpress.com/aliaspage/7560 |url-status=live}}</ref> Iiraan waxay ka mid tahay 15-ka waddan ee ugu sarreeya dhinaca miisaaniyadda ciidanka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2022 |title=Iran Boosts Military Budget To Stand Among Top 15 |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202204261827 |access-date=10 December 2023 |website=Iran International |archive-date=10 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210121648/https://www.iranintl.com/en/202204261827 |url-status=live}}</ref> Sanadkii 2021, kharashka milatariga ayaa kordhay markii ugu horreysay muddo afar sano ah, isagoo gaaray $24.6 bilyan, taas oo ah 2.3% wax soo saarka guud ee dalka (GDP).<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2023 |title=Iran Military Spending=Defense Budget 1960–2023 |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/IRN/iran/military-spending-defense-budget |access-date=10 December 2023 |website=Macrotrends |archive-date=10 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210121648/https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/IRN/iran/military-spending-defense-budget |url-status=live}}</ref> Tan iyo kacaankii Islaamiga ahaa, si ay uga gudubto cunaqabateynta dibadda, Iiraan waxay horumarisay warshado milatari oo gudaha ah oo awood u leh inay soo saaraan [[tank]]-yo, [[armoured personnel carrier|gaadiidka gaashaaman ee ciidanka]], [[missile|gantaalo]], [[submarine|maraakiibta quusta]], [[Iranian frigate Jamaran|markabka gantaalaha xambaara]], nidaamyada [[radar]]-ka, [[helicopter|diyaaradaha qumman]], [[Navy|maraakiibta dagaalka]], iyo [[fighter aircraft|diyaaradaha dagaalka]].<ref name="AskariMohseni2010">{{cite book |author1=Hossein Askari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GxdtLyJZxDUC&pg=PA93 |title=The Militarization of the Persian Gulf: An Economic Analysis |author2=Amin Mohseni |author3=Shahrzad Daneshvar |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-84980-186-7 |page=93}}</ref> Sidaas darteed, Iiraan waxay leedahay arsenal-ka ugu weyn uguna kala duwan ee [[ballistic missile|gantaalaha balastikada]] ee Bariga Dhexe, waana dalka 5-aad ee adduunka ee leh farsamada [[Hypersonic missile|gantaalaha haaybarsanik-ga]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Motamedi |first=Maziar |date=6 June 2023 |title=Fattah: Iran unveils its first hypersonic missile |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/6/fattah-iran-unveils-its-first-hypersonic-missile |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |access-date=6 December 2023 |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606223808/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/6/fattah-iran-unveils-its-first-hypersonic-missile |url-status=live}}</ref> Iiraan waxay sidoo kale naqshadaysaa oo soo saartaa noocyo kala duwan oo [[unmanned aerial vehicle|diyaaradaha aan duuliyaha lahayn]] (UAV). Sidoo kale waa mid ka mid ah shanta waddan ee adduunka ee leh awoodda [[cyberwarfare|dagaalka internetka]]. === Barnaamijka Nukliyeerka === {{Main|Nuclear program of Iran}} Barnaamijka nukliyeerka ee Iiraan wuxuu soo bilaabmay 1950-meeyadii.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2007 |title=An atomic threat made in America |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/nation-world/chi-061209atoms-day1-story-htmlstory.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405050620/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-061209atoms-day1-story,0,2034260.htmlstory |archive-date=5 April 2014 |access-date=28 December 2023 |website=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}</ref> Iiraan waxay dib u soo noolaysay kacaankii Islaamiga ka dib, barnaamijkeeda kobcinta nukliyeerka wuxuu noqday mawduuc laga yeesho wada xaajoodyo caalami ah oo xooggan iyo cunaqabateyn.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2012 |title=Iran's Nuclear Program – Council on Foreign Relations |work=Council on Foreign Relations |url=http://www.cfr.org/iran/irans-nuclear-program/p16811 |access-date=1 May 2024 |archive-date=20 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220182315/http://www.cfr.org/iran/irans-nuclear-program/p16811}}</ref> Sanadkii 2015, Iiraan iyo [[P5+1]] waxay ku heshiiyeen [[Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action|Heshiiska Nukliyeerka]], ujeedkiisuna ahaa in la soo afjaro cunaqabateynta dhaqaale beddelkeedana la xaddido soo saarista [[enriched uranium|yuraaniyamka la kobciyey]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran Deal |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/node/328996 |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=The White House |language=en |archive-date=27 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427112948/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/node/328996 |url-status=live}}</ref> Si kasta ha ahaatee, 2018-kii, [[United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action|Mareykanka ayaa isaga baxay]] heshiiska intii uu jiray maamulkii Trump, waxaana dib loogu soo rogay cunaqabateyn. Tan waxaa kala kulmay iska caabin Iiraan iyo xubnaha kale ee P5+1.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fox |first=Kara |date=8 May 2018 |title=European leaders 'disappointed' in Trump's withdrawal from Iran deal |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/08/europe/iran-deal-world-leaders-react/index.html |access-date=1 May 2024 |publisher=[[CNN]] |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501174028/https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/08/europe/iran-deal-world-leaders-react/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Sanad ka dib, Iiraan waxay bilowday inay dhimto u hoggaansanaanteeda heshiiska. Markay ahayd 2020, Iiraan waxay ku dhawaaqday inaysan dhowri doonin wax xaddidid ah oo uu dhigayo heshiisku.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2020 |title=Iran abandons enrichment limits in further step back from nuclear deal |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20200105-iran-abandons-enrichment-limits-in-further-step-back-from-nuclear-deal |access-date=1 May 2024 |publisher=[[France 24]] |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501174027/https://www.france24.com/en/20200105-iran-abandons-enrichment-limits-in-further-step-back-from-nuclear-deal |url-status=live}}</ref> Guulaha tan iyo markaas laga gaaray waxay Iiraan keeneen meel u dhow heerka loogu yeero [[Nuclear latency|marinka nukliyeerka]]. === Saamaynta Gobolka === {{Main|Iranian influence in Lebanon|Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war|Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)}} [[File:Iranian Influence (2).png|thumb|Iiraan iyo [[sphere of influence|aagga saamaynteeda]]]] Saamaynta muuqata ee Iiraan waxaa mararka qaarkood lagu sifeeyaa "Bilowga Boqortooyada Cusub ee Faaris".<ref>{{Cite news |author=Fereydoun Khavand |date=14 September 2017 |title=Are We Witnessing The Dawn Of A New Persian Empire? |work=Radio Farda |url=https://en.radiofarda.com/a/iran-influence-in-middle-east-new-empire/28735042.html |access-date=31 January 2024}}</ref> Qaar ka mid ah falanqeeyayaasha ayaa saamaynta Iiraan la xiriiriya dhaxalka qaran ee dalka, [[Achaemenid Empire|boqortooyadii]] hore iyo [[History of Iran|taariikhda]] qani ah ee ay leedahay. Kacaanka ka dib, Iran waxay kordhisay saamaynta ay ku leedahay gobolka iyo dibaddaba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2015 |title=The Challenge of Iran |url=https://iranprimer.usip.org/resource/challenge-iran |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=[[United States Institute of Peace]] |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174231/https://iranprimer.usip.org/resource/challenge-iran}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran, a Geopolitical Player in the Middle East |url=https://www.iemed.org/publication/iran-a-geopolitical-player-in-the-middle-east/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |website= |language=en-US |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174232/https://www.iemed.org/publication/iran-a-geopolitical-player-in-the-middle-east/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=G. P. F. |date=16 February 2018 |title=Iranian Expansion Spreads Beyond the Middle East |url=https://geopoliticalfutures.com/iranian-expansion-spreads-beyond-middle-east/ |access-date=31 January 2024 |website=Geopolitical Futures |language=en-US |archive-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131115020/https://geopoliticalfutures.com/iranian-expansion-spreads-beyond-middle-east/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New report reveals extent of Iran's growing Middle East influence |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/11/7/new-report-reveals-extent-of-irans-growing-middle-east-influence |access-date=31 January 2024 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131115020/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/11/7/new-report-reveals-extent-of-irans-growing-middle-east-influence |url-status=live}}</ref> Waxay dhistay ciidamo millatari oo leh shabakad ballaaran oo ka kooban xubno dawladeed iyo kuwo aan dawli ahayn, laga bilaabo Xisbullah ee Lubnaan sanadkii 1982.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kane |first=J. Robert |year=2018 |title=A Life Cycle Analysis of Hezbollah: Where the Group Came from and Where It Is Going |journal=American Intelligence Journal |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=67–73 |jstor=26566567}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hezbollah's Record on War & Politics |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/hezbollahs-record-war-politics |access-date=30 January 2024 |website= |date=25 October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131093311/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/hezbollahs-record-war-politics |url-status=live}}</ref> Ciidanka Ilaalada Kacaanka ee IRGC ayaa fure u ahaa saamaynta Iran, iyadoo loo marayo Cududda Quds.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 April 2019 |title=Profile: Iran's Revolutionary Guards |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-47852262 |access-date=30 January 2024 |language=en-GB |archive-date=16 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316054026/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-47852262 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hezbollah's Regional Activities in Support of Iran's Proxy Networks |url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/hezbollahs-regional-activities-support-irans-proxy-networks |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=[[Middle East Institute]] |language=en |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513224544/https://www.mei.edu/publications/hezbollahs-regional-activities-support-irans-proxy-networks |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=DeVore |first=Marc R. |year=2012 |title=Exploring the Iran-Hezbollah Relationship: A Case Study of how State Sponsorship affects Terrorist Group Decision-Making |journal=Perspectives on Terrorism |volume=6 |issue=4/5 |pages=85–107 |jstor=26296878}}</ref> Deganaansho la'aanta Lubnaan (laga bilaabo 1980-meeyadii),<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kliot |first=N. |year=1987 |title=The Collapse of the Lebanese State |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=54–74 |doi=10.1080/00263208708700688 |jstor=4283154}}</ref> Ciraaq (laga bilaabo 2003)<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 March 2023 |title=War, insurgency, IS and instability: Iraq since the 2003 US invasion |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/19/war-insurgency-is-and-instability-iraq-since-the-2003-us-invasion |access-date=30 January 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> iyo Yemen (laga bilaabo 2014)<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2023 |title=The Saudi-led War in Yemen: Frequently Asked Questions {{!}} Friends Committee On National Legislation |url=https://www.fcnl.org/issues/middle-east-iran/saudi-led-war-yemen-frequently-asked-questions |access-date=30 January 2024 |website= |language=en |archive-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128135958/https://www.fcnl.org/issues/middle-east-iran/saudi-led-war-yemen-frequently-asked-questions |url-status=live}}</ref> waxay Iran u ogolaatay inay dhisto xulafo xooggan iyo saldhigyo ka baxsan xuduudaheeda. Iran waxay saamayn weyn ku lahayd adeegyada bulshada, waxbarashada, dhaqaalaha iyo siyaasadda Lubnaan,<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor=resrep20960.6 |title=Hezbollah's Intervention in the Syrian Conflict |last1=Ali |first1=Mohanad Hage |journal=Power Points Defining the Syria-Hezbollah Relationship |date=30 January 2024 |pages=8–13 |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Akbar |first=Ali |date=8 August 2023 |title=Iran's soft power in the Middle East via the promotion of the Persian language |journal=Contemporary Politics |language=en |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=424–445 |doi=10.1080/13569775.2023.2169305 |issn=1356-9775 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lubnaanna waxay Iran siisaa marin ay ka gasho [[Badda Mediterranean-ka]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tehran's Corridor to the Mediterranean Sea – EUROPolitika |url=https://www.europolitika.com/tehrans-corridor-to-the-mediterranean-sea/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |language=tr |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174232/https://www.europolitika.com/tehrans-corridor-to-the-mediterranean-sea/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2023 |title=Iran Threatens Mediterranean Closure Over Gaza Without Saying How |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/iran-threatens-mediterranean-closure-over-gaza-without-saying-how/7409793.html |access-date=30 January 2024 |publisher=Voice of America |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174231/https://www.voanews.com/a/iran-threatens-mediterranean-closure-over-gaza-without-saying-how/7409793.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Guulaha istiraatiijiyadeed ee Xisbullah ay ka gaartay Israa'iil, sida guushii calaamadda u ahayd intii uu socday [[Dagaalkii Lubnaan ee 2006|Dagaalkii 2006 ee Israa'iil iyo Xisbullah]], waxay sare u qaaday saamaynta Iran ee [[Levant]] waxayna xoojisay soo jiidashadeeda guud ahaan [[Dunida Islaamka]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran Thrives In The Levant On Weakened States Threatened By Sunni Radicalism |url=https://www.hoover.org/research/iranian-corridor-middle-east-geopolitics-sectarianism-and-economic-integration |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=Hoover Institution |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174230/https://www.hoover.org/research/iranian-corridor-middle-east-geopolitics-sectarianism-and-economic-integration |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA560123 |title=How to Contain Iranian Influence in the Levant |language=en |access-date=30 January 2024 |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174232/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA560123 |url-status=live}}</ref> Duulaankii [[Duulaankii Ciraaq ee 2003|Mareykanka ee Ciraaq sanadkii 2003]] iyo imaatinkii [[Dawladda Islaamka|ISIS]] badhtamihii 2010-yadii ka dib, Iran waxay maalgelisay oo tababartay kooxo maleeshiyo ah oo Ciraaq jooga.<ref name="Institute for the Study of War">{{Cite web |title=Institute for the Study of War |url=http://dev-isw.bivings.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325065358/https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-march-24 |archive-date=25 March 2022 |access-date=23 March 2024 |website=Institute for the Study of War |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Luca Nevola |author2=Miran Feyli |date=23 May 2023 |title=The Muqawama and Its Enemies: Shifting Patterns in Iran-Backed Shiite Militia Activity in Iraq |url=https://acleddata.com/2023/05/23/the-muqawama-and-its-enemies-shifting-patterns-in-iran-backed-shiite-militia-activity-in-iraq/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=ACLED |language=en-US |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174231/https://acleddata.com/2023/05/23/the-muqawama-and-its-enemies-shifting-patterns-in-iran-backed-shiite-militia-activity-in-iraq/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Crispin Smith |author2=Michael Knights |date=20 March 2023 |title=Remaking Iraq: How Iranian-Backed Militias Captured the Country |url=https://www.justsecurity.org/85566/remaking-iraq-how-iranian-backed-militias-captured-the-country/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=Just Security |language=en-US |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174230/https://www.justsecurity.org/85566/remaking-iraq-how-iranian-backed-militias-captured-the-country/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Dagaalkii Iran iyo Ciraaq iyo dhicitaankii [[Saddam Hussein]] ka dib, Iran waxay qaabaysay siyaasadda Ciraaq.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Much Influence Does Iran Have in Iraq? |url=https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/how-much-influence-does-iran-have-iraq |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=Council on Foreign Relations |language=en |archive-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330011242/https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/how-much-influence-does-iran-have-iraq |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran is still the main foreign power in Iraq |url=https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/iran-is-still-the-main-foreign-power-in-iraq-121476 |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=ISPI |language=en-US |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130175734/https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/iran-is-still-the-main-foreign-power-in-iraq-121476 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Motamedi |first=Maziar |title=Where does Iran stand on neighbouring Iraq's political turmoil? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/8/31/where-does-iran-stand-on-neighbouring-iraqs-political-turmoil |access-date=30 January 2024 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174230/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/8/31/where-does-iran-stand-on-neighbouring-iraqs-political-turmoil |url-status=live}}</ref> Ka dib halgankii Ciraaq ee ka dhanka ahaa ISIS ee 2014, shirkado lala xiriiriyo IRGC sida [[Khatam-al Anbiya Construction Headquarters|Khatam al-Anbiya]], waxay bilaabeen inay dhisaan waddooyin, xarumo koronto, hoteello iyo ganacsiyo Ciraaq dhexdeeda ah, iyagoo abuuray marin dhaqaale oo ku kacaya qiyaastii $9 bilyan ka hor [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=fa:افزایش صادرات ایران به عراق تا 9 میلیارد دلار/ در تجارت با منطقه جایگاه مناسبی نداریم |url=https://khabarfarsi.com/u/111389054 |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=KhabarFarsi.com |language=fa |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174231/https://khabarfarsi.com/u/111389054 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Achaemenid Empire 500 BCE.jpg|thumb|Boqortooyadii Achaemenid sanadkii 500 BC]] Intii uu socday [[Dagaalkii sokeeye ee Yemen (2014–ilaa hadda)|Dagaalkii sokeeye ee Yemen]] Iran waxay taageero millatari siisay Xuutiyiinta,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Houthis, Iran, and tensions in the Red Sea |url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/houthis-iran-and-tensions-red-sea |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=Middle East Institute |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174230/https://www.mei.edu/publications/houthis-iran-and-tensions-red-sea |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2021 |title=How Iran Helped Houthis Expand Their Reach |url=https://warontherocks.com/2021/08/how-iran-helped-houthis-expand-their-reach/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=War on the Rocks |language=en-US |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174230/https://warontherocks.com/2021/08/how-iran-helped-houthis-expand-their-reach/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lester |first=Stephanie |date=19 December 2019 |title=Media Guide: Iran and the Yemeni Civil War |url=http://www.us-iran.org/resources/2019/12/19/media-guide-iran-and-the-yemeni-civil-war |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=American Iranian Council |language=en-US |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174230/http://www.us-iran.org/resources/2019/12/19/media-guide-iran-and-the-yemeni-civil-war |url-status=live}}</ref> oo ah dhaqdhaqaaq Shiico [[Zaydism|Zaydi]] ah oo la dagaalamayay dawladda [[Sunni Islam|Sunniga]] ee Yemen ilaa 2004,<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 2023 |title=5 Things to Know About the Houthis, Their Attacks on Israel and the U.S., and Their Treatment of Yemen's Jews {{!}} AJC |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/5-things-to-know-about-the-houthis-their-attacks-on-israel-and-the-us-and-their-treatment-of |access-date=30 January 2024 |website= |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174230/https://www.ajc.org/news/5-things-to-know-about-the-houthis-their-attacks-on-israel-and-the-us-and-their-treatment-of |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ignatius |first=David |date=16 January 2024 |title=Opinion {{!}} The Houthis sink an arrow into the West's Achilles' heel |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2024/01/16/red-sea-houthis-supply-chain-disruption/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=17 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117171545/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2024/01/16/red-sea-houthis-supply-chain-disruption/ |url-status=live}}</ref> kuwaas oo helay [[Xiisadda Badda Cas|awood ballaaran]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yemen's Houthi rebels seize cargo ship in Red Sea |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/19/yemens-houthi-rebels-seize-cargo-ship-in-red-sea-israel-blames-iran |access-date=23 March 2024 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324024030/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/19/yemens-houthi-rebels-seize-cargo-ship-in-red-sea-israel-blames-iran |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2024 |title=A ship earlier hit by Yemen's Houthi rebels sinks in the Red Sea, the first vessel lost in conflict |url=https://apnews.com/article/yemen-houthi-rebels-rubymar-sinks-red-sea-fb64a490ce935756337ee3606e15d093 |access-date=23 March 2024 |website=[[AP News]] |language=en |archive-date=23 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323071241/https://apnews.com/article/yemen-houthi-rebels-rubymar-sinks-red-sea-fb64a490ce935756337ee3606e15d093 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Clinch |first=first=Matt |date=25 March 2022 |title=Yemen's Houthis claim attack on Aramco facility after reports of a huge fire in Saudi city of Jeddah |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/03/25/reports-of-huge-fire-at-aramco-oil-facility-in-saudi-arabia.html |access-date=23 March 2024 |publisher=[[CNBC]] |language=en |archive-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326083516/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/03/25/reports-of-huge-fire-at-aramco-oil-facility-in-saudi-arabia.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Iran waxay saamayn weyn ku leedahay Afgaanistaan iyada oo loo marayo kooxaha maleeshiyada ah sida [[Liwa Fatemiyoun|Qaybta Fatemiyoun]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2018 |title=Mission Accomplished? What's Next for Iran's Afghan Fighters in Syria |url=https://warontherocks.com/2018/02/mission-accomplished-whats-next-irans-afghan-fighters-syria/ |access-date=25 March 2024 |website=War on the Rocks |language=en-US |archive-date=14 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514235532/https://warontherocks.com/2018/02/mission-accomplished-whats-next-irans-afghan-fighters-syria/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2021 |title=Iran's Tricky Balancing Act in Afghanistan |url=https://warontherocks.com/2021/07/irans-tricky-balancing-act-in-afghanistan/ |access-date=25 March 2024 |website=War on the Rocks |language=en-US |archive-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322050754/https://warontherocks.com/2021/07/irans-tricky-balancing-act-in-afghanistan/ |url-status=live}}</ref> iyo [[Xisbullah Afgaanistaan]]<ref>{{cite web |author1=Ari Heistein |author2=James West |date=20 November 2015 |title=Syria's Other Foreign Fighters: Iran's Afghan and Pakistani Mercenaries |url=https://nationalinterest.org/feature/syrias-other-foreign-fighters-irans-afghan-pakistani-14400 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=National Interest}}</ref><ref name="aijac">{{cite web |author=Oved Lobel |date=16 November 2018 |title=Afghanistan: The Forgotten Front Against Iran |url=https://aijac.org.au/fresh-air/afghanistan-the-forgotten-front-against-iran/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=aijac.org}}</ref> iyo sidoo kale Pakistan iyada oo loo marayo kooxaha maleeshiyada ah sida [[Liwa Zainabiyoun|Guutada Zainabiyoun]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2016 |title=Meet the Zainebiyoun Brigade: An Iranian Backed Pakistani Shia Militia Fighting in Syria – The OSINT Blog |work=The OSINT Blog |url=https://theosintblog.com/2016/04/28/meet-the-zainebiyoun-brigade-an-iranian-backed-pakistani-shia-militia-fighting-in-syria/ |access-date=25 March 2024 |archive-date=2 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502213753/https://theosintblog.com/2016/04/28/meet-the-zainebiyoun-brigade-an-iranian-backed-pakistani-shia-militia-fighting-in-syria/ |url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> iyo [[Sipah-e-Muhammad Pakistan]].<ref name="pakistantoday.com.pk">{{Cite web |title='200 Iranian-trained Sipah-e-Muhammad activists hunting down ASWJ workers' |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/05/26/%E2%80%98200-iranian-trained-sipah-e-muhammad-activists-hunting-down-aswj-workers%E2%80%99/ |access-date=2018-07-26 |website=www.pakistantoday.com.pk |language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726135021/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/05/26/%E2%80%98200-iranian-trained-sipah-e-muhammad-activists-hunting-down-aswj-workers%E2%80%99/|archive-date=2018-07-26}}</ref> Suuriya dhexdeeda, Iran waxay taageertay Madaxweyne [[Bashar al-Assad]];<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Terrill |first=W. Andrew |year=2015 |title=Iran's Strategy for Saving Asad |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_middle-east-journal_spring-2015_69_2/page/222 |journal=Middle East Journal |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=222–236 |doi=10.3751/69.2.1 |jstor=43698235}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2012 |title=Iran's Evolving Policy on Syria |url=https://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2012/jul/30/iran%E2%80%99s-evolving-policy-syria |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=[[United States Institute of Peace]] |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174231/https://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2012/jul/30/iran%E2%80%99s-evolving-policy-syria}}</ref> labada waddan waxay ahaayeen xulafo muddo dheer soo jiray.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Samii |first=Abbas William |year=2008 |title=A Stable Structure on Shifting Sands: Assessing the Hizbullah-Iran-Syria Relationship |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_middle-east-journal_winter-2008_62_1/page/32 |journal=Middle East Journal |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=32–53 |doi=10.3751/62.1.12 |jstor=25482471}}</ref><ref name="Institute for the Study of War"/> Iran waxay taageero millatari iyo dhaqaale oo weyn siisay dawladda Assad,<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2023 |title=Why is Iran Involved in Syria: A Look at Multifaceted Reasons |work=Best Diplomats &#124; New York |url=https://bestdiplomats.org/why-is-iran-involved-in-syria/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |language=en-US |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174231/https://bestdiplomats.org/why-is-iran-involved-in-syria/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran Update, September 20, 2023 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/iran-update-september-20-2023 |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=Critical Threats |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174232/https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/iran-update-september-20-2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> sidaas darteed waxay saldhig weyn ku lahayd Suuriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=After 7 years of war, Assad has won in Syria. What's next for Washington? |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/after-7-years-of-war-assad-has-won-in-syria-whats-next-for-washington/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=Brookings |language=en-US |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174231/https://www.brookings.edu/articles/after-7-years-of-war-assad-has-won-in-syria-whats-next-for-washington/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Syria's Stalemate Has Only Benefitted Assad and His Backers |url=https://www.usip.org/publications/2023/03/syrias-stalemate-has-only-benefitted-assad-and-his-backers |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=United States Institute of Peace |language=en |archive-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318081024/https://www.usip.org/publications/2023/03/syrias-stalemate-has-only-benefitted-assad-and-his-backers}}</ref> Iran waxay muddo dheer taageertay ururada ku yaala [[Waqooyiga Afrika]] ee dalalka sida [[Aljeeriya]] iyo [[Tunisia]]. Iran waxay soo dhoweysay [[Xamaas]] qayb ahaan si ay gacan uga geysato wiiqidda caannimada [[Ururka Xoreynta Falastiin|Ururka Xoreynta Falastiin]] (PLO).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran and Hamas beyond the borders of the Middle East |url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/iran-and-hamas-beyond-borders-middle-east |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=[[Middle East Institute]] |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174231/https://www.mei.edu/publications/iran-and-hamas-beyond-borders-middle-east |url-status=live}}</ref> Taageerada Iran ee Xamaas waxay si cad u soo baxday sannadihii dambe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Skare |first=Erik |date=18 December 2023 |title=Iran, Hamas, and Islamic Jihad: A marriage of convenience |url=https://ecfr.eu/article/iran-hamas-and-islamic-jihad-a-marriage-of-convenience/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=ECFR |language=en-GB |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116122514/https://ecfr.eu/article/iran-hamas-and-islamic-jihad-a-marriage-of-convenience/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hamas-Iran Relationship {{!}} The Washington Institute |url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/hamas-iran-relationship |access-date=30 January 2024 |website= |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174230/https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/hamas-iran-relationship |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hamas And Israel: Iran's Role |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/hamas-and-israel-irans-role |access-date=30 January 2024 |website= |date=10 October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174231/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/hamas-and-israel-irans-role |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Jake Tapper |author2=Katie Bo Lillis |date=14 November 2023 |title=Found document suggests Iran sought to help Hamas make its own weapons ahead of attack, sources say |publisher=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/14/politics/document-iran-hamas-weapons/index.html |access-date=30 January 2024 |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174230/https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/14/politics/document-iran-hamas-weapons/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Sida laga soo xigtay sirdoonka Mareykanka, Iran si buuxda uma maamusho kooxahan dawliga ah iyo kuwa aan dawliga ahayn.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2024 |title=US intelligence officials estimate Tehran does not have full control of its proxy groups |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/02/01/iran-proxies-intel-houthis-00139099 |website=Politico |access-date=15 March 2024 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329202849/https://www.politico.com/news/2024/02/01/iran-proxies-intel-houthis-00139099 |url-status=live}}</ref> === Xuquuqda aadanaha iyo faafreebka === {{Main|Xuquuqda aadanaha ee Iran|Faafreebka Iran}} {{See also|Ciqaabta dilka ee Iran|Cadaadiska siyaasadeed ee Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah ee Iran}} [[File:EvinHouseofDetention.jpg|thumb|Albaabka laga galo [[Xabsiga Evin]], oo la aasaasay 1972. [[Vice Media|VICE]] waxay ku tilmaantay xabsiga "meesha argagaxa leh ee halyeeyga ah oo qofna uusan rabin inuu ku dambeyno."<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=voA0cS1JiGQ |title=VICE Guide to Iran with Suroosh Alvi |date=15 April 2020 |last=VICE |access-date=17 May 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref>|225x225px]] Dawladda Iran ayaa lagu cambaareeyay ururo caalami ah iyo dawlado kala duwan inay ku xad-gudubto xuquuqda aadanaha.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 January 2019 |title=Iran |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2019/iran |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430053909/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2019/iran |archive-date=30 April 2019 |access-date=30 April 2019 |website=}}</ref> Dawladdu waxay inta badan dhibaataysay oo xirtay dadka dhaleeceeya dawladda. Sharciga Iran ma aqoonsana [[Xuquuqda LGBT ee Iran|jihada galmada]]. [[Xuquuqda LGBT ee Iran|Dhaqdhaqaaqa galmada ee u dhexeeya xubnaha isku jinsiga ah]] waa sharci darro waana [[Ciqaabta dilka ee khaniisnimada|lagu ciqaabaa dil]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Daniel |last=Avery |title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal |url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974 |work=Newsweek |date=4 April 2019 |access-date=17 August 2019 |archive-date=11 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Iran defends execution of gay people |url=https://www.dw.com/en/iran-defends-execution-of-gay-people/a-49144899 |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=12 June 2019 |access-date=17 August 2019 |archive-date=9 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109074057/https://www.dw.com/en/iran-defends-execution-of-gay-people/a-49144899 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ciqaabta dilka]] waa ciqaab sharci ah, marka loo eego BBC-da, Iran "waxay fulisaa dilal ka badan waddan kasta, marka laga reebo Shiinaha".<ref>{{cite news |title=Iran halts execution of three protesters after online campaign |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-53463685 |publisher=[[BBC]] |access-date=17 May 2024 |archive-date=7 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907110937/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-53463685 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ergeyga Gaarka ah ee Qaramada Midoobay [[Javaid Rehman]] ayaa soo sheegay takoor ka dhan ah dhowr qowmiyadood oo laga tiro badan yahay oo Iran jooga.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 October 2019 |title=Iran: UN expert says ethnic, religious minorities face discrimination |work=[[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] |location=New York |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2019/10/iran-un-expert-says-ethnic-religious-minorities-face-discrimination |access-date=12 December 2023 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212074243/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2019/10/iran-un-expert-says-ethnic-religious-minorities-face-discrimination |url-status=live}}</ref> Koox khubaro ah oo ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay sanadkii 2022 ayaa ku boriyay Iran inay joojiso "cadaadiska nidaamsan" ee ka dhanka ah diimaha laga tirada badan yahay, iyagoo raaciyay in xubno ka tirsan [[Baháʼí Faith|Diinta Bahaa'iga]] la xiray, laga mamnuucay jaamacadaha, ama guryahooda la dumiyay.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2022 |title=Rights experts urge Iran to end 'systematic persecution' of religious minorities |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/08/1125162 |access-date=12 December 2023 |website=[[UN News]] |language=en |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212074243/https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/08/1125162 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=UN Rights Experts Call On Iran To Stop Persecution Of Baha'is, Other Religious Minorities |language=en |work=[[RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty]] |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-bahai-faith-persecution-un-rights-religious-minorities/31999696.html |access-date=12 December 2023 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212074243/https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-bahai-faith-persecution-un-rights-religious-minorities/31999696.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Sannadkii 2024, baaritaan uu sameeyay Ergeyga Gaarka ah ee Qaramada Midoobay ayaa lagu soo gabagabeeyay in Iran ay gashay [[xasuuq]] ka dhan ah dadka siyaasadda iyo diimaha laga tirada badan yahay intii uu socday [[Xasuuqii Iran ee 1981–1982|xasuuqyadii 1981–1982]] iyo [[Toogashadii 1988 ee maxaabiista siyaasadeed ee Iran|dilalkii wadajirka ahaa ee 1988]].<ref name="ShahinClerical">{{cite journal |last1=Nasiri |first1=Shahin |title=Clerical Sovereignty and its Absolute Others: Religious Genocide in Iran |journal=[[Journal of Genocide Research]] |date=25 September 2025 |volume=28 |pages=1–25 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14623528.2025.2566533#abstract |access-date=24 October 2025 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |issn=1462-3528}}</ref> Faafreebka waxaa lagu qiimeeyaa mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu daran adduunka oo dhan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran |url=https://rsf.org/en/iran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119053026/https://rsf.org/en/iran |archive-date=19 January 2018 |access-date=9 September 2017 |website=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2016 |title=The World Press Freedom Index |url=https://rsf.org/en/world-press-freedom-index |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419141729/https://rsf.org/en/world-press-freedom-index |archive-date=19 April 2019 |access-date=17 May 2019 |website=[[Wariyayaasha aan Xuduudda Lahayn]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2019 |title=Freedom in the World 2019, Iran |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2019/iran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430053909/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2019/iran |archive-date=30 April 2019 |access-date=17 May 2019 |website=Freedom House}}</ref> Iran waxay leedahay [[Faafreebka internetka ee Iran|faafreeb internet oo adag]], iyadoo dawladdu ay si joogto ah u xannibto baraha bulshada iyo baraha kale.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Chloe |date=21 November 2019 |title=Iran's internet blackout enters fifth day as government claims victory over protesters |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/11/21/irans-internet-blackout-enters-fifth-day-amid-fuel-price-protests.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191122155819/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/11/21/irans-internet-blackout-enters-fifth-day-amid-fuel-price-protests.html |archive-date=22 November 2019 |access-date=24 November 2019 |publisher=[[CNBC]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mihalcik |first=Carrie |title=Iran's internet has been shut down for days amid protests |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/irans-internet-has-been-shut-down-for-days-amid-protests/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191126051521/https://www.cnet.com/news/irans-internet-has-been-shut-down-for-days-amid-protests/ |archive-date=26 November 2019 |access-date=24 November 2019 |publisher=[[CNET]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="TechCrunch">{{Cite web |date=17 November 2019 |title=Iran shuts down country's internet in the wake of fuel protests |url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/11/17/iran-shuts-down-countrys-internet-in-the-wake-of-fuel-protests/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125171635/https://techcrunch.com/2019/11/17/iran-shuts-down-countrys-internet-in-the-wake-of-fuel-protests/ |archive-date=25 November 2020 |access-date=24 November 2019 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref> Laga soo bilaabo Janaayo 2021, mas'uuliyiintu waxay xannibeen dhowr barood oo baraha bulshada ah.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=MacLellan |first1=Stephanie |date=9 January 2018 |title=What You Need to Know about Internet Censorship in Iran |url=https://www.cigionline.org/articles/what-you-need-know-about-internet-censorship-iran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124164741/https://www.cigionline.org/articles/what-you-need-know-about-internet-censorship-iran |archive-date=24 November 2020 |access-date=11 November 2020 |website=Centre for International Governance Innovation |language=en}}</ref> Natiijooyinkii doorashada 2006 ayaa si weyn loogu muransanaa, taas oo keentay [[Mudaharaadyadii doorashada madaxweynaha ee Iran ee 2009|mudaharaadyo]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Landry |first=Carole |date=25 June 2009 |title=G8 calls on Iran to halt election violence |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jSWPwBGmOByDmvG6OPfqesxJ2O7Q |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110312135716/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jSWPwBGmOByDmvG6OPfqesxJ2O7Q |archive-date=12 March 2011 |access-date=18 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tait |first1=Robert |last2=Black |first2=Ian |last3=Tran |first3=Mark |date=17 June 2009 |title=Iran protests: Fifth day of unrest as regime cracks down on critics |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jun/17/iran-protests-day-five |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221142529/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jun/17/iran-protests-day-five |archive-date=21 December 2016 |access-date=14 December 2016 |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=5 July 2009 |title=Iran clerics defy election ruling |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8134904.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010065919/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8134904.stm |archive-date=10 October 2017 |access-date=18 June 2011 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=7 September 2009 |title=Is this government legitimate? |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/iran/2009/07/090704_op_brief_majma_qom.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409060631/http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/iran/2009/07/090704_op_brief_majma_qom.shtml |archive-date=9 April 2015 |access-date=18 June 2011 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> [[Mudaharaadyadii Iran ee 2017–18]] ayaa ku baahay dalka oo dhan iyadoo looga jawaabayay xaaladda dhaqaale iyo siyaasadeed.<ref>{{cite news |last=Erdbrink |first=Thomas |date=4 August 2018 |title=Protests Pop Up Across Iran, Fueled by Daily Dissatisfaction |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/04/world/middleeast/iran-protests.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023212544/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/04/world/middleeast/iran-protests.html |archive-date=23 October 2023 |access-date=5 August 2022 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Waxaa si rasmi ah loo xaqiijiyay in kumanaan mudaaharaadayaal ah la xiray.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 January 2019 |title=Iran arrested 7,000 in crackdown on dissent during 2018 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-46984649 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528144810/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-46984649 |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=5 August 2022 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> [[Mudaharaadyadii Iran ee 2019–20]] waxay ka bilaabmeen 15kii Noofambar magaalada [[Ahvaz]], waxayna ku baaheen dalka oo dhan ka dib markii ay dawladdu ku dhawaaqday kor u kac qiimaha shidaalka ah oo gaaraya ilaa 300%.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 November 2019 |title=In Pictures: Iranians protest against the increase in fuel prices |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/pictures-iranians-protest-increase-fuel-prices-191117091345643.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191119060103/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/pictures-iranians-protest-increase-fuel-prices-191117091345643.html |archive-date=19 November 2019 |access-date=19 November 2019 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> [[Xiritaanka Internetka ee Iran ee 2019|Internetka oo la damiyay muddo toddobaad ah]] ayaa calaamadeeyay mid ka mid ah xiritaankii ugu darraa ee internetka ee waddan kasta, iyo cadaadiskii dawladeed ee ugu dhiigga badnaa ee mudaaharaadayaasha.<ref>{{cite web |last=Shutdown |first=Iran Internet |title=A web of impunity: The killings Iran's internet shutdown hid |url=https://iran-shutdown.amnesty.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110235750/https://iran-shutdown.amnesty.org/ |archive-date=10 January 2021 |access-date=15 January 2021}}</ref> Tobanaan kun ayaa la xiray boqolaalna waa la dilay dhowr maalmood gudahood sida ay sheegeen goobjoogayaal caalami ah oo dhowr ah, oo ay ku jirto [[Amnesty International]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Special Report: Iran's leader ordered crackdown on unrest – 'Do whatever it takes to end it' |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-protests-specialreport/special-report-irans-leader-ordered-crackdown-on-unrest-do-whatever-it-takes-to-end-it-idUSKBN1YR0QR |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223095916/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-protests-specialreport/special-report-irans-leader-ordered-crackdown-on-unrest-do-whatever-it-takes-to-end-it-idUSKBN1YR0QR |archive-date=23 December 2019 |access-date=23 December 2019 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> [[Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752]] wuxuu ahaa duulimaad caalami ah oo rakaab rayid ah oo ka yimid Tehran kuna socday [[Kyiv]], oo ay maamusho [[Ukraine International Airlines]]. 8-dii Janaayo 2020, Boeing 737–800 oo duulaysay marinkaas ayaa waxaa soo riday IRGC waxyar ka dib markii ay kacday, iyadoo dishay dhammaan 176-dii qof ee saarnaa taasna waxay keentay [[Mudaharaadyadii Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752|mudaaharaadyo]]. Baaritaan caalami ah ayaa horseeday in dawladdu ay qirato soo ridista, iyadoo ugu yeertay "qalad bini'aadam".<ref>{{cite news |date=8 January 2020 |title=Ukrainian airplane with 180 aboard crashes in Iran: Fars |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-crash/ukrainian-airplane-with-180-aboard-crashes-in-iran-fars-idUSKBN1Z70EL |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108035747/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-crash/ukrainian-airplane-with-180-aboard-crashes-in-iran-fars-idUSKBN1Z70EL |archive-date=8 January 2020 |access-date=8 January 2020 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=11 January 2020 |title=Demands for justice after Iran's plane admission |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-51077788 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112185600/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-51077788 |archive-date=12 January 2020 |access-date=11 January 2020 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> [[Mudaharaadyadii Mahsa Amini|Mudaharaadyo kale oo looga soo horjeedo dawladda]] ayaa bilowday 16-kii Sebtembar 2022 ka dib markii haweeney lagu magacaabo [[Dhimashadii Mahsa Amini|Mahsa Amini ay ku dhimatay gacanta booliiska]] ka dib markii ay xireen [[Guidance Patrol]], oo loo yaqaan "booliiska asluubta".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who are Iran's 'morality police'? – DW – 12/04/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/who-are-irans-morality-police/a-63200711 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023065624/https://www.dw.com/en/who-are-irans-morality-police/a-63200711 |archive-date=23 October 2023 |access-date=23 October 2023 |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 September 2022 |title=Protests flare across Iran in violent unrest over woman's death |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/tehran-governor-accuses-protesters-attacks-least-22-arrested-2022-09-20/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927195508/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/tehran-governor-accuses-protesters-attacks-least-22-arrested-2022-09-20/ |archive-date=27 September 2022 |access-date=23 September 2022 |work=[[Reuters]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Leonhardt |first1=David |date=26 September 2022 |title=Iran's Ferocious Dissent |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/26/briefing/iran-protests-mahsa-amini.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927061245/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/26/briefing/iran-protests-mahsa-amini.html |archive-date=27 September 2022 |access-date=27 September 2022 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=16 September 2022 |title=Iranian woman dies 'after being beaten by morality police' over hijab law |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/sep/16/iranian-woman-dies-after-being-beaten-by-morality-police-over-hijab-law |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920020636/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/sep/16/iranian-woman-dies-after-being-beaten-by-morality-police-over-hijab-law |archive-date=20 September 2022 |access-date=22 September 2022 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref> Cadaadiskii dawladdu ay saartay mudaaharaadyada ayaa Qaramada Midoobay ay ku tilmaantay [[danbi ka dhan ah bini'aadantinimada]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2024 |title=Iran committed crimes against humanity during protest crackdown, UN says |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/8/iran-committed-crimes-against-humanity-during-protest-crackdown-un-says |access-date=6 September 2025 |publisher=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> == Dhaqaalaha == {{Main|Dhaqaalaha Iran}} {{See also|Kaalmooyinka Iran|Bangiyada iyo caymiska ee Iran}} Laga bilaabo {{As of|2024}}, Iran waxay leedahay dhaqaalaha [[Liiska wadamada marka loo eego GDP (PPP)|19-aad ee ugu weyn adduunka marka loo eego GDP-ga lagu hagaajiyay PPP]]. Waa [[Dhaqaale isku dhafan|isku dhafka]] [[Dhaqaalaha qorshaysan|qorshaynta dhexe]], [[lahaanshaha dawladda]] ee saliidda iyo shirkadaha kale ee waaweyn, beeraha tuulooyinka, iyo ganacsiga gaarka ah ee yar-yar iyo mashaariicda adeegga.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.traveldocs.com/ir/economy.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608192955/http://www.traveldocs.com/ir/economy.htm |archive-date=8 June 2011 |title=Iran economy |access-date=18 June 2011}}</ref> Adeegyadu waxay ku darsadaan boqolkiiba ugu weyn ee GDP-ga, waxaa ku xiga warshadaha ([[Macdanta Iran|macdanta]] iyo wax soo saarka) iyo [[Beeraha Iran|beeraha]].<ref>[http://www.turquoisepartners.com/iraninvestment/IIM-AprMay12.pdf ''Iran Investment Monthly''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.turquoisepartners.com/iraninvestment/IIM-AprMay12.pdf |date=20131031023806 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031023806/http://www.turquoisepartners.com/iraninvestment/IIM-AprMay12.pdf |date=31 October 2013 }}. Turquoise Partners (April 2012). Retrieved 24 July 2012.</ref> Dhaqaalaha waxaa lagu gartaa waaxda hydrocarbon-ka, wax soo saarka iyo adeegyada maaliyadda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overview |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/iran/overview |access-date=24 December 2023 |publisher=World Bank |language=en |archive-date=4 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704155746/https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/iran/overview |url-status=live}}</ref> Iyadoo leh 10% [[Kaydka saliidda ee Iran|kaydka saliidda]] adduunka iyo 15% [[Kaydka Gaaska dabiiciga ah ee Iran|kaydka gaaska]], Iran waa [[quwad weyn oo dhinaca tamarta ah]]. In ka badan [[Warshadaha Iran|40 warshadood]] ayaa si toos ah ugu lug leh [[Sarrifka saamiyada ee Tehran]]. [[File:Tehran Stock Exchange 3513534.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|[[Sarrifka saamiyada ee Tehran]]]] Tehran waa xarunta xoogga dhaqaale ee Iran.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Tehran (Iran): People – Britannica Online Encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/585619/Tehran/276311/Economy |access-date=21 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121123001337/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/585619/Tehran/276311/Economy |archive-date=23 November 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> Qiyaastii 30% shaqaalaha waaxda guud ee Iran iyo 45% shirkadaheeda warshadaha ee waaweyn waxay ku yaallaan halkaas, kala bar shaqaalaha shirkadahaasna waxay u shaqeeyaan dawladda.<ref>{{cite web |author=Cordesman, Anthony H. |date=23 September 2008 |title=The US, Israel, the Arab States and a Nuclear Iran. Part One: Iranian Nuclear Programs |url=http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/081006_iran_nuclear.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806042511/http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/081006_iran_nuclear.pdf |archive-date=6 August 2010 |access-date=25 September 2010 |work=Center for Strategic and International Studies}}</ref> [[Bangiga Dhexe ee Iran]] ayaa ka mas'uul ah horumarinta iyo ilaalinta lacagta: [[Rial-ka Iran]]. Dawladdu ma aqoonsana [[Liiska ururada shaqaalaha ee Iran|ururada shaqaalaha]] marka laga reebo golayaasha shaqaalaha ee Islaamiga ah, kuwaas oo ku xiran ogolaanshaha loo shaqeeyayaasha iyo adeegyada amniga.<ref name="ayatoil">{{cite news |title=Iran's banned trade unions: Aya-toiling |url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21576408-though-watched-and-muzzled-independent-labour-unions-are-stirring-aya-toiling |access-date=23 June 2013 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=20 April 2013 |archive-date=23 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623080810/http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21576408-though-watched-and-muzzled-independent-labour-unions-are-stirring-aya-toiling |url-status=live}}</ref> Iran waxay ahayd dalkii ugu horeeyay ee soo bandhiga [[Dakhliga aasaasiga ah ee caalamiga ah|dakhliga aasaasiga ah ee qaranka]] deyrta 2010.<ref>{{cite news |date=23 June 2011 |title=Iran's bold economic reform: Economic jihad |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2011/06/23/economic-jihad |newspaper=The Economist}}</ref> Shaqo la'aantu waxay ahayd 9% sanadkii 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/iran/unemployment-rate |title=Iran Unemployment Rate |access-date=7 June 2024 |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108141105/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/iran/unemployment-rate |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Siyaasadda Iran#Miisaaniyadda|Dhimista miisaaniyadda]] waxay ahayd dhibaato raagto, badanaa waxaa ugu wacan [[Kaalmooyinka Iran|kaalmooyinka dawladeed ee waaweyn]], oo ay ku jiraan agabka cuntada iyo gaar ahaan shidaalka, oo wadartoodu gaartay $100 bilyan sanadkii 2022 tamarta oo kaliya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202205093109 |title=Senior Official Says Iran Paying $100 Billion In Energy Subsidies |website=Iran International |date=9 May 2022 |access-date=7 June 2024 |archive-date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604142038/https://www.iranintl.com/en/202205093109 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.payvand.com/news/07/jan/1295.html |title=Ahmadinejad's Achilles Heel: The Iranian Economy |website= |access-date=18 June 2011 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010061417/http://www.payvand.com/news/07/jan/1295.html}}</ref> Sannadkii 2010, qorshaha dib-u-habaynta dhaqaalaha wuxuu ahaa in la yareeyo kaalmooyinka si tartiib-tartiib ah laguna beddelo gargaar bulsho oo bartilmaameed ah. Ujeeddadu waa in loo guuro xaggii qiimaha suuqa xorta ah iyo in la kordhiyo wax soo saarka iyo cadaaladda bulshada.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://go.worldbank.org/KQD2RP3RX0 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20110210062245/http://go.worldbank.org/KQD2RP3RX0 |archive-date=10 February 2011 |title=Iran – Country Brief |access-date=30 January 2010}}</ref> Maamulku wuxuu sii wadaa dib-u-habaynta, wuxuuna tilmaamayaa inuu kala duwanayn doono dhaqaalaha saliidda ku tiirsan. Iran waxay horumarisay [[Bioteknoolajiyadda Iran|bioteknoolajiyadda]], [[Nanotechnoolajiyadda Iran|nanotechnoolajiyadda]], iyo warshadaha [[Daawooyinka Iran|daawooyinka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nanovip.com/nanotechnology-companies/iran |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114070827/http://www.nanovip.com/nanotechnology-companies/iran |archive-date=14 November 2006 |title=List of Iranian Nanotechnology companies |access-date=21 June 2013}}</ref> Dawladdu waxay [[Gaar u lahaanshaha Iran|gaar u leedahay warshadaha]]. Iran waxay leedahay warshado wax soo saar oo hormuud u ah samaynta baabuurta, gaadiidka, agabka dhismaha, qalabka guryaha, cuntada iyo agabka beeraha, hubka, daawooyinka, tignoolajiyada macluumaadka, iyo petrochemicals ee Bariga Dhexe.<ref name="Economy">{{cite web |url=https://www.uktradeinvest.gov.uk/ukti/appmanager/ukti/countries?_nfls=false&_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=CountryType1&navigationPageId=/iran |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060213220829/https://www.uktradeinvest.gov.uk/ukti/appmanager/ukti/countries?_nfls=false&_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=CountryType1&navigationPageId=%2Firan |archive-date=13 February 2006 |title=UK Trade & Investment |date=13 February 2006 |access-date=21 June 2013}}</ref> Waxay ka mid tahay shanta soo saara ee ugu sarreeya adduunka ee [[apricot]]-ka, [[cherry|jeeriga]], [[qajaarka]], [[timirta]], [[bergamot|fiigga]], [[pistachio]]-ga, [[walnut]]-ka, [[Kiwifruit]]-ka iyo [[qaraha]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL |title=FAOSTAT |website=FAO |access-date=7 June 2024 |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Cunaqabataynta caalamiga ah ee ka dhanka ah Iran]] ayaa waxyeelo u geysatay dhaqaalaha.<ref name="everend">{{cite news |title=Iran and sanctions: When will it ever end? |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2012/08/18/when-will-it-ever-end |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |access-date=23 June 2013 |date=18 August 2012 |archive-date=30 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530021803/http://www.economist.com/node/21560596 |url-status=live}}</ref> Iran waa mid ka mid ah saddex waddan oo aan weli ansixin [[Heshiiska Paris]] si loo xaddido [[Isbeddelka cimilada ee Bariga Dhexe iyo Waqooyiga Afrika|isbeddelka cimilada]], inkastoo aqoonyahanadu ay sheegaan inay u wanaagsan tahay dalka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Larch |first1=Mario |last2=Wanner |first2=Joschka |title=The consequences of non-participation in the Paris Agreement |journal=European Economic Review |date=April 2024 |volume=163 |article-number=104699 |doi=10.1016/j.euroecorev.2024.104699 |hdl=10419/302105 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} s6zafy719a9ca8304mi5yj8qmlacbyo 0 4794 305829 278951 2026-08-24T18:05:42Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305829 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Former Country |native_name = |conventional_long_name = Suldaanada Awdal |common_name = Adal |continent = Afrika |region = Geeska Afrika |country = Itoobiya |era = Waayihii hore |government_type = [[boqor|Saldanad ama boqortooyo]] |year_start = 900 |year_end = 1577 |life_span = 900–1559 |event1 = Dagaalkii Yeshaq I |date_event1 = 900–1429 |event2 = Caasimada ka dhigtey Dakkar |date_event2 = 1433 |event3 = Muran ka dhashay xilqabasho |date_event3 = 1518–1526 |event4 = Caasimad ku wareegay [[Harar]] |date_event4 = 1520 |event5 = Dagaalkii Cadal iyo Itoobiya |date_event5 = 1529–1543 |event_pre = |date_pre = |p1 = Saldanadi Ifat |flag_p1 = |s1 = Imaamnimada Awsa |flag_s1 = Flag of Egypt (1844-1867).svg |s2 = Saldanada Isaaq |flag_s2 = | |image_flag = Flag of Adal Sultanate.svg |image_flag_size = 200px |flag = |flag_type = wadajirka sadex astaan calan uu isticmaaley Ahmad al-Ghazi<ref>"the king of Zeila [Imam Ahmad] ascended a hill with several horse and some foot to examine us: he halted on the top with three hundred horse and three large banners, two white with red moons, and one red with a white moon, which always accompanied him, and [by] which he was recognized." Richard Stephen Whiteway, ''The Portuguese expedition to Abyssinia in 1541-1543 as Narrated by Castanhoso'', Kraus Reprint, 1967, p. 41 </ref> |image_coat = |image_map = |image_map_caption = Deegaanada ay ka talineysay wakhtigii Saldanada Adal ugu awooda badneyd qiyaastii 1540. |national_motto = |national_anthem = |capital = [[Saylac]] <small>(caasimada ugu horeeysay, iyo saldhiga ugu weynaa)</small><ref> name="Lewispd"</ref> <br /> [[Dakkar]] <small>(caasimad cusub ee Saldanada)</small> <br /> [[Harar]] <small>(magaalo-madaxdii ugu dambeysay)</small> |common_languages = [[Somali language|Somali]], [[Carabi]], Ge'ez, [[Canfar]], [[Harari]]<!-- Per template, parameter is reserved for "major lang auage(s)" --> |title_leader = [[Suldaan|Sulṭān]], [[Imam]], [[Emir]] |stat_year1 = |stat_pop1 = |stat_area4 = |population_density3 = |state religion = [[Islam]] |currency = |today = {{flag|Somaliland}}<br />{{flag|Ethiopia}}<br />{{flag|Djibouti}} }} '''Saldanada Awdal''' ([[Carabi]]: {{big|عدل}}; {{wadaad|سَلْدَنَدي عَدَلْ}}; {{lang-en|Adal}}; micno ahaan "Cadaalad") (sidoo kale loo yaqaanay '''Boqortooyada Adal''') waxay aheyd [[boqor]]tooyo xukumi jirtay deegaano badan oo ka tirsan [[Gobolka Awdal]] ee [[Somaliland]], meelo ka mid ah dhulka [[Itoobiya]] iyo [[Jabuuti]] ilaa [[Eratareya]]. Boqortooyada Cadal waxey ka mid ahayd boqortooyada ugu [[taariikh]]da dheeraa uguna awooda weynaa gayiga iyo deegaanada ay dagaan dadka [[Somaliland]] iyo agagaarkooda. In kastoo boqortooyadu ka bilaabantey magaalada taariikhiga ah ee xuddunta u ahayd ee [[Saylac]] waxay saldhigyo waaweyn ku lahayd magaalada [[Harare]] iyo nawaaxigeeda. Magaalada [[Saylac]] ayay ka bilaabantey boqortooyadu ka dib ku fidey deegaanka geeska [[Afrika]]. Sanadihii 1415 ilaa 1577 ayay boqortooyada Cadal ugu awood badneyd goortaas ooy maamuleysay in ka badan shan kun oo kilomitir isku wareeg ah. Boqortooyada Cadal sidoo kale loo yaqaano Adal waxa lagu xasuustaa dagaalo waaweyn oo ay inta badan la galeen Itoobiya. ==Raadraaca ereyga== Raadraaca ereyga Awdal waxaa lagu tilmaami karaa inuu la siman yahay ereyga ''jasiirad'' marka af-Soomaali qadiimi ah la tixraaco. Masdar ahaan, eeyga awdal wuxuu u qayban yahay labo erey: "aw" oo ah aabo ee af-Soomaali qadiimi, iyo dal, oo ah dhul. Dhulka Denakil ay ummada Afar iyo Soomaalida u dhaw, maadaama ay gabxo oomane tahay, wuxuu dhulkaas ka dhigay soohdin ama xuduud oo kale oo ka celinaya jabhad kasta ama guuto kasta ee buuraha dalsan galbeedka ka xiga ka celin karaa. Sidaas awgeed baa maamulka Awdal loogu magacdaray cinwaanta "Awdal". == Taariikhda Awdal == ''Boqortooyada Awdal'' (sidoo kale ''Awdal'', ''Adl'', ama ''Adel'' ) <ref name="Somalia">Mohamed Haji Mukhtar, ''Historical Dictionary of Somalia'', new edn, African Historical Dictionary Series, 87 (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2003), s.v. ''Awdal'' [p. 44];</ref> waxay [[ Xarun|xuddun u]] ahayd [[Saylac|Seila]], oo ahayd caasimadeeda. <ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eK6SBJIckIsC&pg=PA17&dq=&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiH3ZHswuDTAhXsI8AKHbvCDaYQ6AEITzAI#v=onepage&q=%22Adal%20was%20based%20on%20the%20port%20of%20Zeila',%20%22&f=false|title=A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa|last=Lewis|first=I. M.|date=1999-01-01|publisher=James Currey Publishers|isbn=9780852552803|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WU92d6sB8JAC&pg=PA20&dq=&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiH3ZHswuDTAhXsI8AKHbvCDaYQ6AEIKDAB#v=onepage&q=%22and%20the%20lowlands%20between%20shoa%20province%20and%20the%20port%20of%20zeila%20in%20present-day%20somaliland%22&f=false|title=Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia|last=Shinn|first=David H.|last2=Ofcansky|first2=Thomas P.|date=2013-04-11|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810874572|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=f2R8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA347&dq=&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwitmab6zeDTAhUMJ8AKHZidDq44ChDoAQgtMAI#v=snippet&q=%22area%20where%20the%20state%20of%20djibouti%22&f=false|title=Africa A to Z: Continental and Country Profiles: Third Edition|last=Pieter|first=Esterhuysen|date=2013-12-07|publisher=Africa Institute of South Africa|isbn=9780798303446|language=en}}</ref> Waxaa aasaasay qabaa'illada maxalliga ah ee [[Soomaalida|Soomaaliyeed]] bilowgii qarnigii 9aad. Zeila waxay soo jiidatay ganacsatada adduunka oo dhan, waxayna gacan ka geysteen hodanka magaalada. Zeila waa magaalo qadiim ah waxayna ka mid ahayd magaalooyinkii ugu horreeyay adduunka ee ay qaataan [[Islaam|Islaamka]] .<ref>M. H. Mukhtar, 'Adal Sultanate', in ''The Encyclopedia of Empire'' (Wiley, 2016), {{DOI|10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe145}}; .</ref> Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 9aad, [[ Al-Yaqubi|Al-Yaqubi]], oo ah aqoonyahan Muslim ah oo reer Armenian ah isla markaana safar ah, wuxuu qoray in Boqortooyada Adal ay tahay boqortooyo aad u yar isla markaana Zeila ay u shaqeysay xaruntii boqortooyada, oo taariikhdu ku beegneyd bilowgii qarnigii. <ref name="Encyamer">{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 25|year=1965|publisher=Americana Corporation|pages=255|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=OP5LAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> <ref name="Lewispohoa">{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=I.M.|title=Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho|year=1955|publisher=International African Institute|pages=140|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=Cd0mAQAAMAAJ}}</ref> [[Islaam|Diinta islaamka]] ayaa lagu soo rogay gobolka Geeska hore horaantii [[Dhulbaxsinta Carabta|gacanka carbeed]], waxyar kadib [[ Hijra (Islaam)|hijriyada]] . [[ Masjidka al-Qiblatayn (Soomaaliya)|Masaajidka al-Qiblatayn]] ee magaalada 'Meila' ee laba [[ Mihrab|mhrab]] [[ Masjidka al-Qiblatayn (Soomaaliya)|masaajidka]] waxay taariikhdu ahayd qiyaastii qarnigii 7-aad, waana [[Masaajid|Masjidka]] ugu da'da weyn [[Afrika]] . <ref name="Btgpb">{{cite book|last=Briggs|first=Phillip|title=Somaliland|year=2012|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=1841623717|page=7|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=M6NI2FejIuwC}}</ref> Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 9aad, [[ Al-Yaqubi|Al-Yaqubi]] wuxuu qoray in muslimiintu ku noolaayeen dhinaca badda woqooyi ee Soomaaliya. <ref name="Encyamer2">{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 25|year=1965|publisher=Americana Corporation|pages=255|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=OP5LAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> <ref name="Lewispohoa2">{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=I.M.|title=Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho|year=1955|publisher=International African Institute|pages=140|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=Cd0mAQAAMAAJ}}</ref> Sharciga ayaa waxaa xukumayey aasaaska [[Soomaalida|somalida]] maxalliga ah ee ay asaasay Adelites. <ref name="Leo">{{cite book|last1=Africanus|first1=Leo|title=The History and Description of Africa|date=1526|publisher=Hakluyt Society|pages=51–54|url=https://archive.org/stream/historyanddescr03porygoog#page/n180/mode/2up|quote=}}</ref> Taariikhda Adal laga soo bilaabo xilligan aas-aaska waxaa lagu tilmaami karaa dagaallo is xigxigay oo lala galay [[ Boqortooyada Itoobiya|Abtiyoland]] deris la ah. <ref name="Lewispohoa2" /> [[ Yusuf bin Ahmad al-Kawneyn|Yusuf bin Ahmad al-Kawneyn]] wuxuu ku dhashay Zeila muddadii boqortooyada Adal. Al-Kawneyn waa muwaadin Soomaaliyeed oo Muslim ah. <ref name="Lewis">[https://books.google.com/books?id=P5AZyEhMtbkC&pg=PA89&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false "Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society"]; Lewis, I.M.; ''The Red Sea Press''; (1998); retrieved 22 September 2015.</ref> Waxaa la rumeysan yahay inuu yahay aasaasaha iyo abtirsiinta qoyska boqortooyada ee loo yaqaan ' [[Boqortooyadii Walashma|Walashma Dynasty']], kaasoo markii dambe xukumayay [[ Ifat Sultanate|Ifat Sultanate]] iyo Adal Sultanate intii lagu jiray qarniyadii dhexe. <ref name="Lewis" /> <ref>{{cite book|author1=Nehemia Levtzion|author2=Randall Pouwels|title=The History of Islam in Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780864864543|date=Mar 31, 2000|publisher=Ohio University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780864864543/page/242 242]|language=English|quote=}}</ref> == Suldaanada Boqortooyada == == Luuqada == == Dhaqaalaha == == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[Boorama]] * [[Awdal]] *[[Saldanadii Cadal]] *[[Boqortooyadii Walashma]] *[[Saldanadii Ajuuraan]] *Ifat Sultanate ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} {{Maqaalo Somaliland}} {{gumud}} [[Category:Taariikh]] [[Category:Somaliland]] [[Category:Juquraafi]] [[Category:Soomaalidii hore]] [[Category:Geeska Afrika]] [[Category:Taariikh]] [[Category:Awdal]] 3535ukxezeq9cedmwui54drpv7wsyu9 0 5181 305790 296968 2026-08-24T17:40:26Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305790 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Canjeelo.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Somali [[lahoh]].]] [[File:Henna for hair.jpg|thumb|right|200px|To apply it on the hair; Henna powder is mixed with [[water]] and then applied on the hair]] [[File:Ethcofcerm.jpg|right|thumb|200px|waa dhaqankii hore ee somaalida]] [[File:LaasGeel.jpg|thumb|laasgeel waa meel ku caana aasaartii hore ee qadiimiaga ahayd kuna taala bariga magaalada hargeisa]] [[File:Gobustan ancient Azerbaycan full.jpg|thumb|Petroglyphs maalin casriya [[Gobustan State Reserve|Gobustan]], [[Azerbaijan]],dib u taariikhayn10 000 C.H taas oo tilmaamaysa dhaqanka suuban]] [[File:Ägyptischer Maler um 1400 v. Chr. 001.jpg|thumb|[[faraaciin]]ian [[fanka]], 1 400 C.H]] [[File:Mehmooni2.jpg|thumb|The [[faarisi]]n ''[[Hasht Behesht|Hasht-Behesht Palace]]'']] '''Dhaqan''' ({{lang-en|''culture''}}; {{lang-ar|ثقافة}})<ref>Harper, Douglas (2001). [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=culture Online Etymology Dictionary]</ref> waa nolosha, hadalka, [[luuqad]]a, [[aqoon]]ta, [[fan]]ka, [[suugaan]]ta, ciyaaraha, hido iyo dhaqanka iyo guud ahaan hab nololeedka [[dad|bulsho]] leedahay kaasi oo noqon kara wax sawir guud oo dadka kale ka heeystaan bulshadaasi. Sidoo kale dhaqanku waa shay leh macne badan oo kala duwan oo isla xidhiidha . si kastaba ha ahaatee, kalmada "beer" waa ta badanaa la istticmaalo saddexda macnaha aasaasigaa: * Dhadhanka fiican ee [[fanka fiican]]s iyo [[baniaadanimo]], sidoo kale waxa loo yaqaanaa [[dhaqan ka suuban]] * aqoonta bani aadamka ee isla xidhiidha, aaminsanida, iyo dhaqanka kaas oo ku xidhan hawl karnimada uu qofku ku fikiro iyo barashada bulshada * noocyada dabeecadaha la wadaago, qiimayaasha, hadafyada, iyo caadooyinka taas oo ay dhaqan u yihiin xeerarka, ururada, ama kooxuhu marka fikradu marka hore la hagaajiyey qarnigii sideedaad- iyo qarnigii sagaalaad ee yurub, iyadu maaha hab loogu talo galay [[qodida dhirta|qodaalka]] ama horumar, as in [[beeraha]] or [[beer falid]]. qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad,waxa lagu tilmaamay xubnaha ama ama sinaanshaha ee qof walba ,gaaar ahaan dhinaca [[waxbarasho]], ka dibna buuxinta [[hantiwadaaga|qaranimodoonka]].badhtamihii qarnigii saagaal iyo tobnaad,saynisyahanada qaar baa isticmaala kalmada "dhaqan" tsi ay u tibaaxaan awooda baniaadamka ee caalamigaa.ee jarmalka [[nonpositivist]] [[sociologist]] [[Georg Simmel]], culture referred to "the cultivation of individuals through the agency of external forms which have been [[objectification|objectified]] in the course of history".<ref>Levine, Donald (ed) 'Simmel: On individuality and social forms' Chicago University Press, 1971. p6.</ref> == References == <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> * "Adolf Bastian". ''Today in Science History''. 27 Jan 2009 [http://www.todayinsci.com/B/Bastian_Adolf/Bastian_Adolf.htm Today in Science History] * "Adolf Bastian", [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/55606/Adolf-Bastian Encyclopædia Britannica Online], 27 January 2009 * {{cite book|last= Ankerl |first= Guy |title= Global communication without universal civilization, vol.1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western |origyear= 2000 |series= INU societal research |publisher= INU Press |location= Geneva |isbn= 2-88155-004-5 |pages=|year= 2000 }} * Arnold, Matthew. 1869. [http://www.library.utoronto.ca/utel/nonfiction_u/arnoldm_ca/ca_titlepage.html ''Culture and Anarchy.''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.library.utoronto.ca/utel/nonfiction_u/arnoldm_ca/ca_titlepage.html |date=20171118211142 }} New York: Macmillan. Third edition, 1882, available online. Retrieved: 2006-06-28. * [[Bakhtin]], M. M. (1981) ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=JKZztxqdIpgC The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays]''. Ed. Michael Holquist. Trans. Caryl Press. ISBN 978-0-252-06445-6. * Barzilai, Gad. 2003. ''Communities and Law: Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities'' University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-11315-1 * {{Cite journal|first=Ruth| last=Benedict| year=1934| title=Patterns of Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/patternsofcultbenerich| location=Boston|publisher=Houghton Miflin Company|ref=harv|postscript=<!--None-->}} * Bourdieu, Pierre. 1977. ''Outline of a Theory of Practice.'' Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29164-4 * Cohen, Anthony P. 1985. ''The Symbolic Construction of Community.'' Routledge: New York, * Dawkins, R. 1982. ''[[The Extended Phenotype|The Extended Phenotype: The Long Reach of the Gene.]]'' Paperback ed., 1999. Oxford Paperbacks. ISBN 978-0-19-288051-2 * Findley & Rothney. ''Twentieth-Century World'' (Houghton Mifflin, 1986) * Forsberg, A. [http://fog.ccsf.cc.ca.us/~aforsber/ccsf/culture_defined.html Definitions of culture] {{Wayback|url=http://fog.ccsf.cc.ca.us/~aforsber/ccsf/culture_defined.html |date=20070701005026 }} [[CCSF]] Cultural Geography course notes. Retrieved: 2006-06-29. * Geertz, Clifford. 1973. ''The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays''. New York. ISBN 978-0-465-09719-7. * — 1957. "Ritual and Social Change: A Javanese Example", ''American Anthropologist'', Vol. 59, No. 1. [http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122430901/abstract Geertz]{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Goodall, J. 1986. ''The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior.'' Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-11649-8 * Hoult, T. F., ed. 1969. ''Dictionary of Modern Sociology''. Totowa, New Jersey, United States: Littlefield, Adams & Co. * Jary, D. and J. Jary. 1991. ''The HarperCollins Dictionary of Sociology.'' New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-271543-7 * Keiser, R. Lincoln 1969. ''The Vice Lords: Warriors of the Streets''. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. ISBN 978-0-03-080361-1. * Kroeber, A. L. and C. Kluckhohn, 1952. ''Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions.'' Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum * Kim, Uichol (2001). "Culture, science and indigenous psychologies: An integrated analysis." In D. Matsumoto (Ed.), ''Handbook of culture and psychology.'' Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]] * McClenon, James. "Tylor, Edward B(urnett)". ''Encyclopedia of Religion and Society''. Ed. William Swatos and Peter Kivisto. Walnut Creek: AltaMira, 1998. 528-29. * Middleton, R. 1990. ''Studying Popular Music''. Philadelphia: Open University Press. ISBN 978-0-335-15275-9. * O'Neil, D. 2006. [http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cultural.htm Cultural Anthropology Tutorials] {{Wayback|url=http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/cultural.htm |date=20041204152854 }}, Behavioral Sciences Department, Palomar College, San Marco, California. Retrieved: 2006-07-10. * [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan, Ronald]]. [http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1989/011489a.htm "Final Radio Address to the Nation"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1989/011489a.htm |date=20160130224216 }}, January 14, 1989. Retrieved June 3, 2006. * Reese, W.L. 1980. ''Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion: Eastern and Western Thought.'' New Jersey U.S., Sussex, U.K: Humanities Press. * Tylor, E.B. 1974. ''Primitive culture: researches into the development of mythology, philosophy, religion, art, and custom.'' New York: Gordon Press. First published in 1871. ISBN 978-0-87968-091-6 * UNESCO. 2002. [http://www.unesco.org/education/imld_2002/unversal_decla.shtml Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity], issued on [[International Mother Language Day]], February 21, 2002. Retrieved: 2006-06-23. * White, L. 1949. ''The Science of Culture: A study of man and civilization.'' New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. * Wilson, Edward O. (1998). ''[[Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge]].'' Vintage: New York. ISBN 978-0-679-76867-8. * Wolfram, Stephen. 2002 ''[http://www.wolframscience.com/nksonline A New Kind of Science].'' Wolfram Media, Inc. ISBN 978-1-57955-008-0 </div> == External links == {{sisterlinks}} {{Wikinewsportal|Culture and entertainment}} * [http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/cfsi-icse/cil-cai/home-en.asp Centre for Intercultural Learning] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/cfsi-icse/cil-cai/home-en.asp |date=20090202090600 }} * [http://courses.ed.asu.edu/margolis/spf301/definitions_of_culture.html Detailed article on defining culture] {{Wayback|url=http://courses.ed.asu.edu/margolis/spf301/definitions_of_culture.html |date=20100626142906 }} * [http://xtf.lib.virginia.edu/xtf/view?docId=DicHist/uvaBook/tei/DicHist1.xml;chunk.id=dv1-73 Dictionary of the History of Ideas]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} "culture" and "civilization" in modern times * [http://global-culture.org/ Global Culture] {{Wayback|url=http://global-culture.org/ |date=20090831124037 }} Essays on global issues and their impact on culture * [http://www.fanafar.ir/ Centre for cultural technologies] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fanafar.ir/ |date=20140214191608 }} * [http://www.monthlyreview.org/299pare.htm Reflections on the Politics of Culture] {{Wayback|url=http://www.monthlyreview.org/299pare.htm |date=20110317033756 }} by [[Michael Parenti]] * [http://www.wsu.edu/gened/learn-modules/top_culture/culture-index.html What is Culture? – Washington State University] * [http://defineculture.com Define Culture] {{Wayback|url=http://defineculture.com/ |date=20211201075935 }} Compilation of 100+ user submitted definitions of culture from around the globe * [http://dialectmagazine.com Dialect Magazine] {{Wayback|url=http://dialectmagazine.com/ |date=20211206234454 }} A print and online magazine that focuses on culture via global entertainment, travel, international fashion, sociopolitics and more * [http://www.scribd.com/doc/21636305/Khaltourina-Korotayev-WorldCultures Concepts of Culture in Cross-National and Cross-Cultural Perspectives]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[Category:Dhaqan]] mmy77ih9d9q4s0sbikngqnmrfvgmn97 0 5427 305769 300571 2026-08-24T17:30:27Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305769 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Gambia | common_name = Gambia | image_flag = Flag of The Gambia.svg | flag_type = [[Calanka Gambia|Calan]] | religion_year = 2024 | image_coat = Coat of arms of The Gambia.svg | symbol_type = [[Astaanta Qaranka ee Gambia|Astaanta Qaranka]] | national_motto = "Horumar, Nabad, iyo Barwaaqo" | national_anthem = "[[For The Gambia Our Homeland]]"<div style="padding-top:0.5em;" class="center">[[File:For The Gambia Our Homeland (instrumental).ogg]]</div> | image_map = Gambia (orthographic projection with inset).svg | map_caption = Goobta ay Gambia (cagaarka madow) ku taal galbeedka Afrika | image_map2 = | capital = [[Banjul]] | largest_settlement_type = aagga caasimadda | largest_settlement = [[Serekunda]] | official_languages = [[Luqadda Ingiriisiga|Ingiriis]]<!-- Until official sources state otherwise, this should not be changed. See the Talk page. --> | languages_type = [[Luqadda qaranka|Luqadaha qaranka]] | languages = {{collapsible list|bullets=y|title={{nobold|Liiska:}} |[[Luqadda Mandinka|Mandinka]] |[[Luqadda Pulaar|Pulaar]] |[[Luqadda Wolof|Wolof]] |[[Luqadda Serer|Serer]] |[[Luqadaha Jola|Jola]] |[[Luqadda Ingiriisiga|Ingiriis]] |[[Luqadaha Balanta|Balanta]] |[[Carabi]] |[[Luqadda Jola-Fonyi|Jola-Fonyi]] |[[Luqadda Mandjak|Mandjak]] |[[Luqadda Mankanya|Mankanya]] |[[Luqadda Noon|Noon]] |[[Luqadda Dyula|Dyula]] |[[Luqadda Soninke|Soninke]] |[[Luqadda Fula|Fula]] |[[Luqadda Karon|Karon]] |[[Luqadda Kassonke|Kassonke]] |[[Luqadaha Cangin|Cangin]] |[[Luqadda Dhaqdhaqaaqa Gacanta ee Gambia]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list |34.4% [[Dadka Mandinka|Mandinka]] |25.0% [[Dadka Fula|Fula]] |15.4% [[Dadka Wolof|Wolof]] |9.5% [[Dadka Jola|Jola]] |8.2% [[Dadka Soninke|Soninke]] |2.9% [[Dadka Serer|Serer]] |4.6% kuwa kale<ref name=2019-2020Census>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gambia-the/#:~:text=People%20and%20Society-,Population,Demographic%20profile |title=2024 Gambia report by the CIA: Spatial Distribution |publisher=The CIA |last=National Population Commission Secretariat |date=2019–2020 |website=Gambia Bureau of Statistics |access-date=29 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103134831/https://www.gbos.gov.gm/uploads/census/2013/Spatial-distribution-report_%20Final.pdf |archive-date=3 January 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gbosdata.org/data/40-population-and-household-characteristics/1653-population-total|website=The Gambia Bureau of Statistics|title=Population - Total - GBoS|access-date=16 February 2025|archive-date=11 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511134924/https://www.gbosdata.org/data/40-population-and-household-characteristics/1653-population-total|url-status=live}}</ref> }} | ethnic_groups_year = Tirakoobka Dadka iyo Guryaha ee 2024 | religion_ref = <ref name=CIA>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gambia-the/ |title=The World Factbook: Gambia, The |website=CIA |access-date=7 December 2023 |archive-date=3 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210403011250/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gambia-the/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | demonym = Reer Gambia | government_type = Midaysan [[Nidaamka madaxtooyada|jamhuuriyad madaxtooyo]] | leader_title1 = [[Madaxweynaha Gambia|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Adama Barrow]] | leader_title2 = [[Madaxweyne ku-xigeenka Gambia|Madaxweyne ku-xigeen]] | leader_name2 = [[Muhammad B. S. Jallow]] | leader_title3 = [[Liiska guddoomiyayaasha Golaha Qaranka ee Gambia|Guddoomiyaha Golaha Qaranka]] | leader_name3 = [[Fabakary Tombong Jatta]] | leader_title4 = [[Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Gambia|Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare]] | leader_name4 = [[Hassan Bubacar Jallow]] | legislature = [[Golaha Qaranka ee Gambia|Golaha Qaranka]] | sovereignty_type = [[Madaxbannaanida]] | established_event1 = ka timid [[Boqortooyada Midowday]] | established_date1 = 18 Febraayo 1965 | established_event2 = kala diristii [[Xiriirka Senegambia]] | established_date2 = 30 Sebtember 1989 | area_km2 = 11,300<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gambia-the/#geography |title=Gambia, The |date=28 February 2023 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=25 February 2023 |archive-date=3 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210403011250/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gambia-the/#geography |url-status=dead }}</ref> | area_rank = 159aad<!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 4,007<!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> | percent_water = 11.5 | population_census = 2,422,712<ref name="GBoS 2024">{{cite web |url=https://gambia.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/2024-09/Preliminary%20Report%20of%20the%202024%20Census%20in%20The%20Gambia_0.pdf |title=The Gambia 2024 Population and Housing Census: Preliminary Report |date=August 2024 |publisher=Gambian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=18 June 2025 |archive-date=22 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322190104/https://gambia.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/2024-09/Preliminary%20Report%20of%20the%202024%20Census%20in%20The%20Gambia_0.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> | population_census_year = 2024 | population_census_rank = 142aad | population_density_km2 = 227 | population_density_sq_mi = 425.5<!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> | population_density_rank = 51ad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $11.050 bilyan<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025: Edition (The Gambia) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] October, 14 2025 |language=en |access-date=11 February 2026 |archive-date=12 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251012102316/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 166aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $3,820<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025: Edition (The Gambia) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] October, 14 2025 |language=en |access-date=11 February 2026 |archive-date=12 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251012102316/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 175ad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $2.670 bilyan<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025: Edition (The Gambia) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] October, 14 2025 |language=en |access-date=11 February 2026 |archive-date=12 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251012102316/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 185aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $924<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025: Edition (The Gambia) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] October, 14 2025 |language=en |access-date=11 February 2026 |archive-date=12 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251012102316/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 180ad | Gini = 35.9 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2015 | Gini_change = hoos u dhac | Gini_ref = <ref name=Gini>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?end=2015&locations=GM&start=2015&view=bar |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Data |publisher=World Bank |access-date=21 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421232414/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?end=2015&locations=GM&start=2015&view=bar |archive-date=21 April 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.524<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2023 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = kor u kac <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[Barnaamijka Horumarinta ee Qaramada Midoobay]]}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 170ad | currency = [[Dalasi-ga Gambia|Dalasi]] | currency_code = GMD | utc_offset = ±00:00 | time_zone = [[Wakhtiga Greenwich|GMT]] | calling_code = [[+220]] | iso3166code = GM | cctld = [[.gm]] | coordinates = {{Coord|13|27|00|N|16|34|30|W|type:city|display=inline,title}} | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |95.7% [[Islaamka ka jira Gambia|Islaam]] |4.2% [[Masiixiyadda ka jirta Gambia|Masiixiyad]] |0.1% kuwa kale }} | today = | p1 = | flag_p1 = Flag of The Gambia.svg | p2 = }} '''Gambia''', si rasmi ahna loo yihaahdo '''Jamhuuriyadda Gambia''',<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gambia.gov.gm/gambia-app/about-gambia/ |title=About The Gambia |publisher=The Gambia Government |access-date=2026-04-28 |archive-date=29 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260429211308/https://gambia.gov.gm/gambia-app/about-gambia/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|[[Luqadda Mandinka|Mandinka]]: ''Kambiya'' {{lang|nqo|ߞߊߡߓߌߦߊ}}; {{langx|wo|Gámbi}}, {{langx|ff|Gammbi}}, {{langx|srr|Gambi}}; {{langx|ar|غامبيا/جامبيا}}}} waa dal ku yaal [[Galbeedka Afrika]]. Dhanka juqraafiga, Gambia waa [[Liiska waddamada Afrika marka loo eego baaxadda dhulka|dalka ugu yar]] ee ku yaal qaaradda Afrika;{{refn|group=lower-alpha|[[Cape Verde]], [[Mauritius]], [[São Tomé and Príncipe]], iyo [[Seychelles]], oo ah dalka ugu yar Afrika, waa [[gasiirado]].}} waxayna xudduud la leedahay [[Senegal]] dhinac kasta marka laga reebo qaybta galbeed, oo ay xaddiddo [[Badweynta Atlaantigga]].<ref name=Hoare>Hoare, Ben. (2002) ''The Kingfisher A–Z Encyclopedia'', Kingfisher Publications. p. 11. {{ISBN|0-7534-5569-2}}.</ref> Dhulkeedu wuxuu ku yaallaa labada dhinac ee marinnada hoose ee [[Webiga Gambia]], kaas oo dhex mara badhtamaha dalka oo ku shuba Atlaantigga. Webiga dalka magaca u bixiyay wuxuu xaddidaa qaabka dheer ee dalka, kaas oo leh baaxad dhul oo gaaraysa {{convert|11300|km2|sqmi}} iyo dad gaaraya 2,422,712 oo qof markii la sameeyay Tirakoobkii 1-dii Maajo 2024<ref name=GBoS>Tirakoobka Dadka iyo Guryaha ee Gambia ee 2024</ref> kaas oo ah 30.45% kor u kac dadka ah tan iyo 2013. Caasimaddu waa jasiiradda [[Banjul]], oo hore loogu aqoon jiray Bathurst xilligii gumeysiga, taas oo ah [[aagga caasimadda]] ee ugu ballaaran dalka.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Banjul |title=Banjul &#124; national capital, The Gambia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=7 April 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803020622/https://www.britannica.com/place/Banjul |url-status=live }}</ref> Magaalooyinka labaad iyo saddexaad ee ugu weyn waa [[Serekunda]] iyo [[Brikama]]. Magaalooyinka kale ee muhiimka ah waa Kanifing iyo Farafenni oo ku yaal bankiga waqooyi, Basse oo ku taal Gobolka Upper River, iyo Soma oo ku taal gobolka lower river.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=the standard |date=February 11, 2015 |title=Farafenni named among Africa's booming town}}</ref> Ganacsatada [[Carabta Muslimiinta ah]] waxay ganacsi la wadaagi jireen dadka u dhashay Galbeedka Afrika ee deggan Gambia, iyadoo loo marayo nidaam loo yaqaanno ganacsiga dhex-mara Saxaraha, iyagoo isticmaalaya nidaamka wax-weydaarsiga. Intii lagu guda jiray qarniyadii 9-aad iyo 10-aad, Islaamka waxaa Galbeedka Sudan u soo bandhigay ganacsatadii Carabta. Sannadkii 1455, [[Boortaqiiska]] waxay noqdeen reer Yurubkii ugu horreeyay ee soo gala Gambia, in kasta oo aysan marnaba ka samaysan ganacsi muhiim ah halkaas. [[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska]] waxay samaysatay gumeysi sannadkii 1765.<ref>Hughes, Arnold (2008) ''Historical Dictionary of the Gambia''. Scarecrow Press. p. xx. {{ISBN|0-8108-6260-3}}.</ref> Sannadkii 1965, 200 sano ka dib, Gambia waxay heshay madaxbannaani iyadoo uu hoggaaminayo [[Dawda Jawara]]. Jawara wuxuu sii ahaa madaxweynaha, isagoo ku guuleystay dhowr doorasho, ilaa markii uu xukunka ka tuuray [[Yahya Jammeh]] [[Inqilaab aan dhiig ku daadan|inqilaab aan dhiig ku daadan]] 22-kii Luulyo, 1994. [[Adama Barrow]] waxaa loo doortay madaxweynaha saddexaad ee Gambia bishii Diseembar 2016; Wuxuu kaga guuleystay [[Yahya Jammeh]] caawinta isbahaysi ay lahaayeen xisbiyada kale ee mucaaradka siyaasadda.<ref name=Wiseman>{{cite book |last=Wiseman |first=John A. |year=2004 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jj4J-AXGDaQC&pg=PA456 |title=Africa South of the Sahara 2004 |edition=33rd |chapter=The Gambia: Recent History |publisher=Europa |page=456 |isbn=978-1-85743-183-4 }}</ref> Jammeh bilowgii wuxuu aqbalay natiijooyinka, laakiin haddana wuxuu diiday inuu xafiiska ka dego isagoo sheegay in la khiyaaneeyay, taas oo kicisay [[Xiisadda dastuuriga ah ee Gambia ee 2016–2017|xiisad dastuuri ah]]. [[Beesha Dhaqaalaha ee Galbeedka Afrika]] (ECOWAS) [[Faragelinta ciidan ee ECOWAS ee Gambia|waxay sameeyeen faragelin ciidan]] waxayna ku guuleysteen ka saarista Jammeh laba maalmood ka dib markii uu dhammaaday muddo-xileedkiisii rasmiga ahaa.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/21/anxious-gambians-await-former-president-yahya-jammeh-departure |title=Yahya Jammeh leaves the Gambia after 22 years of rule |last=Maclean |first=Ruth |date=21 January 2017 |work=The Guardian |access-date=17 May 2017 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516194615/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/21/anxious-gambians-await-former-president-yahya-jammeh-departure |archive-date=16 May 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Agrees">{{Cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/01/gambia-yahya-jammeh-agrees-step-170120184330091.html |title=Gambia's Yayah Jammeh confirms he will step down |date=20 January 2017 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=21 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121003151/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/01/gambia-yahya-jammeh-agrees-step-170120184330091.html |archive-date=21 January 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref> {{cite news |last=Ramsay |first=Stuart |title=Former Gambia leader Yahya Jammeh flies into political exile |publisher=Sky News |date=22 January 2017 |url=https://news.sky.com/story/former-gambia-leader-yahya-jammeh-flies-out-of-country-10738348 |access-date=23 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812125748/https://news.sky.com/story/former-gambia-leader-yahya-jammeh-flies-out-of-country-10738348 |archive-date=12 August 2022 |url-status=live}} </ref> Munaasabad dhaarinta ah oo ka dhacday safaaradda Gambia ee ku taal Dakar, Senegal, 19-kii Janaayo 2017, Adama Barrow wuxuu si rasmi ah u noqday madaxweynaha Gambia. Dhaqaalaha Gambia waxaa inta badan xukuma beeraha, kaluumeysiga, iyo gaar ahaan dalxiiska. Sannadkii 2022, 17.2% dadka waxay ku noolaayeen [[saboolnimo ba'an]], oo lagu qeexay inay ku nool yihiin wax ka yar US$2.15 (2017 [[Iibsashada awoodda isbarbardhigga|PPP]]) maalintii.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}} Gambia waa xubin aasaasi ah oo ka tirsan ECOWAS. Waxay dib ugu biirtay [[Barwaaqo-sooranka]] sannadkii 2018 ka dib markii ay markii hore ka baxday 2013.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Gambia rejoins the Commonwealth |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/news/gambia-rejoins-commonwealth |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728053646/https://thecommonwealth.org/news/gambia-rejoins-commonwealth |archive-date=2024-07-28 |access-date=2022-12-02}}</ref> [[Luqadda Ingiriisiga|Ingiriisiga]] waa luqadda rasmiga ah ee keliya ee dalka; waxay noqotay mid si weyn loo isticmaalo intii lagu guda jiray xukunkii Ingiriiska. == Asalka magaca == Magaca "Gambia" wuxuu ka yimid ereyga [[Luqadda Mandinka|Mandinka]] ee ''Kambra''/''Kambaa'', oo la dhihi karo waa [[Webiga Gambia]]. (Waxay kaloo ka timid ereyga muqaddaska ah ee [[Dadka Serer|Serer]] ee ''gamba'',<ref>Allen Meagher, Andrew Samuel, Baba Ceesay, National Council for the Arts and Culture (Gambia), ''Historic Sites of The Gambia: Ada Dinkiralu (Mandinka), Bereb-I-Chosan (Wolof), Tarica Tawal (Fula), Nannin (Jola), Soninke Ada (Serehuli), I-Mofan Chosan (Serer): an Official Guide to the Monuments and Sites of the Gambia'', National Council for the Arts and Culture, 1998, pp. 1, 24.</ref> oo ah [[durbaan]] laga sameeyay [[galaas]] kaas oo la garaaco marka oday Serer ah uu dhinto.)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mwakikagile |first1=Godfrey |author1-link=Godfrey Mwakikagile |title=The Gambia and Its People: Ethnic Identities and Cultural Integration in Africa |date=2010 |publisher=New Africa Press |isbn=978-9987-16-023-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZL7wIvRlXSwC&pg=PA141 |page=141 |language=en}}</ref> [[Sahamiyayaashii Boortaqiiska]], oo soo gaaray gobolka qarnigii 15-aad, waxay qaateen nooc ka mid ah magacan maxaliga ah, kaas oo markii dambe loo beddelay ''Gambia'' intii lagu guda jiray [[Gumeysigii iyo Maxmiyaddii Gambia|xukunkii gumeysiga Ingiriiska]].<ref name="MandinkaOrigin">{{cite book |last1=Hughes |first1=Arnold |last2=Perfect |first2=David |title=A political history of The Gambia, 1816-1994 |url=https://archive.org/details/politicalhistory0000hugh |date=2006 |publisher=University of Rochester Press |location=Rochester, NY |isbn=978-1-58046-682-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/politicalhistory0000hugh/page/12 12]–14}}</ref> Markii ay qaadatay madaxbannaanida sannadkii 1965, dalku wuxuu isticmaalay magaca ''The Gambia''. Ka dib markii lagu dhawaaqay jamhuuriyad sannadkii 1970, magaca dheer ee dalka wuxuu noqday ''Jamhuuriyadda Gambia''.<ref name=cons1996>{{cite web |url=http://www.ilo.org/dyn/travail/docs/1952/GMB48490.pdf |title=Constitution of the Republic of the Gambia |date=1996 |access-date=29 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204142049/http://www.ilo.org/dyn/travail/docs/1952/GMB48490.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Gambia waa mid ka mid ah labada dal ee kaliya ee qodobka cayiman ee "the" si rasmi ah loogu isticmaalo magacooda gaaban ee luqadda Ingiriisiga, dalka kale waa [[Bahamas]]; si ka duwan Bahamas, qoraalka weyn ayaa loo isticmaalaa qodobka marka la qorayo "The Gambia".<ref name="cons1996" />{{efn|[[El Salvador]], oo Isbaanish ahaan u taagan "Badbaadiyaha", waxay sidoo kale u isticmaashaa qodobka cayiman magaceeda.}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Geoghegan |first=Tom |date=7 June 2012 |title=Ukraine or the Ukraine: Why do some country names have 'the'? |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-18233844 |access-date=23 February 2023 |quote=[A]ccording to several authoritative sources, such as the CIA World Factbook, the ''Times Comprehensive Atlas of the World'' and the US Department of State, only two countries, the Bahamas and the Gambia, should officially be referred to with the article. |archive-date=30 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130150639/https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-18233844 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sannadkii 1964, waxyar ka hor madaxbannaanida dalka, Ra'iisul Wasaare [[Dawda Jawara]] wuxuu u qoray [[Guddiga Joogtada ah ee Magacyada Juqraafiga ee Isticmaalka rasmiga ah ee Ingiriiska]] isagoo ka codsaday in magaca ''the Gambia'' uu sii haysto qodobka cayiman, qayb ahaan si loo yareeyo jahwareerka kala dhexayn kara [[Zambia]] oo iyaduna dhowaan noqotay mid madaxbannaan.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Alfa Shaban |first1=Abdur Rahman |title=Why Africa's 'smiling coast' is officially referred to as 'The' Gambia |url=https://www.africanews.com/2017/01/19/why-africa-s-smiling-coast-is-referred-to-as-the-gambia// |access-date=28 November 2020 |work=Africa News |date=19 January 2017 |archive-date=11 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411013024/https://www.africanews.com/2017/01/19/why-africa-s-smiling-coast-is-referred-to-as-the-gambia/ }}</ref> Maamulkii [[Yahya Jammeh]] wuxuu u beddelay magaca dheer ''Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah ee Gambia'' bishii Diseembar 2015.<ref name=E1>{{cite web |url=http://www.europe1.fr/international/la-gambie-sautoproclamme-etat-islamique-2635109 |title=La Gambie s'autoproclame 'État islamique' |date=13 December 2015 |publisher=Europe 1 |language=fr |access-date=14 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151214051037/http://www.europe1.fr/international/la-gambie-sautoproclamme-etat-islamique-2635109 |archive-date=14 December 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> 29-kii Janaayo 2017 Madaxweynihii cusub ee la doortay [[Adama Barrow]] wuxuu magaca dib uogu soo celiyay ''Jamhuuriyadda Gambia''.<ref name="abr">{{Cite news |last=Adegun |first=Aanu |date=29 January 2017 |title=Adama Barrow removes 'Islamic' title from Gambia's name |url=https://www.naij.com/1085177-adama-barrow-removes-islamic-gambias-name.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129123855/https://www.naij.com/1085177-adama-barrow-removes-islamic-gambias-name.html |archive-date=29 January 2017 |access-date=31 January 2017 |newspaper=Naij }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/01/gambia-president-adama-barrow-pledges-reforms-170128194124520.html |title=The Gambia: President Adama Barrow pledges reforms |date=28 January 2017 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=31 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131012508/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/01/gambia-president-adama-barrow-pledges-reforms-170128194124520.html |archive-date=31 January 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} s41cmkzoaf281yraof99gs3v1pwoa7s 0 5866 305873 284199 2026-08-24T18:27:44Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305873 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|14|38|N|121|02|E|display=title}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Filibiin | common_name = Filibiin | native_name = {{native_name|fil|Republika ng Pilipinas}}<br>{{native_name|en|Republic of the Philippines}} | image_flag = Flag of the Philippines.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of the Philippines.svg | other_symbol = <div style="padding:0.3em;">[[File:Seal of the Philippines.svg|180px|link=Great Seal of the Philippines]]</div>{{native phrase|fil|[[Coat of arms of the Philippines#Great Seal|Dakilang Sagisag ng Pilipinas]]|nolink=on}}<br />{{small|Great Seal of the Philippines}} | other_symbol_type = [[Coat of arms of the Philippines#Great Seal|Great Seal]] | national_motto = <br />"{{lang|fil|[[Maka-Diyos, Maka-Tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa]]}}"<ref name=ra8491>{{cite web|title=Republic act no. 8491 |url=http://www.gov.ph/1998/02/12/republic-act-no-8491/ |publisher=Republic of the Philippines |accessdate=March 8, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308050740/http://www.gov.ph/1998/02/12/republic-act-no-8491/ |archivedate=March 8, 2014 |df= }}</ref><br />{{small|"For God, Dadka, Nature, iyo Dalalka"}} | national_anthem = ''{{lang|fil|[[Lupang Hinirang]]}}''<br />{{small|''Chosen Land''}}<br /><center>[[File:Lupang Hinirang instrumental.ogg]]</center> | image_map = PHL orthographic.svg | image_map2 = | capital = [[Manila]]{{ref|a|a}}<br />{{small|{{Coord|14|35|N|120|58|E|type:city}}}} | largest_city = [[Magaaladda Gesoon]]<br />{{small|{{coord|14|38|N|121|02|E|display=inline}}}} <!--Although [[Davao City]] has the largest land area, the article on [[largest city]] says we should refer to the most populous city, which, {{As of|2006|lc=y}}, is [[Quezon City]]. See the discussion page for more information. Changing this information without citation would be reverted.--> | official_languages = {{hlist |[[Filipino language|Filipino]]|[[Philippine English|Af-Ingiriis]]}} | recognized_regional_languages = {{collapsible list |title = [[Languages of the Philippines|19 languages]] |[[Aklanon language|Aklanon]] |[[Bikol languages|Bikol]] |[[Cebuano language|Cebuano]] |[[Chavacano]] |[[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]] |[[Ibanag language|Ibanag]] |[[Ilocano language|Ilocano]] |[[Ivatan language|Ivatan]] |[[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]] |[[Kinaray-a language|Kinaray-a]] |[[Maguindanao language|Maguindanao]] |[[Maranao language|Maranao]] |[[Pangasinan language|Pangasinan]] |[[Sambal language|Sambal]] |[[Surigaonon language|Surigaonon]] |[[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] |[[Taūsug language|Taūsug]] |[[Waray language|Waray]] |[[Yakan language|Yakan]]<ref name="">7 Mother languages</ref>. }} | languages_type = National language | languages = [[Filipino language|Filipino]] | languages2_type = Auxiliary language{{ref|b|b}} | languages2 = {{hlist|[[Philippine Spanish|Spanish]]|[[Arabic]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list <!-- per page 27 of the supporting source cited (Cebuanos, Ilongos, and Waray are covered by the Visayan grouping -- page 34 of the PDF) --> |{{nowrap|{{#expr:100 * (10539816+9125637+7773655+3660645) / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Visayans|Visayan]]}} |{{nowrap|{{#expr:100 * 25512089 / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Tagalog people|Tagalog]]}} |{{nowrap|{{#expr:100 * 8987941 / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Ilocano people|Ilocano]]}} |{{nowrap|{{#expr:100 * 6299283 / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Dadaha Biqoolaanoo|Bicolano]]}} |{{nowrap|{{#expr:100 * 4737123 / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Moro people|Mooroo]]}} |{{nowrap|{{#expr:100 * 2897239 / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Kapampangan people|Kapampangan]]}} |{{nowrap|{{#expr:100 * 1586349 / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Igorot people|Yeqaroot]]}} |{{nowrap|{{#expr:100 * 1274895 / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Pangasinan people|Pangasinense]]}} |{{nowrap|{{#expr:100 * 1146250 / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Chinese Filipino|Chinese]]}} |{{nowrap|{{#expr:100 * 1054859 / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Zamboangueño people|Zamboangueño]]}} |{{nowrap|8.3% [[Ethnic groups in the Philippines|others]]}} }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2011{{Sfn|Philippine Statistics Authority|2014|pp=29–34}} | demonym = [[Filipinos|Filipino]]<br>{{small|(''masculine or neutral'')}}<br>Filipina<br>{{small|(''feminine'')}}<br>[[Pinoy]]<br>{{small|(''colloquial masculine'')}}<br>Pinay<br>{{small|(''colloquial feminine'')}}<br>[[Filipinos|Philippine]]<!-- "Philippine" is a demonym as it is used to identify natives or residents of a certain or specific place that are derived from the place name Philippines, i.e. Philippine-American War -- refer to Oxford definition of demonym(s). --> | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[Constitution of the Philippines|constitutional]] [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of the Philippines|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Boonbon Marqoos]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of the Philippines|Vice President]] | leader_name2 = [[Sara Duuteerte]] | leader_title3 = [[President of the Senate of the Philippines|Senate President]] | leader_name3 = [[Biiseente Sooto III]] | leader_title4 = [[Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines|House Speaker]] | leader_name4 = [[Pantaleon Alvarez]] | leader_title5 = [[Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines|Chief Justice]] | leader_name5 = [[Antonio Carpio]] (acting) | legislature = [[Congress of the Philippines|Congress]] | upper_house = [[Senate of the Philippines|Senate]] | lower_house = [[House of Representatives of the Philippines|House of Representatives]] | sovereignty_type = [[Sovereignty of the Philippines|Formation of the republic]] | sovereignty_note = {{ref|e|e}} | established_event1 = [[Philippine Declaration of Independence|Independence from Spain declared]] | established_date1 = June 12, 1898 | established_event2 = [[Treaty of Paris (1898)]] / Spanish Cession{{ref|c|c}} | established_date2 = 1898 Diseembar 10 | established_event3 = [[Dastuurada Maalolooseka]] / [[Jamhuuriyadda Filibiinoo ee 1aad]] {{ref|e|e}} | established_date3 = January 21, 1899 | established_event4 = [[Tydings–McDuffie Act]] | established_date4 = March 24, 1934 | established_event5 = [[Commonwealth of the Philippines]] | established_date5 = May 14, 1935 | established_event6 = [[Treaty of Manila (1946)|Treaty of Manila / Independence from United States]] {{ref|d|d}} | established_date6 = July 4, 1946 | established_event7 = [[Constitution of the Philippines|Current constitution]] | established_date7 = February 2, 1987 | area_km2 = 343,448<ref name="">size2</ref>. | area_label = Total | area_rank = 63rd <!--|area_magnitude = 1 E11-->| area_sq_mi = {{convert|{{data Philippines|pst2|total area}}|km2|sqmi|0|disp=output number only}} <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 0.61<ref name=CIAfactbook>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rp.html |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |title=East & Southeast Asia :: Philippines |work=The World Factbook |location=Washington, D.C.: Author |date=October 28, 2009 |accessdate=November 7, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150719222229/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rp.html |archivedate=July 19, 2015 |df= }}</ref>&nbsp;{{small|(inland waters)}} | area_label2 = [[Land area|Land]] | area_data2 = 341,387 | population_estimate_year = 2015 | population_estimate_rank = 12aad | population_estimate = | population_census = 100,981,437<ref name="2015 census">{{cite web|url=https://www.psa.gov.ph/content/highlights-philippine-population-2015-census-population|title=Highlights of the Philippine Population 2015 Census of Population - Philippine Statistics Authority|website=www.psa.gov.ph|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|access-date=2018-09-22|archive-date=2017-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202031551/https://www.psa.gov.ph/content/highlights-philippine-population-2015-census-population|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | population_census_year = 2015 | population_census_rank = 12th | population_density_km2 = 294 | population_density_sq_mi = {{Data/popdens|Philippines|comma|areaunit=sqmi}}<!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 47th | GDP_PPP = $955.587 billion<ref name="imf2">{{cite web | url =https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2016&ey=2023&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=54&pr1.y=14&c=566&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= | title = Philippines | work = World Economic Outlook | publisher = International Monetary Fund | date = October 2016}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2018 | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $8,815<ref name="">imf2</ref>. | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = $389.484 billion<ref name="">imf2</ref>. | GDP_nominal_year = 2018 | GDP_nominal_rank = | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $3,593<ref name="">imf2</ref>. | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = | Gini = 43.0 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2012 | Gini_change = 42decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |accessdate=March 2, 2011}}</ref> | Gini_rank = 44th | HDI = 0.682 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=March 21, 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 116th | currency = [[Philippine peso|Peso]] (₱) | currency_code = PHP | time_zone = [[Philippine Standard Time|PST]] | utc_offset = +8 | utc_offset_DST = +8 | time_zone_DST = not observed | date_format = {{unbulleted list |mm-dd-yyyy|dd-mm-yyyy ([[Anno Domini|AD]])}} | drives_on = right<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brianlucas.ca/roadside/ |title=Which side of the road do they drive on? |author=Lucas, Brian |date=August 2005 |accessdate=February 22, 2009 |publisher=}}</ref> | calling_code = [[+63]] | cctld = [[.ph]] | official_website = [https://www.gov.ph/ National Government Portal]<br />[http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/ Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines] | footnote_a = {{note|a}} While Manila proper is designated as the nation's capital, the whole of [[Metro Manila|National Capital Region]] (NCR) is designated as [[seat of government]], hence the name of a region. This is because it has many national government institutions aside from Malacanang Palace and some agencies/institutions that are located within the capital city.<ref>{{cite web|title=Presidential Decree No. 940, s. 1976 |url=http://www.gov.ph/1976/05/29/presidential-decree-no-940-s-1976/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19760529010101/http://www.gov.ph/1976/05/29/presidential-decree-no-940-s-1976/ |publisher=Malacanang |accessdate=April 4, 2015 |archivedate=May 29, 1976 |dead-url=yes |location=Manila |df= }}</ref> | footnote_b = {{note|b}} The 1987 Philippine constitution specifies "Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis."<ref name=OfficialLang /> | footnote_c = {{note|c}} Filipino revolutionaries [[Philippine Declaration of Independence|declared independence]] from Spain on June 12, 1898, but Spain ceded the islands to the United States for $20&nbsp;million in the [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|Treaty of Paris]] on December 10, 1898 which eventually led to the [[Philippine–American War]]. | footnote_d = {{note|d}} The United States of America recognized the independence of the Philippines on July 4, 1946, through the [[Treaty of Manila (1946)|Treaty of Manila]].<ref>{{Citation|url=http://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/1/6/00000254.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723021900/http://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/1/6/00000254.pdf|archivedate=July 23, 2011|format=PDF|title=Treaty of General Relations Between the United States of America and the Republic of the Philippines. Signed at Manila, on 4 July 1946|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=December 10, 2007}}</ref> This date was chosen because it corresponds to the U.S. [[Independence Day (United States)|Independence Day]], which was observed in the Philippines as '''''[[Independence Day (Philippines)|Independence Day]]''''' until May 12, 1962, when [[President of the Philippines|President]] [[Diosdado Macapagal]] issued Presidential Proclamation No. 28, shifting it to June 12, the date of [[Emilio Aguinaldo]]'s proclamation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Republic of the Philippines Independence Day |url=http://m.state.gov/md243684.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915021401/http://m.state.gov/md243684.htm |publisher=[[United States State Department]] |accessdate=July 30, 2015 |archivedate=September 15, 2015 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | footnote_e = {{note|e}} In accordance with article 11 of the Revolutionary Government Decree of June 23, 1898, the [[Revolutionary Government of the Philippines|Malolos Congress]] selected a commission to draw up a draft [[constitution]] on September 17, 1898. The commission was composed of Hipólito Magsalin, Basilio Teodoro, José Albert, [[Joaquin Gonzalez (politician)|Joaquín González]], [[Gregorio S. Araneta|Gregorio Araneta]], Pablo Ocampo, Aguedo Velarde, Higinio Benitez, [[Tomas del Rosario|Tomás del Rosario]], [[Jose Alejandrino|José Alejandrino]], Alberto Barretto, José Ma. de la Viña, José Luna, [[Antonio Luna]], Mariano Abella, Juan Manday, [[Felipe Calderón y Roca|Felipe Calderón]], [[Arsenio Cruz-Herrera|Arsenio Cruz]] and Felipe Buencamino.<ref>{{cite book|last=Calderón|first=Felipe|title=Mis memorias sobre la revolución filipina: Segunda etapa, (1898 á 1901). |url=https://archive.org/details/arb8046.0001.001.umich.edu|year=1907|publisher=Imp. de El Renacimiento|location=Manila|pages=[https://archive.org/details/arb8046.0001.001.umich.edu/page/234 234], 235; appendix, pp. 5–10.}}</ref> They were all wealthy and well educated.<ref name=LOCPhil>{{cite book|author=Dolan, Ronald E.|title=Philippines, a country study|date=1983|publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=0-8444-0748-8|edition=4th}}</ref>}} '''Filibiin''' waa wadan jasiirado ah oo ku yaalo bariga [[Aasiya]].Wadankaan waxaa markiisa hore soo gumeestay wadanka [[spania]] waxoona xornimada ka helay 1898ii kadibneh wadanka [[Mareykanka]], waxoona xornimadiisa ka helay 1946ii.Wadankaan waxaa degan dad gaaraayo ilaa 91,983,000 oo qof. Caasimada wadanka waa [[Manila]]. Filipino: Pilipinas [ˌpɪlɪpinɐs] ama Filipinas [ˌfɪlɪpinɐs]), si rasmi ah Jamhuuriyadda Filibiin (Filipino: Republika ng Pilipinas), waa dal madaxbanaan iyo dalal jamac ah ee Koonfur Bari Asia. Waxaa ku yaala Galbeedka Badweynta Baasifigga, waxay ka kooban tahay qiyaastii 7,641 jasiiradaha kuwaas oo lagu sifeeyay saddex qaybood oo waaweyn oo kala ah waqooyi ilaa koonfur: Luzon, Visayas, iyo Mindanao. Magaalada caasimadda ah ee Filibiin waa Manila oo magaalada ugu badani waa Quezon City, labadaba qaybta Metro Manila. Waddamada Galbeedka Shiinaha ee ku yaala Galbeedka, Badda Filibiin oo ku yaala Bariga iyo Badda Galbeedka ee Koonfur Galbeed, Filibiin waxay wadaagaan xudduudaha badda woqooyiga, Vietnam ee galbeedka, Palau iyo bariga iyo Malaysia iyo Indonesia Koonfur. Goobta Filibiin ee ku taala Pacific Island of Fire oo ku dhow Dhul-gariirka ayaa u dhiganta Filibiin inay u egtahay dhulgariir iyo noocyo kale, laakiin waxay sidoo kale ku darsataa khayraadka dabiiciga ah iyo qaar ka mid ah kala duwanaanta noolaha noolaha ee adduunka. Filibiin waxay leedahay aag ah 343,448 kilomitir oo isku wareeg ah (132,606 sq mi) iyo, illaa 2015, dadku waxay ahaayeen ugu yaraan 100 milyan. Laga soo bilaabo Jannaayo 2018, waxay ahayd dalka 8aad ee ugu badan Asia ee ku yaala Asia iyo dalka 12aad ee ugu badan dunida. Qiyaastii 10 milyan Filibiin dheeri ah ayaa ku noolaa dibadda, oo ka kooban mid ka mid ah qurba-joogta ugu wayn dunida. Jinsiyada iyo dhaqamada kala duwan ayaa laga helaa jasiiradaha oo dhan. Waqtiyadii hore, Negritos waxay ahaayeen qaar ka mid ah dadkii ugu da 'yaraa ee degaanka ah. Waxay raaceen mowjado isdaba jooga ah dadka Australiyaanka ah. Is-beddelka la leh Shiinaha, Malay, Hindida, iyo Islaamka ayaa dhacay. Kadibna, dowladaha kala duwan ee tartanka badda waxaa lagu aasaasay xukunka Datus, Rajahs, Sultans ama Lakans. * [https://www.jw.org/en/library/books/2003-Yearbook-of-Jehovahs-Witnesses/Philippines/ Philippines] == Taariikh == Wadanka filibiin waxoo leeyahay taariikh aad u dheer. wadankaan waxaa la degenaan jiray kumanaan sano ka hor.Wadankaan markiisa hore waxaa degenaan jiray dad la dhoho [[Negritos]] ama [[Aetas]], dadkaan socdaal ee wadanka ku soo galeen waqtigii oo jiray buundo dhul ah, isla markaas neh ee dageen meelaha geedaha waa weyn ka baxo.qarnigii kow iyo tobonaat ama sanadihii kunka sano ayaa dad waxee ka imaadeen [[Malaysiya]], [[Indunisiya]], [[Indoshiina]], iyo [[Taywan]], dadkii horay u degenaan jiray wadanka ayaa la guursaday ama la isku milmay. ganacsatada muslimiinta waxee wadanka soo galeen qarnigii 14aad, sidaas darteed ee shacabka muslimiinta ugu badanyihiin wadanka. ganacsatada shiineeska iyo kuwa kale ee indho yarta ah waxee wadanka soo galeen qarnigii 8aad. Yurubiyaanka ugu horeeyay oo imaado wadanka waxoo ahaa nin la dhihi jiray [[Ferdinand Magellan]],waxoo wadanka soo galay sanadka marka oo ahaa 1521, waxoo ahaa nin hogaamiyo u ah dadka isbanishka oo aduunka wax ka raadin jiray, . Jasiiradaha waxaa loogu magacdaray Boqorka isbaanishka wiilkiisa oo la dhoho [[Filib 2 ee Spania]] si abaal marin ah. [[File:Lumpia_from_Lumpia_Shack_in_New_York,_NY.jpg|thumb|right|193px]] [[File:Philippine_Food.jpg|thumb|right|195px|]] [[File:Ph map manila.svg|thumb|196px|right|Mapa de Manila]] “…Do you know..!’?..!’!.::. The word "Pornography" comes from the Greek words "pórnē" (prostitute) and "gráphein" (to write or to record). In other words, "pornography" means "writing about prostitutes" or "Recording prostitutes.:.:!’!" {{Dalalka Aasiya}} {{commons|‎Pilipinas / Philippines‏}} [[Category:Filibiin]] cy1w7udmtffeceut4hku0ocnlsl61di 0 5981 305894 300601 2026-08-24T18:38:35Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305894 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Boqortooyada Eswatini | common_name = Eswatini | native_name = {{native name|ss|Umbuso weSwatini}} | image_flag = Flag of Eswatini.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Eswatini.svg | coa_size = 90 | national_motto = <br />{{native phrase|ss|"Siyinqaba"|italics=on}}<br />"Waxaan nahay qalcad"<br />"Waxaan nahay wax qarsoon"<br />"Waan is qarinnaa"<br />"Waxaan nahay kuwa awoodda leh" | national_anthem = <br />"[[Nkulunkulu Mnikati wetibusiso temaSwati]]"<br /> "Illaahow, Deeqbixiyaha Barakooyinka reer Swazi"<br />[[File:Nkulunkulu Mnikati wetibusiso temaSwati (instrumental).ogg]] | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Eswatini on the globe (special marker) (Madagascar centered).svg|Show globe|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Africa|default=1}} | map_caption = | capital = {{plainlist| * [[Mbabane]] (fulinta) * [[Lobamba]] (xeer-dejinta)}} | largest_city = [[Mbabane]] | official_languages = {{hlist |[[Af-Swazi|Swazi]] | [[Af-Ingiriisi|Ingiriisi]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 84% [[Swazi (qoomiyad)|Swazi]] | 10% [[Zulu (qoomiyad)|Zulu]] | 6% kuwa kale }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2017 | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space; |{{Tree list}} * 89.3% [[Masiixiyadda Eswatini|Masiixiyad]] ** 84.2% [[Bortestantiis]] ** 3.7% [[Kaniisadda Kaatooligga|Roomaan Kaatoolig]] ** 1.4% [[Liiska masiixiyiinta kala duwan|Masiixiyiin]] kale {{Tree list/end}} |7.4% [[Diin la'aan]] |2.5% [[Diimaha dhaqanka ee Afrika|diimaha dhaqanka]] |0.8% kuwa kale<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gov.sz/images/FinanceDocuments/Volume-3.pdf|title=The 2017 Population and Housing Census Volume 3|publisher=Central Statistics Office|access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/eswatini/|title=Eswatini}}</ref> }} | religion_year = 2017 | religion_ref = | demonym = [[Swazi (qoomiyad)|Swazi]]{{efn|Luqadda Swaziga dhexdeeda, emaSwati (jamac) iyo liSwati (kali) ayaa la adeegsadaa.}} | government_type = Jamhuuriyad [[Labadii taliye|nus-boqortooyo dalxiis]] midaysan<ref>{{cite web| date=Aug 1, 2017| title= Diarchies Of The Modern World| url= https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/diarchies-of-the-modern-world-countries-with-two-rulers-or-heads-of-state.html| publisher = WorldAtlas| language= en}}</ref> iyo [[Boqortooyo gabi ahaan ah]] | leader_title1 = [[Ngwenyama|Boqor]] | leader_name1 = [[Mswati III]] | leader_title2 = [[Ndlovukati|Hooyada Boqortooyada]] | leader_name2 = [[Ntfombi]] | leader_title3 = [[Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Eswatini|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name3 = [[Russell Dlamini]] | leader_title4 = [[Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare]] | leader_name4 = [[Bheki Maphalala]] | legislature = [[Baarlamaanka Eswatini|Baarlamaan]] | upper_house = [[Aqalka Sare ee Eswatini|Aqalka Sare]] | lower_house = [[Golaha Shacabka ee Eswatini|Golaha Shacabka]] | sovereignty_type = Madax-bannaanida ka qaadashada [[Boqortooyada Midowday]] | established_event1 = Sifaynta madax-bannaanida | established_date1 = 6 Sebtembar 1968 | established_event2 = [[Xubinnimada Qaramada Midoobay]] | established_date2 = 24 Sebtembar 1968 | established_event3 = [[Dastuurka hadda jira]] | established_date3 = 2005<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/sz/sz010en.pdf |title=Laws |publisher=wipo.int |access-date=27 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/71892/111269/F1996008974/SWZ71892.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=29 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929043736/https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/71892/111269/F1996008974/SWZ71892.pdf |archive-date=29 September 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gov.sz/images/stories/Constitution%20of%20%20SD-2005A001.pdf |title=Constitution |publisher=gov.sz |access-date=27 December 2019}}</ref> | established_event4 = Magac beddelka | established_date4 = 19 Abriil 2018 | coordinates = {{Coord|26|30|S|31|30|E|display=inline,title}} | area_km2 = 17,364 | area_rank = 153aad | area_sq_mi = 6,704 | percent_water = 0.9 | population_estimate = 1,236,126<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=SZ |title=Population, total – Eswatini|publisher=The World Bank Group |access-date=11 July 2021}}</ref> | population_census = 1,093,238<ref>{{cite web|url=https://swaziland.unfpa.org/en/news/swaziland-releases-population-count-2017-census|title=Swaziland Releases Population Count from 2017 Census|publisher=United Nations Population Fund|access-date=7 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807130048/https://swaziland.unfpa.org/en/news/swaziland-releases-population-count-2017-census|archive-date=7 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 155aad | population_census_year = 2017 | population_density_km2 = 66.8 | population_density_sq_mi = 173.1 | population_density_rank = 135aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $13.797 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.SZ">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=734,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Eswatini) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=20 October 2023}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_rank = 158aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $11,858<ref name="IMFWEO.SZ" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 113aad | GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $4.648 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.SZ" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = 168aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $3,995<ref name="IMFWEO.SZ" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 122aad | Gini = 54.6 | Gini_year = 2016 | Gini_change = kordhay | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204222738/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 February 2021 |title=Gini Index coefficient|publisher=CIA Factbook |access-date=17 July 2021}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.695 | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = joogto | HDI_ref = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/SWZ | title=Specific country data }}</ref> | HDI_rank = 126th | currency = {{plainlist| * [[Lilangeni-ga Swazi|Lilangeni]] (SZL) * [[Rand-ka Koonfur Afrika]] (ZAR)}} | time_zone = [[Wakhtiga Caadiga ah ee Koonfur Afrika|SAST]] | utc_offset = +2 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | calling_code = [[+268]] | cctld = [[.sz]] | official_website = {{URL|http://www.gov.sz/}} | today = }} '''Eswatini''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɛ|s|w|ɑː|ˈ|t|iː|n|i|audio=en-us-Eswatini.oga}} {{respell|ESS|wah|TEE|nee}}; {{langx|ss|eSwatini}} {{IPA|ss|ɛswáˈtʼiːni|}}}} si rasmi ahna loo yiraahdo '''Boqortooyada Eswatini''' (taariikh ahaanna loo ogaa '''KaNgwane'''<ref>Philip Bonner (1982). Page 9</ref>), sidoo kale loo yaqaano magacyadeedii rasmiga ahaa ee hore ee '''Swaziland'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|w|ɑː|z|i|l|æ|n|d|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Swaziland.wav}} {{respell|SWAH|zee|land}}}} iyo '''Boqortooyada Swaziland''', waa [[dal aan bad lahayn]] oo ku yaal [[Koonfurta Afrika]]. Waxaa dacallada oo dhan ka xiga [[Koonfur Afrika]] marka laga reebo dhanka bari, halkaas oo ay xuduud kula leedahay [[Musambiig]]. Iyadoo aan ka badnayn {{convert|200|km|mi|abbr=on}} waqooyi ilaa koonfur iyo {{convert|130|km|mi|abbr=on}} bari ilaa galbeed, Eswatini waa mid ka mid ah wadamada ugu yar [[Afrika]]. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, cimiladeeda iyo dhulkeedu waa kuwo kala duwan, laga bilaabo dhul buuraley ah oo qabow oo loo yaqaan [[highveld]] ilaa dhul kulul oo qallalan oo loo yaqaan [[lowveld]]. Caasimadda fulinta iyo magaalada ugu weyn waa [[Mbabane]], caasimadda labaad ee xeer-dejintana waa [[Lobamba]]. Dadka ku nool badankoodu waxay u dhasheen [[Swazi (qoomiyad)|qoomiyadda Swazi]]. Luqadda ugu weyn ee loogu hadlo waa [[Af-Swazi|Swazi]] (oo u qoran ''siSwati'' marka loo eego luqaddooda hooyo). Reer Swazi waxay aasaaseen boqortooyadooda bartamihii qarnigii 18-aad iyagoo hoos tanaasulaya hoggaanka [[Ngwane III]].<ref name="Bonner82">{{cite book |last=Bonner |first=Philip |title=Kings, Commoners and Concessionaires |url=https://archive.org/details/kingscommonersco0000bonn |year=1982 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Great Britain |isbn=0521242703 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/kingscommonersco0000bonn/page/9 9]–27}}</ref> Dalka iyo dadka Swazigaba waxay magacooda ka heleen [[Mswati II]], oo ahaa boqorkii qarnigii 19-aad kaas oo xukunkiisa dalka lagu ballaariyay laguna midoobay. Xuduudaheeda waxaa la dejiyay sanadkii 1881 xilligii reer Yurub ay ku jireen [[U-tartanka Afrika]].<ref name="Kuper86">{{cite book |last=Kuper |first=Hilda |title=The Swazi: A South African Kingdom |year=1986 |publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston |pages=9–10}}</ref> Ka dib [[Dagaalkii Labaad ee Boer]], boqortooyada, iyadoo wadata magaca Swaziland, waxay ahayd dhul hoos yimaada [[Wakiilka Sare ee Ingiriiska ee Koonfurta Afrika]] laga soo bilaabo 1903 ilaa ay dib uga heshay madax-bannaanideedii buuxday 6 Sebtembar 1968.<ref name="Gillis99">{{cite book |last=Gillis |first=Hugh |title=The Kingdom of Swaziland: Studies in Political History |url=https://archive.org/details/kingdomofswazila0000gill |year=1999 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=0313306702}}</ref> Bishii Abriil 2018, boqorku wuxuu magacii rasmiga ahaa ee Boqortooyada Swaziland u beddelay Boqortooyada Eswatini, magacaas oo si caadi ah looga isticmaalo luqadda Swaziga.<ref name=KingdEswatini/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.howdareshe.org/swaziland-facts-info-guide-swaziland-renamed-the-kingdom-of-eswatini/|title=Swaziland facts and guide as the country renamed the Kingdom of Eswatini|date=20 April 2018|website=How Dare She|language=en-US|access-date=27 September 2019|archive-date=11 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511235735/https://www.howdareshe.org/swaziland-facts-info-guide-swaziland-renamed-the-kingdom-of-eswatini/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=UN Member States |url=http://www.un.org/en/member-states/index.html#gotoE |publisher=[[United Nations]] |access-date=30 June 2018 |date=30 May 2018}}</ref> Eswatini waa [[dal soo koraya]] oo loo kala saaro inuu leeyahay dhaqaale dakhligiisu hooseeyo-dhexe yahay. Maadaama ay xubin ka tahay [[Midowga Kastamka Koonfurta Afrika]] iyo [[Suuqa Kaumanka ah ee Bariga iyo Koonfurta Afrika]], lammaanaheeda ganacsi ee ugu weyn deegaanka waa Koonfur Afrika; si loo sugo xasiloonida dhaqaalaha, lacagta Eswatini ee [[Lilangeni-ga Swazi|lilangeni]], waxay ku xiran tahay oo ay la qiimo tahay [[Rand-ka Koonfur Afrika]]. Lammaanayaasha ganacsi ee ugu weyn Eswatini ee dibadda waa [[Mareykanka]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ustr.gov/countries-regions/africa/southern-africa/swaziland |title=Swaziland &#124; Office of the United States Trade Representative |publisher=Ustr.gov |access-date=16 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720043500/http://www.ustr.gov/countries-regions/africa/southern-africa/swaziland |archive-date=20 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> iyo [[Midowga Yurub]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.comesaria.org/site/en/article.php?chaine=swaziland&id_article=31 |title=Swaziland |publisher=Comesaria.org |access-date=16 August 2014 |archive-date=10 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010174918/http://www.comesaria.org/site/en/article.php?chaine=swaziland&id_article=31 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Inta badan shaqooyinka dalka waxaa bixiya qeybaha beeraha iyo wax-soosaarka. Eswatini waa xubin ka tirsan [[Ururka Horumarinta Koonfurta Afrika]], [[Midowga Afrika]], [[Barwaaqo-sooranka]] iyo [[Qaramada Midoobay]]. Dawladda Eswatini waa [[boqortooyo gabi ahaan ah]], tan ugu dambaysay ee caynkeeda ah ee ka jirta Afrika.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Staff |date=2021-06-29 |title=Armed forces open fire in crackdown on anti-monarchy protests in Eswatini |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/29/soldiers-deployed-eswatini-crackdown-protests |access-date=2023-08-31 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Dalka waxaa xukumayay Boqor [[Mswati III]] tan iyo 1986-dii.<ref>{{cite web |title=Swaziland: Africa′s last absolute monarchy |work=Deutsche Welle |access-date=19 October 2014 |date=14 July 2014 |url=http://www.dw.de/swaziland-africas-last-absolute-monarchy/a-17784664}}</ref> Doorashooyinka waxaa la qabtaa shantii sanaba mar si loo go'aamiyo Golaha Shacabka iyo aqlabiyadda Aqalka Sare, laakiin xisbiyada siyaasadeed waa laga mamnuucay inay u tartamaan.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Eligon |first1=John |last2=Silva |first2=Joao |date=2024-02-17 |title=The Father, the Son and the Fight Over Their King |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/17/world/africa/king-mswati-eswatini-africa-youth.html |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> [[Dastuurka Eswatini]] waxaa la ansixiyay sanadkii 2005. Dadka reer Swazi waxay la kulmaan arrimo caafimaad oo waaweyn: [[HIV/AIDS]] iyo (ilaa xad ka yar) [[qaaxo]] ayaa si weyn ugu faafay dalka.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P110156 |title=Projects : Swaziland Health, HIV/AIDS and TB Project |publisher=The World Bank |access-date=16 August 2014}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131112141926/http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/press/release.cfm?id=4861 Swaziland: Dual HIV and Tuberculosis Epidemic Demands Urgent Action] updated 18 November 2010</ref> Boqolkiiba labaatan iyo siddeed (28%) ka mid ah dadka qaangaarka ah waa kuwa qaba fayraska HIV-ga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Eswatini 2021 Country Factsheet |url=https://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/swaziland |website=UNAIDS |access-date=30 September 2022}}</ref> Markay ahayd 2018, Eswatini waxay leedahay kaalinta 12aad ee ugu hoosaysa [[Liiska wadamada marka loo eego rajada nolosha|rajada nolosha adduunka]], taas oo ah 58 sano.<ref name=Economist>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2018/05/economist-explains|title=The Economist explains: Why is Swaziland's king renaming his country?|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=30 April 2018|access-date=30 April 2018}}</ref> Sidoo kale marka laga reebo 2018, dadka da'doodu tahay 14 sano ama ka yar waxay ka dhigayaan 35% dadka dalka oo dhan; celceliska da'du waa 22 sano.<ref name="Demo">{{cite web |url=http://www.indexmundi.com/swaziland/demographics_profile.html |title=Swaziland Demographics Profile 2013 |publisher=Indexmundi.com |date=21 February 2013 |access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} rgj2685mirj16oissx5lm1wqkmuqb7l 0 7978 305884 304007 2026-08-24T18:32:42Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305884 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group| | native_name = أشراف | native_name_lang = | langs = [[Ashraf dialect|Ashraf]] | rels = [[Islam]] ^{([[Sunni Islam|Sunni]])} | location = {{flagicon|Somalia}}[[Soomaaliya]]<br>{{flagicon|Kenya}}[[Kenya]]<br>{{flagicon|Ethiopia}}[[Itoobiya]] | related_groups = | group = }} '''Asharaafta''' ({{langx|ar|أشراف|ashrāf}}, {{lit|sharaf-leeyda}}), sido kale loo qoro '''Ashraf''', waa [[Somalis|qabiil]] Soomaaliyeed. Magacoodu waa wadarta {{transliteration|ar|[[sharīf]]}}, oo ah eray asal ahaan Carabi ah oo loogu talagalay kuwa sheegta in ay ka soo jeedaan qoyska nebiga Islaamka [[Muxamed]].<ref>{{harvnb|Lewis|2008|p=5}}; {{harvnb|Mukhtar|2003|pp=11, 68}}. On the two spellings, cf. also {{harvnb|Anon. A|2010|p=1}}.</ref> Iyagoo ka tirsan kooxda weyn ee qabiilooyinka Soomaaliyeed ee ku nool koonfurta dalka ee loo yaqaan [[Benadiri people|Reer Xamar]], waxay ka baxsan yihiin qaab-dhismeedka qabiilka dhaqameed ee Soomaaliyeed oo inta badan waa la takooraa gudaha [[Somalia|Soomaaliya]].<ref>{{harvnb|Abbink|2009|pp=36–37}}.</ref> Sida [[minority group|koox laga tirada badan yahay]], waxay noqdeen bartilmaameedka kooxaha Islaamiyiinta ah ee rabshadaha wada sida [[Al-Shabaab (militant group)|al-Shabaab]].<ref>{{harvnb|Yoshimura|2009|pp=19–20}}. Cf. {{harvnb|Anon. A|2010}}; {{harvnb|Anon. B|2010}}.</ref> Si ka duwan inta badan [[Somali clans|qabiilooyinka Soomaaliyeed]] ee kale, kuwaas oo abtiriskooda ka raadiya ina adeerkiis Maxamed iyo walaalkii ka weyn [[Ali|Cali]] ee [[Aqil ibn Abi Talib]],<ref>{{harvnb|Lewis|1961|pp=11–13}}; cf. {{harvnb|Mukhtar|2003|p=62}}.</ref> Asharaafta waxay sheeganayaan in ay ka soo jeedaan [[Hasan ibn Ali|Xasan]] iyo [[Husayn ibn Ali|Xuseen]], oo ah wiilashii Cali iyo gabadhii Maxamed [[Fatimah|Faduma]].<ref>{{harvnb|Abbink|2009|p=37}}.</ref> Sida sheegashooyinka qabiilooyinka Soomaaliyeed ee kale ee arrintan ku saabsan, abtiriskakan la sheegay waa mid aan taariikh ahaan sugnayn,<ref>{{harvnb|Lewis|1994|pp=102–106, esp. p. 105}}.</ref> waxaana loo fahmi karaa inay qayb ka tahay waxa [[Sada Mire]] ugu yeertay "halyeeyga asalka ah ee Islaamka Soomaaliya".<ref>{{harvnb|Mire|2020|pp=201, 205–206; cf. pp. 70–71, 154–155}}.</ref> == Qaab-dhismeedka qabiilka == Qaab-dhismeedka abtiriska ee la sheegay ee qabiilka Asharaafta waa sida soo socota:<ref>{{harvnb|Abbink|2009|p=37}}.</ref> * Xasan bin Cali ** Maxamed Shariif ** Shariif Cali ** Shariif Axmed ** Ashraf Sarman ** kuwo kale oo aan magacooda la sheegin * Xuseen bin Cali ** Reer Shariif Magbuul ** Shariif Axmed ** Shariif Balaaw ** kuwo kale oo aan magacooda la sheegin == Dadka xusid mudan == * [[Sharif Hassan Sheikh Aden|Shariif Xasan]]<ref>June 2012 The Galgale In Somalia: Third-class citizens in their homeland Sharif Hassan from the Asharaf clan, page 12 Sharif Salah http://allafrica.com/download/resource/main/main/idatcs/00040315:40b8440c1c8a08b8c79febe8120327f9.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107155006/http://allafrica.com/download/resource/main/main/idatcs/00040315:40b8440c1c8a08b8c79febe8120327f9.pdf |date=2016-11-07 }}</ref> * [[Dada Masiti]], Mana Sitti Habib Jamaladdin ([[Arabic language|Carabi]]: مانا ستي حبيب جمال الدين) (<abbr>c.</abbr> 1810s – 15 Luulyo 1919), oo si fiican loogu yaqaan Dada Masiti ("Ayeeyo Masiti"), waxay ahayd gabyaa, suufi iyo caalimad Islaami ah oo ka tirsan Asharaafta. Waxay gabayadeeda ku hal-abuurtay [[Bravanese dialect|lahjada Baraawe]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Declich|first=Francesca|title=Sources on Islam Composed in the Vernacular: Somali Women's Religious Poetry". Islam in East Africa: New Sources. Rome: Herder|pages=297–330}}</ref> * [[Sharif Aydurus]], aqoonyahan ku takhasusay taariikhda Islaamka iyo Soomaalida iyo hoggaamiye guud ee Islaamiga ah * Shariif Imaankeey, [[Mayor of Mogadishu|Duqa Muqdisho]] laga soo bilaabo Sebtembar 1963{{endash}}1965 * Shariif Caydaruus, [[Mayor of Mogadishu|Duqa Muqdisho]] laga soo bilaabo 1966{{endash}}1970 == Sidoo kale eeg == *[[Tirakoobka daljoogaha Soomaaliya]] *[[Samaale]], awoowaha halyeeyga ah ee qabiilooyin badan oo Soomaaliyeed, oo sidoo kale la sheegay inuu ka soo jeedo qoyska (ballaaran) ee Maxamed *[[Sharif]], erayga Carabi ee uu qabiilku ka soo jeedo magaciisa == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} ===Ilo-xogeedka la soo xigtay=== *{{cite book|last1=Abbink|first1=G. J.|year=2009|title=The Total Somali Clan Genealogy (second edition)<!-- Deny Citation Bot-->|series=Asc Working Paper Series|volume=84|location=Leiden|publisher=African Studies Centre|hdl=1887/14007|url=https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14007}} *{{cite web|author=Anon. A|date=9 July 2010|title=Australian Government – Refugee Review Tribunal – Country Advice: Somalia|url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2013/06/11/asharaf%20clan.pdf}} *{{cite web|author=Anon. B|date=23 November 2010|title=Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada: Responses to Information Requests: SOM103613.E|url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2013/12/13/SOM103613.E.pdf}} *{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=Ioan M.|author1-link=Ioan Lewis|year=1961|title=A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780852552803|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eK6SBJIckIsC&pg=PA11}} *{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=Ioan M.|author1-link=Ioan Lewis|date=1994|title=Blood and Bone: The Call of Kinship in Somali Society|location=Lawrencewill, NJ|publisher=The Red Sea Press|isbn=0-932415-93-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9fAjtruUXjEC}} *{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=Ioan M.|author1-link=Ioan Lewis|date=2008|title=Understanding Somalia and Somaliland: Culture, History, Society|url=https://archive.org/details/understandingsom0000lewi|location=New York|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-70084-9}} *{{cite book|last1=Mire|first1=Sada|author1-link=Sada Mire|date=2020|title=Divine Fertility: The Continuity in Transformation of an Ideology of Sacred Kinship in Northeast Africa|series=UCL Institute of Archaeology Publications|volume=69|location=New York|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-36850-7}} *{{cite book|last1=Mukhtar|first1=Mohamed Haji|year=2003|title=Historical Dictionary of Somalia|series=African Historical Dictionary Series|volume=87|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810866041}} *{{cite book|last1=Yoshimura|first1=Daisuke|year=2009|title=Clans in Somalia: Report on a Lecture by Joakim Gundel, COI Workshop Vienna, 15 May 2009 (Revised Edition)<!-- Deny Citation Bot-->|location=Vienna|publisher=Austrian Centre for Country of Origin & Asylum Research and Documentation|url=http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4b29f5e82.pdf}} ep1vddit97a6ox8ci7uvnqbt2hb88s4 0 12205 305861 304332 2026-08-24T18:21:26Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305861 wikitext text/x-wiki ::''Kani waa maqaal ku saabsan Qoraxda iyo meerayaasha ku wareega. Bogag kale fiiri [[meere]] {{Infobox planetary system | title = Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay | image = [[File:Solar System True Color SO.png|upright=2|frameless]] | image_alt = A representative image of the Solar System with sizes but not distances to scale | caption = [[Qorax]]da iyo [[meere]]yaasha ku wareega. | age = 4.568 bilyan sano | location = Gees kaga taala Milky Way Galaxy | system_mass = 1.0014 cufka qoraxda | neareststar = Proxima Centauri, u jirta 4.22 iftiin-qorax; Alpha Centauri u jirta 4.37 iftiin-qorax | nearestplanetary = Alpha Centauri system{{nbsp|2}}(4.37 ly) | semimajoraxis = {{nowrap|30.10 [[Astronomical unit|AU]]{{nbsp|2}}{{smaller|(4.503 bilyan km)}}}} | Kuiper_cliff = 50 AU | stars = 1{{nbsp|2}}{{smaller|([[Qorax]])}} | noknown_stars = yes | planets = 8{{smaller|{{hlist|8&nbsp;([[Dusaa]]|[[Waxaraxir]]|[[Dhul]]|[[Farraare]]|<br>[[Cirjeex]]|[[Raage]]|[[Uraano]]|[[Docay]])}}}} | outerplanetname = [[Docay]] | noknown_planets = haa | dwarfplanets = {{longitem|Ilaa dhowr boqol nooc;<ref>[http://www.mikebrownsplanets.com/2011/08/free-dwarf-planets.html Mike Brown Free the dwarf planets! August 23, 2011 "Mike Brown's Planets]</ref><br>hada waxa jira 5 ay aqoonsan tahay ururka "IAU" {{smaller|{{hlist|(Keres|[[Bluto]]|[[Haumea]]|[[Makemake]]|Eris)}}}} }} | satellites = {{longitem|450 {{hlist|{{smaller|(173 meere<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dtm.ciw.edu/users/sheppard/satellites/ |title=The Giant Planet Satellite and Moon Page |author=Sheppard, Scott S. |publisher=Departament of Terrestrial Magnetism at Carniege Institution for science |accessdate=2015-09-05 |archive-date=2009-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607094153/http://www.dtm.ciw.edu/users/sheppard/satellites/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} |{{smaller|279 meere yar<ref>{{cite web|date=2015-08-15 |title=Asteroids with Satellites |publisher=Johnston's Archive |author=Wm. Robert Johnston |url=http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/asteroidmoons.html |accessdate=2015-09-05}}</ref>)}}}}}} | minorplanets = 690,766{{nbsp|2}}{{smaller|(ka biloow 2015-09-05)<ref>{{cite web|title=How Many Solar System Bodies |publisher=NASA/JPL Solar System Dynamics |url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?body_count |accessdate=2015-09-05}}</ref>}} | comets = 3,358{{nbsp|2}}{{smaller|(wakhtiga 2015-09-05)}} | roundsat = 19 | roundsatlink = List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System#Satellite planemos | inclination = 60.19°{{nbsp|2}}{{smaller|(ecliptic)}}<!---If anyone can find a cited value for the inclination of the Solar System's invariable plane to the galactic plane, please replace this value---> | galacticcenter = 27,000&thinsp;±&thinsp;1,000 ly | orbitalspeed = 220 km/s | orbitalperiod = 225–250 Myr | spectral = G2V | frostline = ≈5 AU<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Mumma | first1 = M. J. | last2 = Disanti | first2 = M. A. | last3 = Dello Russo | first3 = N. | last4 = Magee-Sauer | first4 = K. | last5 = Gibb | first5 = E. | last6 = Novak | first6 = R. | doi = 10.1016/S0273-1177(03)00578-7 | title = Remote infrared observations of parent volatiles in comets: A window on the early solar system | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_advances-in-space-research_2003-06_31_12/page/2563 | journal = Advances in Space Research | volume = 31 | issue = 12 | pages = 2563 | year = 2003 | pmid = | pmc = }}</ref> | heliopause = ≈120 AU | hillsphere = ≈1–2 ly }} [[File:Ecliptic plane 3d view.gif|thumb| 3D muujinaya wareega [[Farraare]], [[Dhul]]ka, [[Waxaraxir]] iyo [[Dusaa]] ku sameeyaan [[Qorax]]da]] {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; clear:middle; float:middle; margin:10px" |- style="background:#ccf; font-size:smaller;" |+ Meerayaasha 1854–1930, 2006–wakhti xaadirkan |- style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;" | 1 <br /> [[Dusaa]] <br /> [[File:Mercury symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|☿}}]] || 2 <br /> [[Waxaraxir]] <br /> [[File:Venus symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♀}}]] || 3 <br /> [[Dhul]]ka <br /> [[File:Earth symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|🜨}}]] || 4 <br /> [[Farraare]] <br /> [[File:Mars symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♂}}]] || 5 <br /> [[Cirjeex]] <br /> [[File:Jupiter symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♃}}]] || 6 <br /> [[Raage]] <br /> [[File:Saturn symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♄}}]] || 7 <br /> [[Uraano]] <br /> [[File:Uranus symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|⛢}}]] || 8 <br /> [[Docay]] <br /> [[File:Neptune symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♆}}]] |} '''Bahda Midaysay Qoraxdu''' ({{lang-en|Solar System}}; {{lang-ar|المجموعة الشمسية}}) waa [[qorax]]da, [[Meere|8da meere]], [[Dayaxa meere|dayaxyo]] badan oo ku wareega meereyaasha, dhowr [[duni]]yar iyo tiro badan oo [[dhagax]]aan, [[baraf]] iyo [[hawo]]ooyin ah; kuwaas oo dhammaantood ku [[Wareega Meere|wareega]] [[qorax]]da oo badhtanka ku taala. Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay waxay ka tirsan tahay nidaamka [[Galaagsi]]yada ee loo yaqaan '''The Milky Way'''. Waxaana la sheegaa in meerayaasha, dayaxyada, dunidayar iyo dhammaan walxaha ku jira bahdan ay sameeysmeen [[wakhti]] hada laga joogo [[bilyan|4.5 bilyan]] oo [[sanad|sano]] ka hor.<ref>{{cite web |year=2001 |title=Working Group on Extrasolar Planets (WGESP) of the International Astronomical Union |work=IAU |url=http://www.dtm.ciw.edu/boss/definition.html |accessdate=2008-08-23 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=2006-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060916161707/http://www.dtm.ciw.edu/boss/definition.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Inta ugu badan [[cuf]]ka iyo [[mug]]u waxaa laga dhex helaa [[qorax]]da oo ugu wayn dhammaantood, iyo [[meere|meeraha]] [[Cirjeex]] oo ugu wayn meerayaasha sideeda ah. [[Afar|Afarta meere]] ee u dhow qoraxda - [[Waxaraxir]], [[Dusaa]], [[Dhul]]ka iyo [[Farraare]] - kuwaas oo loo yaqaano [[Meere Dhagaxley]], waxay inta ugu badan ka samaysan yihiin [[bir]]. Dhinaca kale, afarta meere ee banaanka u baxsan ee loo yaqaano [[Neefaha Waawayn]] - [[Cirjeex]], [[Raage]], [[Uraano]] iyo [[Docay]] - kuwaas oo aad uga [[jidh]] iyo xajmi wayn meerayaasha dhagaxleyda ah, waxay ka samaysan yihiin [[neef]]o.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iau.org/public/pluto/ |title=Pluto and the Solar System |publisher=IAU |date= |accessdate=2013-08-01 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=2011-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614202942/http://www.iau.org/public/pluto/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Labada meere ee ugu xajmiga wayn bahda midaysay qoraxdu, [[Cirjeex]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Interactive Extra-solar Planets Catalog |work=[[The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia]] |url=http://exoplanet.eu/catalog.php |last=Schneider |first=Jean |date=16 January 2013 |accessdate=2013-01-15 }}</ref> iyo [[Raage]], waxay ka kooban jihiin [[curiye]]ha [[haydarojiin]] iyo [[hiliyaam]], labada ku sii xiga ee [[Uraano]] iyo [[Docay]] waxay ka samaysan yihiin sheeyo [[milan|dhalaali]] kara oo inta ugu badan ah [[baraf]]. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, bahda qoraxdu midaysay waxay leedahay deegaano ay ka buuxaan walxo yaryar. Tusaale ahaan, suunka asteroidska ee u dhaxaysa Farraare iyo Cirjeex, si la mid ah [[Meere Dhagaxley|meerayaasha dhagaxleyda]] ah, waxaa ka dhex buuxa sheeyo yaryar oo ka samaysan [[bir]] iyo [[dhagax]]aan. [[Meere]]ha [[Docay]] xadka ka dambeeya oo loo yaqaano '''Suunka Kuiber''' (Kuiper Belt) waxaa laga helaa duniyo yaryar oo la qaab ah Docay. Meeshan waxaa ku jira in ka badan toban kun (10,000) oo sheey kuwaas oo hadii ay aad u waynaan lahaayeen aygu isku wareegi lahaa. Dunida yaryar ee ka dambeeysa Docay ee ku dhex jira suunka kubier waxaa ka mid ah asteroidka [[Ceres]], [[Bluto]] iyo [[Eris]]. Lix ka mid ah [[meere]]yaasha, iyo ugu yaraan 3 ka mid ah dunidayar, iyo sheeyo yaryar oo kale waxaa ku wareega walxyo ka yar ayaga kuwaas oo loo yaqaano [[Dayaxa meere]]. Meeraha [[Cirjeex]] ayaa ugu dayax badan, ayadoo leh tiro dhan [[Dayaxa Cirjeex|67 dayax]]. ==Taariikhda Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay== [[Dad]]ku waxay waligoodba jeclaayeen ineey fahmaan isla markaana ogaadaan in [[duni|duunyooyin]] kale oo sida [[dhul]]ka ah jiraan. [[Shan|Shan meere]] ([[qorax]]da, [[dayax]]a, [[dusaa]], [[waxaraxir]], [[farraare]], [[cirjeex]] iyo [[raage]]) oo [[il|isha]] lagu arki karo ayaa aqoon yar loo lahaa tan iyo [[qarni|tobanaan qarni]] ka hor, kuwaas oo saamayn ku lahaa [[dad]]kii wakhigaas noolaa. Wakhtiyadii hore dadka [[xidigyahan]]ada ahaa waxay aqoon u lahaayeen sida iftiino gaar ahi [[cir]]ka u dhex maraan, [[xidig]]aha qaar wakhtiyada ay soo baxaan, kuwaas ooy u isticmaali jireen ineey ku safraan oogada dhulka iyo [[badweyn|badaha waawayn]] dhexdooda. Ilbaxnimooyinkii hore, sida Giriiga, [[Shiinaha]], Baabiloon (Babylon) iyo kuwo kaleba waxay aaminsanaayeen in [[dhul]]ku badhtan u yahay dhammaan [[koon]]ka.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/planet |title=Definition of planet |publisher=Merriam-Webster OnLine |accessdate=2007-07-23}}</ref> ===Baabiloon=== Ilbaxnimadii ugu horeeysay ee yeelata aqoon iyo fahan meerayaasha waxay ahayd [[Baabiloon]] (babylon) oo ku dhex taalay [[Mesobotaamiya]][[Babylon]], and indeed all pre-modern civilizations,<ref>{{cite journal |first=Otto E. |last=Neugebauer |year=1945 |title=The History of Ancient Astronomy Problems and Methods |journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1–38 |doi=10.1086/370729}}</ref> wakhtiyadii u dhaxaysay [[sanad|2'000 sano]] ilaa [[sanad|1'000 sano]] ciise hortiis. Qoraalo duug ah oo ku beegan [[sanad|700 sano]] ciise hortii kuwaas oo ka hadhay ilbaxnimadii Baabiloon waxa ku xusan liiska dhowr meere uu ka mid yahay [[waxaraxir]]. Sidoo kale waxaa ku qornaa liiska socodka meereyaasha waxaraxir, dusaa, farraare, cirjeex iyo raage; iyo meelaha ay ka iftiimaan wakhtiga [[habeen]]kii iyo wakhtiyada la arki karo sanadka.<ref>Colin Ronan Astronomy in China, Korea and Japan, Walker, Astronomy Before the Telescope, p 264–265</ref> ===Boqortooyadii Hindiya=== Qiyaastii [[sanad|sanadkii 499]] ciise hortii ayaa [[xidigisyahan]] Aryabhata ee wadanka [[Hindiya]] sheegay in dhulku ku wareego xariijintiisa, taasi oo uu ku qeexay in wareega dhulku ka yimaado dhanka galbeed. Sidoo kale wuxuu aaminsanaa ineey jiraan tiro kale oo meerayaal ah, dhamantoodna ay ku wareegaan shay ka wayn. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ardey baranayay [[Cilmi Fallag]]a [[sanad|sanadkii 1500]] Nilakantha Somayaji ayaa sii horumariyey qaacidadii Aryabhata, asagoo ku daray in dhulku sameeyo wareeg dheer oo uu ku wareego udub dhexaad, iyo in meerayaasha kala ah [[Waxaraxir]], [[Dusaa]], [[Farraare]], [[Cirjeex]] iyo [[Raage]] dhammaantood ku wareegaan [[qorax]]da. ===Dowladii Muslimiinta=== Horaantii [[qarni|qarnigii 11aad]] ayaa aqoonta iyo cilmiga dowladii Islaamiyiintu aad u horumarisey fahanka iyo adeegsiga [[Cilmi Fallag]]a. Waxaa jirey dugsiyo gaar u ah barashada cimiga xidigaha, kuwaas oo lagu baran jirey wakhtiyada iyo meelahay ay ka soo baxaan xidiguhu isla markaana safarleeydu u isticmaali jireen jiheeye ahaan.<ref>Holden James Herschel, A History of Horoscopic Astrology 1996 AFA</ref> Waxa la sheegaa in badhtamihii qarnigii 12aad [[xidigisyahan]] ibn Bajjah<ref>State Archives of Assyria Astrological reports to Assyrian kings Hermann Hunger 1992 Helsinki University Press</ref> uu sheegay inuu uu arkay labo meere oo waji madoow aadna ugu dhow [[qorax]]da, kuwaas oo uu horaantii qarnigii 13aad uu ku fasirey saynisyahan Qotb al-Din Shirazi ineey ahaayeen meerayaasha [[Waxaraxir]] iyo [[Dusaa]]. Taasi waxay muujineysaa heerka aqoonta fiican eey Muslimiinta wakhtigaas u lahaayeen cilmiga xidigaha iyo sida ay u isticmaali jireen. ===Reer Yurub=== Horaantii [[saynis|kacaankii sayniska]] ee [[qaarad]]a [[Yurub]]<ref>[[saynis|kacaankii sayniska]] ee [[qaarad]]a [[Yurub]]</ref> waxaa la fahmey in meerayaashu yihiin [[duni|duunyooyin]] dhisan lehna [[jidh]] la mid ah kan [[dhul]]ka. Aqoonyahanadii [[Cilmi Fallag]]u waxay isku keeneen cilmigii xidigaha ee dhammaan dunida ka jirey. Waxay ogaadeen in [[dayax]]a iyo [[qorax]]du<ref>[[dayax]]a iyo [[qorax]]da</ref> ka duwan yihiin meerayaasha kale, sidaas darteed waxay ku dareen liis ka duwan liiska meerayaasha. Horaantii [[qarni|qarnigii 17aad]] waxay heleen in meereyaasha [[Cirjeex]] iyo [[Raage]] yihiin [[duni]] ka wayn dhulka. Tan iyo intii laga gaadhayay qarnigii 19aad fahanka iyo aqoonta xidigaha iyo meerayaashu way isa soo tarayeen. ===Qarnigii 19aad & 20aad=== Qarnigii 19aad dhexdiisa [[xidigisyahan]]adu waxay ogaadeen in duunyooyinka yaryar, sida [[Ceres]], Pallas iyo Vesta, aanay ahayn meere laakiin ay yihiin duni yar sidaas darteed wax lagu magacaabay ''Asteroids''. Sanadkii 1846dii waxaa la helay meeraha [[Docay]] (neptune) kaasi oo lagu daray liiska meerayaasha. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, horaantii qarnigii 20aad waxaa la helay dunida yar ee [[Buluuto]] (pluto) taasi oo wakhtigaas la aaminsanaa ineey ka xajmi weeyn tahay [[dhul]]ka, waxaana si dhakhso ah loogu aqoonsaday [[sagaal|meeraha 9aad]]. ===Qarnigii 21aad=== [[Qarni|Qarniga 21aad]] wuxuu ku bilaabmay ayadoo aqoon fiican loo leeyahay meerayaasha, dayaxyada, qoraxda, dunida yar, asteroidska, iyo dhammaan walxaha ku dhex jira [[Bahda Midaysay Qoraxdu]]. Sidoo kale, waxaa muran adag ka aloosmay in [[Buluuto]] ay ka mid ahaato meerayaasha iyo in loo aqoonsado duni yar. Ugu dambayn sanadkii 2006da waxaa la isla af-gartey in buluuto loo yaqaano duni yar, taasi oo tirada meerayaasha bahda midaysay qoraxda ka dhigeeysa [[sideed|sideed meere]] (Waxaraxir, Dusaa, Dhulka, Farraare, Cirjeex, Raage, Uraano iyo Docey). Dhinaca kale, maadaama teknoolajiyada [[ilbaxnimo|ilbaxnimada]] [[dad]]ku horumartey waxaa la sameeyay teleskoobyo waawayn oo lagu fiirinayo ''baho qoraxyeedyo'' kale, galaagsiyo kale iyo dhaamaan xidigaha ku baahsan [[koon]]ka. Sidoo kale, wakhtigan waxaa la dul tagay [[dayax]]a, [[dayaxgacmeed]]yo iyo satelaatyo ayaa hawada loo direy, dayaxgacmeed isagu ismaamulaya ayaa [[Farraare]] lagu dejiyay, xidigo badan iyo galaagsiyo badana waa la magacaabay. ==Tirada Meereyaasha== Marka la tixraaco Midowga Caalamiga ee Cilmi Fallaga (International Astronomical Union) oo loo soo gaabiyo (IAU) waxa jira [[sideed|8 meere]] iyo [[shan|5 duni yar]] oo la aqoonsan yahay ee Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay. Ayagoo ka sii fogaanaya dhanka [[Qorax]]da meerayaashu waa: # [[File:Mercury symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|☿}}]] '''[[Dusaa]]''' # [[File:Venus symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♀}}]] '''[[Waxaraxir]]''' # [[File:Earth symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|🜨}}]] '''[[Dhul]]ka''' # [[File:Mars symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♂}}]] '''[[Farraare]]''' # [[File:Jupiter symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♃}}]] '''[[Cirjeex]]''' # [[File:Saturn symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♄}}]] '''[[Raage]]''' # [[File:Uranus symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♅}}]] '''[[Uraano]]''' # [[File:Neptune symbol.svg|16px|{{unicode|♆}}]] '''[[Docay]]''' Cirjeex waa kan ugu [[mug]]a wayn leh, in u dhiganta 318 muga dhulka, halka Waxaraxir yahan kan ugu cufka yar, tiro u dhiganta 0.055 muga dhulka.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50180718?query_type=word&queryword=planet |publisher = Oxford English Dictionary | title = planet, n | accessdate=2008-02-07|year=2007}} ''Note: select the Etymology tab ''</ref> Dhanka kale, meerayaasha [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]] waxaa loo qaybin karaa guutooyin ayadoo lagu saleeynayo walxaha ay ka kooban yihiin: * '''[[Meere Dhagaxley]]''': waa meerayaasha la midka ah dhulka, kuwaas oo leh jidh ka samaysan [[dhagax]]aan, waxayna kala yihiin: Waxaraxir, Dusaa, Dhulka iyo Farraare. Waxaraxir waa midka ugu muga iyo miisaanka yar isla markaana ugu jidhka yar dhammaan [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]], halka dhulku yahay kan ugu wayn meerayaasha dhagaxleyda ah.<ref>{{cite book | title = Planet Quest: The Epic Discovery of Alien Solar Systems | url = https://archive.org/details/planetquestepicd0000cros |first = K. |last=Croswell |publisher = The Free Press |year = 1997 |page = [https://archive.org/details/planetquestepicd0000cros/page/57 57] |isbn = 978-0-684-83252-4}}</ref> * '''[[Neefaha Waawayn]]''': kuwani waa meerayasha inta ugu badan ka samaysan [[isku dhis]]yo [[neef]]o ah, sida caadiga ahna way ka wayn yihiin [[Meere Dhagaxley|meerayaasha dhagaxleyda]] ah, waana: Cirjeex, Raage, Uraano iyo Docay. Meeraha Cirjeex waa kan ugu wayn dhammaan meerayaasha bahda qoraxdu midaysay. ** '''[[Baraf|Barafley Waawayn]]''', inta u dhexaysa Uraano iyo Docay waxaa jira neefo waawayn oo ka duwan kuwa aan kor ku soo sheegnay sababtoo ah waxay leeyihiin miisaan iyo cuf aad uga hooseeya kuwa kale.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Lyttleton |first=Raymond A. |year=1936 |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=97 |page=108 |title= On the possible results of an encounter of Pluto with the Neptunian system |bibcode=1936MNRAS..97..108L}}</ref> * '''[[Duni|Duni yar]]''': kuwani waa meerayaal aad u yaryar oo sanadkii 2006da loo aqoonsaday in lagu magacaabo ''Dwarf Planets'', waxaana ka mid ah Ceres, Bluto, Haumea, Makemake iyo Eris.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gps.caltech.edu/%7Embrown/dps.html |title=Astronomer Mike Brown |publisher=Gps.caltech.edu |accessdate=2011-11-04}}</ref> ===Qoraxda=== [[File:Planets_and_sun_size_comparison.jpg|thumb|Qoraxda marka la barbar dhigo xajmiga meerayaasha.]] [[Qorax]]du (sun) waa [[xidig]]ta iftiimisa, kulaylka gaadhiisa isla markaana [[cufisjiidad]] ku heeysa dhammaan meerayaasha [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]]. Miisaanka iyo cufka qoraxdu wuxuu la mid yahay 332,900 kan meeraha [[dhul]]ka. Sidoo kale, bu'da dhexe ee qoraxda waxaa ka yimaada [[heerkul]]ka, falaadhaha radiationka, elektaromagnetik radiation, iyo 400 ilaa 700 nm oo falaadhaha [[ileys]]ka muuqda ah. Cadaymo la arkey waxay xaqiijiyeen in barta qoraxdu ku taalo suurto gelisay in [[dhul]]ka ka jirto [[nolol]]i. [[File:Solar Life Cycle.svg|thumb|upright=2|center|wakhti dhan 14 bilyan sano oo muujinaya da'da Qoraxda. Hada Qoraxdu waxay jirtaa 4.6 bilyan sano, markeey gaadho 6 bilyan sano si tartiib ah ayay u casaani taas oo muujineeysa in awoodeedu soo yaraaneyso. Markey 10 bilyan sano gaadho weey cadaani dhammaanteed - markan qoraxdu weey dhimatey.]] Jiritaanka meerayashu waxay ku xidhan tahay nolosha [[qorax]]da. Hadii isbedel ku yimaado qoraxda nolosha dhulka iyo waxkasta weey doorsoomayaan. Sida la qiyaasayo, [[Hal]] [[bilyan]] sano ka dib, midabka qoraxdu waa isbedeli iftiinkuna waa sii kordhi sababto ah [[Hiliyaam]]ta bu'da qoraxda ayaa sii kordheeysa taas oo keeni doonta in 10% kordho iftiinka, heerkulka iyo falaadhaha khatarta ah ee ka soo baxa qoraxda; halka 3.5 bilyan sano ka dib ay badan doonto 40%. [[Aqoon|Aqoonyahanada Cimiladu]] waxay sheegeen isbedelkaas [[Qorax|qoraxda]] ku yimid wakhtigaas sare u qaadi [[Ileys|ilayska halista]] ah ee "radiation" taas oo lumin doonto [[Bad|biyaha badaha]] dhulka. Wakhti yar gudaheed, waxaa kor u kici [[Heerkul|heerkulka]] oogada sare ee dhulka, sidoo kale isku-wareega [[Kaarboon|Kaarboon Ogsaydh CO₂]] oo muhiim u ah nolosha [[Dhir|dhirta]] ayaa jaha wareeri iskuna bedeli [[Kaarboon|Kaarbon afar (C4)]] oo [[sun]] ah. Dhirtu haday ka dhamaato dunida waxaa dhici in la waayo [[Hawo|hawada]] [[Ogsajiin]] midaas oo sababaysa dhimashada [[Noole|noolaha]] oo dhan. Hal bilyan sano oo kale kadib, heerkulka maqaarka sare ee dhulka wuxuu gaadhi, ugu yaraan, 70 degree Salsiyas midan oo jaho-wareer ku keenaysa miisaanka iyo cufis-jiidadka dunida. Midabka qoraxdu wuxu noqon casaan 5 bilyan sano ka dib, isla markaan gacanka qoraxdu wuxuu gaadhi meel ka badan 250 jeer meesha uu hada joogo. Wakhtigan lama hubo, sida dhulku noqon, laakiin waxa la og yahay in wareega dhulku isbedeli sababto ah aad ayuu uga fogaani qoraxda. Mudo yar ka dib, bu'da qoraxdu waxay isku bedeli cadaan bilaa [[kul]] iyo [[ileys]] ah, halkaas ayaana ugu dambeeysa isku xidhnaanta [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]]. ===Meeraha Dhexe=== Afarta Meere ee u dhow [[qorax]]da, kuwaas oo loo yaqaano [[Meere Dhagaxley]] sababtoo ah waxay ka samaysan yihiin [[dhagax]]aan iyo [[macdan]]o [[bir]] ah. Intooda u badan waxay leeyihiin tiro yar oo [[dayaxa meere|dayaxaan]] ah ama maba laha. Qaabdhismeedka jidhkoodu wuxuu ka samaysan yahay [[qolof dhul|oogo sare]] oo ka kooban macdanta [[Silikoon|silikates]], iyo biro ay ka mid yihiin [[aayron]] iyo [[nikel]] kuwaas oo sameeya [[Ubuc Dhul|ubucda]] dhexe ee meerahaasi. [[File:Telluric_planets_size_comparison.jpg|thumb|Meerayaasha dhexe. Ka soo biloow bidix ilaa midig:<br />[[Dhul]]ka, [[Farraare]], [[Dusaa]] iyo [[Waxaraxir]].<br />]] ====Dusaa==== : Meeraha [[Dusaa]] (mercury) waa kan ugu dhow [[qorax]]da (masaafo dhan 0.4 [[AU]] u jirta qoraxda),<ref>masaafo dhan 0.4 [[AU]] u jirta [[qorax]]da</ref> iyo kan ugu yar dhammaan meerayaasha [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]] asagoo leh 0.55 muga [[dhul]]ka.<ref>Schenk P., Melosh H. J. (1994), ''Lobate Thrust Scarps and the Thickness of Mercury's Lithosphere'', Abstracts of the 25th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, 1994LPI....25.1203S</ref> : Meerahan Dusaa ma lahan wax [[dayaxa meere|dayax]] ah, waxaana lagu yaqaanaa in uu leeyahay [[Qolof dhul|oogo sare]] oo [[heerkul]]keedu aad u sareeyo isla markaana qani ku ah [[curiye]]yaasha [[bir]]ta sida [[aayron]], [[nikel]] iyo [[Silikon|salikaytis]].<ref>{{cite web |year=2006 |author=Bill Arnett |title=Mercury |work=The Nine Planets |url=http://www.nineplanets.org/mercury.html |accessdate=2006-09-14}}</ref> ====Waxaraxir==== : Meeraha [[Waxaraxir]] (Venus) waa dunida labaad ee ugu dhow [[qorax]]da (masaafo dhan 0.7 [[AU]] u jirta qoraxda),<ref>"masaafo dhan 0.7 [[AU]] u jirta qoraxda"</ref> isla markaana waa mid aad ugu xajmi dhow [[dhul]]ka ayadoo leh 0.815 muga dhulka. : Sidoo kale, si la mid ah dhulka, meeraha Waxaraxir wuxuu leeyahay [[qolof dhul|oogo sare]] oo ka samaysan silikayte iyo [[Ubuc dhul|ubuc dhexe]] oo ka kooban [[bir]]ta aayron iyo nikel; iyo waliba [[cir]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Mark Alan Bullock |title=The Stability of Climate on Venus |publisher=Southwest Research Institute |year=1997 |url=http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~bullock/Homedocs/PhDThesis.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2006-12-26 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=2007-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614202751/http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~bullock/Homedocs/PhDThesis.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> sare oo hawooyin ku dahaaran tahay. : Meeraha Waxaraxir ma lahan wax dayax ah, aad ayuuna u qalalan yahay - taas macnaheedu waa [[biyo]] ma lahan. Intaas waxaa dheer, meerahan waa kan ugu kulul dhammaan meerayaasha [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]] ayadoo leh [[salsiyas|400 °C]] (752&nbsp;°F).<ref>{{cite web |year=1999 |author=Paul Rincon |title=Climate Change as a Regulator of Tectonics on Venus |work=Johnson Space Center Houston, TX, Institute of Meteoritics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM |url=http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~bullock/Homedocs/Science2_1999.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2006-11-19 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=2007-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614202807/http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~bullock/Homedocs/Science2_1999.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> === Dhulka === : Meeraha [[Dhul]]ka (earth) waa kan sadexaad ee qoraxda u dhow (masaafo dhan 1 [[AU]] u jira qoraxda), kan ugu wayn ee ugu culus [[Meere Dhagaxley|meerayaasha dhagaxleyda]] ah. Sidoo kale, waa meeraha kali ah ee leh dhaqdhaqaaq jiyooloji iyo dunida kali ah eey ka jirto [[nolol]]<ref>{{cite web |title=What are the characteristics of the Solar System that lead to the origins of life? |publisher=NASA Science (Big Questions) |url=http://science.nasa.gov/planetary-science/big-questions/what-are-the-characteristics-of-the-solar-system-that-lead-to-the-origins-of-life-1/ |accessdate=2011-08-30 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=2011-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915154635/http://science.nasa.gov/planetary-science/big-questions/what-are-the-characteristics-of-the-solar-system-that-lead-to-the-origins-of-life-1/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> inta la ogyahay. Intaas waxaa dheer, dhulku waa meeraha kali ah ee leh [[biyo]] [[dareere]] ah dhammaan meerayaasha dhexe. : [[Cir]]ka sare ee dhulku waa mid ka duwan meerayaasha kale, waxaana ku dhex jira 21% [[ogsajiin]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Earth's Atmosphere: Composition and Structure |author=Anne E. Egger, M.A./M.S. |work=VisionLearning.com |url=http://www.visionlearning.com/library/module_viewer.php?c3=&mid=107&l= |accessdate=2006-12-26 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=2007-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221231635/http://www.visionlearning.com/library/module_viewer.php?mid=107&l=&c3= |dead-url=yes }}</ref> bilaash ah, taasi oo taageertay [[nolol|nolosha]] ka dhex jirta ee [[xayawaan]]ka iyo [[dhir]]ta leh. : Meeraha dhulku wuxuu leeyahay hal [[dayax]] oo dabiici ah. ====Farraare==== : Meeraha [[Farraare]] (mars) waa kan afaraad ee qoraxda ugu dhow (masaafo dherer dhan 1.5 [[AU]] u jira qoraxda), isla mar ahaantaana waa mid waxyar ka yar dhulka ayadoo leh 0.107 muga dhulka. Cirkeedu wuxuu inta u badan ka kooban yahay [[Kaarbon|kaarbon labo ogsaydh]] iyo cadaadis dhan 6.1 millibars<ref>{{cite book|title= Encyclopaedia of the Solar System|editor=Lucy-Ann McFadden et al.|chapter=Mars Atmosphere: History and Surface Interactions|author=David C. Gatling, Conway Leovy|pages=301–314|year=2007}}</ref> taasi oo u dhiganta 0.6% cadaadiska dhulka. : Foolkaano aad u badan ayaa ka dhaca oogada sare ee Farraare, [[caro|carada]] meerahani waa mid cas sababtoo ah waxaa ku badan [[macdan]]ta [[Aayron|aayron ogsaydh]] aad u [[daxal]]eysatey. : Meeraha Farraare wuxuu leeyahay [[Dayaxa farraare|labo dayax]] oo dabiici ah, [[Deimos]] iyo [[Phobos]].<ref>{{cite web |year=2004 |title=A Survey for Outer Satellites of Mars: Limits to Completeness |author=Scott S. Sheppard, David Jewitt, and Jan Kleyna |work=[[Astronomical Journal]] |url=http://www2.ess.ucla.edu/~jewitt/papers/2004/SJK2004.pdf|accessdate=2006-12-26}}</ref> ===Meerayaasha Baxsan=== [[File:Gas_giants_in_the_solar_system.jpg|thumb|Kor ka soo biloow ilaa hoos:<br />[[Docay]], [[Uraano]], [[Raage]] iyo [[Cirjeex]]<br />.]] Afarta meere ee banaanka u baxsan waa meereyaasha [[Neefaha Waawayn]] ee [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]]<ref>[[Neefaha Waawayn]] ee [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]]</ref> kuwaas oo ah 99% walxaha ku wareega [[qorax]]da. [[Cirjeex]] iyo [[Raage]] ayaa waxay yihiin tobanaan kun oo jeer miisaanka iyo muga [[dhul]]ka, waxayna ka samaysan yihiin [[isku dhis]]yo [[haydarojiin]] iyo [[hiliyaam]]. Dhanka kale, [[Uraano]] iyo [[Docay]] waxay leeyihiin 20 jeer laab muga dhulka waxayna ka samaysan yihiin [[macdan]]o dhalaali kara oo ka kooban [[baraf]]. ====Cirjeex==== : Meeraha [[Cirjeex]] (Jupiter) waa meeraha shanaad ee [[qorax]]da ugu dhow (masaafo dherer dhan 5.2 [[AU]] u jira qoraxda) iyo 318 jeer muga dhulka. Wuxuu ka samaysan yahay meerahani [[isku dhis]]yo u badan [[haydarojiin]] iyo [[hiliyaam]]. : Dhinaca kale, meeraha Cirjeex waa kan ugu leh tirada ugu badan ee dayax asagoo leh [[Dayaxa Cirjeex|67 dayax]]. Afarta ugu wayn [[Io]], [[Ganymede]], [[Callisto]], iyo [[Europa]] waxay leeyihiin qaabdhismeed u dhow [[Meere Dhagaxley|meerayaasha dhagaxleyda]] ah, sida foolkaanaha iyo gudo kulul.<ref>{{cite web |title=Geology of the Icy Galilean Satellites: A Framework for Compositional Studies |author=Pappalardo, R T |work=Brown University |year=1999 |url=http://www.agu.org/cgi-bin/SFgate/SFgate?&listenv=table&multiple=1&range=1&directget=1&application=fm99&database=%2Fdata%2Fepubs%2Fwais%2Findexes%2Ffm99%2Ffm99&maxhits=200&=%22P11C-10%22 |accessdate=2006-01-16 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=2007-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930165551/http://www.agu.org/cgi-bin/SFgate/SFgate?&listenv=table&multiple=1&range=1&directget=1&application=fm99&database=%2Fdata%2Fepubs%2Fwais%2Findexes%2Ffm99%2Ffm99&maxhits=200&=%22P11C-10%22 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Ganymede oo ah satelaytka ugu wayn [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]], ayaa wuxuu ka wayn yahay meeraha [[Waxaraxir]] (mercury). ====Raage==== : Meeraha [[Raage]] (saturn) waa meeraha lixaad ee [[qorax]]da ugu dhow (masaafo dherer dhan 9.5 [[AU]] u jira qoraxda) iyo 95 jeer muga dhulka. Meerahan waxaa lagu yaqaanaa dariimada goobo ee ku wareegsan taasi oo ka samaysan xoogaa [[baraf]] iyo saxaro [[dhagax]]aan ah, wuxuuna leeyahay 60% cufka Cirjeex, taasi oo ka dhigaysa meeraha ugu cufka yar dhammaan aduunyooyinka [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Density of Saturn|url=http://www.universetoday.com/15322/density-of-saturn/|work=Fraser Cain|publisher=universetoday.com|accessdate=2013-08-09|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=2013-08-09|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130809073643/http://www.universetoday.com/15322/density-of-saturn/|dead-url=unfit}}</ref> : Meerahan Raage wuxuu leeyahay tirada labaad ee ugu badan dayaxyada taasi oo ah [[Dayaxa Raage|62 dayax]]. Labada dayax ee ugu wayn dayaxyada Raage, [[Titan]] iyo [[Enceladus]] waxay leeyihiin dhaqdhaqaaq jiyooloji inkastoo ay ka samaysan yihiin baraf iyo hawo.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kargel|first1=J. S.|title=Cryovolcanism on the icy satellites|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_earth-moon-and-planets_1994-1995_67_1-3/page/101|journal=Earth, Moon, and Planets|volume=67|pages=101–113|year=1994|doi=10.1007/BF00613296|bibcode=1995EM&P...67..101K}}</ref> : Titan oo ah satelite labaad ee ugu wayn wuxuu ka jidh wayn yahay meeraha [[Waxaraxir]]. ====Uraano==== : Meeraha [[Uraano]] waa kan todobaad ee qoraxda ugu dhow (asagoo u jira masaafo dhan 19.2 [[AU]]) iyo 14 jeer muga iyo miisaanka dhulka, kaasi oo ah kan ugu fudud dhammaan meerayaasha [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]]. Uraano wuxuu leeyahay [[Ubuc dhul|ubuc dhexe]] oo ka qaboow badan [[Qolof dhul|oogada sare]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=10 Mysteries of the Solar System|journal=[[Astronomy Now]] |volume=19 |pages=65 |year=2005 |bibcode=2005AsNow..19h..65H }}</ref> : Meeraha Uraano wuxuu leeyahay tirada sadexaad ee ugu badan taasi oo dhan [[Dayaxa Uraano|27 dayax]], kuwa ugu waawayni waa [[Titania]], [[Oberon]], [[Umbriel]], [[Ariel]] iyo [[Miranda]]. ====Docay==== : Meeraha [[Docay]] (neptune) waa meeraha sideedaad ee [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]] wuxuuna u jiraa [[qorax]]da masaafo dherer dhan 30 [[AU]], wuxuu leeyahay cuf iyo miisaan u dhigma 17 jeer laab cufka [[dhul]]ka.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Post Voyager comparisons of the interiors of Uranus and Neptune |url=https://archive.org/details/geophysical-research-letters_1990-09_17_10/page/1737 |author=Podolak, M.; Reynolds, R. T.; Young, R. | year=1990|pages=1737|issue=10|volume=17|doi=10.1029/GL017i010p01737 |bibcode=1990GeoRL..17.1737P|journal=Geophysical Research Letters}}</ref> : Meeraha Docay wuxuu leeyahay [[Dayaxa Docay|4 dayax]] oo kan ugu wayn yahay [[Triton]] oo leh dhaqdhaqaaq jiyooloji firfircoon.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Plausibility of Boiling Geysers on Triton |author=Duxbury, N. S., Brown, R. H. |work=Beacon eSpace |year=1995 |url=http://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/handle/2014/28034?mode=full |accessdate=2006-01-16 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=2009-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426005806/http://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/handle/2014/28034?mode=full |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ===Dunida Yar=== Waxa jira tiro dhowr ah oo meereyaal yaryar ah kuwaas oo loo yaqaano [[Duni|duniyar]] waxaana ka mid ah [[Bluto]]. Dunida yar ee bluto waxy u jirtaa qoraxda masaafo dherer oo dhan [[AU|39 AU]] waana tan ugu wayn dhowrka duniyar ee la yaqaano, waxaana la helay [[sanad|sanadkii 1930kii]] ayadoo wakhtigaas laga dhigay [[meere|meeraha 9aad]] ee [[Bahda Qoraxda Midaysay]]. Ka dib, [[sanad|sanadkii 2006da]] ayaa laga saaray liiska meerayaasha ayadoo loo aqoonsaday in bluto tahay duniyar. ==Tirada Dayaxa Meereyaasha== [[File:Neptune’s Moon Triton Fosters Rare Icy Union (gemini1903a) (square crop).jpg|thumb|[[Dayaxa Docay|Dayaxa Triton]] ee meeraha Docay.]] [[File:Europa-moon.jpg|thumb|[[Dayaxa Cirjeex|Yuruba]] waa dayaxa Cirjeex.]] [[Dayaxa meere]] waa duni yar oo ka samaysan [[dhagax]]aan, [[neef]] iyo [[isku dhis]]yo kale taasi oo ku wareegta [[meere]]. Tusaale ahaan, [[dayax]]a meeraha [[dhul]]ka. Waxaa jira 173<ref>173 dayax oo ku meeraysta meerayaasha [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]], iyo sideed kale oo ku wareega [[duni|dunida yaryar]]</ref> dayax oo ku meeraysta meerayaasha [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]], iyo sideed kale oo ku wareega [[duni|dunida yaryar]]. Meereyaasha [[Waxaraxir]] iyo [[Dusaa]] ma lahan wax dayax ah, [[Dhul]]ku wuxuu leeyahay [[dayax|hal dayax]], meeraya afaraad [[Farraare]] wuxuu leeyahay labo dayax oo kala ah [[Fobos]] (Phobos) iyo [[Dheymos]] (Deimos).<ref>{{cite journal | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=52 |pages=565–594 |last=Whipple |first=Fred |year=1964 |bibcode=1964PNAS...52..565W |title= The History of the Solar System |doi= 10.1073/pnas.52.2.565 | pmid=16591209 | issue=2 | pmc=300311}}</ref> [[Neefaha Waawayn]] waxay leeyihiin tiro badan oo dayaxyo ah, kuwaas oo qaarkood le'eg yihiin xajmiga dayaxa [[dhul]]ka. Meeraha [[Cirjeex]]<ref>[[Cirjeex]] waa kan leh tirada ugu badan daxayada ee [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]]</ref> waa kan leh tirada ugu badan daxayada ee [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]], wuxuuna leeyahay [[Dayaxa Cirjeex|67 dayax]]. Waxaa ku xiga meeraha [[Raage]] oo leh tirada labaad ee ugu badan dhammaan sideeda meere ee bahda qoraxdu midaysay kuwaas oo ah [[dayaxa raage|62 dayax]]. Dhinaca kale, meeraha [[Uraano]] wuxuu leeyahay tirada sadexaad ee ugu badan bahda qoraxdu midaysay kuwaas oo dhan [[dayaxa uraano|27 dayax]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Interactive Extra-solar Planets Catalog |work=[[The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia]] |url=http://exoplanet.eu/catalog.php |last=Schneider |first=Jean |date=16 January 2013 |accessdate=2013-01-15 }}</ref> Meeraha [[Docay]] wuxuu leeyahay [[dayaxa docay|14 dayax]]. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, [[duni|duunyooyinka yar]] qaar ka mid ah waxay leeyihiin dayaxyo yaryar oo ku wareega ayaga. Dunida yar ee [[Ceres]] ma lahan wax dayax ah, laakiin dunida yar ee [[Bluto]] waxay [[dayaxa bluto|5 dayax]] oo wareega. Sidoo kale, dunida yar ee [[Haumea]] waxay leedahay [[Dayaxa Haumea|2 dayax]], waxaa iyadna [[dayax|hal dayax]] leh dunida yar ee [[Eris]]. Waxaa la aaminsan yahay in dayaxyada qaar ay ka jirto [[nolol]], sida dayaxa [[Titan]] ee [[Cirjeex]] iyo bisha [[Triton]] ee meeraha [[Docay]], laakiin lama hubo ineey jirto midaasi.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Bernard R. |last=Goldstein |title=Saving the phenomena: the background to Ptolemy's planetary theory | journal=Journal for the History of Astronomy |volume=28 |issue=1 |year=1997 |pages=1–12 |location=Cambridge (UK) |bibcode=1997JHA....28....1G}}</ref> ===Dayaxa Dhulka=== [[File:Full_Moon_Luc_Viatour.jpg|thumb|Dayaxa [[meere|meeraha]] [[Dhul]]ka.]] [[File:Moons of solar system-en.svg|thumb|Dayax/Bil]] [[Dayax|Dayaxa dhulku]] waa kan ugu weeyn dhammaan [[dayaxa meere|dayaxyada]] meereyaasha [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]] kaas oo la odhan karo wuxuu ka wayn yahay meereyaasha yaryar qaarkood. Cufis-jiidadka u dhexeeya dhulka iyo dayaxa ayaa keena [[bad|mowjadaha badaha]], taas mi la mid ah ayaa keentay isku-xidhnaanshaha labadooda. Dayaxa oo ku socda xawaare dhan 1.022 kilomitir ilbiriqsigiiba, ayaa waxay ku qaadataa [[maalin|27 maalmood]], [[saacad|7 saacadood]] iyo [[daqiiqad|43 daqiiqo]] in uu hal mar ku wareego dhulka. Dhinaca kale, isku wareega dayaxu (circumference) waa 10, 921 km; [[cuf]]kiisuna waa 2.1958 ×<br /><span>10¹⁰ km³</span> halka [[mug]]iisu yahay 7.3477 ×<br /><span>10²² kg</sup></span>. Maadaama dayaxa cirkiisu aad u khafiif yahay falaadhaha qoraxduna toos u soo taabtaan oogada dayaxa ayaa [[heerkul]]kiisu aad u sareeyaa ugu yaraan waa 100 Kalfin ugu badnaana wuxuu gaadhaa 390 K. Jidhka dayaxu wuxuu ka samaysan yahay [[Isku dhis|iskudhisyo]] kala duwan kuwaas oo u badan [[curiye]]yaasha kala ah: [[curiye|Argon]], [[Hiliyaam]], [[Sodhiyaam]], [[Botashiyaam]], [[Haydarojiin]] iyo ''Raadon''. Markii ugu horeeysay taariikhda bani-aadamka, sanadkii 1959kii ayaa [[Dayax Gacmeed]] [[Ruush]]ku leeyahay tagay dayaxa. Ka dib, 1968dii ayaa qofkii ugu horeeyay cagaha saaray dayaxa kaas oo ka socday Dawladda [[Maraykan]]ka. Sanadkii 2004 wixii ka dambeeyay ayaa wadanada [[Jabaan]], [[Hindiya]], [[Shiinaha]] iyo [[Yurub]] saldhigyo ka sameeysteen dayaxa. Inkasto dayaxu lahayn [[cir|cir sare]] oo ka difaaca [[kul]]ka [[qorax]]da, cilmi baadhis la sameeyay waxay muujisay in dayaxu leeyahay [[biyo]] laga heli karo [[cidhif]]yada dayaxa iyo oogada sare dhexdeeda.<ref>{{cite book |title=Ptolemy's Almagest |author= Ptolemy |authorlink=Ptolemy |coauthors=[[G. J. Toomer|Toomer, G. J.]] |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-691-00260-6}}</ref> ===Dayaxa Farraare=== ::''Maqaalka fiiri: [[Dayaxa Farraare]]'' [[Meere]]ha [[Farraare]] (Mars) wuxuu leeyahay [[Dayaxa Farraare|labo dayax]] oo kala ah [[Fobos]] (Phobos) iyo [[Dheymos]] (Deimos). ===Dayaxa Cirjeex=== [[File:Europa-moon.jpg|thumb|dayaxa [[Europa]] ee meeraha Cirjeex.]] [[Meere]]ha [[Cirjeex]]<ref>[[Cirjeex]] waa kan leh tirada ugu badan daxayada ee Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay, wuxuuna leeyahay 67 dayax</ref> waa kan leh tirada ugu badan daxayada ee Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay, wuxuuna leeyahay 67 dayax. Tirada dayaxyada ee meerahan Cirjeex aad ayay u badan tahay, dhammaantoodna aqoon fiican looma laha, laakiin kuwa ugu caansan waxaa ka mid ah: * '''[[Europa]]''' * '''[[Ganymede]]''' * '''[[Io]]''' * '''[[Callisto]]''' ===Dayaxa Raage=== [[File:Two_Halves_of_Titan.png|thumb|dayaxa [[Titan]] ee meeraha Raage.]] [[Meere]]ha [[Raage]] waa kan labaad ee leh tirada ugu badan daxayada ee Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay, wuxuuna leeyahay [[Dayaxa raage|62 dayax]]. Tirada dayaxyada ee meerahan Raage aad ayay u badan tahay, dhammaantoodna aqoon fiican looma laha, laakiin kuwa ugu caansan waxaa ka mid ah: * '''[[Titan]]''' * '''[[Iapetus]]''' * '''[[Enceladus]]''' * '''[[Tethys]]''' * '''[[Mimas]]''' * '''[[Hyperion]]''' * '''[[Dione]]''' * '''[[Phoebe]]''' * '''[[Janus]]''' * '''[[Epimetheus]]''' * '''[[Prometheus]]''' [[File:Mimas_moon.jpg|thumb|dayaxa [[Mimas]] ee meeraha Raage.]] ===Dayaxa Uraano=== [[File:PIA18185 Miranda's Icy Face.jpg|thumb|dayaxa [[Miranda]] ee meeraha Uraano.]] [[Meere]]ha [[Uraano]] (Uranus) wuxuu leeyahay tirada sadexaad ee ugu badan bahda qoraxdu midaysay kuwaas oo dhan [[Dayaxa Uraano|27 dayax]]. Meerahan Uraano wuxuu leeyahay tiro badan oo dayaxyo ah, kuwaas waxaa ugu caansan: * '''[[Titania]]''' * '''[[Oberon]]''' * '''[[Umbriel]]''' * '''[[Miranda]]''' ===Dayaxa Docay=== [[File:Neptune’s Moon Triton Fosters Rare Icy Union (gemini1903a) (square crop).jpg|thumb|dayaxa [[Triton]] ee meeraha Docay.]] [[Meere]]ha [[Docay]] (Neptune) wuxuu leeyahay tirada afaraad ee ugu badan [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]] kuwaas oo dhan [[Dayaxa meere|14 dayax]]. Meerahan Docay wuxuu leeyahay tiro badan oo dayaxyo ah, kuwaas waxaa ugu caansan: * '''[[Proteus]]''' * '''[[Triton]]''' ===Dayaxyada Bluto=== [[Duni]]da yar ee [[Bluto]] oo wakhtiyadii hore loo aqoonsanaa ineey tahay [[meere|meeraha 9aad]] ee [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]], balse [[sanad|sanadkii 2006da]] loo aqoonsaday ineey tahay duniyar; ayaa waxay leedahay [[Dayax meere|5 dayax]] oo ku wareega ayada. ==Samayska Meere== ===Muuqaalka Meere=== Muuqaalka meere waa mid ku xidhan awooda [[cuf]]ka iyo [[mug]]a ee ku taxan awooda [[cufisjiidad]]ka isla markaana keenta awood elektaromangantig isku haysa muuqaalka meere oo ka dhigtay mid goobo ah. Marka xadi go'an oo cuf ah uu ku xidhmo awooda cufisjiidadka oo u soo jiidta badhtanka walaxdaasi taasi ayaa keenta in sheygaasi yeesho qaab wareegsan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iau.org/public/pluto/ |title=Pluto and the Solar System |publisher=IAU |date= |accessdate=2013-08-01 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=2011-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614202942/http://www.iau.org/public/pluto/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Dhamaan meerayaasha, xidigaha, dhagaxaanta waawayn, dunida yar iyo walxaha kale ee koonka dhex sabeeynaya waxay leeyihiin qaab dhismeed goobada u dhow, taasi ooy sabab u tahay isku soo jiidashada bu'da dhexe ee shegaas oo cufisjiidadku ku hayo badhtanka. ===Qaabdhismeedka Dhexe=== Meere kasta wuxuu ku bilaabmay marxalad [[dareere]] ah; samayska marka hore, sheeyada miisaanka culus, ee qarada adag leh waxay iskugu tagaan bu'da ama badhtanka ayadoo inta fudud soo marto korka sare isla markaana ku qaboowdo ka dibna adke noqoto. Sidaas darteed, meere kasta waa kala duwan yahay xubnaha ku jira ubucda ama qeybta dhexe. Dhinaca kale, [[Meere Dhagaxley|meerayaasha dhagaxleyda]] ahi way ka duwan yihiin meerayaasha [[neefaha waawayn]]. Kuwa dhagaxleyda ahi waxay leeyihiin qolof adag oo ku dahaadhan iyo ubuc ka samaysan [[curiye]]yaal [[bir]] ah sida [[Aayron]], [[Nikel]] iyo iskudhisyo [[Silikoon]] ah, halka neefaha waawayni ku daboolan tahay daruur hawo iyo adke jilicsan ah. ===Cufisjiidadka=== ===Cufka & Muga Meereyaasha=== ==Wareega Meere== ===Wareega Sanadle=== Sida la isku waafaqay, dhammaan meerayaashu waxay ku wareegaan [[xidig]]. Tusaale ahaan, meerayaasha Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay dhammaantood waxay ku wareegaan [[qorax]]da, jiho la mid ah tan qoraxdu u ged-gedoonto (waa qaab la mid ah habka saacadu u wareegto "clockwise"). Ugu yaraan, hal meere, WASP-17b, oo aad inooga fog ayaa la arkey inuu u wareego jiho ka duwan tan xidigtiisu u gedoonto.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Lyttleton |first=Raymond A. |year=1936 |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=97 |page=108 |title= On the possible results of an encounter of Pluto with the Neptunian system |bibcode=1936MNRAS..97..108L}}</ref> Wakhtiga ay meere ku qaadato inuu dhamaystiro hal wareeg oo uu ku soo duurayo qoraxda waxaa loo yaqaanaa ''[[sanad]]''. Hadaba sanadada meerayaashu way kala duwan yihiin taasi oo ku xidhan kolba masaafada iyo fogaanta uu u jiro qoraxda. Meeraha ugu fog masaafada qoraxda ayaa ugu sanad dheer isla markaana ugu socod gaaban sababtoo ah aad ayuu uga dheer yahay [[cufisjiidad]]ka qoraxdaasi. ===Gedgedoonka Meere=== Meere kasta wuxuu ku gedgedoomaa (rotate) xariijin udub-dhexaadkiisa ah taasi oon la arki karin. Gedoonkaasi meere oo ka soo bilaabma bari ilaa galbeed ayaa waxay keentaa [[maalin]]ta iyo [[habeen]]ka, sababtoo ah iftiinka qoraxda ayaa kolba dhinac ka mid ah meerahaais u muuqda.<ref>{{cite journal | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=52 |pages=565–594 |last=Whipple |first=Fred |year=1964 |bibcode=1964PNAS...52..565W |title= The History of the Solar System |doi= 10.1073/pnas.52.2.565 | pmid=16591209 | issue=2 | pmc=300311}}</ref> Inta u badan meerayaasha bahda qoraxdu midaysay waxay u soo gedoomaan hab waafaqsan wareega saacada, marka laga reebo meeraha Uraano oo asaga lagu wado in uu u gedoomo jiho lid ku ah wareega saacada. Gedgedoonka meerayaashu way kala duwan tahay, meeraha Dusaa waxay ku qaadataa dhowr saacadood inuu dhamaystiro gedoon xidhan, taasi oo ah habeen iyo maalinta Dusaa; halka meerayaasha waawayn ee neefta ah ay ku qaadato maalmo badan iney sameeyaan hal gedoon oo dhamaystiran.<ref>{{cite book | title = Planet Quest: The Epic Discovery of Alien Solar Systems | url = https://archive.org/details/planetquestepicd0000cros |first = K. |last=Croswell |publisher = The Free Press |year = 1997 |page = [https://archive.org/details/planetquestepicd0000cros/page/57 57] |isbn = 978-0-684-83252-4}}</ref> ==Masaafada Qoraxda U Jiraan== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align:center" |- !|Jaada !|Magaca !|Dhulbadhe <br /> balaca !|[[Cuf|Cufka Meere]] !|[[Wareega Meere|Gacanka Wareega]] ([[Astronomical unit|AU]]) !|[[Wareega Meere|Wakhtiga Wareega]] <br /> (sanado) !|[[Wareega Meere|Meesha <br /> kaga beegay yahay Qoraxda]] (°) !|[[Wareega Meere|Wareega<br /> eccentricity]]<!--hyphen for small monitors--> !|[[Wareega Meere|Wareega Xariijintiisa]] <br /> (maalin) !|Confirmed <br /> [[Dayax|Dayaxa Dabiiciga]]{{refn|group=lower-alpha|name=Confirmed|Jupiter has the most verified satellites (67) in the Solar System.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Jupiter Satellite Page (Now Also The Giant Planet Satellite and Moon Page) |publisher=Carnegie Institution for Science |author=Scott S. Sheppard |url=http://www.dtm.ciw.edu/users/sheppard/satellites/ |accessdate=2013-04-12 |date=2013-01-04 |authorlink=Scott S. Sheppard |archive-date=2009-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607094153/http://www.dtm.ciw.edu/users/sheppard/satellites/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} !|[[Wareega Meere|Goobo Meere]] !|[[Cir]]ka |- ! rowspan="4" style="background:#def;"|[[Meere Dhagaxley]] | style="text-align:left"|[[Waxaraxir]] | 0.382 | 0.06 | 0.31–0.47 | 0.24 | 3.38 | 0.206 | 58.64 | 0 | maya | aad u yar |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Dusaa]] | 0.949 | 0.82 | 0.72 | 0.62 | 3.86 | 0.007 | −243.02 | 0 | maya | [[Kaarboon|CO₂]], [[Nitrojiin|N₂]] |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Dhul]]ka | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 7.25 | 0.017 | 1.00 | [[Dayax|1]]<!--Moon (Luna)--> | Maya | N₂, [[Ogsajiin|O₂]], [[Aargon|Ar]] |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Farraare]] | 0.532 | 0.11 | 1.52 | 1.88 | 5.65 | 0.093 | 1.03 | [[Dayaxa Farraare|2]]<!--Phobos and Deimos--> | maya | CO₂, N₂, Ar |- ! rowspan="4" style="background:#def;"|[[Neefaha Waawayn]] | style="text-align:left"|[[Cirjeex]] | 11.209 | 317.8 | 5.20 | 11.86 | 6.09 | 0.048 | 0.41 | [[Dayaxa Cirjeex|67]]<!--50 named, 67 verified, 67 known--> | [[Dayaxa Cirjeex|haa]] | [[Haydarojiin|H₂]], [[Hiliyaam|He]] |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Raage]] | 9.449 | 95.2 | 9.54 | 29.46 | 5.51 | 0.054 | 0.43 | [[Dayaxa Raage|62]]<!--53 named, 62 verified, ~200 known--> | [[Rings of Saturn|yes]] | H₂, He |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Uraano]] | 4.007 | 14.6 | 19.22 | 84.01 | 6.48 | 0.047 | −0.72 | [[Dayaxa Uraano|27]]<!--all known moons are named--> | [[Dayaxa Uraano|yes]] | H₂, He |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Docay]] | 3.883 | 17.2 | 30.06 | 164.8 | 6.43 | 0.009 | 0.67 | [[Dayaxa Docay|14]]<!--all known moons are named, with the exception of S/2004 N 1--> | [[Dayaxa Docay|haa]] | H₂, He |- ! rowspan="5" style="background:#def;"|[[Duni|Duni yar]] | style="text-align:left"|[[Ceres]] | 0.08 | 0.000&nbsp;2 | 2.5–3.0 | 4.60 | 10.59 | 0.080 | 0.38 | 0 | maya | midna |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Bluto]] | 0.18 | 0.002&nbsp;2 | 29.7–49.3 | 248.09 | 17.14 | 0.249 | −6.39 | [[Dayaxa Bluto|5]]<!--Charon, Styx, Nix, Kerberos, Hydra--> | maya | ku meel gaadh |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Haumea]] | 0.15×0.12×0.08 | 0.000&nbsp;7 | 35.2–51.5 | 282.76 | 28.19 | 0.189 | 0.16 | [[Dayaxa Haumea|2]]<!--Hi'iaka, Namaka--> | ? | ? |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Makemake]] |~0.12 |0.000&nbsp;7 |38.5–53.1 |309.88 |28.96 |0.159 | 0.32 | 0 | ? | ? |- | style="text-align:left"|[[Eris]] | 0.19 | 0.002&nbsp;5 | 37.8–97.6 | ~557 | 44.19 | 0.442 | ~0.3 | [[Dayax|1]]<!--Dysnomia--> | ? | ? |} ==Nolosha Ka Jirta Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay== Ilaa iyo hada inta la ogyahay meeraha kali ah ee nolol ka jirto waa meeraha dhulka. Nolosha meeraha dhulka oo guud ahaan loo yaqaano "biosphere", ayaa waxa la aaminsan yahay ineey bilaabantay (qiyaastii) [[bilyan|3.5 bilyan sanno]] ka hor. Dhulku wuxuu hooy u yahay malaayiin nooc oo [[noole]] ah, kaas ooy ka mid yihiin ''Aadamuhu''. Ilaha [[Macdan]]ta iyo habka is-daba-wareega [[biyo|biyaha]] ayaa ah mid u gaar ah meerahan isla markaana suurto gal ka dhigey ineey taageerada noolaha degan dhulka. ==Sahaminta Meerayaasha== Sawiraan ka kooban xubnaha [[Bahda Midaysay Qoraxdu]] iyo sharaxaada xajmiga [[Meere]]yaasha iyo [[dayax]]yadooda. [[Qorax]]da in ka badan 10,000 oo jeer ayay ka weeyn tahay isla markaana [[tiriliyan|41 tiriliyan]] ayay ka mug iyo cuf weeyn tahay dhammaantood. {| class="wikitable" style="font-weight: margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;" |+ Solar System |- style="background: black;" | [[File:Our Sun.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | [[File:Jupiter by Cassini-Huygens.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | [[File:Saturn during Equinox.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | [[File:Uranus2.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | [[File:Neptune Voyager2 color calibrated.png|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | [[File:The Earth seen from Apollo 17.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | [[File:Venus-real.jpg|frameless|upright=0.5]] |- | [[Qorax]]<br /><small>(Xidig)</small> | [[Cirjeex]]<br /><small>(meere)</small> | [[Raage]]<br /><small>(meere)</small> | [[Uroono]]<br /><small>(meere)</small> | [[Docey]]<br /><small>(meere)</small> | [[Dhul]]<br /><small>(meere)</small> | [[Waxaraxir]]<br /><small>(meere)</small> |- style="background: black;" | [[File:Mars Hubble.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | [[File:Ganymede g1 true 2.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | [[File:Two Halves of Titan.png|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | [[File:Mercury in color - Prockter07-edit1.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | [[File:Callisto.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | [[File:Io highest resolution true color.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | [[File:FullMoon2010.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] |- | [[Farraare]]<br /><small>(meere)</small> | [[Ganymede (dayax)|Ganymede]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Cirjeex)</small> | [[Titan (dayax)|Titan]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Raage)</small> | [[Dusaa (meere)|Dusaa]]<br /><small>(meere)</small> | [[Callisto (dayax)|Callisto]]<br /><small>(dayax Cirjeex)</small> | [[Io (dayax)|Io]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Cirjeex)</small> | [[Dayax]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Dhulka)</small> |- style="background: black;" | [[File:Europa-moon.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | [[File:Triton moon mosaic Voyager 2 (large) - non-edit version.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | [[File:Titania (moon) color cropped.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | [[File:PIA07763 Rhea full globe5.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | [[File:Voyager 2 picture of Oberon.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | [[File:Iapetus as seen by the Cassini probe - 20071008.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | [[File:PIA00040_Umbrielx2.47.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] |- | [[Europa (dayax)|Europa]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Cirjeex)</small> | [[Triton (dayax)|Triton]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Docey)</small> | [[Titania (dayax)|Titania]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Uraano)</small> | [[Rhea (moon)|Rhea]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Raage)</small> | [[Oberon (moon)|Oberon]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Uroone)</small> | [[Iapetus (moon)|Iapetus]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Raage)</small> | [[Umbriel (moon)|Umbriel]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Uroone)</small> |- style="background: black;" | | [[File:Dione (Mond) (30823363).jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | [[File:Inset-sat tethys-large.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | | [[File:Vesta_full_mosaic.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | [[File:Enceladus from Voyager.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | [[File:PIA18185 Miranda's Icy Face.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] |- | [[Ariel (moon)|Ariel]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Uroone)</small> | [[Dione (moon)|Dione]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Raage)</small> | [[Tethys (moon)|Tethys]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Raage)</small> | [[Ceres (meere yar)|Ceres]]<br /><small>(meere yar)</small> | [[4 Vesta|Vesta]]<br /><small>(asteroid)</small> | [[Enceladus (moon)|Enceladus]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Raage)</small> | [[Miranda (moon)|Miranda]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Uroone)</small> |- style="background: black;" | [[File:Proteus Voyager 2 croped.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | [[File:Mimas moon.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | [[File:Hyperion in natural colours.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | [[File:Phoebe cassini.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | [[File:PIA12714 Janus crop.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | [[File:PIA09813 Epimetheus S. polar region.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] | [[File:Prometheus 12-26-09a.jpg|center|frameless|upright=0.5]] |- | [[Proteus (moon)|Proteus]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Docey)</small> | [[Mimas (moon)|Mimas]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Raage)</small> | [[Hyperion (moon)|Hyperion]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Raage)</small> | [[Phoebe (moon)|Phoebe]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Raage)</small> | [[Janus (moon)|Janus]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Raage)</small> | [[Epimetheus (moon)|Epimetheus]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Raage)</small> | [[Prometheus (moon)|Prometheus]]<br /><small>(dayaxa Raage)</small> |- | colspan="7"| {{navbar|SolarSummary}} |- |} ==Qoraalo La Mid ah== * [[Koon]] * [[Neefaha Waawayn]] * [[Meere]] * [[Dhul]] * [[Cir]] * [[Meere Dhagaxley]] * [[Dayax]] * [[Dayaxa meere]] * [[Qorax]] * [[Xidig]] {{commons|Solar System}} {{Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay}} ==Xigasho== {{Reflist|2}} [[Category:Dayaxa Meere]] [[Category:Cilmi Falag]] [[Category:Saynis]] [[Category:Cilmiga Xidigaha]] [[Category:Xiddigis]] [[Category:Cilmi Fallag]] [[Category:Bahda Midaysay Qoraxdu]] [[Category:Meere]] [[Category:Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]] [[Category:Koon]] [[Category:Saynis]] [[Category:Ilbaxnimo]] [[Category:Dhul]] [[Category:Juqraafi]] [[Category:Noole]] [[Category:Nolol]] [[Category:Cilmi Falag]] [[Category:Saynis]] [[Category:Cilmiga Xidigaha]] [[Category:Xiddigis]] [[Category:Bahda Midaysay Qoraxdu]] [[Category:Koon]] [[Category:Juqraafi]] hszmz7mb9by5na2u7kox0j43hr2o1v0 0 12330 305866 257635 2026-08-24T18:24:12Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305866 wikitext text/x-wiki {{About|[[Jadwalka Curiyayaasha|Miiska shaxda Diwaanka Curiye]]}} [[File:Periodic table.svg|thumb|Shaxda '''Diwaanka Curiye''' oo muujineeysa dhamaan [[118ka Curiye]].]] '''Diiwaanka Curiye''' ([[Ingiriis]]: Periodic Table) waa miiska shaxda [[Curiye]]yaasha [[Koon]]ka iyo dhamaan wixii ku dhex jira ka sameeysan yihiin. Waxaa loo habeeyay curiyeyaasha sida u kala badan yihiin [[tiro]]da [[atom]], elektaroonada iyo astaamaha fal-gal eey leeyihiin. Diiwaankan wuxuu meel iskugu keenayaa dhamaan [[macdan]]ta, kimikooyinka, [[hawo]]da, [[biyo]]ha iyo dhamaan [[walax]] kasta ood ku aragto [[dhul]]ka. Sida la ogyahay, ilaa hada waxaa jira [[118 Curiye]], [http://pf.kakao.com/_szxbMG kuwaas] oo ku xusan miiska ''Diwaanka Curiye''. = Curiye = Sida caadiga ah, [[curiye]] waa walax kimiko oo ka samaysan [[atom]] taas oo lagu kala saaro [[tiro|tirada atomic]] ee bu'diisa ku jirta<ref>Gray, p. 6</ref> - tirada borotoono ee bu'da atom. Guud ahaan, waxaa [[curiye|curiyaha]] loo qeybiyaa sadex nooc: [[Bir]], [[Bir la Mood]] iyo [[Bir Ma Ahe]]. Tusaale fiican waxaa ah, [[Ogsajiin]]ta iyo [[Nitrojiin]]ta (Bir Ma Ahe), [[Silikoon]]ta iyo [[Aarsenik]] (Bir La Mood), iyo [[Aayron]]ta, [[Naxaas]]ta, [[Dahab]]ka iyo [[Kober]]ta oo ah bir. Curiyaha kimiko waxaa ugu miisaan fudud [[Haydarojiin]]ta oo leh tiro atomic 1 iyo tan ku xigta [[Hiliyaam]]ta oo leh tiro atomic 2. Sidoo kale, labadan curiye waa kuwa ugu badan [[Koon]]ka; halka [[Aayron]] iyo [[Ogsajiin]]tu ay yihiin labada ugu badan qaab-dhismeedka [[qolof dhul|qolofta dhulka]]<ref>{{cite journal |last=Koppenol |first=W. H. |title=Naming of New Elements (IUPAC Recommendations 2002) |journal=Pure and Applied Chemistry |year=2002 |volume=74 |issue=5 |pages=787–791 |url=http://media.iupac.org/publications/pac/2002/pdf/7405x0787.pdf |format=PDF |doi=10.1351/pac200274050787}}</ref>. Inkastoo [[macdan]]ta iyo [[isku dhis]]yada curiyaha qaarkood [[dad]]ku aqoon u lahaayeen tan iyo [[qarni|10,000 sano]] ka [http://pf.kakao.com/_PIxbMG hor], inta u badan curiyayaasha waxaa la helay dhamaadkii [[qarni|qarnigii 19aad]] iyo [[qarni|qarnigii 20aad]]. == Tirada Atomikga Curiye == Tirada Atomikga ee curiye waxay la mid tahay tirada borotoonis ee ku jirta bu'da curiyahaas, isla markaana waa tan qeexda astaamaha [[falgal]]ka ee curiyahaas. Tusaale ahaan, dhamaan [[atom]]yada [[Kaarboon]]tu waxay ka kooban yihiin 6 borotoonis (protons) taas oo macnaheedu yahay tirada atomikga ee Kaarboon waa 6. Dhinaca kale, atomyada Kaarboontu waxaa laga yaabaa ineey leeyihiin tiro nuyuutroono (neutron) kala duwan; marka atomka curiye isku mid ah kaas oo leh tiro nuyuutroono kala duwan waxaa lagu magacaabaa [[isotope]]ka curiye. Tirada borotoono ee ku jirta bu'da (nucleus) atomika curiye waxaa lagu ogaan karaa saxarada koronto (electric charge) taas oo ku xidhn tirada elektaroono ee atomkaasi. Sidoo kale, elektaroonadu waxay ku wareegaan bu'da atomka ayagoo sheega astaamaha iyo dhaqanka curiyahaas. Tirada nuyuutroono ee caloosha atomka ku dhex jirta inta badan saamayn kuma laha dhaqanka curiye. Calaamada astaanta u ah tirada atomika ee atom waa [[halbeeg]]a '''Z'''. == Miisaanka & Cufka Atomik == Tirada [[cuf]]ka ee [[curiye]], (calaamada [[halbeeg]]a '''A'''), waa tirada Nukliyuusta (nukliyuustu waa tirada borotoonada iyo nuyuutroonada) ee ku dhex jirta bu'da atomik. Isotopeyo kala duwan oo curiye isku mid ah waxaa lagu kala saaraa ama soocaa tirada cufka ee atomka<ref>Gray, p. 6</ref>, taas oo lagu qoro bidixda astaanta curiye (e.g ²⁷⁶C). Tusaale fiican waxaan u soo qaadan karnaa curiyaha [[Magniisiyaam]] tirada cufkiisu waa 24, marka waxaan u qoraynaa Magniisiyaam-24, taas oo u dhiganta 12 borotoon iyo 12 elektaroon. Halka [[cuf|tirada cufku]] ka tahay tirada nuyuutroono iyo elektaroono ee atom, cufka atomikgu waa tirada saxda ah ee cufka isotope gaar ah ee curiye. Calaamada [[halbeeg]]a u ah cufka atomik waa '''u'''. == Isotopes == Dhinaca kale, [[isotope]] waa atomyo ka tirsan hal curiye kuwaas oo leh tiro borotoono isku mid ah, laakiin tirada nuyuutroonadu kala duwan yihiin. In ka badan 66 ka mid ah 96ka curiye si dabiici ah loo helo, waxay leeyihiin in ka badan hal isotope dagan<ref name="emsley">{{cite book|last=Emsley|first=John|title=Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements|url=https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl_b1k4|edition=New|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-19-960563-7}}</ref>. Tusaale ahaan, curiyaha Kaarboon wuxuu leeyahay 3 isotope oo kala duwan. Hadaba tirada borotoono ee Kaarboontu waa isku mid, dhamaantood waa 6, laakiin waxay kala leeyihiin 6, 7, iyo 8 nuyuutroon. Maadaama tirada cufka ee kaarboon tahay 12, 13 iyo 14 gebi ahaan waxaa inoo soo bixi sadex isotope oo kala ah kaarbon-12 oo loo qoro ¹²C, kaarboon-13 ¹³C, iyo kaarboon-14 ¹⁴C. Kaarboonta ku jirta nolosha maalin kasta waa iskujir ¹²C, ¹³C, iyo ¹⁴C. Guud ahaan, curiyeyaasha inta u badan waxay leeyihiin isotopeyo radioactive ah, kuwaas oo in badani loo helo si dabiici ah, kuwo kalena lagu diyaariyo laabka (laboratory). Isotopeyada radioactive ah waa kuwo aan fadhiyin (unstable isotopes), laakiin haddii isotopeka atom aanu ahayn radioactive waxaa loo yaqaanaa ''isotope degan'' (stable isotope). Dhamaan isotopeyada degani waa kuwo dabiici ah. = Shaxda Diiwaanka Curiye = Qaab-dhismeedka miiska diiwaanka curiye waa shax ka kooban 18 saf oo kor ka imanaya ilaa hoos iyo 7 saf oo ka bilaabma midig ilaa bidix, iyo labo saf oo ka hooseeya. Sidoo kale, miiska jadwalka diiwaanka curiye waxaa loo kala jabin karaa afar afar-gees oo kala ah: [[s-block]] oo dhinaca bidix xiga, [[p-block]] oo dhanka midig xiga, [[d-block]] oo dhexda ku jira, iyo [[f-block]] oo ka hooseeya dhamaantoodba. Qaybaha khaanadaha safafka midig ilaa bidix waxaa loo yaqaanaa ''heerka'' (period), sida [[Heerka 1 ee curiye|heerka 1aad]], halka safafka khaanadaha kor ka imanaya loo yaqaano ''guruub'' (group) kuwaas oo qaarkood magacyo leeyihiin sida [[Biniktojiin]] ([[Pnictogen]]s) oo ah [[guruubka 15]]aad, [[Jaalkojiin]] (chalcogen) oo ah [[guruubka 16]]aad,[[Halogen]]s [[guruubka 17]]aad iyo [[Neefta Gobta]] (noble gas) [[guruubka 18]]aad. Dhamaan curiyaha ka soo biloow mida [[koow]]aad ee [[Haydarojiin]] oo leh tiro atomic 1 ilaa laga gaadho curiyaha 118 [[Ununoktiyaam]] waxaa la helay [[wakhti]]yo kala duwan iyo meelo kala duwan; ayadoo curiyaha 113, 115, 117 iyo 118 aan wali la xaqiijinin. In kastoo qaarkood la arko qadar iyo tiro aad u yar, 98ka curiye ee ugu horeeya jadwalka Diwaanka Curiye ayaa ah kuwo si dabiici ah looga helo [[qolof dhul|oogada]] [[dhul]]ka. {{Jadwalka Curiyayaasha}} == Guruubyada Diwaanka Curiye == Marka laga waramayo jadwalka miiska [[Diwaanka Curiye]] [[Guruub]]ku waa guuto [[curiye]] isku astaan, dhaqan iyo calaamad ah kuwaas oo ku jira [[hal]] saf oo khaanadaha [[Jadwalka Curiyayaasha|Diwaanka Curiye]]. Shaxda jadwalka Diwaanka Curiye, oo uu sameeyay [[saynis]]yahan [[Ruushka|Ruush]] ah Dmitri Mendeleev, waxay ka kooban yihiin [[Guruub|18 Guruub]] kuwaas oo ey ku dhex jiraan dhamaan [[118ka Curiye]]. Inkastoo guruubyadu ku magacaaban yihiin [[tiro|tirada]] guruubka oo u dhexaysa [[kow|1]] ilaa [[toban|18]] qaarkood waxay leeyihiin magacyo u gaar ah, kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah [[Guruubka 15]]aad oo lagu magacaabo [[Biniktojiin]] ama ([[Pnictogen]]s), [[Guruubka 16]]aad oo ah [[Jaalkojiin]] ([[Chalcogen]]s), [[Guruubka 17]]aad oo lagu naaneyso [[Halogen]]s, iyo [[Guruubka 18]]aad oo loo yaqaano [[Neefta Gobta]] ama (Noble Gases). Waxayna kala yihiin: [[Guruubka 1]]aad ([[Birta Alkali]]), [[Guruubka 2]]aad ([[Birta Alkalineta Dhulka]]), [[Guruubka 3]]aad, [[Guruubka 4]]aad, [[Guruubka 5]]aad, [[Guruubka 6]]aad, [[Guruubka 7]]aad, [[Guruubka 8]]aad, [[Guruubka 9]]aad, [[Guruubka 10]]aad, [[Guruubka 11]]aad, [[Guruubka 12]]aad, [[Guruubka 13]]aad, [[Guruubka 14]]aad, [[Guruubka 15]]aad sidoo kale loo yaqaano [[Biniktojiin]] ama ([[Pnictogen]]s), [[Guruubka 16]]aad [[Jaalkojiin]] ([[Chalcogen]]s), [[Guruubka 17]]aad oo lagu naaneyso [[Halogen]]s, iyo [[Guruubka 18]]aad oo loo yaqaano [[Neefta Gobta]] ama (Noble Gases). Tirada [[curiye]] ee ku jirta khaanadaha guruubku way kala duwan yihiin. Qaarkood waxaa ku jira 8 curiye, kuwo kale wax ku dhex jira 6 curiye, halka guruubyada qaar ay ku dhex jiraan 4 curiye oo kali ah. == Heerarka Diwaanka Curiye == [[File:Periodic_Table_2.svg|thumb|Heerarka Diwaanka Curiye.]] Qaabdhismeedka shaxda miiska lagu ururiyey [[curiye]]yaasha ee loo yaqaano Diwaanka Curiye wuxuu leeyahay safaf khaanado u kala socdo kor iyo hoos ([[guruub]]), midig iyo bidix ([[heerka]]). [[Heerka|Heerku]] (period) waa safafka khaanadaha ee ka bilaabma midig ilaa bidix ee miiska jadwalka curiyayaasha, kuwaas oo ah [[todobo|todoba saf]] (7) oo qeybta sare ka kooban tahay iyo [[labo|labo saf]] oo ka hooseeya. Curiyayaasha ku jira saf heerka isku midka ah waxay leeyihiin [[cuf|cuf atomik]], awood aayano (ions), iyo is-heysad elektaroono isku mid ah. Ka soo biloow midig ilaa bidix tirada gacan-atomik hoos ayay u dhacdaa. Tani waxaa keentay isku xigida borotoonada iyo elektaroonada curiye ayaa aad ugu sii dhowaanaya bu'da atomka. Si ka duwan [[guruub]]yada, [[Heerka|Heerarka]] shaxda miiska diwaanka curiye ma lahan magacyo u gaar ah, laakiin waxaa lagu kala soocaa [[tiro]] kuwaas oo kala ah: [[Heerka 1 ee curiye|heerka 1aad]], [[Heerka 2 ee curiye|heerka 2aad]], [[Heerka 3 ee curiye|heerka 3aad]], [[Heerka 4 ee curiye|heerka 4aad]], [[Heerka 5 ee curiye|heerka 5aad]], [[Heerka 6 ee curiye|heerka 6aad]], iyo [[Heerka 7 ee curiye|heerka 7aad]]. Intaas waxaa soo raaca labo saf oo ka hooseeya kuwaas oo kala ah [[Lanthanides]] iyo [[Actinides]]. == Khaanadaha == === S-Block === [[S-block]]ta ku jirta [[Jadwalka Curiyayaasha|Diiwaanka Curiye]] waa [[curiye]]yaasha ku jira [[guruubka 12|2da guruub]] ee ugu horeeya guruubyada jadwalka Diwaanka Curiye. Kuwaas oo ka bilaabmaya [[guruubka 1]]aad iyo [[guruubka 2]]aad ee loo kala yaqaano [[Birta Alkali]]<ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=http://www.cytss.edu.hk/chem/f67res/i1.pdf |access-date=2014-01-11 |archive-date=2013-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123202946/http://www.cytss.edu.hk/chem/f67res/i1.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> iyo [[Birta Alkalineta Dhulka]]. [[S-block]] curiyeyaasha ku jira waa kuwo intooda badan firfircoon oo leh astaamo iyo calaamado ka duwan dhamaan guruubyada kale ee Diwaanka Curiye. In kastoo ay ku jiraan khaanado kale, [[Haydarojiin]] iyo [[Hiliyaam]] waxaa lagu tiriyaa guruubkan s-block. Dhaqanka iyo astaamaha s-block waxay la xidhiidhaa [[tiro|tirada atomic]]<ref>http://periodictable.com/Properties/A/ElectronConfigurationString.sp.html</ref> ee curiyuhu leeyahay, midaas oo sii korodha marka la sii dhexgalo diwaanka curiye. Labada guruub ee s-block waxay leeyihiin tirooyinka atomik ee hoos ku xusan: : [[Guruub|Guruubka 1aad]]: :: [[Haydarojiin]] (Z=1), [[Liithiyaam]] (Z=3), [[Sodhiyaam]] (Z=11), [[Botashiyaam]] (Z=19), [[Rubiidhiyaam]] (Z=37), [[Kaasiyaam]] (Z=55), [[Faransiyaam]] (Z=87). : [[Guruub|Guruubka 2aad]]: ::[[Beriiliyaam]] (Z=4), [[Magniisiyaam]] (Z=12), [[Kaalshiyaam]] (Z=20), [[Istoroontiyaam]] (Z=38), [[Baariyaam]] (Z=56), [[Raadhiyaam]] (Z=88). === D-Block === [[D-block]]ta ku jirta [[Jadwalka Curiyayaasha|Diiwaanka Curiye]] waa [[curiye]]yaasha ku jira [[guruubka 3|9ka guruub]] ee ka bilaabma [[guruubka 3]]aad ilaa [[guruubka 12]]aad<ref name = Petrucci>R.H. Petrucci, W.S. Harwood and F.G. Herring “General Chemistry” (8th ed, Prentice-Hall 2002), p.341-2</ref><ref name=Housecroft>C.E. Housecroft and A.G. Sharpe “Inorganic Chemistry” (2nd ed, Pearson Prentice-Hall 2005), p..20-21</ref>. Curiyeyaasha d-block waxaa sidoo kale loo yaqaanaa [[Transitional Metal]]<ref>{{cite journal|journal = Journal of Chemical Education|volume = 80|issue = 8|year = 2003|url = http://www.uv.es/~borrasj/ingenieria_web/temas/tema_1/lecturas_comp/p952.pdf|title = The Place of Zinc, Cadmium, and Mercury in the Periodic Table|first = William B.|last = Jensen|pages=952–961|doi = 10.1021/ed080p952|bibcode = 2003JChEd..80..952J }}</ref>. D-block curiyayaasha ku jira waxay leeyihiin [[tiro|tiro atomik]]<ref name=Petrucci/> ka bilaabanta s²d¹ (Guruub 3) ilaa s²d¹⁰ (Guruub 12). Tusaale ahaan, Cr waa s¹d⁵ (ma ahan s²d⁴); sidoo kale, birta Guruubka 11waxay noqonayaan s¹d¹⁰ (ma ahan s²d⁹), taasi oo dhamaystireysa qolofka-d (d-subshell) ee Guruubka 11aad<ref name=Housecroft/><ref>F.A. Cotton and G. Wilkinson “Advanced Inorganic Chemistry” (5th ed, John Wiley 1988) p.625</ref>. === P-Block === [[P-block]]ta ku jirta [[Jadwalka Curiyayaasha|Diiwaanka Curiye]] waa [[curiye]]yaasha ku jira [[guruubka 12|6da guruub]] ee ugu dambeeya guruubyada jadwalkani, marka laga reebo [[Hiliyaam]]ta oo ayadu ka mid ah [[s-block]]. Kuwaas oo ka bilaabmaya [[guruubka 12]]aa ilaa laga gaadho [[guruubka 18]]aad ee loo yaqaano [[Neefta Gobta]] (noble gases). [[P-block]] waxaa ku jira dhamaan [[Bir Ma Ahe]], birta daciifka ah iyo half-birta oo dhan. [[Guruub]]yada p-block waa: * 13 (IIIB, IIIA): [[Guruubka Boron]] * 14 (IVB, IVA): [[Guruubka 14|Guruubka Kaarboon]] * 15 (VB, VA): [[Guruubka 15|Guruubka Nitrojiinta]] (ama [[Pnictogen]]s) * 16 (VIB, VIA): [[Guruubka 16]]aad ama [[Chalcogen]]s * 17 (VIIB, VIIA): [[Halogen]]s * 18 (0, VIIIA): [[Neefta Gobta|Noble gases]] (marka laga reebo [[Hiliyaam]]) === F-Block === [[F-block]]ta ku jirta [[Jadwalka Curiyayaasha|Diiwaanka Curiye]] waa [[curiye]]ha [[atom]]kiisa ama aayaniskiisu (ions) leeyihiin elektaroono hab wareeg f (f-orbital). Curiyayaashan waxaa sidoo kale loo yaqaanaa ''curiyayaasha dhexe ee transitionka''. = Taariikhda Diwaanka Curiye = [[Sanad|Sanadkii 1789]] ayaa [[saynis]]yahan Antoine Lavoisier wuxuu sameeyay liisto ay ku jiraan [[curiye|33 curiye]] kuwaas oo u kala qeybiyay [[bir]], [[bir ma ahe]], [[neef]]o iyo [[dhul]]ka; asagoo ilaa dhimashaddiisii ku mashquulsanaa inuu helo curiyayaal kale. Ka dib, [[sanad|sanadkii 1829]] ayaa [[Kemisteri]]yahan Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner ee Jarmalka ah ayaa wuxuu keenay fikrada ah in curiyayaasha loo habayn karo [[falgal]]kooda kimiko ayadoo intii isku dhaqan ah meel la iskugu geeyn karo. Taariikhdu markey maraysay 1862kii ayaa jiyoolajiis u dhashay Faransiiska Alexandre-Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois ayaa wuxuu sameeyay noocii ugu horeeyay diwaanka curiye kaas oo ugu magac daray ''telluric helix''. Ka dib, sanadkii 1864 ayaa saynisyahan u dhashay dalka Jarmalka Julius Lothar Meyer, asagoo tixraacaya jadwalka Chancourtois uu sameeyay shax diiwaan curiye oo ka kooban 44 curiye. Wakhti yar ka dib, saynisyahan [[ingiriis|Ingiriis]] ah ayaa balaadhiyay jadwalkaas oo ka dhigay 57 curiye, asagoo u habeeyay cufka iyo miisaanka eey leeyihiin curiyayaashu. Isbedelo badan ka dib, sanadadii 1869kii iyo 1870kii ayaa professor ku takhasusay [[cilmi]]ga [[Kimisteri]]ga Dmitri Mendeleev ee dalka [[Ruush]]ka iyo [[kimisteri]]yahan Jarmalka u dhashay Julius Lothar Meyer soo daabaceen jadwalkii ugu horeeyay ee diiwaanka curiye een maanta naqaano. Labadooduba waxay sameeyeen shax jadwal leh [[guruub]]yo iyo [[heer]]ar muujinaya sida curiyeyaashu qaraabada u yihiin. Sanado badan ka dib waxaa la isla afgartey in shaxda jadwalka Dmitri Mendeleev loo aqoonsado in uu yahay aasaaska diiwaanka curiye ee saxda ah. Wakhtigii ka dambeeysay dhimashaddiisa ilaa [[sanad|sanadkii 2000]] dib u habayn, curiye ku daris iyo isku hagaajin ayaa ku socotay jadwalka diiwaanka curiye. = Qeybaha Diiwaanka Curiye = Ayadoo la tix-raacayo naqshad uu sameeyay [[saynis]]yahan [[Ruush]] ahaa oo la odhan jirey '''Dmitri Mendeleev''' (1869), ayaa guud ahaan curiyeha waxaa loo qeeybiyaa guruubyo, heerar iyo jufooyin ku salaysan astaamahooda, habka [[falgal]]ka iyo sida ay qaraabo u yihiin. Kuwaas waxaa ugu caansan: [[Bir]]ta, [[Bir La Mood]]ka, [[Bir Ma Ahe]], iyo [[Neef]]ta. == Bir (Metal) == '''Bir''' ([[Metal]]) waa shey [[adke]] ah ([[curiye]], [[Isku dhis]] iyo [[Jaandi]]) taas oo iftiimaysa, [[jidh]] adag leh, isla markaana aad ugu wanaagsan gudbinta [[dab]]ka iyo [[kul]]ka. Birtu waa [[curiye]] kimiko kuwaas oo leh calaamado iyo astaamo ka duwan kuwa [[Bir Ma ahe]] iyo [[Bir La Mood]]kaba. Birtu waa shey marka la garaaco la qaloocin karo ayadoon kala jabayn, la dhalaalin karo, isla markaana la dhuubi karo ama wax dhuuban laga dhigi karo<ref>{{cite book| title = The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements| editor1-last = Morss| editor2-first = Norman M.| editor2-last = Edelstein| editor3-last = Fuger|editor3-first = Jean| last = Haire|first = Richard G.| chapter = Fermium, Mendelevium, Nobelium and Lawrencium| publisher = [[Springer Science+Business Media]]| year = 2006| isbn = 1-4020-3555-1| location = Dordrecht, The Netherlands| edition = 3rd| ref = CITEREFHaire2006}}</ref>. [[Curiye|91 curiye]] oo ka mid ah [[118 Curiye|118da curiye]] ee jadwalka [[Diwaanka Curiye]] waa bir. 27ka kale ayaa u kala baxa [[neef]], [[bir ma ahe]], [[bir la mood]] iyo qeybaha kale ee Diwaanka Curiye. Si ka duwan [[cilmi]]ga [[Kemisteri]]ga, micnaha ereyga bir waa ku kala duwan yahay qeybaha [[aqoon]]ta. Tusaale ahaan, aqoonyahana xidigaha ee [[Cilmi Falag]]u waxay ereyga bir u isticmaalaan dhamaan curiyayaasha marka laga reebo [[Haydarojiin]] ([[H]]) iyo [[Hiliyaam]]ta ([[He]]) kuwaas oo ah walxaha ugu badan [[Xidig]]aha muuqda ee [[Koon]]ka.<ref>Scerri 2007, p. 24</ref> Dhinaca kale, curiyeyaal badan iyo [[isku dhis]]yo badan ayaa noqda bir marka [[kul]]eyl badan lagu shido, kuwaas waxaa loo yaqaanaa ''Sheyada Birta ee ka Samaysmay Bir Ma ahe''. {| class="wikitable" |+ Curiyaha Birta ah |- ! ! colspan="2"| |- ! Magaca ! Sawir |- | [[Titaaniyaam]] ||[[File:Titan-crystal bar.JPG|25px]] |- | [[Aayron]] || [[File:Iron electrolytic and 1cm3 cube.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Naxaas]] || [[File:NatCopper.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Sinki]] || [[File:Zinc fragment sublimed and 1cm3 cube.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Dahab]] || [[File:Gold-crystals.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Alumiiniyaam]] || [[File:Aluminium-4.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Nikel]] || [[File:Nickel chunk.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Iskaandhiyaam]] || [[File:Scandium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Kobalti]] || [[File:Kobalt_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Roodhiyaam]] || [[File:Rhodium_powder_pressed_melted.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Manganiis]] || [[File:Mangan_1-crop.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Gaaliyaam]] || [[File:Gallium_crystals.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Tin]] || [[File:Sn-Alpha-Beta.jpg|25px]] |} === Transitional Metals === Marka lagu gudo jiro [[cilmi]]ga [[Kimistari]]ga, [[Transitional Metal]]sku waxay leeyihiin labo macno: * Qeexida waafaqsan (IUPAC)<ref>{{GoldBookRef|file=T06456|title=transition element}}</ref> waxay ku sheegtay in transitional metal ay yihiin [[curiye]] kimiko kuwaas oo qolofka elektaroonadoodu aanu dhamaystirneyn ama kuwo leh atom qolofka bu'diisu leedahay elektaroono kala dhantaalan<ref>{{cite journal|title=Langmuir's theory of the arrangement of electrons in atoms and molecules|journal=J. Amer. Chem. Soc. |volume=43|doi=10.1021/ja01440a023|pages=1602–1609|year=1921|author=Bury, C. R. |issue=7}}</ref>. * Mida labaad waa in [[saynis]]yahanadu ku sheegeen transitional metalsku yihiin [[bir]] kasta oo ku jirta guruubka [[d-block]] ee [[Diwaanka Curiye]] kuwaas oo ka bilaabma [[Guruubka 3]]aad ilaa laga gaadho [[Guruubka 12]]aad<ref name=Jensen/>. Guruubka [[d-block]] tirada [[atom]]ka curiyuhu waxay u dhaxeysaa 1 ilaa 10 elektaroono ''d'' ah<ref>Petrucci, R. H. ''et al.'' (2002), “General Chemistry”, 8th edn, Prentice-Hall, pp. 49–50, 951</ref><ref>Miessler, G. L. and Tarr, D. A. (1999) “Inorganic Chemistry”, 2nd edn, Prentice-Hall, p. 16</ref>. {| border="1" align="center" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 1em; background: #ffe; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |- ![[Guruubka 3|Guruubyada]] !style="background-color:red" |[[Guruubka 3|3]] ![[Guruubka 4|4]] ![[Guruubka 5|5]] ![[Guruubka 6|6]] ![[Guruubka 7|7]] ![[Guruubka 8|8]] ![[Guruubka 9|9]] ![[Guruubka 10|10]] ![[Guruubka 11|11]] ![[Guruubka 12|12]] |- ![[Heerka 4 ee curiye|Heerka 4aad]] |[[Iskaandhiyaam|Sc]] 21 |[[Titaaniyaam|Ti]] 22 |[[Fandhiyaam|V]] 23 |[[Koroomiyaam|Cr]] 24 |[[Manganese|Mn]] 25 |[[Aayron|Fe]] 26 |[[Kobalti|Co]] 27 |[[Nikel|Ni]] 28 |[[Kober|Cu]] 29 |[[Sinki|Zn]] 30 |- ![[Heerka 5 ee curiye|Heerka 5aad]] |[[Itriyaam|Y]] 39 |[[Sirkooniyaam|Zr]] 40 |[[Niyobiyaam|Nb]] 41 |[[Molybdenum|Mo]] 42 |[[Teknetiyaam|Tc]] 43 |[[Rutheniyaam|Ru]] 44 |[[Roodhiyaam|Rh]] 45 |[[Baladiyaam|Pd]] 46 |[[Naxaas|Ag]] 47 |[[Kaadmiyaam|Cd]] 48 |- ![[Heerka 6 ee curiye|Heerka 6aad]] |style="background-color:red" |[[Lanthanides|*]] 57–71 |[[Haafniyaam|Hf]] 72 |[[Tantalum|Ta]] 73 |[[Tungsten|W]] 74 |[[Reheniyaam|Re]] 75 |[[Osmiyaam|Os]] 76 |[[Iridiyaam|Ir]] 77 |[[Balatiniyaam|Pt]] 78 |[[Dahab|Au]] 79 |[[Meerkuri|Hg]] 80 |- ![[Heerka 7 ee curiye|Heerka 7aad]] |style="background-color:red" |[[Actinides|**]] 89–103 |[[Rutherfordium|Rf]] 104 |[[Dubniyaam|Db]] 105 |[[Siiborgiyaam|Sg]] 106 |[[Bohriyaam|Bh]] 107 |[[Hasiyaam|Hs]] 108 |[[Meitneriyaam|Mt]] 109 |[[Darmstadtiyaam|Ds]] 110 |[[Roentgeniyaam|Rg]] 111 |[[Kobernishiyaam|Cn]] 112 |} [[Guruubka 3]]aad: [[Iskaandhiyaam]] ([[Sc]]), [[Itriyaam]] ([[Y]]) [[Lanthanum]] ([[La]]), [[Aktiiniyaam]] ([[Ac]]), [[Luteetiyaam]] ([[Lu]]), iyo [[Lawreensiyaam]] ([[Lr]]). [[Guruubka 4]]aad: [[Titaaniyaam]] ([[Ti]]), [[Sirkooniyaam]] ([[Zr]]), [[Haafniyaam]] ([[Hf]]) iyo [[Rutherfordium]] ([[Rf]]). [[Guruubka 5]]aad: [[Fanadhiyaam]] ([[V]]), [[Dubniyaam]] ([[Db]]), [[Niyobiyaam]] ([[Nb]]) iyo [[Tantalum]] ([[Ta]]). [[Guruubka 6]]aad: [[Koroomiyaam]] ([[Cr]]), [[Molybdenum]] ([[Mo]]), [[Tungsten]] ([[W]]) iyo [[Siiborgiyaam]] ([[Sg]]). [[Guruubka 7]]aad: [[Manganiis]] ([[Mn]]), [[Teknetiyaam]] ([[Tc]]), [[Reheniyaam]] ([[Re]]) iyo [[Bohriyaam]] ([[Bh]]). [[Guruubka 8]]aad: [[Aayron]] ([[Fe]]), [[Rutheniyaam]] ([[Ru]]), [[Osmiyaam]] ([[Os]]) iyo [[Hasiyaam]] ([[Hs]]). [[Guruubka 9]]aad: [[Kobalti]] ([[Co]]), [[Roodhiyaam]] ([[Rh]]), [[Iridiyaam]] ([[Ir]]) iyo [[Meitneriyaam]] ([[Mt]]). [[Guruubka 10]]aad: [[Nikel]] ([[Ni]]), [[Baladiyaam]] ([[Pd]]), [[Balatiniyaam]] ([[Pt]]) iyo [[Darmstadtiyaam]] ([[Ds]]). [[Guruubka 11]]aad: [[Kober]] ([[Cu]]), [[Naxaas]] ([[Ag]]), [[Dahab]]ka ([[Au]]) iyo [[Roentgeniyaam]] ([[Rg]]). [[Guruubka 12]]aad: [[Sinki]] ([[Zn]]), [[Kaadmiyaam]] ([[Cd]]), [[Meerkuri]] ([[Au]]) iyo [[Kobernishiyaam]] ([[Cn]]). === Birta Alkali === [[Birta Alkali]] (Alkali Metal) waa guuto [[curiye]]yaal [[bir]] ah kuwaas oo leh astaamo kimiko isku mid ah. Guruubka [[Birta Alkali]] waa [[curiye|lix curiye]] ee [[guruubka 1]]aad ee [[Diwaanka Curiye]] kuwaas oo kala ah: [[Liithiyaam]] ([[Li]]), [[Sodhiyaam]] ([[Na]]), [[Botashiyaam]] ([[K]]), [[Rubiidhiyaam]] ([[Rd]]), [[Kaasiyaam]] ([[Cs]]) iyo [[Faransiyaam]] ([[Fr]]). Curiyayaasha safkan [[guruubka 1]]aad waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[s-block]] sababtoo ah dhamaantood waxay leeyihiin elektaroono qolof-sare u wareega ''s'' (s-orbital).<ref group="n"/> Sidoo kale, curiyeyaasha Birta Alkali waxay leeyihiin dhaqan isku dhow: dhamaantood waa bir iftiimaysa, jilicsan, isla markaana aad u firfircoon oo leh [[falgal]] degdeg ah. Dhamaantood waxa lagu kala jari karaa [[midi]da jileec darteed, si dhakhso badan ayayna u [[daxal]]eeystaan sababtoo ah waxay la falgalaan [[Ogsajiin]]. Firfircoonida falgalkooda darteed, ayaa waxa lagu dhex keeydiyaa [[saliid]]a si looga ilaaliyo [[hawo|hawada]], waxaana sida dabiiciga ah la helaa ayagoo [[isku dhis]]yo kala duwan ah sida [[cusbo|cusbada]]. Sidoo kale, curiyeyaasha birta alkali waa [[milme]] si fudud ugu dhex milma [[biyo|biyaha]]. {| class="wikitable" |+ Curiyaha Birta Alkali |- ! ! colspan="2"| |- ! Magaca ! Sawir |- | [[Kaalshiyaam]] || [[File:Calcium unter Argon Schutzgasatmosphäre.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Magniisiyaam]] || [[File:Magnesium crystals.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Liithiyaam]] || [[File:Lithium_paraffin.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Sodhiyaam]] || [[File:Na_(Sodium).jpg|25px]] |- | [[Botashiyaam]] || [[File:Potassium-2.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Rubiidhiyaam]] || [[File:Rb5.JPG|25px]] |- | [[Kaasiyaam]] || ([[Cs]]) |- | [[Faransiyaam]] || ([[Fr]]) |} === Birta Alkalineta Dhulka === [[File:Be-140g.jpg|thumb|Curiyaha Beriiliyaam.]] [[File:Magnesium_crystals.jpg|thumb|Curiyaha Magniisiyaam.]] [[File:Strontium_destilled_crystals.jpg|thumb|Curiyaha Istaroontiyaam.]] [[File:Radium226.jpg|thumb|Curiyaha Raadhiyaam.]] [[Birta Alkalineta Dhulka]] (Alkaline Earth Metal) waa guuto [[curiye]]yaal [[bir]] ah kuwaas oo leh astaamo kimiko isku mid ah. Guruubka Birta Alkalineta dhulka waa [[curiye|lix curiye]] ee [[guruubka 2]]aad ee [[Diwaanka Curiye]] kuwaas oo kala ah: [[Beriiliyaam]] ([[Be]]), [[Magniisiyaam]] ([[Mg]]), [[Kaalshiyaam]] ([[Ca]]), [[Istoroontiyaam]] ([[Sr]]), [[Baariyaam]] ([[Br]]) iyo [[Raadhiyaam]] ([[Ra]]). Curiyayaasha safkan [[guruubka 2]]aad waxay soo galaan [[s-block]] sababtoo ah dhamaantood waxay leeyihiin elektaroono qolof-sare u wareega ''s'' (s-orbital).<ref group="n"/> Marka [[heerkul]]ku caadiga yahay, Birta Alkalineta Dhulku waa [[adke]], dhamaantoon leh midabka [[naxaas]]ta oo iftiimaya, isla markaana leh [[falgal]] firfircoon.<ref>{{cite book |last=Messler|first=R. W.|title=The essence of materials for engineers|year=2010|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers|location=Sudbury, MA|isbn=0763778338|page=32}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ Curiyaha Birta Alkalineta Dhulka |- ! ! colspan="2"| |- ! Magaca ! Sawir |- | [[Botashiyaam]] || [[File:Potassium-2.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Meerkuri]] || [[File:Pouring liquid mercury bionerd.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Beriiliyaam]] || [[File:Be-140g.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Istoroontiyaam]] || [[File:Strontium_destilled_crystals.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Baariyaam]] || |- | [[Magniisiyaam]] || [[File:Magnesium_crystals.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Kaalshiyaam]] || |- | [[Raadhiyaam]] || [[File:Radium226.jpg|25px]] |} == Bir La Mood (Metalloid) == '''Bir la Mood''' ( Metaloid) waa [[curiye]] kimiko kuwaas oo leh calaamado iyo astaamo u dhexeeya [[bir]]ta iyo [[bir ma ahe]]ha, taas ooy aad u adag tahay in la kala saaro ineey bir tahay iyo ineey bir ma ahe tahay.<ref>Scerri 2007, p. 24</ref> In kastoo barashada [[Kimisteri]]ga ay ku jirto Bir la moodku, ma jiraan nimaad u gaar ah oo lagu qeexi karo curiyeyaashan. Lixda curiye ee loo aqoonsadey bir la moodka waa: [[Booron]] ([[B]]),[[Silikoon]] ([[Si]]), [[Jermaaniyaam]] ([[Ge]]), [[Aarsenik]] ([[As]]), [[Antimony]] ([[Sb]]), iyo [[Teluriyaam]] ([[Te]]). Sidoo kale waxaa jira tiro dhowr ah oo ayagana lagu daro liiska Bir la Moodka, waxaana ka mid ah: [[Kaarboon]] ([[C]]),[[Alumiiniyaam]] ([[Al]]), [[Seleniyaam]] ([[Se]]), [[Boloniyaam]] ([[Po]]) iyo [[Astantiin]] ([[At]]). Sida caadiga ah, curiyeha Bir la Moodka ahi wuxuu leeyahay muuqaalka birta oo kale, laakiin waa [[adke]] si fudud loo kala jabin karo, halka birta aanan sahal lagu kala jabin karin. Waxaa intaas dheer, curiyaha bir la moodka waa mid [[kul]]ka iyo [[koronto|korontada]] si daciif ah u gudbiya ama aanan gudbinin gebi ahaanba. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, curiyeyaashan waxaa laga samayn karaa [[isku dhis]]yo tayo fiican oo [[jaandi]] ah, quruurado ama dhalooyin, [[olol]] difaace, iyo badh-gudbiye [[dab]]ka iyo [[koronto|korontada]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bagnall|first=K. W.|year=1967|contribution=Recent advances in actinide and lanthanide chemistry|title=Advances in chemistry, Lanthanide/Actinide chemistry|volume=71|pages=1–12|publisher=American Chemical Society|doi=10.1021/ba-1967-0071|editor1-first=PR|editor1-last=Fields|editor2-first=T|editor2-last=Moeller |series=Advances in Chemistry |isbn=0-8412-0072-6 |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Day|first1=M. C.|last2=Selbin|first2=J.|title=Theoretical inorganic chemistry|url=https://archive.org/details/theoreticalinorg0000daym_q3l3|year=1969|publisher=Reinhold Book Corporation|edition=2nd|location=New York, MA|isbn=0763778338|page=[https://archive.org/details/theoreticalinorg0000daym_q3l3/page/103 103]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Holman|first1=J.|last2=Hill|first2=G. C.|title=Chemistry in context|url=https://archive.org/details/chemistryinconte00unse|year=2000|publisher=Nelson Thornes|edition=5th|location=Walton-on-Thames|isbn=0174482760|page=40}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ Curiyaha Bir La Moodka |- ! ! colspan="2"| |- ! Magaca ! Sawir |- | [[Silikoon]] || [[File:SiliconCroda.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Booron]] || [[File:Boron_mNACTEC.jpg|25px]] |} == Bir Ma Ahe (Non-Metallic) == '''[[Bir Ma Ahe]]''' ([[Nonmetal]]) waa [[curiye]] kimiko kuwaas oo leh calaamado iyo astaamo ka duwan kuwa [[bir]]ta. Sida caadiga ah, curiyaha bir ma ahe waxaa lagu yaqaanaa waa kuwo si fudud u [[uumi]] baxa, si fudud loo kala jabin karo, iyo in aanay gudbinin [[kul]]ka iyo [[koronto|korontada]]. Waxa sidoo kale lagu yaqaanaa curiyaha bir ma ahe markuu la [[falgal]]o walax kale inuu soo sii daayo [[awood]] ion aad u sareeysa, isla markaana ku daro ama la wadaago elektaroono curiyaha kale ama [[isku dhis]]ka uu la falgalaayo. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, toban-iyo-todoba (17) curiye ayaa loo aqoonsadey bir ma ahe kuwaas oo inta ugu badan tahay [[neef]]o kala ah: [[Haydarojiin]] ([[H]]),[[Hiliyaam]] ([[He]]), [[Nitrojiin]] ([[N]]), [[Ogsajiin]] ([[O]]), [[Foloriin]] ([[F]]), [[Niyoon]] ([[Ne]]), [[Koloriin]] ([[Cl]]), [[Aargon]] ([[Ar]]), [[Kiribtoon]] ([[Kr]]), [[Siinoon]] ([[Xe]]) iyo curiyaha radioactiveka ah [[Raadhoon]] ([[Rn]]); hal curiye oo bir ma ahe ahi waa [[dareere]] [[Boromiin]] ([[Br]]); iyo xoogaa curiye [[adke]] ah sida [[Kaarboon]] ([[K]]), [[Fosforos]] ([[P]]), [[Salfar]] ([[S]]), [[Seleniyaam]] ([[Se]]), iyo [[Aaydhiin]] ([[I]]). Curiyayaasha [[Bir Ma Ahe]] waxay inta u badan ku kala jiraa khaanado ka mid ah [[guruubka 14]]aad, [[guruubka 15]]aad ama [[Biniktojiin]] ([[Pnictogen]]), [[Jaalkojiin]] ([[Chalcogen]]), [[Guruubka 17]]aad ama [[Halogen]]s, iyo [[Guruubka 18]]aad ama [[Neefta Gobta]]. In kastoo curiyaha [[bir]]ta shan-jeer laab ka badan yahay curiyaha bir ma ahe, labo ka mid ah bir ma ahe - [[Haydarojiin]] iyo [[Ogsajiin]]ta - ayaa waxay yihiin boqolkiiba sagaal-iyo-sagaashan (99%) [[Koon]]ka muuqda; iyo hal curiye bir ma ahe ah, waa Ogsajiinta, ayaa waxay tahay in ku dhow 50% samayska [[Qolof dhul|qolofka dhulka]], [[bad]]aha iyo [[cir]]ka [[dhul]]ka. Intaas waxaa dheer, [[jidh]]ka [[noole|noolaha]] dhamaantiis wuxuu ka samaysan yahay bir ma ahe iyo [[isku dhis]]yo ka samaysan bir ma ahe. {| class="wikitable" |+ Curiyaha Bir Ma Ahe |- ! ! colspan="2"| |- ! Magaca ! Sawir |- |[[Fosforos]] || [[File:PhosphComby.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Kaarboon]] || [[File:Diamond.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Salfar]] || [[File:Sulfur-sample.jpg|25px]] |} == Neef (Gas) == [[File:Gas_particle_movement.svg|thumb|Atomyada, Malakuyuulada iyo aayonada (ions) neefta waa kuwo xor ah oo hadba dhinac u socda.]] [[Neef]]tu (gas) waa mid ka mid ah [[sadex]]da aasaaska u ah [[walax]]da (matter). Waxa laga yaabaa in neefta saafi ahi ka samaysan [[hal]] [[atom]], sida [[Neefta Gobka]] ama neef atomic sida [[Niyoon]], malakuyuul ka samaysan [[labo]] atom, sida [[Ogsajiin]]ta oo kale, ama [[isku dhis]] (compound) ka kooban malakuyuulo ka yimid atomyo kala duwan, sida [[Kaarboon|Kaarboon-labo-ogsaydh]] (C₂O). [[Milan|Iskumilanka]] [[neef]]tu waxay ka kooban tahay neefo saafi ah oo kala duwan sida [[hawo|hawada]] oo kale. Waxa neefta ka soocay [[adke]]ha iyo [[dareere]]ha waa ayadu waxay ka samaysan tahay saxaro (particles) kala furan isla markaana kala madax-banaan, taasi oo ka dhigtey neefta mid bilaa [[ur]] ah oo [[il|isha]] [[dad]]ku arki karin. Marka [[cadaadis]]ka iyo [[heerkul]]ku caadiga yihiin, [[neef]]aha kali ah ee dagan ee [[curiye]]ha ka tirsan waa kuwa ka sameysan malakuyuulo labo atom iyo wixii ka badan, kuwaas oo ah: [[Haydarojiin]] (H₂), [[Nitrojiin]] (N₂), [[Ogsajiin]] (O₂); iyo marka lagu daro labo ka mid ah [[Halogen]]ska [[Foloriin]] (F₂), iyo [[Koloriin]] (Cl₂). Neefahaasi waxaa soo raaca kuwa ka samaysan [[hal|hal atom]] ee [[Neefta Gobta]] (Noble Gases) kuwaas oo kala ah: [[Hiliyaam]] (He), [[Niyoon]] (Ne), [[Aargon]] (Ar), [[Kiribtoon]] (Kr), [[Siinoon]] (Xe) iyo [[Raadhoon]] (Rn). {| class="wikitable" |+ Curiyaha Neefta ah |- ! ! colspan="2"| |- ! Magaca ! Sawir |- | [[Haaydarojiin]] || [[File:Hydrogen discharge tube.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Hiliyaam]] || |- |[[Nitrojiin]] || [[File:Liquidnitrogen.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Ogsajiin]] || |- | [[Koloriin]] || [[File:Chlorine ampoule.jpg|25px]] |} === Curiyeha Biniktojiinska (Pnictogens) === [[Biniktojiin]] (Pnictogen) sidoo kale loo yaqaano '''Guruubka Nitrojiinta''' waa guuto [[curiye]] kimiko ee [[Guruubka 15]]aad ee safafka [[Diwaanka Curiye]]<ref>{{cite journal|title=Langmuir's theory of the arrangement of electrons in atoms and molecules|journal=J. Amer. Chem. Soc. |volume=43|doi=10.1021/ja01440a023|pages=1602–1609|year=1921|author=Bury, C. R. |issue=7}}</ref>. Guruubkan wuxuu ka kooban yahay [[curiye|lix curiye]] kuwaas oo kala ah: [[Nitrojiin]] ([[N]]), [[Fosforos]] ([[F]]), [[Aarsenik]] ([[As]]), [[Antimony]] ([[Sb]]), [[Bismuth]] ([[Bi]]) iyo [[Ununbentiyaam]] ([[Uup]]). === Curiyaha Jaalkojiin (Chalcogen) === [[File:Sulfur-sample.jpg|thumb|Curiyaha Salfar.]] [[File:SeBlackRed.jpg|thumb|Curiyaha Seleniyaam.]] [[File:Tellurium2.jpg|thumb|Curiyaha Teluriyaam.]] [[Jaalkojiin]] ([[Chalcogen]]) sidoo kale loo yaqaano Guruubka Ogsajiinta ama [[Guruubka 16]]aad waa guruub [[curiye]] kimiko ee qeybta 16aad ee safafka [[Diwaanka Curiye]]. Guruubkan wuxuu ka kooban yahay [[curiye|lix curiye]] kuwaas oo kala ah: [[Ogsajiin]] ([[O]]), [[Salfar]] ([[S]]), [[Seleniyaam]] ([[Se]]), [[Teluriyaam]] ([[Te]]), [[Boloniyaam]] ([[Po]]) iyo [[Lifermoriyaam]] ([[Lv]]). === Neefta Halogenka === [[Halogen]] waa guuto [[curiye]]yaal [[hawo]], [[dareere]] iyo [[adke]] ah kuwaas oo leh astaamo kimiko isku mid ah. Marka [[heerkul]]ku caadiga yahay, curiyeyaasha [[hawo]]da ah waa midab casaan ah, kuwa [[dareere|dareeraha]] ahi waa cagaar, halka kuwa [[adke|adkaha]] ahi leeyihiim midab madoow ah. Guruubkan [[Halogen]]ska waa [[curiye|shan curiye]] ee [[guruubka 17]]aad ee [[Diwaanka Curiye]] kuwaas oo kala ah: [[Foloriin]] ([[F]]), [[Koloriin]] ([[Cl]]), [[Boromiin]] ([[Br]]), [[Aaydhiin]] ([[I]]), iyo [[Astatiin]] ([[At]]). Curiyeyaasha Halogenska waa guutada kali ah ee dhamaan [[118 Curiye|118da Curiye]] laga helo [[sadex|sadexda marxaladood]] ee [[walax]]da - [[adke]], [[dareere]] iyo [[hawo]]. Dhinaca kale, dhamaan xubnaha halogenska waxay noqdaan asiidh (acid) markey la [[falgal]]aan [[Haydarojiin]]ta, waxaana laga soo dhex saaraa [[macdan]]ta [[cusbo|cusbada]]. Dhamaantood waa [[sun]]. {| class="wikitable" |+ Curiyaha Halogenska |- ! ! colspan="2"| |- ! Magaca ! Sawir |- | [[Aaydhiin]] || [[File:Sample of iodine.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Koloriin]] || [[File:Chlorine ampoule.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Foloriin]] || [[File:Liquid_fluorine_tighter_crop.jpg|25px]] |- | [Boromiin]] || File:Bromine_25ml.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Astatiin]] || [[File:Iod_kristall.jpg|25px]] |} === Neefta Gobta (Noble Gases) === [[Neefta Gobta]] ama (Noble Gas) waa guuto [[curiye]]yaal [[neef]] ah kuwaas oo leh astaamo kimiko isku mid ah. Marka xaalada caadiga ah dhamaantood waa [[hawo]] bilaa [[ur]], bilaa [[midab]] ah kuwaas oo leh [[falgal]] hooseeya. Neefaha gobta ah waa [[curiye|lixda curiye]] ee [[guruubka 18]]aad ee [[Diwaanka Curiye]] kuwaas oo kala ah: [[Hiliyaam]] ([[He]]), [[Niyoon]] ([[Ne]]), [[Aargon]] ([[Ar]]), [[Kiribtoon]] ([[Kr]]), [[Siinoon]] ([[Xe]]) iyo curiyaha radioactiveka ah [[Raadhoon]] ([[Rn]]). Hab-dhaqanka neefaha gobta ah waxaa lagu ogaan karaa dersida qaabdhismeedka atomkooda, qolofkooda sare iyo [[isku dhis]]yada ay sameeyaan. Barta dhalaalida iyo [[kul]]uleynta neefahan waa mid isku dhow taas oo ka hooseysa [[salsiyas|10 °C]] (18&nbsp;°F); taas micnaheedu waa farqi yar oo [[heerkul]] ah ayay [[dareere]] ku noqon karaan. Niyoon, Aargoon, Siinoon, iyo Kiribtoon waxaa laga soo dhex saaraa [[hawo|hawada]] [[cir]]ka, halka hiliyaamta laga dhex helo [[Shidaal|neefaha dabiiciga]] ee [[shidaal]]ka laga soo saaro. {| class="wikitable" |+ Neefaha Noble Gaseska |- ! ! colspan="2"| |- ! Magaca ! Sawir |- | [[Niyoon]] || [[File:Neon_discharge_tube.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Aargon]] || [[File:Argon_discharge_tube.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Kiribtoon]] || [[File:Krypton_discharge_tube.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Siinoon]] || [[File:Xenon_discharge_tube.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Hiliyaam]] || [[File:Helium_discharge_tube.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Raadhoon]] || ([[Rn]]) |} = Magaca & Astaanta Curiye = Si loo kala saaro farqiga iyo kala duwanaanshaha, isla markaana si fudud loogu aqoonsado, curiyayaashu waxay leeyihiin magacyo iyo calaamado kala duwan. [[Curiye]] kasta waxaa loogu magac daray deegaanka laga helay ama qofka helay markii ugu horeeysay. Inta u badan magaca curiyaha waxaa gadaal lagaga daray -iyaam (-ium). Tusaale ahaan, magaca curiyaha [[Sirkooniyaam]] (Zirconium) waxaa laga keenay [[macdan]]ta ''Zircon'', taas oo lagu daray -iyaam (-ium). Sidoo kale, curiyaha [[Bohriyaam]] waxaa loogu magac daray [[saynis]]yahanka reer Denmark ee Niels Bohr, taas oo ereyga ''Bohr'' lagu daray ''-iyaam'' (-ium). Dhinaca kale, curiye kasta wuxuu leeyahay calaamad astaan u ah taas oo inta badan ah [[labo|labo xaraf]] oo laga soo dhex saaray magaca curiyaha. Intaas waxaa dheer, waxa jira curiyayaal leh calaamad [[hal|hal xaraf]] ah iyo kuwo leh calaamad [[sadex|sadex xaraf]] ah. Tusaale ahaan, curiyaha [[Haydarojiin]] calaamada astaantiisu waa [[H]], curiyaha [[Kiribtoon]] waxa astaan u ah [[Kr]], sidoo kale curiyaha [[Ununtriyaam]] astaanteedu waa [[Uut]]. Guud ahaan, xarafka u horeeya ee magaca iyo calaamada astaanta ee curiye waxaa laga dhigaa xaraf weyn. '''Curiyaha Birta Ah''' [[Titaaniyaam]] ([[Ti]]), [[Aayron]]([[Fe]]), [[Nikel]]([[Ni]]), [[Alumiiniyaam]]([[Al]]), [[Dahab]]([[Au]]), [[Sinki]]([[Cd]]), [[Naxaas]]([[Cu]]), [[Iskaandhiyaam]], [[Kobalti]], [[Roodhiyaam]], [[Manganiis]], [[Gaaliyaam]], [[Tin]] '''Birta Alkali''' [[Liithiyaam]] ([[Li]]), [[Sodhiyaam]] ([[Na]]), [[Botashiyaam]] ([[K]]), [[Rubiidhiyaam]] ([[Rd]]), [[Kaasiyaam]] ([[Cs]]) iyo [[Faransiyaam]] ([[Fr]]). '''Curiyaha Neefta ah''' [[Ogsajiin]] ([[O]]), [[Nitrojiin]] ([[N]]), [[Haaydarojiin]] ([[H]]), [[Hiliyaam]] ([[He]]), [[Koloriin]] ([[Cl]]), '''Curiyaha Bir la moodka ah''' [[Silikoon]] ([[Si]]), [[Booron]] '''Curiyaha Bir Ma ahe''' [[Fosforos]] ([[P]]), [[Kaarboon]] ([[C]]), [[Salfar]] ([[S]]) '''Curiyaha Birta Alkalineta Dhulka''' [[Beriiliyaam]] ([[Be]]), [[Magniisiyaam]] ([[Mg]]), [[Kaalshiyaam]] ([[Ca]]), [[Istoroontiyaam]] ([[Sr]]), [[Baariyaam]] ([[Br]]) iyo [[Raadhiyaam]] ([[Ra]]). '''Neefta Halogenska''' [[Foloriin]] ([[F]]), [[Koloriin]] ([[Cl]]), [[Boromiin]] ([[Br]]), [[Aaydhiin]] ([[I]]), iyo [[Astatiin]] ([[At]]). '''[[Neefta Gobta]] (Noble gases)''' [[Hiliyaam]] ([[He]]), [[Niyoon]] ([[Ne]]), [[Aargon]] ([[Ar]]), [[Kiribtoon]] ([[Kr]]), [[Siinoon]] ([[Xe]]) iyo curiyaha radioactiveka ah [[Raadhoon]] ([[Rn]]). = Ciwaano La Mid Ah = Sidoo kale akhri: * '''[[Curiye]]''' * '''[[Falgal]]''' * '''[[Isku dhis]]''' * '''[[Jadwalka Curiyayaasha]]''' = Xigasho = {{Reflist}} {{Gumud}} [[Category:Diwaanka Curiye]] [[Category:Waxbarsho]] [[Category:Kimisteri]] [[Category:Curiye]] [[Category:Falgal]] [[Category:Isku dhis]] [[Category:Bir Ma Ahe]] [[Category:Bir La Mood]] [[Category:Bir]] [[Category:Neef]] [[Category:Neefaha Halogen]] [[Category:Chalcogen]] [[Category:Pnictogen]] [[Category:Guruubyada Diwaanka Curiye]] [[Category:Millan]] [[Category:Birta Alkalineta Dhulka]] [[Category:Halogen]] [[Category:Noble Gas]] [[Category:Bir la mood]] [[Category:Bir Ma Ahe]] [[Category:Isku dhis]] [[Category:Baayooloji]] [[Category:Falgal]] [[Category:Birta Alkali]] [[Category:Bir]] [[Category:Neef]] [[Category:Curiye]] [[Category:Halogen]] [[Category:Noble Gas]] [[Category:Diwaanka Curiye]] 7pc3kcza0bkhxym2pdjkf0qbbgqvr5t 0 12723 305850 268990 2026-08-24T18:15:17Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305850 wikitext text/x-wiki ::''Boga "[[Basbaas]]" iyo "[[Qaji]]" halkan ayaa laga soo toosiyay [[File:Chili_pepper_01.JPG|thumb|right|500px|basbaas cunto dundia]] [[File:Large_Cayenne.jpg|thumb|Besbaaska cas.]] '''Besbaas''', '''Basbaas''' ama '''[[Qaji]]''' ({{lang-en|''Pepper'' ama ''Chilli''}}; {{lang-ar|فلفل حار}}) waa [[midho]] ka mid ah [[khudaar]]ta taas oo ka baxda [[dhir]]ta oo lagu darsado [[cunto|cuntada]]. Midhaha geedka basbaaska waxaa lagu yaqaanaa [[kul]]eyl, dhanaan iyo dhadhan diiran shida qofka cunaya. Aalada kimiko ee ku jirta midhaha basbaaska waxaa loo yaqaana ''"Kabsaysin"'' (capsaicin) taasi oo leh qaacido noocan ah: ''8-methyl-''N''-vanillyl-6-nonenamide''.<ref>{{cite web | title = HORT410. Peppers – Notes | publisher = [[Purdue University]] Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture | url = http://www.hort.purdue.edu/rhodcv/hort410/pepper/pe00001.htm | quote = Common name: pepper. Latin name: Capsicum annuum L. ... Harvested organ: fruit. Fruit varies substantially in shape, pericarp thickness, color and pungency. | accessdate = 20 October 2009 | ciwaan = Nuqul Archive | archive-date = 26 Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181226060452/https://hort.purdue.edu/rhodcv/hort410/pepper/pe00001.htm%0A%20 | dead-url = yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/features/et-sunday-magazine/indian-chilli-displacing-jalapenos-in-global-cuisine/articleshow/8190311.cms |work=The Times Of India | title=Indian chilli displacing jalapenos in global cuisine – The Economic Times | date=8 May 2011 | first1=Reshmi R | last1=Dasgupta}}</ref> Basbaasku wuxuu asal ahaan ka yimid [[Ameerika|qaaradaha Ameerika]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Chile Pepper History & Chile Pepper Glossary|url=http://www.thenibble.com/reviews/main/salts/scoville.asp|publisher=www.thenibble.com|accessdate=23 October 2013}}</ref> Waxaana markii ugu horeeysay lagu arkay wadanka [[Kolombiya]], halkaasi oo ilaa maanta si dabiici ah uga baxo. Geedka basbaaska waxaa dunida inteeda kale soo gaadhsiiyay gumeystihii [[Bortuqaal|Bortuqiis]]ka kaasi oo ka soo qaaday deegaanada [[Bartamaha Ameerika]] [[qarni|qarnigii 16aad]]. Dunida maanta waxaa ugu soo saaris badan basbaaska waa [[Hindiya|wadanka Hindiya]], sidoo kale wadankani waa kan ugu isticmaalka badan basbaaska aduunka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.agrocrops.com/red-dry-chillies.php |title=Indian Chilli,Chilli India,Indian Chilli Exporters,Indian Red Dry Chilli |publisher=Agrocrops.com |date= |accessdate=28 August 2013}}</ref> Deegaanka Guntur ee koonfurta Hindiya waxay soo saartaa 30% dhammaan basbaaska aduunka.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://agmarknet.nic.in/preface-chhilli.pdf| title=Govt. of India Ministry Of Agriculture| date=| ciwaan=Nuqul Archive| access-date=2015-09-19| archive-date=2013-08-10| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810200520/http://agmarknet.nic.in/preface-chhilli.pdf| dead-url=yes}}</ref> Khudaarta besbaasku waa [[midho]] dhuuban oo leh midb casaan ah, Besbaaska cas, iyo mid cagaar ah waxaanay ka baxaan [[geed]]o yaryar oo gaaban. Basbaaska waxa lagu yaqaanaa kuleylkiisa, taas oo lagu darsado [[cunto|cuntada]] ama sidiisa lagu cuno asagoo qaydhiin ah. =Taariikh= [[File:Prehispanic chili pots journal.pone.0079013.g008.png|thumb|[[Dheri]] laga helay dhadhanka basbaaska kaasi oo la isticmaali jirey (400 Ciise Hortii ilaa 300 CH)]] Geedka basbaasku wuxuu ka mid ahaa [[cunto|cuntada]] [[dad]]ka tan iyo ilaa [[C.H|7,500 Ciise Hortii]]. [[Cilmi]]baadhis kale waxaa lagu ogaaday in geedka basbaaska lagu dhaqan jirey wadanka [[Meksiko]] in ka badan 6,000 taasi oo lagu sharaxay inuu ku fiday deegaanada ka hooseeya ee [[Bartamaha Ameerika]].<ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan="Birthplace of the domesticated chili pepper identified in Mexico" Eurekalert April 21, 2014 |url=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-04/uoc--bot041614.php |access-date=Bisha Sagaalaad 19, 2015 |archive-date=Bisha Sideedaad 15, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815175256/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-04/uoc--bot041614.php |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1996/V3-479.html |title=Bosland, P.W. 1998. Capsicums: Innovative uses of an ancient crop. '&#39;p. 479–487. In: J. Janick (ed.), Progress in new crops. ASHS Press, Arlington, VA.'&#39; |publisher=Hort.purdue.edu |date=22 August 1997 |accessdate=23 December 2010}}</ref> Sahamiyihii reer [[Yurub]] ee [[Kiristofer Kolumbus]] ayaa ahaa ninkii ugu horeeyay ee reer Yurub ah ee ku arkey basbaaska meelo ka mid ah [[gasiirad]]aha [[Kaaribiyaan]]ka. Ninkan Kolumbus ayaa bixiyey magaca basbaaska ee luuqada [[ingiriis]]ka "pepper", wuxuuna keenay qaarada Yurub sanadihii ku xigay.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Thenibble.com |title=Chile Pepper Glossary |date=August 2008 |url=http://www.thenibble.com/reviews/main/salts/scoville.asp |accessdate=31 August 2010}}</ref> Qarnigii 15aad wixii ka dambeeyay caan ayuu ka ahaa wadanada Yurub, waxayna sanadihii xigay gaadhsiiyeen dhammaan wadanadii ay gumeeysanayeen ee [[Afrika|qaarada Afrika]] iyo [[Aasiya|qaarada Aasiya]]. Geedka basbaasku wuxuu aad ugu fiday oo si fiican looga beertay wadanka [[Hindiya]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Collingham| first = Elizabeth | title = Curry | url = https://archive.org/details/currytaleofcooks0000coll| publisher = Oxford University Press |date=February 2006 | isbn = 0-09-943786-4 }}</ref> =Sawiro= <gallery> File:Thai peppers.jpg|Geedka basbaaska File:Chili_pepper_01.JPG|Basbaas la shiiday ee loo yaqaano [[Shigni]]ga File:Chili pepper.jpg|Midhaha basbaaska oo wali bislaan File:Black pearl cultivar.jpg|nooc ka mid ah basbaaska File:Cubanelle Peppers.jpg|basbaaska kubanelle File:Habanero closeup edit2.jpg|dhadhanka iyo kulka basbaaska File:HotPeppersinMarket.jpg|nooc ka mid ah basbaaska File:Chillies drying in Kathmandu.jpg|basbaas la qalajiyey, Nepal File:Mujer chiles 3.JPG|dumar ka shaqeeynaya habynta basbaaska, Mexico City File:2014 Dried chilli flakes.jpg|basbaas la qalajiyey File:Chili pepper 01.JPG|Basbaas diyaar ah magaalada Camman, Jordan File:Phrik haeng.jpg|basbaas la qalajieyey Thailand File:Aesthetic green Chillies.JPG|basbaaska cagaaran File:Andhra_Chillies.jpg|Baasbaaska caanka ku ah wadanka Hindiya </gallery> =Khudaarta= Khudaarta maalin walba [[dad]]ku isticmaalaan waxaa ka mid ah kuwo la kariyo iyo kuwo bisil oo sideeda lagu cuno. Isku soo wada duub hoos waxaad ku arki qaar ka mid ah guud ahaan khudaarta. {{Cunto}} =Tixraac= {{Reflist}} [[Category:Khudaar]] [[Category:Noole]] [[Category:Dhir]] [[Category:Baayooloji]] [[Category:Xoolo]] [[Category:Xayawaan]] [[Category:Saynis]] [[Category:Geed]] [[Category:Cunto]] ida05gyob269jv6wlx4v4q6wdulitwk 0 13253 305774 233989 2026-08-24T17:32:22Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305774 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Meere Dhagaxley''' # [[File:Mercury symbol.svg|14px|{{unicode|☿}}]] '''[[Waxaraxir]]''' # [[File:Venus symbol.svg|14px|{{unicode|♀}}]] '''[[Dusaa]]''' # [[File:Earth symbol.svg|14px|{{unicode|🜨}}]] '''[[Dhul]]ka''' # [[File:Mars symbol.svg|14px|{{unicode|♂}}]] '''[[Farraare]]''' '''Meere Dhagaxley''' ([[ingiriis]]: Terrestrial Planet) waa [[meere]]yaasha ka samaysan inta u badan [[dhagax]]a,<ref>[[dhagax]]a, waxaana ka mid ah [[dhul]]ka</ref> waxaana ka mid ah [[dhul]]ka, waxayna kala yihiin: [[Waxaraxir]], [[Dusaa]], [[Dhul]]ka iyo [[Farraare]]. Waxaraxir waa midka ugu [[mug]]a<ref>[[mug]]a iyo miisaanka yar isla markaana ugu jidhka yar dhamaan [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]]</ref> iyo miisaanka yar isla markaana ugu jidhka yar dhamaan [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]], halka dhulku yahay kan ugu wayn meerayaasha dhagaxleyda ah.<ref>{{cite book | title = Planet Quest: The Epic Discovery of Alien Solar Systems | url = https://archive.org/details/planetquestepicd0000cros |first = K. |last=Croswell |publisher = The Free Press |year = 1997 |page = [https://archive.org/details/planetquestepicd0000cros/page/57 57] |isbn = 978-0-684-83252-4}}</ref> = Qoraalo La Mid ah = * [[Neefaha Waawayn]] * [[Meere]] * [[Dhul]] * [[Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay]] * [[Dayax]] * [[Dayaxa meere]] = Xigasho = {{Reflist}} {{Gumud}} [[Category:Dayaxa Meere]] [[Category:Cilmi Falag]] [[Category:Saynis]] [[Category:Cilmiga Xidigaha]] [[Category:Xiddigis]] [[Category:Cilmi Fallag]] [[Category:Bahda Midaysay Qoraxdu]] [[Category:Meere]] [[Category:Koon]] [[Category:Saynis]] [[Category:Ilbaxnimo]] [[Category:Dhul]] [[Category:Juquraafi]] [[Category:Noole]] [[Category:Nolol]] ec02xk80cuueemb4xg3oak47096h2r7 0 14963 305855 217638 2026-08-24T18:17:19Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305855 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Talis}} '''Xoghaye''' ({{lang-en|secretary}}; {{lang-ar|أمانة (منصب)}}) waa qof shaqadiisu tahay caawinta xafiis maamul, sida xafiis dowlo, golle, wasaarad, shirkad iyo wixii la mid ah. Qofka noqonaya xoghayntu waa mid aqoon iyo xirfad fiican u leh maamulka, isgaadhsiinta, wax xafidida iyo noocyo kale oo aqoon ah.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nationalcareersservice.direct.gov.uk/advice/planning/jobprofiles/Pages/secretary.aspx |title=Secretary Job Information &#124; National Careers Service |publisher=Nationalcareersservice.direct.gov.uk |date=27 January 2012 |accessdate=3 February 2014}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title = [[Robert's Rules of Order]] Newly Revised|last = Robert|first = Henry M.|publisher = Da Capo Press|year = 2011|isbn = 978-0-306-82020-5|location = Philadelphia, PA|pages = [https://archive.org/details/robertsrulesofor0000henr_i4q5/page/458 458]–460|edition = 11th|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised In Brief|last = Robert III|first = Henry M.|publisher = Da Capo Press|year = 2011|isbn = 978-0-306-82019-9|location = Philadelphia, PA|pages = 142–151|edition = 2nd|url = http://www.robertsrules.com/inbrief.html|display-authors = etal|ciwaan = Nuqul Archive|access-date = 2016-08-08|archive-date = 2017-08-16|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170816005654/http://robertsrules.com/inbrief.html|dead-url = yes}}</ref> ==Masuuliyada iyo Shaqada== Guud ahaan xoghayntu waa noocyo badan oo kala duwan laakiin dhamaan iskugu soo biyo shubanaya maamul iyo xog ururin. Sida caadiga ah, xoghaynta waxaa ku jirta fiirinta iyo ururinta dhamaan dhokumentiyada, xidhiidhinta dhinacyada kala duwan ee ku xidhan shaqada, wax qorid badan, iyo soo werin. ==Jagooyinka ugu caansan== Darajada xoghayntu waa kala duwan tahay oo kala qiimo iyo mishahar badan tahay. Kuwa ugu caansan waxaa ka mid ah: * Xoghayaha dowlada: wadanada qaar sida [[Maraykanka]] xoghayuhu wuxuu u dhigmaa [[wasiir]]. * Xoghayaha wasaaradaha: wasaaradaha kala duwan iyo [[Dowlad Hoose|xafiisyada dowladaha]] dhamaan wexeey leeyihiin jago xoghayn ah. * Xoghayaha shirkad: oo ah xubin ka mid ah maamulka guud ee shirkadaasi. ==Sidoo Kale Fiiri== *[[Badhasaab]] (Gudoomiya Gobol) *[[Xoghaye]] *[[Dowlad Hoose]] *[[Deegaan|Golaha Deegaanka]] ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} [[Category:Dowlad]] s6i1zs54nc5zd7ui5gcovppodsmikgs 0 15178 305909 227434 2026-08-24T18:48:06Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305909 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox disease | Name = Ebola virus disease | Image = | Caption = 1976 photograph of two nurses standing in front of [[Mayinga N'Seka|Mayinga N.]], a person with Ebola virus disease; she died only a few days later due to severe internal hemorrhaging. | DiseasesDB = 18043 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|A|98|4|a|90}} | ICD9 = 065.8 | MedlinePlus = 001339 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 626 | MeshID = D019142 }} '''Ebola virus disease''' ('''EVD''') ama '''Ebola hemorrhagic fever''' ('''EHF''') waa cudur ku dhaca bina aadamka oo uu sababo [[Fayraska Ebola]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> calaamaduhu badanaa waxay bilaabmaan laba cisho ilaa saddex todobaad kadib soo gali taanka fayraska,kuwaas oo ay kujiraan [[xumad]], cuna xanuun, [[muruq xanuun|Xanuunada muruqa]],iyo [[madax xanuuno]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> inta badan [[yalaalugo]], hunqaaco, iyo [[shuban]] oo ay raacdo , hoos u dhaca shaqada [[beerka]] iyo [[kalida]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> wakhtigan , dadka qaarkood waxa ay bilaabaan in ay yeeshaan dhibaatooyin[[dhiig bax]] .<ref name=WHO2014>{{cite web|title=Ebola virus disease Fact sheet N°103|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs103/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=12 April 2014|date=March 2014}}</ref> <!-- Cause and Diagnosis--> fayraskan waxa lagu qaadi karaa in uu ku soo gaadho [[dhiig]] ama [[dheecaano jidh]] ee xawayaanka jiran (inta badan daayeerada ama [[fiid meerta khudrada]] .<ref name=WHO2014/> faafid dhinaca hawada ah laguma caddayn deegaanka dabiiciga ah.<ref name=WHOAir2014>{{cite web|title=2014 Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak in West Africa|url=http://www.who.int/ith/updates/20140421/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=3 August 2014|date=Apr 21 2014|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=29 Bisha Todobaad 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729034008/http://www.who.int/ith/updates/20140421/en/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> fiid meerta khudrada waxaa la aaminsan yahay in ay qaado oo ay faafiso fayraska iyada oo aan xanuunsan.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> marka caabuqa bina aadamku dhaco, cudurku waxa uu u kala gudbi karaa dadka sidoo kale.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> raga ka badbaadaa waxa ay awoodi karaan inay ku gudbiyaan cudurka [[manida]] ugu dhawaan laba billod.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> si loo sameeyo shaybaadh, inta badan xanuunada kale ee leh calaamado lamid ah sida [[duumada]] , [[shuban biyoodka]] iyo [[xumadaha dhiig baxa keena]]ee kale marka hore waa laga saaraa.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> siloo xaqiijiyo shaybaadhka dhiiga waxa laga baadhaa [[dheecaanda]]fayraska,[[hida sidaha]]fayraska, ama fayraska laftiisa.<ref name=WHO2014/> <!-- Prevention --> ka hortaga waxaa kamida in layareeyo in fayraku ka faafo daayeerka jiran iyo doofaarka oo uu u gudbo bina aadamka.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Tani waxaa loo samayn karaa iyada oo laga baadhayo xawayaanadan xanuunka oo ladilayo si haboona loo qubayo bakhtiyada hadii xanuunka la ogaado.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> iyada oo si haboon loo karinayo hilibka oo laxidhanayo dhar ilaalin ah marka la taabanayo hilibka sidoo kale waxay noqon kartaa mid caawin leh,<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> sida xidhashada dhar ilaalin ah[[maydhida gacmaha]] marka lala joogo qof cudurka qaba.<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> Qaybaha dheecaanada jidhka iyo unugyada qofka qaba cudurka waa in la qaadaa iyada oo taxadir la muujinayo.<ref name=WHO2014/> <!-- Treatment, Prognosis and Epidemiology--> Majirto dawo gaar ah oo lagu daaweeyo cudurka ; dadaalada lagu caawinayo dadka qaba waxaa kujira in la siiyo midkood [[dawada fuuq celinta]] (cabitaan yara macaan oo dhanaan si loo cabo) ama [[dareere xididada ah]] .<ref name=WHO2014/> Cudurku wuxuu leeyahay [[heer dhimasho]]oo aad u sareeya: isaga oo inta badan dilaya inta u dhaxaysa 50% iyo 90% kamid ah dadka fayraskan qaba.<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name="Elsevier/Academic Press">{{cite book|author1=C.M. Fauquet|title=Virus taxonomy classification and nomenclature of viruses; 8th report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|date=2005|publisher=Elsevier/Academic Press|location=Oxford|isbn=9780080575483|page=648|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=9Wy7Jgy5RWYC&pg=PA648}}</ref> EVD waxaa markii u horaysay lagu arkay [[Sudan]] iyo [[jamhuuriyada dimuqraadiga ah ee Congo]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2014/> --> cudurku badanaa waxa uu ku faafaa wadamada kulaalaha [[ka hooseeya saxaraha afrika]].<ref name=WHO2014/> Laga bilaabo 1976 (markii ugu horaysay ee la ogaaday) ilaa 2013, in kayar 1,000 qof ayaa sanadkii la qaadsiiyay.<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name=MMWRJune2014>{{cite web|title=Ebola Viral Disease Outbreak — West Africa, 2014|url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6325a4.htm?s_cid=mm6325a4_w|website=CDC|accessdate=26 June 2014|date=June 27, 2014}}</ref> Faafitaanka ugu badan ee iminku waa midka ka socda[[2014 faafida Ebola ee Galbeedka Afrika]], kaas oo saamaynaya [[Guinea]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[Liberia]] iyo waliba [[Nigeria]].<ref name=CDC2014>{{cite web|title=CDC urges all US residents to avoid nonessential travel to Liberia, Guinea, and Sierra Leone because of an unprecedented outbreak of Ebola.|url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/warning/ebola-liberia|website=CDC|accessdate=2 August 2014|date=July 31, 2014}}</ref><ref name=CDCAug2014N>{{cite web|title=Outbreak of Ebola in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone|url=http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/guinea/index.html|website=CDC|accessdate=5 August 2014|date=August 4, 2014}}</ref> sida Ogost 2014 in ka badan 1600 kiis ayaa la ogaaday.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ebola virus disease update - West Africa|url=http://www.who.int/csr/don/2014_08_04_ebola/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=6 August 2014|date=Aug 4, 2014|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=23 Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2014|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6UJCrmDvn?url=http://www.who.int/csr/don/2014_08_04_ebola/en/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Dadaaladu way socdaan lagu samaynayo [[talaal]]; si kastaba ha ahaatee, wali waxba ma jiraan.<ref name=WHO2014/> == References == {{Reflist|colwidth=25em}} ; Bibliography {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite book |last=Klenk |first=Hans-Dieter |title=Marburg and Ebola Viruses (Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology) |url=https://archive.org/details/marburgebolaviru0000unse |date=January 1999 |publisher=Springer-Verlag Telos |location=Berlin |isbn=978-3-540-64729-4 |ref=CITEREFKlenk1999}} * {{Cite book |first1=Hans-Dieter |last1=Klenk |first2=Heinz |last2=Feldmann |title=Ebola and Marburg viruses: molecular and cellular biology |url=http://books.google.com/?id=EV_mFgnyPoMC |format=Limited preview |year=2004 |publisher=Horizon Bioscience |location=Wymondham, Norfolk, UK |isbn=978-0-9545232-3-7 |ref=CITEREFKlenkFeldmann2004 }} * {{Cite book |last=Kuhn |first=Jens H. |title=Filoviruses: A Compendium of 40 Years of Epidemiological, Clinical, and Laboratory Studies. Archives of Virology Supplement, vol. 20 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=LaOue0F9Ns4C |format=Limited preview |year=2008 |publisher=SpringerWienNewYork |location=Vienna |isbn=978-3-211-20670-6 |ref=CITEREFKuhn2008 }} * {{Cite book |last1=McCormick |first1=Joseph |last2=Fisher-Hoch |first2=Susan |others=Horvitz, Leslie Alan |title=Level 4: Virus Hunters of the CDC |url=http://books.google.com/?id=QEvR3aJX2m0C |format=Limited preview |origyear=1996 |edition=Updated [3rd] |year=1999 |publisher=Barnes & Noble |isbn=978-0-7607-1208-5 |ref=CITEREFMcCormickFisher-Hoch1999 |month=June }} * {{Cite book |last=Pattyn |first=S. R. |title=Ebola Virus Haemorrhagic Fever |year=1978 |url=http://www.itg.be/ebola/ |format=Full free text |edition=1st |publisher=Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press |location=Amsterdam |isbn=0-444-80060-3 |ref=CITEREFPattyn1978 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |access-date=2014-08-16 |archive-date=2010-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101211083855/http://www.itg.be/ebola/ |dead-url=yes }} * {{Cite book | last1 = Ryabchikova | first1 = Elena I. | last2 = Price | first2 = Barbara B. | title = Ebola and Marburg Viruses: A View of Infection Using Electron Microscopy | year = 2004 | publisher = Battelle Press | location = Columbus, Ohio | isbn = 978-1-57477-131-2 | ref = CITEREFRyabchikovaPrice2004 }} {{Refend}} == External links == {{Refbegin}} *[https://www.jw.org/en/news/jw/region/democratic-republic-congo/Deadly-Ebola-Spreads-in-the-Democratic-Republic-of-the-Congo/ Deadly Ebola Spreads in the Democratic Republic of the Congo] * [https://www.jw.org/en/news/releases/by-region/world/jehovahs-witnesses-respond-2014-ebola-outbreak/ Jehovah’s Witnesses Respond to Ebola Outbreak] * [http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/207.html ViralZone: Ebola-like viruses] – Virological repository from the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics * [http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/ CDC: Ebola hemorrhagic fever] – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Special Pathogens Branch * [http://www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/en/ WHO: Ebola haemorrhagic fever] – World Health Organization, Global Alert and Response * [http://www.viprbrc.org/brc/home.do?decorator=filo Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Filoviridae]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/emdb/searchResults.html/?q=ebola 3D macromolecular structures of the Ebola virus archived in the EM Data Bank(EMDB)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/emdb/searchResults.html/?q=ebola |date=20140808072117 }} * [https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msa=0&msid=202977755949863934429.0004c658eb30f9c4fb1c0&ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=27.371767,5.273438&spn=110.017392,184.21875&z=2&source=embed&dg=feature Google Map of Ebola Outbreaks] {{Wayback|url=https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msa=0&msid=202977755949863934429.0004c658eb30f9c4fb1c0&ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=27.371767,5.273438&spn=110.017392,184.21875&z=2&source=embed&dg=feature |date=20140819171607 }} * [http://www.who.int/csr/bioriskreduction/filovirus_infection_control/en/ WHO recommended infection control measures] {{Refend}} 0aipxnaxmn8xmwmrx8br81f83s4yai6 0 15592 305811 225556 2026-08-24T17:56:26Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305811 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | Name = Sistesokosis | Image = Neurocysticercosis.gif | Caption = Magnetic resonance image in a person with neurocysticercosis showing many cysts within the brain. | ICD10 = {{ICD10|B|69||b|65}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|123.1}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | DiseasesDB = 3341 | MedlinePlus = 000627 | eMedicineSubj = emerg | eMedicineTopic = 119 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|med|494}} {{eMedicine2|ped|537}} | MeshID = D003551 }} '''Sistesokosis '''waa unug[[caabuq]]sababa unug (sistesokosis) ee [[gooryaan qansiireed]] ("Taenia solium ").<ref>{{cite book|last1=Roberts|first1=Larry S.|last2=Janovy, Jr.|first2=John|title=Gerald D. Schmidt & Larry S. Roberts' Foundations of Parasitology|url=https://archive.org/details/geralddschmidtla0008robe|date=2009|publisher=McGraw-Hill Higher Education|location=Boston|isbn=978-0-07-302827-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/geralddschmidtla0008robe/page/348 348]-351|edition=8}}</ref><ref name=WHO2013>{{cite web|title=Taeniasis/Cysticercosis Fact sheet N°376|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs376/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=18 March 2014|date=February 2013}}</ref> Bilo ama sannado kadib kuuskuus waxayna noqon karaan xanuun iyo barar kadibna la xaliyo.<!-- <magaca lif=Garcia03/> --> Wadamada soo koraya tani waa sababta ugu weyn ee [[qallalka]]s.<ref name=Garcia03/> <!-- Sababta iyo Ogaanshaha cudur --> Waxaa inta badan lagu qaadaa cunida cuntooyinka ama biyaha ay ku jiraan ugxamaha gooryaanada.<!-- <magaca tix=WHO2013/> --> Khudaarta aan la karinin waa meelalaha ay ka dhashaan ee ugu weyn.<ref name=WHO2013/> Ugxamaha gooryaanka waxa ay ka dhashaan [[saxarada]] qof qaba gooryaan weyn, oo xaalada loo yaqaan [[tiniyaasis]].<ref name=Garcia03/><ref name=CDC>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/cysticercosis/ |title=CDC - Cysticercosis}}</ref> Tiniyaasis waa cudur ka duwan waxaana sababa cunida fiixda ee qansiirka aan si fiican loo karin.<ref name=WHO2013/> Dadka la nool qofka qaba gooryaanka waxay halis weyn ugu jiraan inuu ku dhoco sistisekosis.<ref name=CDC/> Cudur ogaanshaha waxaa lagu sameyn karaa [[irbada fiican ee la doonayo|doonista]] fiixa.<ref name=Garcia03/> Sawiro ku qaadista maskaxda [[Sawir kombuyuutar]] (CT) ama [[muuqaal jabaqcelin bir-labeed]] (MRI) waa mida ugu waxtarka badan ee lagu ogaanayo cudurka maskaxda.<!-- <magac tix=Garcia03/> --> Sii siyaadida tirada [[qurubaha cadcad ee dhiiga]], waxaa loogu yeeraa [[Iisinafel]], ee gudaha [[dheecaan lafdhabareedka maskaxda]] dhiiguna sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaalaa sidii tilmaame ahaan.<ref name=Garcia03/> <!-- Ka hortaga iyo Daaweynta --> Caabuqa waxaa si waxtar leh loogu hortagi karaa nadaafada shaqsiyanka ah iyo [[fayodhawrka]].<!-- <magac tix=WHO2013/> -->Tani waxay isugu jirtaa: si fiican iyadoo loo kariyo hilibka qansiirka, oo habboon [[musqusha]] iyo gelin biyo nadiif.<!-- <magac tix=WHO2013/> -->Daaweynta kuwa qaba tiniyasis waa muhiim si looga hortago faafida.<ref name=WHO2013/> Daaweynta cudur aan saameyn ku laheyn habdhiska neerfaha ma loo baahan karo.<ref name=Garcia03/> Daaweynta kuwa qaba niyuurosistikikosis waxaa laga yaabaa inay noqoto daaweyn [[praziquantel]]ama [[albendazole]].<!-- <magac tix=WHO2013/> --> Kuwani waxaa loo baahan karaa mudo dheer. [[Steroid]] ee loogu talogalay -lidka caabuqa inta la daweynayo, iyo [[lid--daaweynta qallalka]] waxaa laga yaabaa in loo baahdo. <!-- <magac tix=WHO2013/> --> Qaliinka waxaa mararka qaar loo sameeyaa in laga saaro fiixa. <ref name=WHO2013/> <!-- Barashada Cudurada faafa --> Gooryaanka qansiirka hilibkiisa ku dhex nool waxa uu caan ku yahay dalalka Aasiya, Saxaraha-Sare ee Afrika, iyo Latin America.<ref name=Garcia03>{{cite journal |author=García HH, Gonzalez AE, Evans CA, Gilman RH |title=''Taenia solium'' cysticercosis |journal=Lancet |volume=362 |issue=9383 |pages=547–56 |date=August 2003 |pmid=12932389 |pmc=3103219 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14117-7 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140-6736(03)14117-7}}</ref> Goobaha qaar waxaa la rumeysan yahay in dadka 25% ay saameysay.<ref name=Garcia03/> Dunida horumartay caan kuma aha.<ref name=Bob2014/> Adduunka oo idil 2010 waxay sababtay 1,200 oo dhimasho ah, ilaa iyo 700 sanadkii 1990.<ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal |author=Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, et al. |title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 |journal=Lancet |volume=380 |issue=9859 |pages=2095–128 |date=December 2012 |pmid=23245604 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140-6736(12)61728-0}}</ref> Sisitesokoosis waxay sidoo kale saameyn ku yeelataa doofaarda iyo lo'da laakin waxay si qaalib ah sababtaa astaamaha iyadoo badankooda cimrigoodu raageyn.<ref name=WHO2013/> Cudurku waxa uu ku dhacay bini'aadanka sida taariikhdu qortay.<ref name=Bob2014>{{cite journal |author=Bobes RJ, Fragoso G, Fleury A, et al. |title=Evolution, molecular epidemiology and perspectives on the research of taeniid parasites with special emphasis on ''Taenia solium'' |journal=Infect. Genet. Evol. |volume=23 |pages=150–60 |date=April 2014 |pmid=24560729 |doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2014.02.005 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1567-1348(14)00053-7}}</ref> Waa mid ka mid ah [[cudurada la dayacay ee wadamada kuleylaha ka jira]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Neglected Tropical Diseases|url=http://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/ntd/diseases/index.html|website=cdc.gov|accessdate=28 November 2014|date=June 6, 2011}}</ref> == Tixraacyo == <tixraacyo /> agwdejteg8fbl2s3gm32tfk6nthaneg 10 16101 305763 305645 2026-08-24T12:02:23Z ~2026-46173-33 47082 305763 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name=Abyoone |title=[[Abyoone]] |state=collapsed |listclass=hlist |style=clear:none; width:70%;min-width:40em |list1={{Navbox|child |title=[[0 (tiro)|0]] |state={{if|eq|{{{1|}}}|zero|uncollapsed|collapsed}} |list1= *&nbsp;[[0 (tiro)|0]]&nbsp; *&nbsp;[[1 (tiro)|1]]&nbsp; *&nbsp;'''[[2 (tiro)|2]]'''&nbsp; *&nbsp;'''[[3 (tiro)|3]]'''&nbsp; *&nbsp;[[4 (tiro)|4]]&nbsp; *&nbsp;'''[[5 (tiro)|5]]'''&nbsp; *&nbsp;[[6 (tiro)|6]]&nbsp; *&nbsp;'''[[7 (tiro)|7]]'''&nbsp; *&nbsp;[[8 (tiro)|8]]&nbsp; *&nbsp;[[9 (tiro)|9]] |list2= *[[10 (tiro)|10]] *'''[[11 (tiro)|11]]''' *[[12 (tiro)|12]] *'''[[13 (tiro)|13]]''' *[[14 (tiro)|14]] *[[15 (tiro)|15]] *[[16 (tiro)|16]] *'''[[17 (tiro)|17]]''' *[[18 (tiro)|18]] *'''[[19 (tiro)|19]]''' |list3= *[[20 (tiro)|20]] *[[21 (tiro)|21]] *[[22 (tiro)|22]] *'''[[23 (tiro)|23]]''' *[[24 (tiro)|24]] *[[25 (tiro)|25]] *[[26 (tiro)|26]] *[[27 (tiro)|27]] *[[28 (tiro)|28]] *'''[[29 (tiro)|29]]''' |list4= *[[30 (tiro)|30]] *'''[[31 (tiro)|31]]''' *[[32 (tiro)|32]] *[[33 (tiro)|33]] *[[34 (tiro)|34]] *[[35 (tiro)|35]] *[[36 (tiro)|36]] *'''[[37 (tiro)|37]]''' *[[38 (tiro)|38]] *[[39 (tiro)|39]] |list5= *[[40 (tiro)|40]] *'''[[41 (tiro)|41]]''' *[[42 (tiro)|42]] *'''[[43 (tiro)|43]]''' *[[44 (tiro)|44]] *[[45 (tiro)|45]] *[[46 (tiro)|46]] *'''[[47 (tiro)|47]]''' *[[48 (tiro)|48]] *[[49 (tiro)|49]] |list6= *[[50 (tiro)|50]] *[[51 (tiro)|51]] *[[52 (tiro)|52]] *'''[[53 (tiro)|53]]''' *[[54 (tiro)|54]] *[[55 (tiro)|55]] *[[56 (tiro)|56]] *[[57 (tiro)|57]] *[[58 (tiro)|58]] *'''[[59 (tiro)|59]]''' |list7= *[[60 (tiro)|60]] *'''[[61 (tiro)|61]]''' *[[62 (tiro)|62]] *[[63 (tiro)|63]] *[[64 (tiro)|64]] *[[65 (tiro)|65]] *[[66 (tiro)|66]] *'''[[67 (tiro)|67]]''' *[[68 (tiro)|68]] *[[69 (tiro)|69]] |list8= *[[70 (tiro)|70]] *'''[[71 (tiro)|71]]''' *[[72 (tiro)|72]] *'''[[73 (tiro)|73]]''' *[[74 (tiro)|74]] *[[75 (tiro)|75]] *[[76 (tiro)|76]] *[[77 (tiro)|77]] *[[78 (tiro)|78]] *'''[[79 (tiro)|79]]''' |list9= *[[80 (tiro)|80]] *[[81 (tiro)|81]] *[[82 (tiro)|82]] *'''[[83 (tiro)|83]]''' *[[84 (tiro)|84]] *[[85 (tiro)|85]] *[[86 (tiro)|86]] *[[87 (tiro)|87]] *[[88 (tiro)|88]] *'''[[89 (tiro)|89]]''' |list10= *[[90 (tiro)|90]] *[[91 (tiro)|91]] *[[92 (tiro)|92]] *[[93 (tiro)|93]] *[[94 (tiro)|94]] *[[95 (tiro)|95]] *[[96 (tiro)|96]] *'''[[97 (tiro)|97]]''' *[[98 (tiro)|98]] *[[99 (tiro)|99]] }} |list2={{Navbox|child |title=[[100 (tiro)|100]] |state={{if|eq|{{{1|}}}|1|uncollapsed|collapsed}} |list1= *[[100 (tiro)|100]] *'''[[101 (tiro)|101]]''' *[[102 (tiro)|102]] *'''[[103 (tiro)|103]]''' *[[104 (tiro)|104]] *[[105 (tiro)|105]] *[[106 (tiro)|106]] *'''[[107 (tiro)|107]]''' *[[108 (tiro)|108]] *'''[[109 (tiro)|109]]''' |list2= *[[110 (tiro)|110]] *[[111 (tiro)|111]] *[[112 (tiro)|112]] *'''[[113 (tiro)|113]]''' *[[114 (tiro)|114]] *[[115 (tiro)|115]] *[[116 (tiro)|116]] *[[117 (tiro)|117]] *[[118 (tiro)|118]] *[[119 (tiro)|119]] |list3= *[[120 (tiro)|120]] *[[121 (tiro)|121]] *[[122 (tiro)|122]] *[[123 (tiro)|123]] *[[124 (tiro)|124]] *[[125 (tiro)|125]] *[[126 (tiro)|126]] *'''[[127 (tiro)|127]]''' *[[128 (tiro)|128]] *[[129 (tiro)|129]] |list4= *[[130 (tiro)|130]] *'''[[131 (tiro)|131]]''' *[[132 (tiro)|132]] *[[133 (tiro)|133]] *[[134 (tiro)|134]] *[[135 (tiro)|135]] *[[136 (tiro)|136]] *'''[[137 (tiro)|137]]''' *[[138 (tiro)|138]] *'''[[139 (tiro)|139]]''' |list5= *[[140 (tiro)|140]] *[[141 (tiro)|141]] *[[142 (tiro)|142]] *[[143 (tiro)|143]] *[[144 (tiro)|144]] *[[145 (tiro)|145]] *[[146 (tiro)|146]] *[[147 (tiro)|147]] *[[148 (tiro)|148]] *'''[[149 (tiro)|149]]''' |list6= *[[150 (tiro)|150]] *'''[[151 (tiro)|151]]''' *[[152 (tiro)|152]] *[[153 (tiro)|153]] *[[154 (tiro)|154]] *[[155 (tiro)|155]] *[[156 (tiro)|156]] *'''[[157 (tiro)|157]]''' *[[158 (tiro)|158]] *[[159 (tiro)|159]] |list7= *[[160 (tiro)|160]] *[[161 (tiro)|161]] *[[162 (tiro)|162]] *'''[[163 (tiro)|163]]''' *[[164 (tiro)|164]] *[[165 (tiro)|165]] *[[166 (tiro)|166]] *'''[[167 (tiro)|167]]''' *[[168 (tiro)|168]] *[[169 (tiro)|169]] |list8= *[[170 (tiro)|170]] *[[171 (tiro)|171]] *[[172 (tiro)|172]] *'''[[173 (tiro)|173]]''' *[[174 (tiro)|174]] *[[175 (tiro)|175]] *[[176 (tiro)|176]] *[[177 (tiro)|177]] *[[178 (tiro)|178]] *'''[[179 (tiro)|179]]''' |list9= *[[180 (tiro)|180]] *'''[[181 (tiro)|181]]''' *[[182 (tiro)|182]] *[[183 (tiro)|183]] *[[184 (tiro)|184]] *[[185 (tiro)|185]] *[[186 (tiro)|186]] *[[187 (tiro)|187]] *[[188 (tiro)|188]] *[[189 (tiro)|189]] |list10= *[[190 (tiro)|190]] *'''[[191 (tiro)|191]]''' *[[192 (tiro)|192]] *'''[[193 (tiro)|193]]''' *[[194 (tiro)|194]] *[[195 (tiro)|195]] *[[196 (tiro)|196]] *'''[[197 (tiro)|197]]''' *[[198 (tiro)|198]] *'''[[199 (tiro)|199]]''' }} |list3={{Navbox|child |title=[[200 (tiro)|200]] |state={{if|eq|{{{1|}}}|2|uncollapsed|collapsed}} |list1= *[[200 (tiro)|200]] *[[201 (tiro)|201]] *[[202 (tiro)|202]] *[[203 (tiro)|203]] *[[204 (tiro)|204]] *[[205 (tiro)|205]] *[[206 (tiro)|206]] *[[207 (tiro)|207]] *[[208 (tiro)|208]] *[[209 (tiro)|209]] |list2= *[[210 (tiro)|210]] *'''[[211 (tiro)|211]]''' *[[212 (tiro)|212]] *[[213 (tiro)|213]] *[[214 (tiro)|214]] *[[215 (tiro)|215]] *[[216 (tiro)|216]] *[[217 (tiro)|217]] *[[218 (tiro)|218]] *[[219 (tiro)|219]] |list3= *[[220 (tiro)|220]] *[[221 (tiro)|221]] *[[222 (tiro)|222]] *'''[[223 (tiro)|223]]''' *[[224 (tiro)|224]] *[[225 (tiro)|225]] *[[226 (tiro)|226]] *'''[[227 (tiro)|227]]''' *[[228 (tiro)|228]] *'''[[229 (tiro)|229]]''' |list4= *[[230 (tiro)|230]] *[[231 (tiro)|231]] *[[232 (tiro)|232]] *'''[[233 (tiro)|233]]''' *[[234 (tiro)|234]] *[[235 (tiro)|235]] *[[236 (tiro)|236]] *[[237 (tiro)|237]] *[[238 (tiro)|238]] *'''[[239 (tiro)|239]]''' |list5= *[[240 (tiro)|240]] *'''[[241 (tiro)|241]]''' *[[242 (tiro)|242]] *[[243 (tiro)|243]] *[[244 (tiro)|244]] *[[245 (tiro)|245]] *[[246 (tiro)|246]] *[[247 (tiro)|247]] *[[248 (tiro)|248]] *[[249 (tiro)|249]] |list6= *[[250 (tiro)|250]] *'''[[251 (tiro)|251]]''' *[[252 (tiro)|252]] *[[253 (tiro)|253]] *[[254 (tiro)|254]] *[[255 (tiro)|255]] *[[256 (tiro)|256]] *'''[[257 (tiro)|257]]''' *[[258 (tiro)|258]] *[[259 (tiro)|259]] |list7= *[[260 (tiro)|260]] *[[261 (tiro)|261]] *[[262 (tiro)|262]] *'''[[263 (tiro)|263]]''' *[[264 (tiro)|264]] *[[265 (tiro)|265]] *[[266 (tiro)|266]] *[[267 (tiro)|267]] *[[268 (tiro)|268]] *'''[[269 (tiro)|269]]''' |list8= *[[270 (tiro)|270]] *'''[[271 (tiro)|271]]''' *[[272 (tiro)|272]] *[[273 (tiro)|273]] *[[274 (tiro)|274]] *[[275 (tiro)|275]] *[[276 (tiro)|276]] *'''[[277 (tiro)|277]]''' *[[278 (tiro)|278]] *[[279 (tiro)|279]] |list9= *[[280 (tiro)|280]] *'''[[281 (tiro)|281]]''' *[[282 (tiro)|282]] *'''[[283 (tiro)|283]]''' *[[284 (tiro)|284]] *[[285 (tiro)|285]] *[[286 (tiro)|286]] *[[287 (tiro)|287]] *[[288 (tiro)|288]] *[[289 (tiro)|289]] |list10= *[[290 (tiro)|290]] *[[291 (tiro)|291]] *[[292 (tiro)|292]] *'''[[293 (tiro)|293]]''' *[[294 (tiro)|294]] *[[295 (tiro)|295]] *[[296 (tiro)|296]] *[[297 (tiro)|297]] *[[298 (tiro)|298]] *[[299 (tiro)|299]] }} |list4={{Navbox|child |title=[[300 (tiro)|300]] |state={{if|eq|{{{1|}}}|3|uncollapsed|collapsed}} |list1= *[[300 (tiro)|300]] *[[301 (tiro)|301]] *[[302 (tiro)|302]] *[[303 (tiro)|303]] *[[304 (tiro)|304]] *[[305 (tiro)|305]] *[[306 (tiro)|306]] *'''[[307 (tiro)|307]]''' *[[308 (tiro)|308]] *[[309 (tiro)|309]] |list2= *[[310 (tiro)|310]] *'''[[311 (tiro)|311]]''' *[[312 (tiro)|312]] *'''[[313 (tiro)|313]]''' *[[314 (tiro)|314]] *[[315 (tiro)|315]] *[[316 (tiro)|316]] *'''[[317 (tiro)|317]]''' *[[318 (tiro)|318]] *[[319 (tiro)|319]] |list3= *[[320 (tiro)|320]] *[[321 (tiro)|321]] *[[322 (tiro)|322]] *[[323 (tiro)|323]] *[[324 (tiro)|324]] *[[325 (tiro)|325]] *[[326 (tiro)|326]] *[[327 (tiro)|327]] *[[328 (tiro)|328]] *[[329 (tiro)|329]] |list4= *[[330 (tiro)|330]] *'''[[331 (tiro)|331]] *[[332 (tiro)|332]] *[[333 (tiro)|333]] *[[334 (tiro)|334]] *[[335 (tiro)|335]] *[[336 (tiro)|336]] *'''[[337 (tiro)|337]]''' *[[338 (tiro)|338]] *[[339 (tiro)|339]] |list5= *[[340 (tiro)|340]] *[[341 (tiro)|341]] *[[342 (tiro)|342]] *[[343 (tiro)|343]] *[[344 (tiro)|344]] *[[345 (tiro)|345]] *[[346 (tiro)|346]] *'''[[347 (tiro)|347]]''' *[[348 (tiro)|348]] *'''[[349 (tiro)|349]]''' |list6= *[[350 (tiro)|350]] *[[351 (tiro)|351]] *[[352 (tiro)|352]] *'''[[353 (tiro)|353]]''' *[[354 (tiro)|354]] *[[355 (tiro)|355]] *[[356 (tiro)|356]] *[[357 (tiro)|357]] *[[358 (tiro)|358]] *'''[[359 (tiro)|359]]''' |list7= *[[360 (tiro)|360]] *[[361 (tiro)|361]] *[[362 (tiro)|362]] *[[363 (tiro)|363]] *[[364 (tiro)|364]] *[[365 (tiro)|365]] *[[366 (tiro)|366]] *'''[[367 (tiro)|367]]''' *[[368 (tiro)|368]] *[[369 (tiro)|369]] |list8= *[[370 (tiro)|370]] *[[371 (tiro)|371]] *[[372 (tiro)|372]] *'''[[373 (tiro)|373]]''' *[[374 (tiro)|374]] *[[375 (tiro)|375]] *[[376 (tiro)|376]] *[[377 (tiro)|377]] *[[378 (tiro)|378]] *'''[[379 (tiro)|379]]''' |list9= *[[380 (tiro)|380]] *[[381 (tiro)|381]] *[[382 (tiro)|382]] *'''[[383 (tiro)|383]]''' *[[384 (tiro)|384]] *[[385 (tiro)|385]] *[[386 (tiro)|386]] *[[387 (tiro)|387]] *[[388 (tiro)|388]] *'''[[389 (tiro)|389]]''' |list10= *[[390 (tiro)|390]] *[[391 (tiro)|391]] *[[392 (tiro)|392]] *[[393 (tiro)|393]] *[[394 (tiro)|394]] *[[395 (tiro)|395]] *[[396 (tiro)|396]] *'''[[397 (tiro)|397]]''' *[[398 (tiro)|398]] *[[399 (tiro)|399]] }} |list5={{Navbox|child |title=[[400 (tiro)|400]] |state={{if|eq|{{{1|}}}|4|uncollapsed|collapsed}} |list1= *[[400 (tiro)|400]] *'''[[401 (tiro)|401]]''' *[[402 (tiro)|402]] *[[403 (tiro)|403]] *[[404 (tiro)|404]] *[[405 (tiro)|405]] *[[406 (tiro)|406]] *[[407 (tiro)|407]] *[[408 (tiro)|408]] *'''[[409 (tiro)|409]]''' |list2= *[[410 (tiro)|410]] *[[411 (tiro)|411]] *[[412 (tiro)|412]] *[[413 (tiro)|413]] *[[414 (tiro)|414]] *[[415 (tiro)|415]] *[[416 (tiro)|416]] *[[417 (tiro)|417]] *[[418 (tiro)|418]] *'''[[419 (tiro)|419]]''' |list3= *[[420 (tiro)|420]] *'''[[421 (tiro)|421]]''' *[[422 (tiro)|422]] *[[423 (tiro)|423]] *[[424 (tiro)|424]] *[[425 (tiro)|425]] *[[426 (tiro)|426]] *[[427 (tiro)|427]] *[[428 (tiro)|428]] *[[429 (tiro)|429]] |list4= *[[430 (tiro)|430]] *'''[[431 (tiro)|431]]''' *[[432 (tiro)|432]] *'''[[433 (tiro)|433]]''' *[[434 (tiro)|434]] *[[435 (tiro)|435]] *[[436 (tiro)|436]] *[[437 (tiro)|437]] *[[438 (tiro)|438]] *'''[[439 (tiro)|439]]''' |list5= *[[440 (tiro)|440]] *[[441 (tiro)|441]] *[[442 (tiro)|442]] *'''[[443 (tiro)|443]]''' *[[444 (tiro)|444]] *[[445 (tiro)|445]] *[[446 (tiro)|446]] *[[447 (tiro)|447]] *[[448 (tiro)|448]] *'''[[449 (tiro)|449]]''' |list6= *[[450 (tiro)|450]] *[[451 (tiro)|451]] *[[452 (tiro)|452]] *[[453 (tiro)|453]] *[[454 (tiro)|454]] *[[455 (tiro)|455]] *[[456 (tiro)|456]] *'''[[457 (tiro)|457]]''' *[[458 (tiro)|458]] *[[459 (tiro)|459]] |list7= *[[460 (tiro)|460]] *'''[[461 (tiro)|461]]''' *[[462 (tiro)|462]] *'''[[463 (tiro)|463]] *[[464 (tiro)|464]] *[[465 (tiro)|465]] *[[466 (tiro)|466]] *'''[[467 (tiro)|467]]''' *[[468 (tiro)|468]] *[[469 (tiro)|469]] |list8= *[[470 (tiro)|470]] *[[471 (tiro)|471]] *[[472 (tiro)|472]] *[[473 (tiro)|473]] *[[474 (tiro)|474]] *[[475 (tiro)|475]] *[[476 (tiro)|476]] *[[477 (tiro)|477]] *[[478 (tiro)|478]] *'''[[479 (tiro)|479]]''' |list9= *[[480 (tiro)|480]] *[[481 (tiro)|481]] *[[482 (tiro)|482]] *[[483 (tiro)|483]] *[[484 (tiro)|484]] *[[485 (tiro)|485]] *[[486 (tiro)|486]] *'''[[487 (tiro)|487]]''' *[[488 (tiro)|488]] *[[489 (tiro)|489]] |list10= *[[490 (tiro)|490]] *'''[[491 (tiro)|491]]''' *[[492 (tiro)|492]] *[[493 (tiro)|493]] *[[494 (tiro)|494]] *[[495 (tiro)|495]] *[[496 (tiro)|496]] *[[497 (tiro)|497]] *[[498 (tiro)|498]] *'''[[499 (tiro)|499]]''' }} |list6={{Navbox|child |title=[[500 (tiro)|500]] |state={{if|eq|{{{1|}}}|5|uncollapsed|collapsed}} |list1= *[[500 (tiro)|500]] *[[501 (tiro)|501]] *[[502 (tiro)|502]] *'''[[503 (tiro)|503]]''' *[[504 (tiro)|504]] *[[505 (tiro)|505]] *[[506 (tiro)|506]] *[[507 (tiro)|507]] *[[508 (tiro)|508]] *'''[[509 (tiro)|509]]''' |list2= *[[510 (tiro)|510]] *[[511 (tiro)|511]] *[[512 (tiro)|512]] *[[513 (tiro)|513]] *[[514 (tiro)|514]] *[[515 (tiro)|515]] *[[516 (tiro)|516]] *[[517 (tiro)|517]] *[[518 (tiro)|518]] *[[519 (tiro)|519]] |list3= *[[520 (tiro)|520]] *'''[[521 (tiro)|521]]''' *[[522 (tiro)|522]] *'''[[523 (tiro)|523]]''' *[[524 (tiro)|524]] *[[525 (tiro)|525]] *[[526 (tiro)|526]] *[[527 (tiro)|527]] *[[528 (tiro)|528]] *[[529 (tiro)|529]] |list4= *[[530 (tiro)|530]] *[[531 (tiro)|531]] *[[532 (tiro)|532]] *[[533 (tiro)|533]] *[[534 (tiro)|534]] *[[535 (tiro)|535]] *[[536 (tiro)|536]] *[[537 (tiro)|537]] *[[538 (tiro)|538]] *[[539 (tiro)|539]] |list5= *[[540 (tiro)|540]] *'''[[541 (tiro)|541]]''' *[[542 (tiro)|542]] *[[543 (tiro)|543]] *[[544 (tiro)|544]] *[[545 (tiro)|545]] *[[546 (tiro)|546]] *'''[[547 (tiro)|547]]''' *[[548 (tiro)|548]] *[[549 (tiro)|549]] |list6= *[[550 (tiro)|550]] *[[551 (tiro)|551]] *[[552 (tiro)|552]] *[[553 (tiro)|553]] *[[554 (tiro)|554]] *[[555 (tiro)|555]] *[[556 (tiro)|556]] *'''[[557 (tiro)|557]]''' *[[558 (tiro)|558]] *[[559 (tiro)|559]] |list7= *[[560 (tiro)|560]] *[[561 (tiro)|561]] *[[562 (tiro)|562]] *'''[[563 (tiro)|563]]''' *[[564 (tiro)|564]] *[[565 (tiro)|565]] *[[566 (tiro)|566]] *[[567 (tiro)|567]] *[[568 (tiro)|568]] *'''[[569 (tiro)|569]]''' |list8= *[[570 (tiro)|570]] *'''[[571 (tiro)|571]]''' *[[572 (tiro)|572]] *[[573 (tiro)|573]] *[[574 (tiro)|574]] *[[575 (tiro)|575]] *[[576 (tiro)|576]] *'''[[577 (tiro)|577]]''' *[[578 (tiro)|578]] *[[579 (tiro)|579]] |list9= |list10= }} |list7={{Navbox|child |title=[[600 (tiro)|600]] |state={{if|eq|{{{1|}}}|6|uncollapsed|collapsed}} |list1= |list2= |list3= |list4= |list5= |list6= |list7= |list8= |list9= |list10= }} |list8={{Navbox|child |title=[[700 (tiro)|700]] |state={{if|eq|{{{1|}}}|7|uncollapsed|collapsed}} |list1= |list2= |list3= |list4= |list5= |list6= |list7= |list8= |list9= |list10= }} |list9={{Navbox|child |title=[[800 (tiro)|800]] |state={{if|eq|{{{1|}}}|8|uncollapsed|collapsed}} |list1= |list2= |list3= |list4= |list5= |list6= |list7= |list8= |list9= |list10= }} |list10={{Navbox|child |title=[[900 (tiro)|900]] |state={{if|eq|{{{1|}}}|9|uncollapsed|collapsed}} |list1= |list2= |list3= |list4= |list5= |list6= |list7= |list8= |list9= |list10= }} |list11={{Navbox|child |title=[[1000 (tiro)|1000]] |state={{if|eq| {{{1|}}}|10|uncollapsed|collapsed}} |list1= |list2= |list3= |list4= |list5= |list6= |list7= |list8= |list9= |list10= }} |below=Tirooyinka qoraalkooda la waaweyneeyay waa [[Tiro mutuxan|tirooyin mutuxan]]}} <noinclude> {{Documentation}} [[Category:Tusmo xisaab]] </noinclude> e9vmu5wxiw0iey2v3ptsogjsyf5vp8v 0 17320 305842 258239 2026-08-24T18:11:35Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305842 wikitext text/x-wiki ::''Kani waa maqaal ku saabsan magaalada Seattle ee wadanka Maraykanka.'' {{infobox settlement |name = Siyaatal, Washington |settlement_type = [[Caasimad]] |image_skyline = [[File:Space Needle002.jpg|thumb|right|500px|]] |nickname = Caasimad Qaaliga / Caasimada Sare / Caasimada Roobka |motto = Caasimada Ubaxa / Caasimada Wanaaga |image_caption = Farasmagaalaha Seattle ee [[buur|Buurta Queen Anne]] |image_flag = |image_seal = |image_map = King County Washington Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Seattle Highlighted.svg |mapsize = 250x200px |map_caption = Deegaanka Seattle ee [[degmo|King County]] iyo [[Washington (gobol)|Gobolka Washington]] |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |pushpin_map = USA |pushpin_map_caption = Deegaanka Siyaatal ee Maraykanka |pushpin_label = Seattle |pushpin_label_position = bottom |coordinates_region = US-WA |subdivision_type = Wadanka |subdivision_type1 = [[Deegaan]]ka |subdivision_type2 = [[Degmo|County]] |subdivision_name = Maraykanka |subdivision_name1 = [[Washington (gobol)|Washington]] |subdivision_name2 = [[degmo|King]] |established_title = [[dowlad|Dowlada Hoose]] |established_date = Diisamber 2, 1869 |government_type = Xafiiska Duqa-Degmada |governing_body = Golaha Degamada Siyaatal |leader_title = Duqa-Magaalada |leader_name = Ed Murray |leader_title1 = Mayar Ku Xigeen |leader_name1 = Hyeok Kim iyo Kate Joncas |unit_pref = Nidaam Dowli |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 369.2 |area_total_sq_mi = 142.5 |area_land_sq_mi = 83.87 |area_water_sq_mi = 58.67 |area_land_km2 = 217.2 |area_metro_km2 = 21,202 |area_metro_sq_mi = 8,186 |area_water_km2 = 152.0 |population_as_of = [[Maraykanka|2010]] |population_est = 668342 |pop_est_as_of = 2014 |pop_est_footnotes = <ref name="2014 Pop Estimate">{{cite web|title=Population Estimates|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2014/SUB-EST2014-3.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=May 21, 2015}}</ref> |population_footnotes = <ref name="FactFinder">{{cite web|title=American FactFinder|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=December 19, 2012}}</ref> |population_total = 608660 |population_rank = US: [[tiro|20aad]] |population_urban = 3,059,393 (US: [[dad|14aad]]) |population_metro = 3,671,478 (US: [[15]]aad) |combined_statistical_area = 4,459,677 (US: [[13]]aad) |population_density_sq_mi = 7,969 |population_demonym = Seattleite |timezone = [[UTC|PST]] |utc_offset = -8 |timezone_DST = [[UTC|PDT]] |utc_offset_DST = -7 |postal_code_type = ZIP Kodhyada |postal_code = {{collapsible list |title = Zip codes<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zip4.usps.com/zip4/citytown.jsp|publisher=USPS|title=Zip Code Lookup|accessdate=December 11, 2008}}</ref> |frame_style = border:none; padding: 0; |list_style = text-align:center;display:none |98101–98119, 98121–98122, 98124–98127, 98129, 98131–98134, 98136, 98138–98139, 98141, 98144–98146, 98148, 98151, 98154–98155, 98158, 98160–98161, 98164–98166, 98168, 98170–98171, 98174–98175, 98177–98178, 98181, 98184–98185, 98188, 98190–98191, 98194–98195, 98198–98199}} |area_code = [[206]] |latd= 47|latm= 36|lats= 35|latNS= N |longd= 122|longm= 19|longs= 59|longEW= W |coordinates_display = x |elevation_m = 0–158 |elevation_ft = 0–520 |blank_name = [[Maraykanka|FIPS code]] |blank_info = 53-63000 |blank1_name = [[Juquraafi|Aqoonsiga GNIS]] |blank1_info = 1512650<ref name="GR3">cite gnis|id=1512650|name=Seattle</ref> |website = {{URL|www.seattle.gov}} |footnotes = }} '''Seattle''', '''[[Siyaatal]]''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Seattle.ogg|s|i|ˈ|æ|t|əl}} {{respell|see|AT|əl}}) waa [[xeeb|magaalo xeebeed]], [[deked]] iyo caasimada [[Washington (gobol)|gobolka Washington]] iyo fadhiga dowlada [[degmo|King County]] ee wadanka [[Maraykanka]]. Magaalada Siyaatal waa mida ugu weyn gobolka Washington iyo deegaanada Pacific Northwest ee xiga galbeedka wadanka Maraykanaka; waxaana ku dhaqan magaaladan tiro dad ah oo dhan 668,342 taasi oo ka dhigeysa magaalada ugu koritaanka badan wadanka Maraykanka.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.seattletimes.com/fyi-guy/2014/05/22/census-seattle-is-the-fastest-growing-big-city-in-the-u-s/ |title=Census: Seattle is the fastest-growing big city in the U.S. |last=Balk |first=Gene |series=FYI Guy |work=Seattle Times |date=May 22, 2014 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |access-date=Bisha Sagaalaad 4, 2015 |archive-date=Bisha Labaad 22, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222184013/http://blogs.seattletimes.com/fyi-guy/2014/05/22/census-seattle-is-the-fastest-growing-big-city-in-the-u-s/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Intaasi waxaa dheer, marka la isku daro magaalda Siyaatal iyo nawaaxigeeda (deegaanada hoos tega magaaladan) ayaa waxaa ku dhaqan bulsho dhan [[milyan|3.6 milyan]], taasi oo Siyaatal ka dhigeysa deegaanka [[15]]aad ee ugu weyn dalka Maraykanka.<ref name=metro_population>{{cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/metro/totals/2013/index.html|title=Estimates of Population Change for Metropolitan Statistical Areas and Rankings: July 1, 2010 to July 1, 2013|accessdate=June 14, 2013|publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> Caasimada Siyaatal waxay ku fidsan tahay deegaan xad la leh [[Badweynta Baasifik]]ada, [[har|harada Washington]] iyo wadanka [[Kanada]] oo ka xigta waqooyi. Badweynta Baasific oo ku xidhan [[Aasiya|qaarada Aasiya]] ayaa waxay u suurtogelisay magaalada Siyaatal ineey noqoto goob [[ganacsi]] iyo deked aad u mashquul badan; taasi oo ka dhigeysa magaaladan [[deked|dekeda 8aad]] ee ugu weyn dekedaha wadanka Maraykanka iyo tan 9aad ee ugu mashquulka badan [[waqooyiga Ameerika|qaarada Waqooyiga Ameerika]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Seaport Statistics|url=http://www.portseattle.org/About/Publications/Statistics/Seaport/Pages/default.aspx|publisher=Port of Seattle|accessdate=February 17, 2013|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=Bisha Shanaad 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507071158/https://www.portseattle.org/About/Publications/Statistics/Seaport/Pages/default.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Taariikh ahaan, deegaanka ay ku taalo magaalada Siyaatal waxaa ku dhaqnaan jirey [[Ameerika|dadka loogu yimid]] dhulka ee loo yaqaano Hindida Cas ("Red Indian") kuwaasi oo ku noolaa deegaankaasi wakhti ka badan 40,000 sano ka hor intii aanay iman gumeystihii [[Yurub|reer Yurub]].<ref name=Discovery_Park>{{cite news |url=http://www.seattlepi.com/lifestyle/article/Feel-the-beat-of-history-in-the-park-and-concert-1251579.php |title=Feel the beat of history in the park and concert hall at two family-friendly events |work=Seattle Post-Intelligencer |date=October 4, 2007 |author=Doree Armstrong |accessdate=November 1, 2007}}</ref> Markii ugu horeeysay taariikhda casriga ah waxaa deegaankaasi tegay nin sahamiye ahaa oo la odhan jirey Arthur A. Denny iyo koox uu hogaaminayay markii taariikhdu ahayd Noofembar 13, 1851.<ref>{{cite web | author=Andrew Craig Magnuson | date =July 20, 2014 | url =http://www.craigmagnuson.com/exact.htm | title =In Search of the Schooner Exact | publisher=Andrew Craig Magnuson | accessdate =September 27, 2014}}</ref> Kooxdan waxay deegaanka maanta ah magaalada Siyaatal ka abaabuleen magaalo; waxaana magaca "Seattle" la bixiyey sanadkii 1852 ayadoo loogu magac-daray mid ka mid ah caaqilada Hindida cas ee ka soo jeeday qabiilka "Duwamish" iyo "Suquamish". Waxyaabihii ugu horeeyay ee laga aasaaso magaalada Siyaatal waxaa ka mid ahaa [[wershad]]aha iyo dhismaha [[markab|maraakiibta]]; kuwaasi oo [[qarni|qarnigii 19aad]] noqday kuwo macaash badan oo magaalada Siyaatal iyo gobolka Washington ku xidha [[Alaska (gobol)|Gobolka Alaska]] iyo dunida inteeda kale. Ganacsiga, waxsoo saarka wershadaha iyo dhismaha maraakiibtu waxay ka dhigeen Siyaatal mid ka mid ah 25ka caasimadood ee ugu awooda badan wadanka Maraykanka horaantii [[20|qarnigii 20aad]] wakhtigaasi oo aad u kortay ama balaadhatay magaalada Siyaatal.<ref>{{cite web|title=Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places: 1910|url=http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027/tab14.txt|publisher=U.S. Bureau of the Census|accessdate=November 16, 2011}}</ref> [[File:Seattle Skyline-.jpg|245px|left|thumb|Farasmagaalaha Siyaatal iyo nawaaxiga xeebta.<ref name=cloudy>{{cite web | url=http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/online/ccd/cldy.html | title=Cloudiness – Mean Number of Days | author=National Climatic Data Center | publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | accessdate=November 7, 2010 | ciwaan=Nuqul Archive | archive-date=October 16, 2012 | archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6BT43fUbE?url=http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/online/ccd/cldy.html | dead-url=yes }}</ref>]] Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhaqaalo xumadii ku dhacday dalka Maraykanka sanadihii 1930kii ee loo yaqaanay "Great Depression" ayaa si xun u burburiyay dhaqaalihii iyo kobocii magaalada Siyaatal. Ayadoo aad ula taag daran dhaqaalo xumadaas aya waxa ugu biiray [[Dagaalkii Labaad ee Aduunka]] kaasi oo dhabarka ka jebiyay awooda iyo ganacsiga magaalada. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sanadihii 1980kiii ayaa waxaa magaalada laga dhisay shirkado waaweyn oo ganacsi kuwaasi oo aad u soo qaaday dhaqaalaha magaalada. Shirkadha ay magaalada Siyaatal saldhiga u tahay waxaa ka mid ah [[Amazon.com]], [[Microsoft]], iyo [[T-Mobile US]] oo ah shirkado caalami ah oo dunida dhan laga isticmaalo waxyaabaha ay soo saaraan. Intaasi wixii ka dambeeyay magaalada Siyaatal waxay samaysay koboc xaga dhaqaalaha iyo awooda ah. Guud ahaan, caasimada Siyaatal waxay caan ku tahay ganacsiga, dalxiiska [[xeeb]]aha, [[hees]]aha, dhaqanka dadka Hindida Cas, iyo waxyaabo kale oo badan.<ref name=Seattle_Sound>{{cite book | last=Heylin | first=Clinton | title=Babylon's Burning: From Punk to Grunge | url=https://archive.org/details/babylonsburningf0000heyl_v6f7 | publisher=Conongate | year=2007 | isbn=978-1-84195-879-8 | page=[https://archive.org/details/babylonsburningf0000heyl_v6f7/page/606 606]}}</ref> =Taariikhda= [[File:General history, Alaska Yukon Pacific Exposition, fully illustrated - meet me in Seattle 1909 - Page 70.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sawir]]-gacmeed dagaalkii Hinida Cas iyo gumeystihii Yurubiyaanka sanadkii 1895kii.]] Taariikh ahaan, deegaanka ay ku taalo magaalada Siyaatal waxaa ku dhaqnaan jirey [[Ameerika|dadka loogu yimid]] dhulka ee loo yaqaano Hindida Cas ("Red Indian") kuwaasi oo ku noolaa deegaankaasi wakhti ka badan 40,000 sano ka hor intii aanay iman gumeystihii [[Yurub|reer Yurub]].<ref name=Discovery_Park/> [[File:Seattle - Occidental and Yesler - 1884.jpg|thumb|left|Muuqaaladii ugu horeeyay ee magaalada Siyaatal]] Markii ugu horeeysay taariikhda casriga ah waxaa deegaankaasi tegay nin sahamiye ahaa oo la odhan jirey Arthur A. Denny iyo koox uu hogaaminayay markii taariikhdu ahayd Noofembar 13, 1851.<ref>{{cite web | author=Andrew Craig Magnuson | date =July 20, 2014 | url =http://www.craigmagnuson.com/exact.htm | title =In Search of the Schooner Exact | publisher=Andrew Craig Magnuson | accessdate =September 27, 2014}}</ref> Kooxdan waxay deegaanka maanta ah magaalada Siyaatal ka abaabuleen magaalo; waxaana magaca "Seattle" la bixiyey sanadkii 1852 ayadoo loogu magac-daray mid ka mid ah caaqilada Hindida cas ee ka soo jeeday qabiilka "Duwamish" iyo "Suquamish". Waxyaabihii ugu horeeyay ee laga aasaaso magaalada Siyaatal waxaa ka mid ahaa [[wershad]]aha iyo dhismaha [[markab|maraakiibta]]; kuwaasi oo [[qarni|qarnigii 19aad]] noqday kuwo macaash badan oo magaalada Siyaatal iyo gobolka Washington ku xidha [[Alaska (gobol)|Gobolka Alaska]] iyo dunida inteeda kale. Ganacsiga, waxsoo saarka wershadaha iyo dhismaha maraakiibtu waxay ka dhigeen Siyaatal mid ka mid ah 25ka caasimadood ee ugu awooda badan wadanka Maraykanka horaantii [[20|qarnigii 20aad]] wakhtigaasi oo aad u kortay ama balaadhatay magaalada Siyaatal.<ref>{{cite web|title=Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places: 1910|url=http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027/tab14.txt|publisher=U.S. Bureau of the Census|accessdate=November 16, 2011}}</ref> =Muuqaalka Magaalada= [[File:Seattle_3.jpg|1024px|center|Dhismayaasha dhaadheer ee magaalada Seattle]] [[File:Space Needle 360 Panorama.jpg|1800px|muuqaalka magaalada Siyaatal oo korka sare laga sawirey.]] =Magaalooyinka Maraykanka= {{Magaalooyinka Maraykanka}} {{Gobolada Maraykanka}} =Tixraac= {{Reflist}} [[Category:Maraykanka]] [[Category:Dad]] eijyutothu52v4jaall7o6czrf36lnt 0 17392 305892 299151 2026-08-24T18:37:32Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305892 wikitext text/x-wiki ::''Kani waa maqaal ku saabsan caasimada Fiiniks, Arizona ee dalka Maraykanka. {{Infobox settlement |name = Phoenix, Arizona |official_name = Caasimada Fiiniks |settlement_type = [[Caasimad|Magaalo-madaxda Gobolka]] |nickname = "Dooxadii Qoraxda", "Doox" |image_skyline = PhoenixMontage02.jpg{{!}}border |imagesize = 300px |image_caption = Kor, bidix ilaa midig: [[Beer|Beerta Papago Park]] wakhti qorax dhac ah, St. Mary's Basilica (Phoenix), [[Fiiniks, Arisona|Farasmagaalka Phoenix]], Dhismayaasha dhaadheer ee Phoenix wakhti habeen ah, [[Saynis|Xarunta Sayniska Arizona]], Aqalka Rosson, [[Tareen|Tareenka fudud ee Metro Light Rail]], [[Geed|geedka Tiinka saguaro]], iyo [[Buur|buurta McDowell Mountains]] |image_flag = |image_seal = |image_map = Maricopa_County_Incorporated_and_Planning_areas_Phoenix_highlighted.svg |mapsize = 250px |map_caption = Meesha kaga yaalo [[Degmo|Degmada Maricopa County]] iyo gobolka [[Arizona]] |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |pushpin_map = USA |pushpin_map_caption = Meesha kaga taalo wadanka Maraykanka |latd= 33|latm= 27|latNS=N |longd= 112|longm= 04|longEW=W |coordinates_region = US-AZ |coordinates_display = y |coordinates_footnotes = |subdivision_type = Wadanka |subdivision_name = [[Maraykanka]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Gobol]]ka |subdivision_name1 = [[Arizona]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Degmo]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Fiiniks, Arisona|Maricopa]] |established_title = La degay |established_date = 1867 |established_title1 = [[Dowlad|Dowlad Hoose]] |established_date1 = Febraayo 5, 1881 |government_type = Maamulka Golaha |governing_body = [[Deegaan|Golaha Caasimada Fiiniks]] |leader_title = Duqa-magaalada |leader_name = Greg Stanton |unit_pref = Imperial |area_magnitude = |area_footnotes = |total_type = City |area_total_sq_mi = 517.948 |area_total_km2 = 1341.48 |area_land_sq_mi = 516.704 |area_land_km2 = 1338.26 |area_water_sq_mi = 1.244 |area_metro_sq_mi = 14565.76 |elevation_footnotes = <ref>Cite GNIS|44784|Feature Detail Report for: Phoenix</ref> |elevation_ft = 1086 |elevation_m = 331 |population_footnotes = <ref name ="FactFinder">{{cite web|title=American FactFinder|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=June 18, 2014}}</ref> |population_as_of = [[2010]] |population_total_type = Caasimad |population_total = 1,445,632<!-- OFFICIAL CENSUS FIGURES. DO NOT CHANGE UNTIL NEXT CENSUS! --> |pop_est_as_of = 2014 |pop_est_footnotes = <ref name="2014 Pop Estimate">https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/newsroom/releases/2015/cb15-89_graphic.jpg</ref> |population_est = 1,537,058 |population_rank = US: [[6|6aad<!-- CENSUS DATA HAS BEEN UPDATED. PHOENIX IS NOW 6th, NOT 5th. DO NOT CHANGE! -->]] |population_urban = 3,629,114 (US: [[12]]aad) |population_metro = 4,489,109 (US: [[12]]aad) |population_density_sq_mi = 2967.59 |population_density_km2 = 1145.79 |population_blank1_title = Bulshada |population_blank1 = Phoenician |timezone = [[Wakhti|MST]] |utc_offset = −7 |timezone_DST = ma laha saacada lagu daro maalintii |utc_offset_DST = −7 |postal_code_type = ZIP kodh |postal_code = 85001–85099 |area_code = Area kode 480, 602, iyo 623 |blank_name_sec1 = [[Maraykanka|FIPS]] kode |blank_info_sec1 = 04|55000 |blank1_name_sec1 = [[Juquraafi|Astaanta GNIS]] |blank1_info_sec1 = 44784, 2411414 |blank_name_sec2 = [[diyaarad|Gego Diyaarad]] |blank_info_sec2 = [[Cir|Gegada Diyaardaha Fiiniks]]&nbsp;– PHX (Kan ugu weyn/Caalami) |website = {{URL|www.phoenix.gov}} |footnotes = }} '''Fiiniks''', '''Phoenix''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|iː|n|ɪ|k|s}}) waa [[caasimad|magaalo-madaxda]], iyo caasimada ugu weyn [[gobol]]ka [[Arizona]] ee wadanka [[Maraykanka]]. Fiiniks waxay leedahay [[dad|bulsho]] dhan 1,445,632 (sida lagu ogaaday tirokoob dowladu qaaday sanadkii 2010ka). Caasimada Fiiniks waa magaalo-madaxda ugu shacabka badan dhamaan caasimadaha wadanka [[Maraykanka]]. Sidoo kale waa magaalad [[6]]aad ee ugu dadka badan tirada deegaanada wadanka.<ref name="usa1">{{cite web|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/04/0455000.html|title=Phoenix QuickFacts from US Census Bureau|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=September 11, 2012|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=May 21, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521120746/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/04/0455000.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[File:Phoenix_AZ_Downtown_from_airplane.jpg|left|thumb|Muuqaalka farasmagaalka Fiinis oo hawada sare laga sawirey]] Waxaa intaas dheer, caasimada Fiiniks waa saldhiga Phoenix Metropoitan Area, oo sidoo kale lagu magacaabo "Dooxada Qoraxda", midaasi oo iyadna ka tirsan Dooxada Webiga Salt. Marka laga hadlayo Phoenix iyo degaanda hoos yimaada waa mida [[13]]aad ee ugu shacabka badan wadanka Maraykanka, taasi oo leh bulsho dhan 4.3 milyan dad ah (sida lagu ogaaday tirokoobtii sanadkii 2010ka).<ref>[http://www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/news/2013/03/14/census-phoenix-area-population-tops.html Census: Phoenix-area population tops 4.3 million, moves up metro rankings&nbsp;– Phoenix Business Journal]. Bizjournals.com (March 14, 2013). Retrieved on September 6, 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.bestplaces.net/people/metro/arizona/phoenix-mesa-scottsdale People in Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale Metro Area, Arizona]. Bestplaces.net. Retrieved on September 6, 2013.</ref> Caasimada Fiiniks waxaa intaas u dheer ineey tahay fadhiga dowlada [[degmo|Degmada Marikoba]], iyo mid ka mid ah deegaanda ugu baxada balaadhan wadanka Maraykanka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/2008pubs/07ccdb/ccdb-07.pdf|title=County and City Data Book: 2007|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|edition=14|page=712|year=2007}}</ref> [[File:Phoenix_Urban_Villages.svg|left|thumb|Maabka Xaafadaha Caasimada Fiiniks]] Magaalada waxaa markii ugu horeeysay soo degay sanadkii 1867 dad [[beer]]oleey ah, kuwaasi oo soo jiiteen webiga Salt, webiga Gila iyo dooxaha dhaca agagaarka magaalada Fiiniks. Waxaa magaalo rasmi ah loogu dhawaaqay sanadkii 1881.<ref name=Phxgov>{{cite web|url=http://phoenix.gov/pio/publications/history/index.html | title=History of Phoenix|publisher=City of Phoenix| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415163536/http://phoenix.gov/pio/publications/history/index.html | archivedate=April 15, 2014 | accessdate=April 15, 2014}}</ref> Caasimada Fiiniks waxay dhacdaa waqooyibari [[Lamadegaan|Lamadegaanka Sonoran]], kaasi oo leh [[cimilo]] qalalan oo la mid ah tan deegaanada ka baxsan [[Dhul badhe|dhul-badhaha]]. Iyadoo taasi jirta ayaa hadana waxaa deegaanka Fiiniks leeyahay nidaamyo [[beer]]o waaweyn oo soo saara [[khudaar]], [[cudbi]], suuf iyo [[midho]] badan ooy kuba tiirsan tahay magaalada Fiiniks iyo nawaaxigeedu.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://arizonaexperience.org/land/farming-and-ranching | title=Farming and Ranching | publisher=arizonaexperience.org | accessdate=February 17, 2014 | archive-date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 28, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228015804/http://arizonaexperience.org/land/farming-and-ranching | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.barriozona.com/short_history_south_phoenix_1865_1930s.html | title=A Short History of South Phoenix from 1865 to the early 1930's | publisher=barriozona | accessdate=February 17, 2014 | ciwaan=Nuqul Archive | archive-date=Bisha Saddexaad 4, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030023/http://www.barriozona.com/short_history_south_phoenix_1865_1930s.html | dead-url=yes }}</ref> [[Dagaalkii Labaad ee Aduunka]] wixii ka horeeyay dhaqaalaha magaaldan Fiiniks wuxuu aad ugu tiirsanaa beerida iyo soosaarida cudbiga, [[lo]]'da, [[Naxaas]]ta iyo khudaarta, taasi oo taagertay bulshada gobolka tan iyo aasaaskii caasimada. =Taariikh= [[File:OasisAmerica-es.svg|thumb|OasisAmerica-es|thumb|upright|left|alt=Map portraying ancestral Hohokam lands circa 1350|Maabka deegaanada Hohokam ca. 1350]] In ka badan 2,000 sano waxaa deegaanka Fiiniks ku noolaa dadka Hohokam ee ka tirsan dadka asal ahaan loogu yimid [[Ameerika|qaarada Ameerika]].<ref name=Phxgov /><ref>{{cite book | last=Trimble|first=Marshall | title=Arizoniana | url=https://archive.org/details/arizonianastorie0000trim| publisher=American Traveler Press | year=1988 | page=[https://archive.org/details/arizonianastorie0000trim/page/103 103] | isbn=978-1-885590-89-3}}</ref> Dadkaasi Hohokam waxay sameeyeen [[biyo|gacan biyo]] oo dhererkiisu yahay ilaa 135 mayl (217 km) kaasi oo ka dhigay [[dhul]]kii [[lamadegaan]]ka ahaa mid la [[beer|qodan]] karo (la beeran karo oo leh [[caro]] nafaqo leh). Intaasi waxaa dheer, qabiilka Hohokam waxay xidhiidh ganacsi la sameeyn jireen dhamaan qabiilaa jaarka la ahaa ee ka midka yihiin Anasazi, Mogollon iyo Sinagua (qabiilo ka mid ah [[Dadka Asalka Ameerika]]).<ref name=azmnh>{{cite web | url=http://www.azmnh.org/arch/hohokam.aspx | title=The Hohokam | publisher=Arizona Museum of Natural History | accessdate=February 20, 2014 | ciwaan=Nuqul Archive | archive-date=November 30, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130091322/http://www.azmnh.org/arch/hohokam.aspx | dead-url=yes }}</ref> Waxyaabaha horumarka deegaanka ka qeyb qaatey waxaa kow ka ah gacanada-biyaha iyo dooxooyinka, kuwaasi oo suurto geliyay ineey taageeraan nolosha [[dad]]ka iyo [[xoolo|duunyada]]ba.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.srpmic-nsn.gov/history_culture/maricopa.asp | title=Xalychidom Piipaash (Maricopa) People | publisher=Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community | accessdate=February 17, 2014 | ciwaan=Nuqul Archive | archive-date=August 5, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805082906/http://www.srpmic-nsn.gov/history_culture/maricopa.asp | dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/maricopa-tribe.htm | title=Maricopa Tribe | publisher=Access Genealogy | accessdate=February 17, 2014}}</ref> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, wakhtiyadii gumaystaha reer [[Yurub]] ku fidaayay meelo badan oo [[Ameerika|qaarada Ameerika]] ah ayaa [[Isbayn]] qabsatey deegaanada Arizona taasi ooy ka mid dhigtey maamulkii Isbayn ee Ameerika loona yaqaanay [[Meksiko|Isbayn Meksiko]]. Sanadkii 1848, markii uu dhamaaday dagaaladii Meksiko iyo Maraykanka ayaa dowlada wadanka [[Meksiko]] ka iibisay Arizona dowlada wadanka Maraykanka, sidaasi ayayna Fiiniks ku noqotey mid ka tirsan wadanka Maraykanka.<ref>{{cite book|author=Spencer C. Tucker|title=The Encyclopedia of the Mexican-American War: A Political, Social, and Military History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9ceNvefrToC&pg=PA255|year=2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO|page=255|isbn=9781851098545}}</ref> =Bulshada Fiiniks= Caasimada Fiiniks waa tan [[6]]aad ee ugu [[dad|bulshada]] badan wadanka [[Maraykanka]] (sida lagu sheegay tiro-koob dowladu qaadey sanadkii 2010ka), waxayna magaladu leedahay 1,445,632 taasi oo ka dhigaysa [[caasimad|magaalo-madaxda]] ugu shacabka badan wadanka Maraykanka.<ref name=azcentral>{{cite web |url=http://www.azcentral.com/community/phoenix/articles/2011/03/13/20110313phoenix-6th-largest-city-philadelphia.html |title=Arizona Republic: "Phoenix drops to sixth largest city." |first=Lynh |last=Bui |publisher=Azcentral.com |date=March 13, 2011 |accessdate=June 19, 2012 |archive-date=Bisha Labaad 11, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211020421/http://www.azcentral.com/community/phoenix/articles/2011/03/13/20110313phoenix-6th-largest-city-philadelphia.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;" |- ! Noocyada Bulshada !! 2010<ref>{{cite web | url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/04/0455000.html | title=State & County QuickFacts - Phoenix (city), Arizona | publisher=[[Maraykanka|United States Census Bureau]] | ciwaan=Nuqul Archive | access-date=2015-09-10 | archive-date=2012-05-21 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521120746/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/04/0455000.html | dead-url=yes }}</ref>!! 1990<ref name="census"/> !! 1970<ref name="census"/> !! 1940<ref name="census"/> |- | [[Dadka Cad|Cadaanka]] (marka lagu daro [[Cad|Hispanik Cad]]) || 65.9% || 81.7% || 93.3% || 92.3% |- | [[Afrikan Ameerikan|Madoow ama Afrikan Ameerikan]] || 6.5% || 5.2% || 4.8% || 6.5% |- | [[Meksiko|Hispanik ama Latino]] (dhamaantood) || 40.8% || 20.0% || 12.7%<ref name="fifteen"/> || n/a |- | [[Aasiya]]an || 3.2% || 1.7% || 0.5% || 0.8% |- | [[Cad|Cadaan ahayn Hispanik]] || 46.5% || 71.8% || 81.3%<ref name="fifteen">From 15% sample</ref> || n/a |- |} =Muuqaalka Magaalada= <gallery> File:Phoenix downtown03.ca1940s.jpg|Muuqaalka farasmagaalka Fiiniks 1940kiii File:The_View_of_Phoenix%27s_Urban_Sprawl_from_4000_Ft._South_Mountain_in_Background_%2C_6_1972.jpg|Magaalada Fiiniks oo hawada sare laga [[sawir]]ey 1972 File:Downtown Phoenix Skyline Lights.jpg|Fiiniks, Arisona File:Phoenix.landsat.750pix.jpg|Sawir cirka sare laga soo qaaday ee Fiiniks File:PhoenixDowntown.jpg|badhtamaha Fiiniks File:Downtown Phoenix Aerial Looking Northeast.jpg|Dabaqyada dhaadheer ee Fiiniks File:Phoenix Urban Villages.svg| File:Phoenix (4270737598).jpg| </gallery> [[File:Downtown_PHX_Panorama.jpg|1250px|center|Muuqalka Caasimada Fiiniks, Arisona]] [[File:Phoenix Skyline from South Mountain at Night.2010.jpg|800px|center|koonfurta caasimada Fiinis goor habeen ah]] =Magaalooyinka Maraykanka= {{Magaalooyinka Maraykanka}} {{Gobolada Maraykanka}} =Tixraac= {{Reflist}} [[Category:Maraykanka]] [[Category:Ameerika]] [[Category:Magaalo]] [[Category:Dad]] cde8kyij4376tjk96zw4ciftefv3xhi 0 17409 305806 259541 2026-08-24T17:51:59Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305806 wikitext text/x-wiki ::''Kani waa maqaal ku saabsan magaalada Nashville, Tennessee, Maraykanka. {{Infobox settlement | name = Nashfille, Tennessee | official_name = Deegaanka Dowlada<br />Nashfille iyo Degmada Davidson | settlement_type = [[Caasimad|Caasimad iyo Degmo]] | image_skyline = Nashville collage 2009.jpg | image_caption = Ka soo biloow kor ilaa bidix: Avenue Labaad, Kirkland Hall ee [[jaamacad|Jaamacada Vanderbilt]], Xarunta Parthenon, dhismaha dhaadheer Nashville, Istaadiyaamka Nissan Stadium, Tiyaatarka Dolly Parton, iyo xarunta Ryman Auditorium | image_flag = | image_seal = | nickname = Caasimada Suugaanta, Athenstii Koonfurta |image_map = Map of Tennessee highlighting Davidson County.svg |map_caption = Meesha ay kaga taalo Caasimada iyo Degmada iswadata gobolka [[Tennessee]]. |pushpin_map = USA |pushpin_map_caption = Meesha kaga taalo wadanka [[Maraykanka]] | latd =36 |latm =10 |lats =00 |latNS =N | longd=86 |longm=47 |longs=00 |longEW=W | coordinates_region = US-TN | coordinates_display = inline,title | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Wadanka | subdivision_name = [[Maraykanka]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Gobol]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Tennessee]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Degmo]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Nashville|Degmada Davidson]] | established_title = La helay | established_date = 1779 | established_title2 = [[Dowlad|Dowlad Hoose]] | established_date2 = 1806 | founder = | named_for = Francis Nash | government_footnotes = | leader_party = [[Dimuqraadi|Xisbiga Dimuqraadiga]] | leader_title = Duqa-magaalada | leader_name = Freddie O'Connell | unit_pref = US | total_type = [[Caasimad|Caasimad iyo Degmo isku xidhan]] | area_footnotes =<ref name="area_land">{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US47037 |title=Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County -- County Subdivision and Place: 2010 Census Summary File 1 |work=Census.gov |year=2010 |accessdate=February 28, 2015 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=February 28, 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150228084942/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US47037 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | area_total_sq_mi = 525.94 | area_land_sq_mi = 504.03 | area_water_sq_mi = 21.91 | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_ft = 597 | population_footnotes ={{efn|''Consolidated'' refers to the population of Davidson County; ''Balance'' refers to the population of Nashville excluding other incorporated cities within the Nashville-Davidson boundary.}}<ref name="consolidated">{{cite web |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/47/47037.html |title=State & County QuickFacts – Davidson County, Tennessee |work=Census.gov |date=February 2015 |accessdate=February 28, 2015 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=July 9, 2011 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/603E22Wg7?url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/47/47037.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name="nash-metroarea">{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/PEP/2013/PEPANNRES/310M200US34980 |title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2013: 2013 Population Estimates |work=Census.gov |date=2013 |accessdate=February 28, 2015 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=February 28, 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150228084908/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/PEP/2013/PEPANNRES/310M200US34980 |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name="balance">{{cite web |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/47/4752006.html |title=State & County QuickFacts – Nashville-Davidson (balance) |work=Census.gov |date=February 2015 |accessdate=February 28, 2015 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=March 13, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313191233/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/47/4752006.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> <!-- DO NOT EDIT THIS POPULATION INFORMATION UNLESS YOU KNOW THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A CONSOLIDATED POPULATION AND A BALANCE POPULATION --> | population_total = 659,042 | population_metro = 1,757,912 | population_blank1_title = Isku dheelitirka | population_blank1 = 634,464 | population_as_of = 2013 | population_density_sq_mi= auto | population_demonym = Nashvillian | timezone1 = [[Wakhti|CST]] | utc_offset1 = -6 | timezone1_DST = [[UTC|CDT]] | utc_offset1_DST = -5 | postal_code_type = ZIP codes | postal_code = 37201-37250 | area_code = Area kodes 615 iyo 629 | blank1_name_sec1 = Wadooyinka Interstates | blank1_info_sec1 = I-40, I-24, I-65, I-440 | blank2_name_sec1 = Biyoley | blank2_info_sec1 = [[webi|Webiga Kumberland]] | blank3_name_sec1 = Gaadiidka Bulshada | blank3_info_sec1 = [[Nashville|Nashville MTA]] | blank4_name_sec1 = Tareenka Deegaanka | blank4_info_sec1 = [[Suugaan|Xarunta Xidigaha Suugaanta]] | website = {{url|http://www.nashville.gov/}} | footnotes = }} '''Nashfille''' ([[ingiriis]]: Nashville; [[carabi]]: ناشفيل) waa [[caasimad|magaalo-madaxda]] [[gobol]]ka [[Tennessee]] iyo fadhiga [[dowlad]]a [[Nashville|Degmada Davidson]] ee wadanka [[Maraykanka]].<ref name="GR6">{{cite web |url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx |accessdate=2011-06-07 |title=Find a County |publisher=National Association of Counties}}</ref> Nashfille waa caasimada labaad ee ugu wayn gobolka Tennessee, waxaa ka weyn kaliya [[Memphis|Caasimada Memfis]], sidoo kale waa caasimada afaraad ee ugu weyn uguna [[dad|bulshada]] badan [[USA|deegaanada gobolka Koonfureed ee wadanka Maraykanka]]. Caasimada Nashfile waxay dhacdaa dhinaca [[webi|Webiga Kumberland]] ee badhtamaha waqooyiga gobolka Tennessee. Waxay magaaladani caan ku tahay [[hees]]aha, [[suugaan]]ta, [[fan]]ka, [[caafimaad]]ka, [[bank]]iyada, daabacaada buugaagta, [[gaadiid|isgaadhsiinta gaadiidka]], wax soo saarka [[wershad]]aha, waana hooyga [[dugsi]]yo aad u waaweyn iyo [[jaamacad]]o aad looga qadariyo wadanka Maraykanka iyo [[aduun|caalamka]]. Marka la eego meesha ay kaga taalo dowlada wadanka, Nashfille waa hooyga [[maxkamad|Maxkamada ugu sareeysa ee Tennessee]] iyo Maxkamada Guud ee wadanka. waxayna magaaladu caan ku tahay [[suugaan]]ta, taasi oo lagu magacaabo "[[wershad|Warshada Suugaanta iyo Heesaha]]". Tan iyo 1963dii, Caasimada Nashfille waxay ahayd maamul dowlo [[caasimad|caasimad iyo degmo isku xidhan]], taasi ooy soo hoosgasho lix dowlad-hoose oo u kala baxa labo waaxood. Shan iyo sodon ka mid ah afartanka xubnood ee laga soo doorto degmooyinka waxay ka yimaadaan Nashville. Ayadoo la tixraacayo tirokoob ay sameeyeen Ururka Bulshada Maraykanka waxaa degan iskutega caasimada iyo degmada Nashfille [[dad|bulsho]] tiradeed dhan tahay 659,042. Sidoo kale, tirokoob la sameeyay 2013kii dadka degan Caasimada Nashfille iyo nawaaxigeeda ama metropolitanka waxay noqdeen 1,757,912 taasi oo ka dhigeysa Nashville Metropolitan mida ugu weyn ee ugu dadka badan gobolka Tennessee.<ref name="nash-csa">{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/PEP/2013/PEPANNGCT.US41PR |title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2013 - United States -- Combined Statistical Area; and for Puerto Rico: 2013 Population Estimates |work=Census.gov |date=2013 |accessdate=February 28, 2015 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=February 28, 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150228084906/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/PEP/2013/PEPANNGCT.US41PR |dead-url=yes }}</ref> =Taariikh= [[File:Old nashville riverfront.jpg|left|250px|thumb|Dhinaca webiga Nashville waxyar ka dib [[USA|Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Maraykanka]]]] [[File:Nashville TN satellite map cropped.jpg|thumb|200px|left|[[Sawir]] hawada sare ah ee Nashville]] Magaalada Nashfille waxaa helay sahamiye James Robertson, John Donelson iyo koox la socotey markey taariikhdu ahayd 1779kii, meel u dhow deegaanda Kumberland ee hoostaga maanta Fort Nashborough. Waxaa loogu magac-daray geesigii dagaalkii ''"Kacaanka Maraykanka"'' ee la odhan jirey Faransis Nash. Magaalada Nashfille si tartiib ah ayay u kortay sanadihii xigey sababtoo ah waxay ku taaley meel istaraatiiji ah, waxay u dhowayd [[webi|Webiga Kumberland]] oo biyo fiican leh, sidoo kale waxaan ka fogayn [[wabi|Wabiga Ohayo]], markii dambena waxaabay noqotey meel uu soo maro [[tareen]]ka isku-xidha wadanka Maraykanka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, horaantii 1800 magaalada Nashfille waxaa deganaa dad gaadhaya 345 qof, kuwaasi oo 136 ka mid ahi ahaayeen [[adoon]]ta [[Afrikan Ameerikan]] iyo 14 qof oo [[Dadka Madoow|dadka madoow]] ah laakiin xor ahaa.<ref name=SP1L132>{{Cite book |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |isbn=9780807831519 |last=Cumfer |first=Cynthia |title=Separate peoples, one land: The minds of Cherokees, Blacks, and Whites on the Tennessee frontier |url=https://archive.org/details/separatepeopleso0000cumf |location=Chapel Hill, NC |date=2007 |page=[https://archive.org/details/separatepeopleso0000cumf/page/132 132]}}</ref> [[Sanad|Sanadkii 1806dii]] ayaa magaalada Nashfille yeelatay markii ugu horeeysay taariikhda [[dowlad|dowlad hoose]] isla markaana ay noqotey [[caasimad]] iyo fadhiga dowlada [[degmo|Degmada Dafidhson]], Tennessee. Sanadihii ku xigey ee 1843dii waxaa si joogto ah Nashfille loogu magacaabay ineey tahay magaalo-madaxda iyo saldhiga dowlada gobolka Tennessee. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Caasimada Nashville waxay si fiican u kortay oo aad u balaadhatay horaantii [[qarni|qarnigii 20aad]] goortaasi ooy la hano qaaday horumarka baaxada lahaa ee ka socday koonfurta Maraykanka. Caasimadu waxay aad u horumarisay [[ganacsi]]ga, [[waxbarasho|waxbarashada]], [[dekad]]aha, [[beer]]aha, wax soo saarka [[wershad]]aha iyo meelo badan oo kale. Goortii uu dhamaaday [[Dagaalkii Labaad ee Aduunka]] ayaa caasimada Nashville aad u sii xoogaysatay waxayna gaadhay deegaano aad uga fogaa magaalada. Koritaanka caasimadu wuxuu abuuray shaqooyin badan maadaama dowlada caasimada iyo degmadu ay bilaabeen mashruucyo ay ku dhisayaan wadooyin cusub, [[dugsi]]yo waaweyn, xarumo [[caafimaad]], xarumo is-gaadhsiin gaadiidka ah iyo adeegyo kale oo bulshad ah.<ref name="bucy">[http://www.nashville.gov/Portals/0/SiteContent/Government/docs/MetroHistoryBucy.pdf Dr. Carole Bucy, "A Short History of the Creation of Metropolitan Government for Nashville"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nashville.gov/Portals/0/SiteContent/Government/docs/MetroHistoryBucy.pdf |date=20150125023240 }}, Nashville Metro Government, 2015</ref> Maanta caasimada Nashville iyo deegaanada nawaaxigeeda ah oo ka mid tahay Webiga Kumberland hooy dhaqan Ameerikaan, waana mid ka mid ah deegaanda sida xoowliga ah u koraya ee Koonfurta Maraykanka. =Juquraafiga= Caasimada Nashfille waxay dhacdaa dhinacyada [[webi|Webi Kumberland]] ee waqooyigalbeed dooxada Nashfille. Jooga caasimada wuu kala duwan yahay wuxuuna ka soo bilaabmaa 385 cag (feet) [[bad|jooga bada]] ilaa meesha ugu sareeysa oo ah agagaarka Webiga Kumberland oo dhan 1160 cag (feet) jooga biyaha bada ka sareeya.<ref name=usgs>{{cite web |url=http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |title=Elevations and Distances in the United States |work=USGS.gov |year=2001 |accessdate=August 3, 2011 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=October 15, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015012701/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Ayadoo la tixraacayo Hay'ada Tirokoobta Maraykanka, caasimada Nashfille waxay ku fadhidaa baaxad dhan 527.9 mayl labo-laaban (1,367 km²), taasi oo ilaa 504.03 mayl labo-laaban (1,305 km²) tahay [[dhul]] halka 23.9 mayl labo-laaban (62 km²) ka yahay [[biyo]] una dhiganta 4.53%. =Cimilada= Caasimada Nashfille waxay leedahay [[cimilo|cimilo huur ah]] (Köppen ''Cfa''),<ref name="nashflgts">{{cite web |url=http://www.nashvilleflights.com/destinationguide/destinationguide.aspx?guide=Weather |title=Nashville Weather |work=NashvilleFlights.com |accessdate=January 29, 2010}}</ref> [[kul]]ul, oo hawo xidhan leh wakhtiga [[xagaa]]ga iyo [[gu]]'ga; iyo cimilo dabeyle dhexdhexaad ah iyo [[qaboow]] wakhtiga [[jiilaal]]ka iyo dayrta ah. [[Heerkul]]ka maalinle way kala duwan tahay xilliyada sanadka; taasi oo ka bilaabanta [[degree|37.7 °F]] (3.2 °C) bilaha Janaayo ilaa 79.4 °F (26.3 °C) bisha Luuliyo ee dhulku diirimaadka noqdo. Wakhtiga bilaha jiilaalka, waxaa Caasimada Nashfille ka da'a [[baraf]] kaasi oon ahayn mid aad u badan isla markaana qaata wakhti kooban. Isku celceliska barafka sanadkii ka da'a Nashfille waa ilaa 6.3 inches (16 cm) kaasi oo sida caadiga ah da'a inta u dhaxaysa bisha Janaayo, Febraayo iyo mararka qaar Maarso iyo Diisember.<ref name="NOAA"/> Barafkii ugu badnaa ee ka da'a Nashfille inta la ogyahay wuxuu ahaa midkii da'ay [[sanad|sanadkii 2003]] bisha Janaayo, goortaas oo uu gaadhay barafku 7 inches (18 cm) isla markaana uu watay duufaan iyo [[dabeyl]]o xoog badan.<ref name="noaa-nash-snowst">{{cite web |url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/ohx/?n=snowstorms |title=Snowstorms Producing at Least 6" at Nashville |work=NOAA.gov |date=November 17, 2009 |accessdate=December 30, 2009}}</ref> Sida caadiga ah [[roob]]abku waxay caasimada Nashfille ka da'aan inta ugu baan bisha Nofember iyo Diisember, [[xilli|xiliga dayrta]], iyo Agoosto ilaa Oktoober oo roobab dhexdhexaad ah da'o. Waxaa intaas dheer oo caasimada Nashfille leedahay duufaan xoog badan oo loo yaqaano ''tornado'' taasi oo keenta khasaaro naf iyo maalba leh.<ref>[http://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/ USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map] {{Wayback|url=http://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/ |date=20140227032333 }}. Planthardiness.ars.usda.gov. Retrieved on 2013-09-05.</ref><ref name="records">{{cite web |url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/ohx/?n=calendar |title=Calendar of Significant Weather Events in Middle Tennessee |work=NOAA.gov |date=August 3, 2009 |accessdate=September 22, 2009}}</ref> [[File:Nashville Downtown.JPG|920px|center|thumb|Farasmagaalka Nashville]] =Bulshada= Akhbaarta ku xusan hoos waxay ka turjumaysaa dhamaan Nashville-Dafidson metropolitan, taasi oo soo hoos galayso [[caasimad|caasimada iyo degmada isku xidhan]] ee Nashville iyo nawaaxigeeda. Marka la tixraaco tirokoob 2009kii ay sameeyeen Ururka Bulshada Maraykanka waxay ku sheegeen in caasimada Nashfille ay ku nool yihiin [[dad|bulsho]] gaadhaysa 628,434 qof, kuwaasi oo ku dhaqan deegaan dhan 1,204.2 qof halkii mayl labo-laaban (464.9/km2). Waxaa lagu sheegay in ay ku yaaleen deegaankas 282,452 aqal, kuwaasi oo u dhigma 560.4 halkii mayl labo laaban (216.4/km²).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?-qr_name=ACS_2009_3YR_G00_DP3YR5&-geo_id=05000US47037 |title=Davidson County, Tennessee: ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates: 2007–2009 |work=Census.gov |year=2009 |accessdate=August 3, 2011 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=February 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200211181820/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?-qr_name=ACS_2009_3YR_G00_DP3YR5&-geo_id=05000US47037 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Sidoo kale, tirokoobtii la qabtey 2010ka waxaa lagu sharaxay in bulshda ku dhaqan Caasimada Neshfille ka koobnayd 60.5% [[Dadka Cad]]aanka ah kuwaasi oo 56.3% ahaayeen [[Cad]]aan saafi ah (ku jirin Hispanik), 28.4% [[Dadka Madoow]] ([[Afrikan Ameerikan]]), 0.3% [[Hindida Cas]] ama ka soo jeeda [[Hawaii]] ama [[Alaska]]. Waxaa intaas soo raacayay tiro ah 3.1% [[Aasiya]]an, 0.1% reero [[Gasiirad]]aha Baasifik, iyo 2.5% noocyo kale isku dhaf ahaa, sida dadka iska dhaleen labo midab.<ref>[http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/47/4752006.html Nashville-Davidson (balance) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau] {{Wayback|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/47/4752006.html |date=20150313191233 }}. Quickfacts.census.gov. Retrieved on 2013-09-05.</ref> Dadka Cadaanka saafiga ah marka laga reebo Hispanika waxay ahaayeen 79.5% sanadkii 1970, taasi oo micnaheedu tahay in hoos u dhac weyn ku yimid.<ref name="census1">{{cite web |title=Tennessee - Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |accessdate=April 16, 2012}}</ref> [[File:Nashville Population Density 2000.png|245px|left|thumb|Maabka qaabka dadku u degan yahay deegaanadaas tirokoobtii 2000]] Guud ahaan waxaa caasimada Nashfille ku yaala 254,651 aqal iyo 141,469 [[qoys]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?-geo_id=05000US47037&-qr_name=ACS_2009_3YR_G00_DP3YR2 |title=Davidson County, Tennessee: Selected Social Characteristics in the United States: 2007–2009 |work=Census.gov |year=2009 |accessdate=August 3, 2011 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=February 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200211181905/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?-geo_id=05000US47037&-qr_name=ACS_2009_3YR_G00_DP3YR2 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;" |- ! Noocyada Bulshada !! 2010<ref>{{cite web |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/47/4752006.html |title=Nashville-Davidson (balance), Tennessee |work=State & County QuickFacts |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |access-date=2015-09-13 |archive-date=2015-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313191233/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/47/4752006.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>!! 1990<ref name="census1"/> !! 1970<ref name="census1"/> |- | [[Dadka Cad|Cadaan]] || 60.5% || 73.8% || 80.1% |- | —Ahayn-Hispanic || 56.3% || 73.2% || 79.5%<ref name="fifteen">From 15% sample</ref> |- | [[Afrikan Ameerikan|Madoow ama Afrikan Amerikan]] || 28.4% || 24.3% || 19.6% |- | [[Meksiko|Hispanik ama Latino]] (dhamaantood) || 10.0% || 0.9% || 0.6%<ref name="fifteen"/> |- | [[Aasiya]]n || 3.1% || 1.4% || 0.1% |} =Magaalooyinka Maraykanka= {{Magaalooyinka Maraykanka}} {{Gobolada Maraykanka}} * [[Margaret Keane]] =Tixraac= {{Reflist}} [[Category:Maraykanka]] [[Category:Ameerika]] [[Category:Magaalo]] [[Category:Dad]] 50e7eoyzuagsksil93mvrh8v9mv8m1x 0 17439 305833 268321 2026-08-24T18:07:15Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305833 wikitext text/x-wiki ::''Kani waa maqaal ku saabsan caasimada Orlando, Florida, Maraykanka.'' ::''Boga "Orlando" waxaa laga soo toosiyay halkan. {{Infobox settlement | name = Orlando, Florida | settlement_type = [[Caasimad]] | official_name = Caasimada Orlando | image_skyline = Orlando Skyline.jpg | image_flag = Flag of Orlando, Florida.svg | image_seal = Seal of Orlando, Florida.svg | nickname = "Caasimadi Quruxda," "O-Magaalo,"<ref name="Fitzpatrick">{{cite news |last=Fitzpatrick |first=Kelly |title=Pub crawl: Gator Get Down in O-Town this Saturday |url=http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2011-04-13/entertainment/os-gator-pub-crawl-orlando_1_o-town-uf-fans-pub |newspaper=[[Orlando Sentinel]] |date=April 13, 2011 |accessdate=August 21, 2011 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=Bisha Tobnaad 27, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027021403/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2011-04-13/entertainment/os-gator-pub-crawl-orlando_1_o-town-uf-fans-pub |dead-url=yes }}</ref> "Beerta Raaxada Caalamka"<ref>{{cite news |last=Clarke |first=Sara K. |date=May 27, 2012 |title=Will new Vegas Gay Days give Orlando event a run for its money? |url=http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2012-05-27/business/os-gay-days-2012-20120527_1_gaydays-chris-alexander-manley-gay-celebration |newspaper=[[Orlando Sentinel]] |accessdate=May 24, 2014 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=Bisha Shanaad 25, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525195347/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2012-05-27/business/os-gay-days-2012-20120527_1_gaydays-chris-alexander-manley-gay-celebration |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Gotshall |first=Rich |date=January 4, 1998 |title=A Different Theme |url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1998-01-04/travel/9801080361_1_orlando-science-center-natureworks-level |newspaper=[[Sun-Sentinel]] |accessdate=May 24, 2014 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=Bisha Shanaad 25, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525233403/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1998-01-04/travel/9801080361_1_orlando-science-center-natureworks-level |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Strong |first=Michael |date=May 23, 2014 |title=Orlando is America's Most Dangerous Place for Pedestrians: Study |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/business/autos/orlando-americas-most-dangerous-place-pedestrians-study-n113311 |publisher=[[NBC News]] |accessdate=May 24, 2014}}</ref> | image_map = Orange County Florida Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Orlando Highlighted.svg | map_caption = Meesha kaga taalo [[Orlando|Degmada Orange]] iyo gobolka Florida | pushpin_map = USA | pushpin_label_position = left | pushpin_label = Orlando | pushpin_map_caption = Meesha kaga taalo wadanka Maraykanka | latd = 28 | latm = 24 | lats = 57 | latNS = N | longd = 81 | longm = 17 | longs = 56 | longEW = W | coordinates_display = inline,title | coordinates_footnotes = <ref name="GR1">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=April 23, 2011|date=February 12, 2011|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990}}</ref> | subdivision_type = Wadanka | subdivision_name = {{flag|United States|USA}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Gobol]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Florida]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Degmo]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Orlando|Orange]] | established_title = La degay | established_date = Luuliyo 31, 1875 | established_title1 = [[Dowlad|Dowlad Hoose]] | established_date1 = 1885 | government_type = Golaha Duqa Magaalada | leader_title = Duqa-magaalada | leader_name = Buddy Dyer | leader_party = [[Dimuqraadi|D]] | total_type = Dhamaan | unit_pref = US | area_footnotes = <ref name="GR1" /><ref name="ua2010">[http://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/reference/ua/ua_list_all.txt 2010 List of Populations of Urban Areas]. U.S. Census Bureau. census.gov. Accessed 2015-02-22.</ref> | area_total_sq_mi = 110.7 | area_land_sq_mi = 102.4 | area_water_sq_mi = 8.3 | area_urban_sq_mi = 652.64 | elevation_footnotes = <ref name="GR3">{{cite web|url=http://geonames.usgs.gov|accessdate=January 31, 2008|title=US Board on Geographic Names|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|date=October 25, 2007}}</ref> | elevation_ft = 82 | population_footnotes = <ref name="ua2010" /><ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=January 31, 2008|title=American FactFinder}}</ref><ref name="2013 Pop Estimate">{{cite web|title=Population Estimates|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2013/SUB-EST2013-3.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=2014-10-24}}</ref> | population_total = 238,300 | population_rank = [[77|77aad, U.S.]] | population_as_of = 2010 | population_est = 255,483 | pop_est_as_of = 2013 | population_density_sq_mi= 2327.3 | population_demonym = Orlandoan | population_urban = 1,510,516 ([[32|32aad, U.S.]]) | population_metro = 2,267,846 ([[USA|26aad, U.S.]]) | population_blank1_title = [[Maraykanka|CSA]] | population_blank1 = 2,975,658 ([[17|17aad, U.S.]]) | timezone1 = [[Wakhti|Wakhtiga Bari (EST)]] | utc_offset1 = -5 | timezone1_DST = [[UTC|EDT]] | utc_offset1_DST = -4 | postal_code_type = ZIP kode | postal_code = 32801–32899 | area_code = Area kode 321, 407 | website = [http://www.cityoforlando.net/ www.cityoforlando.net] | blank_name = [[Dowlad|FIPS Kode]] | blank_info = 12-53000 | blank1_name = [[USA|Astaanta GNIS]] | blank1_info = 0288240 | footnotes = }} '''Orlando''' ({{IPAc-en|ɔr|ˈ|l|æ|n|d|oʊ}}) waa [[caasimad]] ku taala [[gobol]]ka [[Florida]], ee wadanka [[Maraykanka]]; iyo fadhiga [[dowlad]]ad [[degmo|Degmada Orange]]. Caasimada Orlando waxay dhacdaa [[Florida|badhtamaha gobolka Florida]] taasi oo u suurtogelisay ineey noqoto meel aad u bulsho badan. Sida lagu sheegay tirokoob dowlada dhexe Maraykanku sameeysay [[sanad|sanadkii 2010ka]] waxaa deegaanka Orlando Metropolitan ku dhaqnaa [[dad|shacab]] tiradoodu dhan tahay 2,134,411 qof; taasi oo ka dhigeysa [[deegaan|deegaanka 26aad ee ugu dadka badan]] wadanka Maraykanka, mida [[lix]]aad ee ugu weyn [[USA|Koonfurta Maraykanka]], iyo [[caasimad|caasimada 77aad]] ee ugu balaadhan wadanka, iyo tan shanaad ee ugu weyn gobolka Florida iyo caasimada ugu weyn ee ka fog [[xeeb]]aha gobolka Florida. Caasimada Orlando waxaa lagu naaneysaa "Caasimada Quruxda" waxaana astaan u ah [[har|Harta Eola]]. Sidoo kale waxaa lagu magacaabaa "Caasimada Beeraha Damaashaadka Caalamka", waxaana sanadkii 2014ka oo kali ah soo siyaartey tiro dalxiisayaal ah oo gaadhaya [[milyan|62 milyan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orlandosentinel.com/business/tourism/tourism-central-florida-blog/os-orlando-visitation-record-2014-20150409-post.html |title=Orlando breaks visitation record in 2014 |work=Orlando Sentinel |date=April 9, 2015 | last=Dineen| first=Caitlin| accessdate=April 27, 2015 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718124735/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2013-06-13/business/os-orlando-record-year-20130613_1_visit-orlando-george-aguel-head-count | archivedate=July 18, 2014}}</ref> [[Gego diyaarad|Gegada diyaaradaha Caalamiga Orlando]] (MCO) waa midka sadexiyotobanaad ee ugu mashquulka badan wadanka Maraykanka iyo midka sagaal-iyo-labaatanaad ee ugu shaqada badan caalamka.<ref>[http://www.airports.org/cda/aci_common/display/main/aci_content07_c.jsp?zn=aci&cp=1-5-212-218-224_666_2__ Passenger Traffic for past 12 months ending May 2011] {{Wayback|url=http://www.airports.org/cda/aci_common/display/main/aci_content07_c.jsp?zn=aci&cp=1-5-212-218-224_666_2__ |date=20110812030729 }}. Airports.org. Retrieved August 21, 2011.</ref> Sanadkii 2009 caasimada Orlando waxay noqotey magaalada ugu dalxiiska badan wadanka Maraykanka,<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.forbes.com/2010/04/28/tourism-new-york-lifestyle-travel-las-vegas-cities_slide_11.html | work=Forbes | first=Valaer | last=Murray | title=List: America's Most-Visited Cities}}</ref> taasi oo u noqotey lafdhabar dhaqaalaha koraya ee deegaanka. Meelaha aadka u soo jiitay indhaha dalxiisayaasha waxaa ka mid ah shaneemooyinka Walt Disney World Resort taasi oo leh deegaan balaadhan oo ku dhexyaala farasmagaalka Orlando. [[Jaamacad|Jaamacada Orlando Resort]] oo la furay sanadkii 1999kii ayaa iyadna ka mid ah soo jiidashada dalxiiska. Guud ahaan, si la mid ah dhamaan caasimadaha wadanka Maraykanka caasimada Orlando waxay aad u kortay [[qarni|badhtamihii qarnigii labaatanaad]] (qiyaastii 1980kii), wakhtigaasi oo la horumariyey [[waxbarasho|goobaha waxbarashada]], [[ganacsi]]ga, [[tareen|wadooyinka tareenka]] iyo adeega bulshada. Sanadkii 2010ka waxaa caasimada Orlando loo aqoonsaday ineey tahay "Caasimad Caalami" ah.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html |title=GaWC – The World According to GaWC 2010 |publisher=Lboro.ac.uk |date=September 14, 2011 |accessdate=December 10, 2011 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=Bisha Shanaad 24, 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120524193101/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Orlando waxaa lagu daraa afarta caasimadood ee ugu caansan Caasimadaha Maraykanka, taasi oo lagu saleeynayo nolosha dadka, dhaqaalaha iyo adeega bulshada ee dowlada deegaanka. Sidaasi waxaa lagu ogaaday [[cilmi]]baadhis ay sameeyeen urur madax banaan oo la yidhaahdo "Ururka Cilmibaadhista Bulshooyinka".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1096/community-satisfaction-top-cities |title=For Nearly Half of America, Grass Is Greener Somewhere Else; Denver Tops List of Favorite Cities &#124; Pew Research Center’s Social & Demographic Trends Project |publisher=Pewresearch.org |date= |accessdate=August 2, 2014 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=Bisha Tobnaad 16, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016203123/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1096/community-satisfaction-top-cities |dead-url=yes }}</ref> [[File:Flag_of_Orlando,_Florida.svg|thumb|right|500px|]] =Taariikh= [[File:Lake Lucerne, Orlando, FL.jpg|thumb|left|Harta Lucerne c. 1905]] Ka hor intaanay iman gumeystihii iyo degayaashii reer [[Yurub]] sanadkii 1536, waxaa deegaanka Orlaando ku dhaqnaa [[qabiil|qabiilka Kiriik]] iyo reero kale oo ka mid ah dadka asal ahaan loogu tegay [[Ameerika|qaarada Ameerika]] ee lagu magacaabo [[Hindida Cas]]. Maadaama dadkaasi Hindida Cas wax qorkoodu yaraa, lama hayo akhbaar badan oo ku saabsan taariikhda deegaanada Orlando wixii ka horeeyay [[qarni|qarnigii 15aad]]. Meelaha ugu cajabta badan ee degitaanka magaaladu ka bilaabmey waxaa ka mid ahayd agagaarka harta Lukerne ee maanta ku aadan farasmagaalka Orland. Ka hor intaan loo bixin magaca Orlando waxaa loo yaqaanay ''Jernigan'', kaasi oo asal ahaan ka yimid degayaashii reer Yurub ee ugu hor yimid deegaanka. Waxaa la sheegay in magaalada loogu magac daray nin la odhan jirey Aaron Jernigan, kaasi oo la sheegay inuu [[lo']] ku iibsaday deegaanda ku hareersan Harta Holden.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dickinson|first=Joy Wallace|title=Orlando : city of dreams|url=https://archive.org/details/orlandocityofdre0000joyw|year=2003|publisher=Arcadia Pub.|location=Charleston, SC|isbn=0-7385-2442-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/orlandocityofdre0000joyw/page/21 21]–22}}</ref> Sida lagu xusay warar aan la qorin magaca Orlando waxaa laga keenay [[askari]] la odhan jirey Orlando Reeves kaasi oo dhintey 1835 wakhtigaasi oo dagaal adag oo u dhexeeya Hindida Cas iyo [[Dadka Cad|cadaankii]] isku balaadhinayay dhulkaasi. =Muuqaalka= <gallery> File:Orlando Skyline.jpg|Farasmagaalka Orlando File:Orlando FL cnty crths01.jpg|Orange County Courthouse File:Entrance to Universal Studios Florida.jpg|Entrance to Universal Studios Florida File:Cinderella Castle, Magic Kingdom (May 2, 2011).jpg|Cinderella Castle at Magic Kingdom File:Gatorland, 2012-11-23.jpg|Entrance to Gatorland File:Journey to Atlantis - SeaWorld Orlando.jpg|SeaWorld Orlando File:AmwayCenterFirstGame.jpg|Amway Center File:Orlando Lake Eola02.jpg|Fountain at Lake Eola File:Citrus Bowl Orlando City.jpg|Citrus Bowl File:Orlando Railroad Depot05.jpg|Church Street Station </gallery> =Magaalooyinka Maraykanka= {{Magaalooyinka Maraykanka}} {{Gobolada Maraykanka}} =Tixraac= {{Reflist}} [[Category:Maraykanka]] [[Category:Ameerika]] [[Category:Magaalo]] [[Category:Dad]] 5kks5p0omo9o9y2l0tooxccx295z4xn 0 17454 305784 276479 2026-08-24T17:37:59Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305784 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|41|15|N|96|0|W|display=title}} ::''Kani waa maqaal ku saabsan gobolka Alaska, Maraykanka.'' ::''Boga "[[AK]]" halkan ayaa laga soo toosiyay. {{Infobox Gobol Weyn |Name = Alaska |Fullname = Gobolka Alaska |Flag = Flag of Alaska.svg |image Size = 400px |Flaglink = [[Calan]] |Seal = Seal of the State of Alaska.svg |Former = Deegaanada Alaska |Map = Alaska in United States (US50).svg |Motto = '''Mustaqbalka Waqooyi''' |Nickname = '''''Xuduuda ugu dambeysa''''' |StateAnthem = Alaska's Flag" ''micne:'' "Calanka Alaska |Demonym = [[Dad|Alaskan]] |Capital = [[Juneau, Alaska|Juneau]] |OfficialLang = [[Ingiriis]], [[Luuqad|Inupiaq]], Siberian Yupik, Badhtamaha Alaskan Yup'ik, Alutiiq, Unangan, Dena'ina, Deg Xinag, Holikachuk, Koyukon, Upper Kuskokwim, Gwich'in, Tanana, Upper Tanana, Tanacross, Hän, Ahtna, Eyak, Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.ktoo.org/2014/10/24/forbidden-alaskas-native-languages-now-official-state-languages/ | title=Once forbidden, Alaska's Native languages now official state languages | publisher=KTOO | date=October 24, 2014 | accessdate=October 25, 2014}}</ref> |Languages = [[Ingiriis]] 89.7%<br />Luuqado kale (Eskimo–Aleut iyo Na-Dene languages) 5.2%<br />[[Isbayn|Isbanish]] 2.9% |LargestCity = [[Anchorage, Alaska|Anchorage]] |Governor = Bill Walker (Siyaasi Madaxbanaan) |Lieutenant Governor = Byron Mallott ([[Dimuqraadi|Xisbiga Dimuqraadiga]]) |Legislature = Xeerdajinta Alaska |Upperhouse = Golaha Guurtida Alaska |Lowerhouse = Golaha Wakiilada Alaska |Senators = Lisa Murkowski (Xisbiga Jamhuuriga)<br /> Dan Sullivan (Xisbiga Jamhuuriga) |Representative = Don Young (Jamh) (Ugu badan) |PostalAbbreviation = AK |AreaRank = 1aad |TotalArea = 1,717,856 |TotalAreaUS = 663,268 |LandArea = 1,481,346 |LandAreaUS = 571,951 |WaterArea = 236,507 |WaterAreaUS = 91,316 |PCWater = 13.77 |PopRank = 48aad |2010Pop = 736,732 (2014 qiyaas) |DensityRank = 50aad |2000Density = 0.49 |2000DensityUS = 1.26 |MedianHouseholdIncome = US$64,333 |IncomeRank = 4aad |AdmittanceOrder = 49aad |AdmittanceDate = Janaayo 3, 1959 |TimeZone = [[Alaska Time Zone|Alaska]]: [[Isuduwaha Waqtiga Caalamiga|UTC]] [[Wakhti|-9]]/[[Saacad|-8]] |TZ1Where = Bariga 169° 30' |TimeZone2 = [[USA|Aleutian]]: [[Isuduwaha Waqtiga Caalamiga|UTC]] [[Wakhti|-10]]/[[Saacad|-9]] |TZ2Where = Galbeedka 169° 30' |Latitude = 51°20'N to 71°50'N |Longitude = 130°W to 172°E |Width = 3,639 |WidthUS = 2,261 |Length = 2,285 |LengthUS = 1,420 |HighestPoint = Denali (buurta McKinley)<ref name=USGS>{{cite web|url=http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html|title=Elevations and Distances in the United States|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|year=2001|accessdate=October 21, 2011|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=July 22, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722022527/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |HighestElev = 6190.5 |HighestElevUS = 20,310 |MeanElev = 580 |MeanElevUS = 1900 |LowestPoint = |LowestElev = 0 |LowestElevUS = 0 |ISOCode = US-AK |Website = www.alaska.gov }} '''Alaska''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Alaska.ogg|ə|ˈ|l|æ|s|k|ə}}) waa [[gobol]] dhaca waqooyigalbeed ee cidhifta [[Waqooyiga Ameerika|qaarada Waqooyiga Ameerika]] kaasi oo ka tirsan [[Maraykanka|kontonka gobol ee wadanka Maraykanka]]. Bariga Gobolka Alaska wuxuu xad kala leeyahay wadanka [[Kanada]] deegaanda Yukon iyo [[gobol|gobolka Kanada ee Biritish Kolombiya]]. Dhinaca waqooyiga waxaa ka xiga gobolkan [[Badweynta Araktika]]; iyo [[Badweynta Baasifik]] oo ka xigta galbeedka iyo koonfur. Intaas waxaa dheer wadanka [[Ruushka]] (gaar ahaan "Deegaanda Jukotka Okrug" iyo "Kamjatka Krai") aya ka xiga galbeedka fog. Dhinaca kale, gobolka Alaska waa [[dhul|deegaanka ugu weyn kontonka gobol]] ee Maraykanka, sidoo kale wuxuu [[4|kaalinta afaraad]] kaga jiraa [[dad|liiska gobolada ugu dadka yar]], waxaana ku nool gobolka dad gaadhaya 735,132 qof kuwaasi oo intooda ugu badan ku dhaqan yihiin [[magaalo|magaalada]] [[Anchorage, Alaska|Ankoraje]] iyo nawaaxigeeda. Dhaqaalaha gobolka Alaska waxaa u lafdhabar ah [[shidaal]]ka, gaaska dabiiciga ah, iyo [[wershad]]aha [[kaluun|kaluumeysiga]] kuwaasi oo ah kheyraad aad ugu qani ah deegaanada gobolka Alaska. Waxaa iyadna dhaqaalaha aad u kaba dalxiiska iyo siyaarada joogtada ah ee [[aduun|caalamka]] oo dhan. In kastoo kumanaan sano lagu soo noolaa deegaanda Alaska, hadana dunidu waxay si fiican u baratey gobolka iyo sheekooyinkiisa wixii ka dambeeyay [[qarni|qarnigii 18aad]] goortaasi oo la ogaaday kheyraadka ku keeydsan iyo nolosha ka jirta deegaanada Alaska. Markii ay taariikhdu ahayd Maarso 30, 1867dii ayaa dowlada wadanka [[Maraykanka]] iibsatay gobolka Alaska, taasi oo siisay [[Ruush|boqortooyadii Ruushka]] [[milyan|lacag dhan US$ 7.2 milyan]]. Dhulka Alaska marka lagu qiimeeyo lacagta dowlada Maraykanku ka bixisey waxay noqoneysaa labo senti halkii akre ee dhul ah ($4.74/km²).<ref>{{cite AV media| year =1959| title =Video: 49th Star. Alaska Statehood, New Flag, Official, 1959/01/05 (1959)| url =http://www.archive.org/details/1959-01-05_49th_Star_Alaska_Statehood| publisher =[[Universal Newsreel]]| accessdate =February 20, 2012}}</ref> =Magaca= Magaca "Alaska" (Аляска) waxaa markii ugu horeeysay laga maqley gumeystihii Ruushka, kaasi oo wakhtigaasi gacanta ku hayay maamulka deegaankaasi. Sida ku fasireen [[cilmi|culimada]]-luuqadaha waxaa ereyga Alaska laga keenay luuqada Aleut ooy ku hadlaan dad u dhashay deeganka Alaska, taasi oo micnaheedu yahay ''shey uu hogaaminayo ficilka biyaha badu''.<ref name=Aleut>{{cite book|title=Aleut Dictionary: Unangam Tunudgusii|url=https://archive.org/details/aleutdictionaryu0000berg|author=Bergsland, Knut (ed.)|publisher=Alaska Native Language Center|year=1994|isbn=1-55500-047-9}}, at pp. 49 (Alaxsxi-x = mainland Alaska), 50 (''alagu-x'' = ''sea''), 508 (''-gi'' = suffix, ''object of its action'').</ref><ref name=Bright>{{cite book|title=Native American Placenames in the United States|author=Bright, William|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0806135984}}</ref><ref>Ransom, J. Ellis. 1940. "Derivation of the Word "Alaska", " ''American Anthropologist'' n.s., 42: pp. 550–551</ref> Waxaa sidoo kale la sheegaa ereyga ''Alyeska,'' oo lagu fasiro "dhulkii weynaa", midani waxay ku arooraysaa luuqada Aleut ee dhawaaqa dhow Alaska. =Juquraafiga= [[File:Alaska area compared to conterminous US.svg|thumb|left|Xajmiga iyo baaxada Alaska oo la barbar dhigay qeybo ka mid wadanka Maraykanka intiisa kale]] Deegaanda Alaska waxay leeyihiin [[xeeb]] ka dheer marka la isku daro dhamaan xeebaha gobolada kale dhan ee Maraykanka.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gi.alaska.edu/ScienceForum/ASF14/1404.html |title=Alaska's Size in Perspective |accessdate=November 19, 2007 |author=Benson, Carl |date=September 2, 1998 |publisher=[[Geophysical Institute]], [[University of Alaska Fairbanks]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071125211706/http://www.gi.alaska.edu/ScienceForum/ASF14/1404.html |archivedate=November 25, 2007 |deadurl=yes |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive }}</ref> Alaska waa deeganka kali ah ee leh dhinac walbo xeeb ee ku yaala [[qaarad|qaarada Waqooyiga Ameerika]]; taasi oo ku fadhida dhul baaxadiisu le'eg tahay 663,268 mayl labo laaban (1,717,856 km²). Deegaan ahaan gobolka Alaska wuu ka go'an yahay qaarada Ameerika waloow weli lagu xisaabiyo qaaradaasi. Magalo-madaxda Alaska [[Juneau]] waxay ku taalaa dhul ka tirsan qaarada Ameerika, laakiin ma lahan wado laami ah oo ku xidhiidhisa wadanka itiisa kale, taasi waxa sababay waa fogaanshaha dhulkaasi iyo dad la'aanta. Guud ahaan, gobolka Alaska wuxuu jaar la yahay deegaanka Yukon iyo British Kolombiya ee wadanka [[Kanada]], gacanka Alaska iyo Badweynta Baasifika xaga koonfureed, Bada Bering, Deegaanka Bering iyo Bada Jukji (Chukchi Sea) xata galbeed iyo Badweynta barafleyda ah ee Araktik oo ka xigta waqooyi. Biyaha u hareersan gobolka Alaska waxay gaadhaan biyaha wadanka Ruushka waxayna ku kulmaan Deegaanka Bering iyo Gasiirada Bid Diomede taasi oo noqoneysa kaliya masaafo dhan 3 mayl (4.8 km) Gabi ahaanba gobolka Alaska waa kan ugu weyn wadnka Maraykanka isla markaana leh bulshada ugu yar dhamaan kontonka gobol. Alaska waxay u dhigantaa labo laabka gobolka [[Tegsas]] (Texas) oo ah mida labaad ee ugu balaadhan wadanka. Marka la eego xaga wadanada caalamka, gobolka Alaska wuxuu noqonayaa midka 18aad ee ugu balaadhan caalamka. =Muuqaal= <gallery> File:Grizzly Bear Fishing Brooks Falls.jpg File:Augustine Volcano Jan 12 2006 edited-1.jpg File:Augustine Volcano Jan 12 2006 edited-1.jpg File:Russian Sloop-of-War Neva.jpg File:AlutiiqDancer.jpg File:Miners climb Chilkoot.jpg File:1964 Alaska Quake Kodiak Before and After.jpg File:US troops at the Battle of Attu.jpg File:Prudhoe Bay aerial FWS.jpg File:Alaska Pipeline Closeup Underneath.jpg File:Pacific Halibut Fileting.JPG File:Sitka - St. Michael's Russian Orthodox Cathedral.jpg File:Susitnabridge.JPG File:Alaska Railroad.jpg File:Sterling Highway.jpg [[File:Apple logo grey.svg|thump|left|125px|Abbel Enky.|Dn’tRmvpl.:{{Flag|Germany}}]] </gallery> =Gobolada Maraykanka= {{Magaalooyinka Maraykanka}} {{Gobolada Maraykanka}} [[File:Apple logo grey.svg|thump|left|125px|Abbel Enky.|Dn’tRmvpl.:{{Flag|Germany}}]] =Tixraac= {{Reflist}} [[Category:Maraykanka]] [[Category:Ameerika]] [[Category:Magaalo]] [[Category:Gobol]] [[Category:Dad]] c8az0uuhiy9rnmd7c42q41qonzxkp5n 0 17489 305895 228320 2026-08-24T18:38:54Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305895 wikitext text/x-wiki ::''Kani waa maqaal ku saabsan Liin bambeelmada. Bogag kale fiiri [[Liin Macaan]], [[Liin Dhanaan]], [[Liin Beydariin]] iyo [[Liin Qarboosh]] ::''Boga "[[Bambeelmo]]" halkan ayaa laga soo toosiyay. {{taxobox |name = '''Liin Bambeelmo''' |image = Grapefruit-Whole-&-Split.jpg |image_caption = Midabka liin bambeelmada |regnum = [[Plantae]] |diviso = Angiosperms |classis = Eudicots |ordo = Rosids |subordo = [[Khudaar]] |familia = [[Midho]] |genus = [[Liin]] |species = '''''Liina b''''' |binomial = ''Liin Bambeelmo'' |binomial_authority = Xareed |}} '''Liin Bambeelmo''' ({{lang-en|''grapefruit''}}; {{lang-ar|زنباع}}) waa [[midho]] ka mid ah [[khudaar]]ta gaar ahaan qoyska [[liin]]ta. Midhaha geedka liin bambeelmadu waa mid ka weyn dhamaan noocyada kala duwan ee liinta, waxayna leedahay [[biyo|biyo badan]] oo [[dhanaan]] iyo [[macaan]] iskugu jira. Liin bambeelmadu waa [[geed|geed la isku talaalay]] oo markii ugu horeeysay si shil ah la iskugu talaalay [[liin macaan]] iyo geedka Bomelo ee laga helo [[Aasiya|koonfurbari Aasiya]]. [[Gasiirad|Gasiirada Barbados]] ee [[Kaariibiyaan]]ka ayaa si lama filaan ah nin [[beer]]oole ahi iskugu talaalay geedka liin macaanta iyo bomela halkaasi ooy ka soo baxdey liin bambeelmadu.<ref name="Carrington & Fraser">{{cite book |last1=Carrington |first1=Sean |last2=Fraser |first2=HenryC |title=A~Z of Barbados Heritage |url=https://archive.org/details/azofbarbadosheri0000unse |accessdate=6 April 2010 |edition= |series= |volume= |year=2003 |origyear= |publisher=Macmillan Caribbean |location= |isbn=0-333-92068-6 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/azofbarbadosheri0000unse/page/90 90]–91 |chapter=Grapefruit |quote=One of many citrus species grown in Barbados. This fruit is believed to have originated in Barbados as a natural cross between sweet orange (''C. sinesis'') and Shaddock (''C. grandis''), both of which were introduced from Asia in the seventeenth century. The grapefruit first appeared as an illustration entitled 'The Forbidden Fruit Tree' in the Rev. Griffith Hughes' ''The Natural History of Barbados'' (1750). This accords with the scientific name which literally is 'citrus of paradise'. The fruit was obviously fairly common around that time since George Washington in his Barbados Journal (1750-1751) mentions 'the Forbidden Fruit' as one of the local fruit available at a dinner party he attended. The plant was later described in the 1837 ''Flora of Jamaica'' as the Barbados Grapefruit. The historical arguments and experimental work on leaf enzymes and oils from possible parents all support a Barbadian origin for the fruit.}}</ref> Markii ugu horeeysay ee la arkey waxa ka soo baxay talaalkaasi waxaa loo bixiyey "khudaartii la xaaraantinimeeyay" (forbidden fruit);<ref name="Forbidden_Fruit">{{cite book |author=Dowling, Curtis F.; [[Julia Morton|Morton, Julia Frances]] |title=Fruits of warm climates |publisher=J. F. Morton |location=[[Miami, FL]] |year=1987 |isbn=0-9610184-1-0 |oclc= 16947184 |url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/grapefruit.html }}</ref> waxaana loo fahmey ineey tahay bomelo sumoowday.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Li|first=Xiaomeng|author2=Xie R. |author3=Lu Z. |author4=Zhou Z. |title=The Origin of Cultivated Citrus as Inferred from Internal Transcribed Spacer and Chloroplast DNA Sequence and Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Fingerprints|journal=Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science|date=July 2010|volume=135|issue=4|page=341|url=http://journal.ashspublications.org/content/135/4/341.full|accessdate=27 February 2013}}</ref> Wadanka [[Soomaaliya]] waxaa aad uga baxa liin bambeelmada. Gobolada koonfurta waxay aad ugu caan yihiin beeraha liin bambeelmada iyo [[muus]]ka oo labadoodaba loo dhoofiyo caalamka. =Sharaxaad= [[File:Grapefruit.ebola.jpeg|thumb|left|upright|Midhaha iyo geedka liin bambeelmada]] Geedka liin bambeelmadu markuu si fiian u koro wuxuu gaadhaa dherer dhan 5–6 meter (16–20 fiit), in kastoo kuwa ugu dhaadheeri gaadhaan ilaa 13–15 m (43–49 ft). Intaas waxaa dheer, [[caleen|caleemaha]] geedkani waa kuwo waligood-[[cagaar]] ah, balbalaadhan oo dhumucdoodu le'eg tahay 15 sentimeter (5.9 inji). Markuu geedku gaadho qaangaadh wuxuu bixiyaa [[ubax]] 5 senitmitir (2 inji) baladhkiisu dhan yahay. Midhaha liin bambeelmadu waa mid leh [[midab]] [[huruud]]-oranji ah, waxayna u sameeysan tahay qaab wareegsan oo sida [[goobo|goobada]] oo kale ah midaasi oo dhumucdeedu tahay 10–15 cm (3.9–5.9 in). Midhaha liin bambeelmada waxay leedahay hilib furfuran oo leh midababo kala duwan midaasi oo ku xidhan meesha laga qodo, [[cimilo|cimilada]] iyo [[nafaqo|nafaqada carada]]; waxaana midabada ugu badan [[cadaan]], buni (pink) iyo [[casaan]]. Sidoo kale liin bambeelmadu waxay leedahay asiidh badan, iyo [[fiitamiin]]-Sii badan, iyo [[dhadhan]] [[macaan]] ah.<ref name="txsweet">[http://www.texasweet.com/About-Texas-Citrus/Texas-Grapefruit-History Texas grapefruit history] {{Wayback|url=http://www.texasweet.com/About-Texas-Citrus/Texas-Grapefruit-History |date=20101128162502 }}, TexaSweet. Retrieved 2 July 2008.</ref> =Taariikh= Taariikh ahaan liin bambeelmadu waxay ka soo jeedaa ama waalid u ah [[liin macaan]]ta iyo geedka bomelo oo labadooduba asal ahaan ka soo jeedaa [[Aasiya|gobolada koonfurbari ee qaarada Aasiya]]. Geedaha liin qarbooshta waxaa markii ugu horeeysay ka bixi jirtey deegaanada cimilada kulul ee wadanka [[Ciraaq]] iyo [[Iiraan]], waxaana la dhaqan jirey geedkan tan ilaa [[Baabiyloon|ilbaxnimadii Baabiyloon]]<ref name=TBS>{{cite news|last=Raichlen|first=Steven|title=Small citruses yield tart juice, aromatic oils, big, fresh taste|url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1992-08-02/features/1992215249_1_persian-limes-key-limes-lime-pie|accessdate=30 March 2012|newspaper=[[The Baltimore Sun]]|date=August 2, 1992|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=2014-01-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113001650/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1992-08-02/features/1992215249_1_persian-limes-key-limes-lime-pie|dead-url=yes}}</ref> taasi oo hada laga joogo dhowr kun oo sano.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1644345/pdf/procrsmed00351-0055.pdf|title=State of knowledge about scurvy|publisher=Section of the History of Medicine, publisher not shown|date=3 February 1971}}</ref> Geedaha liin qarbooshta waxaa markii ugu horeeysay ka bixi jirtey deegaanada cimilada kulul ee wadanka [[Ciraaq]] iyo [[Iiraan]], waxaana la dhaqan jirey geedkan tan ilaa [[Baabiyloon|ilbaxnimadii Baabiyloon]]<ref name=TBS>{{cite news|last=Raichlen|first=Steven|title=Small citruses yield tart juice, aromatic oils, big, fresh taste|url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1992-08-02/features/1992215249_1_persian-limes-key-limes-lime-pie|accessdate=30 March 2012|newspaper=[[The Baltimore Sun]]|date=August 2, 1992}}</ref> taasi oo hada laga joogo dhowr kun oo sano.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1644345/pdf/procrsmed00351-0055.pdf|title=State of knowledge about scurvy|publisher=Section of the History of Medicine, publisher not shown|date=3 February 1971}}</ref> Dhamaan noocyada liintu waxay ka soo tafiirmeen geedka "genus" ee [[Saynis]] ahaan loo yaqaano ''Sitrus''. Taasi micnaheedu waa in dhamaan noocyada kale (sida [[Liin Dhanaan]]ta, [[Liin Qarboosh]]ta iyo [[Liin Bambeelmo|Liin Bambeelmada]]) ka soo tafiirmeen geedka Jenus ee liin macaanka.<ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Superspecies |url=http://www.scientific-web.com/en/Biology/Taxonomy/Superspecies.html |access-date=2015-09-19 |archive-date=2012-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101111210/http://www.scientific-web.com/en/Biology/Taxonomy/Superspecies.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> [[File:Yellow Oranges and Green Tangerines (橙黃橘綠) by Zhao Lingrang (趙令穰).jpg|thumb|upright|Sida ka muuqata [[sawir]] wakhti hore ah geedka iyo midhaha liinta]] Sida lagu xusay taariikhda geedka liinta waxaa markii ugu horeeysay lagu isticmali jirey [[Shiinaha|koonfurta wadanka Shiinaha]] oo la aaminsan yahay ineey tahay meesha ay asal ahaan ka timidey, iyo deegaano ka mid ah [[Aasiya|wadanada Koonfurbari Aasiya]]. Waxaa [[beer]]ashada geedka la [[dad]]ku bilaabeen ilaa [[C.H|2500 sano C.H]] (Ciise Hortii).<ref>Webber, Herbert John (1967–1989). [http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160523072403/http://websites.lib.ucr.edu/agnic/webber/Vol1/Chapter1.htm Chapter I. History and Development of the Citrus Industry] in ''ORIGIN OF CITRUS'', Vol. 1. University of California</ref> Dhinaca [[Yurub|qaarada Yurub]] waxaa la sheegay in nooc [[liin dhanaan]]ta ah lagu isticmaali jirey wadanka [[Talyaaniga]] taasi ooy ka sameeyn jireen [[daawo]]oyinka iyo walaxaha la isku dhayo. Waxay liintu aad ugu fiday qeybaha kale ee qaarada Yurub qiyaastii qarnigii 16aad, wakhtigaasi oo beerashada liintu aad u koobnayd. [[File:OUDRY Orange Tree.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Sawir]] geedka liinta sanadkii 1740]] Waxaa [[Ameerika|qaaradaha Ameerika]] soo gaadhsiiyay liinta sahamiyayaashii [[Isbayn|boqortooyada Isbayn]]. [[Kiristofer Kolumbus]] ayaa la aaminsan yahay inuu geedka liinta ka beeray agagaarka deegaanka loo yaqaano Hispaniola.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sauls |first=Julian W. |title=HOME FRUIT PRODUCTION-ORANGES |url=http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/citrus/oranges.htm |publisher=The Texas A&M University System |accessdate=30 November 2012 |date=December 1998}}</ref> =Muuqaalka= <gallery> File:Citrus paradisi (Grapefruit, pink) white bg.jpg|Liin bambeelmo la kala jaray File:Owoce Grejpfrut.jpg|Liin bambeelmo File:Forbidden Fruit Tree.jpg|sanadkii 1750 wakhtiyadii geedka loo yaqaanay "khudaaa xaaranta" ah File:Caligrapefruit.jpg|Liin bambeelmo midab caadaan ah leh File:Starr 071024-0114 Citrus x paradisi.jpg|Liin bambeelmo baxaysa File:Pink Grapefruit 2011-1.jpg|Liin bambeelmo buni ah File:Citrus paradisi Indian grape fruit at Kakinada.JPG|Liin bambeelmo qeyb laga dhilay </gallery> =Qoraalo La Xidhiidha= {{Cunto}} =Tixraac= {{Reflist}} [[Category:Caafimaad]] [[Category:Cunto]] [[Category:Dhir]] [[Category:Geed]] [[Category:Midho]] [[Category:Dad]] {{Commons|Citrus × paradisi}} 7uz9771hzhnqin41rwcgrpqireoxo3b 0 17500 305783 257337 2026-08-24T17:37:22Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305783 wikitext text/x-wiki ::''Kani waa maqaal ku saabsan geedka iyo midhaha dabacasaha. ::''Boga "[[Beytaraaf]]" halkan ayaa laga soo toosiyay. {{taxobox |name = '''Dabacase''' |image = Beets-Bundle.jpg |image_caption = Geedka iyo midhaha dabacase |regnum = [[Plantae]] |diviso = Taproot |classis = Beets |ordo = B. vulgaris |subordo = [[Khudaar]] |familia = [[Midho|Salka bax]] |genus = kuusaney |species = '''''Beytaraaf''''' |binomial = ''Dabacase'' |binomial_authority = |}} '''Dabocase''' ({{lang-en|''beetroot'', ''beets''}}; {{lang-ar|شمندر}}) (sidoo kale [[Soomaaliya|Waqooyiga Soomaaliya]] looga yaqaano "''beytaraaf''") waa [[geed]] ka baxa [[midho|midhaha]] [[xidido|xididada]] ku yaala [[caro|carada]] hoosteeda. [[Saynis]] ahaan waxaa geedka loo yaqaanaa kooxda ''B. vulgaris'' ama ''vulgaris''.<ref name=MMPND>{{Cite web |title=Sorting Beta names |url=http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Beta.html |work=Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database |publisher=The University of Melbourne |accessdate=2013-04-15 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6Fu9TOBWl?url=http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Beta.html |archivedate=2013-04-15 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |dead-url=no }}</ref> Geedka beytaraafku waa mid gaaban oo dhulka oogadiisa kor uga kaca wax ka yar hal dhudhun. Wuxuu geedku dhalaa midho ku xidhan xidadiis kuwaasi oo u sameeysan qaab wareegsan ama u dhow [[goobo|goobada]]. Midhaha beytaraafka waxaa loo isticmaalaa [[cunto]] ahaa, waloow uu yahay nooca la kariyo. Sidoo kale waa loo isticmaalaa in lagu [[midab]]eeyo cuntada asaga oo leh midab [[casaan]] jaamud ah. Waxaa dabacasaha loo isticmaalaa [[daawo]] ahaan kaasi oo laga sameeyo walxo ku jira daawada. Waxaa jira noocyo kale oo ka tafiirmay geedka baytaraafka kuwaasi oo qaarkood sida ''beta vulgaris'' leeyahay [[sonkor]] macaan. =Isticmaalka= ==Cunto== [[File:Rote Bete eine Haelfte.jpg|thumb|Midhaha beytaraafka oo la saafay (kala jaray)]] Xididada buuran ee geedka dabocasaha waa mid la cano ka dib marka la kariyo, ama la dubo ama la kululeeyo, kaasi oo sida caadiga ah lagu darsado khudaarta [[saladh]]ka. Dabacasaha ganacsiga loogu talo galay waa la sii badh kariyaa si uu u yeesho cimri dheer isla markaana laaga hortago in uu dib u biqlo ama xidido soo saaro. Waxaa inta ugu badan loo iibshaa asagoo cayriin ah, laakiin mararka qaar waxaa jira dabacase la soo kariyay oo ku xidhan qasaacad ama dhalooyin. Inta ugu badan [[Afrika|wadanada qaarada Afrika]] waxay isticmaalaan baytaraaf cayrin ah kaasi oo ka kariyo, jarjaro, xawaash iyo [[liin dhanaan]] lagu daro inta ugu badan la raaciyo [[saladh]]ka ama kaligiis lagu darsado noocyada kala duwan ee cuntada. Dabacasaha cas ayaa ugu caansan uguna soo saaris badan dhamaan noocyada beytaraafka. Laakiin waxaa jira tiro kooban oo dabacase huruud ah oo loo beero isticmaalka xaafadaha oo kaliya.<ref>Grubben, G.J.H. & Denton, O.A. (2004) Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 2. Vegetables. PROTA Foundation, Wageningen; Backhuys, Leiden; CTA, Wageningen.</ref> Caleemaha cagaaran ee geedka dabacasuhu waa kuwo balbalaadhan oo deegaanada qaar xataa ayaga la cuno. Waxaa caleemahaasi lagu kululeeyaa biyo ama uumi ka dib la jarjaraa oo lagu daraa noocyo kale oo khudaar ah ama kaligood la cunaa. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa jira dabacase la shiido oo sidi cabitaanka loo diyaariyo, kaasi oo lagu daro tiroyar oo biyo ah.<ref>{{cite book |title=Colorants |url=https://archive.org/details/colorants0000fran |last=Francis |first=F.J. |year=1999 |publisher=Egan Press |isbn=1-891127-00-4}}</ref> Sidoo kale midabeeyaha Betanin, ee laga soo saaro xididada geedka dabacasaha waxaa [[wershad]]uhu u isticmaalaan ineey ka sameeyaan [[midab]]eeye lagu daro noocyada kala duwan ee cuntada. Tusaale ahaan midabka tamaandhada shiidan (tomato paste) waxaa ku jira midabeeyaha dabacasaha. Si taasi la mid ah ayaa [[suugo|suugada diyaarka]] ah, cuntooyinka moorka ah, jaamka, jeliga, jukulaatada, nacnaca iyo firileyda lagu quraacdo loogu soo daraa in badan oo midabeeye dabocase ah.<ref>{{cite book |title=[[Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World]] |isbn=0375508260 |lccn=2002023707 |edition=1st U.S. |location=New York |publisher=[[Random House]] |year=2002 |origyear=2001 |chapter=We are the League of the People |page=[https://archive.org/details/paris1919sixmont00macm/page/60 60] |authorlink=Margaret MacMillan |first=Margaret Olwen |last=MacMillan |quote=Relief workers invented names for things they had never seen before, such as the mangelwurzel disease, which afflicted those who lived solely on beets.}}</ref> ==Isticmaalo Kale== Betanin laga soo saaro xididada geedka dabacasaha, ayaa weshaduhu u isticmaalaan midabeeye [[casaan]] ah oo lagu daro noocyada kala duwan ee cuntada. Cuntooyinka lagu qurxiyo ama midabeeyo midabka midhaha geedka dabacasaha waxaa ka mid ah: tamaandhada shiidan (tomato paste) waxaa ku jira midabeeyaha dabacasaha. Si taasi la mid ah ayaa [[suugo|suugada diyaarka]] ah, cuntooyinka moorka ah, jaamka, jeliga, jukulaatada, nacnaca iyo firileyda lagu quraacdo ==Isticmaalka Taariikhi== Wakhtiyadii hore waxaa xididada iyo caleenta geedka dabacasaha loo isticmaali jiray [[daawo]] ahaa, ayadoo lagu daawayn jirey xanuunada ay ka midka yihiin [[calool]]xanuunka iyo [[dhiig]]-waskhoowga. Ilaa maanta waxaa jira deegaano badan oo daawo ahaan u isticmaala geedka dabacasaha. Midhaha dabacasaha iyo [[toon]] ayaa la isku burburiyaa ka dib la siiyaa qofka xanuusanaya si uu uga qaado xanuunada hergabka, sanboorka, madax-xanuunka iyo wixi la mid ah. =Muuqaalka= <gallery perrow=" " widths="208" heights="208" caption="Beetroot as food "> File:Borscht served.jpg|Dabacase lagu daray suugo File:Uncommon beetroot colours.jpg|Noocyo kala duwan oo dabacase ah File:Salad of grated beet and apple C IMG 4352.JPG|Saladh lagu daray dabacase File:Christmas foods (5300034752).jpg|Dabacase la qurxiyay oo bisil File:Rote Beete - sauer eingelegt (8987-89).jpg|Dabocase la jarjaray File:Chrain3.jpg|Dabacase la ridqay File:Beet juice-01.jpg|Cabitaanka dabacasaha File:Beta_vulgaris_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-167.jpg|geedka, laamaha iyo xididada dabacasaha </gallery> =Qoaalo La Xidhiidha= Dhibaatada Caafimaad uu leeyahay Geedka Beyturaafka {{Cunto}} =Tixraac= {{Reflist}} [[Category:Caafimaad]] [[Category:Cunto]] [[Category:Dhir]] [[Category:Geed]] [[Category:Midho]] [[Category:Dad]] {{commons|Beetroot}} p9khlgcbeqat63tcmfzin5syrcecukt 0 17504 305838 256980 2026-08-24T18:10:17Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 5 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305838 wikitext text/x-wiki ::''Kani waa maqaal ku saabsan Curiyaha kimiko. Maqaal kale fiiri [[Curiye]] {{Infobox |data1 = [[File:Periodic table (polyatomic).svg|x200px]] |data2 = [[File:Hydrogen discharge tube.jpg|x50px|left]][[File:Barium unter Argon Schutzgas Atmosphäre.jpg|x100px|right]] |data3 = [[File:Copper.jpg|x100px|left]][[File:HEUraniumC.jpg|x100px|right]] |data4 = [[File:Bromine vial in acrylic cube.jpg|x100px|left]][[File:HeTube.jpg|x100px|right]] |data5 = Kor: [[Jadwalka Curiyayaasha]] ee ku jiraan dhamaan curiyayaasha kimiko.<br/>Hoos: tusaale falal kimiko. Ka so biloow bidix ila midig: [[haydarojiin]], [[baariyaam]], [[kober]], [[yuraaniyaam]], [[boromiin]], iyo [[hiliyaam]]. }} '''Curiye kimiko''' ({{lang-en|chemical element}}; {{lang-ar|عنصر كيميائي}}) waa [[macdan]], kimiko [[adke]], [[hawo]] ama [[dareere]] ah kuwaas oo laga helo meelo kala duwan oo [[dhul]]ka ah. Sida la ogyahay, ilaa hada waxaa jira [[118 Curiye]], kuwaas oo ku xusan miiska [[Diwaanka Curiye]]. Intaas waxaa dheer, ayadoo lagu saleeynayo calaamadaha iyo dhaqanka curiye ayaa wuxuu u kala baxaa qeeybo badan oo, guud ahaan, soo hoosgala [[Bir]] (metal) 91 curiye, [[Bir la Mood]] (metalloid) 6 curiye, [[Bir Ma Ahe]] (nonmetal) 17 curiye, iyo [[Neef]]o. = Qeexida Curiye = Sida caadiga ah, curiye waa walax kimiko oo ka samaysan [[atom]] taas oo lagu kala saaro [[tiro|tirada atomic]]<ref name="Greenwood">Greenwood, pp. 24–27</ref> ee bu'diisa ku jirta - tirada borotoono ee bu'da atom. Guud ahaan, waxaa curiyaha loo qeybiyaa sadex nooc: [[Bir]], [[Bir la Mood]] iyo [[Bir Ma Ahe]]. Tusaale fiican waxaa ah, [[Ogsajiin]]ta iyo [[Nitrojiin]]ta (Bir Ma Ahe), [[Silikoon]]ta iyo [[Aarsenik]] (Bir La Mood), iyo [[Aayron]]ta, [[Naxaas]]ta, [[Dahab]]ka iyo [[Kober]]ta oo ah bir. Curiyaha kimiko waxaa ugu miisaan fudud [[Haydarojiin]]ta oo leh tiro atomic 1 iyo tan ku xigta [[Hiliyaam]]ta oo leh tiro atomic 2. Sidoo kale, labadan curiye waa kuwa ugu badan [[Koon]]ka; halka [[Aayron]] iyo [[Ogsajiin]]tu ay yihiin labada ugu badan qaab-dhismeedka [[qolof dhul|qolofta dhulka]]. Inkastoo [[macdan]]ta iyo [[isku dhis]]yada curiyaha qaarkood [[dad]]ku aqoon u lahaayeen tan iyo [[qarni|10,000 sano]] ka hor, inta u badan curiyayaasha waxaa la helay dhamaadkii [[qarni|qarnigii 19aad]] iyo [[qarni|qarnigii 20aad]].<ref>Gray, p. 6</ref> == Tirada Atomikga Curiye == Tirada Atomikga ee curiye waxay la mid tahay tirada borotoonis ee ku jirta bu'da curiyahaas, isla markaana waa tan qeexda astaamaha [[falgal]]ka ee curiyahaas. Tusaale ahaan, dhamaan [[atom]]yada [[Kaarboon]]tu waxay ka kooban yihiin 6 borotoonis (protons) taas oo macnaheedu yahay tirada atomikga ee Kaarboon waa 6. Dhinaca kale, atomyada Kaarboontu waxaa laga yaabaa ineey leeyihiin tiro nuyuutroono (neutron) kala duwan; marka atomka curiye isku mid ah kaas oo leh tiro nuyuutroono kala duwan waxaa lagu magacaabaa [[isotope]]ka curiye. Tirada borotoono ee ku jirta bu'da (nucleus) atomika curiye waxaa lagu ogaan karaa saxarada koronto (electric charge) taas oo ku xidhn tirada elektaroono ee atomkaasi. Sidoo kale, elektaroonadu waxay ku wareegaan bu'da atomka ayagoo sheega astaamaha iyo dhaqanka curiyahaas. Tirada nuyuutroono ee caloosha atomka ku dhex jirta inta badan saamayn kuma laha dhaqanka curiye. Calaamada astaanta u ah tirada atomika ee atom waa [[halbeeg]]a '''Z'''. == Miisaanka & Cufka Atomikga Curiye == Tirada [[cuf]]ka ee curiye, calaamada [[halbeeg]]a u ah waa '''A''', waa tirada Nukliyuusta (nukliyuustu waa tirada borotoonada iyo nuyuutroonada) ee ku dhex jirta bu'da atomik<ref>{{cite journal|title=Langmuir's theory of the arrangement of electrons in atoms and molecules|journal=J. Amer. Chem. Soc. |volume=43|doi=10.1021/ja01440a023|pages=1602–1609|year=1921|author=Bury, C. R. |issue=7}}</ref>. Isotopeyo kala duwan oo curiye isku mid ah waxaa lagu kala saaraa ama soocaa tirada cufka ee atomka, taas oo lagu qoro bidixda astaanta curiye (e.g ²⁷⁶C). Tusaale fiican waxaan u soo qaadan karnaa curiyaha [[Magniisiyaam]] tirada cufkiisu waa 24, marka waxaan u qoraynaa Magniisiyaam-24, taas oo u dhiganta 12 borotoon iyo 12 elektaroon. Halka [[cuf|tirada cufku]] ka tahay tirada nuyuutroono iyo elektaroono ee atom, cufka atomikgu waa tirada saxda ah ee cufka isotope gaar ah ee curiye. Calaamada [[halbeeg]]a u ah cufka atomik waa '''u'''. == Isotopes == Dhinaca kale, [[isotope]] waa atomyo ka tirsan hal curiye kuwaas oo leh tiro borotoono isku mid ah, laakiin tirada nuyuutroonadu kala duwan yihiin. In ka badan 66 ka mid ah 96ka curiye si dabiici ah loo helo, waxay leeyihiin in ka badan hal isotope dagan. Tusaale ahaan, curiyaha Kaarboon wuxuu leeyahay 3 isotope oo kala duwan. Hadaba tirada borotoono ee Kaarboontu waa isku mid, dhamaantood waa 6, laakiin waxay kala leeyihiin 6, 7, iyo 8 nuyuutroon. Maadaama tirada cufka ee kaarboon tahay 12, 13 iyo 14 gebi ahaan waxaa inoo soo bixi sadex isotope oo kala ah kaarbon-12 oo loo qoro ¹²C, kaarboon-13 ¹³C, iyo kaarboon-14 ¹⁴C. Kaarboonta ku jirta nolosha maalin kasta waa iskujir ¹²C, ¹³C, iyo ¹⁴C. Guud ahaan, curiyeyaasha inta u badan waxay leeyihiin isotopeyo radioactive ah, kuwaas oo in badani loo helo si dabiici ah, kuwo kalena lagu diyaariyo laabka (laboratory). Isotopeyada radioactive ah waa kuwo aan fadhiyin (unstable isotopes), laakiin haddii isotopeka atom aanu ahayn radioactive waxaa loo yaqaanaa ''isotope degan'' (stable isotope). Dhamaan isotopeyada degani waa kuwo dabiici ah. = Shaxda Diiwaanka Curiye = Qaab-dhismeedka miiska [[Diiwaanka Curiye]] waa shax ka kooban 18 saf, [[Guruub]]yo, kuwaas oo kor ka imanaya ilaa hoos iyo 7 saf, [[Heerka]], kuwaas oo ka bilaabma midig ilaa bidix, iyo labo saf oo ka hooseeya. Sidoo kale, miiska jadwalka diiwaanka curiye waxaa loo kala jabin karaa afar afar-gees oo kala ah: [[s-block]] oo dhinaca bidix xiga, [[p-block]] oo dhanka midig xiga, [[d-block]] oo dhexda ku jira, iyo [[f-block]] oo ka hooseeya dhamaantoodba. Qaybaha khaanadaha safafka midig ilaa bidix waxaa loo yaqaanaa ''heerka'' (period), sida [[Heerka 1 ee curiye|heerka 1aad]], halka safafka khaanadaha kor ka imanaya loo yaqaano ''[[guruub]]'' (group) kuwaas oo qaarkood magacyo leeyihiin sida [[Biniktojiin]] ([[Pnictogen]]s) oo ah [[guruubka 15]]aad, [[Jaalkojiin]] (chalcogen) oo ah [[guruubka 16]]aad,[[Halogen]]s [[guruubka 17]]aad iyo [[Neefta Gobta]] (noble gas) [[guruubka 18]]aad. Dhamaan curiyaha ka soo biloow mida [[koow]]aad ee [[Haydarojiin]] oo leh tiro atomic 1 ilaa laga gaadho curiyaha 118 [[Ununoktiyaam]] waxaa la helay [[wakhti]]yo kala duwan iyo meelo kala duwan; ayadoo curiyaha 113, 115, 117 iyo 118 aan wali la xaqiijinin. In kastoo qaarkood la arko qadar iyo tiro aad u yar, 98ka curiye ee ugu horeeya jadwalka [[Diwaanka Curiye]] ayaa ah kuwo si dabiici ah looga helo [[qolof dhul|oogada]] [[dhul]]ka. {{Jadwalka Curiyayaasha}} = Qeybaha Diiwaanka Curiye = Ayadoo la tix-raacayo naqshad uu sameeyay [[saynis]]yahan [[Ruush]] ahaa oo la odhan jirey '''Dmitri Mendeleev''' (1869), ayaa guud ahaan curiyeha waxaa loo qeeybiyaa [[toban]]-iyo-[[sideed]] (18) Juffo<ref>{{cite journal |last=Koppenol |first=W. H. |title=Naming of New Elements (IUPAC Recommendations 2002) |journal=Pure and Applied Chemistry |year=2002 |volume=74 |issue=5 |pages=787–791 |url=http://media.iupac.org/publications/pac/2002/pdf/7405x0787.pdf |format=PDF |doi=10.1351/pac200274050787}}</ref>, kuwaas waxaa ugu caansan: == Bir (Metal) == [[Bir]] (Metal) waa shey [[adke]] ah ([[curiye]], [[Isku dhis]] iyo [[Jaandi]]) taas oo iftiimaysa, [[jidh]] adag leh, isla markaana aad ugu wanaagsan gudbinta [[dab]]ka iyo [[kul]]ka. Birtu waa [[curiye]] kimiko kuwaas oo leh calaamado iyo astaamo ka duwan kuwa [[Bir Ma ahe]] iyo [[Bir La Mood]]kaba. Birtu waa shey marka la garaaco la qaloocin karo ayadoon kala jabayn, la dhalaalin karo, isla markaana la dhuubi karo ama wax dhuuban laga dhigi karo. [[Curiye|91 curiye]] oo ka mid ah [[118 Curiye|118da curiye]] ee jadwalka [[Diwaanka Curiye]] waa bir. 27ka kale ayaa u kala baxa [[neef]], [[bir ma ahe]], [[bir la mood]] iyo qeybaha kale ee Diwaanka Curiye.<ref>Gray, p. 6</ref> Si ka duwan [[cilmi]]ga [[Kemistari]]ga, micnaha ereyga bir waa ku kala duwan yahay qeybaha [[aqoon]]ta. Tusaale ahaan, aqoonyahana xidigaha ee [[Cilmi Falag]]u waxay ereyga bir u isticmaalaan dhamaan curiyayaasha marka laga reebo [[Haydarojiin]] ([[H]]) iyo [[Hiliyaam]]ta ([[He]]) kuwaas oo ah walxaha ugu badan [[Xidig]]aha muuqda ee [[Koon]]ka. Dhinaca kale, curiyeyaal badan iyo [[isku dhis]]yo badan ayaa noqda bir marka [[kul]]eyl badan lagu shido, kuwaas waxaa loo yaqaanaa ''Sheyada Birta ee ka Samaysmay Bir Ma ahe''.<ref name="emsley">{{cite book|last=Emsley|first=John|title=Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements|url=https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl_b1k4|edition=New|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-19-960563-7}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ Curiyaha Birta ah |- ! ! colspan="2"| |- ! Magaca ! Sawir |- | [[Titaaniyaam]] ||[[File:Titan-crystal bar.JPG|25px]] |- | [[Aayron]] || [[File:Iron electrolytic and 1cm3 cube.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Naxaas]] || [[File:NatCopper.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Sinki]] || [[File:Zinc fragment sublimed and 1cm3 cube.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Dahab]] || [[File:Gold-crystals.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Alumiiniyaam]] || [[File:Aluminium-4.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Nikel]] || [[File:Nickel chunk.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Iskaandhiyaam]] || [[File:Scandium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Kobalti]] || [[File:Kobalt_electrolytic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Roodhiyaam]] || [[File:Rhodium_powder_pressed_melted.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Manganiis]] || [[File:Mangan_1-crop.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Gaaliyaam]] || [[File:Gallium_crystals.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Tin]] || [[File:Sn-Alpha-Beta.jpg|25px]] |} === Birta Ku Meelgaadhka (Transitional Metals) === Marka lagu gudo jiro [[cilmi]]ga [[Kimisteri]]ga, [[Transitional Metal]]sku (ama [[Birta Ku Meelgaadhka]] ah) waxay leeyihiin labo macno: * Qeexida waafaqsan (IUPAC)<ref>{{GoldBookRef|file=T06456|title=transition element}}</ref> waxay ku sheegtay in transitional metal ay yihiin [[curiye]] kimiko kuwaas oo qolofka elektaroonadoodu aanu dhamaystirneyn ama kuwo leh atom qolofka bu'diisu leedahay elektaroono kala dhantaalan<ref>{{cite journal|title=Langmuir's theory of the arrangement of electrons in atoms and molecules|journal=J. Amer. Chem. Soc. |volume=43|doi=10.1021/ja01440a023|pages=1602–1609|year=1921|author=Bury, C. R. |issue=7}}</ref>. * Mida labaad waa in [[saynis]]yahanadu ku sheegeen transitional metalsku yihiin [[bir]] kasta oo ku jirta guruubka [[d-block]] ee [[Diwaanka Curiye]] kuwaas oo ka bilaabma [[Guruubka 3]]aad ilaa laga gaadho [[Guruubka 12]]aad<ref name=Jensen/>. Guruubka [[d-block]] tirada [[atom]]ka curiyuhu waxay u dhaxeysaa 1 ilaa 10 elektaroono ''d'' ah<ref>Petrucci, R. H. ''et al.'' (2002), “General Chemistry”, 8th edn, Prentice-Hall, pp. 49–50, 951</ref><ref>Miessler, G. L. and Tarr, D. A. (1999) “Inorganic Chemistry”, 2nd edn, Prentice-Hall, p. 16</ref>. {| border="1" align="center" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 1em; background: #ffe; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |- ![[Guruubka 3|Guruubyada]] !style="background-color:red" |[[Guruubka 3|3]] ![[Guruubka 4|4]] ![[Guruubka 5|5]] ![[Guruubka 6|6]] ![[Guruubka 7|7]] ![[Guruubka 8|8]] ![[Guruubka 9|9]] ![[Guruubka 10|10]] ![[Guruubka 11|11]] ![[Guruubka 12|12]] |- ![[Heerka 4 ee curiye|Heerka 4aad]] |[[Iskaandhiyaam|Sc]] 21 |[[Titaaniyaam|Ti]] 22 |[[Fandhiyaam|V]] 23 |[[Koroomiyaam|Cr]] 24 |[[Manganese|Mn]] 25 |[[Aayron|Fe]] 26 |[[Kobalti|Co]] 27 |[[Nikel|Ni]] 28 |[[Kober|Cu]] 29 |[[Sinki|Zn]] 30 |- ![[Heerka 5 ee curiye|Heerka 5aad]] |[[Itriyaam|Y]] 39 |[[Sirkooniyaam|Zr]] 40 |[[Niyobiyaam|Nb]] 41 |[[Molybdenum|Mo]] 42 |[[Teknetiyaam|Tc]] 43 |[[Rutheniyaam|Ru]] 44 |[[Roodhiyaam|Rh]] 45 |[[Baladiyaam|Pd]] 46 |[[Naxaas|Ag]] 47 |[[Kaadmiyaam|Cd]] 48 |- ![[Heerka 6 ee curiye|Heerka 6aad]] |style="background-color:red" |[[Lanthanides|*]] 57–71 |[[Haafniyaam|Hf]] 72 |[[Tantalum|Ta]] 73 |[[Tungsten|W]] 74 |[[Reheniyaam|Re]] 75 |[[Osmiyaam|Os]] 76 |[[Iridiyaam|Ir]] 77 |[[Balatiniyaam|Pt]] 78 |[[Dahab|Au]] 79 |[[Meerkuri|Hg]] 80 |- ![[Heerka 7 ee curiye|Heerka 7aad]] |style="background-color:red" |[[Actinides|**]] 89–103 |[[Rutherfordium|Rf]] 104 |[[Dubniyaam|Db]] 105 |[[Siiborgiyaam|Sg]] 106 |[[Bohriyaam|Bh]] 107 |[[Hasiyaam|Hs]] 108 |[[Meitneriyaam|Mt]] 109 |[[Darmstadtiyaam|Ds]] 110 |[[Roentgeniyaam|Rg]] 111 |[[Kobernishiyaam|Cn]] 112 |} [[Guruubka 3]]aad: [[Iskaandhiyaam]] ([[Sc]]), [[Itriyaam]] ([[Y]]) [[Lanthanum]] ([[La]]), [[Aktiiniyaam]] ([[Ac]]), [[Luteetiyaam]] ([[Lu]]), iyo [[Lawreensiyaam]] ([[Lr]]). [[Guruubka 4]]aad: [[Titaaniyaam]] ([[Ti]]), [[Sirkooniyaam]] ([[Zr]]), [[Haafniyaam]] ([[Hf]]) iyo [[Rutherfordium]] ([[Rf]]). [[Guruubka 5]]aad: [[Fanadhiyaam]] ([[V]]), [[Dubniyaam]] ([[Db]]), [[Niyobiyaam]] ([[Nb]]) iyo [[Tantalum]] ([[Ta]]). [[Guruubka 6]]aad: [[Koroomiyaam]] ([[Cr]]), [[Molybdenum]] ([[Mo]]), [[Tungsten]] ([[W]]) iyo [[Siiborgiyaam]] ([[Sg]]). [[Guruubka 7]]aad: [[Manganiis]] ([[Mn]]), [[Teknetiyaam]] ([[Tc]]), [[Reheniyaam]] ([[Re]]) iyo [[Bohriyaam]] ([[Bh]]). [[Guruubka 8]]aad: [[Aayron]] ([[Fe]]), [[Rutheniyaam]] ([[Ru]]), [[Osmiyaam]] ([[Os]]) iyo [[Hasiyaam]] ([[Hs]]). [[Guruubka 9]]aad: [[Kobalti]] ([[Co]]), [[Roodhiyaam]] ([[Rh]]), [[Iridiyaam]] ([[Ir]]) iyo [[Meitneriyaam]] ([[Mt]]). [[Guruubka 10]]aad: [[Nikel]] ([[Ni]]), [[Baladiyaam]] ([[Pd]]), [[Balatiniyaam]] ([[Pt]]) iyo [[Darmstadtiyaam]] ([[Ds]]). [[Guruubka 11]]aad: [[Kober]] ([[Cu]]), [[Naxaas]] ([[Ag]]), [[Dahab]]ka ([[Au]]) iyo [[Roentgeniyaam]] ([[Rg]]). [[Guruubka 12]]aad: [[Sinki]] ([[Zn]]), [[Kaadmiyaam]] ([[Cd]]), [[Meerkuri]] ([[Au]]) iyo [[Kobernishiyaam]] ([[Cn]]). === Birta Alkali === [[Birta Alkali]] (Alkali Metal) waa guuto [[curiye]]yaal [[bir]] ah kuwaas oo leh astaamo kimiko isku mid ah. Guruubka [[Birta Alkali]] waa [[curiye|lix curiye]] ee [[guruubka 1]]aad ee [[Diwaanka Curiye]] kuwaas oo kala ah: [[Liithiyaam]] ([[Li]]), [[Sodhiyaam]] ([[Na]]), [[Botashiyaam]] ([[K]]), [[Rubiidhiyaam]] ([[Rd]]), [[Kaasiyaam]] ([[Cs]]) iyo [[Faransiyaam]] ([[Fr]]). Curiyayaasha safkan [[guruubka 1]]aad waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[s-block]] sababtoo ah dhamaantood waxay leeyihiin elektaroono qolof-sare u wareega ''s'' (s-orbital).<ref>{{cite book| title = The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements| editor1-last = Morss| editor2-first = Norman M.| editor2-last = Edelstein| editor3-last = Fuger|editor3-first = Jean| last = Haire|first = Richard G.| chapter = Fermium, Mendelevium, Nobelium and Lawrencium| publisher = [[Springer Science+Business Media]]| year = 2006| isbn = 1-4020-3555-1| location = Dordrecht, The Netherlands| edition = 3rd| ref = CITEREFHaire2006}}</ref> Sidoo kale, curiyeyaasha Birta Alkali waxay leeyihiin dhaqan isku dhow: dhamaantood waa bir iftiimaysa, jilicsan, isla markaana aad u firfircoon oo leh [[falgal]] degdeg ah. Dhamaantood waxa lagu kala jari karaa [[midi]]da jileec darteed, si dhakhso badan ayayna u [[daxal]]eeystaan sababtoo ah waxay la falgalaan [[Ogsajiin]]. Firfircoonida falgalkooda darteed, ayaa waxa lagu dhex keeydiyaa [[saliid]]a si looga ilaaliyo [[hawo|hawada]], waxaana sida dabiiciga ah la helaa ayagoo [[isku dhis]]yo kala duwan ah sida [[cusbo|cusbada]]. Sidoo kale, curiyeyaasha birta alkali waa [[milme]] si fudud ugu dhex milma [[biyo|biyaha]].<ref>Scerri 2007, p. 24</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ Curiyaha Birta Alkali |- ! ! colspan="2"| |- ! Magaca ! Sawir |- | [[Kaalshiyaam]] || [[File:Calcium unter Argon Schutzgasatmosphäre.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Magniisiyaam]] || [[File:Magnesium crystals.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Liithiyaam]] || [[File:Lithium_paraffin.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Sodhiyaam]] || [[File:Na_(Sodium).jpg|25px]] |- | [[Botashiyaam]] || [[File:Potassium-2.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Rubiidhiyaam]] || [[File:Rb5.JPG|25px]] |- | [[Kaasiyaam]] || ([[Cs]]) |- | [[Faransiyaam]] || ([[Fr]]) |} === Birta Alkalineta Dhulka === [[File:Be-140g.jpg|thumb|Curiyaha Beriiliyaam.]] [[File:Magnesium_crystals.jpg|thumb|Curiyaha Magniisiyaam.]] [[File:Strontium_destilled_crystals.jpg|thumb|Curiyaha Istaroontiyaam.]] [[File:Radium226.jpg|thumb|Curiyaha Raadhiyaam.]] [[Birta Alkalineta Dhulka]] (Alkaline Earth Metal) waa guuto [[curiye]]yaal [[bir]] ah kuwaas oo leh astaamo kimiko isku mid ah. Guruubka Birta Alkalineta dhulka waa [[curiye|lix curiye]] ee [[guruubka 2]]aad ee [[Diwaanka Curiye]] kuwaas oo kala ah: [[Beriiliyaam]] ([[Be]]), [[Magniisiyaam]] ([[Mg]]), [[Kaalshiyaam]] ([[Ca]]), [[Istoroontiyaam]] ([[Sr]]), [[Baariyaam]] ([[Br]]) iyo [[Raadhiyaam]] ([[Ra]]). Curiyayaasha safkan [[guruubka 2]]aad waxay soo galaan [[s-block]] sababtoo ah dhamaantood waxay leeyihiin elektaroono qolof-sare u wareega ''s'' (s-orbital).<ref>{{cite book |last=Messler|first=R. W.|title=The essence of materials for engineers|year=2010|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers|location=Sudbury, MA|isbn=0763778338|page=32}}</ref> Marka [[heerkul]]ku caadiga yahay, Birta Alkalineta Dhulku waa [[adke]], dhamaantoon leh midabka [[naxaas]]ta oo iftiimaya, isla markaana leh [[falgal]] firfircoon. {| class="wikitable" |+ Curiyaha Birta Alkalineta Dhulka |- ! ! colspan="2"| |- ! Magaca ! Sawir |- | [[Botashiyaam]] || [[File:Potassium-2.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Meerkuri]] || [[File:Pouring liquid mercury bionerd.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Beriiliyaam]] || [[File:Be-140g.jpg|75px]] |- | [[Istoroontiyaam]] || [[File:Strontium_destilled_crystals.jpg|75px]] |- | [[Baariyaam]] || |- | [[Magniisiyaam]] || [[File:Magnesium_crystals.jpg|75px]] |- | [[Kaalshiyaam]] || |- | [[Raadhiyaam]] || [[File:Radium226.jpg|75px]] |} == Bir La Mood (Metaloid) == [[Bir la Mood]] ([[Metaloid]]) waa [[curiye]] kimiko kuwaas oo leh calaamado iyo astaamo u dhexeeya [[bir]]ta iyo [[bir ma ahe]]ha, taas ooy aad u adag tahay in la kala saaro ineey bir tahay iyo ineey bir ma ahe tahay. In kastoo barashada [[Kimisteri]]ga ay ku jirto Bir la moodku, ma jiraan nimaad u gaar ah oo lagu qeexi karo curiyeyaashan. Lixda curiye ee loo aqoonsadey bir la moodka waa: [[Booron]] ([[B]]),[[Silikoon]] ([[Si]]), [[Jermaaniyaam]] ([[Ge]]), [[Aarsenik]] ([[As]]), [[Antimony]] ([[Sb]]), iyo [[Teluriyaam]] ([[Te]]). Sidoo kale waxaa jira tiro dhowr ah oo ayagana lagu daro liiska Bir la Moodka, waxaana ka mid ah: [[Kaarboon]] ([[C]]),[[Alumiiniyaam]] ([[Al]]), [[Seleniyaam]] ([[Se]]), [[Boloniyaam]] ([[Po]]) iyo [[Astantiin]] ([[At]]). Sida caadiga ah, curiyeha Bir la Moodka ahi wuxuu leeyahay muuqaalka birta oo kale, laakiin waa [[adke]] si fudud loo kala jabin karo, halka birta aanan sahal lagu kala jabin karin. Waxaa intaas dheer, curiyaha bir la moodka waa mid [[kul]]ka iyo [[koronto|korontada]] si daciif ah u gudbiya ama aanan gudbinin gebi ahaanba.<ref>Scerri 2007, p. 24</ref> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, curiyeyaashan waxaa laga samayn karaa [[isku dhis]]yo tayo fiican oo [[jaandi]] ah, quruurado ama dhalooyin, [[olol]] difaace, iyo badh-gudbiye [[dab]]ka iyo [[koronto|korontada]]. {| class="wikitable" |+ Curiyaha Bir La Moodka |- ! ! colspan="2"| |- ! Magaca ! Sawir |- | [[Silikoon]] || [[File:SiliconCroda.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Booron]] || [[File:Boron_mNACTEC.jpg|25px]] |} == Bir Ma Ahe (Non-Metallic) == [[Bir Ma Ahe]] ([[Nonmetal]]) waa [[curiye]] kimiko kuwaas oo leh calaamado iyo astaamo ka duwan kuwa [[bir]]ta. Sida caadiga ah, curiyaha bir ma ahe waxaa lagu yaqaanaa waa kuwo si fudud u [[uumi]] baxa, si fudud loo kala jabin karo, iyo in aanay gudbinin [[kul]]ka iyo [[koronto|korontada]]. Waxa sidoo kale lagu yaqaanaa curiyaha bir ma ahe markuu la [[falgal]]o walax kale inuu soo sii daayo [[awood]] ion aad u sareeysa, isla markaana ku daro ama la wadaago elektaroono curiyaha kale ama [[isku dhis]]ka uu la falgalaayo. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, toban-iyo-todoba (17) curiye ayaa loo aqoonsadey bir ma ahe kuwaas oo inta ugu badan tahay [[neef]]o kala ah: [[Haydarojiin]] ([[H]]),[[Hiliyaam]] ([[He]]), [[Nitrojiin]] ([[N]]), [[Ogsajiin]] ([[O]]), [[Foloriin]] ([[F]]), [[Niyoon]] ([[Ne]]), [[Koloriin]] ([[Cl]]), [[Aargon]] ([[Ar]]), [[Kiribtoon]] ([[Kr]]), [[Siinoon]] ([[Xe]]) iyo curiyaha radioactiveka ah [[Raadhoon]] ([[Rn]]); hal curiye oo bir ma ahe ahi waa [[dareere]] [[Boromiin]] ([[Br]]); iyo xoogaa curiye [[adke]] ah sida [[Kaarboon]] ([[K]]), [[Fosforos]] ([[P]]), [[Salfar]] ([[S]]), [[Seleniyaam]] ([[Se]]), iyo [[Aaydhiin]] ([[I]]). Curiyayaasha [[Bir Ma Ahe]] waxay inta u badan ku kala jiraa khaanado ka mid ah [[guruubka 14]]aad, [[guruubka 15]]aad ama [[Biniktojiin]] ([[Pnictogen]]), [[Jaalkojiin]] ([[Chalcogen]]), [[Guruubka 17]]aad ama [[Halogen]]s, iyo [[Guruubka 18]]aad ama [[Neefta Gobta]]. In kastoo curiyaha [[bir]]ta shan-jeer laab ka badan yahay curiyaha bir ma ahe, labo ka mid ah bir ma ahe - [[Haydarojiin]] iyo [[Ogsajiin]]ta - ayaa waxay yihiin boqolkiiba sagaal-iyo-sagaashan (99%) [[Koon]]ka muuqda; iyo hal curiye bir ma ahe ah, waa Ogsajiinta, ayaa waxay tahay in ku dhow 50% samayska [[Qolof dhul|qolofka dhulka]], [[bad]]aha iyo [[cir]]ka [[dhul]]ka. Intaas waxaa dheer, [[jidh]]ka [[noole|noolaha]] dhamaantiis wuxuu ka samaysan yahay bir ma ahe iyo [[isku dhis]]yo ka samaysan bir ma ahe. {| class="wikitable" |+ Curiyaha Bir Ma Ahe |- ! ! colspan="2"| |- ! Magaca ! Sawir |- |[[Fosforos]] || [[File:PhosphComby.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Kaarboon]] || [[File:Diamond.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Salfar]] || [[File:Sulfur-sample.jpg|25px]] |} == Neef (Gas) == [[File:Gas_particle_movement.svg|thumb|Atomyada, Malakuyuulada iyo aayonada (ions) neefta waa kuwo xor ah oo hadba dhinac u socda.]] [[Neef]]tu (gas) waa mid ka mid ah [[sadex]]da aasaaska u ah [[walax]]da (matter). Waxa laga yaabaa in neefta saafi ahi ka samaysan [[hal]] [[atom]], sida [[Neefta Gobka]] ama neef atomic sida [[Niyoon]], malakuyuul ka samaysan [[labo]] atom, sida [[Ogsajiin]]ta oo kale, ama [[isku dhis]] (compound) ka kooban malakuyuulo ka yimid atomyo kala duwan, sida [[Kaarboon|Kaarboon-labo-ogsaydh]] (C₂O). [[Milan|Iskumilanka]] [[neef]]tu waxay ka kooban tahay neefo saafi ah oo kala duwan sida [[hawo|hawada]] oo kale. Waxa neefta ka soocay [[adke]]ha iyo [[dareere]]ha waa ayadu waxay ka samaysan tahay saxaro (particles) kala furan isla markaana kala madax-banaan, taasi oo ka dhigtey neefta mid bilaa [[ur]] ah oo [[il|isha]] [[dad]]ku arki karin. Marka [[cadaadis]]ka iyo [[heerkul]]ku caadiga yihiin, [[neef]]aha kali ah ee dagan ee [[curiye]]ha ka tirsan waa kuwa ka sameysan malakuyuulo labo atom iyo wixii ka badan, kuwaas oo ah: [[Haydarojiin]] (H₂), [[Nitrojiin]] (N₂), [[Ogsajiin]] (O₂); iyo marka lagu daro labo ka mid ah [[Halogen]]ska [[Foloriin]] (F₂), iyo [[Koloriin]] (Cl₂). Neefahaasi waxaa soo raaca kuwa ka samaysan [[hal|hal atom]] ee [[Neefta Gobta]] (Noble Gases) kuwaas oo kala ah: [[Hiliyaam]] (He), [[Niyoon]] (Ne), [[Aargon]] (Ar), [[Kiribtoon]] (Kr), [[Siinoon]] (Xe) iyo [[Raadhoon]] (Rn). {| class="wikitable" |+ Curiyaha Neefta ah |- ! ! colspan="2"| |- ! Magaca ! Sawir |- | [[Haaydarojiin]] || [[File:Hydrogen discharge tube.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Hiliyaam]] || |- |[[Nitrojiin]] || [[File:Liquidnitrogen.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Ogsajiin]] || |- | [[Koloriin]] || [[File:Chlorine ampoule.jpg|25px]] |} === Curiyeha Biniktojiinska (Pnictogens) === [[Biniktojiin]] ([[Pnictogen]]) sidoo kale loo yaqaano Guruubka Nitrojiinta waa guuto [[curiye]] kimiko ee [[Guruubka 15]]aad ee safafka [[Diwaanka Curiye]]. Guruubkan wuxuu ka kooban yahay [[curiye|lix curiye]] kuwaas oo kala ah: [[Nitrojiin]] ([[N]]), [[Fosforos]] ([[F]]), [[Aarsenik]] ([[As]]), [[Antimony]] ([[Sb]]), [[Bismuth]] ([[Bi]]) iyo [[Ununbentiyaam]] ([[Uup]]). === Curiyaha Jaalkojiin (Chalcogen) === [[File:Sulfur-sample.jpg|thumb|Curiyaha Salfar.]] [[File:SeBlackRed.jpg|thumb|Curiyaha Seleniyaam.]] [[File:Tellurium2.jpg|thumb|Curiyaha Teluriyaam.]] [[Jaalkojiin]] ([[Chalcogen]]) sidoo kale loo yaqaano Guruubka Ogsajiinta ama [[Guruubka 16]]aad waa guruub [[curiye]] kimiko ee qeybta 16aad ee safafka [[Diwaanka Curiye]]. Guruubkan wuxuu ka kooban yahay [[curiye|lix curiye]] kuwaas oo kala ah: [[Ogsajiin]] ([[O]]), [[Salfar]] ([[S]]), [[Seleniyaam]] ([[Se]]), [[Teluriyaam]] ([[Te]]), [[Boloniyaam]] ([[Po]]) iyo [[Lifermoriyaam]] ([[Lv]]). === Neefta Halogen === [[Halogen]] waa guuto [[curiye]]yaal [[hawo]], [[dareere]] iyo [[adke]] ah kuwaas oo leh astaamo kimiko isku mid ah. Marka [[heerkul]]ku caadiga yahay, curiyeyaasha [[hawo]]da ah waa midab casaan ah, kuwa [[dareere|dareeraha]] ahi waa cagaar, halka kuwa [[adke|adkaha]] ahi leeyihiim midab madoow ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bagnall|first=K. W.|year=1967|contribution=Recent advances in actinide and lanthanide chemistry|title=Advances in chemistry, Lanthanide/Actinide chemistry|volume=71|pages=1–12|publisher=American Chemical Society|doi=10.1021/ba-1967-0071|editor1-first=PR|editor1-last=Fields|editor2-first=T|editor2-last=Moeller |series=Advances in Chemistry |isbn=0-8412-0072-6 |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Day|first1=M. C.|last2=Selbin|first2=J.|title=Theoretical inorganic chemistry|url=https://archive.org/details/theoreticalinorg0000daym_q3l3|year=1969|publisher=Reinhold Book Corporation|edition=2nd|location=New York, MA|isbn=0763778338|page=[https://archive.org/details/theoreticalinorg0000daym_q3l3/page/103 103]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Holman|first1=J.|last2=Hill|first2=G. C.|title=Chemistry in context|url=https://archive.org/details/chemistryinconte00unse|year=2000|publisher=Nelson Thornes|edition=5th|location=Walton-on-Thames|isbn=0174482760|page=40}}</ref> Guruubkan [[Halogen]]ska waa [[curiye|shan curiye]] ee [[guruubka 17]]aad ee [[Diwaanka Curiye]] kuwaas oo kala ah: [[Foloriin]] ([[F]]), [[Koloriin]] ([[Cl]]), [Boromiin]] ([[Br]]), [[Aaydhiin]] ([[I]]), iyo [[Astatiin]] ([[At]]). Curiyeyaasha Halogenska waa guutada kali ah ee dhamaan [[118 Curiye|118da Curiye]] laga helo [[sadex|sadexda marxaladood]] ee [[walax]]da - [[adke]], [[dareere]] iyo [[hawo]]. Dhinaca kale, dhamaan xubnaha halogenska waxay noqdaan asiidh (acid) markey la [[falgal]]aan [[Haydarojiin]]ta, waxaana laga soo dhex saaraa [[macdan]]ta [[cusbo|cusbada]]. Dhamaantood waa [[sun]]. {| class="wikitable" |+ Curiyaha Halogenska |- ! ! colspan="2"| |- ! Magaca ! Sawir |- | [[Aaydhiin]] || [[File:Sample of iodine.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Koloriin]] || [[File:Chlorine ampoule.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Foloriin]] || [[File:Liquid_fluorine_tighter_crop.jpg|25px]] |- | [Boromiin]] || File:Bromine_25ml.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Astatiin]] || [[File:Iod_kristall.jpg|25px]] |} === Neefta Gobta (Noble Gases) === [[Neefta Gobta]] ama (Noble Gas) waa guuto [[curiye]]yaal [[neef]] ah kuwaas oo leh astaamo kimiko isku mid ah. Marka xaalada caadiga ah dhamaantood waa [[hawo]] bilaa [[ur]], bilaa [[midab]] ah kuwaas oo leh [[falgal]] hooseeya. Neefaha gobta ah waa [[curiye|lixda curiye]] ee [[guruubka 18]]aad ee [[Diwaanka Curiye]] kuwaas oo kala ah: [[Hiliyaam]] ([[He]]), [[Niyoon]] ([[Ne]]), [[Aargon]] ([[Ar]]), [[Kiribtoon]] ([[Kr]]), [[Siinoon]] ([[Xe]]) iyo curiyaha radioactiveka ah [[Raadhoon]] ([[Rn]]). Hab-dhaqanka neefaha gobta ah waxaa lagu ogaan karaa dersida qaabdhismeedka atomkooda, qolofkooda sare iyo [[isku dhis]]yada ay sameeyaan. Barta dhalaalida iyo [[kul]]uleynta neefahan waa mid isku dhow taas oo ka hooseysa [[salsiyas|10 °C]] (18&nbsp;°F); taas micnaheedu waa farqi yar oo [[heerkul]] ah ayay [[dareere]] ku noqon karaan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bagnall|first=K. W.|year=1967|contribution=Recent advances in actinide and lanthanide chemistry|title=Advances in chemistry, Lanthanide/Actinide chemistry|volume=71|pages=1–12|publisher=American Chemical Society|doi=10.1021/ba-1967-0071|editor1-first=PR|editor1-last=Fields|editor2-first=T|editor2-last=Moeller |series=Advances in Chemistry |isbn=0-8412-0072-6 |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Day|first1=M. C.|last2=Selbin|first2=J.|title=Theoretical inorganic chemistry|url=https://archive.org/details/theoreticalinorg0000daym_q3l3|year=1969|publisher=Reinhold Book Corporation|edition=2nd|location=New York, MA|isbn=0763778338|page=[https://archive.org/details/theoreticalinorg0000daym_q3l3/page/103 103]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Holman|first1=J.|last2=Hill|first2=G. C.|title=Chemistry in context|url=https://archive.org/details/chemistryinconte00unse|year=2000|publisher=Nelson Thornes|edition=5th|location=Walton-on-Thames|isbn=0174482760|page=40}}</ref> Niyoon, Aargoon, Siinoon, iyo Kiribtoon waxaa laga soo dhex saaraa [[hawo|hawada]] [[cir]]ka, halka hiliyaamta laga dhex helo [[Shidaal|neefaha dabiiciga]] ee [[shidaal]]ka laga soo saaro. {| class="wikitable" |+ Neefaha Noble Gaseska |- ! ! colspan="2"| |- ! Magaca ! Sawir |- | [[Niyoon]] || [[File:Neon_discharge_tube.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Aargon]] || [[File:Argon_discharge_tube.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Kiribtoon]] || [[File:Krypton_discharge_tube.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Siinoon]] || [[File:Xenon_discharge_tube.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Hiliyaam]] || [[File:Helium_discharge_tube.jpg|25px]] |- | [[Raadhoon]] || ([[Rn]]) |} = Magaca & Astaanta Curiye = Si loo kala saaro farqiga iyo kala duwanaanshaha, isla markaana si fudud loogu aqoonsado, curiyayaashu waxay leeyihiin magacyo iyo calaamado kala duwan. Curiye kasta waxaa loogu magac daray deegaanka laga helay ama qofka helay markii ugu horeeysay. Inta u badan magaca curiyaha waxaa gadaal lagaga daray -iyaam (-ium). Tusaale ahaan, magaca curiyaha [[Sirkooniyaam]] (Zirconium) waxaa laga keenay [[macdan]]ta ''Zircon'', taas oo lagu daray -iyaam (-ium). Sidoo kale, curiyaha [[Bohriyaam]] waxaa loogu magac daray [[saynis]]yahanka reer Denmark ee Niels Bohr, taas oo ereyga ''Bohr'' lagu daray ''-iyaam'' (-ium). Dhinaca kale, curiye kasta wuxuu leeyahay calaamad astaan u ah taas oo inta badan ah [[labo|labo xaraf]] oo laga soo dhex saaray magaca curiyaha. Intaas waxaa dheer, waxa jira curiyayaal leh calaamad [[hal|hal xaraf]] ah iyo kuwo leh calaamad [[sadex|sadex xaraf]] ah. Tusaale ahaan, curiyaha [[Haydarojiin]] calaamada astaantiisu waa [[H]], curiyaha [[Kiribtoon]] waxa astaan u ah [[Kr]], sidoo kale curiyaha [[Ununtriyaam]] astaanteedu waa [[Uut]]. Guud ahaan, xarafka u horeeya ee magaca iyo calaamada astaanta ee curiye waxaa laga dhigaa xaraf weyn. = Dhismaha Diwaanka Curiye = Qaab-dhismeedka miiska [[Diiwaanka Curiye]] waa shax ka kooban 18 saf, [[guruub]], kuwaas oo kor ka imanaya ilaa hoos; iyo 7 saf, [[heerka]], kuwaas oo ka bilaabma midig ilaa bidix, iyo labo saf oo ka hooseeya. Sidoo kale, miiska jadwalka diiwaanka curiye waxaa loo kala jabin karaa afar afar-gees oo kala ah: [[s-block]] oo dhinaca bidix xiga, [[p-block]] oo dhanka midig xiga, [[d-block]] oo dhexda ku jira, iyo [[f-block]] oo ka hooseeya dhamaantoodba. Qaybaha khaanadaha safafka midig ilaa bidix waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[heerka]] (period), sida [[Heerka 1 ee curiye|heerka 1aad]], halka safafka khaanadaha kor ka imanaya loo yaqaano [[guruub]] (group) kuwaas oo qaarkood magacyo leeyihiin sida [[Biniktojiin]] ([[Pnictogen]]s) oo ah [[guruubka 15]]aad, [[Jaalkojiin]] (chalcogen) oo ah [[guruubka 16]]aad,[[Halogen]]s [[guruubka 17]]aad iyo [[Neefta Gobta]] (noble gas) [[guruubka 18]]aad. Dhamaan curiyaha ka soo biloow mida [[kow]]aad ee [[Haydarojiin]] oo leh tiro atomic 1 ilaa laga gaadho curiyaha 118 [[Ununoktiyaam]] waxaa la helay [[wakhti]]yo kala duwan iyo meelo kala duwan; ayadoo curiyaha 113, 115, 117 iyo 118 aan wali la xaqiijinin. In kastoo qaarkood la arko qadar iyo tiro aad u yar, 98ka curiye ee ugu horeeya jadwalka Diwaanka Curiye ayaa ah kuwo si dabiici ah looga helo [[qolof dhul|oogada]] [[dhul]]ka. == Guruubyada == Marka laga waramayo jadwalka miiska [[Diwaanka Curiye]] [[Guruub]]ku waa guuto [[curiye]] isku astaan, dhaqan iyo calaamad ah kuwaas oo ku jira [[hal]] saf oo khaanadaha [[Jadwalka Curiyayaasha|Diwaanka Curiye]]. Shaxda jadwalka Diwaanka Curiye, oo uu sameeyay [[saynis]]yahan [[Ruushka|Ruush]] ah Dmitri Mendeleev, waxay ka kooban yihiin [[Guruub|18 Guruub]] kuwaas oo ey ku dhex jiraan dhamaan [[118ka Curiye]]. Inkastoo guruubyadu ku magacaaban yihiin [[tiro|tirada]] guruubka oo u dhexaysa [[kow|1]] ilaa [[toban|18]] qaarkood waxay leeyihiin magacyo u gaar ah, kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah [[Guruubka 15]]aad oo lagu magacaabo [[Biniktojiin]] ama ([[Pnictogen]]s), [[Guruubka 16]]aad oo ah [[Jaalkojiin]] ([[Chalcogen]]s), [[Guruubka 17]]aad oo lagu naaneyso [[Halogen]]s, iyo [[Guruubka 18]]aad oo loo yaqaano [[Neefta Gobta]] ama (Noble Gases). Waxayna kala yihiin: [[Guruubka 1]]aad ([[Birta Alkali]]), [[Guruubka 2]]aad ([[Birta Alkalineta Dhulka]]), [[Guruubka 3]]aad, [[Guruubka 4]]aad, [[Guruubka 5]]aad, [[Guruubka 6]]aad, [[Guruubka 7]]aad, [[Guruubka 8]]aad, [[Guruubka 9]]aad, [[Guruubka 10]]aad, [[Guruubka 11]]aad, [[Guruubka 12]]aad, [[Guruubka 13]]aad, [[Guruubka 14]]aad, [[Guruubka 15]]aad sidoo kale loo yaqaano [[Biniktojiin]] ama ([[Pnictogen]]s), [[Guruubka 16]]aad [[Jaalkojiin]] ([[Chalcogen]]s), [[Guruubka 17]]aad oo lagu naaneyso [[Halogen]]s, iyo [[Guruubka 18]]aad oo loo yaqaano [[Neefta Gobta]] ama (Noble Gases). Tirada [[curiye]] ee ku jirta khaanadaha guruubku way kala duwan yihiin. Qaarkood waxaa ku jira 8 curiye, kuwo kale wax ku dhex jira 6 curiye, halka guruubyada qaar ay ku dhex jiraan 4 curiye oo kali ah. == Heerarka == [[File:Periodic_Table_2.svg|thumb|Heerarka Diwaanka Curiye.]] Qaabdhismeedka shaxda miiska lagu ururiyey [[curiye]]yaasha ee loo yaqaano [[Diwaanka Curiye]] wuxuu leeyahay safaf khaanado u kala socdo kor iyo hoos ([[guruub]]), midig iyo bidix ([[heerka]]). [[Heerka|Heerku]] (period) waa safafka khaanadaha ee ka bilaabma midig ilaa bidix ee miiska jadwalka curiyayaasha, kuwaas oo ah [[todobo|todoba saf]] (7) oo qeybta sare ka kooban tahay iyo [[labo|labo saf]] oo ka hooseeya. Curiyayaasha ku jira saf heerka isku midka ah waxay leeyihiin [[cuf|cuf atomik]], awood aayano (ions), iyo is-heysad elektaroono isku mid ah. Ka soo biloow midig ilaa bidix tirada gacan-atomik hoos ayay u dhacdaa. Tani waxaa keentay isku xigida borotoonada iyo elektaroonada curiye ayaa aad ugu sii dhowaanaya bu'da atomka. Si ka duwan [[guruub]]yada, [[Heerka|Heerarka]] shaxda miiska diwaanka curiye ma lahan magacyo u gaar ah, laakiin waxaa lagu kala soocaa [[tiro]] kuwaas oo kala ah: [[Heerka 1 ee curiye|heerka 1aad]], [[Heerka 2 ee curiye|heerka 2aad]], [[Heerka 3 ee curiye|heerka 3aad]], [[Heerka 4 ee curiye|heerka 4aad]], [[Heerka 5 ee curiye|heerka 5aad]], [[Heerka 6 ee curiye|heerka 6aad]], iyo [[Heerka 7 ee curiye|heerka 7aad]]. Intaas waxaa soo raaca labo saf oo ka hooseeya kuwaas oo kala ah [[Lanthanides]] iyo [[Actinides]]. == S-Block == [[S-block]]ta ku jirta [[Jadwalka Curiyayaasha|Diiwaanka Curiye]] waa [[curiye]]yaasha ku jira [[guruubka 12|2da guruub]] ee ugu horeeya guruubyada jadwalka Diwaanka Curiye. Kuwaas oo ka bilaabmaya [[guruubka 1]]aad iyo [[guruubka 2]]aad ee loo kala yaqaano [[Birta Alkali]]<ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=http://www.cytss.edu.hk/chem/f67res/i1.pdf |access-date=2015-09-19 |archive-date=2013-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123202946/http://www.cytss.edu.hk/chem/f67res/i1.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> iyo [[Birta Alkalineta Dhulka]]. [[S-block]] curiyeyaasha ku jira waa kuwo intooda badan firfircoon oo leh astaamo iyo calaamado ka duwan dhamaan guruubyada kale ee Diwaanka Curiye. In kastoo ay ku jiraan khaanado kale, [[Haydarojiin]] iyo [[Hiliyaam]] waxaa lagu tiriyaa guruubkan s-block. Dhaqanka iyo astaamaha s-block waxay la xidhiidhaa [[tiro|tirada atomic]]<ref>http://periodictable.com/Properties/A/ElectronConfigurationString.sp.html</ref> ee curiyuhu leeyahay, midaas oo sii korodha marka la sii dhexgalo diwaanka curiye. Labada guruub ee s-block waxay leeyihiin tirooyinka atomik ee hoos ku xusan: : Group 1: :: [[Haydarojiin]] (Z=1), [[Liithiyaam]] (Z=3), [[Sodhiyaam]] (Z=11), [[Botashiyaam]] (Z=19), [[Rubiidhiyaam]] (Z=37), [[Kaasiyaam]] (Z=55), [[Faransiyaam]] (Z=87). : Group 2: ::[[Beriiliyaam]] (Z=4), [[Magniisiyaam]] (Z=12), [[Kaalshiyaam]] (Z=20), [[Istoroontiyaam]] (Z=38), [[Baariyaam]] (Z=56), [[Raadhiyaam]] (Z=88). == D-Block == [[D-block]]ta ku jirta [[Jadwalka Curiyayaasha|Diiwaanka Curiye]] waa [[curiye]]yaasha ku jira [[guruubka 3]]aad ilaa [[guruubka 12]]aad<ref name = Petrucci>R.H. Petrucci, W.S. Harwood and F.G. Herring “General Chemistry” (8th ed, Prentice-Hall 2002), p.341-2</ref><ref name=Housecroft>C.E. Housecroft and A.G. Sharpe “Inorganic Chemistry” (2nd ed, Pearson Prentice-Hall 2005), p..20-21</ref>. Curiyeyaasha d-block waxaa sidoo kale loo yaqaanaa [[Transitional Metal]]<ref>{{cite journal|journal = Journal of Chemical Education|volume = 80|issue = 8|year = 2003|url = http://www.uv.es/~borrasj/ingenieria_web/temas/tema_1/lecturas_comp/p952.pdf|title = The Place of Zinc, Cadmium, and Mercury in the Periodic Table|first = William B.|last = Jensen|pages=952–961|doi = 10.1021/ed080p952|bibcode = 2003JChEd..80..952J }}</ref>. D-block curiyayaasha ku jira waxay leeyihiin [[tiro|tiro atomik]]<ref name=Petrucci/> ka bilaabanta s²d¹ (Guruub 3) ilaa s²d¹⁰ (Guruub 12). Tusaale ahaan, Cr waa s¹d⁵ (ma ahan s²d⁴); sidoo kale, birta Guruubka 11waxay noqonayaan s¹d¹⁰ (ma ahan s²d⁹), taasi oo dhamaystireysa qolofka-d (d-subshell) ee Guruubka 11aad<ref name=Housecroft/><ref>F.A. Cotton and G. Wilkinson “Advanced Inorganic Chemistry” (5th ed, John Wiley 1988) p.625</ref>. == P-Block == [[P-block]]ta ku jirta [[Jadwalka Curiyayaasha|Diiwaanka Curiye]] waa [[curiye]]yaasha ku jira [[guruubka 12|6da guruub]] ee ugu dambeeya guruubyada jadwalkani, marka laga reebo [[Hiliyaam]]ta oo ayadu ka mid ah [[s-block]]. Kuwaas oo ka bilaabmaya [[guruubka 12]]aa ilaa laga gaadho [[guruubka 18]]aad ee loo yaqaano [[Neefta Gobta]] (noble gases). [[P-block]] waxaa ku jira dhamaan [[Bir Ma Ahe]], birta daciifka ah iyo half-birta oo dhan. == F-Block == [[F-block]]ta ku jirta [[Jadwalka Curiyayaasha|Diiwaanka Curiye]] waa [[curiye]]ha [[atom]]kiisa ama aayaniskiisu (ions) leeyihiin elektaroono hab wareeg f (f-orbital). Curiyayaashan waxaa sidoo kale loo yaqaanaa ''curiyayaasha dhexe ee transitionka''<ref>{{Greenwood&Earnshaw}} Chapters 30 and 31</ref>. = Falgalka Curiye = = Ciwaano La Mid Ah = Sidoo kale akhri: * '''[[Diwaanka Curiye]]''' * '''[[Falgal]]''' * '''[[Isku dhis]]''' * '''[[Jadwalka Curiyayaasha]]''' = Xigasho = {{Reflist}} [[Category:Curiye]] [[Category:Waxbarsho]] [[Category:Kimisteri]] [[Category:Diwaanka Curiye]] [[Category:Chalcogen]] [[Category:Pnictogen]] [[Category:Guruubyada Diwaanka Curiye]] [[Category:Millan]] [[Category:Birta Alkalineta Dhulka]] [[Category:Halogen]] [[Category:Noble Gas]] [[Category:Bir la mood]] [[Category:Bir Ma Ahe]] [[Category:Isku dhis]] [[Category:Baayooloji]] [[Category:Falgal]] [[Category:Birta Alkali]] [[Category:Bir]] [[Category:Neef]] [[Category:Curiye]] [[Category:Halogen]] [[Category:Noble Gas]] [[Category:Diwaanka Curiye]] {{commons|Chemical element}} 1ouufmzirauurc3gug4k9p6otmoczw9 0 17552 305836 240838 2026-08-24T18:08:14Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305836 wikitext text/x-wiki ::''Kani waa maqaal ku saabsan cananiska. Ha ku khaldin [[canab]] ::''Boga "[[cananaas]]" halkan ayaa laga soo toosiyay {{taxobox |name = Cananis |image = കൈതച്ചക്ക.jpg |image_caption = Cananiska iyo geedka uu ka baxo |regnum = [[Plantae]] |unranked_divisio = Angiosperms |unranked_classis = Monocots |unranked_ordo = Commelinids |ordo = Boales |familia = Bromeliaceae |subfamilia = Bromelioideae |genus = ''Ananas'' |species = '''''A. comosus''''' |binomial = ''Ananas comosus'' |binomial_authority = (Carolus Linnaeus) Merr. |synonyms = {{Collapsible list | {{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; | *''Ananas acostae'' <small>C. Commelijn</small> *''Ananas ananas'' <small>(L.) H.Karst. ex Voss</small> nom. inval. *''Ananas argentata'' <small>J.C.Wendl. ex Schult. & Schult.f.</small> *''Ananas aurata'' <small>J.C.Wendl. ex Schult. & Schult.f.</small> *''Ananas bracteatus'' <small>Baker</small> *''Ananas coccineus'' <small>Descourt.</small> *''Ananas debilis'' <small>Schult. & Schult.f.</small> *''Ananas lyman-smithii'' <small>Camargo</small> nom. inval. *''Ananas maxima'' <small>Schult. & Schult.f.</small> *''Ananas monstrosus'' <small>(Carrière) L.B.Sm.</small> *''Ananas ovatus'' <small>Mill.</small> *''Ananas pancheanus'' <small>André</small> *''Ananas penangensis'' <small>Baker</small> *''Ananas porteanus'' <small>Veitch ex K.Koch</small> *''Ananas pyramidalis'' <small>Mill.</small> *''Ananas sativa'' <small>Lindl.</small> *''Ananas sativus'' <small>Schult. & Schult.f.</small> *''Ananas serotinus'' <small>Mill.</small> *''Ananas viridis'' <small>Mill.</small> *''Ananassa ananas'' <small>(L.) H.Karst.</small> *''Ananassa debilis'' <small>Lindl.</small> *''Ananassa monstrosa'' <small>Carrière</small> *''Ananassa porteana'' <small>(Veitch ex K.Koch) Carrière</small> *''Ananassa sativa'' <small>(Schult. & Schult.f.) Lindl. ex Beer</small> *''Bromelia ananas'' <small>L.</small> *''Bromelia ananas'' <small>Willd.</small> *''Bromelia communis'' <small>Lam.</small> *''Bromelia comosa'' <small>L.</small> *''Bromelia edulis'' <small>Salisb.</small> nom. illeg. *''Bromelia mai-pouri'' <small>Perrier</small> *''Bromelia pigna'' <small>Perrier</small> *''Bromelia rubra'' <small>Schult. & Schult.f.</small> *''Bromelia violacea'' <small>Schult. & Schult.f.</small> *''Bromelia viridis'' <small>(Mill.) Schult. & Schult.f.</small> *''Distiacanthus communis'' <small>(Lam.) Rojas Acosta</small> }} }} |synonyms_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-219669 |title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species |accessdate=2014-07-25 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=2021-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723191205/http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-219669 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |}} [[File:Pineapple (sliced).jpg|thumb|Cananis (jarjaran)]] '''Cananis''', '''Cananaas''' ({{lang-en|''pineapple''}}; {{lang-ar|أناناس}}) magaca [[Saynis]] "''Ananas comosus''" waa [[dhir]] leh [[midho]] waaweyn oo qolof adag leg taasi oo ka baxda deegaanada [[cimilo|cimilada diiran]] leh.<ref name="Morton 1987">{{cite web |url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/pineapple.html |last=Morton |first=Julia F | title=Pineapple, Ananas comosus |year=1987 |accessdate=2011-04-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/pineapple |title=Pineapple Definition &#124; Definition of Pineapple at Dictionary.com |publisher=Dictionary.reference.com |accessdate=6 December 2009}}</ref> a Cananaasku wuxu ka mid yahay geedaha ugu dhaqashada badan caalamka ee loo beerto hab ganacsi, kaasi oo ka baxa meelo badan oo caalamka ah.<ref>{{cite book |last=Coppens d'Eeckenbrugge |first=Geo |author2=Freddy Leal |editor=D.P Bartholomew, R.E. Paull, and K.G. Rohrbach |title=The Pineapple: Botany, Production, and Uses |url=https://archive.org/details/pineapplebotanyp0000unse |chapter=Chapter 2: Morphology, Anatomy, and Taxonomy |year=2003 |publisher=CABI Publishing |location=Wallingford, UK |isbn=0-85199-503-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/pineapplebotanyp0000unse/page/21 21] }}</ref> Marka la beerayo geedka cananiska waxaa la qalajiyaa jeex ka mid ah midhaha kaasi oo qaangaadh noqda wakhti ku dhow 20 ilaa 24 bilood, ka dib dhala midhaha cananiska.<ref name="PWG">{{cite web|url= http://tpss.hawaii.edu/pineapple/pinegrow.htm|title= How to grow a pineapple in your home|publisher= Pineapple Working Group-International Horticultural Society|accessdate= 15 August 2010}}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tropicalpermaculture.com/pineapple-growing.html |title=Pineapple Growing |publisher=Tropical Permaculture.com (Birgit Bradtke) |accessdate=15 August 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617043835/http://www.tropicalpermaculture.com/pineapple-growing.html |archivedate=17 June 2010 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive }}</ref> Midhaha cananisku kuma bislaado geedka dushiisa, asagoo cayriin ah ayaa la soo gooyaa isla markaana la huuriyaa si uu bislaado.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pineapple|url=http://www.dole.com/EatRightLanding/EatRtProductIndex/Fruits/Fresh/FreshFruitsdetails/tabid/529/Default.aspx?contentid=1354|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718062347/http://www.dole.com/EatRightLanding/EatRtProductIndex/Fruits/Fresh/FreshFruitsdetails/tabid/529/Default.aspx?contentid=1354|archivedate=2012-07-18}}</ref> Guud ahaan, midhaha cananiska waxaa lagu cuni karaa isagoo qayriin, la shiiday ama la ridqey, meelaha qaar waxyar la kariyey. Midhahani waxay ka mid yihiin kuwo aad looga isticmaalo caalamka oo dhan. Waxaa intaas dheer, [[caleen]]ta geedka cananiska waa mid la cuni karo. Wadano ay ka mid tahay [[Filibiin]] waxaa la karsadaa caleenta cananiska midaasi oo la cabo [[maraq]]eeda iyo caleentaba. Meelo kale waxaa midhaha cananiska laga sameeyaa daawooyin jidhka la marsado ama la isku qurxiyo. Isku soo wada duub midhaha cananisku waa mid leh [[fiitamiin]]o badan, [[nafaqo]], [[borotiin]] iyo waliba amiino-asiidh badan. Cananisku wuxuu leehayay fiitamiin sii iyo asiidh badan.<ref>"piña cloth". Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia. The Free Dictionary. Retrieved on 2014-11-06 from http://www.thefreedictionary.com/pi%C3%B1a+cloth.</ref> =Magaca= [[File:Pineapple and cross section.jpg|thumb|left|Midhaha cananiska iyo kala badh]] [[File:Ananas comosus flower.jpg|thumb|left|Geedka cananiska oo ubax bixiyey]] Si la mid ah ereyo badan oo kale, ereyga ''cananis'' wuxuu [[Soomaali|Af Soomaaliga]] ka soo galay [[luuqad]]a Af-[[Carabi]]ga. Magaca cananaas waxaan ka soo amaahanay ereyga "''An'nas''" (أناناس),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_english/pineapple|title=Pineapple|publisher=Oxford Dictionaries, Oxford University Press|date=2015|accessdate=2015-08-19|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=2015-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921130014/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_english/pineapple|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dole-plantation.com/History-of-the-Pineapple|title=History of the Pineapple|publisher=Dole Food Co., Dole Plantation|date=2015|accessdate=2015-08-19|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=2015-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150829080524/http://www.dole-plantation.com/History-of-the-Pineapple|dead-url=yes}}</ref> taasi oo marka la tixraaco asalka kelmada ka timidey kalmaka ''nanas'' oo micnaheeda Af-Carabigu yahay ''midho dhadhan fiican'' ama ''midho macaan''.<ref>Davidson A. (2008) The Penguin Companion to Food. Penguin Books.</ref> =Muuqaalka= <gallery perrow=" " widths="150" heights="150" caption="Muuqaalada Cananiska"> File:Split ananas.jpg File:Pineapple field.jpg File:Pineapple 230.gif File:PineApple - Ananas comosus - starting stage.jpg| File:Pineapple Juice.jpg| File:Ananas comosus flower.jpg| </gallery> =Qoraalo La Xidhiidha= {{Cunto}} =Tixraac= {{Reflist}} [[Category:Firiley]] [[Category:Caafimaad]] [[Category:Cunto]] [[Category:Dhir]] [[Category:Geed]] [[Category:Midho]] [[Category:Dad]] [[Category:Beeraha]] [[Category:Beer]] [[Category:Juqraafi]] {{Commons|Ananas comosus}} qrw64a2lfpzuftky0gn8oi2n8dck78b 0 17617 305797 260343 2026-08-24T17:46:10Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305797 wikitext text/x-wiki ::''Kani waa maqaal ku saabsan midabka cillaan. Haku khaldin [[liin]]ta. ::''Boga "[[oranji]]" halkan ayaa laga soo toosiyay {{infobox color | title= cillaan | image = Image:Color icon orange.svg | wavelength=590–620 | frequency=505–480 | hex=FF6600 | r=255|g=102|b= 0 | c=0|m=60|y=100|k=0 | h=24|s=100|v=100 | spelling=Colour | source=[http://tx4.us/moacolor.htm HTML Colour Chart @30]|textcolor=white}} '''Cillaan''' ama liin ({{lang-en|''Orange''}}; {{lang-ar|برتقالي}}) waa [[midab]]ka u dhexeeya [[casaan]]ka iyo [[huruud]]a, waana midab la sameeyo wakhtiga wax la rinjiyeeynayo. Magaca midabkan waxaa laga keenay [[khudaar]]ta [[liin]]ta. Dhaqanka deegaano badan oo caalamka ah waxaa midabka liiniga loo yaqaanaa mid u taagan ku qanacsani, saa'id, dab (olol), halis, xarakaad adag, tijaabo iyo iskafiirin, [[xilli|xilliga dayrta]], iyo waxyaabo kale. Laakiin meelo kale oo ka mid ah [[Aasiya|qaarada Aasiya]] midabkan wuxuu astaan u yahay [[diin]]ta [[Budha]]ha iyo [[Hindisam]]ka.<ref>Eva Heller, ''Psychologie de la couleur: effets et symboliques'', pp. 149–158</ref> Guud ahaan, midabka cillaanta ah waxaa loogu magac-daray midabka [[liin macaan]] bislaatay (taasi oo ah midab huruud iyo casaan khafiif ah).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Paterson|first=Ian|title=A Dictionary of Colour: A Lexicon of the Language of Colour |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofcolo0000pate|edition=1st paperback|year=2003|publication-date=2004|publisher=Thorogood|location=London|isbn=1-85418-375-3|oclc=60411025|page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofcolo0000pate/page/280 280]|postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->&#123;&#123;inconsistent citations&#125;&#125;}}</ref> ==Sida Dabiiciga iyo Dhaqanada== <gallery mode="packed" heights="200"> File:Delicatearch.png|Dundumo ku taala beerta Arches National Park, Utah, Maraykanka File:Saffron Crop.JPG|[[Sacfaran|Sacfaranka]] loo isticmaalo in lagu midabeeyo [[Xawaash|xawaashka]] </gallery> =Taariikhda iyo Farshaxanka= Wakhtiyadii hore ee wadanka [[Masar]], khubarada farshaxanku waxay aad u isticmaali jireen midab u eg liiniga oo lagu magacaabi jirey "realga" kaasi ooy ku sharaxi jireen qabriyada iyo meelaha ugu fiican [[boqor|qariga boqortooyada]]. <gallery mode="packed" heights="200px"> File:Egypt lyre 001.jpg|Dad ka mid ah Masaaridii hore oo is mariyay midabka liiniga File:Orpiment mineral.jpg|Mid ka mida macdanta lag sameeyo midabka liiniga File:Vladimirskaya.jpg|muuqaal qarnigii 12aad File:Aerial conflict.jpg|Alwaaxyo lagu midabeeyay oranjiga File:TÜRKA Vanemuise suures majas -- tants Kodukotus.JPG|Gasiiradaha Muhu, Estoniya waxaa caan ku ah midabkan </gallery> =Muuqaalka= <gallery perrow="" widths="150" heights="150" caption="Muuqaalada Liiniga"> Image:Color icon orange.svg Image:Ambersweet oranges.jpg Image:Orange gerbera.jpg Image:Manda.jpg Image:Cucurbita_maxima_01_-_Orange.jpg Image:Alaska Airlines Boeing 737-890 N579AS.jpg Image:Zest Orange.jpg Image:Bubbles forming while pouring.jpg Image:Yamashita Yohei - CC on Orange (by).jpg Image:Sevilleorangemarmalade.jpg Image:Schleimpilz Urwald Sababurg.jpg Image:Umbrella-orange-textile.jpg Image:Sujiko by sor.jpg Image:Calcite-orange.jpg Image:Unidentified orange red tree.jpg Image:Oranges and orange juice.jpg Image:Orange cup coral (Balanophyllia elegans) 01.jpg Image:Orange_circles.jpg Image:Cirrochroa up 051028 2248 stgd.jpg Image:Orange flower0001.JPG Image:Hajiali.jpg Image:Goldfish Ranchu 2.jpg Image:Orange Flower.jpg Image:Solenostemon scutellarioides (Coleus x hybridus) 'Rustic Orange' Leaf Cluster 3264px.jpg </gallery> ==Noocyo Ka Mida Liiniga== <gallery> Image:Solid orange.svg Image:Cadmiumorange.jpg Image:Perinoneorange.jpg Image:Pyrroleorange.jpg Image:Orange color.jpg </gallery> =Midabo Kale= =Midabo Kale= {{Midab}} =Tixraac= {{Reflist}} [[Category:Midabada]] [[Category:Midab]] [[Category:Midabada Aasaasiga]] {{commons|Orange_(color)}} o3gpd7wmkvz3188xlca9dnqkri75ojp 0 17873 305823 155931 2026-08-24T18:02:29Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305823 wikitext text/x-wiki ::''Boga "[[xalwad]]" halkan ayaa laga soo toosiyay. {{Infobox prepared food | name = Halva | image = [[File:Naschmarkt Wien 2009 PD 20091008 031.JPG|250px]] | imagesize = | caption = Noocyo kala duwan oo xalwad ah | alternate_name = xalawa, xaleweh, halava, helava, xelwa, xalwa, aluva, chalva | country = [[Soomaaliya]], [[Bariga Afrika]], [[Bariga Dhexe]], meelo kale caalamka | region = | creator = | type = Cunto la iskuqasay | served = | main_ingredient = Burka: midho [[daqiiq]]<br />Looska: [[loos|loos la burburiya]] iyo [[sonkor]] | variations = | calories = | other = }} '''Xalwo''' ({{lang-ar|حلاوة طحينية}}; {{Lang-en|halva}}) (sidoo kale loo yaqaano '''Xalwad''') waa nooc ka mid ah [[cunto|cuntada fudud]] ee laga cuno meelo badan oo caalamka ah, gaar ahaan [[Soomaaliya]], [[Bariga Afrika]], [[Bariga Dhexe]], iyo meelo kale. Ereyga ''xalwa'' wuxuu ka yimid luuqada [[Carabi]]ga ({{lang-ar|حلاوة}} ''ḥalāwah'' / {{lang|ar|حلوى}} ''ḥalwá''), taasi oo ah iskuqas laga sameeyay noocyo kala duwan oo la isku kariyo. Xalwadu waa mid [[macaan]] isla markaana leh [[midab]]o kala duwan. Guud ahaan xalwada caalamka nooc kasta oy tahay waxay ku salaysan tahay labo nooc: ;Nooc-daqiiq: noocani waa mid yara jilicsan waxay ka samaysan tahay [[daqiiq]], gaar ahaan nooca cad. Sidoo kale waxaa lagu daraa [[subag]], [[saliid]] iyo [[sonkor]]. ;Nooc-loos leh: xalwada noocan ah waa mid adag oo ka samaysan iskudhafka sinin, [[loos|loos jajaban]], midho yaryar, [[subag]] iyo [[sonkor]]. Guud ahaan, midabka xalwada waxaa saamayn ku leh nooca [[khudaar]], [[midho]] iyo sacfaraan la isticmaalay. Meelaha qaar waxaa xalwada lagu daraa khudaar la jarjaray.<ref>{{cite book | last = Davidson | first = Alan | authorlink = Alan Davidson (food writer) | coauthors = | title = The Oxford Companion to Food | publisher = Oxford University press | year = 1999 | location = Oxford | pages = xx + 892 | url =https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000davi_g3y4| doi = | isbn = 0-19-211579-0}}</ref> =Magaca= Si la mid ah xarfo iyo magacyo badan oo luuqada [[Af Soomaali]]gu ka soo amaahday luuqadaha caalamka, gaar ahaan Carabiga, ayaa ereyga Xalwa wuxuu inaga soo galay deegaanada Carabta. Ereyga ''xalwa'' wuxuu ka yimid luuqada [[Carabi]]ga ({{lang-ar|حلاوة}} ''ḥalāwah'' / {{lang|ar|حلوى}} ''ḥalwá'') taasi oo la aaminsan yahay ineey aduunyada ku fiday qiyaastii 1840kii ilaa 1850kii.<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/halvah Halvah], Random House Dictionary]], 2009</ref> Sidoo kale ereyga xalwa (حلو ''ḥelw'') micnaheeda Af Carabigu waa "macaan". =Noocyada= Guud ahaan noocyada kala duwan ee xalwadu waxay ka sameeysan tahay [[sonkor]], [[malab]] iyo walxo kale. Noocyada qaar waa kuwo adag, kuwo kale waa jileec, waxayna guud ahaan xalwadu ku kala duwan tahay midabada. Sidoo kale, xalwadu waa cunto fudud oo [[macaan]] ah. ==Xalwada Daqiiqda Ka Samaysan== Xalwada noocan ah waxay ka samaysan tahay daqiiq la shiilay midaasi oo lagu qasay [[saliid]], [[daqiiq]] iyo [[sonkor]]. ==Semolina (''suji'')== [[File:UnHelvasi.jpg|thumb|200px|Nooc xalwada caan ka ah wadanka [[Turkiga]]]] Xalwada noocan ah waxaa laga cunaa wadano badan oo [[Aasiya]] ah, gaar ahaan [[Hindiya]], Afganistaan, Neebaal, Bangaladhesh, [[Bakistaan]] ilaa wadanka [[Turkiga]]. =Diyaarinta Xalwada= Xalwada waxaa laga diyaariyaa [[daqiiq]] lagu qasay [[fixiso]], khamiir, [[biyo]] diiran, [[saliid]] iyo [[sonkor]] taasi oo si fiican loo qaso (tumo) si ay iskudhexgalaan iskudarkaasi, ka dib meel lageliyo koorno ama dab lagu kariyo.<ref>[http://food.lizsteinberg.com/2009/01/05/saturday-brunch-lahoh-purple-salad-with-ginger-dill-dressing-and-more/ Preparing Lahoh]</ref> Sida ugu badan daqiiqda laga diyaariyo xalwada waa mid cadaan khafiif ah.<ref> name="Abdullahi"</ref> =Isticmaalka= Sida caadiga ah, xalwadu waxay ka mid tahay [[cunto|cuntada]] [[cuwaaf]]ta ah ee la isticmaalo wakhtiyada xafladaha, arooska, ciidaha iyo dabaaldegyada.<ref> name="Abdullahi"</ref> =Muuqaalka= <gallery perrow=" " widths="180" heights="180" caption="Muuqaalada Noocyada Xalwada"> File:Halwo 003.jpg File:Apple Halwa.jpg File:Bread Halwa.jpg File:Bombay Halwa, Karachi Halwa.jpg File:Calicut Black Halwa.jpg File:Dry fruit halwa.jpg File:Calicut red Halwa.jpg File:Indian sweet - Halva.jpg </gallery> =Qoraalo La Xidhiidha= * [[Bariis]] * [[Makaroone]] * [[Suugo]] * [[Xaniid]] {{Cunto}} =Linkiyo Banaanka= * [http://www.urbanjunkies.com/london/07/1214-eatdrink-crepes.html Recipe for Yemeni 'Lahoch'] =Tixraac= {{Reflist}} [[Category:Firiley]] [[Category:Caafimaad]] [[Category:Cunto]] [[Category:Dhir]] [[Category:Geed]] [[Category:Midho]] [[Category:Dad]] [[Category:Beeraha]] [[Category:Beer]] [[Category:Juquraafi]] {{Commons|Category:Halva}} 3w79uul406flfjk54rkal2r9b37hfpr 0 18109 305900 150710 2026-08-24T18:41:45Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305900 wikitext text/x-wiki ::''Kani waa maqaal ku saabsan nooc ka mid ah barandhaha.'' {{taxobox | name = Sonkor qadi | image = Ipomoea batatas (Sweet Potato) Flower.jpg | image2 = Ipomoea batatas 006.JPG | image_width = frameless{{!}}upright=1.10 | image_caption = Ubaxa sonkor qadiga [[Hong Kong]] | image2_caption = Sonkor qadi | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | unranked_divisio = Angiosperms | unranked_classis = Eudicots | unranked_ordo = Asterids | ordo = Solanales | familia = Convolvulaceae | genus = ''[[Xidido]]ley'' | species = '''''I. batatas''''' | binomial = ''Ipomoea batatas'' | binomial_authority = (L.) iyo Lam.}} '''Sonkor qadi''' ({{lang-en|sweet potato}}; {{lang-ar|بطاطا حلوة}}; magaca [[Saynis]]ka: '''''Ipomoea batatas''''') waa [[dhir]] xididoley ah oo ka mid ah noocyada kala duwan ee [[barandho|barandhaha]] taasi oo ka baxda meelo badan oo caalamka ah.<ref name="Purseglove, 1991">{{cite book |last=Purseglove |first= John Williams |year=1968 |title=Tropical crops: Dicotyledons |series=Longman Scientific and Technical |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |publication-place=New York |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Tropical_Crops.html?id=rYQ_AAAAYAAJ |isbn=978-0-582-46666-1}}{{page needed|date=April 2015}}</ref><ref name="Woolfe, 1992">{{cite book| last=Woolfe |first=Jennifer A. |title=Sweet Potato: An Untapped Food Resource | url=https://archive.org/details/sweetpotatountap0000wool |date=5 March 1992 |publication-place=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press and the International Potato Center (CIP)|isbn=9780521402958}}</ref> Inkastoo ay jiraan noocyo aan weli la diiwaangelin, sida caadiga ah waxaa jira ilaa sadex nooc oo sonkor qadi ah; kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah: *'''''Sonkor qadi cas''': noocani waa mid leh midab casaan ah, aad ugu qaab dhow [[Kaaroot]]ka, waxayna aad uga baxdaa wadanada [[Waqooyiga Ameerika]]. *'''''Sonkor qadi cowlan'''''': barandhada noocan ah waa mid leh muuqaalka barandhada caadiga ah, taasi oo aad uga baxda meelo badan oo qaarada [[Afrika]] ah. Noocan waxaa laga cunaa wadanka [[Soomaaliya]]; waxayna leedahay dhadhanka ugu macaan dhamaan sonkor qadiga oo dhan. *'''''Sonkor qadi kuus''''': noocani waxay ka baxdaa inta ugu badan qaarada [[Aasiya]] waxayna aad ugu muuq iyo qaab eeg tahay barandhaha caadiga ah. =Muuqaalka= <gallery perrow=" " widths="150" heights="150" caption="Muuqaalada Sonkor qadiga"> image:Ipomoea_batatas.jpg| Image:Ipomoea batatasL ja01.jpg| Image:Sweet-potato-field,katori-city,japan.JPG| Image:Sweet potatoes.JPG| Image:Kumara.jpg| Image:Sweet potato brazil2.jpg Image:Sweet potato brazil.jpg Image:Yams at refugee camp in Chad.jpg File:Ipomoea_batatas_001.JPG File:Ipomoea_batatas_002.JPG File:Ipomoea_batatas_003.JPG File:Ipomoea_batatas_004.JPG File:Ipomoea_batatas_005.JPG File:Ipomoea_batatas_006.JPG File:Ipomoea batatus cv. Tainon No.62.JPG| </gallery> =Qoraalo La Xidhiidha= {{Cunto}} =Tixraac= {{Reflist}} [[Category:Firiley]] [[Category:Caafimaad]] [[Category:Cunto]] [[Category:Dhir]] [[Category:Geed]] [[Category:Midho]] [[Category:Dad]] [[Category:Beeraha]] [[Category:Beer]] [[Category:Juquraafi]] {{Commons|Ipomoea batatas}} sv01x1l1d4d82076euwss482gq4jpv0 0 19500 305789 297357 2026-08-24T17:40:07Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305789 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox holiday |holiday_name = {{lang|ar|عيد الفطر}}<br />Ciid al-Fitr ({{transl|ar|ALA-LC|ʻĪd al-Fiṭr}})<br /><small>Dabaaldega dhamaystirka [[Soon]]ka bisha [[Ramadaan]]</small> |image = Celebrating Eid in Tajikistan 10-13-2007.jpg |image_size = 210px |caption = Cuntooyin loogu talo-galay Ciid al-Fitr, [[Tajikistan]] |official_name = {{lang-ar|عيد الفطر}}<br />''{{transl|ar|ALA-LC|‘Īd al-Fiṭr}}'' |observedby = [[Islaam]] |type = Diin |longtype = Dabaaldeg Islaam |significance = Dhamaadka soonka [[Bisha Ramadaan|Ramadan]] |date = 1 [[Shawwal]] |date2016 = 6 Luuliyo (''Umm al-Qura'')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/ummalqura.htm|title=The Umm al-Qura Calendar of Saudi Arabia|publisher=|4=|access-date=2016-06-19|archive-date=2020-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621105742/http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/ummalqura.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> |date2017 = 25 June |date2018 = 15 June |celebrations = Siyaarasho qoyska iyo qaraabada, noocyo badan oo cunto ah, is carfin, xidhashada dhar cusub, hadiyada ciida, iyo damaashaad |observances = [[Zakat al-Fitr]] [[Sako]], [[Salaad|Salaada Ciida]] |relatedto = [[Ramadaan]], [[Ciid al-Adxa]] }} '''Ciid al-Fitr''' ({{lang-ar|عيد الفطر}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA-LC|ʻĪd al-Fiṭr}}'', {{IPA-ar|ʕiːd al fitˤr|IPA}}, "dabaaldega dhamaadka soonka"), <ref>{{cite book |title=Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/islam0000elia |first=Jamal J. |last=Elias |publisher=Routledge |year=1999 |isbn=0415211654 |page=[https://archive.org/details/islam0000elia/page/75 75]}}</ref> waa maalin diini ah oo aad muhiim ugu ah dadka [[Muslim]]ka ah meel kasta ooy joogaan. Waa maalinta loo dabaaldego dhamaystirka bisha barakeysan ee cibaadada iyo soonka ee [[Ramadaan]]. == Hordhac == Ciid al Fitri, sidoo kale loo yaqaano "Ciida Soon" ama "Ciida Ramadaan" waa maalinta koowaad ee [[Shawwal]] (bisha 10aad ee [[Kalandarka Islaamka]]). Maalintani waxaa dadka Islaamka ah u debaaldegaan dhamaystirka 30 maalmood ee Ramadaan; waana maalin damaashaad, cunto, farxad iyo raynrayn lagu yaqaano. Maalinta Ciida ah lama ogola in qof Soomo, xataa hadii lagu lahaa maalmo. ==Salaada== Si la mid ah Ciida Al-adxa, Ciid al-Fitri waxaa dadka Muslimka ahi tukadaan '''Salaada Ciida''', taasi oo ka kooban labo [[rakcad]]ood. Sida badan, salaada ciida waxaa lagu tukadaa barxad weyn, taasi oo kulmisa tiro aad u badan oo Muslimiin ah, kuwaasi oo hal mar wada tukada. Sidoo kale, salaada ciida waxaa ku jira "takbiir" (Alle weyneyn) taasi oo si dhawaq dheer ah loo qaado. Salaada Ciida marka ay dhamaato waxaa culimadu akhriyaar xooga khudbad ah, taasi oo dadka xasuusinaysa wanaaga iyo camal falka diinta.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inter-islam.org/Actions/eidshawwal.htm |title=Eid al-Fitr and the six supplementary fasts of Shawwal |website=Inter-islam.org |}}</ref> == Sidoo Kale Fiiri == * [[Ciid Carafo]] * [[Maalintiris]] * [[bilaha]] * [[Todobaad]]yada iyo * [[Maalmaha]] * [[Kalandar]] * [[Kalandarka Hijriga]] * [[Kalandarka Miilaadiga]] * [[Bil]] * [[Bilaha Islaamka]] ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{gumud}} [[Category:Bilaha]] [[Category:Kalandar| ]] [[Category:Bilaha hijriga]] 8dvcg56s9l62n7jm1hgg3jgkebftqxq 0 20167 305893 160690 2026-08-24T18:37:54Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305893 wikitext text/x-wiki ::''Boga "[[Dawaco]]" halkan ayaa laga soo toosiyay.'' {{Taxobox | name = Fox | image = Vulpes vulpes laying in snow.jpg | image_width = 280px | image_caption = Dawacada cas (''Vulpes vulpes'') oo ku dhex jiifta baraf | regnum = [[Xayawaan]] | phylum = Chordata | classis = [[Naasley]] | ordo = [[Hilibcun]] | familia = Canidae | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision = * ''Vulpes'' * ''Cerdocyon'' * †''Dusicyon'' * ''Lycalopex'' * ''Otocyon'' * ''Urocyon'' }} '''Dacawo''' ({{lang-en|''fox''}}; {{lang-ar|ثعلب}}) (sidoo kale loo yaqaano '''[[Dawaco]]''') waa xayawaan [[hilibcun|hilibcun iyo dhircun]] taasi oo ka tirsan [[naasley]]da. Sida caadiga ah, dacawadu waxay le'eg tahay [[ey]]ga inkastoo qaarkood kaba xajmi iyo jidh weyn yihiin, halka kuwo kale ka yaryar yihiin.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Macdonald|first1=edited by David W.|last2=Sillero-Zubiri|first2=Claudio|title=The biology and conservation of wild canids|url=https://archive.org/details/biologyconservat0000unse_u7d3|date=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=0198515561|page=[https://archive.org/details/biologyconservat0000unse_u7d3/page/49 49]|edition=Nachdr. d. Ausg. 2004.}}</ref> [[Image:FoxSkelLyd1.png|thumb|Fox skeleton]] ==Muuqaalo== <gallery perrow=" " widths="208" heights="208" caption="Muuqaalada Dacawada"> Rød ræv (Vulpes vulpes).jpg Vulpes_vulpes_pups.jpg FoxInHighPark.JPG Urban fox and rabbit.jpg </gallery> ==Sidoo kale fiiri== *[[Ay]] *[[Yey]] ==Xigasho== {{reflist}} {{gumud}} [[Category:Xayawaan]] [[Category:Noole]] l6yyowzenftv4tnsgphrzdtchye6yeg 0 20683 305856 296593 2026-08-24T18:17:49Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305856 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Siyaasadda Soomaaliya}} '''Xiriirka arrimaha dibadda ee [[Soomaaliya]]''' waa mid ku jira gacanta [[Madaxweynaha Soomaaliya|Madaxweynaha]] kaa soo ah hogaanka qaranka, [[Ra'iisul wasaare|Ra'iisul wasaaraha]] kaa soo ah Hogaanka xukuumadda, iyo wasiirka arimaha dibadda ee [[Dawladda federaalka Soomaaliya]]. == Taariikh kooban == [[Soomaaliya]] Kadib xornimadii 1960s waxay xiriir la lahayd dalal farabadan (46-57+..) oo ay ka heli jirtay caawinaad waxaana ugu muhiim sanaa [[Talyaaniga]]; [[Turkiga]]; [[Midowga Sofiyet]]; dalalka ku bahoobay [[Jaamacada Carabta]], [[Maraykanka]], [[Jarmalka]]; [[Midowga Yurub]]; [[Shiinaha]], iyo [[Midowga Afrika]].:• ==Wasaarada Arimaha Dibeda== [[Wasaarada Arimaha Dibada Soomaaliya]] waa [[Golaha Wasiirada Soomaaliya|wasaarad]] ka tirsan [[Dawlada Soomaaliya]] taasi oo maamusha [[Xiriirka Arrimaha Dibadda Soomaaliya|arimaha xidhiidhka dibada ee Soomaaliya]]. Wasaaradani waxay hoostegtaa Wasiirka Arimaha Dibeda Soomaaliya, xilkaasi hada waxaa haya Cabdisalaam Cumar. Sida caadiga ah, Wasaarada Arimaha Dibedu waxay u qaabilsan tahay xidhiidhka arimaha dibeda, siyaasada dibeda, go'aanada dowladaha kale iyo metelida dowlada [[Dowlada Federaalka Soomaaliya]]. Sidoo kale, wakaaladani waxay uga qeybgashaa dowlada wadanka dhamaan shirarka [[Qaramada Midoobay]], Ururada Siyaasi, iyo dhamaan xidhiidhka caalami. == Xiriirka Diblomaasiyadeed == Liiska wadamada ay Soomaaliya xiriirka diblomaasiyadeed la leedahay: {| class="wikitable sortable" ! colspan="3" |[[File:Diplomatic_relations_of_Somalia.svg|frameless|425x425px]] |- !# !Country !Date<ref name=":1">{{Cite web}}</ref> |- |1 |{{Flag|Uganda}} |1 April 1960<ref name=":0">{{Cite web}}</ref> |- |2 |{{Flag|France}} |1 July 1960<ref>{{Cite journal}}</ref> |- |3 |{{Flag|Germany}} |1 July 1960<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> |- |4 |{{Flag|Italy}} |1 July 1960<ref>{{Cite book|title=Rivista di studi politici internazionali 45|publisher=F. le Monnier|year=1978|pages=638|language=it}}</ref> |- |5 |{{Flag|United States}} |1 July 1960<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> |- |6 |{{Flag|Russia}} |4 July 1960<ref name=":0" /> |- |7 |{{Flag|Belgium}} |5 July 1960<ref name=":0" /> |- |8 |{{Flag|Switzerland}} |5 July 1960<ref name=":0" /> |- |9 |{{Flag|United Kingdom}} |7 July 1960<ref name=":0" /> |- |10 |{{Flag|Netherlands}} |7 July 1960<ref name=":0" /> |- |11 |{{Flag|Egypt}} |8 July 1960<ref>{{Cite book|title=Daily Report Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 131-135|publisher=United States. Foreign Broadcast Information Service 1960|pages=24}}</ref> |- |12 |{{Flag|Denmark}} |9 July 1960<ref name=":0" /> |- |13 |{{Flag|Sweden}} |13 July 1960<ref name=":0" /> |- |14 |{{Flag|Serbia}} |8 September 1960<ref>{{Cite book|title=Report|publisher=Secretariat for Information of the Federal Executive Council, 1961|pages=275}}</ref> |- |15 |{{Flag|Czech Republic}} |26 September 1960<ref>{{Cite book|title=East Europe, 8-9|publisher=Free Europe Press, Free Europe Committee|year=1960|pages=53}}</ref> |- |16 |{{Flag|Bulgaria}} |28 September 1960<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> |- |17 |{{Flag|Albania}} |September 1960<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act...|publisher=United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations|year=1961|pages=198}}</ref> |- |18 |{{Flag|Hungary}} |14 October 1960<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Survey of Recent Developments in Nine Captive Countries|publisher=ACEN Secretariat|year=1960|pages=165}}</ref> |- |19 |{{Flag|Ethiopia}} |14 December 1960<ref name=":0" /> |- |20 |{{Flag|China}} |14 December 1960<ref name=":0" /> |- |21 |{{Flag|Malaysia}} |17 December 1960<ref name=":0" /> |- |22 |{{Flag|Saudi Arabia}} |17 December 1960<ref name=":0" /> |- |23 |{{Flag|Pakistan}} |18 December 1960<ref name=":0" /> |- |24 |{{Flag|Yemen}} |18 December 1960<ref name=":0" /> |- |25 |{{Flag|Indonesia}} |21 December 1960<ref name=":0" /> |- |26 |{{Flag|Ghana}} |25 February 1961<ref>{{Cite book|title=West Africa, Issues 2280-2295|publisher=West Africa Publishing Company Limited|year=1961|pages=222}}</ref> |- |27 |{{Flag|India}} |10 March 1961<ref>{{Cite book|title=Asian Recorder - Volume 7 - Page 3875|year=1961}}</ref> |- |28 |{{Flag|Lebanon}} |6 October 1961<ref name="News from Hsinhua News Agency">{{Cite book|title=News from Hsinhua News Agency|publisher=Daily bulletin Issues 1357-1371|year=1961|pages=16}}</ref> |- |29 |{{Flag|Sudan}} |6 October 1961<ref name="News from Hsinhua News Agency" /> |- |— |{{Flag|Sovereign Military Order of Malta}} |28 November 1961<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=de Béthencourt|first=Marcos Fernández|title=La orden de Malta: Estatuto Jurídico internacional|publisher=Editorial Sanz Y Torres|year=2019|pages=304|language=es}}</ref> |- |30 |{{Flag|Japan}} |6 December 1961<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> |- |31 |{{Flag|Austria}} |19 June 1962<ref>{{Cite book|title=Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 120-121|publisher=United States. Central Intelligence Agency|year=1962|pages=17}}</ref> |- |32 |{{Flag|Poland}} |11 July 1962<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> |- |33 |{{Flag|Tanzania}} |16 October 1963<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AzeUg0r9VFwC&pg=PA20|title=Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts, Issues 206-207|publisher=United States. Central Intelligence Agency|year=1963|pages=I 10}}</ref> |- |34 |{{Flag|Kuwait}} |29 July 1964<ref>{{Cite book|title=Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts|publisher=CIA|year=1964|volume=147-148|pages=111}}</ref> |- |35 |{{Flag|Syria}} |14 December 1964<ref>{{Cite book|title=Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts, 243–244|publisher=CIA|year=1964|pages=10}}</ref> |- |36 |{{Flag|Romania}} |10 July 1965<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> |- |37 |{{Flag|Turkey}} |13 December 1965<ref>{{Cite book|title=Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts, Issues 236-240|publisher=United States. Central Intelligence Agency|year=1965}}</ref> |- |38 |{{Flag|Iraq}} |17 October 1966<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mideast Mirror 18|publisher=Arab News Agency|year=1966|pages=22}}</ref> |- |39 |{{Flag|Jordan}} |1 January 1967<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mideast Mirror|year=1967|volume=19|pages=3|quote=The first Somali ambassador designate to Jordan, Mr. Hassan Adam, arrived in Amman on January 1.}}</ref> |- |40 |{{Flag|North Korea}} |13 April 1967<ref name="Dprkdr2">{{Cite web}}</ref> |- |41 |{{Flag|Kenya}} |17 December 1967<ref>{{Cite journal}}</ref> |- |42 |{{Flag|Libya}} |30 December 1967<ref>{{Cite book|title=Summary of World Broadcasts: Non-Arab Africa|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service|year=1968|pages=5}}</ref> |- |43 |{{Flag|Canada}} |6 March 1968<ref>{{Cite book|title=Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts, 46–50|publisher=CIA|year=1968|pages=11}}</ref> |- |44 |{{Flag|Spain}} |27 June 1968<ref>{{Cite book|title=Boletín oficial del estado: Gaceta de Madrid, 172-183|year=1968|pages=18|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Boletâin oficial del estado: Gaceta de Madrid|year=1968|pages=10250|language=es}}</ref> |- |45 |{{Flag|Zambia}} |7 July 1968<ref>{{Cite book|title=Problèmes africains et du tiers monde - Issues 449-474 - Page 5|year=1968}}</ref> |- |46 |{{Flag|Tunisia}} |July 1969<ref name=":32">{{Cite book|last=Clausen|first=Ursel|title=Tunisie - notes biographiques|year=1976|pages=16|language=fr}}</ref> |- |47 |{{Flag|Nigeria}} |27 February 1970<ref>{{Cite book|title=Africa Research Bulletin|publisher=Blackwell|year=1970|pages=1666|quote=Nigeria and Somalia have agreed to establish diplomatic relations at ambassadorial level. The Nigerian Ambassador to the Sudan , Mr. Nuhu Mohammed , has been appointed non - resident Ambassador to Mogadishu . ( NMP 27/2 )}}</ref> |- |48 |{{Flag|Vietnam}} |7 June 1970<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> |- |49 |{{Flag|Mongolia}} |28 February 1971<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> |- |50 |{{Flag|Finland}} |12 March 1971<ref name="ties">{{Cite web}}</ref> |- |51 |{{Flag|Norway}} |30 March 1971<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> |- |52 |{{Flag|Cuba}} |19 July 1972<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> |- |53 |{{Flag|Bahrain}} |29 October 1972<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> |- |54 |{{Flag|United Arab Emirates}} |29 November 1972<ref>{{Cite book|title=An-Nahar Arab Report - Volume 3, Issues 34-52|publisher=1972|pages=7}}</ref> |- |— |{{Flag|Iran}} (suspended) |1972<ref>{{Cite book|last=Robert Steele|url=https://www.google.com.ua/books/edition/Pahlavi_Iran_s_Relations_with_Africa/oboJEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=The+two+countries+did+establish+diplomatic+relations+in+1972,+and+an+Iranian+embassy+was+opened+in+Mogadishu+in+February+1973,+headed+by+a+charg%C3%A9+d+...&pg=PA284&printsec=frontcover|title=Pahlavi Iran's Relations with Africa Cultural and Political Connections in the Cold War|date=27 June 2024|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=284}}</ref> |- |55 |{{Flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} |28 January 1973<ref>{{Cite book|last=D.G. Lavroff|title=L'Afrique dans le monde|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_2233000048|publisher=Editions A. Pedone|year=1973|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_2233000048/page/651 651]|language=fr|quote=25-28 janvier. — Séjour officiel en Somalie du président zairois Mobutu Sese Seko. Les deux chefs d’Etat décident d’établir des relations diplomatiques au niveau des ambassades ...}}</ref> |- |56 |{{Flag|Cambodia}} |16 August 1973<ref>{{Cite book|title=Current Background, Issues 999-1003|publisher=American Consulate General, 4 Mar 1974|year=1974|pages=18}}</ref> |- |57 |{{Flag|Greece}} |15 December 1973<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xQgsAQAAIAAJ&dq=...+14+that+they+had+agreed+to+establish+diplomatic+relations+at+embassy+level+.&pg=RA63-PP1|title=Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 4412-4487|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service|year=1973|access-date=23 April 2023}}</ref> |- |58 |{{Flag|Qatar}} |3 February 1974<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> |- |59 |{{Flag|Argentina}} |15 March 1974<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> |- |60 |{{Flag|Algeria}} |17 March 1974<ref>{{Cite book|title=ARR Arab Report and Record|publisher=Economic Features, Limited|year=1974|pages=98|quote=Abdel - Hamid Ali Yousef was appointed Somali Ambassador to Algeria on 17 March.}}</ref> |- |61 |{{Flag|Mozambique}} |25 June 1975<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Southern African Political History A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=1999|pages=215}}</ref> |- |62 |{{Flag|Mexico}} |5 August 1975<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> |- |63 |{{Flag|Senegal}} |2 October 1975<ref>{{Cite book|title=Notes d'information et statistiques Issues 224-229|publisher=Banque centrale des Etats de l'Afrique de l'Ouest|year=1975|language=fr|quote=2 octobre - ... Le Président Senghor reçoit les lettres de créance du premier ambassadeur de la République démocratique de Somalie au Sénégal.}}</ref> |- |64 |{{Flag|Togo}} |21 November 1975<ref>{{Cite book|title=Notes d'information et statistiques Issues 224-229|publisher=Banque centrale des Etats de l'Afrique de l'Ouest|year=1975|pages=31|language=fr|quote=18-21 novembre ... le Togo et la Somalie décident d'établir des relations diplomatiques...}}</ref> |- |65 |{{Flag|Philippines}} |21 April 1977<ref>{{Cite book|title=Asian Almanac 15|publisher=V.T. Sambandan|year=1977|pages=8004}}</ref> |- |66 |{{Flag|Morocco}} |24 January 1979<ref>{{Cite book|title=MEED Arab Report|publisher=Middle East Economic Digest Limited|year=1979|pages=28}}</ref> |- |67 |{{Flag|Djibouti}} |4 June 1979<ref name=":3">{{Cite web}}</ref> |- |68 |{{Flag|Mali}} |1979<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Europa year book : a world survey. 1979. Vol. 2|publisher=Europa Publications Limited|year=1979|pages=1381}}</ref> |- |69 |{{Flag|Laos}} |27 February 1980<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> |- |70 |{{Flag|Liberia}} |1980<ref name=":40">{{Cite book|title=Annual Report of the Minister of Foreign Affairs, R.L.|publisher=Liberia. Ministry of Foreign Affairs|year=1980|pages=138}}</ref> |- |71 |{{Flag|Oman}} |1980<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> |- |72 |{{Flag|Sri Lanka}} |4 January 1982<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sub-Saharan Africa Report, Issues 2554-2559|publisher=Foreign Broadcast Information Service|year=1982|pages=156}}</ref> |- |73 |{{Flag|Portugal}} |1 February 1982<ref>{{Cite book|title=Who's Who in the Arab World 2007-2008|publisher=Publitec Publications|year=2011|pages=1016}}</ref> |- |74 |{{Flag|Benin}} |12 March 1982<ref>{{Cite book|title=Le Mois en Afrique Volume 17, Issues 194-199|publisher=1982|pages=173|language=fr|quote=12 mars . Quatre diplomates ont présenté leurs lettres de créance au chef de l'Etat béninois M. Mathieu Kérékou . Il s'agit de MM . Alfred Imbahale Machayo ( Kenya ) , Hussein Assan Farah ( Somalie ) ...}}</ref> |- |75 |{{Flag|Singapore}} |14 January 1983<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> |- |76 |{{Flag|Nepal}} |24 October 1984<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> |- |77 |{{Flag|Thailand}} |1 November 1984<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-9l4Z-9YXIYC&q=%22somalia+establish+diplomatic%22|title=Daily Report: Asia & Pacific, Issue 223–232|publisher=The Service|year=1984}}</ref> |- |78 |{{Flag|Iceland}} |20 March 1985<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> |- |79 |{{Flag|Seychelles}} |14 April 1986<ref>{{Cite book|title=Keesing's Contemporary Archives|year=1986|volume=32|pages=34409}}</ref> |- |80 |{{Flag|Brazil}} |2 April 1987 |- |81 |{{Flag|South Korea}} |25 September 1987<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> |- |82 |{{Flag|Maldives}} |10 March 1988 |- |83 |{{Flag|Colombia}} |3 October 1988 |- |84 |{{Flag|Zimbabwe}} |5 December 1989<ref>{{Cite book|title=Africa Research Bulletin: Political series - Volumes 26-27 - Page 9510|year=1989}}</ref> |- |85 |{{Flag|Bangladesh}} |30 December 1989<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> |- |86 |{{Flag|Botswana}} |15 March 1990<ref>{{Cite book|title=Diplomatic List 1995|publisher=Botswana, Botswana. Department of Foreign Affairs|year=1995|pages=xiii}}</ref> |- |87 |{{Flag|Armenia}} |28 June 2001<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> |- |88 |{{Flag|Eritrea}} |12 February 2002<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> |- |89 |{{Flag|Belarus}} |3 October 2003<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> |- |90 |{{Flag|Azerbaijan}} |22 March 2004 |- |91 |{{Flag|Tajikistan}} |28 July 2004<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> |- |92 |{{Flag|North Macedonia}} |17 February 2005 |- |93 |{{Flag|Venezuela}} |2 May 2005<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> |- |94 |{{Flag|Australia}} |20 April 2010<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> |- |95 |{{Flag|Georgia}} |26 January 2011 |- |96 |{{Flag|Estonia}} |23 May 2011<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> |- |97 |{{Flag|South Africa}} |13 March 2012<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> |- |98 |{{Flag|South Sudan}} |19 May 2012<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> |- |99 |{{Flag|Rwanda}} |18 October 2012<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> |- |100 |{{Flag|Slovakia}} |23 May 2013<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> |- |101 |{{Flag|Luxembourg}} |27 September 2013 |- |102 |{{Flag|Slovenia}} |3 April 2014<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> |- |103 |{{Flag|Fiji}} |10 April 2014 |- |104 |{{Flag|Burundi}} |14 April 2014<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> |- |105 |{{Flag|Malta}} |11 June 2014<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> |- |106 |{{Flag|Latvia}} |26 September 2014 |- |— |{{Flag|Kosovo}} |28 May 2015<ref name="Visoka">{{Cite book|last=Gëzim Visoka|title=Acting Like a State: Kosovo and the Everyday Making of Statehood|date=2018|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781138285330|location=Abingdon|pages=219–221}}</ref> |- |107 |{{Flag|Ireland}} |1 August 2017<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> |- |108 |{{Flag|Lithuania}} |30 September 2017<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> |- |109 |{{Flag|Mauritania}} |27 March 2018<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> |- |110 |{{Flag|Turkmenistan}} |4 November 2019<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> |- |111 |{{Flag|Angola}} |31 August 2021<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> |- |112 |{{Flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} |4 February 2022 |- |113 |{{Flag|Croatia}} |4 February 2022 |- |114 |{{Flag|Gambia}} |22 June 2022<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> |- |115 |{{Flag|Nicaragua}} |27 September 2024 |- |116 |{{Flag|Panama}} |20 January 2025<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> |- |117 |{{Flag|Namibia}} |29 January 2025<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> |- |118 |{{Flag|Uzbekistan}} |5 February 2025<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> |- |119 |{{Flag|Kyrgyzstan}} |8 April 2025<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> |- |120 |{{Flag|Ukraine}} |11 April 2025<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> |- |121 |{{Flag|Malawi}} |3 July 2025<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> |- |122 |{{Flag|Comoros}} |8 July 2025<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> |- |123 |{{Flag|Ivory Coast}} |5 August 2025<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> |- |124 |{{Flag|Kazakhstan}} |27 August 2025<ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> |- |125 |{{Flag|Myanmar}} |9 January 2026<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> |- |126 |{{Flag|Niger}} |15 January 2026<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> |- |127 |{{Flag|Cyprus}} |Unknown |- |128 |{{Flag|Guinea}} |Unknown<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> |- |— |{{Flag|State of Palestine}} |Unknown<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref> |} == Xiriirka labada dhinac == === Afrika === ==Sidoo kale fiiri== *[[Xiriirka Arrimaha Dibadda Soomaaliya]] *[[Golaha Wasiirada Soomaaliya]] *[[Safaaradaha Soomaaliya]] *[[Liiska ergeda dibloomaasiyiinta ku sugan Soomaaliya|Liiska ergeda dibloomaasiyiinta]] ==Xigasho== {{Reflist}} {{Maqaalo Soomaaliya}} [[Category:Wasaaradaha Soomaaliya]] [[Category:Siyaasadda Soomaaliya]] [[Category:Dawladda Soomaaliya]] {{Xiriirka Arrimaha Dibedda Soomaaliya}} [[Category:Siyaasadda]] jgaoubqgjwn0k59i6ml1npl1wt14y0y 0 23635 305857 173676 2026-08-24T18:18:14Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305857 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person}} Waleed Al-Husseini waa [[Falastiin]], qoreyist, [[qoraa]] iyo blogger. Bishii Oktoobar 2010, Hay'adda Falastiiniyiinta ayaa xirtay isaga oo lagu eedeeyey inay been ka sheegteen Islaamka on Facebook iyo blog posts; Xabsigaan wuxuu qabsadey dareen caalami ah. Markii dambe wuxuu u baxsaday Faransiiska, halkaas oo uu si guul ah u dalbaday magangelyo. Sannadkii 2013, wuxuu aasaasay Golaha Muslimiinta ee [[Faransiiska]], iyo sannadkii 2015 wuxuu ku qoray buugiisa koowaad, Blasphémateur! : les prisons d'Allah wuxuu ku saabsan yahay waayo-aragnimadiisa. == Bibliography == [[File:Waleed Al-Husseini interview.webm|thumb|[[Maryam Namazie]] interviews Al-Husseini about ''Blasphémateur'' (2016).]] *''Blasphémateur ! : les prisons d'Allah'', 2015, Grasset ({{ISBN|978-2-246-85461-6}}) **English translation: {{Cite book |last=Al-Husseini |first=Waleed |date=2017 |title=The Blasphemer: The Price I Paid for Rejecting Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/blasphemerpricei0000alhu |location=New York City |publisher=Skyhorse Publishing |isbn=9781628726756}} *''Une trahison française : Les collaborationnistes de l'islam radical devoilés'' ("A French Treason: The Collaborators of Radical Islam Unveiled"), 2017, Éditions Ring {{ISBN|979-1091447577}} '''Tixraac''' {{Commonscat|Waleed Al-Husseini}} [[:en:Waleed_Al-Husseini|Waleed al-husseini]] j01rv8hig3p9x64cf2df86nskvvj4ka 0 29732 305868 299121 2026-08-24T18:24:55Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305868 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Punt_houses.gif|thumb| Muuqaal ku yaal Punt, oo muujinaya guryo dhowr ah oo ku yaal dhir udgoon, laba [[Geed Timir|geedo timir timir ah]], saddex geed oo [[malmal]] ah, shimbir ( ''[[ Hedydipna metallica |Hedydipna metallica]]'' ), lo'da, iyo kalluun aan la garanayn iyo qoolleyda, biyo ku jira oo markii hore ahaa cagaar si ay u muujiso inay tahay cusbo ama dhareer. <ref>http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/edwards/pharaohs/pharaohs-8.html</ref> Sketch derbigii alwaax ee [[ Hatshepsut |Hatshepsut]] ee [[ Deir el-Bahri |Deir el-Bahri]], oo muujinaya socdaalkii boqornimada ee Punt. ]] The '''Land of Punt''' ( [[Luqada Masaarida|Masri]] : ''[[wiktionary:pwnt#Egyptian|pwnt]]'' ; [[Luqada Masaarida|akhrinta]] kale [[Luqada Masaarida|ee loo yaqaan ']] '''Egiptological''' [[Luqada Masaarida|akhrin']] '''Pwene''' ( '''t''' ) <ref>Ian Shaw & Paul Nicholson, ''The Dictionary of Ancient Egypt'', British Museum Press, [[London]]. 1995, p.231.</ref>, ku dhawaaqida / pu: nt /) waxay ahayd boqortooyo qadiim ah. Lammaane uu ganacsi ee [[Masar]], waxaa lagu yaqaan soo saarka iyo dhoofinta [[Dahab|dahabka]], beduliyum Beeyada, blackwood, haabniim, foolka maroodiga iyo xayawaanka duurjoogta ah. Gobolka waxaa lagu yaqaanaa diiwaannada qadiimiga ah ee Masaarida ee socodsiinta ganacsiga. <ref name="Shaw & Nicholson, p.231">Shaw & Nicholson, p.231.</ref> Waa macquul inay u dhigantaa [[Opone]] [[Dhulbaxsinta Afrika|geeska Afrika]], oo markii dambe loo yaqaanay Gariiggii hore, halka qaar ka mid ah culimada Baybalka ay ku tilmaameen dhulka kitaabiga ah ee Put ama Havilah . <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Albright|first1=W.F|title=The Location of the Garden of Eden|journal=American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures|date=1922|volume=39|issue=1|page=20|jstor=528684}}</ref> <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Sadler, Jr.|encyclopedia=[[New Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible]]|first=Rodney|editor=[[Katharine Sakenfeld]]|publisher=Abingdon Press|volume=4|location=Nashville|pages=691–92|title=Put|year=2009}}</ref> Mararka qaarkood Punt waxaa loo yaqaan ''Ta netjer'' ( ''[[wiktionary:tꜣ-nṯr#Egyptian|tꜣ nṯr]]'' ), "Dhulkii Eebbe". <ref>Breasted, John Henry (1906–1907), Ancient Records of Egypt: Historical Documents from the Earliest Times to the Persian Conquest, collected, edited, and translated, with Commentary, p.433, vol.1</ref> Meesha saxda [[Dhul Udug|ah]] ee Punt weli waxaa ka doodaya taariikhyahanno. Inta badan culimada maanta waxay aaminsan yihiin in Punt ay ku taal koonfur-bari [[Masar]], oo ay u badan tahay gobolka xeebta ee casriga ah ee [[Jabuuti]], [[Soomaal|Soomaaliya]], waqooyi-bari [[Itoobiya]], [[Eratareya|Eritrea]], iyo xoola-dhaqatada [[Baddacas|Badda Cas]] ee [[Suudaan]] . <ref>Simson Najovits, ''Egypt, trunk of the tree, Volume 2'', (Algora Publishing: 2004), p.258.</ref> Waxaa kale oo suurtogal ah in dhulku daboolay labada [[Dhulbaxsinta Afrika|gees ee Afrika]] iyo Koonfurta Carabiya . <ref name="Meeks">Dimitri Meeks – Chapter 4 – "Locating Punt" from the book ''Mysterious Lands''", by David B. O'Connor and Stephen Quirke.</ref> <ref>Where Is Punt? Nova. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/egypt-punt.html</ref> [[Puntland]], gobolka maamul ee Soomaaliya ee ku yaal [[Dhulbaxsinta Afrika|geeska geeska Afrika]], waxaa loo magacaabay tixraaca Land Punt. <ref>Puntland profile, BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14114727</ref> == Safarada Masar ee Punt == Wareeggii hore ee duullimaadyadii Masaarida ee hore ee loo soo daayay ee Punt wuxuu abaabulay Fircoon Sahure oo uu ka mid ahaa kii Dawladii Dawladii Shanaad (25aad ee la xusayo), isaga oo soo saaray xamuulkii antyue iyo Puntites. Si loo noqdo, dahabka waxaa lagu qoray diiwaangelin si aad u joogtid dalka Masar ilaa iyo xilligii Fircoon Khufu ee Dawladii Afaraad<ref>Breasted 1906–07, p. 161, vol. 1.</ref> Intaa ka dib, waxaa jiray duulimaadyo badan oo ku socday Punt lixdnaad, kow iyo tobnaad, laba- iyo- tobnaad iyo siddeed iyo tobnaadkii Masriyiintii Masar. Qarnigii laba iyo tobnaad, ganacsiga lala yeesho Punt waxaa lagu xusaa suugaanta caanka ah ee ''[[ Sheekadii markabka shiraacday |Tale of Shipwrecked Sailor]]'' . Waagii boqornimadii Mentuhotep III (11-daadkii boqortooyadii, sanadki 2000 BC), sarkaal magaciisu yahay Hannu wuxuu abaabulay mid ama ka badan oo safar ah Punt, laakiin lama hubo inuu shaqsiyan u safray safaradaas. Hawlgallada meheradaha ee 12-kii boqoradood ee boqortooyooyinka Senusret I, Amenemhat II iyo Amenemhat IV ayaa sidoo kale si guul leh ugu socdaalay dhanka iyo ka imaanshaha dhulka qarsoon ee Punt. <ref name="p145">Joyce Tyldesley, Hatchepsut: The Female Pharaoh, Penguin Books, 1996 hardback, p.145</ref> <ref>El-Sayed Mahfouz: ''Amenemhat IV at Wadi Gawasis'', Bulletin de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale A. (BIFAO) 2010, vol. 110, [165-173, 485, 491 [11 p.],, see also </ref> Qarnigii siddeed iyo tobnaad ee Masar, Hatshepsut waxay dhistay maraakiib [[Baddacas|Badda Cas]] ah si ay ugu fududaato ganacsiga u dhexeeya madaxa [[Gacanka Caqaba|gacanka Aqaba]] iyo dhibco ilaa koonfurta ilaa Punt si ay ugu keento alaabada guriga Karnak iyada oo lagu beddelayo dahabkii Nubian. Hatshepsut waxay shaqsiyan u sameysay safarkii Masriyiinta ee caanka ahaa ee u safray Punt. Farshaxannadeeyaasheeda ayaa wax badan ka sheegaya royals, dadka degan, hoyga iyo geedaha kala duwan ee jasiiradda, iyagoo ku muujinaya "Dhulkii ilaahyada, waa gobol aad uga fog bariga jihada qorrax soo baxa, oo ay ku barakeeyeen alaabo ujeedooyin diimeed", halkaas oo ganacsatadu ay la soo noqdeen dahab, fool maroodi, geed foolxun, foox, qoryo udgoon, hargaha xayawaanka, xayawaanka nool, waxyaabaha la isku qurxiyo ee indhaha lagu qurxiyo, qoryaha udgoon, iyo qorfe. Intii lagu jiray boqornimadii Boqortooyada Hatshepsut qarnigii 15aad ee BC, maraakiibta ayaa si joogto ah uga gudubta Badda Cas si ay u helaan bitumen, naxaas, macmacaan xardhan, naptha iyo alaabada kale ee laga dhoofiyo dhulka hoostiisa iyo hoos Badda Dhimatay ee loo yaqaan Elat. madaxa buundada Aqaba halkaas oo ay weheliso [[Uunsi|frankincense]] iyo [[malmal]] waqooyiga labadaba dhanka badda iyo dusha sare ee wadooyinka ganacsiga ee u dhexeysa buuraha ku teedsan waqooyiga dhanka xeebta bari ee Badda Cas. <ref>Dr. Muhammed Abdul Nayeem, (1990). Prehistory and Protohistory of the Arabian Peninsula. Hyderabad. ISBN.</ref> [[File:Hatshepsut-tree.jpg|thumb| Geed horteeda macbudka Hatshepsut, ayaa sheegtey in laga keenay Punt by Safarka Hatshepsut, kaas oo lagu muujiyey darbiyada macbudka ]] Warbixin of tahay in dhoofkanu lahaan shan markab waaqsado on reliefs in meydka Hatshepsut ayaa macbudka ugu Deir el-Bahri .Inta qoraallada macbudka oo dhan, Hatshepsut "waxay haysaa khayaali ah in ergeygeeda" Chancellor Nehsi, oo lagu xuso madaxa duulista, uu u safray Punt "si uu uga soo saaro qadarinta dadka ka soo jeeda" oo qiray inay daacad u yihiin Fircoon Masar. <ref name="Tyldesley, Hatchepsut, p.147">Tyldesley, Hatchepsut, p.148 </ref> Xaqiiqdii, Socdaalkii Nehsi wuxuu ahaa hawlgal ganacsi oo fudud oo uu u aado dhul, Punt, kaasoo xilligan ahaa goob ganacsi oo si wanaagsan loo aasaasay. Intaa ka sokow, booqashada Nehsi ee Punt ma ahayn mid si geesinimo leh u kacsan maadaama uu "wehelinayay ugu yaraan shan markab oo kuwa Masaarida ah" waxaana si diiran u salaamay madaxa Punt iyo qoyskiisa dhow. <ref name="p149">Tyldesley, Hatchepsut, p.149 </ref> Puntites "kuma ganacsan keliya wax soo saarkooda cadar, cambaarta iyo lo'da gaagaaban, laakiin sidoo kale alaab ayay ka yimaadeen waddamada kale ee Afrika oo ay ku jiraan dahabka, foolka maroodiga iyo hargaha maqaarka." <ref name="Tyldesley, Hatchepsut, p.147" /> Sida ku xusan qodobbada macbudka, Dhulka Punt waxaa xukumi jiray King Parahu iyo Boqoradda Ati. <ref>Breasted 1906–07, p. 161, vol. 1.<br /></ref> Socdaalkan sifiican loo sharxay ee Hatshepsut wuxuu dhacay Sannadkii 9aad ee boqornimadii Fircoon ee ducadii Aamoos . [[File:Relief_of_Hatshepsut's_expedition_to_the_Land_of_Punt_by_Σταύρος.jpg|thumb| Askarta Masaarida ah ee duulaanka Hatshepsut u aaday dhanka dhulka Punt sida ku xusan macbudkeeda ku yaal Deir el-Bahri . ]] In kasta oo ay Masriyiintu "si gaar ah ugu fiicnayn halista safarka badda, iyo safarka dheer ee Punt, waa inay u muuqdeen wax la mid ah safarka dayaxa ee sahamiyaasha maanta ... abaalmarinada [helitaanka frankincense, ebony iyo malmal] wuxuu si cad u sheegay khataraha. " <ref>Tyldesley, Hatchepsut, p.148</ref> Guushii Hatshepsut ee 18-aad ee boqortooyooyinka, sida Thutmose III iyo Amenhotep III ayaa sidoo kale sii waday dhaqankii Masaarida ee la-ganacsiga Punt. <ref name="145-146">Tyldesley, Hatchepsut, pp.145–146</ref> Ganacsiga Punt wuxuu sii waday bilowgii qarnigii 20aad ka hor inta uusan dhammaan kahor dhamaadka Boqortooyada Masar cusub . Papyrus Harris I, dukumenti casri ah oo Masaar ah oo sheegaya dhacdooyin faahfaahsan oo ka dhacay boqornimadii boqoradii hore ee boqortooyadii Ramesses III, waxaa ku jira sharaxaad cad oo ku saabsan soo laabashada Masriyiinta ee ka soo laabashada Punt: Dhamaadka muddadii Boqortooyada Cusuba, Punt wuxuu noqday "dhul aan macquul ahayn oo cajaa'ibyo iyo halyeeyo ah." <ref>Tyldesley, ''Hatchepsut'', p.146</ref> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Masriyiintii sii waday in ay ka koobanahay jacaylka heeso ku saabsan Puntland, "Markii aan qaban dhow jeclaatay, Oo gacmaheedana way ka xadaan igu wareegsan, waxaan ahay sida nin loo tarjumay in Punt, ama sida qof baxay reedflats ah, marka dunida si lama filaan ah ubax ". <ref>{{Cite book|title=Mysterious Lands|url=https://archive.org/details/mysteriouslands0000unse|last=O'Connor|first=David B|publisher=Routledge|year=2003|isbn=978-1844720040|location=|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mysteriouslands0000unse/page/88 88]}} </ref> [[File:Punt2.JPG|thumb| Gargaarkan ayaa muujinaya geedo foox iyo malmal oo ay ka heleen safarkii Hatshepsut ee Punt ]] Waqtiyada qaar, Masaaridii hore waxay ugu yeeri jireen Punt ''Ta netjer'' ( ''[[wiktionary:tꜣ-nṯr#Egyptian|tꜣ nṯr]]'' ), oo macnaheedu yahay "Dhulkii Eebbe". <ref>Breasted 1906–07, p. 161, vol. 1.<br /></ref> Tani waxay tilmaamaysaa xaqiiqada ah inay ka mid ahayd gobollada Qorraxda Sun, oo ah, gobollada ku yaal jihada qorrax-soo-baxa, illaa Bariga Masar. Kheyraadka gobollada bari waxaa ka mid ahaa alaabada loo isticmaalo macbudyada, gaar ahaan fooxa. Suugaanta hore (iyo suugaanta aan hadda guud ahayn) waxay ilaalisay in sumadda "Dhulkii Ilaah", markii loo tarjumay "Dhul Quduus ah" ama "Dhulkii ilaahyada / awoowayaasha", ay macnaheedu ahayd in Masriyiintii hore ay u arkayeen Land Punt inay tahay waddankoodii hore. . WM Flinders Petrie waxay rumeysan tahay in Dynastic Race ay ka timid ama soo martay Punt iyo in "Pan, ama Punt, ay ahayd degmo ku taal koonfurta koonfur galbeed Badda Cas, oo laga yaabo inay qabsato labada xeebta Afrika iyo Carabta." <ref>[https://archive.org/stream/historyofegypt01petr#page/n33/mode/2up 'A history of Egypt' Vol. I, p. 13] Moreover ''The Making of Egypt'' (1939) states that the Land of Punt was "sacred to the Egyptians as the source of their race."{{Xaqiiq}} </ref> Intaa waxaa dheer, EA Wallis Budge wuxuu sheegay in "Dhaqanka Masar ee xilligi Dynastic uu qabtey in guriga abtirsiinyada Masriyiinta ay tahay Punt ...". <ref>Short History of the Egyptian People, by E. A. Wallis Budge. Budge stated that "Egyptian tradition of the Dynastic Period held that the aboriginal home of the Egyptians was Punt..."</ref> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Ta netjer dheer ma codsatay kaliya in ay Puntland, oo ku yaalla koonfur bari ee Masar, laakiin sidoo kale in gobollada [[Aasiya|Asia]] bari iyo waqooyi-bari ee Masar, sida [[Lubnaan]], kaas oo ahaa isha ka mid ah qoriga macbudyo. <ref>Breasted 1906–07, p. 161, vol. 1.<br /></ref> Xaraashka macbudka Hatshepsut ee ku yaal Deir el-Bahri, Boqorka iyo boqoradda Punt ayaa lagu sawiray iyaga iyo taariikhdooda. Sababtoo ah muuqaalkeedii aan caadiga ahayn, Boqoraddu mararka qaarkood mala-awaashay in ay qabatay [[Foto Weyne|steatopygia]] horumarsan <ref>D.W. Phillipson. 2005. African archaeology, page 81 of 389 pages</ref> ama elephantiasis . Hase yeeshee, iyadu waxa ay hadda Caafimaad ahaan la aqoonsan yahay sida isagoo tahay haystay Queen of Punt syndrome, Suite ka mid ah xaaladaha ay ku jiraan qoys cayilka, Launois Bensaude lipomatosis, cudurka Dercum, halsiata, lagu dhasho lipodystrophy, achondroplasia, X-lala hypophosphatemia, iyo Proteus cilad . == Meesha ugu weyn ee la soo jeediyay == [[File:Punt location per animal depiction & gene test & travel route.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px| Meelaha la filayo ee ku xeeran Badda Cas iyo waddooyinka waaweyn ee safarka ah ee u dhexeeya dhulka iyo badda ]] === Geeska Afrika === Badi fikradaha ayaa ah Punt oo ku taal Waqooyi-bari Afrika, oo ku saleysan xaqiiqada ah in badeecada Punt (sida lagu muujiyey sawirada Hatshepsut) laga helay Geeska Afrika laakiin aad u yar ama mararka qaarkood ka maqnaa Arabia. Alaabooyinkan waxaa ka mid ah dahab iyo miro udgoon leh sida [[Malmal|myrrh]], [[Uunsi|frankincense]], iyo ubax ; xayawaanka duurjoogta ah ka muujinayaa in Puntland ka mid gariga, baboons, [[Jeer|hippotamuses]], iyo shabeelka . Richard Pankhurst wuxuu yiri: “[Punt] waxaa loo aqoonsaday dhul ku yaal labada marin ee Carbeed iyo Geeska Afrika labadaba. Tixgelinta qodobbada ay Masriyiintu ka heleen Punt, gaar ahaan dahabka iyo foolka maroodiga, waxay soo jeedinayaan, si kastaba ha noqotee, in kuwan hore ay ahaayeen kuwa Afrika Tani waxay noo horseedaysa inaan ka soo qaadno in ereyga "Punt" laga yaabo inuu Afrika ka badan ka adeegsan jiray dhulka carabta. " <ref name="Shaw & Nicholson, p.231">Shaw & Nicholson, p.231.</ref> <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=YAnTJQWWnoAC&printsec=frontcover#PPA145,M1 Hatshepsut's Temple at Deir El Bahari By Frederick Monderson]</ref> Sanadkii 2010, daraasad hidde ayaa lagu sameeyay haraaga ladilay ee digaaga oo ay dib uga soo celiyeen Punt Masriyiintii hore. Hogaaminayo kooxda cilmi-ka ah Museum Masaarida iyo University of California, Santa Cruz, saynisyahano loo isticmaalo oxygen [[isotope]] falanqaynta in la baaro timaha ka laba mumiyayaasha daanyeer in la sii raagayaan ee Museum British . Mid ka mid ah dhir-daarayaasha ayaa lahaa khaldan macluumaadka keli-taliska, sidaa darteed qiyamka kale ee oksijiinka kale waxaa la barbar dhigay kuwa muunad-xayawaannada casriga ah laga soo qaatay gobollada xiisaha leh. Baarayaasha ayaa marka hore ogaadey in xabadaha ay aad ugu dhowyihiin muunado casri ah oo laga arkay [[Eratareya|Ereteriya]] iyo [[Itoobiya|Ethiopia]] oo ay ka soo horjeedaan kuwa deriska la ah Soomaaliya, iyada oo muunadada Itoobiya "asal ahaan ay ka dambeyso galbeedka Eritrea." Kooxda fursad uma helin inay isbarbar dhigaan hooyooyinka iyo daanyeerada [[Yemen]] . Saynisyahannada ayaa rumeysan in falanqaynta noocan ahi ay soo saari doonaan natiijooyin tan la mid ah maadaama, marka loo eego, khariidadaha goonni-isu-taagga ah ee gobolka ay soo jeedinayaan in daayeerrada ku sugan Yemen ay si dhow ula mid noqon doonaan kuwa jooga Soomaaliya. Borofisar Dominy, oo ka mid ah hoggaamiyeyaasha cilmi-baarista ayaa gabagabada ku soo gabagabeeyey "waxaan u maleyneynaa in Punt waa nooc ka mid ah gobolka ay ku habboon tahay oo ay ku jiraan bariga Itoobiya iyo dhammaan Eritrea." Sanadkii 2015, saynisyahannadu waxay sameeyeen daraasad dabagal ah oo lagu xaqiijinayo waxyaabihii u horeeyey, waxayna ku soo gabagabeeyeen "natiijooyinkayagu waxay muujinayaan ciyaar aad u sareysa oo ka socota bariga [[Soomaal|Soomaaliya]] iyo dariiqa Eritrea iyo Ethiopia, iyagoo soo jeedinaya in gobolkani ahaa isha Papio. hamadryas loo dhoofiyay Masar hore. " Bishii Juun 2018, archaeologists Polish ah oo cilmi baaris ku sameynayay Macbadka "Hatshepsut" tan iyo 1961 waxay ogaadeen muuqaalka kaliya ee shimbiraha ''xogaha'' ah ( ''Sagittarius agwọarius'' ) oo loo yaqaanay Masar qadiimiga ah ee ku taal aagga Bas-ka ee Portico of Punt oo muujiyey Socdaalkii weyn ee Fircoon ee ku socday Dhulkii Punt. Xoghaynta shimbiraha waxay ku nooshahay kaliya dhul daaqsimeedka furan ee Afrika iyo savannah, waxaa lagu sheegay liiska shimbiraha laga helay [[Suudaan]], [[Itoobiya]], [[Eratareya|Ereteriya]], [[Jabuuti]], iyo [[Soomaal|Soomaaliya]], shimbirahaas lagama helo Carabiya. <ref>Tyldesley, Hatchepsut, p.148 </ref> sida uu qabo Papyrus Harris I, dukumenti casri ah oo Masaar ah oo sheegaya dhacdooyin faahfaahsan oo ka dhacay boqornimadii boqoradii hore ee boqortooyadii Ramesses III, waxaa ku jira sharaxaad cad oo ku saabsan soo laabashada Masriyiinta ee ka soo laabatay Punt: hey si nabad ah ayaa ku timid dalkii la degay ee Coptos: Waxay si nabad ah ugu ruxruxaan iyagoo wata alaabtii ay keeneen. Alaabtii waxaa lagu xardhay badda dusheeda, iyo dameeraha, iyo dadka, oo lagu soo celiyey doonyaha ku yaal dekedaha Koptos. Iyagu [alaabada iyo Puntites] ayaa loo diray xagga hoose, iyagoo soo galaya iyagoo faraxsan oo boqornimadiisa jooga. reer egyptiis waxay u safreen gobol koonfurta koonfureed ku yaal egpyt si ay uhelaan rakaabka punt. Sida laga soo xigtay isha ay u safreen gobol hadda ku yaal gacanta maamulka Qena ee Masar qiyaastii 43 km (27 mi) waqooyiga magaalada Luxor ee koonfurta egypt halkaas oo ay ku safraan dhanka hoose taas oo si aan caadi aheyn u dhiganta aagga koonfureed ee egypt agagaarka agagaarka geeska afrika. Sida laga soo xigtay ilaha egytian.. <ref>K. A. Kitchen, "Punt and how to get there", Orientalia 40 (1971), 184–207:190.</ref> <br /> == Meelaha kale ee la soo jeediyay == === Jasiiradda carabta === Dimitri Meeks wuxuu ku raacsan yahay mala-awaalka Geeska Afrika wuxuuna farta ku fiiqay qoraallo qadiim ah oo tilmaamaya in Punt ku taal xeebta galbeed ee Jasiiradda Carbeed, laga soo bilaabo Gacanka Aqaba ilaa Yemen, wuxuu qoray "Qoraallada muujinaya Punt ee shakiga laga qabo in koonfurta ay ku sugan yihiin Tirada dadka laga tirada badan yahay, laakiin waa kuwa keliya ee lagu soo qaatay istiraatiijiyadda hadda jirta ee ku saabsan meesha uu dalku ku yaal, Punt, waxaa noo sheegay in Masriyiintu ku sugan yihiin - la xiriirta dooxada Niil - labada waqooyi, xiriir la leh waddamada Bariga Ugu dhow aagga Mediterranean, iyo sidoo kale bari ama koonfur-bari, halka xudduudaha ugu fog ay aad uga fog yihiin koonfurta. Kaliya Jasiiradda Carbeed ayaa qancisa tilmaamahan oo dhan. " <ref name="Meeks">Dimitri Meeks – Chapter 4 – "Locating Punt" from the book ''Mysterious Lands''", by David B. O'Connor and Stephen Quirke.</ref> == Punt sida ku cad Sawirkii hore ee Masar == {| class="wikitable" | width="20%" |[[File:Pa-rehu,_the_Prince_of_Punt,_his_wife_and_his_two_sons,_and_a_daughter._(1902)_-_TIMEA.jpg|250x250px]]<br /><br /><br /><br /> Boqoradda Ati iyo King Perahu ee Punt iyo ka soo qeyb galayaashiisa sida lagu sawiray macbudka Fircoon Hatshepsut ee ku yaal Deir el-Bahri. | width="30%" |[[File:Men_from_Punt_Carrying_Gifts,_Tomb_of_Rekhmire_MET_30.4.152_EGDP013029.jpg|250x250px]]<br /><br /><br /><br /> Rag ka socda Punt oo watay hadiyado, Baadiyaha Rekhmire |} {| class="wikitable" | width="20%" |[[File:Pwenet.gif|150x150px]]<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> Higgaadinta Masaarida "pwenet" <br /><br /><br /><br /> dhamaadka "d" dhediga lama sheegin inta lagu gudajiray Boqortooyada <br /><br /><br /><br /> Calaamadda ugu dambeysa waa go'aaminta ''dalka'', ''dhulka'' | width="30%" |[[File:Punthouse01.gif|200x200px]]<br /><br /><br /><br /> Gargaarka darbiga | width="30%" |[[File:Punthouse02.jpg|200x200px]]<br /><br /><br /><br /> Guryo sidii iyagoo gargaar ah |- |} == Tixraacyada == * [https://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200003591 PUT] {{Reflist|30em}} == Tixraacyada == * Bradbury, Louise (1988), "Reflections on Travelling to 'God's Land' and Punt in the Middle Kingdom", Journal of Xarunta Cilmi-baarista Mareykanka ee Masar, 25 : 127–156, doi : 10.2307 / 40000875, JSTOR   40000875 . * Breasted, John Henry (1906-1907), Diiwaannadii qadiimiga ahaa ee Masar: Dukumiintiyo taariikhi ah oo ka soo baxay waayihii ugu horreeyay ee loo yaqaan 'the Persian Conquest', waa la ururiyey, la tafatiray, laguna tarjumay, faallo, 1-5, University of Chicago Press . * El-sayed, Mahfouz (2010). "Aminemhat IV au ouadi Gaouasis" . BIFAO . 110 : 165–173. * Fattovich, Rodolfo. 1991. "Dhibaatada Punt ee laydhkii Shaqada dhowaan ka dhacay Bariga Suudaan". Gudaha ''Akten des vierten internationalen Ägyptologen Kongresses, München 1985'', waxaa tafatiray Sylvia Schoske. Xajmiga 4 of 4 vols Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag. 257–272. * ———. 1993. "Punt: Aragtida Archaeological". Gudaha ''Sesto congresso internazionale de egittologia: Atti'', waxaa tafatiray Gian Maria Zaccone iyo Tomaso Ricardi di Netro. Xajmiga 2 of 2 vols Torino: Italgas. 399- 405. * Herzog, Rolf. 1968. ''Punt'' . Abhandlungen des Deutsches Archäologischen Instituts Kairo, Ägyptische Reihe 6. Glückstadt: Verlag JJ Augustin. * Kitchen, Kenneth (1971), "Punt iyo Sida loo Helo", Orientalia, 40 : 184-207 * Kitchen, Kenneth (1993), "The Land of Punt", in Shaw, Thurstan; Sinclair, Paul; Andah, Bassey; et al. (eds. ), Archeology-ga Afrika: Cunnooyinka, Birta, Magaalooyinka, 20, London iyo New York: Rout nkwa, pp.   587-608 . * Meeks, Dimitri (2003), "Locating Punt", in O'Connor, David B.; Quirke, Stephen G. J. (eds. ), Dhulka Farshaxanka ah, Ku dhiirrigelinta Masar qadiimiga ah, 5, London: Machadka Archeology, University College London, Jaamacadda College London Press, pp.   53–80, ISBN   <bdi> ), </bdi> . * Paice, Patricia (1992), "The Punt Relief, the Pithom Stela, and the Periplus of the Erythean Sea", in Harrak, Amir (ed. ), Xidhiidhada u dhexeeya Dhaqammada: Waraaqaha la soo xulay ee ka soo baxay Shirweynihii Caalamiga ahaa ee 33aad ee Aasiya iyo Waqooyiga Afrika Daraasadda, Toronto, 15-25 Agoosto 1990, 1, Lewiston, Queenston, iyo Lampeter: Edwin Mellon Press, pp.   227–235 . * O'Connor, David (1994), ''Qadiimiga Nubia: Rabshada Masar ee Afrika'', Jaamacadda Pennsylvania Press, pp. &nbsp; 41–44. * Wicker, FDP (Luulyo, 1998), "Wadada loo maro Punt", ''joornaalada joqoraafi ahaaneed.'' Xajmiga 164, Maya. 2. 155-167 == Suugaanta gaboobay == * Johannes Dümichen : ''Die Flotte einer ägyptischen Königin'', Leipzig, 1868. * Wilhelm Max Müller : ''Asien und Europa nach altägyptischen Denkmälern'', Leipzig, 1893. * Adolf Erman : ''Noloshii qadiimiga Masar'', London, 1894. * Édouard Naville : "Deir-el-Bahri" ee ''Sanduuqa Sahaminta'' ee ''Masar, Memoirs XII, XIII, XIV, iyo XIX'', London, 1894 et seq. * James Henry Breasted: ''Taariikhda Masriyiintii hore'', New York, 1908. {{Portal|Africa}} * * *"Ancient African History: The Land of Punt" Archived from asalka 8dii Agoosto 2007. xigashooyinka ka yimid Breasted (1906) iyo Petrie (1939) * [http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/edwards/pharaohs/pharaohs-8.html Boqoradda Hatasu, iyo Socdaalkii ay ku tagtay dhulka Punt] {{Wayback|url=http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/edwards/pharaohs/pharaohs-8.html |date=20230506221249 }} ee Amelia Ann Blanford Edwards (1891) * "Deir el-Bahri: Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut" . Waxa laga keydiyay asalka 30 Noofambar 2012. * "Hall of Punt" . Archived from asalka 22-kii Oktoobar 2016. Deir el-Bahri * "Where was Punt?" "Where was Punt?" Archived from asalka 5-tii Maarso 2016. wadahadal uu sameeyay Dr. Karl H. Leser * [http://digilander.libero.it/camdic/QUEEN.html Boqoradda Punt syndrome] {{Wayback|url=http://digilander.libero.it/camdic/QUEEN.html |date=20230115150607 }} == Warbixinnada wararka ee ku saabsan Qodista Qodayaasha Wadi Gawasis == * [http://www.bu.edu/bridge/archive/2005/03-18/archaeologist.html Archaeologists waxay ogaadaan maraakiibta qadiimiga ah ee Masar] (Buundada Jaamacadda Boston, 18 Maarso 2005). Qoditaannada Wadi Gawasis, laga yaabee dekeddii hore ee Masaarida Saaw. * [https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn7190 Waxa hadhaagii maraakiibta badda Masar ee qadiimka ahaa la helay] {{Wayback|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn7190 |date=20081008041436 }} (Saynisyahano cusub, 23-Mar-2005). * "Sailing to distant lands" . Al Ahram. 2 Juun 2005. Waxa laga keydiyay asalka 23 Sebtember 2012. * "Ancient ship remains are unearthed" . Wakiilka Warfaafinta Deutsche. 26 Janawari 2006. Waxa laga keydiyay asalka 8 Disember 2012. * [http://www.nbcnews.com/id/11705263/#.WRCLpbzyv1I 4,000 sano jir ah markab dusha laga saaray Masar] (MSNBC, 6 Maarso 2006). == Sidoo kale fiiri[Wax ka bedel | wax ka bedel xogta] == * [[Saldanadii Cadal]] * [[Boqortooyadii Walashma]] * [[Saldanadii Ajuuraan]] <br /> == '''Maqaalo Soomaaliya''' == {{Maqaalo Soomaaliya}} [[Category:Soomaalidii hore]] [[Category:Gumud]] [[Category:Taariikh]] [[Category:Soomaaliya]] [[Category:Juquraafi]] {{DEFAULTSORT:punt}} __FORCETOC__ 2zle5p1jizcbordr6ovokaodo2riqtp 0 31058 305800 292968 2026-08-24T17:48:34Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305800 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Awrtable {{lang|ar|أورتبلي}} | image = | poptime = | regions = | region1 = {{flag|Soomaaliya}} {{flag|Itoobiya}} | region2 = | langs = [[Af-Soomaali|Soomaali]] iyo [[Af-Carabi|Carabi]] | rels = [[Islam]] ^{([[Sunni Islam|Sunni]])} | related-c = [[Reer Darawiish]], [[Mareexaan]], [[Warsangali]], [[Dishiishe]], [[Majeerteen]], [[Ogaden (beel)|Ogaadeen]], kuwo kale oo [[Daarood]], [[Beelaha Soomaalida]] | native_name = Awrtable | native_name_lang = | related_groups = }} [[File:Daraawiish - warsan - awrtable.png|thumb|.Meesha ey degan Reer Muse Ibrahim (Awrtable) ]][[File:Careys Ciise Kaarshe - Abwaanka Soomaaliyeed.jpg|thumb|Caryes Ciise Kaarshe, oo ah abwaan caan ah oo Soomaaliyeed oo caan ku ah gabayada "Hooyo waa lama huran" iyo "Wan iyo Waraabe" wuxuu ka soo jeedaa beesha Muuse Ibraahim ee Awrtable.]] [[File:Maxamed Cabdi Yuusuf.jpg|thumb|Ra'iisul Wasaarihii hore ee Soomaaliya, Maxamed Cabdi Yuusuf wuxuu sidoo kale ka soo jeedaa beesha Muuse Ibraahim ee Awrtable]] Awrtable ama looyaqaana Beesha Yuusuf Darood, (Yuusuf bin Cabdirahman bin Ismaciil bin Ibrahiim al Jaberti, [[Af-Carabi]]: ''أورتبلي''; sidoo kale loo qoro: ''Ortable'', ''Aurtable'' or ''Owrtable'') == Hordhac == Awrtable ama Yuusuf Daarood waa [[beel]] [[Soomaaliyeed]] oo ka soo jeeda qabiilka [[Daarood]]. Dhul-dhaqameedkiisu wuxuu ka kooban yahay [[Mudug]], [[Nugaal]], iyo meelo ka mid ah [[Bari (Gobol)|Bari]]. Xubnaheeda waxay ka kooban yihiin qayb ka mid ah qoyska qabiilka [[Daarood]], waxayna inta badan degan yihiin [[Puntland]] ee waqooyi-bari Soomaaliya.Waxaa sidoo kale laga heli karaa [[Soomaali Galbeed]] iyo [[Jubaland]]. (Qaybta cas ee khariidadu waa halka uu degan yahay Reer Muuse Ibraahim. Dhammaan meelaha kale ee Awrtable degan lama qorin) Awrtable waxay inta badan dagan yihiin dagmada buurtinle oo ay sigaar ah iyagu uleeyihiin iyo qayb kamid ah dagmada gaalkacayo, Jalam, Xaarxaar, Meeraysane, Dogob, Garowe, Gacanfale, Godobjiraan, Godod, Roox, Eyl, Rabaable, Dhuusomareb (Samareeb), Bacadweyne, Jamaame, Afdheer, Shilaabo iyo . Awrtable waa reerka kaliya ee ee laga helayo meel walba oo ay somali dagto marka laga yimaado meelaha ay iyagu sida gaarka ah udaganyihiin , Awrtable waxaa loo arkaa mid ka mid ah qabiilooyinka ugu sharafta iyo dhaqaalaha badan uguna aqoonta badan . Xilligii dagaalka ka hor, Awrtable wuxuu ka koobnaa inta badan dadka Daarood ee deggan caasimadda Soomaaliya ee Muqdisho. == Qaabdhismeedka Reeraha Beesha == * Yuusuf Daarood wuxuu dhalay 1- Axmed / Waqle jire 2- Mahdi 3- Wardheere 4- Cumar 5- Cismaan Axmed/waqle jire wuxuu dhalay 1- cali/xakiin cali/xakiin wuxuu dhalay 1- islaan uroone 2- awroone islaan uroone wuxuu dhalay 1- ibraahim 2- ismaaciil ibraahim wuxuu dhalay 1- ismaaciil 2- maxamed 3- Axmed 4- Faarax Maxamed ibraahim islaan uroone wuxuu dhalay 1- Maxamuud 2- Xaaji cali ismaaciil ibraahim wuxuu dhalay 1- aadan ismaaciil 2- cali ismaaciil aadan ismaaciil wuxuu dhalay 1- ibraahim aadan 2- yuusud aadan ibraahim aadan wuxuu dhalay 1- musue 2- guuleed 3- jaamac 4- geedi 1.geedi ibraahim wuxuu dhalay 1- cigaal 2- samakaab 2.Guuled Ibrahim wuxu dhalay dhagaweyne, Dhagaweyne dhalay 1.Maxamed,2,cabdule, 3Jama, 4Ahmed, 5. Xirsi. 1.muuse ibraahim wuxuu dhalay 1- guuleed 2- sugaal sugaal muuse wuxuu dhalay 1- saalax 2- cumar 3- udug guleed muuse wuxuu dhalay 1- faarax 2- cali saalax sugaal wuxuu dhalay 1- fiqi idriis saalax fiqi idriis saalax wuxuu dhalay 1- maxamed fiqi 2- axmed fiqi 3- xasan fiqi 4- cabdalle fiqi 5- cismaan fiqi 6- cali fiqi maxamed fiqi idriis wuxuu dhalay 1- xaaji yuusuf 2- xaaji maxamuud axmed fiqi idriis wuxuu dhalay 1- maxamed 2- xaaji ciise 3- xaaji maxamuud 4- xaaji cali 5- nuur 6- cabdirixmaan 7- maxamuud cisman fiqi idriis wuxuu dhalay 1- faarax 2- cabdulle 3- cali 4- nageeye xasan fiqi idriis wuxuu dhalay 1- muumin 2- idriis Faarax guuleed muuse wuxuu dhalay 1- maxamed bidaar 2- cumar maxamed bidaar wuxuu dhalay 1- samatar 2- sahal == Dadka Caanka ah ee Awrtable (Yuusuf Daarood) == * Maxamed Axmed Cabdulle waa suldaanka hadda jira ee Awrtable<ref name=":4">{{cite web |title=Liiska Oday Dhaqameedka Soomaaliyeed |url=http://doorashada2016.so/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Liiska-Oday-Dhaqanka-ee-Saxiixan-135_SOMALI.pdf |publisher=Ururka Guud ee Odayaha Soomaaliyeed |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |access-date=2021-04-21 |archive-date=2021-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421064358/http://doorashada2016.so/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Liiska-Oday-Dhaqanka-ee-Saxiixan-135_SOMALI.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> * Gelle Mohamed Kanee waa ugaaskii hore. Wuxuu aasaasay magaalada Buurtinle. * Ugaas Cumar Ugaas Geele Ugaas Mohamed waa ugaaska Beesha Yuusuf Darood. Oo ah Wiilka Ugaas Gelle Ugaas Maxamed Ugaas Kaneec * [https://meeraysane.com/articles/66/Taariikhdii-Xaaji-Diiriye-Allah-Ha-u-naxariistee Xaaji Diiriye Xirsi] {{Wayback|url=https://meeraysane.com/articles/66/Taariikhdii-Xaaji-Diiriye-Allah-Ha-u-naxariistee |date=20210421064358 }} wuxuu ahaa xubintii aasaaska ururkii dhalinyarada Soomaaliyeed iyo asaasay nidaamka wax barashada Soomaaliyeed<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prof. Dierk Lange - Haji Dirie Hirsi|url=http://www.dierklange.de/horn-of-africa/haji-dirie-hirsi.html|access-date=2021-04-15|website=www.dierklange.de}}</ref> * [[Maxamed Cabdi Yuusuf]] wuxuu ahaa Raysul wasaarihii hore ee [[Soomaaliya]]. * [[Careys Ciise Karshe|Careys Ciise Kaarshe]] wuxuu ahaa abwaan Soomaaliyeed oo caan ah. * Maxamed Maxamuud Gaani waa borofisar ku takhasusay caafimaadka xoolaha, wuxuuna hore u soo noqday madaxa Jaamacadda Ummadda Soomaaliyeed. * Cabdi Yuusuf wuxuu ahaa qofkii ugu horreeyay ee Soomaali ah ee la dilo intii uu socday kacdoonkii Dhagaxtur ee lagaga soo horjeeday gumaysigii Talyaaniga 1943. * Cabdi Asis Nuur Xersi waa wasiirkii hore ee Shaqada iyo Isboortiga sanadihii 1970-1977. * C / Raxmaan Nuur Xersi waa wasiirkii hore ee maaliyada Soomaaliya iyo gudoomiye ku xigeenka Bangiga Qaranka Carabta. ==Tixraac== <ref>Gilkes. Patrick. September 1994. The Price of Peace: Somalia and the United Nations 1991-1994. Bedfordshire, UK: Save the Children Fund, UK.</ref> <ref>{{cite book |last1=Samatar |first1=Said |title=Somalia: Nation in Search of a State |url=https://archive.org/details/somalianationins0000lait |date=1987 |isbn=9780865315556}}</ref> ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} {{Beelaha Soomaalida}} {{Commons|Category:Darod}} [[Category:Qabiilada Soomaalida]] [[Category:Soomaali]] [[Category:Dadka Soomaaliga]] n7qetrwbc58xe297x05pd9vjr1y39hs 0 31748 305854 281676 2026-08-24T18:16:58Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305854 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar.jpg|thumb|right|B. R. Ambedkar]] '''Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar''' (14 Abriil [[1891]] - 6 Disembar [[1956]]), oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar''', wuxuu ahaa sharci yaqaan Hindi, dhaqaaleyahan, siyaasi iyo dib u habeyn bulsho. Wuxuu dhiirrigeliyay dhaqdhaqaaqa Dalit Buddhist wuxuuna u ololeeyay kahortagga takoorka bulshada ee ku saabsan lama taabtaan (Dalits). Wuxuu sidoo kale taageeray xuquuqda haweenka iyo shaqaalaha. Wuxuu ahaa wasiirkii ugu horreeyay ee Sharciga iyo Cadaaladda ee Hindiya, wuxuu ahaa naqshadeeyaha dastuurka Hindiya, iyo aabihii aasaasay Jamhuuriyadda Hindiya.<ref>[https://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/bhimrao_ambedkar.html Bhimrao Ambedkar]</ref><ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/parenting/learning/ambedkar-jayanti-2019-facts-babasaheb-for-kids-5672744/ Ambedkar Jayanti 2019: Facts on Babasaheb to share with kids | Parenting News,The Indian Express]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=How India’s Most Downtrodden Embraced the Power of Statues |url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/opinion/in-india-dalits-show-power-of-building-statues |access-date=2020-11-11 |archive-date=2020-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026043029/https://www.bloombergquint.com/opinion/in-india-dalits-show-power-of-building-statues |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bhimrao-Ramji-Ambedkar Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar | Biography, Books, & Facts | Britannica]</ref><ref>[https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/all-you-need-to-know-about-br-ambedkar-on-his-129th-birth-anniversary-2211747 All You Need To Know About BR Ambedkar On His 129th Birth Anniversary]</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780691157863 |date=2013 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691157863 |editor-last=Buswell |editor-first=Robert Jr |editor=Robert Buswell Jr. |location=Princeton, NJ |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780691157863/page/34 34] |ref=harv |editor-last2=Lopez |editor-first2=Donald S. Jr. |editor=Donald S. Lopez, Jr.}}</ref> Sannadkii [[1956]], wuxuu bilaabay in la beddelo dad badan oo loo yaqaan 'Dalits', isagoo u beddelay Buddhism taageerayaasha 600,000. Wuxuu dib u soo nooleeyay Buddhism-ka Hindiya. Ambedkar waxaa loo arkaa inuu yahay bodhisattva, iyo Maitreya, oo ka mid ah Buddhistyada Navayana.<ref>https://theprint.in/opinion/why-ambedkar-chose-buddhism-over-hinduism-islam-christianity/237599/</ref><ref>https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/buddha-purnima-special-why-ambedkar-coverted-to-buddhism-6397742/</ref><ref>https://www.thequint.com/news/india/br-ambedkar-conversion-to-buddhism</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Christopher Queen|editor=Steven M. Emmanuel|title=A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_lmCgAAQBAJ |year=2015|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-119-14466-3|pages=529–531}}</ref> Sannadkii [[1990]], Bharat Ratna, oo ah abaalmarinta ugu sarraysa ee rayid ee Hindiya, ayaa si rasmiya loo siiyay Ambedkar. Dhaxalka Ambedkar waxaa ka mid ah xusuus iyo sawirro badan oo ku saabsan dhaqanka caanka ah. Dhaxalka Ambedkar ee dib u habeyn dhaqan-siyaasadeed, wuxuu saameyn qoto dheer ku yeeshay Hindiya casriga ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Joshi |first=Barbara R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y9CUItMT1zQC&pg=PA13 |title=Untouchable!: Voices of the Dalit Liberation Movement |publisher=Zed Books |year=1986 |isbn=9780862324605 |pages=11–14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729072018/https://books.google.com/books?id=y9CUItMT1zQC&pg=PA13 |archive-date=29 July 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Keer |first=D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B-2d6jzRmBQC&pg=PA61 |title=Dr. Ambedkar: Life and Mission |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=1990 |isbn=9788171542376 |page=61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730015400/https://books.google.com/books?id=B-2d6jzRmBQC&pg=PA61 |archive-date=30 July 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Ambedkar waxaa loo codeeyey "Hindida ugu Fiican" (The greatest Indian) [[2012]] codbixin ay soo qaban qaabiyeen Taariikhda TV18 iyo CNN IBN.<ref>https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/a-measure-of-the-man/281949</ref> Ambedkar Jayanti (Ambedkar dhalashadiisa) waa xaflad sanadle ah oo loo dabaaldego 14-ka Abriil, taas oo looga dabaal dago dalka Hindiya oo keliya laakiin adduunka oo dhan laga xuso. Ambedkar Jayanti waxaa looga dabaaldegay inuu yahay maalin rasmi ah fasax guud guud ahaan Hindiya.<ref>http://ccis.nic.in/WriteReadData/CircularPortal/D2/D02est/12_6_2015_JCA-2-19032015.pdf {{Wayback|url=http://ccis.nic.in/WriteReadData/CircularPortal/D2/D02est/12_6_2015_JCA-2-19032015.pdf |date=20150405042913 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405042913/http://ccis.nic.in/WriteReadData/CircularPortal/D2/D02est/12_6_2015_JCA-2-19032015.pdf |date=5 April 2015}} Ambedkar Jayanti from ccis.nic.in on 19 March 2015</ref><ref>http://persmin.gov.in/ Webpage of Ministry of Personnel and Public Grievance & Pension</ref><ref>[http://mea.gov.in/ambedkar-final/mcelebration.htm 125th Dr. Ambedkar Birthday Celebrations Around the World.] mea.gov.in</ref> Qaramada Midoobay waxay u dabaaldegtay Ambedkar Jayanti sanadihii 2016, 2017 iyo 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/ambedkar-jayanti-celebrated-for-the-first-time-outside-india-as-un-organises-special-event-2730772.html|title=Ambedkar Jayanti celebrated for the first time outside India as UN organises special event - Firstpost|website=firstpost.com|access-date=2018-11-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2018/apr/14/un-celebrates-ambedkars-legacy-fighting-inequality-inspiring-inclusion-1801468.html|title=UN celebrates Ambedkar's legacy 'fighting inequality, inspiring inclusion'|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2018-11-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newsstate.com/world-news/babasaheb-ambedkar-jayanti-celebrated-in-united-nations-article-52584.html|title=संयुक्त राष्ट्र में मनाई गई डॉ. बाबासाहेब भीमराव आंबेडकर जयंती - News State|work=newsstate.com|access-date=2018-11-09|language=en|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=2019-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419065326/https://www.newsstate.com/world-news/babasaheb-ambedkar-jayanti-celebrated-in-united-nations-article-52584.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> ==Xigasho== {{reflist}} [[Category:Hindiya]] [[Category:Aasiya]] [[Category:Siyaasad]] 6vyjcii5zmocnu39qpv7ak13apn7dgm 0 32119 305768 249660 2026-08-24T17:29:51Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305768 wikitext text/x-wiki Xasuuqa loo gaystay isaaq wali wax cadaalada kamay helin beesha caalamka ama somaliya inteeda kale danbiilayaashii gaystayna wAli waxay ku raaxaysanayaan dalalka reer galbeedka iyagoo xora halka dadkii ku hanti beelay ama ku waayay dadkoodii wali aanay ilaawin wixii dhacay == Gundhig == === Xilligii gumeystaha === Dawladdii Soomaaliyeed ee ugu horreysay ee xorriyaddeeda ka qaadatay gumeystayaashii waxay ahayd [[Somaliland]], oo ahaan jirtay maxmiyadii Ingiriiska ee xorriyadda qaadatay [[Maalinta Madaxbanaanida Somaliland 1960|26-kii Juun 1960]]. Inta hartay ee loo yaqaanay [[Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya]] waxay ku hoos jirtay xukunka talyaaniga iyadoo loo yaqaan ' [[Dhulka Ilaalada Somaliland|Territori Territory of Somaliland']] Af-Somali la dhaho ama (sidoo kale loo yaqaan ''Somalia Italiana'' ). Muddo yar ka dib markii ay [[Somaliland]] xorriyadda qaadatay, waxay ahayd in ay la samaysato midow deg-deg ah deriskeeda koonfureed si loo abuuro Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya. Wixii hadda ka dambeeya British Somaliland waxaa loogu yeeri jiray waqooyiga (ama woqooyi galbeed) Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya, halka dowladdii hore ee [[Talyaaniga|Talyaanigu]] gumeysan jiray loogu yeeri jiray [[Soomaaliya|koonfur]]. [[Dhulka Biritishka ee Somaliland|British Somaliland]] dhexdiisa [[Isaaq]] ayaa ka koobnaa kooxda ugu tirada badan maxmiyadda iyadoo kooxaha [[Dir]] iyo Harti ay iyaguna leeyihiin dad aad u tiro badan galbeedka iyo bariga Isaaq siday u kala horreeyaan. Midowgii labada gobol ee [[Somaliland]] iyo [[Soomaaliya]] wuxuu cadeeyay inay dhibaato tahay horaantii markii afti laga qaaday 20 June 1961 si loo ansixiyo dastuurka ku meelgaarka ah ee xukumaya labada dhul ee gumaysigii hore diidey kala bar dadka ku nool [[Dawladii Somaliland (1960)|dawlada Somaliland]] (waqooyi-galbeed) [[Jamhuuriyaddii Soomaaliyeed]] ee curdinka ahayd), magaalooyinkii waaweynaa ee maxmiyaddii hore ee Ingiriiska waxay ka codeeyeen ansaxinta dastuurka - Hargeysa (72%), Berbera (69%), Burco (66%) iyo Ceerigaabo (69%) - dhammaantood waxay soo celiyeen codad diidmo ah. . Tani waxay ka duwaneyd koonfurta (gumeysigii hore ee talyaaniga) oo soo celiyay taageerida xoogan ee dastuurka (iyo afar jeer tirada codadka laga filayo koonfurta, taasoo muujineysa musuqmaasuq doorashada, tusaale ahaan tan waa tuulo yar oo koonfurta la yiraahdo Wanla Weyn oo diiwaangashan haa cod ka sareyso 100,000 cod ee laga tiriyay waqooyiga oo dhan), tani waxay ahayd astaan weyn oo muujineysa jahwareer ka imanaya waqooyiga kaliya hal sano ka dib markii la aasaasay midowga. Tusaale kale oo ku saabsan jahwareerka ka dhashay waqooyiga wuxuu ahaa isku day afgambi oo ay sameeyeen saraakiisha waqooyiga kaasoo laga hor istaagay 1961. === Dhinacyada bulshada, siyaasadda iyo dhaqaalaha === Reer Waqooryigu kumay ganacsaneeyn dastuurka iyo shuruudaha mideynta waxay ahayd mowduuc ay sii daayeen dowladihii rayidka ee isaga dambeeyay. Reer waqooyiga, gaar ahaan kuwa ugu badan ee [[Isaaq]], waxay aaminsanaayeen in gobolka midoobay loo qaybin doono federaal ([[waqooyi iyo koonfur]]) ayna heli doonaan saami cadaalad ah oo ku saabsan midaynta matalaada kadib. [[Soomaaliya|Koonfurta]] ayaa xukuntay dhammaan jagooyinka muhiimka ah ee gobolka cusub, tan waxaa ka mid ahaa [[Madaxwaynaha Soomaaliya|Madaxweynaha]], [[Ra'iisul wasaarayaashii Soomaaliya|Ra'iisul Wasaaraha]], [[Wasiirka Gaashaandhigga,]] [[Wasiirka Arrimaha Gudaha]] iyo [[jagooyinka Wasiirka Arrimaha Dibadda]] oo dhammaantood la siiyay siyaasiyiinta ka soo [[Soomaaliya|jeeda koonfurta]]. Faquuqa siyaasadeed ee inta badan [[Somaliland|reer waqooyiga]] dareemeen waxaa sii xumeeyey dhaqaale xumida, woqooyiga waxay heshay wax ka yar 7 boqolkiiba kaalmada qaran ee la bixiyo dhamaadka 1970s, maadaama in ka badan 95% dhammaan mashaariicda horumarineed iyo deeqaha waxbarasho lagu Koonfur. Tusaale waxaa soo qaatay Xasan Megag Samater, agaasimihii hore ee wasaarada waxbarashada Somaliland, wuxuu sheegayaa inuu xilkiisa wareejiyay 1966 iyadoo [[Somaliland|gobolada waqooyi]] ay leeyihiin "dhowr boqol oo iskuul oo heer walba leh, laga soo bilaabo dugsiyada hoose ilaa kuleejka . Sannadkii ugu dambeeyay ee xukunkii Siyad Barre, ma jirin hal iskuul oo si buuxda u shaqeeya. " === Inqilaabkii 1969 === Oktoobar 1969 militarigu wuxuu xukunka kula wareegey afgembi kadib dilkii Madaxweyne [[Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke|Cabdirashiid Cali Shermarke]] iyo dooddii [[Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya|baarlamanka]] ee xigtey ee siyaasadeed ee ku saabsanayd dhaxalka oo ku dhammaatey is mari waaga. [[Ciidanka Xooga Soomaaliya|Ciidanka]] ayaa mamnuucay [[xisbiyada siyaasada]], waxay laaleen dastuurka waxayna xireen Golaha Shacbiga, General [[Siyaad Barre]] ayaa loo doortay inuu noqdo madaxa qaranka wuxuuna gudoomiye ka ahaa golaha kacaanka ee ugu sareeyay. Nidaamka cusub wuxuu mamnuucay diidmada siyaasadeed wuxuuna adeegsaday qaab gacan culus oo lagu maareeyo gobolka. Barnaamijka Horumarinta ee Qaramada Midoobay wuxuu sheegay in "21-kii sano ee taliskii [[Siyaad Barre]] lahaa mid ka mid ah diiwaanada ugu xun ee xuquuqda aadanaha ee Afrika. Taliskii cusbaa wuxuu noqday dowlad macaamil ah [[Ruushka|Midowgii Soofiyeeti]] iyo sanadguuradii koowaad ee afgembiga wuxuu si rasmi ah u qaatay ' [[Hantiwadaag cilmiyeed|hantiwadaagga cilmiga]] ah fikradiisa asaasiga ah. == Hordhac == === Dagaalki [[Itoobiya]] iyo [[Soomaliya]] === Dowladihii Soomaaliyeed ee kala dambeeyay waxay si isdaba joog ah u taageeri jireen [[Soomaaliweyn|qadiyadda diidnaanta Soomaaliyeed]] iyo fikradda 'Soomaali-Weyn', oo ah dareen xoog badan oo dad badan oo Soomaaliyeed ay xambaarsanaayeen, kaasoo ahaa himilada asaasiga ah ee dowladnimada Tani waxay taageero gaar ah ka heshay [[beesha Isaaq]] oo iyadu dirtay mutadawiciin badan, gaar ahaan 1976 markii ay ku biireen jabhadii WSLF ee jabhadda oo ay u direen mutadawiciin badan sanad ka hor dagaalka. Sababta kale ee ka dambaysay taageerada xoogan ee Isaaq waxay ahayd xaqiiqda ah in soohdinta laga sameeyay Itoobiya iyo Soomaaliya ay jartay dhul daaqsimeed muhiim u ah [[Isaaq|qabiilooyinka Isaaqa]]. [[Siyaad Barre]] oo ay weheliyaan [[Golahi Sare Kacaanka Soomaaliya|Golihii Sare ee Kacaanka]], si ay uxakameeyaan xukunkooda iyagoo isku dayaya inay dib uhelaan [[Soomaali Galbeed|Deegaanka Soomaalida]] [[Itoobiya]], waxay bilaabeen dagaal ka dhan ah Itoobiya 1977, dagaalkan waxaa loogu yeeray Soomaaliya 'Dagaalkii Soomaali Galbeed'. [[Ruushka|Midowgii Soofiyeeti]], oo xilligaas xulafo la ahaa labada dal ee [[Soomaaliya]] iyo [[Itoobiya]] ayaa u jeestay [[Siyaad Barre|Barre]], iyo (oo ay weheliyaan xulafadooda) waxay taageero ku filan siiyeen ciidammada Itoobiya si ay uga adkaadaan xoogagga Soomaaliyeed uguna qasbaan inay ka baxaan gobolka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya . === Barakicinta [[Isaaq]] iyo hubeynta qaxootiga === [[Soomaaliya]] oo dhan waxay dareentay saameynta jabkii [[Dagaalkii soomaalia iyo itoobiya|Dagaalkii Ogadeeniya]], hase yeeshe gobolka woqooyi (halka ay ku nool yihiin Isaaqs) waxaa soo maray inta badan burburka jireed iyo mid bini'aadanimo sababtoo ah juqraafi ahaan uu dagaalka ugu dhow yahay. Guuldarradii Soomaaliya ka soo gaadhay [[Dagaalkii xoraynta ogaden|Dagaalkii]] [[Dagaalkii xoraynta ogaden|xoraynta ogaden]] waxay sababtay qulqulka qaxoontiga [[Itoobiya]] (oo u badan qowmiyadaha Soomaalida iyo qaar [[Oromo|Oromo ah]] ) oo ka tallaaba [[Soomaalida|xadka Soomaaliya]]. Ilaa 1979, tirooyinka rasmiga ah ayaa soo wariyay 1.3&nbsp;milyan milyan oo qaxooti ah oo ku sugan Soomaaliya, in ka badan kala bar dadkaas waxaa la dejiyey dhulka [[Isaaq]] ee [[Somaliland|waqooyiga]]. Arrintan ayaa culeys weyn ku keentay Isaaqyada deegaanka iyo hay'adaha dowladda, gaar ahaan markii ay dagaal qaraara la galeen [[Itoobiya]], aqoonyahan Soomaaliyeed oo lagu magacaabo IM Lewis ayaa sheegay in "xaqiiqda jirta ay tahay in dhaqaalaha waddanku uusan haysan kheyraadka dhuuqo dad badan oo la rujiyay. " Joogitaanka tiro intaa le’eg oo qaxooti ah, gaar ahaan markii tirada guud ee [[dadka Soomaaliyeed]] ee xilligaas ahayd 4.1&nbsp;milyan (qiyaastii [[UN]]-ka ) waxaa loola jeedaa in ku dhowaad afartii qof ee Soomaaliya ku nool mid ka mid ahi uu qaxooti ahaa Taliskii [[Siyaad Barre]] wuxuu u adeegsaday joogitaanka tiro aad u tiro badan oo qaxooti ah isagoo raadinaya kaalmo shisheeye, iyo sidoo kale gaadiid uu ku barakiciyo kuwa loo arko inay cadaw ku yihiin gobolka, gaar ahaan Isaaq, [[Xafiiska Gudiga Sare Xuquuqda Dadka Qaramada Midoobay|Human Rights Watch]] ayaa xustay:<blockquote>"Reer Woqooyiga [<nowiki/>[[Isaaq|Dadka Isaaq]]] waa laga eryay ama ceyriyay loomana ogolaan inay ka shaqeeyaan [[Dawladda federaalka Soomaaliya|xafiisyada dowladda]] ee ka shaqeeya arrimaha qaxootiga, si aysan u ogaan xaqiiqda ku saabsan [[Dawladda federaalka Soomaaliya|siyaasadaha dowladda]]. Taa baddalkeeda qaxootiga, oo ka diiwaan gashan [[UNHCR]] waxaa laga siiyay shaqooyin xafiisyada ka shaqeeya arrimaha qaxootiga. ” </blockquote>Markii ay dawladdu ku sii tiirsanaatay kaalmada caalamiga ah, ayaa kheyraadka gargaarka ee loo qoondeeyay qaxootiga ay sababeen ciil dheeraad ah oo ka imanaya dadka deegaanka Isaaq, gaar ahaan markii ay dareemeen in aan wax dadaal ah laga qaadin dhinaca dowladda si loogu magdhabo culeyska dagaalka. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, Barre wuxuu aad u jeclaystay qaxootiga [[Ogaden|Ogaadeeniya]], ee ay isku qabiilka yihiin ( [[Daarood]] ) asaga. Xidhiidhkaas awgood, qaxootiga Ogadenia waxay doorbidaan inay helaan "adeegyada bulshada, shatiyada ganacsiga iyo xitaa xilalka dawlada." Markii cadaawada iyo niyad xumada kajirtay waqooyiga ay soo korortay, [[Siyaad Barre]] wuxuu hubeeyay qaxootiga Ogaadeenya, markii uu sidaa sameeyayna wuxuu abuuray ciidan aan caadi ahayn oo ka howlgala gudaha dhulka Isaaqa, adeegsiga nidaamka qaxootiga ee hubaysan ee ka dhanka ah dadka deegaanka ee Isaaq ee waqooyiga ayaa sidoo kale lagu xusay warbixinta Africa Watch :<blockquote>"axooti kasta oo [[Ogaadeen (beel)|reer Ogaadeeniya]] ah waxaa loo qortay [[Jabhadii Xoreynta Soomaali Galbeed|WSLF]] . WSLF waxay u muuqatay in loo tababaray la dagaalanka [[Itoobiya|Itoopiya]] si ay ula soo noqoto Ogaadeeniya [<nowiki/>[[Soomaali Galbeed]]], laakiin, runtii, waxay argagax ku reebtay shacabka rayidka ah ee Isaaq [Isaaq] ee ku nool gobolka xadka, kuwaas oo u yimid cabsi iyaga ka badan [[Itoobiya|ciidanka Itoobiya]]. [[Dilalka]], [[kufsiga]] iyo dhaca ayaa noqday wax iska caadi ah. ” </blockquote>[[Siyaad Barre]] wuxuu si dhab ah u xaqiijinayay daacada qaxootiga [[Ogaden|Ogadenya]] iyada oo loo sii waday si taxaddar leh iyo ilaalin iyadoo la tixgalinayo deegaanka Isaaq oo aan kaliya laga dhaafin horumarka dhaqaalaha, bulshada iyo siyaasada laakiin sidoo kale ay si xoog ah u caburiyeen ciidamada qalabka sida ee Soomaaliya iyo maleeshiyada qaxootiga Ogadenya. . Dejinta qaxootiga [[Ogaden|Ogaadeenya]] ee dhulka [[Isaaq|Isaaq,]] iyo hubeynta kooxahan (oo si hufan u abuuray ciidan ajnabi ah waqooyiga ), waxay sii kicisay dadka deegaanka ee Isaaqa. Qaxootiga Ogaadeenya ee hubaysan, oo ay weheliyaan xubno ka tirsan ciidamada [[Mareexaan]] iyo [[Dhulbahante|Dhulbahanta]] (oo ay ka xanaajisay oo uu dhiiri galiyay taliskii [[Siyaad Barre]]) waxay bilaabeen olole argagixiso oo ka dhan ah Isaaqyada deegaanka maadaama ay kufsadeen haweenka, dilaan dad rayid ah oo aan hubaysnayn, reerahana ka hor istaagin sameynta aaska saxda ah. [[Siyaad Barre|Barre]] wuxuu iska indha tiray cabashooyinkii [[Isaaq]] 1980-yadii, tan oo ay weheliso cadaadiskii Barre ee dhaleeceynta ama ka doodista xasuuqii baahsanaa ee ka dhacay waqooyiga waxay saameyn ku yeelatay in is-naceybka [[Isaaq]] ee muddada dheer loo rogay mucaaradnimo furan. ==== Abuuritaanka maleeshiyada qaxootiga Ogadenya ==== [[Dawladda federaalka Soomaaliya|Dawladdu]] waxay bilowday barnaamij ay ku abuureyso kooxaha u ololeeya qaxootiga [[Ogaden|Ogaadeenya]] iyo sidoo kale inay ka dhigto ciidanka qaranka, waxay kaloo dhiirrigelisay abuurista kooxo maleeshiyo hubeysan ah oo ka tirsan xubnaha Daarood (qabiilkii [[Siyaad Barre]]). [[Ciidanka Xooga Soomaaliya|Ciidanka Soomaaliya]] waxay maareeyeen tababbarka labada koox, kharashaadna ku baxay oo ay ku jiraan wixii kharash ah ee ku baxay hubkooda iyo qalabkooda, isgaarsiinta raadiyaha iyo shidaalka waxay ka yimaadeen miisaaniyadda ciidanka. Mid ka mid ah maleeshiyooyinkii ay samaysteen Qaxootiga [[Ogaden|Ogaadeenya]] wuxuu ahaa [[Jabhadii Xoreynta Soomaali Galbeed|WSLF]], oo si rasmi ah loogu abuuray la dagaalanka [[Itoobiya]] iyo "dib u soo celinta dhulka qowmiyadaha [[Soomaalida]]" ee [[Itoobiya]] laakiin waxaa ugu horayn loo adeegsaday dadka rayidka ah ee reer [[Isaaq]] ah iyo reer guuraaga. Warbixinta [[Xafiiska Gudiga Sare Xuquuqda Dadka Qaramada Midoobay|Human Rights Watch]] ee Africa Watch ayaa lagu yiri "WSLF waxaa loo tababaray si ay ula dagaalanto Itoopia si ay ula soo noqoto Ogaadeen, laakiin, xaqiiqdii, waxay argagax gelisay shacabka Isaaq ee ku nool gobolka xadka, kuwaas oo u yimid cabsi iyaga ka badan tan Itoobiyaanka. ciidan. [[Dil]], [[kufsi]] iyo bililiqo ayaa noqotay wax caadi ah. ” Bililiqada, Qaxootiga [[Ogaden|Ogaadeenya]] ee ka yimid [[Itoobiya|Itobiya]] waxay weerareen guryo ay ka faaruqeen '''dad rayid oo [[Isaaq]] ah''' '''nacayb qabiil darteed'''. Dabeecadda ganacsi ee Isaaq ayaa iyaduna qayb ka ahayd dhaca ballaaran, ee ay Ogaadeenku u arkeen 'mid aan loo qalmin':<blockquote>Waqooyiga [[Soomaaliya]], beelaha [[Isaaq]] waxay la kulmeen qaxooti aad u tiro badan oo Ogaadeen ah oo ka yimid bariga Itoobiya kuwaasoo [[Siyaad Barre|Siyaad]] ku dhiirrigeliyey inay bililiqaystaan hanti, dad weeraraan, magaalooyinkana xasillooni darro ka abuuraan. Qalab dulmiya, Ogaadeenka iyo ciidankii joogtada ahaa ee Soomaalida ayaa loo arkay xoogag shisheeye oo loo soo diray inay cabudhiyaan [[Isaaq|Isaaqa]]. Cadaawada qabiilka waxay kuxirantahay nacayb darajo ah madaama ay reer miyiga Ogaadeeniya ku dhibaateeyeen ganacsatada Isaaq nacayb muuqaal ah, iyagoo ku qancay in hantidooda iyo badeecooyinkooda magaalooyinku aysan u qalmin. Isaaq waxay ka sheekeeyaan sheekooyin qosol badan, laakiin naxdin leh oo ku saabsan reer Ogaadeeniya oo guryaha casriga ah ka xaday guryaha ku yaal Hargeysa, Boorama iyo Burco, ka dibna dib ula laabtay "koobabkoodii" si loogu isticmaalo dhulka daaqsinka fog ee koronto la'aan. </blockquote>Maaddaama WSLF, oo uu taageerayay taliskii [[Siyaad Barre|Barre]], ay sii waday weerarada iyo gumaadka ka dhanka ah [[Isaaq|Isaaqa]], ayaa ergo loo diray inay la kulmaan [[Siyaad Barre|Madaxweyne Barre]] 1979 si ay uga codsadaan inay joojiyaan xadgudubyada maleesshiyaadka WSLF. In kasta oo ballanqaadyo loo sameeyay odayaasha [[Isaaq|Isaaqa]] haddana dhibaatadii ka dhanka ahayd rayidka iyo reer guuraaga ee WSLF way sii socotay. Xadgudubka joogtada ah ee maleeshiyadka WSLF iyo [[Soomaaliya|dowladda]] oo aan dan ka lahayn dhibaatada loo geysanayo dadka shacabka ah ee reer Isaaq ah iyo reer guuraaga ayaa ku kaliftay saraakiil badan oo ka tirsan ciidamada Isaaq inay ka baxaan ciidamada iyagoo doonaya inay abuuraan dhaqdhaqaaqooda hubaysan ee ay kula dagaalamayaan Itoobiya, middaas oo sidoo kale cabsi gelin doona WSLF isla markaana niyad jabineysa rabshado kale. ka dhan ah shacabka [[Isaaq]]. Dhaqdhaqaaqooda cusub, oo ay taageereen oo ay maalgeliyeen Isaaqs, waxaa loogu magac daray ''Afraad'' (unugga afraad) wuxuuna hawlgalay 1979. Dhaqdhaqaaqii Isaaq ee Afraad ayaa isla markiiba dagaal la galay garabka qabiilka Ogaadeen ee WSLF qaab dhowr kulan oo dhiig ku daatay oo dhex maray labada koox. Ujeedada Afraad waxay ahayd in WSLF laga saaro dhufaysyadoodii (dhulka Isaaq) halka WSLF ay ku jawaabtay aargudasho dheeraad ah oo ka dhan ah rayidka Isaaq ee ku nool gobolka xadka. Xaaladda waxaa uga sii daray markii loo magacaabay '''Maxamed Xaashi Gaan'''i, oo ay ilmo adeer yihiin Madaxweyne [[Siyaad Barre]] iyo [[Mareexaan]] [[Daarood]] oo ah taliyaha millatariga ee gobollada waqooyi oo xaruntiisu ahayd Hargeysa 1980. Xukunkii Gaani wuxuu si gaar ah ugu adkaa dadka beesha [[Isaaq]], wuxuu ka saaray dhamaan meelihii muhiimka ahaa ee dhaqaalaha, wuxuu hantiyay hantidoodii wuxuuna gobolada waqooyi ku soo rogay sharciyo deg deg ah. Waxa kale oo uu amar ku bixiyey in laga wareejiyo Afraad oo laga fogeeyo gobolka xadka, isaga oo siinaya WSLF gabi ahaanba gacan ku haynta gobolka xadka, sidaasna ku reebay reer guuraa Isaaq ah oo deegaanka ku nool iyadoon wax difaac ah laga helin rabshadaha WSLF. Koox kormeer ah oo ka socota [[Qaramada Midoobay]] oo booqday aaggaas 1988 ayaa ku warramay in Qaxootiga [[Itoobiya]] ee ([[Ogaadeen]]) ay wataan hub ay siinayaan Ciidanka Soomaaliya. Kooxda UN-ka ayaa soo werisay in, dhiirigelinta Ciidanka Soomaaliya, in qaxootiga Ogaadeeniya ay bililiqo balaaran ka geysteen magaalooyin dhowr ah oo woqooyiga ku yaal. === Kacdoonka Isaaq === Horraantii 1978-dii taliskii [[Siyaad Barre]] wuxuu si buuxda gacanta ugu hayey hay'adaha dhaqaalaha ee [[dawladda Soomaaliya]], oo ay ku jiraan tiro badan oo kaalmooyin shisheeye ah oo la geeyay "iyadoo la adeegsanayo dib-u-qaybin xulasho ah si loo hubiyo daacad u ahaanta xukunka". Siyaasadihii cabudhinta ee xukunkii Siyaad Barre ee ka dhanka ahaa dadka Isaaqa ah ayaa sii socday markii 1981, taliskii Siyaad Barre uu ku dhawaaqay dagaal dhaqaale oo ka dhan ah Soomaalida ka soo jeeda waqooyi galbeed iyo gaar ahaan Isaaqa. Tani waxay ahayd sababihii ugu weynaa ee ugu danbeyntii ku dhacay taliskii Barre 1991. Waxay u horseeday koox ganacsato [[Isaaq]] ah, arday, shaqaale dawladeed hore iyo siyaasiyiin hore oo deganaa Boqortooyada Ingiriiska inay [[SNM|aasaaseen Dhaqdhaqaaqii Wadaniga Soomaaliyeed]] ee London bishii Abriil 1981. Markii hore, ujeedka kooxihii kala duwanaa ee ku midoobay abuuritaanka SNM ma ahayn inay abuuraan jabhad hubaysan oo xorayn, laakiin waxay ahayd in kooxahani u samaysteen jawaab toos ah siyaasadaha qallafsan ee taliskii Barre ku soo rogay Isaaq. Hase yeeshe, mowqifkii rasmiga ahaa ayaa is badalay ka dib shirkii Shirweynihii dhawaan la aasaasay Ururka Dhaqdhaqaaqa Wadaniga Soomaliyeed ee [[SNM]] bishii Oktoobar 1981 oo loo bedelay mid xoreyn ah "iyadoo ujeedadu ahayd in laga takhaluso Soomaaliya ee Barre lana dhiso dowlad dimoqraadi ah oo ka dhalata Soomaaliya kana mid noqota nidaamka qabiilka. ". Fikir ahaan, SNM waxay ahayd dhaqdhaqaaq u janjeera dhanka reer galbeedka waxaana lagu tilmaami jiray "mid ka mid ah dhaqdhaqaaqyadii ugu dimuqraadiyadda fiicnaa Geeska Afrika". Markhaati [[Xafiiska Gudiga Sare Xuquuqda Dadka Qaramada Midoobay|Human Rights Watch]] ah oo la hor keenay Guddi-hoosaadka Afrika ee [[Golaha Koongareeska Mareykanka]] 14kii Luulyo 1988dii ayaa sheegtay in ficillada [[Dowlad|dowladdii]] [[Siyaad Barre|Barre]] ay "abuurtay heer rabshado aan horay loo arag baaxad iyo mudaba [[Soomaaliya]]". Markhaatiga Aryeh Neier (oo ah aasaasaha HRW ) wuxuu sharxayaa macnaha guud ee aasaaskii SNM:<blockquote>Tan iyo 1981, aasaaskii Ururka Dhaqdhaqaaqa Wadaniga Soomaliyeed ee [[SNM]], waqooyiga Soomaaliya waxaa ka dhacay xasuuqii ugu xumaa. Xadgudubyada xuquuqda aadanaha ee halista ah, oo ay ku jiraan xukunnada ka baxsan xukunka garsoorka ee dadka rayidka ah ee aan hubeysnayn, xarigga iyada oo aan maxkamad la soo taagin, maxkamado aan caddaalad ahayn, jirdil, kufsi, dhac iyo baad, ayaa ah astaamaha ugu caansan nolosha magaalooyinka iyo baadiyaha gobolka woqooyiga ilaa 1981. Si Ururka Dhaqdhaqaaqa Wadaniga Soomaliyeed ee SNM looga xayuubiyo saldhig rayid ah oo ay ku taageerto aaggooda ay ka hawlgalaan, kuwa ku nool miyiga u dhexeeya Hargeysa iyo xadka Itoobiya waxay la kulmeen si gaar ah naxariis darro. Siyaasad dhulka lagu gubey oo ku lug lahayd gubida beeraha, dilka xoolaha, burburinta haamaha biyaha lagu keydiyo iyo sunta si ula kac ah loogu sumeeyo, ayaa militarigu si firfircoon u baacsadeen. Magaalooyinka waaweyn ayaa bandow lagu soo rogay dhowr sano; Xayiraadaha sharci darrada ah ee kordhinta bandowga ayaa fududeysay baadda askarta iyo roondooyinka bandowga. Safarka gudaha waxaa lagu xakameynayaa isbaarooyinka militariga. . . . Jiritaanka SNM waxay marmarsiinyo u noqotay Madaxweyne Barre iyo ku xigeenadiisa militariga ee waqooyiga inay dagaal la galaan muwaadiniinta nabada ah iyo inay awood u siiso inay xoojiyaan awooda ay ku leeyihiin dalka iyagoo argagax geliya cid kasta oo looga shakiyo inuusan si daacad ah u taageerin dowlada. . Sannado rabshado dawladeed oo joogto ah ayaa abuuray xaalad halis ah oo qalalaase siyaasadeed ah oo ka jirta gobolka.</blockquote><blockquote>Jawiga sharci darrada ayaa u suurta gelisay askarta inay dhibaateeyaan dadka shacabka ah ujeeddooyinka baadda. Dad badan oo Soomaaliyeed ayaa soo sheegay in saraakiisha militariga iyo kuwa nabadsugida kaliya ay ka jawaabaan su'aalaha ay weydiiyaan ehelada maxaabiista iyagoo u balan qaadaya inay sii deyn doonaan si ay u helaan lacag kaash ah. Dadka rayidka ah ee ku nool [[Burco|Buroa]] iyo [[Hargeysa]] ayaa marar badan laga mamnuucay in ay aas u sameeyaan eheladooda ay toogtaan ciidamada iyo ilaalada bandowga ilaa ay ka bixiyaan madax furasho. Kufsiga, ee haweenka da'da yar iyo kuwa waaweyn, waa wax caadi ah. Waxa kaliya laga sii dayn doonaa xarumaha dadka lagu hayo, xitaa marka la kufsado, haddii qoysku bixiyo madax furasho. Ma jiro askari ama xubin ka tirsan ciidamada amniga oo waligiis la edbiyay ama la maxkamadeeyay xadgudubyo, taasoo muujineysa guud ahaan xisaabtan la’aanta. </blockquote>Markay ahayd 1982-kii [[SNM|Ururka Dhagdhaqaaqa Waniga Soomaaliyeed SNM]] waxay u wareejisay xaruntoodii magaalada [[Diridhabe|Diri-dhaba]] ee dalka [[Itoobiya]], iyadoo maadaama labada dal ee [[Soomaaliya]] iyo [[Itoobiya]] ay wakhtigaas bixiyeen goobo ammaan ah oo ay ka hawlgalaan kooxaha wax iska caabbinta. Halkaas ayay [[SNM|Ururka Dhaqdhaqaaqa Wadaniga Soomaliyeed ee SNM]] si guul leh uga bilowday dagaal dhuumaalaysi ah oo ka dhan ah taliskii [[Siyaad Barre]] iyadoo lagu soo qaaday duullaanno laguna [[Ku dhufo oo socod (millatari)|garaacay laguna]] fuliyay hawlgallo saldhigyo ciidan oo ku dhex yaallay deegaannada Isaaq ka hor intaysan ku noqon Itoobiya. SNM waxay sii waday qaabkan weerarada ah 1982 iyo 1980-yadii oo dhan, waqtigaas oo Somalida Ogadeeniya (qaar ka mid ah qaxooti la qortay) ay ka koobnaayeen inta badan ciidamadii hubaysnaa ee Barre ee lagu eedeeyay inay geysteen falal xasuuq ah dadka Isaaq ee waqooyiga. Waxaa markaas cadaatay in taliskii Barre uu ku tilmaamay dhamaan dadka Isaaq inay yihiin cadaw gobolka. Si loo wiiqo taageerida [[SNM|Ururka Dhagdhaqaaqa Waniga Soomaaliyeed]] [[SNM]] ee gudaha Isaaqa, dowladdu waxay dejisay siyaasad si nidaamsan loogu adeegsado rabshadaha ballaaran ee ka dhanka ah dadka deegaanka Isaaq. Warbixin ay soo saartay hay'adda Africa Watch ayaa lagu sheegay in siyaasaddu ay ahayd "natiijada ka soo baxday fikrad gaar ah oo ku saabsan sida loola dagaallamayo muqaawamada," iyadoo caqligu yahay "in lagu ciqaabo dadka rayidka ah ee loo malaynayo inay taageeraan weeraradii SNM iyo in laga niyad-jebiyo caawimaad dheeraad ah ". Rabshadaha ay dowladdu soo abaabushay ka sokow, qaababka kale ee lagu burburin karo kacdoonka [[Isaaq]] waxaa ka mid ahaa in dowladda ay sii waddo siyaasadeeda ku aaddan caburin siyaasadeed iyo tallaabooyinka dhaqaale ee adag, tan waxaa ka mid ahaa in laga joojiyo deeqaha caalamiga ah ee deeqaha cunnada ee Isaaqa. Tani waxay ahayd mid si gaar ah u adkeyd maadaama gargaarka cuntada uu ahaa ku dhowaad kalabar dhammaan cunnooyinka laga isticmaalo Soomaaliya 1980-yadii. === Qorshaynta iyo diyaarinta === ==== Warqadda Geerida ==== [[File:Letter-of-Death-1.jpg|thumb| Warqadda Geerida (1/2) waxaa qoray General Mohammed Said Hersi Morgan, oo sodog u ah kaligii taliyihii Siyaad Barre, warqad siyaasadeed oo xalka ugu dambeeya ee Soomaaliya "Isaaq" la soo jeediyay.]] [[File:Letter-of-Death-2.jpg|thumb| Warqadda Geerida (2/2) waxaa qoray General Mohammed Siyaad Xersi Morgan, wiilka uu sodogga u yahay kaligii taliyihii Siyaad Barre, warqad siyaasadeed oo ay ku jirto soo jeedinta "xalka ugu dambeeya" ee "dhibaatada Isaaq" ee Soomaaliya.]] Bishii Janaayo 1986, wiilka uu sodoga u yahay Barre isla markaana ah ku xigeenka waqooyiga General [[Mohammed Said Hersi Morgan|'''Maxamed Siciid Xirsi Moorga''n''''']], oo ahaa waardiyihii Barre ka hor inta uusan guursan gabadhiisa ayaa lagu soo warramey inuu reer guuraaga Isaaq ugu joogo ceel biyood "haddii aad Isaaq diidaan, annagu waannu baabi'in doonnaa magaalooyin, waxaadna dhaxli doontaa dambas oo keliya ". General Morgan (ka dib in la yaqaan Butcher of Hargeisa) Waxa kale oo uu mas'uul ka ahaa warqad siyaasad qoraal ah oo uu soddog intii uu sida taliyaha ciidamada reer woqooyi ah, warqaddan u yimid inuu noqon oo loo yaqaan 'Warqadda Geerida', taas oo uu "ku soo bandhigay aasaaska siyaasad gubanaysa dhulka si looga takhaluso 'jeermis-diidka Soomaalida". Warqadda siyaasaddu (sidoo kale loo yaqaanno Warbixinta Morgan) waxay si rasmi ah u ahayd warbixin qarsoodi ah oo sare oo madaxweynaha loo soo diray oo ku saabsan "tallaabooyinka la fuliyay iyo kuwa lagu taliyay" ee "xalka kama dambaysta ah" ee "dhibaatada Isaaq" ee Soomaaliya. Morgan wuxuu qoray in dadka Isaaqa waa in "la galiyaa olole tirtirid ah" si looga hortago in Isaaq "madaxooda mar kale". Isaga oo sii hadlaya ayuu yidhi: "Maanta, waxaan haysannaa dawada saxda ah ee fayraska ee ku jirta [jirka] Dawlad Soomaaliyeed Qaar ka mid ah "dawooyinka" uu ka hadlay waxaa ka mid ahaa: "Isu dheelitirka dadka wanaagsan ee wax haysta si loo baabi'iyo urursiga hantida [gacanta Isaaq]." Intaas waxaa sii dheer, wuxuu ku baaqay "dib-u-dhiska Golaha Deegaanka [ee degsiimooyinka Isaaq] si loo dheellitiro xubnaheeda hadda jira oo ay gaar ka yihiin dad gaar ah [Isaaq]; faleebo carruur [Ogaadeenya] ah oo laga soo qaaday Xeryaha Qaxootiga ee agagaarka Hargeysa ". Talooyinka xad dhaafka ah waxaa ka mid ahaa: "Bixinta aag aan la dagi karin oo u dhexeeya ciidanka iyo cadowga, taas oo lagu sameyn karo iyadoo la burburiyo haamaha biyaha iyo tuulooyinka ku teedsan dhulka ay adeegsadeen ee lagu soo dhex galay"; iyo "ka saarida xubinimada ciidamada iyo shaqaalaha rayidka dhamaan dadka u furan tuhunka caawinta cadawga - gaar ahaan kuwa haya xilalka xasaasiga ah". Isaga oo ka hadlaya sida aan caadiga ahayn ee daacadnimada leh ee warbixinta, Xasan Cabdi Madar wuxuu yidhi:<blockquote>Warbixinta waxay ku socotaa Madaxweynaha SDR, Wasiirka Difaaca, iyo Wasiirka Arimaha Gudaha. Kan dambe, Major-General Ahmed Suleymaan Abdalla wuxuu kaloo sodog u yahay Madaxweynaha, iyo Ra'iisul Wasaare Ku-Xigeenka Saddexaad. Maaddaama Madaxweyne Siyaad Barre uu sidoo kale yahay Wasiirka Gaashaandhigga - horeyna u soo qabtay jagadaas, Jeneraal [[Maxamed Samatar|Mohammad Ali Samatar]], markii la dalacsiiyay Raiisel Wasaaraha Janaayo 30, 1987 - warbixinta waxay umuuqataa inay ku kooban tahay xubnaha qoyska. Tani waxay sharrax ka bixin doontaa sida qumman ee ay u qeexeyso qabiilooyinka qaarkood oo bartilmaameed u ah fulinta iyo ku talinta tallaabo ciqaabeed. ”  </blockquote>Ujeeddooyinka kale ee siyaasadda waxaa ka mid ahaa hubeynta qabaa'ilka kale ee gobolka iyo in lagu dhiirrigeliyo inay la dagaallamaan Isaaqa ugu xoogga badan:<blockquote>Maaddaama ay caddaatay in [[Isaaq|Isaaqa]] ay ficil iyo ujeedo la ahaayeen [[SNM|Dhaqdhaqaaqa Wadaniga Soomaliyeed ee SNM]]; iyo markii aynaan arki karin iyagoo ka tanaasulaya safka ay muddo ku khiyaaneeyeen, si aan uga hortagno iyaga; dadka kale ee degan Waqooyiga shirarka joogtada ah iyo ololaha abaabulka ee loogu talagalay in lagu kiciyo waxqabadka isla markaana kor loogu qaado heerkooda wacyiga. Tan waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu xoojiyo midnimadooda iyo in lagu wareejiyo midnimada Soomaaliyeed derbi difaac ah. Dadkaas waxaa ka mid ah: reer Awdal, qaybaha kala duwan ee Soomaali Galbeed [oo ay ku jiraan qaxootiga Ogaadeenya], dadka Laas Qorey, iyo dadka Daami, iwm. Shaki kuma jiro in midnimada dadkan ay soo celin doonto isu dheelitirka miisaanka oo hadda loo xaglinayo dhinaca Isaaqa. Haddii ay si firfircoon u weeraraan shaqooyinkooda, midnimadooda shaki la’aan waxay hoos u dhigaysaa kuwa isla weynida ku adkeysanaya inay iyagu leeyihiin Waqooyiga marka xaqiiqadu si kale tahay. ” </blockquote> === Xukunno sharci darro ah === [[File:Dead_bodies_of_Hargeisa_victims,_June_1988.jpg|thumb| Dhibbanayaasha xukunka dil toogashu ah lu riiday ee sharci-darrada ah ee askarta dawladdu ku reebtay waddo [[Hargeysa|Hargeysa ku]] taal, Juun 1988, Amnesty International]] Nidaamka dilalka aan loo meel dayin ee ay shaqaalaysiisay dawladu kadib weeraradii [[SNM|Dhaqdhaqaaqa Wadaniga Soomaliyeed ee SNM]] wuxuu saamayn xoog leh ku yeeshay mucaaradka dawlada oo udhaxeeya reer guuraaga Isaaq iyo magaalooyinkaba. Milatarigu wuxuu ku shaqeynayay iyadoo loo maleynayo in haddii SNM ay ka hawlgeli lahayd aag gaar ah, dadka deegaanka ay waajib ku tahay inay taageeraan jabhadda. Sida laga soo xigtay [[Xafiiska Gudiga Sare Xuquuqda Dadka Qaramada Midoobay|Human Rights Watch]] 'Africa Watch, boqolaal Isaaq ah ayaa la daldalay oo loo gaystay aargudasho kale iyadoo lagu saleynayo tuhunka noocaas ah. Dilaalkaani wuxuu bilaabmay ka dib markii ay sii kordhisay duulaankii ay ku haysay magaalooyinka [[Isaaq]] ee [[Somaliland|waqooyiga]]. Kulan kasta oo dhexmara SNM iyo ciidamada dawladda, "ciidanku wuxuu qaadi jiray xaaqis aagga ay dhibaatadu ka dhacday. Xasuuqyo ayaa xigay, sidoo kale dilka xoolaha, adeegsiga miinooyinka dhulka lagu aaso in lagu qarxiyo baraagaha, gubida aqalada, qabqabashada iyo xirida. Dhammaan dadka ku nool aagga waxaa loo haystay inay yihiin 'cadowga'. Xulista soosocota ee dhacdooyin badan oo dil toogasho ah oo lagula kacayo dadka rayidka ah ee Isaaq oo ay soo aruurisay Hayadda Xuquuqil insaanka [[Xafiiska Gudiga Sare Xuquuqda Dadka Qaramada Midoobay|Human Rights Watch]] geebteeda aAfrika'Africa Watch': {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; background:white; width:75%;" |+ style="text-align:center; background:#fff; color:black;" |Xulo dilal sharci darro ah ! style="background:#659ec7; width:5%;" | Maya ! style="background:#659ec7; width:20%;" | Goobta ! style="background:#659ec7; width:20%;" | Tirada dhibbanayaasha ! style="background:#659ec7; width:20%;" | Taariikhda ! style="background:#659ec7;" | Faahfaahin |- ! style="background:lemonchiffon;" | 1 | Gogol Wanaag (oo u dhow [[Arabsiyo]] ) | 6 | 15 Oktoobar 1984 | Xaaska nin beeraley ah ayaa lagu xiray Gogol Wanaag, iyadoo lagu eedeeyay inay gabaad siisay halgame ka tirsan Jabhada SNM. Intaa oo la qabtay dhawr qof oo kale, lix nin oo Isaaq ah ayaa isla goobta lagu toogtay, oo ay ku jiraan laba walaalo ah oo waayeel ah, labadooda wiil iyo wiil uu sodog u yahay nin oday ah oo dibada ka yimid. Aqalladoodii waa la gubay, xoolahoodiina waa la laayay. Dhamaantood waxaa lagu eedeeyay inay ka caawiyeen xaaski ninka beeralayda inay gabaad siiso halgamaagii SNM. Ninka lixaad ayaa lagu soo oogay inuu xubin ka ahaa SNM isla markaana uu la socday halgamaagii SNM ee baxsaday. Dadka tuulada looma oggolaan inay aaseen ragga dhintay shan maalmood. |- ! style="background:lemonchiffon;" | 2 | Boqol Jirreh (waa qayb ka mid ah [[Hargeysa|Hargeysa oo]] deris la ah xarun militari) | 26 | 17 Nofeembar 1984 | Maxkamad militari oo guurguurta ayaa 26 Isaaq ku xukuntay dil. Kooxdu waxay u kala jabtay 9 qof oo rayid ah iyo 17 ka mid ah halgamayaashii SNM, in badan oo ka mid ah dhibbanayaashana waxay ahaayeen reer guuraa. Hantidoodii iyo hantidoodiiba waa la qabtay. Koox odayaal reer Hargeysa ah ayaa sidoo kale loo qabtay inay goobjoog ka ahaadaan 'dacwadda' maxkamadda, sidaa darteed waxay 'macno macquul ah' kula hadlayaan dadka deggan Hargeysa. |- ! style="background:lemonchiffon;" | 3 | [[Burco]] | 43 | Diisambar 1984 | Qaar badan oo ka mid ah 43 dhibanayaal ayaa in muddo ah ku xirnaa xabsiga dhexe ee magaalada iyadoo lagu soo oogay dambiyo kala duwan. In December sida SNM hortiisa buuraha ku wareegsan [[Sheekh, Somaliland|Sheikh]] ogaaday dowladda, dhammaan eedaymaha ka dhanka ah 43 nin oo Isaaq ah ayaa hoos u dhacay, oo dhammaantoodna way ku eedeeyay ururka SNM. Waxaa 'la maxkamadeeyay' ka hor Maxkamad Milatari oo Guurguura oo isla galabta ayaa la toogtay. Asal ahaan 45 nin oo Isaaq ah ayaa lagu waday in la dilo; daqiiqadii ugu dambeysay labo nin oo maalqabeen ah ayaa loo tudhay cabirka amaahda ay ku leeyihiin bangiyada. |- ! style="background:lemonchiffon;" | 4 | [[Gabiley]] iyo [[Wajaale|Tog Wajaale]] | 25 | 14 Maarso 1988 | Maxkamad Milateri oo Guurguura ayaa 25 nin oo Isaaq ah ku xukuntay dil; isla maalintaas ayaa la daldalay. Waxaa loo toogtay aargudasho markii uu fashilmay guluf militari oo weyn oo ka dhan ah SNM ee ka dhacay agagaarka; qaar kamid ah dhibanayaasha waxay ahaayeen rag aad u duqoobay. |} == Xasuuq == [[File:Siad_Barre.png|thumb| Kalidii taliyihii Soomaaliyeed ee [[Siyaad Barre]], oo ahaa abaabul xasuuq.]] Intii lagu guda jiray iskahorimaadkii u dhexeeyey xoogaggii [[SNM|Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniga Soomaaliyeed ee SNM]] [[Ciidanka Xooga Soomaaliya|iyo Ciidankii Soomaaliya]], ololihii xasuuqa ee dawladda Soomaaliya ee ka dhanka ahaa [[Isaaq|Isaaqa]] wuxuu dhacay intii u dhexeysay May 1988 iyo Maarso 1989. <ref>Strategic Survey, 1989–1990 (1990), p.87, International Institute for Strategic Studies</ref> Sida laga soo xigtay Alex de Waal, Jens Meierhenrich iyo Bridget Conley-Zilkic: Sanadkii 1987, [[Siyaad Barre]], madaxweynihii [[Soomaaliya]], isagoo ka niyad jabsan guul darrada [[Ciidanka Xooga Soomaaliya|ciidanka]] ee ka dhanka ah kacdoon [[SNM|wadayaasha Dhaqdhaqaaqa Qaranka Soomaaliyeed]] ee woqooyiga dalka, wuxuu u fidiyay dowladda Itoobiya heshiis ay ku joojinayaan hoyga iyo taageerada ay siinayaan SNM soo laabto Soomaaliya kor u siinaya in ay dalab dhul badan Itoobiya ee [[Soomaali Galbeed|Deegaanka Soomaalida]] . [[Itoobiya]] heshiis bay ahayd heshiisna waa la saxeexay 3dii Abriil 1988 kaas oo ka koobnaa qodob xaqiijinaya heshiis ah in aan la caawin ururada macaaradka ee saldhigoodu yahay midba midka kale. Jabhada [[SNM|Dhaqdhaqaaqa Wadaniga Soomaliyeed ee SNM]] ayaa dareentay culeyska saaran inay joojiso howlahooda ku aadan xuduuda [[Itoobiya]] iyo [[Soomaaliya]], waxayna go’aansadeen inay weeraraan [[dhulalka waqooyiga Soomaaliya]] si ay ula wareegaan magaalooyinka waaweyn ee waqooyiga. Dabeecadda arxan darrada ah ee jawaabcelintii dowladdii Siyaad Barre waxay ahayd mid aan horay loo arag, waxayna horseedday waxa uu Robin Cohen ku tilmaamay mid ka mid ah "dagaalladii sokeeye ee ugu xumaa Afrika". <ref name="a">Cohen, p.444</ref> [[File:Hargeisa destroyed by Somali government.jpg|left|thumb| Ilaa Boqol kiba 90% magaalada [[Hargeysa]] (magaalada 2-aad ee ugu weyn [[Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya]]) waa la baabiyay ama burburiyay.]] Jawaabtii [[Siyaad Barre]] ee weeraradii Ururka Dhaqdhaqaaqa Wadaniga Soomaliyeed ee [[SNM]] waxay ahayd mid naxariis daro ah oo aan lala bar bar dhigi karin, iyadoo ujeedooyin cad laga lahaa sidii wax looga qaban lahaa "dhibaatada Isaaq", wuxuu amar ku bixiyay "duqeynta iyo duqeynta cirka ah ee lagu qaado magaalooyinka waaweyn ee waqooyi galbeed imikana kala ah [[Maroodi Jeex|Maroodi jeex]] iyo [[Saaxil]] iyo in si habsami leh loo burburiyo guryaha Isaaq, degsiimadiisa iyo meelaha biyaha laga dhaansado . [[Siyaad Barre|Taliskii Siyaad Barre wuxuu]] si gaar ah u bartilmaameedsaday xubnaha rayidka ah ee kooxda Isaaqa gaar ahaan, gaar ahaan magaalooyinka [[Hargeysa]] iyo [[Burco]] iyada oo taa loo adeegsanayo adeegsiga [[Madfac|madaafiic]] aan loo meel [[Madfac|dayin]] iyo [[Madfac|duqeyn]] [[Duqeyn diyaaradeed oo ka dhacay magaalooyin|cirka ah oo]] lala beegsanayo dadka shacabka ah ee ka tirsan qabiilka [[Isaaq|Isaaqa]]. <ref>Geldenhuys, p.131</ref> [[Bruce Jentleson]], agaasimihii hore ee [[Sanford School of Public Policy]] wuxuu ku sifeynayaa xasuuqii shacabka Isaaq sida soo socota:{{Quote|text=Ciidamada dowladdu waxay uga jawaabeen "waxashnimo arxan-darro ah", iyagoo beegsanaya dhammaan dadka shacabka ah ee Isaaqa ah xarig, kufsi, dil wadareed, iyo toogasho aan loo meel dayin iyo duqeyn, Boqollaal kun oo qaxooti Isaaq ah ayaa naftooda uga qaxay xadka Itoobiya; diyaaradaha dagaalka ee dowladda ayaa ku xayiray markii ay cararayeen. Ilaa konton kun oo qof oo Soomaali ah ayaa dhintey iyadoo magaalada Hargeysa si siman looga simeeyey waxa falanqeeyayaasha dibaddu ay ku tilmaameen olole "xasuuq" ah oo maamulkii Barre ku qaaday Isaaq. <ref> {{cite book | last1 = Jentleson | first1 = Bruce W . | title = Fursadaha la seegay, Fursadaha la Qabsaday: Diblomaasiyadda Ka Hortagga ah Dagaalkii Qaboobaa ee Adduunka ka dib|maariikhda = 2000|madbacadda=Madbacadaha Rowman&Littlefield|bogga= 223}}</ref>}}The use of large-scale [[aerial bombing of cities|aerial bombardment]] was unprecedented in the history of [[List of conflicts in Africa|African civil unrest]]. The brutal response of the [[Siad Barre]] government did not stop there, in discussing the systematic way in which the government targeted Isaaq people with aim to inflict as much loss in property and life, Waldron and Hasci published the following account:{{Quote|text=General Mohammed Said 'Morgan', one of Siad Barre's sons-in-law, [was given] the opportunity to put into operation further elements of a pacification plan he had drawn up earlier. Government forces reacted with appalling savagery to the SNM seizure of Burao and near capture of Hargeisa. The response culminated in the bombing and artillery bombardment of Hargeisa to a point of virtual destruction. Civilian refugees fleeing towards the border were bombed and gunned indiscriminately. It was seen, probably rightly, as an attack on the whole Isaaq people...<ref>{{cite book |last1=Waldron, Hasci |first1=Sidney R, Naima Ali |title=Somali Refugees in the Horn of Africa: State of the Art Literature Review |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9171063633 |date=1994 |publisher=University of Oxford |isbn=978-91-7106-363-2}}</ref>}} [[File:War_damage_Hargeysa.jpg|thumb| Weerarkii ka dhacay [[Hargeysa]] wuxuu isku darsaday adeegsiga madaafiicda iyo duqeynta cirka.]] Saddexdii bilood ee ugu horreysey ee colaaddu socotey, '''[[Isaaq|dadka Isaaq]] aad ayey uga qaxeen magaalooyinkooda oo magaalooyinkii woqooyi waxay noqdeen kuwo ka madhan dadkooda.''' Isaaqyadii madaniga ahaa "waa ladilay, waxaa lagu xiray xaalado adag, waxaa lagu qasbay inay ka qaxaan xadka, ama waxay ku barakaceen baadiyaha fog". [[Siyaad Barre|Dawladdii Siyaad Barre]] waxay qaadatay siyaasad ah in "Isaaq kasta oo awood u leh oo caawin kara Ururka Dhaqdhaqaaqa Wadaniga Soomaliyeed ee [[SNM]] la dilo. Kuwii kaalmo dhaqaale ama saameyn ku yeelan karay SNM, darajo bulsheed awgood, waxaa lagu xukumay xabsi. ” In kasta oo siyaasaddani aysan ka reebayn carruurta iyo waayeelka, haddana natiijada waxay noqotay in "in ka badan 90% dadka la dilay ay da'doodu u dhaxeysay 15-35 sano." Taariikhyahan [[Soomaaliyeed]] [[Maxamed Xaaji Ingiriis]] wuxuu tixraacayaa "ololaha xasuuqa qaran ee ay dawladu soo abaabushay ee lagu soo qaaday kooxda Isaaq", taas oo uu xusay in "caan ku yihiin hadalada bulshada sida [['Xasuuqii Hargeysa]]'" oo ah "xasuuq la ilaaway". Tiro ka mid ah aqoonyahannada xasuuqa (oo ay ku jiraan Israel Charny, Gregory Stanton, Deborah Mayersen, iyo Adam Jones ) iyo sidoo kale warbaahinta caalamiga ah, sida ''The Guardian'', ''The Washington Post'' iyo [[Aljaziira|Al Jazeera]] kuwo kale, waxay u gudbiyeen kiiska mid xasuuq. === 27 May: Burco === [[SNM|Dhaqdhaqaaqii Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniga Soomaaliyeed]] ayaa weeraray oo qabsaday magaalada [[Burco]] (oo markaa ahayd magaalada saddexaad ee ugu weyn dalka) Jimcihii 27kii May. Waxay ku qabsadeen magaalada laba saacadood gudahood waxayna markiiba la wareegeen xaruntii militariga ee garoonka diyaaradaha (halkaasoo ay joogeen tirada ugu badan ee askarta), saldhigga dhexe ee booliska Burco iyo jeelka, halkaas oo ay ka sii daayeen maxaabiis siyaasadeed (oo ay ku jiraan ardayda iskuulka) oo ka soo jeeda magaalada weyn. xabsi Ciidamadii dowladda ayaa dib u gurtay, oo waxay dib isugu urursadeen Goon-Cad oo magaalada ka baxsan, waxayna galabnimadii soo galeen bartamaha magaalada. Sida lagu sheegay warbixinno ay soo saartay [[Xafiiska Gudiga Sare Xuquuqda Dadka Qaramada Midoobay|hay'adda Human Rights Watch ee loo yaqaan]] 'Africa Watch', askartu, markii ay soo galeen magaalada, waxa ay ku kaceen weerar ba'an 27 iyo 28kii Maajo. Tani waxaa ka mid ahaa "Ragga oo laga soo jiido guryahooda laguna toogto meesha ugu fog" iyo dil kooban oo loo geysto dadka rayidka ah, warbixinta ayaa sidoo kale lagu xusay in "dadka rayidka ah ee da 'walba ay isugu soo baxeen bartamaha magaalada, ama kuwa taagan banaanka guryahooda ee daawanaya dhacdooyinka isla goobta ayaa lagu dilay. Dhibbanayaasha waxaa ka mid ahaa arday badan. " Sidoo kale waxaa jiray dhac baahsan oo ay geysteen askartu, waxaana la sheegay in dadka qaar ay ku dhinteen arintaasi. Ka dib labadii maalmood ee ugu horreysey ee khilaafka, oo ka xanaaqsanaa heerka ay Isaaqku soo dhoweeyeen duulaanka Ururka Dhaqdhaqaaqa Wadaniga Soomaliyeed ee [[SNM]], oo ay ka xumaadeen awooddooda ay ku xakameyn kari waayeen horusocodkii Ururka Dhaqdhaqaaqa Wadaniga Soomaliyeed ee [[SNM]], ayaa [[Ciidanka Xooga Soomaaliya|millaterigu]] bilaabay inuu weeraro shacabka rayidka ah iyada oo aan la xakamayn "sidii oo ay tahay cadowga". [[Ciidanka Xooga Soomaaliya|Milatarigu]] wuxuu adeegsaday "madaafiic culus iyo taangiyo, oo waxyeelo ba'an u gaystay, rayid iyo hanti intaba. Bazookas, qoryaha darandooriga u dhaca, bambooyinka gacanta laga tuuro iyo hubka kale ee wax gumaada ayaa sidoo kale lala beegsaday bartilmaameedyo rayid ah oo ku yaal Hargeysa oo sidoo kale la weeraray iyo sidoo kale magaalada Burco. ” Koox ka [[Gobolada Isku Tegay ee Ameerika|tirsan]] Xafiiska Xisaabaadka Guud ee Golaha Koongareeska [[Gobolada Isku Tegay ee Ameerika|Mareykanka]] ayaa ku soo warramay jawaabta [[Dawladda Soomaaliya|dowladda Soomaaliya]] ee weerarkii Ururka Dhaqdhaqaaqa Wadaniga Soomaliyeed ee [[SNM]] sida soo socota:<blockquote>[[Ciidanka Xooga Soomaaliya|Ciidankii Soomaaliya]] ayaa la sheegay in ay kaga jawaabeen weeraradii Ururka Dhaqdhaqaaqa Wadaniga Soomaliyeed ee [[SNM]] bishii May 1988-kii xoog aad u xoog badan, iyaga oo waxyeelo culus u gaystay dad rayid ah waxyeelona gaadhsiiyey magaalooyinka [[Hargeysa]] iyo [[Burco]] . . . [[Ciidanka Xooga Soomaaliya|Milatariga Soomaaliya]] wuxuu miciin biday inay madaafiic iyo duqeyn cirka ah u adeegsadaan xarumaha magaalooyinka oo aad u fara badan iyagoo isku dayaya inay dib u qabsadaan magaalooyinka [[Burco]] iyo [[Hargeysa]]. Qaxootiga intiisa badan oo aan wareysanay waxay sheegeen in guryahooda lagu burburiyey duqeyn in kasta oo ay ka maqnaayeen dagaallamayaashii Ururka Dhaqdhaqaaqa Wadaniga Soomaliyeed ee SNM xaafadahoodii. . . . Qaxootigu waxay ka sheekeeyeen sheekooyin isku mid ah oo isugu jira qaraxyo, xarig, iyo madaafiic lagu garaacay labada magaalo iyo, Burco, adeegsiga taangiyada gaashaaman. Aqlabiyaddu waxay arkeen guryahooda ama duqeymuhu waxyeelleeyeen ama burbureen. Kuwo badan ayaa soo sheegay inay arkeen xubno ka tirsan qoysaskooda oo lagu dhex dilay xarunta. . . . </blockquote>Wareysiyada qaxootiga ee ay qaaday Africa Watch ayaa lagu sharaxay sida dowlada ay u kala saartay dadka aan Isaaqa aheyn iyo kuwa [[Isaaq]] intaan weerarka la bilaabin:<blockquote>Isla markii uu dagaalku qarxayba, dawladdu waxay adeegsatay cod-baahiyeyaal si ay u kala saarto dadka shacabka ah ee ku kala nool Darood iyo Isaaq Waxay ku qaylinayeen “yaa reer [[Gaalkacayo]] ah? [[Muqdisho]]? [[Laascaanood]]? [[Garowe]]? " [Dhul aan ahayn [[Isaaq]]]. Waxay ka codsadeen dadka aan isaaq ahayn inay ka baxaan si ay u gubaan magaalada iyo inta harsan. Inta badan dadkii ka yimid magaalooyinkan way baxeen; dowladdu waxay siisay gaadiid. </blockquote> ==== Duqeymo xagga cirka ah iyo burburintii [[Burco]] ==== [[Ciidanka Cirka Soomaaliya|Diyaaraddii Hawada Soomaaliya]] ayaa duqeyn cirka ah ka bilowday magaalada [[Burco]] Talaadadii 31 May. [[Burco|Burco,]] oo markaa ahayd magaalada seddexaad ee ugu weyn [[Soomaaliya]] "dhulka ayaa lala simay", inta badan dadkii deganaa waxay ka qaxeen dalka si ay u magan galaan [[Itoobiya]]. Shaqaale samafal oo ajnabi ah oo ka qaxay dagaalka ayaa xaqiijiyey in Burco "laga faaruqiyey" natiijada ololaha dawlada. === 31 Maajo: [[Hargeysa]] === [[Hargeysa|Hargeysa waxay]] ahayd magaalada labaad ee ugu weyn dalka, sidoo kale waxay ahayd mid istiraatiijiyad ahaan muhiim u ah maadama ay juqraafi ahaan ugu dhowdahay [[Itoobiya]] (taas oo ka dhigtay udub dhexaadka qorshaynta milatari ee dawladihii kala dambeeyay ee [[Soomaaliya]]). Ka hortagga magaalada inay u gacan gasho Ururka Dhaqdhaqaaqa Wadaniga Soomaliyeed ee [[SNM]] waxay noqotay himilo muhiim ah oo ay dowladdu ka leedahay dhanka istiraatiijiyadda milateri iyo saameynta nafsaaniga ah ee khasaaruhu ku yeelan karo. Markii uu warka ku saabsan horusocodka Ururka Dhaqdhaqaaqa Wadaniga Soomaliyeed ee [[SNM]] dhinaca [[Burco]] gaadhay saraakiisha dawladda ee Hargeysa, ayaa lagu amray dhammaan bangiyada in la xidho, cutubyo ciidan ah ayaa hareeraha bangiyada ka hor istaagay in dadku u soo dhowaadaan. Khadadka korontada iyo biyaha ayaa labadaba laga jaray magaalada, dadka deegaanka ayaa maciin biday inay biyo ka dhaansadaan togagga, waxaana ugu wacan [[Juqraafiga Soomaaliya|xilli roobaadka oo]] ay sidoo kale awood u yeesheen inay biyaha ka soo ururiyaan saqafyada sare Dhammaan gawaarida (oo ay ku jiraan taksiyada) waa lala wareegay si loo xakameeyo dhaqdhaqaaqa dadka rayidka ah, tani waxay sidoo kale hubisay in la heli karo gaadiid ku filan oo loogu talagalay isticmaalka militariga iyo saraakiisha dowladda. Saraakiisha ugu sareysa dowlada ayaa qoysaskooda u daad gureeyay caasimada [[Muqdisho]] . Muddadii u dhaxeysay 27–31 May waxaa lagu calaamadeeyay bililiqo fara badan oo ay geysteen ciidamada dowladda iyo sidoo kale qabqabasho ballaaran . Dilalka ka dhacay magaalada Hargeysa ayaa bilaabmay 31-kii May. Bandow ayaa lagu soo rogay 27 May laga bilaabo 6:00 pm, ciidanku wuxuu bilaabay nidaam guri-guri ah, isagoo raadinaya dagaalyahanadii Ururka Dhaqdhaqaaqa Wadaniga Soomaliyeed ee [[SNM]]. Maalintii xigtay bandowgu wuxuu bilaabmay goor hore 4:00&nbsp;galabnimo; maalinta saddexaad 2:00&nbsp;galabnimo; maalinta afraadna 11:00&nbsp;ahay. Iyagoo rajeynaya in dagaalku bilowdo, dadku waxay keydinayaan raashin, dhuxul dhagaxda iyo agabyada kale ee muhiimka ah. [[Ciidanka Xooga Soomaaliya|Ciidamada dowladda]] ayaa bililiqeystay dhammaan bakhaarradii iyo dukaammadii, iyadoo suuqa furan ee magaalada uu ka mid ahaa bartilmaameedyadooda ugu muhiimsan. Askar ayaa weerartay masaajidada waxayna dhac ka geysteen roogagooda iyo sameecadaha. Mar dambe, dad rayid ah ayaa lagu dhex dilayaa masaajidda dhexdeeda. Tiro aad u tiro badan oo dhimashada dadka rayidka ah ee waqtigaas ayaa ka dhashey askarta dowladda oo dhac u geystey, kuwa diidey inay dhiibaan waxyaalo qaali ah (saacado, dahab iyo lacag) ama aan ku deg degin inay u hoggaansamaan dalabaadka askarta ayaa lagu toogtey isla goobta. Sababta kale ee ugu weyn ee dhimashada dadka rayidka ah waxay ahayd dhac cunto, tanina waa la soo sheegay sababtoo ah askartu ma siinaynin dowladda. ==== Dad badan oo lagu qabtay Hargeysa ==== Dawladdii markay maqashay weerarkii Ururka Dhaqdhaqaaqa Wadaniga Soomaliyeed [[SNM]] ee Burco waxay bilowday inay ururiso niman Isaaq ah iyadoo ka baqaysa inay gacan ka gaystaan weerar SNM ku soo qaado Hargaysa. Maxaabiista waxaa loo qaaday dhowr goobood oo ay ka mid yihiin Birjeeh (xaruntii hore ee militariga qeybta 26-aad ee [[Ciidanka Xooga Soomaaliya|ciidamada qalabka sida ee Soomaaliya]] ), Malka-Durduro (xarun militari), Xabsiga Dhexe ee Hargeysa, xarunta dhexe ee NSS ( Nabadsugida Qaranka ), xarunta dhexe ee Booliska Milatariga iyo sidoo kale xarumo kale oo qarsoodi ah. Saraakiisha militariga ee Isaaq waxay ka mid ahaayeen kooxihii ugu horreeyay ee la qabto. Sida laga soo xigtay Human Rights Watch ee Africa Watch, ilaa 700 oo Isaaq ah oo ka socda ciidamada qalabka sida ayaa la keenay hal xabsi, jeelkan qaaska ah hore ayaa loo buuxiyay, 70 shaqaale milateri ah oo dheeri ah ayaa sidoo kale sidoo kale la keenay in la xidho (40 reer [[Gabiley|Gabiley ah]] iyo 30 [[Hargeysa]] ka yimid) . Qabqabashada waxaa lagu sameeyay si baaxad leh taas oo ah, in boos loo helo maxaabiista Isaaq, dhammaan dadka aan Isaaqa ahayn waa lasii daayay, oo ay kujiraan kuwa lagu xukumay dil ama xabsi daa'in ah dil iyo dambiyada la xiriira daroogada. Qaar kamid ah kuwa lasii daayay si ay boos ugu helaan maxaabiista Isaaq ayaa lasiiyay hub waxaana laga dhigay ilaalada maxaabiista Isaaq halka kuwa kale ay ku biireen militariga. ==== Ololaha Hargeysa ==== Weerarkii Ururka Dhaqdhaqaaqa Wadaniga Soomaliyeed ee [[SNM]] ku soo qaaday Hargeysa wuxuu bilaabmay 2:15&nbsp;waxaan ahay 31 May. [[Ciidanka Xooga Soomaaliya|Ciidamada dawladu]] waxay ku qaadatay maalin ama laba maalin inay hindiso qorshe ay ku jabin karaan SNM. Weerarkooda rogaal celiska ah wuxuu ku bilowday adeegsiga hubka culus. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ahaa qoryaha riddada dheer oo la dhigay dusha sare ee u dhow Beerta Xayawaanka ee [[Hargeysa]], qoryaha madaafiicda ayaa sidoo kale la dhigay buuraha ka dambeeya Badhka (oo ah dhul furan oo ay dowladdu ku fuliso xukunnada dadweynaha). Kadib waxay bilaabeen inay duqeeyaan magaalada. Warbixinta Human Rights Watch waxaa ka mid ah markhaatiga shaqaalaha gargaarka ee ajaanibta ah ee ay [[Qaramada Midoobay|Qaramada Midoobay u]] daad gureysay [[Nayroobi|Nairobi]] . Mid ka mid ah wuxuu ahaa Jean Metenier, oo ah farsamayaqaan isbitaal Faransiis ah oo ku sugan Hargeysa, oo weriyeyaasha u sheegay markii uu ka soo degay garoonka diyaaradaha ee Nairobi "ugu yaraan labaatan qof ayaa toogasho lagu diley koox ka soo horjeedda darbiga gurigiisa, meydadkiina waxaa lagu daadiyay waddooyinka si ay ugu adeegaan "tusaale ahaan." " Weerarrada lagu qaaday dadka rayidka ah waxay ka dhasheen ogaanshaha milatariga in dadka deegaanka ee Isaaqa ah ee ku nool Hargeysa ay soo dhoweeyeen weerarkii SNM. Kani wuxuu ahaa isku daygii militariga ee ahaa "ciqaabida dadka shacabka ah ee SNM u damqata" iyo waliba isku day "bur burinta SNM oo loo diidayo saldhig shacab oo taageero ah". ==== Duqeyn diyaaradeed iyo burburinta Hargeysa ==== Duqeymaha madaafiicda ee hargeysa ayaa bilaabmay maalintii seddexaad ee dagaalka waxaana weheliyay duqeyn baaxad leh oo cirka ah oo magaalada lagu qaaday taas oo ay fulisay diyaaradihii [[Ciidanka Cirka Soomaaliya|Cirka ee Soomaaliya]] . Dayuuradaha dawladda Soomaaliya "waxay ka [[Gegada Diyaaradaha Cigaal|duuleen garoonka diyaaradaha ee magaalada Hargeysa]] ka dibna way soo jeesteen si ay duqeymo isdaba joog ah ugu sameeyaan magaalada". Qiyaasta halligaadda ahaa arag, ilaa 90 boqolkiiba magaalada (markaas magaalada labaad ee ugu weyn Soomaaliya) Waxaa la wada baabbi'iyey, ( [[Gobolada Isku Tegay ee Ameerika|United States]] safaaradda lagu qiyaasay 70 boqolkiiba magaalada ahayd la burburay ama halaagnay) . Markhaatiga Aryeh Neier, oo ah aasaasaha Human Rights Watch, wuxuu xaqiijinayaa nooca ballaaran ee weerarada dowladda ee ka dhanka ah dadka rayidka ah:<blockquote>Isku dayga lagu doonayo in meesha looga saaro Ururka Dhaqdhaqaaqa Wadaniga Soomaliyeed ee SNM, dowladdu waxay adeegsaneysaa madaafiic iyo duqeymo cirka ah, gaar ahaan Hargeysa iyo Buroa maalin kasta, iyadoo ujeedkeedu yahay gaar ahaan bartilmaameedyada shacabka. Wararka ka imanaya goobjoogayaasha indhaha ayaa ka hadlaya magaalada Hargeysa inay tahay uun burburin, burbursan tahay illaa heer si dhib yar looga aqoonsan karo xitaa dadka deggan. </blockquote>''The Guardian wuxuu'' soo sheegay baaxadda burburka sida soo socota:<blockquote>Dagaalkii sokeeye wuxuu hargeysa ka dhigay mid burbursan: boqolkiiba 80 dhismihii magaalada ayaa burburay, qaar badan oo ka mid ahna waxaa duqeeyay diyaarado duuliyeyaal calooshood u shaqeystayaal reer [[Zimbabwe]] ahaa oo Jeneraal Siad Barre ahaa. Muuqaalka laga helay hawada waa magaalo aan lahayn saqafyo. Darbiyada jilicsan ee cagaaran iyo buluugga ah ee soo muuqday waxay ka tarjumayaan iftiinka qoraxda.</blockquote><blockquote>Qaar badan oo ka mid ah guryaha ayaa loo fuulay sababo la xiriira miinooyinka yar yar ee ka hortaga shaqaalaha oo ay kala firdhiyeen ciidamadii Gen Siyaad Barre markii tobanaan kun oo reer Hargeysa ahi ka qaxeen. Wixii aan dumin ayaa la bililiqaystay. </blockquote>Sharaxaadda kale ee waxa ka dhacay [[Hargeysa]] waxaa ka mid ah:<blockquote>[[Siyaad Barre]] wuxuu diirada saaray cadhadiisa (iyo awooda militari ee Mareykanku taageeray) ee ka dhanka ah mucaaradka woqooyi. Hargeysa, magaaladii labaad ee Soomaaliya iyo caasimadii hore ee [[Dhulka Biritishka ee Somaliland|Ingiriiska Somaliland]] waa la duqeeyey, waa la xirey waana la duqeeyey. Qiyaastii 50,000 oo qof ayaa la rumeysan yahay inay naftooda ku waayeen halkaas sababo la xiriira xukunno dil ah, duqeymo xagga cirka ah iyo weerarro dhulka ah. Magaalada lafteedu way bur burtay. Qulqulka qulqulka qaxootiga ee ka cararaya burburka ayaan dayuuradaha dawladu u tudhin. Ereyga "xasuuq" ayay u badan tahay oo ay u adeegsadaan kormeerayaasha xuquuqda aadanaha. </blockquote>Amnesty International waxay xaqiijisay beegsiga iyo dilka ballaaran ee ciidamada dowladda Soomaaliya ay u geysteen dadka rayidka ah. Ololuhu wuxuu gebi ahaanba burburiyey Hargeysa, taasoo keentay in dadkeeda oo tiradoodu ahayd 500,000 ay ka qaxaan xadka, magaaladiina "waxaa loo beddelay magaalo cirfiid ah oo 14,000 dhisme la burburiyey iyo 12,000 oo kale oo aad u burbursan". Kooxda Xafiiska Xisaabaadka Guud ee Congress-ka waxay xuseen heerka ay gaarsiisan yihiin degmooyinka la deggan yahay gaar ahaan ciidanka ay bartilmaameedsadeen:<blockquote>Magaalada [[Hargeysa]] oo ah magaalada labaad ee ugu weyn [[Soomaaliya]] ayaa waxa soo gaadhay waxyeelo aad u baaxad weyn oo ka soo gaadhay madaafiicda iyo duqaymaha cirka. Burburkii ugu ballaarnaa wuxuu u muuqday meelaha la deggan yahay ee ay ku badan yihiin dadka rayidka ah, suuqa, iyo dhismayaasha dadweynaha ee ku yaal bartamaha magaalada. Safaaradda Mareykanka ayaa ku qiyaastay in boqolkiiba 70 magaalada ay waxyeelo soo gaartey. Kormeerkayaga muuqaalka ah ee qallafsan ayaa xaqiijinaya qiyaastan.</blockquote><blockquote>Inta badan magaalada Hargeysa waxay umuuqataa inay tahay "magaalo cirfiid ah", guryo badan iyo dhismooyin badanna wey madhan yihiin. Bililiqo baaxad leh ayaa dhacday inkasta oo militariga ay xukumayeen magaalada tan iyo dabayaaqadii bishii Luulyo 1988. Waxaa naloo sheegay in hanti gaar loo leeyahay laga qaatay guryihii ay degenaayeen militariga Hargeysa. Guryuhu waxay ka madhan yihiin albaabada, looxyada dariishadaha, qalabka guryaha, dharka, iyo qalabka guryaha. Bililiqada ayaa sababtay in laga furo waxa loogu yeero "Suuqyada Hargeysa" gobolka oo dhan, oo ay ku jiraan Muqdisho iyo Itoobiya, oo dadkii hore u deganaa ay arkeen hantidooda. Mid ka mid ah goobjoogayaashii ayaa sheegay in Hargeysa gabal gabal loo kala qaadayo. Waxaa naloo sheegay in safaf dhaadheer oo gawaari xamuul ah oo ay saaran yihiin alaabada Hargeysa la arki karo iyagoo ka baxaya magaalada, kuna sii jeeda koofurta dhanka magaalada Muqdisho ka dib markii dagaalka culus istaagay.</blockquote><blockquote>Badhasaabka Hargeysa waxa uu ku qiyaasayaa dadka imika jooga inay gaadhayaan ilaa 70,000, marka loo eego tirada dadka colaada ka hor gaadhay oo gaadhay 370,000 Si kastaba ha noqotee, dadka hadda deggan magaalada Hargeysa ayaan la rumaysnayn inay yihiin kuwii hore ee Issak deganaa. Goobjoogayaashu waxay rumaysan yihiin in Hargeysa ay hadda ka kooban tahay inta badan dad ku tiirsan millatariga, kuwaas oo leh joogitaan muuqda, oo muuqda oo ku sugan Hargeysa, tiro aad u tiro badan oo qaxooti Ogaadeen ah, iyo kuwa daaqsimeed ah oo adeegsanaya hantida kuwii soo qaxay. </blockquote>Warbixinta ayaa sidoo kale lagu sheegay in magaaladu aysan lahayn koronto ama nidaam biyo shaqeeya, iyo in [[dawlada Soomaaliya]] ay "si firfircoon uga codsanayso deeq bixiyaasha dhinacyada badan iyo labada dhinacba in laga caawiyo dib u dhiska" ee magaalooyinkii ay ugu horaysay burburiyeen xoogagii dawlada. === Berbera === [[File:Forensic_investigators_uncover_Berbera_mass_graves.png|thumb| Baaraha dambi baarida ayaa ciida ka cadaysa dusha sare ee xabaal wadareed ay kujiraan 17 meyd oo 30 sano kahor lagu aasay magaalada Berbera]] [[Berbera|Berbera oo]] ah magaalo ku taal xeebta [[Baddacas|Badda Cas]], xilligaas oo ahayd dekedda weyn ee Soomaaliya ka xigta Muqdisho, ayaa sidoo kale lagu bartilmaameedsaday ciidamada dawladda. Rabshadihii ka dhacay Berbera ee dawladu u gaysatay dadka rayidka ah ee [[Isaaq]] waxay ahaayeen gaar ahaan arxan daro, Human Rights Watch waxay soo werisay in Berbera ay la kulantay "qaar ka mid ah tacadiyadii ugu xumaa ee dagaalka" in kasta oo aan Ururka Dhaqdhaqaaqa Wadaniga Soomaliyeed ee [[SNM]] waligeed ku soo qaadin wax weerar ah Berbera sidii ay ku dhacday. Burco iyo Hargeysa. Weeraradii ay dawladu ku qaaday magaalada Berbera waxa ka mid ahaa qabqabasho wadareed, dil badheedh ah oo loo geystay dad rayid ah, waxa lala wareegay hantidii shacabka, gaar ahaan baabuurtii, shandadihii iyo raashinkii yaallay dekedda magaalada, kuwaas oo loo soo qaaday magaalada Muqdisho. Qaabab gaadiid oo ay lahaayeen dadka shacabka ah ee Isaaq ayaa xoog looga qaatay, kaliya waxaa loo ogolaaday magaalada gaadiid ciidan. ==== Qabqabasho tiro badan ==== Isla markiiba weerarkii Ururka Dhaqdhaqaaqa Wadaniga Soomaliyeed [[SNM]] ee Burco, waxay dawladdu ka bilawday [[Berbera]] olole ay dad badani ku qabqabanayaan. Dad badan oo ganacsato iyo odayaal Isaaq ah ayaa la xiray iyadoo dowladdu tuhunsan tahay inay taageeri doonaan weerar Ururka Dhaqdhaqaaqa Wadaniga Soomaliyeed ee [[SNM]] ku soo qaado Berbera. Intii u dhaxeysay 27-kii May iyo 1-dii Juunyo, diyaarado askar ka keenay Muqdisho ayaa watay maxaabiis Isaaq ah oo duulimaadkoodii soo noqday. Dilka maxaabiista ayaa biloowday markii amarada ay ka yimaadeen Muqdisho ay joojiyeen wareejinta maxaabiista. Qabqabashada badanaa waxay dhacdaa habeenkii waxaana fulin jiray xoogagga Hangash . ==== Qabqabashada iyo dilka loogaystay rakaabkii Isaaqa ee saarnaa markabka "Emviyara" ==== 21-kii Juun markab la yiraahdo 'Emviyara' ayaa ku soo xirtay [[Dekada Berbera|dekedda Berbera]]. Rakaabka ayaa ahaa Soomaali laga soo tarxiilay [[Sacuudi Carabiya]] kadib markii halkaas lagu xiray kahor inta uusan dagaalku qarxin. Waxaa loo mastaafuriyay sababo la xiriira eedeymo ay u jeediyeen maamulka Sacuudiga oo ku saabsan in wax isdabamarin lagu sameeyay dukumiintiyada deganaanshaha Human Rights Watch waxay soo werisay "in ilaa 400 oo rakaab ah, 29 nin ayaa isku sheegay inay yihiin Isaaks. Qaar kale oo badani way jireen, laakiin waxay sheegteen inay ka soo jeedaan reeraha kale. ” Abaanduulaha ciidamada Hangash ee Berbera iyo ku xigeenkiisa Calas iyo Dakhare siday u kala horreeyaan "rakaabku waxay u kala saaraan qabiilkooda". Kuwa la xaqiijiyay inay yihiin Isaaq ayaa la geeyay xarunta Hangash halkaas oo laga qaatay agabkoodii iyo lacagtoodii. Qaarkood si xun ayaa loo jirdilay waxayna si joogto ah u curyaan noqdeen jirdilka dartiis. Siddeed ka mid ah rakaabkii la xiray ayaa la dilay, 21-ka soo harayna waxaa lagu xiray magaalada Berbera oo markii dambe la sii daayay. ==== Dilal wadareedyo ==== Xasuuqii ay [[Ciidanka Xooga Soomaaliya|ciidamada dowladda Soomaaliya]] ee magaalada [[Berbera]] si gaar ah caan ah, sababtoo ah dagaal u dhexeeya [[Ciidanka Xooga Soomaaliya|ciidamada dowladda]] Soomaaliya iyo Ururka Dhaqdhaqaaqa Wadaniga Soomaliyeed ee [[SNM]] ma halkaas ka dhacay, iyo sidii dowladda sida ku lahayn ku andacoonaya in ay gaystaan dadka rayidka ah Isaaq ee Berbera (iyo degsiimooyinka kale [[Isaaq]] ma weeraray SNM). Sida ay sheegtay Human Rights Watch magaaladu waxay la kulantay "qaar ka mid ah tacadiyadii ugu xumaa ee dagaalka in kasta oo aan SNM waligeed weerarin [[Berbera]]". Isla markii uu warka ku saabsanaa weerarki Dhaqdhaqaaqa Wadaniga Soomaliyeed eei [[SNM]] ee [[Burco]] uu gaadhay masuuliyiinta dawladda ee Berbera, magaaladii ayaa gebi ahaanba xannibantay oo boqolaal qof la xidhay. In ka badan 700 ayaa la soo daristay dhimasho ka xun tii ka dhacday meelo kale oo gobolka ka mid ah. Hababka loo dilo waxaa ka mid ahaa kala-goysyada dhuunta, fiilooyin lagu ceejiyo, qoorta oo qoorta laga jaro, iyo inaad si ba'an u naafowdo adigoo garaaca budad ka hor inta aan la toogan. Dilku wuxuu ka dhacay agagaarka garoonka diyaaradaha goob qiyaastii 10 kiiloomitir u jirta Berbera, waxaana la fuliyey habeenimadii. Dhibbanayaasha waxaa lagu dilay dufcado 30-40 ah. Intooda badani waxay ahaayeen rag da 'dagaal ah "oo ciidanku ka baqay inay ku biiraan SNM," dhawr dumar ah ayaa sidoo kale ka mid ah dhibbanayaasha. Intii u dhaxeysay Juun iyo dhamaadka Sebtember, ciidamada dowladda iyo sidoo kale qaxooti hubaysan oo Itoobiyaan ah ([[Ogaden|Ogadeni]]) ayaa sii waday inay weeraraan agagaarka [[Berbera]] iyo sidoo kale tuulooyinka u dhexeeya [[Berbera]] iyo [[Hargeysa]]. Weeraradaas waxaa ka mid ahaa gubista tuulooyinka, dilkii dadka tuulada, kufsiga haweenka, xoolo laga qaatay iyo qabqabashada iyo xiritaanka odayaasha magaalada [[Berbera]]. Tuulooyinkaas qaar ka mid ah waxaa ka mid ahaa [[Dacar Budhuq|Da'ar-buduq]], oo u dhexeeya Hargeysa iyo Berbera kala badh; Dara-Godle, oo 20 kiiloomitir koonfur-galbeed kaga beegan magaalada Berbera; Sheekh Abdaal, oo ku dhow xabsiga dhexe ee [[Mandheera]]; Dubato; Dala, oo ku taal bariga xabsiga Mandheera; iyo Lasa-Da'awo. Xasuuqu wuxuu ka sii socday magaalada [[Berbera]] ilaa dabayaaqadii dagaalkii ilaa bishii Ogos 1990, markii koox ka kooban 20 qof oo rayid ah ay dileen militariga si looga aargoosto gaadmadii Dhaqdhaqaaqa Wadaniga Soomaliyeed ee [[SNM]] ee ka dhacday Dubar, Berbera agteeda, dhacdadu waxay muujisay in " xasuuqa ayaa ka sii socday magaalada Berbera in ka badan magaalooyinka kale. " ===== Gubashada shicibka [[Isaaq]] ee [[Berbera]] ===== Human Rights Watch 's Africa Watch ayaa sidoo kale ka warbixisay dacwada 11 nin oo Isaaq ah oo qaarkood reer guuraa ahaayeen oo ay dawladu ka qabatay duleedka Berbera. Waxaa lagu eedeeyay inay caawinayeen SNM. Taliyaha Badda ee Berbera, Kornayl Muuse 'Biqil', oo ay weheliyaan laba sarkaal oo kale oo sarsare oo militariga ka tirsan ayaa amar ku bixiyay in 11-ka reer guuraaga ah la gubo iyagoo nool. Reer guuraagii la gubay waxaa lagu aasay meel qiyaastii 10 kiilomitir bari ka xigta Batalaale, xeeb wadaag ah iyo goob dalxiis oo ku taal Berbera. === [[Ceerigaabo]] === Si la mid ah [[Berbera]], [[Ceerigaabo|Ceerigaabo waxay]] ahayd magaalo Isaaq degto oo aan Dhaqdhaqaaqa Wadaniga Soomaliyeed ee [[SNM]] weerarin, wax khilaaf hub ah kalama kulmin [[SNM]] iyo [[Ciidanka Xooga Soomaaliya|ciidanka Soomaaliya]] ugu yaraan dhowr bilood, laakiin haddana Isaaqyada rayidka ah waxaa halkaas ku soo gaadhay dilal iyo qabqabasho labada dhinacba ah. ciidanka iyo ciidamada kale ee dowlada. [[Ciidanka Xooga Soomaaliya|Ciidanku]] wuxuu ololahooda ka bilaabay [[Ceerigaabo]] wax yar uun ka dib markii uu ka qarxay dagaal ka dhacay [[Burco]] iyo [[Hargeysa]]. Boqolaal rayid ah ayaa ladilay, ciidamadii Dhaqdhaqaaqa Wadaniga Soomaliyeed ee [[SNM|SNMna]] may gaadhin qaybtaas wadanka ilaa 1989. Hal dhacdo kadib qabsashadii magaalada ee 1989 waxay aragtay 60 oday Isaaq ah, oo magaalada uga baxsan kari waayey dhulka buuraleyda adag awgood, oo ay ciidamada dowladdu kala baxeen guryahoodii "waxaana toogtay koox toogasho ah oo derbiga ka soo horjeeda. xafiiska xiriirka dadweynaha ". Tiro xabaal-wadareedyo waaweyn ah ayaa Ceerigaabo laga helay sanadkii 2012. Bishii Janaayo 1989, Oxfam Australia (waagaas oo loo yaqaanay Community Aid Abroad), oo ah hay'ad gargaar oo fadhigeedu ahaa Ceerigaabo isla markaana maamuli jirtey barnaamij caafimaad oo aasaasi ah [[Sanaag|gobolka Sanaag]], ayaa dib uga noqotey barnaamijkeedii kadib markay sideed sano ka hawlgashey [[Soomaaliya]]. Waxay daabacday warbixin "si loogu fiirsado dhacdooyinkii ugu dambeeyay ee Soomaaliya ee ka dhashay dagaal sokeeye, dhibaato qaxooti oo aad u weyn, cadaadis lagu hayo qaybo badan oo ka mid ah dadka oo qaab qabiil ah iyo xadgudubyo baahsan oo xuquuqda aadanaha ah". Warbixinta ayaa cambaareysay "la'aanta xorriyadda aasaasiga ah iyo xuquuqda aadanaha" ee ka jirta Soomaaliya, taasoo keentay in go'aanka hay'adda ay uga baxdo Soomaaliya sababo ay ku tilmaamtay "hoos u dhac weyn oo xagga amniga iyo xuquuqda aadanaha ah". Warbixinta ayaa xustay in shaqaalaha hay'adda ay soo sheegeen "xadgudubyo badan oo xuquuqda aadanaha ah oo ay aaminsan yihiin in dowladda Soomaaliya ay tahay inay qaaddo mas'uuliyadda ugu weyn". Markii la sharaxayey jawaabta ay dawladdu ka bixisay gulufkii [[SNM|Dhaqdhaqaaqa Wadaniga Soomaliyeed ee SNM]], warbixintu waxay tidhi: decdecjdejkdbfdjkdcbkjn fkjrnvfjgnvfjgnvkdfnkjnndsfjknv jkvn nnndjb ah ain loo so<blockquote>Jawaabtii [[Dawladda federaalka Soomaaliya|dawladu]] ka bixisay weerarku waxay ahayd mid naxariis daro ah oo aan loo aabayeelin waxyeelada dadka rayidka ah - runtiina waxaa jira cadeymo badan oo muujinaya in waxyeelo rayid ah si ula kac ah loo gaarsiiyey si loo burburiyo saldhigga taageerada ee [[SNM|Dhaqdhaqaaqa Wadaniga Soomaliyeed ee SNM]], oo inta badan ka kooban dadka ka soo jeeda Isaaqa. qabiil. Kadib weeraradii SNM ee ka dhacay magaalooyinka waawayn ee Hargeysa iyo Burco, ciidamada dawladu waxay duqeeyeen magaalooyinka - taas oo keentay in kabadan 400,000 oo qof inay ka cararaan xasuuqii ka dhacay xadka [[Itoobiya|Itoobiya,]] halkaas oo ay hada ku sugan yihiin xeryaha qaxootiga, kuna nool xaalado aad u xun, iyo biyo aan ku filnayn., cuntada, hoyga iyo xarumaha caafimaadka.</blockquote><blockquote>Gobolka [[Sanaag]] marin u helida tuulooyinka shaqaalihii CAA way diideen ciidamada iyo ilaha mashruucyada sida gawaarida iyo daroogada ay ku takri faleen saraakiisha dawlada. Tan oo ay weheliso amniga oo liita, ayaa shaqada caafimaadka aasaasiga ah ka dhigtay mid aan macquul aheyn oo qatar gelisay nolosha shaqaalaha, taasoo keentay inay ka laabato hay'addu. Shaqaalaha mashruucu had iyo jeer way dhibaateeyeen militariga xitaa markay kaqeyb qaadanayeen xaaladaha deg degga ah ee caafimaadka iyo hal mar rasaas ayaa la furay.</blockquote><blockquote>In kasta oo xuquuqda aadanaha ay ka sii xumaaneysay sanado ka mid ah [[Soomaaliya]] ... waxaan aaminsanahay in dowladda ay waajib ku tahay inay si gaar ah masuuliyad culus isaga saarto dhacdooyinka lixdii bilood ee la soo dhaafay. </blockquote>Marka laga hadlayo xadgudubyada u gaarka ah magaalada Ceerigaabo ayay warbixintu xustay:<blockquote>Qabsashadii milatari ee magaalada [[Ceerigaabo]] waxay keentay dhibaato baahsan oo soo foodsaartay dadka deegaankaas taasoo ku qasabtay dad badan inay u qaxaan duurka oo ay ku jiraan inta badan dadka reer [[Ceerigaabo]]. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in militariga ay odayaasha tuulada lacag ku siiyeen wiilal yar yar oo jira laba iyo toban iyo saddex iyo toban sano jir. Iyagoo aan la barin oo aan la edbin, dhalinyaradaani waxay ku hubeysnaayeen [[AK-47|AK47]] waxaana loo diray inay roondeeyaan magaalada, iyagoo aan hubin oo aan aqoon u laheyn sida loo isticmaalo awooddooda cusub ee ay heleen. </blockquote>Warbixinta ayaa xustay hal kiis oo gabar 13 jir ah oo reer Ceerigaabo ah ay kufsadeen lix askari oo ka tirsan dowladda, waxay kaloo sheegtay in "bililiqada, kufsiga iyo bash bashsiga ay yihiin wax caadi ah." Arrin kale, nin ka tagaya Ceerigaabo isagoo lacag iyo raashin wata ayaa "la dhacay, la garaacay oo ay toogteen militariga". Meydkiisa ayaa markaa "lagu daadiyay magaalada waxaana cunay dhexda dhurwaaga". Isaga oo sharaxaya siyaasadaha dowladda Soomaaliya ee gobolka, Peter Kieseker, afhayeen u hadlay CAA wuxuu yiri: "Xasuuq waa erayga kaliya ee loo haysto." === Ceel Afweyne === [[Ceelafweyn|Ceel Afweyn]] oo ka tirsan [[Sanaag|gobolka Sanaag]] iyo nawaaxigeeda "in ka badan 300 oo qof ayaa lagu diley Oktoobar 1988 aargudasho loogu talo galay dhimashadii sarkaal ciidan oo lagu diley miino dhulka lagu aasay." Oxfam Australia (oo hore loo yiqiin Community Aid Abroad) waxay ku sifeysay xaalada Ceel Afweyn sidan:<blockquote>Sida la ogyahay dad badan ayaa ka qaxay magaalada Ceelafweyn ka dib weeraro bambaano oo ay ku qaadeen ciidamada dawlada. Siyaasad "dhulka la gubay" ayaa lagu dabakhay tuulooyinka ku yaal bannaanka [[Ceelafweyn]]. Dadkan barakacay waxay ku dhuumaaleysanayaan duurka iyagoo aan haysan fursad ay ku helaan cunno iyo agab caafimaad. </blockquote> === Sheekh === Markii warka ku saabsan dagaalka ka qarxay magaalada [[Burco]] uu gaadhay [[Sheekh, Somaliland|magaalada Sheekh]], qaxoontiga ogadeni ee ay dawladu hubeeysay ee ku sugan aagaas iyo waliba cutubyada ciidamada ee halkaas ku sugan ayaa bilaabay inay laayaan dadka shacabka ah isla markaana ay bililiqeystaan guryahooda. Dawladu waxay sii waday inay xasuuqa ka gaysato sheekh in kasta oo ayna ka jirin dhaqdhaqaaqii Ururka Dhaqdhaqaaqa Wadaniga Soomaliyeed ee [[SNM]]. Waxaa sidoo kale aagga ka jiray qabqabasho baahsan oo rag Isaaq ah, inta badan waxaa lagu xiraa meel militariga ka agdhow. === Muqdisho === Dhibaatada dawladu u geysatey [[Isaaq|Isaaqa]] kuma koobneyn [[Somaliland]] ee u nugul weerarada uruka Dhaqdhaqaaqa Wadaniga Soomaliyeed ee [[SNM]]. Intii lagu gudajiray xasilloonida waqooyiga dalka, dowladdu waxay billowday qabqabashada dadka shacabka ah ee Isaaqa ah ee deggan caasimadda [[Muqdisho]] . Dadka la xiray Isaaq waxaa ka mid ahaa ganacsato, shaqaalihii [[Diyaarada Soomaaliya|Somali Airlines]], saraakiil ciidan, shaqaale ka tirsan hay'adaha gargaarka, iyo shaqaalaha rayidka ah. Si la mid ah kiiskii ka dhacay [[Berbera]], [[Ceerigaabo]], [[Sheekh, Somaliland|Sheekh]] iyo magaalooyin kale oo ku yaal woqooyiga, ma jirin wax dhaqdhaqaaq SNM ah oo ka socday Muqdisho, weliba, Muqdisho waxaa juquraafi ahaan looga saaray xaaladda woqooyiga dalka sababo la xiriira jagada ay ka hayso gobollada koonfureed, hase yeeshee dowladda Soomaaliya waxay u heellan tahay siyaasadeeda ku aaddan dhibaateynta rayidka Isaaq ee magaalada Muqdisho. In ka badan 300 maxaabiis Isaaq ah ayaa lagu hayey xarunta dhexe ee Adeegga Amniga Qaranka, ee Godka, xarun kale oo NSS ah (xabsi), xero milatari oo ku taal Salaan Sharafta, jeelka Laanta Bur, oo ah xabsi ugu ammaan badan 50km Muqdisho. Waxaa lagala baxay guryahoodii magaalada Muqdisho saqdii dhexe ee 19kii Julaay 1989. Inta badan maxaabiista ayaa lasii daayay kadib markii laaluush la bixiyay. Huteelada yar yar ee magaalada Caasimada Soomaaliya ee[[Muqdisho]] ayay dawladu habeenki baaritaan ku sameysay iyadoo martidooda loo kala saaray Isaaq iyo kuwa aan [[Isaaq]] aheyn; markaa Isaaq ayaa markaa kadib la xidhi lahaa. Amarka dawlada, dhamaan saraakiishii sarsare ee [[Isaaq]] ayaa laga mamnuucay inay dalka ka baxaan cabsi laga qabo inay ku biiraan Ururka Dhaqdhaqaaqa Wadaniga Soomaliyeed ee [[SNM]]. Mid ka mid ah tusaalayaasha arrintani waa kiiskii Cabdi Raage, oo ahaa sarkaal Isaaq ah oo hore uga tirsanaan jiray militariga, oo si qasab ah looga saaray duullimaadkii u baxayay [[Frankfurt]] Tusaalaha kale ee siyaasaddan ayaa ah xarigga Cumar Maxamed Nimalleh, oo ah ganacsade horayna u ahaa kornayl ka tirsan booliska oo laga qabtay garoonka diyaaradaha isagoo u socdaalaya Kenya safar shaqo. ==== Xasuuqii [[xeebta Jasiira]] ==== 21-kii Julaay 1989, dib qalalaase diimeed oo dhacay toddobaad ka hor, 47 nin oo dabaqadda dhexe ah oo Isaaq ah oo ku nool magaalada caasimadda ah ee [[Muqdisho]] ayaa lagala baxay guryahooda saq dhexe, ka dibna waxaa loo qaaday Jasiira, a xeeb wadaag ah oo ku taal galbeedka magaalada Muqdisho isla markaana si kooban loogu fuliyo. Raggaani waxay isugu jireen xirfadlayaal, ganacsato, iyo macallimiin. Sida laga soo xigtay Claudio Pacifico, diblomaasi [[Talyaaniga|Talyaani]] ah oo xilligaas ahaa ninka labaad ee ka amar qaata safaaradda Talyaaniga ee magaalada Muqdisho isla markaana ku sugnaa magaalada xilligaas, wuxuu ahaa taliyaha qeybta gaashaaman ee ciidanka Soomaaliya, Jeneraal Ibraahim Cali Barre. "Canjeex", oo si shaqsi ah u kormeeray xariggii saqda dhexe ee raggii Isaaqa iyo u soo wareejintii xeebta Jasiira. === Weeraro ay ku hayaan reer guuraaga Isaaq qoxootiga Ogaadeeniya ee jooga baadiyaha === Baadiyaha wuxuu ahaa aag ay ka howlgalaan Qaxootiga dowlada [[Itoobiya]] ee hubeeysan (Ogadeni). Human Rights Watch waxay soo werisay in qaxootiga ay "inta badan weeraraan tuulooyinka iyo xerooyinka reer guuraaga ee ku dhow xeryahooda badan ayna galaaftaan nolosha kumanaan kale, oo u badan reer guuraa". Sida laga soo xigtay sarkaal ajnabi ah oo ka tirsan hay'adaha gargaarka oo ku sugnaa waqooyiga dagaalka ka dib:<blockquote>Dowladdii [[Siyaad Barre]] waxay aad u dooneysay inay hubeyso Qaxootiga Ogaadeenya waxayna qortay shaqaale ka tirsan Guddiga Qaxootiga Qaranka ee rayidka ah - oo maamula xeryaha qaxootiga Ogaadeenya - si ay gacan uga geystaan qaybinta hubka. . . 'Hadda xeryaha oo dhami waa kuwo aad u hubeysan' sarkaal khibrad u leh arrimaha gargaarka reer galbeedka ayaa yiri. Qaar ka mid ah ragga qaangaarka ah ee kaamamka ayaa loo maleynayaa inay aadeen duurka si looga fogaado qorista dowladda. . . Qaar kale oo badan ayaa la sheegay inay dowlada ka aqbaleen hub ayna ka baxeen xeryahoodii iyagoo raadinaya Isaaq. . . Socdaalayaashii ugu dambeeyay ee waqooyiga waxay intaas ku dareen in dad badan oo ka mid ah Somalida Ogadeeniya ee ka yimid xeryaha qaxootiga ee UN-ka - iyo tiro kale oo cadaalad ah oo ka mid ah koox kale oo dawladda taageersan, oo Oromo ah, ayaa la arkay iyagoo wata qoryaha M-16 ee Mareykanka </blockquote>Qaxootiga Ogaadeeniya waxay samaysteen kooxo xagjiriin ah oo ka ugaarsada dadka rayidka ah ee Isaaq agagaarka Biyooley, Adhi-Cadiis, Sabacad, Laas-Dhureh, Daamka iyo xeryaha qaxootiga ee Agabar. Xaalado badan, dhibanayaasha Isaaq waxaa loo daayay iyaga oo aan la aasin "si ay u cunaan dugaaggu". === Toogashada qaxootiga [[Isaaq]] === Dhibaatooyinka ay ciidamadii Soomaaliya ee Barre u geysteen Isaaq waxaa ka mid ahaa kala soocida (yacni mashiinka diyaaradaha laga rido) ee qaxootiga cararaya ilaa ay ka gaarayaan amaanka xuduudaha [[Itoobiya|Itoopiya]]. Taariikhyahan Afrikaan ah Lidwien Kapteijns wuxuu qeexayaa dhibaatada soo food saartay qaxootiga [[Isaaq]] ee ka cararaya guryahooda sidatan:<blockquote>Inta lagu jiro muddadan, dhammaan dadka rayidka ah waxay umuuqdaan inay noqdeen bartilmaameed, guryahooda iyo meelkasta oo ay magan galaan. Xitaa intii ay socdeen qaxa dheer - ee cagaha, biyo iyo cunno la'aan, iyagoo qaadaya dhallinta yar iyo kuwa itaalka daran, oo ku umulaya jidka - xadka Itoobiya, diyaaraduhu way kala wareegaan hawada. </blockquote>Aqoonyahan Adam Jones ayaa sidoo kale ka hadlaya qaybtan gaarka ah ee ololihii [[Siyaad Barre]] ee ka dhanka ahaa Isaaq:<blockquote>Laba bilood gudahood, laga bilaabo May ilaa July 1988, ayaa u dhexeeyey 50,000 ilaa 100,000 oo qof ay xasuuqeen ciidammada talisku. Waqtigaas wixii kadambeeyay, magaalo kasta oo ka badbaaday oo la yiraahdo Isaaks - taasoo la micno ah, boqolaal kun oo xubnood oo ka tirsan beesha ugu weyn waqooyiga - ayaa ka qaxay xadka Itoobiya. Waxaa ku daba joogay intii ay jidka ku jireen dagaalyahanada diyaaradaha dagaalka ee Britain sameysay oo ay wateen duuliyayaal calooshood u shaqeystayaal ah oo Koonfur Afrikaan ah iyo duuliyeyaashii hore ee Rhodesia, waxay siiyeen $ 2,000 halkii sorba </blockquote>In kasta oo ay dowladda weli diidan tahay inay siiso hay'adaha caalamiga ah ee xuquuqul insaanka iyo saxafiyiinta ajaanibta ah inay galaan waqooyiga si ay uga warbixiyaan xaaladda, ''The New York Times'' ayaa soo warisay in la xayiray qaxootiga Isaaqa oo qayb ka ah tabinta colaadda:<blockquote>Diblumaasiyiinta reer galbeedka ee halkan jooga waxay sheegeen inay rumeysan yihiin in dagaalada ka socda Soomaaliya oo inta badan aan laga soo tabin reer galbeedka in ay sii soconayaan. In ka badan 10,000 oo qof ayaa la diley bishii ugu horreysay ka dib markii ay dagaalladu bilowdeen dabayaaqadii bishii May, sida ay sheegayaan wararka soo gaaraya diblomaasiyiinta halkan. [[Dawladda Soomaaliya|Dowladda Soomaaliya]] waxay duqeysay magaalooyinkii ay deganeyd, waxayna si toos ah u adeegsatay madaafiic si aan kala sooc lahayn, sida ay masuuliyiintu sheegeen. </blockquote> === Adeegsiga calooshood u shaqeystayaal ay adeegsatay [[Dawladda Soomaaliya|dowladda Soomaaliya]] === Marka laga soo tago adeegsiga awooda militari ee cirka iyo dhulka labadaba [[Isaaq|Isaaqa]], [[Dawladda Soomaaliya|dowladda Soomaaliya]] waxay sidoo kale shaqaaleysiisay calooshood u shaqeystayaal u [[Koonfur Afrika|dhashay Koofur Afrika]] iyo Rhodesia si ay u duuliyaan una dayactiraan diyaaradihii British Hawker Hunter oo ay u fuliyaan howgallada duqeynta magaalooyinka Isaaq. Marka laga soo tago "burburka nidaamsan ee guryaha [[Isaaq]], degsiimadiisa iyo meelaha biyaha laga dhaansado", waxa kale oo duqeymo lala beegsaday magaalooyin waaweyn oo ku yaal gobollada waqooyi-galbeed oo ay inta badan deggan yihiin [[Isaaq]] amar Madaxweyne Siyaad Barre. ''[[The Guardian]]'' oo ah saxiifad Inqiriiska ah ayaa soo warisay ololaha arxan-darrada ah ee ay dowladda Soomaaliya ku qaaday [[Isaaq|Isaaqa]]:<blockquote>Boqolaal kun oo dad ah ayaa ladilay, la kala firdhiyay ama la duqeeyay guryahoodii ku yaalay Somaliland kadib hawlgallo milatari oo dawladeed oo ay samafalayaasha reer galbeedku ku sheegeen inay yar tahay xasuuqa.</blockquote>evrjbvrv erkjvnvjrnvn jbfnbv djfbvjbvhjfbvhjbghrb erjvbnfbdvjbjfbjhvbdjbv efjvbfhbvjfbvj jdfdn<blockquote>Ficilku wuxuu ku koobnaa saddexda magaalo ee waqooyiga ee [[Hargeysa]], Berbera iyo [[Burco]] halkaas oo la rumaysan yahay in ku dhowaad 20 kun oo qof ay ku dhinteen weeraradii bambaanooyinka ahaa ee ay dawladu dhawaan qaaday. . . Kumanaan kale ayaa si nidaamsan loogu diidaa cuntada maxaa yeelay xoogagga Soomaaliyeed ayaa si ula kac ah u haysta qalabka muhiimka ah. Saraakiisha gargaarka ayaa sheegay in ilaa 800,000 oo qof - ku dhowaad dhammaantoodna yihiin reer guuraa Isaaq ah - ay ku barakaceen dagaalladii sokeeye awgood. Rubuc ka mid ah kuwan, oo laga yaabo inay gaarayaan 300,000, ayaa hada la daalaa dhacaya inay ku noolaadaan xaalado xun oo ku sugan xeryaha qaxootiga ee Itoobiya halka tiro la mid ah lagu qasbay inay ka baxaan Afrika. Aayaha kuwa aan hadda la raad raaci karin wali lama oga.</blockquote><blockquote>. . . Ilaa sideed bilood ka hor, dadka reer Isaaq ee magaalooyinku ku noolaayeen waxay ku urursanaayeen [[Hargeysa]], [[Berbera]] iyo [[Burco]]. In kasta oo saxafiyiin aad u tiro yar loo oggolaaday inay booqdaan aagga, tobanaan kun oo qof ayaa la fahamsan yahay inay ku dhinteen intii lagu jiray weerarro is xigxigay oo lala beegsaday magaalooyinka bishii Ogosto ee la soo dhaafay oo inta badan ay fuliyeen calooshood u shaqeystayaal laga qoray [[Zimbabwe]].</blockquote>jfwbvhbvhjfbjnbg sdvnfjbgfbsdnjk kdfvnfjknbn gfnjgfsjnbbhjfdv ejnv<blockquote>... "kaliya waxay duqeeyeen oo duqeeyeen oo duqeeyeen," nin ka tirsan hay'adaha gargaarka ayaa dhowaan ka soo laabtay [[Soomaaliya]]. [[Hargeysa]] oo markii hore dadkeedu ahaa 350,000, boqolkiiba 70 way burbureen, [[Burco]] "way ku baaba'day" isla weeraradii.</blockquote><blockquote>Dadka beehsa Issaq ka badbaaday duqeymaha ayaa la sheegay in [[Ciidanka Xooga Soomaaliya|ciidamada Soomaaliya]] ay ku soo ururiyeen waddooyinka isla markaana si kooban ay u toogteen. Xabaal wadareedyo badan ayaa tan iyo markii la helay iyo sidoo kale meydad looga tagay inay ku qudhmaan waddooyinka ay ku soo dhaceen.</blockquote><blockquote>Dadka hadda ku nool saddexda magaalo waxaa la rumeeysan yahay inay yihiin gebi ahaanba kuwa aan [[Isaaq]] ahayn ama milatari ah oo loo geeyay inay ilaaliyaan wixii laga soo ceshay Ururka Dhaqdhaqaaqa Wadaniga Soomaliyeed ee [[SNM]]. </blockquote> === Adeegsiga dowladda ee miinooyinka dhulka lagu aaso === Arrinta sida gaarka ah u waaraysay ee khilaafku waxay ahayd adeegsiga miinooyinka dhulka lagu aaso ee ka soo horjeedda shaqaalaha dawladda ee magaalooyinka Isaaq. Muuqaal astaan u ah siyaasaddii dawladdii Siyaad Barre ee ahayd "xasuuqii loo gaystay kooxdii Issak ee qabiilooyinka" ayaa ahayd dhigista "in ka badan hal milyan oo miinooyin aan calaamadeysnayn, dabinno xunxun iyo aalado kale oo dilaa ah oo ka dhaca Gobollada Woqooyiga ..." muddadaas khilaafka. Tirada saxda ah ee miinooyinka dhulka lagu aaso lama oga laakiin waxaa lagu qiyaasaa inta u dhaxeysa hal ilaa laba milyan, badankood waxaa lagu aasay dhulkii waagaas la oran jiray waqooyiga Soomaaliya imikana ah Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland. Miinooyinka ka dhanka ah shaqaalaha ayaa loo adeegsaday in lala beegsado dadka rayidka ah ee [[Isaaq]] ee ku soo noqonaya magaalooyinka iyo magaalooyinka iyadoo lagu aasay "waddooyinka, guryaha iyo jidadka xoolaha si loo dilo, loo naafeeyo loona celiyo". Inta badan miinooyinka "waxay ku kala firirsanaayeen dhul daaqsimeed ama waxaa lagu qariyay hareeraha godadka biyaha ama waddooyinka labaad iyo goobihii hore ee militariga". fdnvjfgk ngf fknvgn kgjnjkfsdnmalksa afdkgnjhngkfsda aermvkngfnvgf Bishii Febraayo 1992, Dhakhaatiirta Xuquuqda Aadanaha waxay koox caafimaad u direen gobolka si ay u soo baaraan baaxadda dhibaatada ay leedahay miinooyinka dhulka ku hadhay dagaalladii 1988 - 1991, waxay ku sifeeyeen xaaladda sida soo socota:<blockquote>Waxay [miinooyinka] aad ugu badan yihiin baadiyaha ku hareeraysan laba ka mid ah magaalooyinka waaweyn ee [[Somaliland]], [[Hargeysa]] iyo [[Burco]], iyo dhulka xoola-dhaqatada iyo beeraha ee galbeedka [[Burco|Burco.]] Hadda oo uu dhammaaday dagaalkii sokeeye, dhibbanayaasha miinooyinka ayaa guud ahaan rayid ahaa, kuwaas oo badankood yihiin haween iyo carruur. </blockquote>[[Ciidanka Xooga Soomaaliya|Ciidankii Soomaaliya]] wuxuu qarxiyay oo qarxiyay inbadan oo kamid ah dhismayaasha waaweyn ee hargeisa sida "hudheelka Union iyo xarun caafimaad oo gaar loo leeyahay oo uurka ku leh oo u dhaw dugsiga gabdhaha ee Shacab", tan waxaa loo sameeyay iskuday lagu doonayo in lagu nadiifiyo aaga u dhexeeya iyaga iyo Ururka Dhaqdhaqaaqa Wadaniga Soomaliyeed ee [[SNM]]. . Guryaha guryaha ee ka agdhowaa xafiisyada muhiimka ah ee dowladda ayaa sidoo kale la qarxiyay. Buug-gacmeedka [[Soomaaliya]] ee ciidamada qalabka sida ee Mareykanka ayaa lagu xusay in "dhibaatada miinada ee ka jirta Soomaaliya lagu tilmaami karo inay tahay dhibaato guud oo ka jirta qaybaha koonfureed ee Soomaaliya iyo dhibaato aad u daran oo ka jirta qeybaha waqooyiga." Markii la sharaxayay sida ay ugu badan yihiin miinooyinka dhulka gaar ahaan baadiyaha magaalooyinka ku hareeraysan ee ay degan yihiin Isaaqa, buugan ayaa waxaa ku qoran "Meelaha waaweyn ee miinooyinka la aaso, in ka badan 100,000 oo miino ayaa la geeyay qaybaha ku hareeraysan magaalada. Dhaqdhaqaaq ballaaran oo boobytrap ah ayaa sidoo kale laga soo sheegay Hargeysa. " ==== Macdanta daaqa iyo dhul beereedka ==== Adeegsiga miinooyinka dhulka lagu aaso ee ay ciidammada dowladdu u adeegsadeen dadka rayidka ah ayaa si gaar ah waxyeello ugu geystay gobolkan gaar ahaan inta badan Isaaqa (iyo Soomaalida kale ee waqooyiga) oo ah reer guuraa xoola-dhaqato ah, kuna tiirsan daaqa idaha, riyaha, iyo geela. Warbixin ay soo wakiishay Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation waxay ku sifeyneysaa dhibaatooyinka xeeladdan sida soo socota:<blockquote>Sidoo kale dawladii siyaad barre waxay miinooyin ka qodaysay dhulka miyiga ah si ay u carqaladeyso dhaqaalaha iyo dadka reer guuraaga ah, kuwaas oo loo arkayay inay yihiin saldhiga taageerada Ururka Dhaqdhaqaaqa Wadaniga Soomaliyeed ee [[SNM]] Cagarey, Jajabod, Dalqableh, Ubaaleh, Cadaadley iyo Farjano-Megasta ayaa saameyn ku yeeshay. Dhul daaqsimeedka xilliga-qalalan iyo aagagga ku dhow ilaha biyaha joogtada ah ee joogga sare ayaa si gaar ah u saameeyay. Waxaa jira miinooyin dhulka lagu aaso oo dhulka daaqa ah ee aadka u sarreeya ee u dhexeeya Burco iyo [[Ceerigaabo]]. Meelo badan oo dhul daaqsimeed ah Saylac ayaa sidoo kale laga soo saaray. . . Mid ka mid ah cawaaqib xumada ka dhalan karta miinooyinka dhulka lagu aaso ayaa ah joojinta idaha loo dhoofin jiray Sacuudiga iyo Yemen. </blockquote>Mid ka mid ah meelaha ugu cufan macdanta ee woqooyiga waxay ahayd degsiimooyinka beeraha ee ku xeeran magaalda [[Gabiley]] iyo [[Arabsiyo]] . Waxaa lagu soo waramayaa in kumanaan dad ah ay saameeyeen macdanta aaggaas, iyagoo ama ka tagaya dhulkooda beeraha gebi ahaanba miinooyinka dhulka lagu aaso ama xayiraad adag oo dhanka beeraha ah sababtoo ah miinooyinka oo ku sugan beerahooda ama isku xidhka wadooyinka. ==== Macdanta guryaha shacabka ==== Dhakhaatiirta Xuquuqda Aadanaha waxay sharaxayaan hal tab oo ay adeegsadeen ciidamadii [[Siyaad Barre]] ee ay u adeegsadeen ololahoodii ka dhanka ahaa dadka [[Isaaq|Isaaqa]] ee waqooyiga:<blockquote>Mid ka mid ah xeeladihii ugu naxariis darrada badnaa - ee sida muuqata aan sharciga ahayn - ee ay adeegsadeen [[Ciidanka Xooga Soomaaliya|ciidammadii Siyaad Barre]] ayaa ahaa in si ula kac ah loo qodo guryaha rayidka. Sannadkii 1988-kii, ciidammada dawladdu waxay duqeeyeen oo duqeeyeen caasimadda [[Hargeysa]]. Kahor intaanay cararin, dad badan oo deggan ayaa aasay alaabtoodii qiimaha badnayd godad laga qoday dabaqyada ama barxadaha guryahooda. Markii ay arkeen meelahan, askartu waxay soo qaateen dahabkii iyo waxyaabihii kale ee qiimaha lahaa waxayna meelihii qarsoonaa ku dhejiyeen booba-dabinno ama miinooyin. Dagaalku markuu joogsaday ka dib, qaar badan oo ka mid ah dadkii qaxay waxay ku noqdeen guryahoodii bilihii ugu horreeyay 1991 si ay u dhaawacmaan ama u dhintaan qaraxyadan qarsoon. . . Qaar ka mid ah qoysaska ayaa la sheegay inay ku fadhiisanayaan banaanka guryahooda sababtoo ah waxay ka baqayeen inay galaan.</blockquote><blockquote>. . . [[Ciidanka Xooga Soomaaliya|Ciidamadii Siyaad Barre]] waxay si ula kac ah u qodeen ceelal iyo dhul daaqsimeed iyagoo isku dayaya inay laayaan oo ay argagax geliyaan reer guuraaga reer miyiga ah oo ay ciidanku u arkeen inay yihiin ilaaliyayaashii Ururka Dhaqdhaqaaqa Wadaniga Soomaliyeed ee [[SNM]]. In kasta oo aan caddayn toos ah la heli karin, haddana indha indheeyayaasha intooda badani waxay isku raacsan yihiin in ciidammadii Siyaad Barre ay qaadeen macdan qodxan ballaadhan si looga hortago dib u dejin ay u sameeyaan reer guuraaga iyo beeralayda u badan Isaaq. </blockquote>Shirkadda British-ka ee miino baarista ee Rimfire, oo ay qandaraas siisay [[Gudida Sare Qoxootiga Qaramada Midoobay|Hay'adda Qaramada Midoobay u qaabilsan Qaxootiga]] si ay u qabato howlo ka dhan ah macdanta ayaa soo ogaatay miinooyinka dhulka lagu aaso oo laga kala helay 24 dal oo kala duwan oo ku yaal Soomaaliya. Inta badan waxay ka yimaadeen Czech Republic, Russia, Pakistan iyo Belgium. ==== Isticmaalka miinooyinka dhulka lagu aaso ee laga helo ilaha biyaha ==== Dawladdii [[Siyaad Barre]] waxay sidoo kale qodday ilaha biyaha intii ay ku guda jirtay ololaheeda ka dhanka ah shacabka [[Isaaq|Isaaqa]]. Tani waxay ahayd khaasatan mid aad u adag sababtoo ah cimilada gobolka ee semi-oomane iyo biyo yaraanta soo noqnoqota. Biyo-gelinta ugu weyn ee Hargeysa, keyd-biyoodka Geed-geey iyo saldhiggeeda bamgareynta, waxaa ku hareereysnaa miinooyin ay dowladdu leedahay. Ceelasha biyaha dhaadheer ee xerada qaxootiga ee Sabcad ayaa sidoo kale lagu wareejiyay goob miino lagu aasay. Warbixin ay daabacday Kooxda La Talinta Macdanta ayaa lagu xusay, "Ina Guha, 42 ka mid ah 62 keydka biyaha yar yar ayaa laga soo saaray oo aan la isticmaali karin". Goobta loo yaqaan 'Tur Debe', ciidamada dowladdu waxay ku burburiyeen ceelal iyagoo u adeegsaday miinooyin ahaan waxyaabaha qarxa. Ceelka biyaha ee Selel-Derajog "waxaa burburiyey oo sibidh ka dhigay ciidamada dawladda. . . " . Sidoo kale "dhammaan ilaha biyaha ee Dalqableh waa la qodey, sidoo kale waa meesha ugu weyn ee laga waraabiyo reer guuraaga inta udhaxeysa Qorilugud iyo Qabri Huluul. Kaydad biyo ah oo ku yaal War Ibraan iyo Beli Iidlay ayaa la soo saaray. ” === La sheegay in la helay hub kiimiko ah === Intii lagu guda jiray ololihii dowladda ee ka dhanka ahaa [[Isaaq]] sanadihii 1988 iyo 1989, warbixino badan oo lagu kalsoonaan karo oo ay qoreen warbaahinta Mareykanka iyo kuwa caalamiga ayaa sheegay in Soomaaliya ay ka heshay shixnad hub kiimiko ah Liibiya. NBC News ayaa qortay sheeko 12-kii Janaayo 1989-kii in Maamulka Reagan "ay hayeen macluumaad siddeed bilood ka hor ah in Madaxweynaha Liibiya [[Mucammar Qadaafi|Muammar Gaddafi]] uu Soomaaliya siiyay hub kiimiko ah". Wasaaradda arrimaha dibedda Mareykanka ayaa beenisay koontada, laakiin NBC waxay garab istaagtay sheekadeeda markii ay su'aalo weydiiyeen xafiiska Kongresska Laba toddobaad ka dib, 25kii Jannaayo The Washington Post ayaa qortay in dawladda Jen. Mohammed Siad Barre "wuxuu kiimiko ku keydinayaa bakhaaro ku dhow caasimadiisa, Muqdisho". Warbixinnadaasi waxay cadeynayaan in haamaha gaasaska neerfaha ee Soman iyo Sarin laga soo dejiyey diyaarad rayid ah oo ay leedahay shirkadda duulimaadka ee Liibiya oo u soo duushay magaalada Muqdisho 7dii Oktoobar. Xoghayaha Arimaha Dibada ee Ingiriiska Geoffrey Howe wuxuu cadeeyay in Dowlada Ingriiska ay aad uga walaacsan tahay warbixinada rasmiga ee sheegaya in hubka kiimikada laga helay Soomaaliya. Dowladda Soomaaliya, oo uu wakiil ka yahay raiisul wasaare [[Maxamed Samatar|Mohammad Ali Samatar]] ayaa beenisay haysashada hubka kiimikada. == Bartilmaameedka kooxaha kale == Beesha [[Isaaq]] ma ahayn bartilmaameedka kaliya ee rabshadaha. Bulshooyin kale oo badan oo Soomaaliyeed, sida jufada Umar Maxmud ee [[Majeerteen]] iyana waxay noqdeen dhibanayaashii rabshadaha iyo dagaalka. Buug-gacmeedka Daraasadda Waddanka Mareykanka ayaa sharraxaya aargudashadii taliskii Barre ee Umar Maxmuud ka dib isku-daygii afgembi ee dhicisoobay ee 1978 kaas oo sababay in 2,000 oo rayid ah oo loo yaqaan Umar Maxmuud ay ku dhinteen [[Mudug]] . Sida laga soo xigtay Rebecca Richards, rabshadaha ka dhacay waqooyiga iyo waqooyi-galbeed waxay ahaayeen kuwo aan u qalmin laakiin waxay saameeyeen bulshooyin badan, gaar ahaan Isaaq. Duqeynta, duqeynta diyaaradeed iyo dhimashada wadajirka ah ee beelo badan ayaa si gaar ah loo bartilmaameedsaday xubnaha beesha Isaaq, ayuu yidhi Richards, rabshadaha nidaamsan ee dowladeed waxay la xiriirtay aaminsanaanta in kooxahani ay caawimaad ka helayaan dowladda Itoobiya. Aargoosigii adkaa, duqeyntii baahsanayd iyo gubitaankii tuulooyinka ayaa daba socday markasta oo uu jiro weerar ay qaadaan Ururka Dhaqdhaqaaqa Wadaniga Soomaliyeed ee SNM oo la rumaysan yahay in ay ku dhuumaalaysanayaan [[Itoobiya]]. Taisier M. Ali wuxuu sheegayaa in Barre uu qanciyay Majeerteen, uuna bartilmaameedsaday kooxo kale sida [[Hawiye]] . Sida laga soo xigtay Cali, "dhaqaale iyo rafcaan qaadis qabiil, wuxuu [Barre] awooday inuu ku sasabo inta badan dagaallamayaasha SSDF inay ka soo noqdaan Itoobiya kana qayb galaan dagaalladiisii xasuuqa ahaa ee Isaaq ee waqooyiga iyo markii dambe ee lagula kacay [[Hawiye]] ee Koonfurta, oo ay ku jiraan [[Muqdisho]] ". Sida laga soo xigtay qaar ka mid ah kormeerayaasha sida [[Kooxda Dhibaatooyinka Caalamiga ah]], halka rabshadihii ka dhacay [[Siyaad Barre]] ay saameeyeen bulshooyin badan oo Soomaaliyeed, "ma jirin beel kale oo Soomaaliyeed oo la kulantay rabshado noocan oo kale ah oo sii soconaya oo dowladdu maalgeliso" sida [[Isaaq|Isaaq.]] Taariikhyahan Afrikaan ah, Lidwien Kapteijns oo ka hadlaya beegsashada dadka Isaaqa oo ah koox gaar ah oo la xiriirta kooxaha kale ee ay bar-tilmaameedsato dowladdii Barre waxay tiri:<blockquote>Rabshadaha wadajirka ah ee ku saleysan qabiilka ee loo geysto dadka rayidka ah ayaa had iyo jeer u taagan xadgudub ka dhan ah xuquuqda aadanaha. Si kastaba ha noqotee, markii hadafkeedu yahay xasuuqa iyo cayrinta dad aad u tiro badan iyadoo lagu salaynayo hayb-kooxeedkooda oo keliya, waxay noqoneysaa mid qabiil lagu nadiifiyo. Ma jirto cid u soo jeedisay ereygan gumaadka wadareed ee dadka reer Mudug [Majeerteen]. Si kastaba ha noqotee, Waqooyi-galbeed [Isaaq], ereygan iyo xitaa ka sii adag (sida xasuuq) ayaa si joogto ah loo adeegsadaa. Baaxadda iyo dabeecadda rabshadaha ku saleysan qabiilka wadajirka ah ee lagula kacay dadka rayidka ah ee Isaaq - in kasta oo aysan iyagu ahayn dadka rayidka ah ee kaliya ee dowladdu si xun u xasuuqday, ayaa si gaar ah loo bartilmaameedsaday - waxay soo jeedinaysaa in cabbirkan rabshadaha dowlad-goboleed ee Woqooyi-galbeed [<nowiki/>[[Isaaq|dhulka Isaaq]]] runtii waxay u dhigantaa sifayn qabiil. </blockquote>dvgfnjvfknvfjnsgjbfjgdnkjsnfbjfn btrbngfjkbnfgjknbfslknbfjndjks sfdjkbnsjbnkflsn gnlfjnbdn dsfjbnfjgkb efnvjnfgrb jntgkjbnjkr dkvkrntbjvntb oynbek nbkjnjkenbjkb nknfbnfgnbn brebnjb Sida uu sheegayo [[Maxamed Xaaji Ingiriis]], xasuuqii foosha xumaa ee xilligii dowladdii [[Siyaad Barre]] ma ahayn dhacdo gooni ah ama aan ku cusbayn taariikhda [[Soomaaliya]]. Siyaad Barre wuxuu kaloo beegsaday [[Hawiye]]. Laakiin, Ingiriiska, ololayaasha dabargoynta [[Siyaad Barre]] ee ka dhanka ah kooxaha kale ee qabaa'ilku waxay muujiyeen meertooyin taariikhi ah oo qoto dheer oo cadaadis ah oo ay ku heyso qabiilka kaas oo hela awood awood leh ka dibna reebay reeraha kale. Laakiin, Ingiriiska, ololayaasha dabargoynta [[Siyaad Barre]] ee ka dhanka ah kooxaha kale ee qabaa'ilku waxay muujiyeen meertooyin taariikhi ah oo qoto dheer oo cadaadis ah oo ay Laakiin, Ingiriiska, ololayaasha dabargoynta [[Siyaad Barre]] ee ka dhanka ah kooxaha kale ee qabaa'ilku waxay muujiyeen meertooyin taariikhi ah oo qoto dheer oo cadaadis ah oo ay == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[Dagaalkii sokeeye ee Soomaaliya|Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Soomaaliya]] * Jabhaddii Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Soomaaliya * [[Dagaalkii (2006–2009)|Dagaalkii Soomaaliya (2006-2009)]] * Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Soomaaliya (2009 – present) * Xasuuqii Taariikhda * Xasuuqii Rwanda * Xasuuqii Burundi * Dagaal Darfur == Tixraacyo == [[Category:Taariikhda Somaliland]] [[Category:Taariikhda Soomaaliya]] [[Category:Isaaq]] [[Category:Somaliland]] [[Category:Macluumaadka Somaliland]] onr1edo16vgz623xmf3jgoel76l84ii 0 32620 305891 212795 2026-08-24T18:37:00Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305891 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italic title}} {{Infobox film|name=Deep Throat|editing=Gerard Damiano|budget=$47,500|language=Ingiriis|country=Mareykanka|runtime=61 daqiiqado|released=Junn 12, 1972|distributor=Bryanston Distributing Company|cinematography=João Fernandes|image=Deep throat PD poster (restored, borderless).png|starring=[[Linda Lovelace]]<br />Harry Reems<br />Dolly Sharp<br />Carol Connors|writer=Gerard Damiano|producer=Louis "Butchie" Peraino|director=Gerard Damiano|caption=Boosta lagu sii daayo masraxa|image_size=215px|gross=$30–50 milyan<ref name=hiltzik>{{cite news | url = http://articles.latimes.com/2005/feb/24/business/fi-golden24 | title = 'Deep Throat' Numbers Just Don't Add Up | author = Hiltzik, Michael | date = February 24, 2005 | work = [[Los Angeles Times]] | access-date = July 23, 2010 | archive-date = January 4, 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120104074913/http://articles.latimes.com/2005/feb/24/business/fi-golden24 | url-status = live }}</ref>}} '''''Deep Throat''''' waa filim galmo Mareykan ah oo 1972-kii sabab u ahaa caan ka noqoshada Dahabka Filimada Galmada (1969–1984).  Filimkan waxaa qoray oo agaasime ka ahaa Gerard Damiano, kaas oo lagu taxay dhibcaha "Jerry Gerard";  waxaa soo saaray Louis Peraino, oo loo tiriyay "Lou Perry";  waxaana jilaya [[Linda Lovelace]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Catherine A.|last=MacKinnon|title=Are Women Human?: And Other International Dialogues|url=https://archive.org/details/arewomenhumanoth00mack|publisher=The Belknap Press of [[Harvard University Press]]|location=Cambridge, MA|date=2006}}</ref> == Tixraacyada == <references /> [[Category:Filimada galmada ee Mareykanka]] qg1iir7b4xo28e92z3uwr4i3cshbqe7 0 32805 305827 281681 2026-08-24T18:04:54Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305827 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Jayne Mansfield|education=Jaamacadda Koonfurta Methodist<br/> Jaamacadda Texas ee Austin|signature_size=100px|signature=JMsig Converted.svg|website={{URL|http://www.jaynemansfield.com/}}|awards=|children=5, oo ay ka mid yihiin Jayne Marie Mansfield iyo Mariska Hargitay|years_active=1954–1967|occupation=Atariisho|resting_place_coordinates={{Coord|40.861672|N|75.240244|W|type:landmark|display=inline}}|image=10-10-1957 14730b Jayne Mansfield (4113972455).jpg|resting_place=Fairview Cemetery,<br/>Pen Argyl, Pennsylvania|death_cause=Dhaawac maskaxeed ayaa soo gaadhay shil baabuur|death_place=New Orleans, Louisiana|death_date={{death date and age|mf=yes|1967|06|29|1933|04|19}}|birth_place=Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania|birth_date={{birth date|mf=yes|1933|04|19}}|birth_name=Vera Jayne Palmer|caption=Mansfield sanadkii 1957|spouse={{unbulleted list|{{marriage|Paul Mansfield|1950|1958|end=furiin}}|{{marriage|Mickey Hargitay|1958|1964|end=furiin}}|{{marriage|Matt Cimber|1964|1966|end=furiin}}}}}}'''Jayne Mansfield''' (waxay dhalatay '''Vera Jayne Palmer'''; Abriil 19, 1933 - Juun 29, 1967) waxay ahayd atariisho Mareykan ah. Waxay sidoo kale ahayd heesaa iyo madadaalo naadiga lagu caweeyo iyo waliba mid ka mid ah haweenkii ugu horreeyay ee ka soo muuqda majaladda ''Playboy''. Waxay ahayd astaan ​​weyn oo galmo [[Hollywood]] ah intii lagu jiray 1950s iyo horaantii 1960s iyadoo qandaraas kula jirtay Qarnigii 20aad Fox. Waxay sidoo kale caan ku ahayd nolosheeda shakhsi ahaaneed ee si fiican loo soo sheegay. == Nolosha hore iyo waxbarashada == Jayne Mansfield waxay ku dhalatay Vera Jayne Palmer bishii Abriil 19, 1933, magaalada Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania.<ref>Koltnow, Bo. [https://www.wfmz.com/news/area/lehighvalley/th-anniversary-of-jayne-mansfield-s-death/article_48f9fb5c-71fa-503a-820a-97e2f1af3d0c.html "50th anniversary of Jayne Mansfield's death"]. ''WFMZ.com''.</ref> Waxay ahayd cunugga kaliya ee Herbert William Palmer (1904–1936), oo ku abtirsaday Ingiriis iyo Jarmal, iyo Vera Jeffrey Palmer (1903-2000), oo asal ahaan Ingiriis ah.<ref>{{harvnb|Strait|1992|p=10}}</ref> Waxay ka dhaxashay in ka badan $ 90,000 awoowe hooyadeed Thomas($807,000 sanadkii 2020)<ref>[https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf How much is that in real money?: a historical price index for use as a deflator of money values in the economy of the United States] (PDF). American Antiquarian Society.</ref> iyo in ka badan $ 36,000 oo ay ka heshay ayeeyadeed hooyadeed, Beatrice Mary Palmer, sanadkii 1958 ($ 323,000 sanadka 2020)<ref>"Jayne Mansfield, Mickey Pause in Dallas for Party". Star-News. January 15, 1958. p. 4.</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Jayne Mansfield to get $90,000|work=[[The Beaver County Times]]|date=January 23, 1957|page=15}}</ref>{{Efn|Vera Jeffrey aabihiis, Thomas H. Palmer, wuxuu ka soo jeeday deegaanka Cornish ee Pen Argyl, Pennsylvania, halkaas oo uu ku lug lahaa warshadaha slate.}} Waxay yaraanteedii kusoo qaadatay Phillipsburg, New Jersey,<ref name="SPTimes">[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RPYLAAAAIBAJ&pg=4382,5839230 "Jayne Mansfield is Killed in Early Morning Smash Up on Narrow Louisiana Road"]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''St. Petersburg Times''.</ref> halkaas oo aabaheed uu ahaa qareen la shaqeynayay mustaqbalka gudoomiyaha New Jersey Robert B. Meyner. Sanadkii 1936, aabaheed wuxuu u dhintay wadno xanuun. 1939 hooyadeed waxay guursatay injineerka iibka Harry Lawrence Peers, qoyskiina waxay u guureen Dallas, Texas,<ref>[http://articles.mcall.com/2000-11-19/news/3331906_1_marilyn-monroe-three-children-burial "Vera Peers Buried in Pen Argyl Near Daughter Jayne Mansfield"] {{Wayback|url=http://articles.mcall.com/2000-11-19/news/3331906_1_marilyn-monroe-three-children-burial |date=20160305011543 }}. ''Los Angeles Times''.</ref> halkaasoo looga yaqaannay Vera Jayne Peers.<ref>''Highland Park High School: The Highlander. 1949.''</ref><ref>[http://dallaslibrary2.org/texas/docs/yearbookNotableDallasites.pdf "Names in Yearbook"] {{Wayback|url=http://dallaslibrary2.org/texas/docs/yearbookNotableDallasites.pdf |date=20160303233449 }} (PDF). Dallas Public Library.</ref> Ilmo ahaan waxay rabtay inay noqoto xiddig Hollywood ah sida Shirley Temple.<ref>{{harvnb|Saxton|1975|pp=6–7}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Strait|1992|p=19}}</ref><ref>David, Lester; David, Irene (1983). [[iarchive:shirleytemplesto0000davi/page/21|The Shirley Temple story]].</ref> Markii ay 12 jir ahayd, waxay qaadatay casharro qoob ka ciyaarka qoob ka ciyaarka ah.<ref>{{harvnb|Strait|1992|p=37}}</ref> Waxay ka qalin jabisay Dugsiga Sare ee Highland Park sanadkii 1950.<ref>[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=DM&p_theme=dm&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0ED3D01649F9CA28&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D "Highland Park High Alumni Have Gone on to Greatness"] {{Wayback|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=DM&p_theme=dm&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0ED3D01649F9CA28&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D |date=20220503201740 }}. ''The Dallas Morning News''.</ref><ref name="history">''Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia.''</ref><ref name="jayneedu1">{{cite book|last1=Garraty|first1=John Arthur|last2=Carnes|first2=Mark Christopher|title=American National Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/americannational0014unse|publisher=Oxford University|year=1999|isbn=9780195127935|page=[https://archive.org/details/americannational0014unse/page/450 450]}}</ref><ref name="jayneedu2">"Jayne Mansfield Killed". The Deseret News. AP. June 29, 1967. p. 1.</ref> Intii uu ku jiray dugsiga sare, Palmer wuxuu qaatay casharo violin, biyaano, iyo viola.  Waxay kaloo baratay Isbaanishka iyo Jarmalka.<ref>Hopper, Hedda (November 25, 1956). [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/436901512.html?dids=436901512:436901512&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic "Jayne Shapes Up Her Career"] {{Wayback|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/436901512.html?dids=436901512:436901512&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic |date=20121105221232 }}. ''Los Angeles Times''.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Strait|1992|p=217}}</ref> Waxay si joogto ah u heshay dhibco B-yada sare oo ay ku jiraan xisaabta.<ref>"Star's Legend". ''Life'': 186.</ref> Markii ay jirtay 17, waxay guursatay Paul Mansfield 6-dii Maajo, 1950-kii.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=1&dbid=9168&h=923976634&ssrc=pt&tid=102824344&pid=240021907506&usePUB=true|title=Join Ancestry|website=search.ancestry.com|access-date=2018-05-24}}</ref> Inantooda, Jayne Marie Mansfield, waxay dhashay lix bilood kadib 8-dii Noofambar, 1950. Jayne iyo ninkeeda waxay iska qoreen Jaamacadda Southern Methodist University si ay u bartaan jilitaanka.<ref name="JayneBioNYT">{{cite news|last=Erickson|first=Hal|url=https://movies.nytimes.com/person/45173/Jayne-Mansfield/biography|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130130103445/http://movies.nytimes.com/person/45173/Jayne-Mansfield/biography|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 30, 2013|department=Movies & TV Dept.|work=[[The New York Times]]|publisher=[[Baseline (database)|Baseline]] & [[All Movie Guide]]|title=Jayne Mansfield|author-link=Hal Erickson (author)|date=May 22, 2012}}</ref><ref name="darling">{{cite journal|last=Johnson|first=Erskine|title=Jayne Mansfield: Darling of Bust|journal=Sarasota Journal|date=January 10, 1957|page=7}}</ref><ref name="Windsor">{{cite news|title=Jayne Mansfield Dead|work=[[Windsor Star]]|date=June 29, 1967|agency=UPI|page=6}}</ref> In 1951, Jayne u dhaqaaqay Los Angeles oo ka qayb galay simistar xagaaga at UCLA ah.  Waxay gashay tartanka Miss California laakiin waxaa lagu qasbay inay is casisho ka dib markii Paul ogaaday.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Jayne Mansfield's Wild, Wild World|last=Mansfield|first=Jayne|publisher=Hollywood House Publishing|year=1963|asin=B002LOUIIC}}</ref> Kadib waxay u guurtay Austin, Texas, iyada iyo ninkeeda, waxayna wax ku baratay riwaayadaha Jaamacadda Texas ee Austin.<ref name="history" /><ref name="jayneedu1" /><ref name="jayneedu2" /><ref name="darling" /> Halkaas waxay uga shaqeyn jirtay qaab farshaxan qaawan, waxay iibin jirtay buugaag albaab-ilaa-albaab, waxayna u shaqeysay sidii soo dhaweeyn istuudiyaha qoob-ka-ciyaarka.<ref name="manndance">{{harvnb|Mann|1974|p=112}}</ref><ref name="alcalde1">{{cite journal|last=Partheymuller|first=Peter|title=Jayne Manfield|journal=[[The Alcalde]]|date=March 2000|page=25}}</ref><ref name="extravagance">{{cite book|last=Parish|first=James Robert|title=The Hollywood Book of Extravagance|url=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbookofe0000pari|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2007|isbn=978-0-470-05205-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/hollywoodbookofe0000pari/page/44 44]–45}}</ref>,<ref name="alcalde1" /><ref name="alcalde1" /><ref>{{cite news|last=Crosby|first=Joan|title=Fantastics a Runaway Success|work=Ottawa Citizen|date=August 14, 1965|page=3}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Parker|first=Fess|author-link=Fess Parker|title=Guest Star of the 1970 Emerald Empire Roundup|work=[[The Register-Guard]]|location=Eugene, Oregon|date=July 6, 1970|page=3}}</ref> Kadib waxay ku qaadatay sanad xerada Camp Gordon, Georgia (xarun tababar oo ay leeyihiin ciidamada Mareykanka) markii Paul Mansfield uu ka shaqeeyay Keydka Ciidanka Mareykanka ee Dagaalkii Kuuriya. Sannadkii 1953, waxay dib ugu laabatay Dallas, dhawr biloodna waxay ahayd ardayga aktarka Baruch Lumet, aabaha agaasimaha Sidney Lumet iyo aasaasaha machadka farshaxanka ee Dallas..<ref name="filmsinreview">{{citation|title=Films in Review|publisher=[[National Board of Review of Motion Pictures]]|volume=27|year=1976|pages=321–323}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Pearce-Moses|first=Richard|title=Photographic Collections in Texas: A Union Guide|publisher=Texas A&M University|year=1987|isbn=978-0-89096-351-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/photographiccoll0000pear/page/133 133]|url=https://archive.org/details/photographiccoll0000pear/page/133}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Saxton|1975|pp=38–39}}</ref> Lumet waxay siisay casharo gaar ah waxayna u yeedhay Mansfield iyo Rip Torn "caruurtiisa".<ref name="history" /><ref>{{cite news|last=Muir|first=Helen|title=Barush Lumet Taught Stars How to Act|work=[[The Miami News]]|date=February 2, 1963|page=9}}</ref><ref name="extravagance" /> Lumet waxay ugu dambayntii ka caawin lahayd Jayne inay hesho tijaabadeedii ugu horreysay ee Paramount bishii Abriil 1954. Paul, Jayne, iyo Jayne Marie waxay u guureen Los Angeles 1954. Jayne waxay ka shaqeysay shaqooyin kala duwan oo aan caadi ahayn oo ay ka mid yihiin: daango ku iibinta Masraxa Stanley Warner, iyadoo baraysay qoob ka ciyaarka,<ref name="saxtonLA" /> nacnac ku iibinta tiyaatarka filimada,<ref name="JayneBioNYT" /> moodelin waqti-dhiman ah Wakaaladda Qaabka Buugga,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tibbetts|first1=John|first2=James|last2=Welsh|title=American Classic Screen Features|publisher=Scarecrow|year=2010|isbn=978-0-8108-7679-8|page=13}}</ref> iyo ka shaqeynaysay sawir qaade maqaayada Esther Williams' Trails Restaurant.<ref name="JaynePaul">{{harvnb|Faris|1994|p=3}}</ref><ref name="darling" /><ref name="filmsinreview" /> == Xirfadiisii ​​hore == {{Infobox Playboy Playmate|name=Jayne Mansfield|image=|imagesize=|caption=|issue=Febraayo 1955|birth_date=|bust={{convert|40|in|cm|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="playboy-datasheet"/>|waist={{convert|21|in|cm|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="playboy-datasheet"/>|hips={{convert|35|in|cm|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="playboy-datasheet"/>|height=|weight=|preceded=[[Bettie Page]]|succeeded=[[Marilyn Waltz]]}} Intii aad dhiganeysay Jaamacadda Texas ee Austin, Mansfield wuxuu ku guuleystay dhowr tartan oo qurux badan.<ref>{{harvnb|Saxton|1975|p=48}}</ref> Sannadkii 1952, intii ay ku sugnaayeen Dallas, iyada iyo Paul Mansfield waxay ka qayb qaateen wax soo saar yar-yar oo maxalli ah ''The Slaves of Demon Rum'' and ''Ten Nights in a Barroom'', iyo ''Anything Goes''. Ka dib markii uu u tagay adeegga militariga, waxay ka dhigtay muuqaalkeedii ugu horreeyay ee xusid mudan ''Death of a Salesman'' markay ahayd Oktoobar 22, 1953.<ref>[[Jayne Mansfield#CITEREFFaris1994|Faris 1994]], p. 3</ref> Intii ay ku jirtay UCLA, waxay gashay tartanka Miss Kalifornia (iyadoo qarinaysa xaaladdeeda guur), waxayna ku guuleysatay wareega deegaanka ka hor inta aysan ka noqon.<ref name=":0">Parish, James Robert (2007). ''The Hollywood Book of Extravagance''. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 44–45. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-470-05205-1|<bdi>978-0-470-05205-1</bdi>]].</ref> Horaantii xirfaddeeda, xayeysiiyayaasha qaarkood waxay u arkeen cabirka weyn ee naasaheeda inaan loo baahnayn, taasoo u horseeday inay lumiso shaqadeedii ugu horreysay ee xirfadeed - ganacsi loogu talagalay General Electric oo lagu sawiray haweenka da'da yar ee dharka qubeyska ku nasanaya barkadda barkadda.<ref name="straitanatomy">{{harvnb|Strait|1992|p=116}}</ref> Emmeline Snively, oo madax ka ah wakaaladda 'Blue Book Model Agency', ayaa u dirtay sawir qaade Gene Lester, taas oo horseeday shaqadeeda mudada gaaban ee ganacsiga General Electric.<ref>''Films in Review'', '''27''', ''National Board of Review of Motion Pictures'', 1976, pp. 321–323</ref> Sannadkii 1954, waxay ku maqashay labada Paramount Pictures iyo Warner Bros. Paramount, Jayne waxay soo bandhigtay sawir gacmeed ay la shaqaysay Lumet oo ka tirsan ''Joan of Arc'' duubista filimka Milton Lewis. Lewis waxay ku wargalisay inay lumineyso "hibadeeda muuqata" oo ay dib ugu soo laabatay todobaad ka dib si ay u soo bandhigto muuqaalka biyaano ee Toddobadii Sanno Cun. Jayne way ku fashilantay inay qanciso laakiin waxay ogaatay inay ku qasban tahay inay timo timo.  Kadib waxay u sameysay muuqaalka biyaano ee Warner Brothers, laakiin, markale, wey ku fashilantay inay soo jiito.<ref>{{Citation|last=chatham43|title=Jayne Mansfield Interview Clip 1960|date=2012-06-19|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7RmQbzhfcI|access-date=2018-05-24}}</ref> Waxay ku dejisay shaqadeedii ugu horreysay ee jilitaanka ''Lux Video Theater'', taxane ka socda [[CBS]] Oktoobar 21, 1954.<ref>Parsons, Louella. "Outlook for Young Star is Bright". ''The Sunday News-Press''. p. 4.</ref><ref name=":0" /> Bishii Diseembar 1953, [[Hugh Hefner]] wuxuu bilaabay inuu daabaco ''[[Playboy]]'' majalladuna waxay noqotay mid caan ah, qayb ahaan, sababtoo ah muuqaaladii hore ee kasoo muuqday Mansfield, [[Marilyn Monroe]], Bettie Page, iyo Anita Ekberg.<ref>Edison, Mike (2011). ''Dirty! Dirty! Dirty!''. Soft Skull Press. p. 24. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/9781593764678|<bdi>9781593764678</bdi>]].</ref> Bishii Febraayo 1955, Mansfield wuxuu ahaa ''Playboy'' Ciyaaraha ee Bisha,<ref name="playboy-datasheet">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070213101503/http://www.playboy.com/girls/playmates/directory/195502.html "Playboy Data Sheet: Jayne Mansfield, Miss February 1955"]. ''Playboy''.</ref> Mansfield waa ka soo muuqday majalda dhowr jeer.<ref>[http://www.aeolia.net/playboy/pb-m.htm "The Playboy Index – M"].</ref> Muuqaalkeedii Febraayo wuxuu kordhiyay wareegga majaladda wuxuuna ka caawiyay xirfadda Mansfield.<ref>''Biography News''. '''1'''. Gale Research. 1974. p. 173.</ref><ref>Brady, Frank (1975). ''Hefner''. Weidenfeld iyo Nicolson. p. 103. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/978-0-297-76943-9|<bdi>978-0-297-76943-9</bdi>]].</ref><ref name="saxtonboy">{{harvnb|Saxton|1975|p=175}}</ref> Waxyar kadib, waxay kasoo muuqatay jadwalka ''Playboy'' iyadoo naasaheeda ku qarinaysa gacmaheeda. ''Playboy'' wuxuu soosaaray Mansfield Febraayo kasta 1955 ilaa 1958, iyo markale 1960.<ref name="saxtonboy" /> Bishii Ogosto 1956, Paul Mansfield wuxuu raadsaday inanta gabadhiisa, isagoo ku andacoonaya in Jayne ay ahayd hooyo aan habboonayn maxaa yeelay waxay uga muuqatay qaawan ''Playboy''.<ref>{{harvnb|Faris|1994|p=147}}</ref><ref name="saxtonboy" /><ref name="farisearly">{{harvnb|Faris|1994|p=4}}</ref> == Xirfada filimada == {{See also|Jayne Mansfield filmography}} === Bilaabashada shaqada (1954–1955) === Mansfield filimkiisii ​​ugu horreeyay wuxuu ahaa kaalin lagu taageerayo ''Female Jungle'', oo ah filim miisaaniyad yar lagu dhammeeyay toban maalmood.  Qaybteeda waxaa laga duubay in yar oo maalmo ah, waxaana la siiyay $ 150.<ref>Du Brow, Rick. "Has Jayne been hiding talent?". The Milwaukee Journal. p. 4.</ref> Waxaa si rasmi ah loo sii daayay horaantii 1955. Bishii Febraayo 1955, James Byron, maareeyeheeda iyo xayeysiiyaha, waxay heshiis 7 sano ah la gashay Warner Brothers, kuwaas oo xiisaynayay faafintooda faafitaanka.<ref name="straitearly">{{harvnb|Strait|1992|pp=69–70}}</ref> Qandaraaska ayaa markii hore siinayay $ 250 usbuucii wuxuuna ku soo dejiyay labadeeda filim - mid door muhiim ah leh iyo mid aan laba sano la sii deyn. Waxay xaraysay kala tag Paul Mansfield bishaas Janaayo.<ref name="farisearly" /><ref name="straitearly" /> Mansfield waxaa la siiyay door yar oo ka tirsan ''Pete Kelly's Blues'' (1955), oo uu jilayay Jack Webb, iyo ''Hell on Frisco Bay'' (1955), oo uu jilayay Alan Ladd. Waxay ku jileysay hal filim oo dheeraad ah Warner Brothers - door kale oo yar laakiin muhiim ah oo ka soo horjeedka Edward G. Robinson ee ''Illegal'' (1955).<ref name="straitearly" /> Wakiilka Mansfield, William Shiffrin, wuxuu u saxiixay Mansfield inay ku ciyaarto doorka atariishada filimka ee lagu magacaabo Rita Marlowe ciyaarta ''Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter?''. Way aqbashay qeybta iyadoo ka shaqeyneysa filimka Louis W. Kellman ''[[The Burglar (1957 film)|The Burglar]]'' (1957).<ref>{{harvnb|Faris|1994|pp=71–72}}</ref> == Tixraacyada == <references /> == Xusuusin == 3j73elimjnm28j3szkn0hg3bsdeqkmk 0 33191 305779 268026 2026-08-24T17:35:42Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305779 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Pink_Film_Theater_朝日劇場_-_Yuya_Tamai.jpg|thumb|Tiyaatarka filimka basali ee Gifu]] '''Pinku eiga''' (Jabbaan: ピ ン ク 映 画; "filim basali") waa erey guud ahaan loo isticmaalo nooc kasta oo filim Jabaan ah oo ka kooban qaawan ama galmo.  Ereyga wuxuu ka kooban yahay dhammaan noocyada filimada, laga bilaabo riwaayado ilaa jilayaal ficil iyo ka faa'iideysasho. Filimada basali ayaa si weyn caan u noqday badhtamihii 1960-yadii waxayna xukumaan shineemooyinka gudaha Japan illaa bartamihii 1980-meeyadii.<ref>{{cite book|last=Richie|first=Donald|author-link=Donald Richie|title=A Hundred Years of Japanese Film: A Concise History|url=https://archive.org/details/hundredyearsofja0000rich|chapter=After the Wave|year=2001|publisher=Kodansha International|location=Tokyo|isbn=4-7700-2682-X|quote=For a time, almost half of the annual film production figures released in Japan were composed of these hour-long mini-features.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://194.21.179.166/cecudine/fe_2002/eng/PinkEiga2002.htm|title=Vital flesh: the mysterious world of Pink Eiga|access-date=2007-02-19|last=Domenig|first=Roland|year=2002|quote=Since the mid-1960s, pink eiga have been the biggest Japanese film genre... By the late 1970s the production of pink eiga together with Roman Porno amounted to more than 70% of annual Japanese film production.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041118094603/http://194.21.179.166/cecudine/fe_2002/eng/PinkEiga2002.htm|archive-date=2004-11-18}}</ref> 1960-meeyadii, filimada casuusku waxay inta badan ahaayeen wax -soo -saarka istuudiyaha yar yar, ee madaxbannaan. Qiyaastii 1970 -kii, istuudiyaha weyn ee Nikkatsu wuxuu bilaabay inuu diiradda saaro ku dhawaad ​​waxyaabaha ku saabsan galmada, laakiin Toei, oo ah shirkad kale oo weyn oo soosaarista filimada, ayaa bilowday soo saarista xariiqda waxa loo yaqaan filimada Rabshadaha ee Pinky. Iyaga oo helaya qiimayaasha wax -soo -saarka sare iyo kartida, qaar ka mid ah filimadaan waxay noqdeen guulo muhiim ah oo caan ah.<ref name="Domenig">{{cite web|url=http://194.21.179.166/cecudine/fe_2002/eng/PinkEiga2002.htm|title=Vital flesh: the mysterious world of Pink Eiga|access-date=2007-02-19|last=Domenig|first=Roland|year=2002|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041118094603/http://194.21.179.166/cecudine/fe_2002/eng/PinkEiga2002.htm|archive-date=2004-11-18}}</ref> In kasta oo muuqaalka [[Filimada galmada ee Jabaan|fiidiyowga qaangaarka]] ah uu u horseeday daawadayaasha inay ka fogaadaan filimkii casaan 1980-meeyadii, haddana filimada noocyadan ayaa weli la soo saaraa. == Filimada caanka ah ee ''basali'' filim == * ''[[Flesh Market]]'' (Kobayashi, 1962) * ''[[Daydream]]'' (Tetsuji Takechi, 1964) * ''[[The Embryo Hunts In Secret]]'' (Koji Wakamatsu, 1966) * ''[[Violated Angels]]'' (Wakamatsu, 1967) * ''[[Inflatable Sex Doll of the Wastelands]]'' (Yamatoya, 1967) * ''[[Slave Widow]]'' (Noriko Tatsumi, 1967) * ''[[Go, Go Second Time Virgin]]'' (Wakamatsu, 1969) * ''[[Sexy Battle Girls]]'' (1986) * ''[[S&M Hunter]]'' (Shuji Kataoka, 1986) * ''[[Tokyo Decadence]]'' (Ryu Murakami, 1992) * ''[[The Glamorous Life of Sachiko Hanai]]'' (Meike, 2003) * ''[[Ambiguous (film)|Ambiguous]]'' (Ueno, 2003) * ''[[Uncle's Paradise]]'' (Imaoka, 2006) == Tixraacyada == <references /> 6ej451y0x6e3bfcf2knrp9e3uuyfg0i 0 33440 305837 232326 2026-08-24T18:08:40Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305837 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name              =Lily-Rose Depp|image=|alt=|caption=Depp ee 2016|birth_name=Lily-Rose Melody Depp|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1999|5|27|df=yes}}|birth_place=[[Neuilly-sur-Seine]]|other_names=|occupation=|citizenship=|years_active=2014–hada|agency=|hair_color=|eye_color=|height={{convert|5|ft|5|in|cm|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}|parents={{plainlist| * [[Johnny Depp]] * [[Vanessa Paradis]] }}|relatives=}} '''Lily-Rose Melody Depp''' (dhashay 27 May 1999)<ref name="Blitz">{{cite book|last1=Blitz|first1=Michael|title=Johnny Depp: A Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/johnnydeppbiogra0000blit|date=2008|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-34300-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/johnnydeppbiogra0000blit/page/71 71]}}</ref> waa atariisho Faransiis-Mareykan ah iyo moodel, waa gabadha jilaa [[Johnny Depp]] iyo [[Vanessa Paradis]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vogue Australia|first=Vogue|date=4 February 2019|title=Lily-Rose Depp Interview|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mztcdTzsbZo|website=Vogue Australia Youtube}}</ref> Tan iyo 2015, waxay ahayd safiirka astaanta [[Shanel]] . == Tixraacyada == <references /> 8vcmmi2ebzuan7em4ffnj1ajkntva3x 0 34535 305820 274775 2026-08-24T18:00:58Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305820 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wiki-anilingus.png|thumb|Muujinta leefida dabada]] '''Leefida dabada''', (oo loo yaqaan '''Anilingus''' gudaha Ameerika<ref>{{cite book|author=Jordan Tate|url=https://archive.org/details/contemporarydict00tate/page/8|title=The Contemporary Dictionary of Sexual Euphemisms|publisher=DSt. Martin's Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-312-36298-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/contemporarydict00tate/page/8 8–9, 106]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Jack Morin|title=Anal Pleasure & Health: A Guide for Men and Women|url=https://archive.org/details/analpleasureheal0000mori|publisher=Down There Press|year=2000|isbn=0-940208-20-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/analpleasureheal0000mori/page/147 147]}}</ref>) waa ficilka [[galmada afka]] iyo [[Galmada dabada|dabada]] ee uu qofku ka kiciyo futada qof kale isaga oo isticmaalaya afka, oo ay ku jiraan dibnaha, carabka, ama ilkaha. Waxa kale oo loo yaqaan xidhiidhka dabada-afka iyo galmada afka-dabada, waxaana intaa dheer loo yaqaan magacyo af-duub. == Video boy and girl sex == <references /> [[Category:Galmo]] [[Category:Jagooyinka galmada]] 1p1n563uaygp3nieoybstoe45wimno3 0 35063 305828 231916 2026-08-24T18:05:25Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305828 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Alicia Silverstone|image=Alicia Silverstone main.jpg|caption=|birth_name=|birth_date={{birth date and age|1976|10|4}}|birth_place=[[San Francisco]], [[California]]|occupation=Atariisho|years_active=1992–hada|spouse={{marriage|[[Christopher Jarecki]]<br>|2005|2018|end={{abbr|f.|f}}}}|children=1|website={{url|thekindlife.com}}}}'''Alicia Silverstone''' ({{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|l|iː|s|i|.|ə}} {{respell|ə|LEE|see|ə|_|SIL|ver|stone}};<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/alicia-silverstone-reveals-how-say-name-mispronouncing-it-1600246|title=Alicia Silverstone Reveals How to Say Her Name and We've All Been Mispronouncing It|date=June 14, 2021|access-date=August 9, 2021|last=Flood|first=Rebecca|work=[[Newsweek]]|quote=The ''Batman & Robin'' star said: 'My name is Alicia, Ali-SEE-yuh, not Aleesha, not Alisha, Ali-SEE-yuh.'}}</ref> dhashay Oktoobar 4, 1976)<ref name="biography.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.biography.com/people/alicia-silverstone-240974|title=Alicia Silverstone: Animal Rights Activist, Film Actor/Film Actress, Actress, Film Actress, Activist (1976–)|publisher=[[Biography.com]] ([[FYI (TV network)|FYI]] / [[A&E Networks]])|access-date=February 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227153618/https://www.biography.com/people/alicia-silverstone-240974|archive-date=February 27, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> waa atariisho Maraykanka.<ref>{{cite book|last=Morgan|first=Adam|title=Eating the Big Fish: How Challenger Brands Can Compete Against Brand Leaders|url=https://archive.org/details/eatingbigfishhow0000morg|publisher=Wiley|year=2009|isbn=978-0470238271|page=[https://archive.org/details/eatingbigfishhow0000morg/page/144 144]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Vaughn|first=Jacqueline|url=https://archive.org/details/environmentalact00swit/page/167|title=Environmental Activism: A Reference Handbook|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2003|isbn=978-1576079010|page=[https://archive.org/details/environmentalact00swit/page/167 167]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Photography By Rodale Images|url=https://www.womenshealthmag.com/life/alicia-silverstone-book|title=Alicia Silverstone: The Kind Diet|website=Women's Health Magazine|date=April 5, 2012|access-date=April 11, 2012}}</ref> Waxay sameysay filimkeedii ugu horreeyay ee ''[[The Crush]]'' (1993), waxayna caan ka heshay markay 16 jir ahayd sanam dhalinyaro ah markii ay ka soo muuqatay muuqaalka muusigga ee heesta [[Aerosmith]] "Cryin'". Silverstone waxay sii waday inay xiddig u noqoto sida Cher Horowitz filimka majaajillada ''[[Clueless]]'' (1995), kaas oo ku kasbaday heshiis malaayiin doolar ah oo ay la gashay [[Columbia Pictures]]. Sannadkii 1997-kii, waxay jishay filimkii geesinimada badnaa ee ''Batman & Robin'', doorka [[Batgirl]]. == Tix == or70r1b9cornv2kslkyigeqt240xzi7 0 35076 305921 280161 2026-08-25T10:53:50Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:Estadio_Cibao_FC.jpg|Estadio_Cibao_FC.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Wdwd|Wdwd]] because: Copyright violation, see [[:c:Commons:Licensing|]]. 305921 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Waddanka Dominican Republic Kubedka''' *[[FIFA]] *[[CONCACAF]] * 1 GK Miguel Lloyd 23 October 1982 (age 39) 48 0 Dominican Republic Cibao * 12 GK Rafael Díaz 8 October 1991 (age 30) 5 0 United States Sacramento Republic * 20 GK Odalis Báez 29 September 1983 (age 38) 7 0 Dominican Republic Atlético Pantoja * 3 DF Tano Bonnín 30 June 1990 (age 31) 17 1 Spain Hércules * 4 DF Brian López 20 November 1999 (age 22) 3 0 Spain Ursaria * 5 DF Andrea Bosco 6 October 1995 (age 26) 4 0 Italy Pineto * 6 DF Kelvin Durán 8 May 1994 (age 27) 1 0 Dominican Republic Moca * 15 DF Ismael Díaz 21 August 1990 (age 31) 26 1 Dominican Republic Cibao * 18 DF Enmy Peña 7 September 1992 (age 29) 15 2 [[Malta]] Valletta * 23 DF Luiyi de Lucas 31 August 1994 (age 27) 8 0 [[Finland]] Haka * 7 MF Edarlyn Reyes 30 September 1997 (age 24) 15 0 Bolivia Real Santa Cruz * 8 MF Antonio Natalucci 1 August 2000 (age 21) 3 0 Italy Triestina * 9 MF Ronaldo Vásquez 30 June 1999 (age 22) 19 2 Dominican Republic Atlético Pantoja * 10 MF Carlos Heredia 28 September 1998 (age 23) 11 1 Dominican Republic Cibao * 13 MF Rafael Flores 24 April 1991 (age 30) 47 0 Dominican Republic Moca * 14 MF Jean Carlos López 9 November 1993 (age 28) 37 3 Dominican Republic Cibao * 19 MF Wilman Modesta 24 December 1995 (age 26) 20 1 Dominican Republic O&M * 22 MF Manny Rodríguez 23 May 1998 (age 23) 3 1 Spain Rayo Majadahonda * 11 FW Domingo Peralta 28 July 1986 (age 35) 43 14 Dominican Republic O&M * 17 FW Dorny Romero 24 January 1998 (age 23) 14 3 Bolivia Real Santa Cruz * 16 FW Fran Núñez 15 May 1995 (age 26) 8 2 Spain Melilla * 21 FW Nowend Lorenzo 2 November 2002 (age 19) 5 2 Spain Subiza rnywqv31krd9hqbvcanbku0uh0pu2lm 0 35431 305788 279424 2026-08-24T17:39:36Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305788 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Kourtney Kardashian|image=|caption=|birth_name=Kourtney Mary Kardashian|birth_date={{birth date and age|1979|4|18}}|birth_place=[[Los Angeles]], [[California]]|other_names=|alma_mater=|education=|years active=2005–hada|occupation=|partner={{Plainlist| * [[Scott Disick]] (2005–2015) * [[Travis Barker]] (2021–hada) }}|height=|parents={{Plainlist| * [[Robert Kardashian]] * [[Kris Jenner]] }}|relatives=[[Qoyska Kardashian]]|children=4}}'''Kourtney Mary Kardashian''' (waxay dhalatay Abriil 18, 1979) waa shakhsiyad warbaahin Mareykan ah, bulsheed, iyo moodel. Walaalaha [[Kim Kardashian|Kim]] iyo [[Khloé Kardashian|Khloé]], Kardashian waxay ku lug leedahay tafaariiqda iyo warshadaha moodada.  Waxay bilaabeen dhowr ururin dharka iyo udgoonka, iyo sidoo kale sii daayay buugga ''[[Kardashian Konfidential]]'' ee 2010. Kourtney waxay bilawday shabakadeeda oo la yiraahdo Poosh horaantii 2019. Kardashian iyo walaalaheed ayaa caan ku ah baraha bulshada waxayna taageertaa alaabada ay ka mid yihiin surwaalka dhexda lagu khafiifiyo, alaabada quruxda, [[Koka-Kola|Coca-Cola]], iyo dawooyinka dhakhtarku qoro, kuwaas oo loo siiyo (ilaa 2016) inta u dhaxaysa $75,000 iyo $300,000 boostada [[Instagram]], [[Facebook]], iyo [[Twitter]].<ref>{{cite news|title=How celebrities like Kim Kardashian are selling you ads and products|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/marketplace-celebrity-endorsements-1.3841922|access-date=November 14, 2017|publisher=CBC News|date=November 11, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author-link2=Timothy Caulfield|last1=Walden|first1=Celia|last2=Caulfield|first2=Professor Timothy|title=Is Gwyneth Paltrow wrong about everything?|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/11591936/Is-Gwyneth-Paltrow-wrong-about-everything.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/11591936/Is-Gwyneth-Paltrow-wrong-about-everything.html|archive-date=January 11, 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|access-date=November 14, 2017|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=May 9, 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Caulfield|first1=Timothy|title=Is Gwyneth Paltrow Wrong About Everything?: When Celebrity Culture and Science Clash Hardcover|url=https://archive.org/details/isgwynethpaltrow0000caul|date=January 13, 2015|publisher=Viking|isbn=978-0670067589|location=Toronto|author-link1=Timothy Caulfield}}</ref> == Shaqooyin qoran == * {{Cite book|last1=Kardashian|first1=Kim|title=[[Kardashian Konfidential]]|last2=Kardashian|first2=Kourtney|last3=Kardashian|first3=Khloé|publisher=[[St. Martin's Press]]|year=2010|isbn=978-0-312-62807-9}} * {{cite book|last1=Kardashian|first1=Kim|title=[[Dollhouse (book)|Dollhouse]]|last2=Kardashian|first2=Kourtney|last3=Kardashian|first3=Khloé|publisher=[[William Morrow and Company]]|year=2011|isbn=9780062063847}} == Tixraacyo == 82fl24043wj974s7omsdv04hy5y8i4a 0 36473 305831 298846 2026-08-24T18:06:30Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305831 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty | type = Khilaafa | name = Al-Muctasim bilaah<br><small> المعتصم بالله</small> | title = [[List of Caliphs|Khaliif]] <br> [[Amirul-Mu'miniin]] | image = File:Byzantine emissaries to the Caliph.jpg | image_size = 300px | alt = Medieval miniature of people standing before a seated ruler within a stylized edifice | caption = Ergadii Biriizanda ka hor al-Mu'tasim (fadhi, midig), wax yar oo ka yimid Skylitzes Madrid (qarnigii 12aad/13aad) | succession = Kahaliifka 8aad ee khulafada cabaasiyiinta | reign = 9 Augoosto 833 – 5 Janawari 842 | predecessor1 = [[Al-Ma'muun]] | successor1 = [[Alwaasiq bilaah]] | issue = {{plainlist| * [[alwaasiq bilaah]] * [[mutawakil cala laah]] * [[mustaciin bilaah]] * Abdallah}} | full name = Abuu Isxaaq 'Maxmad bin Haaruun al-Rashiid al-Muvtasim bilaah | house = [[Cabaasiyiinta]] | house-type = Boqortooyo | father = [[Haaruun Alrashiid]] | mother = [[Maarida binti Shabib]] | birth_date = Oktoobar 796 | birth_place = [[Baqdaad]] | death_date = 5 Janawari 842 (45jir) | death_place = [[Abbasid Samarra|Samarra]] | place of burial = Qasriga Jawsaq , Samaara | religion = [[Muctazila]], [[Islam]] }} == Qabashadiis xilka == == Kacdoonka khurramiyiinta == Khurammiyiinta waxay ahaayeen koox gaalo ah oo alla iyo rasuul xalaal iyo xaaraan toona rumeesneen<ref name=":0">فصل الخطاب في شرح مسائل الجاهلية (مطبوع مع رسالة قطف الثمر لصديق حسن خان) المؤلف: أبو المعالي محمود شكري بن عبد الله بن محمد بن أبي الثناء الألوسي (المتوفى: 1342هـ)</ref>, waxey aaminsanaayeen fikirka ibaaxiyada iyo in la wadaago xoolaha iyo dumarka, marnarka qaar islaamnida ayee ku gamban jireen<ref name=":4">{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://haithem-alsaab.blogspot.com/2017/05/blog-post_17.html|عنوان=مدونة{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} هيثم الصعب: الخرمية طلائع الانقسام الإسلامي|موقع=مدونة هيثم الصعب|تاريخ الوصول=2017-05-18|الأخير=الصعب|الأول=هيثم سعد|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218144611/https://haithem-alsaab.blogspot.com/2017/05/blog-post_17.html%7C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE أرشيف=2019-12-18</ref><ref name=":3">موقف أصحاب الأهواء والفرق من السنة النبوية ورواتها جذورهم ووسائلهم وأهدافهم قديما وحديثا المؤلف: أبو ياسر محمد بن مطر بن عثمان آل مطر الزهراني (المتوفى: 1427هـ)</ref>, [[abuu Muslim khuraasaani]] ayee saaid u aaminsanaayeen, dhowr jeer ayee dawlada ku falaagoobeen, waxaa kamid ahaa [[sunbaad]] ee [[abuu jacfar almansuur]] xiligiisa soo baxay, nin la yiraahdo [[baabaka khurrami]] ayaa ka soo baxay dhulka [[Aserbiijaan|azrbiijaan]] xiligii [[ma'muun]] 816 <ref name="مفكرة">[http://islammemo.cc/2003/06/13/1203.html فتنة بابك الخرمي – رائد الإباحية - مفكرة الإسلام] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727000937/http://islammemo.cc/2003/06/13/1203.html|date=27 يوليو 2017</ref>, waxaana raacay dad badan, kacdoonkiisa ayaa socday mudo 20 sano ah<ref>{{استشهاد ويب|الأخير=خماش|الأول=نجدة|وصلة مؤلف=|مؤلفين مشاركين=|تاريخ=|مسار=https://www.arab-ency.com/?module=pnEncyclopedia&func=display_term&id=4192&m=1|عنوان=بابَك{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} الخُرَّمي|تنسيق=|عمل=الموسوعة العربية|صفحات=|ناشر=|لغة=|تاريخ الوصول=12 كانون الأول 2011|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193803/http://www.arab-ency.com/index.php?module=pnEncyclopedia&func=display_term&id=4192&m=1%7C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE أرشيف=4 مارس 2016</ref>, waxey yeesheen awood balaaran, meelaha buuraleyda ayee gabaad ka dhigteen waxeyna awoodeen inee jabiyaan ciidamo badan oo loo diray, kumanaan dad muslimiin ahna wey laayeen, dadka safareeda ahna wey boobi jireen, cabsi iyo aragagax ayaa soo food saartay dadkii ka ag dhawaa, dardaaranka [[ma'muun]] wuxuu ahaa in xooga la saaro ururkaan. markuu muctasim xilka fuulay waxa uu isugu geeyay awoodiisa oo dhan, ciidankii ugu horeeyay wuxuu u diray [[hamadaan]] waxeyna dudnsheen qalcado iyo dhufeesyo badan oo lahaayeen [[khurammiyiinta]], madax sarena way ka qabteen, ciidan kale oo aad u xoog badnaa ayuu diray waxaana hogaamiya ka ahaa [[afshiin]] oo ahaa talyaha sare ee dawlada, waxey u jeesteen "Albid" oo ahayd caasimada khurammiyiinta, dagaalo adag ayeena la galeen sanadii 835 ilaa 837, ugu dambeen ciidanka muslimiinta ayaa ku guuleestay inay ka adkaadaan <ref>{{استشهاد ويب|الأخير=البعلبكي|الأول=منير|وصلة مؤلف=منير البعلبكي|مؤلفين مشاركين=|تاريخ=1991|مسار=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808052549/http://encyc.reefnet.gov.sy/?page=entry&id=247527 <!--http://encyc.reefnet.gov.sy/?page=entry&id=247527-->|عنوان=بابَك؛ بابَك الخُرَّمي|تنسيق=|عمل=موسوعة المورد|صفحات=|ناشر=موسوعة شبكة المعرفة الريفية|لغة=|تاريخ الوصول=12 كانون الأول 2011|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510110242/https://archive.is/w0BE%7C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE أرشيف=2020-05-10</ref>, waxeyna furteen caasimadood, wixii ka haray khurramiyiinta waxey aadeen [[Imbiraadooriyada biriizanda|biriizanda]] <ref>{{Cite web|title=ḴORRAMIS IN BYZANTIUM – Encyclopaedia Iranica|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/korramis-in-byzantium|access-date=2020-09-13|website=iranicaonline.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=T. Treadgold|first=Warren|title=Byzantium and Its Army, 284-1081|url=https://archive.org/details/byzantiumitsarmy0000trea|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=1995|isbn=9780804731638}}</ref> [[baabaka khurrami]] Waa uu cararay wuuna dhuuntay, [[Dawladii Cabaasiyiinta|cabaasiyiinta]] ayaa dul dhigeen madaxiisa lacago badan, mar dambe nin qoosaar ahaa ayaa soo sheegay, waa la soo qabtay waxaana loo kaxeeyay magaalada [[Samaara]], halkaas oo lagu toogtay <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bahramian|first1=Ali|last2=Hirtenstein|first2=Stephen|last3=Gholami|first3=Rahim|date=2013-12-04|title=Bābak Khurram-Dīn|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-islamica/babak-khurram-din-COM_00000014?#d253233843e16|journal=Encyclopaedia Islamica|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Kaldellis|first=Anthony|title=Romanland: Ethnicity and Empire in Byzantium|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2019|isbn=9780674986510}}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد ويب|الأخير=|الأول=|وصلة مؤلف=|مؤلفين مشاركين=|تاريخ=|مسار=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808052545/http://encyc.reefnet.gov.sy/?page=entry&id=270695 <!--http://encyc.reefnet.gov.sy/?page=entry&id=270695-->|عنوان=بابَك الخُرَّميّ|تنسيق=|عمل=المعجم الكبير|صفحات=|ناشر=مجمع اللغة العربية، القاهرة|لغة=|تاريخ الوصول=12 كانون الأول 2011|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510110242/https://archive.is/K169%7C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE أرشيف=2020-05-10</ref> == Dagaalkii camuuriya == [[Imbiraadooriyada biriizanda|Dawlada ruum]] ayaa ahayd inay xiriir la sameesay [[khurramiyiinta]], waxeyna ka faaideysaneysa ku mashquulida [[Dawladii Cabaasiyiinta|Cabaasiyiinta]] ee [[khurramiyiinta]] ayadoo weerartay dhulka islaamka magaalada [[zabdara]] ayee galeen oo gubeen dad badan ayeena qafaasheen<ref name="تاريخ الرسل و الملوك للطبري">[[تاريخ الرسل و الملوك للطبري]]</ref>, Gabar muslimad ah oo ku jirtay dadka la qafaashay ayaa ku qeyl dhaamisay magaca muctasim<ref name="test">[[ياقوت الحموي معجم البلدان]]</ref>. Muctasim markuu maqlay akhbaartaas xun aad buu u xanaaqay, wuxuu sii kululaaday markay soo gaartay fariin ka socota imbiraadoorka [[Imbiraadooriyada biriizanda|ruum]] oo caga jugleen xambaarsan, muctasim wuxuu ugu jawaabay fariin ahayd; <blockquote>Bislmilaahi raxmaani raxiim intaas ka gadaal waa aqriyay qoraalkaaga waana maqlay hadalkaaga jawaabtuna waa waxa aad arkeyso ee maahan waxaad maqleeyso gaaladuna way ogaan doontaa cida ay u hareeso daarta</blockquote>waxa uuna la baxay ciidan weyn tiro ahaan shan boqol oo kun gaaraya oo qalbkiisa dagaalka u dhan yahay oo talyaasha ugu sareeyo dawlada ku juraan sida [[afshiin]] iyo [[ashnaas]] [[camuuriya]] oo ahayd magaalooyinka ruum tan ugu bilicsan ayuu u jeesestay jumaada awal 223H oo ku beegan 838 AD, waxey gaareen [[camuuriya]] bisha [[ramadaan]] isla sanadkaas<ref name="البداية والنهاية لابن كثير">[[البداية والنهاية لابن كثير]]</ref>. Boqorka ruum ayaa ahaa inuu ka dagaal la galay qeyb ciidanka muslimiinta kamid ah oo afshiin hoggaaminayay balse waa lagu jabiyay<ref name="مولد تلقائيا2">[موقع قصة الإسلام لراغب سرجاني]</ref>, markuu isk waayay tabar oo ku wajaho ciidanka muslimiinta waxa uuna u cararay caasimadiisa [[Istanbuul|Qusdandiiniya]], wuxuuna u soo diray muctasim cudur daar asigoona balan qaaday inuu soo celin doonoo dhamaan dadka uu haysto laakin muctasim wuu diiday wuxuuna ku adkeestay inuu furto [[camuuriya]] <ref>{{استشهاد بهارفارد دون أقواس|Bury|1912|pp=266–267}}; {{استشهاد بهارفارد دون أقواس|Rekaya|1977|p=64}}; {{استشهاد بهارفارد دون أقواس|Vasiliev|1935|p=160}.</ref> Go'doominta magaalada ayaa bilaawday, waxaa lala dhacay manjaniiq, talye kasta waxaa loo xil saaray dhinac ka mid ah magaalada, ka dib 11 bari oo go'doonka socday waxaa dumay suurkii magaalada, muctasim iyo ciidankiisa ayaa gudaha u galeen waxeyna ku dileen dad badan oo sodon kun kor u dhaafaya, in kasii badana wey qafaasheen, ganiimo fara badan oo la koobi karin ayeena ka heleen, magaalada ayaa gabi ahaanba kharaab noqotay. Imbiraadoorka ruum [[Imbiraador Towfiil|towfiil]] markuu maqlay in la burburiyay magaaladii uu ku dhashay [[camuuriya]] aad buu uga murugooday sedex sano ka dibna wuu dhintay murugu darteed<ref name="EHW3">{{استشهاد بهارفارد دون أقواس|Kiapidou|2003}}, [http://asiaminor.ehw.gr/forms/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaid=7898&boithimata_State=&kefalaia_State=#chapter_6 Chapter 3] {{Wayback|url=http://asiaminor.ehw.gr/forms/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaid=7898&boithimata_State=&kefalaia_State=#chapter_6 |date=20181012134729 }}. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012134729/http://asiaminor.ehw.gr/forms/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaid=7898&boithimata_State=&kefalaia_State=|date=12 أكتوبر 2018}}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بهارفارد دون أقواس|Treadgold|1988|pp=304, 415}}.</ref>. Guud ahaan muslimiinta ayaa ku farxeen guusha laga gaaray [[Imbiraadooriyada biriizanda|ruum]], gabyaanka caanka [[abuu tamaam]] ayaa tiriyay gabay caan baxay oo ku bogaadinaayo guushaas<ref>{{ديوان أبو تمام}}.</ref> == Dhimashadiisa == == Xigasho == 97yg13s7mjzkgioc24tcnal3ap93cas 0 36653 305879 239565 2026-08-24T18:30:48Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305879 wikitext text/x-wiki ::''Faahfaahin dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan [[w:simple:Pidgin|wikibidhiya Ingiriis fudud]]'' '''Bidjiin''' waa luqad la fududeeyay. Bidjiinka badanaa way horumaraan sababtoo ah laba kooxood oo dad ah ayaa u baahan inay wada hadlaan laakiin isku af kuma hadlaan. Bidjiinka inta badan maaha kuwo u adag sida luqado kale oo badan. Dhammaan noocyada luqadda fudud ama "[[jaban]]" maaha bidjiin. Bidjiinka waxay leeyihiin sharciyo ay tahay inuu qofku si fiican u barto ku hadalka bidjiin-ka. Wadamada isticmaala luqadaha pidgin sida luqadooda rasmiga ah waxaa ka mid ah [[Baabwa Cusub Guinea]], Jamaika iyo qaar ka mid ah wadamada kale ee [[Kariibiyaan]]ka iyo [[Bartamaha Ameerika]]. =Tixraacyada= * {{Harvard reference |last=Bakker |first=Peter |year=1994 |chapter=Pidgins |editor=Jacques Arends |editor2=Pieter Muysken |editor3=Norval Smithh |title=Pidgins and Creoles: an introduction |publisher=John Benjamins |pages=26–39 }} * {{Harvard reference |last=Hymes |first=Dell |title=Pidginization and creolization of languages |publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=1971 |ISBN=0-521-07833-4 }} * {{cite book | author=McWhorter, John | title=The Power of Babel: the natural history of language | url=https://archive.org/details/powerofbabelnatu00mcwh | publisher=Random House Group| year=2002 | isbn=0-06-052085-X }} * {{cite book | author=Sebba, Mark | title=Contact languages: Pidgins and Creoles | url=https://archive.org/details/contactlanguages0000sebb | publisher=MacMillan| year=1997| isbn=0-333-63024-6 }} * {{Harvard reference |last=[[Sarah Thomason|Thomason]] |first=Sarah |last2=[[Terrence Kaufman|Kaufman]] |first2=Terrence |year=1988 |title=Language contact, creolization, and genetic linguistics |place=Berkeley |publisher=University of California Press |edition=first }} * {{Harvard reference |last=Todd |first=Loreto |title=Pidgins and Creoles |Year=1990 |publisher=Routledge |ISBN=0415053110 }} {{stub}} erddj7wu9ruyvdng6dkhciwm1z57mu3 0 36928 305898 304819 2026-08-24T18:40:46Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305898 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Soomaaliya''', sida rasmiga ah Jamhuuriyadda '''Federaalka Soomaaliya''' waa dalka bari ee qaaradda Afrika . Waxay ku fidsan tahay Geeska Afrika , waxay xad la wadaagtaa [[Itoobiya]] galbeed, [[Jabuuti]] waqooyi galbeed, [[Kenya]] dhanka koonfur galbeed, Gacanka Cadmeed oo waqooyi, iyo bari [[badweynta Hindiya]] . Soomaaliya waxay leedahay xeebta ugu dheer badweynta Afrika. Soomaaliya waxaa lagu qiyaasaa 18.1 milyan, kuwaas oo 2.7 milyan ay ku nool yihiin caasimadda iyo magaalada ugu weyn ee [[Muqdisho]] . Mid ka mid ah wadamada Afrika ee isku isir ahaan isku hayb ah, ku dhawaad ​​85% dadka Soomaaliya deggan waa qowmiyad Soomaali ah . Luuqadaha rasmiga ah ee dalka waa [[Af Soomaali|af-soomaali]] iyo [[carabi]] in kastoo [[Af Soomaali|af-soomaaligu]] yahay luuqadda koowaad . Soomaaliya waxay xiriir taariikhi ah iyo mid diimeed la leedahay dalalka Carabta . Dadku waa muslimiin , oo raacsan laanta sunniga . {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Somalia | common_name = Somalia | native_name = {{native name|so|Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya}}<br />{{native name|ar|جمهورية الصومال الفيدرالية|italics=off}}<br /> Jumhūriyah aṣ-Ṣūmāl al-Fīdirāliyah | image_flag = Flag of Somalia.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Somalia.svg | coa_size = 100 | languages2_type = Luuqada labaad | languages2 = [[Carabi]] | national_anthem = {{lang|so|[[Qolobaa Calankeed]]}}<br /><br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Somalian national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.oga]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Somalia_svg_map.svg|frameless]]<br />{{Legend|#336830|Dhulka gacanta lagu hayo}}{{Legend|#61E760|[[Somaliland|Dhul sheegta balse aan la xakameyn]]}}|Show globe|[[File:Somalia - Location Map (2011) - SOM - UNOCHA.svg|frameless]]|Show map of Somalia|default=1}} | capital = [[Muqdisho]] | coordinates = {{Coord|2|2|N|45|21|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Muqdisho]] | official_languages = {{hlist|[[Af Soomaali|Soomaali]] <ref name=MFA>{{cite web|url=https://web.mfa.gov.so/the-government/|title=The Government|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs & International Cooperation|access-date=27 February 2025}}</ref><ref name=Ali>{{cite book|last=Ali|first=Maryan|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Language Policies in Africa|editor1-first=Esther Mukewa|editor1-last=Lisanza|editor2-first=Leonard|editor2-last=Muaka|chapter=Language Policy in Somaliland and Somalia|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=Cham|year=2024|isbn=9783031573071|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-57308-8_24|pages=511–524}}</ref><ref name="factbook">{{cite web |title=Somalia |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en |date=10 November 2021 |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125103534/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}} | religion = [[Islaam|Sunni Islaam]] (Rasmiga ah)<ref name="factbook"/> <!-- check factbook references before changing! --> | demonym = [[Soomaalida|Soomaali]] <ref name="factbook"/> | government_type = [[Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya|Jamhuuriyadda baarlamaanka Federal]] | leader_title1 = [[Madaxwaynaha Soomaaliya|Madaxwaynaha]] | leader_name1 = [[Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud]] | leader_title2 = [[Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name2 = [[Xamse cabdi barre]] | legislature = [[Ra'iisul wasaarayaashii Soomaaliya|Baarlamaanka Federaalka]] | upper_house = [[Aqalka Sare ee Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya|Guurtida]] | lower_house = Golaha Shacabka | sovereignty_type =Dhisidda | established_event1 = [[Dhul Udug]] | established_date1 = 2350 BC | established_event2 = [[Macrobians|Macrobia]] | established_date2 = 980 BC | established_event3 = [[Barbaria (region)|Barbaria]] | established_date3 = 100 BC | established_event4 = [[Saldanadii Cadal]] | established_date4 = Qarniga 9aad <ref>{{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=I. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd0mAQAAMAAJ |title=Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho |date=1969 |publisher=International African Institute |pages=140 |language=en}}</ref> | established_event5 = [[Muqdisho|Saldanadii Muqdisho]] | established_date5 = Qarniga 10aad | established_event6 = [[Saldanadi Ifat]] | established_date6 = Qarniga 13aad | established_event7 = [[Saldanadii Ajuuraan]] | established_date7 = Qarniga 13aad | established_event8 = [[Hiraab|Hiraab Imamate]] | established_date8 = Qarniga 16aad | established_event9 = [[Geledi|Saldanadii Geledi]] | established_date9 = 1695–1911 | established_event10 = [[ Majeerteen |Saldanadii Majeerteen]] | established_date10 = 1648–1927 | established_event11 = [[Hobyo|Saldanadii Hobyo]] | established_date11 = 1878–1927 | established_event12 = [[Isimtooyada Isaaq|Saldanadii isaaq]] | established_date12 = 1749–1884 | established_event13 = [[Dhulka Biritishka ee Somaliland|Somaliland-kii Ingiriiska]] | established_date13 = 1884 | established_event14 = [[Mustacmarka Talyaani Soomaaliya|Somaliland-kii Talyaaniga]] | established_date14 = 1889 | established_event15 = [[Maalinta Madaxbanaanida Soomaaliya|Xorriyadda]] iyo midowga la leh [[Dawladii Somaliland (1960)|Dawlada Somaliland]] | established_date15 = 1 July 1960 | established_event16 = [[Dastuurka Soomaaliya|Dastuurka hadda jira]] | established_date16 = 1 Ogosto 2012 | area_km2 = 637,657<ref name="factbook"/> | area_rank = 43aad <!--should be same as listed on [[List of countries and dependencies by area]]--> | area_sq_mi = 246,200 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | percent_water = | population_estimate = 19,280,850<ref name="data.humdata.org">{{Cite web |title=OCHA Somalia - Subnational Population Statistics |url=https://data.humdata.org/dataset/cod-ps-som}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 66aad | population_density_km2 = 27.2<ref name="WPP_2022">{{cite web|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/|title=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2022). World Population Prospects |edition=online |publisher=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division|website=population.un.org|access-date=16 July 2022|archive-date=11 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711213112/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/|url-status=live}}</ref> | population_density_sq_mi = 41.73 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $34.118 bilyan<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=Somalia – IMF DataMapper |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SOM |website=imf.org |publisher=[[IMF]] |date=April 2026 |access-date=July 8, 2026}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 147aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $1,965<ref name="auto"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 179aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $14.174 bilyan<ref name="auto"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 145aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $813<ref name="auto"/> | Gini = 36.8<!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2017 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/|title=Gini Index coefficient|publisher=[[The World Factbook]]|access-date=24 September 2024|archive-date=17 Bisha Todobaad 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717071854/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison|url-status=dead}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!--number only-->0.404 | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 192aad | currency = [[Shilin Soomaali|Soomaali shillin]] | currency_code = SOS | time_zone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | drives_on = Sax | calling_code = [[+252]] | cctld = [[.so]] | ethnic_groups = {{plainlist| * [[Soomaalida|Soomaali]]: 85% * [[Tirakoobka daljoogaha Soomaaliya|Kuwa kale ]]: 15% }} | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="factbook"/><ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis|first=I. M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k3QwAQAAIAAJ|title=Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar, and Saho|date=1998|publisher=Red Sea Press|isbn=978-1-56902-104-0|language=en}}</ref> | ethnic_groups_year = 2021 }} Waagii hore, Soomaaliya waxay ahayd xarun ganacsi oo muhiim ah. Intii lagu guda jiray qarniyadii dhexe, dhowr boqortooyo oo xoog badan ayaa ka talinayay ganacsiga gobolka, oo ay ku jiraan [[Saldanadii Ajuuraan|Suldaanka Ajuran]] , [[Adal Sultanate]] , iyo Suldaanka Geledi . Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad, suldaanadii Soomaaliyeed waxa gumaystay boqortooyadii [[Talyaaniga]] iyo [[Ingiriiska]] kuwaas oo dhammaan dhulalkaas qabyaaladda isugu daray laba gumaysi oo kala ah : Somaliland-kii Talyaaniga iyo [[Dhulka Biritishka ee Somaliland|Somaliland-kii Ingiriiska]] . 1960kii, labada dhul ayaa midoobay si ay u dhistaan ​​Jamhuuriyad Soomaaliyeed oo madax bannaan oo hoos timaada dowlad rayid ah. Siyaad Barre oo ka tirsanaa Golaha Sare ee Kacaanka (SRC) ayaa xukunka la wareegay 1969-kii, wuxuuna aasaasay [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliya|Jamhuuriyaddii Dimuqraadiga]] ahayd ee Soomaaliya , isagoo isku dayay inuu si naxariis darro ah u burburiyo Dagaalkii Madax-bannaanida [[Soomaaliland|Somaliland]] ee waqooyiga dalka. SRC waxay burburtay 1991 markii uu bilaabmay dagaalkii sokeeye ee Soomaaliya . Dawladdii ku meel gaadhka ahayd ee Soomaaliya (TNG) waxaa la aas aasay 2000, ka dibna waxaa la dhisay dawladda ku meel gaadhka ah ee Soomaaliya (TFG) 2004tii, taasoo dib u soo celisay ciidamadii qalabka sida ee Soomaaliya . Dhamaadkii 2006dii, duullaan ay Xabashida Maraykanku dabada ka riixayeen ayaa afgambiyay Maxkamadihii Islaamiga ahaa (ICU), taasoo keentay in ay dawladda ku meel gaadhka ah ee [[Muqdisho]] ka dhisto Muqdisho oo ay ciidammada Itoobiya qabsadeen . Kacdoonkii xigay ee soo shaac baxay ayaa maxaakiimta u kala jabay jabhado kala duwan, oo ay ku jirto kooxda xagjirka ah ee [[al-Shabaab]] , kuwaas oo dagaal daba dheeraaday kula jiray ciidamada Itoobiya. Al-Shabaab waxay markiiba bilawday inay xaqiijiso in ay ka talinayso dhuleed markii ugu horaysay, iyadoo dabayaaqadii 2008 ay jabhadu ka saartay ciidamada Itoobiya inta badan Soomaaliya. Sannadkii 2009, dawlad cusub oo TFG ah ayaa la dhisay. Bartamihii 2012, al-Shabaab waxay lumisay inta badan dhulalkeeda intii ay socdeen dagaalladii ka dhanka ahaa TFG iyo [[ciidamada Midowga Afrika]] . Isla sanadkaas, al-Shabaab waxay ballan-qaadday inay la midoobayaan al-Qaacida . Muqaawamada ayaa weli gacanta ku haysa inta badan bartamaha iyo koonfurta Soomaaliya, waxayna saameyn ku leeyihiin meelaha ay dowladdu maamusho, iyadoo magaalada Jilib ay u tahay caasimadda u ah fallaagada. Dastuur cusub oo ku meel gaar ah ayaa la ansixiyay Agoosto 2012, dib u habeyn lagu sameeyay Soomaaliya sida federaal . Isla bishaas, waxaa la dhisay Dowladda Federaalka Soomaaliya , waxaana dib u dhis lagu sameeyay Muqdisho. Soomaaliya waxa ay ka mid tahay dalalka ugu horumarsan caalamka, waxaana daliil u ah sida ay u qiimeeyeen mitirka mitirka sida GDP qofkiiba iyo halka ay ku dhowdahay halka ugu hooseysa ee Tilmaanta Horumarinta Aadanaha , waxa ay ka sareysaa oo kaliya Koonfurta Suudaan . Waxay ilaalisay dhaqaale aan rasmi ahayn oo inta badan ku salaysan xoolaha nool, xawaaladaha Soomaalida ee dibadda ka shaqeeya iyo isgaarsiinta. Waa xubin ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay , [[Jaamacada Carabta|Jaamacadda Carabta]] , Midowga Afrika , Dhaqdhaqaaq aan Isbahaysi ahayn , Bulshada Bariga Afrika , iyo Ururka [[Islaam|Iskaashiga Islaamka]] ==Asalka erayga== Samaale, oo ah awoowaha ugu da'da weyn dhowr qabiil oo Soomaaliyeed, ayaa guud ahaan loo tixgeliyaa inuu yahay halka uu ka soo jeedo magaca Soomaali. Aragti kale ayaa ah in magaca loo haysto inuu ka soo jeedo ereyada "soo" iyo "maal", kuwaas oo marka la isu geeyo macnahoodu yahay "tag" iyo "caano". Fasiraaddani way kala duwan tahay iyadoo ku xiran gobolka, iyadoo Soomaalida waqooyi ay tilmaamayso inay ula jeedaan "tag iyo caano" oo la xiriira caanaha geela, halka Soomaalida koonfureed ay adeegsadaan tarjumaadda "sa' maal" oo tilmaamaysa caanaha lo'da. Tani waxay tilmaan u tahay xoolo-dhaqatada meel walba leh ee dadka Soomaaliyeed. Aragtiyo kale ayaa soo jeedinaya in ereyga Soomaali uu ka yimid erey Carabi ah oo macnihiisu yahay "hodan", taas oo mar kale tilmaamaysa hodantinimada Soomaalida ee xoolaha. Taa beddelkeeda, magaca Soomaaliga waxaa la rumeysan yahay inuu ka yimid Automoli (Asmach), oo ahayd koox dagaalyahanno ah oo ka timid Masar hore, kuwaas oo uu ku tilmaamay Herodotus. Asmach waxaa loo maleynayaa inuu ahaa magacooda Masaariga, halka Automoli uu yahay asal Giriig ah oo ka yimid ereyga Cibraaniga ah ee S'mali (macnaha "dhinaca bidixda"). Dukumeenti Shiinees ah oo laga soo xigtay qarnigii 9-aad Miilaadiga ayaa tilmaamaya xeebaha waqooyiga Soomaaliya, oo markaas ka mid ahaa gobolka ballaaran ee Waqooyi-bari Afrika ee loo yaqaan Barbaria, iyada oo loola jeedo dadka deggan Barbars (Kuushitik) ee deegaanka, sida Po-pa-li. Tixraac qoraaleedkii ugu horreeyay ee cad ee magaca Soomaalida wuxuu soo bilaabmay horraantii qarnigii 15-aad Miilaadiga xilligii boqortooyadii Itoobiya ee Isxaaq I, kaas oo mid ka mid ah saraakiisha maxkamaddiisu qoray hees uu ugu dabaaldegayo guushii milatari ee ay ka gaareen Saldanadda Ifat. Simur wuxuu kaloo ahaa magac Harari qadiimi ah oo loogu yeeri jiray dadka Soomaaliyeed. Soomaalidu waxay si weyn u door bidaan ereyga "Soomaali" marka loo eego "Soomaaliga", maadaama kan hore uu yahay halqabsi, halka kan dambe uu yahay qaab laba-jibbaaran ah. Ereyga af-Soomaaliga marka laga eego juqraafi-siyaasadeed ahaan waxaa loola jeedaa dadka Horn of Africa, kuwaas oo ka tirsan qowmiyadda Kuush. ==Taariikhda== ===Taariikhda ka hor=== [[File:Laas Geel single cow.jpg|thumb|Farshaxanka Neolithic ee dhismaha Laas Geel oo muujinaya sac gees-dheer]] Soomaaliya waxay u badan tahay inay ka mid ahayd dhulkii ugu horreeyay ee ay dageen bini'aadam hore, iyadoo loo eegayo meesha ay ku taal. Ugaarsadayaasha oo hadhow Afrika ka haajiray waxay u badan tahay inay halkan degeen ka hor intaanay guurin. Intii lagu jiray xilligii dhagaxa, dhaqamada Dooyan iyo reer Hargeysa ayaa halkan ku soo barbaaray. Caddaynta ugu da'da weyn ee caadooyinka aaska Geeska Afrika waxay ka timid qabuuraha Soomaaliya ilaa qarnigii 4aad ee BC. Qalabka dhagaxa ah ee laga soo qaaday goobta Jaleelo ee waqooyiga ayaa sidoo kale lagu tilmaamay 1909 inay yihiin farshaxanno muhiim ah oo muujinaya caalimnimada qadiimiga ah inta lagu jiro Paleolithic ee u dhexeeya Bariga iyo Galbeedka. Sida laga soo xigtay khubarada afafka, dadkii ugu horreeyay ee ku hadla Afafka ayaa yimid gobolka intii lagu jiray xilligii Neolithic ee xigay oo ka yimid qoyska urheimat ee la soo jeediyay ("Dhulka asalka ah") ee dooxada Niil , ama Bariga dhow . Dhismaha Laas -geel oo ku yaalla duleedka magaalada Hargeysa ee Waqooyi-galbeed Soomaaliya ayaa soo jirtay qiyaastii 5,000 oo sano, waxaana ku yaalla farshaxanno dhagax ah oo muujinaya xayawaanka duur-joogta ah iyo lo'da la qurxiyay. Sawirro kale oo godad ah ayaa laga helay gobolka Dhambalin ee woqooyiga , kaas oo ka muuqda mid ka mid ah sawirradii ugu horreeyay ee loo yaqaan ugaarsiga fardaha. Farshaxanka dhagaxa waxa uu taariikhdiisu ahayd 1,000 ilaa 3,000 BCE. Intaa waxaa dheer, inta u dhaxaysa magaalooyinka Laas-Khorey iyo Ceel Ayo ee waqooyiga Soomaaliya waxaa ku taal Karinhegane , oo ah goobta lagu sawiray godad fara badan, kuwaas oo wadar ahaan lagu qiyaasay ilaa 2,500 oo sano Geela waxa la rumaysan yahay in uu ku dhaqmi jiray gobolka Geeska intii u dhaxaysay qarnigii 2aad iyo 3aad ee BC. Halkaa waxa ay ku fiday Masar iyo Maghrib . ===Waagii qadiimiga iyo qadiimiga ahaa=== [[File:Men from Punt Carrying Gifts, Tomb of Rekhmire MET 30.4.152 EGDP013029.jpg|thumb|Rag reer Punt ah oo sita hadiyado, Qabriga Rekhmire .]] Dhismayaasha Ahraamta qadiimiga ah , Mowlacyo , magaalooyin burburay iyo gidaaryo dhagax ah, sida darbigii Wargade , waxay daliil u yihiin ilbaxnimo hore oo ka hanaqaadi jirtay gayiga Soomaaliyeed. Ilbaxnimadani waxay ku naaloonaysay xidhiidh ganacsi oo ay la lahayd Masar hore iyo Giriiggii Mycenaean tan iyo qarnigii labaad ee BC . Puntites oo u dhashay gobolka waxay ka ganacsan jireen malmalka , xawaashka, dahabka, eboniga, lo'da gees-gaaban, fool-maroodi iyo fooxa oo ay la socdeen Masaarida, Finiisiyaanka, Baabiliyiinta, Hindida, Shiinaha iyo Roomaanka iyaga oo u maraya dekedahooda ganacsi. Duulaan Masri ah oo ay u soo dirtay boqortooyadii 18-aad ee boqorad Hatshepsut ayaa lagu duubay macbudka Deir el-Bahari , xilligii boqortooyadii Boqorka Puntite Parahu iyo Queen Ati. Waagii qadiimiga ahaa , Macrobiyaanka , oo laga yaabo in ay awoow u ahaayeen Soomaalida, ayaa aasaasay boqortooyo awood leh oo ka talinaysay qaybo badan oo ka mid ah Soomaaliya casriga ah. Waxaa lagu magacaabi jiray cimrigooda iyo maalkooda, waxaana la sheegay inay ahaayeen kuwa ugu dheer oo ugu quruxda badan ragga oo dhan. Macrobiyadu waxay ahaayeen dagaalyahanno xoolo-dhaqato ah iyo badmaaxayaal. Sida laga soo xigtay xisaabta Herodotus, Imbaraadoorkii Faaris Cambyses II , markii uu qabsaday Masar 525 BC, wuxuu u diray safiirro Macrobia, isagoo u keenay hadiyado qaali ah boqorka Macrobiya si uu u soo gudbiyo. Hogaamiyihii Macrobiya oo lagu doortay dhererkiisa iyo quruxdiisa, waxa uu taa beddelkeeda kaga jawaabay loolan uu dhiggiisa Beershiya uga dhigay qaanso aan xidhnayn: haddii Faaris ay awoodaan in ay sawiraan, waxa ay xaq u yeelan lahaayeen in ay dalkiisa ku soo duulaan; laakiin ilaa iyo markaas, waa in ay u mahad naqayaa ilaahyada in Macrobians waligood go'aansan in ay ku duulaan boqortooyadooda. Macrobians-ku waxay ahaayeen awood gobol oo lagu asteeyay qaab-dhismeedkooda horumarsan iyo hantidooda dahabka ah , taas oo aad u badan oo ay maxaabiistooda ku xidheen silsilado dahab ah. Inta lagu jiro xilliga qadiimiga ah, gobollada Barbara ee Mosylon , Opone , Mundus , Isis , Malao , Avalites , Essina , Nikon iyo Sarapion waxay sameeyeen shabakad ganacsi oo faa'iido leh, oo ku xiran ganacsato ka timid Ptolemaic Masar , Giriiggii hore , Fenisiya , Parthian Persian , Boqortooyadii Roomaanka , Boqortooyada Saban , Nabata . Waxay isticmaali jireen markabkii qadiimiga ahaa ee badda Soomaaliya ee loo yaqaanay beden si ay shixnadooda u daabulaan. [[File:Beden.jpg|thumb|Beden waa mid dheereeya, oo qadiimi ah markab badeed keligiis ah ama laba-jibbaaran.]] Ka dib qabsashadii Roomaanku ee Boqortooyadii Nabataean iyo joogitaankii ciidamada badda ee Roomaanka ee Cadan si ay u xakameeyaan budhcad-badeedda, ganacsato Carbeed iyo Soomaali ah waxay ku heshiiyeen Roomaanku in maraakiibta Hindiya laga mamnuuco inay ka ganacsadaan magaalooyinka dekedaha xorta ah ee Jasiiradda Carabta si loo ilaaliyo danaha ganacsatada Soomaalida iyo Carabta ee ganacsiga faa'iidada badan leh ee u dhexeeya badaha Cas iyo Mediterranean. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ganacsatadii Hindidu waxay sii wadeen ganacsiga magaalooyinka dekedaha ah ee jasiiradda Soomaalida, kuwaas oo ka madax bannaan faragelinta Roomaanka. Qarniyo badan, ganacsatadii Hindidu waxay Soomaaliya iyo Carabta u keeni jireen tiro badan oo qorfe ah Ceylon iyo Jasiiradaha Spice . Meesha laga helo qorfaha iyo xawaashka kale waxa la sheegaa in ay ahayd sirta ugu fiican ee ay ka heli jireen ganacsatadii Carabta iyo Soomaalida ee ka ganacsan jiray Rome iyo Giriigga; Roomaanka iyo Giriiggu waxay rumaysnaayeen in isha laga soo xigtay ay ahayd jasiiradda Soomaalida. Heshiiskii wada shaqayneed ee dhexmaray ganacsatada Soomaalida iyo Carabta ayaa sicir barar ku keenay qiimaha qorfaha Hindiya iyo Shiinaha ee Waqooyiga Afrika, Bariga dhow iyo Yurub, wuxuuna ganacsiga qorfaha ka dhigay mid dakhli abuur ah oo faa'iido badan leh, gaar ahaan ganacsatada Soomaaliyeed. ===Dhalashada Islaamka iyo qarniyadii dhexe=== [[File:Silk route.jpg|thumb|Waddada xariirta oo ku fidsan Shiinaha ilaa koonfurta Yurub, Carabta, Soomaaliya, Masar, Faaris, Hindiya, iyo Java]] Islamka waxa deegaanka soo galiyay horraantii muslimiintii ugu horaysay ee ka soo carartay dacwooyinkii xiijii ugu horaysay iyada oo Masjid al-Qiblatayn ee Saylac laga dhisay ka hor inta aanu Qiblada u socon dhanka Maka . Waa mid ka mid ah masaajidda ugu faca weyn Afrika. Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 9aad, Al-Yaqubi waxa uu qoray in Muslimiintu ay ku noolaayeen hareeraha badda woqooyi ee Soomaaliya. Waxa kale oo uu xusay in Boqortooyada Adal ay caasimad u ahayd magaalada. Sida uu qabo Leo Africanus , Adal Sultanate waxa maamuli jiray boqortooyo Soomaaliyeed oo deegaanka ah , dhulkeeduna waxa uu ka koobnaa dhulka juqraafi ahaan u dhexeeya Bab el Mandeb iyo Gacanka Gardafuu. Sidaas waxaa dhanka koonfureed uga xigay Boqortooyadii Ajuuraan , dhanka galbeedna waxaa ka xigay Boqortooyadii Xabashida . Qarniyadii dhexe oo dhan waxa Somaliland yimi dad Carbeed, waayo-aragnimo taariikhi ah oo hadhow horseedi doonta sheekooyinka halyeyga ah ee sheekhyadii Muslimiinta sida Daarood iyo Isxaaq Binu Axmed (oo la sheegay in ay ka soo jeedaan beelaha Daarood iyo Isaaq , siday u kala horreeyaan) iyaga oo ka soo socdaalay Carabta una socdaalay Soomaaliya kuna guursaday qabiilka Dir ee deegaanka . Sannadkii 1332-kii, Boqorkii Adal ee Saylac ahaa ayaa lagu dilay olole millatari oo ujeedkiisu ahaa in la hakiyo socodkii ay magaalada ku soo jeedday Amda Seyon 1aad ee Xabashida. Markii Suldaankii ugu dambeeyay ee Ifat, Sacad Ad-Diin II, lagu dilay Saylac 1410 , caruurtiisii ​​waxay u baxsadeen Yaman, ka hor intaysan ku soo laaban 1415 . II, oo saldhig cusub ka samaystay Yemen ka dib [[File:Imaam Ahmed Gurey.jpg|thumb|Taalada Axmed ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi , Imaamkii Boqortooyada Adal]] Xarunteedii Adal ayaa mar kale loo raray qarnigii xigay, markan dhanka koonfureed waxa loo raray Harar . Caasimaddan cusub, Adal waxa uu abaabulay ciidan wax ku ool ah oo uu hoggaaminayo Imaam Axmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi , (Ahmad "Gurey" ama "Gran"; labaduba waxay ka dhigan yihiin "gacanta bidix") iyo Jeneraalka ugu dhow dhow iyo seedigii Garaad Mataan . Qabiilka Imaam Axmed waxaa la caddeeyey inay ka soo jeedaan Geri Koombe , oo ah jifada Daarood. Ololahan qarniga 16-aad waxaa taariikh ahaan loo yaqaanaa Gumeysiga Xabashida ( Futuh al-Habash). Intii uu dagaalka socday, Imaam Axmad waxa uu hormood u noqday adeegsiga madfac ay ka heli jirtay Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta, kuwaas oo uu ka soo waariday Saylac oo uu ku soo daad-gureeyey ciidamadii Xabashida iyo xulafadooda Bortuqiisku ee uu hoggaaminayay Cristovão da Gama . Xilligii Ajuuraan Saldanada , magaalooyinka iyo jamhuuriyadaha Marka , Muqdisho , Baraawa , Hobyo iyo dekedooda waxay lahaayeen ganacsi faa'iido badan oo shisheeye ah oo ay ka heli jireen maraakiib u kala goosha dalalka Carabta, Hindiya, Venetia , Paris, Masar, Portugal iyo ilaa Shiinaha. Vasco da Gama , oo soo maray Muqdisho qarnigii 15-aad, ayaa xusay inay ahayd magaalo weyn oo ay ku yaallaan dhowr dabaq oo dhaadheer iyo daaro waaweyn oo ku yaalla bartamaha magaalada, iyadoo ay u dheer tahay masaajidyo badan oo leh minaarado cylindrical ah. Harla , oo ah koox hore oo Hamitic ah oo dhererkeedu dheeraa oo degi jiray qaybo ka mid ah Soomaaliya, Tchertcher iyo meelo kale oo Geeska ah, waxay sidoo kale dhiseen tuuli kala duwan . Dhagarqabayaashan ayaa la rumeysan yahay inay awoow u ahaayeen qowmiyadaha Soomaalida. [[File:ShenDuGiraffePainting.jpg|thumb|[[Saldanadii Ajuuraan|Ajuran Sultanate]] waxa ay sii waday xidhiidh ganacsi oo ay la lahayd boqortooyadii Ming iyo boqortooyooyinkii kale.]] Qarnigii 16-aad, Duarte Barboosa waxa uu xusay in maraakiib badan oo ka timid Boqortooyadii Cambaya ee waqtigan casriga ah ee Hindiya ay u shiraacdeen Muqdisho iyagoo wata maryo iyo xawaash, taas beddelkeedana ay heleen dahab, dhux iyo fool maroodi. Barbosa waxa kale oo ay iftiimisay hilibka, sarreenka, shaciga, fardaha iyo khudaarta ee suuqyada xeebaha, kuwaas oo ganacsatadu ka soo saarteen hanti aad u badan. Muqdisho, oo ah xarunta warshadaha dharka ee kobcaya ee loo yaqaan toob benadir ( oo ku takhasusay suuqyada Masar, iyo meelo kale , oo ay weheliyaan Merca iyo Barawa, waxay sidoo kale u ahayd meel ay ku sii maraan ganacsatada Sawaaxiliga ee Mombasa iyo Malindi iyo ganacsiga dahabka ee Kilwa . Ganacsato Yuhuudi ah oo ka timid Hormuz waxay keeneen dharkoodii Hindida iyo miraha badda Soomaaliya si ay ugu beddelaan hadhuudh iyo alwaax. Xiriirka ganacsiga waxaa la aasaasay Malacca qarnigii 15aad, oo leh maro, ambergris iyo porcelain oo ah badeecadaha ugu muhiimsan ee ganacsiga. Geri, zebras iyo fooxa ayaa loo dhoofin jiray Boqortooyadii Ming ee Shiinaha, taasoo ka dhigtay ganacsatada Soomaalida inay hormuud ka noqdaan ganacsiga u dhexeeya Bariga Aasiya iyo Geeska. Ganacsato Hinduuga ah oo ka soo jeeda Surat iyo ganacsatada Koonfur-bari Afrikaanka ee Pate , iyagoo doonaya inay ka gudbaan labada go'doominta Boortaqiiska ee Hindiya (iyo markii dambe faragelintii Cumaan), waxay adeegsadeen dekedaha Soomaaliya ee Merca iyo Barawa (kuwaas oo ka baxsan xukunka tooska ah ee labada awoodood) si ay ganacsigooda ugu sameeyaan ammaan iyo faragelin la'aan. ===Waagii hore ee casriga ah iyo u halgamidda Afrika=== [[File:Mogadishu1936.jpg|thumb|magaalada Muqdisho ee xarunta dalka Talyaaniga ayaa waxaa ku yaalla xarunta kaniisada Kathedral-ka ee Catholic-ga iyo taallada weyn ee lagu maamuusayo Boqor Umberto I ee Talyaaniga.]] Waagii hore ee casriga ahaa , dawladihii bedeli lahaa Adal Sultanate iyo Ajuran Sultanate waxay bilaabeen inay ka koraan Soomaaliya. Waxaa ka mid ahaa Imaamyadii Hiraab , Suldaan Isaaq oo uu hoggaaminayay reer Guuleed , Suldaankii Habr Yuunis oo uu hoggaaminayey reer Caynaanshe , Suldaankii Geledi (Boqortooyadii Gobroon), Saldanada Majeerteen (Migiurtinia), iyo Saldanadda Hobyo . Waxay sii wateen dhaqankii qalcado-dhisidda iyo ganacsiga badda mara ee ay aasaaseen boqortooyooyinkii hore ee Soomaaliya. Suldaan Yusuf Mahamud Ibrahim oo ahaa Suldaankii Sadexaad ee Golaha Deegaanka Gobroon ayaa Bilaabay Taariikhdii dahabiga ahayd ee Boqortooyadii Gobroon. Ciidankiisu waxay guulo ka soo hoyeen Jihaadka Baardheere, kaasoo dib u soo celiyay xasiloonidii Gobolka, dib u soo nooleeyay ganacsigii fool-maroodiga ee Bariga Afrika . Waxa kale oo uu lahaa xidhiidh wanaagsan oo uu hadiyado ka heli jiray saldanada boqortooyooyinka dariska iyo kuwa fog sida Cumaan, Witu iyo salaadiinta Yemen. Inankii Suldaan Ibraahim Axmed Yuusuf waxa uu ku beddelay mid ka mid ah shakhsiyaadkii ugu muhiimsanaa ee qarnigii 19-aad ee Bariga Afrika, isaga oo ka heli jiray abaal-marinno guddoomiyeyaasha Cumaan, isla markaana abuuray isbahaysi qoysas Muslimiin ah oo muhiim ah oo ku nool xeebaha Bariga Afrika Somaliland waxa la aas aasay Suldaanka Isaaq 1750. Suldaanka Isaaq waxa uu ahaa boqortooyo Somaliyeed oo ka talinaysay qaybo ka mid ah Geeska Afrika qarniyadii 18aad iyo 19aad. Waxay ku teedsantay dhulka beesha Isaaq , oo ka soo farcamay qabiilka Banu Haashim , ee Somaliland iyo Itoobiya maanta. Suldaanka waxaa maamuli jiray garabka Rer Guuleed oo uu aasaasay suldaankii ugu horeeyay ee beesha Ciidagale Suldaan Guuleed Cabdi . Sida dhaqanka afka ah lagu sheegay, ka hor reer Guuleed beesha Isaaq waxaa ka talin jiray boqortooyo laanta Toljeclo oo ka soo jeeda reer Axmed oo lagu naanaysi jiray Tol Jeelo, oo ahaa curadkii Sheekh Isxaaq xaaskiisii ​​Harari . Guud ahaan waxa jiray sideed taliye Toljelo ah oo uu ugu horreeyo Boqor Haaruun ( Soomaali : Boqor Haaruun ) oo soo xukumayay Suldaan Isaaq qarniyo laga soo bilaabo qarnigii 13aad. Garaad Dhux Barar ( Somali : Dhuux Baraar ) waxaa afgambiyay isbahaysigii beelaha Isaaq. Toljeelo oo berigii hore xoog lahaa way kala firxadeen oo waxay gabaad ka dhigteen Habr Awal oo ay ilaa hadda inta badan la nool yihiin. Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad, shirkii Berlin ee 1884 ka dib, quwadaha reer Yurub waxay bilaabeen inay u halgamaan Afrika . Sannadkaas, maxmiyad Ingiriis ayaa lagaga dhawaaqay qayb ka mid ah Soomaaliya, oo ku taal xeebta Afrika ee ka soo horjeeda Yementa Koonfureed. Bilowgii, gobolkani wuxuu ku hoos jiray xukunka Xafiiska Hindiya, sidaas darteedna loo maamulay qayb ka mid ah Boqortooyada Hindiya; 1898-kii waxa loo wareejiyay maamulka London. 1889kii, maxmiyaddii iyo gumaysigii Soomaaliya ee Talyaanigu si rasmi ah u aasaasay Talyaanigu iyadoo loo marayo heshiisyo kala duwan oo ay la saxeexdeen madax iyo suldaanno badan; Suldaan Yuusuf Cali Keenadiid ayaa markii ugu horreysay codsi u diray Talyaaniga dabayaaqadii Diseembar 1888 si uu Suldaannimadiisa Hobyo uga dhigo maxmiyad Talyaani ah ka hor inta uusan markii dambe saxiixin heshiis 1889 [[File:Hobyo Sultanate Cavalry And Fort.jpg|thumb|Fardooley iyo dhufeyskii Hobyo Sultanate]] Dhaqdhaqaaqa Dervish ayaa si guul leh u celiyay Boqortooyada Ingiriiska afar jeer waxayna ku qasbeen inay dib ugu noqdaan gobolka xeebta. Daraawiishtu waxay jebisay gumaystihii Talyaaniga, Ingiriiska, Xabashida marar badan, gaar ahaan, guushii 1903-dii ee Cagaarweyne ee uu hoggaaminayey Suleymaan Aaden Galaydh , waxay ku khasabtay Boqortooyadii Ingriiska inay dib ugu gurtaan gobolka xeebta horraantii 1900aadkii. Dervishes ayaa ugu dambeyntii laga adkaaday 1920-kii xoogga hawada Ingiriiska. Bilawgii Faashiistaha horraantii 1920-aadkii waxa ay ku bishaaraysay is-beddelka istiraatijiyadda Talyaanigu, iyadoo suldaannada waqooyi-bari dhawaan lagu khasbi lahaa soohdinta La Grande Somalia (" Soomaali-weyn ") sida uu qorshuhu ahaa Talyaanigii Faashiistaha ahaa. Markii uu yimid Badhasaab Cesare Maria De Vecchi 15-kii December 1923kii, waxa bilaabmay in wax iska beddelaan qayb ka mid ah Somaliland oo loo yaqaanay Italian Somaliland . Dhulkii ugu dambeeyay ee Talyaanigu ka helo Soomaaliya wuxuu ahaa Oltre Giuba , gobolka Jubaland ee maanta , 1925. [[File:Sayyid Mohammed Abdullah Hassan.jpeg|thumb|Taalada Mohammed Abdullah Hassan , Hogaamiyihii Daraawiishta]] Talyaanigu wuxuu bilaabay mashruucyo kaabayaasha deegaanka ah, oo ay ku jiraan dhismaha isbitaallo, beero iyo dugsiyo. Talyaanigii Faashiistaha ahaa , ee Benito Mussolini , wuxuu weeraray Xabashida (Itoobiya) 1935, ujeeddadiisuna ahayd inay gumeysato. Duulaankaas waxaa cambaareeyey Ururka Jimciyadda Quruumaha ka dhaxaysa , balse wax yar lagama qaban sidii loo joojin lahaa ama looga xorayn lahaa gumaysiga Itoobiya. 1936kii, Soomaaliyadii Talyaanigu waxay ku biirtay Bariga Afrika ee Talyaanigu , oo ay weheliso Ereteriya iyo Itoobiya, oo ah Maamul-goboleedka Soomaaliya . 3-dii Agoosto 1940-kii, ciidamadii Talyaanigu oo ay ku jireen cutubyo ka tirsan gumaystaha Soomaaliya, ayaa ka soo tallaabay Itoobiya si ay u soo galaan Somaliland , 14kii Agoosto, waxay ku guuleysteen inay Berbera ka qabsadaan Ingiriiska. Ciidan Ingiriis ah oo ay ku jiraan ciidamo ka socda dalal badan oo Afrikaan ah ayaa bishii January 1941kii ka bilaabay Kenya ololihii ay ku xorreeyeen British Somaliland iyo Itoobiya oo Talyaanigu gumaysan jiray, una qabsan lahaa Somaliland Talyaani. Bishii Feebarweri inta badan Somaliland Talyaanigu waa la qabsaday, bishii Maarj, Somaliland-kii Ingiriiska waa lagala wareegay badda. Ciidamadii Boqortooyadii Ingiriiska ee ka hawl-gala Somaliland waxay ka koobnaayeen saddex qaybood oo kala ahaa Koonfur Afrika, Galbeedka Afrika iyo Ciidamada Bariga Afrika. Waxa kaalmaynayay ciidammadii Somaliyeed ee uu hogaaminayay C/laahi Xasan iyadoo ay si wayn uga qayb galeen Somalida beesha Isaaq , Dhulbahante iyo Warsangali . Tirada Soomaalida Talyaanigu waxay bilawday inay hoos u dhacdo ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka, iyada oo in ka yar 10,000 ay soo hartay 1960. ===Madaxbanaanidii (1960-1969)=== Dagaalkii IIaad ee Adduunka ka dib, Ingiriisku waxa uu sii haystay gacan ku haynta British Somaliland iyo Somaliland Somaliland oo ah maxmiyad. 1945kii, intii lagu jiray shirkii Potsdam , Qaramada Midoobay waxay u oggolaatay Talyaanigu inuu Talyaanigu u dhiibo Talyaani Somaliland inuu noqdo dhul-xakameedka Somaliland , iyadoo shuruud looga dhigay markii ugu horreysay ee ay soo jeediyaan xisbigii SYL iyo ururradii kale ee curdinka ahaa ee siyaasadda Soomaaliya, sida Xizbiya DigilMirifle Soomaali (HDMS) iyo Ururka Qaranka Soomaalida (SNL) — gudaha Soomaaliya ay ku hesho madaxbannaani toban sano gudahood. British Somaliland waxay ahaan jirtay maxmiyad Ingiriiska ilaa 1960 [[File:Chieftains of the Isaaq clan cropped.jpg|thumb|Madaxdii beesha Isaaq oo Hargeysa lagu sawiray 1958 kii markii Duke & Duchess of Gloucester booqasho ku yimaadeen Somaliland.]] Ilaa heer uu Talyaanigu dhulkaas ku haysto amarka Qaramada Midoobay, qodobbada ammaanadu waxay siiyeen Soomaalida fursad ay khibrad ugu yeeshaan waxbarashada siyaasadda reer galbeedka iyo is-xukunka. Waxa ay ahaayeen faa’iidooyin aanay lahayn British Somaliland, oo la rabay in lagu daro dawladnimada cusub ee Soomaaliya. In kasta oo 1950-meeyadii saraakiisha gumaystaha Ingiriiska ay isku dayeen, dadaallo horumarineed oo maamul oo kala duwan, si ay uga soo kabtaan dayacaadii hore, maxmiyadku waxa ay fadhiid ku noqotay horumarka maamulka siyaasadda. Farqiga u dhexeeya labada dhul ee horumarinta dhaqaalaha iyo waayo-aragnimada siyaasadeed ayaa hadhow keeni doonta dhibaatooyin culus oo isku dhafan labada qaybood. [[File:Mogadishu city centre - 1960s.jpg|thumb|1963kii oo ku yaal bartamaha magaalada Muqdisho]] Dhanka kale, 1948-kii, cadaadis kaga yimid xulafadooda Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka, Soomaalidana ay aad uga xumaadeen, Ingriisku wuxuu dib u soo celiyay Haud (Dhul daaqsimeed Soomaaliyeed oo muhiim ah oo loo maleynayo inuu ilaalinayay heshiisyadii Ingiriiska uu la galay Soomaalida 1884 iyo 1886) iyo Gobolka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya, taasoo ku saleysan heshiis ay saxiixeen 1897-kii oo ay ka soo horjeedaan Boqortooyadii Itoobiya ee Menelik oo ay suurtagal tahay in Boqortooyadii Itoobiya ay ku beddesho Imbaraadoor. Faransiisku. Ingriiska ayaa ku daray shuruud ah in dadka Soomaalida ah ay sii haysanayaan ismaamulkooda, laakiin Itoobiya ayaa isla markiiba sheegatay inay iyadu leedahay madax-bannaanideeda. Taasi waxay keentay in 1956-kii uu Ingiriisku ku guul darraystay inuu dib u iibsado dhulkii Soomaaliyeed ee uu la wareegay. Ingriisku waxa uu sidoo kale siiyay maamulka ku dhawaad ​​​​Soomaalida ay degto Waqooyiga xudduudaha Waqooyi (NFD) wadaniiyiinta Kenya. Tani waxay ahayd in kasta oo ay raali ka tahay , sida laga soo xigtay guddigii gumaystaha Ingiriiska, ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan qowmiyadaha Soomaalida ee dhulkaas degganaa waxay door bideen inay ku biiraan Jamhuuriyaddii Soomaaliya ee dhawaan la sameeyay. Waxa sannadkii 1958- kii ka qabsoontay dalka aynu jaarka nahay ee Jabuuti (oo loo yaqaannay Faransiiska Somaliland ) sannadkii 1958-kii, maalintii ay Soomaaliya xornimada qaadatay sannadkii 1960-kii, si go'aan looga gaadho in lagu biiro Jamhuuriyaddii Soomaaliya iyo in kale iyo inay ka sii mid ahaato Faransiiska. Aftidu waxay u soo baxday in la sii wado xidhiidhka Faransiiska, taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay isku-darka haa ee ay ku codeeyeen qoomiyada Canfarta iyo dadka degan Yurub. Waxa kale oo jirtay ku shubasho codbixineed oo baahsan, iyada oo Faransiisku uu ka eryay kumannaan Soomaali ah ka hor inta aanay aftidu gaadhin goobaha codbixinta. Inta badan dadka 'maya' ku codeeyay waxay ahaayeen Soomaali aad u taageersan inay ku biiraan Soomaaliya oo mid ah, sida uu soo jeediyay Maxamuud Xarbi , Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Golaha Xukuumadda. Xarbi ayaa ku dhintay shil diyaaradeed labo sano kadib. Djibouti ugu dambayntii waxay xornimada ka qaadatay Faransiiska 1977, iyo Hassan Gouled Aptidoon , oo ahaa Soomaali oo u ololaynayey "haa" codbixintii 1976, aakhirkii wuxuu noqday madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee Jabuuti (1977-1999). [[File:President Aden Adde alongside Prime minister Sharmarke.jpg|thumb|Madaxweyne Aadan Cadde oo uu weheliyo Ra’iisul Wasaare Cabdirashiid Cali Sharma’arke oo Salaaddii Ciidda 1964-kii ku Tukaday Masjidka Arbaca Rukun]] 26 June 1960 -kii Maxmiyadda Somaliland ee Ingiriiska waxa ay xornimadeeda qaadatay 26 June 1960. 1dii Luulyo 1960kii waxa xornimada qaatay dhulkii la isku halayn lahaa ee Somaliland, labadoodiina waxay ku midoobeen dhismihii Jamhuuriyaddii Soomaaliya , in kasta oo ay ku jireen xuduud ay kala sameeyeen Talyaaniga iyo Ingiriiska. Dawlad ay dhiseen Cabdullaahi Ciise iyo Muxammad Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal oo ay weheliyaan xubno kale oo ka tirsan dawladihii ammaanada iyo maxmiyad ahaa, iyadoo Cabdulqaadir Muxamed Aadan uu noqday Madaxweynaha Golaha Shacbiga Soomaaliyeed , Aadan Cabdallah Cismaan Daar oo ahaa Madaxweynihii Jamhuriyadda Soomaaliya, Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarkena wuxuu noqday Ra'iisul Wasaare (kadibna noqday Madaxweyne 1967 ilaa 1969). 20kii Luulyo 1961kii iyo afti dadweyne oo dadweynihii Soomaaliyeed ay ku ansixiyeen talyaanigu, badi dadkii ka soo jeeday Maxmiyadii hore ee Somaliland ayaan ka qaybgelin aftida, in kasta oo tiro yar oo reer Somaliland ah oo ka qaybqaatay aftida ay ka soo horjeesteen dastuurkii cusbaa , oo markii ugu horreysay la sameeyay 1367kii , Muxammad . Wasiir, xilkaas oo uu u magacaabay Sharmaarke. Cigaal waxa uu mar dambe noqon lahaa Madaxweynaha maamul-goboleedka Somaliland ee waqooyi-galbeed ee Soomaaliya ===Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliya (1969-1991)=== ===Inqilaab=== 15kii Oktoobar, isaga oo madaxweyne Cabdirashiid Cali Sharma'arke socdaal ku marayay magaalada Laascaanood ee ay abaaruhu ku dhufteen, ayaa ilaaladiisa gaarka ahi toogasho ku dileen. Xoghayihii hore ee arrimaha dibadda ee Mareykanka Henry Kissinger ayaa hadalkiisa ku soo gabagabeeyay in ilaaladu uu iskiis u dhaqmayo. Lix maalmood ka dib, 21kii Oktoobar, Jeneraal Siyaad Barre wuxuu hoggaaminayey afgambi militari, wuxuuna ku guuleystay afgambigii dowladdii baarlamaanka. Falanqeeyayaasha siyaasadda casriga ah ayaa sheegaya in afgambiga uu ka dambeeyay musuqmaasuqa ka dhex jira xukuumadda baarlamaanka. Waardiyihii waxaa maxkamadeeyay, jirdilay oo toogtay Golaha Sare ee Kacaanka (SRC). Waxa ay kasoo jeedaan madaxweynaha uu dilay. [[File:Mohamed Ainanshe and Kim Il Sung -1970.jpg|thumb|Maxamed Caynaanshe Guuleed oo Waqooyiga Kuuriya kula kulmay Madaxweyne Kim Il Sung 1970kii]] Dhinaca Barre, SRC oo xukunka la wareegtay dilkii Madaxweyne Sharma’arke ka dib waxaa hoggaaminayay Sarreeye Guuto Maxamed Caynaanshe Guuleed , Gaashaanle Sare Salaad Gabeyre Kediye iyo Taliyaha Booliska Jaamac Korsheel . Kediye waxa uu si rasmi ah u haystay magaca “Aabihii Kacaanka”, wax yar ka dibna Barre waxa uu noqday madaxa SRC. SRC dabadeed waxay u bixisay magaca dalka Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ee Soomaaliya, waxay kala dirtay baarlamaanka iyo maxkamadda sare, oo laalay dastuurkii. Dawladdii kacaanku waxay dejisay barnaamijyo ballaaran oo hawlaha guud waxayna si guul leh u hirgelisay olole wax-qoris oo magaalo iyo miyi ah , kaasoo gacan ka geystay inuu si weyn u kordhiyo heerka wax-akhris-qoraalka. Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliya waxay gaartay heerka wax-akhris 70%, taasoo ka mid ahayd kuwa ugu sarreeya Afrika waagaas. Marka laga soo tago barnaamijka qarameynta warshadaha iyo dhulka, siyaasadda arrimaha dibadda ee maamulka cusub waxay xoogga saartay xiriirka soo jireenka ah iyo diinta ee Soomaaliya ay la leedahay dunida Carabta , ugu dambeyntii waxay ku biirtay Jaamacadda Carabta bishii Febraayo 1974. Isla sanadkaas, Barre wuxuu sidoo kale noqday guddoomiyaha Ururka Midowga Afrika (OAU), oo ah hoggaamiyihii ka horreeyay Midowga Afrika (AU). Bishii Luulyo 1976-kii, SRC-da Barre ayaa iskeed u kala dirtay, waxayna halkeeda ka dhistay Xisbigii Hantiwadaaga Kacaanka Soomaaliyeed (XDSHSI), dowlad hal xisbi ah oo ku dhisan hantiwadaag cilmiyeed iyo caqiidada Islaamka. SRSP waxa ay ahayd isku day lagu heshiisiinayo fikirka dawladda ee rasmiga ah iyo diinta rasmiga ah ee dawladda iyada oo la waafajinayo xeerarkii Marxist xaaladaha deegaanka. Waxa xoogga la saaray mabaadi’da Muslimka ee horumarka bulshada, sinnaanta iyo caddaaladda, taas oo ay dawladdu ku doodday in ay aasaas u tahay udub-dhexaadka hantiwadaagga cilmiyeed iyo lahjad u gaar ah oo ku aaddan isku filnaansho, ka qayb-qaadashada dadweynaha iyo xakamaynta dadweynaha, iyo sidoo kale lahaanshaha tooska ah ee habka wax-soo-saarka. Iyadoo SRSP ay dhiirigelisay maalgashiga gaarka ah ee xad xaddidan, jihada guud ee maamulku waxay ahayd mid shuuci ah . Bishii Luulyo 1977, dagaalkii Ogaadeeniya wuxuu qarxay ka dib markii dawladdii Barre adeegsatay codsi ku saabsan midnimada qaranka si ay u caddeyso ku darista gardarrada ah ee gobolka Ogaadeeniya ee ay Soomaalida u badan tahay ee Itoobiya oo lagu daray Soomaali- weyn oo dhan , oo ay weheliso dhul-beereedyo hodan ah oo ku yaal koonfurta-bari ee Itoobiya, kaabayaasha dhaqaalaha, iyo meelaha istiraatiijiga ah ee woqooyiga ilaa Jabuuti. Todobaadkii ugu horeeyey ee colaada ayaa xoogag hubaysan oo Soomaali ahi qabsadeen koonfurta iyo badhtamaha Ogadenia, dagaalka intiisa badana waxay ciidanka Soomaalidu guulo isdaba joog ah ka gaadheen ciidanka gumaysiga Itoobiya waxayna daba socdeen ilaa Sidamo . Bishii Sebtembar 1977kii, Soomaaliya waxay gacanta ku dhigtay 90% dhulka Ogaadeeniya waxayna qabsatay magaalooyin istiraatiiji ah sida Jijiga waxayna cadaadis xoog leh saartay Diridhaba , waxayna halis geliyeen wadadii tareenka ee magaalada dambe ee Jabuuti. Go’doomintii Harar ka dib, waxaa u soo gurmaday taliskii Shuuciga ahaa ee Dergiga Itoobiya faragelin baaxad leh oo aan hore loo arag oo ka kooban 20,000 oo ciidamada Kuuba ah iyo dhowr kun oo khubaro ah oo Soofiyeedka ah . Sannadkii 1978-kii, ciidamadii Soomaalida ayaa laga saaray Ogadenya. Isbeddelka taageerada ee Midowgii Soofiyeeti ayaa ku kallifay dowladdii Barre inay xulafo ka raadsato meelo kale. Aakhirkii waxa ay ku degtay dagaalkii qaboobaa ee Soofiyeedka oo ay xafiiltamaan, Maraykanka , kaas oo in muddo ah ku haminayey dawladdii Soomaaliya. Saaxiibtinimada ugu horreysay ee Soomaaliya ay la yeelato Midowgii Soofiyeeti iyo iskaashigii dambe ee ay la yeelatay Mareykanka ayaa u sahashay in ay dhisto ciidanka ugu badan ee Afrika. [[File:Muhammad Siad Barre - 40866X9X9.jpg|thumb|Sareeye Gaas Maxamed Siyaad Barre , Guddoomiyaha Golaha Sare ee Kacaanka , oo la kulmay Madaxweynaha Romania Nicolae Ceauşescu]] Dastuur cusub ayaa la soo saaray 1979kii kaas oo lagu qabtay doorashada Golaha Shacabka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Xisbigii Hantiwadaaga Kacaanka Soomaaliyeed ee Barre ayaa sii waday xukunka. Bishii Oktoobar 1980, SRSP waa la kala diray, Golaha Sare ee Kacaanka ayaa dib loo dhisay booskiisii. Waqtigaas, dawladdii Barre waxay noqotay mid aan la jeclayn. Soomaali badan ayaa ka niyad jabay nolosha ay ku hoos nool yihiin kalitalis ciidan. Waxaa sii wiiqmay taliskii 1980-meeyadii markii dagaalkii qaboobaa uu soo dhawaaday, waxaana hoos u dhacay muhiimaddii istiraatijiyadeed ee Soomaaliya. Dawladdu waxay noqotay mid sii xoogaysata , waxaana dalka oo dhan ka curtay dhaqdhaqaaqyo iska caabin ah oo ay dhiirigelisay Itoobiya, taasoo keentay in Soomaaliya dagaal sokeeye ka dhacdo . Kooxahan malayshiyaadka ah waxaa ka mid ahaa Jabhadda Dimuqraadiga Badbaadada Soomaaliyeed (SSDF), Golaha Soomaaliyeed ee Midowga (USC), Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniga Soomaaliyeed (SNM) iyo Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniga Soomaaliyeed (SPM) oo ay weheliyaan Mucaarad aan Rabshado lahayn oo ka kala tirsan Dhaqdhaqaaqa Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliyeed (SDM), Isbahaysiga Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliyeed (SDA) iyo Kooxda Kooxda Manifeestada Soomaaliyeed (SMG). ===Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Soomaaliya=== [[File:Somali Civil War (Google Live Map).svg|thumb|Qiyaasta khariidadda marxaladda hadda ee Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Soomaaliya (La cusbooneysiiyay Luulyo 2025)]] Markii ay si aayar aayar aayar aayar ah u yaraatay hankii iyo akhlaaqdii dowladdii Barre, ayaa dad badan oo Soomaaliyeed ay ka niyad jabeen nolosha xukunkii militariga. Bartamihii 1980-aadkii, dhaqdhaqaaqyo iska caabin ah oo uu taageerayey maamulkii Dergiga ee shuuciga ahaa ee Itoobiya ayaa ka curtay dalka oo dhan. Barre ayaa ku jawaabay in uu amar ku bixiyay in tallaabo laga qaado dadka uu u arko in ay deegaan ahaan taageersan yihiin jabhadda, gaar ahaan gobollada Waqooyi. Xakamayntaas waxaa ka mid ahaa in la duqeeyo magaalooyinka, oo ay ku taal xarunta maamulka waqooyi-galbeed ee Hargeysa , oo ah xaruntii SNM , oo ka mid ahayd goobihii la beegsaday 1988. Xakamaynta ay bilawday dawladdii Barre waxay gaadhsiisay in ka badan qaraxyadii hore ee woqooyiga si ay u koobto gobollo kala duwan oo dalka ah. Soo saariddan xeeladaha gardarada ah ee looga dan leeyahay in lagu caburiyo dadka ka soo jeeda iyo in lagu sii hayo awoodda dadweynaha waxay astaan ​​u ahayd tallaabooyinka caburinta ah ee dowladdu ay ka waddo Koonfurta. Mid ka mid ah dhacdooyinka ugu caansan ayaa dhacay 1991-kii, markii taliskii Barre bilaabay weerar cirka ah oo sababay dhimashada dad badan oo aan waxba galabsan magaalada Beledweyn , oo ku taal koonfurta Soomaaliya. Arxan-darrada iyo baaxadda falkan waxashnimada ah waxa ay iftiimisay heerka ay dawladdu u diyaar-garowday in ay meesha ka saarto nooc kasta oo mucaarad ah ama wax iska caabin ah, iyada oo ay muujinayso in aan tix-gelin badheedh ah u lahayn xuquuqda aadamaha iyo qiimaha nolosha bani’aadamka. Mid kale oo xusid mudan siyaasaddii caburinta Barre ayaa ka dhacday magaalada Baydhabo oo lagu naaneeso ‘Magaalada dhimashada’ taasoo ay ugu wacan tahay dhacdooyinkii murugada lahaa ee ka dhacay halkaasi xilliyadii abaarta iyo dagaalada sokeeye . Boqolaal kun oo qof ayaa naftooda ku waayey istiraatijiyad dawladeed oo gaar ahaan loogu talagalay bulshada Raxanweyn ee deggan deegaannadaas. 1990kii, magaalada caasimadda ah ee Muqdisho, dadka deggan waxaa laga mamnuucay inay meel fagaare ah isugu yimaadaan kooxo ka badan saddex ama afar. Shidaal yaraan, sicir-bararka, iyo qiima dhaca lacagta ayaa saameeyay dhaqaalaha. Suuq madoow oo aad u wanaagsan ayaa ka jiray bartamaha magaalada iyadoo bangiyada ay la kulmeen gabaabsi lacagta gudaha ah ee lagu sarifto. Waxaa la soo saaray sharciyo lagu xakameynayo sarifka lacagaha qalaad si looga hortago dhoofinta lacagaha qalaad. Inkastoo aan la saarin xayiraad dhanka socdaalka ah oo lagu soo rogay ajaanibta, sawir qaadista goobo badan ayaa la mamnuucay. Xilliyada maalinlaha ah ee magaalada Muqdisho, muuqaalka ciidan kasta oo dowladda ayaa ahaa mid naadir ah. Hawlgallada habeenkii dambe ee ay sameeyeen mas'uuliyiinta dowladda, ayaa waxaa ka mid ahaa "la'aanta" shaqsiyaadka guryahooda. 1991kii, maamulkii Barre waxaa xukunka ka tuuray isbahaysi mucaarad ku ah qabiil, oo ay taageerayeen taliskii Itoobiya ee Dergiga iyo Liibiya . Ka dib shir ay yeesheen Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniga Somaliyeed iyo odayaasha beelaha waqooyi, qaybtii waqooyi ee Ingiriisku ka talin jiray dalka waxay ku dhawaaqday in ay gooni isu taagtay jamhuuriyadda Somaliland May 1991. In kasta oo ay madax bannaani tahay oo xasiloon tahay marka loo eego koonfurta qalalaasaha ah, haddana dawlad shisheeye ma aqoonsan. [[File:Mogadishu.jpg|thumb|Dagaaladii sokeeye ka hor, Muqdisho waxaa loo yaqaannay "Luul cad oo badweynta Hindiya]] In badan oo ka mid ah kooxaha mucaaradka ayaa markii dambe bilaabay inay u tartamaan sidii ay saamayn ugu yeelan lahaayeen awood la'aanta ka dib markii la riday taliskii Barre. Koonfurta, waxaa isku dhacay kooxo hubaysan oo ay kala hogaaminayaan taliyayaasha USC General Maxamed Faarax Ceydiid iyo Cali Mahdi Maxamed , gaar ahaan, iyadoo mid walba uu doonayo inuu awood ku yeesho caasimadda. 1991kii, shir caalami ah oo wajiyo badan lahaa ayaa lagu qabtay dalka aynu jaarka nahay ee Jabuuti. Iyadoo loo eegayo sharcinimada uu Muxammad ku siiyey shirkii Jabuuti, ayaa beesha caalamku u aqoonsatay inuu yahay madaxweynaha cusub ee Soomaaliya. Ma uu awoodin in uu awoodiisa ku dhaqmo meelo ka baxsan caasimadda. Awoodda ayaa taas beddelkeeda lagu heshiiyey hoggaamiye kooxeedyadii kale ee koonfurta Soomaaliya iyo maamul-goboleedyo ka madax bannaan waqooyiga. Shirkii Jibouti waxaa ku xigay laba heshiis oo aan la iska dhicin oo dib-u-heshiisiin qaran iyo hub ka dhigis, oo ay saxeexeen 15 daneeyayaal siyaasadeed: heshiis in la qabto shir aan rasmi ahayn oo diyaarinta dib-u-heshiisiinta qaranka, iyo heshiiskii Addis Ababa 1993 ee lagu sameeyay shirkii dib u heshiisiinta qaranka. Horraantii 1990-meeyadii, la'aanta daba-dheeraatay ee la'aanta maamul dhexe oo joogto ah, Soomaaliya waxay billowday inay ku sifowdo " Qaran guuldarreystay . ===Hay'adaha ku meel gaarka ah=== [[File:Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed (28-03-2006).jpg|thumb|C/llaahi Yuusuf Axmed , Madaxweynaha Dowladda KMG ah ee Soomaaliya]] Dawladda Ku-Meel-Gaarka ah (TNG) waxaa la aas aasay bilihii April-May 2000 shirkii Nabadda Qaranka Soomaaliyeed (SNPC) ee lagu qabtay Carta, Jabuuti. Cabdiqaasim Salaad Xasan ayaa loo doortay in uu noqdo Madaxweynaha dowladda KMG ah ee cusub ee qaranka, maamul ku meel gaar ah oo loo sameeyay in uu Soomaaliya ku hago dowlad Jamhuuriyad rasmi ah oo saddexaad. Dhibaatooyinka gudaha ee TNG ayaa keenay in la bedelo Ra'iisul Wasaaraha afar jeer saddex sano gudahood, iyo hay'adda maamulka ayaa sheegay inay kacday December 2003. Waqtigeediina isku mar wuu dhamaaday. 10kii Oktoobar 2004tii, sharci-dajiyayaashu waxay u doorteen Cabdullaahi Yuusuf Axmed inuu noqdo Madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee Dawladda Federaalka Ku Meel Gaarka ah (TFG), oo beddelaya Dawladdii Ku Meel Gaarka ahayd. DFKMG waxay ahayd maamulkii labaad ee ku meel gaadhka ahaa ee hiigsanayay in dib loo soo celiyo hay’adihii qaranka ee Soomaaliya kadib burburkii taliskii Siyaad Barre 1991 iyo dagaaladii sokeeye ee xigay. DFKMG waxay ahayd dowladda Soomaaliya oo caalamku aqoonsan yahay ilaa 20kii Agoosto 2012, markaas oo ay si rasmi ah u dhammaatay waqtigeedii. Waxaa loo asaasay mid ka mid ah Hay'adaha Federaalka Ku Meel Gaarka ah (TFIs) ee dowladda sida lagu qeexay Axdiga Federaalka Ku Meel Gaarka ah (TFC) ee uu ansixiyay Baarlamaanka Federaalka Ku Meel Gaarka ah (TFP) bishii Nofembar 2004. Dowladda Federaalka Ku Meel Gaarka ah waxay si rasmi ah uga koobneyd waaxda fulinta ee dowladda, iyadoo TFP ay tahay waaxda sharci dejinta. Xukuumadda ayaa waxaa madax ka ahaa Madaxweynaha Soomaaliya, iyadoo golaha wasiirradu ay warbixin ka siiyeen Ra’iisul Wasaaraha. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxa sidoo kale loo adeegsaday erey guud si loo tixraaco dhammaan saddexda laan si wadajir ah. ===Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga=== [[File:Icu somalia map.png|thumb|Khariidad muujinaysa ICU marka ugu sarraysa saamaynteeda]] Sanadkii 2006, Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga ah (ICU) waxay la wareegeen gacan ku haynta inta badan koonfurta dalka muddo 6 bilood ah waxayna soo rogeen ku dhaqanka shareecada Islaamka . Mas’uuliyiinta ugu sareysa Qaramada Midoobay ayaa ku tilmaamay muddadan kooban in ay tahay xilli dahab ah oo ku jira taariikhda siyaasadda Soomaaliya. ===Dowladda Kumeeel Gaarka ah=== Dowladda Federaalka Ku Meel Gaarka ah waxay isku dayday inay dib u soo ceshato awoodeeda, iyadoo kaashanaysa ciidamada Itoobiya , ciidamada nabad ilaalinta Midowga Afrika iyo taageerada hawada ee Mareykanka, waxay ka saartay maxaakiimta oo ay xoojisay xukunkeeda. January 8, 2007, Madaxweynaha DFKMG, Cabdullaahi Yuusuf Axmed ayaa markii ugu horeysay soo galay Muqdisho isagoo taageero ka helaya ciidamada Itoobiya tan iyo markii xilka loo doortay. Dawladdu waxay markaas u guurtay xarunta Villa Soomaaliya ee caasimadda oo ay si ku meel gaar ah uga ahayd Baydhabo . Tani waxay noqonaysaa markii ugu horeysay tan iyo burburkii taliskii Siyaad Barre sanadkii 1991-kii oo ay dowladda Federaalka gacanta ku hayso inta badan dalka. ===Falaagada Al-Shabaab=== Al-Shabaab ayaa ka soo horjeestay joogitaanka ciidamada Itoobiya ee Soomaaliya, waxaana ay sii wadeen dagaallada ka dhanka ah dowladda KMG ah. Intii u dhaxaysay 2007 iyo 2008, Al-Shabaab waxay dhalisay guulo ciidan, iyagoo la wareegay gacan ku haynta magaalooyin iyo dekedo muhiim ah oo ku yaal bartamaha iyo koonfurta Soomaaliya. Bishii Janaayo 2009, Al-Shabaab iyo maleeshiyaadkii kale waxay ku qasbeen ciidamada Itoobiya inay dib u gurtaan, iyagoo ka tagay ciidan aan qalabeyn oo nabad ilaalin ah oo Midowga Afrika ah si ay u caawiyaan ciidamada dowladda KMG ah.  Dhaqaale la’aan iyo dhaqaale la’aan, cunaqabatayn dhanka hubka ah oo adkeyd in dib loo yagleelo ciidan qaran oo suga amniga, iyo danayn la’aanta guud ee beesha caalamka, Yuusuf waxa uu ku qasbanaaday in kumannaan ciidamo ah oo Puntland ka socda la geeyo Muqdisho si ay u sii joogteeyaan dagaalka ka dhanka ah kooxaha nabad-diidka ah ee ku sugan Koonfurta dalka. Taageerada maaliyadeed ee dadaalkan waxaa bixisay dawladda ismaamulka. Taasi waxay keentay in dakhli yar oo soo galo ciidamada ammaanka Puntland iyo shaqaalaha rayidka ah, taasoo ka dhigtay dhul u nugul burcad-badeedda iyo weerarrada argagixisada.  29-kii December 2008, Yuusuf wuxuu kaga dhawaaqay baarlamaanka ku midoobay Baydhabo inuu iska casilayo xilka madaxweynaha Soomaaliya. Khudbadiisa oo laga sii daayay Idaacadda Qaranka, ayuu Yuusuf ku sheegay inuu ka xun yahay inuu ku guul-darreystay inuu soo afjaro colaaddii dalka ka jirtay toddoba iyo tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay, sidii dowladdiisa loo igmaday. Wuxuu kaloo ku eedeeyay beesha caalamka inay ka gaabiyeen taageerada dowladda, wuxuuna sheegay in guddoomiyaha baarlamaanka uu xilka ku wareejin doono sida uu qabo Axdiga KMG ah ===Dhamaadka xilliga ku meel gaarka=== Intii u dhaxaysay 31 May iyo 9 June 2008, wakiilo ka socday dawladda federaalka ah ee Soomaaliya iyo Isbahaysiga Dib u xoraynta Soomaaliya (ARS) ayaa ka qayb galay wada-hadallo nabadeed oo Jabuuti ka dhacay oo uu garwadeen ka ahaa ergeygii hore ee Qaramada Midoobay u qaabilsanaa Soomaaliya, Ahmedou Ould-Abdallah . Shirka ayaa ku soo idlaaday heshiis la kala saxiixday oo dhigaya in ciidamada Itoobiya laga saaro dalka si loo joojiyo iska hor imaadyada hubeysan. Baarlamaanka ayaa ka dib la balaariyay oo la gaarsiiyay 550 kursi si ay u helaan xubnaha ARS, oo markaas madaxweyne u doortay Sheekh Shariif Sheekh Axmed .Iyadoo gacan ka heleysa koox yar oo ka tirsan ciidamada Midowga Afrika, dowladda KMG ayaa biloowday weerar rogaal celis ah bishii Febraayo 2009 si ay si buuxda ula wareegto maamulka qeybta koonfureed ee dalka. DFKMG si ay xukunkeeda u xoojiso waxay isbahaysi la samaysatay Midowga Maxaakiimta Islaamiga ah, Xubnihii kale ee Isbaheysiga Dib u xoreynta Soomaaliya iyo Ahlu Sunna Waljamaaca oo ah Maleeshiyo Suufi ah oo qunyar socod ah . Intaa waxaa dheer, Al-Shabaab iyo Xisbul Islaam, oo ah labada kooxood ee Islaamiyiinta ah ee mucaaradka ah, waxay bilaabeen inay dhexdooda dagaallamaan bartamihii 2009kii. Xabbad ahaan, bishii Maarso 2009, dawladda ku meel gaarka ah waxay ku dhawaaqday inay dib u dhaqan gelinayso Shareecada oo ah nidaamka garsoorka rasmiga ah ee qaranka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, colaaddu waxay ka sii socotay koonfurta iyo badhtamaha dalka. Muddo bilo gudahood ah, dawladda ku meel gaarka ah waxay ka baxday in ay gacanta ku dhigto ilaa 70% koonfurta iyo badhtamaha Soomaaliya aagagga iskahorimaadyada, oo ay 80% dhulka lagu muransan yahay ku lumisay xoogaga Islaamiyiinta ah. Bishii Oktoobar 2011, hawlgal qorsheysan, Hawlgalka Linda Nchi oo u dhexeeya militariga Soomaaliya iyo Kenya iyo ciidamada caalamiga ah ayaa ka billowday Al-Shabaab ee koonfurta Soomaaliya. Bishii Sebtembar 2012, ciidamada Soomaaliya, Kenya, iyo Raaskaambooni waxay ku guulaysteen inay qabsadaan Al-Shabaab xaruntii ugu dambaysay ee ugu weynayd, dekedda koonfurta ee Kismaayo. Bishii Luulyo 2012, saddex hawlgal oo Midowga Yurub ayaa la bilaabay si ay ula macaamilaan Soomaaliya: EUTM Somalia , Hawlgalka Ciidamada Badda ee Midowga Yurub ee Soomaaliya Atalanta off the Horn of Africa, iyo EUCAP Nestor. [[File:Parlament of Somalia 2012-2016.svg|thumb|Dhismaha Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya]] Iyada oo qayb ka ah "Khariidadda Waddada Dhammaadka Ku meel gaarka" ee rasmiga ah, oo ah geeddi socod siyaasadeed oo siinaya jaan-gooyo cad-cad oo horseedaya samaynta hay'ado dimoqraadi ah oo joogto ah oo Soomaaliya ah, xilliga ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Dowladda Federaalka Ku-meel-gaarka ah ayaa dhammaaday 20kii Agoosto 2012 ===Dowladda Federaalka=== Dowladda Federaalka ah ee Soomaaliya , oo ah dowladdii dhexe ee ugu horreysay oo joogto ah oo dalka yeelato tan iyo markii ay bilowdeen dagaallada sokeeye, ayaa la aas aasay Agoosto 2012. Bishii Agoosto 2014-kii, howlgalka Badweynta Hindiya ee ay hormuudka ka tahay dowladda Soomaaliya ayaa la bilaabay ka hortagga jeebabka kooxaha nabad-diidka ah ee ku sugan baadiyaha ===2021-2023 abaar=== Abaarta Soomaaliya ee 2021-2023 ayaa ahayd abaartii ugu darneyd ee Soomaaliya soo marta muddo 40 sano ah, waxaana ay saameysay 7.8 milyan oo qof. === Qalalaasihii dastuuriga ee 2024 === 30-kii Maarso 2024, isbeddello dastuuri ah oo taxane ah oo ay ansixisay [[Dowlada Federaalka Soomaaliya]] ayaa sababay khilaafyo lala galay qaar ka mid ah dowlad-goboleedyada federaalka, taas oo dhalisay xiisad siyaasadeed. Saddex ka mid ah lixda dowlad-goboleed ayaa ka laabtay aqoonsigii ay siinayeen awoodda dowladda federaalka, waxaana dagaallo maxalli ah oo [[Jubaland|Jubbaland]] iyo [[Koonfur Galbeed|Dowlad Goboleedka Koonfur Galbeed Soomaaliya|Koonfur Galbeed Soomaaliya]] ka dhacay.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Review |first=Horn |title=Analysis of Somalia's constitution crisis |url=https://hornreview.org/2026/04/21/analysis-of-somalias-constitution-crisis/ |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=HORN REVIEW |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Al Jazeera |title=Somali army takes over key city in Southwest as state leader resigns |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/31/somali-army-takes-over-key-city-in-southwest-as-state-leader-resigns |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> ==Juqraafiga== Soomaaliya waxa ay xad la wadaagtaa Jabuuti dhanka waqooyi-galbeed, galbeedna Itoobiya , waqooyiga Gacanka Cadmeed , badda Soomaaliya iyo kanaalka Guardafui oo bari ah, iyo Koonfur-galbeed Kenya . Baaxadda dhuleedku waa 637,657 kiiloo mitir laba jibaaran, dhulka Soomaaliya wuxuu ka kooban yahay badiyaa taagga , bannaanka iyo buuraha . Xeebteedu waxay dhererkeedu ka badan tahay 3,333 kiiloomitir, waana tan ugu dheer dhul weynaha Afrika. Waxaa lagu tilmaamay inay tahay mid si qiyaas ah u qaabaysan "sida lambar foorarsan oo toddoba ah". Waqooyiga fog, safafka bari-galbeed ee buuraleyda Oogo waxay ku yaalaan masaafo kala duwan oo u jirta xeebta Gacanka Cadmeed. Xaalado kulul ayaa jira sanadka oo dhan, oo ay la socdaan dabaylaha monsoon iyo roobab aan joogto ahayn. Geology waxay soo jeedinaysaa joogitaanka kaydka macdanta qiimaha leh. Soomaaliya waxaa Seychelles ka go'ay badda Soomaaliya, waxaana ka go'ay Socotra oo lagu magacaabo Guardafui Channel ===Qaybaha maamulka=== Soomaaliya waxay si rasmi ah u qaybsantaa siddeed iyo toban gobol ( sara , gobol keli ah ), oo iyana loo qaybiyo degmooyin. [[File:Somalia States and Regions.svg|thumb|Maabka gobollada Soomaaliya]] Waqooyiga Soomaaliya hadda waa goorma ? Waxay u kala qaybsameen maamul-goboleedka Puntland ( oo isku haysta maamul-goboleedka ), Somaliland ( maamul-goboleed iskeed ugu dhawaaqday balse aan la aqoonsan ) iyo Maamulka Khaatumo ee Soomaaliya oo dhawaan la dhisay . Bartamaha Soomaaliya, Galmudug waa maamul-goboleed kale oo ka soo baxay koonfurta Puntland. Jubaland oo ku taal koonfurta fog waa ismaamulka afaraad ee federaalka.Sannadkii 2014-kii, ayaa sidoo kale la dhisay maamul-goboleedka cusub ee Koonfur-galbeed . Bishii Abriil 2015, waxaa sidoo kale la daah furay shirweyne lagu dhisayo dowlad goboleedka cusub ee Hirshabeelle . Baarlamaanka Federaalka waxaa loo xilsaaray 2012-kii in uu soo xulo tirada ugu dambeysa iyo xuduudaha dowlad goboleedyada is-maamul goboleedyada (sida rasmiga ah ee xubnaha ka ah Federaalka ) ee Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya. ===Goobta=== {{Multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | width = 250 | footer_align = left | image1 = Horn of africa.jpg | class1 = bg-transparent | image2 = ISS062-E-51247 - View of Earth.jpg | footer = Muuqaallo laga qaaday [[Geeska Afrika|Jasiiradda Soomaalida]] oo laga soo qaaday Dayax gacmeedka ''Columbia'' sannadkii 1993 (kor) iyo Saldhigga Hawada Caalamiga ah sannadkii 2020 (hoose) }} Soomaaliya waxay xuduud la leedahay [[Kenya]] dhanka koonfur-galbeed, [[Gacanka Cadmeed]] dhanka waqooyi, [[Marinka Gardafuul|Marinka Gardafuu]] iyo Badweynta Hindiya dhanka bari, iyo [[Itoobiya]] dhanka galbeed. Dalka wuxuu sidoo kale xuduud la leeyahay [[Jabuuti]]. Waxay ku taallaa inta u dhexeysa loolalka 2°S iyo 12°N, iyo dhigaha 41° iyo 52°E. Iyada oo si istaraatiiji ah ugu taalla afka laga galo Bab el Mandeb ee u dhexeeya [[Bada Cas]] iyo [[Kanaalka Suweys|Kanaalka Suweys]], dalku wuxuu ku yaallaa cirifka gobol u eg khariidadda [[Wiyil|geeska wiyisha]], taas oo inta badan loogu yeero [[Geeska Afrika]].<ref name="factbook"/><ref name="Hadden">Hadden, Robert Lee. 2007. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090327102547/http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA464006 "The Geology of Somalia: A Selected Bibliography of Somalian Geology, Geography and Earth Science"]. Engineer Research and Development Laboratories, Topographic Engineering Center</ref> ===Biyaha=== Soomaaliya waxay leedahay xeebta ugu dheer badweynta Afrika, oo leh boodh badeed dhererkeedu yahay 3,333 kiiloomitir (2,071 mi). Dhulkeedu waxa uu ka kooban yahay badiyaa taagga , bannaanka iyo dhulka sare . Qaranku wuxuu leeyahay bedka guud ee 637,657 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (246,201 sq mi) kaas oo ka kooban dhul, oo leh 10,320 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (3,980 sq mi) oo biyo ah. Soohdimaha dhulka ee Soomaaliya ayaa gaaraya ilaa 2,340 kiiloomitir (1,450 mi); 58 kiiloomitir (36 mi) ka mid ah waxaa la wadaaga Jabuuti, 682 kiiloomitir (424 mi) Kenya, iyo 1,626 kiiloomitir (1,010 mi) Itoobiya. Sheegashadeeda badda waxaa ka mid ah dhul-badeed dhan 200 nautical miles (370 km; 230 mi). Soomaaliya waxaa xeebaheeda ku yaal jasiirado iyo jaziirado dhowr ah oo ay ku jiraan Jaziiradaha Bajuuni iyo Jaziiradaha Sacad-Diin : eeg jasiiradaha Soomaaliya . [[File:Juba river downstream Jamaame.jpg|thumb|Webiga Jubba]] ===Degaan=== Soomaaliya waxay ka kooban tahay todobo dhuleed oo kala ah: Xabashida montane kaymaha , Waqooyiga Zanzibar–Inhambane mosaic kaynta xeebta , Somali Acacia–Commiphora bushlands iyo kayn , dhul daaqsimeed Xabashi ah iyo dhir dhireed , dhul daaqsimeed hobyo iyo geedo yaryar , Somali montane xeric woodlands , iyo mangroves Bariga Afrika Dhanka waqooyi, bannaan saxare-meel-mareen ah oo xoqan, oo loo yaqaan Guban ayaa barbar-socda Gacanka Cadmeed . Iyada oo ballaciisu yahay laba iyo toban kiiloomitir galbeedka ilaa in yar oo laba kiiloomitir ah oo bari ah, bannaanka waxaa u kala qaybiya maro-biyoodyo asal ahaan ah sariiro ciid qallalan marka laga reebo xilliyada roobaadka. Marka roobabku da'aan, Guban's duurka hooseeya iyo cawska cawska ayaa isu beddela dhir cagaaran. Xariggaan xeebeedku waa qayb ka mid ah dhul- daaqsimeedkii Xabashida iyo dhir-dhireedka . Cal Madow waa silsilad buuraley ah oo ku taal waqooyi bari ee dalka. Waxay ku dherersan tahay dhowr kiilo mitir dhanka galbeed ee magaalada Boosaaso ilaa waqooyi-galbeed ee Ceerigaabo , waxay ku taal meesha ugu sarreysa Soomaaliya , Shimbiris , oo ku fadhida meel sare ah ilaa 2,416 mitir (7,927 ft). Silsilada bari-galbeed ee buuraleyda Karkaar waxay sidoo kale ku yaalliin gudaha gudaha Gacanka Cadmeed. Gobollada dhexe, silsiladaha buuraha waqooyi ee dalka waxay u baneeyaan dhul-badeed-gacmeedyo iyo marin-biyoodyo qallalan oo deegaan ahaan loogu yeero Oogo . Dhulka galbeedka ee Oogo, ayaa isna si tartiib tartiib ah ugu biira Haud , oo ah aag muhiim u ah daaqa xoolaha. Soomaaliya waxay leedahay laba webi oo kala ah Jubba iyo Shabeele oo labaduba ka bilaabma buuraleyda Itoobiya . Wabiyadan ayaa inta badan u socda dhanka koofureed, iyadoo webiga Jubba uu ka galo badweynta Hindiya ee magaalada Kismaayo . Wabiga Shabeelle ayaa mar sida muuqata gali jiray badda u dhow magaalada Marka , balse hadda waxa uu gaaray meel dhanka Koonfur-galbeed ka xigta magaalada Muqdisho. Intaa ka dib, waxa ay ka kooban tahay dhiiqo iyo meelo qallalan ka hor inta aan aakhirka lagu waayin dhulka saxaraha ah ee bariga Jilib , una dhow webiga Jubba. ===Deegaanka=== [[File:Somcoralreef.jpg|thumb|Xeebaha Soomaaliya , jardiinooyinka deegaanka iyo meelaha la ilaaliyo]] Soomaaliya waa dal oomane ah oo leh qiyaastii 1.6% dhul beereed . Ururada deegaanka ee ugu horeeya waxay ahaayeen Ecoterra Soomaaliya iyo Bulshada Deegaanka Soomaali, labaduba waxay gacan ka geysteen kor u qaadista wacyiga ku saabsan walaaca deegaanka iyo abaabulida barnaamijyada deegaanka ee dhammaan qaybaha dawladda iyo sidoo kale bulshada rayidka ah. Laga soo bilaabo 1971-kii, olole ballaaran oo dhir beeris ah oo heer qaran ah ayaa dowladdii Siyaad Barre bilowday si ay u joojiso horu-marintii kumannaanka hektar ee dunta bacaadka ah ee ay dabeyshu kaxeyso oo halis ku ah inay qariso magaalooyinka, waddooyinka iyo dhul beereed. Sannadkii 1988-kii, 265 hektar oo ah 336 hektar oo la saadaaliyay ayaa la daweeyay, iyadoo 39 goobood oo kayd ah iyo 36 goobood oo kaymo ah la aasaasay. 1986, Xarunta Badbaadinta Duurjoogta, Cilmi-baarista iyo Kormeerka waxaa aasaasay Ecoterra International, iyada oo ujeedadu tahay in lagu wacyigeliyo dadweynaha arrimaha deegaanka. Dadaalkaas waxbarasho waxa uu horseeday 1989 kii waxa loogu yeero "soo jeedinta Soomaaliya" iyo go'aan ay dowladda Soomaaliya ku gaartay in ay raacdo Axdiga ganacsiga caalamiga ah ee dabar-goynta xayawaanka duurjoogta iyo dhirta (CITES), kaas oo markii ugu horreysay aasaasay adduunka oo dhan mamnuucidda ka ganacsiga Maroodiga Maroodiga . [[File:Aerial views of Kismayo 06 (8071381265).jpg|thumb|Xeebta koofureed ee Muqdisho]] Ka dib, Faadumo Jibrell , oo ah dhaqdhaqaaqe caan ah oo Soomaaliyeed oo u dhaqdhaqaaqa deegaanka, ayaa qaaday olole guul leh oo lagu ilaalinayo kaymaha geedaha qudhaca ah ee koray ee waqooyi-bari ee Soomaaliya. Geedahan, oo noolaan kara 500 oo sano, ayaa la jari jiray si looga sameeyo dhuxusha oo aad looga doonayay Jasiiradda Carabta, halkaas oo qabaa'ilka Baadiyaha ee gobolka ay aaminsan yihiin in qudhacdu ay tahay mid muqadas ah. Inaad noqoto shidaal aan qaali ahayn, soo saarista dhuxusha waxay inta badan keentaa xaalufka iyo xaalufka . Si wax looga qabto dhibaatadan, Jibrell iyo Horn of Africa Relief and Development Organisation (Horn Relief; hadda Adeso ), oo ah hay'ad ay aasaasaha iyo agaasimaha fulinta ka ahayd, waxay tababareen koox dhalinyaro ah si ay bulshada uga wacyigeliyaan waxyeelada joogtada ah ee soo saarista dhuxusha ay abuuri karto. 1999kii, Horn Relief waxay isku dubariday socod nabadeed waqooyi-bari Puntland ee Soomaaliya si loo soo afjaro waxa loogu yeero "dagaallada dhuxusha". Natiijadii ololaha Jibrell iyo dadaalkii waxbarashada, dawladda Puntland 2000 waxay mamnuucday dhoofinta dhuxusha. Dowladda ayaa sidoo kale tan iyo markii ay dhaqan galisay mamnuucidaasi, taasoo la sheegay inay keentay in 80% hoos u dhac ku yimaado dhoofinta badeecada. Jibrell waxaa lagu abaalmariyay Abaalmarinta Deegaanka Goldman ee 2002 dadaalkeeda ka dhanka ah xaalufka deegaanka iyo xaalufka. Sannadkii 2008, waxay sidoo kale ku guulaysatay Abaalmarinta Mu'asasada Qaranka ee Juqraafiga / Buffett ee Hoggaanka Ilaalinta. Ka dib tsunamigii weynaa ee Diisambar 2004 , waxaa sidoo kale soo baxay eedeymo sheegaya in ka dib markii uu qarxay dagaalkii sokeeye ee Soomaaliya dabayaaqadii 1980-meeyadii, in xeebta dheer ee Soomaaliya ee fog fog loo isticmaalay goob qashin ah oo lagu aaso qashinka sunta ah. Mowjadaha waaweyn ee ku dhuftay waqooyiga Soomaaliya kadib tsunamigii ayaa la rumeysan yahay inay kiciyeen tan oo ah haraadiga sunta nukliyeerka ah oo laga yaabo inay si sharci darro ah dalka ugu daadiyeen shirkado shisheeye. Xisbiga Cagaaran ee Yurub waxa uu daba socday cadaymahaas isagoo horgeeyay saxaafadda iyo baarlamaanka Yurub ee Strasbourg nuqulo qandaraasyo ah oo ay kala saxiixdeen laba shirkadood oo reer Yurub ah - Shirkadda Swiss Swiss, Achair Partners, iyo dilaaliinta qashinka Talyaaniga Progresso - iyo wakiillo ka socday Madaxweynihii hore ee Soomaaliya, Hogaamiye kooxeed Cali Mahdi Maxamed, si ay u qaataan 10 milyan oo tan oo qashinka sunta ah oo ay ku bedesheen 80 milyan oo gini. Sida lagu sheegay warbixin ay soo saartay hay’adda Qaramada Midoobay u qaabilsan deegaanka (UNEP), qashinka ayaa sababay in uu aad uga sarreeyo xaaladaha caadiga ah ee caabuqyada neef-mareenka, boogaha afka iyo dhiig-baxa, dhiigbaxa caloosha iyo caabuqa maqaarka oo aan caadi ahayn oo ku dhacay dad badan oo deggan deegaannada ku teedsan waqooyi-bari ee magaalooyinka Hobyo iyo Banaadir ee xeebta Badweynta Hindiya - cudurro la socda xanuunka shucaaca. UNEP waxay intaas ku dartay in xaaladda xeebaha Soomaaliya ay khatar deegaan oo aad u daran aysan ka jirin Soomaaliya oo keliya, balse sidoo kale gobolka bariga Afrika. ===Cimilada=== [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map v2 SOM 1991–2020.svg|thumb|Köppen–Geiger map-ka kala soocida cimilada ee 1-km xallinta Soomaaliya 1991-2020]] Sababo la xiriira u dhawaanshaha Soomaaliya ee dhulbaraha , ma jiro isbeddel xilliyeed badan oo cimiladeeda ah. Xaalado kulul ayaa sanadka oo dhan jira oo ay la socdaan dabaylaha monsoon iyo roobab aan joogto ahayn. Celceliska heerkulka ugu sarreeya ee maalin kasta wuxuu u dhexeeyaa 30 ilaa 40 ° C (86 ilaa 104 °F), marka laga reebo meelaha sare ee xeebta bari, halkaasoo laga dareemi karo saamaynta qabow ee hadda taagan. Muqdisho, tusaale ahaan, celceliska heerka galabnimada wuxuu u dhexeeyaa 28 ilaa 32 °C (82 ilaa 90 °F) bisha Abriil. Qaar ka mid ah heerkulka celceliska sannadlaha ah ee ugu sarreeya adduunka ayaa laga diiwaan geliyay waddanka; Berbera oo ku taal xeebta waqooyi-galbeed waxay leedahay galab sare oo celcelis ahaan ka badan 38 °C (100 °F) laga bilaabo Juun ilaa Sebtembar. Qaran ahaan, celceliska celceliska maalinlaha ahi badanaa way kala duwan yihiin qiyaastii 15 ilaa 30 ° C (59 ilaa 86 ° F). Kala duwanaanshaha ugu badan ee cimiladu waxay ka dhacdaa waqooyiga Soomaaliya, halkaas oo heerkulku mararka qaarkood dhaafo 45 ° C (113 ° F) bisha Luulyo ee bannaanka litoral oo hoos uga dhaco barta qabowga bisha Disembar ee buuraha sare. Gobolkan, qoyaanka qaraabada ahi wuxuu u dhexeeyaa 40% badhtamaha galabnimada ilaa 85% habeenkii, isbeddelaya waxoogaa marka loo eego xilliga. Si ka duwan cimilada dalalka kale ee ugu badan ee loolkan, xaaladaha Soomaaliya waxay u dhexeeyaan oomane waqooyi-bari iyo gobollada dhexe ilaa waqooyi -galbeed iyo koonfurta. Waqooyi-bari, roobka sannadlaha ahi wuxuu ka yar yahay 100 mm (4 in); Taagga dhexe, waa qiyaastii 200 ilaa 300 mm (8 ilaa 12 inji). Qaybaha waqooyi-galbeed iyo koonfur-galbeed ee qaranka, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay helaan roobab aad u badan, iyadoo celcelis ahaan 510 ilaa 610 mm (20 ilaa 24 in) ay dhacaan sannadkii. Inkasta oo gobollada xeebuhu ay kulul yihiin oo qoyan yihiin sannadka oo dhan, dhul-badeedku caadi ahaan waa qalalan oo kulul. Waxa jira afar xilli oo nolosha xoolo-dhaqatada iyo beeralayda ah ku wareegsan yihiin, kuwaasna waxa lagu maamulaa isbeddellada dabaysha. Laga bilaabo Disembar ilaa Maarso waa Jiilaalka , xilliga xagaaga ee ugu adag sanadka. Xilli-roobaadka ugu muhiimsan, oo loo yaqaan Gu'ga , wuxuu socdaa Abriil ilaa Juunyo. Xilligan waxaa lagu gartaa dabeylaha koonfur-galbeed, kuwaas oo dib u soo nooleeya dhul-daaqsimeedka, gaar ahaan dhul-daaqsimeedka dhexe, oo muddo kooban saxaraha u beddela dhir cagaaran. Laga bilaabo Luulyo ilaa Sebtembar waa xilliga labaad ee qalalan, Xagaa (waxaa loogu dhawaaqaa "Xagaa"). Dayr , oo ah xilli-roobaadka ugu gaaban, wuxuu socdaa Oktoobar ilaa Disembar. Xilliyada tangambili ee dhexgala labada dabaylaha (Oktoobar-Noofambar iyo Maarso-May) waa kulayl iyo qoyaan. ===Duurjoogta=== [[File:Sambalaxx.jpg|thumb|Geela buuraha waqooyi]] Soomaaliya waxaa ku nool naasley kala duwan, taas oo ay sabab u tahay kala duwanaanshaha cimilada iyo deegaanka. Duurjoogta dalka waxaa ka mid ah haramcadka, libaaxa, geriga, baboonka, servalka, maroodiga, doofaarka duurjoogta ah, cawska, kudu, dik-dik, oribi, dabada duurjoogta Soomaalida, reedbuck, zebra, maroodi-shrew iyo dhagax-dhagax. Soomaaliya waxay hoy u tahay ilaa 727 nooc oo shimbiro ah. Siddeed ka mid ah waa noocyo ku faafa dalka, mid waxaa keenay aadanaha, midna waa dhif ama si kama' ah u yimaada. Afar iyo toban nooc ayaa caalamka khatar ku ah. Noocyada shimbiraha ee si gaar ah looga helo Soomaaliya waxaa ka mid ah xamaamka Soomaalida; Alaemon hamertoni (Alaudidae), Hoopoe-Lark; Heteromirafra archeri (Alaudidae), Archer's Lark; Mirafra ashi (Alaudidae), Ash's Bushlark; Mirafra somalica (Alaudidae), Somali Bushlark; Spizocorys obbiensis (Alaudidae), Obbia Lark; Carduelis johannis (Fringillidae); iyo Warsangli Linenet. Xeebaha Soomaaliya ayaa ka mid ah goobaha ugu muhiimsan ee kalluumeysiga noocyada badda ee aad u guura, sida tuna. Qalfoofka qaaradda ee cidhiidhiga ah balse wax-soo-saarka leh wuxuu ka kooban yahay noocyo badan oo kalluun-demersal ah iyo qolofley. Noocyada kalluunka si gaar ah looga helo Soomaaliya waxaa ka mid ah Cirrhitichthys randalli (Cirrhitidae), Symphurus fuscus (Cynoglossidae), Parapercis simulata (Pinguipedidae), Cociella somaliensis (Platycephalidae), iyo Pseudochromis melanotus (Pseudochromidae). Waxaa jira qiyaastii 235 nooc oo xamaarato ah. Ku dhowaad kala bar waxay ku nool yihiin aagga waqooyi. Xamaaratada ku baahsan Soomaaliya waxaa ka mid ah Viper-ka Hughes, Maska Garter-ka Koonfurta Soomaaliya, orodyahan (Platyceps messanai), mas diadem (Spalerosophis josephscorteccii), ciidda Soomaaliyeed, qorraxda gooryaanka xaglaha leh, qorraxda aagagga dhabarka leh, qorraxda ciidda Soomaaliyeed (Mesalina ama Eremias), gecko (Hemidactylus granchii), gecko-ga Soomaaliyeed ee semaphore, iyo qorratada ciidda. Mas colubrid (Aprosdoketophis andreonei) iyo maqaarka Haacke-Greer (Haackgreerius miopus) waa noocyo si gaar ah ugu kooban Soomaaliya. ==Siyaasadda iyo dawladnimada== <!-- legislative leadership - executive leadership below -->{{Multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 350 | image1 = Somali President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud at Djiboutian presidential palace in Djibouti, Djibouti, September 24, 2023 - (cropped).jpg | caption1 = [[Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud]]<br /><small>[[Madaxweynaha Soomaaliya|Madaxweyne]] tan iyo 2022</small> | image2 = Hamza Abdi Barre 2025 official portrait.jpg | caption2 = [[Xamse cabdi barre]]<br /><small>Ra'iisul Wasaare tan iyo 2022</small> }} jamhuuriyad dimuqraadi ah oo wakiil ka ah baarlamaanka . Madaxweynaha Soomaaliya ayaa ah madaxa qaranka iyo taliyaha guud ee ciidamada qalabka sida ee Soomaaliya , waxaana uu soo xulaa Ra’iisul wasaare si uu u noqdo madaxa xukuumadda . Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya waa baarlamaanka qaranka Soomaaliya. Labada Aqal ee Sharci-dejinta Qaranka waxa ay ka kooban yihiin Golaha Shacabka (Aqalka Hoose) iyo Senatka (Aqalka Sare), kuwaas oo xubnahooda loo doortay in ay qabtaan muddo afar sano ah. Baarlamaanka ayaa dooranaya Madaxweynaha, Guddoomiyaha Baarlamaanka iyo ku xigeenadiisa. Waxa kale oo ay awood u leedahay in ay ansixiso oo diido sharciyada. [[File:Adan Mohamed Nuur.jpg|thumb|[[Aaden Nuur|Aadan Madoobe]], [[Liiska Afhayeenada Baarlamaanka Soomaaliya|Guddoomiyaha Baarlamaanka]]]] Garsoorka Soomaaliya waxaa qeexaya Dastuurka kumeel gaarka ah ee Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya. Waxaa 1-dii Agoosto 2012 ku ansixiyay Golaha Dastuurka Qaranka ee Muqdisho, dukumeentiga waxaa dejiyay guddi khubaro ah oo uu guddoomiye u yahay qareenka iyo Guddoomiyaha Baarlamaanka Federaalka, Maxamed Cismaan Jawaari . Waxay bixisaa aasaaska sharciga ah ee jiritaanka Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka iyo isha awood sharci. Qaab dhismeedka maxkamadaha qaranka waxaa loo habeeyay saddex heer: Maxkamada Dastuuriga ah, Maxkamadaha heer Federaal iyo maxkamado heer dowlad goboleed . Golaha Adeegga Garsoorka oo ka kooban sagaal xubnood ayaa magacaabaya xubin kasta oo heer Federaal ah oo ka tirsan garsoorka. Waxa kale oo ay soo xulaysaa oo ay horgeynaysaa golaha shacabka ee baarlamaanka federaalka ah garsoorayaasha maxkamadda dastuuriga ah si ay u ansixiyaan. Haddii la ansixiyo, Madaxweynuhu wuxuu musharraxa u magacaabayaa garsoore Maxkamadda Dastuuriga ah. Maxkamadda Dastuuriga ah oo ka kooban shan xubnood ayaa ka garnaqsa arrimaha dastuurka, marka laga soo tago arrimo kala duwan oo heer federaal iyo heer maamul goboleed ah. Sharciga Soomaalidu waxa uu ka soo jeedaa saddex hab oo isku dhafan oo kala ah: Sharciga Madaniga ah , Shareecada Islaamka iyo Xeer-dhaqameedka . Marka loo eego 2023 V-Dem Democracy tilmaanta Soomaaliya waa dalka 5-aad ee ugu dimuqraadiga yar Afrika . Burburkii Soomaaliya ka dib 1991 ma jirin wax xidhiidh ah ama xidhiidh dhex maray dawladda Somaliland oo ku dhawaaqday in ay dal tahay iyo dawladda Soomaaliya ===Qaybaha maamulka=== {{Main|Gobolada Soomaaliya|Maamulgoboleedka Soomaaliya}} ​Soomaaliya si rasmi ah waxay u qaybsantaa toddoba [[Maamulgoboleedka Soomaaliya|dawlad goboleed]] iyo siddeed iyo toban [[Gobolada Soomaaliya|gobol]] (''gobollada'', kaligeed waa ''gobol''),<ref name="factbook"/> kuwaas oo iyana u sii qaybsama degmooyin. Gobolladu waa: {| |rowspan="2"|[[File:Somalia States and Regions.svg|thumb|center|upright=1.3|Gobollada Soomaaliya oo leh dowlad-goboleedyo midabbo leh]] |style="padding-right:1em; padding-left:2em; vertical-align:top;"| <div class="center">{{flag icon|Somaliland}}{{color box|#72FE6E}}'''[[Somaliland]]'''</div> ---- &nbsp;[[Awdal]]{{pb}} &nbsp;[[Maroodi Jeex|Woqooyi Galbeed]] {{pb}} &nbsp;[[Togdheer]] {{pb}} &nbsp;[[Sanaag]] {{pb}} &nbsp;[[Sool]]*{{pb}} |style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;"| <div class="center">{{flag icon|Khatumo}}'''{{color box|#6CCAFE}} [[Waqooyibari|Waqooyi Bari]]'''</div> ---- &nbsp;[[Togdheer]] {{pb}} &nbsp;[[Sanaag]] {{pb}} &nbsp;[[Sool]] {{pb}} |style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;"| <div class="center">{{flag icon|Puntland}}'''{{color box|#AEA9FE}} [[Puntland]]'''</div> ---- &nbsp;[[Bari (Gobol)|Bari]]{{pb}} &nbsp;[[Nugaal|Nugaal]]{{pb}} &nbsp;[[Mudug]] {{pb}} |style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;"| <div class="center">{{flag icon|Galmudug}}'''{{color box|#DFA9FE}} [[Galmudug]]'''</div> ---- &nbsp;[[Galguduud]]{{pb}} &nbsp;[[Mudug]] {{pb}} |- |style="padding-right:1em; padding-left:2em; vertical-align:top;"| <div class="center">'''{{flag icon|Hirshabeelle}}{{color box|#FE3A46}} [[Hirshabeelle]]'''</div> ---- &nbsp;[[Hiiraan|Hiiraan]]{{pb}} &nbsp;[[Shabeellaha Dhexe|Shabeellaha Dhexe]]{{pb}} |style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;"| <div class="center">{{flag icon|South West State of Somalia}}'''{{color box|#FE9C5A}} [[Koonfur Galbeed|Koonfur Galbeed]]'''</div> ---- &nbsp;[[Bakool]]{{pb}} &nbsp;[[Baay|Baay]]{{pb}} &nbsp;[[Shabeellaha Hoose|Shabeellaha Hoose]]{{pb}} |style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;"| <div class="center">{{flag icon|Jubaland}}'''{{color box|#FEBB5A}} [[Jubaland]]'''</div> ---- &nbsp;[[Gedo]]{{pb}} &nbsp;[[Jubbada Dhexe|Jubbada Dhexe]]{{pb}} &nbsp;[[Jubbada Hoose|Jubbada Hoose]]{{pb}} |style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;"| <div class="center">{{flagicon image|Flag of Mogadishu, Somalia.svg}}'''{{color box|#F5F601}} [[Banaadir]]'''</div> ---- &nbsp;[[Muqdisho|Muqdisho]]{{pb}} |} <small> * Lagu muransan yahay</small> <small> ** Waxaa Somaliland u kala saartay [[Maroodi Jeex]] iyo [[Saaxil|Saaxil]]</small> <small> *** Waxaa wadaaga Puntland iyo Galmudug</small> ** Waxay Somaliland u qaybisay [[Maroodi Jeex]] iyo [[Saaxil|Saaxil]]</small> ​<small> *** Waxaa wadaaga Puntland iyo Galmudug</small> ​Waqooyiga Soomaaliya hadda ''de facto'' waxay u qaybsan tahay [[Maamulgoboleedka Soomaaliya|gobollada ismaamulka]] ee [[Puntland]] (oo isu tixgelisa dawlad goboleed ismaamul ah), [[Somaliland]] (dawlad iskeed ugu dhawaaqday madax-bannaani, aqoonsi xaddidan leh) iyo [[Waqooyibari|Dawlad Goboleedka Woqooyi Bari ee Soomaaliya]] oo dhowaan la aasaasay. Bartamaha Soomaaliya, [[Galmudug]] waa maamul goboleed kale oo ka soo baxay koonfurta Puntland. [[Jubaland]] oo ku taal koonfurta fog waa gobolka afaraad ee ismaamul ee ka tirsan federaalka.<ref name="factbook"/> Sannadkii 2014-kii, waxaa sidoo kale la aasaasay [[Koonfur Galbeed|Dawlad Goboleedka Koonfur Galbeed]].<ref>{{cite news|title=International community welcomes newly-elected President of Somalia's Interim South West Administration|url=http://goobjoog.com/english/?p=6410|access-date=5 January 2015|newspaper=Goobjoog|date=19 November 2014|archive-date=9 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109002414/http://goobjoog.com/english/?p=6410|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bishii Abriil 2015, waxaa sidoo kale la furay shirka dhismaha ee dawlad goboleedka cusub ee [[Hirshabeelle |Hirshabeelle]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Adado conference kicks off in central Somalia|url=http://www.garoweonline.com/page/show/post/2322/adado-conference-kicks-off-in-central-somalia|access-date=15 May 2015|agency=Garowe Online|date=16 April 2015|archive-date=11 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811104021/http://www.garoweonline.com/page/show/post/2322/adado-conference-kicks-off-in-central-somalia|url-status=dead}}</ref> ​[[Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya|Baarlamaanka Federaalka]] waxaa loo xilsaaray sannadkii 2012-kii inay soo xulaan tirada kama dambaysta ah iyo xuduudaha dawlad goboleedyada ismaamulka (si rasmi ah ''[[Maamulgoboleedka Soomaaliya|Dawlad Goboleedyada xubnaha ka ah Federaalka]]'') ee ka tirsan Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya.<ref name="Frspc"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Guidebook to the Somali Draft Provisional Constitution|url=http://unpos.unmissions.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=v067edqd7a8%3D&tabid=9705&language=en-US|access-date=2 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120021547/http://unpos.unmissions.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=v067edqd7a8%3D&tabid=9705&language=en-US|archive-date=20 January 2013}}</ref> ===Xiriirka dibadda=== [[File:2015 01 25 Turkish President Visit to Somalia-1 (16176887607).jpg|thumb|Madaxweynaha Soomaaliya Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud iyo Madaxweynaha Turkiga Recep Tayyip Erdogan ayaa xariga ka jaray Terminalka cusub ee Garoonka Diyaaradaha Aadan Cabdulle ee magaalada Muqdisho. (25 Janaayo 2015)]] Xiriirka dibadda ee Soomaaliya waxaa maamula madaxweynaha sida madaxa dowladda, Ra’iisul wasaaraha oo ah madaxa xukuumadda, iyo wasaaradda arrimaha dibadda ee federaalka . Sida ku cad qodobka 54-aad ee dastuurka qaranka, qeybsiga awoodaha iyo kheyraadka ee dowladda federaalka iyo dowlad goboleedyada xubnaha ka ah dowladda federaalka Soomaaliya waa in ay ka wadahadlaan oo ay ku heshiiyaan dowladda federaalka iyo dowlad goboleedyada, marka laga reebo arrimaha la xiriira arrimaha dibadda, difaaca qaranka, jinsiyadda iyo socdaalka iyo siyaasadda lacagta. Qodobka 53-aad ayaa sidoo kale dhigaya in Dowladda Federaalka ay kala tashato Dowladaha xubnaha ka ah Dowladda Federaalka arrimaha waaweyn ee la xiriira heshiisyada caalamiga ah oo ay ku jiraan wada-xaajoodka ganacsiga dibadda, maaliyadda iyo heshiisyada. Dowladda Federaalka waxay xiriir laba geesood ah la leedahay dhowr dowladood oo dhexe oo ka tirsan beesha caalamka. Waxaa ka mid ah Jabuuti , Itoobiya , Masar , Imaaraadka Carabta , Yemen , Turkiga , Talyaaniga , Ingiriiska , Denmark , Faransiiska , Maraykanka , Jamhuuriyadda Shacbiga Shiinaha , Japan , Federaalka Ruushka iyo Koonfurta Kuuriya . Intaa waxaa dheer, Soomaaliya waxay leedahay dhowr safaaradood oo dibadda ah. Waxaa sidoo kale jira safaarado iyo qunsuliyado shisheeye oo kala duwan oo fadhigoodu yahay caasimadda Muqdisho iyo meelo kale oo dalka ah. Soomaaliya waxay kaloo xubin ka tahay ururo badan oo caalami ah, sida Qaramada Midoobay , Midowga Afrika iyo Jaamacadda Carabta . Waxay xubin ka ahayd Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka 1969. Xubnaha kale waxaa ka mid ah Bangiga Horumarinta Afrika , Bulshada Bariga Afrika , Kooxda 77 , Urur Goboleedka IGAD , Bangiga Caalamiga ah ee Dib-u-dhiska iyo Horumarinta , Hay'adda Duulista Rayidka Caalamiga ah , Ururka Horumarinta Caalamiga ah , Hay'adda Maaliyadda Caalamiga ah , Dhaqdhaqaaqa aan Isbahaysiga ahayn iyo Ururka Ganacsiga Adduunka ee Ururka Ganacsiga Adduunka ===Milatari=== [[File:Colonel Abdullahi Ahmed Irro - 1977.jpg|thumb|Gaashaanle Sare C/laahi Axmed Cirro oo ahaa Taliyihii Ciidanka Xoogga Dalka Soomaaliyeed 1977kii.]] Ciidamada Qalabka Sida ee Soomaaliya (SAF) waa ciidamada milateriga ee Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya. Isagoo Madaxwaynuhu ka yahay Taliyaha Guud ee Qaranka, waxa dastuurku u igmaday inay sugaan qarannimada, madaxbannaanida iyo wadajirka dhuleed ee qaranka. SAF waxa ay markii hore ka koobnaayeen Ciidanka , Ciidanka Badda , Ciidanka Cirka , Ciidanka Booliska iyo Nabadsugida . Muddadii xorriyadda ka dib, waxay kortay inay ka mid noqoto ciidamada waaweyn ee qaaradda. Kaddib markii uu qarxay dagaalkii sokeeye ee 1991kii wuxuu horseeday in la kala diro ciidankii xoogga dalka Soomaaliyeed. Sannadkii 2004-tii, waxaa si tartiib-tartiib ah dib-u-dhis ciidan loogu sameeyay dhismihii KMG ahaa. Ciidamada qalabka sida ee Soomaaliya ayaa hadda waxaa dusha kala socda Wasaaradda Gaashaandhigga Xukuumadda Federaalka Soomaaliya oo la dhisay bartamihii sanadkii hore ee 2012-ka. Bishii Janaayo 2013, dowladda federaalka ah ee Soomaaliya ayaa sidoo kale dib u howlgelisay hay’addii sirdoonka qaranka ee Muqdisho, iyadoo magaca hay’addaas loo bixiyay NISA . Dawlad- goboleedka Somaliland iyo Puntland waxay ilaashadaan ammaankooda iyo ciidamadooda booliiska. ===Xuquuqda Aadanaha=== Xuquuqda aadanaha waxaa lagu damaanad qaaday [[Dastuurka Soomaaliya|Dastuurka Federaalka]]. Waxay hoos yimaadaan Wasaaradda Xuquuqda Aadanaha oo la aasaasay bishii Agoosto 2013.<ref name="Usthrs">{{cite news|title=Somalia takes human rights steps|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Special/2013/09/03/Somalia-takes-human-rights-steps/UPI-34071378218185/|access-date=20 February 2014|newspaper=UPI|date=3 September 2013}}</ref> Isla waqtigaas, maamulka dhexe wuxuu bilaabay Maalinta Qaranka ee Xuquuqda Aadanaha, ansixiyay Khariidadda Rasmiga ah ee Xuquuqda Aadanaha,<ref name=Suehhrebubcp>{{cite news|title=Somalia: UN expert hails human rights effort but urges broader consultation process |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp/www.wmo.int/html/story.asp?NewsID=45759&Cr=somalia&Cr1=#.UwVrE5gju1E |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140220063126/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp/www.wmo.int/html/story.asp?NewsID=45759&Cr=somalia&Cr1=%23.UwVrE5gju1E |url-status=dead|access-date=20 February 2014 |newspaper=UN News Centre |date=3 September 2013 |archive-date = 2014-02-20}}</ref> wuxuuna dhameystiray Siyaasadda Qaranka ee Jinsiga ee ugu horreysay Soomaaliya.<ref name="Sasrracptrwvms">{{cite web|title=SOMALIA: AU Special Representative reiterates AMISOM's commitment in protecting the rights of women and vulnerable members of Society|url=http://horseedmedia.net/2013/08/14/somalia-au-special-representative-reiterates-amisoms-commitment-in-protecting-the-rights-of-women-and-vulnerable-members-of-society/|publisher=AMISOM|access-date=19 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302122017/http://horseedmedia.net/2013/08/14/somalia-au-special-representative-reiterates-amisoms-commitment-in-protecting-the-rights-of-women-and-vulnerable-members-of-society/|archive-date=2 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Galmada lab iyo dhedig labadaba waxay ku muteysanayaan dil Soomaaliya gudaheeda. Oktoobar 3, 2020, baadhaha xuquuqul insaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay ayaa walaac ka muujiyay dib u dhigista dowladda Soomaaliya ee ballanqaadyada xuquuqda aadanaha. ==Dhaqaalaha== [[File:Air Somalia Tupolev Tu-154.jpg|thumb|Diyaaradda Air Somalia Tupolev Tu-154 ee magaalada Sharjah ee dalka Imaaraadka Carabta. Soomaaliya maanta waxay leedahay diyaarado dhowr ah oo gaar loo leeyahay.]] Sida laga soo xigtay CIA-da iyo Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya , iyadoo ay socdaan kacdoono sokeeye, dhaqaalaha Soomaaliya wuxuu ku kooban yahay marka hore xoolaha iyo xawaaladaha / xawaaladaha Soomaalida ee ku nool wadamada dhaqaalahoodu horumaray, iyo isgaarsiinta gudaha . Iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay yaraanta tirakoobka rasmiga ah ee dawladda iyo soo noqnoqoshada dagaalka sokeeye ee tobanaan sano socday , way adagtahay in la qiyaaso xajmiga ama kobaca dhaqaalaha. Sannadkii 1994-kii, CIA waxay ku qiyaastay GDP-ga $3.3 bilyan. Sannadkii 2001, waxa lagu qiyaasay inay dhan tahay $4.1 bilyan. Sannadkii 2009, CIA waxay ku qiyaastay in GDP-gu uu koray $5.731 bilyan, iyada oo la saadaaliyay heerka kobaca dhabta ah ee 2.6%. Sida laga soo xigtay warbixintii Rugta Ganacsiga ee Ingiriiska 2007 , intii lagu jiray dagaal gudaha ah oo aad u yar, qaybta gaarka loo leeyahay ayaa sidoo kale koray, gaar ahaan qaybta adeegga. Si ka duwan xilligii dagaalka sokeeye ka hor, oo inta badan adeegyada iyo waaxda warshaduhu ay ahaayeen kuwo ay dowladdu maamusho , warbixintii 2007dii waxay xustay maalgashi gaar ah oo la taaban karo, inkastoo aan la qiyaasi karin, ee hawlaha ganacsiga; Taas waxaa inta badan maalgeliyay qurbajoogta Soomaaliyeed , waxaana ka mid ahaa ganacsiga iyo suuqgeynta, adeegyada xawilaadaha, gaadiidka, isgaarsiinta, qalabka kalluumeysiga, shirkadaha diyaaradaha, isgaarsiinta, waxbarashada, caafimaadka, dhismaha iyo hoteellada. Sannadkii 2007, dhaqaaleyahan Libertarian Peter Leeson waxa uu dhaqdhaqaaqa dhaqaale ee korodhay u sababeeyay xeer dhaqameedka Soomaalida (oo loo yaqaan Xeer ), kaas oo uu soo jeediyay in uu helo jawi xasiloon oo ganacsi lagu sameeyo. Sida laga soo xigtay Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, GDP qofkiiba sanadkii 2012 wuxuu ahaa $226, wax yar ayaa hoos u dhacay marka la eego 1990. Qiyaastii 43% dadweynaha waxay ku nool yihiin wax ka yar 1 doolarka Mareykanka ah maalintii, qiyaastii 24% dadka laga helo magaalooyinka iyo 54% waxay ku nool yihiin miyiga. Dhaqaalaha Soomaaliya wuxuu ka kooban yahay wax-soo-saar dhaqameed iyo mid casri ah, iyadoo si tartiib-tartiib ah loogu guurayo farsamada casriga ah ee warshadaha. Soomaaliya ayaa leh geela ugu badan adduunka. Sida laga soo xigtay Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, qiyaastii 80% dadku waa xoolo-dhaqato reer-guuraa ah, oo xoolo dhaqato ari, ido, geel iyo lo'. Reer guuraagu waxa kale oo ay ururiyaan xabag iyo xabag si ay u kabaan dakhligooda. ===Beeraha=== Beeraha ayaa ah qaybta ugu muhiimsan dhaqaalaha Soomaaliya. Waxay ka dhigan tahay qiyaastii 65% GDP waxayna shaqaaleysiisaa 65% xoogga shaqada. Xooluhu waxay ka qaybqaataan qiyaastii 40% GDP iyo in ka badan 50% dakhliga dhoofinta. dhoofinta ugu muhiimsan waxaa ka mid ah kalluunka , dhuxusha iyo muuska ; Sonkorta , hadhuudhka iyo galleyda waa wax soo saarka suuqa gudaha. Sida laga soo xigtay Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya , badeecadaha la soo dejiyo waxay dhan yihiin $460 milyan sannadkii, taasoo ka badan wadarta guud ee la soo dejiyo ka hor bilowgii dagaalkii sokeeye ee 1991. Dhoofinta, oo dhan $270 milyan sannadkii, ayaa sidoo kale kor u dhaaftay wadarta guud ee dhoofinta wadarta guud ee dagaalka ka hor. Soomaaliya waxaa ka jirta hoos u dhac ganacsi oo gaaraya ilaa 190 milyan oo dollar sanadkii, balse taasi waxaa dhaaftay lacagaha ay soo diraan Soomaalida qurbaha ku nool, taasoo lagu qiyaasay ilaa hal bilyan oo dollar. Iyada oo laga faa'ideysanayo in ay ku yaallaan meel u dhow Jasiiradda Carabta, ganacsatada Soomaaliyeed ayaa si isa soo taraysa u billaabay in ay ka hor yimaadaan dhaqanka Australia ee ku aaddan suuqa xoolaha iyo hilibka Carbeed, iyaga oo siinaya xoolo tayo leh qiimo aad u jaban. Taas oo taas ka duulaysa, dalalka Khaliijka Carabta ayaa bilaabay inay dalka ku sameeyaan maalgashi istiraatijiyad ah, iyadoo Sucuudigu dhisay kaabayaashii dhoofinta xoolaha, Imaaraadkuna iibsaday dhul beereed aad u ballaadhan. Soomaaliya sidoo kale waa dalka ugu badan ee keena Beeyada iyo Malmalka [[File:Mogadishu Sea Port.jpg|thumb|Dekada Muqdisho]] Qaybta warshadaha ee dhexdhexaadka ah , oo ku salaysan habaynta wax soo saarka beeraha, ayaa 10% ka ah GDP-ga Soomaaliya. Sida laga soo xigtay Rugta Ganacsiga iyo Warshadaha Soomaaliyeed , in ka badan lix shirkadood oo diyaaradeed oo gaar loo leeyahay ayaa sidoo kale bixiya duulimaadyo ganacsi oo gudaha iyo dibadda ah, oo ay ku jiraan shirkadaha Diyaaradaha ee Daallo, shirkadaha Diyaaradaha ee Jubba, shirkadaha Diyaaradaha ee Afrikaan Express , Bariga Afrika 540, Xarunta Hawada Dhexe iyo Hajara. Sannadkii 2008, dawladda Puntland waxay heshiis malaayiin doollar ah la saxeexatay Dubai ' Kooxda Lootah, oo ah koox warshadeed goboleed oo ka hawlgasha Bariga Dhexe iyo Afrika. Heshiiskan ayaa dhigaya in wajiga koowaad ee maalgelinta uu ku kacayo 170 m, waxaana lagu wadaa in la dhiso shirkado cusub oo ka howlgala, maamula iyo dhismaha suuqa ganacsiga xorta ah ee magaalada Boosaaso iyo dhismaha badda iyo garoonka diyaaradaha. Shirkadda Garoonka Diyaaradaha ee Boosaaso ayaa loo qorsheeyay inay dhisto dhismaha garoonka si ay u buuxiso heerarka caalamiga ah, oo ay ku jiraan waddo cusub oo 3,400 m (11,200 fuudh) ah, dhismayaal waaweyn iyo kuwo caawiye ah, tagaasida iyo garoonnada, iyo hareeraha ammaanka. Kahor inta uusan dillaacin dagaalkii sokeeye ee 1991, qiyaastii 53 shirkadood oo yar yar, dhexe iyo waaweyn oo wax soo saar ah oo ay dowladdu leedahay ayaa aasaasay, iyada oo iskahorimaadkii xigay uu burburiyay qaar badan oo ka mid ah warshadaha soo haray. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ugu horrayn natiijada maalgashi maxalli ah oo la taaban karo oo ay sameeyeen qurba joogta Soomaaliyeed, in badan oo ka mid ah dhirtan yar yar ayaa dib loo furay kuwa cusubna waa la abuuray. Kuwa dambe waxaa ka mid ah warshado ka sameysan kalluunka oo ku yaalla gobollada waqooyi, sidoo kale waxaa ku yaalla 25 warshadood oo ku yaalla agagaarka Muqdisho, kuwaas oo soo saara baastada, biyaha macdanta, macmacaanka, bacaha, dharka , hargaha iyo saabuunta, saabuunta iyo saabuunta, aluminium, furaashyo xumbo ah iyo barkimo, doonyo kalluumeysi, oo sameeya baakadaha, iyo kuwa dhagxaanta lagu farsameeyo . Sannadkii 2004tii, waxaa sidoo kale magaalada laga furay warshad lagu shubo Coca-cola oo dhan $8.3 milyan, iyadoo maalgashadayaasha ay ka kala yimaaddeen degaanno kala duwan oo Soomaaliya ah. Maalgelinta shisheeye waxaa sidoo kale ku jiray dad caalami ah oo ay ku jiraan General Motors iyo Dole Fruit . ===Habka lacagta iyo lacag bixinta=== [[File:Obverse 2022 Somalia 1 oz Silver coin Leopard.jpg|thumb|2022 Soomaaliya 1 oz lacag ah Leopard (100 shilin)]] Bangiga dhexe ee Soomaaliya waa maamulka rasmiga ah ee lacagta Soomaaliya. Xagga maamulka maaliyadda, waxa ay ku guda jirtaa hawsha dejinta iyo hirgelinta siyaasadda lacagta . Kalsooni la’aanta lagu qabo lacagta dalka ayaa keentay in sarifka lacagaha doolarka ah si weyn loo qaato marka la barbar dhigo shilinka Soomaaliga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, lacag- is-weydaarsiga lacagta shilinka Soomaaliga oo aad u badan ayaa sare u kac ku yimid, gaar ahaan wax kala iibsiga oo aad u hooseeya. Sida uu sheegay Baanka Dhexe, deegaankan sicir-bararka ayaa la filayaa inuu soo afjarmo isla marka uu bangigu si buuxda ula wareego siyaasadda lacagta oo uu beddelo lacagta hadda wareegta ah ee ay shirkaduhu soo kordhiyeen. In kasta oo Soomaaliya aysan lahayn awood lacageed oo dhexe muddo ka badan 15 sano intii u dhaxeysay markii uu qarxay dagaalladii sokeeye ee 1991-kii iyo dib-u-soo-celinta Bankiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya 2009-kii, nidaamka lacag-bixinta ee qaranka ayaa si cadaalad ah u horumaray iyadoo ay ugu horreyso jiritaanka baahsanaanta shirkadaha xawaaladaha ee gaarka loo leeyahay (MTO) oo u dhaqmay sidii shabakado bangi oo aan rasmi ahayn. Xawaaladahan ( xawaaladaha ) ayaa noqday warshado waaweyn oo Soomaaliya ka jira, waxaana lagu qiyaasaa US$1.6 bilyan in ay sanad walba gobolka u soo xawilaan dadka Soomaaliyeed ee qurbaha ku nool oo ay u soo marsiiyaan shirkadaha xawaaladaha. Intooda badan waxa ay xubno ka yihiin Ururka Xawaaladaha Soomaaliyeed (SOMTA), oo ah dallad maamusha xawaaladaha bulshada, ama ururka ka horreeyay ee Ururka Adeegyada Maaliyadeed ee Soomaaliya (SFSA). MTO-yada Soomaalida ugu weyn waa Dahabshiil , oo ah shirkad ay Soomaalidu leedahay oo ay ka shaqeeyaan in ka badan 2,000 oo qof oo ku kala nool 144 waddan oo laamo ku leh London iyo Dubai [[File:Somshil5r.jpg|thumb|500 oo shilin Soomaali ah]] Horumar la taaban karo oo laga gaaray amniga gudaha, qurbajoogta Soomaaliyeed waxay bilaabeen inay dalka ugu soo laabtaan fursado maalgashi. Marka lagu daro maal-gashi yar oo shisheeye ah, dhaqaalaha soo gala ayaa ka caawiyay shilinka Soomaaliga inuu si aad ah u kordho qiimihiisu. Bishii Maarso 2014, lacagtu waxay qiimaysay ku dhawaad ​​60% marka loo eego dollarka Maraykanka 12 bilood ee la soo dhaafay. Shilinka Soomaaliga ayaa ahaa kan ugu xooggan 175-ka lacag ee caalamka ee ay iibgeyso Bloomberg , taasoo kor ugu kacday ku dhawaad ​​50-dhibcood marka loo eego lacagta soo socota ee ugu xoogga badan isla muddadaas. Sarrifka saamiyada Soomaaliya (SSE) waa deymaha qaranka Soomaaliya. Waxaa la aasaasay 2012 si ay u soo jiitaan maalgashi ay ka helaan shirkado ay Soomaalidu leedahay iyo shirkado caalami ah si loo dardargeliyo dib u dhiska ka socda Soomaaliya kadib colaadaha. ===Tamarta iyo kheyraadka dabiiciga ah=== Baanka Adduunka waxa uu sheegay in, 2007-dii, in korontadu ay inta badan bixiyeen ganacsiyo maxalli ah. Shirkadahan gudaha waxaa ka mid ah Shirkadda Tamarta Soomaaliyeed , oo qabata abuurista, gudbinta iyo qaybinta korontada.Sannadkii 2010, qaranku wuxuu soo saaray 310 milyan kWh wuxuuna cunay 288.3 milyan kWh oo koronto ah, oo kala galay 170aad iyo 177aad, siday u kala horreeyaan, sida ay CIA-du sheegtay. [[File:Puntland oil.png|thumb|Shidaalkii Puntland]] Soomaaliya waxay leedahay kayd khayraad badan oo dabiici ah oo ay ka mid yihiin Yuuraaniyam , Bir ore , tin , gypsum , bauxite , copper , cusbo iyo gaaska dabiiciga ah . CIA-da ayaa sheegtay in ay jiraan 5.663 bilyan cubic mitir oo kayd gaas dabiici ah oo la xaqiijiyey. Lama hubo joogitaanka iyo inta uu le'eg yahay kaydka kaydka shidaalka ee Soomaaliya. CIA-da waxa ay cadaysay in laga bilaabo 2011 aanay dalka ka jirin kayd shidaal oo la xaqiijiyey, halka UNCTAD ay soo jeedinayso in kaydka kaydka shidaalka ee Soomaaliya ugu badan uu ku yaal xeebaha waqooyi-galbeed ee Somaliland. Koox saliideed ah oo ku taxan Sydney , Kheyraadka Buuraleyda , waxay ku qiyaaseen in gobolka Puntland ee waqooyi-bari uu awood u leeyahay inuu soo saaro 5 bilyan oo fuusto (790 × 10 6 m 3 ) ilaa 10 bilyan fuusto (1.6 × 10 9 m 3 ) oo saliid ah, ayaa caddeeyey in kaydka saliidda ee Suudaan uu yahay 6.7 bilyan. Horumarradaas dartood, Shirkadda Batroolka Soomaaliya waxaa dhistay dowladda federaalka. Dabayaaqadii 1960-aadkii, khubarada juqraafi ee Qaramada Midoobay waxa ay Soomaaliya ka heleen kayd weyn oo Yuraaniyaam ah iyo kayd macdaneed oo naadir ah. Helitaanka ayaa ahayd tii ugu waynayd ee nooceeda ah, iyada oo khubarada warshadaha ay qiyaaseen in cadadka kaydka ahi ay noqon karto in ka badan 25% kaydka uranium-ka adduunka ee wakhtigaas la yaqaan ee 800,000 oo tan. Sannadkii 1984kii, Hawlgalka Wajiga Hanuuninta IUREP ee Soomaaliya wuxuu soo sheegay in waddanku leeyahay 5,000 tan oo uranium ah oo si macquul ah loo dammaanad qaaday (RAR), 11,000 tan oo uranium ah ayaa lagu qiyaasay kheyraad dheeraad ah (EAR) ee kaydka calcrete , iyo sidoo kale 0-150,000 oo kheyraad ah oo uranium ah. kaydka calcrete. Soomaaliya waxa ay u xuub-siibatay soo saarista Yuraaniyaamka adduunka ugu weyn, iyada oo ay ku tartamayaan shirkado macdano ah oo Maraykan ah, Imaaraadka, Talyaaniga iyo Baraasiil. Xiriir Kheyraadka Dabiiciga ah waxay saami ku leedahay gobollada dhexe, Kilimanjaro Capital waxay saami ku leedahay 1,161,400 acres (470,002 ha) ee Amsas-Coriole-Afgoi (ACA), oo ay ku jirto sahaminta Yuuraaniyam. Shirkadda Korontada iyo Gaaska warshadaha ee Is dhexgalka Caalamiga ah waa shirkad tamareed oo fadhigeedu yahay Muqdisho. Waxaa ku midoobay shan shirkadood oo waaweyn oo Soomaali ah oo ka kala socda dhinacyada ganacsiga , maaliyadda , amniga iyo isgaarsiinta , kaddib heshiiskii wadajirka ahaa ee 2010-kii lagu saxiixay magaalada Istanbul ee dalka Turkiga si ay u bixiyaan kaabayaasha korontada iyo gaaska ee Soomaaliya. Iyada oo miisaaniyadii hore ee maalgelinta ahayd $1 bilyan, shirkaddu waxay bilawday Mashruuca Kala qaybinta Nabadda Soomaaliya, oo ah barnaamij tamar xoog leh oo xoog leh oo loogu talagalay in lagu fududeeyo hindisayaasha warshadaynta gudaha. Sida uu sheegay Bankiga dhexe ee Soomaaliya, marka ay qarankani cagta saartay wadadii dib u dhiska dalka, waxaa laga filayaa in dhaqaalaha uusan la jaanqaadi karin heerarkii uu soo maray dagaalladii sokeeye ka hor, balse waxaa la filayaa in la dardargeliyo kobaca iyo horumarka dalka maadaama aan laga faa’ideysan kheyraadka dabiiciga ah ee Soomaaliya. ===Isgaarsiinta iyo warbaahinta=== [[File:Hormuud.jpg|thumb|Dhismaha Hormuud Telecom ee Muqdisho]] Bilawgii dagaalkii sokeeye ka dib, shirkado isgaarsiineed oo kala duwan ayaa bilaabay in ay abuurmaan oo u tartamaan sidii ay u heli lahaayeen kaabayaal dhaqaale oo maqan. Shirkadahan isgaarsiineed ee curdinka ah oo ay maalgaliyeen ganacsato Soomaaliyeed ayna taageerayaan khubaro ka kala socota Shiinaha , Kuuriyada Koonfureed iyo Yurub, shirkadahan isgaarsiineed ee curdinka ah ayaa bixiya adeegyo taleefoonnada gacanta iyo internetka ah oo jaban oo aan laga helin meelo badan oo kale oo qaaradda ah. Macaamiishu waxa ay ku samayn karaan xawaaladaha lacagaha (sida Dahabshiil-ka caanka ah ) iyo hawlaha kale ee bangiyada iyaga oo isticmaalaya telefoonnada gacanta, iyo sidoo kale in ay si fudud u helaan internet wireless. Ka dib markii ay iskaashi la sameeyeen shirkado caalami ah sida Sprint , ITT iyo Telenor , shirkadahani hadda waxay bixiyaan wicitaanada telefoonka ugu jaban uguna nadiifsan Afrika. Shirkadahan isgaarsiinta Soomaalida ayaa sidoo kale adeegyo u fidiya magaalo kasta iyo magaalo kasta oo Soomaaliya ka mid ah. Hadda waxa jira ilaa 25 khadadka ugu muhiimsan 1,000kii qofba, helida khadadka taleefoonada ee maxaliga ah ( Cufnaanta taleefannada ) ayaa ka sarreeya kuwa wadamada deriska ah; saddex jeer in ka badan Itoobiya dariska la ah. Shirkadaha Isgaarsiinta Soomaaliya ee caanka ah waxaa ka mid ah Kooxda Golis Telecom, Hormuud Telecom, Somafone, Nationlink, Netco, Telcom iyo Kooxda Somali Telecom. Shirkadda Hormuud Telecom oo kaliya ayaa sanadkii soo xareeysa ilaa 40 milyan oo dollar. Inkasta oo ay xafiiltamaan, dhowr shirkadood oo kuwan ka mid ah ayaa saxiixay heshiis isku xirnaanta 2005 kaas oo u oggolaanaya inay dejiyaan qiimaha, ilaalinta iyo ballaarinta shabakadahooda, iyo hubinta in tartanka uusan ka bixin xakamaynta. Telefishinka Qaranka Soomaaliyeed ee ay dowladdu maamusho waa kan ugu weyn ee adeegga dadweynaha ee qaranka. Muddo labaatan sano ah ka dib, waxaa si rasmi ah dib loo howlgeliyay idaacadda 4 - tii Abriil 2011 . TV-ga Qaranka Somaliland iyo Puntland TV iyo Radio hawada gobolada waqooyi. Intaa waxaa dheer, Soomaaliya waxay leedahay dhowr telefishin iyo shabakado raadiyo oo gaar loo leeyahay. Waxaana ka mid ah Telefishanka Horn Cable iyo Telefishanka Universal . Wargeysyada Xog Doon iyo Xog Ogaal iyo Horyaal Ciyaaraha oo ka soo baxa caasimadda dalka dibaddiisa. Waxa kale oo jira tiro warbaahin oo online ah oo tabisa wararka gudaha, oo ay ku jiraan Garoowe Onlayn , Wardheernews, iyo Boostada Puntland. Koodhka dalka internetka ee heerka sare (ccTLD) ee Soomaaliya waa .so . Waxa si rasmi ah dib u hawl-galiyey 1-dii November 2010-kii oo ay samaysay Diiwaanka .SO, kaas oo ay nidaamisay Wasaaradda Boosaha iyo Isgaadhsiinta Qaranka. Bishii Nofembar 2013, ka dib Heshiis Is-afgarad ah oo lala saxiixday Boostada imaaraadka bishii Abriil ee sanadka, Wasaaradda Boostada iyo Isgaarsiinta dowladda federaalka ayaa si rasmi ah dib ugu dhistay Adeegga Boostada Soomaaliyeed (Boostada Soomaaliyeed). Bishii Oktoobar 2014, wasaaraddu waxay sidoo kale dib u bilawday keenista boostada ee dibadda. ===Dalxiiska=== [[File:Laas Geel.jpg|thumb|Sawirro qadiimi ah oo ku yaal Laas Geel , Hargeysa]] Soomaaliya waxay leedahay meelo soo jiidasho leh oo maxalli ah, oo ka kooban goobo taariikhi ah, xeebo, biyo-dhacyo, silsilado buuro iyo jardiinooyin qaran. Warshadaha dalxiiska waxa maamusha wasaaradda dalxiiska ee qaranka. Maamulada Puntland iyo Somaliland waxay leeyihiin xafiisyo dalxiis oo u gaar ah. Ururka Dalxiiska Soomaaliyeed (SOMTA) ayaa sidoo kale bixiya adeegyo la-talin ah oo dalka gudihiisa ah oo ku saabsan warshadaha dalxiiska qaranka. Laga bilaabo Maarso 2015, Wasaaradda Dalxiiska iyo Duurjoogta ee Dowlad Goboleedka Koonfur Galbeed ayaa ku dhawaaqday in la qorsheeyay in la sameeyo kaydad dheeri ah iyo noocyada duurjoogta. Dowladda Mareykanka waxay kula talisay dadka safarka ah inaysan u safrin Soomaaliya. Muuqaallada xusidda mudan waxaa ka mid ah godadka Laas-geel oo ay ku jiraan fanka dhagaxa Neolithic ; Cal Madow , Buuraha Golis iyo Buuraha Oogo ; biyo-dhacyada Isku -shuban iyo Lamadaya ; iyo Seeraha Qaranka ee Hargeysa , Jilibka Qaranka , Beerta Qaranka ee Kismaayo iyo Beerta Qaranka ee Lag Badana . ===Gaadiidka=== [[File:Aden Abdullah Airport.jpg|thumb|Garoonka Diyaaradaha Aadan Cadde]] Shabakadda waddooyinka Soomaaliya waa 22,100 km (13,700 mi). Laga bilaabo 2000 , 2,608 km (1,621 mi) jidad ayaa la saaray 19,492 km (12,112 mi) lama laami ah. Waddo dheer oo dhererkeedu yahay 750 km (470 mi) ayaa isku xirta magaalooyinka waaweyn ee waqooyiga dalka, sida Boosaaso , Gaalkacyo iyo Garoowe iyo magaalooyin ku yaal koonfurta. Laba iyo lixdan garoon diyaaradeed oo Soomaaliya oo dhan ah ayaa qaada gaadiidka hawada; toddobo ka mid ah kuwan ayaa laami la saaray. Kuwa dambe, afar garoon diyaaradeed ayaa leh dhabbaha dayuuradaha ee ka badan 3,047 mitir (9,997 ft); laba waxay u dhexeeyaan 2,438 iyo 3,047 m (7,999 iyo 9,997 ft) midna waa 1,524 ilaa 2,437 m (5,000 ilaa 7,995 ft) dheer. Waxa jira shan iyo konton garoon diyaaradeed oo leh meelo ay ka soo degaan oo aan laami ahayn. Mid waxa uu leeyahay dhabo diyaaradeed oo ka badan 3,047 m; afar waxay u dhexeeyaan 2,438 m iyo 3,047 m dherer; labaatan waa 1,524 m ilaa 2,437 m; afar iyo labaatan waa 914 m ilaa 1,523 m; lixna waxay ka hooseeyaan 914 mitir (2,999 ft). Garoomada ugu waaweyn ee dalka waxaa ka mid ah Garoonka Diyaaradaha Aadan Cadde ee Muqdisho, Garoonka Diyaaradaha Hargeysa ee Hargeysa, Garoonka Kismaayo ee Kismaayo , Garoonka Baydhabo ee Baydhabo iyo Garoonka Caalamiga ah ee Bender Qaasim ee Boosaaso. Somali Airlines oo la aas aasay 1964-tii, waxay ahayd duulimaadka calanka Soomaaliya. Waxa ay joojisay hawlihii ay ka shaqayn jirtay intii lagu jiray dagaalladii sokeeye. Si kastaba ha ahaatee , dawladdii Soomaaliya ee dib loo dhisay ayaa markii dambe bilowday diyaargarow loogu jiro dib u hawlgelinta shirkadii la filayey in dib loo bilaabo sannadkii 2012 . In ka badan lix ka mid ah shirkadahan diyaaradeed ee gaarka loo leeyahay waxay bixiyaan duulimaadyo ganacsi oo gudaha iyo dibadda ah, oo ay ku jiraan Daallo Airlines , Jubba Airways , African Express Airways , Bariga Afrika 540, Central Air iyo Hajara. Iyadoo leh xeebta ugu dheer qaaradda, Soomaaliya waxay leedahay dhowr dekedood oo waaweyn . Gaadiidka badda ayaa laga helaa dekedaha Muqdisho, Boosaaso, Berbera , Kismaayo iyo Marka . Waxaa kaloo jira hal badeecooyin badeed ah . Waxa la aasaasay 2008, waxa ay ku salaysan tahay xamuulka. ==Tirakoobka dadweynaha== {{Further|Liiska magaalooyinka Soomaaliya dadka ku nool}} {|class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px" ! colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#cfb;"|Tirada Dadka{{UN_Population|ref}} |- ! style="background:#cfb;"|Sano ! style="background:#cfb;"|Milyan |- |style="text-align:left;"|1950 ||style="text-align:right;"|2.3 |- |style="text-align:left;"|2000 ||style="text-align:right;"|9.0 |- |style="text-align:left;"|{{UN_Population|Year}} ||style="text-align:right;"|{{#expr:{{formatnum:{{UN_Population|Somalia}}|R}}/1e6 round 1}} |} Soomaaliya waxaa ka maqan xog la isku halayn karo. Wadanku waxa lagu qiyaasaa dad lagu qiyaasay 17.1 milyan oo degan 2021; wadarta dadka marka loo eego tirakoobkii 1975 waxay ahaayeen 3.3 milyan. Sahan ay samaysay Sanduuqa Dadweynaha ee Qaramada Midoobay oo la sameeyay 2013 iyo 2014 ayaa lagu qiyaasay tirada guud ee dadka inay tahay 12,316,895. Qiyaastii 85% dadka deegaanka waa qowmiyad Soomaali ah , kuwaas oo taariikh ahaan deggenaa qaybta waqooyi ee dalka. Waxay dhaqan ahaan u abaabulan yihiin reer guuraa xoolo-dhaqato ah, boqortooyo dabacsan, suldaanno iyo dawlad-goboleedyo. Dagaalladii sokeeye ee billowgii sagaashamaadkii waxay si weyn u kordhiyeen tirada qurbo-joogta Soomaalida , iyadoo in badan oo ka mid ah Soomaalidii aqoonta sare lahayd ay dalka ka tageen. Qowmiyadaha laga tirada badan yahay ee aan Soomaalida ahayn ayaa ah inta ka hartay shacabka Soomaaliyeed, waxayna inta badan ku badan yihiin gobollada koonfureed. Waxaa ka mid ah Bravanese , Bantus , Bajuuni , Xabashi (gaar ahaan Oromo ) Yamaniyiin , Hindi , Faaris , Talyaani iyo Ingiriis . Qowmiyadda Bantus oo ah qowmiyadda ugu badan ee laga tirada badan yahay Soomaaliya, waa faracii addoomo laga keenay Koonfur-bari Afrika oo ay lahaayeen ganacsato Carab iyo Soomaali ah. 1940kii, waxa ku noolaa Somaliland Talyaani ilaa 50,000 Talyaani ah . Inta badan reer Yurub waxay ka tageen xorriyadda ka dib, iyadoo tiro yar oo reer galbeed ah ay weli joogaan Soomaaliya oo u badan kuwa u shaqeeya hay'adaha caalamiga ah ee ka hawlgala Soomaaliya. [[File:Population pyramid of Somalia 2015.png|thumb|Dadka da' kasta]] Qurba joog Soomaaliyeed oo aad u tiro badan ayaa ka jira wadamo kala duwan oo reer galbeed ah sida Maraykanka (gaar ahaan gobolka Minnesota ) iyo Ingiriiska (gaar ahaan London ), Iswidhan, Kanada, Norway, Nederland, Jarmalka, Denmark, Finland, Australia, Switzerland, Austria, Talyaaniga, iyo sidoo kale Jasiiradda Carabta , iyo dalal dhowr ah oo Afrikaan ah sida Uganda iyo Koonfur Afrika . Qurba-joogta Soomaaliyeed ayaa si weyn ugu lug leh siyaasadda iyo horumarka Soomaaliya. Madaxweynihii hore ee Soomaaliya, Maxamed Cabdullaahi Maxamed , ayaa horay u ahaa qurbo-joog, wuxuuna heystay dhalashada Mareykanka oo uu si iskii ah uga tanaasulay 2019. Dadka Soomaaliya waxa ay ku sii fidayaan kobac dhan 1.75% sanadkii, halka 1,000 qofba ay dhallaan 40.87. Wadarta heerka bacriminta Soomaaliya waa 6.08 carruur ah oo dhashey haweeneydiiba (qiyaastii 2014), waana tan afaraad ee ugu sareysa adduunka, sida uu qabo Buugga Xaqiiqooyinka Adduunka ee CIA . Inta badan dadka deegaanka ayaa ah dhalinyaro, da'da dhexdhexaadka ah waa 17.7 sano; Qiyaastii 44% dadku waxay da'doodu u dhaxaysaa 0-14 sano, 52% waxay u dhexeeyaan da'da 15-64 sano, kaliya 2% waa 65 sano ama ka weyn. Saamiga lab iyo dheddig waa qiyaas dheelli tiran, iyadoo saami ahaan lagu qiyaaso inta ragga ah sida dumarka. Ma jiraan xog la isku halayn karo oo ku saabsan magaalooyinka Soomaaliya. Qiyaaso adag ayaa la sameeyay oo tilmaamaya heerka magaalaynta 4.8% sanadkii (2005–2010 qiyaas ahaan.), iyadoo magaalooyin badan ay si degdeg ah u korayaan magaalooyinka. Qowmiyadaha laga tirada badan yahay ayaa sidoo kale ka soo guuray miyiga una guuray magaalooyinka tan iyo markii ay bilowdeen dagaalladii sokeeye, gaar ahaan Muqdisho iyo Kismaayo . Laga soo bilaabo 2008 , 37.7% dadweynaha qaranku waxay ku nool yihiin magaalooyinka iyo magaalooyinka, iyadoo boqolkiiba ay si degdeg ah u kordheyso. ===Luuqadaha=== Af-Soomaaligu waa luqadda rasmiga ah ee ugu horreysa ee Soomaaliya halka Carabiga uu yahay luqadda labaad ee rasmiga ah ee dastuurka. Af-Soomaaligu waa afkii hooyo ee dadka Soomaaliyeed oo ah qowmiyadda ugu tirada badan qaranka. Waa xubin ka tirsan laanta Kushitigga ee qoyska afafka Afro-Aasiyatiga, qaraabada ugu dhowna waa afafka Oromada, Canfarta iyo Saho. Af-Soomaaligu waa kan ugu wanaagsan ee laga diiwaan geliyo luqadaha Kushitigga, iyada oo daraasado tacliimeed lagu sameeyay laga soo bilaabo 1900 ka hor. [[File:Somali Stone.jpg|thumb|Looxa dhagaxa ah ee laga soo bilaabo qarnigii 14-aad ee suugaanta Wadaad]] Af-Soomaaligu wuxuu u qaybsamaa saddex qaybood oo waaweyn: Waqooyi, Banaadir iyo Maayga. Soomaali-waqooyi (ama Waqooyi-Bartamaha Soomaaliya) ayaa saldhig u ah heerka Soomaaliga. Benaadir (sidoo kale loo yaqaan Xeebta Soomaaliya) waxaa looga hadlaa xeebta Banaadir, laga bilaabo Cadale ilaa koonfurta magaalada Marka oo ay ku jirto Muqdisho, iyo sidoo kale dhulka hoose ee dhow. Lahjadaha xeebuhu waxay leeyihiin telefoono dheeraad ah oo aan ku qornayn Soomaali caadi ah. Maayga waxaa ku hadla inta badan beelaha Digil iyo Mirifle (Raxanweyn) ee dega deegaanada koonfurta Soomaaliya. Banaadiri waa lahjada ugu weyn ee looga hadlo dalka, marka la barbardhigo Waqooyiga Soomaaliya oo ah lahjada ugu weyn ee looga hadlo Somaliland. Sanado badan ayaa habab qoris kala duwan loo adeegsaday qorista afka Soomaaliga. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah alifbeetada Soomaaliga, oo ah tan ugu badan ee la isticmaalo, isla markaana noqotay qoraalka rasmiga ah ee Soomaaliya tan iyo markii Golaha Sare ee Kacaanku si rasmi ah u hirgeliyay bishii Oktoobar 1972.<ref>Economist Intelligence Unit (Great Britain) ''Middle East annual review'' (1975) p. 229</ref> Qoraallo kale oo qarniyo badan loo adeegsanayay qorista Soomaaliga waxaa ka mid ah qoraalka Carabiga iyo qoraalka Wadaadka. Habab qoraal oo asal ahaan Soomaaliyeed oo la sameeyay qarnigii 20-aad waxaa ka mid ah qoraalka Cusmaaniya, qoraalka Borama iyo qoraalka Kaddare.<ref>{{Harvnb|Laitin|1977|pp=86–87}}.</ref> [[Carabi|Carabiga]], oo ah luqadda labaad ee Soomaaliya,<ref name="Frspc"/> waxaa ku hadla ku dhowaad hal milyan oo Soomaali ah<ref name="ethnologue.com">{{Cite web |title=Somalia |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/so/languages |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308060654/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/so/languages |archive-date=8 March 2021 |access-date=2 February 2020 |website=Ethnologue}}</ref> sababo la xiriira xiriirrada qarniyada badan jiray ee ay la leedahay Dunida Carabta, saameynta ballaaran ee warbaahinta Carabiga, iyo waxbarashada diinta.<ref name="Dubnov">Helena Dubnov (2003) ''A grammatical sketch of Somali'', Kِppe, pp. 70–71.</ref><ref>Diana Briton Putman, Mohamood Cabdi Noor (1993) ''The Somalis: their history and culture'', Center for Applied Linguistics, p. 15.</ref><ref>Fiona MacDonald et al. (2000) ''Peoples of Africa'', Vol. 10, Marshall Cavendish, p. 178.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=((American University (Washington, D.C.). Foreign Area Studies)) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0pyAAAAMAAJ&dq=Somali+arab+ties&pg=PA235 |title=Area Handbook for Somalia |date=1969 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |page=235 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=1 December 2005 |title=Middle East Policy Council – Muslim Populations Worldwide |url=http://www.mepc.org/workshops/popstat.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061214023655/http://www.mepc.org/workshops/popstat.asp |archive-date=14 December 2006 |access-date=27 June 2010 |publisher=Mepc.org}}</ref><ref name="Abdullahi 2001 12">{{Harvnb|Diriye Abdullahi|2001|p=1}}.</ref> SIL Global waxay qiyaastaa tirada guud ee dadka ku hadla, iyadoo aan loo eegin heerka aqoontooda, inay ka badan tahay laba milyan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/so/languages|title=Somalia|website=Ethnologue}}</ref> Waxaa loo adeegsadaa luqad cibaado maadaama uu yahay afka [[Qur'aan|Qur'aanka]]. Soomaalidu waxay bartaan akhriska iyo qorista Carabiga iyagoo da' yar. [[File:Arabic in Somalia Graph.png|thumb|280px|left|Qiyaasta aqoonta Carabiga ee dadka Soomaaliyeed, iyadoo la kala saarayo akhriska qoraalka Qur'aanka iyo ku hadalka Carabiga.<ref name="Salad2025">{{cite journal |last=Salad |first=Hussein Ahmed |title=Somali community perception on Arabic language |journal=Horn of Africa Journal of Social Science |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=50–60 |year=2025 |doi=10.70806/frz04z80}}</ref>]] [[Af-Ingiriis|Ingiriisiga]] si weyn ayaa looga hadlaa loona dhigaa. Wuxuu ahaan jiray luqad maamul xilligii maxmiyadda Somaliland ee Ingiriiska, waxaana sabab u ah caalamiyeynta uu hadda caan ka yahay guud ahaan Soomaaliya. Ingiriisigu waa luqadda waxbarashada ee jaamacado badan oo Soomaaliya ku yaalla, waana mid ka mid ah luqadaha shaqada ee ugu waaweyn hay'adaha aan dawliga ahayn ee ka hawlgala Soomaaliya. [[Af-Taliyaani|Talyaaniga]] wuxuu ahaa luqad rasmi ah xilligii Somaliland Talyaaniga iyo muddadii wakiillimada, laakiin isticmaalkiisa aad ayuu hoos ugu dhacay kaddib xorriyadda. Hadda waxaa inta badan laga maqlaa jiilalka waaweyn, saraakiisha dowladda, iyo dadka aqoonta leh. Luqadaha kale ee laga tirada badan yahay waxaa ka mid ah Bravanese, oo ah nooc ka mid ah luqadda Bantu ee Sawaaxiliga oo laga hadlo xeebaha ay deggan yihiin dadka Bravanese, iyo Kibajuni, oo ah lahjad Sawaaxili ah oo ah afka hooyo ee kooxda qowmiyadeed ee laga tirada badan yahay ee Bajuni. {{clear}} ===Gobolada iyo magaalooyinka=== {{Magaalooyinka Soomaaliya}} ===Diinta=== {{bar box|float=right |title=[[Diinta Soomaalida]] 2010<ref name="Pew">{{cite web |title=The Global Religious Landscape|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-full.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806002044/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-full.pdf|archive-date=6 August 2013|publisher=Pew Research Center|access-date=27 December 2013|page=49}}</ref>|titlebar=#ddd |left1=Diin|right1=Boqolkiiba |bars= {{bar percent|[[Islaam|Islaam]]|green|99.8}} {{bar percent|Mid Kale|red|0.2}} }} {{Main|Diinta Soomaalida}} '''Diinta Soomaaliya 2010''' Diinta Boqolkiiba Islaamka 99.8% Mid kale 0.2% [[File:Mosislsol2.jpg|thumb|Masjidka Isbaheysiga Islaamka ee magaalada Muqdisho ayaa ah masjidka ugu weyn gobolka Geeska.]] Sida ay sheegtay xarunta cilmi baarista ee Pew , 99.8% dadka Soomaaliya waa Muslim 315. Inta badan waxay ka tirsan yihiin laanta Islaamka ee sunniga iyo mad-habta shaaficiga ee fiqiga islaamka . suufiyada , dariiqada suufiga ah ee Islaamka, ayaa sidoo kale si fiican u dhisan, oo leh jamacooyin badan oo maxalli ah zawiya ama jameeco ka mid ah tariiqooyinka kala duwan ama suufiyada. Dastuurka Soomaaliya wuxuu kaloo qeexayaa diinta Islaamka inay tahay diinta dowladda ee Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya, shareecada Islaamkana ay tahay isha aasaasiga ah ee sharci-dejinta qaranka. Waxa kale oo uu dhigayaa in aan la samayn karin xeer aan waafaqsanayn mabaadi’da aasaasiga ah ee shareecada. Diinta Masiixiga waa diimo laga tiro badan yahay Soomaaliya, dadka raacsani waxay matalaan in ka yar 0.1% dadweynaha sanadka 2010 sida ay sheegtay xarunta cilmi baarista ee Pew. Tirada Masiixiyiinta Soomaaliya waxa lagu qiyaasaa 1,000 qof. Waxaa jira hal dariiqo Katoolik ah oo dalka oo dhan u yaal, Diocese-ka Muqdisho , taas oo ku qiyaastay in 2004 ay jireen ku dhawaad ​​boqol dhakhaatiir Katoolik ah. Sannadkii 1913kii, waagii hore ee gumaystaha, ma jirin wax Masiixiyiin ah oo ku noolaa dhulka Soomaalida, iyada oo ilaa 100-200 oo keliya ay ka yimaaddeen dugsiyada iyo xarumaha agoomaha ee hawlgalladii Kaatooligga ee Maxmiyadda Somaliland ee Ingiriiska . Sidoo kale ma jirin hawl wadeenno Katoolik ah oo la yaqaan oo ka socday Somaliland Talyaani isla muddadaas. Sannadihii 1970-aadkii, xilligii ay Soomaaliya ka talinaysay dowladdii Marxist-ta , waxaa la xiray iskuulladii ay kaniisaddu maamuli jirtay, adeegayaashana waxaa loo diray guryahooda. Tan iyo 1989-kii ma jirin wax Baasaboor ah oo dalka ka howlgala, waxaana cathedral- ka Muqdisho ka dhacay burbur xooggan oo soo gaaray dagaalladii sokeeye. Bishii Disembar 2013, Wasaaradda Caddaaladda iyo Arrimaha Diinta ayaa sidoo kale soo saartay awaamiir mamnuucaysa in dalka laga qabto xafladaha Kiristaanka. Marka loo eego xarunta cilmi baarista ee Pew, in ka yar 0.1% dadka Soomaaliya sanadkii 2010 waxay ahaayeen kuwo raacsan diimaha dadweynaha . Kuwaas oo u badnaan ka koobnaa qaar ka mid ah qowmiyadaha tirada yar ee aan Soomaalida ahayn ee ku nool qaybaha koonfureed ee dalka, kuwaas oo ku dhaqma nacayb . Dhanka Bantuda , dhaqamadaas diineed waxay ka dhaxleen awoowayaashood Koonfur Bari Afrika . Intaa waxaa dheer, marka loo eego Xarunta Cilmi-baarista ee Pew, in ka yar 0.1% dadka Soomaaliya sannadkii 2010 waxay ahaayeen kuwo raacsan diinta Yuhuudda , Hinduismka , Budhiismka , ama aan ku xidhnayn diin kasta . ===Caafimaadka=== [[File:Life expectancy in Somalia.png|thumb|Cimriga Soomaaliya, 1950 ilaa 2023]] Ilaa burburkii dawladdii dhexe ee sannadkii 1991-kii, haykalka hab-dhismeedka iyo hab-dhismeedka maamulka ee waaxda daryeelka caafimaadka ee Soomaaliya waxa dusha kala socday Wasaaradda Caafimaadka. Saraakiisha caafimaadka ee gobolku waxay ku raaxaysanayeen xoogaa awood ah, laakiin daryeelka caafimaadku wuxuu ahaa mid si weyn u dhexeya. Dawladii hantiwadaaga ee Madaxweynihii hore ee Soomaaliya Siyaad Barre waxay joojisay dhaq-dhaqaaqii caafimaadka ee gaarka ahaa 1972 . Nidaamkii daryeelka bulshada ee Soomaaliya ayaa si weyn u burburay dagaalladii sokeeye ee xigay. Sida waaxaha kale ee hore loo qarameeyay, bixiyayaasha aan rasmiga ahayn ayaa buuxiyey booskii banaanaa waxayna bedeleen kalidii dawladii hore ee daryeelka caafimaadka, iyada oo helitaanka tas-hiilaadka ay markhaati ka tahay koror weyn. Xarumo daryeel caafimaad oo badan, rugo caafimaad, isbitaallo iyo farmasiyo ayaa howsha lagu dhisay iyadoo loo marayo dadaallo Soomaaliyeed oo gurigooda lagu beeray. Qiimaha la-talinta caafimaadka iyo daaweynta xarumahan waa mid hooseeya, $ 5.72 booqasho kasta oo xarumaha caafimaadka ah (oo leh daboolida dadweynaha ee 95%), iyo $ 1.89-3.97 booqasho bukaan-socod iyo $ 7.83-13.95 maalintii sariiraha aasaasiga ah ilaa isbitaallada sare. Isbarbardhigga muddada 2005-2010 iyo tobankii sano ee badhkii ka hor dillaaca iskahorimaadka (1985-1990), rajada nolosha ayaa dhab ahaantii kor u kacday celcelis ahaan 47 sano ragga iyo dumarka ilaa 48.2 sano ragga iyo 51 sano haweenka. Sidoo kale, tirada hal sano jirka ah ee si buuxda looga tallaalay jadeecada ayaa kor uga kacday 30% 1985-1990 ilaa 40% 2000-2005, iyo qaaxada , waxay kor u kacday ku dhawaad ​​20% ilaa 50% isla muddadaas. Tirada dhallaanka miisaankoodu hooseeyo ayaa hoos uga dhacay min 16 1,000kiiba ilaa 0.3, taasoo ah 15% hoos u dhac ku yimid wadar ahaan isla waqtigaas. Intii u dhaxaysay 2005 iyo 2010 marka la barbardhigo 1985-1990, dhimashada dhallaanka ee 1,000 dhalasho waxay sidoo kale hoos uga dhacday 152 ilaa 109.6. Muhiimad weyn, dhimashada hooyada 100,000 ee dhallaanka waxay ka dhacday 1,600 dagaalkii ka hor 1985-1990 tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay ilaa 1,100 muddadii 2000-2005. Tirada dhakhaatiirta 100,000 ee qof ayaa sidoo kale ka kacay 3.4 ilaa 4 isla waqti isku mid ah, sida boqolkiiba dadka helay adeegyada fayadhowrka, kuwaas oo ka kordhay 18% ilaa 26%. Marka loo eego xogta Sanduuqa Dadweynaha ee Qaramada Midoobay ee shaqaalaha umulisooyinka, wadar ahaan 429 umulisooyin ah (oo ay ku jiraan kalkaalisooyin- umulisooyin) Soomaaliya, oo leh cufnaanta hal umuliso 1,000kii carruur ah ee nool. Siddeed xarumood oo umulisooyin ah ayaa hadda dalka ka jira, oo laba ka mid ah ay yihiin kuwo gaar loo leeyahay. Umulisada waxaa nidaamisa dowladda, waxaana loo baahan yahay shatiga si loogu shaqeeyo si xirfadeysan. Diiwaangelin toos ah ayaa sidoo kale jirta si loola socdo umulisooyinka shatiga haysta. Intaa waxaa dheer, umulisooyinka dalka waxaa si rasmi ah uga wakiil ah ururka umulisooyinka maxalliga ah, oo ka diiwaangashan 350 xubnood Marka loo eego qiyaasta hay'adda caafimaadka adduunka ee 2005, qiyaastii 97.9% haweenka iyo gabdhaha Soomaaliya ayaa lagu sameeyay gudniinka fircooniga ah, caadada guurka ka hor inta badan waxay ku dhacdaa Geeska Afrika iyo qaybo ka mid ah Bariga dhow. Waxaa dhiirigeliyay haweenka bulshada dhexdeeda, waxaa ugu horayn loogu talagalay in la ilaaliyo dhawrsanaanta, laga hortago sinada, lagana ilaaliyo weerarka. Sannadkii 2013, UNICEF oo kaashanaysa maamullada Soomaaliya ayaa sheegtay in heerka baahsanaanta ee gabdhaha da'doodu u dhaxayso 1- ilaa 14-sano ee ku nool gobollada waqooyi ee Puntland iyo Somaliland ay hoos ugu dhacday 25% ka dib olole wacyigelin bulsho iyo diineed ah. Qiyaastii 93% ragga Soomaaliyeed ayaa sidoo kale la sheegay in la guday Soomaaliya ayaa ka mid ah kuwa ugu hooseeya heerka caabuqa HIV ee qaaradda. Taasna waxaa loo aaneynayaa dabeecadda Muslimka ah ee bulshada Soomaaliyeed iyo ku-dhaqanka Soomaalida ku dhaqanka akhlaaqda Islaamka. Iyadoo lagu qiyaasay heerka faafidda HIV ee Soomaaliya 1987 (sannadkii warbixinta kiiskii ugu horreeyay) uu ahaa 1% dadka waaweyn, warbixin 2012 ka soo baxday UNAIDS ayaa sheegaysa in tan iyo 2004, qiyaasaha laga soo bilaabo 0.7% ilaa 1.0% la qiyaasay. In kasta oo daryeelka caafimaadku hadda inta badan ku urursan yahay ganacsiga gaarka loo leeyahay, nidaamka daryeelka caafimaadka guud ee dalku waxa uu ku socdaa dib-u-dhiskiisa, waxaana dusha kala socota wasaaradda caafimaadka. Wasiirka caafimaadka Qamar Aadan Cali. Ismaamulka Puntland waxa uu leeyahay Wasaarad u gaar ah Caafimaadka, sida gobolka Somaliland ee waqooyi-galbeed ee Soomaaliya. Xarumaha caafimaadka ee dalka caanka ka ah ayaa waxaa ka mid ah Isbitaalka Hooyada iyo Dhallaanka ee Bariga Baardheere , Isbitaalka Hooyada iyo Dhallaanka ee Caabudwaaq , Isbitaalka Hooyada ee Edna Aadan iyo qeybta Hooyada ee Galbeedka Baardheere . ===Waxbarashada=== Wasaaradda Waxbarashada ayaa si rasmi ah uga mas’uul ah waxbarashada Soomaaliya, waxaana ay dusha kala socotaa dugsiyada hoose dhexe , sare ,farsamada iyo farsamada gacanta , iyo sidoo kale tababaridda macallimiinta hoose iyo kuwa farsamada iyo waxbarashada dadban . Qiyaastii 15% ee miisaaniyadda dawladda waxa loo qoondeeyey hab-waxbarasho. Maamul-goboleedka Puntland iyo Somaliland ayaa iska leh wasaaradaha waxbarashada. [[File:Mogauniv1.jpg|thumb|Xarunta ugu weyn ee Jaamacadda Muqdisho ee Muqdisho]] Waxbarashada sare ee Soomaaliya hadda waa mid gaar loo leeyahay. Dhawr jaamacadood oo dalka ku yaala oo ay ku jirto jaamacadda Muqdisho ayaa lagu qiimeeyay 100-ka jaamacadood ee ugu wanaagsan qaaradda Afrika in kasta oo ay jiraan deegaan qallafsan, taasoo lagu tilmaamay inay tahay guul laga gaaray hindisayaal salka ku haya . Jaamacadaha kale ee sidoo kale bixiya tacliinta sare ee koonfurta waxaa ka mid ah Jaamacadda Banaadir , Jaamacadda Ummadda Soomaaliyeed , Jaamacadda Kismaayo iyo Jaamacadda Gedo . Puntland waxbarashada sare waxaa bixiya Jaamacadaha Puntland iyo Jaamacadda Bariga Afrika . Somaliland waxa bixiya Jaamacada Camuud , Jaamacada Hargeysa , Somaliland Jaamacadda Teknolojiyadda iyo Jaamacadda Burco . Dugsiyada Qur'aanka (sidoo kale loo yaqaan dugsi quran ama malcamad quran ) ayaa ah nidaamka aasaasiga ah ee barashada diinta dhaqameed. Loo yaqaan habka ugu xasilloon ee deegaanka, nidaamka aan tooska ahayn ee waxbarashada oo bixiya waxbarashada aasaasiga ah ee diinta iyo akhlaaqda, xooggoodu waxay ku tiirsan yihiin taageerada bulshada iyo adeegsigooda agab waxbarasho oo gudaha laga sameeyay oo si weyn loo heli karo. Nadaamka Qur’aanka oo wax lagu baro tirada ugu badan ee ardayda marka loo eego qeybaha kale ee waxbarashada, ayaa inta badan ah nidaamka kaliya ee ay heli karaan Soomaalida reer guuraaga ah marka loo eego magaalooyinka. Si wax looga qabto khaladaadka dhanka culuumta diinta, dowladda Soomaaliya ayaa dhankeeda sidoo kale ka dib dhistay Wasaaradda Awqaafta iyo Arrimaha Islaamka, taasoo hadda lagu maamulo waxbarashada Qur’aanka. ==Dhaqanka== ===Cunto=== [[File:Banadir3.jpg|thumb|Noocyada kala duwan ee cuntooyinka caanka ah ee Soomaalida]] Cunnada Soomaalidu waa isku dhaf noocyo kala duwan oo cuntooyin ah kuwaas oo laga soo dheegtay dhadhanka Carabta , Hindida iyo Talyaaniga taas oo si toos ah uga dhalatay taariikhda baaxadda leh ee Soomaaliya ee ganacsiga iyo ganacsiga. Tusaalooyinka cuntooyinka Soomaalida waxaa ka mid ah cunnooyinka sida bariiska iyo baasto , iyo hilibka sida wan , lo'da , iyo digaagga . Xawaashyada udgoonka ah sida cumin , karoomada , iyo kiraanta ayaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa in lagu siiyo dhadhan kala duwan suxuunta. Waxaa barbar socda maraqa , rootiga fidsan , iyo rootiga , cunnada kale ee Soomaalida waa Canjeero /Laxooh , oo ah nooc canjeero khamiir leh oo u eg roodhida fidsan ee laga dhadhamiyo Soomaaliya iyo dalalka deriska ah sida Itoobiya , Eritera iyo Yemen . Additionally, camel meat and milk are considered a delicacy. Bariiska Soomaaliya oo ah cuntada caadiga ah ee cashada ama qadada , ayaa sida caadiga ah la dhadhamiyey waxaana lagu daraa maaddooyin kala duwan sida hilibka , khudaarta , iyo, si xoogaa gaar ah, sabiib . Maaha wax aan caadi ahayn in saxankan loo soo bandhigo qaab muuqaal ah iyadoo lagu darayo midabyo badan, sababtoo ah qaybo gaar ah ayaa laga yaabaa in si macmal ah loogu dhejiyo hadhka jaalaha ah ama orange-ka iyadoo la adeegsanayo saffron iyo dhir kale si kor loogu qaado bilicdeeda [[File:Djiboutian rice (bariis) and fish (kalluun), Liver (beerka) with vegetable also (Sabaayad) pancakes.jpg|thumb|Bariis Soomaali ah (bariis) iyo kalluun (kalluun), Beerka (biir) khudaar leh sidoo kale (Sabaayad) canjeelo]] Xiligii gumaystaha talyaanigu waxa si wayn loo qaatay baastada iyo laasgaabka gaar ahaan koonfurta. Shaaha iyo kafeega ayaa sidoo kale runtii caan ah. Soomaalida ayaa ka mid ahaa dadkii hore u qaatay cunista kafeega , waxaana ganacsatada Soomaaliyeed ay ka mid ahaayeen ganacsatadii ugu horreysay ee dhoofisa digirta Kafeega. Qaxwaha Soomaalida, oo gudaha loo yaqaan ' Qahwo ' iyo shaaha 'Shah', ayaa aad uga dhex muuqda habka diyaarinta, kaas oo ku lug leh xulashada xawaashka kala duwan si kor loogu qaado muuqaalkeeda dhadhanka. 'Xalwo', oo si dhow ula xiriirta Cumaan ' Xalwaa ', waa daweyn jelly-la mid ah oo siman oo lagu sameeyay xawaash , iniin, laws , iyo sonkor la shiiday . Macmacaankan waxa si caadi ah loogu wada adeegaa " Qahwo ". Cunto ka dib, guryaha sida dhaqameedka ah waxaa lagu cadariyaa fooxa ama fooxa ( unsi ), kaas oo lagu diyaariyo gudaha fooxa r loo yaqaan dabqaad . ===Muusiga=== Soomaaliya waxay leedahay hiddaha faneed hodanka ah oo ku qotoma suugaan-dhaqameedka Soomaalida . Heesaha Soomaalida intooda badan waa hal-abuur . Muusiga Soomaaliyeed waxaa laga yaabaa in lagu qaldo dhawaaqyada gobollada u dhow sida Itoobiya, Suudaan ama Jasiiradda Carabta, laakiin ugu dambeyntii waxaa lagu aqoonsan karaa laxankeeda iyo qaababka gaarka ah. Aaladaha dhaqameed ee sida weyn looga dhex muuqday fanka Soomaaliya waxaa ka mid ah oud lute . Inta badan waxaa la socda durbaan yaryar iyo biibiile cawsduur ah oo gadaal ka ah. Heesaha Soomaalidu inta badan waa wax ka dhasha wada shaqaynta ka dhaxaysa hal-abuurayaasha ( midho ), abwaannada ( laxan ) iyo fannaaniinta ( codka ama "codadka") ===Suugaanta=== Bulshada Soomaaliyeed ayaa sanadihii lasoo dhaafay ahaa ilo ay ka soo jeedaan abwaanno, qorayaal iyo hal-abuuro caan ah, kuwaas oo qayb weyn ka qaatay soo saarista iyo qaabaynta hab-raacyada aqoonta iyo dhaqanka Muslimiinta, mana aha oo kaliya Geeska Afrika ee waxa ay gaadheen meelo fog-fog oo ka mid ah Jasiiradda Carabta iyo gobollada kale ee adduunka. Soomaaliya waxaa sidoo kale loogu yeeraa, oo ay ka mid yihiin, qoraaga Kanadiyaan ah iyo aqoonyahanada Margaret Laurence , "Qaranka Abwaanada " iyo "Qaranka Baadiyada ". Sahmiye iyo qoraa Ingiriis oo caan ah Richard Burton ayaa si hufan wax uga qoray Soomaaliya: Dalku wuxuu la socdaa, 'Abwaanada, nin kastaa wuxuu leeyahay mawqifkiisa la aqoonsan yahay ee suugaanta sida saxda ah ee loo qeexay sida in dib loo eegay qarniyo joornaal ah - dhegta wanaagsan ee dadkani waxay keenaysaa in ay qaataan raaxada ugu weyn ee dhawaaqyada iswaafaqsan iyo tibaaxaha maansada, halka tiro been ah ama weedh qallafsan ay ku kicinayaan." ===Casri ah=== [[File:Hadrawi.jpg|thumb|Abwaan , faylasuuf iyo hal-abuure, Maxamed Ibraahim Warsame (Hadraawi)]] Markii la qaatay farta laatiinka sannadkii 1972-kii oo laga dhigay halbeegga alifbeetada qaranka, waxaa kaloo soo saaray qorayaal Soomaali ah oo aad u tiro badan, kuwaas oo qaarkood sumcad weyn ku helay caalamka oo dhan. Qorayaashan casriga ah, Nuruddin Farah waa kan ugu caansan, isagoo helay, abaal-marinno kale, 1998-kii Neustadt ee abaalmarinta caalamiga ah ee suugaanta . Faarax MJ Cawl waa qoraa kale oo caan ah oo Soomaaliyeed oo caan ku ahaa sheeko-qoraalkiisii ​​xilligii Dervish , Jahligu waa cadowga jacaylka . Waxa kale oo maansada Soomaalidu aad u kobcaysay wakhtigan iyadoo Hadraawi uu sumcad qaran ku helay tiraabtiisa iyo maansadiisa. ===Ciyaaraha=== Kubadda cagta waa ciyaaraha ugu caansan Soomaaliya. Tartamada gudaha ee muhiimka ah ayaa ah horyaalka Soomaaliya iyo koobka Soomaaliya , iyadoo xulka qaranka Soomaaliya uu ciyaaro heer caalami. Kubadda kolayga ayaa sidoo kale laga ciyaaraa dalka. Horyaalkii FIBA ​​Africa 1981 ayaa lagu qabtay magaalada Muqdisho 15 ilaa 23 December 1981, xiligaasi oo xulka qaranka kubada koleyga ay heleen bilada maarta ah. Sannadkii 2013-kii, waxaa magaalada Borlänge laga dhisay koox qaran oo ka tirsan kooxaha burcad badeeda Soomaalida . Waxa ay ka qaybgashay tartankii Horyaalka Adduunka ee Bandy 2014. Dhanka fanka dagaalka waxaa billad qalin ah iyo kaalinta afraad ku qaatay Faysal Jeylaani Aweys iyo Maxamed Deeq Cabdulle oo ka tirsan xulka qaranka Teekwondo-ga , waxayna ku guuleysteen koobka Taekwondo-ga Adduunka ee 2013 ee Tongeren Intaa waxaa dheer, Maxamed Jaamac waxa uu ku guuleystay labada koob ee adduunka iyo Yurub ee K-1 iyo feerka Thai . ===Dhismaha=== [[File:Gondereshe2008.jpg|thumb|Qasriga Gondershe]] Qaab-dhismeedka Soomaalidu waa dhaqan qani ah oo kala duwan oo xagga injineernimada iyo naqshadeynta ah. Iyadoo la eegayo wakhtiyadii hore ee qadiimiga ahaa, dhexe iyo kuwii hore ee casriga ahaa ee dalka, waxa kale oo ay soo dhawaynaysaa isku dhafka qaab dhismeedka Somali-Islaamka oo leh nashqado casri ah oo reer galbeed ah. Soomaalidii hore, dhismooyinka haramka ah ee Soomaalidu u taqaan Taalo waxay ahaayeen qaab caan ah oo lagu aaso, iyadoo boqolaal ka mid ah taallooyinkii dhagaxaanta qallalan ay maanta ku baahsan yihiin dalka. Guryo ayaa laga dhisay dhagxaan lebisan oo la mid ah kuwii Masar hore . Waxa kale oo jira tusaaleyaal barxadaha iyo darbiyada waaweyn ee dhagaxa ah ee lagu soo dejiyey deegaamada, sida darbiga Wargade. Qaadashada Islaamka ee taariikhda dhexe ee hore ee Soomaaliya waxa ay Islaamku ka keentay Carabta iyo Faaris . Tani waxay kicisay isbeddelka dhismaha ee dhagaxa engegan iyo agabka kale ee la xidhiidha oo loo beddelay dhagaxa kooraska , lebennada qorraxda qallalan , iyo isticmaalka baahsan ee dhagaxa nuuradda ee dhismaha Soomaalida. Qaar badan oo ka mid ah naqshadaha cusub ee naqshadaha, sida masaajidda, ayaa lagu dhisay burburka dhismooyinkii hore, dhaqankaas oo socon doona qarniyada soo socda. ==Sidoo kale eeg== [[Warbixin Soomaaliya]] ==Taariikh nololeed== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book |last=Diriye Abdullahi |first=Mohamed |author-link=Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VOPEEAAAQBAJ |title=Dhaqanka iyo Caadooyinka Soomaaliya |publisher=[[Greenwood Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-313-31333-2 |series=Dhaqanka iyo caadooyinka Afrika |location=Westport, Conn}} * {{Cite journal |last= Alpers |first= Edward A. |year= 1976 |title= Gujarat iyo Ganacsiga Bariga Afrika, c. 1500–1800 |journal=[[The International Journal of African Historical Studies]] |volume= 9 |issue= 1 |pages= 22–44 |doi= 10.2307/217389 |jstor= 217389 }} * {{Cite book |author= Gebru Tareke |year= 2009 |title= Kacaankii Itoobiya: Dagaalka Geeska Afrika |url= https://archive.org/details/ethiopianrevolut0000gebr |location= New Haven,&nbsp;CT |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-300-14163-4}} * {{Cite book |last= Laitin |first= David D. |year= 1977 |title= Siyaasad, Luuqad, iyo Fikir: Khibradda Soomaalida |location= Chicago |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn= 978-0-226-46791-7 }} * {{Cite journal |last1= Lecarme |first1= Jacqueline |last2= Maury |first2= Carole |year= 1987 |title= Qalab Software ah oo loogu talagalay Cilmi-baarista Luuqadda iyo Qaamuusyada: Codsiga Soomaaliga |journal= Computers and Translation |volume= 2 |issue= 1 |pages= 21–36 |doi= 10.1007/BF01540131 |s2cid= 6515240 }} * {{Cite book |last=Mauri |first=Arnaldo |chapter-url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=958442 |title=Nidaamyada Bangiyada Afrika |publisher=[[Cariplo]] – Finafrica |year=1971 |editor-last=Dell'Amore |editor-first=Giordano |location=Milan |pages=209–217 |chapter=Horumarinta Bangiyada Soomaaliya}} * {{Cite book |last= Samatar |first= Said S. |year= 1982 |title = Gabayada Afka iyo Qaranimada Soomaaliyeed |location= Cambridge |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-10457-9 }} * {{Cite book |last= Schraeder |first= Peter J. |year= 2006 |editor-last=Barrington |editor-first=Lowell W. |chapter-url=https://press.umich.edu/pdf/0472098985-ch5.pdf |title=Ka Dib Xorriyadda: Samaynta iyo Ilaalinta Qaranka ee Dowladaha Dhacdooyinka Kadib |pages=107–137 |chapter=Laga bilaabo Irredentism ilaa Kala-go'id: Hoos u dhaca Qaranimada Pan-Soomaali |location= Ann Arbor |publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]] |isbn= 978-0-472-09898-9 }} * {{Cite book |last=Shay |first=Shaul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uqw0DwAAQBAJ |title=Soomaaliya oo is-beddelaysa Tan iyo 2006 |date=2014 |publisher=[[Transaction Publishers]] |isbn=978-1-4128-5390-3 |location=New Brunswick}} * {{Cite book |last= Warmington |first= Eric Herbert |year= 1995 |title= Ganacsiga u dhexeeya Boqortooyadii Roomaanka iyo Hindiya |publisher= South Asia Books |isbn= 81-215-0670-0 }} * {{Cite book |last1= Zolberg |first1= Aristide R. |author-link1=Aristide Zolberg |last2= Suhrke |first2= Astri |last3= Aguayo |first3= Sergio |author-link3= Sergio Aguayo |year= 1989 |title= Ka Baxsiga Rabshadaha: Khilaafaadka iyo Qaxootiga Dalalka Horumarka |location= New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-19-505592-4 }} * {{Cite book |last1=Rosati |first1=A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=av8qvZ-0sHUC&pg=PA169 |title=Soosaarista Xoolaha iyo Sayniska Xoolaha Caalamka |last2=Tewolde |first2=A. |last3=Mosconi |first3=C. |date=2007 |publisher=[[Wageningen Academic Publishers]] |isbn=978-90-8686-034-0 |series=WAAP buugga sanadka |location=Wageningen |page=169}} {{Refend}} ==Xusuusin== {{lang-so|Soomaaliya}} {{IPAc-en|s|ə|ˈ|m|ɑː|l|i|ə|audio=Somalia pronunciation (English).wav}} '''Soomaali:''' Soomaaliya [soːmaːlija], qoraalka Osmanya: 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘𐒕𐒖; Carabi: الصومال, la turjumay: aṣ-Ṣūmāl '''Soomaali rasmi ah:''' Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya; Carabi: جمهورية الصومال الفيدرالية Xuduudka Jabuuti–Soomaaliya waxaa si sharci ah u maamula Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya oo si caalami ah loo aqoonsan yahay, laakiin dhab ahaan waxaa gacanta ku haya ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} * [https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/ "Qaramada Midoobay, Waaxda Dhaqaalaha iyo Arrimaha Bulshada, Qaybta Dadweynaha (2022). Rajada Dadweynaha Adduunka"] {{Wayback|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/ |date=20220711213112 }} * [https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april "Database-ka Muuqaalka Dhaqaalaha Adduunka, Abriil 2025"] *[https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april "Database-ka Muuqaalka Dhaqaalaha Adduunka, Abriil 2025"] *[https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf "Warbixinta Horumarinta Aadanaha 2025"] *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs Waaxda Dhaqaalaha iyo Arrimaha Bulshada ee Qaramada Midoobay] *[https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx "Rajada Dadweynaha Adduunka 2022: Tusiyeyaasha tirakoobka ee gobol, degaan iyo waddan, sannad kasta 1950-2100"] {{Wayback|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx |date=20230306213755 }} *[https://books.google.com/books?id=R0pyAAAAMAAJ&dq=Somali+arab+ties&pg=PA235 <nowiki>Buug-gacmeedka Aagga Soomaaliya: La-qorayaasha: Irving Kaplan [et al.] Cilmi-baadhis iyo qoraal ayaa la dhammaystiray Juun 15, 1969</nowiki>] *[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/29/somali-president-resigns "Madaxweynihii Soomaaliya oo is-casilay iyadoo lagu jiro loolan dhanka awoodda ah"] *[http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/01/31/somalia.election.president/ Islaam qunyar socod ah ayaa loo doortay madaxweynaha Soomaaliya"] {{Wayback|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/01/31/somalia.election.president/ |date=20090202115625 }} *[https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/kenyan-troops-seize-al-shabaab-base-in-somalia/455875 "Ciidamada Kenya oo la wareegay saldhigii Al-Shabaab ee Soomaaliya] *[http://allafrica.com/stories/201208220474.html "Soomaaliya: Ergayga Qaramada Midoobay oo sheegay in la furayo baarlamaanka cusub ee Soomaaliya "Xilligii Taariikhiga ahaa"] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=L2vXPfRsf04C Dimuqraadiyad Xoolo dhaqato: Daraasad lagu sameeyay Xoolo-dhaqatada iyo Siyaasadda Soomaalida Waqooyi ee Geeska Afrika] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=hCb6xzeydigC&q=somalia+stillbay+culture&pg=PA201 Dhaqamada Horyaala ee Geeska Afrika: Falanqaynta Casrigii Dhagaxa ee Dhaqanka iyo Cimilada ee Somaliland iyo Qaybaha Bari ee Xabashida] *[https://archive.org/stream/geographyofherod00whee/geographyofherod00whee_djvu.txt Juqraafiga Herodotus: Waxaa laga soo sawiray Cilmi-baadhisyo Casri ah iyo daahfurkii] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=YUoNEQAAQBAJ&dq=isaaq+sultanate&pg=PA274 Dabeecadda Is-dilitaanka ee Waddamada Muslinka ah ee u badan: Cudurrada faafa, Waxyaabaha halista ah, iyo Ka-hortagga] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020220/http://togdheernews.com/articles/31/05/2016/taariikhda-saldanada-reer-guuleed-ee-somaliland-abwaanibraahim-rashiid-cismaan-guure-aboor/ "Taariikhda Saldanada Reer Guuleed Ee Somaliland.Abwaan:Ibraahim-rashiid Cismaan Guure (aboor). | Togdheer News Network"] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20210811205734/https://www.hubaalmedia.net/degmada-cusub-ee-dacarta-oo-loogu-wanqalay-munaasibad-kulmisay-madaxda-iyo-haldoorka-somaliland/ "Degmada Cusub Ee Dacarta Oo Loogu Wanqalay Munaasibad Kulmisay Madaxda Iyo Haldoorka Somaliland"] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20231002022805/https://sites.tufts.edu/reinventingpeace/2013/10/22/state-sponsored-violence-and-conflict-under-mahamed-siyad-barre-the-emergence-of-path-dependent-patterns-of-violence/ "Rabshadaha iyo colaadaha ay dowladdu soo qabanqaabisay ee Mahamed Siyaad Barre: soo ifbaxa qaabab rabshado ah oo ku tiirsan waddada"] *[https://webarchive.archive.unhcr.org/20230604082615/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6acb654.html "Somalia: Warbixin ku saabsan qabsashadii magaalada Beled Uen ee United Somali Congress (USC) ee dhamaadkii 1990 ama horraantii 1991 iyo dhibaatadii Daarood ee Beled Uen ee askarta USC"] *[https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/40/087/40087878.pdf "Mashruuca Qiimaynta Khayraadka Uranium-ka Caalamiga ah (IUREP) Warbixinta Hawlgalka Wajiga ee Hanuuninta, Soomaaliya"] {{Wayback|url=https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/40/087/40087878.pdf |date=20200119113709 }} *[https://books.google.com/books?id=cscbDgqCsOMC&q=harar Cadan oo hoos imanaysa Gumaysiga Ingiriiska, 1839–1967] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20131022175949/http://horseedmedia.net/2013/03/06/somalia-moves-forward-at-world-taekwondo-pictures/ "Soomaaliya waxay horay ugu socotaa ciyaaraha Taekwondo-ga aduunka"] *[http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2010-02-10/others/great-victory-for-malta-in-k1-kickboxing-270164/ "Guul weyn Malta ee K1 Kickboxing"] *[http://www.cid.harvard.edu/neudc07/docs/neudc07_s1_p02_ahuja.pdf Gudniinka Labka ah iyo AIDS-ka: Saamaynta Dhaqaale-dhaqaale ee Dhibaatada Caafimaadka ee Eric Werker, Amrita Ahuja, iyo Brian Wendell :: NEUDC 2007 Waraaqaha :: Shirarka Horumarinta Jaamacadaha Waqooyi Bari"] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20131006071502/http://www.ameinfo.com/176786.html "Dowladda Puntland ee Soomaaliya, Maal-gashiga Lootah ayaa kala saxiixday heshiisyo istiraatijiyadeed oo ku kacaya 170-Dhs] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20130928150305/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Guide_to_Puntland_Election_2009_printer.shtml "Soomaaliya: Hagaha Doorashada Puntland 2009"] *[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/20/world/africa/20somalia.html "Iyadoo dhibaatada Soomaaliya ay sii kordhayso, ayay khubaradu u arkaan in ay meesha ka maqan tahay gargaarka"] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150109002414/http://goobjoog.com/english/?p=6410 "Beesha Caalamka Oo Soo Dhaweysay Madaxweynaha Cusub Ee Maamulka Kumeel Gaarka Ah Ee Koonfur Galbeed Soomaaliya"] *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7802622.stm "Madaxweynihii Soomaaliya oo xilka ka dagay"] *[http://www.unis.unvienna.org/unis/pressrels/2005/ga10386.html "Furitaanka Doodda Shirka Sannadlaha ah ee Sannadlaha, Xoghayaha Guud ee Qaramada Midoobay wuxuu ku booriyay Dawladaha xubnaha ka ah inay saxafada u sheegaan wax ka qabashada faqriga, argagixisanimada, xadgudubyada xuquuqda aadanaha, colaadaha"] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=eJR3RAAACAAJ Dhaxalkii Gumeysiga ee Soomaaliya: Rome iyo Muqdisho: Laga soo bilaabo Maamulkii Gumeysiga ilaa Howlgalkii Rajada soo celinta] *[http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20120810180135/http://english.alarabiya.net/views/2012/08/08/231008.html "Soomaaliya oo kor u kacaysa labaatan sano oo dagaal sokeeye iyo qalalaase ka socday"] * ​[https://www.ponarseurasia.org/de-facto-states-unbound/ "Mylonas, Harris. De Facto States Unbound – PONARS Eurasia"] * [https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/Somaliland_Parade "Council on Foreign Relations. Somaliland Parade"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/Somaliland_Parade |date=20180509080323 }} [https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/al-shabab "Al-Shabab. Council on Foreign Relations"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/al-shabab |date=20210202020617 }} * [https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/kenyan-troops-seize-al-shabaab-base-in-somalia/455875 "Kenyan troops seize al-Shabaab base in Somalia. Anadolu Agency"] * [https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/least-developed-country-category/ldcs-at-a-glance.html "LDCs at a Glance | Department of Economic and Social Affairs"] * [http://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/mogadishu-east-africas-newest-business-destination/17661/ "Dinfin Mulupi. Mogadishu: East Africa's newest business destination?"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/mogadishu-east-africas-newest-business-destination/17661/ |date=20120627101741 }} [https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199698394.001.0001 "James Ker-Lindsay (2012). The Foreign Policy of Counter Secession"] * [https://books.google.com/books?id=9iu6AAAAIAAJ "Lionel Casson (1984). Ancient Trade and Society"] "Jorge Alejandro Suárez. Geopolítica de lo Desconocido: Una visión diferente de la Política International" "Abdisalam M. Issa-Salwe (1996). The Collapse of the Somali State: The Impact of the Colonial Legacy" * [https://books.google.com/books?id=PBvfTmzsZ-0C "Lidwien Kapteijns (2012). Clan Cleansing in Somalia: The Ruinous Legacy of 1991"] * [https://books.google.com/books?id=D97AEAAAQBAJ "Joana Cook (2023). The Rule Is For None But Allah. Oxford University Press"] [https://books.google.com/books?id=XpdAzRYruCwC "Ali Jimale Ahmed (1995). The Invention of Somalia"] * [https://books.google.com/books?id=L2vXPfRsf04C "I. M. Lewis & Said Samatar (1999). A Pastoral Democracy"] * [https://books.google.com/books?id=kREOAQAAMAAJ "Anita Suleiman (1991). Somali studies: early history"] * [https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C "J.D. Fage (1975). The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 3"] * [https://archive.org/details/historyofafrican0000unse_j3c5/page/105 "Peter Robertshaw (1990). A History of African Archaeology"] * [https://books.google.com/books?id=lRDYAW4wXOYC "D. W. Phillipson (2005). African Archaeology"] [https://books.google.com/books?id=6GFGsswTIO8C "Eric Delson (2004). Encyclopedia of Human Evolution and Prehistory"] * [https://books.google.com/books? id=x6o4XLIKN0UC "Michael D. Petraglia (2009). The Evolution of Human Populations in Arabia"] [https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C "Raphael Chijioke Njoku (2013). The History of Somalia"] * [https://books.google.com/books?id=RO4kS1IR71sC "Roshen Dalal (2011). The Illustrated Timeline of the History of the World"] [https://books.google.com/books?id=M6NI2FejIuwC "Phillip Briggs (2012). Somaliland"] * [https://books.google.com/books?id=OP5LAAAAMAAJ "Encyclopedia Americana (1965). Volume 25"] [https://archive.org/details/peoplesofthehorn007763mbp "I. M. Lewis (1955). Peoples of the Horn of Africa"] * [https://archive.org/stream/historyanddescr03porygoog#page/n180/mode/2up "Leo Africanus (1526). The History and Description of Africa"] [https://books.google.com/books?id=9fAjtruUXjEC "Ioan M. Lewis (1994). Blood and Bone: The Call of Kinship in Somali Society"] * [https://books.google.com/books?id=zJU3AAAAIAAJ "M. Th. Houtsma (1987). E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936"] * [https://books.google.com/books?id=eK6SBJIckIsC&pg=PA17 "I. M. Lewis (1999). A Pastoral Democracy"] "Enrico Cerulli (1957). Somalia: Storia della Somalia. L'Islām in Somalia" * [https://books.google.com/books?id=DNHvb6nSN-AC&pg=PA79 "Edward A. Alpers (2009). East Africa and the Indian Ocean"] * [https://books.google.com/books?id=S3oyoVIIlMQC&pg=PA22 "Nigel Harris (2003). The Return of Cosmopolitan Capital"] "Aleksi Ylönen (2023). The Horn Engaging the Gulf. Bloomsbury" * [https://books.google.com/books?id=YUoNEQAAQBAJ "S. M. Yasir Arafat (2024). Suicidal Behavior in Muslim Majority Countries"] "Truhart, P. (1984). Regents of nations: systematic chronology of states. p. 72" "I. M. Lewis. A pastoral democracy (1999), p. 157." "Genealogies of the Somal (1896). Eyre and Spottiswoode (London)" * [https://books.google.com/books?id=pGkMAQAAIAAJ "Roland Anthony Oliver. History of East Africa, Volume 2 (1976)"] * [https://books.google.com/books?id=iMRf1RZ9zkAC "Roland Anthony (2007). Somalia in Pictures"] [https://books.google.com/books?id=cereWkyNJckC "Kwame Anthony Appiah & Henry Louis Gates (2003). Africana"] * [https://books.google.com/books?id=eJR3RAAACAAJ "Paolo Tripodi (1999). The Colonial Legacy in Somalia"] "Christopher L. Daniels (2012). Somali Piracy and Terrorism in the Horn of Africa" "Mohamed Adan Sheikh (1991). Arrivederci a Mogadiscio" "Kaplan Irving (1977). Area Handbook for Somalia. Volume 550" "Raphael Chijioke Njoku (2013). The History of Somalia. ABC-CLIO" "Muuse Yuusuf (2022). The Genesis of the Civil War in Somalia" * [https://afjn.org/somalia-mourns-a-golden-era-as-crisis-worsens/ "Somalia Mourns a 'Golden Era' as Crisis Worsens. Africa Faith and Justice Network"] * [http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/153/26334.html "Ethiopian Invasion of Somalia. Global Policy Forum"] * [http://www.garoweonline.com/english/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=558 "Somalia President, Parliament Speaker dispute over TFG term. Garowe Online"]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher,USCIRF,,,4a4f272bc,0.html "USCIRF Annual Report 2009 – The Commission's Watch List: Somalia"] * [http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Guide_to_Puntland_Election_2009_printer.shtml "Somalia: Guide to Puntland Election 2009. Garowe Online"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Guide_to_Puntland_Election_2009_printer.shtml |date=20130928150305 }} [http://www.unis.unvienna.org/unis/pressrels/2005/ga10386.html "Opening Annual General Assembly Debate. UNIS Vienna (2005)"] [http://horseedmedia.net/2010/05/22/un-boss-urges-support-for-somalia-ahead-of-istanbul-summit/ "Kamaal. UN boss urges support for Somalia. Horseed Media"] [http://kenyahighcomtz.org/?action=event-read-more.html&id=1 "Joint Communique – Operation Linda Nchi. Kenya High Commission"] {{Wayback|url=http://kenyahighcomtz.org/?action=event-read-more.html&id=1 |date=20120816100759 }} * [http://www.globalgovernance.eu/index.php/p-s-publications/246-new-analysis-the-somali-crisis-and-the-eu-3.html "Analysis of EUCAP Nestor by the Global Governance Institute"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.globalgovernance.eu/index.php/p-s-publications/246-new-analysis-the-somali-crisis-and-the-eu-3.html |date=20130402205646 }} [https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/africacan/partnerships-and-data-sharing-enhance-delivery-of-somalia-drought-relief-afe-0624 "Partnerships and Data Sharing Enhance Delivery of Somalia Drought Relief. World Bank"] * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html "Somalia. The World Factbook (2009)"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html |date=20160701194614 }} * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2060.html "Coastline. The World Factbook"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2060.html |date=20170716042040 }} * [http://countrystudies.us/somalia/34.htm "Somalia – Climate. Country Studies"] [http://www.goldmanprize.org/node/113 "Fatima Jibrell. Goldman Environmental Prize"] * [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/20/world/africa/20somalia.html "Jeffrey Gettleman. As Somali Crisis Swells, Experts See a Void in Aid. The New York Times"] * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8318798.stm "Islamists break Somali port truce. BBC News"] * [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/sep/28/kenyan-soldiers-capture-kismayo-somalia "Clar Ni Chonghaile. Kenyan troops launch beach assault on Somali city of Kismayo. The Guardian"] * [http://english.alarabiya.net/views/2012/08/08/231008.html "Muddassar Ahmed. Somalia rising after two decades of civil war and unrest. Al Arabiya"] {{Wayback|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/views/2012/08/08/231008.html |date=20120809223608 }} * [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article418665.ece "Jonathan Clayton. Somalia's secret dumps of toxic waste. The Times"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article418665.ece |date=20110810033244 }} * [http://www.somalbanca.org/monetary-policy.html "Central Bank of Somalia – Monetary policy"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.somalbanca.org/monetary-policy.html |date=20090125062011 }} * [http://somalbanca.org/payment-system.html "Central Bank of Somalia – Payment system"] {{Wayback|url=http://somalbanca.org/payment-system.html |date=20090122232449 }} * [http://www.diaspora-centre.org/DOCS/UK_Somali_Remittan.pdf "UK Somali Remittances Survey"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.diaspora-centre.org/DOCS/UK_Somali_Remittan.pdf |date=20201109191722 }} * [http://www.threcorder.co.uk/content/towerhamlets/recorder/news/story.aspx?brand=REConline&category=newsTowerHam&tBrand=northlondon24&tCategory=newstower&itemid=WeED13%20Apr%202010%2010%3A02%3A08%3A730 "Decades of community service recognised with award - Tower Hamlets Recorder"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511205333/http://www.threcorder.co.uk/content/towerhamlets/recorder/news/story.aspx?brand=REConline&category=newsTowerHam&tBrand=northlondon24&tCategory=newstower&itemid=WeED13%20Apr%202010%2010%3A02%3A08%3A730 |date=20110511205333 }} * [http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2014/03/20/the-curious-tale-of-the-world-beating-somali-shilling/ "The curious tale of the world-beating Somali shilling - Financial Times"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815142257/http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2014/03/20/the-curious-tale-of-the-world-beating-somali-shilling/ |date=20170815142257 }} * [https://www.reuters.com/article/kenya-somalia-investment-idUSL6E8J8D1J20120808 "Diplomat to start Somalia's first stock market - Reuters"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930100728/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/08/08/kenya-somalia-investment-idUSL6E8J8D1J20120808 |date=20150930100728 }} * [http://www.somenergy.com/Mission-Vision.php "Mission & Vision - Somali Energy Company"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522182434/http://www.somenergy.com/Mission-Vision.php |date=20230522182434 }} * [http://unctad.org/sections/dite_fdistat/docs/wid_cp_so_en.pdf "UNCTAD: Somalia Investment Data"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306075656/http://unctad.org/sections/dite_fdistat/docs/wid_cp_so_en.pdf |date=20160306075656 }} * [http://www.oilmarketer.co.uk/2007/07/18/exploration-rights-in-somalia-for-chinese-oil-giant-cnooc/ "Exploration rights in Somalia for Chinese oil giant CNOOC"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070917005212/http://www.oilmarketer.co.uk/2007/07/18/exploration-rights-in-somalia-for-chinese-oil-giant-cnooc/ |date=20070917005212 }} * [http://www.opec.org/library/Annual%20Statistical%20Bulletin/interactive/current/FileZ/XL/T31.HTM "OPEC: World proven crude oil reserves by country"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905210305/http://www.opec.org/library/Annual%20Statistical%20Bulletin/interactive/current/FileZ/XL/T31.HTM |date=20130905210305 }} * [http://www.businessweek.com/news/2013-08-08/soma-oil-and-gas-may-invest-20-million-to-survey-war-torn-somalia "Soma Oil & Gas May Invest $20 Million to Survey Somalia - Bloomberg"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825065126/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2013-08-08/soma-oil-and-gas-may-invest-20-million-to-survey-war-torn-somalia |date=20130825065126 }} * [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hbVWAAAAIBAJ&pg=7276,235261 "Big Uranium Find Announced in Somalia - The New York Times"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709212617/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hbVWAAAAIBAJ&pg=7276,235261 |date=20200709212617 }} * [https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/40/087/40087878.pdf "International Uranium Resources Evaluation Project (IUREP) - Somalia Report"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119113709/https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/40/087/40087878.pdf |date=20200119113709 }} * [http://www.marketwatch.com/story/long-forgotten-uranium-bonanza-rediscovered-kilimanjaro-unleashes-somalia-uranium-exploration-initiative-2014-04-15-71733149 "Long Forgotten Uranium Bonanza Rediscovered - MarketWatch"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517211900/http://www.marketwatch.com/story/long-forgotten-uranium-bonanza-rediscovered-kilimanjaro-unleashes-somalia-uranium-exploration-initiative-2014-04-15-71733149 |date=20140517211900 }} * [https://www.reuters.com/article/world/somalia-business-keen-to-join-forces-for-peace-idUSTRE64M158/ "Somalia business keen to join forces for peace - Reuters"] * [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704608104575220570113266984 "Telecom Firms Thrive in Somalia Despite War - The Wall Street Journal"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718221707/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704608104575220570113266984 |date=20170718221707 }} * [http://sabahionline.com/en_GB/articles/hoa/articles/features/2012/12/11/feature-01 "Radio and electronic media edge out newspapers in Somalia - Sabahi"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213045204/http://sabahionline.com/en_GB/articles/hoa/articles/features/2012/12/11/feature-01 |date=20121213045204 }} * [http://www.soregistry.so/ "SO Registry - Official .so Domain"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031021901/http://www.soregistry.so/ |date=20141031021901 }} * [http://news.upu.int/no_cache/nd/international-mail-services-officially-resume-in-somalia/ "International mail services officially resume in Somalia - UPU"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109172506/http://news.upu.int/no_cache/nd/international-mail-services-officially-resume-in-somalia/ |date=20131109172506 }} * [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29606447?print=true "Somalia's government launches postal service - BBC News"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103224919/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29606447?print=true |date=20220103224919 }} * [http://sabahionline.com/en_GB/articles/hoa/articles/newsbriefs/2012/11/01/newsbrief-06 "New tourism ministry under construction in Garowe - Sabahi"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042703/http://sabahionline.com/en_GB/articles/hoa/articles/newsbriefs/2012/11/01/newsbrief-06 |date=20160304042703 }} * [http://somta.so/ "Somali Tourism Association (SOMTA)"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123131425/http://somta.so/ |date=20190123131425 }} * [http://goobjoog.com/english/?p=12161 "South West State to renovate Government Hotels - Goobjoog"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411145528/https://goobjoog.com/english/?p=12161 |date=20230411145528 }} * [https://travelmaps.state.gov/TSGMap/ "Travel Advisory: Somalia - Travel.State.Gov"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311235850/https://travelmaps.state.gov/TSGMap/?extent=32.829980986%2C-1.783760626%2C59.54518237%2C12.077308381 |date=20200311235850 }} * [http://laanta.net/2012/07/24/somalia-to-revive-national-airline-after-21-years/ "Somalia to revive national airline after 21 years - Laanta"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102150005/http://laanta.net/2012/07/24/somalia-to-revive-national-airline-after-21-years/ |date=20141102150005 }} * [http://www.keydmedia.net/en/news/article/the_long_awaited_somali_airlines_is_coming_back/ "The long awaited Somali Airlines is Coming Back! - Keydmedia Online"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231315/http://www.keydmedia.net/en/news/article/the_long_awaited_somali_airlines_is_coming_back/ |date=20131202231315 }} * [https://data.worldbank.org/country/SO "World Bank Open Data: Somalia"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130043543/https://data.worldbank.org/country/SO |date=20231130043543 }} * [https://somalia.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population-Estimation-Survey-of-Somalia-PESS-2013-2014.pdf "UNFPA: Population Estimation Survey of Somalia 2014"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804014649/http://somalia.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population-Estimation-Survey-of-Somalia-PESS-2013-2014.pdf |date=20170804014649 }} * [http://webdev.cal.org/development/co/bantu/sbpeop.html "The Somali Bantu: Their History and Culture"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416191857/http://webdev.cal.org/development/co/bantu/sbpeop.html |date=20140416191857 }} * [http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-full.pdf "The Global Religious Landscape - Pew Research Center"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806002044/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-full.pdf |date=20130806002044 }} * [http://www.wes.org/ca/wedb/somalia/soedov.htm "Somalia – Education Overview - WES"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511075522/http://www.wes.org/ca/wedb/somalia/soedov.htm |date=20110511075522 }} * [http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/report/home.html "The State Of The World's Midwifery - UNFPA"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120184853/http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/report/home.html |date=20120120184853 }} * [https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia "Somalia"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia |date=20211112230316 }} * [https://ethnomed.org/resource/report-on-somali-diet/ "Report on Somali Diet"] * [https://hooyoshouse.medium.com/exploring-the-aromatic-world-of-traditional-somali-spice-blends-3ab93879b74e "Exploring the Aromatic World of Traditional Somali Spice Blends"] * [https://www.deliciousisrael.com/blog/lahoh "Yemenite Lahoh (Lachoch)"] * [http://xawaash.com/?p=1548 "Somali Anjero (Canjeero) Anjero Somali | Xawaash.com"] {{Wayback|url=http://xawaash.com/?p=1548 |date=20231004063819 }} * [http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.5367/000000007780223669 "Role of Camels ( Camelus Dromedarius ) in the Traditional Lifestyle of Somali Pastoralists in Northern Kenya"] * [http://xawaash.com/?p=5892 "Somali Rice Pilaf (Bariis Maraq) Riz Pilaf Somali البيلاف الصومالي"] {{Wayback|url=http://xawaash.com/?p=5892 |date=20230923064942 }} * [https://www.saveur.com/how-lasagna-landed-africa/ "How Lasagna Landed in Africa"] * [https://www.vice.com/en/article/spaghetti-and-bananas-is-somali-comfort-food/ "Spaghetti and Bananas Is Somali Comfort Food"] * [https://www.cafedirect.co.uk/shop/the-history-of-coffee/ "The History of Coffee"] * [https://books.google.com/books?id=cscbDgqCsOMC&q=harar "Aden Under British Rule, 1839–1967"] * [https://www.mysomalifood.com/qahwe/ "Qahwe"] * [https://archive-stories.com/Halwa-Mahyawa-and-Multiple-Registers-of-Life-in-the-Gulf "Halwa, Mahyawa and Multiple Registers of Life in the Gulf"] * [https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/cid/AFMSM/sid/2399/_/1981_African_Championship_for_Men/index.html "1981 African Championship for Men"] {{Wayback|url=http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/cid/AFMSM/sid/2399/_/1981_African_Championship_for_Men/index.html |date=20090907182902 }} * [http://horseedmedia.net/2013/03/06/somalia-moves-forward-at-world-taekwondo-pictures/ "Somalia moves forward at world Taekwondo"] {{Wayback|url=http://horseedmedia.net/2013/03/06/somalia-moves-forward-at-world-taekwondo-pictures/ |date=20131022175949 }} * [http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2010-02-10/others/great-victory-for-malta-in-k1-kickboxing-270164/ "Great Victory for Malta in K1 Kickboxing"] * [https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia "Somalia"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia |date=20211112230316 }} * {{Harvnb|Diriye Abdullahi|2001|pp=170–1}} * {{Harvnb|Diriye Abdullahi|2001|p=109}} * [https://ethnomed.org/resource/report-on-somali-diet/ "Report on Somali Diet"] * [https://hooyoshouse.medium.com/exploring-the-aromatic-world-of-traditional-somali-spice-blends-3ab93879b74e "Exploring the Aromatic World of Traditional Somali Spice Blends"] * [https://www.deliciousisrael.com/blog/lahoh "Yemenite Lahoh (Lachoch)"] * {{Harvnb|Diriye Abdullahi|2001|page=113}} * [http://xawaash.com/?p=1548 "Somali Anjero (Canjeero) Anjero Somali | Xawaash.com"] {{Wayback|url=http://xawaash.com/?p=1548 |date=20231004063819 }} * [http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.5367/000000007780223669 "Role of Camels ( Camelus Dromedarius ) in the Traditional Lifestyle of Somali Pastoralists in Northern Kenya"] * [http://xawaash.com/?p=5892 "Somali Rice Pilaf (Bariis Maraq) Riz Pilaf Somali البيلاف الصومالي"] {{Wayback|url=http://xawaash.com/?p=5892 |date=20230923064942 }} * [https://www.saveur.com/how-lasagna-landed-africa/ "How Lasagna Landed in Africa"] * [https://www.vice.com/en/article/spaghetti-and-bananas-is-somali-comfort-food/ "Spaghetti and Bananas Is Somali Comfort Food"] * [https://www.cafedirect.co.uk/shop/the-history-of-coffee/ "The History of Coffee"] * [https://books.google.com/books?id=cscbDgqCsOMC&q=harar "Aden Under British Rule, 1839–1967"] * [https://www.mysomalifood.com/qahwe/ "Qahwe"] * [https://archive-stories.com/Halwa-Mahyawa-and-Multiple-Registers-of-Life-in-the-Gulf "Halwa, Mahyawa and Multiple Registers of Life in the Gulf"] * {{Cite book |last=Abdullahi |first=Mohammed |title=Culture and Customs of Somalia (Culture and Customs of Africa) |url=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00diri |publisher=Greenwood Press |date=2012 |isbn=9780313313332 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00diri/page/98 98]–99}} * [https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/cid/AFMSM/sid/2399/_/1981_African_Championship_for_Men/index.html "1981 African Championship for Men"] {{Wayback|url=http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/cid/AFMSM/sid/2399/_/1981_African_Championship_for_Men/index.html |date=20090907182902 }} * [http://horseedmedia.net/2013/03/06/somalia-moves-forward-at-world-taekwondo-pictures/ "Somalia moves forward at world Taekwondo"] {{Wayback|url=http://horseedmedia.net/2013/03/06/somalia-moves-forward-at-world-taekwondo-pictures/ |date=20131022175949 }} * [http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2010-02-10/others/great-victory-for-malta-in-k1-kickboxing-270164/ "Great Victory for Malta in K1 Kickboxing"] * [https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia "Somalia - Britannica"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia |date=20211112230316 }} * [https://www.ponarseurasia.org/de-facto-states-unbound/ "De Facto States Unbound – PONARS Eurasia"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.ponarseurasia.org/de-facto-states-unbound/ |date=20221014163003 }} * {{cite book |last1=Ker-Lindsay |first1=James |title=The Foreign Policy of Counter Secession |date=2012 |isbn=978-0-19-969839-4 |pages=58–59}} * [https://books.google.com/books?id=9iu6AAAAIAAJ "Ancient Trade and Society - Lionel Casson"] {{Wayback|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9iu6AAAAIAAJ |date=20160805112006 }} * {{cite book|last1=Suárez|first1=Jorge Alejandro|title=Geopolítica de lo Desconocido|isbn=979-8393720292|page=227}} * {{Harvnb|Laitin|1977|p=8}} * {{cite book|author=Abdisalam M. Issa-Salwe|title=The Collapse of the Somali State|year=1996|isbn=1-874209-91-X|pages=34–35}} * [https://books.google.com/books?id=PBvfTmzsZ-0C&pg=PA84 "Clan Cleansing in Somalia: The Ruinous Legacy of 1991"] {{Wayback|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PBvfTmzsZ-0C&pg=PA84 |date=20230207231426 }} * [https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/Somaliland_Parade "Council on Foreign Relations - Somaliland"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509080323/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/Somaliland_Parade |date=20180509080323 }} * [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/24/world/africa/24somalia.html "Harvard-Educated Technocrat Chosen as Somalia Premier - NYT"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/24/world/africa/24somalia.html |date=20181128005934 }} * [[suspicious link removed] "Ethiopian Invasion of Somalia, US Warlordism & AU Shame"] * [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09546553.2016.1165213 "The Evolution of Political Violence: The Case of Somalia's Al-Shabaab"] * {{Cite book |title=The Rule Is For None But Allah |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2023 |isbn=9780197690390 |page=111}} * [[suspicious link removed] "The Production of Somali Conflict and the Role of Internal and External Actors"] * [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/29/somali-president-resigns "Somali president resigns amid power struggle - The Guardian"] * [http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/01/31/somalia.election.president/ "Moderate Islamist picked as Somali president - CNN"] {{Wayback|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/01/31/somalia.election.president/ |date=20090202115625 }} * [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-16979440 "Somalia's al-Shabab join al-Qaeda - BBC News"] * [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54690561 "Somalia conflict: Al-Shabab 'collects more revenue than government'"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54690561 |date=20220928121250 }} * [https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/al-shabab "Al-Shabab - Council on Foreign Relations"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/al-shabab |date=20210202020617 }} * [https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/kenyan-troops-seize-al-shabaab-base-in-somalia/455875 "Kenyan troops seize al-Shabaab base in Somalia - Anadolu Agency"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/kenyan-troops-seize-al-shabaab-base-in-somalia/455875 |date=20230930234435 }} * [http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/indepth/2012-08/02/c_131757152.htm "Somalia's newly-endorsed constitution widely hailed"] {{Wayback|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/indepth/2012-08/02/c_131757152.htm |date=20131007224547 }} * [http://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/mogadishu-east-africas-newest-business-destination/17661/ "Mogadishu: East Africa's newest business destination?"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/mogadishu-east-africas-newest-business-destination/17661/ |date=20120627101741 }} * [https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/least-developed-country-category/ldcs-at-a-glance.html "LDCs at a Glance - United Nations"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/least-developed-country-category/ldcs-at-a-glance.html |date=20220329160054 }} * [http://horseedmedia.net/2013/03/06/somalia-moves-forward-at-world-taekwondo-pictures/ "Somalia moves forward at world Taekwondo"] {{Wayback|url=http://horseedmedia.net/2013/03/06/somalia-moves-forward-at-world-taekwondo-pictures/ |date=20131022175949 }} * [http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2010-02-10/others/great-victory-for-malta-in-k1-kickboxing-270164/ "Great Victory for Malta in K1 Kickboxing"] ==Xiriirinta dibadda== {{Library resources box}} * [https://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=SO Saadaasha Horumarka Muhiimka ah ee Soomaaliya] laga helay [[International Futures]] === Dawladda === * [https://www.somalia.gov.so Albaabka rasmiga ah ee dowladda] – albaabka u furmaya bogagga dowladda * [https://villasomalia.gov.so/en Madaxtooyada] {{Wayback|url=https://villasomalia.gov.so/en |date=20250715221010 }} – bogga rasmiga ah ee madaxweynaha Soomaaliya * [https://opm.gov.so Ra’iisul Wasaaraha] – bogga rasmiga ah ee ra’iisul wasaaraha Soomaaliya * [https://senate.gov.so Aqalka Sare] – bogga rasmiga ah ee Aqalka Sare ee Soomaaliya * [http://www.parliament.gov.so Baarlamaanka] – bogga rasmiga ah ee Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya * [https://nbs.gov.so Xog-ururin] – bogga rasmiga ah ee Xafiiska Qaranka ee Xog-ururinta Soomaaliya === Taariikh === * [https://www.somalia.gov.so/about-somalia "Taariikh"] – Taariikhda Soomaaliya ee bogga Dowladda Federaalka Soomaaliya === Dalxiis === * [https://tourism.gov.so Waaxda Dalxiiska] {{Wayback|url=https://tourism.gov.so/ |date=20230506225038 }} – bogga rasmiga ah ee Waaxda Dalxiiska, Wasaaradda Warfaafinta, Dhaqanka & Dalxiiska === Khariidado === * {{Wikiatlas}} * {{Osmrelation-inline|192799}} {{Navboxes |list = {{Midowga Afrika}} }} {{Coord|10|N|49|E|display=title}} {{Subject bar|Soomaaliya|Afrika|Dalalka|auto=yes|voy=Soomaaliya}} {{Authority control}} <!-- ugu hooseeya per [[WP:SUBCAT]] - hoosaadka dalalka ee hoostaga qaybaha gobolka --> tlfcibcad25feju8syr2sfozljoedto 0 36957 305793 304316 2026-08-24T17:42:28Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305793 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dawladii''' '''Salaajiqada''' aama '''Salaajiqada''' '''waaween''' waa mid ka mid ah dawladaha waaween ee taariikhda islaamka, waxaa aasaasay suldaan [[Dogrol bek]] iyo walaalkiis [[Jagri bek]] 1037dii, Salaajiqada waxay gacanta ku hayeen dhul ballaaran oo ka soo bilaabma [[Buuraha hinduu kush|Buuraha Hinduu Kush]] ilaa Galbeedka [[Anatooliya|Anaadooliya]] iyo Bartamaha Aasiya ilaa [[Gacanka Faarsiga|Gacanka Faaris]], [[Dogrol bek]] waxa uu galay Sanadkii 1055 [[Baqdaad]] Caasimadii [[Dawladii Cabaasiyiinta|Cabaasiyiinta]], waxa uuna ka helay [[Khulafadii Cabaasiyiinta|khaliifka Cabaasiga]] jagada "''Suldaan"'' <ref>[http://www.islamstory.com/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%82%D8%A9 الدولة السلجوقية] {{Wayback|url=http://www.islamstory.com/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%82%D8%A9 |date=20200308171537 }}، قصة الإسلام، 1 آذار 2011. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308171537/http://islamstory.com/|date=8 مارس 2020}}</ref>, [[Salaajiqada waaween|Salaajiqada]] ayaana sidaas ku noqdeen ilaaliyaasha [[Khilaafada Islaamka|Khilaafada]] ayagoo bedelay [[Dawladii buweehiyiinta|Buweehiyiinta]] oo ka horeeyeen,{{pp-move-indef}}{{Infobox country|conventional_long_name=Dawlada Salaajiqada waaween|common_name=Seljuk Empire|native_name=|government_type=Vassal oo hoos yimaada khaliifka (''de jure'')<ref>{{cite journal|last=Holt|first=Peter M.|author-link=Peter M. Holt|title=Some Observations on the 'Abbāsid Caliphate of Cairo|url=https://archive.org/details/bulletin-soas_1984_47_3/page/501|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies|publisher=University of London|volume=47|issue=3|year=1984|pages=501–507|doi=10.1017/s0041977x00113710|s2cid=161092185}}</ref><br/>madax banaan [[sultanate]] (''de facto'')|status=[[Empire]]|year_start=1037|year_end=1194|event_start=Formation under Tughril|event1=[[Battle of Dandanaqan]]|date_event1=1040|event2=[[Battle of Manzikert]]|date_event2=1071|event3=[[First Crusade]]|date_event3=1095–1099|event4=[[Battle of Qatwan]]|date_event4=1141|event_end=Supplantation by the [[Khwarazmian Empire]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Grousset |first=Rene |title=The Empire of the Steppes|url=https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof |location=New Brunswick |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=1988 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/159 159], 161 |quote=In 1194, Togrul III would succumb to the onslaught of the Khwarizmian Turks, who were destined at last to succeed the Seljuks to the empire of the Middle East. |isbn=978-0-8135-0627-2}}</ref>|image_coat=|symbol=|symbol_type=|image_flag=|flag_type=|flag_border=no|image_map=Seljuk Empire correct locator map.png|image_map_caption=Seljuk Empire at its greatest extent in 1092,<br /> upon the death of [[Malik Shah I]].{{efn|The lighter colour in the top right represents its vassal, the [[Kara-Khanid Khanate]].}}|capital={{plainlist| * [[Niisaabuur]] {{small|(1037–1043)}} * [[Ray, Iran|Ray]] {{small|(1043–1051)}} * [[Asfahaan]] {{small|(1051–1118)}} * [[Marwa]] {{small|(1118–1153, eastern)}} * [[Hamadaan]] {{small|(1118–1194, western)}} }}|title_leader=[[Caliphate#Abbasid Caliphs at Baghdad|Caliph]]|leader1=[[Al-Qa'im (Abbasid caliph at Baghdad)|Al-Qaʽim]]|year_leader1=1031–1075|leader2=[[Al-Nasir]]|year_leader2=1180–1225|title_deputy=[[Seljuk dynasty#Seljuk rulers|Sultan]]|deputy1=[[Tughril]] (first)|year_deputy1=1037–1063|deputy2=[[Toghrul III|Tughril III]] (last)<ref>Grousset, Rene, ''The Empire of the Steppes'', (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1988), 167.</ref>|year_deputy2=1174–1194|stat_year1=1080 est.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Turchin|first1=Peter|last2=Adams |first2=Jonathan M. |last3=Hall|first3=Thomas D. |title = East-West Orientation of Historical Empires |journal = Journal of World-Systems Research |date=December 2006 |volume=12|issue=2 |page=223 |url = http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/369/381 |access-date=13 September 2016 |issn= 1076-156X }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |date=September 1997|title=Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia|journal=[[International Studies Quarterly]]|volume=41|issue=3|page=496|doi=10.1111/0020-8833.00053|author=Rein Taagepera|author-link=Rein Taagepera|jstor=2600793|url=http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/3cn68807}}</ref>|stat_area1=3900000|common_languages={{plainlist| * [[Persian language|Persian]] {{small|(official; ''[[lingua franca]]'', court, erudition, and literature)<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book |editor-last=Savory |editor-first=R. M. |title=Introduction to Islamic Civilisation |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1976 |page=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontois00savo_0/page/82 82] |isbn=978-0-521-20777-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontois00savo_0/page/82 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Black |first=Edwin |title=Banking on Baghdad: Inside Iraq's 7,000-year History of War, Profit and Conflict |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-471-67186-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bankingonbaghdad00edwi/page/38 38] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/bankingonbaghdad00edwi/page/38 }}</ref><ref name="Bosworth">C.E. Bosworth, "Turkish Expansion towards the west" in ''UNESCO History of Humanity'', Volume IV, titled "From the Seventh to the Sixteenth Century", UNESCO Publishing / Routledge, p. 391: "While the Arabic language retained its primacy in such spheres as law, theology and science, the culture of the Seljuk court and secular literature within the sultanate became largely Persianized; this is seen in the early adoption of Persian epic names by the Seljuk rulers (Qubād, Kay Khusraw and so on) and in the use of Persian as a literary language (Turkish must have been essentially a vehicle for everyday speech at this time)."</ref>}} * [[Oghuz languages|Oghuz Turkic]] {{small|(dynastic and military){{sfn|Stokes|2008|p=615}}<ref name="Bosworth" /><ref>''Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World'', Ed. Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie, (Elsevier Ltd., 2009), 1110; "Oghuz Turkic is first represented by Old Anatolian Turkish which was a subordinate written medium until the end of the Seljuk rule."</ref>}} * [[Arabic]] {{small|(theology, law, and science)<ref name="ReferenceA" /><ref name="Bosworth" />}} }}|religion=[[Sunni Islam]] ([[Hanafi]])|p1=Oghuz Yabgu State|p2=Ghaznavids|p3=Buyid dynasty|p4=Byzantine Empire|border_p4=no|p5=Kakuyids|p6=Fatimid Caliphate|p7=Kara-Khanid Khanate|p8=Marwanids|p9=Rawadids|s1=Sultanate of Rûm|s2=Anatolian beyliks|s3=Ghurid Dynasty|s4=Khwarezmian Empire|s5=Atabegs of Azerbaijan|s6=Salghurids|s7=Bavandids|s8=Ayyubid dynasty|s9=Burid dynasty|s10=Zengid dynasty|s11=Danishmends|s12=Artuqid dynasty|s13=Shah-Armens|s14=Shaddadids|s15=Kerman Seljuk Sultanate|s16=Kingdom of Cyprus|s17=Byzantine Empire}}Xukunkii salaajiqada aad buu u balaartay waxey ka qabsadeen [[Dawladii faadumiyiinta|Faadumiyiinta]] [[Shaam]]<ref name="]بلاد الشام">كتاب "تاريخ السلاجقة في بلاد الشام" ص28 وص29.</ref> sidoo kale [[Imbiraadooriyada biriizanda|Dawlada Ruum]] ayee ku jabiyeen [[dagaalkii mulaadkarad|Dagaalkii Mulaadkarad]] 1071, dhulka [[Anatooliya|Anaadool]] ayee gudaha u galeen ilaa [[Izniik|Niiqiya]], waqtigii [[Suldaan Malik shaah|Malik shaah]] ayee gaareen [[Salaajiqada waaween|Salaajiqada]] heerkii ugu sareeyay ee awooda, waziirkiisa [[Nadaamul mulki]] ayaa lagu xasuustaa sida uu aqoonta u taageeri jiray iyo dugsiyadii badnaa uu dhisay ee loogu magacdaray, [[Suldaan Malik shaah|Malik shaah]] markuu dhintay 1092 waxaa bilaawday dagaalo lgu hoobtay oo dhex mara wiilashiis [[Burkiyaaruuq]] iyo [[Maxamuud bin malik shaah|Maxamuud]] <ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=</nowiki>http://www.hadigh.al-eman.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%20%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86%20%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%89%20%D8%A8%D9%80%20%C2%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1%20%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A3%20%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%20%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AC%D9%85%20%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%20%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%20%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%85%20%D9%85%D9%86%20%D8%B0%D9%88%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1%C2%BB%20(%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AE%D8%A9%20%D9%85%D9%86%D9%82%D8%AD%D8%A9)/%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%20%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%20%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%20%D9%88%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%20%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%87%20%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF./i863&d1155166&c&p1%7Cعنوان=فصل: وفاة السلطان ملك شاه وملك ابنه محمود.{{!}}نداء الإيمان|موقع=www.hadigh.al-eman.com|تاريخ الوصول=2020-11-15|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115142321/http://www.hadigh.al-eman.com/الكتب/تاريخ%20ابن%20خلدون%20المسمى%20بـ%20«العبر%20وديوان%20المبتدأ%20والخبر%20في%20أيام%20العرب%20والعجم%20والبربر%20ومن%20عاصرهم%20من%20ذوي%20السلطان%20الأكبر»%20(نسخة%20منقحة)/وفاة%20السلطان%20ملك%20شاه%20وملك%20ابنه%20محمود./i863&d1155166&c&p1%7Cتاريخ أرشيف=15 نوفمبر 2020</ref>. Xukunka saaljiqada waxaa uu la samantamay bilaabashada [[weerarada saliibiyiinta]], sanadkii 1097 ayuu soo gaaray [[Shaam]] [[weerarkii koowaad ee saliibiyiinta|weerarkii koowaad ee Saliibiyiinta]] waxeyna qabseed magaalooyin badan oo ka mid tahay [[Qudus]] ka dib xasuuq arxan daro oo ka geesteen<ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|الأخير1=Fulk (or Fulcher) of Chartres, "Gesta Francorum Jerusalem Expugnantium [The Deeds of the Franks Who Attacked Jerusalem]"|الأول1=republished|editor1-last=Krey|editor1-first=August C.|editor2-last=Duncan|editor2-first=Frederick|عنوان=Parallel Source Problems in Medieval History|تاريخ=1912|ناشر=Harper & Brothers|مكان=New York|صفحات=109–115|مسار=</nowiki>http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/cde-jlem.html#fulcher1%7Cتاريخ الوصول=14 June 2019|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814175951/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/cde-jlem.html%7Cتاريخ أرشيف=14 أغسطس 2014</ref><ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=</nowiki>[[وليم الصوري|الصوري، وليم]]|مؤلف2=ترجمة: د. حسن حبشي|عنوان=الحُرُوب الصليبيَّة|المجلد=الجُزء الثاني|صفحة=127 - 128|سنة=[[1992]]|ناشر=[[الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب|الهيئة المصريَّة العامَّة للكتاب]]|مكان=[[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|مسار=https://docs.google.com/viewerng/viewer?url=https://books-library.net/files/books-library.net-01181305Hr4A5.pdf&hl=ar%7Cمسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228164042/https://docs.google.com/viewerng/viewer?url=https://books-library.net/files/books-library.net-01181305Hr4A5.pdf&hl=ar%7Cتاريخ أرشيف=28 ديسمبر 2021</ref>, Saliibiyiinta ayaana ka dhiseen [[Shaam]] afar imaaradood. == Taariikhda == Asalka Salaajiqada wuxuu u noqonaa qabiilka kiniq oo kamid ah qabiilada [[Turki|Turkida]] oo degi jiray xuduudka [[Bada araal]]<ref>أخبار الدول السَلْجُوقية، للحسين، ص 2-3</ref>, qabiilka waxaa hogaamin jiray [[Saljuuq bin duqaaq]], wuxuuna talye ciidan ka ahaa [[Dawladii oguz yagba]]<ref name="الصلابي 2006 23">{{استشهاد بهارفارد دون أقواس|الصلابي|2006|p=23</ref>, waxaa dhacday in boqorkii dawlada uu ka baqo awooda Saljuuq wuxuuna isku dayay inuu shirqoolo, Saljuuq ayaa ogaaday waxa lala maleegayo asaga iyo qabiilkiisa waxeyna u qaxeen magaalada [[Jandi]], halkaas ayee qabiilka ku islaameen sanadihii 985-986{{Sfn|Turan|Özgüdenli|2018|p=31}} intaas ka dib wuxuu [[Saljuuq bin duqaaq|Saljuuq]] daacad u noqday [[Dawladii saamaaniyiinta|Dawladii Saamaaniyiinta]] wuxuuna jihaad ku qaaday dawladii gaalada ahayd ee uu ka goostay<ref><nowiki>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=</nowiki>[[فاسيلي بارتولد|بارتولد، ڤاسيلي ڤلاديميروفتش]]|مؤلف2=ترجمة: د. أحمد السعيد سُليمان|عنوان=تاريخ التُرك في آسيا الوُسطى|صفحة=119|سنة=[[1996]]|ناشر=[[الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب|الهيئة المصريَّة العامَّة لِلكتاب]]|مكان=[[القاهرة]] - [[مصر]]|isbn=977014794X|مسار=https://ia903104.us.archive.org/4/items/ktp2019-bskn11639/ktp2019-bskn11639.pdf%7Cمسار{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830225141/https://ia903104.us.archive.org/4/items/ktp2019-bskn11639/ktp2019-bskn11639.pdf%7C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE أرشيف=30 أغسطس 2021</ref>. Dhimashada Saljuuq 1009 ka dib qabiilka wuxuu qaatay magaca "'''''Salaajiqada'''''" === Loolanka salaajiqada iyo Gazanawiyiinta === Burburkii [[Dawladii saamaaniyiinta|Saamaaniyiinta]] ka dib awooda Salaajiqada ayaa noqotay mid sii koreeso, Arsalaan wiilka Saljuuq ayaa qabtay hogaanka qabiilka wuxuu weeraro ku qaaday [[Dawladii Qara khaaniyiinta]], guuldarooyin is xig xiga ayuuna gaarsiiyay, suldaanka [[Dawladii gazanawiyiinta|Gazanawiyiinta]] [[maxamuud subaktakiin|Maxamuud Subaktakiin]] ayaa ku baraarugay halista qabiilka Salaajiqada wuxuu isbshaysi la galay [[yuusuf qadir khaan|Yuusuf Qadir Khaan]] suldaanka [[Dawladii Qara khaaniyiinta|Qara khaaniyiinta]] 1025 AD labadoodu waxey ka hortageen Salaajiqada jab xun ayeena gaarsiiyeen Arsalaan iyo wiilkiis Qutulmush ayaa la qabtay oo xabsiga la galiyay qabiilka waxaa lgu qasbay inuu u guuro saxaraha<ref>[http://www.islamansiklopedisi.info/ Islam Encyclopedia Vol 3 p.403-404 {{in lang|tr}}] {{Wayback|url=http://www.islamansiklopedisi.info/ |date=20151228182743 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226061225/http://www.islamansiklopedisi.info/|date=26 ديسمبر 2018}}</ref>. [[Dogrol bek]] iyo [[Jagri bek]] oo labadood ah ina Mikhail bin Suljuuq ayaa bilaabeen inay dib isugu celiyaan qabiilka, waxey ka faaideesteen geerida [[Maxamuud subaktakiin|Maxamuud Subaktakiin]] weeraro aa kala joogsi lahayn ayee ku qaadeen [[khuraasaan]], [[suldaan mascuud|Suldaan Mascuud]] ayaa awoodi waayay inuu iska difaaco, aakhirkii waxay labada walaal ka buriyeen [[Dawladii gazanawiyiinta|Gazanawiyiinta]] waqooyiga [[khuraasaan]] magaalada [[Marwa]] ayeena galeen, aydoo sidaas ay jirto hadana waxey u bandhigeen Suldaan Mascuud hishiis iyo inay galaan daacadiisa, asna wuu ka yeelay inkastoo uu cabsi ka qabay, wuxuuna sii kordhiyay ciidankiisa, digtoonaasha ayuuna galay. === Dagaalkii dandaqaan === Dagaalada ayaa soo laabteen, Salaajiqada waxey galeen [[Niisaabuur]], waxayna ku dhwaaqeen [[Dogrol bek]] inuu yahay Suldaan, khaliifka cabaasiyiinta ayeena u direen fariin ay kaga dalabanayaan aqoonsi, Taariikhda markaas waxey ahayd 429H. Araintaan ayaa aad uga xanaajisay Suldaan Mascuud, wuxuu ula soo dhaqaaqay cidaankiisa [[khuraasaan]], meel la yiraahdo Dandaqaan ayee ku dagaalameen 431H, dagaalkaas oo ka mid ahaa dagaalada waawey ee lagu kala baxo Taariikhda islaamka ayaa waxaa lagu jabiyay [[Dawladii gazanawiyiinta|Gazanawiyiinta]], sanad ka dibna waxaa dhintay suldaankooda Mascuud, Gazanawiyiinta aad ayee u tabar yareeyeen waxeyna u carareen [[Maawaraa al-nahri|Maawaar al-nahri]], Dhanka kale Salaajiqada waxey toos u qabsadeen khuraasaan mar kale waxeyna cusbooneysiiyeen beecada dogrol bek, sidoo kale waxey qabteen madaxdooda shir waxeyna ku balameen midnimo, [[Khulafadii Cabaasiyiinta|khaliifka Cabaasiyiinta]] ayaa siiyay aqoonsi 432H. === Dhul balaarsiga iyo awooda === [[Dogrol bek]] wuxuu bilaabay fidinta awooda dawlada sanadkii [[433H]] wuxuu qabsaday [[jurjaan]] iyo waxa ka harsan [[Dabaristaan]], waxaana looga khudbadeeyay dhamaan dhinacyadeeda, Ka dib wuxuu u socday 434H [[khawaarzim]] go'doon ayuu galiyay wuuna qabsaday, wuu sii socday wuxuu qabsaday makaraan iyo qeybo ka mid ah karamaan iyo rayyi, isla sanadkaas wuxuu qabsaday Hamadaan, Buweehiyiinta ayaa soo laabteen [[436H]] waxey soo ceshadeen [[Hamadaan]], [[Dogrol bek]] ayaa diray [[437H]] [[Ibraahiim yanaal|Ibraahiim Yanaal]] oo ahaa walaalkiis, waxa uuna soo celiyay Hamadaan sidoo kale bilaada jabal ayuu weeraray dhufeysyo iyo magaalooyin badan ayuuna ka furtay, sanadkii ku xigay [[Dogrol bek]] wuxuu weeraray oo go'doomiyay [[Asfahaan]] oo ahay caasimada Banuu Kaakaweyhi laakin kuma guuleysan inuu qabsado, waxa uuna ku qasbay amiirkeed inuu bixiyo lacago badan iyo in looga khudbeeyo [[Asfahaan]] iyo hareeraheed, sanadkii 440H [[ibiraahim yanaal|ibiraahim Yanaal]] iyo [[Qutulmush]] ayaa ku jabiyeen boqortooyada ruum iyo joorjiyiinta dagaalkii kabtoroon waxeyna ka qabsadeen dad aad u badan oo ku jiro Amiirka Joorjiya libaaret afaraad iyo ganiimo aa tirsi la hayn. Guushaan ay gaareen ayaa ka farxisay Muslimiinta waxeyna salaajiqada ka dhigtay awooda matasha Caalamka islaamiga Sanadkii [[446H]] waxa uu furtay Adrabiijaan, == Qabasashada Baqdaad == Buweehiyiinta waxey maraayeen maalmahoodii ugu dambeeyay xaaaladooda ayaa ka sii dareesay, isqabqabsi gudahood ahna wuu jiray taasi oo faaido u ahayd Salaajiqada, khaliifka cabaasiyiinta [[Al-qaaim bi amri laah|Al-Qaaim bi amri laah]] ayaa ka gurmad dalbay Salaajiqada kadib markuu Basaasiiri oo ahaa talyaasha [[Baqdaad|Bagdaad]] kan ugu awooda badan la wareegay awooda dawlada asigoona qalqiil galiyay jiritaanka [[Dawladii Cabaasiyiinta|Cabaasiyiinta]], [[Dogrol bek]] wuxuu ciidankiisa ula soo dhaqaaqay [[Baqdaad]] asigoona gudaha u galay 447H, boqorka Buweehiyiinta Malik Raxiim iyo Basaasiiri ayaa baxsadeen, mar dambe waxaa la soo qabtay Malik Raxiim Qalcada rayyi ayaana lagu xabisay. Khaliifka Cabaasiyiinta ayaa Dogrol bek u aqoonsaday Suldaan, waxaana looga khudbadeeyay [[Baqdaad|Bagdaad]]. === Kacdoonka Basaasiiri iyo Ibraahiim Yanaal === Basaasiiri wuxuu saldhigtay Raxba wuxuuna xiriir la yaeeshay [[Dawladii faadumiyiinta|Faadumiyiinta Masar]] asigoona ka helay taageero dhaqaalo iyo saanad milatari, Ciidan badan oo Carabta baadiyaha ah ayuu aruuriyay, waxa uuna jabiyay [[448H]] Ciidan weyn oo Salaajiqada ah oo Qutulmush hogaaminaayay, Magaalada [[Mowsil]] ayuu qabsaday, [[Dogrol bek]] ayaa u soo dhaqaaqay wuxuu soo ceshaday [[Mowsil]], [[Ibraahiim yanaal]] ayuuna ku dhaafay [[Mowsil]] asigana [[Baqdaad|Bagdaad]] ayuu ku laabtay [[449H]]. Waxaa dhacday Ibraahiim Yanaal inuu damac ka galay Madaxtinimada, wuxuu faarujiyay [[Mowsil]], dhulka bilaad jabal ayuu aaday, halkaas ayuu ka muujiyay caasintiisa [[450H]], suldaanka ayaa u baxay la dagaalankiisa, waxa uu ku maqnaa Sanad ilaa uu ka soo afjaray kana dilay [[Ibraahiim yanaal|Ibraahiim Yanaal]] 451H. Intii uu maqnaa [[Dogrol bek]] Basaasiiri iyo Qureysh bin Badraan waxey galeen [[Baqdaad|Bagdaad]] 13 [[Dul al-Qacdah|sidataal]] [[450H]] waxaana looga khudbadeeyay [[Mustansir bilaah|Mustansir Bilaah]] Khaliifka faadumiyiinta, Qureysh bin Badraan ayaa amaan galiyay khaliifka Cabaasiyiinta [[Al-qaaim bi amri laah|Al-Qaaim Bi amri laah]], Basaasiiri ayaa ka yeelay wuxuuse shardiyay inuu saxiixo khilaafada wax xaq ah inuu ku lahayn, markuu saxiixay waxaa laga raray khaliifka [[Baqdaad]] magaalada Caana ee wabiga [[Furaat|Furaata]] ayaana xabsi guri lagu galiyay, Basaasiiri wuxuu si arxan daro ah u dilay wasiirka khaliifka Cabaasiyiinta Ibnu Muslima kaas oo horay cadaawad kala dhaxeysay. Markuu [[Dogrol bek]] ka soo dhamaaday [[Ibraahiim yanaal]] wuxuu soo aaday [[Baqdaad]], Basaasiiri ayaa ka cararay [[Baqdaad]] wuxuuna tagay [[Kuufa]], [[Dogrol bek]] wuxuu faray Amiirka [[Mowsil]] Qureysh bin badraan khaliifka inuu ku soo celiyo [[Baqdaad|Bagdaad]], wuu ka yeelay, wuxuuna khaliifka ku soo laabtay [[Baqdaad]], kadib sanad uu ka maqnaa, [[Dogrol bek]] wuxuu ka daba diray Basaasiiri Ciidanka salaajiqada waxeyna kula dagaalameen duleedka [[Kuufa]] weyna jabiyeen, Markii dambe Basaasiiri oo faras kusii cararaya ayaa la dilay, waxaana madaxiisa lagu dhax wareejiyay gudaha [[Baqdaad]]<ref name="]البداية والنهاية">كتاب "[[البداية والنهاية]]" ل[[ابن كثير الدمشقي|ابن كثير]]، المجلد الخامس عشر ص771 إلى ص790.</ref> == Dagaalkii Mulaadkarad == Suldaanka Salaajiqada [[Dogrol bek]] wuxuu dhintay [[455H]] asigoo ka tagin wax ilmo ah, waxaana hogaaminta qabtay wiilka waalaalkiis [[Alab arsalaan|Alab Arsalaan bin Jagri bek]]<ref>[http://islamstory.com/ar/ولاية_السلطان_ألب_أرسلان ولاية السلطان السلجوقي ألب أرسلان] {{Wayback|url=http://islamstory.com/ar/%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A8_%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86 |date=20161029000805 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029000805/http://islamstory.com/ar/ولاية_السلطان_ألب_أرسلان|date=29 أكتوبر 2016}}</ref>, [[Alab arsalaan|Alab Arsalaan]] isla markii oo xilka qabtay wuxuu xilka ka qaaday wasiirka Dogrol bek Camiidul Malik asigoo booskiis ku badalay Nadaam Al-malik kaas oo logu tiriyo wasiirada ugu caansan Taariikhda islaamka<ref name="]الدولة العباسية">كتاب "الدولة العباسية: من الميلاد إلى السقوط" ل[[محمد قباني]]، الطبعة الأولى 2006، "دار وحي القلم" - [[دمشق]]، [[سوريا]].</ref>. Bilaawgii hore wuxuu wajahay [[Alab arsalaan|Alab Arsalaan]] kacdoono qaraabadiis oo xilka kula loolamaayeen wuxuu ku mashquulay la dagaalankooda, waxaa ugu darnaa Qutulmush bin Israa'iil asna dagaal ka dhacay agagaarka [[Rayyi]] [[456H]] ayuu uga adkaaday, Qutulmush ayaana ku dhintay dagaalka<ref name=":0">{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.aljazeera.net/midan/intellect/history/2018/1/25/كيف-شق-ألب-أرسلان-طريقه-إلى-معركة|عنوان=كيف شق ألب أرسلان طريقه إلى معركة ملاذكرد؟|موقع=www.aljazeera.net|لغة=ar|تاريخ الوصول=2020-11-12|الأخير=إبراهيم|الأول=أحمد|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112204942/https://www.aljazeera.net/midan/intellect/history/2018/1/25/كيف-شق-ألب-أرسلان-طريقه-إلى-معركة|تاريخ أرشيف=12 نوفمبر 2020}}</ref>, dhamaan kuwii mucaaradaayay wuu soo wada af jaray. ka dib markuu ka dhamaaday qalaalasaha gudaha wuxuu u baxay [[Armania|Armiiniya]], [[Imbiraadooriyada biriizanda|Dawlada Ruum]] ayuu dagaalo ku qaaday<ref name="]الصليبيون2">كتاب "الحروب الصليبية في المشرق" لسعيد أحمد برجاوي، الطبعة الأولى [[1984]]م، دار الآفاق الجديدة - [[بيروت]]، [[لبنان]].</ref>, Magaalada Aani ayuu gaaray ciidankiisa waxey magaalada ka hareereeyeen afarta dhinac, balse waxaa ku cuslaatay furashadeyda maadaama ay lahayd dhufeysyo adag, markii dambe wuxuu dhisay dhismo weyn ciidan ayuuna galiyay waxey magaalada kor kala dhaceyn manjaniiqyo ilaa ay ka awoodeen duminta dhufeyskeed, Magaalada ayaa gacanta u soo gashay Salaajiqada<ref name="مولد تلقائيا2">كتاب "[[الكامل في التاريخ]]" ل[[ابن الأثير الجزري|ابن الأثير]]، المجلد العاشر ص37 إلى ص67 ("ذكر فتح ألب أرسلان مدينة آني وغيرها من بلاد النصرانيّة" وغيرها..)، دار صادر - [[بيروت]] - [[1979]].</ref>, wuxuu ka soo laabtay duulaakiis ka dib markuu furtay badanaa dhulka [[Joorjiya (wadan)|Joorjiya]] iyo [[Armania|Armiiniya]]<ref name="]الصليبيون">كتاب "الحروب الصليبية في المشرق" لسعيد أحمد برجاوي، الطبعة الأولى [[1984]]م، دار الآفاق الجديدة - [[بيروت]]، [[لبنان]].</ref>. [[Alab arsalaan]] wuxuu aaday [[Shaam]] xagaa iyo[[Dawladii faadumiyiinta|Faadumiyiinta]], Mirdaasiyiinta oo [[Xalab]] ka talin jireen ayuu dagaal la galay, [[Xalab]] ayuu ku go'doomiyay ilaa markii dambe ay aqbaleen inay raaceen daacada khaliifka Cabaasiyiinta.<ref name="]الشام">كتاب "تاريخ السلاجقة في بلاد الشام" ص14 إلى ص19.</ref>, Ciidanka Salaajiqada waxey sii wadeen dagaalada magaalooyinka [[Qudus]] Ramla Dabariya ayee la wareegeen gacan ku hayntood intii u dhaxeesay sanadihii [[463H]] ito [[465H]]. Imbiraadoorka Ruum Romaanoos Afaraad ayaa ahaa inuu weeraray dhulka [[Shaam]] [[462H]], aaga Manbij ayuu qabsaday dad badan ayuuna ku laayay, ka dib wuu ka laabtay cunto yari soo wajahday awgeed. Mar kale wuxuu soo Laabtay [[463H]] asigoo wata ciidan badan kana kooban Ruum, Firnaj, Ruush, Joorjiyaan iyo umada kale, tiradooda waxaa lagu sheegay 200,000<ref name="ReferenceA">موسوعة التاريخ الإسلامي، لمحمود شاكر، المجلد السادس، الدولة العباسية -الجزء الثاني-، الناشر: المكتب الإسلامي، الطبعة السادسة 1421 هـ-2000 م، ص 214</ref>, dhanka kale Alab Arsalaan ciidankiisa ma dhaafsaneyn 20,000, wuxuu ogaaday xaalada adag ee hortaagan, wuxuu weerar ku bilaabay ciidankii hordhaca ahaa ee Ruum, markuu ka adkaadayna ayuu wadahadal nabad raadin la furay imbiraadoorka Ruum, balse imbiraadoorka ayaa ka biyo diiday dalabka Suldaanka wuxuuna dhahay wax wadahadal inaa fureen ilaa [[Rayyi]] Caasimada Salaajiqada ka gaaro. Suldaanka markuu arkay dagaalka meel looga baxsada inay jirin wuxuu u khudbeeyay ciidankiisa asigoo galiya qalbiyadood xamaasad jihaadka ayuuna ku booriyay, wuxuu hadalkiis ku soo dhameeyay "'''''Ani waa galaa dagaalka inaa guuleysto ama inaa shahiido wax kale may, Qofkii raba inuu i raaco ha ila jiro, kii iska haraayana wuu fasaxan yahay'''''". Labada ciidan ayaa fooda is daray dagaal adag oo socday ilaa oraxda ka dhacday, Salaajiqada ayaana xaqiijiyeen guul weyn imbiraadoorka Ruum Romaanoos laftrikiisa ayee maxbuux ahaan u soo qabsadeen, ciidankiisa badanaa waa la baaba'shay. Suldaanka ayaa sii daayay imbiraadoorka [[Imbiraadooriyada biriizanda|Ruum]] kadib markuu saxiixay hishiis mudadiisa 50 sano tahay iyo madax furasho dhan hal milyan iyo bar oo [[Diinaar]], balse markey soo gaartay jabkaan [[Imbiraadooriyada biriizanda|Ruum]] waxey doorteen imbiraadoor cusub weyna diideen inay aqblaan hishiiska uu saxiixay Romaanoos. Guushaan waxaa ku farxay caalamka islaamiga oo dhan waxaana laga sameeyay dabaal daegyo badan. Isbadal weyn ayee yeelatay guushaan waxey u furtay [[Turki|Turkida]] irdaha [[Anatooliya|Anadool]], suldaanka ayaa fasax u siiyay [[Turki|Turkida]] inay ku fidaan dhulka [[Anatooliya|Anaadool]], si tartiib tartiib ah ayee uga qabsadeen [[Imbiraadooriyada biriizanda|Ruum]] magaalooyin badan sida [[Konya|Quunya]] [[Kotaahiya|kootaahiya]], waxaana aasaasmay farac ka mid ah Salaajiqada oo loo yaqaanay "'''[[Salaajiqada ruum|Salaajiqada Ruum]]'''". == Suldaan Malik shaah == Sanadkii [[465H]] Suldaan [[Alab arsalaan]] ayaa lagu dilay dhulka maa waraa nahri, wuxuuna ahaa xilka gadaashiis u dardaarmay wiilkiis [[Suldaan Malik shaah|Malik shaah]], wasiirkiis Nadaam Al-malik ayuu uga dhigay masuul<ref name=":02">{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://dorar.net/history/event/1721|عنوان=وَفاةُ السُّلطانِ السلجوقي ملكشاه وتَفَكُّكُ الدَّولةِ السلجوقية|موقع=dorar.net|لغة=ar|تاريخ الوصول=2020-11-15|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115141402/https://dorar.net/history/event/1721|تاريخ أرشيف=15 نوفمبر 2020}}</ref>. [[Suldaan Malik shaah|Malik shaah]] waxaa ku soo baxay adeerkiis [[Qaawuut bek]] amiirka karamaan, Malik shaah ayaa jabiyay wuxuuna amray dilkiisa. Boqortooyada ayaa aad u balaaratay wuxuu hantay wax ayna hanan boqorada islaamka marka laga reebo Khulafadii hore, wuxuu ka taliyay laga bilaabo kaashgara ilaa [[Beytul maqdis]] dhirir ahaan iyo xuduudka Qusdandiiniya ilaa dhulka khazar iyo [[Badweynta Hindiya|bada Hindiya]] balac ahaan<ref name=":02" />. === Soo bixida xashaashiinta === dhamaadka xukunka Malik shaah waxaa soo baxay urur la magac baxay "[[Xashaashiyiinta|Xashaashiin]]" kaas oo aaminsanaa fikirka [[Shiica ismaaciiliya|Shiica ismaaciiliyada]], sanadkii [[483H]] hogaamiyiha ururka [[Xasan Al-sabaax|Xasan Al-Sabaax]] ayaa awooday qabsashada qalcada Al-muut oo gabaad u noqotay ururka, sidoo kale qalcado badan ayee sii qabasadeen oo ay ku jirto mandiqada Qohistaan iyo dhul buuraleyda ka ag dhaw. [[Suldaan Malik shaah|Suldaan Malik Shaah]] iyo wasiirkiis Nadaam Al-malik ayaa walwal ka muujiyeen ururkaan cusub waxeyna weerar ku qaadeyn xaruntooda [[Qalcada Al-muut]] 1092, balse ururka wuxuu awooday inuu ku guuleysto dilka wasiir Nadaamul maki oo cadaawad xun u haayay ururka, dhimashada suldaanka ayaa ayadana sii xigsatay bil ka dib sidaas ayuuna ku joogsaday weerarkii ku socday ururka, khilaafka ka dhax dhashay ilmaha suldaan Maalik shaah waxey ururka fursad u siisay inuu sii balaariyo awoodiisa. == Loolanka ilmaha Malik shaah == Dhimashada [[Suldaan Malik shaah|Malik shaah]] waxaa xigay dagaal sokeeyo oo dawlada gashay, [[Turkaan khaatuun]] oo ahayd xaaska [[Suldaan Malik shaah|Malik shaah]] ayaa waxey u sharaxaday xilka wiilkeed Maxamuud oo markaas naas nuugaayay, waxeyna isku dayday inay xabsi dhigto Barkiyaaruuq wiilka weyn [[Suldaan Malik shaah|Malik shaah]] ee dhaxal sugaha ahaa, balse taageerayaasha Nadaamul Mulki ayaa sii daayeen garabna siiyeen <ref name=":1">{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://e3arabi.com/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B3-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A/|عنوان=التنافس على الوزارة في العهد السلجوقي – e3arabi|موقع=e3arabi.com|تاريخ الوصول=2020-11-24|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124204218/https://e3arabi.com/علم-الاجتماع/التنافس-على-الوزارة-في-العهد-السلجوقي/|تاريخ أرشيف=24 نوفمبر 2020}}</ref>, wuxuu aaday Barkiyaaruuq [[Rayyi]] talyaasha dawlada badankood ayaana raacay, Turkaan khaatuun ayaa u dirtay ciidan oo ku juraan talaayshii [[Suldaan Malik shaah|Malik Shaah]], balse labada ciidan markey kulmeen waxey u goosteen talyaashi badanaa dhanka Barkiyaruq, ciidankii Maxamuud iyo khaatuun ayaana jabeen oo ku laabteen [[Asfahaan]], Barkiyaruq ayaa ugu daba tagay oo ku go'doomiyay. Wuxuu galay Barkiyaruq [[Baqdaad]] [[487H]] [[Khulafadii Cabaasiyiinta|khaliifka Cabaasiyiinta]] ayaa siiyay aqoonsi waxaana looga khudbadeeyay masaajida. Tutush walaalka [[Suldaan Malik shaah|Malik shaah]] ee haystay [[Dimishiq]] ayaa ku dhawaaqay inuu yahay suldaanka dawalada, khaliifka Cabaasiyiinta ayuu aqoonsi ka dalbay balse lagama aqbalin wuxuu qabsaday [[Ximsa]] iyo Raxba, talyaasha [[Xalab]] iyo Ruhaa Aaq sunqur iyo Amiir Buuzaan ayaana u hogaansameen, ka dib wuxuu aaday [[Mowsil]] wuxuuna kala wareegay talyaheyda ibraahim bin Qureysh bin Badraan, wuxuu sii qabsaday Diyaar bakar, Hamadaan iyo Adrabiijaan, dhulka [[Faaris]] markuu galay ayaa waxaa ka goostay aaq sunqur iyo amiir buuzaan, Tutush wuxuu dib ugu soo laabtay [[Shaam]], asigoona dilay Aaq Sunqur iyo amiir Buuzaan [[487H]] Mar kale wuxuu arkay Tutush wadada Mashriq inay u furan tahay, wuxuuna u kacay la dagaalanka inanka walaalkiis uu dhalay ee Barkiyaruq, markii uu gaaray [[Hamadaan]] waxaa ka cararay Barkiyaruq, [[Asfahaan]] ayuu tagay oo ciidan ka soo aruurshay, kadib ayuu ku weeraray Tutush meel u dhaw [[Rayyi]], waxaa ka kala tagay Tutush ciidankiisa asna waxaa uu ku dhintay dagaalka. Mar kale hadana waxaa bilaawday khilaafka u dhaxeeya qoyska Salaajiqada, Muxamad taabaar oo ahaa walaalka Barkiyaruq aa ku hooyo ahayn ayaa dalbaday Madaxtinimo, waxaana garab ku siiyay walaalkiis kale Axmad Sinjar oo maamulaayay [[Khuraasaan]], Dagaalada ayaa daba dheeraay waxey socdeen shan sanadood 1492H ilaa 1497H, dhiig badan ayaa ku daatay waxaana ku burburay deegaanada, guusha ayaana marba dhinac raaceysay khaliifka cabaasiyiinta marba qofkii adkaado ayuuna u aqoonsan jiray "Suldaan" ugu dambeyn waxgaradka ayaa dhax dhigay labada dhinac hishiis, oo loogu kala qeybiyay dhulka dawlada, waxa uu dhintay Barkiyaruq 1498H wiilkiis Malik shaah ayaana badalkiis Suldaan loo doortay, Balse Muaxamad taabaar ayaa imaaday Baqdaad oo xilka kala wareegay canuga yar ee Barkiyaruq. [[Muaxamad taabaar]] wuxuu xilka haayay 1105 ilaa 1118, sanadkii 1107 suldaanka Ruum [[Qilij arsalaan koowaad|Qilij Arsalaan]] ayaa kula loolamay suldaanimada, Dagaalkii khaabuur ee ka dhacay [[Mowsil|Mawsil]] ayaa looga adkaaday laguna dilay [[Qilij arsalaan koowaad|Qilij Arsalaan]] <ref>{{استشهاد بكتاب|مؤلف1=[[ابن الأثير الجزري|ابن الأثير، علي بن مُحمَّد بن عبد الكريم بن عبد الواحد الشيباني الجزري]]|عنوان=الكامل في التاريخ|إصدار=الرابعة|صفحة=104 - 107|سنة=[[1424 هـ|1424هـ]] - [[2003]]م|المجلد=الجُزء التاسع|ناشر=دار الكُتُب العلميَّة|مكان=[[بيروت]] - [[لبنان|لُبنان]]|مسار=https://ia802707.us.archive.org/15/items/WAQkamilt/kamilt09.pdf|isbn=2745100467|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216200434/https://ia802707.us.archive.org/15/items/WAQkamilt/kamilt09.pdf|تاريخ أرشيف=16 ديسمبر 2019}}</ref><ref>{{استشهاد بدورية محكمة|الأخير=يُوسُف|الأول=هُدى ياسين|دورية=إضاءات موصليَّة|مسار=http://uomosul.edu.iq/public/files/datafolder_2706/_20190926_070848_740.pdf|عنوان=الحوليَّات السُريانيَّة مصدرًا لِسلاجقة الموصل، تاريخ الزمان لِابن العبري أُنموذجًا|العدد=العدد 68|سنة=ربيع الأوَّل [[1434 هـ|1434هـ]] \ شُباط 2013|صفحات=صفحة 9|ناشر=مركز دراسات الموصل، [[جامعة الموصل]]|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107235347/http://uomosul.edu.iq/public/files/datafolder_2706/_20190926_070848_740.pdf|تاريخ أرشيف=7 يناير 2021}}</ref>. Muxamad taabaar wuxuu xooga saaray arinta [[Xashaashiyiinta|xashaashiinta]] Qalcad weyn oo ku lahaayeen [[Asfahaan]] ayuu ku go'doomiyay mudo bilo ah, [[Xashaashiyiinta|Xashaashiinta]] waxey isku dayeen wado kasta oo ku joojin karaan go'doonka laakin ma ayna helin, ugu dambeyn qalcada waxey ku dhacday gacanta Salaajiqada hogaamiyihii ugu sareeyay xashaashiinta ibni Cadaash ayaana la qabtay waana la maqaar siibay asigoo nool <ref name=":03">{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.al-eman.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%20(%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AE%D8%A9%20%D9%85%D9%86%D9%82%D8%AD%D8%A9)/%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%B1%20%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9%20%D8%A8%D8%A3%D8%B5%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%20%D9%88%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84%20%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86%20%D8%B9%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B4:/i900&d1171159&c&p1|عنوان=فصل: ذكر أحوال الباطنية بأصبهان وقتل ابن عطاش:{{!}}نداء الإيمان|موقع=www.al-eman.com|تاريخ الوصول=2020-11-27|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127145712/http://www.al-eman.com/الكتب/الكامل%20في%20التاريخ%20(نسخة%20منقحة)/ذكر%20أحوال%20الباطنية%20بأصبهان%20وقتل%20ابن%20عطاش:/i900&d1171159&c&p1|تاريخ أرشيف=27 نوفمبر 2020}}</ref>. == Weerarada Saliibiyiinta == Sanadkii [[490H]] (1097) waxaa soo gaaray dhulka [[Anatooliya|Anadool]] ciidankii Saliibiyiinta ee [[Yurub]] ka yimid, hadafkoodana wuxuu ahaa qabsashada dhulka barakeysan, waxayna taageero ka helaayeen [[Imbiraadooriyada biriizanda|Boqortooyada Ruum]], waxey go'doomiyeen Niiqiya Caasimadii [[Salaajiqada ruum|Salaajiqada Ruum]], Suldaan [[Qilij arsalaan koowaad|Qilij Arsalaan]] ayaa ku maqnaa la dagaalanka [[Daanishmandiyiinta]], balse si dhaqso ayuu ugu soo gurmaday caasimadiisa, ciidanka Saliibiyiinta ayuu kula dagaalamay banaanka magaalada laakin wuu awoodi waayay inuu joojiyo go'doonka, ugu dambeyn Niiqiya way is dhiibtay waxeyna u gacan gashay Saliibiyiinta, [[Qilij arsalaan koowaad|Qilij Arsalaan]] wuxuu la hishiiyay [[Daanishmandiyiinta]] wayna isbahaysteen, waxey kula dagaalameyn Saliibiyiinta Doorliim, dagaalka ayaa aad u darnaa waxaana soo gaaray Saliibiyiinta ciidamo cusub, taasi oo badashay hab socodka dagaalka ciidankii muslimiinta ayaa jabeen waxa uuna ka tagay [[Qilij arsalaan koowaad|Qilij Arsalaan]] hanti badan oo u gacan gashay Saliibiyiinta, dagaalkan ka dib Salaajiqada waxay baneenyeen magaalooyinka mandiqada, Saliibiyiinta ayaana si fudud ku soo dardaray waxeyna u celiyeen [[Imbiraadooriyada biriizanda|Ruum]] dhul aad u balaaran<ref name="]قصة الصليبيين">كتاب "قصة الحروب الصليبية: من البداية إلى عماد الدين زنكي" ل[[راغب السرجاني]]، ص84 إلى ص100 ("الصدام مع السلاجقة الروم").</ref>, waxey qabsadey [[Konya|Quunya]] (oo Qilij Arsalaan caasimadiisa cusub ka yeeshay), [[Kayseri|Qeysariya]], Durduus iyo [[Adana]], [[Arman|Armanka]] ayaa ka taageray qabsahada badanaa magaalooyinkaan ka dib afar bilood oo Saliibiyiinta ku soo qaateen [[Anatooliya|Anadool]] waxey soo gaareen [[Andaakiya]] oo ka mid ahayd magaalooyinka [[Shaam]] ugu difaaca adag, Andaakiya waa waqtigaas maamulaayay taliye lagu magacaabo [[Yaagi Siyaan]] oo Salaajiqada raacsanaay, waxaa magaalada la galiyay go'doon mudo dheer, ugu dambeyn Saliibiyiinta waxey awoodeyn inay magaalada gudaha u galaan [[491H]], wayna boobeen waxeyna dileen qaar badan oo dadkeyda ah <ref name="]الجهاد">كتاب "الجهاد والتجديد في القرن السادس الهجري" لمحمد حامد الناصر، ص98، مكتبة الكوثر، الطبعة الأولى 1998 م.</ref>. [[Karbogaa]] gudoomiyaha [[Mowsil]] ayaa isku dayay dib u soo cesasahda [[Andaakiya]], wuxuu ku qaaday weerar aad u adkaa laakin wuu ku guul darrestay soo ceshadeyd. [[Andaakiya]] ka dib waxey qabsadeen [[Qudus]] [[492H]] oo xasuuq ba'an ka geesteen, horay waxey u qabsadeyn magaalada Ruhaa, sidaas ayeena Saliibiyiinta uga dhisteen [[Shaam]] sedex imaaradood. == Kala qeybsanka dawlada iyo burburkeeda == Dagaalada sokeeyo ee dhamaadka lahayn waxey dadajisay burburka dawlada, ayadoo u qeybsantay imaarado yar yar oo kala ahaa Salaajiqada Shaam, Salaajiqada Ruum, Salaajiqada Ciraaq, Salaajiqada Kirmaan, iyo Salaajiqada Khuraasaan, suldaankii ugu dambeeyay ee ugu awooda badnaa Salaajiqada wuxuu ahaa Axmad Sinjar oo talinaayay laga bilaabo [[511H]] ilaa [[552H]] waxa uuna awooday dib u soo celinta haybada dawlada iyo awoodeed iyo midnimadeyda <ref name="]التاريخ2">كتاب "زبدة التاريخ" للحسيني، ص180.</ref>. Salaajiqadii Ciraaq waxey burburtay kadib iskudaydii [[Khulafadii Cabaasiyiinta|khulafada Cabaasiyiinta]] ee soo celinta awooda khilaafada, Al-Muqtafi ayaana ku guuleestay inuu si buuxdo uga saaro Ciraaq 1152. Suldaankoodii ugu dambeeyay Dogrol seddexaad waxaa lagu dilay Rayyi 1192. Faraca Salaajiqada ee Shaam wuxuu burbray 1118 markii laga tuuray xilka Suldaan bin Ridwaan waxaana ka dhashay [[Shaam]] imaarado yaryar. Faracii khuraasaan waxey ku dhamaadeen Axmad Sinjar dhimashadiisa waxaana bedelay Dawladii Khawaarzamiyiinta. Salaajiqada Kirmaan ayagana waxaa burburiyay qabiilada oguz 1185. [[Salaajiqada ruum|Salaajiqada Ruum]] oo ahaay kuwii ugu cimriga dheeraay faracyada Salaajiqada waxey noqdeen kuwo hoosyimaada [[Tataarka]] 1243, waxeyna soo dhamaatay dawladooda 1303, [[Imaaradaha anaadool|imaaradaha Anaadooliya]] ayaa dhaxlay == Salaadiinta == {| width=100% class="wikitable" ! style="background-color:#F0DC88" width=40% | Naaneysta ! style="background-color:#F0DC88" width=30% | Magaciisa gaarka ! style="background-color:#F0DC88" width=60% | Mudo xileedka |- |align="center"|Al-Suldaan ''Ruknu diin'' |align="center"| [[Dogrol bek]] |align="center"|1037–1063 |- |align="center"|Al-Suldaan ''Cadud Al-diin''<br />Abuu shujaac |align="center"| [[Alab arsalaan]] |align="center"|1063–1072 |- |align="center"|Al-suldaan<br />''Jalaal Al-Dawla'' |align="center"| [[Suldaan Malik shaah|Malik shaah]] |align="center"|1072–1092 |- |align="center"|''Al-Suldaan''<br />Naasir Al-Duniya wa al-Diin |align="center"| Maxamuud bin Malik shaah |align="center"|1092–1094 |- |align="center"|''Al-Suldaan''<br />''Abul Mudafar Ruknu al-Dunya wa al-Diin'' |align="center"| [[Barkiyaaruuq]] |align="center"|1094–1105 |- |align="center"|''Al-Suldaan'' <br />''Mucizz al-Din'' |align="center"| [[Malik Shah II|Malik Shah bin Barkiyaaruuq]] |align="center"|1104-1105 |- |align="center"|''Al-Suldaan'' <br />''Ghiyath al-Dunya wa al-Diin'' |align="center"| [[Muxamad Taabaar]]<br /> |align="center"|1105–1118 |- |align="center"|''Al-Suldaan'' <br />''Mucizz al-Diin'' |align="center"| [[Ahmad Saanjar|Axmad Saanjar]] |align="center"|1118–1153 |- | colspan="4" align="center" | [[Khwarazmian dynasty]] replaces the Seljuk dynasty. From 1157, the [[Oghuz Turks|Oghuz]] took control of much of Khurasan, with the remainder in the hands of former Seljuk emirs. |} == xigasho == [[Category:Islaam]] [[Category:Salaajiqada]] [[Category:Taariikh]] [[Category:Dawladihii islaamka]] [[Category:turkiya]] 6a0eworpssz5i8rdf43c8qrvc4t0nuo 0 37030 305764 295396 2026-08-24T14:46:13Z ~2026-46333-31 47085 good 305764 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abuu Cabdiraxmaan Cabdullaahi bin mascuud Al-hudali''' waa [[saxaabi]] ka mid ah saxaabada kuwa ugu caansan uguna aqoonta badan, waana mid ka mid ah kuwa u [[Hijrada xabasha|hijrooday xabasha]] iyo [[Medina|madiina]], wuxuu wadi jiray kabaha rasuulka scw iyo cadaygiis [[File:عبد الله بن مسعود.png|thumb|magaca cabdulaahi bin mascuuf]] . {| class="infobox" align="right" style="font-size: 95%; border:5px solid; border-color:green; background-color: lightgray; text-align: left;" |- {{#if:|{{!}} colspan="2" style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" {{!}} [[File:|200px|]]<br />{{{caption|}}}}} | colspan="2" style="font-size: larger; background-color: green; text-align: center;" | '''cabdulaahi bin mascuud<br /> عبدالله بن مسعود<br /> |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: orange" |[[saxaabi]] |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |xog ku saabsan |- !aabihiisa: |mascuud bin gaafil |- !hooyadii |umu cabdi binti cabdi wud |- !Dhashay: |594 |- !Ku dhashay: |[[makka]] |- !Diintiisa: |[[Islaam]] |- !xaaska |Zeynaba binti abii mucaawiya |- !ilmahiisa | |- !walaalihiis |Cutba bin mascuud |- !Dhintay: |[[32H]] |- !Ku dhintay: |[[Medina|madiina]] |} ==Taariikh nooleedkiisa== === Bilaawgiisa === Cabdulaahi bin mascuud bin gaafil bin xabiib oo ku nisbo sheegto ree sacad bin hudeyl bin mudrika<ref name="سعد1">[https://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-1686#page-772 الطبقات الكبرى لابن سعد - عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ مَسْعُودِ (1)] {{Wayback|url=https://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-1686#page-772 |date=20171210235956 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720062340/http://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-1686|date=20 يوليو 2017}} {{وصلة مكسورة|تاريخ=2020-10-13|bot=JarBot}}</ref> waxa oo ku dhashay [[makka]] 594 miilaadi, Hooyadii waxaa la oran jiray umu cabdi binti cabdi wud, waxeyna ahayd ree banii zuhra <ref> أ ب "عبد الله بن مسعود"، islamstory.com، اطّلع عليه بتاريخ 21-12-2108. بتصرّف. إقرأ المزيد على موضوع.كوم: https://mawdoo3.com/%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%88_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF#cite_note-nsuyzqqMyw-3 </ref> magaalada [[makka]] ayuu ku barbaaray ibni mascuud, wuxuuna u raaci jiray dadka ree [[makka]] ariga. === Islaamida === Islaamida ibin mascuud waa horeysay waxaa lagu sheegaa inuu ahaa qofkii lixaad ee islaama, Qisada uu ku islaamay waxey ahayd: Maalin baa waxaa soo maray asigoo ari la jira [[Abu Bakr|Abuubakar]] RC iyo [[Nebi Maxamed c.s|Nebiga]] scw, waxey weydiisteen caano ay cabaan, ibni mascuud ayaa ugu jawaabay inay amaano ku yihiin agtiisa cidna uu ka waraabin karin, Nebiga scw ayaa ka dalbay inuu u keeno lax aana wali oorka boodin, markuu keenay candhada ayuu ka masaxay caanaaba ka imaaday weel ayee ku listeen asaga iyo abuubakar weyna cabeen, ibni mascuud wuu yaabay, wuxuuna ku dhahay Nebiga I bar hadalkaan fiican (quraanka), Nebiga scw ayaa ku dhahay "waxaa tahay canug wax la baray" <ref>3] أسد الغابة في معرفة الصحابة - عبد الله بن مسعود نسخة محفوظة 22 يوليو/2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.[وصلة مكسورة </ref>. Maalinkaas wixii ka dambeeyay ibni mascuud wuu iska daayay qoosaarnimada wuxuuna u go'ay u khidmeena rasuulka scw, mana ka hari jirin safar iyo nagaasho. Hooyadii iyo walaalkiis ayaa iyagana qaatay diinta islaamka<ref name="الإصابة22">[https://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-9767#page-1943 الإصابة في تمييز الصحابة - عبد الله بن مسعود (2)] {{Wayback|url=https://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-9767#page-1943 |date=20190507172055 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710000854/http://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-9767|date=10 يوليو 2017}} {{وصلة مكسورة|تاريخ=2020-10-13|bot=JarBot}}</ref>. === Qofkii u horeeyay ee Kor u qaada quraanka makka === Gaalada [[Quraysh|qureysh]] aa cadaadis daran ku heysay muslimiinta mana jirin cid ku dhiiran karto inay [[Qur'aan|quraanka]] muujiso aa ka ahayn [[Nebi Maxamed c.s|Nabiga]] scw. Maalin baa waxaa meel ku kulmay [[Saxaabi|saxaabada]] waxey is dhaheen [[Quraysh|qureysh]] waligeed ma arag [[Qur'aan|quraanka]] oo kor loo qaadayee miyuu jiraa qof maqashiin karo?. Ibni mascuud ayaa yiri aniga igu daaya, [[saxaabada]] ayaa ku dhaheen adiga qaraabo ku difaacdo ma qabtid waa kuu baqeenaa, wuxuu dhahay iga taga ilaah baa qabaa asaa I dhoorayo, [[Quraysh|qureysh]] oo [[kacbada]] ag dhooban ayuu u tagay [[suurada al-raxmaan]] buu ku dul aqriyay, [[Quraysh|qureysh]] baa ku xanaaqday waxey ku bilaabeen dil, dhaawac badan bay gaarsiiyeen, ibni mascuud oo dhaawaca ka muuqdo ayaa ku soo laabtay [[saxaabada]], waxey dhaheen; saan ayaa kaaga baqeenay, wuxuu u sheegay inuu diyaar u yahay bari inuu ku laabto, waxee dhaheen may waad maqashiisay waxey nacaayeen bas waay<ref>https://iqranetwork.com/ar/blog/%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86/</ref>. === Hijradiisa xabasha kadibna madiina === Ibni mascuud wuxuu maray dhibkii kasoo gaaray muslimiinta hore xaga [[Quraysh|Qureysh]] taas oo keentay inuu u [[Hijrada xabasha|hijroodo xabasha]] soo u la badbaado naftiisa iyo diinkiisa<ref name="الإصابة2">[https://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-9767#page-1943 الإصابة في تمييز الصحابة - عبد الله بن مسعود (2)] {{Wayback|url=https://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-9767#page-1943 |date=20190507172055 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710000854/http://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-9767|date=10 يوليو 2017}} {{وصلة مكسورة|تاريخ=2020-10-13|bot=JarBot}}</ref>, sanado ka dib [[makka]] ayuu ku soo noqday hadana [[Medina|madiina]] ayuu u haajiray kadib markuu Nebiga scw faray saxaabada inay u haajiraan<ref name="الذهبي2">[https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&ID=96&idfrom=102&idto=108&flag=0&bk_no=60&ayano=0&surano=0&bookhad=0 سير أعلام النبلاء» الصحابة رضوان الله عليهم» عبد الله بن مسعود (2)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120214603/http://library.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?bk_no=60&ID=96&idfrom=102&idto=108&bookid=60&startno=1|date=20 نوفمبر 2016}}</ref>. === Hijrada ka dib === markuu [[Medina|madiina]] u haajiray, rasuulka scw ayaa la walaaleeyay [[sacad bin mucaad]] ama [[Mucaad Bin Jabal|mucaad bin jabal]] sida riwaayaadka qaar qabaan, wuxuuna kala qeyb galay nabiga scw dhamaan dagaalada, [[Dagaalkii Beder|dagaalkii badar]] wuxuu qofka dhameystiray [[abuu jahal]] ka dib dhaawacii ilmo cafraa ey gaarsiiyeen, Nabiga scw ayaana siiyay seefta abuu jahal<ref name="الذهبي4">[https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&ID=96&idfrom=102&idto=108&flag=0&bk_no=60&ayano=0&surano=0&bookhad=0 سير أعلام النبلاء» الصحابة رضوان الله عليهم» عبد الله بن مسعود (4)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120214549/http://library.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?bk_no=60&ID=96&idfrom=102&idto=108&bookid=60&startno=3|date=20 نوفمبر 2016}}</ref>. [[Dagaalkii uxud]] wuxuu ku juray in yar oo Nabiga scw ku hartay dadkii markey yaaceen === Watigii khulafa raashidiin === wuxuu qeyb ka qaatay ibni mascuud [[furashada shaam]], [[dagaalkii yarmuuk]] ayuu xaadiray<ref name="الإصابة3">[https://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-9767#page-1944 الإصابة في تمييز الصحابة - عبد الله بن مسعود (3)] {{Wayback|url=https://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-9767#page-1944 |date=20190507172055 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710000854/http://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-9767|date=10 يوليو 2017}} {{وصلة مكسورة|تاريخ=2020-10-13|bot=JarBot}}</ref>, asigaana qeybiyay maalinkaas ganiimada, Furashooyinka ka dib wuxuu jecleestay inuu dago [[ximsa]]<ref name="الذهبي6">[https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&ID=96&idfrom=102&idto=108&flag=0&bk_no=60&ayano=0&surano=0&bookhad=0 سير أعلام النبلاء» الصحابة رضوان الله عليهم» عبد الله بن مسعود (6)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909215148/http://library.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?bk_no=60&ID=96&idfrom=102&idto=108&bookid=60&startno=5|date=09 سبتمبر 2017}}</ref><ref name="سعد6">[https://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-1686#page-777 الطبقات الكبرى لابن سعد - عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ مَسْعُودِ (6)] {{Wayback|url=https://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-1686#page-777 |date=20171210235956 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720062340/http://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-1686|date=20 يوليو 2017}} {{وصلة مكسورة|تاريخ=2020-10-13|bot=JarBot}}</ref>, ilaa oo uga yimid amarka khaliifka labaad [[Cumar (saxaaba)|cumar]] inuu aado [[Kuufa]] [[Ciraaq]] si dadkeeda oo u baro diinta una saacido talyaheeda cusub [[camaar bin yaasir]], ibni mascuud waxaa uu tagay kuufa faafinta diinta ayuuna ka bilaaway dad badan ayuu soo saaray ilaa 4000 oo qof baa la sheegaa inay gaarayaan dadkii uu wax baray === Geeridiisa === kolkii uu bukooday bukaankii dhimashada ayaa waxaa u booqasho ugu yimid khaliifka muslimiinta[[Cusmaan bin Cafaan]], wuxuuna ku yiri: " maxaad ka sheegaynaysaa?. Ibni Mascuud ayaa ku jawaabay: "Denbigayga ayaan ka sheeganayaa". Cusmaan ayaa dhahay: "Maxaad u baahan tahay?" Cabdullaahi bin Mascuud: "Naxariista Rabbigay". [[Cusmaan bin Cafaan]]: " mushaarkii aad sannado kahor diiday inaad qaadato ma kuu amraa in lagu siiyo?" Cabdullaahi bin Mascuud: " uma baahni mushaarkaas". [[Cusmaan bin Cafaan]]: " haddaba, gabdhahaada ayaa qaadanaya adiga gadaashaa". Cabdullaahi Ibnu Mascuud: Gabdhahayga miyaa waxaad uga cabsanaysaa faqrinimo?, waxaan faray inay habeen kasta aqriyaan [[Suurada Al-waaqica|suuradda Al-waaqica]].., maxaa yeelay Rasuulka (scw) ayaa waxaan ka maqlay isagoo leh: ruuxii aqriya habeen kasta [[Suurada Al-waaqica|suuradda Al-waaqica]] faqri kuma dhaco weligii <ref> أحمد الطيار، حياة السلف بين القول والعمل، صفحة 919. بتصرّف. إقرأ المزيد على سطور.كوم: https://sotor.com/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B0%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF </ref>" Dhimashadiisa waxey ahayd sandkii 33aad ee hijiriga, dhoor iyo lixdan sano ayuuna jiray waxaa ku tukaday [[Cusmaan bin Cafaan|Cusmaan bin Cafaan RC]], [[Qabuuraha baqiic]] ayaana lagu aasay <ref> https://mawdoo3.com/%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%88_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF</ref>. == La saaxiibidiis rasuulka == Ibni mascuud wuxuu u laazimay Nabiga scw sidii hooskiis oo kale, marna kama hari jirin safar iyo nagaasho, waxa uu wadi jiray kabaha wuu u galin jiray markuu u baahdo, markii kalana asaa hayn jiray, wuxuu hagaajin jiray firaashkiisa, cadayga iyo weysada ayuu u wadi jiray Rasuulka scw, haduu Nebiga scw xaajo gudanaayo asagaa ahaay inuu asturaayo, siduu Nabiga scw uga dhawaay heer wuxuu gaaray loogu yeero "Saaxibu swaad" yacni sir hayaha rasuulka scw <ref> ^ أ ب ت "عبد الله بن مسعود"، قصة الإسلام، اطّلع عليه بتاريخ 20/7/2022. بتصرّف إقرأ المزيد على موضوع.كوم: https://mawdoo3.com/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF#cite_note-bab26de3_3d65_40c1_b6dc_11b06fd05a64-3</ref> wuxuu aad u badin jiray inuu ugu galo Nebiga scw guryihiisiisa, [[Abuu Muusa Ashcari|abuu muusa ashcari]] ayaaba mooday markuu [[Yemen|yaman]] ka yimid ibni mascuud iyo hooyadii inay ka mid yihiin [[Ahlu-Beytka|Ahlu-Beytka nabiga]] scw badnaasha u galidood Nabiga scw awgeed<ref name="سعد4">[https://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-1686#page-775 الطبقات الكبرى لابن سعد - عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ مَسْعُودِ (4)] {{Wayback|url=https://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-1686#page-775 |date=20171210235956 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720062340/http://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-1686|date=20 يوليو 2017}} {{وصلة مكسورة|تاريخ=2020-10-13|bot=JarBot}}</ref>. ==Darajadiisa cilmiga == Ibni mascuud wuxuu Nabiga scw ka qaaday cilmi aad u badan, 848 xadiis ayuu ka wariyay Nebiga scw <ref>https://answers.mawdoo3.com/%D9%83%D9%85-%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%8A-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF#:~:text=%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%83%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%8C%20%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9%D9%8B,%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%87%20%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9%20%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87%D9%85%D8%9B%20%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF</ref> wuxuuna ka mid ahaa dadka diinta loogu noqdo, gaar ahaan [[Qur'aan|quraanka]] iyo tafsiirkiisa, wuxuu dhahay ibni mascuud "Rasuulka scw ayaa afkiisa ka qaatay dhowr iyo todobaatan [[suurad]] <ref> لبخاري، صحيح البخاري، ج 3، ص 228.</ref>" Mar kale wuxuu nftiisa ka dhahay "ilaahay baa ku dhaartee ma jirto [[suurad]] kitaabka Alla ka midah aana ogeyn meeshee ku dagtay, aayadna ma soo dagin illaa waa ogahay sababta ay ku soo dagtay <ref> رواه مسلم، في صحيح مسلم، عن عبد الله بن مسعود، الصفحة أو الرقم:2463، صحيح إقرأ المزيد على سطور.كوم: https://sotor.com/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B0%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF/ </ref>". Wuxuu lahaay ibni mascuud cod aad u macaan Nabigana scw wuxuu jeclaa inuu ka maqlo maalin buu ku dhahay «igu dul aqri suurada al-nisa» wuu yaabay ibni mascuud wuxuu dhahay «see kugu aqriyaa adigaaba laguugu soo dajiyee» Nabiga scw ayaa dhahay «waxaa jeclahay inaa ka maqlo qof kale» wuu ku dul aqriyay markuu gaaray [ فَكَيْفَ إِذَا جِئْنَا مِنْ كُلِّ أُمَّةٍ بِشَهِيدٍ وَجِئْنَا بِكَ [عَلَى هَؤُلَاءِ شَهِيدًا, ayuu nabiga scw ilmeeyay. Wuxuu dhahay Nabiga scw "[[Qur'aan|Quraanka]] ka qaata Afar ibni mascuud, [[Ubay bin kacab|Ubay]], [[Mucaad Bin Jabal|mucaad]] iyo [[saalim mowla abii xudeyfa]]" <ref>https://www.dorar.net/hadith/sharh/1694</ref> Sidoo kale Wuxuu dhahay Nabiga scw; "Qofkii farxineeso inuu [[Qur'aan|Qur'aanka]] aqriyo asigoo u qoyan sidii lagu soo dajiyay haka aqristo ibni mascuud" <ref>وأخرجه البزار (٣٢٧) ، والنسائي في " الكبرى " (٨٢٥٧) ، والطبراني في " الكبير " (٨٤٢٢) من طرق عن الأعمش، بالإسنادين جميعا. وأخرجه ابن أبي شيبة ٢ / ٢٨٠ و١٠ / ٥٢٠، والترمذي (١٦٩) ، والنسائي (٨٢٥٦) ، وأبو يعلى (١٩٤) و (١٩٥) ، وابن خزيمة (١١٥٦) و (١٣٤١) ، وابن حبان (٢٠٣٤) ، ومحمد بن نصر في " قيام الليل " ٥٠ من طريق أبي معاوية، بالإسناد الأول. وأخرجه البزار (٣٢٦) ، والنسائي (٨٢٥٦) ، والطبراني (٨٤٢٠) و (٨٤٢١) ، وابن السني في " عمل اليوم والليلة " (٤١٥) ، وأبو نعيم في " الحلية " ١ / ١٢٤ من طرق عن الأعمش، بالإسناد الأول، غير ابن السني، فبالإسناد الثاني، وبعض هؤلاء يزيد فيه على بعض. وسيأتي برقم: (١٧٨) و (٢٢٨) و (٢٦٥) و (٢٦٧)</ref> '''[[Abuu Muusa Ashcari|Abuu muusa ashcari]]''' ayaa dhahay "yaana wax lee weydiin caalimkaan intuu nii dhax joogo" ==Fadligiisa== Ibni mascuud wuxuu qaatay hanuunkii Rasuulka (scw), sidoo kalena wuxuu ka akhlaaq qaatay sifooyinkii suubanaa ee Rasuulka (scw), wuxuu Rasuulka kaga dayday dhammaan astaamihiisii wanaagsanaa, ilaa laga yiraahdo: Cabdullaahi wuxuu aad ugu eg yahay Rasuulka (scw) xagga hanuunka iyo xagga muuqaalkaba <ref>البخاري برقم 3762</ref> Imaamu '''[[Axmed Binu Xambal|axmad]]''' ayaa ku wariyay [[Musnad imaam axmad|musnadkiisa]] ibni mascuud oo geed ka goosanaya caday inay dab\eeshu marba dhinac u leeleexisay, saxaabada ayaa ku qosleen, Nabig scw ayaa dhahay maxaad la qosleysaan? Waxey dhaheen jilicsanaanta luguhiisa Nabigii allow wuxuu dhahay: Allaha nafteeya haaya baa ku dhaartee miizaanka qiyaama wey ka culus yihiin [[buurta uxud]]<ref> https://www.alukah.net/culture/0/63744/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%B1%D8%B6%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%87/#ixzz7jagp6Veo </ref>. [https://rahiqacademy.com/ Online Fiqh Course] alquranrecitation [https://alquranrecitation.com/ Al Quran Recitation Academy] == Xigasho == [[Category:Islaam]] [[Category:Dadl]] [[Category:Saxaabada]] <references group="https://rahiqacademy.com/" /> 0elaa5az6j28x0w9wyq6bknkx98s1u2 305910 305764 2026-08-24T19:56:15Z A09 27259 /* Fadligiisa */ -spam 305910 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abuu Cabdiraxmaan Cabdullaahi bin mascuud Al-hudali''' waa [[saxaabi]] ka mid ah saxaabada kuwa ugu caansan uguna aqoonta badan, waana mid ka mid ah kuwa u [[Hijrada xabasha|hijrooday xabasha]] iyo [[Medina|madiina]], wuxuu wadi jiray kabaha rasuulka scw iyo cadaygiis [[File:عبد الله بن مسعود.png|thumb|magaca cabdulaahi bin mascuuf]] . {| class="infobox" align="right" style="font-size: 95%; border:5px solid; border-color:green; background-color: lightgray; text-align: left;" |- {{#if:|{{!}} colspan="2" style="font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" {{!}} [[File:|200px|]]<br />{{{caption|}}}}} | colspan="2" style="font-size: larger; background-color: green; text-align: center;" | '''cabdulaahi bin mascuud<br /> عبدالله بن مسعود<br /> |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: orange" |[[saxaabi]] |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |xog ku saabsan |- !aabihiisa: |mascuud bin gaafil |- !hooyadii |umu cabdi binti cabdi wud |- !Dhashay: |594 |- !Ku dhashay: |[[makka]] |- !Diintiisa: |[[Islaam]] |- !xaaska |Zeynaba binti abii mucaawiya |- !ilmahiisa | |- !walaalihiis |Cutba bin mascuud |- !Dhintay: |[[32H]] |- !Ku dhintay: |[[Medina|madiina]] |} ==Taariikh nooleedkiisa== === Bilaawgiisa === Cabdulaahi bin mascuud bin gaafil bin xabiib oo ku nisbo sheegto ree sacad bin hudeyl bin mudrika<ref name="سعد1">[https://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-1686#page-772 الطبقات الكبرى لابن سعد - عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ مَسْعُودِ (1)] {{Wayback|url=https://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-1686#page-772 |date=20171210235956 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720062340/http://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-1686|date=20 يوليو 2017}} {{وصلة مكسورة|تاريخ=2020-10-13|bot=JarBot}}</ref> waxa oo ku dhashay [[makka]] 594 miilaadi, Hooyadii waxaa la oran jiray umu cabdi binti cabdi wud, waxeyna ahayd ree banii zuhra <ref> أ ب "عبد الله بن مسعود"، islamstory.com، اطّلع عليه بتاريخ 21-12-2108. بتصرّف. إقرأ المزيد على موضوع.كوم: https://mawdoo3.com/%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%88_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF#cite_note-nsuyzqqMyw-3 </ref> magaalada [[makka]] ayuu ku barbaaray ibni mascuud, wuxuuna u raaci jiray dadka ree [[makka]] ariga. === Islaamida === Islaamida ibin mascuud waa horeysay waxaa lagu sheegaa inuu ahaa qofkii lixaad ee islaama, Qisada uu ku islaamay waxey ahayd: Maalin baa waxaa soo maray asigoo ari la jira [[Abu Bakr|Abuubakar]] RC iyo [[Nebi Maxamed c.s|Nebiga]] scw, waxey weydiisteen caano ay cabaan, ibni mascuud ayaa ugu jawaabay inay amaano ku yihiin agtiisa cidna uu ka waraabin karin, Nebiga scw ayaa ka dalbay inuu u keeno lax aana wali oorka boodin, markuu keenay candhada ayuu ka masaxay caanaaba ka imaaday weel ayee ku listeen asaga iyo abuubakar weyna cabeen, ibni mascuud wuu yaabay, wuxuuna ku dhahay Nebiga I bar hadalkaan fiican (quraanka), Nebiga scw ayaa ku dhahay "waxaa tahay canug wax la baray" <ref>3] أسد الغابة في معرفة الصحابة - عبد الله بن مسعود نسخة محفوظة 22 يوليو/2017 على موقع واي باك مشين.[وصلة مكسورة </ref>. Maalinkaas wixii ka dambeeyay ibni mascuud wuu iska daayay qoosaarnimada wuxuuna u go'ay u khidmeena rasuulka scw, mana ka hari jirin safar iyo nagaasho. Hooyadii iyo walaalkiis ayaa iyagana qaatay diinta islaamka<ref name="الإصابة22">[https://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-9767#page-1943 الإصابة في تمييز الصحابة - عبد الله بن مسعود (2)] {{Wayback|url=https://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-9767#page-1943 |date=20190507172055 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710000854/http://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-9767|date=10 يوليو 2017}} {{وصلة مكسورة|تاريخ=2020-10-13|bot=JarBot}}</ref>. === Qofkii u horeeyay ee Kor u qaada quraanka makka === Gaalada [[Quraysh|qureysh]] aa cadaadis daran ku heysay muslimiinta mana jirin cid ku dhiiran karto inay [[Qur'aan|quraanka]] muujiso aa ka ahayn [[Nebi Maxamed c.s|Nabiga]] scw. Maalin baa waxaa meel ku kulmay [[Saxaabi|saxaabada]] waxey is dhaheen [[Quraysh|qureysh]] waligeed ma arag [[Qur'aan|quraanka]] oo kor loo qaadayee miyuu jiraa qof maqashiin karo?. Ibni mascuud ayaa yiri aniga igu daaya, [[saxaabada]] ayaa ku dhaheen adiga qaraabo ku difaacdo ma qabtid waa kuu baqeenaa, wuxuu dhahay iga taga ilaah baa qabaa asaa I dhoorayo, [[Quraysh|qureysh]] oo [[kacbada]] ag dhooban ayuu u tagay [[suurada al-raxmaan]] buu ku dul aqriyay, [[Quraysh|qureysh]] baa ku xanaaqday waxey ku bilaabeen dil, dhaawac badan bay gaarsiiyeen, ibni mascuud oo dhaawaca ka muuqdo ayaa ku soo laabtay [[saxaabada]], waxey dhaheen; saan ayaa kaaga baqeenay, wuxuu u sheegay inuu diyaar u yahay bari inuu ku laabto, waxee dhaheen may waad maqashiisay waxey nacaayeen bas waay<ref>https://iqranetwork.com/ar/blog/%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86/</ref>. === Hijradiisa xabasha kadibna madiina === Ibni mascuud wuxuu maray dhibkii kasoo gaaray muslimiinta hore xaga [[Quraysh|Qureysh]] taas oo keentay inuu u [[Hijrada xabasha|hijroodo xabasha]] soo u la badbaado naftiisa iyo diinkiisa<ref name="الإصابة2">[https://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-9767#page-1943 الإصابة في تمييز الصحابة - عبد الله بن مسعود (2)] {{Wayback|url=https://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-9767#page-1943 |date=20190507172055 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710000854/http://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-9767|date=10 يوليو 2017}} {{وصلة مكسورة|تاريخ=2020-10-13|bot=JarBot}}</ref>, sanado ka dib [[makka]] ayuu ku soo noqday hadana [[Medina|madiina]] ayuu u haajiray kadib markuu Nebiga scw faray saxaabada inay u haajiraan<ref name="الذهبي2">[https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&ID=96&idfrom=102&idto=108&flag=0&bk_no=60&ayano=0&surano=0&bookhad=0 سير أعلام النبلاء» الصحابة رضوان الله عليهم» عبد الله بن مسعود (2)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120214603/http://library.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?bk_no=60&ID=96&idfrom=102&idto=108&bookid=60&startno=1|date=20 نوفمبر 2016}}</ref>. === Hijrada ka dib === markuu [[Medina|madiina]] u haajiray, rasuulka scw ayaa la walaaleeyay [[sacad bin mucaad]] ama [[Mucaad Bin Jabal|mucaad bin jabal]] sida riwaayaadka qaar qabaan, wuxuuna kala qeyb galay nabiga scw dhamaan dagaalada, [[Dagaalkii Beder|dagaalkii badar]] wuxuu qofka dhameystiray [[abuu jahal]] ka dib dhaawacii ilmo cafraa ey gaarsiiyeen, Nabiga scw ayaana siiyay seefta abuu jahal<ref name="الذهبي4">[https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&ID=96&idfrom=102&idto=108&flag=0&bk_no=60&ayano=0&surano=0&bookhad=0 سير أعلام النبلاء» الصحابة رضوان الله عليهم» عبد الله بن مسعود (4)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120214549/http://library.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?bk_no=60&ID=96&idfrom=102&idto=108&bookid=60&startno=3|date=20 نوفمبر 2016}}</ref>. [[Dagaalkii uxud]] wuxuu ku juray in yar oo Nabiga scw ku hartay dadkii markey yaaceen === Watigii khulafa raashidiin === wuxuu qeyb ka qaatay ibni mascuud [[furashada shaam]], [[dagaalkii yarmuuk]] ayuu xaadiray<ref name="الإصابة3">[https://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-9767#page-1944 الإصابة في تمييز الصحابة - عبد الله بن مسعود (3)] {{Wayback|url=https://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-9767#page-1944 |date=20190507172055 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710000854/http://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-9767|date=10 يوليو 2017}} {{وصلة مكسورة|تاريخ=2020-10-13|bot=JarBot}}</ref>, asigaana qeybiyay maalinkaas ganiimada, Furashooyinka ka dib wuxuu jecleestay inuu dago [[ximsa]]<ref name="الذهبي6">[https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&ID=96&idfrom=102&idto=108&flag=0&bk_no=60&ayano=0&surano=0&bookhad=0 سير أعلام النبلاء» الصحابة رضوان الله عليهم» عبد الله بن مسعود (6)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909215148/http://library.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?bk_no=60&ID=96&idfrom=102&idto=108&bookid=60&startno=5|date=09 سبتمبر 2017}}</ref><ref name="سعد6">[https://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-1686#page-777 الطبقات الكبرى لابن سعد - عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ مَسْعُودِ (6)] {{Wayback|url=https://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-1686#page-777 |date=20171210235956 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720062340/http://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-1686|date=20 يوليو 2017}} {{وصلة مكسورة|تاريخ=2020-10-13|bot=JarBot}}</ref>, ilaa oo uga yimid amarka khaliifka labaad [[Cumar (saxaaba)|cumar]] inuu aado [[Kuufa]] [[Ciraaq]] si dadkeeda oo u baro diinta una saacido talyaheeda cusub [[camaar bin yaasir]], ibni mascuud waxaa uu tagay kuufa faafinta diinta ayuuna ka bilaaway dad badan ayuu soo saaray ilaa 4000 oo qof baa la sheegaa inay gaarayaan dadkii uu wax baray === Geeridiisa === kolkii uu bukooday bukaankii dhimashada ayaa waxaa u booqasho ugu yimid khaliifka muslimiinta[[Cusmaan bin Cafaan]], wuxuuna ku yiri: " maxaad ka sheegaynaysaa?. Ibni Mascuud ayaa ku jawaabay: "Denbigayga ayaan ka sheeganayaa". Cusmaan ayaa dhahay: "Maxaad u baahan tahay?" Cabdullaahi bin Mascuud: "Naxariista Rabbigay". [[Cusmaan bin Cafaan]]: " mushaarkii aad sannado kahor diiday inaad qaadato ma kuu amraa in lagu siiyo?" Cabdullaahi bin Mascuud: " uma baahni mushaarkaas". [[Cusmaan bin Cafaan]]: " haddaba, gabdhahaada ayaa qaadanaya adiga gadaashaa". Cabdullaahi Ibnu Mascuud: Gabdhahayga miyaa waxaad uga cabsanaysaa faqrinimo?, waxaan faray inay habeen kasta aqriyaan [[Suurada Al-waaqica|suuradda Al-waaqica]].., maxaa yeelay Rasuulka (scw) ayaa waxaan ka maqlay isagoo leh: ruuxii aqriya habeen kasta [[Suurada Al-waaqica|suuradda Al-waaqica]] faqri kuma dhaco weligii <ref> أحمد الطيار، حياة السلف بين القول والعمل، صفحة 919. بتصرّف. إقرأ المزيد على سطور.كوم: https://sotor.com/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B0%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF </ref>" Dhimashadiisa waxey ahayd sandkii 33aad ee hijiriga, dhoor iyo lixdan sano ayuuna jiray waxaa ku tukaday [[Cusmaan bin Cafaan|Cusmaan bin Cafaan RC]], [[Qabuuraha baqiic]] ayaana lagu aasay <ref> https://mawdoo3.com/%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%88_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF</ref>. == La saaxiibidiis rasuulka == Ibni mascuud wuxuu u laazimay Nabiga scw sidii hooskiis oo kale, marna kama hari jirin safar iyo nagaasho, waxa uu wadi jiray kabaha wuu u galin jiray markuu u baahdo, markii kalana asaa hayn jiray, wuxuu hagaajin jiray firaashkiisa, cadayga iyo weysada ayuu u wadi jiray Rasuulka scw, haduu Nebiga scw xaajo gudanaayo asagaa ahaay inuu asturaayo, siduu Nabiga scw uga dhawaay heer wuxuu gaaray loogu yeero "Saaxibu swaad" yacni sir hayaha rasuulka scw <ref> ^ أ ب ت "عبد الله بن مسعود"، قصة الإسلام، اطّلع عليه بتاريخ 20/7/2022. بتصرّف إقرأ المزيد على موضوع.كوم: https://mawdoo3.com/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF#cite_note-bab26de3_3d65_40c1_b6dc_11b06fd05a64-3</ref> wuxuu aad u badin jiray inuu ugu galo Nebiga scw guryihiisiisa, [[Abuu Muusa Ashcari|abuu muusa ashcari]] ayaaba mooday markuu [[Yemen|yaman]] ka yimid ibni mascuud iyo hooyadii inay ka mid yihiin [[Ahlu-Beytka|Ahlu-Beytka nabiga]] scw badnaasha u galidood Nabiga scw awgeed<ref name="سعد4">[https://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-1686#page-775 الطبقات الكبرى لابن سعد - عَبْدُ اللَّهِ بْنُ مَسْعُودِ (4)] {{Wayback|url=https://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-1686#page-775 |date=20171210235956 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720062340/http://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-1686|date=20 يوليو 2017}} {{وصلة مكسورة|تاريخ=2020-10-13|bot=JarBot}}</ref>. ==Darajadiisa cilmiga == Ibni mascuud wuxuu Nabiga scw ka qaaday cilmi aad u badan, 848 xadiis ayuu ka wariyay Nebiga scw <ref>https://answers.mawdoo3.com/%D9%83%D9%85-%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%8A-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF#:~:text=%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%83%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%8C%20%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9%D9%8B,%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%87%20%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9%20%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87%D9%85%D8%9B%20%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF</ref> wuxuuna ka mid ahaa dadka diinta loogu noqdo, gaar ahaan [[Qur'aan|quraanka]] iyo tafsiirkiisa, wuxuu dhahay ibni mascuud "Rasuulka scw ayaa afkiisa ka qaatay dhowr iyo todobaatan [[suurad]] <ref> لبخاري، صحيح البخاري، ج 3، ص 228.</ref>" Mar kale wuxuu nftiisa ka dhahay "ilaahay baa ku dhaartee ma jirto [[suurad]] kitaabka Alla ka midah aana ogeyn meeshee ku dagtay, aayadna ma soo dagin illaa waa ogahay sababta ay ku soo dagtay <ref> رواه مسلم، في صحيح مسلم، عن عبد الله بن مسعود، الصفحة أو الرقم:2463، صحيح إقرأ المزيد على سطور.كوم: https://sotor.com/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B0%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF/ </ref>". Wuxuu lahaay ibni mascuud cod aad u macaan Nabigana scw wuxuu jeclaa inuu ka maqlo maalin buu ku dhahay «igu dul aqri suurada al-nisa» wuu yaabay ibni mascuud wuxuu dhahay «see kugu aqriyaa adigaaba laguugu soo dajiyee» Nabiga scw ayaa dhahay «waxaa jeclahay inaa ka maqlo qof kale» wuu ku dul aqriyay markuu gaaray [ فَكَيْفَ إِذَا جِئْنَا مِنْ كُلِّ أُمَّةٍ بِشَهِيدٍ وَجِئْنَا بِكَ [عَلَى هَؤُلَاءِ شَهِيدًا, ayuu nabiga scw ilmeeyay. Wuxuu dhahay Nabiga scw "[[Qur'aan|Quraanka]] ka qaata Afar ibni mascuud, [[Ubay bin kacab|Ubay]], [[Mucaad Bin Jabal|mucaad]] iyo [[saalim mowla abii xudeyfa]]" <ref>https://www.dorar.net/hadith/sharh/1694</ref> Sidoo kale Wuxuu dhahay Nabiga scw; "Qofkii farxineeso inuu [[Qur'aan|Qur'aanka]] aqriyo asigoo u qoyan sidii lagu soo dajiyay haka aqristo ibni mascuud" <ref>وأخرجه البزار (٣٢٧) ، والنسائي في " الكبرى " (٨٢٥٧) ، والطبراني في " الكبير " (٨٤٢٢) من طرق عن الأعمش، بالإسنادين جميعا. وأخرجه ابن أبي شيبة ٢ / ٢٨٠ و١٠ / ٥٢٠، والترمذي (١٦٩) ، والنسائي (٨٢٥٦) ، وأبو يعلى (١٩٤) و (١٩٥) ، وابن خزيمة (١١٥٦) و (١٣٤١) ، وابن حبان (٢٠٣٤) ، ومحمد بن نصر في " قيام الليل " ٥٠ من طريق أبي معاوية، بالإسناد الأول. وأخرجه البزار (٣٢٦) ، والنسائي (٨٢٥٦) ، والطبراني (٨٤٢٠) و (٨٤٢١) ، وابن السني في " عمل اليوم والليلة " (٤١٥) ، وأبو نعيم في " الحلية " ١ / ١٢٤ من طرق عن الأعمش، بالإسناد الأول، غير ابن السني، فبالإسناد الثاني، وبعض هؤلاء يزيد فيه على بعض. وسيأتي برقم: (١٧٨) و (٢٢٨) و (٢٦٥) و (٢٦٧)</ref> '''[[Abuu Muusa Ashcari|Abuu muusa ashcari]]''' ayaa dhahay "yaana wax lee weydiin caalimkaan intuu nii dhax joogo" ==Fadligiisa== Ibni mascuud wuxuu qaatay hanuunkii Rasuulka (scw), sidoo kalena wuxuu ka akhlaaq qaatay sifooyinkii suubanaa ee Rasuulka (scw), wuxuu Rasuulka kaga dayday dhammaan astaamihiisii wanaagsanaa, ilaa laga yiraahdo: Cabdullaahi wuxuu aad ugu eg yahay Rasuulka (scw) xagga hanuunka iyo xagga muuqaalkaba <ref>البخاري برقم 3762</ref> Imaamu '''[[Axmed Binu Xambal|axmad]]''' ayaa ku wariyay [[Musnad imaam axmad|musnadkiisa]] ibni mascuud oo geed ka goosanaya caday inay dab\eeshu marba dhinac u leeleexisay, saxaabada ayaa ku qosleen, Nabig scw ayaa dhahay maxaad la qosleysaan? Waxey dhaheen jilicsanaanta luguhiisa Nabigii allow wuxuu dhahay: Allaha nafteeya haaya baa ku dhaartee miizaanka qiyaama wey ka culus yihiin [[buurta uxud]]<ref> https://www.alukah.net/culture/0/63744/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%B1%D8%B6%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%87/#ixzz7jagp6Veo </ref>. == Xigasho == [[Category:Islaam]] [[Category:Dadl]] [[Category:Saxaabada]] <references group="https://rahiqacademy.com/" /> e4g0975apavhe4surb0p6w8wwpcf8w9 0 39609 305839 256070 2026-08-24T18:10:38Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305839 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Christus_Ravenna_Mosaic.jpg|thumb| Sawir dhaqameed ee [[Ciise|Ciise reer Naasared]], oo ah shakhsiga ugu caansan ee loo arko inuu yahay Masiixa.]] '''Cuqdadda Masiixa''' ( '''cuqdadda Masiixa''' ama '''cuqdadda badbaadiyaha''' ) waa xaalad maskaxeed taas oo uu qofku aaminsan yahay inuu yahay badbaadiye ama uu noqon doono sidaas. <ref>"Messiah Complex Psychology"''. flowpsychology.com.'' Archived ''from the original on 21 March 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2015.''[http://flowpsychology.com/messiah-complex-psychology/]</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Kelsey|first=Darren|title=Media and Affective Mythologies: Discourse, Archetypes and Ideology in Contemporary Politics|date=2017|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|isbn=978-3319607580|location=Cham, Switzerland|pages=155}}</ref> Ereygu sidoo kale waxa uu tilmaamayaa xaalad maskaxeed uu qofku isu arko inuu masuul ka yahay badbaadinta iyo caawinta dadka kale. == Tusaalooyinka == Marka la eego hab-dhaqanka uu qofku isu arko inuu badbaadinayo qof kale ama koox dad sabool ah, waxa jirta fikradda ah in iska dhaadhicintaasu kor u qaadayso inuu isu arko qof muhiim ah, hoosna u dhigayso xirfadda iyo kartida dadka uu caawinayo si ay u horumariyaan noloshooda. <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moody_Publishers]{{Cite book|last=Corbett|first=Steve|title=Helping Without Hurting in Short-Term Missions: Leader's Guide|url=https://archive.org/details/helpingwithouthu0000corb|last2=Fikkert|first2=Brian|date=2014|publisher=[[Moody Publishers]]|isbn=978-0802491886}}{{page?|date=December 2022}}</ref>{{Narcissism}}Nacasnimo [[Category:Isla-qummanaan]] [[Category:Ismoodsiin]] [[Category:Nacasnimo]] [[Category:Saykolojiga la yaqaan]] [[Category:Cuqdad (Saykooloji)]] e8h5v53mlh0iqhji2gyvuc7mixbtitq 0 40750 305920 303647 2026-08-25T10:31:18Z SevinoGame 47096 /* Clan */ 305920 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muuse celi'''{{short description|Somali clan}}{{Infobox ethnic group|group=Muuse eli empire|native_name=Arap<br /> أرب|flag=[[File:Flag_of_Somaliland.svg|60px]][[File:Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg|60px]] [[File:Flag_of_Somalia.svg|45px]]|image=|regions=[[Somalia]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Somaliland]],[[Djibouti]],|region1={{flagcountry|Somaliland}}|region2={{flagcountry|Ethiopia}}|region3={{flagcountry|Djibouti}}|region4={{flagcountry|Somalia}}| region5= langs=[[Somali language|Somali]]|rels=[[Sunni]],[[Islam]]|related-c= Maxamed celi , Subeer celi [[Isaaq]] groups <!-- CONFIRMED RELATIONS!!! -->|native_name_lang=|related_groups=}} The '''Muuse''' or '''Barsuug''' ({{lang-so|Arab}}, {{lang-ar|أرب}}, Full Name: ''Muuse eli [[Arap]]Muḥammad] ibn ash-Shaykh Isḥāq ibn Aḥmad bin al-Ḥusayn al-Hāshimīy'' ) clan is a major Northern Somali clan of the wider [[Isaaq]] clan family.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Kirk|first=J. W. C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yPVWJxtLG6IC|title=A Grammar of the Somali Language: With Examples in Prose and Verse, and an Account of the Yibir and Midgan Dialects|date=2010-10-31|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-01326-0|pages=141|language=en}}</ref> The Muuse eli predominantly live [[Bakool]] and in the [[Rabdhuure|Rab Dhuure]] [[Ceelbarde|El Barde]]) of [[Bakool]], with its capital [[Xudur|Hudur]] being an exclusively Muuse eli territory.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Renders, Marleen.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/775301944|title=Consider Somaliland : state-building with traditional leaders and institutions|date=2012|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-22254-0|location=Leiden|pages=xxi|oclc=775301944}}</ref> The territory of the clan extends to Ethiopia, in the area of Faafan, gursum, dhagahle.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Glawion|first=Tim|title=Somaliland's Search for Internal Recognition, SFB700 (C10 project) Research Brief 5|publisher=German Institute of Global and Area Studies|year=2016|location=Hamburg}}</ref> The Ligse(Daa'uud) cabdirahman Muuse eli Arab, a sub-clan of the Arap clan is based in [[Bakool]] [[Koonfur Galbeed|South West State of Somalia]] [[Rabdhuure|Rabdhure]] [[Ceelbarde|Elbarde]], [[Waajid]] They also live Faafan Gursum [[Soomaali Galbeed]] = == References == Muuse celi waa beel ka tirsan beelaha [[Arap]] sheikh isxaaq waana saldanadii 1aad ee isaaq waxa Saldanada muuse celi ee Arap waxay u talin jirtay saldanada beesha magaadle oo ah [[Garxajis]] [[Ayuub]] iyo [[Habar Awal]] oo ah bah shariifo lkn ay naasnuujisay magaadle sidaana ku noqday magaadle saldanada muuse celi waxay ka qayb qaadatay dagaalki axmed guray kula jiray xabashida iyo burtiqiiska waxayna ku hogaaminaysay magaadle oo ah 85% tirada dadka isaaq marka lagu daro beesha habarawal oo bah shariifo beeshu waxay gashay daagaalo badan waxana ka mida dagaalki lafaruug oo ay ku qabsadeen kana kiciyeen Darood garahaan ogaaden <ref name=":0" /> == History == Muuse celi oo loo yiqaano barsuug waxay ka mid ahaayeen qabaa’ilkii Soomaaliyeed ee ka dagaalamayey garabkii ciidamadii Imaam Axmad guray bin Ibraahim Al-Ghazi xilligii dagaalkii Xabashida iyo Cadal. Sida uu sheegay Antoine d’Abbadie, waxa uu xusay in Harar. Intii ay Masaarida qabsatay Harar, Muuse-Celi [Bursuuk] wuxuu iska caabiyay gumaystihii Masar, wuxuuna la galay dagaallo badan. Bursuuk oo aargoosi ka dhiganaya ayaa weerar ku qaaday ciidankii Masar ee dib u gurtay, Intii ay Masaarida ka soo gurteen Harar, waxay gubeen tuulooyin badan oo Muuse-celi ah. Aargoosi ahaan, Muuse-celi [barsuug] ayaa weerar ku qaaday ciidamadii Masar ee dib-u-gurashada lahaa, waxayna qaniimeysteen gawaari ay la socdeen qabiilka [[Habar Awal]]. [[Richard Francis Burton]] waxa uu Muuse celi [naanays -Bursuuk] ku tilmaamay mid ka mid ah “Soomaalida Buuralayda ah ” ee [[Arap]] ka soo jeeda. Inta lagu guda jiray: 1854kii, waxay dagaal kula jireen saddex qabiil: [[Geri koombe]], [[Jidwaaq]] iyo Gallas oo kamida qabilada oromada (maanta loo yaqaan Oromo). == Clan == {| class="wikitable" |This section needs additional citations for [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verification]].  ''(April 2024)'' The Arap clan is divided into the following sub-clans:^{[''[[Wikipedia:Verifiability|verification needed]]'']} * (Sheikh Ishaaq) ** Muhammad Arap *** Cismaan Arap *** Cabdall Arap *** Celi Arap * Celi Arap ** Muuse celi ** Mohamed celi ** Subeer celi ** * Muuse Celi *Bursuug Muuse *Hantiile Bursuug **Hokase Hantiile **Hayiile Hookase **Axmed Hookase **Cabdi Hookase **Nuur Hookase **Bare Hookase **Cali Hookase **Gunto Hookase ** ****Ligse Hantiile **Reer Isaaq **Reer Gaboobe **Reer Cali Qajiin **Reer Kalafoow **Reer Adan **Reer Cali Yare **<br />Siyeen Hantiile Kulule Siyeen **Adan Kulule **Reer Marar **Bah Sheekhaaleed **Reer Cumar Samater **Reer Cilmi **Reer Gaama **Reer Biyo Cantuug **<br />**Xasan Kulule **Reer Khayar **Reer Xirsi Warfa **Reer Boon **Ba Sugul **Reer Abiib **Reer Aw Bare **Kurta Xasan **Reer Borama **Reer Waleed **Qoomaal **Ba Tima Cas **Reer Mahamed **Reer Bori **Muslim Siyeen *Ilmaadeer **Darsuge **Reer Xuseen **Reer Dhare **Reer Ebdi **Reer Sumad ******* Muuse Eli, also known as Barsuug arap , is an Arab clan of the Isaaq clan, and it is a clan with a long history and lives in many regions of Somalia and Ethiopia. <ref name=":1"> Muuse Eli is the second rule of the [[Isaaq]] clan that ruled the Magadale clan . 85% of isaaq population and participated in Ahmed Guray's war with the Abasinya. </ref> Reference |} m1nvqu0xazgq3v9zq46z7iibyw93dd7 0 43949 305802 298512 2026-08-24T17:50:00Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305802 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Horific title in the Harari and Somali languages}} '''Aw''' (Af-Harari: ኣው ''Āw''; mararka qaarkoodna loo qoro ''Au'') waa magac sharafeed laga isticmaalo afafka Harari iyo [[Soomaali]]ga. Waxaa caadi ahaan loogu yeeraa aabbe, [[oday]] la ixtiraamo ama awliyo. Magacan sharafeed ayaa si weyn looga isticmaalaa afafka Harariga iyo Soomaaliga, gaar ahaan dhulka [[Soomaalida]]. ==Asalka Ereyga== Sida uu sheegay af-yaqaanka Edward Ullendorff, ereyga '''Aw''' wuxuu xiriir la leeyahay erayga Semitiga hore ee '''Ab''', oo macnihiisu yahay “aabbe”. Sida uu qabo Giorgio Banti, ereygan waxaa qabiillo badan oo Soomaaliyeed ka soo amaahdeen afka Harariga. ==Taariikh== Intii uu cilmi-baaris ku samaynayay magaalada qadiimiga ah ee Amud, taariikhyahanka G.W.B. Huntingford wuxuu arkay in goobaha qadiimiga ah ee magacyadoodu ku bilaabmaan '''Aw''' ay badanaa tilmaamayaan meel lagu aasay awliyo ama wadaad deegaanka caan ka ahaa. Tusaalooyinka waxaa ka mid ah Awbare iyo Awbube. Magaca '''Aw''' waxaa si gaar ah loogu adeegsaday Aw Abadir, oo dhaqanka Harariga lagu xuso inuu ahaa aasaasihii magaalada Harar. Sida ay qabaan qabiilka Geledi ee koonfurta Soomaaliya, magaca '''Aw''' wuxuu ahaa magac sharafeed si taxaddar leh loogu isticmaali jiray xiriirka bulshada. Sidoo kale, sixir-yaqaannada Arsi Oromo waxaa loo yaqaan ''Awan Shan'', magac laga soo dheegtay '''Aw'''. ==Dadka Caanka ah ee Xambaarsanaa Magaca Aw== * Aw Barkhadle — Awliyo caan ah. * Aw Barre — Awliyo xilligii Dawladdii Cadal. * Aw Buba — Awliyo ka hor xilligii Ifaat. * Aw Abdal (Idal) — Awliyo. * Aw Cali Hamdogn — Caalim iyo awliyo. * Aw Abaadir — Caalim iyo awliyo. * Aw Cumar Siyaad — Awliyo. * Aw Ansaar — Awliyo. * Aw Haashim — Caalim iyo awliyo. * Aw Saciid Ali — Awliyo. * Aw Soofi Yaxya — Caalim iyo awliyo. * Aw Khudub — Caalim iyo awliyo. * Aw Qurrabe Limay — Awliyo. ==Sidoo Kale Eeg== * Awliyo * Harari * Harar * Soomaali ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} ===Ilaha=== {{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=I. M. |title=Saints and Somalis : popular Islam in a clan-based society |url=https://archive.org/details/saintssomalispop00lewi |date=1998 |publisher=Red Sea Press |location=Lawrenceville, N.J. |isbn=9781569021033}} [[Category:Magacyo sharafeed]] [[Category:Dhaqanka Soomaalida]] [[Category:Afka Soomaaliga]] 69qxtdjtov5tqfexnn9anaxlojcphk4 0 44838 305772 290203 2026-08-24T17:31:31Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305772 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company | name = Louis Vuitton Malletier SAS | logo = [[File:LV Monogram.svg|35px|LV monogram|class=skin-invert]] [[File:Louis Vuitton logo.svg|150px|LV new wordmark|class=skin-invert]] | logo_size = | image = Louisvuiton-champselysees-building-paris-carbondale-02-763x1024.jpg | image_caption = | type = | foundation = {{Start date and age|1854}}<br>[[Paris]] | founder = | location_city = | key_people = | industry = [[Moodo]] | products = | revenue = | num_employees = 19,000 (2013)<ref name="La marque Louis Vuitton, star française dans le monde">{{cite web|url=https://lexpansion.lexpress.fr/actualites/1/actualite-economique/la-marque-louis-vuitton-star-francaise-dans-le-monde_1465356.html|title=La marque Louis Vuitton, star française dans le monde|website=lexpansion.lexpress.fr|date=2 October 2013|access-date=22 July 2021|archive-date=22 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722115933/https://lexpansion.lexpress.fr/actualites/1/actualite-economique/la-marque-louis-vuitton-star-francaise-dans-le-monde_1465356.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | parent = [[LVMH]] | homepage = {{URL|https://www.louisvuitton.com|louisvuitton.com}} | footnotes = }} [[File:Louis Vuitton, Champs-Elysées 2.jpg|thumb|Muuqaalka gudaha ee dukaanka Louis Vuitton ee Champs-Elysées]]'''Louis Vuitton Malletier SAS,''' ama '''Louis Vuitton''' ({{IPAc-en|l|u|ˈ|iː|_|v|ɪ|ˈ|t|ɒ|n|audio=En-us-LouisVuitton.ogg}}, {{IPA|fr|lwi vɥitɔ̃|lang|Fr-LouisVuitton.ogg}}), waa shirkad [[moodo]] heer sare ah oo Faransiis ah oo la asaasay 1854. Alaabteeda waxaa ka mid shandad gacanta, dharka, kabaha, cadarka, saacadaha, dahabka, agabka, muraayadaha iyo buugaagta. Louis Vuitton waa mid ka mid ah shirkadaha moododada ugu waaweyn adduunka.<ref name="legal2">{{cite web|url=http://www.louisvuitton.com/web/flash/index.jsp;jsessionid=AFYOJ1P4XBPV0CRBXUDVAFYKEG4RAUPU?direct2=ch_legal_notice&direct1=faq&langue=en_GB&buy=0|title=Legal Notice|work=Louis Vuitton|access-date=24 April 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501102919/http://www.louisvuitton.com/web/flash/index.jsp%3Bjsessionid%3DAFYOJ1P4XBPV0CRBXUDVAFYKEG4RAUPU?direct2=ch_legal_notice&direct1=faq&langue=en_GB&buy=0|archive-date=1 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="Contemporary Fashion2">{{cite book |author=Martin, Richard|title=Contemporary fashion|url=https://archive.org/details/contemporaryfash0000unse|publisher=St. James Press|location=Guatemala|year=1995|page=750|isbn=1-55862-173-3}}</ref> == Xayeysiinta == Louis Vuitton waxa uu la soo shaqeeyay dad badan oo caan ah sida: [[Deepika Padukone]], [[Lea Seydoux]], [[Jennifer Lopez]], [[Keith Richards]], [[Kim Kardashian]], [[Madonna]], [[Sean Connery]], [[Matthias Schoenaerts]], [[Angelina Jolie]], [[Gisele Bündchen]], [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], [[JO1]], [[David Bowie]], [[Felix]] iyo [[Lisa]].<ref>https://www.nssmag.com/en/article/30059</ref> == Tix == rh0hsyoma31jwg2chp3xsy1cu6tzjbq 0 45773 305810 292277 2026-08-24T17:55:47Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305810 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer <!--For more information, see [[:Template:Infobox Writer/doc]].--> | name = Alan Paton | image = Alan Paton.jpg | alt = Alan Paton | image_size = 220 | birth_name = Alan Stewart Paton | birth_date = {{birth date |df=yes|1903|01|11}}<ref>{{cite book|title=[[Journey Continued: An Autobiography]]|last=Paton|first=Alan|isbn=9780192192370|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|page=[https://archive.org/details/journeycontinued0000pato/page/2 2]|year=1988}}</ref> | birth_place = [[Pietermaritzburg]], [[Colony of Natal]]<br>{{Small|(in modern [[KwaZulu-Natal]], [[South Africa]])}} | death_date = {{death date and age |df=yes|1988|04|12|1903|01|11}} | death_place = [[Botha's Hill]], South Africa<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/alan-stewart-paton |title=Alan Stewart Paton | work = South African History Online |access-date=14 June 2015}}</ref> | resting_place = | occupation = {{Flatlist |* Qoraa * [[Koonfur Afrika oo hoos timaada midab-takoorka|ka-hortagga midab-takoorka]] u dhaqdhaqaaqa}} | language = Ingiriis | notableworks = ''[[Cry, the Beloved Country]]'';<br />''[[Too Late the Phalarope]]'', ''Dhulka Qashinka ah'' | children = 2 | spouse = {{married|Dorrie Francis Lusted|1928|1967}}<br>{{married|Anne Hopkins|1969|1988}}<ref>{{cite book|title=[[Journey Continued: An Autobiography]]|last=Paton|first=Alan|isbn=9780192192370|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|page=[https://archive.org/details/journeycontinued0000pato/page/151 151]|year=1988}}</ref> }} '''Alan Stewart Paton''' (11 Janaayo 1903 - 12 Abriil 1988) wuxuu ahaa qoraa Koonfur Afrikaan ah iyo u dhaqdhaqaaqa ka hortagga midabtakoorka . Shaqooyinkiisa waxaa ka mid ah sheekooyinka Cry, the Beloved Country (1948), Too Late the Phalarope (1953), iyo sheekada gaaban ee The Waste Land . ==Nolosha hore== Paton wuxuu ku dhashay Pietermaritzburg oo ku taal Gobolka Natal (oo hadda ah gobolka KwaZulu-Natal ee Koonfur Afrika ), wiil uu dhalay shaqaale dowladeed (oo aaminsanaa diinta Christadelphian ). Labadiisa waalid midna ma uusan lahayn wax barasho sare, laakiin aabihiis wuxuu ahaa waalid aad u adag oo diin leh , wuxuuna sidoo kale ciqaabi jiray wiilashiisa si uu u xakameeyo. Aabihiis wuxuu Alan Paton ku soo bandhigay suugaanta iyo jacaylka uu aabihiis siiyay, taas oo markii dambe lagu muujiyay buugaagtiisa Hooyadiis Eunice Warder Paton waxay ka timid dhaxal Ingiriis ah oo sidoo kale si fiican loogu yaqaanay daacadnimadeeda iyo aaminsanaanteeda xooggan ee Ilaah. Sababtaas awgeed, waxay saameyn weyn ku yeelatay qaabaynta qiyamka Paton markii ay carruur ahayd, gaar ahaan iyada oo loo marayo horumarinta naxariistiisa dadka kale iyo rabitaankiisa ah inuu kor u qaado caddaaladda bulshada iyo xaaska Alan Paton. ==Tixraac== [https://sahistory.org.za/people/alan-stewart-paton "Alan Stewart Paton | Taariikhda Koonfur Afrika Online"] [https://time.com/5096681/googles-doodle-alan-paton-apartheid/ Google Doodle wuxuu u dabaaldegayaa Qoraa Koonfur Afrikaan ah iyo Dhaqdhaqaaqaha Ka-hortagga Midab-takoorka Alan Paton] {{Wayback|url=https://time.com/5096681/googles-doodle-alan-paton-apartheid/ |date=20250327200957 }} [http://www.mg.co.za/article/2005-11-14-a-mixture-of-ice-and-fulfilled-desire "Isku-darka barafka iyo rabitaanka la buuxiyay - Mail & Guardian Online: Isha wararka caqliga leh"] 9lkm7f8kxgtgz9r8cngtk7icwldn642 0 45806 305878 291959 2026-08-24T18:30:27Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305878 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] --> | name = Wilbur Smith | image = Wilbur Smith in Sydney.jpg | birth_name = Wilbur Addison Smith | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1933|1|9}}<ref name="age"/><ref name=Smith>{{cite book |last= Smith |first= Wilbur |title= On Leopard Rock: A Life of Adventures |url= https://archive.org/details/onleopardrocklif0000smit_w6h7 |location= London |publisher= Zaffre |date= 2018 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/onleopardrocklif0000smit_w6h7/page/6 6], 7, 22–24, 26, 29, 31, 119–124, 127, 131, 140, 141, 148, 191, 213, 215, 217, 226–228, 262, 293, 316–318, 325, 300, 326 |type= Hardback |isbn= 978-1-78576-534-6 }}</ref> | birth_place = [[Ndola]], [[Northern Rhodesia]] (hadda [[Zambia]]) | death_date = {{death date and age|2021|11|13|1933|1|9|df=y}} | death_place = [[Cape Town]], [[Western Cape]], [[South Africa]] | occupation = [[Novelist]] | genre = [[Nature]], [[adventure]] | notable_works = ''[[When the Lion Feeds]]''<br>''[[Dark of the Sun|The Dark of the Sun]]''<br>''[[Shout at the Devil (novel)|Shout at the Devil]]''<br>''[[The Sunbird]]''<br>''[[Eagle in the Sky]]'' | spouse = Anne Rennie (1957–1962)<br>Jewell Slabbart (1964 – unknown date)<br>Danielle Thomas (1971–1999)<br>Mokhiniso Rakhimova (2000–2021) | children = 3 | website = {{URL|wilbursmithbooks.com}} }} '''Wilbur Addison Smith''' (9 Janaayo 1933 - 13 Noofambar 2021) wuxuu ahaa qoraa Ingiriis-Koonfur Afrikaan ah oo ku dhashay Waqooyiga Rhodesian oo ku takhasusay sheekooyinka taariikhiga ah ee ku saabsan ku lug lahaanshaha caalamiga ah ee Koonfurta Afrika muddo afar qarni ah. ==Nolosha hore== Smith wuxuu ku dhashay Ndola , Waqooyiga Rhodesia , (hadda Zambia ), sidoo kale walaashiis ka yar Adrienne, waxaa u dhashay Elfreda (dhashay Lawrence, 1913 -) iyo Herbert James Smith. Waxaa loogu magac daray duuliyaha Wilbur Wright Aabihiis wuxuu ahaa shaqaale bir ah oo furay warshad bir ah ka dibna wuxuu abuuray beero lo'aad oo 25,000-acre (10,000 hektar) ah oo ku taal daanta Wabiga Kafue ee u dhow Mazabuka , isagoo iibsaday dhowr beerood oo kala duwan Aabbahay wuxuu ahaa nin adag," ayuu yiri Smith. "Wuxuu la qabsaday inuu gacmihiisa ku shaqeeyo wuxuuna si weyn u horumariyay hubkiisa isagoo ka jaraya birta. Wuxuu ahaa feeryahan, ugaarsade, aad buu u ahaa nin nin ah. Uma maleynayo inuu waligiis buug ka akhriyey noloshiisa, oo ay ku jirto tayda ==Tixraac== [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3664793/The-world-of-Wilbur-Smith-novelist.html "Dunida Wilbur Smith, qoraa sheeko-yaqaan ah"] [https://www.bookseries.org/authors/wilbur-smith/ "Buugaagta Wilbur Smith ee Daabacaadda & Kala Horreynta Taariikhda"] [http://www.wilbursmithbooks.com/index.php/meet-wilbur/biography/school-days "Maalmaha Dugsiga, Taariikh Nololeedka Wilbur Smith"] pl9ao2l5npe9fqvx89wvoqwidh48xr6 0 46518 305785 293312 2026-08-24T17:38:26Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305785 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = '''Cabdirisaaq Xaaji Xuseen''' <br /> عبد الرزاق حاجي حسين <br /> Cabdirisaaq Xaaji Xuseen | image = Abdirizak_Haji_Hussein_portrait.png | alt = | caption = Sawirka rasmiga ah, {{circa}} 1964 | office = Ra'iisul Wasaarihii 3aad ee [[Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Soomaaliya|Soomaaliya]] | deputy = | term_start = 14 Juun 1964 | term_end = 15 Luulyo 1967 | president = [[Aadan Cadde]] | predecessor = [[Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke]] | successor = [[Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal]] | office2 = [[Wasaaradda Arrimaha Gudaha (Soomaaliya)|Wasiirka Arrimaha Gudaha]] | deputy2 = | term_start2 = 22 Luulyo 1960 | term_end2 = 19 Noofembar 1962 | predecessor2 = [[Cabdullaahi Ciise Maxamuud]] | successor2 = [[Maxamuud Cabdi Nuur]] | office3 = [[Wasiirka Hawlaha Guud iyo Isgaarsiinta]] | deputy3 = | term_start3 = 19 Noofembar 1962 | term_end3 = 14 Juun 1964 | predecessor3 = [[Cabdi Nuur Maxamed Xuseen]] | successor3 = [[Cabdulle Maxamuud Maxamed]] | birth_date = {{birth date|1924|12|24|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Gaalkacyo]], [[Soomaaliya Talyaani]] (hadda [[Soomaaliya]]) | death_date = {{death date and age|2014|1|31|1924|12|24|df=y}} | death_place = [[Minneapolis, Minnesota]], U.S. | party = [[Xisbiga SYL|Ururka Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed]] | spouse = | children = | alma_mater = | signature = | website = }} ​'''Cabdirisaaq Xaaji Xuseen''' ({{langx|so|Cabdirisaaq Xaaji Xuseen}}; {{langx|ar|عبد الرزاق حاجي حسين}}‎; 24 Disembar 1924{{spaced ndash}}31 Janaayo 2014) wuxuu ahaa dibloomaasi iyo siyaasi Soomaaliyeed. Wuxuu ahaa [[Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Soomaaliya|Ra'iisul Wasaarihii]] [[Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya]] laga soo bilaabo 14 Juun 1964 ilaa 15 Luulyo 1967.<ref name="Worldstatesmen">[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html Soomaaliya] - ''Worldstatesmen.com''</ref> ​Xuseen wuxuu ahaa xubin hore oo ka tirsan [[Xisbiga SYL|Ururka Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed]] (SYL), isagoo u soo noqday [[Xoghayaha Guud]] intii lagu jiray 1956.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Abdullahi (Baadiyow) |first=Dr Abdurahman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U8jv0AEACAAJ |title=Somalia: A State in Search of Exceptional Leadership |date=2024-10-15 |publisher=Looh Press Limited |isbn=978-1-912411-86-3 |pages=169 |language=en}}</ref> Wuxuu door hormuud ah ka qaatay maamulkii Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya ee madax-bannaanayd ee la dhisay 1960-aadkii, ugu dambayntiina wuxuu soo noqday Ra'iisul Wasaare intii u dhaxaysay 1964 ilaa 1967. Muddadii uu xafiiska joogay, Xuseen wuxuu horseeday isbeddello ku dadaalayay in [[La-dagaallanka musuqmaasuqa|xididdada loo siibo musuqmaasuqa]] uuna riixay in hay'adaha jamhuuriyadda laga dhigo kuwo xisaabtan leh.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Abdullahi (Baadiyow) |first=Dr Abdurahman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U8jv0AEACAAJ |title=Somalia: A State in Search of Exceptional Leadership |date=2024-10-15 |publisher=Looh Press Limited |isbn=978-1-912411-86-3 |pages=167–168 |language=en}}</ref> ​Ka dib [[Inqilaabkii Soomaaliya 1969]] ee lagu afgambiyay dawladdii rayidka ahayd, waxaa xadhig ku xukumay [[Golaha Sare ee Kacaanka (Soomaaliya)|Golaha Sare ee Kacaanka]] (SRC). Xuseen markii dambe waa la sii daayay wuxuuna u soo noqday [[Wakiilka Joogtada ah ee Qaramada Midoobay|safiirka]] [[Qaramada Midoobay]] u fadhiya [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliya]] intii lagu jiray 1970-aadkii. ​ ==Noloshiisii hore== Xuseen wuxuu ku dhashay 1924-tii magaalada [[Gaalkacyo]], oo ah caasimadda gobolka bartamaha-waqooyi ee [[Mudug]] ee Soomaaliya.<ref name="Wwitaw">{{cite book|last=Publitec Publications|title=Who's Who in the Arab World 2007-2008|date=2007|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3110930047|page=397|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NHCQBAFMwawC}}</ref> Qoyskiisu waxay ka soo jeedeen qabiilka [[Majeerteen]] [[Harti (Darood)|Harti]] [[Daaroood]].<ref name="Sltwr">{{cite book|title=The Weekly Review|date=1993|publisher=Stellascope Limited|page=38|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GbJIAAAAYAAJ}}</ref> Wuxuu Qur'aanka ka bartay aabbihii, Xaaji Xuseen Catoosh, oo ahaa caalim ku xeeldheer Islaamka.<ref name=DICAFRBIO>{{cite book|editor-last=Akyeampong|editor-first=Emmanuel K.|title=Dictionary of African biography|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0195382075|page=93|editor2=Henry Louis Gates Jr.}}</ref> Intii uu ku jiray sannadihiisii koritaanka wuxuu u shaqaynayay sidii [[geeljire]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Abdelh |date=2024-03-31 |title=Abdirizak Haji Hussein: The Audacious and Principled Leader |url=https://wardheernews.com/abdirizak-haji-hussein-the-audacious-and-principled-leader/ |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=WardheerNews |language=en}}</ref> Xuseen wuxuu hooyadiis waayay isagoo yar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Abdullahi (Baadiyow) |first=Dr Abdurahman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U8jv0AEACAAJ |title=Somalia: A State in Search of Exceptional Leadership |date=2024-10-15 |publisher=Looh Press Limited |isbn=978-1-912411-86-3 |pages=171 |language=en}}</ref> ​Sannadkii 1937-kii wuxuu u safray [[Muqdisho]], halkaas oo uu ka galay dugsi ilaa uu ka dillaacay [[Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka]] 1939-kii.<ref name=":0" /> ​Xuseen wuxuu inta badan ahaa qof iskiis wax u baray,<ref name="Wwitaw" /> wuxuuna si fiican ugu hadli jiray luuqadaha Talyaaniga iyo Ingiriisiga.<ref name="HISSOM">{{cite book|last=Mukhtar|first=Mohamed Haji|title=Historical dictionary of Somalia|url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000mukh|date=2003|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=Lanham, Md.|isbn=0810866048|page=[https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000mukh/page/18 18]|edition=New}}</ref> Wuxuu ahaa nin xaas leh, wuxuuna dhalay laba gabdhood iyo wiil.<ref name="Wwitaw"/><ref name=UPIFRMDIE>{{cite news|title=Former Somali prime minister dies in Minneapolis|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2014/02/01/Former-Somali-prime-minister-dies-in-Minneapolis/UPI-49501391313826/|accessdate=2 February 2014}}</ref> ​ ==Shaqada== ===Shaqadiisii hore=== Intii lagu jiray 1941, dhulkii uu gumaysanayay [[Soomaaliya Talyaani]] ayaa laga adkaaday intii uu socday [[Ololihii Bariga Afrika (Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka)|ololihii Bariga Afrika]] waxaana booskeeda lagu beddelay [[Maamulka Milatariga Ingiriiska (Soomaaliya)|Maamulka Milatariga Ingiriiska]] (BMA). Laga soo bilaabo 1942 ilaa 1949, Xuseen wuxuu sarkaal ka ahaa Maamulka Milatariga Ingiriiska, isagoo u shaqaynayay turjubaan ahaan. Sidoo kale wuxuu ahaa xoghaye intii lagu jiray xilliyadii hore ee [[Dhulka Amaanada ee Soomaaliya]].<ref name=HISSOM/> Sannadkii 1950-kii, waxaa loo xidhay lix bilood ka dib markii uu ka mudaaharaaday madax-bannaanida Soomaaliya.<ref name=UPIFRMDIE/><ref name="Psadnsr">{{cite book|last=Somalia. Ministry of Information. Public Relations Section|title=Somalia: A Divided Nation Seeking Reunification|date=1965|publisher=Public Relations Service, Ministry of Information|page=11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=smsMAQAAIAAJ}}</ref> ​Sannadkii 1944-kii, Xuseen wuxuu ku biiray Ururka Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed.<ref name="Tmeana">{{cite book|last=Europa Publications Limited|title=The Middle East and North Africa, Volumes 5-17|date=1961|publisher=Europa Publications|page=909|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jNXAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> Ka dib wuxuu noqday Mudane ka tirsan Golaha Deegaanka Gaalkacyo sannadkii 1954-tii, intii lagu jiray doorashadii ugu horraysay ee dowladda hoose ee qaranka.<ref name="Psadnsr"/> ​Bishii Juun 1955, Xuseen waxaa loo diray Qaramada Midoobay, halkaas oo uu u gudbiyay codsi magaca SYL. Waxaa loo doortay Xoghayaha Guud ee xisbiga dhowr bilood ka dib, wuxuuna xildhibaan ka noqday Degmada Nuugaal ee gobolka Mudug sannadkii 1959-kii.<ref name="Psadnsr"/> Isla sannadkaas, Xuseen waxaa loo doortay Golaha Qaranka 1959-kii. Muddadan, wuxuu sidoo kale ahaa madaxweynaha Machadka Sare ee Sharciga iyo Dhaqaalaha, markii dambena wuxuu noqday madaxweynaha Machadka Jaamacadda. Dawladdii ugu horraysay ee madax-bannaanida ka dib ee [[Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke]], Xuseen wuxuu u soo noqday [[Wasaaradda Arrimaha Gudaha (Soomaaliya)|Wasiirka Arrimaha Gudaha]] laga soo bilaabo 1960 ilaa 1962, iyo Wasiirka Hawlaha Guud iyo Isgaarsiinta laga soo bilaabo 1962 ilaa 1964.<ref name=HISSOM/><ref name=DICAFRBIO/> ​ ==Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Soomaaliya== ===Maamulka rayidka ah=== Bishii Noofembar 1963 [[Ururka Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed]] waxay ku guuleysteen 74 boqolkiiba kuraasta intii lagu jiray doorashooyinka dawladda hoose ee dalka oo dhan. Kuwaas waxaa raacay bishii Maarso 1964 doorashooyinkii ugu horreeyay ee qaranka ee madax-bannaanida ka dib [[Doorashadii baarlamaanka Soomaaliya 1964]]. Mar kale SYL ayaa guulaysatay, iyadoo heshay 69 ka mid ah 123-ka kursi ee baarlamaanka. Guusha rasmiga ah ee xisbiga ayaa ka badneyd intaas, maadaama konton iyo afartii kursi ee ay heleen mucaaradka loo qaybiyay dhowr xisbi oo yaryar. ​Ka dib doorashadii Golaha Qaranka ee bishii Maarso 1964, waxaa dhacay dhibaato keentay in Soomaaliya ay dawlad la'aan ahaato ilaa horraantii Sebtembar. Madaxweyne [[Aadan Cabdulle Cusmaan|Aadan Cadde]], oo awood u lahaa inuu soo jeediyo musharraxa ra'iisul wasaaraha doorasho ka dib ama dawlad dhacday ka dib, wuxuu u doortay Cabdirisaaq Xaaji Xuseen inuu noqdo musharraxiisa halkii uu ka dooran lahaa qofka xafiiska joogay, Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke, kaasoo taageero ka haystay hoggaanka xisbiga SYL. Sharmaarke wuxuu ra'iisul wasaare ahaa afartii sano ee hore, Aadan Cadde wuxuu go'aansaday in hoggaan cusub laga yaabo inay awoodaan inay soo kordhiyaan fikrado cusub oo lagu xalliyo dhibaatooyinka qaranka. ​Markii uu soo dhisayay Golihii Wasiirada ee la horgeynayay Golaha Qaranka, musharraxa ra'iisul wasaaruhu wuxuu ku doortay musharrixiinta iyadoo loo eegayo kartida iyada oo aan loo eegin halka ay ka soo jeedaan. Laakiin xulashadii Xuseen waxay culays saartay xidhiidhka gudaha ee xisbiga waxayna jebisay xeerarkii aan qornayn ee ahaa in la helo isku-dheelitirnaan qabiil iyo gobol. Tusaale ahaan, laba xubnood oo keliya oo ka tirsanaa golihii Sharmaarke ayaa loo daayay, tirada xubnaha ka soo jeeda waqooyiga ee xafiisyada hayana waxaa laga kordhiyay laba loona qaaday shan. ​Guddiga Fulinta ee SYL iyo kooxahoodii baarlamaanka ayaa u qaybsamay. Xuseen wuxuu ahaa xubin xisbi tan iyo 1944-tii wuxuuna ka qayb qaatay labadii golihii wasiirada ee Sharmaarke ee ka horreeyay. Soo jiidashadiisa ugu weyn waxay u badnayd xubnaha xisbiga ee ka yar ee waxbartay. Dhowr hoggaamiye siyaasadeed oo laga tegay golihii wasiirada ayaa ku biiray taageerayaashii Sharmaarke si ay u dhisno koox mucaarad ah oo xisbiga dhexdiisa ah. Natiijadii, garabkii Xuseen wuxuu taageero ka raadiyay xubnaha aan SYL ahayn ee Golaha Qaranka. ​In kasta oo is-maandhaafku u badnaa hammi siyaasadeed oo shakhsi ama kooxeed, doodda keentay codkii kalsoonida ee hore waxay diiradda saartay arrinta [[Soomaaliweyn]]. Labaduba Aadan Cadde iyo ra'iisul wasaaraha loo magacaabay ee Xuseen waxay rabeen inay mudnaanta siiyaan dhibaatooyinka dhaqaale iyo bulsho ee gudaha dalka. ​Golihii wasiirada ee la soo jeediyay ayaa ku guuldareystay in la ansixiyo wax ka yar laba cod. Toddoba xubnood oo ka tirsan Golaha Qaranka, oo uu ku jiro Sharmaarke, ayaa ka gaabsaday, halka siddeed iyo afartan xubnood oo SYL ah ay u codeeyeen Xuseen, saddex iyo soddonna ay ka soo horjeesteen. In kasta oo ay u muuqatay in SYL ay u qaybsantay, haddana waxay sii waday inay soo jiidato xubno cusub oo ka soo baxaya xisbiyada kale. Saddexdii bilood ee ugu horreysay doorashada ka dib, toddoba iyo toban xubnood oo ka tirsan mucaaradka baarlamaanka ayaa iska casilay xisbiyadoodii si ay ugu biiraan SYL. ​Aadan Cadde wuxuu iska indho-tiray natiijadii codka wuxuuna mar kale u magacaabay Xuseen ra'iisul wasaare. Wadahadal xisbiga dhexdiisa ah ka dib, oo ay ku jirtay dib u soo celinta afar sarkaal oo xisbiga ah oo laga eryay ka dib markii ay ka soo horjeesteen, Xuseen wuxuu horgay Golaha Qaranka liiskii labaad ee wasiirada kaas oo ay ku jireen dhammaan musharrixiintii hore marka laga reebo hal qof. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, golihii wasiirada ee cusub ee la soo jeediyay wuxuu ka koobnaa saddex jago oo wasiirnimo oo dheeri ah oo lagu buuxiyay rag loo doortay inay dejiyaan kooxaha mucaaradka ah. Golihii wasiirada ee cusub ayaa lagu ansixiyay taageerada dhammaan marka laga reebo tiro yar oo xubnaha SYL ee Golaha Qaranka ah. Xuseen wuxuu xafiiska joogay ilaa doorashadii madaxtinimada ee Juun 1967. ​Doorashadii madaxtinimada ee 1967, oo lagu sameeyay cod qarsoodi ah oo ay dhiibteen xubnaha Golaha Qaranka, waxay dhex martay ra'iisul wasaarihii hore Sharmaarke iyo Aadan Cadde. Mar kale arrinta xuddunta u ahayd waxay ahayd dhex-dhexaadnimo iyo xag-jirnimo ku saabsan su'aasha pan-Somali (Soomaaliweyn). Aadan Cadde, oo u sii marayay Xuseen, wuxuu xoogga saaray mudnaanta horumarka gudaha. Sharmaarke, oo soo noqday ra'iisul wasaare markii ay Soomaaliweyn maraysay meeshii ugu sarreysay, ayaa loo doortay madaxweynaha jamhuuriyadda. ​ ===Soomaaliweyn=== Sababtoo ah himilada dawladda Soomaaliya ee ahayd midaynta dhulalka ay degto Soomaalidu, maamulka waxaa looga shakiyay inay gargaar iyo taageero siinayaan dhaqdhaqaaqyada irredentist-ka ee gobolka Ogaadeeniya ee Itoobiya, Gobolka Waqooyi Bari ee Kenya, iyo Soomaaliya Faransiiska. In kasta oo Xuseen uu taageersanaa fikradda [[Soomaaliweyn]], haddana wuxuu si joogto ah u dafiri jiray wararka sheegaya in dawladiisu ay ku lug leedahay taageeradaas. Wuxuu sheegay in siyaasaddiisu ay ahayd in arrinta loo raaco qaab dastuuri ah oo nabad ah. Wuxuu ku baaqay afti laga qaado Qaramada Midoobay deegaannada ay Soomaalidu degto ee ka baxsan jamhuuriyadda wuxuuna ka codsaday [[Ururka Midowga Afrika]] inay u soo diraan guddiyo xaqiiqo raadis ah deegaannadaas si loo ogaado waxa ay dadka Soomaaliyeed ee deggan dhulalkan lagu muransan yahay ay rabaan. Ma jirin urur ka jawaabay baaqyadiisa laakiin Ururka Midowga Afrika wuxuu ansixiyay qaraar taageeraya in la sii haysto xuduudaha jira ee laga dhaxlay quwadihii gumaysiga Yurub ee Afrika oo dhan.<ref name=DICAFRBIO/> ​ ==Sannadihii dambe== Isla markiiba ka dib [[Inqilaabkii Soomaaliya 1969]] ee lagu afgambiyay dawladdii rayidka ahayd, Xuseen wuxuu noqday maxbuus siyaasadeed wuxuuna ku jiray xabsiga laga soo bilaabo 1969 ilaa Abriil 1973. Sannadkii 1974-tii, waxaa loo magacaabay wakiilka Soomaaliya ee Qaramada Midoobay, jagadaas oo uu hayay ilaa 1979-kii. Intii uu socday dagaalkii sokeeye ee Soomaaliya, Xuseen waxaa loogu yeedhay dhawr jeer si uu gacan uga geysto dib u heshiisiinta dhinacyada iska soo horjeeda.<ref name=DICAFRBIO/> ​6-dii Maajo, 2001, dedaal ay samaysay [[Dawladda KMG ah]] (TNG) si loo abuuro Guddiga Qaranka ee Dib u Heshiisiinta iyo Dejinta Hantida (NCRPS), oo ahaa hay'ad ka kooban 25 xubnood, ayaa istaagay markii Cabdirisaaq Xaaji Xuseen loogu magacaabay madaxdiisa. [[Golaha Dib u Heshiisiinta iyo Dib u Soo Celinta Soomaaliya]] (SRRC) iyo hoggaankii xilligaas ee [[Puntland]] ayaa ka soo horjeestay dalabkaas. 25-kii Luulyo, 2001, Xuseen ayaa iska casilay xilkaas.<ref name="Rsfspmahhdiu">{{cite web|last=Omar|first=Hussein|title=SOMALIA: Former Somali Prime Minister Abdirizak Haji Hussein died in USA|url=http://www.raxanreeb.com/2014/02/somalia-former-somali-prime-minister-abdirizak-haji-hussein-died-in-usa-2/|publisher=Raxanreeb|accessdate=1 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202095531/http://www.raxanreeb.com/2014/02/somalia-former-somali-prime-minister-abdirizak-haji-hussein-died-in-usa-2/|archive-date=2014-02-02|url-status=dead}}</ref> ​ ==Geerida iyo dhaxalka== Xuseen wuxuu u geeriyooday caabuqa sambabada (pneumonia) 31-kii Janaayo 2014 isagoo ku sugnaa [[Minneapolis, Minnesota]], [[Dalka Maraykanka]], ka dib markii uu isbitaal ku jiray muddo toddobaad ah.<ref name="SomaliCurrent">{{cite web | url=http://www.somalicurrent.com/2014/01/31/somalias-former-prime-minister-dies-at-the-age-of-ninety/ | title=Somalia's former prime minister dies at the age of ninety | publisher=SomaliCurrent | accessdate=January 31, 2014 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201131455/http://www.somalicurrent.com/2014/01/31/somalias-former-prime-minister-dies-at-the-age-of-ninety/ | archivedate=February 1, 2014 }}</ref> ​Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Soomaaliya [[Cabdiweli Sheekh Axmed]] ayaa soo saaray bayaan dhowr saacadood ka dib isagoo tacsi u diray qoyska iyo asxaabta Xuseen. Axmed wuxuu ku tilmaamay Xuseen "mid ka mid ah waddaniyiintii hormuudka u ahaa Soomaaliya ee qarnigii 20-aad," isagoo xusay in dowladii dambe ay ahayd "xubin hormuud ah oo ka tirsan halgamayaashii xorriyadda ee Ururka Dhallinyarada Soomaaliyeed iyo madax-bannaanida ka dib wuxuu noqday adeegaha dadweynaha iyo siyaasi u hibeeyay noloshiisa dadka iyo Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya[...] waa inaan hadda horay u sii wadnaa dhaxalkiisa." Axmed wuxuu isla markaana magacaabay guddi dawladeed oo bilaaba qabanqaabada aas qaran oo loo sameeyo Xuseen, kaas oo uu guddoomin doono Ra'iisul Wasaare ku xigeenka [[Ridwaan Xirsi Maxamed]].<ref name="Pashctfpmahh">{{cite news|title=PM Abweli sends his condolences to former Prime Minister Abdirisak Hajji Hussein |url=http://shabelle.net/?p=12920 |accessdate=1 February 2014 |newspaper=Shabelle Media Network |date=1 February 2014 |url-status=usurped |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202184145/http://shabelle.net/?p=12920 |archivedate=2 February 2014 }}</ref> ​Intaa waxaa dheer, [[Dawladda Federaalka Soomaaliya]] waxay ku dhawaaqday in maalmo xusuus qaran ah lagu qaban doono [[Muqdisho]] oo lagu maamuusayo Xuseen, iyadoo maydka hoggaamiyihii dambe loo qorsheeyay in loo qaado magaalada si loogu aaso. Madaxweynaha Puntland iyo Ra'iisul Wasaarihii hore ee Soomaaliya [[Cabdiweli Maxamed Cali]] ayaa ka mid ahaa mas'uuliyiinta loo qorsheeyay inay ka qaybgalaan aaska Xuseen ee caasimadda.<ref name="Rspptvm">{{cite news|title=SOMALIA: Puntland President to visit Mogadishu|url=http://www.raxanreeb.com/2014/02/somalia-puntland-president-to-visit-mogadishu/|accessdate=4 February 2014|newspaper=Raxanreeb|date=4 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222062129/http://www.raxanreeb.com/2014/02/somalia-puntland-president-to-visit-mogadishu/|archive-date=22 February 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ​Ka dib markii uu markii hore ka soo kicitimay Minneapolis, maydka Xuseen wuxuu soo gaaray [[Istanbuul]], [[Turkiga]], halkaas oo ay mas'uuliyiin dawladeed ku sugayeen 5-tii Febraayo 2014. Guddiga Aaska Qaranka ee Soomaaliya ayaa ku dhawaaqay in Xuseen lagu aasi doono Xabaalaha Qaranka ee Muqdisho, iyadoo munaasabadda sagootinta rasmiga ah loo qorsheeyay inay bilaabato Jimcaha ka dib salaadda aaska. Saddex maalmood oo baroor-diiq qaran ah iyo [[Calanka oo hoos loo dhigo|hoos u dhigista]] [[Calanka Soomaaliya|calanka]] ayaa bilaaban doona isla maalintaas.<ref name="arrival">{{cite web|url=http://www.raxanreeb.com/2014/02/somalia-the-body-of-deceased-former-somali-prime-minister-flown-to-mogadishu/|title=SOMALIA: The body of deceased former Somali Prime Minister flown to Mogadishu - RBC Radio|accessdate=15 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816110104/http://www.raxanreeb.com/2014/02/somalia-the-body-of-deceased-former-somali-prime-minister-flown-to-mogadishu/|archive-date=16 August 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ​7-dii Febraayo 2014, Xuseen waxaa lagu aasay munaasabad xusuus ah oo lagu qabtay Xabaalaha Muqdisho. Munaasabadda waxaa ka soo qayb galay mas'uuliyiin dhowr ah, oo ay ku jiraan Madaxweynaha Soomaaliya [[Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud]], Ra'iisul Wasaare Cabdiweli Sheekh Axmed, Guddoomiyaha Baarlamaanka [[Maxamed Cusmaan Jawaari]], iyo Madaxweynaha Puntland Cabdiweli Maxamed Cali, iyadoo amniga magaalada isla markaana si weyn loo xoojiyay. Salaaddii janaasada ayaa lagu akhriyay masaajidka ugu weyn caasimadda, ka dib markii lagu sameeyay aas xabaalaha Al-Irfid ee duleedka Muqdisho. Xuseen waxaa lagu aasay saaxiibkiisii hore, [[Aadan Cabdulle Cusmaan]], madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya. Madaxweynaha hadda jooga ee Maxamuud ayaa tacsi u diray qoyska Xuseen iyo dadka Soomaaliyeed, wuxuuna ku dhiirigeliyay dadkii isugu yimid inay "u duceeyaan mid ka mid ah geesiyaashii ugu weynaa Soomaaliya[...] Cabdirisaaq Xaaji Xuseen wuxuu ahaa nin weyn iyo waddani Soomaaliyeed oo weyn[...] Noloshiisu waa inay tusaale u noqotaa dhammaan Soomaalida."<ref name="Fspmltriamc">{{cite news|title=Former Somali Prime Minister laid to rest in a Mogadishu Cemetery|url=http://horseedmedia.net/2014/02/07/former-somali-prime-minister-laid-rest-mogadishu-cemetery/|accessdate=7 February 2014|newspaper=Horseed Media|date=7 February 2014}}</ref> ​Maadaama uu ahaa siyaasi rug-caddaa ah, Xuseen waxaa lagu xusuustaa xoogga uu saari jiray hoggaaminta mas'uuliyadda leh. Inta badan xubnihiisa Golihii Wasiirada iyo agaasimayaasha guud waxay ahaayeen xirfadlayaal waxbartay, dhalinyaro ah oo firfircoon kuwaas oo lagu doortay iyadoo loo eegayo kartida. Muddadii uu ahaa safiirka Soomaaliya u fadhiya Qaramada Midoobay, Xuseen wuxuu sidoo kale magaca dalka ku saxeexay dhowr heshiis caalami ah, oo ay ku jirto Heshiiska Caalamiga ah ee ku saabsan Caburinta iyo Ciqaabta Dembiga Midabtakoorka (Apartheid). Furfurnaanta, xasilloonida, cadaaladda, la-dagaallanka musuqmaasuqa iyo eexda, iyo maamul wanaagga ayaa sifo u ahaa noloshiisa siyaasadeed, gaar ahaan muddadii uu ahaa Ra'iisul Wasaaraha.<ref name=DICAFRBIO/> ​ ==Sidoo kale eeg== *[[Xirsi Bulxan Faarax]] *[[Cabdullaahi Yuusuf Axmed]] *[[Aadan Cabdulle Cusmaan]] *[[Xaaji Bashiir Ismaaciil Yuusuf]] ​ ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist|30em}} ​ ==Buugaagta == *{{Cite book |last=Hussein |first=Abdirazak Haji |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/980302551 |title=Abdirazak Haji Hussein : My role in the foundation of the Somali nation-state, a political memoir |publisher=African World Press |year=2017 |isbn=9781569025314 |oclc=980302551}} *{{cite book|last=Europa Publications Limited|title=The Middle East and North Africa, Volumes 5-17|date=1961|publisher=Europa Publications|page=909|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jNXAAAAMAAJ}} *{{cite book|last=Publitec Publications|title=Who's Who in the Arab World 2007-2008|date=2007|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3110930047|page=397|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NHCQBAFMwawC}} ​{{s-start}} {{s-off}} {{succession box | before = [[Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarke]]| title = [[Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Soomaaliya]]| years = 1964-1967 | after = [[Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal]] }} {{s-end}} {{Authority control}} ​{{DEFAULTSORT:Xuseen, Cabdirisaaq Xaaji}} dn8glbekzqkuabnpt636cfydnidkg03 0 46703 305883 294208 2026-08-24T18:32:36Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305883 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox artist | honorific_prefix = | name = Josefina Aguilar | honorific_suffix = | image = Josefina Aguilar Alcántara working.jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = Farshaxanka dhoobada oo ku dhex jirta aqoon-is-weydaarsigeeda | native_name = | native_name_lang = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1945}} | birth_place = [[Oaxaca]], [[Meksiko]] | death_date = | death_place = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | education = | alma_mater = | known_for = caruusadaha dhoobada (muñecas) | notable_works = | style = [[Farshaxanka hiddaha iyo dhaqanka]] | movement = | spouse = | awards = | elected = | patrons = | memorials = | website = | module = }} ​'''Josefina Aguilar''' (dhalatay 1945) waa farshaxanka [[farshaxanka hiddaha iyo dhaqanka|hiddaha iyo dhaqanka]] ee Meksiko oo ka soo jeedda [[Ocotlán de Morelos]], [[Oaxaca]].<ref name="bea">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/fea/lifetravel/stories/DN-nhg_nonomaque_0229liv.ART.State.Edition1.3440a2.html|title=Beautiful Excess of Latin Folk Art Enlivens Southlake Home|access-date=2008-03-06|date=2008-02-29|author=Paige Phelps|work=The Dallas Morning News}}</ref> Iyadoo xubin ka ah [[Aguilar family (Oaxacan potters)|qoyska Aguilar]], waxaa loogu aqoonsi badanyahay sawir-gacmeedyada yaryar ee dhoobada ah ee loo yaqaanno ''muñecas'' (caruusadaha), taas oo ah farsamo farshaxan oo ay ka baratay hooyadeed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Josefina Aguilar Alcántara (daughter of Isaura and Jesús)|url=http://www.fofa.us/folk-art/ceramics/painted-red/the-aguilar-family-ocotlan-de-morelos/|publisher=FOFA|access-date=December 13, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222122420/http://www.fofa.us/folk-art/ceramics/painted-red/the-aguilar-family-ocotlan-de-morelos/|archive-date=December 22, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite book|last1=Wasserspring, L., & Ragan, V.|title=Oaxacan Ceramics: Traditional Folk Art by Oaxacan Women|url=https://archive.org/details/oaxacanceramicst0000wass|date=2000|publisher=Chronicle Books}}</ref> Aguilar waxay isticmaashaa dhoobada guduudan si ay u abuurto muuqaallada hawl maalmeedka tuulada, muuqaallada diiniga ah iyo kuwa hiddaha ah, shakhsiyaadka caanka ah,<ref name="sf">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/09/24/TRGPIL99FQ1.DTL|title=Santa Fe Gallery Owner Combs Oaxaca Scene|access-date=2008-03-06|date=2006-09-24|author=Janet Kutner|work=The San Francisco Chronicle}}</ref> iyo taalada gaarka ah ee [[Maalinta Geerida]].<ref name="ocr">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ocregister.com/ocregister/life/atoz/article_866277.php|title=Clay Nation|access-date=2008-03-06|date=2005-12-04|author=Marla Jo Fisher|work=The Orange County Register|archive-date=2006-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061106015652/http://ocregister.com/ocregister/life/atoz/article_866277.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dadka ururiya shaqadeeda waxaa ka mid ah [[Nelson Rockefeller]], kaas oo shaqadeeda helay isagoo safar ku joogay Oaxaca sanadkii 1975,<ref name="san">{{Cite web|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SAEC&p_theme=saec&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=1101E7C310944728&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|title=From the Collection|access-date=2008-03-06|date=2006-02-26|author=Dan Goddard|work=San Antonio Express-News|archive-date=2012-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007170029/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SAEC&p_theme=saec&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=1101E7C310944728&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|url-status=dead}}</ref> iyo sidoo kale dadka had iyo jeer u soo safra Oaxaca si ay u arkaan shaqadeedii ugu dambeeyay.<ref name="ocr"/><ref name="ut">{{Cite web|url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/projects2/homeimprovement/20021124_hacienda.html|title=Heirloom Hacienda|access-date=2008-03-06|date=2002-11-24|author=Ann Jarmusch|work=San Diego Union-Tribune}}</ref> Aguilar waxay sheegtay in caruusad kasta oo ay samayso ay tahay mid gaar ah.<ref name=":1" /> Waxay noqotay qof indho la' sanadkii 2014, haddana waxay isticmaashaa taabashada si ay u abuurto farshaxankeeda.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lucas |first=Marcia |title=Josefina Aguilar: Artist Update |url=https://www.elinterior.com/2016/04/27/josefina-aguilar-artist-update/ |website=El Interior |date=2016-04-27 |access-date=2019-03-09 |archive-date=2019-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016155452/https://www.elinterior.com/2016/04/27/josefina-aguilar-artist-update/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu ururinta badan shaqadeeda ayaa ka soo xigtay iyada oo leh "Ma ahan indhaha. Waa gacanta iyo maskaxda."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brown |first=Patricia |title=Mexican Villages Color Their World |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/23/arts/design/mexican-village-art-colors-their-world.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2017-02-27 |access-date=2019-03-09}}</ref> ​ == Taariikh nololeed == Josefina Aguilar waxaa macallimiin u ahaa hooyadeed Isaura Alcantara Díaz iyo ayeeyadeed.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Women Potters: Transforming Traditions|last=Vincentelli|first=Moira|publisher=Rutgers University Press|year=2004|isbn=0-8135-3381-3|location=New Brunswick, New Jersey|pages=[https://archive.org/details/womenpotterstran0000vinc/page/179 179]|url=https://archive.org/details/womenpotterstran0000vinc/page/179}}</ref> Waxay bilowday inay farsamada ka barato iyaga markii ay lix sano jirka ahayd.<ref>{{cite book|title=Women in Mexican Folk Art: Of Promises, Betrayals, Monsters and Celebrities|url=https://archive.org/details/womeninmexicanfo0000bart|last1=Bartra|first1=E.|date=2011|publisher=University of Wales Press|location=Cardiff|page=[https://archive.org/details/womeninmexicanfo0000bart/page/100 100]}}</ref> Aguilar hooyadeed waxay dhimatay sanadkii 1968, iyadoo 43 jir ah. Aabaheed wuxuu dhintay sanadkii 1976. Markii ay baraysay gabdhaheeda, Aguilar hooyadeed waxay rajaynaysay inay u gudbiso farsamo iyo khibrad ay noloshooda ku maareeyaan.<ref name=":2" /> Markii ay ku jirtay horraantii labaatanaadkeeda, Aguilar waxay bilowday inay ku hesho warbaahinta caalamiga ah shaqadeeda.<ref name=":0" /> Walaalaha Aguilar ee kala ah Guillermina, Irene, iyo Concepcion waxay sidoo kale noqdeen farshaxanno dhoobada ah oo guulaystay, mid walbana wuxuu leeyahay takhasus u gaar ah.<ref name=":0" /> Markii la soo gaaray bilowgii qarnigii 21-aad, Josefina Aguilar waxay ahayd madaxa qoys ka kooban sagaal xubnood oo ka shaqeeya dhoobada, oo ay ku jiraan wiilasheeda Demetrio iyo Jose Juan Garcia. Xubnaha kale ee qoyska waxay diiradda saaraan rinjiyeynta ama hawlo kale.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=Clay Nation Checklist: Folk-art collectors beat a dusty path to the door of the Aguilar family in Ocotlan de Morelos|last=Fisher|first=Marla Jo|date=2005-12-04|work=The Orange County Register|location=Santa Ana, Calif.}}</ref> ​ == Hanaanka shaqada == Qoyska Aguilar waxay dhoobada ay isticmaalaan ka qotaan god ku yaal beer ka baxsan Ocotlán de Morelos. Si ay u helaan dhoobada tayada leh ee loo baahan yahay, waa inay hoos u qotaan 10 ama 12 fiit. Waxay dhoobada ku qooyaan biyo, waxay dul dhigaan derin timir ah, ka dibna way ku dul socdaan si ay hawada uga saaraan. Inta ay qaabaynayso, Aguilar waxay ku fariisataa cidhibteeda iyadoo dul fadhida dhagax siman. Sawir-gacmeedyada dhammaaday waa inay gudaha ku qalaan toddobaad (qorraxda tooska ah waxay keeni kartaa inay dilaacaan) ka hor intaysan qoysku ku gubin foornada qoryaha lagu shido muddo sagaal saacadood ah. Sawir-gacmeedyo badan ayaa ku jaba inta hawsha lagu jiro. Kuwa badbaada habka gubidda waa inay habeenkii oo dhan qaboobaan ka hor intaan la rinjiyeyn. Qoyska Aguilar waxay farshaxankooda ku iibiyaan miisas lagu diyaariyey barxadda bannaan ee dhismaha ay deggen yihiin shanta qoys.<ref name=":1" /> Aguilar iyo ninkeedii waxay iibsadeen dhulkii laga soo saari jiray dhoobada shaqadeeda loo isticmaalo. Markii hore, qoysku waxay toddobaad walba lacag ka bixin jireen dhoobada ay ka soo saartaan dhulkaas.<ref name=":2" /> ​ == Shaqada ku jirta madxafyada == Shaqada Josefina Aguilar waxaa lagu soo bandhigay [[Museum of International Folk Art]] ee Santa Fe, [[Mexic-Arte Museum]] ee Austin, TX, [[San Antonio Museum of Art]], iyo [[Mexican Museum (San Francisco)|Mexican Museum]] ee San Francisco.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elinterior.com/2014/01/23/josefina-aguilar-master-clay-artist/|title=Josefina Aguilar: Master Clay Artist|last=Lucas|first=Marcia|date=2014-01-23|website=El Interior|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-09|archive-date=2019-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920041706/https://www.elinterior.com/2014/01/23/josefina-aguilar-master-clay-artist/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ​Heard Museum ee Phoenix, AZ ==Warbaahinta kale== Qoraaga buugaagta carruurta ee [[Jeanette Winter]] ayaa qortay oo sawirro u samaysay buug xisaab ah oo lagu dhiirrigeliyey nolosha iyo shaqada Aguilar.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Freeman|first1=Evelyn|title=Children's Books: Literacy|year=2000|url=https://archive.org/details/barnesnobleguide00holl|url-access=registration|journal=Reading Teacher}}</ref> ​ ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Crafts of Mexico}} ​{{Authority control}} ​{{DEFAULTSORT:Aguilar, Josefina}} adcmwo1iw392p5j978djv6a5rq6gkos 0 46774 305859 294667 2026-08-24T18:19:45Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305859 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox museum | name = Museo Pambata | native_name = | logo = Museo Pambata logo.svg | logo_size = 150px | logo_alt = | logo_caption = | image = WTMP Team Kampai DSC 0023.JPG | caption = Museo Pambata, oo ku dhex yaalla dhismaha taariikhiga ah ee Elks Club. | established = 1993 | location = [[Ermita, Manila|Ermita]], [[Manila]], Filibiin | coordinates = {{coord|14.57907|N|120.97711|E|dim:30_region:PH_type:landmark|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | type = [[Children's museum|Madxafka carruurta]] | visitors = | director = | curator = | owner = | website = {{URL|museopambata.org}} }} [[File:Manilajf0180 21.JPG|thumb|Boorka Museo Pambata [[Children's museum|madxafka carruurta]], oo ku yaalla [[Roxas Boulevard]], Manila]] ​'''Museo Pambata''' ({{literal translation|Madxafka Carruurta}}) waa [[Children's museum|madxaf carruureed]] ku yaalla [[Ermita, Manila|degmada Ermita]] ee [[Manila]], una dhow [[Rizal Park]], gudaha dalka [[Filibiin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.museopambata.org/|title=Museo Pambata|website=www.museopambata.org|access-date=August 29, 2025}}</ref> Waxa uu ku dhex yaallaa dhismihii hore ee [[Elks Club Building (Manila)|Elks Club]], kaas oo ah dhisme taariikhi ah oo la dhisay 1910-kii, kuna teedsan [[Roxas Boulevard]] ee geesta South Drive.<ref>{{cite web|title=A Fun Museum at the Old Elks Club Building in Manila|url=http://traveleronfoot.wordpress.com/2008/07/21/a-fun-museum-at-the-old-elks-club-building-in-manila/|website=TRAVELER ON FOOT: A TRAVEL JOURNAL|date=July 21, 2008 |access-date=March 13, 2012}}</ref> ==Hordhac== Museo Pambata waa madxaf carruureed is-dhexgal ah kaas oo bixiya beddelka barashada rasmiga ah ee fasalka dhexdiisa.<ref name="cnnph2018">{{cite news |last=Ang |first=Raymond |date=April 23, 2018 |title=The past, present, and future of Museo Pambata |url=https://cnnphilippines.com/life/culture/2018/04/23/museo-pambata-nina-yuson.html |work=CNN Philippines |access-date=August 29, 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Waxa uu leeyahay bandhigyo gacanta lagu taaban karo oo ku dhiirigeliya carruurta inay baadhaan oo ay ogaadaan fikrado kala duwan, laga bilaabo qaabdhismeedka jidhka (anatomy) iyo dariiqooyinka shaqada ilaa sayniska iyo farshaxanka. Madxafku waxa kale oo uu leeyahay barnaamijyo iyo munaasabado joogto ah oo loogu talagalay qaybaha kala duwan. ​==Taariikhda== Waxa la furay 1994-tii, Museo Pambata waxa hindisay Nina Lim-Yuson, oo ah macallin waxbarashada carruurta hore, taas oo dhiirigelin ka heshad ka dib markii ay booqatay [[Boston Children’s Museum]] ee dalka Maraykanka, waxayna rajaysay meel la mid ah inay ka jirto Filibiin.<ref name="philstar2014">'''{{cite news |last=Lars |first=B. |date=October 26, 2014 |title=Museo Pambata: A gift to the Filipino child |url=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/sunday-life/2014/10/26/1384351/museo-pambata-gift-filipino-child |work=The Philippine Star |access-date=August 29, 2025}}'''</ref> ​Bishii Maarso 1993, Yuson iyo hooyadeed, oo ahayd xoghayihii hore ee Waaxda Ladnaanta Bulshada iyo Horumarinta [[Estefania Aldaba-Lim]], ayaa u soo bandhigay soo-jeedin ku saabsan madxafka duqii xilligaas ee Manila [[Alfredo Lim]]. Duqa magaalada Lim ayaa ansixiyay soo-jeedinta, isagoo u oggolaaday inay isticmaalaan dhismaha taariikhiga ah ee [[Elks Club Building (Manila)|Elks Club]] ee Manila.<ref name="cnnph2018" /> ​Guddiga Maamulka (Board of Trustees) ayaa la dhisay bishii Juun 1993, kuwaas oo ka koobnaa barayaal, farshaxan-yaqaanno, iyo xirfad-leeyaal soo saaray fikradda madxafka. Naqshadeeyaha dhismaha iyo masraxa Joselito Tecson ayaa naqshadeeyay qolalka mawduucyada ee bilowga ah isagoo aan lacag ka qaadan.<ref name="philstar2014" /> Bishii Diseembar 1993, [[Manila City Council|Golaha Magaalada Manila]] ayaa ansixiyay heshiis is-faham (MOA) oo Museo Pambata siinaya 10 sano oo isticmaalka dhismaha Elks Club ah oo bilaash ah, taas oo oggolaatay in shaqada dib-u-habayntu ay ku bilaabato lacag laga soo ururiyay dadweynaha. ​Casho sharaf loo sameeyay "Ninongs iyo Ninangs" (kafilayaasha bixiyay hal milyan oo peso midkiiba) ee ugu horreeyay madxafka ayaa la qabtay bishii Maarso 1994. Kafilayaashan aasaasayaasha ah waxaa ka mid ahaa Luis H. Lim Foundation, Juan iyo Lualhati Cojuangco Foundation, A.Y. Foundation, Petron Corporation, iyo kuwo kale. ​Diseembar 21, 1994, madxafku wuxuu si rasmi ah u furay albaabadiisa.<ref name="philstar2014" /> ​Bishii Maarso 2012, Museo Pambata waxay heshay Ammaan Gaar ah (Special Commendation) oo uga timid xeerbeegtida abaalmarintii ugu horreysay ee Madxafka Carruurta ee ka dhacday Bologna, Talyaaniga, sababtoo ah "dhiirigelinta abuurista madxafyo carruureed oo cusub gudaha Filibiin iyo Aasiya.”<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/3068-kiddie-museum-makes-int-l-debut/ |title=Kiddie museum makes int'l debut |first=Paterno |last=Esmaquel II |website=Rappler |date=March 27, 2012 |access-date=August 29, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europeanmuseumacademy.eu/4/upload/2012_cma_judges_report_1_.pdf |title=First Children’s Museum Award 2012 |access-date=June 18, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618112610/http://www.europeanmuseumacademy.eu/4/upload/2012_cma_judges_report_1_.pdf |archive-date=June 18, 2015 |url-status=dead |work=European Museum Academy}}</ref> ​Museo Pambata waxa kale oo loo magacaabay Ururka Dhaqanka ee Soft Power-ka ugu wanaagsan (Best Soft Power Cultural Organization) gudaha Abaalmarinta Leading Cultural Destinations ee 2016, taas oo loogu yeedho "Oscars-ka madxafyada."<ref>{{cite news |last=Bautista |first=Stepf |date=October 4, 2016 |title=This Pinoy Museum Was Nominated for an International Award |url=https://www.spot.ph/arts-culture/the-latest-arts-culture/67961/museo-pambata-was-nominated-for-an-international-award-a00171-20161004 |work=SPOT.ph |access-date=August 29, 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ​Madxafku si ku-meel-gaadh ah ayuu u xidhmay intii lagu jiray [[COVID-19 pandemic|safmarkii COVID-19]] sannadkii 2020. Ka dib dib-u-habayn ballaadhan, waxa dib loo furay Diseembar 6, 2024, si loogu dabbaal-dego sannad-guuradiisii 30-aad.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 30, 2024 |title=What to expect: Museo Pambata's reopening in December |url=https://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/arts-culture/what-to-expect-museo-pambata-reopening-december-2024/ |access-date=November 30, 2024 |website=Rappler |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Purnell |first=Kristofer |date=December 2, 2024 |title=Museo Pambata reopening this December after four-year closure |url=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/arts-and-culture/2024/12/02/2398410/museo-pambata-reopening-december-after-four-year-closure |work=The Philippine Star |access-date=August 29, 2025}}</ref> Dib-u-furistu waxay soo bandhigtay bandhigyo cusub iyo kuwo dib loo cusboonaysiiyay, oo ay ku jiraan gidaarka dhagax-fuulka iyo qaybta "Bahay na Bato".<ref>{{cite news |last=Abad |first=Ysa |date=December 10, 2024 |title='Play redefined': A look inside the new Museo Pambata |url=https://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/arts-culture/things-to-do-look-inside-new-museo-pambata/ |work=Rappler |access-date=August 29, 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ​ ==Qolalka Mawduucyada== [[File:MuseoPambatajf0230 01.JPG|thumb|Bandhigga [[Marionette|boombale-yada]] ee madxafka carruurta]] Waxaa jira siddeed qol oo mawduucyo leh gudaha Museo Pambata, kuwaas oo kala ah:<ref>{{cite news |last=TDT |first=Gab |date=November 29, 2024 |title=Museo Pambata reopens 6 December |url=https://tribune.net.ph/2024/11/29/museo-pambata-reopens-6-december/ |work=Daily Tribune |access-date=August 29, 2025 }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ​'''Kalikasan (Deegaanka) iyo Karagatan (Badda Hoosteeda)''' - Waxa uu ka kooban yahay kaymo roobaad la ekaysiiyay iyo badda hoosteeda halkaas oo booqdayaashu ay wax kaga baran karaan walaaca deegaanka iyo ilaalinta nidaamka deegaanka. ​'''Maynila Noon (Maniladii Hore)''' - Booqdayaashu waxay wax ka baran karaan taariikhda iyagoo eegaya agabka qadiimiga ah iyo bandhigyo la ekaysiiyay oo muujinaya Maniladii bilowgii qarniga, oo ay ku jiraan moodal yar oo ah ''bahay na bato'' iyo markab weyn (galleon). ​'''Paglaki Ko (Ikhtiyaarada Shaqada)''' - Waxay soo bandhigaysaa shaqooyin kala duwan waxayna ku dhiirigelinaysaa booqdayaashu inay naftooda u sawiraan iyagoo qabanaya shaqo gaar ah. ​'''I Love My Planet Earth''' - Halka ay booqdayaashu wax kaga baran karaan isbeddelka cimilada iyo sida qofku uga qayb qaadan karo daryeelka meeraha. ​'''Pamilihang Bayan (Suuqa)''' - Waxa uu leeyahay saf dukaamo ciyaar ah halkaas oo carruurtu ay isaga dhigi karaan inay yihiin milkiile dukaan oo ay ku dhaqmi karaan xirfadahooda ganacsi. ​'''Katawan Ko (Sida Jidhkaygu u Shaqeeyo)''' - Waxa uu leeyahay bandhigyo is-dhexgal ah oo ku saabsan jidhka bini'aadamka, sida xubnaha kala duwan u shaqeeyaan, iyo talooyin ku saabsan daryeelka caafimaadka. ​'''Bata sa Mundo (Carruurta Tuulada Caalamiga ah)''' - Boombale-yo (dolls) ka kala yimid adduunka oo dhan ayaa lagu soo bandhigay qolkan. ​'''Tuklas (Ogaanshaha)''' - Qol cusub oo diiradda saaraya sayniska, teknoolajiyada, injineernimada, iyo xisaabta (STEM). ​Madxafku waxa kale oo uu leeyahay maktabad carruureed, hoolka bandhigyada isbedbeddelaya, dukaanka hadiyadaha, goobo munaasabadaha lagu qabto, iyo garoon lagu ciyaaro. ​==Barnaamijyada== ​===Xuquuqda Carruurta=== Barnaamijyada waxbarasho ee Museo Pambata waxay ku qotomaan u doodista xuquuqda carruurta, ugu horrayn xuquuqdooda waxbarasho, caafimaad, iyo madadaalo. Goob gaar ah, oo ah Hoolka Karapatan, ayaa lagu qabtaa hawlo diiradda lagu saarayo xuquuqdan. Mashaariicdii hore waxaa ka mid ahaa Tartanka Wacyigelinta Xuquuqda Ilmaha (1995) iyo "Mag-ROCK Tayo!" (2001-2002), kaas oo carruurta lagu barayay Heshiiska Qaramada Midoobay ee Xuquuqda Ilmaha, iyadoo lala kaashanayo hay'ado ay ka mid yihiin Golaha Ladnaanta Carruurta (CWC), UNICEF, iyo Waaxda Waxbarashada (DepEd). ​Bishii Nofembar 2009, madxafku wuxuu qabtay "Kanino ba ang CRC?", oo ahaa shir-madaxeed carruureed oo saddex maalmood socday kaas oo lagu xusayay sannad-guuradii 20-aad ee Heshiiska Xuquuqda Ilmaha. ​ ===Barnaamijyada Akhris-qoraalka=== '''Barnaamijka Maktabadda Wareegta''' (Mobile Library Program), oo bilaabmay 1995-tii, waa ololi akhriska oo loogu talagalay carruurta danyarta ah ee Manila. Baabuur maktabad wareegta ah, oo la furay 2001-dii iyadoo deeq laga helay Ford Foundation Philippines, ayaa geeya in ka badan 3,000 oo buugaagta carruurta ah iyo agabka waxbarashada bulshada kala duwan.<ref name="cnnph2018"/> ​Sannadkii 1999-kii, madxafku, isagoo kaashanaya xafiiska duqa magaalada Manila Lito Atienza, wuxuu bilaabay '''Sa Aklat Sisikat!''', oo ah ololi akhris-qoraalka ee magaalada oo dhan loogu talagalay dugsiyada dadweynaha si wax looga qabto hoos u dhaca awoodda akhriska.<ref name="philstar2014" /> ​ == Dhaqanka caanka ah == Muuqaallada hordhaca iyo gabagabada ee qaybo ka mid ah taxanaha waxbarashada ee [[ABS-CBN]], [[Bayani (TV series)|Bayani]], waxaa lagu duubay Museo Pambata, gaar ahaan xilligii taxanaha ee lagu takhasusay geesiyaasha casriga ah iyo geesinimada wadajirka ah. ​ ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} ​===Buug qoraal=== *{{cite book | title=Museums of Southeast Asia| url=https://archive.org/details/museumsofsouthea0000lenz| last=Lenzi| first=Iola| date=2004| publisher=Archipelago Press| location=Singapore| isbn=981-4068-96-9| page=[https://archive.org/details/museumsofsouthea0000lenz/page/200 200] pages}} ​ ==Xiriirinta dibadda== ​{{Commons category-inline}} ​{{Official website|https://www.museopambata.org/}} 2no2pju4li71tvf48xnwoj4u87fcolk 0 46803 305871 294220 2026-08-24T18:26:51Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305871 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox museum | name = Tartu Toy Museum | native_name = Tartu Mänguasjamuuseum | native_name_lang = et | image = Spielzeugmuseum tartu.jpg | imagesize = 300 | caption = | alt = | map_type = | map_caption = | map_alt = | coordinates = | established = 29 May 1994 | dissolved = | location = [[Tartu]], [[Estonia]] | type = [[Children's museum|Madxaf carruureed]] | collection = 5000+ | visitors = 43'000+ (in 2010)<ref name=tartupm>{{cite web |last= Hanson |first= Raimu |title= Teater jättis aega nukkudega mängida |url= http://www.tartupostimees.ee/371660/teater-jattis-aega-nukkudega-mangida/ |publisher= [[Postimees|Tartu Postimees]] |language=Estonian |date=2011-01-13}}</ref> | director = Triin Vaaro | president = | curator = | publictransit = | car_park = | network = | website = {{url|www.mm.ee}} }} Tartu Toy Museum (Tartu Mänguasjamuuseum) waa madxafka alaabta lagu ciyaaro kan ugu weyn dalalka Baltigga, kaas oo ku yaalla [[Tartu]], [[Estonia]]. Wuxuu soo bandhigaa in ka badan 5000 oo alaabta lagu ciyaaro ah oo laga soo qaatay ururintiisa ballaaran, wuxuuna leeyahay dhowr alaabood oo is-dhexgal ah oo booqdayaashu tijaabin karaan, iyo sidoo kale qolka ciyaarta ee carruurta.<ref>{{cite book |title= Tartu in Your Pocket |year =2011 |publisher= OÜ Linnajuht |editor= Steve Roman |page=34 |issn=1736-2687 |url= http://www.inyourpocket.com/data/download/tartu.pdf}}</ref> Sannadkii 2005, waxaa dhismaha barxadda laga furay bandhigga caruusadaha filimada, halkaas oo lagu soo bandhigay caruusadaha filimada ee lagu sameeyay Estonia 50-kii sano ee la soo dhaafay, qalabka iyo naqshadaha filimada animation-ka ah. ​Tartu Toy Museum waxaa la aasaasay 1994, tan iyo 2004-tii wuxuu ku yaallaa mid ka mid ah dhismooyinka qashabka ah ee ugu qadiimisan (kaas oo ka soo jeeda 1770-yadii<ref>{{cite book |title= Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania |url= https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetesto0000caro |year= 2009 |publisher= [[Lonely Planet]] |isbn= 1-74104-770-6 |author= Carolyn Bain |page= [https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetesto0000caro/page/111 111]}}</ref>) magaalada Tartu, ee ku yaal Waddada Lutsu. ​Sannadkii 2010, Madxafku wuxuu furay Guriga Masraxa (Theatre House), kaas oo ah masrax carruureed gaar ah oo uu dhiirigaliyay madxafku. Marka laga soo tago hoolka masraxa, waxaa sidoo kale jira madxafka caruusadaha masraxa, qol ka mid ah guri qarniyadii dhexe ah oo la helay xilligii qodista qadiimiga ah, istuudiyaha carruurta ee barnaamijyada la xiriira masraxa, fursado lagu sameeyo farsamada gacanta, ciyaar iyo ogaanshaha dunida masraxa.<ref>{{cite web |title= Tartu mänguasjamuuseum avab jõulutoa |url= http://taheke.delfi.ee/taheke/miskeskus/tartu-manguasjamuuseum-avab-joulutoa.d?id=62812206 |publisher= [[Delfi (web portal)|Delfi]] |date= 2011-12-06 |language= Estonian |access-date= 2026-01-13 |archive-date= 2013-04-15 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130415124852/http://taheke.delfi.ee/taheke/miskeskus/tartu-manguasjamuuseum-avab-joulutoa.d?id=62812206 |url-status= dead }}</ref> ​ ==Taariikhda== ​ Tartu Toy Museum waxaa la furay 29 Maajo 1994 iyadoo hoos timaada Maamulka Magaalada [[Tartu]]. Madxafku wuxuu ku yaallay qeybta hoose ee guri gaar loo leeyahay oo ku yaal cagta Buurta Toome iyo dhismo yar oo ku dhow oo ku yaalla cinwaanka 1 Lai St.<ref>[http://www.mm.ee/mm_eng.html History of the Tartu Toy Museum] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mm.ee/mm_eng.html |date=20111218210728 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111218210728/http://www.mm.ee/mm_eng.html |date=2011-12-18 }}</ref> Aasaasayaashii madxafku waxay ahaayeen [[:et:Meeri Säre|Meeri Säre]], [[:et:Mare Hunt|Mare Hunt]] iyo Tiia Toomet, iyadoo qofka dambe uu noqday agaasimihii ugu horreeyay ee madxafka alaabta lagu ciyaaro. Tan iyo 2007-dii, agaasimaha madxafku wuxuu ahaa Triin Vaaro. ​Dabayaaqadii 2003, Tartu Toy Museum wuxuu u guuray goobtiisa cusub, oo ah dhisme qashab ah oo qadiimi ah oo ku yaal Waddada Lutsu, kaas oo si gaar ah loogu dayactiray inuu hoy u noqdo madxafka. 13-kii Maarso 2004, waxaa la furay bandhig joogto ah oo cusub, oo ay ku jiraan qolka ciyaarta iyo qolka farsamada gacanta. 2-dii Diseembar 2005, waxaa gurigii hore ee gaariga (coach house) ee barxadda madxafka laga furay guriga caruusadaha masraxa iyo animation-ka. Jilaayaasha iyo qalabka filimada animation-ka ah ee lagu sameeyay Estonia 50-kii sano ee la soo dhaafay iyo naqshadaha kartoonada oo markii hore lagu soo bandhigi jiray Film Puppets Gallery (Ülikooli St. 1) ayaa hadda lagu arkaa dhismahan barxadda ah. Illaa 2010, waxaa sidoo kale dhismaha barxadda ku jiray soo bandhigidda caruusadaha masraxa ee Estonia iyo meelo kale. ​Sannadkii 2010, Madxafku wuxuu furay Guriga Masraxa oo loogu talagalay ciyaaraha carruurta iyo qoyska, isagoo leh Istuudiyaha Carruurta ee hawlo kala duwan iyo madxaf yar oo caruusadaha masraxa ah. ​ ==Astaanta== ​ Astaanta Tartu Toy Museum waa [[Teddy bear|Teddy]] Flower-paw (Caga-Ubax), kaas oo sannadkii 1994-tii ay tooshay Kai Maser. Magaca teddy-ga ee xiran goonnada [[folk costume|dharka dhaqanka]] qaranka wuxuu ka yimid marada ubaxa leh ee loo isticmaalay toosidda cagihiisa. Teddy Flower-paw wuxuu qabtay shaqo aad u wanaagsan oo ku aaddan matalaadda madxafka: waxaa jira buugaag laga qoray isaga, kaarar boosto oo laga sawiray, wuxuuna ka soo muuqday telefishinnada iyo munaasabadaha. ​ == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} ​ == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Commons category|Tartu Toy Museum}} ​{{Official website|http://www.mm.ee}} ​{{Tartu landmarks}} {{Authority control}} ​{{Coord|58|22|56.4|N|26|43|5.34|E|type:landmark_region:EE|display=title}} d8pmwaindmkw5yh3x1dvaohtlnd5rqj 0 46807 305767 294207 2026-08-24T17:29:09Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 5 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305767 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |name = John Motson |honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|OBE}} |image = John Motson 2018.jpg |image_size = |caption = Motson sannadkii 2018 |birth_name = John Walker Motson |nickname = Motty |birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1945|07|10}} |birth_place = [[County Borough of Salford|Salford]], Lancashire, England |death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2023|02|23|1945|07|10}} |death_place = [[Little Brickhill]], Buckinghamshire, England |education = [[Culford School]], Bury St Edmunds |employer = {{hlist|[[BBC Sport]]|[[Talksport]]}} |occupation = [[Football commentator|Wariye kubbadda cagta]] |spouse = {{marriage|Anne Jobling|1976}} |children = 1 }} ​John Walker Motson {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|OBE}} (10 Luulyo 1945 – 23 Febraayo 2023) wuxuu ahaa [[football commentator|wariye kubbadda cagta]] oo Ingiriis ah. Isagoo shaqada ka bilaabay faallada telefishinka [[BBC]] sannadkii 1971, wuxuu ka hadlay in ka badan 2000 oo ciyaarood oo telefishinka iyo raadiyaha ah. Laga soo bilaabo dhammaadkii 1970-yadii illaa 2008, Motson wuxuu ahaa shakhsiga ugu sarreeya faallada kubbadda cagta ee BBC-da, marka laga reebo muddo kooban oo bartamihii 1990-yadii ah. ​ Motson wuxuu inta badan xiran jiray koodh ka samaysan maqaarka idaha (koodhkiisa 'Motty') bilaha jiilaalka ka dib markii la sheegay inuu "la tacaalay dhibicda roobka ee dhinac u socota ka hor ciyaartii [[FA Cup]] ee u dhaxaysay [[Wycombe Wanderers F.C.|Wycombe Wanderers]] iyo [[Peterborough United F.C.|Peterborough United]]" bishii Diseembar 1990.<ref>[https://www.nationalfootballmuseum.com/collectionsnews/object-of-the-week-john-motsons-sheepskin-coat/ "Object of the week: John Motson's sheepskin coat"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.nationalfootballmuseum.com/collectionsnews/object-of-the-week-john-motsons-sheepskin-coat/ |date=20230302155303 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302155303/https://www.nationalfootballmuseum.com/collectionsnews/object-of-the-week-john-motsons-sheepskin-coat/ |date=2 March 2023 }}. Retrieved 23 February 2023.</ref> Koodhadhkan waxay noqdeen [[trademark look|muuqaalkiisa gaarka ah]], taas oo ka dhigtay mid ay si dhakhso ah u aqoonsadaan daawadayaashiisu. ​Sannadkii 2008, Motson wuxuu ku dhawaaqay inuu ka fariistay faallada tooska ah ee telefishinka. Wuxuu sii waday inuu tebiyo ciyaaraha loogu talagalay barnaamijka ''[[Match of the Day]]'' iyo inuu ka soo muuqdo [[BBC Radio 5 Live]] iyo sidoo kale inuu faallo ka bixiyo barnaamijka carruurta ee CBeebies ee ''Footy Pups''. Bishii Sebtembar 2017, wuxuu ku dhawaaqay inuu gabi ahaanba ka fariistay faallada BBC-da, isagoo tebiyay 10 [[FIFA World Cup|Koob Adduun]], 10 [[UEFA European Championship|Koobka Yurub]], iyo 29 kama dambaysta ah ee FA Cup.<ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/sep/05/john-motson-football-commentator-ready-to-retire | title= John Motson almost ready to hang up his sheepskin and end the boys' own story | first=Paul| last=MacInnes| work=[[The Guardian]] | date=6 September 2017 | access-date=8 April 2019}}</ref> Bishii Luulyo 2018, wuxuu ku dhawaaqay inuu ka soo laabanayo hawlgabnimada si uu ula shaqeeyo [[Talksport]].<ref>{{cite web | url= https://talksport.com/football/403213/john-motson-comes-out-of-retirement-to-join-talksport/ | title= John Motson comes out of retirement to join talkSPORT| work=[[Talksport]] | date=24 July 2018 | access-date=8 April 2019}}</ref> Sannadkii 2019, Motson wuxuu faallo cod ah siiyay ciyaarta mobilada ee [[Miniclip]] ee ''Head Ball 2''.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1081087981203656705 |user=HB2Official |title=2018 was an awesome year for all of us! Thank you for your limitless support! We couldn't have done it without you!! Now get ready... Here come the LEGENDARY COMMENTATOR JOHN MOTSON... ...and a new GAME MODE!! |date=January 4, 2019 |access-date=April 20, 2025 |link=https://x.com/HB2Official/status/1081087981203656705}}</ref> ​ == Sannadihii hore == Motson wuxuu ku dhashay [[County Borough of Salford|Salford]], [[Lancashire]], halkaas oo aabbihii uu ahaa wadaad ka tirsan kaniisadda [[Methodist]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Fame and fortune: John Motson |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/personalfinance/2782904/Fame-and-fortune-John-Motson.html |work=The Daily Telegraph |location= London |access-date=5 June 2012}}</ref> Waxaa lagu baabtiisay [[Boston, Lincolnshire]], wuxuuna ciidaha yaraantiisii ku qaadan jiray halkaas. Isagoo ilmo ah, wuxuu taageere u ahaa kooxda [[Boston United F.C.|Boston United]] wuxuuna xusuustay guushii kooxdu ka gaartay [[Derby County F.C.|Derby County]] ee FA Cup sannadkii 1955.<ref>Boston United v Sheffield United football programme, 11 December 1982, p5.</ref> ​Waxbarashadiisa wuxuu ku qaatay [[Culford School]], oo u dhow [[Bury St Edmunds]]. Culford waa [[Public school (United Kingdom)|dugsi dadweyne]] oo waqtigaas kubbadda cagta inta badan aan laga jeclayn; [[rugby union]], [[field hockey]], iyo [[cricket]] ayaa ahaa ciyaaraha ugu muhiimsan ardayda.<ref name="TheFullMotty">{{cite news |url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/john-motson-the-full-motty-856104.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220613/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/john-motson-the-full-motty-856104.html |archive-date=13 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=John Motson: The Full Motty |work=The Independent |date=28 June 2008 |access-date=23 August 2008 | author=Lawon, James |location=London}}</ref> ​Sannadkii 1963, shaqada Motson waxay ku bilaabatay wariye wargeys oo ku yaalla [[Chipping Barnet]].<ref name="TheFullMotty"/> Sannadihii 1967 iyo 1968, wuxuu u shaqeeyay wargeyska ''[[Sheffield Telegraph|Sheffield Morning Telegraph]]'' halkaas oo uu markii ugu horreysay ku tebiyay ciyaaraha kubbadda cagta.<ref>Boston United v Sheffield United programme, 11 December 1982, p. 5</ref> ==Shaqada tebinta== Motson wuxuu ku biiray [[BBC]] sannadkii 1968 isagoo ahaa soo jeediye ciyaaraha ee [[BBC Radio 2|Radio 2]]. Faalladiisii ugu horreysay ee raadiyaha waxay ahayd ciyaar kubbadda cagta ah oo u dhaxaysay [[Everton F.C.|Everton]] iyo [[Derby County F.C.|Derby County]] bishii Diseembar 1969.<ref name="bbclast">{{cite news|title=John Motson: BBC legend set for final live commentary this weekend|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/43337062|work=BBC Sport|date=9 March 2018}}</ref> Bishii Oktoobar 1971, wuxuu bilaabay inuu u soo muuqdo wariye joogto ah barnaamijka telefishinka ee BBC ee ''[[Match of the Day]]'', faalladiisii ugu horreysayna waxay ahayd barbardhac 0–0 ah oo dhex maray Liverpool iyo Chelsea.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sites.google.com/site/motdlistings/home/1971-72 |title=1971–72 |access-date=14 December 2014 |archive-date=13 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713202244/https://sites.google.com/site/motdlistings/home/1971-72 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ​5-tii Febraayo 1972, Motson wuxuu helay wax uu markii dambe ku sifeeyay guushiisii weynayd, markii loo xilsaaray inuu tebiyo [[Hereford United 2–1 Newcastle United|ciyaar ku celis ah oo FA Cup ah]] oo u dhaxaysay [[Hereford United]] iyo [[Newcastle United]] ee barnaamijka ''Match of the Day''.<ref name=mottyBBCBreakThough/> Newcastle waxaa laga filayay inay si fudud u guulaysato, laakiin Hereford ayaa ku guulaysatay layaab weyn.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Classic third round upsets |last=Association |first=The Football |work=www.thefa.com |date=4 January 2023 |access-date=23 February 2023 |url= https://www.thefa.com/news/2023/jan/04/fa-cup-third-round-classic-upsets-20230401}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranked! The 26 greatest cup shocks in English football history |author=Ryan Dabbs |work=fourfourtwo.com |date=8 February 2023 |access-date=23 February 2023 |url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/ranked-the-26-greatest-cup-shocks-in-english-football-history |archive-date=23 Bisha Labaad 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223114616/https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/ranked-the-26-greatest-cup-shocks-in-english-football-history |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8JahEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA59 |pages=59–63 |title=Best, Pele and a Half-Time Bovril: A Nostalgic Look at the 1970s – Football's Last Great Decade |author=Andrew Smart |publisher=Kings Road Publishing |year=2014|isbn=9781782198864 }}</ref> Faalladii Motson markii [[Ronnie Radford]] uu dhaliyay goolkii barbardhaca waxay ahayd "Oh gool caynkee ah! Radford ayaa dhaliyay. Ronnie Radford! Dadkiina waxay ku soo yaacayaan garoonka. darbo aad u weyn oo ka timid Ronnie Radford." Motson wuxuu markii dambe ku sifeeyay ciyaartan midda ugu xusuusta badan xilli ciyaareedka. Faalladiisu waxay keentay in madaxda BBC-du ay u xilsaaraan ciyaaraha TV-ga ee ugu muhiimsan, ka dibna wuxuu saxiixay qandaraas saddex sano ah oo uu kula jiray hay'adda.<ref name=mottyBBCBreakThough>{{cite web | url = https://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/fa-cups-greatest-ever-upset-hereford-vs-newcastle-told-ronnie-motty-and-supermac | title = The FA Cup's greatest-ever upset: Hereford vs Newcastle as told by Ronnie, Motty and Supermac | last = Moynihan | first = Leo | date = 16 February 2018 | website = fourfourtwo.com | access-date = 11 May 2018 | quote = "Oh what a goal! Radford the scorer. Ronnie Radford! And the crowd are on the pitch. What a tremendous shot by Ronnie Radford" John Motson, Match of the Day, 5 February 1972"}}</ref> ​Motson ciyaartiisii ugu horreysay ee [[FA Cup Final]] ee uu faallo ka bixiyo waxay ahayd ciyaartii 1977 ee dhex martay [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] iyo [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]]. Motson waxaa loo keenay beddel dambe oo uu u ahaa [[David Coleman]], kaas oo khilaaf qandaraas kula jiray BBC-da. Markii [[Martin Buchan]] oo ka tirsan Manchester United uu fuulay jaranjarada [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|Garoonka Wembley]] si uu u gudoomo koobka, Motson wuxuu faallo ka bixiyay inay "ku habboon tahay in nin la yiraahdo Buchan uu noqdo kii ugu horreeyay ee fuula 39-ka tallaabo", isagoo tixraacaya sheekada ''[[The Thirty-Nine Steps]]'' oo uu qoray qoraaga reer Scotland ee [[John Buchan]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Motson|first=John|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2003/may/17/facup.sport8|title=This will be a record for me, unless I'm very much mistaken|date=17 May 2003|work=The Guardian|access-date=5 March 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Intii u dhaxaysay 1979 iyo 2008 (marka laga reebo 1995 iyo 1996), Motson wuxuu faallo ka bixiyay dhammaan kulamada kama dambaysta ah ee FA Cup ee BBC-du tebisay.<ref>{{cite news |author=Jim White |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/columnists/jimwhite/2300668/FA-Cup-final-whistle-to-blow-on-John-Motson.html |title=FA Cup final whistle to blow on John Motson |work=The Telegraph |date=17 May 2008 |access-date=24 February 2013}}</ref> Guud ahaan, Motson wuxuu tebiyay 29 kulan oo kama dambaysta ah oo FA Cup ah.<ref name="Keogh"/> ​BBC-du waxay joojisay baahinta ''Match of the Day'' sannadkii 1985 ka dib markii ay korortay rabitaanka kubbadda cagta ee tooska ah halkii laga daawan lahaa kuwii dhacay, iyo markii [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] ay heshay xuquuqda baahinta horyaalka Ingiriiska. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Motson wuxuu sii waday inuu si joogto ah faallo uga bixiyo, maadaama BBC-du ay tebin jirtay kulammada bartamaha toddobaadka ee tartammada Yurub, wuxuuna ahaa wariyaha rasmiga ah markii barnaamijka ''Match of the Day'' uu soo laabtay sannadkii 1992 ka dib markii la bilaabay [[Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Renewed appetite for "movable feast" may restore the old order |date=10 August 1992 |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119517091/the-daily-telegraph/ |page=35}}</ref> ​Bishii Abriil 1989, Motson wuxuu faallo ka bixinayay ciyaartii nus-dhamaadka FA Cup ee u dhaxaysay [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] iyo [[Nottingham Forest F.C.|Nottingham Forest]] markii ay dhacday [[Hillsborough disaster|musiibadii Hillsborough]]. Motson wuxuu isku arkay isagoo faallo ka bixinaya musiibo halkii uu ciyaar ka hadli lahaa, markii dambena wuxuu marqaati ahaan uga soo muuqday baaritaankii Hillsborough.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Conn |first1=Douglas |title=Hillsborough inquest hears police gave 'entirely false' story about a forced gate |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/nov/19/hillsborough-inquest-police-story-forced-gate-liverpool-supporters |access-date=23 February 2023 |work=The Guardian |date=19 November 2014}}</ref> ​BBC-du waxay wayday xuquuqda baahinta Premier League oo ay u gacan gashay ITV sannadkii 2001, taas oo la micno ahayd in ''Match of the Day'' uusan mar dambe ahaan jirin barnaamij toddobaadle ah.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC 'sour' over football deal |author= |work=BBC Sport |date=15 June 2000 |access-date=23 February 2023 |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sport/football/fa_carling_premiership/791268.stm}}</ref> Motson wuxuu ku soo laabtay [[BBC Radio 5 Live]] si uu uga qayb qaato tebinta Premier League, inkasta oo uu weli faallada TV-ga u samayn jiray ciyaaraha ay BBC-du xuquuqdooda lahayd. ''Match of the Day'' ayaa dib u bilaabay baahinta Premier League mar kale sannadkii 2004 isaguna wuu la soo laabtay, inkasta oo uu weli mararka qaarkood u faalloon jiray 5 Live illaa 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Match of the Day returns in a game of two halves |date=14 August 2004 |work=The Daily Telegraph |page=Sport 8 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119517322/the-daily-telegraph/ |via=newspapers.com}}</ref> ​Sannadkii 2001, khabiirka hadalka Jane Comins ayaa samaysay falanqayn lagu darasaynayo habka ay u hadlaan siddeed ka mid ah wariyeyaasha ugu sarreeya telefishinka iyo raadiyaha. Shuruudaha waxaa ka mid ahaa [[Pitch (music)|codka sareeyadiisa]], codka weynadiisa, laxanka, iyo codka midabkiisa, Comins-na waxay ogaatay in Motson uu helay natiijooyinka ugu wanaagsan. Sahan la socday oo laga qaaday taageerayaasha kubbadda cagta, 32% ayaa u codeeyay inuu yahay wariyaha ay ugu jecelyihiin Britain.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/funny_old_game/1579178.stm Motty's Perfect Pitch] BBC Sport</ref> ​[[file:John Motson.jpg|thumb|Motson oo isku diyaarinaya kulanka [[Manchester derby]] ee ka dhacay [[Old Trafford]] 10 Febraayo 2008.]] BBC-du waxay wayday xuquuqda tebinta tooska ah ee kubbadda cagta FA Cup sannadkii 2008<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/bbc-has-lost-fa-cup-television-rights-442533.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213215455/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/bbc-has-lost-fa-cup-television-rights-442533.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 February 2009|title=The Independent – 404|work=The Independent}}</ref> oo ay heleen [[Setanta Sports]] iyo ITV. Motson wuxuu isku dayay inuu ku biiro Setanta, laakiin BBC-da ayaa u diidday oggolaanshaha, sidaas darteed wuxuu ka fariistay faallada tooska ah ee telefishinka. Baahintiisii ugu dambaysay ee toos ah ee telefishinka waxay ahayd [[UEFA Euro 2008 final|kama dambaysta Euro 2008]]. Wuxuu sii waday inuu tebiyo ciyaaraha hore loo soo duubay ee barnaamijka ''Match of the Day''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport-old/euro2008/news/2008/06/28/john-motson-enjoys-euro-2008-final-hurrah-in-his-last-major-tournament-115875-20624142/ |title=Football: News, opinion, previews, results & live scores – Mirror Online |work=Mirror|access-date=24 February 2013}}</ref> ​Motson wuxuu tebiyay wadar ahaan 10 [[FIFA World Cup|Koob Adduun]], isagoo ku bilaabay [[1978 FIFA World Cup|tartankii 1978]].<ref name="Keogh">{{Cite web |title=John Motson obituary: BBC commentator was 'voice of football' for 50 years |author=Frank Keogh |work=BBC Sport |date=23 February 2023 |access-date=23 February 2023 |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/64741718}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=19 June 1978 |title=Brutality and brilliance as giants clash |page=2 |work=Lincolnshire Echo |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119517562/lincolnshire-echo/ |author=Maurice Burton}}</ref> Mid ka mid ah daqiiqadihii ugu xusuusta badnaa Motson ee Koobka Adduunka wuxuu yimid 1998, markii [[Ronaldo (Brazilian footballer)|Ronaldo]] laga reebay liiska rasmiga ah ee kooxda ee loo gudbiyay FIFA 72 daqiiqo ka hor ciyaarta kama dambaysta ah, ka dibna mar dambe lagu soo celiyay liis la beddelay. Motson wuxuu ku sifeeyay muuqaalkii Paris "mid aad u qasan oo fawdo ah".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Motson, Ronaldo and the World Cup final teamsheet |author= |work=BBC Sport |date= |access-date=23 February 2023 |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/av/football/64744702}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Cup stunning moments: Ronaldo falters as France win |last=Steinberg |first=Jacob |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=8 May 2018 |access-date=30 October 2021 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2014/may/08/world-cup-stunning-moments-25-ronaldo-france |archive-date=29 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929021532/https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2014/may/08/world-cup-stunning-moments-25-ronaldo-france |url-status=live }}</ref> Koobkiisii Adduunka ee ugu dambeeyay wuxuu ahaa [[2010 FIFA World Cup|kii 2010]], markii uu u safray Koonfur Afrika isagoo qayb ka ah kooxda BBC-da uuna soo muuqday isagoo marti ku ah istuudiyaha barnaamijka ''[[Match of the Day]]'', iyo sidoo kale isagoo warbixinno ku bixinayay mareegta BBC-da.<ref>Steve Wilson (24 June 2008). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/international/2303981/Euro-2008-John-Motsons-finals-farewell.html "Euro 2008: John Motson's finals farewell"]. ''The Daily Telegraph''. London.</ref> Isagoo ka bilaabaya 2015, Motson wuxuu faallo iyo tebin u samayn jiray barnaamijka kubbadda cagta ee [[CBeebies]] ee ''Footy Pups''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0664plz/credits |title=Footy Pups credits |publisher=bbc.co.uk |access-date=19 December 2015}}</ref> Wuxuu sidoo kale tebiyay 10 [[UEFA European Championship|Koobka Yurub]] iyo in ka badan 200 oo ciyaarood oo ay ciyaartay [[England national football team|xulka qaranka England]].<ref name="Keogh"/> ​Motson wuxuu ahaa wariyaha taxanaha ciyaaraha ee [[FIFA (video game series)|FIFA]] oo ay soo saarto [[EA Sports]], wuxuuna la shaqeeyay [[Ally McCoist]], [[Andy Gray (footballer born 1955)|Andy Gray]], [[Des Lynam]], [[Mark Lawrenson]] iyo [[Chris Waddle]]. Motson wuxuu markii ugu horreysay ku biiray ciyaarta isagoo matalayay ''[[FIFA 96]]''; isaga iyo McCoist waxaa beddelay Gray iyo [[Clive Tyldesley]] ee ciyaarta ''[[FIFA 06]]'' laakiin markii dambe wuxuu ku soo laabtay ''[[FIFA Manager 08]]''.<ref>{{cite web |first=Justin |last=Pearse |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/gamespot-fifa-week-john-motson-talks-about-fifa-2000/ |title=John Motson talks about FIFA 2000 |publisher=Znet |date=1999-10-21 |accessdate=2023-02-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://talksport.com/magazine/virals/130609/fifa-96-flashback-video-john-motsons-commentary-debut-and-introduction-3-199219|title=FIFA '96 flashback video: John Motson's commentary debut and the introduction of 3D graphic |work=TalkSport |location= UK |author1=James Bragg |date=9 June 2013|access-date= 6 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/funny_old_game/1654159.stm|title=Let's play: FIFA 2002 |publisher=BBC Sport |date=13 November 2001|access-date=11 July 2016}}</ref> ​Bishii Sebtembar 2017, Motson wuxuu ku dhawaaqay inuu ka fariisan doono BBC-da dhammaadka xilli ciyaareedka kubbadda cagta.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/41159991|title=John Motson: Commentator to end BBC football career after 50 years|publisher=BBC News|date=6 September 2017}}</ref> Faalladiisii ugu dambaysay ee raadiyaha ee tooska ahayd waxay ahayd ciyaar dhex martay [[Arsenal FC|Arsenal]] iyo [[Watford FC|Watford]] 11-kii Maarso 2018.<ref name="bbclast" /> Faalladiisii ugu dambaysay ee TV ee hore loo soo duubay waxay ahayd ciyaar dhex martay [[Crystal Palace F.C.|Crystal Palace]] iyo [[West Bromwich Albion F.C.|West Bromwich Albion]] waxaana laga baahiyay ''Match of the Day'' 13-kii Maayo 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/44102777|title=John Motson: Legendary BBC commentator receives Bafta honour after final match|work=BBC Sport |date=13 May 2018|access-date=19 May 2018}}</ref> ​Xilli ciyaareedkii 2018–19, Motson wuxuu ka soo muuqday xayeysiisyada shirkadda khamaarka ee [[Football INDEX]].<ref name=":50">{{Cite news|url=https://www.sbcnews.co.uk/marketing/2018/08/31/iconic-commentator-confirmed-as-voice-of-football-index/|title=Football INDEX {{!}} Iconic commentator confirmed as voice of Football INDEX {{!}} SBCnews|access-date=31 August 2018}}</ref> ​ == Noloshiisa gaarka ah == Motson wuxuu guursaday Anne Jobling sannadkii 1976. Waxay ku noolaayeen [[Little Brickhill]] oo ku taal [[Buckinghamshire]]<ref>[https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/officers/8wbiEgsJ3gRmyRU0ZWgc8e5nU98/appointments John Walker MOTSON – Personal Appointments (free information from Companies House)] Retrieved 27 October 2016.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/personalfinance/2782904/Fame-and-fortune-John-Motson.html|title=Fame and fortune: John Motson|journal=Daily Telegraph |date=19 January 2008|access-date=5 March 2020|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> waxayna dhalel hal wiil oo la yiraahdo Frederick (wuxuu dhashay 1986).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lbc.co.uk/news/legendary-football-commentator-john-motty-motson-dies-aged-77/ |title='The voice of football': Legendary commentator John Motson dies aged 77 |publisher=LBC |date=2023-02-23 |accessdate=2023-02-23}}</ref> ​Sannadkii 2012, wuxuu sheegay inuu taageere u yahay [[Barnet F.C.|Barnet]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.barnetfc.com/page/LatestNews/0,,10431~1334435,00.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120630223817/http://www.barnetfc.com/page/LatestNews/0,,10431~1334435,00.html|url-status=dead|title=Barnet – News – Latest News – Latest News – MOTTY BOOSTS THE BEES|date=30 June 2012|archive-date=30 June 2012}}</ref> ​Motson wuxuu ahaa mawduuca barnaamijka ''[[This Is Your Life (British TV series)|This Is Your Life]]'' sannadkii 1996, xilligaas oo uu kaga yaabsaday [[Michael Aspel]] munaasabad samafal ah.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.msn.com/en-gb/news/uknews/john-motson-the-voice-of-bbc-football-commentary-dies-aged-77/ar-AA17POym?ocid=UP97DHP&li=BBoPWjQ |title=John Motson, the voice of BBC football commentary, dies aged 77 |work=The Telegraph |via=MSN |date=2023-02-23 |accessdate=2023-02-23}}</ref> Wuxuu sidoo kale ka soo muuqday barnaamijka taariikh nololeedka ee [[BBC Radio 4]] ee ''[[Great Lives]]'' sannadkii 2007, halkaas oo uu u magacaabay [[Brian Clough]] inuu yahay "nolol weyn".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b006qxsb|title=BBC Radio 4 – Great Lives|website=BBC}}</ref> 19-kii Maayo 2018, [[BBC Two]] waxay ugu dabbaal-degtay shaqadii Motson fiid ka kooban saddex barnaamij oo gaar ah – ''[[Mastermind (TV series)|Motty Mastermind]]'', ''Motty – The Man Behind the Sheepskin'' iyo ''Countdown to the Full Motty''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b0b49n08/mastermind-motty-mastermind|title=Mastermind – Motty Mastermind|access-date=19 May 2018|via=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b0b49n0b/motty-the-man-behind-the-sheepskin|title=Motty – The Man Behind the Sheepskin|access-date=19 May 2018|via=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/live/bbctwo|title=BBC iPlayer – Watch BBC Two live|website=BBC iPlayer|access-date=19 May 2018}}</ref> ​Motson waxaa loo magacaabay [[Officer of the Order of the British Empire]] (OBE) ee [[2001 Birthday Honours]] adeeggii uu u fidiyay baahinta ciyaaraha.<ref>United Kingdom {{London Gazette| issue=56237 |date=16 June 2001|pages=12 |supp=1}}</ref> Wuxuu ku dhex dhintay hurdada 23-kii Febraayo 2023, isagoo jira da'da 77. Wuxuu qabay cudurka kansarka mindhicirka tan iyo 2014, laakiin lama xaqiijin in xaaladdaas ay la xiriirtay geeridiisa iyo in kale.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/64742833|title=Legendary commentator Motson dies aged 77|work=BBC Sport |accessdate=23 February 2023 |date=23 February 2023}}</ref> ​ == Daabacaadaha == *{{cite book|last=Motson|first=John|title=Second to None: great teams of post-war football|url=https://archive.org/details/secondtononegrea0000mots|year=1972|publisher=Newton Abbot, Sportsmans Book Club|isbn=0-7207-0605-X}} *{{cite book|last=Motson|first=John (with J. Rowlinson)|title=History of the European Cup|year=1980|publisher=Queen Anne P|isbn=0-362-00512-5}} *{{cite book|last=Motson|first=John|title=Motty's Diary: a year in the life of a commentator|url=https://archive.org/details/mottysdiaryyeari0000mots|year=1996|publisher=London, Virgin Books|isbn=1-85227-620-7}} *{{cite book|last=Motson|first=John|title=Match of the Day: the complete record|year=1994|publisher=BBC Books|isbn=978-0-563-37062-8}} *{{cite book|last=Motson|first=John|title=Motty's Year|url=https://archive.org/details/mottysyear0000mots|year=2004|publisher=BBC Books|isbn=978-0-563-52174-7}} *{{cite book|last=Motson|first=John|title=Motson's National Obsession: The Greatest Football Trivia Book Ever|year=2004|publisher=Sanctuary Publishing Ltd|isbn=978-1-86074-601-7|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/motsonsnationalo00adam}} *{{cite book|last=Motson|first=John|title=Motson's FA Cup Odyssey|year=2005|publisher=Robson Books Ltd|isbn=978-1-86105-903-1|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/motsonsfacupodys0000mots}} *{{cite book|last=Motson|first=John|title=Motson's World Cup Extravaganza|url=https://archive.org/details/motsonsworldcupe0000mots|year=2006|publisher=Robson Books Ltd|isbn=978-1-86105-936-9}} ​{{cite book | date = 20 May 2010 | title = Motty | url = https://archive.org/details/mottyfortyyearsi0000mots | last = Motson | first = John | publisher = [[Virgin Books]] | isbn = 978-0-7535-1813-7 }} ​ == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} ​ == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Commons category}} *{{IMDb name|0609441}} *[https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tv_and_radio/match_of_the_day/882124.stm Motson's biography at BBC Sport Online] *[https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/worldcup2002/bsp/motty/default.stm ''Mini-Motty''] *[http://www.longballgame.com/motson.htm Quotes from John Motson] ​{{Authority control}} ​{{DEFAULTSORT:Motson, John}} iflguycqj3kcb3sm2mdqzwht5viem23 0 46826 305882 293966 2026-08-24T18:31:58Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305882 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox rugby biography | name = Phil Bennett<br />{{post-nominals|country=GBR|OBE}} | image = Phil Bennett.jpg | caption = | birth_name = Philip Bennett | birth_date = {{Birth date|1948|10|24|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Felinfoel]], [[Carmarthenshire]], Wales | death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|6|12|1948|10|24|df=y}} | death_place = Felinfoel, Carmarthenshire, Wales | height = {{convert|170|cm|ftin|abbr=on}} | weight = {{convert|72|kg|stlb|abbr=on}} | ru_position = [[Fly-half (rugby union)|Fly-half]] | amatyears1 = |amatteam1 = [[Felinfoel RFC]] |amatapps1 = |amatpoints1 = | amatyears2 = 1966–1981 |amatteam2 = [[Llanelli RFC]] |amatapps2 = 414 |amatpoints2 = 2,535 | amatyears3 = 1970–1980 |amatteam3 = [[Barbarian F.C.|Barbarians]] |amatapps3 = 20 |amatpoints3 = 181 | repyears1 = 1969–1978 |repteam1 = [[Wales national rugby union team|Wales]] |repcaps1 = 29 |reppoints1 = 166 | repyears2 = 1974–1977 |repteam2 = [[British & Irish Lions|British Lions]] |repcaps2 = 8 |reppoints2 = 44 }} '''Philip Bennett''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|OBE}} (24 Oktoobar 1948 – 12 Juun 2022) wuxuu ahaa ciyaaryahan Welsh ah oo ciyaari jiray [[rugby union]], kaas oo u soo ciyaaray booska [[fly-half]] kooxda [[Llanelli RFC]] iyo [[Wales national rugby union team|xulka qaranka Wales]]. Wuxuu bilaabay xirfadiisa 1966, sannad ka dibna wuxuu kala wareegay [[Barry John]] booska fly-half ee koowaad ee Llanelli. Wuxuu u saftay Scarlets 414 kulan muddadii 15-ka sano ahayd ee xirfadiisa, isagoo dhaliyay 131 tries, 43 drop goals, 293 pens iyo 523 conversions. Markiisii u horreysay wuxuu Wales u saftay 1969, balse ilaa uu John ka fariistay rugby-ga 1972-kii ayuu Bennett noqday ciyaaryahan si joogto ah ugu soo bilowda dalkiisa. Wuxuu Wales u horseeday hanashada horyaalka [[Six Nations Championship|Five Nations Championship]], oo ay ku jirto Grand Slam sannadkii 1978, taas oo ku dhammaatay inuu ka fariisto gudashada waajibaadka xulka Wales. ​Bennett wuxuu sidoo kale la safray kooxda [[British & Irish Lions|British Lions]] markii ay tageen [[1974 British Lions tour to South Africa|Koonfur Afrika sannadkii 1974]], markaas oo aan looga guulaysan 22 kulan, iyo [[1977 British Lions tour to New Zealand|New Zealand sannadkii 1977]], wuxuuna sidoo kale u saftay 20 kulan kooxda [[Barbarian F.C.|Barbarians]] intii u dhaxeysay 1970 iyo 1980; wuxuu door muhiim ah ka qaatay [[Barbarians vs New Zealand, 1973|guushii laga gaaray New Zealand sannadkii 1973]], taas oo dad badani u tixgeliyaan inay ahayd ciyaartii rugby union ee ugu fiicnayd ee abid la ciyaaro.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2020/may/15/rugby-union-gareth-edwards-barbarians-all-blacks-new-zealand-1973|title=My favourite game: Gareth Edwards and the Baa-Baas stun All Blacks |work=The Guardian |date=15 May 2020}}</ref> ​Bennett waxaa lagu daray [[World Rugby Hall of Fame]] sannadkii 2015.<ref name="World Rugby Hall of Fame 2015" /> Sannadkii 2020, ''try''-gii uu Wales u dhaliyay isagoo ka horjeeda [[Scotland national rugby union team|Scotland]] bishii Maarso 1977 ayaa loo codeeyay inuu yahay ''try''-gii ugu weynaa ee Wales abid dhaliso.<ref name=Wales3>{{cite web|url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/sport/rugby/rugby-news/everyones-watching-official-best-wales-24209449 |website=walesonline.co.uk|title=Everyone's watching the official best Wales rugby try ever after Phil Bennett's death|date=13 June 2022|access-date=15 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Scotland 9 FT Wales 18|url=https://www.espn.com/rugby/match?gameId=21022&league=180659|website=ESPN.co.uk |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |accessdate=15 June 2022 }}</ref> ==Nolosha hore== Bennett wuxuu ku dhashay [[Felinfoel]], [[Carmarthenshire]], 24-kii Oktoobar 1948.<ref name="BBC"/><ref name=Guardian>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2022/jun/12/phil-bennett-welsh-fly-half-dies-aged-73|work=[[The Guardian]]|title=Rugby union pays tribute to Phil Bennett, who has died aged 73|date=12 June 2022|access-date=14 June 2022}}</ref> Aabihiis, Les, wuxuu ka shaqayn jiray warshadda birta ee deegaanka Llanelli ilaa uu shil warshadeed ku dhacay,<ref name=Independent>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.ie/sport/rugby/phil-bennett-obituary-twinkle-toed-wales-and-lions-out-half-who-created-famed-barbarians-try-41745485.html|publisher=[[Irish Independent]] |title=Phil Bennett obituary: Twinkle-toed Wales and Lions out-half who created famed Barbarians try|date=12 June 2022|access-date=14 June 2022}}</ref> hooyadiis, Mary, waxay ka shaqayn jirtay warshad baabuurta lagu riixo oo deegaanka ah.<ref name=Guardian/> Bennett wuxuu inta badan ahaa ilmo xanuunsada, aabihiisana waxaa loo sheegay in "uusan waligiis yeelan doonin dhismaha jirka ee lagu ciyaaro rugby-ga".<ref name=Independent/> Isagoo dhalinyaro ah, Bennett wuxuu ka shaqeeyay warshadda birta ee deegaanka, waxaana tijaabo u soo bandhigay kooxda [[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham United]] isagoo ah [[Football player|ciyaaryahan kubbadda cagta]].<ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/rugby-union/59951331|publisher=[[BBC]]|title=Obituary: Legendary Wales and British and Irish Lions fly-half Phil Bennett|date=12 June 2022|access-date=14 June 2022}}</ref> ==Xirfada rugbyga== ===Xirfadda Kooxda=== Bennett wuxuu xirfadiisa rugby-ga ka bilaabay [[Felinfoel RFC]], ka hor intaanay qaadan kooxda u dhow ee [[Llanelli RFC]].<ref name="WRU"/> Wuxuu u saftay Scarlets markii uu ahaa 18 jir,<ref name=Guardian/> isagoo ku bilowday booska [[fly-half]] ciyaar 18–9 guuldarro ah oo marti ugu ahaayeen kooxda ay xafiiltamaan ee [[Swansea RFC]] 12-kii Noofambar 1966.<ref name=Wales/><ref name=Guardian/> Wuxuu u saftay saddex jeer oo kale xilli ciyaareedkii 1966–67, kuwaas oo dhammaantood ahaa booska [[Full-back (rugby union)|full-back]]. Ka dib markii [[Barry John]] uu u wareegay [[Cardiff RFC]] dhammaadkii xilli ciyaareedka, Bennett wuxuu la wareegay booska koowaad ee fly-half ee Llanelli, xilli ciyaareedkiisii ugu horreeyay ee buuxana, waxay ku guuleysteen horyaalka kooxaha Welsh ee [[Western Mail (Wales)|Western Mail]].<ref name="Llanelli">{{cite web|url=http://www.llanellirfc.co.uk/125-2 |website=llanellirfc.co.uk|title=PHistory|access-date=15 June 2022}}</ref> Waxay horyaalkaas ku guuleysteen laba jeer oo kale muddadii Bennett uu kooxda joogay,<ref name="Llanelli"/> iyo sidoo kale inay gaareen finalka [[WRU Challenge Cup]] mid kasta oo ka mid ah shantii sano ee u horreysay, iyagoo afar jeer oo xiriir ah ku guuleystay 1973 ilaa 1976.<ref name=Wales/> Muddadii ay socotay [[1972–73 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland, France and North America|socdaalkii rugby-ga New Zealand ee Britain ee 1972–73]], Bennett wuxuu u ciyaaray kooxda Llanelli ee [[Llanelli RFC 9–3 New Zealand|ka guuleysatay "All Blacks" ee New Zealand 9–3]].<ref name=Wales>{{cite news |title=Phil Bennett statement in full as Scarlets confirm hero's death and honour 'an icon' |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/sport/rugby/rugby-news/phil-bennett-statement-full-scarlets-24208475 |website=walesonline.co.uk |date=12 June 2022 |access-date=14 June 2022 }}</ref> Wuxuu ka fariistay rugby-ga kooxaha sannadkii 1981, isagoo u saftay Llanelli 414 kulan isla markaana dhaliyay 2,535 dhibcood.<ref name=Guardian/><ref name=Wales/> ​Wuxuu sidoo kale 20 jeer u ciyaaray [[Barbarian F.C.|Barbarians]], oo ay ku jirto ciyaartii All Blacks ee [[Barbarians vs New Zealand, 1973|Janaayo 1973]]. Bilowgii ciyaarta, ka dib markii New Zealand ay soo laadatay kubbad dheer, Bennett wuxuu kubbadda ku qabtay gudaha aaggiisa 25-ka mitir; wuxuu markaas ka gudbay afar ciyaaryahan oo All Black ah ka hor intaanu kubbadda u gudbin [[J. P. R. Williams]]. Barbarians waxay u yaaceen dhanka kale, dhaqdhaqaaqaas oo ku dhammaaday ''try'' uu dhaliyay saaxiibkiisa booska kale ee Bennett oo ahaa [[Gareth Edwards (rugby union)|Gareth Edwards]]. ''Try''-gaas waxaa badanaa loo tixgeliyaa inuu yahay kii ugu fiicnaa ee abid la dhaliyo.<ref>{{cite news |title=The greatest try ever scored? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/rugby-union/21205137 |website=BBC Sport |date=26 January 2013 |accessdate=14 June 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Andy |last=Bull |title=Barbarians 'greatest try' against All Blacks is relived 40 years on |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2013/jan/27/barbarians-all-blacks-greatest-try |work=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian News & Media |date=27 January 2013 |accessdate=14 June 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Ben |last=Blackmore |title=The greatest try ever scored |url=http://en.espn.co.uk/rugbyunion/sport/story/60093.html |website=ESPN.co.uk |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=2 December 2010 |accessdate=14 June 2022 }}</ref> ​ ===Xirfadda Caalamiga ah=== Bennett wuxuu markii u horreysay [[Wales national rugby union team|Wales]] u saftay isagoo ka horjeeda [[France national rugby union team|Faransiiska]] garoonka [[Stade Yves-du-Manoir|Stade Colombes]] ee Paris 22-kii Maarso 1969; wuxuu ka soo kacay kursiga kaydka si uu u beddelo [[Gerald Davies]] oo dhaawacmay, taas oo ka dhigtay beddelkii ugu horreeyay ee abid u safta xulka qaranka Wales.<ref name="Smith397">Smith (1980), pg 397.</ref> Bennett markiisii u horreysay ee uu ku soo bilaawdo waxay ahayd garabka midig ciyaar ka horjeedday Koonfur Afrika bishii Janaayo 1970,<ref name="espn3">{{cite web |title=Phil Bennett Wales |url=http://en.espn.co.uk/scrum/rugby/player/7435.html |website=ESPN.co.uk |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |accessdate=15 June 2022 |archive-date=28 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928165224/http://en.espn.co.uk/scrum/rugby/player/7435.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> booskaas oo uusan aqoon u lahayn, balse waxaa loo tixgeliyey inuu "aad u fiican yahay in laga tago";<ref>{{cite book |last1=Evans |first1=Howard |year=2011 |title=Welsh International Matches 1881–2011 |location=Talybont, Ceredigion |publisher=Y Lolfa |page=119 |isbn=978-1-84771-356-8 }}</ref> wuxuu markaas u wareegay booska inside centre ciyaartii u horreysay ee Wales ee [[1970 Five Nations Championship]] ee ay la lahaayeen [[Scotland national rugby union team|Scotland]], ka hor intaanu markii u horreysay fly-half ugu soo muuqan ciyaartii Faransiiska laba bilood ka dib.<ref name="espn3"/> Wuxuu sugay ku dhowaad laba sano si uu mar kale u safto, isagoo beddel ahaan u soo galay [[J. P. R. Williams]] oo dhaawacmay booska full-back, balse ka dib markii Barry John uu si lama filaan ah uga fariistay rugby-ga 1972-kii, Bennett wuxuu qaatay maaliyadda nambarka 10-aad si joogto ah.<ref name="WRU2">{{cite web|url=https://www.wru.wales/2020/04/on-this-day-phil-bennetts-first-start-at-no10/|publisher=[[Welsh Rugby Union]]|title=On This Day: Phil Bennett's First Start at No10|date=4 April 2020|access-date=15 June 2022}}</ref> ​Bennett wuxuu xubin ka noqday kooxda [[British and Irish Lions]] ee [[1974 British Lions tour to South Africa|socdaalkii Koonfur Afrika ee 1974]],<ref name=Guardian/> kooxdaas oo loo yaqaannay "The Invincibles" (Kuwa aan laga adkaan karin).<ref name=Guardian/> Waxay guuleysteen 21 ka mid ah 22-kii kulan ee ay ciyaareen iyo taxanihii Test-ka oo ay 3–0 ku badiyeen, iyadoo hal ciyaar oo qura ay bareejo galeen.<ref name=Guardian/> Bennett wuxuu dhaliyay 103 dhibcood, taas oo ahayd intii ugu badnayd ee qof dhaliyo socdaalkaas.<ref name=Guardian/> Wuxuu mar kale la safray British and Irish Lions markii ay tageen [[1977 British Lions tour to New Zealand|New Zealand sannadkii 1977]], balse markan wuxuu ahaa kabtan, halkaas oo uu mar kale ku noqday ciyaaryahanka ugu dhibcaha badan isagoo dhaliyay 125 dhibcood.<ref name=Guardian/> Bennett wuxuu ka fariistay rugby union-ka caalamiga ah sannadkii 1978 isagoo u saftay Wales 29 kulan intii u dhaxeysay 1969 iyo 1978. Tan waxaa ku jiray laba [[Six Nations Championship|Five Nations Championship]] [[Grand Slam (rugby union)|Grand Slams]] iyo saddex [[Triple Crown (rugby union)|Triple Crowns]].<ref name="Wales 2">{{cite web|url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/sport/rugby/rugby-news/phil-bennett-dies-wales-rugby-23879757 |website=Wales Online|publisher=Media Wales|title=Wales rugby legend Phil Bennett dies aged 73|date=12 June 2022|access-date=14 June 2022}}</ref> Waxaa la guddoonsiiyay billadda [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] ee [[1978 New Year Honours]] adeegyadiisii kubbadda rugby-ga awgeed.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=47418 |date=30 December 1977 |pages=10|supp=y}}</ref><ref name=Independent/> ​Isagoo ah kabtanka Wales, Bennett wuxuu jeediyay khudbad kooxda lagu dhiirigelinayo ciyaarta ka hor horyaalka Five Nations Championship oo ay la lahaayeen [[England national rugby union team|England]] 5-tii Maarso 1977: ​<blockquote> "Fiiriya waxa ay kuwaan (bastards) ku sameeyeen Wales. Waxay naga qaateen dhuxul-dhagaxayadii, biyahayadii, birteedii. Waxay iibsadaan guryahayaga waxayna ku noolaadaan laba toddobaad sannad kasta. Maxay na siiyeen? Gebi ahaanba waxba. Ingiriisku waa na miiteeyeen, na kufsadeen, na xukumeen, na ciqaabeen – waana kuwa aad galabta la ciyaaraysaan,"<ref name="WRU">{{cite web|url=https://www.wru.wales/2022/06/obituary-welsh-rugby-loses-twinkle-toed-benny/|publisher=[[Welsh Rugby Union]]|title=Obituary: Welsh rugby loses twinkle-toed 'Benny'|date=12 June 2022|access-date=14 June 2022}}</ref> </blockquote> ​ ==Hawlgabnimo ka dib== Ka dib markii uu fariistay, Bennett wuxuu noqday faalleeye ka tirsan [[BBC Wales]] isagoo ka shaqayn jiray tebinta rugby-ga ee raadiyaha iyo telefishinka.<ref name=Wales/> Wuxuu sidoo kale qoraallo joogto ah ku lahaa wargeysyada ''[[South Wales Evening Post]]'' iyo ''[[Daily Mirror]]''.<ref name=Wales/> Bennett wuxuu daabacay buugga taariikh nololeedkiisa sannadkii 2004.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bennett |first1=Phil |last2=Thomas |first2=Graham |title=Phil Bennett: The Autobiography |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-00-716255-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c0l2AAAACAAJ |access-date=14 June 2022 }}</ref> Sannadkii 2007, waxaa lagu daray [[Welsh Sports Hall of Fame]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Phil Bennett |url=https://welsh-sports-hall-of-fame.wales/az/phil-bennett/ |website=Welsh Sports Hall Of Fame |access-date=17 June 2022 |date=2007}}</ref> Waxaa loo magacaabay madaxweynaha dhinac-goboleedka [[Scarlets]] sannadkii 2011.<ref name=Wales/> Sannadkii 2015, waxaa lagu daray [[World Rugby Hall of Fame]]<ref name="World Rugby Hall of Fame 2015">{{cite web |title=2015 in Review: Hall of Fame inductees |url=https://www.world.rugby/news/129278/2015-in-review-hall-of-fame-inductees |website=www.world.rugby |publisher=[[World Rugby Hall of Fame]] |date=27 December 2016 |access-date=17 June 2022|quote=The full list of inductees into the World Rugby Hall of Fame in 2015 (in alphabetical order) is: Phil Bennett (Wales), Naas Botha (South Africa), Gordon B...}}</ref> (waxaa lagu xusay mareegta Hall of Fame in la daray 2014-kii).<ref name="World Rugby Hall of Fame 2014">{{cite web |title=Phil Bennett |url=https://www.world.rugby/halloffame/inductees/731 |website=www.world.rugby |publisher=[[World Rugby Hall of Fame]] |access-date=17 June 2022 |language=en |date=2014|quote=TEAM Wales POSITION Fly Half INDUCTED TO HOF '''2014''' CAREER 1968-1978}}</ref> Bishii Abriil 2022, taallo uu Bennett u qoray Simon Hedger ayaa laga taagay tuulada uu Bennett ka soo jeedo ee Felinfoel.<ref>{{cite news |title=Statue of Llanelli rugby legend Phil Bennett unveiled |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-61121358 |website=BBC News |date=15 April 2022 |accessdate=14 June 2022 }}</ref> ​==Geerida== Bennett wuxuu dhintay 12-kii Juun 2022 ka dib xanuun dheer isagoo jira 73 sano.<ref name="BBC"/><ref name="Wales 2"/> ''[[The Guardian]]'' waxay sheegtay in Bennett uu ahaa "mid ka mid ah fly-halves-yadii ugu weynaa ee u ciyaara Wales iyo British and Irish Lions.<ref name=Guardian/> [[World Rugby]], oo ah hay'adda maamusha rugby union-ka adduunka, waxay Bennett ka tiri inuu ahaa "mid ka mid ah kuwii ugu weynaa ee abid ciyaara ciyaartan. Dhaxalka Phil Bennett iyo saameyntiisu waa mid aan la dafiri karin."<ref name="Tweet">{{Cite tweet |user=WorldRugby|number=1536250459068977152|title=One of the greatest to have ever played the game. Phil Bennett's legacy and his impact are undeniable.|access-date=14 June 2022|date=Jun 13, 2022}}</ref> [[Welsh Rugby Union]] waxay sheegeen inuu ahaa "halyeey rugby Welsh ah marka kasta oo la eego iyo nin sharaf leh".<ref name="Tweet 2">{{Cite tweet |user=WelshRugbyUnion |number=1536079636488232961 |title=Such sad news from Llanelli this evening with the passing of Phil Bennett, a Welsh rugby legend in every sense and true gentleman |access-date=14 June 2022 |date=12 June 2022 }}</ref> ​19-kii Juun 2022, ciyaartii ay la lahaayeen [[England national rugby union team|England]] ka hor, ciyaartoyda Barbarians waxay u istaageen qaabka nambarka 10-aad si loo sharfo Bennett, waxaana garoonka looga dhawaaqay hal daqiiqo oo sacab ah. Fly-half-ka Barbarians [[Antoine Hastoy]] wuxuu magaciisa ku soo qortay dhabarka maaliyaddiisa isagoo u qoran midab casaan ah halkii uu ka ahaan lahaa cawl. <ref name=Wales4>{{cite web|title=Phil Bennett honoured with touching Barbarians tribute from players moments before kick-off against England|url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/sport/rugby/rugby-news/phil-bennett-honoured-touching-barbarians-24267167|website=walesonline.co.uk|date=19 June 2022|access-date=21 June 2022}}</ref> ​12-kii Juun 2023, [[Scarlets]] waxay ku dhawaaqeen inay Barbarians la ciyaari doonaan kulan saaxiibtinimo oo xilli-ciyaareedka ka hor ah, iyadoo ciyaartaas loo aqoonsaday inay tahay ''Ciyaarta Xusuusta Phil Bennett'' (Phil Bennett Memorial Game). Deeq ka dhalatay dakhliga tigidhada ciyaarta waxaa la siin doonaa Phil Bennett Foundation, oo ah hay'ad samafal oo loo aasaasay xusuusta Bennett si looga caawiyo ururinta lacago samafal ah oo lagu caawinayo shakhsiyaadka danyarta ah, naafada ah ama aan fursadaha haysan si ay uga qayb qaataan isboortiga.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.scarlets.wales/article/scarlets-to-take-on-barbarians-in-phil-bennett-memorial-game/ |publisher=Scarlets Rugby |title=Scarlets to take on Barbarians in Phil Bennett Memorial Game|date=12 June 2023|accessdate=14 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://philbennettfoundation.com/|title=The Phil Bennett Foundation|access-date=23 August 2023}}</ref> Ciyaartaas waxaa la ciyaaray 16-kii Sebtembar 2023 waxaana Scarlets ay ku badisay 33–19.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/rugby-union/66789346 |publisher=BBC Sport |title=Phil Bennett memorial match: Scarlets 33-19 Barbarians|date=16 September 2023|accessdate=16 September 2023}}</ref> ​ ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} ​==Buug-yaro== ​{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=David |last2=Williams |first2=Gareth |title=Fields of Praise: The Official History of The Welsh Rugby Union |url=https://archive.org/details/fieldsofpraiseof0000smit |year=1980 |publisher=University of Wales Press |location=Cardiff |isbn=0-7083-0766-3 }} ​{{cite book |last=Bennett |first=Phil |title=Phil Bennett: The Autobiography |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-00-816121-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0WRqCgAAQBAJ }} ​==Xiriirinta dibadda== *[http://www.sporting-heroes.net/rugby-heroes/displayhero.asp?HeroID=3126 Mareegta Sporting Heroes] 3avymoq2x8pceax2zcquxsbiv3rqmfi 0 47581 305765 298395 2026-08-24T16:48:56Z Farah26161 45119 305765 wikitext text/x-wiki Beesha Reer Jibriil (Dhulbahante) '''Beesha Reer Jibriil''' ama loo yaqaan Jibriil Naalaye waa beel fac weyn oo ka mid ah beelaha ugu miisaanka culus beelweynta [[Maxamuud Garaad]], ee ka tirsan qabiilka weyn ee [[Reer-Darawiish|Dhulbahante]]. Beeshani waxay leedahay taariikh soo jireen ah, dhaqan adag, iyo kaalin muuqata oo ay kaga jirto sooyaalka ummadda [[Soomaaliyeed]]. Waxay caan ku tahay geesinimo, deris-wanaag, waddaniyad, iyo ilaalinta sharafta deegaanka.<ref>lLewis, I (1999). ''A Pastoral Democracy''. From the eponym '''Si'iid Harti''' (nicknamed 'Dulbahante') descend five lineages, 1:Hussein S`iid. 2:Muuse Si'iid, 3:Mahammad Si'iid, 4:Ahmad Si'iid and 5:Yunnis Si'iid</ref> == Deegaanka iyo Juqoraafiga == Asal ahaan iyo deegaan ahaanba, beesha Reer Jibriil waxay degtaa dhul balaadhan oo istaraatiiji ah, kaas oo u badan gobollada [[Sool, Sanaag & Cayn|Sool]] iyo [[Sanaag]] ee [[waqooyibari]] [[Soomaaliya]] Bulshada beeshan ayaa ah kuwo inta badan noloshoodu ku tiirsan tahay xoolo-dhaqasho iyo ganacsi. Dhaqanka beesha waxaa astaan u ah nabad-jacayl iyo inay ixtiraam iyo sharaf kula noolaadaan beelaha ood-wadaagta yihiin. Hase ahaatee, waa beel leh mabda' adag oo iska caabisa, kana gasha difaac dhab ah wixii gardarro ama daandaansi ah ee lagula kaco. == Abtirsiinta iyo Qaab-dhismeedka Beesha == Beelwaynta '''Jibriil Naaleeye''', waxay u kala baxdaa saddex lafood oo waaweyn. Qaybinta beeshu waxay ku salaysan tahay nidaamka Soomaalidu u taqaan "Bah" (habar-wadaag). '''Jibriil Naaleeye''' wuxuu u kala baxaa: <nowiki>*</nowiki> '''Samakaab Jibriil''' (Bah gooni ah – Bahayaag ) <nowiki/>* '''Axmed Jibriil''' iyo '''Faahiye Jibriil''' (Isku bah – *Bihidoor*) Hoos waxaa ku xusan sida ay saddexdaas lafood ee waaweyni u sii kala baxaan: 1. Samakaab Jibriil <nowiki>*</nowiki> '''Bacanbaro (Isku bah):''' <nowiki/> <nowiki/>* Cabdi Samakaab <nowiki/>* Yuusuf Samakaab <nowiki/>* Faarax Samakaab <nowiki/>* Cadaad Samakaab <nowiki/>* '''Bihinajaamac (Isku bah):''' <nowiki/>* Faatax Samakaab <nowiki/>* Cabdule Samakaab <nowiki/>* '''Bihinacaamir (Isku bah):''' <nowiki/>* Maxamuud Samakaab <nowiki/>* Maxamed Samakaab <nowiki/>* '''Bihina Axmed (Isku bah):''' <nowiki/>* Caraale Samakaab <nowiki/>* Ismaaciil Samakaab <nowiki/>* Salax Samakaab <nowiki/>* Aadan Samakaab <nowiki/>* Guuleed Samakaab 2. Axmed Jibriil Laanta Axmed Jibriil waxay u kala baxdaa saddexdan farac: <nowiki/>* Aadan Axmed <nowiki/>* Faahiye Axmed <nowiki/>* Abraahim Axmed 3. Faahiye Jibriil Laanta Faahiye Jibriil waxay iyana u kala baxdaa saddexdan farac: <nowiki/>* Cali Faahiye <nowiki/>* Maxamed Faahiye <nowiki>*</nowiki> Maxamuud Faahiye<ref>https://www.abtirsi.com/view.php?person=468&abtirsiLang=5</ref><ref>https://www.togaherer.com/2021/09/08/xuseen-aadan-cade-iyo-cabdifataax-baadari-xaalad-abuurka-ha-ka-daayaan-degmada-xudun/</ref> == Taariikhda iyo Halgankii Gobannimo-doonka == Taariikhda casriga ah iyo tii hore ee <nowiki>[[Soomaaliya]]</nowiki>, beesha Reer Jibriil waxay ku suntan tahay gobonimo-doon iyo halgan aan leexleexad lahayn. Waxyaabaha ugu waaweyn ee diiwaanka taariikhda looga hayo waxaa ka mid ah: <nowiki/>* '''Doorkii Dhaqdhaqaaqii Daraawiisheed:''' Beeshu waxay safka hore kaga jirtay gulufyadii iyo dagaaladii gumeysi-diidka ahaa ee dhaqdhaqaaqii <nowiki>[[Daraawiish|Daraawiisheed]]</nowiki> uu ku qaaday gumeystihii <nowiki>[[Ingiriiska]]</nowiki>. Waxay halgankaas ku bixiyeen naf iyo maal si ay u ilaaliyaan xornimada dhulka, diinta, iyo dadka Soomaaliyeed. <nowiki>*</nowiki> '''Dhismaha Qaranimada Soomaaliyeed:''' Markii dalku xoroobay kadib, Reer Jibriil kama aanay harin horumarka, waxayna si firfircoon uga soo qayb qaateen dhismihii heerar kala duwanaa ee dawladda [[Soomaaliyeed]], iyagoo bulshada dhexdeeda ku leh door odaynimo, hoggaamineed, iyo nabadeed. == dadka Caankaa ee beesha u dhashay == Beeshan waxaa ka soo baxay halyeeyo, madax, iyo waxgarad sumcad weyn ku leh taariikhda iyo siyaasadda Soomaalida, kuwaas oo kaalin weyn ka qaatay is-maamulka iyo horumarka bulshada. Shakhsiyaadkaas magaca weyn reebay waxaa ka mid ah: '''Cali Duulane''' Waa halyeey iyo shakhsi taariikhi ah oo magac iyo maamuus ku dhex leh bulshada, kaasi oo door muhiim ah ku lahaa waayihii taariikhda ee beesha iyo guud ahaan Soomaalida. isagoo ahaa Hoggaamiye miisaan culus leh sidoo kale ahaaa abaanduule taariikhda soomalida wacdaro ka dhigay boos waynna ka galay <nowiki>'''</nowiki>[[Xasan Daahir Af-qurac|Xasan]] [[Xasan Daahir Af-qurac|daahir A-qurac]]<nowiki>'''</nowiki> wuxuu ahaa siyaasi rug-caddaa ah oo Soomaaliyeed, waddani, iyo oday dhaqameed magac weyn ku lahaa dalka. Wuxuu si gaar ah taariikhda ugu galay inuu soo noqday Madaxweyne Ku-xigeenkii Dawlad-goboleedka [[Puntland]].<ref>https://www.africaintelligence.com/eastern-africa-and-the-horn/2005/01/15/hassan-dahir-afqurac,12647153-art</ref> <nowiki>'''JAAMAC BILAAL MAXAMED'''</nowiki> (qiyaastii 1885–1960) Waxaa sidoo kale loo yaqaannay Macallin Jama Bilaal. Wuxuu ahaa bare, macallin diimeed iyo nin waddaniyadda u dhaqdhaqaaqa. Wuxuu ku dhashay kuna soo barbaaray Cadan. Markii uu dhallinyaro ahaa wuxuu xoghayn u ahaa boqorkii Majeerteeniya Boqor Cismaan Maxamuud, waxaana 1927-kii ay Talyaanigu u taxaabeen xabsi, xilligii Majeerteeniya Talyaanigu qabsaday.<ref name=":0">https://www.somalispot.com/threads/the-fathers-of-modern-somali-education.126407/</ref> Kadib markii la sii daayay wuxuu ku hawlgalay ganacsi wuxuuna 1935 u guuray Muqdisho, halkaas oo mar kale lagu xiray sababo la xiriira hawlihiisii waddaninimo. Markii la sii daayay 1936-kii, wuxuu ka furay Xamar iskuul gaar ah (Private), wuxuuna noloshiisa u hibeeyay waxbaridda soomaalida.<ref name=":0" /> Sannadkii 1950-kii xilligii maamulka Wisaayada waxaa loo magacaabay kormeere (inspector) dugsiyada hoose. Sanadkii 1954-kii, dawladda Talyaanigu waxay guddoonsiisay Croce di Cavaliere iyo billad sharaf.<ref name=":0" /> Macalin Jaamac waxa uu ahaa aabbihii waxbarashada casriga ah ee soomaalida.<ref>https://www.facebook.com/61573597594815/posts/waa-sawirka-macallin-jaamac-bilaal-macallinkii-macallimiinta-waxbarashada-casrig/122186234408786586/</ref> jaamac Bilaal Maxamed ombupopy3s6vvsicunkl0gwu6lvz2hs 305766 305765 2026-08-24T17:05:29Z Farah26161 45119 /* dadka Caankaa ee beesha u dhashay */ 305766 wikitext text/x-wiki Beesha Reer Jibriil (Dhulbahante) '''Beesha Reer Jibriil''' ama loo yaqaan Jibriil Naalaye waa beel fac weyn oo ka mid ah beelaha ugu miisaanka culus beelweynta [[Maxamuud Garaad]], ee ka tirsan qabiilka weyn ee [[Reer-Darawiish|Dhulbahante]]. Beeshani waxay leedahay taariikh soo jireen ah, dhaqan adag, iyo kaalin muuqata oo ay kaga jirto sooyaalka ummadda [[Soomaaliyeed]]. Waxay caan ku tahay geesinimo, deris-wanaag, waddaniyad, iyo ilaalinta sharafta deegaanka.<ref>lLewis, I (1999). ''A Pastoral Democracy''. From the eponym '''Si'iid Harti''' (nicknamed 'Dulbahante') descend five lineages, 1:Hussein S`iid. 2:Muuse Si'iid, 3:Mahammad Si'iid, 4:Ahmad Si'iid and 5:Yunnis Si'iid</ref> == Deegaanka iyo Juqoraafiga == Asal ahaan iyo deegaan ahaanba, beesha Reer Jibriil waxay degtaa dhul balaadhan oo istaraatiiji ah, kaas oo u badan gobollada [[Sool, Sanaag & Cayn|Sool]] iyo [[Sanaag]] ee [[waqooyibari]] [[Soomaaliya]] Bulshada beeshan ayaa ah kuwo inta badan noloshoodu ku tiirsan tahay xoolo-dhaqasho iyo ganacsi. Dhaqanka beesha waxaa astaan u ah nabad-jacayl iyo inay ixtiraam iyo sharaf kula noolaadaan beelaha ood-wadaagta yihiin. Hase ahaatee, waa beel leh mabda' adag oo iska caabisa, kana gasha difaac dhab ah wixii gardarro ama daandaansi ah ee lagula kaco. == Abtirsiinta iyo Qaab-dhismeedka Beesha == Beelwaynta '''Jibriil Naaleeye''', waxay u kala baxdaa saddex lafood oo waaweyn. Qaybinta beeshu waxay ku salaysan tahay nidaamka Soomaalidu u taqaan "Bah" (habar-wadaag). '''Jibriil Naaleeye''' wuxuu u kala baxaa: <nowiki>*</nowiki> '''Samakaab Jibriil''' (Bah gooni ah – Bahayaag ) <nowiki/>* '''Axmed Jibriil''' iyo '''Faahiye Jibriil''' (Isku bah – *Bihidoor*) Hoos waxaa ku xusan sida ay saddexdaas lafood ee waaweyni u sii kala baxaan: 1. Samakaab Jibriil <nowiki>*</nowiki> '''Bacanbaro (Isku bah):''' <nowiki/> <nowiki/>* Cabdi Samakaab <nowiki/>* Yuusuf Samakaab <nowiki/>* Faarax Samakaab <nowiki/>* Cadaad Samakaab <nowiki/>* '''Bihinajaamac (Isku bah):''' <nowiki/>* Faatax Samakaab <nowiki/>* Cabdule Samakaab <nowiki/>* '''Bihinacaamir (Isku bah):''' <nowiki/>* Maxamuud Samakaab <nowiki/>* Maxamed Samakaab <nowiki/>* '''Bihina Axmed (Isku bah):''' <nowiki/>* Caraale Samakaab <nowiki/>* Ismaaciil Samakaab <nowiki/>* Salax Samakaab <nowiki/>* Aadan Samakaab <nowiki/>* Guuleed Samakaab 2. Axmed Jibriil Laanta Axmed Jibriil waxay u kala baxdaa saddexdan farac: <nowiki/>* Aadan Axmed <nowiki/>* Faahiye Axmed <nowiki/>* Abraahim Axmed 3. Faahiye Jibriil Laanta Faahiye Jibriil waxay iyana u kala baxdaa saddexdan farac: <nowiki/>* Cali Faahiye <nowiki/>* Maxamed Faahiye <nowiki>*</nowiki> Maxamuud Faahiye<ref>https://www.abtirsi.com/view.php?person=468&abtirsiLang=5</ref><ref>https://www.togaherer.com/2021/09/08/xuseen-aadan-cade-iyo-cabdifataax-baadari-xaalad-abuurka-ha-ka-daayaan-degmada-xudun/</ref> == Taariikhda iyo Halgankii Gobannimo-doonka == Taariikhda casriga ah iyo tii hore ee <nowiki>[[Soomaaliya]]</nowiki>, beesha Reer Jibriil waxay ku suntan tahay gobonimo-doon iyo halgan aan leexleexad lahayn. Waxyaabaha ugu waaweyn ee diiwaanka taariikhda looga hayo waxaa ka mid ah: <nowiki/>* '''Doorkii Dhaqdhaqaaqii Daraawiisheed:''' Beeshu waxay safka hore kaga jirtay gulufyadii iyo dagaaladii gumeysi-diidka ahaa ee dhaqdhaqaaqii <nowiki>[[Daraawiish|Daraawiisheed]]</nowiki> uu ku qaaday gumeystihii <nowiki>[[Ingiriiska]]</nowiki>. Waxay halgankaas ku bixiyeen naf iyo maal si ay u ilaaliyaan xornimada dhulka, diinta, iyo dadka Soomaaliyeed. <nowiki>*</nowiki> '''Dhismaha Qaranimada Soomaaliyeed:''' Markii dalku xoroobay kadib, Reer Jibriil kama aanay harin horumarka, waxayna si firfircoon uga soo qayb qaateen dhismihii heerar kala duwanaa ee dawladda [[Soomaaliyeed]], iyagoo bulshada dhexdeeda ku leh door odaynimo, hoggaamineed, iyo nabadeed. == Dadka Caankaa ee beesha u dhashay == Beeshan waxaa ka soo baxay halyeeyo, madax, iyo waxgarad sumcad weyn ku leh taariikhda iyo siyaasadda Soomaalida, kuwaas oo kaalin weyn ka qaatay is-maamulka iyo horumarka bulshada. Shakhsiyaadkaas magaca weyn reebay waxaa ka mid ah: '''Cali Duulane''' Waa halyeey iyo shakhsi taariikhi ah oo magac iyo maamuus ku dhex leh bulshada, kaasi oo door muhiim ah ku lahaa waayihii taariikhda ee beesha iyo guud ahaan Soomaalida. isagoo ahaa Hoggaamiye miisaan culus leh sidoo kale ahaaa abaanduule taariikhda soomalida wacdaro ka dhigay boos waynna ka galay <nowiki>'''</nowiki>[[Xasan Daahir Af-qurac|Xasan]] [[Xasan Daahir Af-qurac|daahir A-qurac]]<nowiki>'''</nowiki> wuxuu ahaa siyaasi rug-caddaa ah oo Soomaaliyeed, waddani, iyo oday dhaqameed magac weyn ku lahaa dalka. Wuxuu si gaar ah taariikhda ugu galay inuu soo noqday Madaxweyne Ku-xigeenkii Dawlad-goboleedka [[Puntland]].<ref>https://www.africaintelligence.com/eastern-africa-and-the-horn/2005/01/15/hassan-dahir-afqurac,12647153-art</ref> <nowiki>'''JAAMAC BILAAL MAXAMED'''</nowiki> (qiyaastii 1885–1960) Waxaa sidoo kale loo yaqaannay Macallin Jama Bilaal. Wuxuu ahaa bare, macallin diimeed iyo nin waddaniyadda u dhaqdhaqaaqa. Wuxuu ku dhashay kuna soo barbaaray Cadan. Markii uu dhallinyaro ahaa wuxuu xoghayn u ahaa boqorkii Majeerteeniya Boqor Cismaan Maxamuud, waxaana 1927-kii ay Talyaanigu u taxaabeen xabsi, xilligii Majeerteeniya Talyaanigu qabsaday.<ref name=":0">https://www.somalispot.com/threads/the-fathers-of-modern-somali-education.126407/</ref> Kadib markii la sii daayay wuxuu ku hawlgalay ganacsi wuxuuna 1935 u guuray Muqdisho, halkaas oo mar kale lagu xiray sababo la xiriira hawlihiisii waddaninimo. Markii la sii daayay 1936-kii, wuxuu ka furay Xamar iskuul gaar ah (Private), wuxuuna noloshiisa u hibeeyay waxbaridda soomaalida.<ref name=":0" /> Sannadkii 1950-kii xilligii maamulka Wisaayada waxaa loo magacaabay kormeere (inspector) dugsiyada hoose. Sanadkii 1954-kii, dawladda Talyaanigu waxay guddoonsiisay Croce di Cavaliere iyo billad sharaf.<ref name=":0" /> Macalin Jaamac waxa uu ahaa aabbihii waxbarashada casriga ah ee soomaalida.<ref>https://www.facebook.com/61573597594815/posts/waa-sawirka-macallin-jaamac-bilaal-macallinkii-macallimiinta-waxbarashada-casrig/122186234408786586/</ref> jaamac Bilaal Maxamed ck7e7q1eng7e95vp0iv2y1xpjwo32nj 0 47590 305787 298433 2026-08-24T17:39:22Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305787 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eri-TV''', soo gaabiyey '''Telefishanka''' {{Langx|ti|ተለቪዥን ኤርትራ}} ), <ref name="eritv">https://www.alquds.co.uk/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%AB-%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A9/</ref> waa shabakadda telefishanka ee ay dawladdu leedahay ee Eritrea, oo la aasaasay Janaayo 1993 laba sano ka dib markii ay ''xorowday'' . Waxay xarunteedu tahay caasimadda [[Asmara]] waxayna baahisaa 24 saacadood maalintii. Eri-TV waxay bixisaa barnaamijyo kala duwan, sida wararka iyo arrimaha hadda jira, siyaasadda, horumarka, ciyaaraha, madadaalada, iyo dhaqanka iyo farshaxanka. <ref name="dictionaryeritrea">https://books.google.com/books?id=TC2OBAAAQBAJ&dq=eri+tv+on+satellite+2003&pg=PA108</ref> Eri-TV sidoo kale waa mid caan ka ah dadka reer Eritrea ee ku nool dibadda dalka iyadoo lagu qiyaasay 1-2 milyan oo daawadayaal ah toddobaadle, iyadoo shabakadu ay sheeganayso inay u isticmaasho inay la xiriirto. Shabakadu waxay maamushaa saddex saldhig oo telefishan oo waaweyn. <ref>{{Cite book|last=UNESCO|url=https://www.google.pt/books/edition/The_African_Film_Industry/i_BMEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=eritrean+television&pg=PA108|title=The African Film Industry|date=October 2021|publisher=[[United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]]|page=108|access-date=18 December 2025}}</ref> Eri-TV waa telefishanka kaliya ee gudaha ka shaqeeya ee Eritrea sida sharcigu qabo. Shabakadu waxay ku baahisaa afar luqadood, kuwaas oo kala ah Tigrinya, Carabi, Tigre, iyo Ingiriis. <ref name="sage">{{Cite book|last=Debra L. Merskin|url=https://www.google.pt/books/edition/The_SAGE_International_Encyclopedia_of_M/AbCcDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=eri+tv&pg=PT1329|title=The SAGE International Encyclopedia of Mass Media and Society|date=12 November 2019|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=9781483375540|page=1329|access-date=18 December 2025}}</ref> Eri-TV waxay aqoonsan tahay Dhaqanka Dadka laga tirada badan yahay ee Eritrea waxayna inta badan qaadatay waqti isku mid ah oo u dhexeeya mid kasta oo ka mid ah luqadaha lagu hadlo ee dalka. Eri-TV waxaa maamusha oo maalgelisa Wasaaradda Warfaafinta ee Eritrea. == Taariikh == Kahor xornimada Eritrea, ETV-ga Itoobiya wuxuu qorsheynayay inuu ka dhiso idaacad gudbisa hawada magaalada [[Asmara]] taariikh shaqo oo ku beegan Diseembar 1976, kanaalada VHF 5 oo leh ERP 1kW ah. <ref name="tvfactbook">https://www.bbc.com/tigrinya/52946687</ref> Waqtigaas, [[United States Armed Forces|Ciidamada Qalabka Sida ee Mareykanka]] waxay ka shaqeynayeen xarun koronto oo yar oo magaalada ku taal oo maalin walba u gudbisa daawadayaasha maxalliga ah. <ref>https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/1977-TV-Factbook/1977-TV-Factbook.pdf</ref> Ka dib aftidii horseeday xornimadooda, Eri-TV waxaa la sameeyay Janaayo 1993, iyadoo la kaashanayo farsamoyaqaanno Kanada ah. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Killion|first=Tom|title=Historical Dictionary of Eritrea|url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000kill|publisher=The Scarecrow Press|year=1998|isbn=0-8108-3437-5|location=Lanham (Md.)/London|pages=535|language=en}}</ref> Idaacadda ayaa baahin jirtay iyada oo leh gudbiye 1kW oo si dhib yar u daboolaya magaalada caasimadda. Dabayaaqadii 2003, idaacaddu waxay u cusbooneysiisay gudbiyeheeda 5kW, saldhigyada gudbinta ee Eri-TV-na waxaa laga bilaabay meelaha muhiimka ah, taasoo baahinteeda ku fidisay inta badan qaybaha dalka, inkastoo dhulkeeda buuraha leh uu ka hor istaagay inuu ka sii daayo dhammaan Eritrea. <ref name="dictionaryeritrea2">{{Cite book|last=Connell|first=Dan|url=https://www.google.pt/books/edition/Historical_Dictionary_of_Eritrea/WRWbDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=eritrean+television&pg=PA362|title=Historical Dictionary of Eritrea|date=15 July 2019|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=9781538120668|page=362|access-date=18 December 2025}}</ref>Warbaahinta dayax-gacmeedka iyo daawashada internetka ayaa bilaabmay isla sanadkaas si loogu adeego [[Eritrean diaspora|qurba-joogta Eritrea]] . <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=TC2OBAAAQBAJ&dq=eri+tv+on+satellite+2003&pg=PA108 ''Eri TV on Satellite''], ''The Mouse That Roars'', chapter 3.</ref> Eri-TV waxay bilowday baahinta dijitaalka ah 2004. <ref name="dictionaryeritrea2" /> == Kanaal == === Eri-TV 1 === Eri-TV 1 waxay si caalami ah uga baahisaa dayax-gacmeed iyadoo la socota idaacadda walaasheed ee [[Dimtsi Hafash]] . Idaacadaha laga sii daayo kanaalka badanaa waa warar, muuqaallo muusig ama riwaayado. Waxay sidoo kale daawataa filimaan gudaha iyo kuwa caalamiga ah labadaba. <ref name="sage2">{{Cite book|last=Debra L. Merskin|url=https://www.google.pt/books/edition/The_SAGE_International_Encyclopedia_of_M/AbCcDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=eri+tv&pg=PT1329|title=The SAGE International Encyclopedia of Mass Media and Society|date=12 November 2019|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=9781483375540|page=1329|access-date=18 December 2025}}</ref> Idaacadda ayaa inta badan ku hadasha luuqadaha [[Af-Tigrinya|Tigrinya]], [[Carabi|Carabiga]], [[Af-Tigre|Tigreega]] iyo [[Af-Ingiriisi|Ingiriisiga]] . Waxay sidoo kale baahisaa dhowr barnaamij oo ku qoran [[Af-Taliyaani|Talyaani]], [[Af-Amxaari|Amxaari]] iyo [[Af Soomaali|Soomaali.]] === Eri-TV 2 === Eri-TV 2 waa kanaalka labaad ee telefishanka ee Eritrea. Waxa uu u baahiyaa daawadayaasha gudaha oo keliya. Waxa uu inta badan bixiyaa macluumaad waxbarasho. <ref name="sage3">{{Cite book|last=Debra L. Merskin|url=https://www.google.pt/books/edition/The_SAGE_International_Encyclopedia_of_M/AbCcDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=eri+tv&pg=PT1329|title=The SAGE International Encyclopedia of Mass Media and Society|date=12 November 2019|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=9781483375540|page=1329|access-date=18 December 2025}}</ref> Tan waxaa ka mid ah barnaamijyada Ingiriisiga, xisaabta iyo sayniska. <ref>{{Citation|title=ERI-TV Live: Eritrea TV}}</ref> === Eri-TV 3 === Eri-TV 3 waa kanaalka saddexaad ee Eritrea. Waxay baahisaa wararka ciyaaraha qaranka iyo kuwa caalamiga ah. <ref name="sage4">{{Cite book|last=Debra L. Merskin|url=https://www.google.pt/books/edition/The_SAGE_International_Encyclopedia_of_M/AbCcDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=eri+tv&pg=PT1329|title=The SAGE International Encyclopedia of Mass Media and Society|date=12 November 2019|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=9781483375540|page=1329|access-date=18 December 2025}}</ref> == Hoggaanka == Ka dib [[Eritrean War of Independence|Dagaalkii Xorriyadda Eritrea]], [[Seyoum Tsehaye]], oo ahaa xubin ka tirsan [[Eritrean People's Liberation Front|Jabhadda Xorriyadda Dadka Eritrea]](EPLF) iyo wariye dagaal ayaa noqday madaxii ugu horreeyay ee Eri-TV. Waxaa la xiray sanadkii 2001 ka dib markii uu daabacay bayaan uu ku taageerayo [[Dimoqraadi|dimuqraadiyadda]] . <ref name="AJE_Vanessa_Berhe">https://www.worldradiohistory.com/BOOKSHELF-ARH/Business/World-Communicatiions-Unesco-1975.pdf</ref> == Tixraacyada == jc8dgtppzxafkiho1qsbflbb7ttbaha 0 47675 305841 299032 2026-08-24T18:11:00Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305841 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Obokh | native_name = Hayyú | settlement_type = Magaalo | image_skyline = Obock, Djibouti.jpg | imagesize = 300 | image_caption = | pushpin_map = Djibouti | pushpin_map_caption = Goobta ay ku taal Jabuuti | pushpin_relief = 1 | coordinates = {{coord|11|58|N|43|17|E|region:DJ|display=inline}} | subdivision_type = [[Dalalka adduunka|Waddan]] | subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Djibouti.svg|25px]] [[Jabuuti]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Gobollada Jabuuti|Gobol]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Gobolka Obokh]] | area_total_km2 = 6 | elevation_m = 13 | population_footnotes = <ref name="pop"/> | population_total = 20,152 | population_as_of = 2024 tirakoob | population_density_km2 = auto | timezone = | utc_offset = | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Obokh''' (sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Obock''', {{langx|ar|أبخ}}, {{lang|aa|Hayyú}}) waa magaalo-dekadeed yar oo ku taal [[Jabuuti]]. Waxay ku taallaa xeebta waqooyi ee [[Gacanka Tajuura]], halkaas oo ay ka furanto [[Gacanka Cadan]]. Magaaladu waxay hoy u tahay [[Obock Airport|garoon diyaaradeed]] waxayna leedahay doonyo (ferry) aada [[Magaalada Jabuuti]]. Qaabka Faransiiska ah ee Obock wuxuu ka soo jeedaa ereyga Carabiga ah ee "Oboh", kaas oo ah qaab beddel ah oo Oboki ah, magac la siiyay [[waddi]] maxalli ah. ==Taariikh== {{Main|Saldanaddii Ifat|Saldanaddii Adal|Dhulka Obokh}} Tuulada kalluumaysiga waxaa markii hore laga dhisay [[buur-dhul]] (plateau) ee Dala-h Húgub oo u dhow Dar'i [[Waddi]], iyadoo guryaha qaarkood laga dhisay dhoobo, dhagax iyo Daboyta. Inta badan dadka deggan waxay nolol-maalmeedkooda ka heli jireen xanaanada [[xoolaha]], kalluumaysiga, [[ganacsiga]] waxayna u isticmaali jireen ceel [[biyo]] la cabbo. Intii lagu jiray Dhexe-qarniyadii, Obokh waxaa xukumay [[Saldanaddii Ifat]] ka dibna [[Saldanaddii Adal]]. Suldaannadii Raheita waxay ka soo farcameen Saldanaddii Adal. Inkasta oo ay magac ahaan ka mid ahayd [[Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta]] tan iyo 1554, intii u dhaxaysay 1821 iyo 1841, [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali]], Baashaha Masar, wuxuu gacanta ku dhigay [[Yemen]] iyo [[Eritrea]]-da casriga ah, iyo sheegashooyin ku aaddan Itoobiya ilaa [[Harar]].<ref name="awdalpress.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.awdalpress.com/index/archives/16528 |title=French Somali coast Timeline |access-date=2013-04-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609002748/http://www.awdalpress.com/index/archives/16528 |archive-date=2013-06-09 }}</ref> Sannadkii 1884, taliyihii markabka ilaalada ee L’Inferent, oo ahaa markab Faransiis ah, wuxuu xaqiijiyay joogitaanka Masar ee aagga ku hareeraysan Obokh. Taliyihii markabka ilaalada ee Le Vaudreuil ayaa sidoo kale soo weriyay in Masriyiintu ay qabsadeen gudaha u dhexeeya Obokh iyo [[Tajuura]].<ref name="Clifford">E. H. M. Clifford, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1785556 "The British Somaliland-Ethiopia Boundary", ''Geographical Journal''], 87 (1936), p. 289.</ref> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xaqiiq ahaan, Masar waxay lahayd awood yar oo ay ku maamusho gudaha dalka, muddadii ay xukumeen xeebaha waxay ahayd mid kooban, iyadoo socotay dhowr sano oo keliya ka hor inta aan la soo saarin ciidammadii Masar aagga sannadkii 1862. ===Somaliland Faransiiska=== [[File:Obock panorama 1882.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Muuqaal guud ee Obokh sannadkii 1882 iyadoo warshaddii ugu horreysay ee Faransiiska ay dhinaca bidix ka muuqato]] Intii lagu jiray [[Tartankii Afrika]], xiisaha sii kordhaya ee Faransiiska ee aagga wuxuu dhacay iyadoo ay jirtay firfircooni British ah oo ka socotay [[Masar]] iyo furitaanka [[Kanaalka Suez]] sannadkii 1869. Intii u dhaxaysay 1883 iyo 1887, Faransiisku waxay saxiixeen heshiisyo kala duwan oo lala galay [[Reer Soomaali|Soomaalida]] iyo [[Reer Canfar|Canfarta]] [[Suldaan|Saldanadaha]] markaas talinayay, taas oo u oggolaatay inay ballaariyaan [[protectorate|xukunka]] si loogu daro [[Gacanka Tajuura]].<ref name="Uwechue">Raph Uwechue, ''Africa year book and who's who'', (Africa Journal Ltd.: 1977), p. 209.</ref> Obokh waxay markii hore muhiim u ahayd goob ahaan gumeysigii ugu horreeyay ee [[Faransiiska]] ee gobolka, kaas oo lagu aasaasay heshiis lala galay dadka maxalliga ah ee [[Reer Canfar|Canfarta]] 11 Maarso 1862.<ref name="Scott's monthly stamp journal">{{cite book|title=Scott's monthly stamp journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FpguAAAAIAAJ|access-date=29 May 2011|date=1 January 1982|page=5}}</ref> Faransiisku waxay xiisaynayeen inay yeeshaan [[coaling station|xarun dhuxusha]] loogu shubo [[uumi-markab|maraakiibta uumiga]], taas oo noqonaysa mid aad muhiim u ah marka la furo [[Kanaalka Suez]] sannadkii 1869. (Ilaa wakhtigaas maraakiibta Faransiiska waxay ahayd inay dhuxul ka iibsadaan [[dekadda]] British-ka ee [[Cadan]] ee ka soo horjeeda gacanka, taas oo ahayd ku-tiirsanaan aan caqli gal ahayn haddii ay dhacdo dagaal.) [[File:Obock coal depot mid-1880s.png|thumb|right|240px|Degelka ganacsatada Faransiiska iyo xarunta dhuxusha badhtamihii 1880-meeyadii.]] Goobta ma aysan noqon mid la degan yahay, kaliya waxaa soo booqan jiray maraakiibta qaybaha [[badda]] ee loo qoondeeyay [[Badweynta Hindiya]], ilaa laga rakibay ganacsade Pierre Arnoux sannadkii 1881, oo ay ku xigtay [[Paul Soleillet]]. Obokh waxay noqotay gumeysi dhab ah sannadkii 1884 markii uu yimid bishii Agoosto [[Léonce Lagarde]], kaas oo aasaasay maamul oo ballaariyay hantida Faransiiska ee [[Gacanka Tajuura]], iyadoo la samaynayo Dhulka Obokh iyo dhismayaasha ku hareeraysan, Obokhna laga dhigay caasimaddeeda. Sannadkii 1885, Obokh waxay lahayd 800 oo qof iyo [[iskuul]]. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, meesha la dhigto maraakiibta waxay ahayd mid aad u soo gaadhaysa dabaysha marka loo eego goobta [[Jabuuti (magaalo)|Jabuuti]] ee dhinaca koonfureed ee [[Gacanka Tajuura]], maamulkii gumeysiguna wuxuu u guuray halkaas sannadkii 1894. Dadka Obokh deggan waxay dabadeed hoos u dhaceen.<ref>"{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Obok |volume=19 |page=593}}</ref> [[File:Obock(rés Lagarde).jpg|thumb|right|240px|Muuqaal guud ee Obokh sannadkii 1920.]] Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ilaa qabsashadii Faransiiska ee Tajuura sannadkii 1927, Obokh waxay ahayd meesha keliya ee ku taal xeebta waqooyi ee Gacanka Tajuura oo leh xafiis maamul oo gumeysi. Waxay noqotay caasimadda Degmada Dankali sannadkii 1914, ka dibna jagada maamul laga soo bilaabo 1927 taas oo lagu daray "Goobada Adaels" sannadkii 1929. Intii lagu jiray [[Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka]], [[Talyaaniga]] ku dhawaaqista dagaal ee [[Faransiiska]] iyo [[Biritayn]] waxay timid 10 Juun 1940, iyadoo qaaday falal gardarro ah oo bilaabmay 18 Juun.{{sfn|Thompson|Adloff|1968|p=16}} Laga soo bilaabo [[Gobolka Harar|Gobolka Harar]], ciidamo uu hoggaaminayo Jeneraal Guglielmo Nasi ayaa loo diray inay weeraraan Somaliland-ta Faransiiska. Waxaa jiray isku-dhacyo yar yar. Markii [[Vichy France|maamulka Vichy ee Faransiiska]] 10 Luulyo ay ogaadeen in hub ka dhigista aan weli laga dhaqan-gelin [[Somaliland-ta Faransiiska]], Madaxweyne [[Philippe Pétain]] wuxuu diray Jeneraal Gaëtan Germain oo ah wakiilkiisa gaarka ah si uu u saxo xaaladda. Wada-xaajoodyadii ka dhacay [[Dewele]], [[Bariga Afrika ee Talyaaniga]] ee ku saabsan hirgelinta hub ka dhigista ayaa ugu dambeyntii la dhammaystiray 8 Agoosto.{{sfn|Rovighi|1995|p=109}} Wakhtigaas, weerarkii Biritayn ee ka dhanka ahaa Talyaaniga wuxuu adkeeyay [[go'doominta Somaliland-ta Faransiiska]]. [[Macluul]] ayaa timid iyo cudurro la xiriira nafaqo-xumo waxay qaateen nolosha dad badan, 70% iyaga ka mid ah waxay ahaayeen dumar iyo carruur. Dad badan oo magaalada degganaa waxay u guureen [[dhulka gudaha]]. Dadka maxalliga ah waxay go'doominta u bixiyeen carmii, erey loo isticmaalo nooc ka mid ah hadhuudhka oo caadi ahaan loogu talagalay [[xoolaha]], kaas oo loo isticmaalay cunto aadanaha xilligii ugu sarreysay macluusha. Obokh waxay noqotay caasimadda goobo mas'uul ka ahayd dib-u-soo-saarka gumeysiga intii lagu jiray go'doominta Xulufada laga soo bilaabo 1941 ilaa 1943. Kaliya dhowr doonyood oo Arab ah (boutres) ayaa ku guuleystay inay ka baxsadaan go'doominta ilaa [[Magaalada Jabuuti|Jabuuti]] iyo Obokh iyo laba kaliya oo [[markab]] Faransiis ah oo ka yimid [[Madagaskar]] ayaa ku guuleystay inay ka gudbaan. [[Ku-dhawaaqista dagaalka ee Japan ee ka dhanka ah Mareykanka iyo Boqortooyada Biritayn|Ku-dhawaaqista dagaalka ee Japan]] ee ka dhanka ah Xulufada (7 Disembar 1941) waxay siisay gumeysiga xoogaa nasasho ah, maadaama Biritayn lagu qasbay inay ka saaraan dhammaan maraakiibta marka laga reebo laba ka mid ah [[go'doominta]] si loogu isticmaalo [[Bariga Fog]]. [[Taliyaha Guud ee Bariga Afrika]], [[William Platt]], wuxuu koodh u bixiyay wada-xaajoodyadii [[isu-dhiibista]] ee [[Somaliland-ta Faransiiska]] "Pentagon", sababtoo ah waxaa jiray shan dhinac: isaga, badhasaabka Vichy, [[Faransiiska Xorta ah]], wasiirka Biritayn ee Addis Ababa iyo [[Mareykanka]]. [[Christian Raimond Dupont]] wuu is-dhiibay ciidammadii Colonel Raynal-na waxay dib ugu soo gudbeen Somaliland-ta Faransiiska 26 Disembar 1942, iyagoo dhammaystiray xorreyntooda. Wareejintii rasmiga ahayd waxay dhacday saacadda 10:00&nbsp;p.m. 28 Disembar.{{sfn|Imbert-Vier|2008|p=172}} Badhasaabkii ugu horreeyay ee la magacaabo ee ka hooseeya [[Faransiiska Xorta ah]] wuxuu ahaa [[André Bayardelle]]. Guuto maxalli ah oo ka socota Somaliland-ta Faransiiska waxay ka qaybqaadatay [[Xorreyntii Paris]] 1944. Sannadkii 1963, goobada Obokh waxaa la abuuray iyadoo loo qaybiyay tii gobolka Tajuura. ===Jabuuti=== [[Af-Soomaali ubadal waxna haku darin waxna haka saarin isticmaal wikitext si loo copy gareeyo|Afar iyo Issa afti-u-qaadiddii saddexaad ee madax-bannaanida]] waxaa lagu qabtay [[Dhulka Faransiiska ee Canfarta iyo Issa]] 8 May 1977. Afti-u-qaadiddii hore waxaa la qabtay [[1958 Afti-u-qaadiddii dhulka dibadda ee Somaliland-ta Faransiiska|1958]] iyo [[1967 Afti-u-qaadiddii madax-bannaanida Somaliland-ta Faransiiska|1967]],<ref name="Kseoah">Kevin Shillington, ''Encyclopedia of African history'', (CRC Press: 2005), p.360.</ref> taas oo diidday [[madax-bannaanida]]. Afti-u-qaadiddan waxay taageertay madax-bannaanida [[Faransiiska]].<ref>Nohlen, D, Krennerich, M & Thibaut, B (1999) ''Elections in Africa: A data handbook'', p. 322 {{ISBN|0-19-829645-2}}</ref> In ka badan 98.8% dadka codka dhiibtay waxay taageereen ka go'itaanka Faransiiska, taas oo si rasmi ah u calaamadeysay [[Maalinta Madax-bannaanida (Jabuuti)|madax-bannaanida Jabuuti]]. Obokh waxaa laga filayaa inay noqoto goobta [[saldhigga badda ee Shiinaha ee Jabuuti]].<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/02/confirmed-construction-begins-on-chinas-first-overseas-military-base-in-djibouti/ |title=Confirmed: Construction Begins on China's First Overseas Military Base in Djibouti |first=Ankit |last=Panda |date=February 29, 2016 |access-date=May 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514232104/https://thediplomat.com/2016/02/confirmed-construction-begins-on-chinas-first-overseas-military-base-in-djibouti/ |archive-date=May 14, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://eng.mod.gov.cn/Press/2016-02/25/content_4644801.htm |title=Defense Ministry's regular press conference on Feb.25 |date=February 15, 2016 |publisher=[[Wasaaradda Difaaca Qaranka (Shiinaha)|Wasaaradda Difaaca Qaranka]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518022718/http://eng.mod.gov.cn/Press/2016-02/25/content_4644801.htm |archive-date=May 18, 2017}}</ref> Obokh waxay noqotay meel muhiim ah oo loo maro tahriibka sharci-darrada ah ee ka imanaya Itoobiya ilaa Sacuudi Carabiya, iyadoo ah goobta ay tahriibiyayaashu ku qaadaan dadka tahriibayaasha ah doonyo ilaa Yemen.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2024/06/13/the-deadly-journey-to-the-gulf |title=The deadly journey to the Gulf |work=The Economist |date=13 June 2024 |access-date=20 June 2024}}</ref> ==Dadweynaha== Sida uu dhigayo tirakoobka 2024, tirada dadka Obokh waxay ahayd 20,152.<ref name="pop">{{Cite web |title=Obock (City, Djibouti) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/djibouti/admin/obock/51__obock/ |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref> Dadka magaalada deggan waxay ka tirsan yihiin kooxo qowmiyadeed oo kala duwan oo badankood ku hadla [[luuqadaha Afro-Aasiya]]. [[Reer Canfar|Canfarta]] iyo [[Reer Soomaali|Soomaalida]] (qabiilka [[Ciise|Ciisaha]]) ayaa ah kuwa ugu badan. ==Shaabadaha boostada== Intii lagu jiray waqtigeedii gumeysi ee Faransiiska, Obokh waxay soo saartay [[shaabado boosta]] u gaar ah; wixii faahfaahin dheeraad ah ka eeg [[Shaabadaha boostada iyo taariikhda boostada ee Obokh]]. ==Dulmar== Obokh waxay ku xiran tahay meelo kale oo ku hareeraysan [[Waddada Qaran 14 (Jabuuti)|RN-14 Waddada Qaran]]. Socdaalka doonta (ferry) ee laga raaco [[Magaalada Jabuuti]] ilaa Obokh waxay qaadataa saddex saacadood; masaafadu waa {{convert|237|km|mi|abbr=on}}. ==Cimilada iyo juquraafiga== Obokh waxay leedahay cimilo engegan. Waxaa loo kala saaray kuleyl iyo [[cimilada bar-engegan|bar-engegan]] ([[Köppen kala soocidda cimilada]] ''[[Cimilada bar-engegan ee kuleylka ah|''BSh'']]''). Obokh waxay 13 m ka sarreysaa heerka badda ee buur-dhulka Gazelles ("Dala-h Húgub ee Canfar") ee dhul cidlada ah. Cirku waa mid had iyo jeer cad oo dhalaalaya sannadka oo dhan.<ref name="Climate-Data.org">{{cite web|title=Climate: Dikhil - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table|url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/31645/|publisher=Climate-Data.org|access-date=30 September 2013}}</ref> {{Weather box|location = Obokh |metric first = yes |single line = yes |temperature colour=pastel |Jan high C = 28.9 |Feb high C = 29.0 |Mar high C = 30.8 |Apr high C = 32.8 |May high C = 35.4 |Jun high C = 38.6 |Jul high C = 41.0 |Aug high C = 39.9 |Sep high C = 37.0 |Oct high C = 33.8 |Nov high C = 31.0 |Dec high C = 29.7 |Jan low C = 22.3 |Feb low C = 23.3 |Mar low C = 24.6 |Apr low C = 26.0 |May low C = 28.2 |Jun low C = 30.7 |Jul low C = 30.8 |Aug low C = 30.1 |Sep low C = 30.0 |Oct low C = 26.4 |Nov low C = 24.2 |Dec low C = 22.7 |rain colour=green |Jan precipitation mm = 4 |Feb precipitation mm = 6 |Mar precipitation mm = 16 |Apr precipitation mm = 4 |May precipitation mm = 7 |Jun precipitation mm = 0 |Jul precipitation mm = 5 |Aug precipitation mm = 6 |Sep precipitation mm = 3 |Oct precipitation mm = 5 |Nov precipitation mm = 14 |Dec precipitation mm = 10 | source 1 = ''Climate-Data.org'', joogga: 13m<ref name="Climate-Data.org"/> |source 2= ''Levoyageur''<ref name="Levoyageur">{{cite web|title=DJIBOUTI - OBOCK : Climate, weather, temperatures|url=http://www.levoyageur.net/weather-city-OBOCK.html|publisher=Levoyageur|access-date=5 September 2016}}</ref> }} Biyaha guga ee xeebaha hoose waxay leeyihiin awood juquraafi kulayl oo xiiso leh (oo leh heerkul qoto dheer oo qiyaastii 200&nbsp;°C ah).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Awaleh|first=Mohamed Osman|last2=Hoch|first2=Farhan Bouraleh|last3=Kadieh|first3=Ibrahim Houssein|last4=Soubaneh|first4=Youssouf Djbril|last5=Egueh|first5=Nima Moussa|last6=Jalludin|first6=Mohamed|last7=Boschetti|first7=Tiziano|year=2015|title=The geothermal resources of the Republic of Djibouti — I: Hydrogeochemistry of the Obock coastal hot springs|journal=Journal of Geochemical Exploration|volume=152|pages=54–66|doi=10.1016/j.gexplo.2015.02.001}}</ref> ==Dadka caanka ah== * [[Hasna Mohamed Dato]], Siyaasi * [[Abdallah Mohamed Kamil]], Siyaasi * [[Henry de Monfreid]], Safar-yaqaan, qoraa ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} ===Shaqooyinka la soo xigtay=== * {{cite thesis |first=Simon |last=Imbert-Vier |title=Frontières et limites à Djibouti durant la période coloniale (1884–1977) |type=PhD thesis |institution=[[Jaamacadda Provence|Université de Provence–Aix-Marseille I]] |year=2008 |url=https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00736163}} * {{cite book |last=Rovighi |title=Le operazioni in Africa orientale (giugno 1940 – novembre 1941) |series=Volume II: Documenti |publisher= Stato Maggiore dell'Esercito |location=Rome |year=1995}} * {{cite book |title=Djibouti and the Horn of Africa |url=https://archive.org/details/djiboutihornofaf0000thom |first1=Virginia McLean |first2=Richard |last1=Thompson |last2=Adloff |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1968}} {{Authority control}} 2685d4nhtqnpw4x7qj2rndtrabeunyw 0 47705 305786 299133 2026-08-24T17:38:55Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305786 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ship |section1={{Infobox ship/image |image= |image_caption= }} |section2={{Infobox ship/career |hide_header= |country=Singapore |flag=[[File:Civil Ensign of Singapore.svg|55px|Calanka Ciidanka Badda ee Jamhuuriyadda Singapore]] |name=*[[Palm Line|''Burutu Palm'']] (1952) *''Globe Star'' (1973) |owner=[[Globe Navigation of Singapore]] |operator= |registry={{flag|Singapore}} |route= |ordered= |builder=[[Short Brothers of Sunderland]] |original_cost= |yard_number= |way_number= |laid_down= |launched=23 Abriil 1952 |completed= |christened= |maiden_voyage= |in_service= |out_of_service= |identification= |fate=Wuxuu ku xayirmay xeebta, {{coord|4|04|5|S|39|42|01|E}} |notes= }} |section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics |hide_header= |header_caption= |class= |tonnage=*{{GRT|5411}} *{{DWT|8441}} |length={{convert|451|ft|abbr=on}} |beam={{convert|57|ft|abbr=on}} |height= |draught= |draft= |depth= |decks= |deck_clearance= |ramps= |ice_class= |sail_plan= |power={{convert|3000|hp|abbr=on}} |propulsion=Doxford 4-cylinder diesel |speed={{convert|12|knot}} |capacity= |crew= |notes= }} }} '''''Globe Star''''' wuxuu ahaa markab xamuul ah oo ku xayirmay 27 Abriil 1973 dhinaca [[Nyali Reef]], meel u dhow [[Mombasa]], [[Kenya]]. Wuxuu siday 10,000 tan oo sarreen ah oo ku sii jeeday [[Karachi]], Pakistan. Inkasta oo hawlgal badbaadin xoog leh la sameeyay, markabkii wuxuu u jabay laba qaybood waxaana la dayacay. Bishii Noofambar 1973, shan qof oo ku lug lahaa isku daygii badbaadinta ayaa ku dhintay qolka No. 3 sababtoo ah sunta gaaska intii ay wadeen hawlgallada quusitaanka. Sannadkii 1978, burburkii markabka waxaa dumisay shirkadda Divecon Ltd, Mombasa, taasoo ka dhigtay matoorkii weynaa mid muuqda iyo hadhaagii markabka oo ka hooseeya {{convert|10|ft|m}} dusha sare.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buccaneerdiving.com/dive-sites/globe-star.php|title=Globe Star|publisher=Buccaneer Diving|accessdate=16 Maarso 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928070808/http://www.buccaneerdiving.com/dive-sites/globe-star.php|archive-date=28 Sebteembar 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Dhismaha == Markabka waxaa loo dhisay sidii ''Burutu Palm'' oo loogu talagalay shirkadda maraakiibta ee fadhigeedu yahay London ee [[Palm Line]], kaas oo ka ganacsan jiray kana iman jiray Galbeedka Afrika iyo Liverpool. Sannadkii 1967, waxaa loo iibiyay milkiilayaal Giriig ah, sannadkii 1973-kiina waxaa loo iibiyay Globe Navigation of Singapore. == Khasaaraha == Xayirmidda ''Globe Star'' waxaa loo aanaynayaa khalad xagga navigation-ka ah, iyada oo markabku uu u dhowaaday meel aad ugu dhow marinka dekedda ka hor inta uusan soo qaadin duuliye, ka dib markii lagula taliyay inuu ku laabto meesha uu ku xidhan yahay, wuxuu u leexday dhinaca midig halkii uu ka leexan lahaa bidix wuxuuna ku xayirmay xeebta.<ref>{{cite book|last=Patience|first=Kevin|date=2006|title=Shipwrecks and Salvage on the East African Coast|url=https://archive.org/details/shipwreckssalvag0000kevi}}</ref> == Dalxiiska == Hadhaagii Globe Star waxay ku yaalliin biyo gacmeed oo aad ugu habboon quusitaanka. Waa meel caan ku ah quusitaanka madadaalada ee scuba.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://diveseven.com/dive-site/view/846/globe-star-wreck|title=Globe Star Wreck|publisher=Dive Seven|accessdate=16 Maarso 2013|archive-date=2020-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729140149/http://diveseven.com/dive-site/view/846/globe-star-wreck|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tixraacyo == <references/> {{Coord|4.0818|S|39.72|E|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Globe Star, MV}} ibkjqy6z9xw4cqnfdy0zsgxg5f8stky 0 47708 305805 299073 2026-08-24T17:51:32Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305805 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ship |section1={{Infobox ship/image |image=HMS Galatea AWM 302395.jpeg |image_caption=HMS ''Galatea'' markii la dhammaystiray, qiyaastii 1935 }} |section2={{Infobox ship/career |hide_header= |country=[[United Kingdom]] |flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|naval}} |name=HMS ''Galatea'' |namesake=[[Galatea (mythology)|Galatea]] |ordered= |awarded= |builder=[[Scotts Shipbuilding and Engineering Company]], [[Greenock]] |laid_down=2 Juun 1933 |launched=9 Agoosto 1934 |christened= |acquired= |commissioned=14 Agoosto 1935 |recommissioned= |decommissioned= |in_service= |out_of_service= |renamed= |reclassified= |refit= |captured= |struck= |reinstated= |identification=[[Pennant number]]: 71 |fate=Wuxuu ku degay {{GS|U-557||2}} meel u dhow Alexandria 14 Diseembar 1941 |homeport= }} |section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics |hide_header= |header_caption= |class={{sclass|Arethusa|cruiser|0||1934}} [[light cruiser]] |displacement=*5,220 tan oo caadi ah *6,665 tan oo buuxa |length={{convert|506|ft|m|abbr=on}} |beam={{convert|51|ft|m|abbr=on}} |draught={{convert|14|ft|m|abbr=on}} |draft= |propulsion=*Afar Parsons geared steam turbines *Afar Admiralty 3-drum oil-fired boilers *Afar shafts *64,000 shp |speed={{convert|32|kn|km/h|0}} |range=Aan la aqoon; 1,325 tan oo shidaal saliid ah |boats= |capacity= |complement=500 |armament= *'''Qaabkii asalka ahaa:''' *6 × [[BL 6 inch Mk XXIII naval gun]]s *4 x [[QF 4-inch naval gun Mk V|4-inch (102 mm) Mk V]] qoryo AA ah *2 x [[Vickers .50 machine gun|0.5 in quadruple machine guns]] *2 x [[British 21 inch torpedo|21 inch (533 mm)]] triple [[torpedo tube]]s *'''Qaabkii Oktoobar 1940 – Diseembar 1941:''' *3 x 6 in (152 mm) dual guns, *4 x 4 in (102 mm) dual AA guns, *2 x 0.5 in MG quadruple guns, *8 x [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon|20 mm Oerlikon]] (0.8 in) single guns, *2 x [[QF 2-pounder naval gun|2-pounder]](40 mm) "pom-pom" quad guns, *2 x 21 in (533 mm) triple torpedo tubes. |armour= *'''Qaabkii asalka ahaa:''' *1 ilaa 3 inji – [[Magazine (artillery)|magazine]] protection *2.25 inji – [[Belt armor|belt]] *1 inji – [[Deck (ship)|deck]], [[gun turret|turret]]s and [[Bulkhead (partition)|bulkhead]]s |aircraft=Hal diyaarad (ka dibna laga saaray). |notes= }} }} '''HMS ''Galatea''''' wuxuu ahaa {{sclass|Arethusa|cruiser (1934)|0}} [[light cruiser]] oo ka tirsan [[Royal Navy]]. Waxaa dhistay shirkadda Scotts Shipbuilding & Engineering Co. ([[Greenock]], [[Scotland]]), iyadoo keel-ka la dhigay 2 Juun 1933. Waxaa la daahfuray 9 Agoosto 1934, waxaana la hawlgeliyay 14 Agoosto 1935. ==Taariikhda== ''Galatea'' wuxuu ku biiray [[British Mediterranean Fleet|Mediterranean Fleet]] markii la hawlgeliyay, marka laga reebo muddadii u dhaxaysay Maarso ilaa Sebteembar 1938 wuxuu ahaa flagship, [[Rear admiral (D)|Rear Admiral (Destroyers)]]. Isagoo ku sugan [[Malta]], markii uu bilaabmay dagaalkii sokeeye ee Spain wuxuu ka qayb qaatay roondooyinkii wadajirka ahaa ee fulinayay [[Non-intervention in the Spanish Civil War|siyaasadda faragelin la'aanta]], mararka qaarkood isagoo iskaashi la leh {{ship|German cruiser|Deutschland}} iyo [[Kingdom of Italy under Fascism (1922–1943)|Italian]] destroyers. Ka dib waxaa la geeyay [[Alexandria]], wuxuuna ku jiray feejignaan intii lagu guda jiray [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War|duullaankii Talyaaniga ee Abissynia]]. Horraantii ilaa badhtamihii 1938 markabka ayaa lagu sameeyay dayactir [[Devonport, Plymouth|Devonport]]. Waxaa dib loo hawlgeliyay Mediterranean-ka, waxaana la geeyay Malta iyo Alexandria. 29 Maarso 1939 gudaha [[Gandia]] ''Galatea'' wuxuu saaray hoggaamiyihii [[National Defence Council (Spain)|National Defence Council]] colonel [[Segismundo Casado]] iyo kooxdiisii; maalintii xigtay wuxuu dhoofay, 31 Maarso Casado waxaa loo wareejiyay markabkii isbitaalka {{RFAux|Maine|1902|2}}.<ref>Paul Preston, ''The last days of the Spanish Republic'', London 2017, {{ISBN|978-0-00-816341-9}}, pp. 291-292</ref> Ka dib markii uu bilaabmay [[Second World War]] waxaa loo amaray inuu guriga ku laabto, intii u dhaxaysay Febraayo iyo Maarso 1940 wuxuu ka qayb qaatay hawlgalladii lagu joojinayay [[Axis powers|Axis]] merchantmen oo isku dayayay inay ka baxaan [[Vigo]]. 4 Abriil 1940, Polish [[destroyer]]s {{ORP|Burza||2}}, {{ORP|Grom|1936|2}} iyo {{ORP|Błyskawica||2}} waxay gaareen saldhigoodii cusbaa [[Rosyth]]. Galabtii waxay ka tageen dekedda ''Galatea'', markabka ay walaalaha yihiin ee {{HMS|Arethusa|26|2}} iyo saddex destroyer. Waxaa lagu amray inay roondo ku sameeyaan [[North Sea]] waxaana markii dambe lagu amray inay joojiyaan kooxaha duullaanka Jarmalka ee ku sii jeeday Norway. Abriil 1940 wuxuu ka qayb qaatay [[Norwegian Campaign]], isagoo ka tagay 25 Abriil [[Flight of the Norwegian National Treasury|isagoo qaadaya qayb ka mid ah Norwegian National Treasury]] oo loo waday Britain, bishii Maajo wuxuu ku biiray [[Commander-in-Chief, The Nore|Nore Command]] isagoo ah Flagship-ka [[2nd Cruiser Squadron]]. Isagoo gaaray Åndalsnes dhammaadkii Abriil ciidamo u waday ololihii Norway, wuxuu ku soo laabtay Rosyth isagoo wata 200 oo sanduuq oo dahab ah, mid kastaa miisaankiisu yahay {{convert|40|kg}}, oo ka yimid Norwegian national treasury. Juun 1940 wuxuu ka qayb qaatay [[Operation Aerial]] oo ahaa daadgureynta ciidamada ka socday [[Saint-Jean-de-Luz]], France, oo ay ku jireen Sir [[Ronald Hugh Campbell]], Danjiraha Britain ee France.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWDa-Aerial.htm |title=Operation Aerial}}</ref> 7 Sebteembar 1940 calaamaddii "Cromwell" ayaa la soo saaray taas oo macnaheedu ahaa in Jarmalku ay ku degi karaan [[Kent]] waaberigii. Habeenkaas ''Galatea'' waxaa loo diray inay roondo ku sameeyaan [[Straits of Dover]] laakiin cadowga kama aysan hor iman. Waaberigii markii uu dekedda ku soo laabanayay wuxuu ku dhacay [[naval mine]] meel u dhow [[Sheerness]] wuxuuna saddex bilood ku qaatay [[dry dock]]. Wuxuu la sii joogay [[British Home Fleet|Home Fleet]] (dayactir lagu sameeyay, intii u dhaxaysay Oktoobar 1940 ilaa Janaayo 1941) ilaa Maajo 1941, wuxuuna ka qayb qaatay ugaarsiga {{ship|German battleship|Bismarck}}. Luulyo 1941 wuxuu ku biiray [[British Mediterranean Fleet|Mediterranean Fleet]] iyadoo la sii marayo [[Red Sea]], bishii Noofambarna wuxuu saldhig u ahaa [[Malta]] isagoo la socda Force "K", wuxuuna ka hawlgelayay ka hortagga safarada sahayda ee Axis ee ku sii jeeday [[North Africa]]. ==Aayahii== 15 Diseembar 1941 ka hor saqda dhexe ''Galatea'' waxaa lagu dhuftay torbiito wuxuuna ku degay {{ship|German submarine|U-557}} meel u dhow Alexandria, Egypt, iyadoo ay ku dhinteen 470 shaqaale ah. Qiyaastii 100 ka mid ah badbaadayaasha ayaa waxaa soo badbaadiyay destroyer-kii {{HMS|Griffin|H31|2}} iyo {{HMS|Hotspur|H01|2}}. In ka yar 48 saacadood ka dib, ''U-557'' waxaa ku dhacay {{ship|Italian torpedo boat|Orione|1937|6}} wuxuuna ku degay dhammaan dadkii saarnaa. ==Qoraallada hoose== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Tixraacyo== * {{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|url=https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds1922unse|editor1-last=Chesneau|editor1-first=Roger|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=Greenwich|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7}} * {{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Norman|title=British Cruisers: Two World Wars and After|year=2010|publisher=Seaforth Publishing|location=Barnsley, UK|isbn=978-1-59114-078-8 |author-link=Norman Friedman}} * {{cite book|last1=Raven|first1=Alan|last2=Roberts|first2=John|title=British Cruisers of World War Two|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1980|isbn=0-87021-922-7|name-list-style=amp}} * {{cite book|last=Rohwer|first=Jürgen|title=Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two|url=https://archive.org/details/chronologyofwara0000rohw_v7p9|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=2005|edition=Third Revised|isbn=1-59114-119-2 |author-link=Jürgen Rohwer}} * {{cite book|last=Whitley|first=M. J.|title=Cruisers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia|url=https://archive.org/details/cruisersofworldw0000mjwh|publisher=Cassell |location=London|year=1995|isbn=1-86019-874-0|author-link=Michael J. Whitley}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== *[http://www.yourtotalevent.com/events/galatea.htm HMS Galatea bogga xusuusta] *[http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-06CL-Galatea.htm HMS ''Galatea'' at naval-history.net] **[http://www.naval-history.net/xDKCas1941-12DEC1.htm#galatealost Liiska dhibbanayaasha] *[http://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/4006.html HMS ''Galatea'' at Uboat.net] {{coord|31|17|N|29|13|E|display=title|type:landmark_source:dewiki}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Galatea (71)}} 2jcv26cncrwqzlegghlfkzir5y3e11p 0 47712 305795 299077 2026-08-24T17:45:01Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 11 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305795 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ship |section1={{Infobox ship/image |image= HMS Barham (1914).jpg |image_caption=''Barham'' oo socota xawaare hoose, badhtamihii 1930-meeyadii }} |section2={{Infobox ship/career |hide_header= |country=United Kingdom |flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|naval}} |name=''Barham'' |namesake=Admiral [[Charles Middleton, 1st Baron Barham]] |ordered= |original_cost= |builder=[[John Brown & Company]], [[Clydebank]] |yard_number=424 |laid_down=24 Febraayo 1913 |launched= 31 Diseembar 1914 |commissioned=19 Oktoobar 1915 |decommissioned= |in_service= |honours= |identification=[[Pennant number]]: 97 (1914); 10 (Jan 18);<ref>{{cite book |last1=Colledge |first1=J J |title=British Warships 1914–1919 |date=1972 |publisher=Ian Allan |location=Shepperton |page=34}}</ref> 34 (Apr 18); 04 (Nov 19)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dodson |first1=Aidan |title=The Development of the British Royal Navy's Pennant Numbers Between 1919 and 1940 |journal=Warship International |date=2024 |volume=61 |issue=2 |page=134–66}}</ref> |fate=Wuxuu ku degay meel u dhow Masar, 25 Noofambar 1941 |motto= |nickname= |notes= |badge= }} |section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics |hide_header= |header_caption=(sida loo dhisay) |class={{sclass|Queen Elizabeth|battleship}} |displacement=*{{convert|32590|LT|t|0|lk=on}} |length={{convert|643|ft|9|in|m|abbr=on|1}} |beam={{convert|90|ft|7|in|m|abbr=on|1}} |draught={{convert|33|ft|m|abbr=on|1}} |power=* 24 [[Yarrow boiler]]s * {{cvt|56000|shp|lk=on}} |propulsion=*4 shafts; 2 [[steam turbine]] sets |speed={{convert|24|kn|lk=in}} |range={{convert|5000|nmi|abbr=on|-1}} at {{convert|12|kn}} |complement= 1,016 (1916) |armament= * 4 × twin [[BL 15 inch Mk I naval gun|{{convert|15|in|mm|adj=on|0}}]] qoryo * 14 × single [[BL 6 inch Mk XII naval gun|{{convert|6|in|mm|adj=on|0}}]] qoryo * 2 × single [[QF 3 inch 20 cwt|{{convert|3|in|mm|adj=on|0}} 20&nbsp;cwt]] [[AA gun]]s * 4 × [[British 21 inch torpedo|{{convert|21|in|mm|adj=on|0}} torpedo]] tuubooyin |armour=*[[Belt armor|Waterline belt]]: {{convert|13|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} * [[Deck (ship)|Deck]]: {{convert|1|-|3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} * [[Barbette]]s: {{convert|7|-|10|in|mm|abbr=on|0}} * [[Gun turret]]s: {{convert|11|-|13|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} * [[Conning tower]]: {{convert|13|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} |notes= }} }} '''HMS ''Barham''''' wuxuu ahaa mid ka mid ah shan {{sclass|Queen Elizabeth|battleship}}s oo loo dhisay [[Royal Navy]] horraantii 1910-meeyadii. Waxaa la dhammaystiray 1915, waxaana inta badan loo isticmaali jiray [[flagship]] wuxuuna ka qayb qaatay [[Battle of Jutland]] intii lagu jiray [[First World War]] isagoo qayb ka ah [[Grand Fleet]]. Intii ka hadhay dagaalka, marka laga reebo [[action of 19 August 1916]], adeeggiisu wuxuu inta badan ka koobnaa roondo joogto ah iyo tababar [[North Sea]]. Intii u dhaxaysay 1920-meeyadii iyo 1930-meeyadii, markabka waxaa loo qoondeeyay [[Atlantic Fleet (United Kingdom)|Atlantic]], [[Mediterranean Fleet|Mediterranean]], iyo [[Home Fleet]]s. ''Barham'' wuxuu door yar ka qaatay xakamaynta [[1929 Palestine riots]] iyo [[1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine]]. Markabku wuxuu ku sugnaa Mediterranean-ka markii uu bilaabmay [[Second World War]] Sebtembar 1939, safarkiisa guriga saddex bilood ka dib, wuxuu si lama filaan ah u jiiray oo uu quusiyay mid ka mid ah [[destroyer]]s-kii ilaalinayay, {{HMS|Duchess|H64|6}}. Wuxuu ka qayb qaatay [[Battle of Dakar]] badhtamihii 1940, halkaas oo uu waxyeello u geystay markab dagaal oo [[Vichy French]] ah, isaguna wuxuu helay waxyeello fudud. ''Barham'' ayaa ka dib loo wareejiyay Mediterranean Fleet, halkaas oo uu ku daboolay [[Malta convoys]] badan. Wuxuu gacan ka gaystay quusinta {{ship|Italian destroyer|Italian heavy cruiser}} iyo destroyer intii lagu jiray [[Battle of Cape Matapan]] Maarso 1941, waxaana waxyeello gaarsiiyay diyaaradaha Jarmalka laba bilood ka dib intii lagu jiray [[Battle of Crete#Evacuation, 28 May – 1 June|daadgureynta Crete]]. ''Barham'' waxaa xeebta Masar lagu quusiyay Noofambar oo ay ku dhinteen 862 shaqaale ah, qiyaastii saddex meelood labo meel shaqaalihiisa. == Naqshadeynta iyo sharraxaadda == Maraakiibta ''Queen Elizabeth''-class waxaa loo naqshadeeyay inay sameeyaan [[squadron (naval)|squadron]] xawaare ku socda oo loogu talagalay maraakiibta oo loogu talagalay inay ka shaqeeyaan maraakiibta hormuudka u ah [[battleline]] ka soo horjeeda. Tani waxay u baahneyd awood weyn oo gardarro ah iyo xawaare dhowr [[knot (unit)|knots]] ka dheereeya markab kasta oo kale oo dagaal si ay u suurtagasho in ay ka adkaadaan nooc kasta oo markab ah.<ref>Burt 2012b, p. 277</ref><ref>Parkes, pp. 560–561</ref> ''Barham'' wuxuu lahaa [[length overall]] dhan {{convert|643|ft|9|in|m|1}}, [[beam (nautical)|beam]] dhan {{convert|90|ft|7|in|m|1}} iyo [[draft (hull)|draught]] qoto dheer oo dhan {{convert|33|ft|m|1}}. Waxa uu lahaa [[displacement (ship)|displacement]] caadi ah oo dhan {{convert|32590|LT|t|0|lk=on}} wuxuuna barakiciyay {{convert|33260|LT|t|abbr=on|0}} at [[deep load]]. Waxaa ku shaqaynayay laba qaybood oo ah Brown-Curtis [[steam turbine]]s, mid kasta oo wada laba shafts iyadoo la isticmaalayo uumi ka yimid 24 [[Yarrow boiler]]s. Turbines-ka waxaa lagu qiimeeyay {{convert|75000|shp|lk=on}} waxaana loogu talagalay inay gaaraan xawaare ugu badnaan {{convert|25|kn|1}}. Intii lagu jiray [[sea trial]]-kiisa oo la soo gaabiyay 6 Luulyo 1916, ''Barham'' wuxuu gaaray kaliya xawaaraha ugu sarreeya ee {{convert|23.91|kn}}. Markabku wuxuu lahaa masaafo dhan {{convert|5000|nmi|lk=in|0}} xawaare dhan {{convert|12|kn|1}}. Shaqaalihiisu waxay ahaayeen 1,016 sarkaal iyo [[naval rating|ratings]] 1916.<ref>Burt 2012b, pp. 284–285, 287</ref> === Hubka iyo kontoroolka dabka === Fasalka ''Queen Elizabeth'' waxaa lagu qalabeeyay sideed [[List of British ordnance terms#BL|breech-loading]] (BL) [[BL 15 inch Mk I naval gun|{{convert|15|in|adj=on|0}} Mk I]] qoryo ah oo ku jira afar twin-[[gun turret]]s, laba [[superfire|superfiring pairs]] oo ku yaal xagga hore iyo xagga dambe ee [[superstructure]], loo qoondeeyay 'A', 'B', 'X', iyo 'Y' xagga hore ilaa dambe. Laba iyo toban ka mid ah afar iyo tobankii [[BL 6 inch Mk XII naval gun|BL {{convert|6|in|adj=on|0}} Mk XII]] qoryo ayaa lagu rakibay [[casemate]]s iyadoo loo marayo [[Broadside (naval)|broadside]] markabka [[amidships]]; labada kale ayaa lagu rakibay [[forecastle]] deck oo u dhow [[funnel (ship)|funnel]] dambe waxaana ilaalinayay [[gun shield]]s. [[anti-aircraft gun|anti-aircraft (AA)]] hubku wuxuu ka koobnaa laba [[quick-firing gun|quick-firing (QF)]] [[QF 3 inch 20 cwt|{{convert|3|in|mm|adj=on|0}} 20&nbsp;cwt Mk I]]<ref group=Note>"Cwt" waa soo gaabinta [[hundredweight]], 20 cwt waxay tixraacaysaa miisaanka qoriga.</ref> qoryo. Maraakiibta waxaa lagu rakibay afar [[British 21 inch torpedo|21-inch (533 mm)]] [[torpedo tube]]s oo hoose, laba mid kasta oo broadside ah.<ref>Burt 2012b, pp. 284–285, 288–289</ref> ''Barham'' waxaa lagu dhammaystiray laba [[Fire-control system#Naval fire control|fire-control directors]] oo lagu rakibay {{convert|15|ft|1|adj=on}} [[Rangefinding telemeter|rangefinder]]s. Mid ka mid ah ayaa lagu rakibay kor ku xusan [[conning tower]], oo ay ilaalinayso dabool hubaysan, kan kalena wuxuu ahaa [[Top (sailing ship)|spotting top]] kor ku xusan [[tripod mast]]. Turret kastaa waxaa sidoo kale lagu rakibay 15-foot rangefinder. Hubka ugu weyn waxaa sidoo kale xakameyn kara 'B' turret. Hubka labaad waxaa inta badan xakameynayay maamulayaasha lagu rakibay dhinac kasta oo ka mid ah compass platform-ka hore mar haddii lagu rakibay Luulyo 1917.<ref>Raven & Roberts, pp. 20–21, 30</ref> === Ilaalinta iyo diyaaradaha === [[Belt armor|waterline belt]] ee fasalka ''Queen Elizabeth'' wuxuu ka koobnaa [[Krupp cemented armour]] (KC) oo ahaa {{convert|13|in|0}} oo dhumucdiisuna ay saaran tahay maraakiibta vitals. Gun turrets-ka waxaa ilaalinayay {{convert|11|to|13|in|mm|0}} oo hubka KC ah waxaana taageeray [[barbette]]s {{convert|7|-|10|in|0}} oo dhumucdiisuna. Maraakiibta waxay lahaayeen dhowr dabaq oo hubaysan oo u dhexeeyay {{convert|1|to|3|in|0}} dhumucdiisuna. Main conning tower-ka waxaa ilaalinayay {{convert|13|in|mm}} oo hubka ah. Ka dib Battle of Jutland, {{convert|1|in|mm}} oo [[high-tensile steel]] ah ayaa lagu daray dabaqa ugu weyn ee kor ku xusan [[magazine (artillery)|magazines]] waxaana lagu daray qalab dheeraad ah oo ka hortagga ololka magazines-ka.<ref>Raven & Roberts, pp. 21, 26</ref> Markabka waxaa lagu rakibay [[Flight deck#Early|flying-off platforms]] oo lagu rakibay saqafyada 'B' iyo 'X' turrets 1918, kuwaas oo dagaalyahannada iyo [[reconnaissance aircraft]] ay ka kici karaan. Intii lagu jiray refit-kiisa horraantii 1930-meeyadii, platforms-ka waxaa laga saaray turrets-ka waxaana lagu rakibay [[aircraft catapult|catapult]] la soo celin karo oo saqafka saaran 'X' turret, oo ay la socoto [[crane (machine)|crane]] si loo soo kabsado [[floatplane]]. Tani waxay ahayd bilowgii [[Fairey III]]F ilaa laga beddelay [[Fairey Swordfish]] 1938.<ref>Raven & Roberts, pp. 30, 197, 203</ref> === Beddelka waaweyn === ''Barham'' wuxuu helay taxane ah refits yaryar intii lagu jiray 1920-meeyadii. 1921–1922, {{convert|30|ft|adj=on|1}} rangefinders ayaa beddelay kuwii yaraa ee 'B' iyo 'X' turrets.<ref>Burt 2012b, p. 290</ref> Laba sano ka dib, difaaciisa ka hortagga diyaaradaha ayaa la cusboonaysiiyay markii qoryihii asalka ahaa ee saddex-inji AA lagu beddelay lammaane [[QF 4 inch Mk V naval gun|QF {{convert|4|in|mm|adj=on|0|spell=in}} Mk V]] AA qoryo ah intii u dhaxaysay Noofambar 1924 iyo Janaayo 1925 iyo lammaane kale oo afar-inji AA qoryo ah ayaa lagu daray Oktoobar ilaa Noofambar dabayaaqadii sanadkaas. Si loo xakameeyo qoryahan meel ku meel gaar ah oo High-Angle Control Position ayaa lagu rakibay kor ku xusan torpedo-control tower-ka dambe. Tan waxaa beddelay torpedo rangefinder horraantii 1928 markii booska joogtada ah lagu rakibay spotting top-ka dib loo qaabeeyey.<ref>Raven & Roberts, p. 137</ref> Markabka ayaa si ballaaran loo beddelay intii u dhaxaysay Janaayo 1931 iyo Janaayo 1934 kharash dhan £424,000. Intii lagu jiray refit-kan, dhismaha dambe ayaa dib loo dhisay, torpedo-control tower-ka iyo rangefinder-kiisa ayaa laga saaray, oo ay la socoto qaybta dambe ee torpedo tubes. Fore funnel-ka waxaa lagu xiray funnel-ka dambe si loo yareeyo qiiqa spotting top-ka. A [[HACS|High-Angle Control System (HACS)]] Mk I director ayaa lagu daray saqafka spotting top-ka waxaana [[mainmast]]-ka dib loogu dhisay sidii tripod si loo taageero miisaanka director-ka labaad ee HACS. Lammaane octuple mounts ah oo loogu talagalay [[QF 2 pounder naval gun#QF 2-pounder Mark VIII|2-pounder ({{cvt|40|mm|in|1}}) Mk VIII "pom-pom"]] anti-aircraft qoryo ah ayaa lagu daray funnel-ka agtiisa iyo laba boos oo loogu talagalay maamulayaashooda ayaa lagu daray meelaha cusub ee agtiisa iyo hoosta spotting top-ka. Intaa waxaa dheer, lammaane quadruple mounts ah oo loogu talagalay [[Vickers .50 machine gun|Vickers {{cvt|0.5|in|1}}]] [[anti-aircraft machinegun|AA machine guns]] ayaa lagu daray agtiisa conning tower-ka.<ref>Raven & Roberts, p. 197</ref> Saqafyada turret-ka waxaa lagu xoojiyay dhumucdiisuna dhan {{convert|5|in|0}} iyo hubka lagu daray magazines-ka ka dib Jutland waxaa lagu beddelay 4 inji oo hubka Krupp non-cemented ah, markabkii ugu horreeyay ee dagaalka British-ka ee helay mid noocaas ah. Intaa waxaa dheer, dhabarka lix-inji gun casemates waxaa ku hareeraysan {{convert|1.5|in|adj=on}} bulkhead. Ilaalinta biyaha hoostooda waxaa lagu hagaajiyay iyadoo lagu daray [[torpedo bulge]]s. Waxaa loogu talagalay inay yareeyaan saamaynta qaraxyada torpedo-ga oo ay hagaajiyaan xasiloonida<ref>Raven & Roberts, pp. 129, 197, 200</ref> iyadoo lagu bixinayo kharashka ballaarinta markabka beam-ka ku dhawaad {{convert|14|ft|m|1}} ilaa {{convert|104|ft|m|1}},<ref name="conways_1922-46">Campbell 1980, p. 7</ref> oo yareeyay draught-kiisa ilaa {{convert|32|ft|6|in|m|1}}. Tani waxay kordhisay metacentric height-kiisa ilaa ku dhawaad {{convert|7|ft|m|1}} at deep load, inkastoo uu kordhay deep displacement-kiisa ilaa {{convert|35970|LT|t}}.<ref>Raven & Roberts, p. 203</ref> Markii ''Barham'' uu sameeyay sea trials-kiisa 20 Noofambar 1933, xawaarihiisa waxaa laga dhimay {{convert|22.5|kn}} ilaa {{convert|65655|shp|abbr=on}}.<ref>Burt 2012a, p. 75</ref> Beddelka dambe waxaa ka mid ahaa beddelka single mounts-ka ee AA qoryo leh twin mounts oo loogu talagalay [[QF 4 inch Mk XVI naval gun|QF 4-inch Mark XVI qori]], ka saarista torpedo tubes-ka hoose ee hore iyo high-angle rangefinder-ka Maarso–Maajo 1938. Intaa waxaa dheer torpedo-control tower-ka dambe waxaa lagu beddelay air-defence position intii lagu jiray refit-kaas. Intii uu ku jiray dayactirka Diseembar 1939{{snd}}Maarso 1940, 20-barrel [[Unrotated projectile]] (UP) rocket launcher ayaa lagu rakibay saqafka 'B' turret iyo HACS Mk I directors-kiisa waxaa lagu beddelay Mk III models. Sanadkii xigay UP mount-ka waxaa lagu beddelay lammaane quadruple Vickers 0.5-inch machine gun mounts ah iyo lammaane kale oo eight-barreled "pom-pom" mounts ah ayaa lagu daray agtiisa conning tower-kiisa.<ref>Burt 2012a, p. 85; Raven & Roberts, pp. 203, 205</ref> == Dhismaha iyo shaqada == Fasalka ''Queen Elizabeth'' waxaa loo amaray inay qayb ka noqdaan 1912 Naval Programme iyo qandaraaska ''Barham'' waxaa la siiyay [[John Brown & Company]].<ref name=gg3>Preston, p. 33</ref> Markabka, oo loogu magac daray Admiral [[Charles Middleton, 1st Baron Barham]],<ref name=s6>Silverstone, p. 216</ref> waxaa [[laid down]] lagu sameeyay yard-ka [[Clydebank]] 24 Febraayo 1913 waxaana [[Ship naming and launching|launched]] lagu sameeyay 31 Diseembar 1914.<ref>Burt 2012b, p. 284</ref><ref>Raven & Roberts, p. 17</ref>{{refn|Si cajiib ah, Preston, Silverstone, iyo Parkes dhammaantood waxay bixiyaan taariikhda daahfurka 31 Oktoobar;<ref name=gg3/><ref name=s6/><ref>Parkes, p. 562</ref> si kastaba ha ahaatee buugaagta tixraaca ee casriga ah sida ''Jane's Fighting Ships'' iyo ilo kale oo casri ah sida Lenton, Colledge iyo http://clydeships.co.uk waxay ku heshiiyaan taariikhda 31 Diseembar 1914.|group=Note}} ''Barham'' wuxuu ku kacay wadar ahaan [[Pound sterling|£]]2,470,113.<ref>Burt 2012b, p. 285</ref> Waxaa loo dhammaystiray tijaabooyin 19 Agoosto 1915 kuwaas oo qaatay ilaa dhammaadka Sebtembar inay dhammaystiraan iyadoo uu amar ku jiro [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] [[Arthur Craig Waller]]. Maalintii xigtay, 1 Oktoobar, [[Rear-Admiral]] [[Hugh Evan-Thomas]], taliyaha [[British 5th Battle Squadron|5th Battle Squadron]], ayaa kor u qaaday calankiisa markabkiisa cusub ee flagship-ka ah.<ref>Jones, pp. 19, 21, 265</ref> === Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka === ''Barham'' wuxuu ku biiray [[Grand Fleet]] ee [[Scapa Flow]] maalintii xigtay wuxuuna ka qayb qaatay hawlgal tababar oo fleet ah oo galbeedka [[Orkney]] intii lagu jiray 2–5 Noofambar.<ref>Jellicoe, pp. 249, 253</ref> Intii lagu jiray layli kale oo tababar ah horraantii Diseembar, markabka waxaa si lama filaan ah u [[naval ram|rammed]] sameeyay walaalkiis {{HMS|Warspite|03|2}} 3 Diseembar. Ka dib dayactirka ku meel gaadhka ah ee Scapa, ''Barham'' waxaa loo diray [[Cromarty Firth]] si loo sameeyo dayactir joogto ah oo ku yaal [[floating dry dock]] halkaas oo socday ilaa 23 Diseembar.<ref>Jellicoe, pp. 257–258; Jones, pp. 26–29</ref> Grand Fleet waxay ka dhoofeen safar North Sea ah 26 Febraayo 1916; Admiral [[John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe|Sir John Jellicoe]], taliyaha Grand Fleet, wuxuu rabay inuu isticmaalo [[Harwich Force]] si uu u xaaqo [[Heligoland Bight]], laakiin cimilada xun ayaa ka hortagtay hawlgallada koonfurta North Sea. Natiijo ahaan, hawlgalku wuxuu ku koobnaa dhammaadka waqooyi ee badda. Xaaqid kale ayaa bilaabatay 6 Maarso, laakiin waa in la joojiyaa maalintii xigtay maadaama cimiladu ay aad u adkaatay [[destroyer]]s-ka ilaalinayay. Habeenkii 25 Maarso, ''Barham'' iyo inta kale ee fleet-ka waxay ka dhoofeen Scapa Flow si ay u taageeraan [[Vice-Admiral]] [[David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty|David Beatty]] battlecruisers iyo ciidamo kale oo fudud oo weerarayay saldhigga [[Zeppelin]] ee Jarmalka ee [[Tondern]]. Markii Grand Fleet ay u dhawaatay aagga 26 Maarso, ciidamada British-ka iyo Jarmalka horay ayay u kala baxeen iyo [[gale]] xooggan ayaa hanjabay light craft-ka, markaa fleet-ka waxaa lagu amray inay ku laabtaan saldhigga. 21 Abriil, Grand Fleet waxay sameeyeen mudaaharaad off [[Horns Reef]] si ay u mashquuliyaan Jarmalka inta [[Imperial Russian Navy|Russian Navy]] ay dib u dhigayeen minefields-kooda difaaca ee [[Baltic Sea]]. Fleet-ka ayaa ku laabtay Scapa Flow 24 Abriil oo shidaal ka qaatay ka hor inta aysan u sii socon koonfurta iyada oo laga jawaabayo warbixinnada sirdoonka ee ah in Jarmalku ay ku dhow yihiin inay bilaabaan [[Bombardment of Yarmouth and Lowestoft|weerar ku qaadaan Lowestoft]]. 5th Battle Squadron waxay ka horreeyeen inta kale ee Grand Fleet si ay u xoojiyaan Beatty's battlecruiser fleet, laakiin British-ka waxay gaareen aagga ka dib markii Jarmalku ay ka baxeen. 2–4 Maajo, fleet-ka waxay sameeyeen mudaaharaad kale off Horns Reef si ay u ilaaliyaan dareenka Jarmalka North Sea.<ref>Jellicoe, pp. 271, 275, 279–80, 284, 286–290</ref> 21 Maajo, 5th Battle Squadron waxaa lagu lifaaqay Beatty intii uu [[3rd Battlecruiser Squadron]]-kiisu ahaa mid laga soocay tababarka hubka wuxuuna gaaray [[Rosyth]] maalintii xigtay.<ref>Gordon, pp. 48–49</ref> ==== Battle of Jutland ==== [[File:Map of the Battle of Jutland, 1916.svg|thumb|400px|Khariidadaha muujinaya dhaqdhaqaaqa maraakiibta British-ka (buluug) iyo Jarmalka (cas) 31 Maajo{{snd}}1 Juun 1916|alt=Maraakiibta British-ka waxay ka dhoofeen waqooyiga Britain ilaa bari halka Jarmalku ay ka dhoofeen Jarmalka koonfurta; maraakiibta iska soo horjeeda waxay ku kulmeen off xeebta Danish-ka]] {{Main|Battle of Jutland}} Iyadoo la isku dayayo in la soo saaro oo la burburiyo qayb ka mid ah Grand Fleet, High Seas Fleet, oo ka kooban 16 dreadnoughts, 6 [[Pre-dreadnought battleship|pre-dreadnoughts]], 6 [[light cruiser]]s, iyo 31 [[torpedo boat]]s, ayaa ka dhoofay [[Jade Bight|Jade]] horraantii subaxnimadii 31 Maajo. Fleet-ka ayaa ka dhoofay concert la leh Rear Admiral [[Franz von Hipper]] shan battlecruisers iyo taageeraya cruisers iyo torpedo boats. Royal Navy-ga [[Room 40]] ayaa qabsaday oo decrypt gareeyay radio traffic-ga Jarmalka oo ka kooban qorshayaasha hawlgalka. Jawaab ahaan Admiralty ayaa amartay Grand Fleet, oo dhan qiyaastii 28 dreadnoughts iyo 9 battlecruisers, inay ka baxaan habeenkii ka hor si ay u gooyaan oo u burburiyaan High Seas Fleet.<ref>Tarrant, pp. 54–55, 57–58</ref> ''Barham'' ayaa ka siibatay [[mooring (watercraft)|mooring]]-keeda 22:08 waxaana raacay inta kale ee Beatty maraakiibtiisa.<ref>Gordon, p. 64</ref><ref group=Note>Waqtiyada loo isticmaalay qaybtan waxay ku jiraan [[Universal Time|UT]], hal saac ka dambeeya [[Central European Time|CET]], kaas oo inta badan loo isticmaalo shaqooyinka Jarmalka.</ref> Markii waagu baryay Beatty wuxuu amray ciidamadiisa inay galaan cruising formation iyadoo 5th Battle Squadron ay daba joogaan battle cruisers-kiisa {{convert|5|nmi|spell=in}}. 14:15, Beatty wuxuu amray leexasho [[north by east]] si uu ula kulmo Grand Fleet. Wax yar ka hor leexashada, mid ka mid ah light cruisers-kiisa, {{HMS|Galatea|1914|2}} ayaa arkay qiiq horizon-ka wuxuuna sii waday koorsadiisa si uu u baaro. Toban daqiiqo ka dib, markabku wuxuu radio-ga ku yiri "Laba cruisers, malaha cadow, oo la arki karo..." Waxay dhab ahaantii ahaayeen laba Jarmal destroyers oo joogsaday si ay u hubiyaan warqadaha markab ganacsi oo Danish ah. 14:32, Beatty wuxuu amray isbeddel koorso oo ku socda south-southeast jawaab ahaan warbixinta goobta. ''Barham''{{'}} signallers-ka awood uma aysan yeelan inay akhriyaan signal-ka iyo [[officer of the watch]]-kiisa wuxuu u qaatay inuu ahaa barta la filayo [[zigzag]] ilaa bidix ee koorsada aasaasiga ah wuxuuna signal siiyay isbeddelka koorsadaas inta kale ee squadron-ka. Dhowr daqiiqo ka dib waxay noqotay mid muuqata in squadron-ku uusan ku habboonayn Beatty maraakiibtiisa kale, laakiin Evan-Thomas wuu diiday inuu beddelo koorsada ilaa tilmaamo cad la helay inkastoo la weydiistay iyadoo laga baryayo ''Barham''{{'}} [[captain (nautical)|captain]]. Inkasta oo waqtiga saxda ah ee Evan-Thomas uu amray maraakiibtiisa inay u leexdaan Beatty raacaan aan la aqoon, isfahamku waa inuu ahaa qiyaastii toddoba daqiiqo ka dib, taas oo kordhisay masaaftiisa Beatty ilaa wax ka yar {{convert|10|nmi|spell=in}}.<ref>Gordon, p. 67, 74–77, 81–82, 85</ref>{{refn|Gordon wuxuu u hibeeyay cutub dhan arrintan maadaama xisaabaadka kala duwan aan la isku waafajin karin records-ka badbaaday.|group=Note}} Hipper's battlecruisers ayaa arkay Battlecruiser Fleet xagga galbeed 15:20, laakiin Beatty maraakiibtiisa ma aysan arkin Jarmalka xagga bari ilaa 15:30. Laba daqiiqo ka dib, Beatty wuxuu amray isbeddel koorso oo ku socda east-southeast, isagoo u dhigaya maraakiibta British-ka inay gooyaan Jarmalka line-ka bixitaanka, oo signal siiyay [[action stations]]. Hipper wuxuu amray maraakiibtiisa inay u leexdaan starboard, ka fog British-ka, si ay u qaataan koorso south-easterly ah, oo yareeyay xawaaraha ilaa {{convert|18|kn}} si loogu oggolaado saddex light cruisers oo ka tirsan 2nd Scouting Group inay qabsadaan. Leexashadan, Hipper wuxuu dib ugu soo noqonayay High Seas Fleet, {{convert|60|mi}} gadaashiisa. Beatty ka dibna wuxuu beddelay koorsada xagga bari, maadaama uu wali aad u fog yahay waqooyi si uu Hipper u gooyo.<ref>Tarrant, pp. 69, 71, 75</ref> Tan waxaa markii dambe lagu tilmaamay "Run to the South" maadaama Beatty uu beddelay koorsada si uu u hoggaamiyo east-southeast 15:45, hadda oo u dhiganta Hipper koorsadiisa oo ka yar {{convert|18000|yd}} fog. Waqtigaas 5th Battle Squadron waxay ahayd qiyaastii {{convert|7.5|nmi|spell=in}} waqooyi-galbeed ee Beatty. Jarmalku waxay fureen dabka marka hore 15:48, waxaana raacay British battlecruisers.<ref>Campbell 1986, pp. 34–35, 39</ref> Light cruisers-ka 2nd Scouting Group waxay ahaayeen maraakiibta Jarmalka ugu horreeya ee Evan-Thomas maraakiibtiisa u muuqda iyo ''Barham'' waxay fureen dabka iyaga 15:58 ilaa cruisers-ka ay ku baaba'een [[smoke screen]]-kooda qiyaastii 16:05.<ref>Campbell 1986, pp. 43–46</ref> Qiyaastii saddex daqiiqo ka dib, markabka wuxuu furey dabka battlecruiser-ka {{SMS|Von der Tann}} masaafo dhan qiyaastii {{convert|23000|yd|m}}.<ref>Gordon, pp. 113–115</ref> Daqiiqo ka dib waxay ku dhufteen hal hit stern-ka markabka Jarmalka ka hor inta aan la amrin inay u beddelaan bartilmaameedyada battlecruiser-ka {{SMS|Moltke}}, oo ay la socoto walaalkiis {{HMS|Valiant|1914|2}}. Shell-ku wuxuu ku dhuftay hoos u dhaca waterline-ka wuxuuna qarxay markii uu ku dhacay belt armour-ka. Saamayntu waxay ahayd mid sax ah oo ku saabsan kala-goysyada u dhexeeya dhowr armor plates wuxuuna ku kaxeeyay iyaga gudaha wuxuuna burburiyay qayb ka mid ah hull-ka gadaashooda. Waxyeelladu waxay u oggolaatay in ka badan {{convert|1000|LT|t|0}} biyo ah inay daadad u galaan stern-ka oo ku dhawaad garaaceen steering gear-ka markabka. Intooda dhexe, ''Barham'' iyo ''Valiant'' waxay ku dhufteen ''Moltke'' afar jeer 16:16 ilaa 16:26, laakiin mid ka mid ah hits-kaas ayaa loo aanayn karaa ''Valiant''. Labo ka mid ah kuwa kale ayaa qarxay markii ay ku dhufteen waterline armour-ka, laakiin way ku guuldareysteen inay galaan. Saamayntu waxay ku kaxaysay plates-ka iyo fragments-ka waxay keeneen daadad badan iyagoo waxyeello u geystay dhismaha ku hareeraysan. Shell-kii ugu dambeeyay wuxuu dhex maray markabka oo dhan isagoon qarxin; wuxuu ku dhuftay oo uu ka saaray {{convert|100|mm|adj=on}} armor plate-ka waterline-ka dhinaca kale ee markabka taas oo keentay sidoo kale daadad. ''Barham'' lafteeda ayaa la dhuftay laba jeer intii lagu jiray "Run to the South": kii ugu horreeyay wuxuu ahaa {{convert|28.3|cm|adj=on|0}} shell oo ka yimid ''Von der Tann'' oo ku guuldareystay inuu waxyeello geysto markii uu ku dhuftay waterline armour-ka iyo battlecruiser {{SMS|Lützow}} wuxuu furey {{convert|30.5|cm|adj=on|0}} shell oo ku qarxay superstructure-ka dambe. Tani waxay u dirtay splinters meel kasta waxayna bilowday dab yar, laakiin si kale ma aysan geysan waxyeello weyn.<ref>Campbell 1986, pp. 49, 76–77, 85–90</ref> 16:30, light cruiser {{HMS|Southampton|1912|2}}, oo sahaminaysay Beatty maraakiibtiisa ka hor, ayaa arkay curiyeyaasha hoggaanka ee High Seas Fleet oo u imanaya waqooyi xawaare sare. Saddex daqiiqo ka dib, waxay aragtay topmasts-ka Vice-Admiral [[Reinhard Scheer]] maraakiibtiisa dagaalka, laakiin uma aysan warbixinin tan ilaa shan daqiiqo oo kale. Beatty wuxuu sii waday koonfurta laba daqiiqo oo kale si uu u xaqiijiyo aragtida ka hor inta aan la amrin ciidamadiisa inay u leexdaan waqooyi, dhanka Grand Fleet waxaana loo yaqaanaa "Run to the North".<ref>Massie, pp. 598–600</ref> Amarkiisu wuxuu khuseeyay oo kaliya ciidamadiisa; 5th Battle Squadron waxay sii wadeen koonfurta ilaa ay ka dhaafeen Beatty oo u socda waqooyi-galbeed 16:51. Beatty ka dibna wuxuu amray Evan-Thomas inuu u leexiyo maraakiibtiisa isku xigxiga si ay u raacaan battlecruisers-ka saddex daqiiqo ka dib. Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay inay ahaayeen kuwo {{convert|4000|yd|m}} u dhow High Sea Fleet oo si degdeg ah u horumarsan. Oo hadda masaafo u jirta maraakiibta dagaalka ee 3rd Squadron kuwaas oo furey dabka 5th Battle Squadron markii ay sameeyeen leexashadooda.{{refn|Tani waa arrin kale oo dhibaato leh oo ilo kala duwan ay ku kala duwan yihiin taas oo Gordon u hibeeyay cutub dhan.|group=Note}} Evan-Thomas wuxuu sii waday leexashadiisa ilaa maraakiibtiisu ay ku socdaan due north, taas oo dhex gashay 5th Battle Squadron inta u dhaxaysa Hipper's battlecruisers,<ref>Gordon, pp. 404–407</ref> kaas oo dib u rogay koorsada qiyaastii 16:48 si ay u raacaan Beatty waqooyi,<ref>Brooks, p. 250</ref> iyo Beatty maraakiibtiisa. Intii uu sameynayay leexashada,<ref>Gordon, pp. 143–144</ref> ''Barham'' waxaa ku dhuftay laba 30.5-centimetre shells 16:58, malaha battlecruiser {{SMS|Derfflinger}}. Kii ugu horreeyay ee kuwan ayaa ku dhuftay markabka upper deck ka hor inta aanu qarxin markii uu ku dhuftay main deck-ka kor ku xusan qaybta dukaanka caafimaadka, kaas oo si buuxda u gubtay. Qarxintu waxay ku afuufay {{convert|7|by|7|ft|m|1|adj=on}} god main deck-ka, waxay u dirtay fragments-ka iyada oo loo marayo middle iyo lower decks-ka waxayna gubtay casemate-ka starboard No. 2 six-inch qori. Saddex daqiiqo ka dib shell kale ayaa ku dhuftay superstructure-ka dambe, waxayna goysay antenna cables-ka saldhigga weyn ee [[Wireless telegraphy|wireless]]. Hal fragment ayaa ka soo noqday upper deck-ka iyo iyada oo loo marayo side plating-ka dhinaca kale ee markabka.<ref>Campbell 1986, pp. 100, 126–129</ref> Ama kii ugu horreeyay ama kii afraad ee shells-kan ayaa burburiyay sickbay-ga markabka, iyagoo dilay shaqaalaha iyo dhammaan bukaanada, oo ay ku jiraan sideed [[ship's boy]]s.<ref>Gordon, p. 410</ref> ''Barham'' waxay ku soo celisay dabka battlecruisers-ka 17:02, oo ay la socoto ''Valiant'', labada waqooyi ee Evan-Thomas maraakiibtiisa, labadooduna waxay sameeyeen saddex hits battlecruiser {{SMS|Seydlitz}} iyo ''Lützow'' intii u dhaxaysay 17:06 iyo 17:13 halka ''Barham'' la dhuftay laba jeer oo kale ''Derfflinger''; in kasta oo midkoodna hits-ka uusan geysan waxyeello weyn. Marka la barbar dhigo, hit-ka ''Lützow'' wuxuu fatahay {{convert|15|cm|adj=on}} magazine iyo hits-ka ''Seydlitz'' waxay ku afuufay {{convert|10|by|13|ft|m|1|adj=on}} god dhinaca bow-geeda. Fragments-ka hit-kan waxay keeneen daadad ku faafay bow-ga, halka xawaaraha markabka uu u oggolaaday biyaha inay si toos ah u galaan iyada oo loo marayo godka dhinaca. Fragments kale oo ka yimid hit-ka labaad waxay keeneen waxyeello u oggolaatay biyaha inay ku faafaan xitaa dheeraad. Laba hits-kan ayaa ugu dambeyntii mas'uul ka ahaa daadadka waaweyn ee ku dhowaad quusiyay ''Seydlitz'' ka dib dagaalka. Shell-ka saddexaad wuxuu ku qarxay wejiga starboard [[wing turret]], inkastoo fragments qaarkood ay galeen turret-ka waxayna keeneen waxyeello yar.<ref>Campbell 1986, pp. 138–139</ref> Beatty xilligaas wuxuu u leexday xagga galbeed si uu u furo masaafo u dhaxaysa battlecruisers-kiisa la garaacay iyo Jarmalka. 17:45 wuxuu u leexday xagga bari si uu u qaato booskiisa hor Grand Fleet iyo dib u hawlgelinta Hipper maraakiibtiisa. Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay in 5th Battle Squadron iyo light cruisers ay ahaayeen bartilmaameedyada kaliya ee Jarmalka laga heli karo ilaa ka dib leexashadiisa, in kasta oo aragga sii xumaanaya ay caqabad ku noqdeen toogashada labada dhinac. ''Barham'' laguma dhuftay intii lagu jiray waqtigan iyada iyo ''Valiant'', oo ay ku soo biireen walaalkood ''Warspite'', waxay sii wadeen inay ku ridaan Hipper 1st Scouting Group ilaa 18:02 markii ''Valiant'' uu arkay Jarmalka. Waxay ku dhufteen ''Lützow'', ''Derfflinger'' iyo ''Seydlitz'' saddex jeer intii u dhaxaysay 17:19 iyo qiyaastii 18:05. ''Lützow'' wax yar ayay waxyeello gaareen hits-kan, kuwaas oo asal ahaan kaliya garaacay qolalka wireless-ka ee aasaasiga ah iyo back-up halka shells-ka ku dhuftay ''Derfflinger'' ay ku dhuftay dhinaca bow-ga markabka, iyagoo garaacay dhowr armor plates, halka fragments-ku ay fureen godad kuwaas oo ugu dambeyntii u oggolaaday qiyaastii {{convert|2000|t|LT|0}} biyo ah inay galaan bow-ga. Mid ka mid ah hits-kan ayaa sidoo kale bilaabay dhowr dab oo waaweyn oo gudaha hull-ka ah. Hits-ka ''Seydlitz'' inta badan waxay fureen godad badan oo fududeeyay daadadka.<ref>Campbell 1986, pp. 101–102, 108–110, 115–116, 134–142</ref> Hipper wuxuu u leexiyay maraakiibtiisa koonfurta qiyaastii 18:05 si uu dib ugu soo noqdo maraakiibta dagaalka ee Scheer ee horumaraya ka dibna dib u rogay koorsada shan daqiiqo ka dib. Evan-Thomas wuxuu u leexiyay waqooyi-bari qiyaastii 18:06 ka dibna wuxuu sameeyay leexasho gaabis ah oo koonfur-bari ah markii uu arkay Grand Fleet. Wuxuu marka hore arkay markab dagaal {{HMS|Marlborough|1912|2}}, flagship-ka 6th Division ee [[1st Battle Squadron (United Kingdom)|1st Battle Squadron]] wuxuuna u qaatay inay hoggaaminayso Grand Fleet markii ay ka soo baxday cruising formation iyadoo loo marayo [[line ahead]]. 18:17 wuxuu ogaaday in ''Marlborough'' ay dhab ahaantii ku jirtay gadaasha dhismaha wuxuuna amray leexasho waqooyi si uu squadron-kiisa ugu keeno line-ka gadaasha Grand Fleet. Tani waxay qaadatay waqti iyo maraakiibtiisu waxay ahayd inay yareeyaan xawaaraha ilaa {{convert|12|-|18|kn}} si looga fogaado overrunning 6th Division iyo xannibaadda dabkeeda. 5th Battle Squadron waxay diiradda saareen dabkooda maraakiibta dagaalka ee Jarmalka ka dib markii ay arkeen battlecruisers-ka, iyadoo ''Barham'' ay fureyso dabka 18:14. Hits laguma arkin maraakiibtuna waxay joojiyeen toogashada ka dib markii ay sameeyeen leexashadooda waqooyi, laakiin ''Barham'' waxay furey dabka waqti gaaban markii ay ku dhaceen line-ka Grand Fleet dhowr daqiiqo ka dib, malaha iyada oo aan la samaynin wax hits ah.<ref>Campbell 1986, pp. 147, 153, 158, 165</ref> ''Barham'' waxay riday 337 fifteen-inch shells iyo 25 six-inch shells intii lagu jiray dagaalka. Tirada hits-ka lama xaqiijin karo, laakiin waxaa la rumeysan yahay in ay iyada iyo ''Valiant'' ay sameeyeen 23 ama 24 hits intooda dhexe, iyaga oo ka dhigaya laba ka mid ah maraakiibta dagaalka ee ugu saxsan fleet-ka British-ka. Waxaa la dhuftay lix jeer intii lagu jiray dagaalka, shan jeer 30.5&nbsp;cm shells iyo hal jeer 28.3&nbsp;cm shell, iyada oo ay soo gaareen khasaare dhan 26 la dilay iyo 46 la dhaawacay.<ref>Campbell 1986, pp. 340, 346, 349, 354–355, 358</ref> ==== Hawlgal dambe ==== [[File:NH 50155.jpeg|thumb|upright=1.3|Muuqaalka hawada ee ''Barham'' ee Scapa Flow, 1917]] Ka dib Jutland, ''Barham'' wuxuu ku jiray dayactir ilaa 5 Luulyo 1916.<ref name="Conway06 p34">Preston, p. 34</ref> Habeenkii 18 Agoosto, Grand Fleet waxay u dhoofeen badda jawaab ahaan farriin ay decrypt gareeyeen Room 40 oo tilmaamaysa in High Seas Fleet, minus II Squadron, ay ka tagi doonaan dekedda habeenkaas. Ujeeddada Jarmalku waxay ahayd inay weeraraan [[Sunderland, Tyne and Wear|Sunderland]] 19 Agoosto, iyadoo lagu salaynayo sahamin ballaaran oo ay sameeyeen Zeppelins iyo submarines. Grand Fleet waxay ka dhoofeen 29 dreadnoughts iyo 6 battlecruisers halka Jarmalku ay ururiyeen 18 dreadnoughts iyo 2 battlecruisers. Intii lagu jiray maalintii xigtay, Jellicoe iyo Vice-Admiral Reinhard Scheer, taliyaha High Seas Fleet, waxay heleen sirdoon is khilaafsan; ka dib markii ay gaareen goobta North Sea halkaas oo ay filayeen inay kula kulmaan High Seas Fleet, British-ku waxay u leexdeen waqooyi iyada oo la aaminsan yahay in ay galeen minefield. Scheer wuxuu u leexday koonfurta mar kale, ka dibna wuxuu u jiheeyay koonfur-bari si uu u raacdo battle squadron British ah oo kali ah oo ay arkeen airship, kaas oo dhab ahaantii ahaa Harwich Force oo ka kooban [[cruiser]]s iyo destroyers oo hoos yimaada [[Commodore (Royal Navy)|Commodore]] [[Reginald Tyrwhitt]]. Markii ay garteen qaladkooda, Jarmalku waxay beddeleen koorsada guriga. Xiriirka kaliya wuxuu yimid habeenkii markii Tyrwhitt uu arkay High Seas Fleet laakiin wuxuu awoodi waayay inuu gaaro meel faa'iido leh oo weerar ah ka hor inta aanu gudcurku dhicin, wuxuuna xiriirka ka gooyay. British-ka iyo Jarmalka maraakiibta waxay ku laabteen guriga; British-ku waxay lumiyeen laba cruisers oo loo geystay weerarro submarine ah, iyo hal dreadnought Jarmal ah ayaa la torpedo gareeyay. Ka dib markii uu ku laabtay dekedda, Jellicoe wuxuu soo saaray amar mamnuucay in fleet-ka halis la geliyo qaybta koonfureed ee North Sea sababtoo ah khatarta culus ee ka imanaysa mines iyo [[U-boat]]s ilaa fursadaha laga adkaado High Seas Fleet in decisive engagement ay ahaayeen kuwa wanaagsan.<ref>Massie, pp. 682–684</ref> Waxaana la refit gareeyay [[Cromarty]] intii u dhaxaysay Febraayo iyo Maarso 1917<ref name="Conway06 p34"/> iyo King [[George V]] ayaa kormeeray markabka 22 Juun [[Invergordon]].<ref>Jones, p. 51</ref> ''Barham'' waxaa la refit gareeyay Rosyth 7–23 Febraayo 1918<ref>Campbell 1972, p. 42</ref> Waller-na waxaa beddelay Captain [[Henry Buller]] 18 Abriil. Midka dambe waxaa beddelay Captain Richard Horne 1 Oktoobar. Waxay joogtay markii High Seas Fleet ay is dhiibeen internment 21 Noofambar.<ref>Jones, pp. 79–81, 265</ref> === Inta u dhaxaysay dagaallada === [[File:HMS Barham Malaya and Argus.jpg|thumb|left|''Barham'' oo hoggaaminaysa ''Malaya'' iyo [[aircraft carrier]] {{HMS|Argus|I49|2}} dhammaadkii 1920-meeyadii]] ''Barham'' wuxuu noqday flagship-ka 1st Battle Squadron ee [[Atlantic Fleet (United Kingdom)|Atlantic Fleet]] Abriil 1919, wuxuuna sameeyay booqasho dekedda [[Cherbourg]], France bishaas iyada oo la socota inta kale ee squadron-ka.<ref>Burt 2012a, p. 134</ref> Captain [[Robin Dalglish]] ayaa beddelay Horne 1 Oktoobar 1920.<ref name=j5>Jones, p. 265</ref> Waxay haysatay booskeeda markii 1st iyo 2nd Battle Squadrons lagu biiriyay Maajo 1921.<ref name=b5/> Dalglish waxaa beddelay Captain [[Percy Noble (Royal Navy officer)|Percy Noble]] 18 Oktoobar 1922.<ref name=j5/> ''Barham'' wuxuu ka qayb qaatay [[Fleet review (Commonwealth realms)|Fleet review]] 26 Luulyo 1924 [[Spithead]]. Dhowr bilood ka dib, hadda oo uu amrayo Captain [[Richard Hill (Royal Navy officer)|Richard Hill]],<ref name=j5/> markabka mar kale wuxuu haysatay booskeeda markii 1st Battle Squadron loo qaybiyay labo iyo ''Queen Elizabeth''s-ka 1st Battle Squadron cusub loo wareejiyay [[Mediterranean Fleet]] 1 Noofambar 1924.<ref name=b5/> 14 Oktoobar 1925, Captain [[Francis Arthur Marten|Francis Marten]] ayaa beddelay Hill, laakiin wuxuu haystay amarka kaliya ilaa 9 Maarso 1926 markii Captain [[Joseph Henley]] uu qaatay amarka.<ref name=j5/> Iyadoo la socota walaalkiis {{HMS|Malaya||2}}, ''Barham'' waxaa loo diray [[Alexandria, Egypt]], Maajo 1927 intii lagu jiray waqti aan degganayn.<ref name=b5/> Hadda oo uu amrayo Captain [[Hubert Monroe]]<ref name=j5/> iyo iyadoo la socota markab dagaal {{HMS|Ramillies|07|2}}, wuxuu ku safray xeebta [[West Africa]] laga bilaabo Diseembar 1927 ilaa Febraayo 1928. Waxay noqotay [[private ship]] Janaayo sanadkaas waxaana la refit gareeyay Portsmouth Royal Dockyard Febraayo–Luulyo. Wax yar ka dib markii ay ku laabteen Mediterranean-ka, ''Barham'' mar kale wuxuu noqday flagship-ka 1st Battle Squadron Sebtembar ka dib walaalkiis ''Warspite'' oo ay ahayd inuu ku laabto guriga dayactir ka dib [[Ship grounding|running aground]].<ref name=b5/> Captain [[James Somerville]] ayaa beddelay Monroe 1 Diseembar waxaana la beddelay markii xigtay 16 Maarso 1929 Captain John C. Hamilton.<ref name=j5/> Markabka waxaa lagu beddelay flagship ahaan {{HMS|Revenge|06|2}} Juun<ref name=b5>Burt 2012a, p. 135</ref> waxaana loo amray Palestine Agoosto halkaas oo shaqaalihiisu gacan ka geysteen xakamaynta [[1929 Palestine riots|rioting in Haifa]] iyo sidoo kale operated [[Palestine Railways|Haifa-Jerusalem railroad]].<ref>Jones, pp. 115–116</ref> Markabka waxaa loo wareejiyay 2nd Battle Squadron ee Atlantic Fleet Noofambar 1929,<ref name=b5/> iyo, iyadoo la socota ''Malaya'', waxay sameeyeen booqasho dekedda [[Trondheim]], Norway badhtamihii 1930 halkaas oo ay ku ridaan salute si ay u dabaaldegaan dhalashada [[Princess Ragnhild, Mrs. Lorentzen|Princess Ragnhild]] 9 Juun.<ref>Jones, pp. 121–122</ref> Intii u dhaxaysay Janaayo 1931 iyo Janaayo 1934, ''Barham'' wuxuu maray refit weyn. Iyadoo ''Warspite'', ''Valiant'' iyo {{HMS|Queen Elizabeth|1913|2}} ay heleen waxa u dhigma dib u dhis dhammaystiran oo leh mashiinno cusub iyo superstructures intii lagu jiray badhtamihii ilaa dhammaadkii 1930-meeyadii, isbeddelada ''Barham'' waxay ahaayeen kuwo yar.<ref name="Conwayss22 p8">Campbell 1980, p. 8</ref> Hadda oo uu amrayo Captain [[Richard Scott (Royal Navy Officer)|Richard Scott]],<ref name=j5/> ''Barham'' waxaa loo qoondeeyay [[Home Fleet]] sidii flagship-ka 2nd Battle Squadron,<ref name=b5/> waxaana loo diray West Indies Janaayo–Febraayo 1935 tababar. Markabku wuxuu ka qayb qaatay [[Silver Jubilee]] Fleet Review ee George V 16 Luulyo Spithead<ref>Jones, pp. 127–131</ref> waxaana ka dib loo wareejiyay Mediterranean Fleet dhammaadka Agoosto.<ref name=b5/> Waqtigaas, Captain [[Norman Wodehouse]] ayaa beddelay Scott. Waxay si kooban u geysay [[Haifa]] Maajo 1936 bilowgii [[1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine|Arab revolt in Palestine]]. Wax yar ka dib, waxaa loo diray Gibraltar dhowr bilood ka dib bilowgii [[Spanish Civil War]] Luulyo.<ref>Jones, pp. 135–136, 139, 149, 265</ref> ''Barham'' wuxuu u shaqeeyay sidii flagship-ka 1st Battle Squadron laga bilaabo Noofambar 1936 ilaa Maajo 1937 wuxuuna ka qayb qaatay Coronation Fleet Review ee King [[George VI]] 19 Maajo Spithead. Waxay noqotay flagship-ka Mediterranean Fleet 9 Juun ilaa laga beddelay ''Warspite'' 8 Febraayo 1938.<ref name=b5/> Captain [[Henry Horan]] ayaa qaatay amarka 28 Luulyo 1937, inkastoo uu haystay amarka kaliya ilaa 22 Abriil 1938 markii uu beddelay Captain [[Algernon Willis]].<ref>Jones, pp. 151, 265</ref> Markabku wuxuu dib u bilaabay doorkiisii hore ee flagship-ka 1st Battle Squadron Febraayo 1938 intii uu marayay refit Portsmouth kaas oo socday ilaa Maajo.<ref name=b5/> Willis waxaa beddelay Captain [[Thomas Walker (Royal Navy Officer)|Thomas Walker]] 31 Janaayo 1939. Intii lagu jiray booqasho dekedda [[Corfu]] Juun, markabka waxaa soo booqday King [[George II of Greece]].<ref>Jones, pp. 164, 265</ref> === Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka === ''Barham'' wuxuu qayb ka ahaa Mediterranean Fleet bilowgii [[Second World War]] Sebtembar 1939. Waxay noqotay [[private ship]] 1 Diseembar waxayna ka dhoofday Alexandria si ay ugu biirto Home Fleet maalintaas.<ref>Jones, pp. 169, 172</ref> 12 Diseembar, waxay si lama filaan ah u jiirtay mid ka mid ah ilaaliyayaasheeda, destroyer {{HMS|Duchess|H64|2}}, dhababka qaro weyn {{convert|9|mi|spell=in}} galbeedka [[Mull of Kintyre]]. ''Duchess'' [[capsized]] wayna quustay, iyadoo ay ku dhinteen 124 shaqaalihiisa.<ref>English, p. 60</ref> ''Barham'', [[battlecruiser]] {{HMS|Repulse|1916|2}} iyo destroyers {{HMS|Fame|H78|2}}, {{HMS|Icarus|D03|2}}, {{HMS|Imogen|D44|2}}, {{HMS|Isis|D87|2}} iyo {{HMS|Nubian|F36|2}} waxay ku jireen roondo off [[Butt of Lewis]] si ay uga difaacaan suurtagalnimada in Jarmalka maraakiibta dagaalka ay u baxsadaan [[Atlantic]] markii ay arkeen {{GS|U-30|1936|6}}, oo uu amrayo [[Fritz-Julius Lemp]], 28 Diseembar. Lemp wuxuu ku riday afar torpedoes labada [[capital ship]],<ref>Blair, p. 125</ref> iyo mid wuxuu ku dhuftay ''Barham'' dhinaca port-kiisa, ku xigta shell rooms-ka 'A' iyo 'B' turrets. Anti-torpedo bulge-ka waxaa asal ahaan la burburiyay iyadoo ku xigta weerarka, iyadoo afar nin la dilay laba kalena la dhaawacay.<ref name="Whitley p103">Whitley, p. 103</ref> Inta badan compartments-ka ku xigta way fataheen markabkuna wuxuu qaatay 7 degree [[list (watercraft)|list]] kaas oo lagu diiday iyadoo lagu wareejiyay saliid shidaal starboard. ''Barham''{{'}} xawaarihiisa waxaa markii hore laga dhimay {{convert|10|kn}}, laakiin waxaa lagu kordhiyay {{convert|16|kn}} ku dhawaad saacad iyo badh ka dib waxayna awooday inay ku sii socoto awooddeeda<ref>Raven & Roberts, p. 343</ref> ilaa [[Birkenhead]] si loogu dayactiro [[Cammell Laird]] kaas oo socday ilaa Abriil 1940.<ref name=b5/> [[File:HMS Barham.JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|''Barham'' ee Mediterranean-ka]] Captain Geoffrey Cooke ayaa qaatay amarka 25 Maarso<ref name=j5/> iyo Navy waxay ka faa'iidaysatay fursadda si ay u kordhiyaan light anti-aircraft armament-kiisa oo ay u cusboonaysiiyaan maamulayaashiisa.<ref>Raven & Roberts, p. 205</ref> ''Barham'' wuxuu door ka qaatay [[Norwegian Campaign]] inkastoo qaar ka mid ah shaqaalihiisa iyo [[Royal Marines|marines]] ay ka qayb qaateen. Iyadoo loo diyaar garoobayo [[Operation Menace]], weerar British naval ah oo ku qaaday Dakar, [[Senegal]], ka hor inta aan la qorsheyn degitaan [[Free French]], markabka waxaa laga soocay Home Fleet 28 Agoosto waxaana loo qoondeeyay Force M, qaybta Royal Navy ee hawlgalka. Waxay ka dhoofeen Scapa Flow maalintaas, oo ay ilaalinayeen afar destroyers,<ref>Jones, pp. 190, 192</ref> waxayna la kulmeen troop convoy intii ay ku sii jeedeen [[Gibraltar]]<ref>Rohwer, p. 38</ref> halkaas oo ay gaareen 2 Sebtembar. Waxay markii dambe noqotay flagship-ka taliyaha Force M, Vice-Admiral [[John Cunningham (Royal Navy officer)|John Cunningham]].<ref name=b5/> Waxaa xoojiyay markab dagaal {{HMS|Resolution|09|2}} iyo [[aircraft carrier]] {{HMS|Ark Royal|91|2}} oo ka yimid [[Force H]], ''Barham'' wuxuu ka dhoofay Gibraltar ilaa [[Freetown]], [[Sierra Leone]], afar maalmood ka dib.<ref>Jones, p. 195</ref> ==== Operation Menace ==== {{main|Battle of Dakar}} Force M waxay ka dhoofeen Freetown ilaa Dakar 21 Sebtembar waxayna gaareen Dakar ka hor waaberigii laba maalmood ka dib. Ka dib markii Free French emissaries la qabtay ama ay kaxeeyeen [[Vichy French]], Cunningham wuxuu amray maraakiibtiisa inay furaan dabka.<ref>Jordan & Dumas, p. 141</ref> ''Barham''{{'}} six-inch qoryihiisa waxay ahaayeen kuwii ugu horreeyay ee sidaas sameeya waxayna ku rideen {{ship|French submarine|Persée}} oogada sare. Waxay sheegteen ugu yaraan hal hit<ref>Jones, pp. 197–198</ref> iyo submarine-ka waxaa dhammeeyay laba ka mid ah destroyers-ka ilaalinayay iyo light cruiser {{HMS|Dragon|D46|2}}. Hubkiisa weyn wuxuu bartilmaameedsaday dekedda iyo markab dagaal {{ship|French battleship|Richelieu|1939|2}}. Waxaa caqabad ku ahaa aragga oo liita, waxyeello weyn laguma geysan iyo ''Richelieu'' laguma dhuftay ka hor inta aan bombardment-ka laga joojin 20 daqiiqo ka dib.<ref>Jordan & Dumas, pp. 141–142</ref> Ka dib dhicitaanka ultimatum si ay u is dhiibaan subaxnimadii xigtay, maraakiibta dagaalka waxay ka qayb qaateen dekedda {{convert|24|cm|in|adj=on}} [[coastal artillery|coast-defence qoryo]] iyo ''Richelieu'' 09:30. Tan dambe waxaa kaliya oo ku dhuftay hal shell splinter ka hor inta aysan Allies-ku joojin bombardment-ka 10:07, inkasta oo ay ku dhuftay ''Barham'' hal jeer oo leh {{convert|155|mm|in|abbr=on}} shell<ref name=jd3>Jordan & Dumas, p. 143</ref> kaas oo ku afuufay god {{convert|4|ft|1}} dhexroor ah bulge-ka.<ref name=dnc>Director of Naval Construction</ref> {{ship|French destroyer|Le Hardi}} [[sortie]]d dekedda 12:00 si loo badbaadiyo pilot British ah oo biyaha ku jira, laakiin waxaa lagu hawlgeliyay 12:53 maraakiibta dagaalka masaafo dhan {{convert|11000|m|yd|order=flip}}. Markabka laguma dhuftay, laakiin waxaa lagu qasbay inuu ku laabto dekedda iyadoo la ilaalinayo smoke screen culus. Maraakiibta dagaalka British-ka ayaa markaas beddelay bartilmaameedyada si ay u weeraraan dekedda iyo ''Richelieu''. Waxay dejiyeen dhowr maraakiib ganacsi oo dab ah, laakiin mar kale way ku guuldareysteen inay ku dhuftaan tan dambe masaafo dhan {{convert|15500|m|yd|order=flip}} ka hor inta aysan joojin dabka 13:20.<ref name=jd3/> Intii lagu jiray waqtigan ''Barham'' waxaa ku dhuftay 24&nbsp;cm shell oo dhex maray superstructure-ka ka hor inta uusan qarxin saamayn yar la'aan iyo iyada oo aan keenin wax khasaare ah. Shell kale, malaha sidoo kale 24&nbsp;cm size (inkastoo suurtagal ah 38&nbsp;cm shell ka yimid Richelieu)<ref name=dnc/><ref>Jordan & Dumas, pp. 410–411</ref> ayaa ku qarxay biyaha dhinaca starboard oo ku xiga funnel-ka. Shockwave-ka ka dhashay wuxuu ku riixay bulge-ka gudaha dherer dhan {{convert|7|ft|m|1}} wuxuuna bilaabay inuu si tartiib ah u fataho.<ref name=dnc/> Ka dib shirar ka dhacay ''Barham'' dambe maalintaas, taliyayaasha Allied ayaa go'aansaday inay sii wadaan weerarka. Subaxnimadii 25 Sebtembar, ''Richelieu'' waxay ahayd markabkii ugu horreeyay ee fura dabka 09:04 masaafo dhan {{convert|22000|m|yd|order=flip}}. Sida maraakiibta dagaalka British-ka ay u dhaqaaqayeen si ay u qaataan booskooda, submarine {{ship|French submarine|Bévéziers|1935|2}} wuxuu riday afar torpedoes masaafo dhan {{convert|2500|m|yd|order=flip}}. ''Barham'' wuxuu awooday inuu ka dhufto iyaga, laakiin ''Resolution'' waxaa ku dhuftay hal torpedo amidships oo keentay list culus, waxayna ka dhacday line-ka. ''Barham'' wuxuu furey dabka masaafo dhan {{convert|19000|m|yd|order=flip}} wuxuuna ku dhuftay ''Richelieu'' hal 15-inch shell 09:15. Shell-ku wuxuu burburiyay [[messdeck]] wuxuuna dhuuqay armored deck qoto dheer oo dhan {{convert|8|cm}}, laakiin ma keenin wax khasaare ah.<ref>Jordan & Dumas, pp. 144–147</ref> Waxyeellada culus ee ''Resolution'' waxay keentay Operation Menace in laga tago iyo ''Barham'' waxay ahayd inuu u jiido Freetown si loo sameeyo dayactir ku meel gaar ah, ka hor inta aan la ilaalin convoy ilaa Gibraltar halkaas oo ay gaareen 15 Oktoobar halkaas oo waxyeelladeeda u gaarka ah la dayactiray.<ref>Jones, pp. 201–206</ref> Waxay si kooban u qoondeeyay Force H, ka hor inta aan loo wareejin Mediterranean Fleet Noofambar 1940.<ref>Admiralty Historical Section, p. 6</ref> ''Barham'', laba cruisers, iyo saddex destroyers oo sidoo kale loo qoondeeyay Mediterranean Fleet waxaa loo magacaabay Force F qayb ka mid ah Operation Coat, mid ka mid ah [[Operation MB8|complex series of fleet movements]] ee Mediterranean-ka. Markabka dagaalka iyo maraakiibta kale ee Force F waxaa loo xilsaaray inay ciidamo u diraan Malta, ka hor inta aysan u sii socon Alexandria.<ref>Admiralty Historical Section, p. 7</ref> ''Barham'' waxaa lagu raray 600 oo ciidan, oo ay ku jiraan raggii 12 Field Regiment, [[Royal Artillery]],<ref>Jones, p. 206</ref> Force F waxay ka dhoofeen Gibraltar 7 Noofambar, oo ay ilaalinayeen Force H, waxay la kulmeen qaybta weyn ee Mediterranean Fleet saddex maalmood ka dib waxayna ku dejiyeen xamuulkooda Malta dambe maalintaas. Intii ay u socdeen xagga bari, aircraft carrier {{HMS|Illustrious|87|2}} ayaa laga soocay qaybta weyn si ay u weeraraan [[Battle of Taranto|Taranto]] habeenkii 11/12 Noofambar, iyadoo waxyeello u geysatay saddex markab dagaal oo Talyaani ah. ''Barham'', hadda loo qoondeeyay 1st BS, iyo ''Malaya'' ayaa laga soocay si ay shidaal ugu qaataan [[Souda Bay]], [[Crete]], ka hor inta aysan u dhoofin Alexandria, gaarista halkaas 14 Noofambar.<ref>Admiralty Historical Section, pp. 10–13</ref> Qayb ka mid ah [[Operation Collar (convoy)|Operation Collar]] dabayaaqadii Noofambar, ''Barham'', ''Malaya'' iyo carrier {{HMS|Eagle|1918|6}} waxay daboolayeen ciidamada la kulmaya convoy ka imanaya Gibraltar. En route, ''Eagle''{{'}} diyaaradaha waxay weerareen [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] 26 Noofambar.<ref>Rohwer, pp. 49–50</ref> ''Barham'' wuxuu noqday flagship-ka 1st BS Diseembar.<ref name=b5/> === 1941 === [[File:HMS Barham in Suda Bay.jpg|thumb|left|''Barham'' oo shidaal ka qaadanaysa Souda Bay, Febraayo 1941]] 3 Janaayo 1941, markabka, oo ay la socdaan ''Warspite'' iyo ''Valiant'', waxay weerareen [[Bardia]] sidii hordhac u ahaa [[Battle of Bardia]]. 26 Maarso, fleet-ka Talyaaniga ayaa sortied iyadoo la isku dayayo in la qabto convoys British ah oo ku socda Greece. British-ku waxay [[Cryptanalysis of the Enigma|dhawaan jabeen codes-ka Talyaaniga]] waxayna ka dhoofeen ka dib gudcurkii 27-kii si ay u qabtaan Talyaaniga. Subaxnimadii xigtay, waxaa arkay diyaarad ka timid carrier {{HMS|Formidable|67|2}} iyo [[Battle of Cape Matapan]] ayaa bilaabmay. Weeraro badan oo hawada ah oo ay sameeyeen ''Formidable''{{'}} Fairey Swordfish [[torpedo bomber]]s ayaa waxyeello u geystay markab dagaal {{ship|Italian battleship|Vittorio Veneto||2}} oo curyaamiyay heavy cruiser {{ship|Italian cruiser|Pola||2}} dabayaaqadii habeenkaas. Admiral [[Angelo Iachino]], taliyaha fleet-ka Talyaaniga, wuxuu amray labada kale ee heavy cruisers ee 1st [[Division (naval)|Division]] inay gacan ka geystaan ''Pola'' gudcurka. Maraakiibta Talyaaniga iyo British-ka waxay gaareen ku dhawaad isku mar goobta ''Pola'', laakiin Talyaanigu waxay lahaayeen ku dhawaad malaha fikrad ah in British-ku u dhow yihiin. Dhanka kale, British-ku waxay si sax ah u ogaayeen halka Talyaanigu joogaan, mahadsanid maraakiibtooda radar-ka leh.<ref>Rohwer, pp. 54, 65–66</ref> Waxay fureen dabka masaafo dhan [[point-blank range]], ''Barham'' waxay curyaamisay destroyer {{ship|Italian destroyer|Alfredo Oriani||2}} ka dibna ku biirtay ''Warspite'' iyo ''Valiant'' iyagoo curyaaminaya {{ship|Italian cruiser|Zara||2}}.<ref>Jones, p. 212</ref> Badhtamihii Abriil waxay ilaalinayeen fast transport {{MV|Breconshire}}, iyadoo la socota ''Warspite'' iyo ''Valiant'', ka Alexandria ilaa Malta ka hor inta maraakiibta dagaalka aysan weerarin Tripoli habeenkii 20 Abriil. 6{{ndash}}12 Maajo, waxay daboolayeen Alexandria-Malta convoy ee [[Operation Tiger (1941)|Operation Tiger]].<ref>Rohwer, p. 72</ref> Walaalkiisii cusbaa ee yimid ''Queen Elizabeth'', ''Barham'' wuxuu ilaalinayay ''Formidable'' maadaama diyaaraddiisu ay weerareen garoonka diyaaradaha ee Talyaaniga ee [[Scarpanto]] waaberigii 26 Maajo iyadoo guul yar laga gaaray. Intii ay daboolayeen daadgureynta Crete maalintii xigtay, markabka waxaa weeraray [[Junkers Ju 88]] bombers ka yimid II./[[Lehrgeschwader 1|LG (Demonstration Wing) 1]] iyo [[Heinkel He 111]] bombers ee II./[[Kampfgeschwader 26|KG (Bomber Wing) 26]]. Mid ka mid ah {{convert|250|kg|adj=on}} bomb wuxuu ku dhuftay 'Y' turret wuxuuna bilaabay dab gudaha turret-ka kaas oo qaatay 20 daqiiqo in la damiyo. Near miss wuxuu dillaacay portside bulge-kiisa aag dhan {{convert|20|by|16|ft|m|1}} wuxuuna keenay 1.5 degree list kaas oo si fudud loo saxay iyadoo la miiqayo saliid. Khasaare waxay ahayd shan la dilay iyo lix la dhaawacay. Waxay gaartay Alexandria maalintii xigtay, laakiin waxay ahayd mid aad u weyn dekedda sabbaysa halkaas waana in loo diraa meel kale si loo dayactiro. Waxay u safartay koonfur iyadoo loo marayo [[Suez Canal]] ilaa [[Mombasa]], [[Kenya]], halkaas oo waxyeelladeeda la baaray. Waxay caddaatay inay ka xun tahay sidii la filayay iyo ''Barham'' waxay ahayd in lagu dayactiro [[Durban]], [[South Africa]], maadaama aysan u qalmin inay samayso trans-Atlantic crossing si loogu dayactiro United States.<ref>Jones, pp. 219–220; Raven & Roberts, p. 359; Shores, Cull & Malizia, pp. 377, 386</ref> Dayactirka waxaa la dhammaystiray lix toddobaad ka dib 30 Luulyo markabkuna wuxuu ku laabtay Alexandria Agoosto halkaas oo ay dib u bilowday doorkeedii flagship-ka 1st Battle Squadron.<ref name=b5/> ==== Quusinta ==== [[File:HMS Barham explodes.jpg|thumb|Magazine oo qarxay, 25 Noofambar 1941]] Galabnimadii 24 Noofambar 1941, 1st Battle Squadron, ''Barham'', ''Queen Elizabeth'', iyo ''Valiant'', oo leh ilaalin sideed destroyers ah, ayaa ka dhoofay Alexandria si ay u daboolaan [[7th Cruiser Squadron|7th]] iyo [[15th Cruiser Squadron]]s markii ay ugaarsanayeen convoys Talyaani ah Central Mediterranean.<ref>Admiralty Historical Section, pp. 201–202</ref> Subaxnimadii xigtay, {{GS|U-331}}, oo uu amrayo ''[[Oberleutnant zur See]]'' [[Hans-Diedrich von Tiesenhausen]], ayaa ogaaday dhawaaqyada mashiinka ee maraakiibta British-ka wuxuuna u dhaqaaqay inuu qabto. Galabnimadii submarine-ka iyo 1st Battle Squadron waxay ahaayeen koorsooyin isdhaafsi ah Tiesenhausenna wuxuu amray doontiisa [[battle stations]] qiyaastii 16:00. [[ASDIC]] operator oo saaran mid ka mid ah destroyers-ka hoggaanka, {{HMS|Jervis||2}}, ayaa ogaaday submarine-ka 16:18 masaafo dhan qiyaastii {{convert|900|–|1100|yd}}, laakiin xiriirka waxaa la iska indhatiray maadaama uu [[subtend]]-ayay xagal u dhexeeya 40 iyo 60 digrii ballac, aad uga weyn submarine. ''U-331'' sidaas darteed wuxuu dhex maray screen-ka wuxuuna ahaa boos uu ku rido torpedoes-kiisa ka dib markii markabkii hoggaanka, ''Queen Elizabeth'', uu dhaafay iyo markabkii labaad, ''Barham'', uu si degdeg ah u xirmay. Tiesenhausen wuxuu amray dhammaan afar bow torpedo tubes oo la riday masaafo dhan {{convert|375|m|yd}} 16:25. Malaha sababtoo ah dhowaanshaheeda ''Valiant''{{'}} [[bow wave]] iyo sii deynta torpedoes-ka, munaaradda doonta ayaa ka soo baxday oogada waxaana si aan miro dhal lahayn u hawlgeliyay mid ka mid ah "pom-pom"s-ka markabka dagaalka masaafo dhan qiyaastii {{convert|30|yd|m}}. Doontu waxay u quustay si aan la xakameyn karin ka dib markii ay ka soo baxday, iyadoo gaartay qoto dheer oo dhan {{convert|265|m}}, aad uga hooseeya [[Submarine depth ratings|design depth rating]]-keeda dhan {{convert|150|m}}, ka hor inta aysan xasilin iyada oo aan waxyeello gaarin. ''U-331'' laguma weerarin destroyers-ka ilaalinayay waxayna gaartay dekedda 3 Diseembar. Tiesenhausen kama uusan hubin natiijooyinka weerarkiisa wuxuuna radio-ga ku yiri inuu ku dhuftay markab dagaal oo Queen Elizabeth-class ah hal torpedo.<ref>Jones, pp. 225–232</ref> Ma jirin waqti loogu talagalay evasive action, iyo saddex ka mid ah afar torpedoes ayaa ku dhuftay amidships si aad isugu dhow si ay u tuuraan hal column biyo oo weyn. ''Barham'' si degdeg ah ayuu u rogay port-ka wuxuuna jiifay dhinaciisa markii qarax weyn oo magazine ah uu dhacay ku dhawaad afar daqiiqo ka dib markii la torpedo gareeyay oo la quusiyay. [[Naval Board of Inquiry|Board of Enquiry]] ee quusinta ayaa u aanaynayay qaraxii ugu dambeeyay dabka 4-inch magazines ee bannaanka magazines-ka weyn ee 15-inch, kaas oo markaas ku faafi lahaa oo qarxin lahaa waxyaabaha ku jira magazines-ka weyn.<ref>Jones, pp. 258–259</ref> Sababtoo ah xawaaraha uu u quusay, 862 sarkaal iyo ratings ayaa la dilay,<ref name=b5/><ref name=r8>Rohwer, p. 118</ref> oo ay ku jiraan laba ku dhintay dhaawacoodii ka dib markii la badbaadiyay. Destroyer {{HMS|Hotspur|H01|2}} wuxuu badbaadiyay 337 badbaadayaal, oo ay ku jiraan Vice-Admiral [[Henry Pridham-Wippell]] iyo lammaanaha ku dhintay dhaawacoodii ka dib, halka Australian destroyer {{HMAS|Nizam|G38|2}} uu soo sheegay inuu badbaadiyay 150 nin.<ref>Jones, pp. 242–243</ref>{{refn|Jones wuxuu tixraacayaa 861 nin oo ku qoran liiska khasaaraha oo ay daabacday ''the Times'' 1942,<ref name=j2>Jones, p. 262</ref> laakiin kala duwanaanshaha ugu weyn wuxuu khuseeyaa tirada badbaadayaasha. Naval historians Alan Raven iyo John Roberts waxay bixiyaan tiro dhan 396,<ref>Raven & Roberts, p. 360</ref> halka historian [[Jurgen Rohwer]] uu sheegayo 450.<ref name=r8/>|group=Note}} Captain Geoffrey Cooke wuxuu hoos ugu dhacay markabkiisa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1525894/Lieutenant-Commander-Ginger-Lynd.html|title=Lieutenant-Commander 'Ginger' Lynd|date=2006-08-08|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2018-05-24|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> Quusinta waxaa lagu qabtay film cameraman ka tirsan [[Pathé News]], oo saaran ''Valiant''.<ref>{{YouTube|YdrISbwy_zI|"British Pathé video of Barham sinking."}}</ref> ==== Hawlgal dambe ==== Si loo qariyo quusinta Jarmalka iyo si loo ilaaliyo niyadda British-ka, [[Board of Admiralty]] waxay censored gareeyeen dhammaan wararka ''Barham''{{'}} quusintiisa. Ka dib dib u dhac dhowr toddobaad ah [[War Office]] waxay u ogeysiiyeen [[next of kin]], laakiin waxay ku dareen codsi gaar ah oo sir ah: warqadaha ogeysiiska waxaa ku jiray digniin aan laga hadlin luminta markabka qof kasta oo aan ahayn ehelka dhow, iyadoo la sheegay inay ahayd "aad u muhiim ah in macluumaadka dhacdada keentay luminta nolosha seygaaga aysan u helin jidka cadowga ilaa waqtiga loo dhawaaqo si rasmi ah..."<ref>Donald, p. 48</ref> Ka dib sheegashooyin soo noqnoqda oo ka yimid radio-ga Jarmalka,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000564/19420114/060/0003|title=Nazi Radio Claims HMS Barham Sunk|date=14 Janaayo 1942|work=Dundee Courier|page=3|access-date=28 Maajo 2015| via = [[British Newspaper Archive]]|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Admiralty waxay si rasmi ah u shaacisay luminta 27 Janaayo 1942 waxayna sharaxday in {{blockquote|waxay ahayd mid cad waqtigaas in cadowgu uusan ogeyn in la quusiyay, waxayna ahayd muhiim in la sameeyo dispositions gaar ah ka hor inta aan luminta markabkan la shaacin.|name=j2/}} Ma ahayn ilaa Admiralty ay qirteen in ''Barham'' la quusiyay oo ay sharaxeen xaaladaha in Tiesenhausen uu ogaaday inuu quusiyay. Waxaa la siiyay [[Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross]] maalintaas.<ref name="Williamson">Williamson, pp. 10–11</ref> ''Barham's'' shaqaalihiisa waxaa lagu xusuustaa [[memorial bench]], oo ku yaal [[Nothe Gardens]], [[Weymouth, Dorset|Weymouth]].<ref name="OB">{{cite web|title=H.M.S. Barham Survivors 25-4-82|url=https://openbenches.org/bench/10996|publisher=OpenBenches|access-date=13 Maarso 2019}}</ref> [[Helen Duncan]], oo loo tixgeliyay qofkii ugu dambeeyay ee lagu xiro [[Witchcraft Act 1735]], waxay dareenka maamulka u soo jiidatay ka dib markii ay sheegatay inay la xiriirtay ruuxa badmaax ''Barham'' ka tirsan, wakhtigii markabka quusintiisa laga qarinayay dadweynaha.<ref>Edmunds, Simeon. (1966). Spiritualism: A Critical Survey. Aquarian Press, pp. 137–144</ref> == Qoraallo == {{reflist|group=Note}} == Xigashooyinka == {{Reflist|25em}} == Tixraacyo == * {{cite book|last=Admiralty Historical Section|title=The Royal Navy and the Mediterranean|publisher=Whitehall History in association with Frank Cass|year=2002|series=Whitehall Histories, Naval Staff Histories |volume=II : Noofambar 1940 – Diseembar 1941|isbn=0-7146-5205-9}} * {{cite book|last=Blair|first=Clay|title=Hitler's U-Boat War: The Hunters 1939–1942|url=https://archive.org/details/hitlersuboatwar0000clay|year=2000|publisher=Cassell |isbn=0-304-35260-8|author-link=Clay Blair}} * {{cite book| last = Brooks| first = John| year = 2005| title = Dreadnought Gunnery and the Battle of Jutland| url = https://archive.org/details/dreadnoughtgunne0000john| publisher= Routledge| isbn = 0-415-40788-5}} * {{cite book|last=Burt|first=R. A.|title=British Battleships, 1919–1939|year=2012a|edition=2nd|publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=978-1-59114-052-8}} * {{Cite book|last=Burt|first=R. A.|title=British Battleships of World War One|url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_P9-EIZ-549|edition=2nd|publisher=Naval Institute Press |year=2012b|isbn=978-0-87021-863-7}} * {{cite book|last=Campbell|first=John |title=''Queen Elizabeth'' Class|series=Warship Monographs |volume=II |year=1972 |publisher=Conway Maritime Press|isbn=0-85177-052-5}} *{{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|editor1-last=Chesneau |editor1-first=Roger |publisher=Mayflower Books|year=1980|isbn=0-8317-0303-2 |chapter=Great Britain |last1=Campbell |first1=N. J. M.|pages=2–85}} * {{cite book|last=Campbell|first=N. J. M.|title=Jutland: An Analysis of the Fighting|url=https://archive.org/details/jutlandanalysiso0000camp|publisher=Naval Institute Press|year=1986|isbn=0-87021-324-5}} * {{cite book|last1=Donald|first1=Graeme|title=Loose Cannons: 101 Things They Never Told You About Military History |url=https://archive.org/details/loosecannons101t0000dona|year=2009 |publisher=Osprey |isbn=978-1-84603-377-3}} * {{cite book|last=English|first=John|title=''Amazon'' to ''Ivanhoe'': British Standard Destroyers of the 1930s |year=1993 |publisher=World Ship Society |isbn=0-905617-64-9}} * {{cite book|last=Gordon|first=Andrew|title=The Rules of the Game: Jutland and British Naval Command |url=https://archive.org/details/rulesofgamejutla0000andr|year=2012 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=978-1-59114-336-9}} * {{cite book |author=|title=H. M. Ships Damaged or Sunk by Enemy Action 3rd Sebtembar 1939 to 2nd Sebtembar 1945 |publisher=Director of Naval Construction: Admiralty |year=1952 |url=http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Ships%20Damaged%20or%20Sunk%20by%20Enemy%20Action_opt_0.pdf |access-date=13 Diseembar 2015 |oclc=38570200 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610105459/http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Ships%20Damaged%20or%20Sunk%20by%20Enemy%20Action_opt_0.pdf |archive-date=10 Juun 2016 |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book |last=Jellicoe |first=John |author-link=John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe |title=The Grand Fleet, 1914–1916: Its Creation, Development, and Work |url=https://archive.org/details/grandfleet19141900jell |year=1919 |publisher=George H. Doran |oclc=13614571}} * {{cite book |last=Jones |first=Geoffrey P. |title=Battleship ''Barham'' |year=1979 |publisher=William Kimber |isbn=0-7183-0416-0}} * {{cite book |last1=Jordan |first1=John |last2=Dumas |first2=Robert |title=French Battleships: 1922–1956 |year=2009 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=978-1-59114-416-8|name-list-style=amp}} * {{cite book|title=Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea |last=Massie |first=Robert K. |author-link=Robert K. Massie|publisher=Random House|year=2003 |isbn=0-679-45671-6|ref=Massie|title-link=Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea}} *{{cite book |last1=Parkes |first1=Oscar |title=British Battleships, ''Warrior'' 1860 to ''Vanguard'' 1950: A History of Design, Construction, and Armament |url=https://archive.org/details/britishbattleshi0000park |date=1990 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=1-55750-075-4 |edition=New & rev.|orig-year=1966|author-link=Oscar Parkes}} *{{cite book|editor1-last=Gray|editor1-first=Randal|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921 |url=https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds0000unse_h6z7|year=1985 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=0-85177-245-5 |name-list-style=amp |chapter=Great Britain and Empire Forces|first1=Antony|last1=Preston|author-link=Antony Preston|pages=[https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds0000unse_h6z7/page/1 1]–104}} * {{cite book |last1=Raven |first1=Alan |last2=Roberts |first2=John |title=British Battleships of World War Two: The Development and Technical History of the Royal Navy's Battleship and Battlecruisers from 1911 to 1946 |url=https://archive.org/details/britishbattleshi0000rave |publisher=Naval Institute Press |year=1976 |isbn=0-87021-817-4 |name-list-style=amp}} * {{cite book |last=Rohwer |first=Jürgen |title=Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two |url=https://archive.org/details/chronologyofwara0000rohw_v7p9 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |year=2005 |edition=3rd rev. |isbn=1-59114-119-2 |author-link=Jürgen Rohwer}} * {{cite book |last1=Shores |first1=Christopher |last2=Cull |first2=Brian |last3= Malizia |first3=Nicola |title=Air War for Yugoslavia, Greece, and Crete |publisher=Grub Street |year=1987|isbn=0-948817-07-0 |name-list-style=amp}} * {{cite book |last=Silverstone |first=Paul H. |title=Directory of the World's Capital Ships |url=https://archive.org/details/directoryofworld0000silv |year=1984 |publisher=Hippocrene Books|isbn=0-88254-979-0}} * {{cite book |last=Tarrant |first=V. E. |title=Jutland: The German Perspective: A New View of the Great Battle, 31 Maajo 1916 |publisher=Brockhampton Press |year=1999 |orig-year=1995|isbn=1-86019-917-8}} * {{cite book |last=Whitley |first=M. J. |title=Battleships of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia |publisher=Naval Institute Press |year=1999|author-link=Michael J. Whitley |isbn=1-55750-184-X}} * {{cite book |first=Gordon|last=Williamson|author-link=Gordon Williamson (writer) |title=Knight's Cross Oak-Leaves Recipients 1941–45 |publisher=Osprey |year=2005 |isbn=1-84176-642-9}} == Akhris dheeraad ah == * {{cite book |last=Preston |first=Antony |title=Battleships of World War I: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Battleships of All Nations 1914–1918 |publisher=Galahad Books |location=New York |year=1972 |isbn=0-88365-300-1}} * {{cite book |last=Hodgkinson |first=Hugh |title=Before the Tide Turned |publisher=George G. Harrap |location=London |year=1944}} == Xiriirinta dibadda== {{Commons category|HMS Barham (ship, 1914)}} * [http://www.hmsbarham.com www.hmsbarham.com – Site of HMS ''Barham'' Association] * [http://www.webatomics.com/jason/barhamconspiracy.html Article in ''World War II'' magazine about the sinking of HMS ''Barham'' and its connection to the witchcraft trial of Helen Duncan] * [http://www.maritimequest.com/warship_directory/great_britain/battleships/barham/hms_barham.htm Maritimequest HMS ''Barham'' Photo Gallery] * [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/military-obituaries/naval-obituaries/5369625/Captain-Terry-Herrick.html Captain Terry Herrick] – ''Daily Telegraph'' obituary * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YdrISbwy_zI HMS Barham Explodes & Sinks: World War II (1941)] - archive footage captured by British Pathé News cameraman, John Turner {{Coord|32|34|N|26|24|E|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Barham (1914)}} nex9zpgwhq5a9qd5jvseddd6v3jsolr 0 47713 305870 300768 2026-08-24T18:26:01Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305870 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ship |section1={{Infobox ship/image |image= SS Aragon 1908.jpg |image_caption= ''Aragon'' sanadkii 1908 oo ah markab rakaab oo rayid ah }} |section2={{Infobox ship/career |hide_header= |flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}} |country= [[Boqortooyada Midowday ee Britain iyo Ireland|Boqortooyada Midowday]] |name=*RMS ''Aragon'' (1905–14) *HMT ''Aragon'' (1915–17) |namesake= [[Boqortooyada Aragon]] ee Spain |owner= [[File:Royal Mail Lines House Flag.svg|15px]] [[Royal Mail Steam Packet Company|Royal Mail Steam Packet Co]] |operator=*[[File:Royal Mail Lines House Flag.svg|15px]] Royal Mail SP Co (1905–14) *{{flagicon|United Kingdom|naval}} [[Royal Navy]] (1915–17) |ordered= |builder= [[Harland & Wolff]], [[Belfast]] |original_cost= |yard_number= 367 |laid_down= |launched= 23 Febraayo 1905<ref name=SoE>{{cite web |url= http://www.shipwrecksofegypt.com/northcoast/AB/aragon.html |title=Aragon |work=North Coast Shipwrecks |publisher=Shipwrecks of Egypt |accessdate=9 April 2013}}</ref> |completed= 22 Juun 1905 |acquired= |maiden_voyage= 14 Luulyo 1905 |in_service= |out_of_service= 30 Diseembar 1917 |registry= [[Belfast Harbour|Belfast]] |identification= *UK [[Official number]] 120707 *[[Code letters]] HCST *{{ICS|Hotel}}{{ICS|Charlie}}{{ICS|Sierra}}{{ICS|Tango}} *[[Maritime call sign|Call sign]] MBN |route=*[[Southampton]] – [[Buenos Aires]] *(1905–14)<ref name=Seligmann144>{{harvnb|Seligmann|2012|p=144}}</ref> |fate= Waxaa quusiyay torbiito 30 Diseembar 1917 |notes= }} |section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics |hide_header= |header_caption= |class= RMSP "A" series |type= [[Markab rakaab]] |tonnage=*{{GRT|9588}};<ref name=Wreck>{{cite web |url= http://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?134801 |title=SS Aragon [+1917] |last=Lettens |first=Jan |date=9 November 2009 |work=The Wreck Site |accessdate=9 April 2013}}</ref><ref name=MNO>{{cite web |url=http://www.merchantnavyofficers.com/rm2.html |title=1914–1926 |work=Royal Mail Steam Packet Company |publisher=Merchant Navy Officers |accessdate=9 April 2013 }}</ref> *{{NetT|6038}}<ref name=SoE/><ref name=MNO/> |displacement= |length= {{cvt|513.2|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name=Wreck/> |beam= {{cvt|60.4|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name=Wreck/> |draught= |depth= {{cvt|31.0|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name=Wreck/> |power=762,<ref name=SAS/> 827<ref name=Wreck/> ama 875<ref name=SoE/> [[Horsepower#Nominal horsepower|NHP]] |propulsion= *[[Marine steam engine#Triple or multiple expansion|Mashiinnada uumiga ee isku-ballaariya]];<ref name=Wreck/> *Laba marwaxadood oo [[propeller]] ah<ref name=Seligmann132>{{harvnb|Seligmann|2012|p=132}}</ref> |speed=*{{convert|15|kn|km/h}}<ref name=Wreck/> ama *{{convert|16|kn|km/h}}<ref name=SoE/><ref name=MNO/> |capacity=*Sida markab rakaab: *306 fasalka 1aad<ref name=SoE/><ref name=MNO/> *66 fasalka 2aad<ref name=SoE/><ref name=MNO/> *632 fasalka 3aad<ref name=SoE/><ref name=MNO/> |crew= Sida markab ciidan: 200<ref name=Wreck/> |boats= 12 [[Lifeboat (shipboard)|doonyaha badbaadada]], 1 [[dinghy]], 1 [[Captain's gig|gig]] |armament= 2 × qoryaha [[QF 4.7-inch Gun Mk I–IV|QF]] {{convert|4.7|in|adj=on}} (laga bilaabo 1913)<ref name=Seligmann132/> |notes=*[[sister ship]]s: *{{RMS|Amazon|1906|2}}, ''Avon'', [[SS Savoie (1906)|''Araguaya'']], {{HMHS|Asturias||2}} }} }} '''HMT ''Aragon''''', asal ahaan loo yaqaanay '''RMS ''Aragon''''', wuxuu ahaa {{GRT|9588}}<ref name=Wreck/> markab [[Royal Mail Ship]] ah oo u kala goosha Atlantic-ga, kaas oo u adeegay sidii markab ciidan intii lagu guda jiray Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka. Waxaa lagu dhisay [[Belfast]], [[Ireland]] sanadkii 1905, wuxuuna ahaa kii ugu horreeyay ee maraakiibta "A-liners" ee shirkadda [[Royal Mail Steam Packet Company]]<ref name=Trains>{{cite web |url= http://www.trains-worldexpresses.com/webships/300/306.htm |title=Royal Mail to Plate |work=Ships-Worldwide.com |publisher=Trains-WorldExpresses.com |year=2012 |accessdate=9 April 2013}}</ref> kuwaas oo ka shaqayn jiray waddooyinka joogtada ah ee u dhexeeya [[Southampton]] iyo dekedaha Koonfurta Ameerika, oo ay ku jiraan [[Buenos Aires]].<ref name=Seligmann144/> Sanadkii 1913 ''Aragon'' wuxuu noqday markabkii ugu horreeyay ee Britain oo ah [[Defensively equipped merchant ship#Anglo-German arms race|markab ganacsi oo leh hub difaac ah]] waqtigii casriga ahaa ("DAMS"). Dagaalkii [[World War I|Koowaad ee Adduunka]] wuxuu u adeegay sidii markab ciidan, isagoo ka qaybqaatay [[Gallipoli Campaign]] sanadkii 1915. Sanadkii 1917, markab quusiyaha Jarmalka ayaa ku quusiyay Badda Mediterranean-ka, halkaas oo ay ku dhinteen 610 qof oo saarnaa. ==Dhismaha== [[Owen Philipps, 1st Baron Kylsant|Owen Philipps]] wuxuu noqday guddoomiyaha RMSP sanadkii 1903, wuxuuna si degdeg ah wax uga qabtay baahida shirkadda ee ah inay yeelato maraakiib waaweyn oo ku saabsan waddada Koonfurta Ameerika. RMSP waxay ''Aragon'' ka dalbatay [[Harland & Wolff]], kuwaas oo ku dhisay slip lambar 7 ee South Yard ee [[Belfast]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.theyard.info/ships/ships.asp?entryid=367 |title=Aragon |work=Harland and Wolff |access-date=16 January 2021}}</ref> [[William Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 7th Earl Fitzwilliam|Countess Fitzwilliam]]<ref name=MNO/> ayaa daah-furtay markabka 23 Febraayo 1905.<ref name=Wreck/> Harland and Wolff waxay dhammeeyeen markabka 22 Juun.<ref name=SAS>{{cite web |url= http://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?year_built=&builder=&ref=202327&vessel=ARAGON |title=Aragon |work=Shipping and Shipbuilding |publisher=Shipping and Shipbuilding Research Trust |access-date=16 January 2021}}</ref> Philipps wuxuu kala hadlay [[Charles Algernon Parsons|Charles Parsons]] suurtogalnimada isticmaalka [[Steam turbine#Marine propulsion|mashiinka uumiga ee turbine-ka ah]], kaas oo lagu soo bandhigay markabkii ''[[Turbinia]]'' sanadkii 1894. Markabkii ugu horreeyay ee rakaabka ee ku shaqeeya turbine, {{ship|TS|King Edward}}, wuxuu adeegga bilaabay [[Firth of Clyde]] sanadkii 1901, laakiin Philipps wuxuu go'aansaday in loo baahan yahay hal sano oo kale oo qiimeyn ah si loo ogaado in iyo sida loo adeegsan karo qaabkan cusub ee tamarta uumiga ee maraakiibta ganacsiga.{{sfn|Nicol|2001|p=99}} Sidaas darteed, ''Aragon'' waxaa lagu dhisay lammaane ka mid ah [[Marine steam engine#Triple or multiple expansion|mashiinnada uumiga ee quadruple-expansion]] ee dhaqanka ah.<ref name=Wreck/> Awooddooda la isku daray waxaa lagu qiyaasay 762,<ref name=SAS/> 827<ref name=Wreck/> ama 875<ref name=SoE/> [[Horsepower#Nominal horsepower|NHP]]. Waxay ku kaxeeyeen laba marwaxadood<ref name=Seligmann132/> oo siiyay xawaare dhan {{convert|15|kn|km/h}}.<ref name=Wreck/> ''Aragon'' wuxuu lahaa hal dhuumo weyn oo dhexe ah.<ref name=Trains/> Wuxuu lahaa 12 [[Lifeboat (shipboard)|doonyaha badbaadada]] oo ku yaal sagxadda doonyaha, oo lagu daray [[dinghy]] iyo [[Captain's gig|gig]] gadaal.{{sfn|Nicol|2001|p=101}} Qolka cuntada ee fasalka koowaad wuxuu lahaa saqaf alwaax ah oo lagu sharraxay sawirro [[Christopher Columbus]] ah oo helay Ameerika.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://monkbarns.wordpress.com/tag/rms-aragon/ |last=Sivell |first=Jay |title=6. Great steamers white and gold |work=A sailor's life |publisher=[[WordPress]] |date=22 April 2010 |accessdate=7 April 2013}}</ref> ''Aragon'' wuxuu lahaa shan qaybood oo xamuul ah, qaar ka mid ahna waa la qaboojiyay si loo qaado hilibka iyo miraha laga keeno Koonfurta Ameerika. Qaybta 5aad iyo heerar hoose ee qaybaha 1aad iyo 2aad waxay u shaqeeyeen xamuul qaboojiyey. Qalabka qaboojinta ee uumiga ku shaqeeya wuxuu isticmaalay "[[Carbon dioxide|carbonic anhydride]]" sidii qaboojiye, qaybahana waxaa lagu dahaaray "[[Mineral wool|silicate cotton]]".{{sfn|Nicol|2001|p=104}} Bakhaaradeeda waxay qaadeen 2,000 oo tan oo dhuxul ah{{sfn|Nicol|2001|p=101}} waxayna lahayd taangiyo biyo ah oo awooddoodu tahay qiyaastii 2,000 oo tan.{{sfn|Nicol|2001|p=104}} RMSP waxay ''Aragon'' ka diiwaangelisay [[Belfast Harbour|Belfast]]. Lambarkeedii rasmiga ahaa ee UK wuxuu ahaa 120707, xarfaha koodhkuna waxay ahaayeen HCST.<ref>{{cite book |author=Registrar General of Shipping and Seamen |year=1906 |title=Mercantile Navy List |page=23 |url= https://www.crewlist.org.uk/data/viewimages?name=Aragon&year=1906&steamsail=Steam&submit=Enter |publisher=[[Board of Trade]] |via=Crew List Index Project |access-date=19 January 2021}}</ref> ==Horumarinta A-series== ''Aragon'' waxaa ku xigay taxane maraakiib ah oo u dhigma laakiin si tartiib tartiib ah u weynaa oo u culusaa.<ref name=Trains/> Sanadkii 1906 Harland and Wolff waxay dhisteen maraakiibta mataanaha ah ee {{RMS|Amazon|1906|2}} iyo ''Avon'', halka deked kale oo Belfast ah, [[Workman, Clark and Company]], ay dhisteen ''Araguaya''. Harland and Wolff waxay ku dareen markab shanaad oo mataano ah, {{HMHS|Asturias||2}}, sanadkii 1908. RMSP waxay mid kasta oo ka mid ah taxanahan siisay magac ku bilaabma "A", taasoo keentay in si caadi ah loogu yeero "A-series"<ref name=Trains/> ama "A-liners". Dhowr sano ka dib, afarta markab ee ugu dambeeyay ee taxanaha A ayaa ka yimid Harland and Wolff: ''Arlanza'' sanadkii 1912, ''Andes'' iyo {{RMS|Alcantara|1913|2}} sanadkii 1913 iyo ''Almanzora'' sanadkii 1915.<ref name=MNO/> Marka laga reebo inay mar kale weynaadaan, waxay kaga duwanaayeen ''Aragon'' iyo afarteeda gabdhood ee ugu horreeyay iyagoo leh saddex marwaxadood halkii ay ka ahaan lahaayeen laba, iyo iyagoo isticmaalaya xoogaa turbine ah oo Phillips iyo Parsons ay ka wada hadleen dhowr sano ka hor. Laba marwaxadood oo dibadda ah ayaa lagu kaxeeyay [[Marine steam engine#Triple or multiple expansion|mashiinnada uumiga ee triple-expansion]]. Mashiinka uumiga ee cadaadiska hooseeya ayaa kaxeeyay marwaxadda dhexe ''via'' qalabka dhimista.{{sfn|Nicol|2001|p=101}} ==Adeegga rayidka== Laga bilaabo 1850-yadii, maraakiibta rakaabka ee RMSP waxay u adeegi jireen waddo joogto ah oo u dhexeysa Britain iyo dekedaha [[Río de la Plata|River Plate]] ee Koonfurta Ameerika. Waxay ka dhoofeen [[Southampton]] ee koonfurta England, waxay joogsadeen jasiiradaha [[Madeira]] iyo [[Tenerife]] oo ku yaal xeebta [[West Africa|Galbeedka Afrika]]; [[Pernambuco]], [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador de Bahia]] iyo [[Rio de Janeiro]] oo ku yaal xeebta Brazil; ka dibna [[Montevideo]] oo ku yaal [[Uruguay]] ka hor intaysan dhammaystirin safarkooda [[Buenos Aires]] ee Argentina.<ref name=Trains/> ''Aragon'' iyo gabdhaheeda waxay casriyeeyeen adeeggii RMSP ee Southampton – River Plate,<ref name=Seligmann144/><ref name=Seligmann132/> iyagoo beddelay maraakiibta sida RMS ''Atranto'' oo adeegga ku jiray laga bilaabo 1889 wixii ka dambeeyay.<ref name=Trains/> Maraakiibta A-series waxay si weyn u kordhiyeen faa'iidada waddada. Sanadkii 1906 waxay samaysay afar safar oo ay ku tagtay oo ay uga soo laabatay Koonfurta Ameerika waxayna heshay faa'iido dhan £45,368.{{sfn|Nicol|2001|p=100}} Sanadkii 1908 waxay ku xirtay xeebta [[Isle of Wight]], laakiin marka laga reebo taas adeeggeeda rayidka wuxuu ahaa mid guud ahaan aan wax dhacdo ah lahayn.{{sfn|Nicol|2001|p=106}} Sanadkii 1913 ''Aragon'' waxaa loo qalabaysay [[wireless telegraphy]], iyadoo ku shaqaynaysa hirarka 300 iyo 600 mitir. [[Maritime call sign|Call sign]]-keedu wuxuu ahaa MBN.{{sfn|The Marconi Press Agency Ltd|1913|page=245}} ==Markab ganacsi oo leh hub difaac ah== {{main|Defensively equipped merchant ships#Anglo-German arms race}} Laga bilaabo bilowgii qarnigii 20-aad, xiisadaha sii kordhaya ee u dhexeeya [[Great Powers|Awoodaha Weyn]] ee Yurub waxaa ka mid ahaa [[Anglo-German naval arms race]] oo khatar geliyay amniga maraakiibta ganacsiga. Laga bilaabo 1911, Sirdoonka Britain waxay ogaadeen in [[German Empire|Boqortooyada Jarmalka]] ay si qarsoodi ah u hubaynayso qaar ka mid ah maraakiibteeda rakaabka, dawladda UK iyo [[British Admiralty|Admiralty-ga Britain]] waxay ka wada hadleen sida looga jawaabo.{{sfn|Seligmann|2012|p=136}} Dhamaadkii 1912, Admiralty-gu wuxuu go'aansaday inuu la jaanqaado siyaasadda Jarmalka iyadoo la hubaynayo qaar ka mid ah maraakiibta rakaabka ee Britain, iyadoo laga bilaabayo RMS ''Aragon''.{{sfn|Seligmann|2012|p=139}} Waxaa loo qorsheeyay inay sidato qoryaha badda laga bilaabo Diseembar 1912, laakiin gudaha Dawladda Britain iyo Admiralty-ga waxaa ka jiray hubanti la'aan ku saabsan sida waddamada shisheeye iyo dekedaha ay uga falcelin doonaan.{{sfn|Seligmann|2012|p=141}} Janaayo 1913 Rear Admiral [[Henry Hervey Campbell|Henry Campbell]] wuxuu ku taliyay in Admiralty-gu uu markab ganacsi u diro badda isagoo sita qoryo badda ah, laakiin aan lahayn rasaas, si loo tijaabiyo falcelinta dawladaha shisheeye.{{sfn|Seligmann|2012|p=141}} Shir uu guddoomiyay [[Francis Hopwood, 1st Baron Southborough|Sir Francis Hopwood]], [[Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty#Organisation|Civil Lord of the Admiralty]] ayaa isku raacay, Sir [[Eyre Crowe]] wuxuu diiwaangeliyay ''"Haddii aysan waxba dhicin, waxaa laga yaabaa inay suurtagal noqoto oo fudud, muddo ka dib, in la saaro rasaas."''{{sfn|Seligmann|2012|p=141}} 25 Abriil 1913 ''Aragon'' waxay ka dhooftay Southampton iyadoo ah markabkii ugu horreeyay ee Britain ee [[Defensively equipped merchant ships#Anglo-German arms race|markab ganacsi oo leh hub difaac ah]] (DAMS), iyadoo sidata laba qori oo [[QF 4.7-inch Gun Mk I–IV|QF]] {{convert|4.7|in|adj=on}} ah oo dhabarka kaga yaal.<ref name=Seligmann132/> Dawladaha, wargeysyada iyo dadweynaha waddamada Koonfurta Ameerika ee ''Aragon'' ay booqatay wax yar ayay dareemeen mana muujin wax walaac ah.<ref name=Seligmann144/> Waxaa jiray dhaliil ka timid qaar ka mid ah saraakiisha badda ee firfircoon iyo kuwa hawlgabka ah ee Britain{{sfn|Seligmann|2012|p=145}} laakiin siyaasadda way sii socotay. ''Aragon''{{'}}s markab mataano ah RMS ''Amazon'' ayaa loo sameeyay DAMS-kii xigay, bilooyinkii xigayna maraakiib kale oo RMSP "A-liners" ayaa la hubeeyay.<ref name=Seligmann132/> Waxaa ka mid ahaa markabkii dhawaan la dhisay ee {{RMS|Alcantara|1913|2}}, kaas oo Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka u adeegay sidii [[Armed merchantman#Auxiliary cruisers|markab ganacsi oo hubaysan]]. ==Gallipoli== Intii lagu guda jiray Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka markabka waxaa loo qoondeeyay inuu noqdo [[Troopship|markab ciidan]] wuxuuna noqday HMT ''Aragon''. Wuxuu ka qaybqaatay [[Gallipoli Campaign]], kaas oo hal ilo-wareed uu sheegay inuu ku bilaabay inuu qaado Guutada 5aad, [[Hampshire Regiment]] iyo unugyada [[Royal Army Medical Corps]] si ay uga qaybqaataan ololaha Maarso 1915.<ref name=Nicol117>{{harvnb|Nicol|2001|p=117.}}</ref> Maadaama degitaanku aanu dhicin ilaa 25 Abriil, tani waxay u gudbi kartaa ciidamada ka guuraya UK una socda Bariga Mediterranean-ka si ay ugu diyaar garoobaan degitaanka. Waajibaadkeeda waxaa ka mid ahaa in ku dhawaad 1,500 oo qof oo dhaawac ah loo daadgureeyo [[Alexandria Port|Alexandria]] iyo Malta.<ref name=Nicol117/> 8 Abriil ''Aragon'' waxay joogtay Alexandria halkaas oo ay ka qaadday Guutada 4aad, [[Worcestershire Regiment]] iyo Guutada 2aad, Hampshire Regiment.<ref name=Worcs>{{cite web |url= http://www.worcestershireregiment.com/bat_4_1915.php |last=Scully |first=Louis |title=4th Battalion Worcestershire Regiment – 1915 |work=The Worcestershire Regiment – The History of the Regiment 1694 – 1970 |date=2002–2012 |accessdate=9 April 2013}}</ref><ref name=Hurst>{{cite web |url= http://www.warmemorial.org.uk/ww1.php?p=38 |title=White, Frederick |work=Hurst War Memorial |accessdate=9 April 2013}}</ref> Labada guuto waxay ahaayeen unugyo ka tirsan [[88th Brigade (United Kingdom)|88th Brigade]], kuwaas oo qayb ka ah [[29th Division (United Kingdom)|29th Division]] lagu amray inay ka qaybqaataan [[Gallipoli Campaign#Landings|Gallipoli Landings]].<ref name=Hurst/> 11 Abriil waxay ka dhooftay Alexandria waxayna u socotay jasiiradda Aegean ee [[Lemnos#Modern period|Lemnos]], halkaas oo maraakiibta Faransiiska iyo Britain ay ku urursanayeen dekedda weyn ee dabiiciga ah ee [[Moudros]] si ay ugu diyaargaroobaan degitaanka ugu dambeeya.<ref name=Worcs/><ref name=Hurst/> 13 Abriil 1915 ciidamadii ''Aragon'' ayaa u wareegay markabkii xamuulka ee {{SS|River Clyde}}<ref name=MNO/> si ay ugu diyaargaroobaan [[landing at Cape Helles]] 10 maalmood ka dib. Goor dambe oo ka tirsan [[Gallipoli Campaign]] xafiiska boostada ee [[British Forces Post Office]], Base Army Post Office Y, ayaa ka wareegay {{SS|Arcadian||2}}, oo ahaa markab kale oo ciidan, una wareegay ''Aragon''.<ref name=FPHS>{{cite web |url=http://www.forcespostalhistorysociety.org.uk/society/meetings-archive/2012/july-2012.html |title=Report of the Meeting of 20th – 22nd July 2012 York Weekend 60th Anniversary Conference |publisher=Forces Postal History Society |date=July 2012 |accessdate=9 April 2013 |archive-date=18 Bisha Sideedaad 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818164234/http://forcespostalhistorysociety.org.uk/society/meetings-archive/2012/july-2012.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> BAPO Y ayaa markii dambe ka guurtay ''Aragon'' una guurtay saldhig dhulka ah oo ku yaal Moudros.<ref name=FPHS/> Duulaanku wuxuu ahaa guuldarro qaali ah, bishii Janaayo 1916 ciidamada Faransiiska iyo Britain waxay [[Gallipoli Campaign#Evacuation|ka baxeen gacanka Gallipoli]]. 13 Febraayo ''Aragon'' waxay ka dhooftay Moudros waxayna u socotay Malta, iyadoo qaadaysa ciidamo fasax ku jiray oo ay ku jiraan afar sarkaal iyo 270 nin oo ka tirsan [[63rd (Royal Naval) Division]] (RND).<ref name=Clegg1>{{cite web |url=http://www.jackclegg3.webspace.virginmedia.com/RNDdiary001.htm |last=Clegg |first=Jack |title=1st Royal Marine Battalion (aka 1st Bn. RMLI) War Diaries: May 1916 to Jan. 1919 |work=The Campaign for War Grave Commemorations |date=2000–2012 |accessdate=9 April 2013 |archive-date=18 Bisha Afraad 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418025110/http://www.jackclegg3.webspace.virginmedia.com/RNDdiary001.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> 14 May ''Aragon'' waxay mar kale joogtay Moudros si ay u soo saarto ciidamo; markan oo ay ku jiraan Guutada 1aad ee [[Royal Marines]]<ref name=Clegg2>{{cite web |url=http://www.jackclegg3.webspace.virginmedia.com/RNDdiary002.htm |last=Clegg |first=Jack |title=Royal Naval Division War Diary Jan. to May 1916 |work=The Campaign for War Grave Commemorations |date=2000–2012 |accessdate=9 April 2013 |archive-date=4 Bisha Saddexaad 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073232/http://www.jackclegg3.webspace.virginmedia.com/RNDdiary002.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> iyo xubno ka tirsan [[2nd (Royal Naval) Brigade]].<ref name=Clegg1/> Waxay gaartay [[Marseille-Fos Port|Marseille]] ee koonfurta France saacadda markay ahayd 0630 19 May.<ref name=Clegg2/> Goor dambe oo 1916 ''Aragon'' waxay ka adeegtay [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]]. Diseembar 1916 waxay ka dhooftay [[Kilindini Harbour]] oo ku taal British [[East Africa Protectorate]], waxayna gaartay [[Durban]] maalinta Christmas-ka.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://samilitaryhistory.org/diaries/edkins.html |last=Grice |first=Rob |title=East London's Edkins brothers in WWI |publisher=The South African Military History Society |date=September 2009 |accessdate=9 April 2013}}</ref> ==Alexandria Roads== Dhamaadkii 1917 ''Aragon'' waxay laba toddobaad ku qaadatay xiritaan xeebta Marseille ka hor intaysan qaadan amarro Diseembar inay u dhoofaan [[Sultanate of Egypt|Egypt]].<ref name=MNO/> Waxay qaadday ku dhawaad 2,200 oo ciidan<ref name=SoE/> si ay u xoojiyaan [[Egyptian Expeditionary Force]] ee [[Sinai and Palestine Campaign#Southern Palestine Offensive|Palestine Campaign]] ee ka dhanka ah [[Ottoman Empire|Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta]], oo lagu daray qiyaastii 150 sarkaal oo ciidan ah, 160 [[Voluntary Aid Detachment|VAD]]s iyo qiyaastii 2,500 oo boorso oo Christmas-ka ah.<ref name=SoE/> Iyada iyo gaadiid kale, ''Nile'', ayaa markaas ku dhoofay [[Convoys in World War I|convoy]] iyadoo ay weheliyaan ilaalada [[destroyer]]s<ref name=MNO/> ee Egypt. 23 Diseembar<ref name=MNO/> waxay gaareen Windy Bay, [[Malta]], halkaas oo labada gaadiid ay ku sugnaayeen xiritaan muddo afar<ref name=SoE/><ref name=MNO/> ama shan<ref name=Jones>{{cite web |url=http://www.warpoetry.co.uk/Maureen_Jones.html |last=Jones |first=Maureen |title=Poems of the First World War |publisher=The War Poetry Web Site |date=November 2007 |accessdate=9 April 2013 |archive-date=20 Bisha Sagaalaad 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920194013/http://www.warpoetry.co.uk/Maureen_Jones.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> maalmood. Halkaas ayay ku xuseen Christmas-ka, marka loo eego mid ka mid ah VAD-yada kuwa saarnaa ''Aragon'' waxay heleen waqti "top hole" ah.<ref name=Jones/> [[File:HMS Attack (1911).jpg|thumb|{{sclass|Acheron|destroyer}} {{HMS|Attack|1911|6}}]] ''Aragon'' iyo ''Nile'' ayaa markaas u sii waday Egypt iyagoo wata ilaalo cusub: {{sclass|Acheron|destroyer}} {{HMS|Attack|1911|6}} oo lagu daray laba [[Imperial Japanese Navy#World War I|Imperial Japanese Navy]] destroyers.<ref name=SoE/> Convoy-gu wuxuu la kulmay duufaan,<ref name=MacD>{{harvnb|MacDonald|1984|pp=230–231}}</ref> iyo xeebta Egypt markay waagu baryay Axaddii 30 Diseembar ayay qaybsantay.<ref name=MNO/> Labadii Japanese destroyers waxay u kaxeeyeen ''Nile'' [[Port Said]], halka ''Attack'' ay u kaxeysay ''Aragon'' Alexandria.<ref name=MNO/> Markay u dhowaadeen dekedda ''Attack'' waxay u socotay si zigzag ah si ay u raadiso [[Naval mine|miinooyin]] halka ''Aragon'' ay ku sugaysay Alexandria Roads.<ref name=Nicol117/> Markabka [[Naval trawler#United Kingdom|armed trawler]] {{HMT|Points Castle}} ayaa u soo dhawaaday ''Aragon'' isagoo wata calaamadda calanka caalamiga ah "I raac". Markabkii ciidanka ayaa sidaas sameeyay, ilaa ''Attack'' ay ka soo laabato oo ay calaamad u dirtay "Ma lihid xaqa aad uga qaadato amarro markab trawler ah".<ref name=Nicol117/> Destroyer-ku wuxuu dhexgalay ''Points Castle'' ka dibna wuxuu amray ''Aragon'' inay ku laabato badda.<ref name=SoE/><ref name=Wreck/> Markabkii ciidanka ayaa adeecay oo u soo jeestay badda.<ref name=Nicol117/> Sarkaalkii ugu sarreeyay ee ''Aragon'' ee ka badbaaday wixii dhacay ayaa isku dayay inuu dareen u yeesho jahwareerka: <blockquote>''"Sharaxaadda kaliya ee qoraagu uu soo bandhigi karo waa in taliyaha ''Attack'' uu haystay digniin ku saabsan miinooyinka kanaalka, taas oo ku qasabtay inuu amro ''Aragon'' inay iska indhatirto ''Points Castle'' ''I raac''. Sida muuqata cadowgu waxay dhigeen miinooyin waqtigii habboonaa iyagoo og in markabka dibadda lagu hayn doono sidaas darteedna uu noqon doono bartilmaameedka weerarka torbiitada."''<ref name=Nicol117/></blockquote> ''Aragon'' iyo ''Attack'' waxay ku sugnaayeen Alexandria Roads<ref>{{cite Uboat.net |id=402.html |name=Aragon |type=1ship |accessdate=9 April 2013}}</ref> qiyaastii {{convert|8|mi|0}}<ref name=MNO/> ama {{convert|10|mi|0}} banaanka dekedda, iyagoo sugaya ogolaansho inay galaan, markii qiyaastii 1100 saacadood<ref name=MNO/> [[German Type UC II submarine]] {{SMU|UC-34}} ay ku weerartay torbiito ''Aragon'',<ref name=SoE/><ref name=Wreck/> ku dhufatay dhinaca [[Port and starboard#Port (left)|bidix]] [[aft|gadaal]]<ref name=SoE/> waxayna keentay burbur baahsan oo ku yimid qaybteeda 4aad ee xamuulka oo ku dhowaad madhan.<ref name=Nicol117/><ref name=Jones/> ''Aragon''{{'}}s sarkaal [[Deck department|deck]] ee [[Watchstanding|watch]], Lieut. J.F.A. Thompson, wuxuu sheegay inay markaas u janjeertay dhinaca [[Port and starboard#Starboard (right)|midig]].<ref name=MNO/> ===Badbaadinta=== {{Rquote|right|Aan qaadanno fursaddeenna annagoo la jirna [[Tommy Atkins|Tommies]].|A [[Voluntary Aid Detachment|VAD]]|oo laga soo xigtay ''[[The Northern Star]]'', 8 Abriil 1918}} ''Attack'' iyo ''Points Castle'' ayaa u yimid badbaadinta.<ref name=SoE/><ref name=Wreck/> Hal xisaab ayaa sheegaysa in laba trawlers ay joogeen.<ref name=MacD/> VADs waxaa lagu amray inay galaan doonyaha badbaadada ee ugu horreeya ee la bilaabo.<ref name=Jones/><ref name=Star>{{cite news |title=Last Song on Doomed Ship |newspaper=[[The Northern Star]] |location=[[Lismore, New South Wales]] |date=8 April 1918 |accessdate=9 April 2013}}</ref> Laba ama saddex ka mid ah VADs ayaa ka mudaaharaaday in la siiyo mudnaan mid ka mid ahna waxay ku bariday ''"Aan qaadanno fursaddeenna annagoo la jirna [[Tommy Atkins|Tommies]]"'' ka hor intaysan dhammaantood adeecin amarrada.<ref name=Star/> Doonyaha VADs waxay badbaadiyeen qaar ka mid ah ciidamadii biyaha ku jiray<ref name=Jones/> ka dibna u wareejiyeen badbaadayaashooda mid<ref name=MacD/> ama laba<ref name=MacD/> trawlers. ''Aragon'' waxay sii daysay [[Lifeboat (shipboard)#Liferaft versus lifeboat|doonyaha badbaadada]]<ref name=MNO/> laakiin qaraxu wuxuu burburiyay mid ka mid ah doonyaha badbaadada<ref name=Star/> iyo janjeerkeeda sii kordhaya waxay ka hor istaagtay shaqaalaheeda inay bilaabaan qaar ka mid ah inta hartay.<ref name=MNO/> Shaqaalaha ''Aragon'' waxay shaqeeyeen ilaa ay dhexda ugu jireen biyaha si ay u bilaabaan doonyaha ay awoodaan.<ref name=Star/> {{Rquote|right|Waxaan maqlay heesta ''[[Keep the Home Fires Burning (1914 song)|Keep the Home Fires Burning]]'' munaasabado badan laakiin uma maleynayo inaan waligey maqlay iyadoo lagu siiyay awood intaas le'eg.|Qof badbaaday|oo laga soo xigtay ''[[The Northern Star]]'', 8 Abriil 1918}} ''Attack'' waxay si sax ah u barbar dhigtay ''Aragon'' si ay u qaaddo badbaadayaasha si dhakhso ah intii suurtagal ah,<ref name=MacD/> iyadoo la kaashanayo xarigga u dhexeeya labada markab.<ref name=MNO/> Markabkii ciidanka wuxuu si dhakhso ah ugu degay gadaasha. In ka badan hal qof oo badbaaday ayaa sheegay in askartii ku sugayay sagxadda si loo badbaadiyo ay bilaabeen heeso.<ref name=Jones/> Mid ayaa yiri ''"Waxaan maqlay heesta '[[Keep the Home Fires Burning (1914 song)|Keep the Home Fires Burning]]' munaasabado badan laakiin uma maleynayo inaan waligey maqlay iyadoo lagu siiyay awood intaas le'eg"''.<ref name=Star/> Hadda waxaa jiray tirada sii kordhaysa ee ragga biyaha ku jira, iyo [[Trooper (rank)|trooper]] James Werner Magnusson ee [[New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade#World War I formation|New Zealand Mounted Rifles]] wuxuu arkay askari dhaawac ah oo ku dhibtoonaya badda aad u qallafsan.<ref name=Gazette>{{Cite web |url= http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/30565/pages/2990 |title=Board of Trade, Whitehall Gardens, 7th March, 1918 |newspaper=[[The London Gazette]] |date=8 March 1918 |page=229 |accessdate=9 April 2013}}</ref> Wuxuu ka booday markabka, wuxuu badbaadiyay ninkii wuxuuna geliyay doon.<ref name=Gazette/> Magnusson ka dib wuxuu ku soo laabtay markabka, wuxuu dib ugu biiray unuggiisa, wuxuuna la degay markabka.<ref name=Gazette/> Waxaa loo abaalmariyay abaalmarinta [[Albert Medal (lifesaving)|Albert Medal]].<ref name=Gazette/> Qabyo [[3rd (Reserve) Battalion, Buffs (East Kent Regiment)]] loo diray inay xoojiyaan [[10th (Royal East Kent and West Kent Yeomanry) Battalion, Buffs (East Kent Regiment)|10th (Royal East Kent and West Kent Yeomanry) Battalion, Buffs]], ayaa ku guulaystay ammaan sare anshaxooda. Marka hore, Lance-Sergeant Canfor (oo isaga laftiisu dhaawacay qaraxu) ayaa wacay roll-ka, ka dibna ragga waxaa loo qoondeeyay inay gooyaan doonyaha badbaadada inta kale ay heesayeen. Markii doonyaha badbaadada la bilaabay Lance-Corporal Baker ayaa iskiis u soo bandhigay inuu ka boodo biyaha si uu u sugo doon badbaado oo ka fogaanaysa, taasoo xaqiijinaysa badbaadada ku dhawaad 20 nin. Qabyada intiisa kale waxay galeen biyaha waxayna ku dhegeen doonyaha badbaadada muddo laba saacadood iyo bar ah, iyagoo heesaya oo ku dhiirigelinaya dadaallada badbaadinta. Hal nin oo keliya oo ka tirsan qabyada ayaa lumay.<ref>Moody, pp. 64–5.</ref> {{Rquote|right|Waxaan dareennay in dhammaan saaxiibadeen ay ku degayaan hortayada.<br>A [[Voluntary Aid Detachment|VAD]]|oo laga soo xigtay {{harvnb|MacDonald|1984|pp=230–231}}}} Qiyaastii 15 daqiiqo<ref name=MNO/> ka dib markii torbiito ay ku dhufatay ''Aragon'', [[Master mariner|Master]]-keeda, Captain Bateman, wuxuu amar ka bixiyay [[Bridge (nautical)|bridge]]-keeda ''"Ninkii ha is badbaadiyo"''.<ref name=Star/> Kuwii haray waxay u carareen inay ka baxaan dhinaceeda,<ref name=MNO/> iyo qaansadeeda ayaa ka kacday badda markii askartu ay u soo degayeen dhinaceeda biyaha.<ref name=MacD/> Mid ka mid ah VADs oo badbaaday ayaa markii dambe diiwaangeliyay ''"Waxaan dareennay in dhammaan saaxiibadeen ay ku degayaan hortayada"''.<ref name=MacD/> Qiyaastii 17<ref name=Jones/> ilaa 20 daqiiqo ka dib markii lagu dhuftay ''Aragon'' way degtay, waxayna la kulantay qarax labaad markii biyaha badda ee qabow ay gaareen kariyayaasheeda kulul.<ref name=MNO/> Qaar ka mid ah doonyaha badbaadada ayaa lagu reebay biyaha.<ref name=MNO/> [[File:VCErnestGeorgeHorlock(orHarlock).jpg|thumb|[[Cigarette card]] sawirka [[Company Sergeant Major|BSM]] [[Ernest George Horlock|Ernest Horlock]] [[Victoria Cross|VC]], oo ka mid ahaa boqollaal askar oo la dilay markii ''Aragon'' la quusiyay]] ''Attack'' hadda waxay ahayd dad aad u badan oo leh 300 ilaa 400 oo badbaadayaal ah:<ref name=Star/> qaar qaawan, qaar dhaawac ah, qaar badan oo miyir la'aan ah oo dhimanaya.<ref name=MacD/> Hal askari, Sergeant Harold Riddlesworth oo ka tirsan [[Cheshire Regiment]], ayaa marar badan ka booday destroyer-ka una booday badda si uu u badbaadiyo badbaadayaal kale.<ref name=Express>{{cite news |title=Amazing tale of 'luckiest soldier' |newspaper=Macclesfield Express |url=http://menmedia.co.uk/macclesfieldexpress/news/s/1438702_amazing-tale-of-luckiest-soldier |date=20 July 2011 |accessdate=9 April 2013 }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Wuu badbaaday waxaana lagu sharraxay [[Meritorious Service Medal (United Kingdom)|Meritorious Service Medal]].<ref name=Express/><ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/30652/supplements/5037 |title=His Majesty the KING has been graciously pleased to approve the award of the Meritorious Service Medal to the undermentioned. |newspaper=[[The London Gazette]] |date=8 March 1918 |page=5037 |accessdate=9 April 2013}}</ref> [[File:HMS Attack (1911) sinking.jpg|thumb|upright|HMS ''Attack'' oo degaysa]] Markaas torbiito ayaa ku dhufatay ''Attack'' dhexda waxayna u qarxisay laba qaybood,<ref name=Jones/> labaduba waxay degtay shan ilaa toddobo daqiiqo.<ref name=MNO/> Qaraxu wuxuu dillaaciyay bakhaarada ''Attack'', wuxuuna ku daadiyay boqollaal tan oo [[Fuel oil#Bunker fuel|bunker fuel]] saliid madow oo qaro weyn badda markay degtay.<ref name=MacD/> Boqollaal rag ah ayaa biyaha ku jiray, qaar badan oo ka mid ahna waxay noqdeen kuwo saliidda lagu daboolay ama uu qiiqeeda ka adkaaday.<ref name=MacD/> Doonyaha badbaadada ee ''Aragon'' ee badbaaday ayaa hadda boqollaal badbaadayaal ah u qaaday trawlers, halkaas oo VADs ''"ay u shaqeeyeen si aan kala joogsi lahayn oo geesinimo weyn leh"'' si ay u daryeelaan dadka badan ee dhaawacmay.<ref name=MNO/> Trawlers kale ayaa u soo baxay si ay u caawiyaan,<ref name=MNO/> iyo trawler-kii ugu horreeyay ama trawlers-ka<ref name=MNO/> waxay ku soo laabteen dekedda si ay u badbaadaan.<ref name=MacD/> ===Dhimashada iyo badbaadayaasha=== Kuwii saarnaa ''Aragon'', 610 ayaa la dilay<ref name=SoE/><ref name=Wreck/> oo ay ku jiraan Captain Bateman, 19 ka mid ah shaqaalihiisa,<ref name=Wreck/> iyo lix ka mid ah VADs.<ref name=MacD/> Boqollaal askar ayaa la dilay. Mid ka mid ah wuxuu ahaa [[Ernest George Horlock|Ernest Horlock]], a [[Royal Field Artillery]] [[Company Sergeant Major|Battery Sergeant Major]] oo helay [[Victoria Cross|VC]] "geesinimo muuqata" oo lagu muujiyay [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] sanadkii 1914.<ref name=MacD/> [[Private (rank)|Private]] [[Fred J. Barnes]], askari ka tirsan [[Essex Regiment]] oo ka shaqayn jiray qoraaga heesaha ka hor dagaalka, ayaa sidoo kale dhintay.<ref name="CWGC">{{CWGC|id=475872|name=F J Barnes|access-date=16 October 2021}}</ref> Airman 2nd Class Alfred Moore oo dhintay isagoo jira 22 sano oo ka yimid Lower Edmonton, London. 25 kale oo ka mid ah kuwii la dilay waxay ahaayeen askar cusub oo ka tirsan Guutada 5aad ee [[Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment#The Bedfordshire Regiment (1881 to 1919)|Bedfordshire Regiment]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bedfordregiment.org.uk/5thbn/ssaragon.html |last=Fuller |first=Steven |title=The sinking of the S.S. Aragon, 30th December 1917 |work=The Bedfordshire Regiment in the Great War |date=2003–2013 |accessdate=9 April 2013 |archive-date=3 Bisha Afraad 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403133511/http://www.bedfordregiment.org.uk/5thbn/ssaragon.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Askar ku dhintay degitaanka ayaa ka mid ah kuwa lagu xusuusto Chatby Memorial ee degmada [[Shatby]] ee bari Alexandria.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/142020/CHATBY%20MEMORIAL |title=Chatby Memorial |work=Cemetery details |publisher=[[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]] |accessdate=9 April 2013}}</ref> ''Aragon''{{'}}s [[Second mate|sarkaalkii labaad]] wuxuu ka mid ahaa badbaadayaasha.<ref name=Indarra>{{harvnb|Thompson|1918|pp=20–21}}</ref> Bil ka dib wuxuu u sheegay Master-ka markab ciidan oo Australian ah, markabkii la beddelay [[Australian United Steam Navigation Company|AUSNC]] [[SS Indarra|HMAT ''Indarra'']], in markii ''Aragon'' ay degtay Captain Bateman uu ka qayliyay buundooyinkiisa ilaa taliyaha ''Attack'' inuu dalban doono baaritaan ku saabsan markabkiisa oo lagu amray inuu ka baxo dekedda.<ref name=Indarra/> Bateman ka dib wuxuu ka booday badda mana la arkin mar dambe.<ref name=Indarra/> Qaar badan oo ka mid ah badbaadayaashii shaqaalaha ''Aragon'' ayaa dib loogu celiyay England, iyagoo gaaray Southampton 10 Febraayo 1918.<ref name=Star/> Qaar waxay u safreen dhammaan habka markab uumi ah, laakiin inta badan waxay u safreen dhulka.<ref name=Star/> ==Burbur== {{location map |Egypt |width= |lat= 31.3 |long= 29.8 |caption=Meesha qiyaas ahaan ee burburka ''Aragon'' |relief= yes}} ''Aragon'' wuxuu weli yahay burbur ka baxsan xeebta Egypt, isagoo ku yaal qiyaastii {{convert|40|m}} oo biyo ah.<ref name=SoE/> ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist}} ==Ilaha iyo akhris dheeraad ah== *{{cite book |last=MacDonald |first=Lyn |author-link=Lyn MacDonald |orig-year=1980 |year=1984 |edition=2nd |title=The Roses of No Man's Land |url=https://archive.org/details/rosesofnomanslan0000macd_f8s8 |location=Harmondsworth |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Papermac]] |isbn=014017866X}} *{{cite book |author=The Marconi Press Agency Ltd |author-link=Marconi Company |year=1913 |title=The Year Book of Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony |place=London |publisher=The St Katherine Press}} * Col R.S.H. Moody, ''Historical Records of The Buffs, East Kent Regiment, 1914–1919'', London: Medici Society, 1922/Uckfield, Naval & Military Press, 2002, ISBN 978-1-84342395-9. *{{cite book |last=Nicol |first=Stuart |year=2001 |title=MacQueen's Legacy; Ships of the Royal Mail Line |volume=Two |place=Brimscombe Port and Charleston, SC |publisher=[[The History Press|Tempus Publishing]] |isbn=0-7524-2119-0 |pages=101–105, 117–118}} *{{cite book |last=Seligmann |first=Matthew S |year=2012 |title=The Royal Navy and the German Threat 1901 – 1914: Admiralty Plans to Protect British Trade in a War Against Germany |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-957403-2 |page=132}} *{{cite book |last=Thompson |first=JEM |date=13 October 1917 – 29 October 1918 |title=Diary |work=Manuscripts, oral history & pictures |publisher=[[State Library of New South Wales]] |id=MLMSS 2889/Item 1 }} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== {{commons category|Aragon (ship, 1905)}} * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IlH9DCNcwpw&ab_channel=OceanicSteamNavigationCompany RMS ''Aragon'' Fiidiyow gaaban oo leh sawirro badan oo gudaha markabka ah] * {{cite web |url= http://www.jrawl.co.uk/pugh.htm |last=Rawlins |first=John |title=John Pugh |work=Machen First World War Memorial Site}} – xusuus u ah [[Royal Engineers]] [[sapper]], oo lagu sharraxay sawirrada [[Imperial War Museum]] ee ''Aragon'' adeegga iyo degitaanka * {{cite web |url= http://www.kcl.ac.uk/lhcma/cats/hamilton/h0-0704.htm |title=HAMILTON: 7/4/1-42 Instructions, reports, orders of battle, staff diary and related papers of General Headquarters, Mediterranean Expeditionary Force, 1915 |work=Catalogues |publisher=[[King's College London]] }} – buugga dukumentiyada milatariga oo taariikhaysan 9 Luulyo 1915 ilaa 8 May 1916 oo ku saabsan ''Aragon''{{'}}s qayb ka mid ah [[Gallipoli Campaign]]. {{coord|31|18|N|29|48|E|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Aragon, HMT}} 3nfyfh8d8nifvwebiwcpi11abycc5bz 0 47725 305824 299911 2026-08-24T18:02:44Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305824 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ship |section1={{Infobox ship/image |image=Tanger Jet II 2.jpg |image_caption= }} |section2={{Infobox ship/career |hide_header= |name=*2004–2007: ''Spirit of Ontario I'' *2007–2012: ''Tanger Jet II'' *2012-2013: ''Dolphin Jet'' *2013-ilaa hadda: ''Virgen de Coromoto'' |owner=[[Conferry]] |operator=*2004–2006: [[Canadian American Transportation Systems|CATS]] *2006–2007: ''laid up'' *2007–2012: [[Förde Reederei Seetouristik|FRS Iberia]] *2012-2013: [[Kattegatruten]] *2013: [[Förde Reederei Seetouristik|FRS Iberia]] |registry=*2004–2007: [[Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]] {{flagicon|Bahamas|civil}} *2007–2012: [[Tangier]] {{flagicon|Morocco|civil}} *2012-2013: [[Limassol]] {{flagicon|Cyprus}} *2013-ilaa hadda: [[Pampatar]] {{flagicon|Venezuela}} |route= |ordered= |builder=[[Austal]] |original_cost= |yard_number=251 |way_number= |laid_down= |launched=6 Oktoobar 2003 |completed= 2004 |christened= |acquired= |maiden_voyage= |in_service= |out_of_service= |identification=*{{IMO Number|9279264}} *{{MMSI Number|775513000}} *[[Maritime call sign|Callsign]]: YYNG |fate= |status= |notes= }} |section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics |hide_header= |header_caption= |class= |displacement= |length={{convert|86.60|m|ft|1|lk=on|abbr=on}} |beam={{convert|23.80|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} |height= |draught= |draft={{convert|3.20|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} |depth= |decks= |deck_clearance= |ramps= |ice_class= |sail_plan= |power=4 × [[MTU Friedrichshafen|MTU]] 20V 8000 M70 matoorada naaftada<ref name=austal>Austal [http://www.austal.com/en/media/media-releases/04-05-06/Austal-s-North-American-Cat-Purrs-Onto-Lake-Ontario.aspx "Austal's North American cat purrs onto Lake Ontario"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117073915/http://www.austal.com/en/media/media-releases/04-05-06/Austal-s-North-American-Cat-Purrs-Onto-Lake-Ontario.aspx |date=2013-01-17 }}, accessed 13 Abriil 2012</ref> |propulsion=4 x Lips LJ120E [[Pump-jet|Waterjets]]<ref name=austal /> |speed=ilaa {{convert|45|kn}} |capacity=*774 rakaab ah<ref name=austal /> *238 baabuur<ref name=austal /> |crew= |notes= }} }} '''HSC ''Virgen de Coromoto''''' waa {{convert|86|m|ft|abbr=on}} kivuko [[catamaran]] xawaare sare leh oo ay maamusho [[Conferry|Consolidada de Ferrys C.A.]] oo ka tirsan [[Venezuela]]. Waxaa lagu dhisay [[Australia]] sanadkii 2004 si loogu adeego kivuko xawaare sare leh oo ka shaqeeya [[Lake Ontario]] inta u dhaxaysa [[Toronto]], Ontario, Canada iyo [[Rochester, New York|Rochester]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[United States]]. Ka dib markii adeegga kivukada uu guuldaraystay, doonida waxaa la iibiyay sanadkii 2007, waxayna ka shaqaynaysay [[Strait of Gibraltar]] adeeg u dhexeeya [[Spain]]-[[Morocco]] ilaa 2012. Sanadihii 2012–13, markabku wuxuu ka shaqaynayay [[Kattegatruten]] khadkii [[Aarhus]]–[[Kalundborg]] ee [[Denmark]] ilaa Oktoobar 2013 markii khadkaas la baajiyay. ==Tilmaamaha markabka== Markabka waxaa la dhisay 2004-tii [[Austal]] ee [[Perth]], [[Australia]]. Catamaran-ku wuxuu leeyahay dherer guud oo dhan 86.60 mitir iyo balac dhan 23.80 m. Miisaankiisa guud waa 6,242 GT. Mishiinada wuxuu ka kooban yahay afar [[MTU Friedrichshafen|MTU]] matoor oo leh awood guud oo ah 4 x 8,200&nbsp;kW (44,595 HP), taas oo u oggolaanaysa xawaare adeeg oo ugu badnaan ah {{convert|45|kn|km/h}}. Markabku wuxuu awood u leeyahay inuu qaado 774 rakaab ah iyo 238 baabuur (ama ugu badnaan 10 xamuul iyo 150 baabuur) oo la dejin karo dusha markabka. ==Taariikhda adeegga kivukada ee Rochester–Toronto== [[File:The Breeze Fast Ferry 2004-08-08.JPG|right|thumb|''Spirit of Ontario I'' oo soo gaaraysa dekedda Rochester]] [[File:Spirit of Ontario I - arriving in Toronto.jpg|thumb|right|''Spirit of Ontario I'' oo soo gaaraysa Toronto]] Markabka waxaa keenay Austal 2004, waxaana loogu magac daray ''Spirit of Ontario I'' hawl-wadeenka [[Canadian American Transportation Systems]] (CATS) khad dhan {{convert|82|nmi|mi km}} oo ka gudba [[Lake Ontario]], isagoo isku xira dekedaha [[Rochester, New York]], iyo [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]]. Adeegga kivukada xawaaraha sare leh ee u dhexeeya labada dekedood ayaa laga wada hadlay, waxaana hormuud ka ahaa siyaasiyiin deegaanka ah iyo hoggaamiyeyaasha ganacsiga, gaar ahaan [[upstate New York]], laga bilaabo 1990-meeyadii ilaa horraantii 2000-meeyadii.{{sfn|Filey|2008|p=160}} Magaalada Rochester ayaa dhistay terminal kivuko iyadoo rajaynaysa in adeeggaas la hirgeliyo. ===Xilligii 2004=== Koox maalgashadayaal ah ayaa sameeyay shirkad Maraykan ah oo lagu magacaabo [[Canadian American Transportation Systems]] (CATS) taas oo markaa gashay qandaraas lagu dhisayo ''Spirit of Ontario I'' oo lala galay Austal 2003. Markabku wuxuu ka baxay [[Perth]] 17-kii Febraayo 2004, isagoo ka gudbay [[Pacific Ocean]] kana gudbay [[Panama Canal]], wuxuuna gaaray [[New York City]] 1-dii Abriil 2004. Markabka aluminiumka ah ayaa wax yar ka soo gaaray dhaawac intii uu ku xirnaa dhacdo xiriirka dadwaynaha ah oo ka dhacday [[South Street Seaport]], taas oo ku qasabtay Austal inay sameeyaan dayactir degdeg ah ka hor inta aysan sii wadin safarkooda iyagoo sii maraya [[Gulf of St. Lawrence]] iyo [[St. Lawrence Seaway]], waxayna gaareen Rochester 27-kii Abriil 2004. CATS waxay kor u qaadday adeegga cusub, iyadoo hiigsanaysa inay bilowdo hawlgallada horaantii Maajo 2004. Iyada oo qayb ka ah hawlahooda xayaysiinta ee bilihii ka horreeyay ''Spirit of Ontario I'' ee soo gaaray Lake Ontario, suuq-geeyayaasha CATS waxay abuureen tartan loogu talagalay tigidhada fuulista bilaashka ah halkaas oo xubnaha dadweynuhu ay soo gudbin karaan talooyin ku saabsan "naanaysta" rasmiga ah ee adeegga. Qaabka guulaystay wuxuu ahaa "The Breeze", laakiin magaciisii diiwaangashanaa wuxuu ahaan jiray ''Spirit of Ontario I''. "The Breeze" waxaa loo isticmaali jiray oo kaliya istaraatiijiyad suuqgeyn CATS iyo calaamad ganacsi oo diiwaangashan adeegga laftiisa. ====Dhibaatooyinka bilowga==== Bilowga hawlgallada ee horraantii Maajo 2004 ma ahayn mid suurtagal ah dhowr sababood dartood: *Dayactirka jirka ee New York City bishii Abriil, taasoo dib u riixday taariikhda bixinta. *Dayactirka mashiinka oo lama filaan ahayd bishii Maajo iyo horraantii Juun 2004 ka dib markii uu yimid Lake Ontario. *Khilaaf ku saabsan lacagta bixinta adeegyada kastamka Canada ee Toronto. Dawladda federaalka ah ee Canada waxay meel marisay sharci 1990-meeyadii kaas oo qof kasta oo si gaar ah u leh meel cusub oo xuduudka laga tallaabo (sida adeegga kivukada ama buundada lacagta lagu qaado ee gaarka loo leeyahay) ay tahay inuu bixiyo adeegyadooda kastamka iyada oo aan wax kharash ah ku jirin cashuur bixiyeyaasha Canada. *Dhismaha socda ee terminal kivuko ee Toronto. Dhismo terminal ku meel gaar ah iyo goob baabuurta la dhigto ayaa si degdeg ah loo dhammaystiray bilowgii guga ee hawlgallada halka dhismaha terminal rakaab ah oo joogto ah uu bilaabmay. [[File:Original Ferry PIC.JPG|right|thumb|Qaybta dambe ee "Spirit of Ontario I" oo ku ciyaaraysa calaamadeeda duugga ah ee caleenta maple iyo xiddigta. Hore waxaa ku yaal Dekedda Rochester oo la dhisayo.]] Dib u dhacyadii urursanaa ayaa riixay taariikhda bilowga ee ''Spirit of Ontario I'' ilaa 17-kii Juun 2004.{{sfn|Filey|2008|p=161}} Inta lagu guda jiro wakhtigan, ''[[Lake Express]]'', oo ah kivuko catamaran xawaare sare leh oo aad u yar, oo sidoo kale dhistay Austal Ships (ee [[Alabama]]), ayaa galay adeegga [[Lake Michigan]], isagoo sheeganaya inuu yahay adeegga ugu horreeya ee kivukada baabuurta xawaaraha sare leh ee Great Lakes. ====Dhibaatooyinka hawlgallada==== Ka dib markii hawlgalladu bilaabmeen, ''Spirit of Ontario I'' waxay si lagu kalsoonaan karo ugu shaqeysay adeegga maalinlaha ah ee u dhexeeya Rochester iyo Toronto, iyada oo samaynaysay hal ama laba safar oo wareeg ah maalin kasta oo leh wakhti wadarta guud ee ka gudubka ah 2.5 saacadood oo ay ku jirto rarka/dejinta iyo kastamka/socdaalka. Adeeggu wuxuu markii hore lahaa rakaab yar sababtoo ah hubanti la'aanta ku saabsan bilowga horraantii guga iyo suuq-geyn liidata iyo la'aanta calaamadaha waddooyinka ee Toronto. Dhibaatooyinkan waxaa laga gudbay horraantii Agoosto 2004, markabkuna wuxuu qaadayay ku dhawaad awood buuxda bishii oo dhan. Adeeggu wuxuu lahaa warbixino sheegaya inuu qaaday in ka badan 100,000 oo rakaab ah bishii Sebtembar. CATS waxay joojisay adeegga kivukada ee ''Spirit of Ontario I'' si aan xad lahayn 7-dii Sebtembar 2004{{sfn|Filey|2008|p=161}} iyada oo shirkaddu ay sheegtay dhibaatooyin dhaqaale oo la xiriira dib u dhacyadii bilowga ahaa ee helitaanka markabka oo shaqeynaya iyo seegitaanka taariikhda bilowga adeegga ee Maajo. Waxyaabaha ka qaybqaatay dhibaatooyinka dhaqaale ee shirkadda kivukada ayaa la sheegay inay yihiin: *Horumarka gaabiska ah ee [[Toronto Port Authority]] ee dhismaha [[International Marine Passenger Terminal]] ee joogtada ah ee Toronto. Dib u dhacyada ku yimid xataa xarumaha terminalka ku meel gaarka ah ee la dhisay Toronto guga 2004 waxay ahayd sabab kale oo ku qasabtay dib u dhac ku yimid bilowga adeegga ilaa bartamihii Juun. *CATS waxay dareentay in laga qaadayo kharashyo xad-dhaaf ah oo kastamka Canada iyo socdaalka ah. Adeegyada dekeda laga galo ee Maraykanka ayaa laga bixinayay Rochester iyada oo aan wax kharash ah ku jirin CATS halka adeegyada dekeda laga galo ee Canada ay ahayd in shirkaddu ay si buuxda u daboosho, taas oo keentay kharash qarsoon oo ku jira qiimaha tigidh kasta. *CATS waxay ku eedaysay kastamka Maraykanka inaanu siinin ogolaansho ''Spirit of Ontario I'' inay qaado xamuul iyo xamuul degdeg ah, iyada oo sheegtay in tani ay beddeshay qorshihii asalka ahaa ee ganacsiga. *CATS waxay u dulqaadatay dhaleeceyn labada dalba ka timid oo ku saabsan go'aanka ah in ''Spirit of Ontario I'' lagu diiwaan geliyo calanka [[Bahamas]], oo ah waddan [[flag of convenience]], la sheegay in ujeeddooyin cashuur ah. CATS way awooday inay tan samayso maadaama markabku uu ka shaqaynayay adeeg caalami ah; Intaa waxaa dheer, maadaama ''Spirit of Ontario I'' uu ahaa markab shisheeye lagu dhisay, CATS waxay ahayd inay bixiso ganaaxyo waaweyn haddii ay diiwaan gelin lahayd markabka midkood Canada ama Maraykanka (gaar ahaan Maraykanka, iyadoo la eegayo xannibaadaha waxyaabaha gudaha ee [[Merchant Marine Act of 1920|Jones Act]]). *Sababtoo ah diiwaangelinta [[flag state|calanka shisheeye]] ee ''Spirit of Ontario I'', CATS waxaa looga baahnaa inay bixiso adeegyada [[pilotage]] ee safar kasta (qiyaastii $6000 safar kasta). Maraakiibta Canada iyo Maraykanka ee diiwaangashan ayaa ka dhaafan baahida adeegyada duuliyeyaasha inta ay ku dhex safraan [[Great Lakes]]. CATS waxay ku dhawaaqday kacitaan dayrtii 2004 iyo ''Spirit of Ontario I'' waxaa qabsaday [[United States Marshals Service]] si dib loogu iibiyo si loo bixiyo deymaha. Markabku wuxuu ku sii xirnaa terminalka kivukada ee Rochester intii lagu jiray dayrtii iyo jiilaalkii 2004–2005. ===Adeeggii 2005 dib u bilaabashadii=== Terminalka joogtada ah ee Toronto ee loo isticmaalo kivukada rakaabka/baabuurta iyo maraakiibta dalxiiska rakaabka ayaa la dhammaystiray horraantii 2005. Xaruntu waxay ku taallaa agagaarka terminalka ku meel gaarka ah ee hadda la burburiyay ee Cherry Street slip ee dekedda gudaha ee Toronto. Goobta Cherry Street slip ayaa caddaatay inay tahay mid muran dhaliyay dadka reer Toronto maadaama ay ku taallaa [[brownfield|aag hore oo warshado ah]] qiyaastii {{convert|6|km|mi}} koonfur-bari ee xudunta bartamaha magaalada oo aysan lahayn xiriir [[Toronto Transit Commission|gaadiid dadweyne]] oo ku habboon dadka lugaynaya. 28-kii Febraayo 2005, US Marshals waxay qabteen xaraash kacitaan Rochester ee ''Spirit of Ontario I''; qofkii guulaystay wuxuu ahaa "Rochester Ferry Company LLC", oo ahayd shirkad hoosaad ka tirsan magaalada Rochester oo leh dalab la sheegay oo ah US$32 milyan. Rochester Ferry Company LLC waxay ku guulaysatay maalgelinta dalabkan iyada oo loo marayo amaah ka timid dawladda federaalka ee Australia. Rochester Ferry Company LLC waxay ku dhawaaqday Abriil 2005 in [[Northumberland Ferries Limited]] (NFL), oo ah shirkadda waalidka ee [[Bay Ferries Limited]], loo doortay inay maamusho oo ay maamusho adeegga kivukada iyo markabka. NFL waxay samaysay [[Bay Ferries Great Lakes]] (BFGL) si ay u maamusho adeegga. Rochester Ferry Company LLC waxay sidoo kale ballan qaadday in ay ka beddesho calanka ''Spirit of Ontario I'' oo laga saaro [[Bahamas]] oo loo beddelo [[United States]], si looga fogaado bixinta kharashyada duulista ee qaaliga ah ee la siiyo maraakiibta aan Maraykanka ama Canada diiwaangashanayn ee Great Lakes. Bishii Diseembar 2005 markabku wuxuu weli ahaa calanka Bahamian, iyadoo la sugayo dhammaystirka tababarka shaqaale dhan Maraykan ah; tababarka noocaas ah ayaa la filayay in la dhammaystiro dhowrka bilood ee soo socda.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.10nbc.com/index.asp?template=item | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303134135/http://www.10nbc.com/index.asp?template=item | archive-date=2007-03-03 | title=10Nbc / Whec Tv-10 | access-date=2010-12-28 | url-status=dead }}</ref> BFGL iyo Rochester Ferry Company LLC waxay isku raaceen laba mashruuc oo waaweyn oo la xiriira bilowga adeegga ''Spirit of Ontario I'' 17-kii Juun 2005, kuwaas oo kala ah: *Kacitaanka CATS, mulkiilayaashii ugu horreeyay ee markabka, ayaa buriyay dammaanad kasta oo ku saabsan matoorada MTU. Rochester Ferry Company LLC, iyadoo isticmaalaysa maalgelinteeda Australia ay taageerto, waxay heshiis la gaartay MTU Abriil 2005 taas oo aragtay shirkadda kivukada oo bixisay US$1.3 milyan oo ay siisay MTU si loo sii wado nidaamyada wadista markabka iyadoo hoos timaada dammaanad. *Markabku wuxuu u baahday kormeerka jirka, dib-u-rinjiye (si looga saaro calaamaddii hore ee CATS iyo magaca suuq-geynta "The Breeze"), iyo dayactirro yaryar. Markabku wuxuu u safray dekedda kaliya ee Lake Ontario ee hadhay [[shipyard]] (oo ah [[Port Weller Dry Dock]]) ee [[St. Catharines, Ontario]] horraantii Maajo 2005. Intii uu ku jiray [[dry dock]], dhibaato ayaa laga helay nidaamka wadista, taas oo u baahnayd wax ka beddelidda [[software]]. MTU waxay sidoo kale bilowday inay samayso dayactirka dammaanadda iyo shaqada dayactirka ee matoorada markabka. [[File:Spirit of Ontario I 2005-05-30.jpg|right|thumb|''Spirit of Ontario I'' oo ku taal Port Weller dry dock, oo leh calaamad cusub]] Markabka ayaa lagu rinjiyeeyay calaamado cusub oo ay ku jiraan [[Bay Ferries Great Lakes]], iyo sidoo kale magac cusub oo suuq-geyn ah oo loogu talagalay adeegga kivukada xawaaraha sare leh ee Rochester-Toronto; "The Cat" waa magaca suuq-geynta isku midka ah ee loo isticmaalo shirkadda walaashii BFGL [[Bay Ferries]] adeegga kivukada xawaaraha sare leh ee [[Yarmouth, Nova Scotia]] ilaa [[Bar Harbor, Maine]] tan iyo 1998. Markii uu ku soo laabtay Rochester, BFGL waxay bilowday shaqaaleysiinta shaqaalaha iyo samaynta tababarka shaqaalaha iyo laylisyada degdegga ah. Dhowr safar oo tijaabo ah ayaa lagu sameeyay Rochester iyo Toronto intii lagu jiray horraantii Juun 2005. Adeegga kivukada xawaaraha sare leh ee u dhexeeya Rochester iyo Toronto ayaa dib loo bilaabay 30-kii Juun 2005, 13 maalmood goor dambe. Adeegga kivukada waxaa loo qorsheeyay inuu socdo sanadka oo dhan; si kastaba ha ahaatee, 8-dii Diseembar 2005, BFGL waxay ku dhawaaqday inay joojin doonto adeegga jiilaalka 12-kii Diseembar 2005, oo ay isku dayi doonto inay kireysato markabka adeegga kivukada ee [[Caribbean]] inta lagu jiro jiilaalka. ===Gooynta maalgelinta 2006=== 10-kii Janaayo 2006, duqa magaalada Rochester ee dhawaan la doortay [[Robert Duffy (mayor)|Robert Duffy]] wuxuu ku dhawaaqay in dawladda magaaladu aysan ansixin doonin codsiga guddiga kivukada ee maalgelin dheeraad ah oo loogu talagalay shirkadda hoosaadka ee magaalada Rochester Ferry Company LLC si adeeggu uu dib ugu bilaabo xagaaga. Tani waxay si wax ku ool ah u dishay rajo kasta oo ah in ''Spirit of Ontario I'' ay ku soo laaban doonto hawlgalkeeda Lake Ontario. Magaalada Rochester waxay ku lahayd BFGL $2.5 milyan dammaanad dakhli ah waana in markabka la iibiyo. Markii hore waxaa loo malaynayay in Bay Ferries Great Lakes ay ka fiirsan doonto helitaanka ''Spirit of Ontario I'' maadaama shirkadda la siiyay ikhtiyaarka koowaad ee markabka, haddii ay weligood iibin lahayd Rochester Ferry Company LLC. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, BFGL may fulin ikhtiyaarkooda, magaalada Rochester waxay bilowday habka xiritaanka Rochester Ferry Company LLC iyadoo liis gareynaysa markabka adeegyada dullaalnimada badda ee caalamiga ah. ===Markabka iibka=== 2-dii Maajo 2006, shirkadda magaaladu waxay ku dhawaaqday in shirkad [[Great Britain|British]] ah oo lagu magacaabo Euroferries Limited ay iibsanayso markabka si loogu isticmaalo adeegga ka gudba [[English Channel|channel]]. Qiimaha iibka ee $29.8 milyan wuxuu ka gaabnaa $32 milyan oo magaaladu waydiisatay, si kastaba ha ahaatee, wuxuu ahaa kii ugu sarreeyay toddobada dalab.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Fast Ferry is sold |url=http://www.news10nbc.com/index.asp?template=item&story_id=18665 |website=WHEC-TV |access-date=8 Diseembar 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313015351/http://www.news10nbc.com/index.asp?template=item&story_id=18665 |archive-date=13 Maarso 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Maalgelinta iibka ayaa la filayay in la dhammaystiro dhamaadka xagaaga si kastaba ha ahaatee shuruudaha heshiiska ayaa weli laga wada hadlayay Diseembar 2006 waxaana u muuqatay in markabka uu ku xirnaan doono Lake Ontario markii St. Lawrence Seaway uu xirmay jiilaalka dhamaadka bisha. Rochester Ferry Company LLC waxay qaadatay go'aanka ah in loo guuro kivukada dekedda aan barafka lahayn ee [[Shelburne, Nova Scotia|Shelburne]], [[Nova Scotia]] (oo lahaa kharashyo ka jaban Rochester) ilaa iibka la dhammaystiri karo, halkii laga tagi lahaa Rochester. Ka bixitaanka markabka ayaa si degdeg ah loo qorsheeyay habeenkii Khamiista, Diseembar 21. Dad badan ayaa isu soo baxay si ay sagootiyaan, Duqa Duffy ayaana sameeyay hadal kooban. Kivukada ayaa ka tagtay Dekedda Rochester weligeed qiyaastii 6:45 PM, geeskeeda oo dhawaaqaya. Markabku wuxuu yimid shipyard ee [[Halifax Urban Area|Halifax]], Nova Scotia 26-kii Diseembar. Dayactirka iyo kormeerka ka dib, ''Spirit of Ontario I'' wuxuu sii watay Shelburne bishii Febraayo 2007 halkaas oo markabka lagu xiray iyadoo la sugayo gorgortanka iibka. ==Wadooyinka Yurub== [[File:Kattegat-ruten - Dolphin Jet 20120826.JPG|240px|thumbnail|Kattegat-ruten Dolphin Jet bishii Agoosto 2012.]] Markabka waxaa la iibiyay Abriil 2007 shirkadda Jarmalka [[Förde Reederei Seetouristik]] (FRC) adeeggeeda kivukada ee u dhexeeya [[Tarifa|Tarifa, Spain]] iyo [[Tangiers|Tangiers, Morocco]]. Markabka waxaa loo bixiyay ''Tanger Jet II''.{{sfn|Filey|2008|p=161}} Bishii Luulyo 2012, markabku wuxuu galay taraafikada u dhexeeya [[Kalundborg]] iyo [[Aarhus]] ee [[Denmark]] ee [[Kattegatruten]], waxaana loo bixiyay ''Dolphin Jet''. Ka dib 24 maalmood oo kaliya oo adeeg ah, markabka waxaa lagu xiray Aarhus. Ka dib markii khadka la baajiyay Oktoobar 2013, markabka waxaa la iibiyay Venezuelan [[Conferry]] waxaana loo beddelay ''Virgen de Coromoto''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ferry-site.dk/ferry.php?id=9279264&lang=en |title=HSC Virgen de Coromoto |website=The ferry site |access-date=20 Abriil 2018}}</ref> == Venezuela == Conferry waxay isticmaashay ''Virgen de Coromoto'' adeegga kivukada ee [[Margarita Island|Margarita]]. Shirkaddu waxay ku guuldaraysatay inay dayactirto markabka, bartamihii 2015-kiina wuu jabay. 2017 dawladda Venezuela waxay isku dayday inay iibiso kivukada iyada oo loo marayo dullaalka Unlimited Maritime Solutions, laakiin waxay ku guuldaraysatay inay heshiis la gaaraan iibsadayaal suurtagal ah. Tan ka dib, markabka waxaa loo jiiday [[Puerto Cabello]] dayactir, halkaas oo uu ku sii jiray ilaa 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Orr |first=Steve |date=2019-03-29 |title=Rochester's fast ferry is a political issue again. This time it could topple a government. |url=https://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/news/2019/03/29/rochester-ny-fast-ferry-guiado-overthrow-maduro-venezuela-government/3302273002/ |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=Democrat and Chronicle |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} ==Ilaha== *{{cite book | author-link = Mike Filey |last=Filey |first=Mike |publisher=Dundurn Press |location=Toronto, ON |title=Toronto: The Way We Were | url = https://archive.org/details/torontowaywewere0000file_a0q2 |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-55002-842-3}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== *[http://www.frs.es Bogga rasmiga ah ee FRS] *[http://www.nfl-bay.com Northumberland Ferries Limited (iyo shirkadaha hoosaadka: Bay Ferries Limited iyo Bay Ferries Great Lakes Limited)] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20101213043843/http://austal.com/files/delivery/Product-86m-Ferries-Veh-Pass-Spirit.pdf Austal Ships - Auto Express 86 - ''Spirit of Ontario I'' tilmaamaha] *[http://www.euroferries.co.uk Euroferries Limited] {{Wayback|url=http://www.euroferries.co.uk/ |date=20250520151408 }} *[http://www.frs.ma Bogga rasmiga ah ee FRS Maroc] {{City of Rochester, NY}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Virgen de Coromoto}} 594xnkufbh13bcqatpuanz82u0kugce 0 47733 305901 299987 2026-08-24T18:42:51Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305901 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ship |section1={{Infobox ship/image |image= |image_caption= }} |section2={{Infobox ship/career |hide_header = | country= | flag=[[East African Railways and Harbours Corporation|E.A.R.& H.]] |name = MV ''Umoja'' |owner = |registry = [[Kisumu]] |route = on [[Harada Fiktooriya]] inta u dhexeysa [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]], [[Mwanza]], [[Musoma]] & [[Kisumu]]<ref name=Clyde>{{cite web |last1= Cameron |first1= Stuart |title=Umoja (1965) |work=Clyde-built Database |publisher= |year=2004 |url=http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=1588 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923230447/http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=1588 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=2006-09-23 |accessdate= 2011-05-22}}</ref> |ordered = |builder = [[Yarrow Shipbuilders]]<ref name=Clyde/> |original_cost = |yard_number = 2242<ref name=Clyde/> |way_number = |laid_down = |launched = 1965<ref name=Clyde/> |completed = |christened = |acquired = |maiden_voyage = |in_service = 1966<ref name=Amin>{{cite book |title=Railway Across The Equator: The Story of the East African Line |url=https://archive.org/details/railwayacrossequ0000amin |last1=Amin |first1=Mohamed |authorlink1=Mohamed Amin |last2=Willetts |first2=Duncan |last3=Matheson |first3=Alastair |year=1986 |publisher=The Bodley Head |location=London |isbn=0-370-30774-7 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/railwayacrossequ0000amin/page/140 140]–143 }}</ref> |out_of_service = |identification = | fate= Loo wareejiyay Tansaaniya |notes = }} |section3={{Infobox ship/career | country=[[Tansaaniya]] | flag={{shipboxflag|Tanzania}} |operator = [[Marine Services Company Limited]] |registry = [[Mwanza]] | name= MV ''Umoja'' | acquired=1977 |status = adeegga ku jira }} |section4={{Infobox ship/characteristics |hide_header = |header_caption = |class = |type = [[kivukada tareenada]]<ref name=Clyde/> |tonnage =*1,180,<ref name=Amin/> *1,599 [[Gross register tonnage|GRT]]<ref name=MSC-Umoja>{{cite web |url=http://mscltz.com/preview_010.htm |title=MV. Umoja |author= |date= |work=Vessels |publisher=Marine Services Company Limited |accessdate=25 June 2011 }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |displacement = |length = {{convert|91.75|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}<ref name=MSC-Umoja/> |beam = {{convert|16.5|m|ft|1|abbr=on}}<ref name=MSC-Umoja/> |height = |draught = {{convert|3.96|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}<ref name=MSC-Umoja/> |draft = |depth = |decks = |deck_clearance = |ramps = |power = {{convert|1480|hp|kW||abbr=on}} V-8<ref name=Amin/> naaftada<ref name=Clyde/> |propulsion = minjooyin<ref name=Clyde/> |speed = |capacity = |crew = |notes = }} }} '''MV ''Umoja''''' waa [[Kivukada Harada Fiktooriya|kivuko Harada Fiktooriya]] oo ku taal Bariga Afrika. Waa [[kivukada tareenada]] oo ay [[Marine Services Company Limited]] ee [[Mwanza]], Tansaaniya<ref name=MSC-Umoja/> ka hawlgasho inta u dhexeysa [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]], [[Mwanza]], [[Musoma]] iyo [[Kisumu]].<ref name=Clyde/> ''Umoja'' macnaheedu waa "midnimo" marka laga hadlayo [[Af-Sawaaxili|Sawaaxili]]. Waxay ku lug lahayd shilal dhowr ah waxaana lagu soo bandhigay buug uu qoray [[Paul Theroux]]. ==Taariikhda== ''Umoja'' iyo [[markabka mataanaha]] {{MV|Uhuru}} waxaa la dhisay 1965 by [[Yarrow Shipbuilders]] ee [[Scotstoun]], [[Glasgow]], [[Skotlaan]],<ref name=Clyde/><ref name=ClydeUhuru>{{cite web |last= Cameron |first= Stuart |title= Uhuru (1965) |work= Clyde-built Database |publisher= |year= 2004 |url= http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=1589 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060923231518/http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=1589 |url-status= usurped |archive-date= 2006-09-23 |accessdate= 2011-05-17}}</ref> waxayna galeen adeegga 1966.<ref name=Amin/> Iyadoo in ka badan {{convert|300|ft|m|0|abbr=on}}, waxay ahaayeen maraakiibta ugu dheer harooyinka Bariga Afrika.<ref name=Amin/> Laba markab waxaa iska lahaa oo maamuli jiray [[East African Railways and Harbours Corporation]] (EARH) ilaa 1977, markii EARH loo qaybiyay Kenya, Tansaaniya iyo [[Ugaandha]]. ''Uhuru'' waxaa loo wareejiyay [[Kenya Railways Corporation]] cusub<ref name=Clyde/> iyo ''Umoja'' waxaa loo wareejiyay Tanzania Railways Corporation cusub.<ref name=ClydeUhuru/> ''Umoja'' waxay ku dhacday dhagaxyo 1990, 1996, iyo 2002.{{citation needed|date=May 2011}} Shilka 2002 wuxuu sababay $160,000 oo khasaare ah.{{citation needed|date=May 2011}} Sannadkii 1997 qaybta maraakiibta gudaha ee TRC waxay noqotay shirkad gaar ah, Marine Services Company Ltd.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mscltz.com/ |title=Home |author= |date= |publisher=Marine Services Company Limited |accessdate=26 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910031156/http://www.mscltz.com/ |archive-date=10 September 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Buuggiisa ''Dark Star Safari'', [[Paul Theroux]] wuxuu bixiyaa xisaab safar uu ku maray Harada Fiktooriya isagoo saaran ''Umoja'', isagoo faahfaahinaya khatarta ka imaanaysa jaantusyada duugoobay iyo xoojinta saaxiibtinimada iyo kartida shaqaalaha.<ref>{{cite book |last= Theroux |first= Paul |author-link= Paul Theroux |title= Dark Star Safari: Overland from Cairo to Cape Town |url= https://archive.org/details/darkstarsafariov00ther_2 |publisher= [[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|Houghton Mifflin]] |year= 2003 |location=Boston |pages=not cited |isbn= 0-618-13424-7}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Umoja, MV}} 2pj5iwkjzgjlsortyih71mbihlrdvef 0 47734 305845 299103 2026-08-24T18:12:50Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305845 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ship |section1={{Infobox ship/image | image= MV Uhuru.jpg | image_caption= MV ''Uhuru'' oo ku xiran Dekedaha Kisumu }} |section2={{Infobox ship/career | hide_header = | name = MV ''Uhuru'' | owner = | operator = | registry = {{Flagicon|Kenya}} [[Kisumu]] | route = on [[Harada Fiktooriya]] inta u dhexeysa [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]], [[Mwanza]], [[Musoma]] & [[Kisumu]] | ordered = | builder = [[Yarrow Shipbuilders]]<ref name=Clyde/> | original_cost = | yard_number = 2243<ref name=Clyde/> | way_number = | laid_down = | launched = 1965 | completed = | christened = | acquired = | maiden_voyage = | in_service = 17 Oktoobar 1966 | out_of_service = | identification = | fate = | status = | notes = }} |section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics | hide_header = | header_caption = | class = | type = [[kivukada tareenada]] | tonnage = 1,180<ref name=Amin/> | displacement = | length = in ka badan {{convert|300|ft|m||abbr=on}}<ref name=Amin/> | beam = | height = | draught = {{convert|8|ft|8|in|m||abbr=on}}<ref name=Amin/> | draft = | depth = | decks = | deck_clearance = | ramps = | power = {{convert|800|hp|kW||abbr=on}} V-8<ref name=Amin/> naaftada<ref name=Clyde/> | propulsion = minjooyin<ref name=Clyde/> | speed = | capacity = | crew = | notes = }} }} '''MV ''Uhuru''''' waa [[Kivukada Harada Fiktooriya|kivuko Harada Fiktooriya]] oo ku taal Bariga Afrika. Waa [[kivukada tareenada]] ee [[Kenya Railways Corporation]] oo ka hawlgala inta u dhexeysa [[Jinja, Uganda|Jinja]], [[Mwanza]], [[Musoma]] iyo [[Kisumu]].<ref name=Clyde>{{cite web |last1= Cameron |first1= Stuart |title=Uhuru (1965) |work=Clyde-built Database |url=http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=1589 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923231518/http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=1589 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=2006-09-23 |access-date= 2011-05-22}}</ref> ''[[Uhuru (independence)|Uhuru]]'' macnaheedu waa "xornimo" marka laga hadlayo [[Af-Sawaaxili|Sawaaxili]]. ''Uhuru'' iyo [[markabka mataanaha]] {{MV|Umoja}} waxaa la dhisay 1965 by [[Yarrow Shipbuilders]] ee [[Scotstoun]], [[Glasgow]], [[Skotlaan]],<ref name=Clyde/><ref name=ClydeUmoja>{{cite web |last= Cameron |first= Stuart |title= Umoja |work= Clyde-built Database |year= 2004 |url= http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=1588 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060923230447/http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=1588 |url-status= usurped |archive-date= 2006-09-23 |access-date= 2011-05-17}}</ref> waxayna galeen adeegga 1966.<ref name=Amin>{{cite book |title=Railway Across The Equator:The Story of the East African Line |url=https://archive.org/details/railwayacrossequ0000amin |last1=Amin |first1=Mohamed |author-link1=Mohamed Amin |last2=Willetts |first2=Duncan |last3=Matheson |first3=Alastair |year=1986 |publisher=The Bodley Head |location=London |isbn=0-370-30774-7 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/railwayacrossequ0000amin/page/140 140]–143 }}</ref> Iyadoo in ka badan {{convert|300|ft|m|0|abbr=on}}, waxay ahaayeen maraakiibta ugu dheer harooyinka Bariga Afrika.<ref name=Amin/> Laba markab waxaa iska lahaa oo maamuli jiray [[East African Railways and Harbours Corporation]] (EARH) ilaa 1977, markii EARH loo qaybiyay Kenya, Tansaaniya iyo [[Ugaandha]]. ''Uhuru'' waxaa loo wareejiyay Kenya Railways Corporation cusub<ref name=Clyde/> iyo ''Umoja'' waxaa loo wareejiyay [[Tanzania Railways Corporation]] cusub.<ref name=ClydeUmoja/> ''Uhuru'' waxaa laga joojiyay adeeggii 2007 ka dib markii ay ku xayirantay sannadkii ka horreeyay.<ref>{{cite news |title=Counting Losses |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200710031261.html |newspaper=[[The Standard (Kenya)|The Standard]] |date=2007-10-04 |access-date= 2011-05-17}}</ref> Kivukadu waxay dib ugu soo laabatay adeegga 2019, ka dib markii dib u habeyn lagu sameeyay.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lake Victoria train ferry launched |url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/lake-victoria-train-ferry-launched/62471.article |access-date=4 May 2025 |work=Railway Gazette International |date=3 September 2022 |location=Sutton, UK }}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Uhuru}} pqy3d5phcd0sbe59zpkarnclblks8ie 0 47745 305814 299172 2026-08-24T17:57:48Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305814 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company | name = East African Railways and Harbours Corporation | logo = | type = [[Shirkad ay leedahay dowladda]] | predecessor = {{Unbulleted list | [[Kenya and Uganda Railways and Harbours]] | [[Tanganyika Railway]]}} | successor = {{Unbulleted list | [[Kenya Railways Corporation]] | [[Uganda Railways Corporation]] | [[Tanzania Railways Corporation]]}} | founded = {{Start date|1948}} | defunct = {{End date|1977}} | fate = Waxaa loo qaybiyay shirkado qaran}} [[File:5907-Mount-Kinangop.jpg|thumb|[[EAR 59 class|59 class]] Garratt locomotive 5907 ''Mount Kinangop'' oo jooga [[Kibwezi]] ee Kenya]] '''East African Railways and Harbours Corporation''' ('''EAR&H''') waa shirkad burburtay oo ka hawlgeli jirtay tareenada iyo dekedaha Bariga Afrika laga bilaabo 1948 ilaa 1977. Waxaa la sameeyay 1948 loogu talagalay [[East African High Commission]] cusub iyadoo lagu midoobay [[Kenya and Uganda Railways and Harbours]] iyo [[Tanganyika Railway]] ee [[Tanganyika Territory]]. Sidoo kale maamulka tareenada iyo dekedaha ee saddexda dhul waxay maamuleen adeegyada maraakiibta gudaha ee [[Lake Victoria#Transport|Lake Victoria]], [[Lake Kyoga]], [[Lake Albert (Africa)#History|Lake Albert]], [[Victoria Nile]] iyo [[Albert Nile]]. ==Tareenada== [[File:Engine unit of East African Railways and Harbours Corporation (EAR&HC) 58 class Garratt locomotive no 5804.png|thumb|EAR&H Garratt 58 Class no. 5804]] [[Keretapi Tanah Melayu|Malayan Railway]] waxay ka iibisay EAR&H sideed [[Metre gauge railway|metre gauge]] [[USATC S118 Class]] [[steam locomotive|tareenka uumiga]] 1948, iyo sideed kale 1949.<ref name=Tourret>{{cite book |last=Tourret |first=R |isbn=0-905878-00-0 |year=1976 |title=War Department Locomotives |url=https://archive.org/details/alliedmilitarylo0000tour_v5x0 |place=Abingdon |publisher=Tourret Publishing |page=[https://archive.org/details/alliedmilitarylo0000tour_v5x0/page/35 35]}}</ref> EAR&H waxay u beddeshay [[Oil burner (engine)|gubayaasha shidaalka]] waxayna u kala tirsatay 2701–2716, taasoo ka dhigtay fasalka 27<ref name=Tourret/> waxayna u qoondeysay [[Tabora]] Depot qaybta Tanganyika.<ref name=Tourret/> Waxay galeen adeeg 1949 iyo 1950, iyagoo ka shaqeynayay khadadka [[Mwanza]], [[Kigoma]] iyo [[Mpanda]] halkaas oo culayska fudud ee faashashka uu ahaa faa'iido iyo [[Firebox (steam engine)|firebox]]-kooda sare ayaa u suurtageliyay inay ku dhex ordaan fatahaadaha xilliyeed ee laamaha Kigoma iyo Mpanda.<ref name=Tourret/> EAR&H waxay dhistay S118 kale oo ka yimid qaybo firaaqo ah 1953 waxayna u tirsatay 2717. EAR&H waxay ka saartay adeegga ilaa 1965, waxaana loo raray [[Dar es Salaam]] si loo burburiyo 1966.<ref name=Tourret/> 1955 iyo 1956, EAR&H waxay soo bandhigtay tareeno uumi ah oo cusub oo aad u awood badan oo loogu talagalay shabakadeeda Kenya iyo Uganda: [[EAR 59 class|59 class]] [[Garratt locomotive|tareenka Garratt]]. Kuwani waxay ahaayeen tiirarka taraafikada ugu culus ee qaybta u dhexeeya Mombasa iyo Nairobi ilaa ay ka bilaabeen in laga saaro adeegga inta u dhexeysay 1973 iyo 1980. EAR&H waxay kordhisay [[Uganda Railway]] laga bilaabo [[Kampala]] ilaa miinooyinka naxaasta ee [[Kasese]] 1956. 1962, waxay dhamaystirtay tareenka waqooyiga Uganda laga bilaabo [[Soroti]] ilaa [[Pakwach]] iyo halkaas ilaa Arua 1964, sidaasna waxay kaga badashay adeeggii [[Victoria Nile]] steamer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=EAD%2FGBR%2F0115%2FY30468L |title=Cambridge University Library: Royal Commonwealth Society Library, Mombasa and East African Steamers, Y30468L |work=Janus |publisher=Cambridge University Library }}</ref> ==Kivukada caalamiga ah== Kivukada la soo jeediyay oo ka yimid East Africa Harbour (E.A.H): * [[Lagos]] * [[Cairo]] * [[Canada]] (Int. Oveaseas) ==Kivukada gudaha== [[File:MV Victoria.jpg|thumb|[[MV Victoria (1959)|MV ''Victoria'']] oo ku sugan Bukoba, Tansaaniya]] 1961, EAR&H waxay soo bandhigtay [[Lake Victoria ferries#Ferries History|Lake Victoria ferry]] cusub [[MV Victoria (1959)|RMS ''Victoria'']].<ref name=Clyde>{{cite web |last1= Cameron |first1= Stuart |last2=Strathdee |first2=Paul |title=Victoria |work=[[Clyde-built Database]] |url=http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=1580 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219162201/http://clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=1580 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=19 December 2011 |access-date= 22 May 2011}}</ref> Markabkan degdega ah ayaa labanlaabay xawaarihii adeegga wareegga ee ku wareegsan harada, taasoo u oggolaanaysa EAR&H inay kordhiso safarrada laga bilaabo hal ilaa laba jeer todobaadkii.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gazette Notice No 3467; East Africa Railways & Harbours; Amendments to Tariff Book No 3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CEyq-iw1WQAC&q=%22RMS+Victoria%22+%22Kenya+Gazette%22&pg=PA857 |newspaper=[[Kenya Gazette]] |volume=LXIII |date=1 July 1961|access-date=18 May 2011}}</ref> [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Elizabeth II]] waxay u magacawday [[Royal Mail Ship]], taasoo ka dhigtay markabka kaliya ee EAR&H ee helay kala soociddan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mccrow.org.uk/eastafrica/eastafricanrailways/MarineDivision/EARLakes.htm |title=Marine Services |last=McCrow |first=Malcolm |work=East African Railways and Harbours |publisher=Malcolm McCrow |access-date=17 May 2011}}</ref> 1965 iyo 1966, EAR&H waxay soo bandhigtay adeeg [[train ferry]] oo ka gudba harada Victoria oo wata {{MV|Umoja}} iyo {{MV|Uhuru}}.<ref name=Clyde-Umoja>{{cite web |last= Cameron |first= Stuart |title= Umoja |work= Clyde-built Database |year= 2004 |url= http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=1588 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060923230447/http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=1588 |url-status= usurped |archive-date= 23 September 2006 |access-date= 17 May 2011}}</ref><ref name=Clyde-Uhuru>{{cite web |last= Cameron |first= Stuart |title= Uhuru |work= Clyde-built Database|year= 2004 |url= http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=1588 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060923230447/http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=1588 |url-status= usurped |archive-date= 23 September 2006 |access-date= 17 May 2011}}</ref> 1967, EAR&H waxay horumarin ku samaysay dekedda [[Kisumu]] oo ku taal xeebta Kenya ee harada Victoria iyada oo [[scuttling]] ku samaysay kivukada aan la isticmaalin ee {{SS|Winifred}} si ay u samayso [[breakwater (structure)|breakwater]]. == Kala diridda == 1977, bedelka High Commission, [[East African Community]], waa la kala diray iyo shabakadda tareenka ee EAR&H waxaa loo qaybiyay saddex tareen oo qaran: [[Kenya Railways Corporation]], [[Tanzania Railways Corporation]] iyo [[Uganda Railways Corporation]]. == Dhaqanka == Fannaanka u dhashay Kenya [[Roger Whittaker]] wuxuu qoray oo duubay heesta ''The Good Old EAR&H'' qiyaastii 1982, ka dib booqasho ku celis ah oo uu ku tagay Kenya. == Sidoo kale eeg == *[[Central Line (Tanzania)]] *[[Rift Valley Railways Consortium]] *[[Uganda Railway]] *[[East African Railway Master Plan]] ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} ==Akhrin dheeraad ah== {{Refbegin}} *{{Patience-SteamEA}} *{{Patience-SteamTwilight}} *{{Ramaer-SteamLocosEAR}} *{{Ramaer-Gari la Moshi}} *{{Robinson-WorldRailAtlas-7}} *{{cite magazine|title=British diesels on safari|first=Chris|last=West|magazine=The Railway Magazine|pages=41–44|issue=1345|volume=159|date=May 2013|location=Horncastle|publisher=Mortons Media Group|issn=0033-8923|oclc=750645684}} {{Refend}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== {{Commons category|East African Railways}} *[http://www.mccrow.org.uk/EastAfrica/EastAfricanRailways/indexEAR.htm Malcolm McCrow's EAR web site] *[http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/eaf~ear.html Calanka EAR&HC] *[http://www.energeticproductions.com/EARandH/index.htm Archive of East African Railways and Harbours staff magazines] {{Wayback|url=http://www.energeticproductions.com/EARandH/index.htm |date=20190920054459 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920054459/http://energeticproductions.com/EARandH/index.htm |date=20 September 2019 }} {{Authority control}} 9jd51kzoip0e44xi2yct5snbigmui8y 0 47749 305906 299152 2026-08-24T18:46:26Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305906 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = Nkhotakota |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = Nkhotakota, Malawi1.jpg |imagesize = 300px |image_caption = Guryo dhaqameed ka samaysan dhoobo iyo caws oo ku yaal xeebta harada Malawi ee Nkhotakota |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Malawi<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_mapsize=240 |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption = Goobta Malawi <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Waddan |subdivision_name = {{flag|Malawi}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Gobollada Malawi|Gobolka]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Gobolka Dhexe, Malawi|Gobolka Dhexe]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Degmooyinka Malawi|Degmada]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Degmada Nkhotakota]] |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = Tirakoobka 2018<ref name="Census2018">{{cite web|url=http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf|title=2018 Population and Housing Census Main Report|publisher=Malawi National Statistical Office|accessdate=25 December 2019|archive-date=8 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608191931/http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = 28,350 |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Luqadaha |population_blank1 = [[Chichewa]] |population_blank2_title =Diimaha |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = +2 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|12|55|00|S|34|18|00|E|region:MW|display=inline,title}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = 1548 |blank1_name_sec2 = [[Köppen climate classification|Cimilada]] |blank1_info_sec2 = [[Tropical savanna climate|Aw]] <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Nkhotakota''' (N-kho-tah-kho-tuh) (oo hore loo yaqaanay '''Kota Kota''') (magaca waxaa laga soo qaatay Chichewa oo macnihiisu yahay "Gees Gees") waa magaalo iyo mid ka mid ah degmooyinka ku yaal [[Gobolka Dhexe, Malawi|Gobolka Dhexe]] ee [[Malawi]]. Waxay ku taal xeebta [[Harada Malawi]] (oo hore loo yaqaanay Harada Nyasa) waana mid ka mid ah dekedaha ugu waaweyn ee harada Malawi. Laga bilaabo 2018, Nkhotakota waxay lahayd dad lagu qiyaasay 28,350. Degmadu waxay lahayd dad gaaraya 301,000. ==Taariikhda== {{See also|Jumbes of Nkhotakota}} Nkhotakota waxay asal ahaan ahayd koox tuulooyin ah qarnigii 19-aad kuwaas oo markii dambe u adeegay sidii suuq loogu talagalay ganacsatada addoonta ee Sawaaxili-Carabta.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9055985|title=Nkhotakota|accessdate=27 June 2008|work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |date=2008}}</ref> [[David Livingstone]] ayaa ku qanciyay Chief Jumbe inuu joojiyo ka ganacsiga addoonta geed hoostiisa oo ku yaal Nkhotakota qarnigii 19-aad, kaas oo hadda jira oo hoos yimaada hawlgal.<ref name=Murphy197>{{cite book|page=[https://archive.org/details/southernafrica0000unse_x5a9/page/197 197]|title=Lonely Planet Southern Africa: Join the Safari|url=https://archive.org/details/southernafrica0000unse_x5a9|date=2007|last=Murphy|first=Alan|author2=Armstrong, Kate |author3=Firestone, Matthew D. |author4= Fitzpatrick, Mary |isbn=1-74059-745-1|publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]}}</ref> Sanadkii 1905, [[Mary Hall (explorer)|Mary Hall]] ayaa soo martay halkan iyada oo u safraysa inay noqoto haweenaydii ugu horreysay ee u safraysa Cape Town ilaa Qaahira. Waxay ka timid [[Mangochi]].<ref name=women3>{{Cite journal |last=Baker |first=Colin |date=1982 |title=Nyasaland 1905 - 1909: The Journeys of Mary Hall, Olivia Colville and Charlotte Mansfield |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29778467 |journal=The Society of Malawi Journal |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=11–29 |issn=0037-993X}}</ref> Madaxweynaha Malawi [[Hastings Banda]] ayaa khudbado ka jeediyay geed kale oo ku yaal Nkhotakota intii lagu jiray 1960-meeyadii, kani waa mid si qosol leh loogu yaqaanay Geedka Livingstone.<ref name=Murphy197/> Magaaladan waxaa ku dhuftay fatahaadihii 2001, waxayna ahayd aagga ugu daran ee uu saameeyay Gobolka Dhexe ee Malawi.<ref name="AllAfrica Rain">{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200103210071.html|title=More Rains, Renewed Problems|date=21 March 2001|accessdate=1 July 2008|work=[[AllAfrica]]}}</ref> Maanta, Nkhotakota waa magaalada ugu weyn ee Afrikaan ah ee dhaqameed ee Malawi<ref name="Britannica"/> waxayna leedahay saameyn xoog leh oo Sawaaxili-Carab ah.<ref>Murphy, p. 159.</ref> ==Juqraafiga== [[Image:Mwaya Beach, Malawi.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Xeebta Mwaya ee Nkhotakota Bay ee [[Harada Malawi]]]] Nkhotakota waxay ku taal joog dhan {{convert|1548|ft|m|order=flip}} xeebta Harada Malawi.<ref name="Britannica"/> Waxay ku taal dul-taag dhagax ah oo ka dul-eegaya deked dabiici ah oo ka dul-eegaya Nkhotakota Bay, oo ay samaysay [[sandbar]].<ref name="Britannica"/> Intaas waxaa sii dheer, Nkhotakota waa {{convert|200|km|mi|sigfig=2}} ka [[Lilongwe]], caasimadda Malawi, iyo {{convert|378|km|mi}} ka [[Blantyre, Malawi|Blantyre]], magaalada ugu weyn Malawi.<ref name="Wild Malawi">{{cite web|url=http://www.wildmalawi.com/distance-table/distance-table/malawi-distance-table.html|title=Malawi distance table|accessdate=20 June 2008|work=Wild Malawi|date=2008|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908060148/http://www.wildmalawi.com/distance-table/distance-table/malawi-distance-table.html|archivedate=8 September 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ==Duur-joogta== Nkhotakota waa hoyga [[Nkhotakota Wildlife Reserve]], halkaas oo, sida uu qabo [[Lonely Planet]], qofku leeyahay fursad wanaagsan oo uu ku arki karo maroodiyaasha.<ref>Murphy, p. 31.</ref> Kaydka ayaa sidoo kale hoy u ah dhowr nooc oo antiloob ah, buffalo, iyo leopards.<ref>Murphy, p. 166.</ref> Dhowr wabi oo waaweyn ayaa mara kaydkan, kuwaas oo ah kuwa ugu waaweyn Malawi.<ref name=Murphy197/> Qiyaastii {{convert|24|km}} koonfurta Nkhotakota waa Chia Lagoon, oo ah bay weyn oo ku xiran Harada Malawi iyada oo loo marayo kanaal cidhiidhi ah, oo ay ka gudubto buundo u dhow waddada weyn ee Nkhotakota.<ref name=Murphy197/> ==Dhaqaalaha== Loo-shaqeeyaha 'gaar loo leeyahay' ee ugu weyn degmada waa shirkad soo saarta sonkorta "Dwangwa Sugar corporation" (oo hadda hoos timaada Illovo). Dadka deegaanka intooda badan waa beeralayda yaryar ee bariiska, kasaawada iyo galleyda, halka qaar kalena ay yihiin kalluumaysato yaryar, kuwaas oo si joogto ah uga kalluumaysta xeebaha Harada Malawi, Chia Lagoon iyo wabiyo kale oo badan oo ay ku jiraan [[Wabiga Bua|Bua]], Dwangwa, Dwambazi iyo Chilua, iyagoo isticmaalaya shabaag saddex-geesood ah oo ulo, jillaab, iwm. Nkhotakota waxay sidoo kale hoy u tahay dhoobada labaad ee ugu weyn Malawi, oo loo yaqaan Nkhotakota Pottery, taas oo isku xirta soo saarista dhoobada iyo hoyga xeebta iyo makhaayadda ee Nkhotakota Pottery Lodge. Dhoobadu waa loo-shaqeeyaha labaad ee ugu weyn 'gaar loo leeyahay' ee degmada ee dadka deegaanka waxayna soo jiidataa dalxiisayaasha gudaha iyo kuwa caalamiga ahba.<ref name="Pottery">{{cite web |title=Nkhotakota Pottery Lodge |url=https://www.malawitourism.com/places/nkhotakota-pottery-lodge/ |access-date=2 November 2025}}</ref> Meel kale oo caan ah (meel dalxiis) oo ku taal Nkhotakota waa ilaha kulul ee Mawira, oo ah aag dhan 3km² oo biyo kulul ah oo si joogto ah uga soo burqanaya dhulka tan iyo wakhtiyadii hore. Ilaha kulul ee Mawira waxay ku yaalaan aagga dhexe ee degmada, qiyaastii 5&nbsp;km u jirta isgoyska waddada Ntchisi/Kasungu.<ref name=Murphy197/> Jasiiradda Sungu (oo ka samaysan ciid iyo dhagaxyo) waa meel kale oo xiiso leh oo lagu booqdo Nkhotakota dhexe. Jasiiraddan waxay ku taal gudaha Harada Malawi, 1.5&nbsp;km u jirta xeebteeda, iyo qiyaastii 2&nbsp;km u jirta saldhigga Kaliba (dekedda), halkaas oo maraakiibta rakaabka ee ku socdaala Harada Malawi ay ka qaadaan ama ka dajiyaan rakaabka iyo ganacsatada yaryar. ==Cimilada== {{Weather box |location = Nkhotakota (1961–1990) |metric first = Yes |single line = Yes |Jan high C = 28.5 |Feb high C = 28.6 |Mar high C = 28.5 |Apr high C = 28.0 |May high C = 26.9 |Jun high C = 25.7 |Jul high C = 25.4 |Aug high C = 26.9 |Sep high C = 29.5 |Oct high C = 31.8 |Nov high C = 31.5 |Dec high C = 29.4 |year high C = 28.4 |Jan mean C = 24.3 |Feb mean C = 24.6 |Mar mean C = 24.9 |Apr mean C = 23.8 |May mean C = 22.1 |Jun mean C = 20.3 |Jul mean C = 20.0 |Aug mean C = 21.1 |Sep mean C = 23.4 |Oct mean C = 25.9 |Nov mean C = 26.3 |Dec mean C = 25.1 |year mean C = 23.5 |Jan low C = 21.1 |Feb low C = 21.4 |Mar low C = 20.9 |Apr low C = 20.1 |May low C = 17.9 |Jun low C = 15.7 |Jul low C = 15.3 |Aug low C = 15.9 |Sep low C = 18.0 |Oct low C = 20.8 |Nov low C = 22.0 |Dec low C = 21.3 |year low C = 19.2 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 320.0 |Feb precipitation mm = 266.3 |Mar precipitation mm = 407.6 |Apr precipitation mm = 227.7 |May precipitation mm = 33.5 |Jun precipitation mm = 11.5 |Jul precipitation mm = 7.9 |Aug precipitation mm = 2.1 |Sep precipitation mm = 0.7 |Oct precipitation mm = 10.2 |Nov precipitation mm = 79.8 |Dec precipitation mm = 282.0 |year precipitation mm = 1649.3 |Jan humidity = 83 |Feb humidity = 81 |Mar humidity = 81 |Apr humidity = 77 |May humidity = 72 |Jun humidity = 66 |Jul humidity = 65 |Aug humidity = 62 |Sep humidity = 59 |Oct humidity = 58 |Nov humidity = 63 |Dec humidity = 77 |year humidity = 70 |unit precipitation days = 0.3 mm |Jan precipitation days = 20 |Feb precipitation days = 18 |Mar precipitation days = 20 |Apr precipitation days = 13 |May precipitation days = 4 |Jun precipitation days = 3 |Jul precipitation days = 2 |Aug precipitation days = 1 |Sep precipitation days = 1 |Oct precipitation days = 2 |Nov precipitation days = 7 |Dec precipitation days = 17 |year precipitation days = 108 |Jan sun = 167.4 |Feb sun = 159.6 |Mar sun = 213.9 |Apr sun = 240.0 |May sun = 269.7 |Jun sun = 276.0 |Jul sun = 279.0 |Aug sun = 294.5 |Sep sun = 297.0 |Oct sun = 306.9 |Nov sun = 270.0 |Dec sun = 204.6 |year sun = 2978.6 |Jand sun = 5.4 |Febd sun = 5.7 |Mard sun = 6.9 |Aprd sun = 8.0 |Mayd sun = 8.7 |Jund sun = 9.2 |Juld sun = 9.0 |Augd sun = 9.5 |Sepd sun = 9.9 |Octd sun = 9.9 |Novd sun = 9.0 |Decd sun = 6.6 |yeard sun = |source 1 = NOAA<ref name= NOAA>{{Cite FTP | url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/MW/67591.TXT | server = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] | title = Nkhota Kota Climate Normals 1961–1990 | accessdate = 10 August 2016}}</ref> }} ==Dhaqan-dadyowga== ===Kobcinta dadka=== {| class="wikitable" ! Sannad ! Dadka<ref name="World Gazetteer">{{cite web|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=32&srt=pnan&col=dq&geo=-150 |title=Malawi: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population |accessdate=27 June 2008 |work=World Gazetteer |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223224/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=32&srt=pnan&col=dq&geo=-150 |archivedate=27 September 2007 }}</ref><ref name="Census2018">{{cite web|url=http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf|title=2018 Population and Housing Census Main Report|publisher=Malawi National Statistical Office|accessdate=25 December 2019|archive-date=8 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608191931/http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 1977 | 10,312 |- | 1987 | 12,163 |- | 1998 | 19,262 |- | 2008 | 24,726 |- | 2018 | 28,250 |} ===Luqadaha=== [[Chichewa]] waa luqadda ugu weyn ee lagaga hadlo magaaladan.<ref name="Language">{{cite book|page=[https://archive.org/details/languageplanning0001unse_h0c5/page/85 85]|title=Language Planning and Policy in Africa: Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique and South Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/languageplanning0001unse_h0c5|isbn=1-85359-725-2|date=2004|last=Baldauf |first=Richard B.|author2=Kaplan, Robert }}</ref> Degsiimo [[Sawaaxili]] ah ayaa sidoo kale laga aasaasay Nkhotakota.<ref>Baldauf, p. 91.</ref> Dhowr dad ah oo ku hadla [[Chewa]] ayaa ku nool koonfurta Nkhotakota,<ref>Baldauf, p. 82.</ref> iyo [[Tonga]] ayaa lagaga hadlaa waqooyigeeda.<ref>Baldauf, p. 84.</ref> ==Adeegyada== [[Image:Nkhotakota cemetery2.jpg|left|thumb|Qabuuraha Masiixiyiinta ee Nkhotakota]] ===Caafimaadka=== Waxaa jira laba isbitaal oo ku yaal Nkhotakota: Isbitaalka Degmada Nkhotakota iyo Isbitaalka Hawlgalka ee St. Anne. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, degmada oo dhan waxaa ku yaal 23 goobood oo caafimaad oo ay ku jiraan 1 isbitaal degmo, 1 isbitaal hawlgalka, 1 isbitaal miyi ee dowladda, 1 isbitaal miyi ee hawlgalka, 11 xarumaha caafimaadka, 10 rugaha caafimaadka gaarka loo leeyahay iyo 2 goobood oo daawooyinka la siiyo.<ref>http://www.nkhotakota.com/health.html~~~~{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200210170244.html|title=Poverty Reduction is Malawi's Priority|date=17 October 2002|accessdate=2 July 2008|work=[[AllAfrica]]}}</ref> Dadaalkeeda ku aadan la dagaalanka HIV/AIDS, Ururka Haweenka ee ka dhanka ah Aids-ka ee Malawi (SWAM) ayaa fuliyay mashruuc laba sano ah oo ku yaal Nkhotakota.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200705071519.html|title=SWAM in the Fight Against HIV/Aids|date=7 May 2007|accessdate=2 July 2008|work=[[AllAfrica]]}}</ref> Nkhotakota waa sidoo kale xarun goboleed ee [World Medical Fund] – oo ah samafal caafimaad oo fadhigeedu yahay UK, kaas oo adeegyadiisa miyiga ay siiyaan tuulooyinka gobolka daryeel caafimaad oo aasaasi ah oo ay ku jiraan anti-retrovirals, daaweynta anti-malarial iyo maamulka cudurada faafa. ===Bangiyada=== Laamaha First Discount House FDH Bank iyo NBS Bank ayaa si dhow ugu yaal bartamaha magaalada, isgoyska Salima/Lilongwe iyo Ntchisi/Kasungu. Halka Standard Bank (laan ka mid ah Standard Bank South Africa) uu ku yaal 50&nbsp;km u jirta xarumaha shirkadda sonkorta ee Illovo ee Dwangwa, halkaas oo National Bank of Malawi iyo NBS Bank ay ku yaalaan. Bangiyadan ganacsiga ayaa bixiya dhowr adeeg oo bangi iyo adeegyo kale oo maaliyadeed oo ay ku jiraan; xarumaha sarrifka lacagaha qalaad ee dadka deegaanka iyo dalxiisayaasha ajaanibta ah. Waxa kale oo jira wakiillo badan oo bangi ah oo ku sugan Boma iyo xarumo ganacsi oo badan oo ku wareegsan degmada. ==Gaadiidka== Nkhotakota waa mid ka mid ah dekedaha ugu waaweyn ee Harada Malawi,<ref name=Britannica2>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-43952/Malawi|title=Malawi: Transportation|accessdate=27 June 2008|work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> waxaana u adeega kivukada [[MV Ilala|MV ''Ilala'']] oo toddobaad kasta ka gudba Harada Malawi. Garoonka diyaaradaha ee ugu dhow wuxuu ku yaal [[Kasungu]], {{convert|48|mi|km|order=flip}} u jirta. Basaska ayaa ka shaqeeya [[Salima (township)|Salima]] laba saacadood maalin kasta.<ref>Murphy, p. 176.</ref> Intaas waxaa sii dheer, minibuses ayaa ka shaqeeya halkan ilaa [[Nkhata Bay]] oo ku socda waddada weyn ee isku xirta magaalooyinkan.<ref>Murphy, p. 191.</ref> ==Dadka caanka ah== * [[Martha Mwale]] waxay noqotay haweenaydii ugu horreysay ee wasiirka Presbyterian ee Malawi 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Edward |first=Singini |date=1945–2003 |title=Mwale, Martha |url=https://dacb.org/stories/malawi/mwale-martha/ |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=Dictionary of African Christian Biography |language=en}}</ref> * [[Essau Kanyenda]], weeraryahankii hore ee xulka qaranka Malawi ee kubadda cagta == Tixraacyo == {{reflist|2}} {{Authority control}} i281u494i6kbuqa0gu75s5oj2xdruri 0 47752 305816 299158 2026-08-24T17:59:09Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305816 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox islands | name = Jasiiradda Mumbo | image_name = Mumbo Island 02.jpg | image_caption = Xeebta koonfur-bari ee jasiiradda oo laga arkayo gacanka koonfureed | image_size = 200px | map = | map_caption = | native_name = | native_name_link = | nickname = | location = [[Lake Malawi|Harada Malawi]] |coordinates = {{coord|-13.98921|34.75543|display=inline}} | archipelago = | total_islands = 1 | major_islands = | area_m2 = 514 | highest_mount = | elevation_m = | country = Malawi | country_admin_divisions_title = Gobol | country_admin_divisions = [[Southern Region, Malawi|Gobolka Dhexe]] | country_admin_divisions_title_1 = [[Districts of Malawi|Degmo]] | country_admin_divisions_1 = [[Mangochi District|Salima]] | country_capital_and_largest_city = | population = | population_as_of = | density_km2 = | ethnic_groups = | additional_info = }} '''Mumbo Island''' waa jasiirad ku taal [[Lake Malawi National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Harada Malawi]], waxaana ay ku taal [[Salima District|Degmada Salima]] ee [[Central Region, Malawi|Gobolka Dhexe]], qiyaastii {{Convert|100|km|mi|abbr=off|sp=us}} bari ka xigta caasimadda [[Lilongwe]]. Ma lahan dad deegaan joogto ah laakiin waxaa ku yaal Mumbo Camp, oo ah xero dalxiis oo ecoboutique ah (tusaale ahaan, [[ecotourism|dalxiiska deegaanka]] [[boutique hotel|hotel boutique]] ah).<ref name="LP">{{cite book |author=Mary Fitzpatrick |title=Zambia, Mozambique & Malawi |year=2013 |url=https://archive.org/details/zambiamozambique0000fitz |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |isbn=978-1-74179-722-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/zambiamozambique0000fitz/page/311 311]}}</ref> ==Duurjoogta== Jasiiraddu waxay hoy u tahay [[African fish eagle| gorgorrada kalluunka ee Afrika]], [[Monitor lizard| yaxaas-dhabarka]], [[African clawless otter| otterka Afrika ee aan cidiyaha lahayn]] iyo noocyo dhowr ah oo [[cichlid|kalluunka cichlid-ka]].<ref name=LP/><ref>{{cite book |author=Philip Briggs|title=Malawi|year=2013|url=https://archive.org/details/malawibradttrave0000brig|publisher=Bradt|isbn=978-1-841624747 |page=[https://archive.org/details/malawibradttrave0000brig/page/150 150] }}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} p001kqdxpw325hxi8avs2o4v56fvf7r 0 47759 305899 303293 2026-08-24T18:41:16Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305899 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = Karonga |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = Karonga rice fields.jpg |imagesize = 250px |image_caption = Beeraha bariiska ee Karonga |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Malawi<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_mapsize=240 |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption = Goobta ay Malawi kaga taal <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Waddan |subdivision_name = {{flag|Malawi}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Malawi|Gobol]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Northern Region, Malawi|Gobolka Waqooyi]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Malawi|Degmo]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Karonga District]] |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =metric <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = Tirakoobkii 2018<ref name="Census2018">{{cite web|url=http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf|title=2018 Population and Housing Census Main Report|publisher=Malawi National Statistical Office|access-date=25 December 2019|archive-date=8 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608191931/http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = 61,609 |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title = Qowmiyado |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title = Diimo |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = +2 |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|09|56|00|S|33|56|00|E|region:MW|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = 1568 |blank1_name_sec2 = [[Köppen climate classification|Cimilada]] |blank1_info_sec2 = [[Tropical savanna climate|Aw]] <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Karonga''' waa magaalo ku taal [[Karonga District|Degmada Karonga]] ee [[Northern Region, Malawi|Gobolka Waqooyi]] ee dalka [[Malawi]] oo ku taal koonfur-bari Afrika. Waxay ku taal xeebta galbeed ee [[Lake Nyasa|Harada Malawi]], waxaana la aasaasay xarun addoonsi ka hor 1877-kii. Sida lagu sheegay qiyaasihii 2018, Karonga waxay leedahay dad tiradoodu gaarayso 61,609. Luuqadda ugu weyn ee lagaga hadlo degmadan waa luuqadda [[Tumbuka language|Tumbuka]], taas oo sidoo kale ah luuqad goboleedka [[Northern Region, Malawi|Waqooyiga Malawi]]. ==Taariikhda== Qalabkii hore ee taariikhda iyo haraaga aadanaha ee laga helay degmada Karonga ee waqooyiga fog ee Malawi ayaa bixinaya caddayn dheeraad ah in aaggu uu noqon karo halkii uu aadanuhu ka soo jeeday. Professor [[Friedemann Schrenk]] oo ka tirsan [[Goethe University Frankfurt|Jaamacadda Goethe]] ee [[Frankfurt]] ayaa u sheegay [[Reuters|Wakaaladda Wararka ee Reuters]] in laba arday oo ka shaqaynayay goobta qodista bishii Sebtembar 2009 ay heleen qalab taariikhi ah iyo ilko ka tirsan aadanaha hore. "Helitaankan ugu dambeeyay ee qalabka taariikhiga ah iyo haraaga aadanaha ayaa caddayn dheeraad ah u ah aragtida ah in Dooxada Great Rift ee Afrika iyo laga yaabo in goobta qodista ee u dhow Karonga loo tixgeliyo inay tahay halkii aadanuhu ka soo jeeday." ayuu yiri Schrenk. Goobtu waxa kale oo ay ku jirtaa qaar ka mid ah dinosauradii ugu horreeyay ee noolaa intii u dhaxaysay 100 milyan iyo 140 milyan oo sano ka hor iyo aadanaha hore oo la aaminsan yahay inay noolaayeen intii u dhaxaysay hal milyan iyo 6 milyan oo sano ka hor. Helitaanka ayaa ahaa goobta qodista ee Malema {{convert|10|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} u jirta Karonga.<ref name=Banda>{{cite news|last1=Banda|first1=Mabvuto|title=Malawi could be the cradle of humankind|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malawi-hominids-idUSTRE59M40820091023|access-date=31 August 2014|work=Science|agency=Reuters|date=23 October 2009}}</ref> Marka la eego taariikhda dhow ee hore, Karonga waxay leedahay hanti badan oo [[Pleistocene]] iyo [[Holocene]] ah oo qadiimi ah kuwaas oo taariikhaysan gaar ahaan da'da dhagaxa dhexe iyo kan dambe, iyo sidoo kale da'da birta.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/gea.21469 | volume=29 | title=Renewed Geoarchaeological Investigations of Mwanganda's Village (Elephant Butchery Site), Karonga, Malawi | journal=Geoarchaeology | pages=98–120 | last1 = Wright | first1 = David K.| year=2014 | issue=2 }}</ref> Ka hor 1877-kii, Karonga waxay jirtay iyadoo ahayd saldhigga Mlozi, oo ahaa ganacsade caan ah oo Carab ah oo addoonka iibiya.<ref name="britannica">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/312634/Karonga|title=Karonga|date=2008|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=8 August 2008}}</ref> Sannadkii 1883-kii waxaa halkaas laga furay goob ganacsi oo Ingiriisi ah, taas oo aasaas u ahayd magaalada casriga ah.<ref name="britannica"/> Sahamiye Ingiriisi ah Sir [[Harry Johnston]] ayaa iibsaday goobtaas 1895-kii wuxuuna joojiyay ganacsigii addoonta ee xeebta galbeed ee Harada Nyasa.<ref name="britannica"/> Waqtigan, Karonga waxay noqotay xarun ganacsi iyo beeraha oo muhiim ah.<ref name="britannica"/> Sida uu qabo ''[[Lonely Planet]]'', magaaladu "wali waxay haysaa saamaynta xooggan ee [[Swahili-Arabs|Sawaaxili-Carabta]] maanta."<ref name=Murphy159>{{Harvnb|Murphy|Armstrong|Firestone|Fitzpatrick|2007|p=159}}</ref> [[file:Nyungwe CDSS Malawi.jpg|thumb|Shaybaarka kumbuyuutarka ee Dugsiga Sare ee Nyungwe CDSS sanadkii 2018]] Dugsiga Sare ee Gabdhaha Karonga ayaa furmay bartamaha magaalada 1998-kii.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2017 |title=Mamie Martin Info leaflet |url=https://www.scotland-malawipartnership.org/assets/documents/member/MMF_info_Leaflet.pdf}}</ref> Sannadkii 2023 waxaa jiray walaac ah in gabdhaha looga reebay waxbarashada sababtoo ah ma jirin lacag ku filan oo lagu daboolo waxbarashadooda.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-30 |title=CDF bursary eludes needy students |url=https://mwnation.com/cdf-bursary-eludes-needy-students/ |access-date=2026-05-15 |website=Nation Online |language=en-US}}</ref> Dugsiga Sare ee Nyungwe CDSS wuxuu ahaa mid ka mid ah sagaal dugsi oo loo doortay inay helaan telefishinada HD iyo tablet-yada taas oo qayb ka ah dadaal ay wadeen [[Airtel Africa|Airtel Malawi]] iyo UNICEF. Qorshuhu wuxuu ku jiray helitaanka internetka iyo adeegsi bilaash ah oo shan goobood oo waxbarasho ah. Mashruuca waxaa amaanay wasiirka waxbarashada [[Madalitso Wirima Kambauwa|Madalitso Wirima]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mwale |first=Winston |date=2023-08-01 |title=Airtel Malawi, UNICEF Announce Groundbreaking Project to Equip Schools with Cutting-Edge Technology |url=https://africabrief.substack.com/p/airtel-malawi-unicef-announce-groundbreaking |access-date=2026-05-15 |website=AfricaBrief}}</ref> 11-kii Luulyo 2008, [[Kayelekera mine|macdanta Kayelekera]] ee Karonga waxay u dabaaldegtay 1.5 milyan oo saacadood oo ah macdanta yuraaniyaamta oo aan shil lahayn.<ref name="mine">{{cite news|title=Government applauds Kayelekera on safety |last=Tayanjah|first=Francis|author2=Namwaza, Gerald|date=11 June 2008|work=The Daily Times}}</ref> "Falanqeeyayaasha" waxay sheeganayaan in tani ay tahay guul naadir ah.<ref name="mine"/> Macdantu waxay horey ula kulantay muran sababtoo ah dadka oo u soo bandhigtay shucaac.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200709070883.html|title=Torn Between the Lure And Danger of Uranium|date=6 September 2007|work=UN Integrated Regional Information Networks|publisher=[[AllAfrica]]|access-date=2008-08-08}}</ref> Bishii Diseembar 2009 aaggu wuxuu la kulmay [[2009 Karonga earthquakes|taxane dhulgariirro ah]]. ==Juqraafiga== Karonga waxay ku taal joog dhan {{convert|1568|ft|m|order=flip}} xeebta galbeed ee [[Lake Nyasa|Harada Nyasa]]. Waxay ku taal {{convert|17+1/4|mi|km|order=flip|round=0.5}} oo u jirta [[Kenan Ngomba]], {{convert|11|mi|km|0|order=flip|abbr=on}} oo u jirta [[Kaporo, Malawi|Kaporo]], {{convert|26+1/2|mi|km|round=0.5|order=flip|abbr=on}} oo u jirta [[Kilondo]] iyo {{convert|7+1/2|mi|km|round=0.5|order=flip|abbr=on}} oo u jirta [[Lupembe]].<ref name=FR>{{cite web |url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/MI/0/Karonga.html |title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Karonga, Malawi |work=FallingRain Genomics |access-date=21 June 2008 |archive-date=19 Bisha Shanaad 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060519225931/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/MI/0/Karonga.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Dadka== [[File:Edicas Nachinga with her orphaned grandchildren (4993106936).jpg|thumbnail|Edicas Nachinga iyo carruurta ay awowga u tahay ee Karonga, 2010]] {| class="wikitable" ! Sannad ! Dadka<ref name="World Gazetteer">{{cite web|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=32&srt=pnan&col=dq&geo=-150 |title=World Gazetteer: Malawi: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population |access-date=8 July 2008 |work=World Gazetteer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223224/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=32&srt=pnan&col=dq&geo=-150 |archive-date= 27 September 2007}}</ref><ref name="Census2018" /> |- | 1977 | 11,873 |- | 1987 | 19,667 |- | 1998 | 27,811 |- | 2008 | 40,334 |- | 2018 | 61,609 |} {{historical populations|11=1977|12=11,873|13=1987|14=19,667|15=1998|16=27,811|17=2008|18=40,334|19=2018|20=61,609|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Malawi: Regions, Major Cities, Towns & Urban Localities - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/en/malawi/cities/|access-date=2021-12-25|website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref>|align=right}} ===Luuqadaha=== [[Tumbuka language|Tumbuka]] waxaa inta badan looga isticmaalaa Karonga guriga iyo dugsiga labadaba.<ref>{{Harvnb|Baldauf|Kaplan|2004|p=134}}</ref> Karonga waxaa loo yaqaanaa "''jasiirad ka mid ah luuqadda iyo dhaqanka Tumbuka ee badda dadka Tumbuka iyo Ngonde''."<ref>{{Harvnb|Baldauf|Kaplan|2004|p=88}}</ref> ==Dhaqaalaha== Dhaqaalaha aaggu wuxuu ku salaysan yahay suufka, bariiska iyo galleyda oo laga soo saaro harada iyo kafee iyo xoolaha dhinaca galbeed.<ref name="britannica"/> Dadka reer Karonga waxay ku tiirsan yihiin kalluumaysiga nolol-maalmeedka.<ref name="britannica"/> ==Cimilada== Cimilada Karonga waxaa loo kala saaraa [[tropical climate|cimilada kulaylaha]]. Xagaaga ayaa aad u roob badan marka loo eego jiilaalka Karonga. Cimilada halkan waxaa u kala saaray Aw nidaamka [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen-Geiger]]. Karonga, celceliska heerkulka sannadlaha ah waa 25.6 °C (78.8 °F).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Karonga climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Karonga weather averages - Climate-Data.org|url=https://en.climate-data.org/africa/malawi/southern/karonga-926117/|access-date=2021-12-25|website=en.climate-data.org}}</ref> {{Weather box |location = Karonga |single line = Yes |metric first = Yes |Jan high C = 29.6 |Feb high C = 29.6 |Mar high C = 29.3 |Apr high C = 29.0 |May high C = 28.7 |Jun high C = 27.6 |Jul high C = 27.3 |Aug high C = 28.3 |Sep high C = 30.6 |Oct high C = 32.5 |Nov high C = 32.4 |Dec high C = 30.5 |year high C = 29.6 |Jan mean C = 24.9 |Feb mean C = 25.0 |Mar mean C = 24.7 |Apr mean C = 24.6 |May mean C = 23.6 |Jun mean C = 22.2 |Jul mean C = 21.7 |Aug mean C = 22.4 |Sep mean C = 24.3 |Oct mean C = 26.4 |Nov mean C = 27.0 |Dec mean C = 25.7 |year mean C = 24.4 |Jan low C = 21.8 |Feb low C = 21.7 |Mar low C = 21.5 |Apr low C = 21.3 |May low C = 19.9 |Jun low C = 17.9 |Jul low C = 17.0 |Aug low C = 17.6 |Sep low C = 19.4 |Oct low C = 21.9 |Nov low C = 23.0 |Dec low C = 22.4 |year low C = 20.4 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 132.3 |Feb precipitation mm = 120.0 |Mar precipitation mm = 206.0 |Apr precipitation mm = 130.0 |May precipitation mm = 19.4 |Jun precipitation mm = 0.8 |Jul precipitation mm = 0.8 |Aug precipitation mm = 0.3 |Sep precipitation mm = 0.0 |Oct precipitation mm = 1.3 |Nov precipitation mm = 39.4 |Dec precipitation mm = 149.0 |year precipitation mm = 799.3 |Jan humidity = 79 |Feb humidity = 80 |Mar humidity = 82 |Apr humidity = 80 |May humidity = 74 |Jun humidity = 66 |Jul humidity = 65 |Aug humidity = 64 |Sep humidity = 60 |Oct humidity = 56 |Nov humidity = 62 |Dec humidity = 75 |year humidity = 70 |Jan sun = 176.7 |Feb sun = 170.8 |Mar sun = 207.7 |Apr sun = 222.0 |May sun = 254.2 |Jun sun = 264.0 |Jul sun = 285.2 |Aug sun = 306.9 |Sep sun = 306.0 |Oct sun = 319.3 |Nov sun = 273.0 |Dec sun = 213.9 |year sun = 2999.7 |Jand sun = 5.7 |Febd sun = 6.1 |Mard sun = 6.7 |Aprd sun = 7.4 |Mayd sun = 8.2 |Jund sun = 8.8 |Juld sun = 9.2 |Augd sun = 9.9 |Sepd sun = 10.2 |Octd sun = 10.3 |Novd sun = 9.1 |Decd sun = 6.9 |yeard sun = |source 1 = NOAA<ref name= NOAA>{{Cite FTP | url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/MW/67423.TXT | server = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] | title = Karonga Climate Normals 1961–1990 | access-date = 8 March 2015}}</ref> |date=March 2015 }} ==Farshaxan iyo dhaqan== [[Cultural & Museum Centre Karonga]] waa meesha ugu caansan ee dalxiisayaasha ee Karonga.<ref name=Murphy177>{{Harvnb|Murphy|Armstrong|Firestone|Fitzpatrick|2007|p=177}}</ref> Waxay hoy u tahay [[Malawisaurus]], fosil 150 milyan oo sano jir ah oo laga helay {{convert|45|km}} koonfurta degmada.<ref name=Murphy177/> Waxay soo bandhigtaa bandhig cinwaankiisu yahay "Laga soo bilaabo Dinosaurs ilaa Dimuqraadiyadda", kaas oo diiwaangeliya taariikhda aagga.<ref name=Murphy177/> ==Kaabayaasha== Karonga waxay hoy u tahay [[Garoonka Diyaaradaha ee Karonga]]<ref name=FR/> kaas oo kaliya maareeya duullimaadyada gudaha ee maalintii ee [[Air Malawi]].<ref>[http://www.azworldairports.com/airports/a2020kgj.cfm a-z World Airports], la galay 9 Agoosto 2008</ref> Baska ayaa ka socda Mzuzu iyo Nkhata Bay ilaa Karonga iyadoo la isticmaalayo wadada M1.<ref>{{Harvnb|Murphy|Armstrong|Firestone|Fitzpatrick|2007|pp=188&ndash;233}}</ref> ==Fiiro gaar ah== {{reflist}} ==Tixraacyo== *{{cite book |last1=Baldauf|first1=Richard B.|last2=Kaplan|first2=Robert B.|title=Language Planning and Policy in Africa: Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique and South Africa|publisher=Multilingual Matters|volume=1|date=2004|isbn=1-85359-725-2|oclc=56751169}} *{{cite book |last1=Murphy|first1=Alan|last2=Armstrong|first2=Kate|last3=Firestone|first3=Mathew D.|last4=Fitzpatrick|first4=Mary|title=Southern Africa: Join the Safari|url=https://archive.org/details/southernafrica0000unse_x5a9|publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]|date=2007|isbn=978-1-74059-745-6|oclc=76936284}} *{{cite journal |last1=Wright|first1=David|title=Renewed geoarchaeological investigations of Mwanganda's Village (Elephant Butchery Site), Karonga, Malawi|journal=Geoarchaeology|date=2014|volume=29 | issue = 2|pages=98–120|doi=10.1002/gea.21469|doi-access=free}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Commons category|Karonga, Malawi}} {{Authority control}} 5lsw6tq8ich3lqcpo5m93ztda5o7luq 0 47769 305807 300805 2026-08-24T17:52:48Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305807 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ship |section1={{Infobox ship/image | image= HMS-Gwendolen.jpg | image_caption= }} |section2={{Infobox ship/career |hide_header = |country = [[Nyasaland]] |flag = [[File:Flag of Nyasaland (1919–1925).svg|60px]] |name = ''Gwendolen'' |namesake = Lady Gwendolen Cecil (1860–1945) |owner = |operator = |registry = |route = |ordered = |builder = |original_cost = |yard_number = |way_number = |laid_down = |launched = 1899 |completed = |christened = |acquired = |maiden_voyage = |in_service = |out_of_service = |identification = |fate = |status = |notes = }} |section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics | hide_header = | header_caption = | class = | type = Markab rakaab (ferry) | tonnage = | displacement = | length = {{convert|136|ft}} | beam = {{convert|24|ft}} | height = | draught = {{convert|5.5|ft}} | depth = {{convert|19|ft}} | decks = | deck_clearance = | power = Uumi (steam) | propulsion = Screw | speed = | capacity = | crew = | notes = }} }} '''SS ''Gwendolen''''' (mararka qaarkood loo qoro ''Guendolen'' iyo ''Gwendolyn'') wuxuu ahaa markab uumi ku shaqeeya oo Ingiriis ah oo ku jiray [[Lake Nyasa|Harada Nyasa]]<ref>[http://www.chakoten.dk/images/eng_flot_nyassa_4756.jpg The Guendolen (sawir)]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> kaas oo ka qaybgalay [[Battle of Lake Nyasa|dagaalkii ugu horreeyay ee badda]] ee [[World War I|Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka]] ka dhan ah markabka uumiga ee Jarmalka ee ''[[Hermann von Wissmann (steamship)|Hermann von Wissman]]'' kaas oo uu ku qabtay meel u dhow Sphinxhafen, oo hadda loo yaqaan [[Liuli]].<ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[Warship International]] |volume=17 |publisher=[[International Naval Research Organization]], Naval Records Club (U.S.) |year=1980}} "Jarmalku waxay dayactir ku sameeyeen ''Von Wissmann'' laakiin ''Gwendolen'' ayaa mar kale goobta yimid 30-kii Maajo, 1915 markii ''Von Wissmann'' loo diray ... Ingiriisku waxay kaloo ku lahaayeen laba markab oo kale Harada Nyasa oo la oran jiray ''Chauncy Maples'' iyo ''Queen Victoria''."</ref> Markabka oo culeyskiisu ahaa 350-tan ayaa laga daahfuray [[Fort Johnston (Malawi)|Fort Johnston]] sanadkii 1899, waxaana loogu magacdaray [[Lady Gwendolen Gascoyne-Cecil|Lady Gwendolen Cecil]], oo ahayd gabadhii 39-sano jirka ahayd ee aan weli guursan ee [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|Marquess of Salisbury]].<ref>{{cite journal |journal=The Railway News |volume=75 |year=1901}} "Markabka, oo lagu baabtiisay ''Gwendolen'', magaca gabadha Lord Salisbury, waa 136 ft oo dherer ah, 24 ft oo ballac ah, 19 ft oo qoto-dheer, wuxuuna leeyahay qoto-dheer celcelis ah oo ah 5 ft iyo 6 in. In kasta oo culeyskiisu aanu diiwaangashanayn, 350 tan waa mid lagu qiyaaso..."</ref> Sanadkii 1907, ''Gwendolen'' wuxuu ahaa kii ugu weynaa saddex markab oo hore loogu isticmaali jiray maraakiibta qoryaha (gunboats), kuwa kale waxay ahaayeen {{SS|Chauncy Maples}} iyo ''Queen Victoria'', iyadoo ay jireen afar markab oo rayid ah oo harada ku shaqeynayay.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Statesman's Yearbook |volume=44 |first1=Frederick |last1=Martin |first2=Sir John Scott |last2=Keltie |author2-link=John Scott Keltie |first3=Isaac Parker Anderson |last3=Renwick |year=1907|title-link=The Statesman's Yearbook }} "Kani wuxuu ka kooban yahay saddex markab, oo hore loogu isticmaali jiray maraakiibta qoryaha, oo ay ku jiraan ''Gwendolen'', 350 tan, oo la bilaabay 1899 ee Fort Johnston, oo ah xarunta waaxda. Gaadiidka caadiga ah waxaa harada ku yaal 4 markab oo yaryar..."</ref> Laga bilaabo 1914, waxaa amar ku lahaa Kapitaan Edmund Rhoades, kaas oo si lama filaan ah u weeraray [[Hermann von Wissmann (steamship)|''Hermann von Wissman'']], markabkii saaxiibkiis iyo saaxiibkiisii hore ee cabitaanka, Kapitaan Berndt, iyadoo Berndt aanu ogayn in dagaalku bilaabmay.<ref>{{cite book |first=Philip |last=Briggs |title=Malawi |url=https://archive.org/details/malawi0000brig_y3n4 |edition=5th |year=2010 |page=[https://archive.org/details/malawi0000brig_y3n4/page/299 299]}} "Rhoades wuxuu markaas ku naxay inuu arko dhiggiisa Jarmalka ee cadhaysan iyo saaxiibkiisii hore ee cabitaanka, Kapitaan Berndt, oo u boodaya doon yar oo fuulaya ''Gwendolyn'' isagoo qaylinaya habaar iyo su'aalo ku saabsan maskaxda Rhoades. Waxaa soo baxday in warka dagaalka uusan gaarin Liuli. Rhoades wuxuu Berndt la fadhiistay wiski, wuxuuna u sharraxay xaaladda, ka dibna wuxuu kaxaystay maxbuuskiisii dagaalka ee cadhaysan."</ref> [[William Percival Johnson]] ayaa dib u xasuustay in Kapitaan Berndt, oo ahaa maamulaha markabka Jarmalka ee ujeeddadiisii hore ahayd markab lid ku ah addoonsiga qarnigii 1890-meeyadii, uu ahaa saaxiib dhow oo la lahaa dadkii Ingiriiska ahaa ee adeegayaasha diinta (missionaries) maalmihii [[Chauncy Maples]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Charles M. |last=Good |title=The steamer parish: the rise and fall of missionary medicine on an... |url=https://archive.org/details/steamerparishris0000good |year=2004 |page=[https://archive.org/details/steamerparishris0000good/page/95 95]}} "Johnson wuxuu xasuustay in 'saaxiibkeenna aadka u dhow Kapitaan Berndt,' oo amar ku lahaa markabka Jarmalka ''Hermann von Wissmann'', 'uu ahaa qof si joogto ah u soo booqan jiray waqtigii Maples' (Johnson 1926, 211; cf. CA 12 [1894]: 71)."</ref> 1920-meeyadii, [[Nyasaland]] Government Marine Transport waxay wadi jireen safar billle ah oo SS ''Gwendolen'' uu ka bilaabmayo Fort Johnston oo sidda badeecado iyo rakaab, safar 15 maalmood ah oo uu ku wareegayo dekedaha kala duwan ee harada.<ref>{{cite book |title=An Economic survey of the colonial empire Great Britain |publisher=Colonial Office |year=1936}} "Muddo sanado badan ah, Nyasaland Government Marine Transport waxay ku shaqeyn jireen safar billle ah oo SS ''Guendolen'' oo ka bilaabma Fort Johnson, kaas oo sidda badeecado iyo rakaab u kala gooshaya dekedaha kala duwan ee Harada, safarka oo qaadanaya 15 maalmood."</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gwendolen}} r7ieman7z0t4rw7miuvk2tg299o3phc 0 47782 305832 299203 2026-08-24T18:06:53Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305832 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- Eeg Template:Infobox settlement wixii macluumaad dheeraad ah iyo sharraxaadyo --> <!-- Macluumaadka aasaasiga ah ----------------> |official_name = Shangi |other_name = |native_name = <!-- magaalooyinka magacooda asalka ah uusan ahayn Ingiriisi --> |nickname = |settlement_type = Waax |motto = <!-- sawirrada iyo khariidadaha -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |pushpin_map = Rwanda<!-- magaca khariidadda goobta sida uu yahay http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =right |pushpin_map_caption =Goobta uu ku yaallo dalka Rwanda <!-- Goobta ------------------> |subdivision_type = Waddan |subdivision_name = [[File:Flag of Rwanda.svg|25px]] [[Rwanda]] |subdivision_type1 = Gobolka Maamulka |subdivision_name1 = [[Gobolka Galbeedka, Rwanda|Gobolka Galbeedka]] |subdivision_type2 = Degmo |subdivision_name2 = [[Degmada Nyamasheke|Nyamasheke]] <!-- Bedka ---------------------> |area_footnotes = <ref name="pop">{{cite web |url= https://www.citypopulation.de/en/rwanda/sector/admin/nyamasheke/3715__shangi/ |title=Shangi. Waax ku taal Rwanda |website=Citypopulation.de |access-date= 22 Abriil 2025}}</ref> |area_total_km2 = 34.69 <!-- Dadweynaha -----------------------> |population_as_of = tirakoobka 2022 |population_footnotes = <ref name="pop" /> |population_note = |population_total = 28,064 <!-- Macluumaad guud ---------------> |coordinates = {{coord|2|24|12|S|29|0|21|E|type:city_region:RW|display=inline,title}} <!-- Bedka/koodhadhka boostada & kuwa kale --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- geli ZIP code, Postcode, koodhka boostada... --> |postal_code = |blank_name = [[Kala saarista cimilada ee Köppen|Cimilada]] |blank_info = [[Cimilada savannaha kulaylaha|Aw]] }} '''Shangi''' ({{Audio|LL-Q33573 (kin)-UWIRINGIYIMANA Pascal-Shangi.wav|dhawaaq}}) waa waax ku taal [[Degmada Nyamasheke]] ee [[Gobolka Galbeedka, Rwanda|Gobolka Galbeedka]], [[Rwanda]]. Waxay ku taallaa xeebaha koonfureed ee [[Harada Kivu]]. == Taariikh == [[Kigeli IV Rwabugiri]], oo ahaa hoggaamiyihii [[Boqortooyada Rwanda]], ayaa la sheegay inuu guul weyn ka gaaray [[dadka Nkore|dadka Ankole]] ee Shangi intii lagu guda jiray hawlgalladiisii milatari ee ugu dambeeyay ({{circa}} 1894/95).{{sfn|Newbury|2009|p=140}} Sannadkii 1896, duullimaad ka socday [[Congo Free State]] ayaa ka gudbay xuduudaha Boqortooyada Rwanda. "Dhowr boqol" oo askar Congolese-Belgian ah oo uu hoggaaminayay [[Lieutenant]] Constantin Sandrart ayaa degay xero la xoojiyay oo ku taal buur ku taal Shangi, iyagoo caqabad ku noqday gacanta Rwanda ee aaggaas. Si looga jawaabo, ciidankii boqortooyada Rwanda ayaa weeraray xerada [[Dagaalkii Shangi]], laakiin waa laga adkaaday.{{sfn|Cantrell|2022|p=37}}{{sfn|Des Forges|2011|p=15}} In kasta oo uu taasi jirtay, ciidankii Congo Free State ayaa si nabad ah uga baxay dabayaaqadii 1897-kii dhibaatooyin gudaha ah dartood.{{sfn|Strizek|2006|p=75}} Waqtigaas, Rwanda waxay u gacan gashay [[Boqortooyada Jarmalka]], waxaana Jarmalka ''[[Schutztruppe]]'' ay markii dambe aasaaseen xero milatari oo u gaar ah Shangi si ay u sugaan xuduudka.{{sfn|Strizek|2006|p=75}} Khilaafyadii ayaa u dhexeeyay Jarmalka iyo Congo Free State oo ku saabsan dhulka, laakiin "Dhibaatada Shangi" ayaa ugu dambeyntii lagu xaliyay wadahadal dheeraad ah iyo shaqada guddi xuduudeed.{{sfn|Strizek|2006|pp=75–76}} Beljiyanka ayaa sidoo kale u dhow Shangi u sameeyay boos cusub.{{sfn|Des Forges|2011|p=24}} Shangi ayaa markii dambe noqotay xarun sahaminta Yurub ee gobolka, iyadoo [[Richard Kandt]] uu u isticmaalay saldhig ahaan.{{sfn|Des Forges|2011|pp=24–25}} Intii lagu guda jiray [[xasuuqii Rwanda]] ee 1994, kaniisadda Shangi waxay noqotay "dabin dhimasho", maadaama dad badan oo [[Tutsi]] ah ay halkaas u tageen si ay u helaan ilaalin laakiin markii dambe ay xasuuqeen maleeshiyada [[Interahamwe]].{{sfn|Prunier|1999|p=254}} ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist}} === Shaqooyinka la soo xigtay === {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Cantrell |first=Phillip A. |year= 2022 |title=Revival and Reconciliation: The Anglican Church and the Politics of Rwanda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=obZTEAAAQBAJ |location=Madison, Wisconsin |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press | isbn = 978-0299335106}} * {{cite book |last=Des Forges |first=Alison |author-link=Alison Des Forges |year=2011 |title=Defeat Is the Only Bad News: Rwanda under Musinga, 1896–1931 |location=Madison, Wisconsin |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press | isbn = 978-0299281441}} * {{cite book |last=Prunier |first=Gérard |year=1999 |title=The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide |edition=2nd |location=Kampala |publisher=Fountain Publishers Limited |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O3aNPwAACAAJ |isbn=978-9970-02-089-8 |access-date=2016-09-25 |archive-date=2014-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416173909/http://books.google.com/books?id=O3aNPwAACAAJ |url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=Strizek |first=Helmut |year=2006 |title=Geschenkte Kolonien: Ruanda und Burundi unter deutscher Herrschaft; mit einem Essay über die Entwicklung bis zur Gegenwart|url=https://archive.org/details/geschenktekoloni0000stri |trans-title= Gumeysigii la hadiyeeyay: Rwanda iyo Burundi oo ku hoos jira xukunka Jarmalka; oo leh qoraal ku saabsan horumarka ilaa hadda |location=Berlin |publisher=Ch. Links |language = Jarmal| isbn = 978-3-86153-390-0}} * {{cite book |last=Newbury |first=David |title=The Land beyond the Mists: Essays on Identity and Authority in Precolonial Congo and Rwanda |date=2009 |publisher=Ohio University Press |isbn=978-0-8214-1875-8 |location=Athens |authorlink=David Newbury}} {{refend}} {{Authority control}} h9yuvlb7qhcf7g8dqbg0jafyjyjfl89 0 47796 305887 299854 2026-08-24T18:34:18Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305887 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Adrien Deschryver | image = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1939|5|11}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kahuzibieganationalpark.org/|title=Bogga Hore ee Beerta Qaranka ee Kahuzi Biega|date=|access-date=10 October 2018|publisher=Kahuzi Biega National Park|archive-date=3 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903055044/https://www.kahuzibieganationalpark.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | birth_place = [[Bruges]], Biljam<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://genealogieonline.nl/en/stamboom-de-schryver/I73709.php|title=Xogta shakhsiyeed ee Adrien Deschryver|date=|access-date=10 October 2018|publisher=Genealogie Online|archive-date=10 Bisha Tobnaad 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010095942/https://www.genealogieonline.nl/en/stamboom-de-schryver/I73709.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> | death_date = {{death date and age|1989|3|23|1939|5|11}} | years_active = | occupation = Ilaaliye dabeecadeed, sawirqaade | party = | spouse = Agnes Bujiriri M'Rwankuba }} '''Adrien Deschryver''' ({{Birth date|1939|5|11}} – {{death date|1989|3|23}}) wuxuu ahaa sawirqaade iyo ilaaliye dabeecadeed u dhashay Biljam, kaas oo aasaasay isla markaana ahaa madaxa ilaalada [[Kahuzi-Biega National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Kahuzi-Biega]] oo u dhow xeebta galbeed ee [[Harada Kivu]] iyo xadka [[Rwanda]] sanadkii 1970,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mammothsafaris.com/democratic-republic-congo/kahuzi-biega-national-park/|title=Beerta Qaranka ee Kahuzi Biega|date= |access-date= 30 August 2018|publisher=Mammoth Safaris}}</ref> wuxuuna u dhaqmay sidii uu u ilaalin lahaa sharciga iyo kala dambeynta gudaha beerta intii lagu jiray dagaalkii sokeeye ee agagaarka [[Bukavu]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Weber |first1=Bill |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PH61U7seLKgC&dq=how+did+Adrien+Deschryver+died&pg=PA184 |title=In the Kingdom of Gorillas: The Quest to Save Rwanda's Mountain Gorillas |last2=Weber |first2=William |last3=Vedder |first3=Amy |date=2002-12-03 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0-7432-0007-3 |language=en}}</ref> == Shaqada Afrika == === Shaqadii hore ee gorillada === Sannadihii 1960-meeyadii, Deschryver iyo [[Dian Fossey]] waxay sumcad badan ku heleen habkooda ku aaddan laba nooc oo gorillo ah oo ku nool Rwanda iyo [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ee Kongo]]. Kii hore wuxuu bilaabay inuu u dhawaado gorillada bartamihii 1960-meeyadii si uu u horumariyo dalxiiska, waxaana weheliyay laba raad-raac oo ka tirsan qabiilka Pygmiga, Pili Pili Purusi iyo Mishebere Patrice.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dnwvTXEMFM0C&q=Adrien+Deschryver&pg=PA930|title=The Wandering Gorillas|date= 14 June 1979 |access-date= 30 August 2018|publisher=New Scientist}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.berggorilla.org/en/gorillas/general/history/articles-history/the-story-of-two-pioneers-in-the-habituation-of-eastern-gorillas/|title=Sheekada laba halyeey oo ku takhasusay la qabsashada gorillada bari|date= |access-date= 30 August 2018|publisher=Berggorilla and Regenwald}}</ref> === Abuurista iyo shaqada Beerta Qaranka ee Kahuzi-Biega === Sannadkii 1970, Deschryver wuxuu ku qanciyay maamulkii Kongo ee dhawaan la aasaasay baahida loo qabo kayd dabiici ah oo la ballaariyay oo gobolka ah, maadaama ugaarsiga gorilladu uu tiradooda hoos u dhigay heer khatar ah.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Klawitter |first=Nils |date=2017-11-01 |title=Dilalka ka dhaca beerta Kongo ayaa su'aalo ka keenaya ilaalinta dabeecadda |language=en |work=Der Spiegel |url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/killing-in-park-in-congo-raises-questions-about-conservation-a-1175574.html |access-date=2023-01-29 |issn=2195-1349}}</ref> Tani waxay horseedday abuurista sanadkaas ee [[Kahuzi-Biega National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Kahuzi-Biega]]. Filimkii dokumenteriga ahaa ee 1974 ''Gorilla'' wuxuu muujiyay Deschryver oo keenaya gorillo dhallaanka ah oo la dayacay kaynta si uu uga caawiyo la qabsiga deegaankiisii dabiiciga ahaa. Gorilladii dhallaanka ahayd waxay bilowday inay qayliso markay maqashay gorillo kale, ka dibna Deschryver ayaa dhigay markii gorillada [[silverback]] ee ugu awoodda badan ay dhowr jeer si gardarro ah ugu qaylisay oo ay ugu dambeyntii hal mar ku soo orday. Silverback-kii wuxuu horey isugu dayay inuu weeraro ama argagax geliyo Deschryver, laakiin ugu dambeyntii wuu dib u gurtey markii Deschryver uusan dhaqaaqin ama baqin. Muuqaalka Deschryver ee iska caabiyay weerarkii silverback-ga ayaa tan iyo markaas noqday [[viral video|viral]], iyadoo ay jiraan memes ku saabsan geesinimada Deschryver. Qaar kale waxay xuseen in muuqaalku uu muujinayo sida dabeecadda iyo cabsila'aantu ay u dhisi karaan awood ka sarreysa cabbirka iyo xoogga.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://petapixel.com/2012/10/12/why-photographing-gorillas-in-the-wild-takes-a-huge-amount-of-guts/|title=Waa maxay sababta sawir-qaadista gorillada duurjoogta ah ay u baahan tahay geesinimo badan|date= 12 October 2012 |access-date=30 August 2018|publisher=PetaPixel}}</ref> Dian Fossey ayaa ku dhaliishay Deschryver falkan iyo inuu si fudud u cararay ka dib. Waxay sheegtay in gorilladii dhallaanka ahayd aan waligeed la arkin mar dambe.<ref>{{cite book |last=Fowler |first=John |author-link= |title=A Forest in the Clouds: My Year Among the Mountain Gorillas in the Remote Enclave of Dian Fossey |year=2019 |url=https://archive.org/details/forestincloudsmy0000fowl_n0a6|location= |publisher=Pegasus Books |page= |isbn=978-1643131412}}</ref> Deschryver wuxuu aqoonsaday deegaannada gorillada bannaanka bari ka dib markii uu la tashaday tuulada [[Twa]] ee beerta dhexdeeda horraantii 1970-meeyadii. Bartamihii 1970-meeyadii, wuxuu ugu soo laabtay tuuladooda isaga oo wata [[Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|ciidammada Kongo]] iyo ilaalada beerta, isagoo burburiyay dhowr ka mid ah oo si xoog ah u barakiciyay dadkii degganaa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/africa/20220408-ngo-recounts-horrors-of-drc-indigenous-batwa-being-wiped-out-in-the-name-of-conservation/|title=Dadka asaliga ah ee Batwa ee DRC ayaa lagu tirtirayaa magaca ilaalinta dabeecadda: NGO|date= |access-date= 25 June 2023|publisher=RFI}}</ref> Deschryver wuxuu ku dhintay xaalado aan caddayn, suurtagalnimada in la sumeeyay,<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Newman |first=James L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cJT7OMAOOXQC&dq=how+did+Adrien+Deschryver+died&pg=PA106 |title=Encountering Gorillas: A Chronicle of Discovery, Exploitation, Understanding, and Survival |date=2013-07-05 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |isbn=978-1-4422-1957-1 |language=en}}</ref> waxaana lagu aasay xarunta Tshivanga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sheekada laba halyeey oo ku takhasusay la qabsashada gorillada bari |url=https://www.berggorilla.org/en/home/news-archive/article-view/the-story-of-two-pioneers-in-the-habituation-of-eastern-gorillas/ |access-date=2023-01-25 |website=Berggorilla & Regenwald Direkthilfe e.V. |language=en}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== *{{IMDb name|2464877}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Deschryver, Adrien}} sh4xhy9hepb6er72t723j76ujjqd4of 0 47853 305826 303944 2026-08-24T18:04:05Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305826 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--Eeg Jadwalka ku yaal Infobox Settlement wixii macluumaad ah ee ku saabsan beeraha iyo sharraxaadaha isticmaalka --> <!-- Macluumaadka aasaasiga ah ----------------> | official_name = Ghadames | native_name = {{lang|ar|غدامس}} | nickname = | settlement_type = Magaalo | motto = <!-- Sawirrada iyo khariidadaha -----------> | image_skyline = {{Photomontage | photo1a = Ghadames Mosque.jpg | photo2a = Old_Ghadames_(5282815851).jpg | photo2b = Ghadames - Altstadt mit Palmenhain.jpg | size = 300 | spacing = 2 | color = transparent | border = 0 }} | imagesize = | image_caption = Saacad ahaan ka bilaabmaysa xagga sare: <br> Masaajidka Ghadames, Magaalada Hore, muuqaalka waddada magaalada hore | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_shield = | shield_size = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = | blank_emblem_size = | image_map = | mapsize = | map_caption = | image_map1 = | mapsize1 = | map_caption1 = | image_dot_map = | dot_mapsize = | dot_map_caption = | dot_x = | dot_y = | pushpin_map = Libya<!-- magaca khariidadda goobta sida ku cad http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> | pushpin_label_position = hoose | pushpin_map_caption = Goobta ay ku taal Libya <!-- Goobta ------------------>| subdivision_type = Waddan | subdivision_name = {{LBY}} | subdivision_type1 = Gobol | subdivision_name1 = [[Tripolitania]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Libya|Degmo]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Nalut District|Nalut]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = <!-- Siyaasadda -----------------> | government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_title = | leader_name = | leader_title1 = | leader_name1 = | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | established_title = <!-- La degay --> | established_date = | established_title2 = <!-- Lagu daray (magaalo) --> | established_date2 = | established_title3 = <!-- Lagu daray (magaalo weyn) --> | established_date3 = <!-- Bedka ---------------------> | area_magnitude = | unit_pref = Imperial | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_total_sq_mi = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_km2 = | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_metro_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = | area_blank1_title = | area_blank1_km2 = | area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Dadweynaha -----------------------> | population_footnotes =<ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/flash/flash-25431.html ''Der Spiegel''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006065516/http://www.spiegel.de/flash/flash-25431.html |date=6 October 2014 }}, 2011 Aug 23</ref> | population_note = | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_metro = | population_density_metro_km2 = | population_density_metro_sq_mi = | population_urban = | population_density_urban_km2 = | population_density_urban_sq_mi = | population_blank1_title = Qowmiyado | population_blank1 = | population_blank2_title = Diimo | population_blank2 = | population_density_blank1_km2 = | population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Macluumaadka guud ---------------> | timezone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]] | utc_offset = +2 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates = {{coord|30|8|N|9|30|E|region:LY|display=inline,title}} | elevation_footnotes =<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=Ghadames|title=Wolfram-Alpha: Aqoonta adduunka oo la xisaabin karo|website=www.wolframalpha.com}}</ref> | elevation_m = 589 | elevation_ft = <!-- Xeerarka boostada & kuwa kale --------> | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code = | blank_name = | blank_info = | blank1_name = | blank1_info = | website = | footnotes = {{designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = WHS | designation1_offname = Magaalada Hore ee Ghadamès | designation1_date = 1986 | designation1_number =<ref>{{cite web|author=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/362 |title=Magaalada Hore ee Ghadamès – UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=Whc.unesco.org |access-date=2018-05-26}}</ref> | designation1_criteria = v | designation1_type = Dhaqan | designation1_free1name = Gobol | designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in the Arab States|Waddamada Carabta]] | designation1_meaning of name = }} | registration_plate_type = [[Vehicle registration plates of Libya|Koodhka Taarikada Gaadiidka]] | registration_plate = 17 | population_est = 10,000 | pop_est_as_of = 2011 | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 10 | mapframe-wikidata = yes }} '''Ghadames''' ama '''Ghadamis''' {{IPAc-en|ɡ|ə|ˈ|d|æ|m|ᵻ|s}} ([[Ghadamès language|Ghadamsi]]: ⵄⴰⴷⴻⵎⴻⵙ / ''Ɛadēməs'' [ʕadeːməs], {{langx|ar|غدامس}}, {{langx|it|Gadames}}) waa magaalo [[oasis|oosis]] ah oo ku taal [[Degmada Nalut]] ee gobolka [[Tripolitania]] ee waqooyi-galbeed ee [[Libya]]. Ghadames, oo loo yaqaan 'luulka saxaraha', waxay ku taallaa oosis. Waa mid ka mid ah magaalooyinka ugu da'da weyn ee saxaraha ka hor waxayna tusaale u tahay degsiimo dhaqameed. Naqshadeeda guriyeynta waxaa lagu gartaa qaybinta tooska ah ee hawlaha: dabaqa hoose waxaa loo isticmaali jiray in lagu kaydiyo sahayda; dabaqa koowaad waa qoyska, oo dul saaran waddooyin daboolan oo abuura wax ku dhow shabakad dhulka hoostiisa ah; iyo, xagga sare, sagxadaha hawada u furan oo loogu talagalay haweenka.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/362/|title=Magaalada Hore ee Ghadamès – UNESCO World Heritage Centre|last=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|website=whc.unesco.org|language=en|access-date=2016-07-20}}</ref> ==Juqraafi== Ghadames waxay ku taal qiyaastii {{convert|462|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} koonfur-galbeed ee [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]], meel u dhow [[Algeria–Libya border|xuduudaha Algeria]] iyo [[Libya–Tunisia border|Tunisia]]. Ghadames waxay xuduud la leedahay [[Illizi Province]], Algeria iyo [[Tataouine Governorate]], Tunisia. Oosis-ku wuxuu leeyahay dad tiradoodu kor u dhaafayso 10,000, badidooduna waa [[Berber people|Berber]]. Qaybta hore ee magaalada, oo ay ku wareegsan tahay [[city wall|darbi magaalada]], waxaa lagu dhawaaqay goob [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage|Dhaxalgal ah]]. Mid kasta oo ka mid ah toddobada qabiil ee ku noolaan jiray qaybtan magaalada waxay lahayd degmo u gaar ah, oo mid kasta ay lahayd goob dadweyne oo loogu dabaaldegi karo xafladaha. ==Cimilada== Ghadames waxay leedahay [[hot desert climate|cimilada saxaraha kulul]] ([[Köppen climate classification|kala soocida cimilada Köppen]] ''BWh'') oo leh xagaa kulul maadaama celceliska heerkulka ugu sarreeya uu yahay ku dhawaad 41°C (105.8°F) bisha Luulyo, oo ah bisha ugu kulul sanadka, iyo sidoo kale jiilaal qabow (oo leh isbeddel heerkul maalmeed sare). Magaaladu waxay heshaa roob yar sanadka oo dhan maadaama celceliska roobka sanadlaha ah uu yahay kaliya 73.1 mm (1.30 in). {{Weather box |width = 30 |location= Ghadames (1991–2020, heerkulka ugu sarreeya iyo kan hoose 1913–2020) |metric first=yes |single line=yes |Jan record high C = 29.0 |Jan record low C = -2.0 |Feb record high C = 37.5 |Feb record low C = -3.0 |Mar record high C = 38.8 |Mar record low C = 1.5 |Apr record high C = 44.0 |Apr record low C = 3.4 |May record high C = 45.3 |May record low C = 9.8 |Jun record high C = 47.0 |Jun record low C = 14.4 |Jul record high C = 48.0 |Jul record low C = 17.0 |Aug record high C = 47.5 |Aug record low C = 16.7 |Sep record high C = 45.0 |Sep record low C = 11.5 |Oct record high C = 43.3 |Oct record low C = 7.5 |Nov record high C = 38.0 |Nov record low C = -1.0 |Dec record high C = 33.0 |Dec record low C = -2.5 |year record high C = |year record low C = | Jan high C = 18.2 | Feb high C = 20.7 | Mar high C = 25.3 | Apr high C = 30.5 | May high C = 35.7 | Jun high C = 39.7 | Jul high C = 41.5 | Aug high C = 40.8 | Sep high C = 37.7 | Oct high C = 32.1 | Nov high C = 24.4 | Dec high C = 19.0 | year high C = 30.5 | Jan mean C = 11.4 | Feb mean C = 13.7 | Mar mean C = 18.1 | Apr mean C = 22.9 | May mean C = 27.9 | Jun mean C = 31.7 | Jul mean C = 33.4 | Aug mean C = 32.9 | Sep mean C = 30.3 | Oct mean C = 24.9 | Nov mean C = 17.5 | Dec mean C = 12.5 | year mean C = 23.1 | Jan low C = 4.6 | Feb low C = 6.7 | Mar low C = 10.9 | Apr low C = 15.4 | May low C = 20.2 | Jun low C = 23.7 | Jul low C = 25.2 | Aug low C = 25.0 | Sep low C = 22.9 | Oct low C = 17.7 | Nov low C = 10.6 | Dec low C = 5.9 | year low C = 15.7 | precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation mm = 4.9 | Feb precipitation mm = 5.2 | Mar precipitation mm = 5.3 | Apr precipitation mm = 2.4 | May precipitation mm = 1.8 | Jun precipitation mm = 0.5 | Jul precipitation mm = 0.0 | Aug precipitation mm = 0.2 | Sep precipitation mm = 2.9 | Oct precipitation mm = 3.0 | Nov precipitation mm = 3.2 | Dec precipitation mm = 4.8 | year precipitation mm = 34.2 | unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm | Jan precipitation days = 0.8 | Feb precipitation days = 0.8 | Mar precipitation days = 0.8 | Apr precipitation days = 0.5 | May precipitation days = 0.4 | Jun precipitation days = 0.0 | Jul precipitation days = 0.0 | Aug precipitation days = 0.0 | Sep precipitation days = 0.4 | Oct precipitation days = 0.6 | Nov precipitation days = 0.7 | Dec precipitation days = 0.9 | year precipitation days = 5.9 |Jan humidity = 52 |Feb humidity = 41 |Mar humidity = 36 |Apr humidity = 28 |May humidity = 26 |Jun humidity = 22 |Jul humidity = 22 |Aug humidity = 23 |Sep humidity = 29 |Oct humidity = 35 |Nov humidity = 47 |Dec humidity = 53 |year humidity = 34 |Jan sun = 248.0 |Feb sun = 240.1 |Mar sun = 257.3 |Apr sun = 273.0 |May sun = 313.1 |Jun sun = 309.0 |Jul sun = 372.0 |Aug sun = 353.4 |Sep sun = 273.0 |Oct sun = 263.5 |Nov sun = 246.0 |Dec sun = 232.5 |year sun = |Jand sun = 8.0 |Febd sun = 8.5 |Mard sun = 8.3 |Aprd sun = 9.1 |Mayd sun = 10.1 |Jund sun = 10.3 |Juld sun = 12.0 |Augd sun = 11.4 |Sepd sun = 9.1 |Octd sun = 8.5 |Novd sun = 8.2 |Decd sun = 7.5 |yeard sun = 9.3 |source 1 = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]<ref name="WMONormals">{{cite web |url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/4.4/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Libya/CSV/GHADAMES_62103.csv |title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Jalo |publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |access-date = June 13, 2024}}</ref> |source 2 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (heerkulka ugu sarreeya/hoose iyo qoyaanka),<ref name = DWD> {{cite web | url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_621030_kt.pdf | title = Klimatafel von Ghadames / Libyen | work = Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world | publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst | language = de | access-date = 27 March 2016}}</ref> Arab Meteorology Book (qorraxda kaliya)<ref name=climate>{{cite web | url = http://extras.springer.com/2007/978-1-4020-4577-6/Book_Shahin_ISBN_9781402045776_Appendix.pdf | title = Appendix I: Meteorological Data | publisher = Springer | access-date = 27 March 2016 | archive-date = 4 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072830/http://extras.springer.com/2007/978-1-4020-4577-6/Book_Shahin_ISBN_9781402045776_Appendix.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> }} ==Taariikhda== ===Xilliyadii hore=== [[File:Libya 4432 Ghadames Luca Galuzzi 2007.jpg|thumb|Guryaha Ghadames waxay ka samaysan yihiin dhoobo, lime, iyo jirridda geedaha timirta oo leh waddooyin daboolan oo u dhexeeya si ay u bixiyaan hoy wanaagsan oo ka dhan ah kulaylka xagaaga.]] Waxaa la soo jeediyay, oo ku salaysan caddaymo qadiimi ah, in aaggan la degganaa tan iyo 4-tii kun ee sano ee B.C., waana mid ka mid ah degsiimooyinka ugu da'da weyn saxaraha ka hor. Xaaladdeeda oo u dhow il biyo ah oo ku taal bartamaha saxaraha ayaa ka dhigtay meel muhiim ah qof kasta oo doonaya inuu dejiyo aagga. Diiwaannada ugu horreeya ee qoran ee ku saabsan Ghadames waxay soo bilaabmaan xilligii Roomaanka markii degsiimada loo yaqaanay '''Cydamus''', taas oo Ghadames casriga ah ay ka soo jeeddo magaceeda. Qarnigii 1-aad ee BC, Roomaankii [[proconsul|proconsul]] [[Lucius Cornelius Balbus (minor)|Lucius Cornelius Balbus]] ayaa duullaan ku qaaday Cydamus xilligii boqortooyada [[Augustus]].<ref name=temehughadames>{{cite web |url=http://www.temehu.com/Cities_sites/Ghadames.htm |title=Ghadames (Ghudamis), Cydamus: Luulka Saxaraha Liibiya |publisher=Temehu}}</ref> Ciidan Roomaan ah oo joogto ah ayaa la aasaasay xilligii boqortooyada [[Septimius Severus]], waxaana laga yaabaa in boqorku uu booqday degsiimada ku dhow AD 202.<ref>Birley, Anthony R. ''Septimius Severus: Boqorka Afrika''. London: Routledge. (2000) [1971]. pg 147.</ref> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Roomaanku waxay ka baxeen aagga dhowr sano ka dib intii lagu jiray [[Crisis of the Third Century|Dhibaatadii Qarnigii Saddexaad]]. Qarnigii 6-aad, baadari ayaa ku noolaa oosis-ka, ka dib markii dadweynaha loo beddelay Masiixiyadda by [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] wadaaddo. Waxay noqotay qalcad u ah [[Donatism|Donatist]] bidco ilaa [[Muslim conquest of the Maghreb|qabsashadii Carabta Muslimiinta]]. Dhamaadkii qarnigii 7-aad, Ghadames waxaa xukumayay Carabta Muslimiinta. Dadweynuhu waxay si dhakhso ah ugu beddeleen [[Islam|Islaamka]] Ghadames waxayna ka ciyaareen door muhiim ah saldhig ahaan [[Trans-Saharan trade|ganacsiga Saxaraha ka gudba]] ilaa qarnigii 19-aad. Qarnigii 12-aad ee juqraafi [[Abu Hamid al-Gharnati]] wuxuu ku daray Ghadamis waddamada [[Sudan (region)|Suudaan]] (i.e., waddamada dadka madow), saadaal uu Saad u arko mid suurtagal ah, maadaama Ghadamis had iyo jeer lahayd degganayaal u matalaya [[Timbuktu]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Saad | first=Elias N. | year=1983 | title=Taariikhda Bulshada ee Timbuktu: Doorka Aqoonyahanada Muslimiinta iyo kuwa caanka ah 1400–1900 | url=https://archive.org/details/socialhistoryoft0000saad | publisher=Cambridge University Press | page= [https://archive.org/details/socialhistoryoft0000saad/page/8 8]-9 | isbn=0-521-24603-2}}</ref> Ghadamis waxay ahayd magaalo muhiim ah oo ku taal [[trans-Saharan slave trade|ganacsiga addoonta ee Saxaraha ka gudba]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ganacsiga addoonta ee Saxaraha ka gudba - tilmaamo ka yimid falanqaynta interpolation iyo sifo-u-qaabaynta heerkul-sare ee khadadka mitochondrial DNA (Harich et al. 2010) |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-10-138 |pmid=20459715 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="McLachlan">K. S. McLachlan, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/622157 "Tripoli iyo Tripolitania: Isku dhaca iyo Midnimada muddadii ay jireen Barbary Corsairs (1551–1850)"], ''Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers'', Taxanaha Cusub, Vol. 3, No. 3, Degsiimada iyo Isku dhaca dunida Mediterranean-ka. (1978), pp. 285-294.</ref> ===Magaca=== Magaca Ghadames wuxuu aad ugu xiran yahay taariikhdeeda. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in magaca Ghadames uu asal ahaan ku xiran yahay magaca qabiilka hore ee [[Berber people|Berber]] ee [[Tidamensi]], qabiil ka yimid [[Fezzan]]. Waxa kale oo la rumeysan yahay in magaca Tidamensi ay musuqmaasuqeen Roomaankii soo duulay si ay u sameeyaan magaca Cydamus, kaas oo markii dambe u banneeyay magaca Ghadames.<ref name=temehughadames /> ===1900s–maanta=== Oktoobar 1911, wax yar ka dib markii [[Italo-Turkish War|Dagaalkii Talyaani-Turki]] uu dillaacay, Ghadames waxaa qabsaday askar Talyaani ah oo ka soo socdaalay [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]]. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xakamaynta Talyaaniga ee magaalada ayaa la hakiyay dhowr jeer ilaa Juun 1915, markii kacdoon guud oo ka dhacay Liibiya uu sababay in ciidamada Talyaaniga ay ka baxaan Ghadames ilaa qalcadda Tripoli. Xakamaynta wax ku oolka ah ee magaalada ayaa dib loo soo celiyay Diseembar 1918, laakiin kacdoon ka dhacay [[Fezzan]] ayaa ka dhigay Ghadames xaalad degdeg ah ilaa 1923. 1943, ciidamada Faransiiska ee Xorta ah ayaa qabsaday Ghadames iyo aaggeeda ku hareeraysan qaybta koonfureed ee gumeystihii hore ee Talyaaniga ee [[Libya]], iyagoo samaynaya [[Fezzan-Ghadames (French Administration)|Military Territory of Fezzan-Ghadames]] ilaa madax-bannaanida Liibiya 1951. Ghadames waxaa laga dhigay caasimadda dhulka muddadaas. 1970-meeyadii, dawladdu waxay dhistay guryo cusub oo ka baxsan qaybta hore ee magaalada. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dad badan oo deggan ayaa ku soo laabta qaybta hore ee magaalada inta lagu jiro xagaaga, maadaama naqshadeedu ay bixiso ilaalin wanaagsan oo ka dhan ah kulaylka. Waqtigaas oo kale, agaasime [[Moustapha Akkad]] wuxuu doortay Ghadames inuu yahay goob filim loogu talagalay muuqaallada gudaha ee magaalada [[Medina, Saudi Arabia|Medina]] gudaha ''[[The Message (1976 film)|The Message]]'', filim riwaayad Islaami ah oo epic ah. Intii lagu jiray [[2011 Libyan Civil War|Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Liibiya]], ciidamada [[National Transitional Council|Golaha Ku-meel-gaarka Qaranka]] ayaa galay magaalada 30-kii Agoosto 2011, kuwaas oo ay go'doomiyeen ciidamada NTC tan iyo bilowgii khilaafka. Ilaa 2011, magaaladu waxay ahayd gacanta ciidamo Tuareg ah oo madax bannaan.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/aug/24/libya-forgotten-south Liibiya: ka waran koonfurta?] [[The Guardian]], 24 Agoosto 2011</ref> Ka dib markii ay qabsadeen [[Libyan National Army|Ciidanka Qaranka Liibiya]], dhammaan bulshada Tuareg waxaa lagu qasbay inay cararaan fal [[ethnic cleansing|nadiifinta qowmiyadda]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/politics/2012/05/continuous-attacks-against-them.html |title=Tuaregs Liibiya oo u cararaya Algeria iyadoo ay jiraan warar sheegaya nadiifinta qowmiyadda |access-date=2017-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018072443/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/politics/2012/05/continuous-attacks-against-them.html |archive-date=2017-10-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-14948319|title=Tuareg-ta Liibiya ayaa wajahaya aargudasho|first=Justin|last=Marozzi|work=BBC News |date=18 Sebtembar 2011}}</ref> == Magaalada Hore ee Ghadames == {{Expand section|date=March 2011}} Magaalada hore, oo la diiwaangeliyay 1986 sidii [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage|Dhaxalgal ah]], waxaa laga qaaday dadkeedii degganaa dhammaadkii 1990-meeyadii, taas oo ka dhigtay dhismayaashii hore inay khatar ugu jiraan inay dumaan iyadoo ay sabab u tahay dayactir la'aan.<ref>Wargeyska Dhaxalgalka Adduunka, No.9, Diseembar 1995.</ref> Waxaa lagu daray [[List of World Heritage in Danger|Liiska Dhaxalgalka Adduunka ee Khatarta ku jira]] ilaa 2016 oo ay weheliyaan afar goobood oo kale oo ku yaal Liibiya, sababtoo ah burburka ay sababeen [[Libyan Civil War (2011–present)|Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Liibiya]] oo saameeyay dalka iyo khatarta burbur dheeraad ah oo ay keento.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1523/|title=Shan goobood oo Dhaxalgal ah oo Liibiya ka mid ah ayaa lagu daray Liiska Dhaxalgalka Adduunka ee Khatarta ku jira|first=UNESCO World Heritage|last=Centre|website=whc.unesco.org}}</ref> ===Gallery=== <gallery> Image:Libya Ghadames Old Town Inside of small dwelling.JPG|Muuqaalka gudaha ee guri yar Image:Libya Ghadames Old Town Spring Water Pool.JPG|Barkadda Biyaha Guga ee Magaalada Hore Image:Libya Ghadames Old Town Wall Entrance.JPG|Iridda Darbiga Magaalada Hore Image:Libya Ghadames Old Town Fruit Trees.JPG|Geedaha Midhaha ee Magaalada Hore Image:بيوت غدامس القديمة من الأعلى.jpg|Sawir hawada sare laga qaaday oo magaalada hore ah. </gallery> {{wide image|Ghadames Panorama April 2004.jpg|1200px|align-cap=center|Muuqaalka saqafyada magaalada hore ee Ghadames}} {{clear}} ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[Ghadames Museum]] * [[Ghadames Airport]] * [[List of cities in Libya|Liiska magaalooyinka Liibiya]] ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} ==Akhris dheeraad ah== * {{cite book |title=En Tripolitaine: Socdaalka Ghadames |chapter-url= https://archive.org/stream/rsentripolitaine00bernuoft#page/128/mode/2up |chapter=Ghadames |publisher = Fontemoing |publication-place = Paris |author = Edmond Bernet |publication-date = 1912 |language=fr }} * [https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00128855/document Lafi (Nora) "Ghadamès cité-oasis entre empire ottoman et colonisation"]" in Federico Cresti (ed.), ''La Libia tra Mediterraneo e mondo islamico'', Giuffrè, pp.&nbsp;55–70, 2006 ==Xiriirinta dibadda== {{Commons category|Ghadames}} * [http://www.fallingrain.com/world/LY/56/Ghadamis.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc.: "Ghadamis, Liibiya"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/LY/56/Ghadamis.html |date=20180427121612 }} * Azzouz, Intisar (1980) [https://web.archive.org/web/20060226194550/http://archnet.org/library/pubdownloader/pdf/2722/doc/DPC0125.pdf "Ghadames, Liibiya"] ''In'' Safran, Linda (ed) (1980) ''Goobaha Isugu imaatinka Dadweynaha ee Islaamka: dacwadaha siminaarka shanaad ee taxanaha isbeddellada dhismaha ee dunida Islaamka, oo lagu qabtay Amman, Jordan, 4–7 May'' Aga Khan Award for Architecture, Philadelphia, {{OCLC|7208199}}; sawirrada Ghadames. {{Authority control}} e8eqh0vxvbasdhj645707jg9e26in53 0 47858 305798 299304 2026-08-24T17:47:09Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305798 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Siphofaneni''' waa [[magaalo]] ku taal [[Gobolka Lubombo]] ee bartamaha [[Eswatini|Eswatini (Swaziland)]], 45 kiiloomitir u jirta [[Manzini, Eswatini|Manzini]] iyo 20 kiiloomitir u jirta [[Big Bend, Eswatini|Big Bend]], oo ah magaalo weyn oo soo saarta [[sonkor]] kuna taal waddada weyn ee u horseedda Durban. Waxay leedahay [[cimilada kulaylaha]], aad u kulul xilliga xagaaga iyo qabow xilliga jiilaalka. [[Duumada]] waa cuduro ka jira Lubombo. Siphofaneni waxay leedahay [[il (biyo)|ilo]] kulul waxaana ku hareeraysan dhowr beerood oo sonkor ah. Waxay ku taallaa [[jiinka]] webiga ugu weyn Eswatini, [[Webiga Maputo|Usutu]]. == Gaadiidka == Siphofaneni waxay leedahay mid ka mid ah saldhigyada tareenka ugu waaweyn dalka, iyada oo u adeegta xiriiriye u dhexeeya [[Tareenka Goba]] (Matsapha-Siphofaneni-Mpaka) iyo tareenka Richards Bay (Siphofaneni-Lavumisa). [[Tareenada xamuulka]] ee [[Eswatini Railways]] ayaa mara magaalada.<ref>{{cite book |last=Unwin |first=Mike |year=2012 |title=Swaziland |url=https://archive.org/details/swazilandbradttr0000unwi |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |page=[https://archive.org/details/swazilandbradttr0000unwi/page/275 275] |isbn=9781841624006}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist}} {{Coord|26|41|S|31|41|E|region:SZ_type:city|display=title}} 3l89lrz45wwfxfeyty6qq53vemuoh3m 0 47882 305801 299332 2026-08-24T17:49:25Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305801 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name =Kokorou |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type =[[Communes of Niger|Degmo]] iyo magaalo |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |pushpin_map =Niger |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Goobta Niger |subdivision_type = Dal |subdivision_name ={{flag|Niger}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Niger|Gobol]] |subdivision_name1 = |subdivision_type2 = [[Departments of Niger|Degmo]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Téra Department]] |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = 2,177 |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = 2012 tirakoobka |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = 96,218 |population_density_km2 = auto <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]] |utc_offset = +1 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|14|12|41|N|0|55|1|E|region:NE|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use<ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- accord. to Google Earth--> <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |website = |footnotes = }}{{Designation list | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = Complexe Kokorou-Namga | designation1_date = 17 Juun 2001 | designation1_number = 1071<ref>{{Cite web|title=Complexe Kokorou-Namga|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1071|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} '''Kokorou''' ama '''Kokoro''' waa magaalo iyo [[Communes of Niger|degmo]] miyi ah oo ku taal [[Téra Department]] ee galbeedka [[Niger]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110722030518/http://www.case.ibimet.cnr.it/den/Documents/code_rural/cdrom/doc%20pdf/Loi%20N%B02002-14%20cr%E9ation%20des%20communes.pdf Loi n° 2002-014 du 11 JUIN 2002 portant création des communes et fixant le nom de leurs chefs-lieux]. Includes list of 213 communes rurales and seats, 52 Communes urbaines and seats</ref> Sannadkii 2012, waxay lahayd dad tiradoodu dhan tahay 96,218, kuwaas oo ku nool magaalooyin iyo tuulooyin miyi ah.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kokorou (Commune, Niger) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/niger/admin/t%C3%A9ra/NER006011003__kokorou/ |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref> Waxay magaceeda siisaa meel u dhow Kokoro iyo Namga Wetlands, oo loo qoondeeyay goobta [[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] sanadkii 2001. Iyada oo daboolaysa 668&nbsp;km², dhul-qoyan wuxuu martigeliyaa nolosha shimbiraha socdaalka ah waana muhiim u ah deegaanka deegaanka.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.lieden.net/articles/20080311-1.html |title = Kokoro and Namga wetlands, Niger |publisher = Ulf Liedén, Lieden.net |date = 2008-03-11 |access-date = 9 November 2009 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080724234928/http://www.lieden.net/articles/20080311-1.html |archive-date = 24 July 2008 }}</ref> ==Dadka== Gobolada tuulada Kokoro waa dadka [[Songhai people|Songhay]], kuwaas oo raadraaca awoowgood khadka labka ah ilaa [[Askia Mohammad I|Askia Mohammed Toure]]. Waxay yimaadeen Kokoro qaybta hore ee qarnigii 18-aad. Markii gumaystayaashii Faransiisku gaareen Kokoro sanadkii 1899, dadka deegaanka ayaa la shaqeeyay, iyagoo bixinaya canshuur iyo bixinta shaqaale. Wadashaqeyntan ayaa keentay barwaaqo, dadka Kokoro waxay ka caawiyeen Faransiiska inay aasaasaan suuqa [[Mehanna]] ee [[Niger river]]. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhimashadii madaxii hore ee Kokoru sanadkii 1964, Faransiisku waxay u magacaabeen ganacsade aan sharaf lahayn beddelkiisa, halkii ay magacaabi lahaayeen beddelkiisa dabiiciga ah. Dadka deegaanka ayaa weli ka xun go'aankan.<ref>{{cite book |title=Fusion of the worlds: an ethnography of possession among the Songhay of Niger |url=https://archive.org/details/fusionofworldset0000stol |author=Paul Stoller |author-link=Paul Stoller |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1989 |ISBN=0-226-77544-5}}</ref> ==Dhul-qoyan== Dhul-qoyan ballaaran, gacmeed iyo brackish Kokoro waxay ku taal dooxadii hore oo ay ku hareeraysan yihiin sand-dunes, granite outcrops iyo hills flat-topped. Wakhti ka mid ah, dooxadu waxay u daadi kartay [[Niger River]] ilaa waqooyi-bari, laakiin hadda ma laha meel ay ka baxaan. Dhul-qoyan wuxuu ka kooban yahay biyo laga bilaabo 7–12 bilood sannad kasta, mararka qaarkoodna waa 13&nbsp;km oo dherer ah iyo 2,100&nbsp;ha ee aagga. Roobabku way ku kala duwan yihiin sannadba sannadka ka dambeeya. Dhinaca galbeedka waxaa ku yaal flood-plain oo ay ku daboolan yihiin geedo. Dhul-qoyan waa aag deegaan oo muhiim ah oo ku yaal African-Eurasian flyway, waxaana loo qoondeeyay goob Ramsar ah. Inkasta oo ay dawladdu leedahay, dadka deegaanka ayaa isticmaali kara iyadoo la kormeerayo. Dhul-qoyan waxaa si culus loogu isticmaalaa daaqsinka lo'da xilliga qallalan, taas oo laga yaabo inay waxyeello u geysato nolosha dhirta. Waxaa lagu kaydiyay kalluun sanadkii 1986, laakiin nooca kaliya ee badbaaday waa lungfish ''[[West African lungfish|Protopterus annectens]]'', kaas oo ay ku qabtaan shabaag iyo khadadka dadka deegaanka.<ref name=birdlife>{{cite web |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&sid=6721&m=0 |title=Kokoro wetland |publisher=Birdlife International |access-date=9 November 2009}}</ref> Sand dunes waxay khatar ku yihiin xadka waqooyi ee dhul-qoyanka, waxayna noqdeen bartilmaameedka barnaamijka dune-fixation.<ref>{{cite book |title=Niger: The Bradt Travel Guide |author=Jolijn Geels |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |year=2006 |ISBN=1-84162-152-8}}</ref> == Degmooyinka == * {{Ill|Amara, Niger|lt=Amara|de|Amara (Niger)}} * {{Ill|Béra|lt=Béra|de|Béra (Niger)}} * {{Ill|Dossa Kourégou|de}} * {{Ill|Doungouro|de}} * [[Fambita]] * {{Ill|Loudji|de}} * {{Ill|Sédey|de}} ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} {{Communes of Niger}} {{Coord|14|12|41|N|0|55|1|E|display=title}} b4muz6a2ceuwkg2rvkmj3fuq88ctqnm 0 47903 305880 299359 2026-08-24T18:31:16Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305880 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area | name = Isku dhafka Dhul biyoodka Tanbi | iucn_category = II | image = Gambia 027 from KG.jpg | image_caption = | location = [[Gambia]] | nearest_city = | coordinates = {{coord|13|25|00|N|16|37|00|W|type:landmark_region:GM-B_source:dewiki|display=inline,title}} | area = {{cvt|4500|ha}} | established = 2001 | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = | module = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_date = 2 Febraayo 2007 | designation1_number = 1657<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tanbi Wetlands Complex|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1657|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} }} '''Isku dhafka Dhul biyoodka Tanbi''' waa [[List of national parks of the Gambia|kaydka dhul-qoyan]] ee [[the Gambia|Gambia]], oo la aasaasay 2001 meel ka baxsan caasimadda qaranka ee [[Banjul]]. ==Juqraafiga== Goobta duurjoogta ah ee Tanbi Wetland Complex waxay ku taallaa kanaalka koonfureed ee afka [[Gambia River|Webiga Gambia]]. Waxay daboolaysaa aag dhan 6,000&nbsp;ha, oo mangroves ay ka kooban yihiin 4,800&nbsp;ha, oo ku yaalla galbeedka iyo koonfur-galbeed ee Banjul. Qaybta ugu waqooyi ee dhismaha waxay martaagtaa Waddada Kankujeri waxaana ku jira Cape Creek. Waxay ku baahsan tahay xeebaha galbeed ee St Mary Island waxayna ku fidsan tahay koonfur-bari xagga Lamin iyo Tuulada Mandinari. Waxaa loo aqoonsaday [[Ramsar site|goob Ramsar ah]] bishii Febraayo 2007.<ref name = GIS>{{cite web | url = http://www.accessgambia.com/information/tanbi.html | title = Tanbi Wetland Complex | accessdate = 2016-11-25 | publisher = Gambia Information Site}}</ref> ===Dhirta iyo deegaanka=== Boqolkiiba siddeetan Tanbi Wetland Complex wuxuu ka kooban yahay [[mangrove forest|kayn mangrove]] oo ka kooban noocyo dhowr ah oo [[mangrove|mangroves]] ah, oo ay ku jiraan ''[[Avicennia africana]]'', ''[[Conocarpus erectus]]'', ''[[Laguncularia racemosa]]'', ''[[Annona glabra]]'' iyo ''[[Rhizophora]]'' spp., iyadoo mararka qaarkood [[Adansonia|baobab]] iyo [[Borassus aethiopum|timirta]] ay taagan yihiin dhulka qallalan. Dhirtu si tartiib ah ayey isu beddeshaa xagga galbeedka iyo koonfurta oo loo beddelo dhul bannaan, [[saltmarsh|dhul-cusbo]] iyo kayn qallalan, iyadoo dhul-beereedku uu ku soo xad-gudbayo hareeraha dhismaha. Waxaa jira shabakad kanaallo mowjado leh, oo dadka deegaanka u yaqaannaan ''bolongs'', iyo sidoo kale harooyin mowjado leh iyo dhoobo milix leh oo estuarial ah.<ref name = GIS/> Dhismaha wuxuu kaalin ka qaataa haynta biyaha soo galaya iyo roobabka, xasillinta xeebta, haynta harraadka iyo nafaqooyinka, iyo sidoo kale xakameynta nabaad-guurkooda, buuxinta biyaha dhulka hoostiisa iyo xakameynta daadadka; sidaas darteed Tanbi Wetlands waxay u shaqeeyaan sidii aag-buffer hydrological ah ee gobolka Banjul.<ref name = Ramsar>{{cite web | url = http://www.ramsar.org/tanbi-wetlands-complex | title = Tanbi Wetlands Complex | accessdate =2016-11-25 | publisher = The Ramsar Convention Secretariat}}</ref> ===Duurjoogta=== Dhismaha wuxuu hoy u yahay daanyeer yar yar, oo ay ku jiraan kooxo [[western red colobus|red colobus]] ah. Naasleyda kale ee la diiwaan geliyay waxaa ka mid ah [[West African manatee|manatee Galbeedka Afrika]], [[marsh mongoose|mongoose]] iyo [[African clawless otter|otter]]. Waxaa jira [[West African crocodile|yaxaas Galbeedka Afrika]] iyo sidoo kale abeesooyin iyo xamaarato kala duwan. Waa aag taranta muhiim u ah haleyga ''[[Farfantepenaeus notialis]]''.<ref name = Ramsar/> In ka badan 360 nooc oo shimbir ah ayaa laga diiwaan geliyay dhismaha, oo ay ku jiraan [[Pel’s fishing owl]], [[brown-necked parrot]], [[blue-bellied roller]] iyo [[pygmy sunbird]]; halka jiilaalka waqooyi [[Palearctic]] muhaajiriin sida [[osprey]] iyo [[black-tailed godwit]] la helo. Goobta waxaa loo qoondeeyay [[Important Bird Area|Goob Shimbireed oo Muhiim ah]] (IBA) oo ay samaysay [[BirdLife International]] sababtoo ah waxay taageertaa dad aad u tiro badan oo [[western reef egret]], [[black-winged stilt]], [[slender-billed gull|slender-billed]] iyo [[grey-headed gull]], iyo [[Caspian tern|Caspian]] iyo [[royal tern]].<ref name=bli>{{cite web |url= https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/tanbi-wetland-complex-iba-gambia |title= Tanbi wetland complex|author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2024|website= BirdLife Data Zone|publisher= BirdLife International|access-date= 2024-10-29}}</ref> ===Hawlaha aadanaha=== Hawlaha ugu muhiimsan ee aadanaha ee ku dhex jira iyo hareeraha dhismaha waa kalluumeysiga haleyga, beerashada suuqa iyo beerashada bariiska. Inta lagu jiro xilliga qallalan, tiro yar oo haween ah oo ka tirsan [[Jola people|Jola]] ayaa raadiya, dubaya oo iibiya oysters-ka ay ka soo gurtaan mangroves-ka; oysters-ka waxaa lagu kariyaa qoryo la soo ururiyey isla markaas.<ref name = GIS/> ==Isbeddelka cimilada== {{Main|Sea level rise}} Isbeddelka cimilada iyo kulaylka caalamiga ah waxay khatar gaar ah ku yihiin duurjoogta dhul-qoyameedka marka heerarka badda ay kor u kacaan.<ref name = GIS/><ref name = Bradt>{{cite book | author1 = Craig Emms | author2 = Linda Bennett | year = 2001 | title = The Gambia The Bradt Travel Guide | url = https://archive.org/details/gambiabradttrave0000emms | publisher =Bradt | pages = [https://archive.org/details/gambiabradttrave0000emms/page/167 167]–168 | isbn = 1-84162-040-8}}</ref> Sannadkii 2022, [[IPCC Sixth Assessment Report]] ayaa ku daray Tanbi Wetland Complex liiska goobaha dhaxalka dabiiciga ah ee Afrika oo halis ugu jira [[flooding|daadad]] iyo [[coastal erosion|nabaad-guurka xeebaha]] dhamaadka qarnigii 21-aad, laakiin kaliya haddii [[climate change|isbeddelka cimiladu]] uu raaco [[Representative Concentration Pathway#RCP 8.5|RCP 8.5]], kaas oo ah qaabka qiiqa badan ee sii kordhaya ee [[greenhouse gas|gaasaska aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo]] ee la xidhiidha kulaylka in ka badan 4 °C.,<ref>Trisos, C.H., I.O. Adelekan, E. Totin, A. Ayanlade, J. Efitre, A. Gemeda, K. Kalaba, C. Lennard, C. Masao, Y. Mgaya, G. Ngaruiya, D. Olago, N.P. Simpson, and S. Zakieldeen 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter09.pdf Chapter 9: Africa]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2043–2121</ref> mana loo arko mid aad u macquul ah.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hausfather|first1=Zeke|last2=Peters|first2=Glen|title=Emissions – the 'business as usual' story is misleading|journal=Nature|date=29 January 2020|volume=577|issue=7792|pages=618–20|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3|pmid=31996825|bibcode=2020Natur.577..618H|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hausfather|first1=Zeke|last2=Peters|first2=Glen|title=RCP8.5 is a problematic scenario for near-term emissions|journal=PNAS|date=20 October 2020|volume=117|issue=45|pages=27791–27792|doi=10.1073/pnas.2017124117 |doi-access=free|pmid=33082220 |pmc=7668049|bibcode=2020PNAS..11727791H }}</ref> Qaababka kale ee macquulka ah waxay keenaan heerar kulayl oo hooseeya iyo natiijadaasna kor u kaca heerka badda oo hooseeya: haddana, heerarka badda ayaa sii kordhi doona ilaa 10,000 sano dhammaantood.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf |title=Technical Summary. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |date=August 2021 |publisher=IPCC |page=TS14 |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref> Xitaa haddii kulaylku ku kooban yahay 1.5 °C, kor u kaca heerka badda ee adduunka ayaa weli la filayaa inuu dhaafo {{convert|2-3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} ka dib 2000 sano (iyo heerar kulayl sare leh ayaa arki doona koror weyn marka la gaaro wakhtigaas), sidaas darteed ka sarreeya heerarka 2100 ee kor u kaca heerka badda ee RCP 8.5 (~{{convert|0.75|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} oo leh kala duwanaansho {{convert|0.5-1|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}) si fiican uga hor sanadka 4000.<ref>IPCC, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM.pdf Summary for Policymakers]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3−32, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.001.</ref> {{Commons category}} ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} rs0hs0bm9ey6gz5gu2ljqa476e3r471 0 47926 305835 299388 2026-08-24T18:07:48Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305835 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Rockunit | name = Barkadda Songes | image = | caption = | type = [[Habisada juqraafiyeed]] | age = [[Holocene]] | prilithology = | otherlithology = | namedfor = | namedby = | region = [[Afrika]] | country = [[Mauritius]] | coordinates = | unitof = | subunits = | underlies = | overlies = | thickness = | extent = | area = | map = Mare aux Songes.jpg | map_caption = Mare aux Songes oo lagu soo koobay khariidadda nidaamka tareenka ee Mauritius sanadkii 1866 }} '''Mare aux Songes''' (Ingiriisi: "balli [[taro]]";<ref name=ny>{{cite news|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2007/01/22/digging-for-dodos|title=Digging for Dodos|magazine=New Yorker|date=14 January 2007|first=Ian|last=Parker|access-date=3 July 2023}}</ref> {{IPA|fr|ma.ʁ‿o sɔ̃ʒ|lang}}) [[dhul-qoyan]] waa [[lagerstätte]] ku yaalla meel u dhow badda oo ku taal koonfur-bari ee [[Mauritius]]. Qaybo badan oo ka mid ah [[subfossils]] xayawaan dhawaan [[dabar-go'ay]] ayaa ku ururay dhul-qoyaneedka, kaas oo ahaan jiray haro, qaar ka mid ah hadhaagii ugu horreeyay ee [[dodo]] ayaa halkaas laga helay. == Taariikh == Sanadkii 1865, injineer tareen oo u dhashay Ingiriiska oo ka shaqaynayay koonfur-bari Mauritius ayaa ogaaday lafo ay qasbeen shaqaale qodayay [[peat]].<ref name=ny/> Waxa uu natiijadiisa u tusay [[macallin]] dugsi oo dawladda u shaqaynayay oo ku sugnaa [[Mahébourg]], George Clark, kaas oo markii dambe helay tiro aad u badan oo ah lafaha [[subfossil]] dodo ee dhul-qoyaneedka. Clark waxa uu raadinayay soddon sano, isagoo dhiirigelin ka helay buug-yaraha Strickland & Melville ee ku saabsan shimbirta.<ref name="Hume 2006" /> Sanadkii 1866, Clark waxa uu u sharraxay habkiisa [[The Ibis]], oo ah joornaal cilmi-baaris ku saabsan shimbiraha: {{quotation | Ka dib booqashooyin badan oo aan waxtar lahayn oo aan ku tegay goobta... Waxaan go'aansaday inaan rag u diro xarunta harada, halkaas oo biyuhu ay qoto dheer yihiin qiyaastii saddex fuudh, halkaasna, anigoo ku dareemaya dhoobada cagahooda qaawan, waxay la kulmeen hal tibia oo dhammaystiran, qayb ka mid ah mid kale, iyo tarso-metatarsus. Lafaha Dodo waxaa lagu aasay oo kaliya dhoobada gunta biyaha ee qaybta ugu qoto dheer ee harada... Anigoo dhiirigelinaya guusha, waxaan u shaqaaleysiiyay gacmo badan si ay u raadiyaan habka la sharaxay, laakiin waxaan la kulmay kaliya muunado yar oo lafaha dodo ah ilaa aan ka fikiray inaan gooyo tiro badan oo geedo sabeynaya oo qiyaastii laba fuudh oo dhumucdiisuna tahay, taas oo dabooshay qaybta ugu qoto dheer ee harada. Dhoobada hoosteeda, waxaa la igu abaalmariyay inaan helo lafaha dodos badan.<ref name="Clark 1866" /> }} [[File:Dodo-Skeleton Natural History Museum London England.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Brown, mounted dodo skeleton|Qaab-dhismeedka dodo ee [[Richard Owen]] uu ka soo ururiyay lafo laga helay Mare aux Songes]] Hadhaagii in ka badan 300 oo dodos ayaa laga helay dhul-qoyaneedka, laakiin waxaa ka mid ahaa kaliya lafo aad u yar oo madax iyo baal ah, taas oo laga yaabo in lagu sharxo jirka sare oo la dhaqay ama la cunay halka jirka hoose uu ku xayirmay, taas oo la mid ah habka badan oo ka mid ah hadhaagii [[moa]] laga helay [[New Zealand]] dhul-qoyan.<ref name="Hume 2008" /> Sanadkii 1889, Théodor Sauzier waxaa loo xilsaaray inuu helo hadhaaga dodo ee Mare aux Songes. Wuu ku guuleystay, wuxuuna sidoo kale helay hadhaagii noocyada kale ee dabar-go'ay.<ref name="Newton Gadow 1893" /> Labaatan iyo lix matxaf oo adduunka oo dhan ah ayaa leh hanti muhiim ah oo ka mid ah alaabta dodo, ku dhawaad dhammaantoodna laga helay Mare aux Songes.<ref name="Fuller 2002" /> Oktoobar 2005, ka dib boqol sano oo dayacaad ah, qayb ka mid ah dhul-qoyaneedka Mare aux Songes waxaa qoday koox cilmi-baarayaal caalami ah. Si looga hortago [[Malaria]], Ingiriisku waxay ku dabooleen dhul-qoyaneedka [[wikt:hardcore#Noun|hard core]] intii ay xukumayeen Mauritius, taas oo ahayd in laga saaro. Hadhaagii badan ayaa la helay, oo ay ku jiraan lafaha dodos ee marxaladaha kala duwan ee bislaanshaha, iyo dhowr lafood oo si cad uga yimid qaab-dhismeedka hal qof oo dodo ah, kuwaas oo lagu kaydiyay booskooda dabiiciga ah.<ref name="Cheke Hume 2008" /> Natiijooyinkan ayaa si guud loo shaaciyay Diseembar 2005 matxafka [[Naturalis]] ee [[Leiden]]. Fossils-kii laga helay dhul-qoyaneedka, 63% waxay lahaayeen qoolleyda genus-ka dabar-go'ay ''[[Cylindraspis]]'', iyo 7.1% waxay ahaayeen dodos, kuwaas oo la dhigay dhowr qarni gudahood, 4000 sano ka hor.<ref name="Rijsdijk et al. 2009" /> Qoditaanno xigay ayaa soo jeediyay in dodos, oo ay la socdaan xayawaanno kale, ay ku dhex milmeen Mare aux Songes iyagoo isku dayaya inay gaaraan biyaha intii lagu jiray muddo dheer oo abaar daran qiyaastii 4,200 sano ka hor.<ref name="Rijsdijk et al. 2011" /> ==Paleofauna== {{Expand section|date=June 2013}} Xayawaannada soo socda ayaa laga aqoonsaday fossils ku yaal Mare aux Songes.<ref name="Rijsdijk et al. 2009"> {{cite journal| doi = 10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.09.018|display-authors=8|last1 = Rijsdijk | first1 = K. F.|last2 = Hume | first2 = J. P.|author-link2 = Julian Pender Hume|last3 = Bunnik | first3 = F.|last4 = Florens | first4 = F. B. V.|last5 = Baider | first5 = C.|last6 = Shapiro | first6 = B.|last7 = van der Plicht | first7 = H.|last8 = Janoo | first8 = A.|last9 = Griffiths | first9 = O.|last10=van den Hoek Ostende |first10=L. W. |last11=Cremer |first11=H. |last12=Vernimmen|first12=T. |last13=De Louw |first13=P. |last14=Bholah |first14=A. |last15=Saumtally |first15=S. |last16=Porch |first16=N. |last17=Haile |first17=J. |last18=Buckley |first18=M. |last19=Collins |first19=M. |last20=Gittenberger |first20=E. | date=January 2009 |title=Mid-Holocene vertebrate bone Concentration-Lagerstätte on oceanic island Mauritius provides a window into the ecosystem of the dodo (''Raphus cucullatus'')|journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|volume=28|issue=1–2|pages=14–24|ref={{sfnRef|Rijsdijk et al.|2009}}|bibcode = 2009QSRv...28...14R |url=https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/6728502/2009QuatSciRevRijsdijk.pdf|hdl=11370/bf8f6218-1f85-4100-8a90-02e5e70a89b6 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Hume 2008" /> ===Shimbiraha=== {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" |- ! colspan="7" align="center" |'''[[Shimbiraha]] laga soo wariyay Mare aux Songes''' |- ! Nooc ! Awood ! Magaca caadiga ah ! Qoyska ! Qalabka ! [[IUCN]] xaaladda ! Sawirrada |- | ''[[Aphanapteryx bonasia]]'' | * [[Edmond de Sélys Longchamps|Selys]], 1848 | Red rail | [[Rallidae]] | Mandibles, tibiotarsi | Dabar-go'ay | rowspan="99" | [[Image:Aphanapteryx broeckei.jpg|thumb|center|150px|Fossils-ka Red rail]] [[Image:Lophopsittacus fossils.jpg|thumb|center|150px|Fossils-ka Broad-billed parrot]] [[Image:Mascarenotus sauzieri.jpg|thumb|center|150px|Fossils-ka Mauritius owl]] |- | ''[[Fulica newtoni]]'' | * [[Alphonse Milne-Edwards|Milne-Edwards]], 1867 | Mascarene coot | [[Rallidae]] | Lafaha sinta iyo lugta | Dabar-go'ay |- | ''[[Circus maillardi]]'' | * [[Jules Verreaux|J. Verreaux]], 1862 | Réunion harrier | [[Accipitridae]] | Tarsometatarsi, tibiae iyo metacarpals | Si maxalli ah u dabar-go'ay |- | ''[[Lophopsittacus mauritianus]]'' | * Owen, 1866 | Broad-billed parrot | [[Psittaculidae]] | Skulls, mandibles, sternum, furcula, coracoids, humeri, ulnae, femora, tibiotarsi, carpometacarpus<ref name="Mascarene Parrots">{{Cite journal|last=Hume|first=J. P. | pages = 4–41|year=2007 |url=http://julianhume.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/Hume-Mascarene-Parrots.pdf |title=Reappraisal of the parrots (Aves: Psittacidae) from the Mascarene Islands, with comments on their ecology, morphology, and affinities |journal=[[Zootaxa]] |volume=1513|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1513.1.1 }}</ref> | Dabar-go'ay |- | ''[[Psittacula bensoni]]'' | * Holyoak, 1973 | Mascarene grey parakeet | [[Psittaculidae]] | Palatines<ref name="Rijsdijk et al. 2009"/> | Dabar-go'ay |- | ''[[Raphus cucullatus]]'' | * [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758 | Dodo | [[Columbidae]] | Dhammaan qaybaha lafaha ee laga yaqaan dhul-qoyaneedka | Dabar-go'ay |- | ''[[Alectroenas nitidissima]]'' | * [[Giovanni Antonio Scopoli|Scopoli]], 1786 | Mauritius blue pigeon | [[Columbidae]] | Tarsometatarsus<ref>{{cite journal | last = Hume | first = Julian Pender | year = 2011 | title = Systematics, morphology, and ecology of pigeons and doves (Aves: Columbidae) of the Mascarene Islands, with three new species | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 3124 | pages = 28–39 | isbn = 978-1-86977-825-5 | doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.3124.1.1 }}</ref> | Dabar-go'ay |- | ''[[Nesoenas mayeri]]'' | * [[Florent Prévost|Prévost]], 1843 | Pink pigeon | [[Columbidae]] | Tarsometatarsus<ref name="Rijsdijk et al. 2009"/> | Khatar ku jira |- | ''[[Mascarenotus sauzieri]]'' | * [[Alfred Newton|Newton]] & [[Hans Friedrich Gadow|Gadow]], 1893 | Mauritius owl | [[Strigidae]] | Humerus, tibia, tarsus, unguals | Dabar-go'ay |- | ''[[Phoenicopterus roseus]]'' | * [[Peter Simon Pallas|Pallas]], 1811 | Greater flamingo | [[Phoenicopteridae]] | Tarsometatarsus | Si maxalli ah u dabar-go'ay |- |} ===Xamaarato=== {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" |- ! colspan="7" align="center" |'''[[Xamaarato]] laga soo wariyay Mare aux Songes''' |- ! Nooc ! Awood ! Magaca caadiga ah ! Qoyska ! Qalabka ! [[IUCN]] xaaladda ! Sawirrada |- | ''[[Cylindraspis inepta]]'' | * [[Albert C. L. G. Günther|Günther]], 1873 | Saddle-backed Mauritius giant tortoise | [[Testudinidae]] | Skulls, carapaces | Dabar-go'ay | rowspan="99" | [[Image:Cylindraspis skulls.jpg|thumb|center|150px|Skull of ''Cylindraspis sp.'' (8), ''Cylindraspis inepta'' (7), ''Cylindraspis triserrata'' (8)]] [[Image:Didosaurus.jpg|thumb|center|150px|Fossils-ka Mauritian giant skink]] |- | ''[[Cylindraspis triserrata]]'' | * [[Albert C. L. G. Günther|Günther]], 1873 | Domed Mauritius giant tortoise | [[Testudinidae]] | Skulls, carapaces | Dabar-go'ay |- | ''[[Phelsuma cf guimbeaui]]'' | * [[Robert Mertens|Mertens]], 1963 | Orange-spotted day gecko | [[Geckoniidae]] | Humerus | Khatar ku jira |- | ''[[Leiolopisma mauritiana]]'' | * [[Albert C. L. G. Günther|Günther]], 1877 | Mauritian giant skink | [[Scincidae]] | Mandibles, vertebrae | Dabar-go'ay |- | ''[[Leiolopisma telfairii]]'' | * [[Julien Desjardins|Desjardins]], 1831 | Round Island skink | [[Scincidae]] | Humerus | Nugul |- | ''[[Typhlops cariei]]'' | * [[Robert Hoffstetter|Hoffstetter]], 1946 | Hoffstetter's worm snake | [[Typhlopidae]] | Toddoba trunk vertebrae | Dabar-go'ay |- |} ===Naasleyda=== {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" |- ! colspan="7" align="center" |'''[[Naasleyda]] laga soo wariyay Mare aux Songes''' |- ! Nooc ! Awood ! Magaca caadiga ah ! Qoyska ! Qalabka ! [[IUCN]] xaaladda ! Sawirrada |- | ''[[Pteropus niger]]'' | * [[Robert Kerr (writer)|Kerr]], 1792 | Mauritian flying fox | [[Megachiroptera]] | Mandible | Khatar ku jira | rowspan="99" | [[Image:Pteropus subniger.jpg|thumb|center|150px|Muunad Small Mauritian flying fox]] [[Image:Mormopterus acetabulosus type illustration.jpg|thumb|center|150px|Natal free-tailed bat type illustration]] |- | ''[[Pteropus subniger]]'' | * [[Robert Kerr (writer)|Kerr]], 1792 | Small Mauritian flying fox | [[Megachiroptera]] | Mandible | Dabar-go'ay |- | ''[[Mormopterus acetabulosus]]'' | * Hermann, 1804 | Natal free-tailed bat | [[Microchiroptera]] | Phalanges | Nugul |- | ''[[Taphozous mauritianus]]'' | * Geoffroy, 1818 | Mauritian tomb bat | [[Microchiroptera]] | Phalanges | Least concern |- |} == Tixraacyo == {{Portal|Dhul-qoyaneedka}} {{Reflist| refs = <ref name="Hume 2006"> {{cite journal| doi = 10.1080/08912960600639400| last = Hume| first = J. P.| author-link = Julian Pender Hume| year = 2006| title = The History of the Dodo ''Raphus cucullatus'' and the Penguin of Mauritius| journal = Historical Biology| volume = 18| issue = 2| pages = 69–93| issn = 0891-2963| url = http://julianhume.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/History-of-the-dodo-Hume.pdf | citeseerx = 10.1.1.695.6929| s2cid = 2954728}} </ref> <ref name="Clark 1866"> {{cite journal| doi = 10.1111/j.1474-919X.1866.tb06082.x| last = Clark | first = G.| date=April 1866 | title = Account of the late Discovery of Dodos' Remains in the Island of Mauritius| journal = Ibis| volume = 8| issue = 2| pages = 141–146 }} </ref> <ref name="Hume 2008"> {{cite journal | last = Hume | first = Julian Pender | author-link = Julian Pender Hume | year = 2005 | title = Contrasting taphofacies in ocean island settings: the fossil record of Mascarene vertebrates | journal = Proceedings of the International Symposium "Insular Vertebrate Evolution: The Palaeontological Approach". Monografies de la Societat d'Història Natural de les Balears | volume = 12 | pages = 129–144 }} </ref> <ref name="Newton Gadow 1893"> {{cite journal| doi = 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1893.tb00001.x| last1 = Newton | first1 = E.| author-link1 = Edward Newton| last2 = Gadow | first2 = H.| year = 1893| title = IX. On additional bones of the Dodo and other extinct birds of Mauritius obtained by Mr. Theodore Sauzier| journal = The Transactions of the Zoological Society of London| volume = 13| issue = 7| pages = 281–302| url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31083700#page/379/mode/1up }} </ref> <ref name="Fuller 2002"> {{cite book | last = Fuller | first = Errol | author-link = Errol Fuller | year = 2002 | title = Dodo&nbsp;– From Extinction To Icon | url = https://archive.org/details/dodofromextincti00unse | publisher = [[HarperCollins]] | location = London | isbn = 978-0-00-714572-0 }} </ref> <ref name="Cheke Hume 2008"> {{cite book | last1 = Cheke | first1 = Anthony S. | last2 = Hume | first2 = Julian Pender | author-link2 = Julian Pender Hume | year = 2008 | title = Lost Land of the Dodo: an Ecological History of Mauritius, Réunion & Rodrigues | publisher = T. & A. D. Poyser | page = {{page needed|date=September 2012}} | isbn = 978-0-7136-6544-4 }} </ref> <ref name="Rijsdijk et al. 2011"> {{cite journal|doi=10.1177/0959683611405236|display-authors=8|last1=Rijsdijk | first1=K. F.|last2=Zinke | first2=J.|last3=de Louw | first3=P. G. B.|last4=Hume | first4=J. P.|author-link4=Julian Pender Hume|last5=Van Der Plicht | first5=H.|last6=Hooghiemstra | first6=H.|last7=Meijer | first7=H. J. M.|last8=Vonhof | first8=H. B.|last9=Porch | first9=N.|last10=Florens | first10=F. B. V.|last11=Baider | first11=C.|last12=van Geel | first12=B.|last13=Brinkkemper | first13=J.|last14=Vernimmen | first14=T.|last15=Janoo | first15=A.|date=2011|title=Mid-Holocene (4200 kyr BP) mass mortalities in Mauritius (Mascarenes): Insular vertebrates resilient to climatic extremes but vulnerable to human impact|journal=The Holocene|volume=21|issue=8|pages=1179–1194|bibcode=2011Holoc..21.1179R|s2cid=85845297|ref={{sfnRef|Rijsdijk et al.|2011}}}} </ref> }} {{coord|-20.447|57.696|type:landmark_region:MU|display=title}} fipszfid9kx50qsg3pomsp8g2xw58br 0 47928 305907 299902 2026-08-24T18:47:18Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305907 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Designation list | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_date = 28 Ogosto 1991 | designation1_number = 530<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kafue Flats|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/530|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} '''Kafue Flats''' (oo maxalli ahaan loogu yeero '''Butwa'''<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sorensen|first1=Carol|title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia|journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway|date=1995}}</ref>) waa aag baaxad leh oo dhul-qoyan, harooyin furan iyo bannaanno fatahaad ah oo ku yaalla [[Webiga Kafue]] ee gobollada [[Southern Province, Zambia|Southern]], [[Central Province, Zambia|Central]] iyo [[Lusaka Province, Zambia|Lusaka]] ee dalka [[Zambia]]. Waa [[Zambezian flooded grasslands|bannaanka fatahaadda]] oo qoto dheer oo dhan {{cvt|240|km}} dherer ah iyo qiyaastii {{cvt|50|km}} ballac ah,<ref name="Google">[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.</ref> kaas oo fatahaad qoto dheer oo ka yar hal mitir ah ku yimaado xilliga roobka (si ka qoto dheer harooyinka qaar iyo aagagga dhul-qoyaneedka joogtada ah), iyo qallajinta ciid dhoobo madow ah xilliga abaaraha. ==Juqraafiya== Kafue Flats waxay fidsan yihiin qiyaastii {{cvt|240|km}} bari ilaa galbeed oo ay weheliyaan [[Webiga Kafue]] laga bilaabo hoosta Itezhi-Tezhi gap, oo ah goobta [[Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], ilaa [[Kafue | Kafue town]] iyo bilowga Kafue Gorge. Meesha ugu ballaaran waxay yihiin {{cvt|50|km}} ballac, wadarta guud ee bedkooduna waa qiyaastii {{cvt|6500|km2}}. Kor u kaca Webiga Kafue wuxuu dhacaa {{cvt|40|m}} inta uu bannaanka marayo laga bilaabo {{cvt|1030|m}} Itezhi-Tezhi ilaa {{cvt|990|m}} magaalada Kafue. Magaalada [[Mazabuka]] iyo beeraha sonkorta ee Nakambala waxay ku yaallaan cirifka koonfur-bari, magaalada yar ee [[Namwala]] waxay ku taal cirifka koonfur-galbeed ee bannaanka. [[File:Kafue Flats in flood and the Itezhi-Tezhi dam 14 February 2008.jpg|600px|center|thumbnail|Sawirka midabka been abuurka ah ee NASA [[Terra (satellite)|MODIS]] ee Kafue Flats oo fatahay iyo biyo-xireenka Itezhi-Tezhi - 14 Febraayo 2008.]] Kafue Flats waxay ku dhex jiraan qaybo ka mid ah [[Itezhi-Tezhi District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] iyo [[Mumbwa District|Mumbwa]] degmooyinka ee [[Central Province, Zambia|Central Province]], [[Kafue District]] ee [[Lusaka Province, Zambia|Lusaka Province]] iyo [[Monze District|Monze]], [[Namwala District|Namwala]] iyo [[Mazabuka District|Mazabuka]] degmooyinka ee [[Southern Province, Zambia|Southern Province]]. ==Dadka== [[Batwa]] (ama [[Twa]]) waxaa loo malaynayaa inay ahaayeen dadkii ugu horreeyay ee deggan aagga Kafue Flats laakiin hadda waa dad tiradiisu yar tahay oo deggan dhul sare oo ku hareeraysan marin-biyoodka Webiga Kafue halkaas oo ay isku taageeraan kalluumeysiga. [[Batwa]] guud ahaan waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay yihiin dadka ka badbaaday [[Bushmen]] reer miyi ah oo degganaa Zambia muddo dheer ka hor inta aysan [[Bantu peoples]] bilaabin inay ka yimaadaan [[Congo Basin]] dhinaca woqooyi.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Kashoki|editor-first1=Mubanga E. |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian |title=Language in Zambia|url=https://archive.org/details/languageinzambia0000unse|date=1978|publisher=International African Institute|location=London|isbn=0-85302-054-X}}</ref> Aagga hadda waxaa ku badan [[Ila language|Ila]] iyo Balundwe (ama Lundwe, ama Plateau [[Tonga people (Zambia and Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) beeralayda iyo xoolo-dhaqatada, ugu yaraan 21 hoggaamiye-deegaan,<ref name=world_fish>{{cite book|last1=Lungu|first1=A|last2=Husken|first2=S.M.C.|title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report|date=2008|publisher=World Fish Center}}</ref> kuwaas oo u yimid aagga inta u dhaxaysa 200 iyo 300 sano ka hor. Waxay ku tiirsanaayeen beerashada, kalluumeysiga, xoolo-dhaqashada iyo duurjoogta, inta badan waxay u guuraan inta u dhaxaysa degitaan joogto ah oo ku yaalla kaymaha iyo xeryaha xoolaha ee bannaanka ka dib markii fatahaaduhu hoos u dhaceen. Marka laga reebo bulshada deggan, waxaa sidoo kale jira qulqul xilliyeedka bulshooyinka kalluumeysiga ee ka yimaada qaybaha kale ee dalka. Dadka soo galootiga ah badidoodu waa [[Bemba people|Bemba]] oo ka yimid woqooyiga dalka iyo aagga [[Copperbelt]], iyo [[Lozi people|Lozi]] oo ka yimid [[Western Province, Zambia|Western Province]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Merten|first1=Sonja|last2=Haller|first2=Tobias|title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia|journal=Food Policy|date=2008|volume=33|issue=5|pages=434–443|doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}</ref> Dadku waxay si weyn u kordheen ilaa 1970-yadii iyo 2004tii waxaa jiray ugu yaraan 11 xero kalluumeysi oo waaweyn oo joogto ah oo ku yaalla bannaanka, kuwaas oo mid kasta ay degganaayeen ugu yaraan 500 oo kalluumeysato ah. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa jiray tiro badan oo xeryo kalluumeysi oo ku meel gaar ah oo la aasaasay xilliga abaaraha.<ref name=chabwela>{{cite journal|last1=Chabwela|first1=Harry|last2=Haller|first2=Tobias|title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia|journal=International Journal of the Commons|date=2010|volume=4|issue=2|url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158|doi=10.18352/ijc.189|page=621|doi-access=free|hdl=10535/1439|hdl-access=free|archive-date=2015-07-17|access-date=2015-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158}}</ref> Xaaladaha qaarkood, Batwa waxaa ka soocay qowmiyadaha kale, gaar ahaan kalluumeysatada Bemba iyo Lozi oo u tixgeliya inay ka hooseeyaan. Si ka duwan Ila waxaa loo hayaa tixgelin sare oo ay ka heleen kooxaha kale sababtoo ah taariikhdooda ah inay yihiin mid ka mid ah kooxaha ugu qanisan xoolaha ee gobolka, inkastoo kalluumeysiga iyo ugaarsiga uu kaalin siman oo muhiim ah ka ciyaaro dhaqankooda.<ref name=chabwela /> ==Biyaha iyo biyo-xireennada== {{See also | Kafue Gorge Dam | Itezhi-Tezhi Dam}} Biyaha [[Webiga Kafue]] iyo Kafue Flats waxaa si weyn u beddelay dhismaha 1970-yadii laba biyo-xireen, ugu horreyntii [[Kafue Gorge Dam|Kafue Gorge]] oo ka hooseeya bannaanka ka dibna [[Itezhi-Tezhi Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] oo ka sarreeya bannaanka sida qaybo ka mid ah qorshe lagu dhalinayo korontada biyaha. [[Kafue Gorge Dam]], oo leh 600MW oo koronto ah, waxaa la dhammaystiray 1972-kii iyadoo la abuuray kaydka biyaha ee hoose ee Kafue Flats oo leh awood kayd ah 785 milyan oo m³. Si loo suurtageliyo dhalinta koronto badan (ilaa 900 MW) biyo-xireen kale oo 65m sare ah oo ku yaalla Itezhi-Tezhi, oo ka sarreeya Kafue Flats, ayaa la dhammaystiray 1976-kii. Kaydka biyaha wuxuu kaydiyaa 5,700 milyan oo m³ oo biyo ah wuxuuna daboolayaa {{cvt|370|km2}} aagga Webiga Kafue iyo webiga uu dhigga u yahay Musa River.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Obrdlik|first1=P|last2=Mumeka|first2=A|last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M.|title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River|journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management|date=1989|volume=3 |pages=371–380|doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}</ref> [[Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] wuxuu kaydiyaa biyaha xilliga roobka kaas oo markaa la sii daayo marawaxadaha [[Kafue Gorge Dam]] iyo saldhigga korontada xilliga abaaraha. Biyuhu waxay ku qaataan qiyaastii siddeed toddobaad inay u safrayaan Itezhi-tezhi iyo Kafue Gorge. Ka hor dhismaha biyo-xireenka Itezhi-Tezhi, fatahaadda Kafue Flats waxay ahayd natiijada socodka sare ee gudaha Webiga Kafue oo bilaabay inuu kaco ka dib bilowga roobabka Noofambar ilaa Diseembar iyo fatahaadda ugu sarreysa oo dhacaysa inta u dhaxaysa Abriil iyo Maajo. Bannaanku waxay markaa si tartiib ah u daadin lahaayeen biyaha iyadoo aad u yar oo biyo ah ay ku harayaan Oktoobar ilaa Noofambar sannadka ku xiga.<ref name=mumba>{{cite journal|last1=Mumba|first1=M|last2=Thompson|first2=J.R.|title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia|journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth|date=2005|volume=30|issue=6–7|pages=442–447|doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009|bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M}}</ref> Sii-daynta ka timid Itezhi-Tezhi biyo-xireenka aad ayey uga duwan yihiin socodka taariikhiga ah ee lagala kulmay gudaha Webiga Kafue iyadoo kor u kaca iyo hoos u dhaca sannadlaha ah ee dheecaanka lagu beddelay koror kedis ah maadaama xaddi badan oo biyo ah laga sii daayo biyo-xireenka. Dheecaan la taaban karo ayaa hadda la ilaaliyaa inta lagu jiro xilliga abaaraha halka dabiici ahaan muddadan ay la xiriirto socodka webiga oo hooseeya. In kasta oo fatahaadaha ugu sarreeya laga yaabo in la dhimay natiijada biyo-xireenka, sii-daynta ku dhawaad sannadka oo dhan waxay ka dhigan tahay in qaybo ka mid ah bannaanka, tusaale ahaan Chunga Lagoon, ay hadda u harayaan fatahaad joogto ah. Intaa waxaa dheer, Kafue Gorge Dam wuxuu abuuray kayd weyn oo biyo ah kaas oo gadaal u soo galaya cirifka bari ee bannaanka taasoo horseedaysa aagagga fatahaadda joogtada ah.<ref name=mumba /> ==Aagagga la ilaaliyo== {{See also | Lochinvar National Park | Blue Lagoon National Park}} Kafue Flats waxaa ka mid ah laba [[national parks]] ([[IUCN]] Category II [[protected area]]s), [[Lochinvar National Park|Lochinvar]] iyo [[Blue Lagoon National Park]]s. Labada beero qaran waxaa la aasaasay 1970-yadii dhul hore loogu isticmaali jiray xoolaha. {{cvt|428|km2}} Lochinvar National Park, oo caan ku ah tiro badan oo [[Kafue lechwe]], ayaa fadhiya koonfurta Webiga Kafue waxaana laga geli karaa waddada [[Lusaka]]-[[Livingstone, Zambia|Livingstone]] ee [[Monze]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Lochinvar National Park|url=https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park|website=zambiatourism.com|publisher=Zambia Tourism|access-date=30 August 2014}}</ref> Lochinvar National Park wuxuu leeyahay mid ka mid ah tirada ugu badan ee wattled crane ee khatarta ah ee Afrika.<ref name=ramsar_info>{{Cite report |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> Blue Lagoon National Park, woqooyiga Kafue, waxaa laga geli karaa waddada [[Lusaka]]-[[Mongu]] ee galbeedka Lusaka. {{cvt|500|km2}} beerta waxay hoy u tahay tiro badan oo kala duwan oo shimbiraha biyaha iyo sidoo kale [[Kafue lechwe|lechwe]], [[sitatunga]], [[zebra]] iyo [[African buffalo]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Blue Lagoon National Park|url=https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park|website=zambiatourism.com|publisher=Zambia Tourism|access-date=30 August 2014}}</ref> {{convert|6000|km2}} ee Kafue Flats ka baxsan labada beero qaran ayaa lagu daboolay Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA) ([[IUCN]] Category VI [[protected area]]). GMA waxay bixisaa ilaalinta deegaanka iyo duurjoogta iyadoo weli u oggolaanaysa isticmaalka joogtada ah ee khayraadka dabiiciga ah. Kafue Flats waxaa lagu daray [[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] liiska Dhul-qoyaneedka Muhiimadda Caalamiga ah 1991 iyadoo daboolaysa aag dhan {{cvt|6000|km2}} oo la mid ah Kafue Flats GMA.<ref name=ramsar_zambia>{{cite web|url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zambia/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E15789_4000_0__|website=ramsar.org|publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands|access-date=23 August 2014|title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Zambia}}</ref> [[File:Protected areas of the Kafue Flats.jpg|600px|center|thumb|Kafue Flats, [[Blue Lagoon National Park]], [[Lochinvar National Park]] iyo Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA).]] ==Beeraha== Dhulka ku hareeraysan Kafue Flats waa aag beerasho oo muhiim ah oo ku yaalla [[Zambia]]. Sidoo kale taageeridda tiro badan oo beeralayda nolol-maalmeedka iyo kuwa yaryar, bannaanku waxay sidoo kale yihiin il biyaha waraabka ah oo loogu talagalay saddex hawlgal oo waaweyn oo beerashada ganacsiga ah oo ku urursan cirifka bari ee bannaanka. Hawlgalka ugu da'da weyn ee beerashada ganacsiga ee Kafue Flats waa [[Nakambala]] Sugar Estate oo ku yaalla cirifka koonfureed ee bannaanka ee [[Mazabuka]]. Nakambala estate, oo ay leedahay [[Zambia Sugar]] Plc oo ah shirkad hoosaad ka tirsan shirkadda Koonfur Afrika ee [[Illovo Sugar]], oo ay la socdaan beeralayda yar-yar iyo kuwa waaweyn waa soo saaraha sonkorta ugu weyn Zambia wuxuuna ka shaqaynayay qiyaastii 20,000 hektar oo dhul-beereed waraab ah.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Zambia Sugar Plc|title=Zambia Sugar Plc Annual Report 2014|date=2014|url=http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf|access-date=2015-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033749/http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-04}}</ref> Woqooyiga Kafue Flats, Consolidated Farming Ltd., oo ah shirkad reer Zambia ah, waxay soo saartaa sonkor ka hoosaysa sumadda Kafue Sugar oo ka timid 9,000-hektar oo dhul ah oo ka soo qaadaya biyaha Kafue Flats.<ref>{{cite web|title=Commercial Farming|url=http://www.sabletransport.com/farming.html|website=sabletransport.com|publisher=Sable Transport|access-date=2026-06-25|archive-date=2025-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250421151432/https://sabletransport.com/farming.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dhinaca bari ee Consolidated Farming, qorshaha waraabka Chiansi wuxuu ku beeraa sarreen iyo dalagyo kale oo waraab ah 200 hektar oo leh qorshe uu ugu ballaarinayo 2,500 hektar. ==Deegaanka== Kafue Flats waxay ka kooban yihiin qaab adag oo [[floodplain]], [[lagoon]]s, [[ox-bow lake]]s, marin-biyoodka webiga oo laga tagay, [[marsh]]es iyo [[levee]]s oo ay ku hareeraysan yihiin bannaanno iyo kaymo. Bannaanku waxay ka kooban yihiin laba [[ecoregion]]s. Aagagga dhexe ee xilliyada iyo joogtada ah ee fatahaaddu waa qayb ka mid ah [[Zambezian flooded grasslands]] ecoregion, iyo bannaanka iyo kaymaha ku hareeraysan waxay ku jiraan [[Zambezian and mopane woodlands]] ecoregion. Ciidda bannaanka waxay ku culus yihiin qaab-dhismeedka waxayna u muuqdaan inay si ballaaran u dillaacaan marka ay engegan yihiin, iyagoo noqonaya mid aad u dhegdheg iyo caag ah marka ay qoyan yihiin. Ciidadan badidoodu waa madow ama cawl madow waxayna soo saaraan gargaar dusha sare ah oo aan joogto ahayn oo loo yaqaan [[gilgai]] oo ka kooban taxane ah safaf yaryar oo taagan 20–60&nbsp;cm oo ka sarreeya niyad-jabka wareegga ah oo qiyaastii 2–7 mitir dhexroor ah.<ref name=ramsar_info /> ===Dhirta=== Noocyada ugu muhiimsan ee dhirta ee Kafue Flats waa [[woodland]] ([[miombo]], [[mopane]], [[Acacia]], iyo ''[[Combretum]]''), [[termitaria]] bannaanka, bannaanka fatahaadda, dhul-qoyan joogto ah iyo levee iyo lagoons. ===Duurjoogta=== [[File:Wattled Crane 1400.jpg|thumb|right|Wattled crane.]] [[Kafue lechwe]] (''Kobus leche kafuensis''), oo ah cawsha u gaar ah ku noolaanshaha xaaladaha dhul-qoyaneedka ee bannaanka,<ref name=Schuster>{{cite journal|last1=Schuster|first1=Richard|title=Will the Kafue Lechwe Survive the Kafue Dams?|journal=Oryx |date=1980 |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=476–489|doi=10.1017/s0030605300029203|doi-access=free}}</ref> waa mid u dhalatay aagga. Waxaa lagu qiyaasay in 250,000 oo lechwe ah ay ku noolaayeen Kafue Flats 1931-kii, mid ka mid ah awoodaha xambaarsan xayawaanka ugu sarreeya adduunka {{cvt|11000|kg/km2}}.<ref name="Schuster" /> Sannadkii 2005tirada lechwe waxaa lagu qiyaasay inay hoos ugu dhacday 38,000, tiro ahaan taasi oo u badnayd mid xasiloon ilaa tirakoobkii xigay ee la dhammaystiray 2009-kii.<ref name=Lechwe_Population>{{cite journal|last1=Chansa|first1=Wilbroad|last2=Kampamba|first2=George|title=The population status of the Kafue lechwe in the Kafue Flats, Zambia|journal=African Journal of Ecology|date=2010|volume=48|issue=3|pages=837–840 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01188.x}}</ref> Hoos u dhaca tirada Kafue lechwe waxaa loo aaneeyay dhismaha [[Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] iyo isbeddelka xiga ee xoogga iyo wakhtiga fatahaadda iyo sidoo kale ugaarsiga sharci-darrada ah iyo cadaadiska tirada sii kordhaysa ee dadka iyo xoolaha.<ref name="Lechwe_Population"/> Iyadoo ay weheliso lechwe, [[Grant's zebra]]s waa noocyada ugu badan ee naasleyda waaweyn ee laga helo bannaanka. [[Blue wildebeest]], [[African buffalo|Cape buffalo]], [[Roan antelope|roan]], [[greater kudu]], [[Hippopotamus|hippo]] waxay ku jiraan tiro xaddidan gaar ahaan gudaha iyo hareeraha [[Lochinvar National Park|Lochinvar]] iyo [[Blue Lagoon National Park]]s.<ref name=ramsar_info /> ===Shimbiraha=== Aagga Kafue Flats wuxuu taageeraa in ka badan 450 nooc oo ah noocyada shimbiraha ee khatarta ah, dabar-go'a iyo kuwa soo haajiray<ref name=ramsar_info /> aagga waxaa loo magacaabay Aagga Shimbiraha iyo Kala duwanaanshaha Noolaha (IBA) by [[Birdlife International]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Important Bird Areas factsheet: Kafue Flats|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/kafue-flats-iba-zambia|website=birdlife.org|publisher=Birdlife International|access-date=9 January 2024}}</ref> Bannaanku waxay hoy u yihiin ururro waaweyn oo shimbiraha biyaha deggan iyo kuwa soo haajiray oo ay ku jiraan gumeysi taranta oo muhiim ah oo qoto dheer gudaha dhul-qoyaneedka. Bannaanku waxay sidoo kale martigeliyaan kala duwanaansho sare iyo cufnaanta raptors taranta gaar ahaan gorgorrada.<ref name=ibas>{{cite book|last1=Leonard|first1=Peter|title=Important bird areas in Zambia: priority sites for conservation|date=2005|publisher=Zambian Ornithological Society|location=Lusaka|isbn=9982-811-01-0}}</ref> Bannaanku waa deegaan aad muhiim u ah oo loogu talagalay [[wattled crane]] (''Bugeranus carunculatus'') kaas oo lagu taxay IUCN Red List inay yihiin nugul.<ref name="iucn">{{cite iucn|author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year= 2018 |title= ''Bugeranus carunculatus'' |article-number= e.T22692129A129880815 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22692129A129880815.en |access-date=9 January 2024}}</ref> Tirada wattled crane ee bannaanka ayaa ka dhacday inta u dhaxaysa 2000 iyo 3000 1970-yadii ilaa wax ka yar 1000 2002-dii.<ref name="ibas"/> Noocyada kale ee muhiimka ah ee laga helo Kafue Flats waxaa ka mid ah [[crowned crane]], [[slaty egret]], [[lappet faced vulture]], [[lesser kestrel]] iyo [[corn crake]].<ref name="ibas"/> Khatarta soo food saartay nolosha shimbiraha ee Kafue Flats waxaa ka mid ah isbeddelada ku yimid xoogga iyo wakhtiga fatahaadaha ay sababeen biyo-xireenka Itezhi-Tezhi, faafitaanka noocyada haramaha ee soo duulay iyo saamaynta dadka sii kordhaya.<ref name="ibas"/> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} {{Commons}} {{coord|15|38||S|27|04||E|region:ZM_type:waterbody|display=title}} 535ct3d4w6wjobff0cfm3rgtp2dj43e 0 47982 305834 302732 2026-08-24T18:07:29Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305834 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Kuiseb | image = Kuiseb Namibia anagoria.JPG | image_caption = Webiga Kuiseb xilliga roobka | map = NEO kuiseb.jpeg | map_caption = Sawir dayax-gacmeedka Webiga Kuiseb | source1 = galbeedka [[Windhoek]] | source1_location = [[Khomas Highland]] | mouth = [[Atlantic Ocean|Badweynta Atlaantik]] | mouth_location = [[Walvis Bay]] | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|23|07|S|14|32|E|display=inline, title}} | subdivision_type1 = Dal | subdivision_name1 = [[Namibia]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobollada | subdivision_name2 = [[Khomas Region|Khomas]], [[Erongo Region|Erongo]] | source_elevation = | length = {{circa}} {{convert|480|km|mi|abbr=on}} | basin_size = {{convert|15500|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} | discharge1_avg = {{circa}} {{convert|20|e6m3/a}} | tributaries_left = [[Gomab River|Webiga Gomab]], [[Ojab River|Webiga Ojab]], [[Chausib River|Webiga Chausib]], [[Gaub River|Webiga Gaub]] | tributaries_right = [[Koam River|Webiga Koam]], [[Nausgomab River|Webiga Nausgomab]], [[Goagos River|Webiga Goagos]] | waterbodies = [[Friedenau Dam|Biya-xireenka Friedenau]] }} '''Webiga Kuiseb''' waa webi [[ephemeral|ku-meel-gaar ah]] oo ku yaalla koonfur-galbeed ee [[Namibia]]. Isha uu ka soo bilaabmo waa [[Khomas Highland]] oo ku taal galbeedka [[Windhoek]]. Halkaas ayuu u qulqulaa dhinaca galbeed isagoo sii mara [[Namib-Naukluft National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Namib-Naukluft]] iyo lamadegaanka [[Namib]] ilaa uu ka gaaro [[Walvis Bay]]. Dhowr tuulo oo ay dagaan [[Topnaar people|dadka Topnaar]] ayaa ku yaalla xeebaha hoose ee Kuiseb, tusaale ahaan [[Homeb]], [[Sandfontein, Namibia|Sandfontein]], [[Rooibank]], iyo [[Utuseb]].{{sfn|Malan|1998|p=120–125}}{{sfn|Moritz|1997|pp=4-5}} Webiyada ku shubma Kuiseb waxaa ka mid ah [[Gomab River|Gomab]], [[Ojab River|Ojab]], [[Chausib River|Chausib]], [[Gaub River|Gaub]], [[Koam River|Koam]], [[Nausgomab River|Nausgomab]] and [[Goagos River|Goagos]].<ref name=Jacobson>{{Cite book | last1=Jacobson | first1=Peter J. | last2=Jacobson | first2=Kathryn M. | last3=Seely | first3=Mary K. | title=Ephemeral rivers and their catchments: Sustaining people and development in western Namibia |url=http://www.the-eis.com/data/literature/Ephemeral%20rivers%20and%20their%20catchments_1995.pdf | publisher=Desert Research Foundation of Namibia | place=[[Windhoek]] | date=1995 | pages=140–141 |isbn=9991670947 | format=PDF 8.7MB}}</ref> Bedka uu Webiga Kuiseb ka helo biyaha (oo ay ku jiraan gacan-biyoodyadiisa) waxaa lagu qiyaasaa inta u dhaxaysa 15,500<ref name=Jacobson/> iyo {{Convert|16692|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Strohbach, B.J. |title=Mapping the Major Catchments of Namibia |url=http://www.nbri.org.na/sites/default/files/Mapping%20the%20Major%20Catchments%20of%20Namibia_draft.pdf |journal=Agricola |volume=2008 |date=2008 |pages=63–73 |isbn=9780353358164 |issn=1015-2334 |oclc=940637734 |format=PDF 1.0MB }}</ref> Waxa uu leeyahay qulqulka celcelis ahaan ilaa {{convert|20|e6m3/a}}.<ref name=el2010>{{cite news |title=ELECTIONS 2010: Erongo regional profile |publisher=[[New Era (Namibia)|New Era]] |url=http://www.newera.com.na/article.php?articleid=14109 |date=16 November 2010 |access-date=26 Bisha Lixaad 2026 |archive-date=16 Bisha Saddexaad 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316095900/http://www.newera.com.na/article.php?articleid=14109 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Friedenau Dam|Biya-xireenka Friedenau]], oo la dhisay 1972, ayaa ku yaalla webiga.<ref>[http://www.namwater.com.na/data/dams/friedenau.html Friedenau] {{Wayback|url=http://www.namwater.com.na/data/dams/friedenau.html |date=20081121140523 }} at NamWater</ref> Janaayo 2005, markii ugu horreysay sannado badan, Kuiseb wuxuu ku qulqulay badweynta. Inta u dhaxaysa Naukluft iyo Namib, Kuiseb wuxuu qoday dooxad weyn oo ku taal aag cidlo ah oo aan la geli karin. Intii lagu jiray [[World War II|Dagaalkii Labaad ee Dunida]] aagga ku hareeraysan dooxada Kuiseb wuxuu u adeegay sidii gabbaad u ah [[Henno Martin]] iyo [[Hermann Korn]] oo halkaas u guuray si ay u sugaan dhammaadka dagaalka.<ref name=TSD>{{cite book | last = Martin | first = Henno | title = The Sheltering Desert | url = https://archive.org/details/shelteringdesert0000mart | publisher = Two Books | year = 2006 | location = Hamburg | isbn = 9783935453035}}</ref> Laba buug iyo [[The Sheltering Desert|filim]] ayaa markii dambe laga daabacay joogitaankoodan 2-da sano ah; burburka gabbaadkooda waa la booqan karaa. Socdaalkiisa uu ku marayo Namib, Kuiseb waxaa dhinac kasta kaga wareegsan qaar ka mid ah [[sand dune|buuraha ciidda]] ee ugu dhaadheer adduunka, dhinaca kalena dhagaxyo madhan.<ref name=Jacobson/> Buuraha ciidda ee cas ee koonfurta webiga waxay gaaraan dherer ka badan 150 mitir. Dabayshu waxay buuraha ciidda u kaxaysaa dhinaca waqooyi, laakiin dhaqdhaqaaqooda waxaa xannibay webiga. Inta lagu jiro habkaas, ciid iyo dhoobo badan ayaa lagu shubaa Kuiseb taasoo keenta inuu kaliya gaaro badda marka uu fataho.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Morin|first1=Efrat|last2=Grodek|first2=Tamir|last3=Dahan|first3=Ofer|last4=Benito|first4=Gerardo|last5=Kulls|first5=Christoph|last6=Jacoby|first6=Yael|last7=Langenhove|first7=Guido Van|last8=Seely|first8=Mary|last9=Enzel|first9=Yehouda|date=April 2009|title=Flood routing and alluvial aquifer recharge along the ephemeral arid Kuiseb River, Namibia|journal=Journal of Hydrology|volume=368|issue=1–4|pages=262–275|doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.02.015|issn=0022-1694}}</ref> Sannadkii 1907, aagga u dhexeeya [[Swakop River|Webiga Swakop]] iyo Kuiseb waxaa maamulkii gumaystihii Jarmalka u magacaabay kaydka xayawaanka. Aaggu wuxuu hadda qayb ka yahay [[Namib-Naukluft National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Namib-Naukluft]]. ''Desert Research Foundation of Namibia'' (DRFN) waxay ku taal [[Gobabeb]] oo ku taal xeebaha webiga.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Desert Research Foundation of Namibia | publisher=namibweb.com | url=https://www.namibweb.com/drfn.htm | access-date= 3 October 2019}}</ref> <gallery> File:Kuiseb River Nears the Ocean.jpg|Sawirka dayax-gacmeedka midabka dabiiciga ah ee Webiga Kuiseb. File:Kuiseb bird eye view.jpg|Muuqaal hawada sare laga soo qaaday ee Webiga Kuiseb (2017) File:Kuiseb River Sand and Rock (2018).jpg|Webiga Kuiseb (2018) File:gobabeb from air.jpg|Muuqaal hawada sare laga soo qaaday ee Gobabeb Training and Research Centre File:Henno Martin Shelter.jpg|Burburka Gabbaadkii Korn iyo Martin File:Kuiseb.1.JPG|[[C14 road (Namibia)|C14]] buundada ka dul marta Dooxada Kuiseb </gallery> ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[List of rivers of Namibia|Liiska webiyada Namibia]] ==Tixraacyo== ===Qoraallo=== {{Reflist}} ===Suugaanta=== * {{cite book |last=Malan |first=Johan S |title=Die Völker Namibias |trans-title=Qabaa'ilka Namibia |year=1998 |publisher=Klaus Hess |location=Windhoek, Göttingen |language=German }} * {{cite book |last=Moritz |first=Walter |title=Verwehte Spuren in der Namibwüste - Alte Ansiedlungen am Kuiseb |trans-title=Raadadka engegan ee Namib - Degsiimooyinkii hore ee webiga Kuiseb |language=German |year=1997 |publisher=Typoprint |location=Windhoek |isbn=99916-750-0-0 }} *''Qoraalkii asalka ahaa wuxuu ka yimid [[NASA Earth Observatory]] [https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=4087]'' ===Muuqaallo=== *{{YouTube|ymyhjQ50M2A|'HURININ People of the Sea' - Baadigoobka dadka Topnaar ee xuquuqul insaanka iyo aqoonsiga}} ==Xiriiriyeyaal dibadeed== {{Commons category|Kuiseb River}} *[https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=4087 NASA Earth Explorer page] *[https://www.ufz.de/export/data/global/29151_ufzdiss5_2010_.pdf PhD Dissertation at the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ] {{Wayback|url=https://www.ufz.de/export/data/global/29151_ufzdiss5_2010_.pdf |date=20140417085156 }} {{Authority control}} 6uqjrdorizl3z3r5kqoonkogx31mqdp 0 48060 305840 302743 2026-08-24T18:10:53Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305840 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Sebou | image = File:Sebou River.svg | image_caption = Goobta uu maro Webiga Sebou ee dalka Marooko | length_km = 496 | source1_elevation = | source1_location = [[Middle Atlas|Atlas-ta Dhexe]] | mouth_location = [[Atlantic Ocean|Badweynta Atlaantik]] | discharge1_avg = {{convert|137|m3/s|abbr=on}} | basin_size = | subdivision_type1 = Dal | subdivision_name1 = Marooko }} '''Sebou''' ([[Berber language|Af-Berber]]: '''Asif en Sbu''', {{langx|ar|سبو}}) waa [[webi]] ku yaalla waqooyiga [[Morocco|Marooko]]. Meesha uu ka soo askumo ee buuraha [[Middle Atlas|Atlas-ta Dhexe]] waxaa loo yaqaan '''Webiga Guigou''' (Af-Berber: '''Asif n Gigu''').<ref>{{cite web|title=Sebou River|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/531260/Sebou-River|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref> Webigu wuxuu dhererkiisu yahay 496 kiiloomitir wuxuuna leeyahay celcelis ahaan qulqulka biyaha oo ah 137 m³/s, taas oo ka dhigaysa webiga ugu weyn Waqooyiga Afrika marka loo eego mugga. Wuxuu maraa meel u dhow [[Fes, Morocco|Fes]], oo ah [[List of cities in Morocco|magaalada labaad ee ugu weyn]] Marooko, wuxuuna ku shubmaa [[Atlantic Ocean|Badweynta Atlaantik]] meesha loo yaqaan [[Mehdya, Morocco|Mehdya]]. Sebou waa mid la dhex mari karo (navigation) kaliya 16&nbsp;km ilaa magaalada [[Kenitra]], taas oo leh [[river port|dekadda webiga]] kaliya ee Marooko. Gacan-biyoodyadiisa ugu muhiimsan waa [[Ouergha River|Webiga Ouergha]], [[Baht River|Webiga Baht]] iyo [[Inaouen River|Webiga Inaouen]]. Webigu wuxuu taageeraa [[irrigation|waraabka]] ee gobolka ugu bacrimsan Marooko: [[Rharb|Gharb]]. == Taariikh == Sebou waxaa qarniyadii hore loo yaqaanay Sububus. Pliny the Elder wuxuu sheegay inuu ahaa "magnificus et navigabilis" (weyn oo la mari karo), isagoo mara meel u dhow magaalooyinka [[Iulia Valentia Banasa|Banasa]] (meel u dhow magaalada [[Mechra Bel Ksiri]]) iyo [[Thamusida]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/5*.html|title=Natural History, book V|language=la|author=Pliny the Elder|access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pliny_elder-natural_history/1938/pb_LCL352.221.xml|title=Natural History, book V, translated|language=en|access-date=2026-06-26|archive-date=2022-12-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206181628/https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pliny_elder-natural_history/1938/pb_LCL352.221.xml|url-status=dead}}</ref> Waxaa jira tixraac taariikheed oo kooban oo ku saabsan Sebou oo loo isticmaalo navigation ka dib [[Early Muslim conquests|qabsashadii Islaamka]]; si kastaba ha ahaatee, [[river mouth|af-webigiisu]] wuxuu ahaa deked iyo goob maraakiibta lagu dhiso oo muhiim ah xilligii [[Almohad Caliphate|Almohad]]. Sannadihii 1669–1670, suldaankii [[Alaouite dynasty|Alaouite]] [[Al-Rashid of Morocco|Moulay Rashid]] wuxuu dhisay buundo ka gudubta webiga meel u dhow Fes taas oo maanta la ilaaliyay.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Gaudio|first=Attilio|title=Fès: Joyau de la civilisation islamique|url=https://archive.org/details/fesjoyaudelacivi0000gaud|publisher=Les Presse de l'UNESCO: Nouvelles Éditions Latines|year=1982|isbn=2723301591|location=Paris}}</ref>{{Rp|28}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pont Oued Sebou|url=http://www.idpc.ma/view/pc_architecture/sanae:380013|access-date=2020-07-28|website=Inventaire et Documentation du Patrimoine Culturel du Maroc|language=fr-FR|archive-date=2020-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728205316/http://www.idpc.ma/view/pc_architecture/sanae:380013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Le Maroc de 1631 à 1812: extrait de l'ouvrage intitulé "Ettordjemân elmoʿarib ʿan douel elmachriq ou ʿlMaghrib de Aboulqâsem Ben Ahmed Ezziani|publisher=École des langues orientales vivantes|year=1886|pages=21|translator-last=Houdas|translator-first=Octave Victor}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Marçais|first=Georges|title=L'architecture musulmane d'Occident|publisher=Arts et métiers graphiques|year=1954|location=Paris}}</ref>{{Rp|410}} Intii lagu jiray muddadii ka horraysay gumaysiga, Sebou wuxuu caan ku ahaa [[Twait shad|kalluunka Twait shad]] kaas oo aad loogu qiimeeyay dadka [[Fez, Morocco|Fez]], laakiin wasakhda awgeed kalluunka shad wuxuu ku dabar go'ay Sebou. Sannadihii ugu horreeyay ee [[French protectorate in Morocco|ilaalinta Faransiiska ee Marooko]] duullimaad ayaa si guul leh u maray Sebou laga bilaabo Sidi Ali Ben Sliman ilaa magaalada Fez oo saaran doon yar oo uumiga ku shaqeysa oo la odhan jiray Le Dantec. == Arrimaha deegaanka == Dhowr [[water pollutant|wasakhda biyaha]] ayaa gala Webiga Sebou, gaar ahaan [[pesticide|sunta cayayaanka]] iyo bacriminta ka yimaada [[surface runoff|qulqulka dusha sare]] ee beeraha iyo [[sewage|wasakhda bulaacadaha]] ee aan la daweynin ee ka yimaada magaalooyinka webiga ku teedsan.<ref>Thieme, Michele & Abell, Robin & Stiassny, Melanie & Skelton, Paul. (2005). ''Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment''. Bibliovault OAI Repository, the University of Chicago Press. 1–431.</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} e1dgvbknd9obel5rsem13mhcbrrla6e 0 48062 305847 299634 2026-08-24T18:13:44Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305847 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Oum Er-Rbia | image = File:Oum Er-Rbia River.svg | image_caption = Goobta uu maro Webiga Oum Er-Rbia ee dalka Marooko | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 6 | length_km = 555 | source1_elevation = | source1_location = [[Middle Atlas|Atlas-ta Dhexe]] | mouth_location = [[Atlantic Ocean|Badweynta Atlaantik]] | discharge1_avg = {{convert|105|m3/s|abbr=on}} | basin_size = | subdivision_type1 = Dal | subdivision_name1 = [[Morocco|Marooko]] }} '''Oum Er-Rbia''' ({{langx|ar|أم الربيع|translit=hooyada gu'ga}}) waa webi weyn, dheer oo leh qulqul-biyood sarreeya oo ku yaalla bartamaha [[Morocco|Marooko]]. Webigu wuxuu dhererkiisu yahay 555&nbsp;km.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/readersdigestnat00sche|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=0-89577-087-3|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/readersdigestnat00sche/page/284 284]|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.}}</ref> Iyadoo uu leeyahay celcelis ahaan qulqulka biyaha oo ah 105&nbsp;m³/s, Oum Er-Rbia waa webiga labaad ee ugu weyn Marooko ka dib [[Sebou River|Webiga Sebou]]. Wuxuu ka soo askumaa [[Middle Atlas|Atlas-ta Dhexe]] wuxuuna dhex maraa magaalada [[Khénifra]], isagoo gaara af-webigiisa ee [[Atlantic Ocean|Badweynta Atlaantik]] oo ku yaalla dekadda [[Azemmour]], oo ku taal bangigiisa bidix. Oum Er-Rbia wuxuu leeyahay lix biya-xireen, kuwaas oo ugu muhiimsan yahay [[Al Massira Dam|Biya-xireenka Al Massira]]. [[Tributary|Gacan-biyoodyadiisa]] ugu muhiimsan waa [[El-Abid River|Webiga El-Abid]], [[Tessaoute River|Webiga Tessaoute]], iyo [[Lakhdar River|Webiga Lakhdar]]. [[Hanno the Navigator]] ayaa qaar ka mid ah aqoonyahannadu aaminsan yihiin inuu dhex maray Oum Er-Rbia qarnigii 6-aad ee BC.<ref name="r987">{{cite web | title=Hanno the Navigator (2) | website=Livius | date=2020-11-10 | url=https://www.livius.org/articles/person/hanno-1-the-navigator/hanno-1-the-navigator-2/ | access-date=2026-01-08}}</ref> Sida ay sheegeen aqoonyahannadu, magaca asalka ah ee Berber-ka ee webiga waa Wansifen waxaana la beddelay dhawaan, qiyaastii qarnigii 16-aad ama 17-aad, tuulo ku dhow oo la yiraahdo [[Oum Rabia (commune)|Oum Rabia]] ayaa laga yaabaa inay saameyn ku yeelatay isbeddelkan.<ref>{{cite book|script-title=ar:التشوف إلى رجال التصوف, circa 1220 AD|pages=309, 340|author=Ibn al-Zayyat al-Tadili|author-link=Ibn al-Zayyat al-Tadili|edition=[[Ahmed Toufiq]]|language=ar}}</ref> Oum Er-Rbia waxaa quudiya tiro aad u badan oo ah ilo biyoodka dhulka hoostiisa ah. Aagga u dhow meesha uu ka soo askumo waxaa loo yaqaan "Afartan Ilo Biyood", in kasta oo uu yahay eray suugaaneed halkii uu ka ahaan lahaa tirin sax ah.<ref name="readersnatural" /> == Sawiro == <gallery> File:Sources d'Oum Rabii 1.JPG|Ilo-biyoodkan ayaa ka mid ah ilaha Oum Er-Rbia, meel u dhow [[Khénifra]] File:Sources d'Oum Rabii é.JPG|Qaab-dhismeedyo ku teedsan Oum Er-Rbia File:Azemmour from Oum Er-Rbia.jpg|[[Azemmour]] oo laga arkayo Oum Er-Rbia File:Oum Er R'bia.jpg|Webiga Oum Er-Rbia </gallery> == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} {{Commons category|Oum Er-Rbia River}} {{Coord|33.320|N|8.338|W|display=title|source:cswiki}} {{Authority control}} kosh2lt7mtw1uozqwaihi3vnf5y03ob 0 48065 305782 299637 2026-08-24T17:36:53Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305782 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Canal Medina Fez Morocco 100817 (49684330503).jpg|thumb|Oued Bou Khrareb (qayb ka mid ah Oued Fes) oo dhex maraya [[Fes el Bali|Fes el-Bali]], oo la arkay 2020|alt=|upright=1.3]] '''Webiga Fes''' ({{Langx|ar|واد فاس|macnihiisu yahay 'Webiga Fes'}}) waa [[webi]] ku yaalla [[Morocco|Marooko]]. Waa [[gacan-biyood]] ka mid ah [[Sebou River|Webiga Sebou]] waxaana taariikh ahaan uu ahaa isha ugu weyn ee biyaha ee magaalada labaad ee ugu weyn [[List of cities in Morocco|Marooko]], [[Fez, Morocco|Fes]], kaas oo uu magaca ka qaato. Webigu wuxuu ka kooban yahay dhowr [[Stream|durdurro]] oo kala duwan kuwaas oo ka soo askuma Saïss Plain oo koonfur iyo galbeed ka xiga Fes ka hor inta aysan isugu biirin aagga [[Fes el Bali|Fes el-Bali]], magaaladii hore ([[Medina quarter|medina]]) ee Fes.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Le Tourneau|first=Roger|title=Fès avant le protectorat: étude économique et sociale d'une ville de l'occident musulman|publisher=Société Marocaine de Librairie et d'Édition|year=1949|location=Casablanca}}</ref><ref name="Métalsi 2003">{{Cite book|last=Métalsi|first=Mohamed|title=Fès: La ville essentielle|publisher=ACR Édition Internationale|year=2003|isbn=978-2867701528|location=Paris}}</ref> Qarniyo badan webiga waxaa loo kala qaybiyay oo loo leexiyay qulqulatooyin badan oo [[Canal|kanaallo]] ah kuwaas oo biyaha ku qaybiyay magaalada oo marar badan awood siiyay [[Noria|mishiinnada biyaha]] taariikhiga ah.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":4" /> Kanaalladan biyaha ee kala duwan waxay ku biiraan '''Oued Bou Khrareb''' kaas oo dhex mara magaalada hore oo taariikh ahaan u qaybiyay xaafadaha ''Qarawiyyin'' iyo ''Andalusiyyin''.<ref name=":02" /> Ka dib marka webigu ka baxo magaalada wuxuu u socdaa bari masaafo gaaban ka hor inta uusan ku biirin Webiga Sebou. Laamaha iyo qaybaha kala duwan ee webiga, oo ay ku jiraan qaar badan oo ka mid ah kanaallada gacanta lagu sameeyay, sidoo kale waxay leeyihiin magacyadooda. == Sharraxaadda webiga == === Isha === Webigu wuxuu ka bilaabmaa Ras al-Ma ("Madaxa Biyaha"), 12 [[Kilometre|kiiloomitir]] koonfur-galbeed ka xiga magaalada, oo ka soo baxaya god [[Lake|haro]] [[limestone|dhagax nuureed]], oo leh [[Discharge (hydrology)|qulqul]] qiyaastii 500 [[Litre|litir]]/ilbiriqsi.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Madani|first=Tariq|date=1999|title=Le réseau hydraulique de la ville de Fès|journal=Archéologie islamique|volume=8-9|pages=119–142}}</ref>{{Rp|131}} === Oued al-Jawahir === Laanta ugu weyn ee webiga waxay ku wareegtaa geeska waqooyi ee dhulka [[Dar al-Makhzen (Fez)|Qasriga Boqortooyada]] (''Dar al-Makhzen'') iyo [[Fes Jdid|Fes el-Jdid]] ka hor inta aysan gelin [[Fes el Bali|Fes el-Bali]]. Qaybtan waxaa sidoo kale loo yaqaannaa ''Oued al-Jawahir'' ({{Langx|ar|واد الجواهر|macnihiisu yahay 'Webiga Luulka'}}).<ref name=":02" /> Waxay mar dhex martay aag fidsan oo ah dhulal dhiin ah iyo [[Wetland|dhul-qoyan]] oo ku yaalla meel u dhow waxa hadda ah Fes el-Jdid iyo ''Ville Nouvelle'' ee casriga ah, ka hor inta aysan ka soo bixin meelo dhowr ah.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Gaudio|first=Attilio|title=Fès: Joyau de la civilisation islamique|url=https://archive.org/details/fesjoyaudelacivi0000gaud|publisher=Les Presse de l'UNESCO: Nouvelles Éditions Latines|year=1982|isbn=2723301591|location=Paris}}</ref> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tan iyo markii la aasaasay Fes el-Jdid (qarnigii 13-aad), Oued al-Jawahir si tartiib tartiib ah ayaa loo leexiyay qaarna ka mid ah durdurradii hore waxay u muuqdaan inay baaba'een.<ref name=":6" /> Qulqulka webiga waxaa dib loo habeeyay si loo siiyo biyo dhismaha Qasriga Boqortooyada iyo taxane ah jardiinooyinka boqortooyada sida [[Mosara Garden|Jardiinooyinka Mosara]] ee [[Marinid Sultanate|Marinid-ka]] (hadda baaba'ay) iyo [[Jnan Sbil Gardens|Jardiinooyinka Jnan Sbil]] ee qarnigii 19-aad (hadda jira), ka hor inta aysan u sii socon dhinaca Fes el-Bali, halkaas oo loo qaybiyo shabakad ballaaran oo durdurro iyo kanaallo gacanta lagu sameeyay kuwaas oo ku dhammaada Oued Bou Khrareb.<ref name="Métalsi 2003" /><ref name=":02" /> === Oued Bou Khrareb === {{multiple image | total_width = 400 | image1 = ETH-BIB-Fluss in Fès-Nordafrikaflug 1932-LBS MH02-13-0369.tif | alt1 = | caption1 = Oued Bou Khrareb oo ku jira sawir laga qaaday 1932 | image2 = Fes insolite.jpg | alt2 = | caption2 = Oued Bou Khrareb sanadkii 2020 | footer = }} ''Oued Bou Khrareb'' (ama mararka qaarkood ''Oued el-Kbir'') waa magaca caadiga ah ee loo bixiyay koorsada magaalo ee ugu weyn ee webiga dhex mara Fes el-Bali.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|122}} Webigan waxaa marka hore quudiya laba durdurro kale oo loo yaqaanno ''Oued ez-Zitoun'' iyo ''Oued Bou Fekran'' kuwaas oo magaalada ka gala koonfurta [[Gates of Fez|Bab Jdid]].<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|234}} Waxaa sidoo kale quudiya kanaallada kala duwan ee ka go'ay Oued al-Jawahir si ay u siiyaan biyaha magaalada ka hor inta aysan ugu dambeyntii ku dhammaan qulqulatankan dhex mara magaalada. Maadaama uu yahay barta ugu hooseysa ee medina, webigu wuxuu sidaas darteed u shaqeeyaa sidii ururiye loogu talagalay biyaha la isticmaalay ee magaalada.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Koorsada Bou Khrareb sidoo kale waxay samaysaa xadka taariikhiga ah ee u dhexeeya xaafadaha [[University of al-Qarawiyyin|Qarawiyyin]] iyo [[Andalusian Mosque|Andalus]] ee magaalada, kuwaas oo markii hore ahaa laba magaalo oo kala gooni ah (''al-'Aliya'' iyo ''Madinat Fas'') taariikhdoodii hore ka hor inta aysan isku biirin [[Almoravid dynasty|Almoravid-ka]] qarnigii 11-aad.<ref name=":02" /> Qayb weyn oo ka mid ah koorsada Oued Bou Khrareb, laga bilaabo Bab Jdid ilaa [[R'cif Mosque|Place R'cif]], ayaa hadda ku qarsoon waddo casri ah oo loogu talagalay taraafikada baabuurta (mid ka mid ah kuwa yar ee gala medina). Waddadu waxay dabooshaa webiga ilaa Place R'cif, oo ah fagaare weyn oo ku yaalla wadnaha medina, webiguna wuxuu dib uga soo baxaa dhinaca waqooyi ee fagaaraha.<ref name="Métalsi 2003" /><ref name=":02" /> Halkaas webigu wuxuu u socdaa waqooyi-bari wuxuuna ka baxaa magaalada inta u dhaxaysa [[Bab Guissa]] iyo iridda hore ee Bab Sidi Bou Jida.<ref name=":02" /> == Shabakadda biyaha ee taariikhiga ah ee Fes == [[File:Oued Fes east of old mechouar DSCF5004.jpg|alt=|thumb|Muuqaalka sariirta webiga Oued al-Jawahir oo ka soo baxaya hoosta darbiyada [[Dar al-Makhzen (Fez)#Old Mechouar (Vieux Méchouar)|Old Mechouar]] (iyadoo loo marayo afarta qaansaley ee midigta) ee [[Fes Jdid|Fes el-Jdid]]. Qaybaha ugu waaweyn ee webiga (laba kanaal oo ka muuqda safka hore ee bidixda) waxay halkan ka dhacaan iyo jardiinooyinka ku dhow ee [[Jnan Sbil Gardens|Jnan Sbil]].]] Fes el-Bali waxay heshay biyo badan tan iyo markii la aasaasay.<ref name=":02" /> Qorshayaashii hadda ee nidaamka sahayda biyaha waxaa bilaabay [[Zenata|Zenata]] [[emir|amiir]] Dunas ibn Hamama intii u dhaxaysay 1037 iyo 1049 ka dibna waxaa sii sharraxay [[Almoravid dynasty|Almoravid-ka]] amiir [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin]] intii u dhaxaysay 1069 (qabsashadii Almoravid ee Fes) iyo 1106.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Marcos Cobaleda|first1=Maria|last2=Villalba Sola|first2=Dolores|date=2018|title=Transformations in medieval Fez: Almoravid hydraulic system and changes in the Almohad walls|journal=The Journal of North African Studies|volume=23|issue=4|pages=591–623|doi=10.1080/13629387.2017.1371596}}</ref> Laga soo bilaabo galbeedka, Oued al-Jawahir wuxuu u socdaa bari dhinaca geeska waqooyi ee Fes el-Jdid, isagoo dhex maraya [[Dar al-Makhzen (Fez)#Bab Bou Jat Mechouar|Bab Bou Jat Mechouar]], [[Dar al-Makina]] (warshad hub oo hore), ka dibna ka hooseeya [[Dar al-Makhzen (Fez)#Old Mechouar (Vieux Méchouar)|Old Mechouar]] meel u dhow [[Bab Dekkakin]] ka hor inta uusan dib uga soo bixin dhinaca bari, oo ku taal geeska Jardiinooyinka Jnan Sbil. Halkan waxay ka soo baxdaa afar furitaan oo qaansaley ah oo ku yaalla xagga hoose ee [[Rampart (fortification)|gidaarrada]] Old Mechouar iyo qaybta ugu weyn ee webiga ee gacanta lagu sameeyay ayaa halkan ka dhacda.<ref name=":3" /> Qaybtan waxay abuurtaa kanaallo dhowr ah (inta badan waa kuwo dhulka hoostiisa ah) iyada oo loo marayo Fes el-Bali kuwaas oo ugu dambeyntii dib ugu shuba Oued Bou Khrareb (magaca koorsada ugu weyn ee webiga ee gudaha magaalada).<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":02" /> Waxaa jira afar qaybood oo kanaal taariikhi ah oo waaweyn: ''Oued Fejjalin'', ''Oued el-Hamiya'', ''Sakiyyat el-Abbasa'', iyo ''Oued Shrashar''.<ref name=":02" /> Inta badan kuwan ayaa markaa u kala go'a kanaallo kale iyadoo ay sii socdaan magaalada. Shabakad kasta, kanaallada biyaha ee bixiya biyaha cabbitaanka iyo dhaqidda waxaa laga ilaaliyay kuwii loo isticmaalay in lagu daadgureeyo qashinka.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|last=Salmon|first=Xavier|title=Fès mérinide: Une capitale pour les arts, 1276-1465|publisher=Lienart|year=2021|isbn=9782359063356|pages=296–299}}</ref> Oued Fejjalin waa mid ka mid ah qaybaha ugu muhiimsan. Waxay dhex martaa qaybta waqooyi ee Jardiinooyinka Jnan Sbil iyo [[Dar el-Beida, Fez|Dar al-Beida Palace]], ka hor inta aysan u kala qaybsamin laamo badan. Hal laan ayaa u socota koonfur laakiin inta badan maanta way baaba'day. Midda kale, ''Oued el-Lemtiyyin,'' waxay u socotaa waqooyi-bari dhinaca aagga Bou Jeloud waxayna bixisay qaybaha waqooyi ee magaalada.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":02" /> Isla marka ay gasho gidaarrada magaalada, biyaha ''Oued el-Lemtiyyin'' waxaa ururiya dhismo qaybiye weyn oo ku yaalla dhinaca koonfureed ee iridda [[Bab Bou Jeloud]].<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|last=Madani|first=Tariq|url=http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2003/madani_t|title=L'eau dans le monde musulman médiéval : L'exemple de Fès (Maroc) et de sa région|publisher=Université Lyon II (thesis)|year=2003}}</ref><ref name=":8" /> Dhismaha waxaa laga sameeyay leben iyo [[rammed earth|dhoobo la tumay]]. Waxay asal ahaan ka soo jeedaa xilligii Almoravid,<ref name=":4" /> in kasta oo gidaarka dhinaca galbeed uu yahay qayb ka mid ah [[Fortifications of Fez|gidaarrada magaalada]] Almohad iyo qaar ka mid ah astaamaha haydarooliga waxay u badan tahay inay mareen wax ka beddello sannadihii la soo dhaafay maadaama magaaladu horumartay ama heshiisyadii nidaaminayay qaybinta biyaha ay isbeddeleen.<ref name=":9" /> Waxay leedahay saddex furitaan oo qaansaley ah oo u horseeda qolal qaansaley ah oo hoos yimaada gidaarka kuwaas oo biyuhu markaa uga soo baxaan dhinaca kale saddex kanaal oo hawada u furan ama "aagag", oo ku yaalla meelo kala duwan oo dherer ah. Aagga dhexe wuxuu ka kooban yahay kayd weyn oo biyaha geliya saddex kanaal oo dhulka hoostiisa ah dhinaca bari. Labada aag ee kale, oo ku yaalla dhul ka sarreeya oo dhinac kasta ka mid ah tan, waxay heleen qaddar yar oo biyo ah laakiin waxay ahaayeen kuwo aad u adag, oo ka kooban barkado iyo kanaallo badan oo yaryar kuwaas oo nidaaminayay qaybinta xaafadaha maxalliga ah. Kala duwanaanshaha qoto dheer iyo dhererka kaydadka iyo kanaallada kala duwan waxay muujiyeen heshiisyadii biyaha ee la xidhay kuwaas oo xaafado ama dhismayaal qaarkood ay mudnaan u lahaayeen biyaha, halka goobo kale, oo mudnaan yar leh, ay heleen oo kaliya marka heerka biyuhu sarreeyay ku filan si ay u gaaraan kanaallada iyo kaydadka ku yaalla meelo sare. Biyaha soo galaya qaybiyaha waxaa sidoo kale hoos loo dhigay oo loo leexiyay biyo-xireenno yaryar iyo [[Settling basin|barkado dejin]], iyo sidoo kale kaydadka kala duwan laftooda, kuwaas oo sidaas darteed sidoo kale u shaqeeyay sidii nidaam [[water treatment|daawaynta biyaha]] oo aasaasi ah iyagoo qabanaya oo shaandhaynaya qashinka iyo wasakhda kale ee jidheed. Qaybiyahan, biyaha ayaa markaa ku faafay kanaallo kala duwan oo dhulka hoostiisa ah oo dhex mara xaafadaha ku yaalla dhinaca hoose, iyadoo laga bilaabayo kuwa ku yaalla meelaha [[Tala'a Kebira]] iyo Tala'a Seghira. Mid ka mid ah kanaallada ayaa weli dhex mara barxadda [[Bou Inania Madrasa]] maanta. Dhismayaal qaybiye kale, oo cabbir iyo kakanaansho yar, ayaa ku yaallay shabakaddan oo dhan iyo shabakado kale si loo sii nidaamiyo qaybinta biyaha.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":3" /> Sida Oued el-Hamiya, waxay ka go'daa laamaha kale ee waaweyn ee Jnan Sbil ka hor inta aysan u kala qaybsamin laamo badan kuwaas oo inta badan siiya qaybaha koonfureed ee magaalada.<ref name=":3" /> Mid ka mid ah laamaheeda ayaa sidoo kale mar bixiyay, iyada oo loo marayo kanaal biyood, xaafadda [[Andalusian Mosque|Andalus]] ee ku taal xeebta ka soo horjeeda ee webiga Bou Khrareb.<ref name=":02" /> Labadii laamood ee ugu dambeeyay, Sakiyyat al-Abbasa iyo Oued Shrashar, waxay bixiyeen gobollada u dhow [[Gates of Fez|Bab al-Hadid]] iyo jardiinooyinka u dhexeeya Fes el-Jdid iyo Fes el-Bali.<ref name=":02" /> Marka laga soo tago shabakaddan galbeed ee kanaallada ka imanaya Oued al-Jawahir, durdurrada koonfurta magaalada (kuwaas oo sidoo kale samaystay bilowgii Webiga Bou Khrareb) waxay quudiyeen kanaal gebi ahaanba gooni ah laakiin muhiim ah oo loo yaqaanno ''Oued Masmuda''.<ref name=":02" /> Kanaalkan, oo sii bari ka sii jira, wuxuu siiyay biyo xaafadda Andalus ee Fes qaybta koonfur-bari ee webiga Bou Khrareb.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":3" /> Waxay ka bilaabataa koonfurta magaalada waxayna dhex martay gidaarradii hore ee magaalada iyada oo loo marayo furitaan [[culvert|kanaal]] loo yaqaanno ''Bab ash-Shobbak'' ("Iridda Daaqadda") kaas oo lagu ilaaliyay [[Grille (architecture)|shabaq]] bir ah.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":02" /> Kanaallo kale oo yar ayaa ka go'ay intii ay ku sii socotay degmada, ilaa ay ugu dambeyntii dib ugu biirtay webiga Bou Khrareb wax yar ka hor inta aysan ka bixin magaalada.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":3" /> Kanaalku wuxuu u muuqdaa in loogu magac daray [[Masmuda]] [[Berbers|Berber-ka]] qabiilka qabiilka kaas oo aasaasay [[Almohad Caliphate|dhaqdhaqaaqa Almohad]], taas oo soo jeedinaysa in laga yaabo inay dhisteen Almohads ama in qoysaska Masmuda ama ciidamadooda lagu dejiyay agteeda waqti ka mid ah.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|113}} [[File:Noria in fes DSCF2893.jpg|alt=|thumb|Taariikhi ''[[noria]]'' (mishiinka biyaha) oo ku yaalla geeska galbeed ee Jardiinooyinka Jnan Sbil ee u dhexeeya Fes el-Jdid iyo [[Fes el Bali|Fes el-Bali]].]] Kanaalladan taariikhiga ah ee badankood hadda waa dhulka hoostiisa, iyadoo kaliya qaar ka mid ah [[Toponymy|magacyada goobaha]] qadiimiga ah ay tilmaamayaan buundooyinkii hore ee dushooda maray (tusaale magaca ''Qantrat Bou Rous'' oo qayb ka mid ah [[Tala'a Kebira]]).<ref name=":02" /> Kanaalladan iyo durdurradan waxay sidoo kale quudiyaan warshado dhowr ah sida [[Tanning (leather)|harag-qurxinta]] taariikhiga ah ee magaalada, kuwaas oo kuwa ugu caansan ay yihiin [[Chouara Tannery|Harag-qurxinta Chouara]].<ref name=":02" /> Tiro badan oo [[Water wheel|mishiinnada biyaha]] (oo loo yaqaanno ''[[noria]]''s ama mararka qaarkood ''saqiyya''s) ayaa ku yaallay shabakadda biyaha ee magaalada oo dhan si ay u caawiyaan qaybinta biyaha ama ay u awood siiyaan warshado gaar ah.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":3" /> Qaar ka mid ah kuwan ayaa ahaa kuwo aad u waaweyn, sida noria weyn oo bixisay jardiinooyinka boqortooyada Marinid ee [[Mosara Garden|Mosara]], oo cabbirkeedu ahaa 26 mitir dhexroor iyo 2 mitir dhumuc ah.<ref name="Métalsi 2003" /> Kaliya dhowr ka mid ah mishiinnadan biyaha ayaa ku badbaaday qaab uun, oo ay ku jiraan tusaalooyin dhowr ah oo ku wareegsan Jardiinooyinka Jnan Sbil.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":4" /> == Buundooyinka taariikhiga ah == [[File:Pont - Pont sur l'oued Fès - Fès - Médiathèque de l'architecture et du patrimoine - AP62T089238.jpg|left|thumb|Buundada Bin el-Mudun sawir 1916 ah]] Oued Bou Khrareb waxaa ka gudba dhowr buundooyin taariikhi ah oo gudaha medina, qaar ka mid ah kuwaas oo la dhisay ka hor inta aan la midaynin labada xeebood oo hal magaalo ah qarnigii 11-aad.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=El Ouardighi |first=Samir |date=26 May 2017 |title=La magnifique rénovation des 27 monuments de Fès – Conseil Régional du Tourisme (CRT) de Fès |url=https://medias24.com/2017/05/26/un-evenement-projet-par-projet-la-magnifique-renovation-des-27-monuments-de-fes/ |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=Médias24 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Waxaa marar badan jiray ugu yaraan lix buundooyin, oo la sheegay inuu dhisay [[Maghrawa|Maghrawa]] taliye Dunas ibn Hamama horraantii qarnigii 11-aad, ka hor inta aan la midaynin labada magaalo ee [[Almoravids|Almoravid-ka]] ka dib qarnigii isku midka ah.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Gaillard|first=Henri|title=Une ville de l'Islam: Fès|url=https://archive.org/details/unevilledelisla00gailgoog|publisher=J. André|year=1905|location=Paris|pages=[https://archive.org/details/unevilledelisla00gailgoog/page/n55 32]}}</ref><ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=51}}<ref name=":0" /> Tan iyo markaas waxaa la hagaajiyay ama dib loo dhisay marar badan.<ref name=":5" /> Taariikhyahankii qarnigii 14-aad [[Al-Jazna'i]] wuxuu soo sheegay in taliyaha Almoravid [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin|Yusuf Ibn Tashfin]] (d. 1106) uu dhisay lix buundooyin, kuwaas oo loo kala magacaabay ''Abu Tuba'', ''Abu Barquqa'', ''Bab al-Silsila'', ''Sebbaghin'', ''Kahf al-Waqqadin'', iyo ''er-Remila''.<ref name=":4" /> Inta badan waxaa lagu baabbi'iyay fatahaadihii 725 AH (1324 ama 1325 CE) qaarna waxaa dib u dhisay [[Marinid|Marinid]] suldaankii xilligaas, [[Abu Sa'id Uthman II|Abu Sa'id]] (d. 1331).<ref name=":5" /> Buundooyin qaar ayaa baaba'ay laakiin magacyadoodu waxay ku sii jireen magacyo goobaha maxalliga ah.<ref name=":5" /> Daraasad ay sameeyeen María Marcos Cobaleda iyo Dolores Villalba Sola ayaa sheegtay in laba ka mid ah buundooyinka Almoravid weli la keydiyay.<ref name=":4" /> Taariikhyahan Roger Le Tourneau wuxuu ku qiyaasay in saddexda buundo ee ugu waaweyn maanta ay dib ugu noqdaan xilligii [[Almohad Caliphate|Almohad]] ugu yaraan.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=148}} [[File:ETH-BIB-Brücke in Fès-Nordafrikaflug 1932-LBS MH02-13-0385.tif|thumb|Buundada Terrafin ("Buundada Kabatoleyda") ee ka sarreysa webiga 1932. Maanta buundada waxay ku taal geeska waqooyi ee Place R'cif.]] Buundooyinka maanta haray, ''Qantrat Bin el-Mudun'' ("Buundada u dhaxaysa labada magaalo") waa tan ugu waqooyi, waxaana xiga dhinaca koonfureed ''Qantrat Sebbaghin'' ("Buundada Harag-qurxiyeyaasha"; sidoo kale loo yaqaanno Buundada Gzam Ben Zakkoun) iyo ''Qantrat Terrafin'' ("Buundada Kabatoleyda") oo waqooyi ka xiga Place R'cif.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=|pages=128, 142–145}} Buundo kale, ''Qantrat Sidi al-'Awwad'' ("Buundada Sidi al-'Awwad"), ayaa mar ku taallay koonfurta fog, aagga uu webigu hadda ku dabooshan yahay waddo laamiga ah.<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=|pages=142–146}} Dhaqan ahaan, saddexda buundo ee ugu muhiimsan waxay ahaayeen ''Bin el-Mudun'', ''Terrafin'', iyo ''Sidi al-'Awwad'', kuwaas oo mid kasta uu ku yaallay waddo weyn oo ka mid ah xaafadda Andalus (xeebta bari).<ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=142}} Buundada ''Bin el-Mudun'', oo la rumeysan yahay inay ka soo jeeddo waqtigii Dunas ibn Hamama, waxaa loo tixgeliyey mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu quruxda badan, iyada oo ku taalla dhexda meel dhagax ah oo [[rapids|biyo xawaare sare leh]].<ref name=":5" /> María Marcos Cobaleda iyo Dolores Villalba Sola waxay u aaneeyaan xilligii Almoravid.<ref name=":4" /> Waxay leedahay ballac ka kooban saddex qaansaley laakiin kaliya kan dhexe ayaa weli muuqda maanta.<ref name=":4" /> Buundada ''Sebbaghin'', oo sidoo kale loo yaqaanno Buundada ''Khrashfiyin'' (ama ''Khrachfiyine'' oo ku qoran Faransiiska [[transliteration|far-qoraal]]), waxaa la rumeysan yahay inay asal ahaan dhistay Dunas ibn Hamama oo ay soo celisay ama dib u dhistay Marinids qarnigii 14-aad.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /> Buundada ''Terrafin'' ama ''al-Tarrafin'',<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /> oo asal ahaan loo magacaabay ''Qantrat Bab al-Silsila'',<ref name=":4" /> waxaa laga helaa geeska waqooyi ee Place R'cif. Waxa kale oo la rumeysan yahay inay bilowgii ka soo jeeddo Amiir Dunas qarnigii 11-aad,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /> halka María Marcos Cobaleda iyo Dolores Villalba Sola ay u aaneeyaan xilligii Almoravid sidoo kale.<ref name=":4" /> Waa buundada kaliya ee ku taal Fes oo ay dukaanno ku leeyihiin labada dhinac, oo la mid ah buundooyinka badan ee qarniyadii dhexe ee Yurub.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":02" />{{Rp|page=336}}<gallery widths="150" class="center" caption="Buundooyinka taariikhiga ah ee la keydiyay ee ka sarreysa Oued Bou Khareb"> File:Terrafin Bridge DSCF3826.jpg|Buundada Terrafin, oo ku taal dhammaadka waqooyi ee Place R'cif (sawir 2023) File:Sebbaghin Bridge DSCF3830.jpg|Buundada Sebbaghin, oo ku taal waqooyiga fog ee Buundada Terrafin (sawir 2023) File:Bin el-Mudun Bridge DSCF3650.jpg|Buundada Bin el-Mudun, oo ku taal koonfurta fog ee [[Chouara Tannery]] (sawir 2023) </gallery> == Dhibaatooyinka wasakhowga iyo dadaallada dib-u-soo-kabashada == [[File:Fes, Old city.jpg|thumb|Dhaqan [[Tanning (leather)|harag-qurxiyeyaal]] ayaa la arkaa iyagoo ka shaqaynaya agagaarka Oued Bou Khrareb (2006; ka hor dib-u-habeyn dhowaan lagu sameeyay aagga).|alt=|left]] Webiga, gaar ahaan Oued Bou Khrareb ee ku dhex jira medina hore, wuxuu muddo dheer ka soo gaaray wasakhowga culus ee [[sewage|biyaha wasakhda ah]], hawlaha harag-qurxinta ee u dhow (kuwaas oo abuura qashin kiimiko ah), iyo in mararka qaarkood loo isticmaalo sidii goob qashin qubka dadka deegaanka.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/ex/sustainablecitiescollective/revitalization-fez-river-reclaimed-public-space/171636/|title=Revitalization of the Fez River: A Reclaimed Public Space {{!}} Smart Cities Dive|website=www.smartcitiesdive.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-31}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.morocco.com/blog/the-rejuvenation-of-the-fez-river/|title=Morocco.com {{!}} The Rejuvenation of the Fez River|website=www.morocco.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-31}}</ref> Xitaa magaca Oued Bou Khrareb wuxuu ka dhigan yahay "Webiga Wasakhda".<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":1" /> Kordhinta wasakhowga waqtiyada casriga ah ayaa keentay in dadka deegaanka ay dhisaan gidaarro iyo caqabado la taaban karo si ay u xannibaan urta webiga, iyo dhawaanahan maamulka magaalada ayaa bilaabay inay daboolaan qaybaha bannaan ee webiga oo leh taargooyin la taaban karo, kuwaas oo kaliya horseeday qashin dheeraad ah oo isku urursan dushooda.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|date=2014-04-04|title=A jewel of the city: Aziza Chaouni on restoring the Fez River|url=https://blog.ted.com/from-an-open-sewer-to-a-jewel-of-the-city-aziza-chaouni-on-uncovering-and-restoring-the-fez-river/|access-date=2020-09-15|website=TED Blog|language=en}}</ref> Qashinka warshadaha harag-qurxinta iyo hawlaha kale ayaa sidoo kale horseeday kiimikooyin sun ah, gaar ahaan heerarka sarreeya ee [[Chromium toxicity|Chromium]], oo ku urursan ciidda iyo biyaha.<ref name=":7" /> In kasta oo la rumeysan yahay in tani aysan saameyn ku yeelan biyaha cabbitaanka ee magaalada (kuwaas oo ka imanaya dhinaca sare), waxay dhibaato u abuurtaa goobaha dhinaca hoose ee Webiga Sebou ka dib markii uu ku biiray Oued Fes.<ref>{{Cite web|last=International|first=Living on Earth / World Media Foundation / Public Radio|date=October 2014|title=Living on Earth: Fascinating & Toxic - Traditional Moroccan Tanneries|url=https://www.loe.org/shows/segments.html?programID=14-P13-00044&segmentID=4%27A%3D0|access-date=2020-09-15|website=Living on Earth|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Es-Sette|first1=B.|last2=Ajdor|first2=Y.|last3=Zidane|first3=F.|last4=Fakhraddine|first4=A.|last5=Foutlane|first5=A.|date=2005|title=Modèle conceptuel de transport de métaux traces (chrome et nickel) dans l'Oued Sebou Maroc|journal=Environmental Technology|volume=26|issue=8|pages=831–841|doi=10.1080/09593332608618494|pmid=16128382}}</ref> [[File:Fes bridge restoration 1.jpg|thumb|Buundada Sebbaghin oo lagu samaynayo dib-u-habeyn Noofembar 2014]] Dabayaaqadii 2000-meeyadii, mashruuc baaxad leh oo lagu hagaajinayo nidaamka webiga iyo deegaankiisa magaalo ayaa la bilaabay. Mashruuca, oo uu hoggaaminayay naqshadeeye [[Aziza Chaouni]], waxaa ku jiray nadiifinta webiga, dib-u-habeynta xeebtiisa magaalo, abuurista waddooyinka dadka lugta leh ee u furan, iyo dib-u-habeynta meelaha bannaan ee ka jira webiga agtiisa sida Place R'cif iyo Place Lalla Yeddouna.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.daniels.utoronto.ca/news/2014/03/20/aziza-chaouni-presents-2014-ted-talk-her-efforts-uncover-fez-river-morocco|title=Aziza Chaouni presents a 2014 TED Talk on her efforts to uncover the Fez River in Morocco|date=2014-03-20|website=Daniels|language=en|access-date=2020-03-31|archive-date=2020-06-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627192051/https://www.daniels.utoronto.ca/news/2014/03/20/aziza-chaouni-presents-2014-ted-talk-her-efforts-uncover-fez-river-morocco|url-status=dead}}</ref> Soo jeedinta lagu hagaajinayo tayada biyaha waxaa sidoo kale ku jiray abuurista dhulal qoyan (kuwaas oo horay uga jiray koorsada webiga) iyo soo celinta kanaallada webiga.<ref name=":2" /> Hal mar mashruucu wuxuu sidoo kale soo jeediyay in la joojiyo ama la dhimo hawlaha [[Chouara Tannery|Harag-qurxinta Chouara]] oo loo raro warshadaha harag-qurxinta meel kale halkaas oo wasakhowgooda si ammaan ah loo maareyn karo,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hybrid Urban Sutures: Filling in the Gaps in the Medina of Fez |url=https://www.architectmagazine.com/awards/p-a-awards/aziza-chaouni_o |access-date=2020-09-15 |website=architectmagazine.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2008-12-21|title=THE VIEW FROM FEZ: The Fez Tanneries - Aziza Chaouni responds|url=http://riadzany.blogspot.com/2008/12/fez-tanneries-aziza-chaouni-responds.html|access-date=2020-09-15|website=THE VIEW FROM FEZ}}</ref> laakiin ugu dambeyntii harag-qurxinta waa la soo celiyay oo la reebay meeshoodii.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-02-27|title=THE VIEW FROM FEZ: The Famous Fez Chouara Tannery Gets a Makeover|url=http://riadzany.blogspot.com/2016/02/the-famous-fez-chaouaratannery-gets.html|access-date=2020-09-15|website=THE VIEW FROM FEZ}}</ref> Dib-u-habeynta webiga, oo socotay tan iyo markaas, ayaa sidoo kale ka dhacday dadaallo ballaaran oo lagu soo celinayo taallooyinka taariikhiga ah iyo calaamadaha magaalada hore, inta badan iyadoo ay hoggaaminayso wakaaladda dib-u-soo-kabashada dhaxalka ee maxalliga ah ADER-Fes. Tani waxaa ku jiray soo celinta buundooyinka ka sarreeya webiga Bou Khrareb, iyadoo buundooyinka Terrafin iyo Sebbaghin/Khrashfiyin lagu soo celiyay 2010-meeyadii.<ref name=":0" /> == Tixraacyo == {{commonscat}} {{Reflist}} {{coord|34.07749|-4.92497|format=dms|type:river_region:MA|display=title}} d9npv0wxhbb803a97twxtvow5y096f0 0 48087 305908 299684 2026-08-24T18:47:38Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305908 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name= Gacanka Benin | native_name = {{native name|fr|Golfe du Bénin}} |native_name_lang= | image= Gulf of Guinea (English).jpg | caption = Khariidadda Gacanka Guinea oo muujinaysa Gacanka Benin. | coords= {{Coord|5.0|N|2.1|E|type:waterbody_scale:2000000|display=inline}} | rivers= [[Webiga Niger|Niger]] | oceans=[[Gacanka Guinea]]<br>[[Badweynta Atlaantik]] | countries= [[Ghana]], [[Togo]], [[Jamhuuriyadda Benin|Benin]], [[Nayjeeriya]] | length = {{convert|300|km|abbr=on}} | width ={{convert|640|km|abbr=on}} |pushpin_map=Africa#Nigeria | area= | islands= | cities= [[Cotonou]] }} '''Gacanka Benin''', ama '''Bay of Benin''', waa [[gacanka (juqraafi)|gacan]] ku yaalla aagga [[Gacanka Guinea]] ee xeebta galbeedka Afrika. ==Juqraafiga== Gacanka Benin waxaa loogu magac daray [[Boqortooyadii Benin]] ee hadda ku taal [[Nayjeeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gacanka Benin {{!}} gacan, Badweynta Atlaantik {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bight-of-Benin|access-date=2022-02-11|website=www.britannica.com|language=en|archive-date=2021-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109094314/https://www.britannica.com/place/Bight-of-Benin|url-status=live}}</ref> (Jamhuuriyadda [[Benin]], oo hore loo odhan jiray Dahomey, magaceeda waxay ka qaadatay gacanka, ee maaha si kale.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 Diseembar 1975 |title=Dahomey Waxay Ku Dhawaaqday In Magaceedu Noqonayo Benin |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/12/01/archives/dahomey-announces-its-name-will-be-benin.html |access-date=16 Sebtember 2020 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=16 Sebtember 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916200353/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/12/01/archives/dahomey-announces-its-name-will-be-benin.html |url-status=live }}</ref>) Waxa uu u fidsan yahay xagga bari ilaa qiyaastii {{convert|640|km}} laga bilaabo [[Cape St. Paul]] ilaa marinka Nun ee [[Webiga Niger]]. Xiriirka taariikhiga ah ee [[Ganacsiga Addoonta ee Atlaantikga]] ayaa horseeday in gobolka loo yaqaano [[Xeebta Addoonta ee Galbeedka Afrika]]. Sida gobollo badan oo kale oo ka mid ah [[Afrika]], boqortooyooyin asal ah oo awood leh oo ku teedsan Gacanka Benin ayaa aad ugu tiirsanaa ganacsi addoon oo muddo dheer jiray kaas oo aad u ballaartay ka dib imaatinka awoodaha Yurub waxayna noqotay ganacsi caalami ah oo la socda [[gumaystaha Ameerika]].<ref>Edward Brynn, [http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/item/2008/1012/comm/brynn_slavery.html Addoonsiga sahel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128083323/http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/item/2008/1012/comm/brynn_slavery.html |date=2013-01-28 }}, [[Jaamacadda Waqooyiga Carolina]]</ref> Qiyaasaha laga helay 1640-yadii ayaa soo jeedinaya in Benin (Beneh) ay qaadatay 1200 addoon sanadkii. Xayiraadaha ayaa adkeeyay in mugga addoontu uu kordho ilaa gobollo cusub iyo waddooyin kala duwan ay bilaabeen inay suurtogal ka dhigaan kororka ganacsiga addoonta.<ref>Transformations in Slavery, Lovejoy 1983, Pg. 54 </ref> ==Tixraacyada dhaqanka== [[File:Küste Benin Hafen Cotonou.JPG|thumb|265px|Xeebta Benin iyadoo dekadda Cotonou ay gadaal ka muuqato]] Gacanka Benin wuxuu leeyahay xiriir dheer oo [[addoonsi]] ah, xeebtiisana waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[Xeebta Addoonta ee Galbeedka Afrika]]. Laga soo bilaabo 1807 wixii ka dambeeyay—ka dib markii ganacsiga addoontu uu noqday mid sharci-darro ah oo ay sameeyeen Ingiriisku—Royal Navy waxay abuurtay West Africa Squadron si ay u caburiso una burburiso ganacsiga addoonta. Dadaaladan waxaa la kordhiyay ka dib 1833 markii ganacsiga addoontu uu noqday mid sharci-darro ah guud ahaan Boqortooyada Ingiriiska. Dadaaladan ayaa sii socon doona ilaa 1890-yadii waxayna ku kaceen Ingiriiska lacago aad u badan, Royal Navy-na boqollaal, haddii aysan ahayn kumanaan, oo badmaaxiin ah ayaa noloshooda ku waayay cudurrada kulaylaha. Gabaygii hore ee Royal Navy wuxuu leeyahay: :''Ka digtoonow, ka digtoonow Gacanka Benin, waayo qaar yar ayaa ka soo baxa in kasta oo qaar badani galaan.'' Nooc ka mid ah ayaa leh: :''Ka digtoonow, ka digtoonow Gacanka Benin: mid ayaa ka soo baxa, halka konton ay galeen!'' Tan waxaa la sheegay inay tahay [[heesta addoonsiga]] ama [[heesta badda]] oo ku saabsan khatarta [[duumada]] ee gacanka.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2001/dec/02/scienceandnature.features|title=Bark for the bite|last=McKie|first=Robin|date=2001-12-02|publisher=guardian.co.uk|access-date=2008-10-02|archive-date=2014-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509172359/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2001/dec/02/scienceandnature.features|url-status=live}}</ref> Nuqulkii saddexaad ee labada sadar waa: :''Ka digtoonow oo daryeel Gacanka Benin. Waxaa jira mid ka soo baxa afartan galeysa.''"<ref>{{cite book|last=Fiammetta|first=Rocco|title=The Miraculous Fever-tree: Malaria and the Quest for a Cure that Changed the World|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2003|page=156|isbn=0-06-019951-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WPKzLDEHPR8C&pg=PA156|access-date=2020-08-31|archive-date=2022-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212031406/https://books.google.com/books?id=WPKzLDEHPR8C&pg=PA156|url-status=live}}</ref> Novel-kii [[R. Austin Freeman]] ee 1927 ''A Certain Dr. Thorndyke'', Cutubka II, "The Legatee," waxaa lagu xusay goobtan. Goobtu waa gumeysiga [[Gold Coast (gobolka)]] ee [[Afrika]] halkaas oo dabeecadda Larkom ay ku weydiinayso, "Sidee bay u socotaa heesta badda ee hore? Waad xasuusataa. 'Oh, Gacanka Benin, Gacanka Benin, Mid baa ka soo baxa meel ay saddex galaan.'" Rajada nolosha ayaa gaabanayd goobtan sababo la xiriira baahida [[qandhada Blackwater]]. Qoraaga [[Philip McCutchan]] wuxuu qoray buug cinwaankiisu yahay ''Beware, beware the Bight of Benin''. [[Sheeko gaaban]] oo ay qortay [[Elizabeth Coatsworth]], "The Forgotten Island" (1942), waxay ka hadlaysaa khasnad ka timid Benin. Nooc ka mid ah heesta ayaa sidoo kale la xusay.<ref>{{cite book | last = Hitchcock | first = Alfred | title = Alfred Hitchcock's Haunted Houseful | url = https://archive.org/details/hauntedhouseful0000hitc_e3k4 | publisher = Random House | location = New York | year = 1961 | isbn = 0-394-81224-7 | page = [https://archive.org/details/hauntedhouseful0000hitc_e3k4/page/83 83]}}</ref> [[Flash For Freedom!]], [[George MacDonald Fraser|George MacDonald Fraser]] 1971 [[novel-ka picaresque]] ee Harry Flashman ee masiibooyinka—meelo kale iyo xaalado kale—guri Ingiriis ah oo qurux badan, ganacsiga addoonta ee 1840-yadii, nolosha beeraha ee antebellum, iyo kulan uu la yeeshay markaas xildhibaan [[Abraham Lincoln]], wuxuu soo xigtay nooc kale oo ka mid ah labada sadar: ''Oh, badmaaxow ka digtoonow Gacanka Benin.'' ''Waxaa jira mid ka soo baxa boqol gala.'' Novel-kii [[Patrick O'Brian]] ''[[The Commodore (O'Brian novel)|The Commodore]]'' (1996), Dr. Maturin wuxuu akhrinayaa gabayga markuu ogaado halka uu maraakiibtiisu u socoto. Commodore Aubrey wuu hubiyaa, isagoo u sheegaya in ay tahay nasiib xumo in sidaas kor loogu sheego jidka. Gabayga sidoo kale waxaa qayb ahaan lagu xigtay cutubka ''Context(6)'' ee [[John Brunner (novelist)|John Brunner]] 1968 novel-kiisa ''[[Stand on Zanzibar]]''. Gacanka Benin (sidoo kale jamhuuriyadda khayaaliga ah ee Beninia) ayaa lagu xusay novel-ka oo dhan. David Bramhall silsiladdiisa novel-ka "The Greatest Cape" ayaa sidoo kale xusaya gabayga, mid ka mid ah dabeecadaha mugga koowaad, ''The Black Joke'', oo ahaa budhcad-badeed iyo addoon-iibiye. 2007, ururin sheekooyin gaagaaban oo cinwaankeedu yahay '''Gacanka Benin: Sheeko Gaaban''' oo uu qoray Kelly J. Morris ayaa waxaa daabacay AtacoraPress.com. Sheekooyinka waxaa lagu dejiyay [[Ghana]], [[Togo]], [[Benin]] iyo [[Nayjeeriya]]. ==Taariikhda== 1 Febraayo 1852, Ingiriisku wuxuu aasaasay [[ilaalinta]] Ingiriiska ee Gacanka Benin, iyadoo hoos timaada awoodda [[Consul (wakiil)|Consul]]s ee Gacanka Benin: jamhuuriyadda Benin iyo Gacanka Benin waxaa loogu magac daray [[Boqortooyadii Benin]] oo u fidsan xagga bari laga bilaabo Cape St. Paul ilaa marinka Nun ee Webiga Niger. {| class="wikitable" align="center" !Muddada !!Ilaalinta |- align="center" |Maajo 1852 – 1853 ||Louis Fraser |- align="center" |1853 – Abriil 1859 ||Benjamin Campbell |- align="center" |Abriil 1859 – 1860 ||George Brand |- align="center" |1860 – Janaayo 1861 ||Henry Hand |- align="center" |Janaayo 1861 – Maajo 1861 ||Henry Grant Foote |- align="center" |Maajo 1861 – 6 Ogosto 1861 ||William McCoskry (ku-simaha) |} 6 Ogosto 1861, [[Ilaalinta Gacanka Biafra]] iyo ilaalinta Gacanka Benin ayaa lagu biiriyay ilaalinta Ingiriiska ee midaysan, ugu dambayntiina waxaa lagu biiriyay Nayjeeriya. ==Tixraacyo iyo ilo== ;Tixraacyo {{Reflist}} ;Ilo * [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria.htm#Southern-Nigeria WorldStatesmen- Southern Nigeria] {{Authority control}} ia6k016o19xb4u9mg8kj1v1478hq36u 0 48130 305843 300828 2026-08-24T18:11:53Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305843 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wouri estuary 1850.svg|thumb|300px|Wouri estuary oo muujinaya qaybta hoose ee webiga (dhexe-bari) iyo degsiimooyinkii [[Duala people|Duala]] qiyaastii 1850]] '''Webiga Dibamba''' wuxuu ku yaalla [[Gobolka Littoral (Cameroon)|Gobolka Littoral]] ee koonfurta [[Cameroon]], wuxuuna ugu shubaa [[Cameroon estuary]] meel u dhow magaalada [[Doula]]. ==Goobta== Webiga Dibamba wuxuu leeyahay dherer dhan {{convert|150|km|mi}} iyo aag ballaaran oo dhan {{convert|2400|km2|sqmi}}. Celceliska qulqulka afka webiga waa 480 mitir kuyuubik ilbidhiqsi kasta.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nodc-cameroon.org/anthropo.pdf |title=ASTAAMAHA DABIICIGA AH IYO KUWA BINI'AADMIGA EE AAGGA XEEBTA CAMEROON |author1=Jean Folack |author2=Charles Emene Gabche |publisher=Machadka Cilmi-baarista Beeraha ee Horumarinta (IRAD), Cameroon |accessdate=2011-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727125229/http://www.nodc-cameroon.org/anthropo.pdf |archive-date=27 Luulyo 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Afkiisa, webigu waa mid uu saameeyo hirarka badda (tidal), wuxuuna ugu qulqulaa estuary-ga iyada oo loo marayo kaymo mangrove ah oo koonfurta ka fidsan Douala ilaa Point Souelaba.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA466 |page=466 |title=Tusmada qoyaan-dhuleedka Afrika |author1=R. H. Hughes |author2=J. S. Hughes |publisher=IUCN |year=1992 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> Meel u dhow Douala, webiga waxaa ka gudba {{convert|370|m|ft}} buundo wadada weyn ah oo laga dhisay laami (concrete) la diyaariyay 1983–1984.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?id=s0006931 |title=Pont de Douala sur la Dibamba |work=Structurae |accessdate=2011-02-24 |archive-date=2011-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629121534/http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?id=s0006931 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:Carrière de sable de la Dimbamba.jpg|thumb|Tuulo u dhow goobta ciidda laga qodo]] ==Taariikh== [[Duala people|Duala]], oo maanta ku nool gobolka magaalada Douala iyo hareeraheeda, waxay u guureen goobta ay hadda joogaan iyagoo ka yimid [[Piti, Cameroon|Piti]] oo ku taal webiga Dibamba, iyagoo barakiciyay beeraleydii Bassa-Bakoko. Dhaqanka Duala wuxuu leeyahay waxay yihiin faracii Mbedi, wiilkii Mbongo, oo ku noolaa Piti.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.peuplesawa.com/downloads/60.pdf |title=Unraveling Conflicting Narratives about the Origins of the Isubu of Bimbia |author=Dibussi Tande |work=Peuplesawa |accessdate=2011-02-24}}</ref> [[Monneba]] wuxuu ahaa hoggaamiye Duala ah oo ku sugnaa xeebta Cameroon 1630-meeyadii, wuxuuna ku hawlanaa ganacsiga fool-maroodiga iyo addoonta uu la lahaa reer Yurub. Khariidadaha Dutch-ka ee 1650-meeyadii waxay magaca Monneba saareen Webiga Dibamba, kaas oo loo yaqaan Monneba's Creek ama Channel (Monnebasa Gat).<ref>{{cite book |author1=Austen, Ralph A. |author2=Derrick, Jonathan |year=1999 |title=Middlemen of the Cameroons Rivers: The Duala and their Hinterland, c. 1600–c.1960 |url=https://archive.org/details/middlemenofcamer0000aust |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}</ref> Dibamba waxay ahayd goobtii dagaallada badda intii lagu jiray [[Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka]], markii Taliye Ralph Stuart Sneyd uu ka qayb qaatay oo uu quusiyay markab weyn oo Jarmal ah 10 Sebteembar 1914, wuxuuna cadowga ka saaray saldhigoodii Piti.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.naval-history.net/WW1Battle1409Cameroons.htm |title=CAMEROONS CAMPAIGN - 1914 |editor=Gordon Smith |work=Naval-History.Net |accessdate=2011-02-24}}</ref> ==Arrimaha deegaanka== [[File:A la recherche du sable dans la rivière Dmbamba.jpg|thumb|Goobta ciidda laga qodo ee Webiga Dibamba]] Aagga warshadaha ee Bassa ee Douala wuxuu ku dhammaadaa qaab-dhismeedka qulqulka biyaha ee Webiga Dibamba, halkaas oo wasakhdu ka soo baxdo. Dhulka qoyan waxaa si dhakhso ah u gumeystay noocyo duullaan ah (invasive species), waxaana la aqoonsaday tiro badan oo [[phytoplankton]] ah, kuwaas oo qaarkood ay sababtay wasakhdu.{{Citation needed|date=Febraayo 2011}} Dhanka gudaha, weli waxaa jira qaar ka mid ah kaymaha qoyan ee joogtada ah ee webiga, laakiin kuwa kale oo badan ayaa la nadiifiyay oo la miiray beeraha timirta saliidda. Xoolaha webiga si fiican looma ilaaliyo. African Manatee ([[Trichechus senegalensis]]) waa mid khatar ku jira.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://ramsar.wetlands.org/Portals/15/CAMEROON.pdf |title = Cameroon |work = Ramsar Wetlands |accessdate = 2011-02-24 |url-status = dead |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110728173954/http://ramsar.wetlands.org/Portals/15/CAMEROON.pdf |archivedate = 28 Luulyo 2011}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist}} {{coord|3.948858|N|9.762726|E|display=title}} qqm11q04vf6cnwsohrgfc4gdza8xqs9 0 48159 305815 300184 2026-08-24T17:58:06Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305815 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Vaal / ǀHai | native_name = {{native name|kqz|ǀHaiǃarib}} | name_other = Lekwa, IliKwa | name_etymology = ǀHai "Midab-xun" + ǃArib "Wabi" <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = VaalFromN3.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Wabiga Vaal oo laga arkay waddada weyn ee [[N3 (South Africa)|N3]], oo ku taal kor webiga [[Vaal Dam]]. Halkan wuxuu ka samaystaa xadka u dhexeeya gobollada [[Mpumalanga Province|Mpumalanga]] iyo [[Free State Province|Free State]]. | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 5 | mapframe-point = none | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu afka ka galo Wabiga Vaal <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = Gobol | subdivision_name3 = [[Free State (South African province)|Free State]], [[Gauteng]], [[Northern Cape]], [[Mpumalanga]] | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|1458|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= [[Orange River]] | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = {{convert|125|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = Meel u dhow [[Breyten]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Orange River]] | mouth_location = Meel u dhow [[Douglas, Northern Cape|Douglas]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|29|4|15|S|23|38|10|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|1241|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|196438|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = [[Vet River]] | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Wabiga Vaal''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|v|ɑː|l}} {{IPA|af|ˈfɑːl}}; [[Khoemana]]: {{lang|kqz|'''ǀHaiǃarib'''|italic=no}}) waa laanta ugu weyn ee [[Wabiga Orange]] ee dalka [[Koonfur Afrika]]. Wabigu wuxuu ka soo bilaawdaa meel u dhow [[Breyten]] oo ka tirsan gobolka [[Mpumalanga]], dhanka bari ee [[Johannesburg]] iyo qiyaastii {{convert|30|km|mi}} waqooyi ka xigta [[Ermelo, Mpumalanga|Ermelo]] isla markaana kaliya {{convert|240|km|mi}} u jira [[Badweynta Hindiya]].<ref>Times Comprehensive Atlas, 12th ed. Times Books, London, 2007</ref> Wuxuu markaas u qulqulaa dhanka galbeed ilaa uu ka gaaro [[kulanka]] uu la leeyahay Wabiga Orange koonfur-galbeed ee [[Kimberley, Northern Cape|Kimberley]] oo ku taal [[Northern Cape]]. Wuxuu dhererkiisu yahay {{convert|1458|km|mi}}, wuxuuna ka samaystaa xadka u dhexeeya Mpumalanga, [[Gauteng]] iyo [[North West Province (South Africa)|Gobolka North West]] ee dhanka waqooyi, iyo [[Free State (South African province)|Free State]] dhanka koonfurta. Waa wabiga saddexaad ee ugu weyn [[Koonfur Afrika]] ka dib [[Wabiga Orange]] (2200 km) iyo [[Wabiga Limpopo]] (1750 km), waxaana loo aasaasay inuu noqdo isha ugu weyn ee biyaha ee aagga weyn ee Witswatersrand ka dib [[Witwatersrand Gold Rush|duulaankii dahabka ee qarnigii 19-aad]].<ref name="Longest rivers">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sa9.co.za/category/9-longest-rivers/ |title=9 longest rivers. SA9. Accessed 2 April 2018. |access-date=30 April 2018 |archive-date=18 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918163332/http://www.sa9.co.za/category/9-longest-rivers/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Vaal Dam]] wuxuu ku yaallaa Wabiga Vaal ee [[Deneysville]] oo wax yar ka xiga koonfurta xadka u dhexeeya [[Gauteng]] iyo Free State. Wabiga Vaal waa wabiga ugu dheer ee gebi ahaanba ku dhex yaalla xuduudaha Koonfur Afrika. ''Vaal'' waa magac [[Af-Holland|Hollandi]] ah (oo hadhow noqday [[Af-Afrikaans]]), kaas oo ay u tarjumeen [[dadka Griqua|Griqua-da]] ama [[Boers]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Thompson|first = G.|title=Travels and Adventures in Southern Africa I|url=https://archive.org/details/travelsadventure00thom|publisher=Henry Colburn, London|year=1827|pages=[https://archive.org/details/travelsadventure00thom/page/76 74]}}</ref> magac hore oo Kora [[Khoekhoe]] ama [[Khoemana|!Orakobab]] ah, mararka qaarkood loo qoro ''Tky-Gariep'' (oo higgaadda [[Khoekhoegowab]] ah ''ǀHai!garib'', wabi midab-xun).<ref name="OB"> {{cite book|last = du Plessis|first = E.J.|title=Suid-Afrikaanse berg- en riviername|publisher=Tafelberg-uitgewers, Cape Town|year=1973|pages=326, 221|isbn = 0-624-00273-X}}</ref> Labada Vaal iyo ''Tky'' (oo higgaadda casriga ah '''ǀHai''') waxay labaduba ka dhigan yihiin "midab-xun" ama "caajis", taas oo tixraacaysa midabka biyaha, gaar ahaan xilliga fatahaadda marka wabigu uu la yimaado dhoobo badan. Meelaha sare ee wabiga waxaa loogu magac daray ''iLigwa'' ([[Af-Sindebele]]), ''Ikwa ama Igwa'' ([[isiZulu]]), ''ilikwa'' ([[Af-Swati]]), ''lekwa'' ([[Af-Sesotho]]), ama ''cuoa'' oo ay yiraahdeen Khoekhoe, kuwaas oo dhammaantood tixraacaya bannaanka uu maro.<ref name="OB"/> ==Taariikh== [[File:SA1899 pg136 A Pont . Vaal River.jpg|thumb|left|340px|Pont (dooni) ku taal Wabiga Vaal (sannadkii 1899)]] Taariikh ahaan, wabigu wuxuu sameeyay xadka waqooyi ee boqortooyada [[Basotho]] ee [[Moshoeshoe I]] xilligii uu ugu sarreeyay{{citation needed|date=March 2012}} bartamihii qarnigii 19-aad, ka dibna wuxuu noqday xadka u dhexeeya laba [[jamhuuriyadood oo Boer ah]]: [[Jamhuuriyadda Koonfur Afrika]] (oo hadhow noqotay gobolka [[Transvaal (province)|Transvaal]]) iyo [[Orange Free State]]. Magaca juqraafiyeed ee "Transvaal" wuxuu ka yimid magaca wabigan, oo macnihiisu yahay "ka baxsan wabiga Vaal". Tani waxay ahayd iyadoo la tixraacayo [[Cape Colony]] iyo [[Colony of Natal|Natal]], oo ahaa meelaha ugu waaweyn ee degitaanka Yurub xilligaas, kuwaas oo ku yaallay koonfurta Vaal. Intii lagu jiray dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad, waxaa jiray qulqul dad u soo haajiray [[Witwatersrand]] iyagoo raadinaya [[dahab]]. Wabiga Vaal wuxuu ugu dambeyntii noqon doonaa isha ugu weyn ee biyaha ee Witwatersrand. Dadka sii kordhaya ayaa markii hore isticmaali jiray biyaha dhulka hoostiisa ee [[Zuurbekom]] Wells oo ku taal West Rand ee [[Gauteng]]. Ugu dambeyntii kuwan ayaa qallali doona, dadkuna waxay u baahan doonaan il cusub oo bixin karta baahidooda gudaha, beeraha iyo hawlaha warshadaha.<ref name="Rand Water">{{cite web | title=Water Origination | website=Home | date=2019-02-07 | url=http://www.randwater.co.za/CorporateResponsibility/WWE/Pages/WaterOrigination.aspx | ref={{sfnref | Home | 2019}} | access-date=2019-02-07 | publisher=[[Rand Water]] | archive-date=2015-09-24 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924084656/http://www.randwater.co.za/CorporateResponsibility/WWE/Pages/WaterOrigination.aspx | url-status=dead }}</ref> Qorshayaasha biyaha waxaa markii hore aasaasay qaybta gaarka loo leeyahay si wax looga qabto baahida sii kordhaysa. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ahaa [[Braamfontein]] Water Company's Vierfontein Syndicate oo aasaasay 1893 iyo Sivewright Concession oo aasaasay 1887 shirkadda Johannesburg Waterworks and Exploration Company. Biyuhu waxay ahaayeen kuwo qaali ah oo inta badan aan la heli karin dadka deggan inta badan.<ref name="randwaterbg">{{cite web|title=Background / History of Rand Water|website=Home|url=http://www.randwater.co.za/AboutUs/Pages/Background.aspx|access-date=2019-02-07|author=Crooks, J.|year=2004|publisher=[[Rand Water]]|archive-date=2019-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124346/http://www.randwater.co.za/AboutUs/Pages/Background.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Rand Water Board=== {{Main|Rand Water}} Guddiga Biyaha Rand (Rand Water Board) waxaa la aasaasay 1903 si ay ula wareegaan hawlaha qaybta gaarka loo leeyahay iyada oo leh waajibaad ah inay baaraan sahayda biyaha waarta iyo adeegyada [[fayadhowrka]]. Ururku wuxuu si buuxda u bilaabi doonaa hawlgalka 1905, isagoo si ballaaran u siinaya biyo [[Witwatersrand]]. Xubnaha ururka waxaa ka mid ahaa saraakiil ka tirsan Golaha Magaalada Johannesburg, Rugta Macdanta iyo maamulada kale ee maxalliga ah ee gudaha Witwatersrand.<ref name="randwaterbg" /> Rand Water waxay kaga jawaabeen [[yaraanta biyaha]] iyagoo soo rogay xannibaado dadka deggan Witwatersrand 1913. Waxay kaloo horumariyeen qorshayaal biyood waaweyn oo ka jawaabi doona baahida sii kordhaysa. Intii u dhaxaysay 1914 iyo 1998, ururku wuxuu la shaqeeyay hay'ado kala duwan oo dawladeed iyo kuwo gaar loo leeyahay si ay u wadaan qorshaha Wabiga Vaal iyo [[Vaal Barrage|barrage]] (1914–1924). Qorshaha Wabiga Vaal wuxuu ahaa hindise loo aasaasay in lagu maamulo qaybinta biyaha. Guddiga Biyaha Rand waxay kaloo aasaaseen Xarunta Bamka Vereeniging (1924), Xarunta Bamka Zwartkopjes, Vaal Dam (1938), Xarunta Bamka Zuikerbosch (1949) iyo [[Lesotho Highlands Water Project]] (1998).<ref name="randwaterbg" /> ==Kaydka Wabiga== [[File:Vaal Basin OSM.png|thumb|Kaydka Wabiga Vaal. Kaydka Vaal oo jaalle ah iyo Kaydka Oranje oo liin ah.]] Roobka iyo biyaha dhulka hoostiisa ayaa ku urura meelo, [[vlei]]s iyo durdurro iyo meelaha ay ku xirmaan, waxaa dhasha Wabiga Vaal ee u qulqula dhanka galbeed. Wabigu wuxuu u qulqulaa galbeedka ilaa [[Grootdraai Dam]] ee meel u dhow [[Standerton]], [[Mpumalanga]]. Socodkiisa ku wajahan Vaal Dam ee Vereeniging, wabiga waxaa ku biira dhowr laamood. Wabiga Yar ee Vaal (Little Vaal River) wuxuu ka bilaabmaa [[escarpment]] meel u dhow Ermelo. Meel u dhow Memel ee [[Free State (province)|Free State]] waa halka uu ka bilaabmo [[Klip River (Gauteng)|Klip River]]. Wabiga Watervals wuxuu ka bilaabmaa Secunda, Mpumalanga. [[Wilge River]] waxay ku kulmi jirtay Wabiga Vaal ka hor inta aan la dhisin [[Vaal Dam]] 1938; hadda biyuhu waxay toos ugu qulqulaan biyo-xireenka.<ref name="Rand Water" /> [[Kromelmboogspruit]] waxay ku biirtaa Vaal meel u dhow [[Vaal Barrage]]. [[File:Vaal River near Venterskroon.jpg|thumb|Wabiga Vaal meel u dhow [[Venterskroon]]]] ===Vaal Dam=== {{Main|Vaal Dam}} [[File:Vaal Dam full 2010.jpg|340px|thumb|Vaal Dam oo buuxa 2010]] Maadaama [[socodka biyaha]] ee Wabiga Vaal uu yahay mid aan joogto ahayn, biyo-xireenno waaweyn ayaa lagu dhisay jidkiisa si loo ururiyo biyaha. Waqtiyadii hore, ka hor inta aan wabiga loo aasaasin il rasmi ah oo biyo ah oo loogu talagalay qayb ka mid ah [[Gauteng]], dhowr biyo-xireenno yaryar ayaa ay beeralaydu u dhisteen [[waraabka]]. Markii dhismaha [[Vaal Dam]] la dhammeeyey 1938, biyo-xireenku wuxuu xaqiijiyay sahayda biyaha sannad walba xitaa marka wabigu uusan buuxin. Biyo-xireenku wuxuu heli doonaa biyo ka yimaada [[goobaha biyuhu ka yimaadaan]] (catchment areas) iyada oo loo marayo mashaariic kala duwan.<ref name="Rand Water" /> ===Qorshaha Wareejinta Tugela-Vaal=== {{Main|Tugela Vaal Transfer Scheme}} Laba qorshe oo wareejinta biyaha ah ayaa la horumariyay si loo siiyo xudunta dhaqaalaha ee dalka (oo markaas loo aqoonsaday xarunta Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Vereeniging) iyada oo loo marinayo biyaha Wabiga Vaal meelo kale oo [[catchment area]] ah intii u dhaxaysay 1970-yadii iyo 1990-yadii. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah [[Lesotho Highlands Water Project]] iyo Qorshaha Wareejinta Biyaha Tugela-Vaal ee [[KwaZulu-Natal]].<ref name="Waterwise">{{Cite web |url=http://www.waterwise.co.za/export/sites/water-wise/downloads/fun/Manzi_News_May_2016_-_Final.pdf |title=Rivers of South Africa. Manzi's News. Accessed 31 March 2018. |access-date=30 April 2018 |archive-date=1 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101102132/http://www.waterwise.co.za/export/sites/water-wise/downloads/fun/Manzi_News_May_2016_-_Final.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Qorshaha Wareejinta Tugela-Vaal waxaa la dhammeeyey 1974 si looga wareejiyo [[Wabiga Tugela]] ee [[KwaZulu Natal]] iyada oo loo marayo kanaalo, tuubooyin iyo biyo-xireenno loona gudbiyo nidaamka Wabiga Vaal <ref name="Rand Water" /> ===Mashruuca Biyaha ee Buuraleyda Lesotho=== [[File:LHWP map resized.jpg|400px|left|thumb|Khariidadda Mashruuca Biyaha ee Buuraleyda Lesotho]] {{Main| Lesotho Highlands Water Project}} [[Lesotho Highlands Water Project]] waxaa ugu dambeyntii la bilaabay 1997, waxaana uu ku lug lahaa dhismaha saddex waji oo kordhin doona biyaha ka yimaada [[Lesotho]] loona gudbin doono Wabiga Vaal, oo ay ku jiraan afar biyo-xireen oo waaweyn. Laga soo bilaabo 1954, Golaha Horumarinta Kheyraadka Dabiiciga ah ayaa soo jeediyay in [[Koonfur Afrika]] ay hesho xoogaa biyo ah oo ka yimaada Lesotho dariska ah. Wadahadallo u dhexeeya labada waddan ayaa bilaabmay dabayaaqadii 1970-yadii. Heshiis ku saabsan horumarinta qorshaha waxaa la saxiixay 24 Oktoobar 1987 wakiillo ka socda Lesotho, Koonfur Afrika, [[Midowga Yurub]], [[Qaramada Midoobay]] iyo [[Bangiga Adduunka]]. Waxaa markaas lagu qiyaasay inay ku kacayso R9.1 bilyan wajiga koowaad ee mashruuca oo kaliya.<ref name="randwaterbg" /> Koonfur Afrika waxay Lesotho siisaa R150 milyan sannad kasta iyadoon loo eegin inay isticmaalaan dhammaan biyaha la bixiyo iyo in kale.<ref name="randwaterbg" /> ===Deegaanka Kaydka=== Sida uu qabo Hogan, qaybta sare ee kaydka ayaa taageerta [[endemism]] sare oo reptiles ah, halka meelaha hoose ee watershed-ka ay yihiin heerar sare oo endemism ah oo loogu talagalay naasleyda yaryar.<ref>C. Michael Hogan. 2013. [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Vaal_River?topic=78166 ''Vaal River'']. ed. P. Saundry. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC</ref> ==Warshadaha iyo Beeraha== Biyaha waxaa laga soo saaraa Vaal si loogu daboolo baahiyaha warshadeed ee [[Greater Johannesburg Metropolitan Area]] iyo qayb weyn oo ka mid ah Free State. 1881, Kimberley Waterworks Company, waxay bixisay biyo laga keenay Vaal ilaa Cape Diamond Fields iyada oo qiimihiisu yahay hal [[shilling]] halkii {{convert|100|impgal}}.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Kimberley Waterworks|work=The Cornishman|issue=155|date=30 June 1881|page=6}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Kimberley Waterworks|work=The Cornishman|issue=156|date=7 July 1881|page=4}}</ref> Iyada oo qayb ka ah [[Vaalharts Irrigation Scheme|Qorshaha Vaal-Hartz]], waa isha ugu weyn ee biyaha ee waraabka. Biyaha laga soo saaro Vaal waxay taageeraan 12 milyan oo macaamiil ah oo ku nool Gauteng iyo aagagga ku xeeran.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ngo.grida.no/soesa/nsoer/issues/water/state2.htm |title=State of the Environment of South Africa (SOESA), Annual National State of the Environment Report |access-date=2012-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209084811/http://www.ngo.grida.no/soesa/nsoer/issues/water/state2.htm |archive-date=2012-02-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Isticmaalka Hadda== Inta badan biyaha Wabiga Vaal ee ka sarreeya [[Vaal Dam]] waxaa loo isticmaalaa [[macdanta]] iyo isticmaalka warshadaha sida macdanta dhuxusha iyo hawlaha la xiriira tamarta iyo kiimikada ee [[Sasol]], iyo sidoo kale isticmaalka magaalooyinka iyo tamarta. Meelaha ka hooseeya biyo-xireenka, biyaha waxaa inta badan loo hibeeyaa baahiyaha magaalooyinka, in kasta oo si qiyaas ahaan ka yar, qayb weyn oo ka mid ah qaybtan ayaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa macdanta iyo warshadaha, [[waraabka]] iyo tamarta.<ref name="Dam uses">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Other/WMA/8/optimised/overview/UPPER%20VAAL%20REPORT.pdf |title=Upper Vaal WMA: Overview of water resources availability and utilisation. Department of Water Affairs. Accessed 2 April 2018. |access-date=30 April 2018 |archive-date=30 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430181645/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Other/WMA/8/optimised/overview/UPPER%20VAAL%20REPORT.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wabigu wuxuu si joogto ah ula kulmaa wasakheynta meelihiisa sare, taasina waxay saameysaa isticmaalayaasha hoose. Intii lagu jiray 2019, xarunta ugu weyn ee daweynta biyaha ee [[Lekwa Local Municipality]] ee [[Standerton]] waxay ku jirtay dayactir la'aan waxayna keentay dhibaatooyin wasakheyn joogto ah. Si loo caawiyo isticmaalayaasha hoose, biyo nadiif ah ayaa lagu qasbay inay galaan wabiga si loo milo heerarka cusbada leh ee sare, sidaasna loo khasaariyo qadar weyn oo ka mid ah kheyraadkan yar.<ref name="saba1">{{cite news |last1=Saba |first1=Athandiwe |title=Tens of millions spent on repairs but sewage still flows in the Vaal |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2019-11-11-hundreds-of-millions-spent-on-repairs-but-sewage-still-flows-in-the-vaal |access-date=22 November 2019 |agency=Mail&Guardian |date=11 Nov 2019}}</ref> 2021, warbixin ay soo saartay [[Guddiga Xuquuqda Aadanaha ee Koonfur Afrika]] waxay ogaatay in wabigu wasakheysan yahay heer aan la aqbali karin, oo ay ku jirto qulqulka wasakhda ceeriin ee Wabiga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mnguni |first=Elkington Sibusiso |date=2022 |title=Pollution of the Vaal River System in South Africa: A Case Study |url=https://www.witpress.com/Secure/elibrary/papers/WMEI22/WMEI22002FU1.pdf |journal=WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment |volume=257 |pages=17 |via=Wits Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhengu |first=Lwandile |title=Flow of raw sewage into Vaal River a violation of human rights, SAHRC rules |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/flow-of-raw-sewage-into-vaal-river-a-violation-of-human-rights-sahrc-rules-20210217 |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Dalxiiska== [[File:Vaal Dam at Deneysville.jpg|340px|thumb|Vaal Dam ee [[Deneysville]]]] Wabiga Vaal wuxuu ka kooban yahay 50 km oo biyo la mari karo. [[kaydka wabiga]] wuxuu sidaas darteed bixiyaa noocyo kala duwan oo hawlo biyo ah oo madadaalo leh kuwaas oo soo jiita dalxiisayaasha maxalliga ah iyo kuwa caalamiga ah sannadka oo dhan. Hawlaha waxaa ka mid ah [[doonida]], [[yachting]] iyo [[water skiing]]. [[Deneysville]] waa magaalo ku taal dhanka [[Free State (province)|Free State]] ee Wabiga Vaal waana xarun biyo oo caan ah halkaas oo booqdayaashu ay ku raaxaysan karaan [[dabbaasha]], [[kiteboarding]], [[yachting]], [[doonida]], [[catamaran]] dalxiis, [[jet skiing]], [[windsurfing]], [[snorkeling|snorkelling]] iyo [[kalluumaysiga]]. ==Sidoo kale eeg== *[[Wabiga Orange]] *[[Liiska webiyada Koonfur Afrika]] *[[Lower Vaal Water Management Area]] *[[Vaal Dam]] *[[Witwatersrand basin]] *[[Witwatersrand Gold Rush]] *[[Kaydka biyaha ee Koonfur Afrika]] ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist|30em}} ==Xiriirka dibadda== {{Commons category}} {{EB1911 poster|Vaal}} * [http://www.parys.info Parys.info] * [http://www.parys.co.za Parys on the Vaal] * [http://www.vaalmeander.co.za Vaal Meander] * [http://www.liquidlounge.co.za Vaal River Cruises] * [http://www.annalien.com Vaal River Properties] {{Wayback|url=http://www.annalien.com/ |date=20170708114935 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708114935/http://www.annalien.com/ |date=8 July 2017 }} * [http://www.islandestate.co.za Vaal de Grace Estate] * [http://www.nwu.ac.za/content/nwu-vaal-triangle-campus-profile-vaal-triangle-campus Jaamacadda Campaska oo ku taal bangiyada wabiga Vaal] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nwu.ac.za/content/nwu-vaal-triangle-campus-profile-vaal-triangle-campus |date=20130325001818 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325001818/http://www.nwu.ac.za/content/nwu-vaal-triangle-campus-profile-vaal-triangle-campus |date=2013-03-25 }} * [http://www.lhda.org.ls/ Lesotho Highlands Development Authority] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lhda.org.ls/ |date=20220317001022 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317001022/http://www.lhda.org.ls/ |date=17 March 2022 }} {{Authority control}} rptin7ulr5s9ciib7t6dqlx4yz4paea 0 48164 305803 299805 2026-08-24T17:50:20Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305803 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ship |section1={{Infobox ship/image | image = Aswan_Nile_6b.jpg | image_caption = PS ''Sudan'' oo ku yaal wabiga [[Niil]] ee [[Aswan]], Abriil 2010 }} |section2={{Infobox ship/career | hide_header = | country = Masar | flag = {{shipboxflag|Masar}} | name = '''PS ''Sudan''''' | namesake = [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan|Suudaan]] | owner = Thomas Cook Egypt ilaa 1950; [[Fouad Serageddin]] 1950-55; LTI Hotels | operator = Thomas Cook Egypt ilaa 1950; [[Fouad Serageddin]] 1950-55; Eastmar Nile Cruises; Voyageurs du Monde / [[Original Travel]] tan iyo 2001 | registry = | route = [[Wabiga Niil]] | ordered = | builder = [[Bow, McLachlan and Company|Bow, McLachlan & Co]],<ref name=Clyde>{{cite web |last1= Cameron |first1= Stuart |last2=Asprey |first2=David |title=PS Sudan |work=Clyde-built Database |publisher= |date= |url=http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=23211 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207023714/http://clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=23211 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=2010-12-07 |accessdate= 2011-05-22}}</ref> [[Paisley, Renfrewshire|Paisley]], Scotland | original_cost = | yard_number = 315<ref name=Clyde/> | way_number = | laid_down = | launched = 1921<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.steam-ship-sudan.com/en/le-bateau/histoire/|title=History « Steam Ship sudan|website=www.steam-ship-sudan.com|accessdate=20 Abriil 2018|archive-date=18 Agoosto 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818032238/http://www.steam-ship-sudan.com/en/le-bateau/histoire/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | completed = | christened = | acquired = | maiden_voyage = | in_service = 1921<ref name=Clyde/> | out_of_service = | identification = | fate = | status = wuu shaqeeyaa 2024 | notes = }} |section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics | hide_header = | header_caption = | class = | type = markab uumiga oo rakaab ah<ref name=Clyde/> | tonnage = 600 tan<ref name=Clyde/> | displacement = | length = {{convert|228|ft|m|abbr=on}} ama {{convert|236|ft|m|abbr=on}}<ref name=Clyde/> | beam = {{convert|32|ft|m|abbr=on}}<ref name=Clyde/> | height = | draught = {{convert|9.5|ft|m|abbr=on}}<ref name=Clyde/> | draft = | depth = | decks = | deck_clearance = | ramps = | power = laba 500 [[Horsepower#Indicated horsepower|IHP]] [[Compound engine#Multiple expansion engines|mishiinada balaadhinta saddex-geesoodka ah]]<ref name=Clyde/> | propulsion = [[Paddle steamer#Types of paddle steamer|Side paddle wheel]]<ref name=Clyde/> | speed = {{convert|9.5|kn|km/h}}<ref name=Clyde/> | capacity = 23 qol oo ay ku jiraan 5 suites<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.steam-ship-sudan.com/en/visit-of-the-vessel.asp |title=The Steam Ship Sudan as if you were there |author= |date= |work=Steam Ship Sudan Egypte |publisher= |accessdate= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126025637/http://www.steam-ship-sudan.com/en/visit-of-the-vessel.asp |archive-date=26 Nofeembar 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | crew = | notes = }} }} '''PS ''Sudan''''' waa markab uumi ah oo rakaab qaada oo leh [[paddle steamer]] dhinaca ka saaran, wuxuuna ka shaqeeyaa [[Wabiga Niil]] ee [[Masar]].<ref name=Clyde/> Isaga oo ay weheliso PS ''Arabia'', waxay ahayd mid ka mid ah maraakiibta uumiga ee ugu waaweyn ee Thomas Cook ee maraakiibta Niil.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.steam-ship-sudan.com/en/history/the-cook-era-of-travel-on-the-nile.asp |title=The Cook Era of travel on the Nile (1877-1950) |author= |date= |work=Steam Ship Sudan Egypte |publisher= |accessdate= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110318101102/http://www.steam-ship-sudan.com/en/history/the-cook-era-of-travel-on-the-nile.asp |archive-date=18 Maarso 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Markabka uumiga waxaa la dhisay 1885 qoyska boqortooyada Masar. Waxaa loo beddelay markab dalxiis 1921.<ref name="cruiser"/> 1933, [[Agatha Christie]] iyo seygeeda waxay u tageen dalxiis markabka PS ''Sudan'' saaran, taas oo ku dhiirigelisay inay qorto ''[[Death on the Nile]]''.<ref name="cruiser">https://thearabweekly.com/nile-cruiser-follows-trail-agatha-christie</ref> Markabka uumiga wuxuu qaatay sannadihii dambe ee qarnigii 20-aad isagoo taagan oo xaalad xun ku jira. Sannadkii 2000, shirkadda dalxiiska ee Faransiiska, Voyageurs du Monde, ayaa soo iibsatay waxayna dib ugu celisay shaqada 2001.<ref name=Rediscovered/><ref>{{Cite news |last=http://www.oxygene-conseil.fr |date=2011-09-25 |title=Voyage sur le Nil {{!}} Steam Ship sudan |url=http://www.steam-ship-sudan.com/en/le-bateau/histoire/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818032238/http://www.steam-ship-sudan.com/en/le-bateau/histoire/ |archive-date=2021-08-18 |access-date=2025-11-12 |work=Steam Ship sudan {{!}} The most beautiful boat cruising down the Nile |language=en-US}}</ref> Iyada oo ay weheliso laanteeda UK, [[Original Travel]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldsmith |first=Courtney |date=2017-01-09 |title=Voyageurs du Monde eyes English-speaking market with 60 per cent stake in UK travel company Original Travel |url=https://www.cityam.com/voyageurs-du-monde-eyes-english-speaking-market-60-per-cent/ |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=City AM |language=en-GB}}</ref> hadda waxay si gaar ah u maamulaan safarrada.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Contact & Booking - Steam Ship Sudan |url=http://www.steam-ship-sudan.com/en/contact-2/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222213728/http://www.steam-ship-sudan.com/en/contact-2/ |archive-date=2025-02-22 |access-date=2025-11-12 |work=Steam Ship Sudan |language=en-GB}}</ref> Sannadkii 2004 ee la qabsiga sheekada [[Agatha Christie]] ee ''[[Death on the Nile]]'' ee qaybta saddexaad ee taxanaha sagaalaad ee taxanaha telefishanka ITV ee ''[[Agatha Christie's Poirot]]'' oo uu jilay [[David Suchet]] sida Poirot, muuqaallo qaar ayaa lagu duubay goobta markabka ''Sudan'' saaran.<ref name=Rediscovered>{{cite web |url=http://www.steam-ship-sudan.com/en/history/the-sudan-is-rediscovered.asp |title=The Steam Ship Sudan is rediscovered (2000...) |author= |date= |work=Steam Ship Sudan Egypte |publisher= |accessdate= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100521045423/http://www.steam-ship-sudan.com/en/history/the-sudan-is-rediscovered.asp |archive-date=21 May 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite book |last=Suchet |first=David |title=Poirot and Me |url=https://archive.org/details/poirotme0000wans |publisher=Headline Publishing Group |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-7553-6419-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/poirotme0000wans/page/215 215], 310}}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == *[http://www.steam-ship-sudan.com/en/ Steam Ship Sudan Egypte] bogga rasmiga ah {{DEFAULTSORT:Sudan, PS}} 26cgnpqxqu09ap9sllv77hzbdhskxt9 0 48169 305876 299816 2026-08-24T18:29:22Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305876 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:List of monuments at risk in the 1960 UNESCO Courier - UNESCO documents regarding the International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia.png|thumb|Nubia-da Hoose oo lagu soo bandhigay liis ka mid ah taallooyinka khatarta ku jira ee [[UNESCO Courier]]-kii 1960-kii]] '''Nubiya Hoose''' (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Wawat''')<ref>{{Cite web |last=Coates |first=Ta-Nehisi |date=2009-12-11 |title=The Gathering Of My Name |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2009/12/the-gathering-of-my-name/31698/ |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ferreira |first=Eduardo |date=2019-01-05 |title=The Lower Nubian Egyptian Fortresses in the Middle Kingdom: A Strategic Point of View |url=https://www.athensjournals.gr/history/2019-5-1-2-Ferreira.pdf |journal=Athens Journal of History |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=32|doi=10.30958/ajhis.5-1-2 }}</ref> waa qaybta ugu waqooyiga ee [[Nubia]], taas oo ku dhowaad la jaanqaadaysa [[Lake Nasser]]-ka casriga ah, kaas oo qariyey gobolka taariikhiga ah 1960-meeyadii dhismaha [[Aswan High Dam]]. Taallooyin badan oo qadiimi ah oo Nubia-da Hoose ah, iyo dhammaan dadkeeda casriga ah, ayaa loo raray qayb ka mid ah [[International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia]]; [[Qasr Ibrim]] waa goobta kaliya ee weyn ee qadiimiga ah ee aan la rarin ama aan la qarin.<ref name="Cappers 2007 p. 157">{{cite book |author1=A.J. Clapham |author2=P.A. Rowley-Conwy |editor=R.T.J. Cappers | title=Fields of Change: Progress in African Archaeobotany | publisher=David Brown Book Company | series=Groningen archaeological studies | year=2007 | isbn=978-90-77922-30-9 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gTnffH-elc0C&pg=PA157 | access-date=2022-11-05 | page=157|chapter=New Discoveries at Qasr Ibrim|quote=... Qasr Ibrim is the only in situ site left in Lower Nubia since the flooding of the Nile valley}}</ref><ref name="Ruffini 2012 p. ">{{cite book | last=Ruffini | first=G.R. | title=Medieval Nubia: A Social and Economic History | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2012 | isbn=978-0-19-999620-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=99gg1AJRmzcC | access-date=2022-11-05 | quote= Qasr Ibrim is critically important in a number of ways. It is the only site in Lower Nubia that remained above water after the completion of the Aswan high dam.}}</ref> Shaqada qadiimiga ah ee xooggan ee la qabtay ka hor fatahaadda ayaa ka dhigan in taariikhda aagga si aad ah looga yaqaan tan Nubia-da Sare. Sida uu qabo [[David Wengrow]], qoomiyadda A-Group Nubian ee dhammaadkii millennium-kii 4aad ee BCE si liidata ayaa loo fahmay maadaama inta badan haraaga qadiimiga ah ay ku hoos jiraan Lake Nasser.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wengrow |first1=David |title="Ancient Egypt and Nubian: Kings of Flood and Kings of Rain" in Great Kingdoms of Africa, John Parker (eds) |url=https://archive.org/details/greatkingdomsofa0000john |date=2023 |publisher=THAMES & HUDSON |location=[S.l.] |isbn=978-0500252529 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/greatkingdomsofa0000john/page/n4 1]–40}}</ref> Taariikhdeeda waxaa sidoo kale laga yaqaan xiriirkeeda dheer ee ay la lahayd [[Itoobiya|Masar]], gaar ahaan [[Masar-ta Sare]] ee deriska ah. Gobolka waxaa taariikh ahaan lagu qeexay inuu u dhexeeyo [[First Cataract|Katarakta Koowaad]] iyo [[Second Cataract|Katarakta Labaad]] ee taariikhiga ah, kuwaas oo hadda labaduba ku jira Lake Nasser. Gobolka waxaa juqraafiga [[Greco-Roman]] u yaqaaneen [[Triakontaschoinos]]. Waa hoos-u-socodka [[Niil]]-ka laga bilaabo [[Nubia-da Sare]]. == Taariikh == [[File:NileCataractReaches.jpg|thumb|{{center|Nubia-da Hoose waxay inta badan u dhaxaysaa katarakta koowaad iyo labaad iyadoo ay jiraan qaar ka mid ah is-dulsaarida taariikhiga ah.}}]] Intii lagu jiray [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Middle Kingdom]], Nubia-da Hoose waxaa qabsaday Masar. markii Masar ay ka baxeen intii lagu jiray [[second Intermediate Period]], Nubia-da Hoose waxay u muuqataa inay qayb ka noqotay [[Kingdom of Kerma|Boqortooyada Kerma]] ee Nubia-da Sare. [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]] waxay qabsatay dhammaan Nubia iyo Nubia-da Hoose waxay si gaar ah si dhow ugu dhex milantay Masar, laakiin [[Third Intermediate Period]] waxay noqotay xarunta dawladda madaxa-bannaan ee [[Kingdom of Kush|Kush]] oo ku salaysan [[Napata]] meel gaar ah. Waxaa laga yaabaa in qiyaastii 591 BC caasimadda Kush loo wareejiyay koonfurta [[Meroe]] iyo Nubia-da Hoose waxaa xukumi jiray Jasiiradda Meroe. Markii ay dhacday Boqortooyadii Meroitic qarnigii afraad ee AD aaggu wuxuu noqday hoyga [[X-Group]], oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan [[Ballana culture]] kuwaas oo u badnaa [[Nobatae]]. Tani waxay u xuubsiibatay dawladdii [[Christians|Christian]] ee [[Nobatia]] qarnigii shanaad. Nobatia waxaa lagu biiriyay dawladdii Nubia-da Sare ee [[Makuria]], laakiin Nubia-da Hoose waxay si joogto ah u noqotay mid [[Arabized]] iyo [[Islam]]icized oo ugu dambeyntii noqotay mid madax-bannaan de facto oo ah dawladda [[al-Maris (region)|al-Maris]]. Inta badan Nubia-da Hoose waxaa si rasmi ah ugu biiriyay Masar intii lagu jiray qabsashadii Cismaaniyiinta ee 1517, waxayna qayb ka ahayd Masar ilaa wakhtigaas, iyadoo koonfurta oo kaliya ay tahay [[Sudan]]. == Luuqad == Caddaymaha luuqadeed waxay muujinayaan in [[Cushitic languages]] looga hadli jiray Nubia-da Hoose, oo ah gobol qadiimi ah oo ku yaal koonfurta Masar ee hadda iyo qayb ka mid ah waqooyiga Sudan, iyo in luuqadaha Nilo-Saharan looga hadli jiray Nubia-da Sare ee koonfurta (dadka [[Kerma culture]]), iyadoo luuqadaha North Eastern Sudanic ee ka yimid Nubia-da Sare ay markii dambe beddeleen luuqadaha Cushitic ee Nubia-da Hoose.<ref name="Rilly2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rilly C | title = Recent Research on Meroitic, the Ancient Language of Sudan | date = 2010 |url = http://www.ityopis.org/Issues-1_files/ITYOPIS-I-Rilly.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Rilly200162">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rilly C | title = The Wadi Howar Diaspora and its role in the spread of East Sudanic languages from the fourth to the first millennia BCE | journal = Faits de Langues | volume = 47 | date = January 2016 | pages = 151–163 |url = https://brill.com/view/journals/fdl/47/1/article-p151.xml | doi = 10.1163/19589514-047-01-900000010 | s2cid = 134352296 | url-access = subscription }}</ref><ref name="Rilly2008">{{cite book | vauthors = Rilly C | title = Between the Cataracts. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference for Nubian Studies Warsaw University 27 August-2 September 2006. Part 1. Main Papers | chapter = Enemy brothers. Kinship and relationship between Meroites and Nubians (Noba) | date = 2008 |url = https://www.academia.edu/36487671 | doi = 10.31338/uw.9788323533269.pp.211-226 | isbn = 9788323533269 }}</ref><ref name="Cooper">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cooper J | title = Toponymic Strata in Ancient Nubian placenames in the Third and Second Millennium BCE: a view from Egyptian Records | journal = Dotawo: A Journal of Nubian Studies | volume = 4 | date = 2017 | url = https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:7d8a387b-f850-4d56-8105-f84a30bf121a/download_file?file_format=pdf&safe_filename=Cooper%252C%2BToponymic%2BStrata%2Bin%2BAncient%2BNubian%2BPlacenames%252C%2BDotawo%2B4.pdf&type_of_work=Journal+article | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200523123606/https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:7d8a387b-f850-4d56-8105-f84a30bf121a/download_file?file_format=pdf&safe_filename=Cooper%252C%2BToponymic%2BStrata%2Bin%2BAncient%2BNubian%2BPlacenames%252C%2BDotawo%2B4.pdf&type_of_work=Journal+article | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2020-05-23 }}</ref> Julien Cooper (2017) wuxuu sheegay in qadiimiga, luuqadaha Cushitic looga hadli jiray Nubia-da Hoose (qaybta ugu waqooyiga ee Sudan-ta casriga ah):<blockquote>Qadiimiga, luuqadaha Afroasiatic ee Sudan waxay badanaa ka tirsanaayeen phylum-ka loo yaqaan Cushitic, oo looga hadlo xeebta bari ee Afrika iyo laga bilaabo Sudan ilaa Kenya, oo ay ku jiraan Buuraleyda Itoobiya.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cooper |first1=Julien|title=Toponymic Strata in Ancient Nubian placenames in the Third and Second Millennium BCE: a view from Egyptian Records. Dotawo: A Journal of Nubian Studies: Vol. 4, Article 3|chapter-url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:7d8a387b-f850-4d56-8105-f84a30bf121a/download_file?file_format=pdf&safe_filename=Cooper%252C%2BToponymic%2BStrata%2Bin%2BAncient%2BNubian%2BPlacenames%252C%2BDotawo%2B4.pdf&type_of_work=Journal+article|access-date=2019-11-20 |year=2017|pages=208–209 |chapter=Conclusion|quote="In antiquity, Afroasiatic languages in Sudan belonged chiefly to the phylum known as Cushitic, spoken on the eastern seaboard of Africa and from Sudan to Kenya, including the Ethiopian Highlands.}}</ref></blockquote> Julien Cooper (2017) wuxuu sidoo kale sheegay in dadka ku hadla [[Eastern Sudanic languages|Eastern Sudanic]] ee ka yimid koonfurta iyo galbeedka Nubia ay si tartiib tartiib ah u beddeleen dadkii hore ee ku hadli jiray Cushitic ee gobolkan: <blockquote>Nubia-da Hoose waxaa ku jiray luuqad Afroasiatic ah, oo u badan laan ka mid ah Cushitic. Dhammaadkii millennium-kii koowaad ee CE gobolkan waxaa ku soo duulay oo beddelay dad ku hadla Eastern Sudanic oo ka yimid koonfurta iyo galbeedka, si marka hore loogu aqoonsado Meroitic iyo ka dib socdaalka loo nisbeeyo dadka ku hadla Nubian.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cooper |first1=Julien|title=Toponymic Strata in Ancient Nubian placenames in the Third and Second Millennium BCE: a view from Egyptian Records. Dotawo: A Journal of Nubian Studies: Vol. 4, Article 3|chapter-url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:7d8a387b-f850-4d56-8105-f84a30bf121a/download_file?file_format=pdf&safe_filename=Cooper%252C%2BToponymic%2BStrata%2Bin%2BAncient%2BNubian%2BPlacenames%252C%2BDotawo%2B4.pdf&type_of_work=Journal+article|access-date=2019-11-20 |year=2017|pages=208–209 |chapter=Conclusion|quote="The toponymic data in Egyptian texts has broadly identified at least three linguistic blocs in the Middle Nile region of the second and first millennium BCE, each of which probably exhibited a great degree of internal variation. In Lower Nubia there was an Afroasiatic language, likely a branch of Cushitic. By the end of the first millennium CE this region had been encroached upon and replaced by Eastern Sudanic speakers arriving from the south and west, to be identified first with Meroitic and later migrations attributable to Nubian speakers.}}</ref></blockquote> Buugga Handbook of Ancient Nubia, Claude Rilly (2019) wuxuu sheegay in luuqadaha Cushitic ay mar Nubia-da Hoose u talin jireen oo ay la socdeen luuqadda [[Egyptian language|Ancient Egyptian]]. Rilly (2019) wuxuu sheegay: "Laba luuqadood oo Afro-Asiatic ah ayaa ka jiray qadiimiga Nubia, kuwaas oo ah Ancient Egyptian iyo Cushitic."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rilly |first1=Claude|title=Handbook of Ancient Nubia|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mXWcDwAAQBAJ&q=cushitic+nubia&pg=PA134|access-date=2019-11-20 |year=2019|chapter=Languages of Ancient Nubia|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=9783110420388|quote="Two Afro-Asiatic languages were present in antiquity in Nubia, namely Ancient Egyptian and Cushitic.}}</ref> Rilly (2019) wuxuu soo xigtay diiwaanno taariikhi ah oo ku saabsan qawmiyad awood badan oo ku hadasha Cushitic taas oo maamuli jirtay Nubia-da Hoose iyo magaalooyin qaar ka mid ah Masar-ta Sare. Rilly (2019) wuxuu sheegay: "Blemmyes waa qabiil kale oo ku hadla Cushitic, ama waxay u badan tahay qayb ka mid ah dadka Medjay/Beja, taas oo lagu caddeeyey qoraallada Napatan iyo Masar laga bilaabo qarnigii 6aad BC."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rilly |first1=Claude|title=Handbook of Ancient Nubia|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mXWcDwAAQBAJ&q=cushitic+nubia&pg=PA134|access-date=2019-11-20 |year=2019|chapter=Languages of Ancient Nubia|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=9783110420388|quote="The Blemmyes are another Cushitic speaking tribe, or more likely a subdivision of the Medjay/Beja people, which is attested in Napatan and Egyptian texts from the 6th century BC on.}}</ref> Bogga 134: "Laga bilaabo dhammaadkii qarnigii 4aad ilaa qarnigii 6aad AD, waxay haysteen qaybo ka mid ah Nubia-da Hoose iyo magaalooyin qaar ka mid ah Masar-ta Sare."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rilly |first1=Claude|title=Handbook of Ancient Nubia|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mXWcDwAAQBAJ&q=cushitic+nubia&pg=PA134|access-date=2019-11-20 |year=2019|chapter=Languages of Ancient Nubia|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=9783110420388|quote="From the end of the 4th century until the 6th century AD, they held parts of Lower Nubia and some cities of Upper Egypt.}}</ref> Wuxuu soo xigtay xiriirka luuqadeed ee ka dhexeeya luuqadda casriga ah [[Beja language]] iyo luuqadda qadiimiga ah ee Cushitic Blemmyan ee maamuli jirtay Nubia-da Hoose iyo in Blemmyes loo tixgelin karo qabiil gaar ah oo Medjay ah: <blockquote>Luuqadda Blemmyan waxay aad ugu dhowdahay Beja-da casriga ah oo waxay u badan tahay inay tahay lahjad hore oo isku luuqad ah. Xaaladdan oo kale, Blemmyes waxaa loo tixgelin karaa qabiil gaar ah oo Medjay ah.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rilly |first1=Claude|title=Handbook of Ancient Nubia|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mXWcDwAAQBAJ&q=cushitic+nubia&pg=PA134|access-date=2019-11-20 |year=2019|chapter=Languages of Ancient Nubia|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=9783110420388|quote="The Blemmyan language is so close to modern Beja that it is probably nothing else than an early dialect of the same language In this case, the Blemmyes can be regarded as a particular tribe of the Medjay.}}</ref></blockquote> Masar-ta Sare iyo Nubia-da Hoose ee Waqooyi waxaa ka jiray taxane dhaqamo, [[Badarian]], [[Amratian]], [[Gerzean]], [[A-Group]], [[B-Group]], iyo [[C-Group]]. Caddaymaha luuqadeed waxay muujinayaan in luuqadaha Cushitic looga hadli jiray Nubia-da Hoose, oo ah gobol qadiimi ah oo ku yaal koonfurta Masar ee hadda iyo waqooyiga Sudan, ka hor imaatinka luuqadaha North Eastern Sudanic ee Dooxada Dhexe ee Niil.<ref>Cooper, Julien (2017) "Toponymic Strata in Ancient Nubia Until the Common Era", Dotawo: A Journal of Nubian Studies: Vol. 4, Article 3. Available at: https://digitalcommons.fairfield.edu/djns/vol4/iss1/3</ref> == Taariikh nololeed== *Roxana Flammini, "Ancient Core-Periphery Interactions: Lower Nubia During Middle Kingdom Egypt (ca. 2050–1640 B.C.)", in Journal of World Systems Research, Volume XIV, Number 1 (2008) [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237535596_Ancient_Core-Periphery_Interactions_Lower_Nubia_During_Middle_Kingdom_Egypt_ca_2050-1640_BC PDF] (wuxuu ka hadlayaa aragtida Masar ee Nubia intii lagu jiray Boqortooyadii Dhexe iyo Cusub). == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} 809clltdyz8ltu2nz4jx4siexmuoala 0 48190 305888 300478 2026-08-24T18:35:14Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305888 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox waterfall | name = Augrabies Falls | map = | photo = Augrabies Falls, March 2008.jpg | photo_width = | photo_caption = Augrabies Falls | location =[[Kai ǃGarib Local Municipality]], [[Northern Cape]], [[Koonfur Afrika]] | coords = {{coord|28|35|29|S|20|20|27|E|type:landmark_region:ZA|display=inline,title}} | elevation = | type = Cascade | height = {{convert|183|ft|order=flip}} | width = | height_longest = | average_width = {{convert|80|ft|order=flip}} | number_drops = | average_flow = {{convert|11050|ft3|order=flip}} | watercourse = [[Wabiga Orange]] | world_rank = }} '''Augrabies Falls''' {{IPAc-en|ɔː|ˈ|x|r|ɑː|b|iː|z}} waa [[biyo-dhac]] ku yaal [[Wabiga Orange]], oo ah wabiga ugu weyn [[Koonfur Afrika]]. Tan iyo 1966-kii biyo-dhaca, oo ku yaal deegaan cidlo iyo qallafsan, waxaa ku wareegsan [[Beerta Qaranka ee Augrabies Falls]]. Biyo-dhacu waa qiyaastii {{convert|56|m|}} oo dherer ah.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url= http://www.worldwaterfalldatabase.com/waterfall/Augrabies-Falls-116/|title=Augrabies Falls {{!}} World Waterfall Database|website=www.worldwaterfalldatabase.com|access-date=2017-02-21}}</ref> Ilaha qaar ayaa xusaya dherer qiyaas ahaan ah {{convert|146|m|}}; kani waa dhab ahaan dhererka laga bilaabo salka dooxada ilaa sare ee derbiyada, ma aha kan biyo-dhaca laftiisa.<ref name=":0" /> == Sahaminta == Dadkii asalka ahaa ee [[Khoikhoi]] waxay biyo-dhaca u bixiyeen "Ankoerebis" — "meesha buuqa weyn" — oo ay [[Trek Boers]], oo halkan degay markii dambe, ka soo qaateen magaca, "Augrabies".<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/readersdigestnat00sche|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=0-89577-087-3|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/readersdigestnat00sche/page/62 62]|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.}}</ref> Hoggaamiyihii ugu dambeeyay ee dadka deegaanka asalka ah wuxuu ahaa Klaas Pofadder oo ku noolaa jasiirad ku taal wabiga dusheeda biyo-dhaca, oo hadda loo yaqaan Jasiiradda Klaas. Yurubiyiinkii ugu horreeyay ee arkay biyo-dhaca wuxuu ahaa askarigii reer Iswiidhan ee fallaagada ahaa [[Hendrik Jakob Wikar]].<ref name="wm"/> Wuxuu yimid biyo-dhaca bishii Oktoobar 1778, ka dib sannado badan oo uu ku wareegayay duurka. Markii safar kale, George Thompson, ay u kaxeeyeen biyo-dhaca hagayaashiisii [[Griqua people|Koranna]] sannadkii 1826, wuxuu u bixiyay [[Boqor George IV]].{{cn|date=Maarso 2026}} Horraantii 1920-yadii askari, sahamiye iyo siyaasi [[Deneys Reitz]] ayaa u dabaashay ilaa barkadda hoose iyo godka ka dambeeya biyo-dhaca, isagoo sheegtay inuu ahaa qofkii ugu horreeyay ee sidaas sameeya oo noolaada.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Reitz |first1=Deneys |title=Adrift on the Open Veld |url=https://archive.org/details/adriftonopenveld0000reit |date=1999 |publisher=Stormberg |location=Cape Town |isbn=978-0-6202-4380-3 |pages=589-590}}</ref> == Cabbirka == Augrabies Falls waxay diiwaangeliyeen {{convert|7800|m3}} oo biyo ah ilbiriqsi kasta fatahaadihii 1988 (iyo {{convert|6800|m3}} fatahaadihii 2006). Tani waa in ka badan saddex jeer celceliska heerka socodka xilli-roobaadka ee [[Niagara Falls]] oo ah {{convert|2400|m3}} ilbiriqsi kasta, in ka badan afar jeer celceliska sanadlaha ah ee Niagara, kana weyn rikoodhkii abid ee Niagara oo ah {{convert|6800|m3}} ilbiriqsi kasta. Dooxada Augrabies Falls waa {{convert|240|m|ft|sigfig=1}} qoto dheer iyo {{convert|18|km|mi|sigfig=1}} dherer ah, waana tusaale cajiib ah oo nabaad-guurka granite-ka ah.{{citation needed|date=Febraayo 2021|reason=IP stated These figures need to be checked against Wikipedia comparisons for world waterfalls. They seem wildly out of line}} == Khataraha == Tan iyo 1966-kii, in ka badan 20 qof ayaa u dhintay iyagoo ku dhacay dooxada, shan kalena waxaa la qaaday biyo-dhaca. Dalxiis u dhashay Scandinavia si kastaba ha ahaatee wuu ka badbaaday dhicitaan ku dhacay dooxada 1979-kii, sidoo kale nin la qaaday biyo-dhaca bishii Oktoobar 1981-kii. Meydadka kuwa kale ayaa lagu xayiray barkadda hoose ee hoos ku taal oo aan waligood la helin. Sidoo kale, xayawaannada ay ku jiraan lo'da iyo qadiibka (hippo) ayaa la qaaday biyo-dhaca.<ref name="wm">{{cite web |title=Augrabies Falls |url=https://www.wondermondo.com/augrabies-falls/ |website=WonderMondo |date=9 Febraayo 2019 |access-date=1 Oktoobar 2019 |archive-date=2024-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622055412/https://www.wondermondo.com/augrabies-falls/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <gallery class="center" caption="Augrabies Falls" heights="155px" widths="155px" mode=packed> File:Augrabies Falls 1.JPG | Biyo-dhaca oo laga eegayo madasha daawashada Image:Augrabies Falls.jpg | Augrabies Falls xilliga jiilaalka File:Augrabie 01.jpg | Biyo-dhaca oo fatahay </gallery> == Sheeko-xariir == Sheeko-xariirta ka dhexaysa kuwa raadinayay macdanta ee Koonfur Afrika horraantii qarnigii labaatanaad waxay ku sifeeyaan barkadda hoosta King George Cataract inay ka buuxaan dheeman, kuwaas oo ay qaadaan hirarka hoos u socda Wabiga Orange. Intaa waxaa dheer, barkadda waxaa kale oo la sheegaa inay tahay godka xayawaan mas u eg oo loo yaqaan [[Grootslang]].<ref name="Dream">{{cite book|author=Green, Lawrence G. |title= Where Men Still Dream |date=1948 |url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.54893 |publisher= Standard Press Ltd., Cape Town |page= 125-126}}</ref> == Sidoo kale eeg == *[[Liiska biyo-dhacyada]] *[[Liiska biyo-dhacyada ee Koonfur Afrika]] *[[Liiska biyo-dhacyada iyadoo loo eegayo heerka socodka]] == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Commons category|Augrabies Falls}} {{wikivoyage|Augrabies Falls National Park}} *[http://www.sanparks.org/parks/augrabies/ Beerta Qaranka ee Augrabies Falls] *{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0169-555X(03)00105-3 |title=Anabranching in mixed bedrock-alluvial rivers: The example of the Orange River above Augrabies Falls, Northern Cape Province, South Africa |journal=Geomorphology |volume=57 |issue=3–4 |pages=235–62 |year=2004 |last1=Tooth |first1=S |last2=McCarthy |first2=T.S |bibcode=2004Geomo..57..235T }} {{Authority control}} pe29sewme09dmzrtpp2lz4hk4m5wmvl 0 48195 305896 303170 2026-08-24T18:39:15Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305896 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ecoregion | name = Kaymaha buuraha ee Albertine Rift<br>''Forêts montagnardes du Rift Albertin'' | image = Bwindi mountains.jpg | image_size = | image_alt = | image_caption = [[Bwindi Impenetrable Forest]] ee [[Uganda]] | country = [[Burundi]] | country1 = [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo]] | country2 = [[Rwanda]] | country3 = [[Tanzania]] | country4 = [[Uganda]] | border = [[Northern Congolian forest–savanna mosaic]] | border1 = [[East Sudanian savanna]] | border2 = [[Victoria Basin forest–savanna mosaic]] | border3 = [[Central Zambezian miombo woodlands]] | border4 = [[Southern Congolian forest–savanna mosaic]] | border5 = [[Northeast Congolian lowland forests]] | border6 = [[Rwenzori–Virunga montane moorlands]] | bird_species = 732<ref name = "Atlas"> {{cite book |last1 = Hoekstra |first1 = J. M. |last2 = Molnar |first2 = J. L. |last3 = Jennings |first3 = M. |last4 = Revenga |first4 = C. |last5 = Spalding |first5 = M. D. |last6 = Boucher |first6 = T. M. |last7 = Robertson |first7 = J. C. |last8 = Heibel |first8 = T. J. |last9 = Ellison |first9 = K. |title = The Atlas of Global Conservation: Changes, Challenges, and Opportunities to Make a Difference |url = https://archive.org/details/atlasofglobalcon0000unse |publisher = [[University of California Press]] |editor1-last = Molnar |editor1-first = J. L. |year = 2010 |isbn = 978-0-520-26256-0 }}</ref> | mammal_species = 228<ref name = "Atlas"/> | habitat_loss = 27.433 | habitat_loss_ref = <ref name = "Atlas"/> | protected = 12.48 | protected_ref = <ref name = "Atlas"/> | area = 103900 | biome = [[Kaymaha kulaylaha iyo kuwa-hoosaadka ee qoyan ee ballaaran]] | coordinates = {{coord|2.75|S|29.14|E|display=title,inline}} | map = Albertine Rift Montane Forests Ecoregion.png | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = Khariidadda Albertine Rift Montane Forests }} '''Kaymaha buuraha ee Albertine Rift''' (Af-Faransiis: ''Forêts montagnardes du Rift Albertin'') waa [[kaymaha kulaylaha iyo kuwa-hoosaadka ee qoyan ee ballaaran|ecoregion kayn qoyan oo kulaylaha ah]] oo ku taal bariga-bartamaha Afrika. Ecoregion-ku wuxuu dabooshaa buuraha waqooyiga [[Albertine Rift]], waana hoy u ah kaymaha [[Afromontane]] ee leh kala duwanaansho nooleed oo sarreeya.<ref name='ecomap'>{{cite web|title=Map of Ecoregions 2017|url=https://ecoregions2017.appspot.com/|publisher=Resolve|language=en|access-date=August 20, 2021}}</ref><ref name=dopa></ref><ref name= 'eoe'>{{cite web|title=Albertine Rift montane forests|url=https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Albertine_Rift_montane_forests|publisher=The Encyclopedia of Earth|language=en|access-date=August 20, 2021}}</ref> == Juqraafiga == Kaymaha sare ee buuraleyda ah waxay daboolaan qaybaha galbeed ee [[Rwanda]] iyo [[Burundi]], xadka bari ee [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo]], iyo qaybo ka mid ah galbeedka [[Uganda]] iyo [[Tanzania]]. Aaggan wuxuu ku fadhiyaa buuraha isbarbar socda ee [[Albertine Rift Mountains]] kuwaas oo ku hareeraysan laanta galbeed ee [[East African Rift|East African Rift]]. Buuraha waxaa ka mid ah Lendu Plateau ee Uganda (kayntu waxay ku dhawaad gebi ahaanba ka banneeyeen halkan), iyo [[Virunga Mountains|Buuraha Virunga]] iyo [[Rwenzori Mountains|Buuraha Rwenzori]] ee [[Rwanda]], [[Uganda]], iyo [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo]]. Joogga ugu sarreeya ee buuraha Rwenzori iyo Virunga (in ka badan 3000 mitir), kaymuhu waxay u gudbaan [[Afroalpine]] [[Rwenzori–Virunga montane moorlands|ecoregion-ka Rwenzori–Virunga montane moorlands]], oo ay ku jiraan meelaha ugu sarreeya ee [[Mount Stanley]] iyo [[Mount Karisimbi]]. Meesha ugu sarreysa ee Burundi, [[Mount Heha]] si kastaba ha ahaatee waxay ku taal ecoregion-kan. === Aagagga magaalooyinka iyo degsiimooyinka === Aagagga horumaray iyo kuwa la dejiyey ee gobolka waxaa ka mid ah: * Uganda — magaalada suuqa ee [[Fort Portal]], oo ah saldhigga daawashada chimpanzees-ka ee [[Kibale National Park]], iyo xarun loogu talagalay booqashada buuraha Ruwenzori ee waqooyiga. * Rwanda — [[Ruhengeri]] (oo u dhow [[Volcanoes National Park]]), iyo magaalooyinka [[Lake Kivu|Harada Kivu]] ee [[Gisenyi]], [[Kibuye, Rwanda|Kibuye]] (oo loogu talagalay safarada doonyaha ee [[Napoleon Island]] ee harada dhexdeeda), iyo [[Cyangugu]], oo ah saldhigga daawashada prímates-ka ee [[Nyungwe Forest]]. * Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo — magaalooyinka [[Harada Kivu]] ee [[Goma]], oo ka soo horjeeda Gisenyi iyo saldhigga booqashada Beerta Qaranka ee Virunga) iyo [[Bukavu]], oo ka soo horjeeda Cyangugu iyo u dhow [[Kahuzi-Biéga National Park]], kaas oo ah hoyga mountain gorillas, laakiin khatar ugu jira colaadda gobolka (eeg [[Second Congo War]]). * Burundi — magaalooyinka waqooyi-galbeed ee [[Cibitoke]] iyo [[Bubanza]] oo fatahaaddu burburisay, iyo magaalada koonfureed ee [[Bururi]] halkaas oo [[Bururi Forest Nature Reserve]] ay ilaaliso qaar ka mid ah kaymaha Afromontane. == Dhirta iyo xayawaanka == Kaymaha roobka ee buuraleyda ah ee ecoregion-ku waxay leeyihiin cimilo ka qabow [[Congolian lowland forests|kaymaha dhulka hoose ee Congolian]] ama savana-da Uganda, Rwanda iyo Burundi, sidaas darteedna waa hoy u ah noocyo kala duwan oo dhirta [[Afromontane]] ah iyo gaar ahaan xayawaannada. Kaymaha buuraleyda ah ee Albertine Rift waxaa lagu daray liiska ilaalinta [[Global 200]]. [[File:Albertine Rift, East African Rift (artificial rendering).jpg|alt=Computer generated oblique view from space showing lakes and mountain ranges|thumb|Topographic relief ee Albertine Rift, oo loo eegayo waqooyi laga bilaabo [[Lake Tanganyika]]]] [[Mountain gorilla|Gorilla-ha buurta]] naadirka ah (''Gorilla beringei beringei'') wuxuu ku badbaadaa oo keliya ecoregion-kan sida ay u sameeyaan [[L'Hoest's monkey|daanyeerka L'Hoest]], iyo nooc hoosaad ka mid ah [[Hamlyn's monkey|daanyeerka Hamlyn]] − iyo sidoo kale noocyo badan oo endemic ah oo balanbaalis iyo shimbiro ah oo ay ku jiraan: [[Grauer's warbler|Grauer's warbler]], [[Chapin's flycatcher|Chapin's flycatcher]], iyo [[Rwenzori turaco|Rwenzori turaco]]. [[Lendu Plateau clawed frog|Lendu Plateau clawed frog-ga]] waa [[endemic]] u ah qaab-dhismeedka dhulkaas ee ecoregion-ka. == Ilaalinta == Kaymaha inteeda badan mar hore ayaa loo nadiifiyey beeraha ama goynta alwaaxda, gaar ahaan Rwanda iyo Burundi oo dadku aad ugu badan yihiin, laakiin aagag ballaaran oo kayn ah ayaa weli ku jira kaydka kaynta iyo meelaha sare ee buuraha [[Virunga Mountains|Virunga]], [[Itombwe Mountains|Itombwe]], iyo [[Rwenzori Mountains|Rwenzori]]. Nadiifinta kayntu waa mid socota waana hanjabaad weyn oo ku wajahan deegaanka gobolka, iyo kaymaha sida kaydka kaarboonka oo muhiim ah.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cuni-Sanchez|first1=Aida|last2=Sullivan|first2=Martin J. P.|last3=Platts|first3=Philip J.|last4=Lewis|first4=Simon L.|last5=Marchant|first5=Rob|last6=Imani|first6=Gérard|last7=Hubau|first7=Wannes|last8=Abiem|first8=Iveren|last9=Adhikari|first9=Hari|last10=Albrecht|first10=Tomas|last11=Altman|first11=Jan|date=2021-08-25|title=High aboveground carbon stock of African tropical montane forests|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03728-4.epdf?sharing_token=bEqkRzgN33GRS15EArVbQ9RgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0NrP20v6tBYDXQx4YD3p4C_dUvqpqn22LnJwEyOGgD2loZqhnO_vOkXwECa6hZtic2kTEfvE4_nj7iQ64uteejvRwq0pqhS8_it9sTpvQkmKWDt2Bg7dc2LY7mxcLBuWIlOchgDKxKsdv5F7mynlaeIuV_9AWCL8gS_lLskAY_JW-qswzNp56qzXW3rzv1FI_w=&tracking_referrer=www.derstandard.de|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=596|issue=7873|pages=536–542|doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03728-4|pmid=34433947|s2cid=237307786|issn=0028-0836|access-date=2021-09-07}}</ref> Taariikhda siyaasadeed iyo fallaagada ee rabshadaha wadata ee gobolka waayadii dambe ayaa sidoo kale u geystay dhaawac dheelitirka deegaanka, tusaale ahaan ku dhawaad baabi'inta dadka [[African bush elephant|maroodiga duurjoogta Afrika]] ee Beerta Qaranka ee Virunga ee DRC. === Aagagga la ilaaliyo === 11.93% ee ecoregion-ku waxay ku jiraan aagag la ilaaliyo. Aagagga la ilaaliyo waxaa ka mid ah:<ref name="dopa">"Albertine Rift montane forests". DOPA Explorer. Accessed 22 March 2022. [https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/30101]</ref> * [[Bururi Forest Nature Reserve]], Burundi * [[Bwindi Impenetrable National Park]], Uganda * [[Gishwati-Mukura National Park]], Rwanda * [[Kahuzi-Biéga National Park]], Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo * [[Kazinga Wildlife Sanctuary]], Uganda * [[Kibale National Park]], Uganda * [[Kibira National Park]], Burundi * [[Kisimba Ikobo Primate Nature Reserve]], Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo * [[Kyambura Wildlife Reserve]], Uganda * [[Mahale Mountains National Park]], Tanzania * [[Mgahinga Gorilla National Park]], Uganda * [[Monge Forest Nature Reserve]], Burundi * [[Nyungwe National Park]], Rwanda * [[Rusizi National Park]], Burundi * [[Rwenzori Mountains National Park]], Uganda * [[Queen Elizabeth National Park]], Uganda * [[Semuliki National Park]], Uganda * [[Tayna Nature Reserve]], Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo * [[Toro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve]], Uganda * [[Virunga National Park]], Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo * [[Volcanoes National Park]], Rwanda == Dalxiiska == Hawlaha booqdayaasha ee deegaannada ecoregion-ka waxaa ka mid ah: * [[Mountain gorilla|Mountain gorilla]] daawashada ee {{convert|434|km2|mi2}} Virunga Conservation Area (VCA) ee [[Virunga Mountains|Buuraha Virunga]], kaas oo ay ku jiraan: :*[[Bwindi Impenetrable National Park]] ee Uganda. :*[[Virunga National Park]] ee Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo. :*[[Volcanoes National Park]] ee Rwanda — saldhiggii hore ee saynisyahanka xayawaanka [[Dian Fossey]]. * [[Kibale National Park]] ee Uganda. * Socodka buuraha ee [[Rwenzori Mountains|Buuraha Rwenzori]], iyo gudaha [[Ruwenzori Mountains National Park]]. == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == * {{commons-inline||Albertine Rift Montane Forests Ecoregion}} *{{WWF ecoregion|name=Albertine Rift montane forests|id=at0101}} *[http://www.albertinerift.org/ Albertinerift.org: Albertine Rift Programme] — ''ee [[Wildlife Conservation Society]]''. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100104014918/http://rwandatourism.com/ The Rwanda Tourist Board (ORTPN)] * [http://www.unep-wcmc.org/protected_areas/data/sample/0360p.htm UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre.org: Volcanoes National Park] {{Wayback|url=http://www.unep-wcmc.org/protected_areas/data/sample/0360p.htm |date=20070929124424 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100428034457/http://www.footprint-adventures.co.uk/rwanda5.html Footprint Adventures.uk: The Virunga Primates] *[http://projects.bebif.be/enbi/albertinerift/common/ Bebif.be: Albertine Rift Projects] {{Wayback|url=http://projects.bebif.be/enbi/albertinerift/common/ |date=20120222170544 }} — ''ee [[Royal Museum for Central Africa]] − oo ay ku jiraan shimbiro hooyo, balanbaalis, kalluun, & qoyska [[Rubiaceae]] dhirta''. aupj9a08rlm6wj08d5cpct31qzic5km 0 48199 305877 299948 2026-08-24T18:29:45Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305877 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Wabiga Kasai | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Sunset view from Kalonda.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = | map = Kasai watershed.png | map_size = 250 | map_caption = Barkadda biyaha ee Wabiga Kasai ([https://mghydro.com/watersheds/shared/FBABD3.html Khariidadda is-dhexgal]) | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = 300 | pushpin_map_caption = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 4 <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Waddamada | subdivision_name1 = {{hlist|[[Angola]]|[[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo]]}} | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | source1 = | source1_location = [[Bié Plateau|Buuraha Bié]] | source1_coordinates= {{Coord|-11.583|19.024|display=inline}} | source1_elevation = {{cvt|1,300|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="Le bassin du Congo">{{cite web|url=https://congeau.site/kasai.html|title=Le cours de la rivière Kasaï}}</ref> | mouth = [[Wabiga Kongo]] | mouth_location = [[Kwamouth]], DRC | mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|-3.182|16.184|display=inline}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|272|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="Le bassin du Congo"/> | length = {{cvt|2,272|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Le bassin du Congo"/> | basin_size = {{cvt|884,376|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin">{{cite journal |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 |doi=10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015 |title=Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin |year=2018 |last1=Becker |first1=M. |last2=Papa |first2=F. |last3=Frappart |first3=F. |last4=Alsdorf |first4=D. |last5=Calmant |first5=S. |last6=Da Silva |first6=J. Santos |last7=Prigent |first7=C. |last8=Seyler |first8=F. |journal=International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation |volume=66 |pages=196–209 |bibcode=2018IJAEO..66..196B |access-date=2021-09-21 }}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge3_location=[[Ilebo]] | discharge3_avg =(1950–1959){{cvt|2,240|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Zaire">{{cite report|url=https://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/drc1989undpgroundwater.pdf|title=Zaire|publisher=BGS, British Geological Survey}}</ref> | discharge2_location=''Kutu-Moke'' | discharge2_avg =(Muddadi: 1948–2012){{cvt|8,070|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa">{{cite journal |title=Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa |last1=Laraque |first1=Alain |last2=Moukandi N’kaya |first2=Guy D. |journal=Water |year=2020 |volume=12 |issue=9 |page=2613 |doi=10.3390/w12092613 |bibcode=2020Water..12.2613L |doi-access=free}}</ref> | discharge1_location=''Lediba'' | discharge1_avg=(Muddadi: 1922–2014){{cvt|10,457|m3/s|km3/year|abbr=on}}<ref name="Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo">{{cite web|url=https://www.crrebac.org/blog/professeur-raphael-tshimanga-phd-hydrologie-2/conception-dun-reseau-optimal-de-suivi-hydrometeorologique-et-climatique-du-bassin-versant-de-kasai-120|title=Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo|last=Dr. Raphael|first=M. Tshimanga|date=2019}}</ref> <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | progression = Kasai → [[Wabiga Kongo|Kongo]] → [[Badweynta Atlaantik]] | river_system = [[Wabiga Kongo]] | tributaries_left = Luembe, Longatshimo, Tshikapa, Lovua, [[Wabiga Loange|Loange]], Lubue, Piopio, Kamtsha, [[Kwango]], Buma | tributaries_right = Munyango, Luau, Kasangeshi, Lueta, [[Wabiga Lulua|Lulua]], Lutshuadi, [[Sankuru]], [[Fimi]] | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} [[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|350px|Waddadii Stanley ayaa lagu muujiyay khadka madow ee adag.]] '''Wabiga Kasai''' (Af-Sawaaxili: ''Mto Kasai'', [[Af-Faransiis|Faransiis]]: ''Kasaï''; waxaa loogu yeeraa '''Cassai''' [[Af-Bortuqiis|Bortuqiiska Angola]]) waa [[wabi laan]] ah oo dhanka bidix ka xiga [[Wabiga Kongo]], kuna yaal [[Afrikata Dhexe]].<ref name="h"/> Wabigu wuxuu ka bilaabmaa bartamaha [[Angola]] wuxuuna u qulqulaa dhanka bari ilaa uu ka gaaro [[xadka]] u dhexeeya Angola iyo [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo]], halkaas oo uu u leexdo waqooyi kuna shaqeeyo xadka ilaa uu ka galo DRC. Laga soo bilaabo [[Ilebo]], oo u dhexeeya isku-darka [[Wabiga Lulua]] iyo [[Wabiga Sankuru]], Wabiga Kasai wuxuu u leexdaa dhanka galbeed. Qaybta hoose ee wabiga, laga bilaabo isku-darka [[Wabiga Fimi]] ilaa uu kaga biiro Kongo oo ku yaal [[Kwamouth]] waqooyi-bari ee Kinshasa, waxaa sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Wabiga Kwa(h)'''. Barkadda Kasai waxay inta badan ka kooban tahay aagagga kaymaha roobka ee dhulbaraha, kuwaas oo bixiya dhul-beereed gobolka lagu yaqaan carro bacaad ah oo aan bacrin ahayn.<ref name="h"/> Waa wabi laan ka mid ah wabiga Kongo waxaana laga helaa dheeman. Qiyaastii 60% dheemanka Belgium wuxuu ka yimaadaa wabiga Kasai si loo gooyo loona qaabeeyo. == Qulqulka == {{Bar chart | title = Qulqulka celceliska sanadlaha ah ee Wabiga Kasai ee Lediba<ref name="Zaire">{{cite report|url=https://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/drc1989undpgroundwater.pdf|title=Zaire|publisher=BGS, British Geological Survey}}</ref><ref name="Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin">{{cite journal |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 |doi=10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015 |title=Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin |year=2018 |last1=Becker |first1=M. |last2=Papa |first2=F. |last3=Frappart |first3=F. |last4=Alsdorf |first4=D. |last5=Calmant |first5=S. |last6=Da Silva |first6=J. Santos |last7=Prigent |first7=C. |last8=Seyler |first8=F. |journal=International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation |volume=66 |pages=196–209 |bibcode=2018IJAEO..66..196B |access-date=2021-09-21 }}</ref><ref name="Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo">{{cite web|url=https://www.crrebac.org/blog/professeur-raphael-tshimanga-phd-hydrologie-2/conception-dun-reseau-optimal-de-suivi-hydrometeorologique-et-climatique-du-bassin-versant-de-kasai-120|title=Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo|last=Dr. Raphael|first=M. Tshimanga|date=2019}}</ref> | label_type = Muddadii | data_type = Qulqulka celceliska (m³/s) | bar_width = 14 | width_units = em | data_max =11,320 | label1=2012–2016 | data1=9,000 | label2=1948–2012 | data2=10,457 | label3=1950–1959 | data3=11,318 }} {{Bar chart | title = Qulqulka celceliska sanadlaha ah ee Wabiga Kasai ee Kutu-Moke | label_type = Muddadii | data_type = Qulqulka celceliska (m³/s) | bar_width = 14 | width_units = em | data_max =8,800 | label1=1948–2012 | data1=8,070 | label2=1950–1959 | data2=8,790 }} {{Bar chart | title = Qulqulka celceliska sanadlaha ah ee Wabiga Kasai ee Ilebo | label_type = Muddadii | data_type = Qulqulka celceliska (m³/s) | bar_width = 14 | width_units = em | data_max =2,250 | label1=1948–2012 | data1=2,079 | label2=1950–1959 | data2=2,240 }} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;" |+ Qulqulka biyaha ee Wabiga Kasai ee Lediba ({{coord|3|3|25.4556|S|16|32|55.0644|E}}) iyo Kutu-Moke ({{coord|3|12|33.0516|S|17|20|42.4032|E}}). |- ! rowspan="2" |Sannadka ! rowspan="71" | !Lediba ! !Kutu- Moke |- ! colspan="3" |Qulqulka celceliska (m³/s) |- |2016 |9,350 | rowspan="69" | | |- |2015 |8,090 | |- |2014 |9,040 | |- |2013 |9,520 | |- |2012 |8,870 |6,800 |- |2011 |7,940 |6,093 |- |2010 |7,320 |5,614 |- |2009 |8,820 |6,764 |- |2008 |10,400 |7,976 |- |2007 |13,180 |10,110 |- |2006 |10,740 |8,236 |- |2005 |9,017 |6,917 |- |2004 |8,130 |6,235 |- |2003 |11,520 |8,837 |- |2002 |11,150 |8,552 |- |2001 |9,290 |7,125 |- |2000 |8,310 |6,496 |- |1999 |7,030 |5,463 |- |1998 |7,010 |5,480 |- |1997 |9,800 |7,659 |- |1996 |8,950 |7,000 |- |1995 |7,620 |5,960 |- |1994 |7,430 |5,810 |- |1993 |8,580 |6,705 |- |1992 |7,790 |6,089 |- |1991 |10,410 |8,136 |- |1990 |11,150 |8,717 |- |1989 |12,810 |9,988 |- |1988 |11,450 |8,953 |- |1987 |11,120 |8,694 |- |1986 |9,980 |7,804 |- |1985 |9,550 |7,463 |- |1984 |8,800 |6,879 |- |1983 |10,340 |8,084 |- |1982 |10,100 |7,897 |- |1981 |9,500 |7,427 |- |1980 |9,230 |7,213 |- |1979 |11,710 |9,153 |- |1978 |10,730 |8,385 |- |1977 |12,450 |9,731 |- |1976 |11,760 |9,194 |- |1975 |10,720 |8,383 |- |1974 |10,080 |7,878 |- |1973 |9,970 |7,796 |- |1972 |10,540 |8,236 |- |1971 |11,360 |8,880 |- |1970 |12,040 |9,232 |- |1969 |13,020 |9,986 |- |1968 |13,100 |10,050 |- |1967 |11,510 |8,832 |- |1966 |12,340 |9,466 |- |1965 |10,970 |8,417 |- |1964 |11,950 |9,167 |- |1963 |11,960 |9,173 |- |1962 |13,510 |10,360 |- |1961 |12,440 |9,543 |- |1960 |11,430 |8,764 |- |1959 |9,960 |7,638 |- |1958 |9,850 |7,552 |- |1957 |11,810 |9,060 |- |1956 |11,580 |8,882 |- |1955 |11,360 |8,717 |- |1954 |11,390 |8,735 |- |1953 |10,220 |7,837 |- |1952 |10,490 |8,646 |- |1951 |11,260 |8,640 |- |1950 |11,240 |8,619 |- |1949 |11,560 |8,870 |- |1948 |11,360 |8,716 |- | colspan="5" | |- | colspan="5" |Fiiro gaar: Celceliska ugu yar iyo ugu badnaan qulqulka: Lediba 5,000–20,000 m³/s (1932–1959), Kutu-Moke 4,400–11,600 m³/s (1932–1959) |- | colspan="5" |Source:<ref name="Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa">{{cite journal |title=Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa |last1=Laraque |first1=Alain |last2=Moukandi N’kaya |first2=Guy D. |journal=Water |year=2020 |volume=12 |issue=9 |page=2613 |doi=10.3390/w12092613 |bibcode=2020Water..12.2613L |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Improved modeling of Congo’s hydrology for floods and droughts analysis and ENSO teleconnections">{{cite journal|journal=Regional Studies|url=https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/2024-02/010089436.pdf|title=Improved modeling of Congo's hydrology for floods and droughts analysis and ENSO teleconnections|last1=Sly|first1=Wongchuig|last2=Benjamin|first2=Kitambo|last3=Fabrice|first3=Papa|last4=Adrien|first4=Paris|last5=Ayan Santos|first5=Fleischmann|last6=Laetitia|first6=Gal|last7=Julien|first7=Boucharel|last8=Rodrigo|first8=Paiva|last9=Romulo Jucá|first9=Oliveira|last10=Raphael M.|first10=Tshimanga|last11=Stéphane|first11=Calmant|doi=10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563|page=21|date=2023 |volume=50 |article-number=101563 |bibcode=2023JHyRS..5001563W }}</ref> |} == Sahamin == [[Henry Morton Stanley]] wuxuu gaaray [[isku-darka]] 9 Maarso 1877, wuxuuna wabiga ugu yeeray Nkutu, "wabi awood leh oo qoto dheer", laakiin wuxuu aqoonsaday inuu ka soo jeedo Kwango-ga [[David Livingstone]].<ref name=Stanley>Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}</ref>{{rp|Vol.Two,252}} == Wabiyada laamaha u ah == Wabiyada laamaha u ah Kasai ee kor ka xiga isku-darka Kongo:<ref name="Le bassin du Congo"/> * [[Wabiga Fimi]] (midig – Fimi oo leh [[Wabiga Lukenie]] 1,120 km) * [[Wabiga Kwilu]]–[[Wabiga Kwango]] (bidix – 1,702 km) * [[Wabiga Loange]] (bidix – 865 km) * [[Wabiga Sankuru]] (midig – Sankuru–[[Wabiga Lubilanji]] 1,280 km) * [[Wabiga Lulua]] (midig – 1,184 km) * Tshikapa (bidix – 630 km) * Longatshimo (bidix – 550 km) * Luembe (bidix – 780 km) * Lueta (midig – 395 km) {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;" |+ Wabiyada ugu waaweyn ee ka yimaada afka: ! Laan bidix ! Laan midig ! Dherer (km) ! Barkadda biyaha (km²) ! Qulqulka celceliska (m³/s)* |- | colspan="2" |''Kwa–Kasai'' |''2,272'' |''894,486.6'' |''10,457.3'' |- | colspan="5" | |- | colspan="5" |'''Kwa''' |- | rowspan="2" | |Mbala |57.5 |1,100.1 |14.9 |- |[[Wabiga Fimi]] ¹ |1,120 |136,174.7 |2,252.9 |- | colspan="5" |'''Kasai-ga Hoose''' |- |Lekulu | rowspan="5" | |57.5 |793.5 |9.3 |- |Buma |138 |3,354.7 |42.3 |- |[[Wabiga Kwango]] |1,702 |270,904.3 |3,317.4 |- |[[Wabiga Kamtsha]] |250 |8,887.4 |106.4 |- |[[Luele River|Piopio]] |165 |3,169.1 |34.8 |- | |Liau | |1,231.6 |14.4 |- |[[Wabiga Lubue]] | rowspan="2" | |227 |8,611.7 |103.5 |- |[[Wabiga Loange]] |865 |41,799.5 |489.1 |- | colspan="5" |'''Kasai-ga Dhexe''' |- |Lumbudji | rowspan="2" | |137 |2,876.8 |25.4 |- |Lubudi |153 |1,999.2 |17 |- | rowspan="3" | |[[Wabiga Sankuru]] ² |1,280 |149,479.5 |1,738.1 |- |Lutshuadi |177 |4,596.5 |39.2 |- |[[Wabiga Lulua]] |1,184 |70,612.5 |798 |- | colspan="5" |'''Kasai-ga Sare''' |- |Yeye | |47 |1,379.3 |8.9 |- | |Kabambaie |77 |2,083.7 |10.8 |- |Lovua | rowspan="3" | |297 |8,262.4 |73.9 |- |[[Tshikapa]] |630 |19,512.1 |179.5 |- |Longatshimo |550 |19,847.3 |198.5 |- | |Luenda |69 |1,791.4 |10.1 |- |Luembe | |780 |46,648.8 |453.4 |- | rowspan="5" | |Lueta (Kaungej) |395 |13,000.1 |87.6 |- |Kasangeshi |206 |3,610.2 |22.1 |- |Luele | |1,173.3 |7.9 |- |Dembo |87 |1,924.8 |13.1 |- |Luau |105 |4,294.4 |38.5 |- |Lualo | | |1,532.8 |14.6 |- | rowspan="2" | |Lutshima |166 |1,616.6 |11.5 |- |Munyango | |3,133.1 |20.9 |- | colspan="5" | |- | colspan="5" |Fiiro gaar: ^* Muddadi: 1948–2012; ¹ Fimi–Lukenie; ² Sankuru–Lubulanji; |- | colspan="5" |Source:<ref name="Congo River">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=54&catid=215&Itemid=179|title=Congo River|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref><ref name="Le bassin du Congo"/> |} == Muhiimadda Dhaqaale == Wabiyada laamaha u ah Wabiga Kasai way ka fog yihiin caqabadaha sida biyo-dhacyada iyo haramaha wabiga, taasoo ka dhigaysa kuwo si weyn loo mari karo. Waxay fududeeyaan waaxda gaadiidka waxayna sameeyaan halbowlaha ganacsiga ee muhiimka ah. Doorka wabiga ee gaadiidka iyo ganacsiga wuxuu ahaa mid aad u muuqda xilligii gumeysiga ka hor markii ka ganacsiga addoonta uu ahaa sharci. Ganacsatada addoontu waxay isticmaaleen mid ka mid ah laamihiisa waaweyn, Wabiga Kwango, si ay ugu maraan kaymaha roobka ee dhulbaraha, u qabtaan addoon, oo ay dib ugu helaan jidkooda ku aaddan Badweynta Atlaantik halkaas oo ay ku xirteen maraakiibtooda. Waa mid aad loogu muransan yahay in qaar ka mid ah boqortooyooyinka maxalliga ah ee ku teedsanaa Wabiga Kasai ay taageereen ka ganacsiga addoonta. Boqortooyada Rund tusaale ahaan, waxay si diyaar ah u siisay addoonta ganacsatada addoonta ugu caansan sida John Matthews, oo ah iibiye addoon caan ah oo reer Britain ah. Hawlahani, in kasta oo ay dhaceen intii u dhaxaysay qarniyadii 18-aad iyo 19-aad, waxay reebeen saameyn waarta goboladii ay ugu badnaayeen, sida inta u dhaxaysa wabiyada Kwango iyo Kwilu. Dadku weligood si buuxda uma soo kaban, iyadoo cufnaanta dadka ay ka hooseyso tan aagagga aan la kulmin ka ganacsiga addoonta. Kicinta ugu macquulsan ee xiisaha weyn ee Ingiriiska iyo Bortuqiiska ee Wabiga Kasai waxay ahayd joogitaanka dheeman-ka alluvial ee ku jiifa sariiraha deebaajiga hodanka ah, gaar ahaan afka wabiga. Deebaaji kale ayaa ku yaal sariiraha laan weyn, Wabiga Kwango. Dhab ahaantii, way fududahay in la maqlo odhaahda "wadnaha dheemanka ee Waqooyi Bari Angola" loo isticmaalo tixraaca dooxada Wabiga Kwango. Tani waa sababta oo ah sariiraha dheeman ee alluvial ee laga helay gobolkan ayaa ah kuwa ugu qanisan Angola. == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[2010 Kasai River ferry capsizing|Masiibadii Wabiga Kasai ee 2010]] * [[2024 Kasai River disaster|Masiibadii Wabiga Kasai ee 2024]] == Tixraac == {{reflist|2|refs= <ref name="h">{{cite book | last = Broadhead | first = Susan | title = Historical dictionary of Angola | url = https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000broa | publisher = Scarecrow Press | location = Metuchen, N.J | year = 1992 | isbn = 0585070091 | page = [https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000broa/page/99 99]}}</ref> }} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Commons category|Kasai River}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120813015647/http://www.waterandnature.org/en/resources/publications/thematic-collection/facts-figures/watersheds-world Khariidadda barkadda biyaha ee Wabiga Kasai ee Water Resources eAtlas] {{coord|10|57|37|S|19|18|56|E|region:AO-LSU_type:river|display=title}} {{Authority control}} 1shajf8nz3nf3wxpqifvvb567lndp8e 0 48235 305904 300041 2026-08-24T18:44:51Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305904 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Gacanka Algoa | native_name = {{native name |af |Algoabaai}} | native_name_lang = | image = AlgoaBay.jpg | caption = Algoa Bay iyada oo [[Gqeberha]] (oo hore loogu magacaabay [[Port Elizabeth]]) ay ku taal xagga hore | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_caption = Goobta ay ku taal Koonfur Afrika | coords = {{coord|33|50|S|25|50|E|type:waterbody_scale:2000000|display=inline,title}} | rivers = | oceans = [[Badweynta Hindiya ee Koonfurta]] | countries = [[Koonfur Afrika]] | length = | width = | area = | frozen = | islands = [[St Croix Islands]], <br />[[Bird Island, Algoa Bay|Bird Islands]] | cities = [[Gqeberha]], [[Coega]], [[Bluewater Bay, South Africa|Bluewater Bay]]<ref name="GE">[[GoogleEarth]]</ref> }} '''Gacanka Algoa''' waa gacanka badda oo ku yaal [[Eastern Cape]], [[Koonfur Afrika]]. Waxay ku taal xeebta bari, {{convert|683|km|mi}} bari ka xigta [[Cape of Good Hope]]. Algoa Bay waxaa xad u ah dhinaca galbeed Cape Recife iyo dhinaca bari Cape Padrone. Gacanku wuxuu gaarayaa ilaa {{convert|436|m|abbr=on}} qoto dheer. Magaalada dekadda ah ee [[Gqeberha|Port Elizabeth]] ayaa ku taal gacanka agtiisa, sidoo kale waxaa ku taal xarunta dekadda ee biyaha qoto dheer ee [[Port of Ngqura]]. ==Taariikh== [[File:AMH-5603-NA Map of Algoa Bay.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Khariidaddii qarnigii 17-aad ee Algoa Bay.]] [[File:Thomas Baines - The British Settlers of 1820 Landing in Algoa Bay - 1853 (cropped).png|thumb|1853 sawir uu qaaday [[Thomas Baines]] oo muujinaya dadkii Ingiriiska ahaa ee soo degay Algoa Bay 1820-kii]] Sahamiyihii reer Portugal ee [[Bartolomeu Dias]] wuxuu ahaa reer Yurubkii ugu horreeyay ee gaara Algoa Bay 1488, halkaas oo uu ku beeray iskutallaab alwaax ah oo ku taal jasiirad yar oo hadda loo yaqaan St Croix ama jasiiradda Santa Cruz.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/people/bios/dias-b.htm|title=Bartholomeu Dias|website=www.sahistory.org.za|publisher=South African History Online|access-date=2007-12-03}}</ref> Wuxuu gacanka siiyay magac macnihiisu yahay "Gacanka Dhagaxa", kaas oo dalka Portugal loogu beddelay ''Bahia de Lagoa'' ama Gacanka Lagoon-ka, taas oo ugu dambayntii noqotay Algoa Bay.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chilvers|first=Hedley Arthur|title=The seven wonders of southern Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/sevenwondersofso0000chil|date=1929|publisher=Johannesburg}}</ref>{{rp|6}} Algoa Bay waxay caan ku noqotay saddex sababood dartood. Marka hore, waxay ahayd goobtii uu Bartolomeu Dias ku gartay inuu furay marinka badda ee loo maro Bariga ganacsiga caalamiga ah, taas oo awood u siisay Portugal inay noqoto awoodda badda ee ugu horreysa adduunka. Marka labaad, buuralayda ku wareegsan Algoa Bay, waxay u noqotay calaamad hagid loogu talagalay in lagu dhaafo bangiga khatarta ah ee Agulhas Bank ee ku yaal marinka loo maro Bariga, taas oo muujinaysa barta dhexe ee marinka loo maro Goa, Hindiya (agoa macnaheedu waa Goa). Marka saddexaad, Algoa Bay waxay caan ku noqotay goob loogu tago biyo la cabbi karo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Taylor |first=Graham |date=2021 |title=Observations on Algoa Bay Landmarks and Water |journal=Looking Back - Journal of the Historical Society of Port Elizabeth |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=9–19}}</ref> [[Joshua Slocum]] wuxuu kaga hadlayaa Algoa Bay buugiisa '[[Sailing Alone Around the World]]': {{cquote|Sahamiyayaashii reer Portugal ee hore, ee sabarka lahaa, waxay ku qaadatay in ka badan lixdan iyo sagaal sano inay ku dadaalaan inay ku wareegaan cape-kan ka hor intaysan gaarin Algoa Bay, halkaasna shaqaalihii ay fallaagoobeen. Waxay ku soo degeen jasiirad yar, oo hadda loo yaqaan Santa Cruz, halkaas oo ay si daacad ah u taageen iskutallaabta, waxayna ku dhaarten inay jari doonaan dhuunta kabtanka haddii uu isku dayo inuu sii dhoofo. Tan ka baxsan waxay u maleeyeen inay tahay cidhifka adduunka, kaas oo iyaguna ay aaminsanaayeen inuu yahay fidsan; iyagoo ka cabsanaya in markabkoodu ka dhici doono cidhifka, waxay ku khasbeen Kabtan Dias, oo ahaa taliyahooda, inuu dib u raaco wadadiisii, dhammaantoodna aad bay ugu faraxsanaayeen inay guriga ku noqdaan. Sanad ka dib, waxaan u sheegnay, Vasco da Gama wuxuu si guul leh ugu dhoofay hareeraha "Cape of Storms", sida loo yaqaanay Cape of Good Hope, wuxuuna helay Natal maalinta Kirismaska ama maalinta Natal; sidaas darteed magaca. Laga soo bilaabo bartaas jidka Hindiya wuxuu ahaa mid fudud iyadoo la kaashanayo kalluumaysatada Carabta iyo Hindiya.}} [[Nautical chart]]s ee gacanka<ref>Fiiri, tusaale ahaan, INT 7531 SAN 1024 "Approaches to Port Elizabeth"</ref> waxay ka digayaan marin-u-dhiseedka{{when|date=April 2022}} in "xabadaha iyo weelasha [[mustard gas]] ee aad u daxalaystay laga helay aagga u dhexeeya Cape St Francis iyo Bird Island ilaa qoto dheer oo {{convert|400|m|abbr=on}}. Kalluumaysatada waa inay taxadar weyn muujiyaan." Hubka [[chemical warfare|kiimikada]] ayaa lagu tuuray gacanka ka dib [[Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article2685392|title=South Africa Dumps Mustard Gas|newspaper=Canberra Times |date=6 June 1946}}</ref> Intii lagu jiray dagaalkaas, Port Elizabeth waxaa loo isticmaalay goob cilmi-baaris, soo-saarid iyo kaydinta [[mustard gas]] oo ay amartay Wasaaradda Hawada ee Ingiriiska. ==Juqraafiyadda== [[File:ISS067-E-54068 Gqeberha, nee Port Elizabeth, South Africa.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Gqeberha iyo hareeraheeda 17-kii Maajo, 2022, laga soo qaaday Saldhigga Hawada Caalamiga ah]] ===Nelson Mandela Bay=== Degmada magaalada ee [[Nelson Mandela Municipality|Nelson Mandela Bay]], oo ay ku jiraan [[Gqeberha]], [[Bluewater Bay, Eastern Cape|Bluewater Bay]], [[St Georges Strand]] iyo [[Coega]], waxay ku taal xeebta galbeed ee Algoa Bay. ===Jasiiradaha=== Gacanku wuxuu ka kooban yahay lix jasiiradood oo magac leh oo ku yaal laba kooxood oo saddex ah kuwaas oo sida uu qabo [[BirdLife International]] "ay yihiin kuwo muhiimad weyn leh maadaama ay yihiin jasiiradaha kaliya ee ku yaal {{convert|1777|km|abbr=on}} xeebta u dhexeeya [[Cape Agulhas]] iyo Inhaca Island ee Mozambique." Bedka guud ee jasiiradahani waxaa la sheegay inuu yahay {{convert|40|ha|abbr=on}}. Dhanka xeebta, oo u dhow horumarinta dekadda cusub ee Ngquru ee [[Coega]], oo ku taal duleedka waqooyi-bari ee Port Elizabeth, waa kooxda St Croix, oo ka kooban jasiirad weyn oo magacaas leh iyo laba jasiiradood oo yaryar, Jahleel Island oo kaliya ka baxsan Ngqurha breakwater iyo Brenton Island dhinaca badda. Kooxda labaad waxay ka kooban tahay Bird, Seal iyo Stag Islands. Dhammaan lixda jasiiradood iyo biyaha ku xiga waxaa lagu dhawaaqay kaydka dabiiciga ah waxayna qayb ka yihiin [[Addo Elephant National Park]]. Jasiiradaha waxaa loo xiray dadweynaha. Waxaa xusid mudan inay tahay caqabad ku ah socdaalka waa Despatch Rock, {{convert|2.4|km|abbr=on|frac=2}} dhinaca bari ee xaafadda Port Elizabeth ee [[Summerstrand]]. Dhagaxa, oo quusay marka hirku sarreeyo, waxaa lagu calaamadeeyay iftiin. Koonfurta fog, qiyaastii {{convert|1|km|mi|frac=8|abbr=on}} koonfur-galbeed ee Cape Recife, barta bilowga galbeed ee gacanka waa Thunderbolt Reef. Inkasta oo aysan ku jirin gacanka, khatartan ku socota socdaalka ayaa sheegatay maraakiib badan oo si taxadar la'aan ah u galay ama ka baxay. Thunderbolt Reef waa mid quusay marka laga reebo hirarka badda oo hooseeya iyo hirarka ku dhacaya waxaa laga arki karaa dhulweynaha. ====Kooxda St. Croix==== [[File:Zerbet-stcroix.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Jasiiradda St. Croix oo laga arkay xeebta ugu dhow ee Hougham Park, bariga dekadda [[Coega]]. Halkan jasiiraddu waa qiyaastii 4&nbsp;km oo badda ah. Laba guri oo dhagax ah oo aan la isticmaalin, oo ay isticmaali jireen kuwa ururiya [[guano]] ka dibna [[University of Port Elizabeth]] ujeedooyin cilmi baaris ayaa muuqda.]] [[File:brenton island.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Jasiiradda Brenton oo laga arkay isla goobta sawirkii hore. Jasiiraddu waa wax ka yar {{convert|6|km|mi|frac=2|abbr=on}} xeebta.]] {{Main|St. Croix Island, Algoa Bay}} *'''[[St. Croix Island, Algoa Bay|St. Croix Island]]''' oo ku taal {{Coord|33|47|58|S|25|46|11|E|type:isle|name=St. Croix}} waa {{convert|3.9|km|mi|frac=8|abbr=on}} oo ka fog dhulka ugu dhow waxayna kor u kacaysaa {{convert|59|m|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite map|publisher=Chief Directorate Mapping and Surveying of the national Department of Land Affairs|title=Ordnance map 3325DC & DD 3425BA, Port Elizabeth}}</ref> Warqadda xaqiiqda ee BirdLife waxay sheegaysaa jasiiradda {{convert|12|ha|abbr=on|adj=on}} inay tahay kaliya {{convert|58|m|abbr=on}} ka sarreeya heerka badda. Waxay ku daraysaa in jasiiraddu tahay dhagax iyo “taageerta dhir yar”. Jasiiraddu waxay socotaa {{convert|700|m|abbr=on}} iyadoo ay weheliso dhidibka waqooyi-galbeed, koonfur-bari waana qiyaastii {{convert|360|m|abbr=on}} ballac ah oo ugu ballaaran – xeebta galbeed. Barta ugu sarreysa waa nus-wadada hareeraha xeebta waqooyi. *'''Brenton Island''' ({{Coord|33|49|3|S|25|45|54|E|type:isle|name=Brenton Island}}) si la mid ah ayaa si naadir ah u leh dhirta waxaana ay ka yar tahay {{convert|20|m|abbr=on}} dherer ahaan, waana qiyaastii {{convert|250|x|200|m|abbr=on}} cabbir ahaan oo leh jihaynta waqooyi-galbeed-koonfur-bari. Waa {{convert|5.75|km|mi|frac=8|abbr=on}} oo badda ah oo ka fog barta ugu dhow ee dhulweynaha iyo {{convert|1.75|km|abbr=on}} koonfurta St. Croix. *'''Jahleel''', oo dhererkeedu ka yar yahay {{convert|10|m|abbr=on}}, waa wax ka badan {{convert|1|km|abbr=on}} oo ka fog xeebta ugu dhow iyo wax ka yar taasi oo ka fog Ngquru’s {{convert|2.6|km|mi|frac=8|abbr=on}} oo dherer ah oo bari ka xigta. Jahleel waa qiyaastii isla cabbirka Brenton waxayna leedahay dhidibka waqooyi-koonfur. Waa {{convert|5.75|km|mi|frac=8|abbr=on}} oo galbeed ka xigta St. Croix. ====Kooxda Bird Island==== [[Vasco da Gama]] wuxuu kooxdan jasiiradaha u bixiyay ''Ilhéus Chãos'' (jasiirado hoose ama fidsan). 1755, [[East Indiaman]] ''[[Doddington (ship)|Doddington]]'' ayaa lagu jabiyay halkan intii ay ka socotay [[Dover]] ilaa [[Hindiya]]. Inta badan rakaabka iyo shaqaalaha ayaa dhintay, laakiin qaar yar ayaa ku guulaystay inay u tagaan jasiiradaha halkaas oo ay ku noolaayeen [[marooning|cidlo]] muddo toddobo bilood ah ilaa mid ka mid ah tiradooda, oo ahaa nijaar, uu u suurtagashay inuu u sameeyo doon. Dadkii badbaaday waxay ku noolaayeen kalluun, shimbiro iyo ukun ilaa ay awoodeen inay gaaraan dhul. Bird Island waxaa u bixiyay dadkii badbaaday markii ay ka tageen jasiiradda iyagoo wata doontooda.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MXFDAAAAIAAJ|title=Humane Policy, Or, Justice to the Aborigines of New Settlements|author=Saxe Bannister|year=1830|publisher=T. & G. Underwood|page=xxxiii}}</ref> [[Bird Island, Algoa Bay|Bird Island]] ({{Coord|33|50|26|S|26|17|10|E|type:isle|name=Bird Island}}), Seal Island iyo Stag Island waxay ku yaallaan meel u dhow qiyaastii {{convert|40|km|abbr=on}} bari ka xigta kooxda St Croix ama {{convert|53|km|abbr=on}} bari ka xigta Port Elizabeth iyo {{convert|7|km|abbr=on}} oo ka fog dhulka ugu dhow ee Woody Cape – qayb ka mid ah [[Addo Elephant National Park]]. Bird Island waxay leedahay munaarad, oo la dhisay 1898 ka dib taxane maraakiib ku degtay meel u dhow jasiiradda. Doddington Rock, West rock iyo East Reef waxay ku yaallaan koonfur-galbeed ee kooxda jasiiradaha. Iyadoo {{convert|19|ha}}, Bird Island waa tan ugu weyn jasiiradaha Algoa Bay – sida uu sheegay ''BirdLife''. Waa mid siman oo kor u kacaysa {{convert|9|m|abbr=on}}. Seal Island waa {{convert|0.6|ha}} cabbir ahaan waxayna ku taal {{convert|360|m|abbr=on}} waqooyiga Bird Island. Stag Island ayaa xitaa ka yar {{convert|0.1|ha}} waana {{convert|320|m|abbr=on}} waqooyi-galbeed ee Bird Island. "Qayb weyn oo ka mid ah kooxda jasiiradda waxaa daboolaya korriin yar oo dhir isku dhafan oo ay ku badan yihiin geedaha [[Mesembryanthemum]] (fig marigold/icicle plants). [[Tetragonia]] (duneweed) iyo [[Chenopodium]] (goosefoot) waxay sameeyaan duurka deegaanka kuwaas oo bixiya dabool shimbiraha badda qaarkood," ayay tiri warqadda xaqiiqda.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}} ==Baythimetriya== ==Deegaanka== ===Shimbiraha iyo duurjoogta=== Warqadda xaqiiqda ee BirdLife waxay ku dartay in 14 nooc oo shimbiraha badda ah, dhowr nooc oo shimbiraha xeebta ah iyo 33 nooc oo shimbiraha dhulka ah laga diiwaangeliyay jasiiradaha. Siddeed nooc oo shimbiraha badda ah ayaa la ogaa inay ku tarmaan jasiiradaha 2007. “Kuwani waa jasiiradaha kaliya ee ka baxsan koonfurta qaaradda Afrika halkaas oo Sterna dougallii ([[Roseate tern|Roseate Tern]]) ay si joogto ah ugu tarmaan.” Jasiiradaha ayaa sidoo kale hoy u ah 43% dadka adduunka ee [[African penguin]] (''Spheniscus demersus''), kuwaas oo intooda badan ku jira St Croix. St Croix sidoo kale waxay haysataa dad aad u tarma oo deegaanka ah oo [[Cape cormorant]] (''Phalacrocorax capensis''). Bird Island waa mid ka mid ah lixda goobood ee taranka adduunka ee [[Cape gannet]] (''Morus capensis''). “Larus dominicanus (the [[Kelp gull|Kelp Gull]]) iyo Haematopus moquini (the [[African oystercatcher|African Oystercatcher]]) waxaa laga helaa dhammaan Algoa Bay complex. Kooxda jasiiradda ayaa sidoo kale loo yaqaanaa inay haysato tiro badan oo Sterna vittata ([[Antarctic tern|Antarctic Tern]]), kuwaas oo jiilaalka ku seexda jasiiradda kumanaan (si joogto ah u haysta inta u dhaxaysa 10% iyo 20% dadka lagu qiyaasay ee Afrotropical aan tarmin)." Jasiiraddu waxay sidoo kale hoy u tahay [[Cape fur seal]]s (''Arctocephalus pusillus''). Noocyada kale ee badda ee jooga waa [[humpback whale]]s, [[southern right whale]]s, [[Bryde's whale]]s, [[bottlenose dolphin]]s, [[common dolphin]]s, [[humpback dolphin]]s, African penguins, [[African black oystercatcher]]s, [[Cape gannet]]s, [[Cape fur seal]]s, Cape cormorants, white-breasted cormorants, noocyada kala duwan ee shark-ga iyo shimbiraha pelagic ee kala duwan oo ay ku jiraan terns, skuas, petrels, shearwaters iyo albatrosses. ===Arrimaha ilaalinta=== Kooxda St. Croix iyo {{convert|300|m|abbr=on}} aagga badda ee ku wareegsan jasiirad kasta waxay noqdeen kaydka badda ee jasiiradda Koonfur Afrika 1981 waxaana loo maamulay qayb ka mid ah Woody Cape Nature Reserve. Ilaa markaas, jasiiraduhu waxay ku dhaceen gacanta qaybta Guano Islands ee Division of Sea Fisheries. Adeegga Ilaalinta Dabiiciga ah ee Eastern Cape, oo markii dambe noqday Directorate of Nature Conservation ee Gobolka [[Eastern Cape]], ayaa maamulayay jasiiradaha ka dib Abriil 1992 sida uu qabo BirdLife.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}} Kaydka Woody Cape waxaa markii dambe lagu daray Addo National Elephant Park, kaas oo ku faanaya inuu yahay hoyga Afrika “big seven” – maroodiga, libaaxa, shabeelka, wiyisha, maroodiga iyo [[Southern right whale|whale]] iyo [[great white shark]] kuwaas oo ku nool gacanka. Ilaaliyeyaasha deegaanka ayaa ka digtoon horumarinta Ngqura taas oo waqti ka dib, marka lagu daro dekadda biyaha qoto dheer ay ku jiri doonto xarun warshadeed oo culus. Dadka la saadaalinayo in lagu soo dhaweeyo waxaa ka mid ah [[aluminium]] smelter iyo [[oil refinery]]. Waxay u arkaan horumarka inuu keenayo, sida uu qabo BirdLife:{{citation needed|date=July 2022}} {{Cquote|khatar weyn oo ku wajahan shimbiraha badda ee kooxda St. Croix. Horumarku wuxuu keeni doonaa wasakhayn iyo dhaqdhaqaaq maraakiib oo kordha, taas oo saamayn doonta dhammaan [[seabird]]s-ka tarma si xun.}} [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]]-ga ayaa xusay in dadka African penguin ee gacanka ay si joogto ah u kordhayeen intii lagu jiray qarnigii la soo dhaafay. “Waxaa jira kaliya dhawr gumeysi oo koraya adduunka, waxaana loo malaynayaa in shimbirahani laga yaabo inay halkan u soo guurayaan gumeysiyaal hoos u dhac ku yimid Western Cape ama meelo ka fog. Waxyaabo gaar ah ayaa loo yaqaan inay saameeyaan shimbiraha badda inta ay socdaan. Tartanka kalluumaysiga ganacsiga, gaar ahaan purse-seining ee kalluunka dusha sare sida [[anchovy]] (Engraulis capensis) iyo pilchard ([[Sardinops sagax]]), ayaa lagu tilmaamay inay tahay mid ka mid ah arrimaha ugu muhiimsan ee keena hoos u dhaca tirada shimbiraha badda." Ururku wuxuu ku taliyay in kaydka badda ee leh radius ah 25&nbsp;km la abuuro agagaarka jasiiradaha taranka ee muhiimka ah, iyo in kalluumaysiga ganacsiga la mamnuuco ama la xaddido aaggan. Warqadda xaqiiqda ayaa sii wadata: ''Khatar aan la saadaalin karin, oo ay adagtahay in la xakameeyo, waa wasakhayn joogto ah oo ku timaada [[crude oil]] ama wasakh kale oo ku daata badda marka maraakiibta shidaalka ay jabaan, dhaqaan haamahooda, ku tuuraan xamuulkooda ama bam gareeyaan [[bilge]]. African Penguin (Spheniscus demersus) waa mid aad ugu nugul dhacdooyinkan, iyo hal masiibo oo saliid ah ayaa awood u leh inay si daran u saamaynayso dadka. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in goobaha taranka ee Algoa Bay, oo ku yaal xadka bari ee noocyada, ay yihiin kuwa ugu halista badan maadaama ay ugu dhow yihiin maraakiibta waaweyn ee saliidda qaada.''{{citation needed|date=July 2022}} ==Sidoo kale eeg == *{{annotated link|Kwaaihoek}} *{{annotated link|Donkin Heritage Trail}} ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== *{{Commons category-inline}} *[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&sid=7149&m=0 Algoa Bay Nature Reserve] {{Authority control}} 47oodkqd1h9ooehlyjqnv54usqpkyvn 0 48237 305897 300045 2026-08-24T18:39:35Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305897 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name= Gacanka Lüderitz | native_name = {{native name|af|Lüderitzbaai}} | etymology = [[Adolf Lüderitz]] | image=Lüderitzbucht aerial.jpg | caption = Muuqaal ka mid ah gacan-biyoodka bari iyo gacanka gudaha. | pushpin_map = Namibia | pushpin_relief=yes | pushpin_map_caption= Magaalada Lüderitz oo ku taal gacanka gudaha bari | pushpin_label_position= left | coords= {{coord|26|37|S|15|9|E|type:waterbody_region:NA_scale:200000|display=inline,title}} | rivers= | oceans=[[Badweynta Atlaantigga]] | countries= [[Namibia]] | length ={{convert|7.5|km|abbr=on}} | width ={{convert|5|km|abbr=on}} | area= | frozen= | islands=[[Penguin Island, Namibia|Penguin Island]] iyo [[Seal Island, Namibia|Seal Island]] | cities= [[Lüderitz]]<ref name="GE">[[GoogleEarth]]</ref> }} '''Gacanka Lüderitz''' ({{langx|af|Lüderitzbaai}}; {{langx|de|Lüderitzbucht}}), oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Angra Pequena''' ({{IPA|pt|ˈɐ̃ɡɾɐ pɨˈkenɐ|lang}}, "gacan yar"), waa gacan ku taal xeebta [[Namibia]], [[Afrika]]. Magaalada [[Lüderitz]] ayaa ku taal cidhifka gacanka.<ref name="mapcarta">{{cite web|url=http://mapcarta.com/19057020|title=Lüderitzbaai|work=Mapcarta|access-date=14 October 2016}}</ref> ==Juqraafi== Gacanku waa mid leh qaab dhismeed adag oo gudaha u galay. Waxay u furantahay dhanka [[Badweynta Atlaantigga]] ee galbeedka. Magaalada Lüderitz waxay ku taallaa xeebta koonfureed ee gacanka gudaha bari, kaas oo loo yaqaan ''Angra Pequena'' af-Bortaqiis oo u furma dhanka woqooyi. Dhanka galbeed ee fog '''Griffith Bay''', oo ah marin qoto dheer, ayaa u kala baxa dhanka koonfureed qaybta koonfureed. Gacanka galbeed ee 'Angra Point' waxaa loo yaqaan '''Shearwater Bay''', goobta deked la qorsheeyay oo loogu talagalay dhoofinta waxyaabo kale, dhuxusha laga keeno [[Botswana]]. Tani waxay u baahan tahay dhismaha 1600&nbsp;km [[Trans-Kalahari Railway]].<ref>[http://www.railwaysafrica.com/news/trans-kalahari-railway-1 Railways Africa - Trans Kalahari Railway]</ref> Waxaa jira laba jasiiradood oo wajahaya Agate Beach qaybta waqooyi-bari ee gacanka, [[Penguin Island, Namibia|Penguin Island]] iyo [[Seal Island, Namibia|Seal Island]].<ref name="mapcarta"/> Qaybta koonfureed ee gacanka, waxaa la sameeyay koorso lagu qabto [[Lüderitz Speed Challenge]], oo ah xaflad xawaareheed oo sanadle ah oo lagu qabto doonyaha. ==Taariikh== Gacanka ugu bari wuxuu ahaa ''Angra Pequena'' markii ugu horreysay oo lagu sawiro khariidad 1487 sahamiyihii [[Portugal|Bortaqiiska]] [[Bartolomeu Dias]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chilvers|first=Hedley Arthur|url=https://archive.org/details/sevenwondersofso0000chil|title=The seven wonders of southern Africa|date=1929|publisher=Johannesburg|others=Internet Archive}}</ref>{{rp|4}} in kasta oo khariidadaha qaar ay u muuqatay ''Angra de São Christóvão''. Sannadkii 1883 aagga gacanka waxaa ka dhigay [[trading station|xarun ganacsi]] ganacsadihii [[Germany|Jarmalka]] ahaa ee [[Adolf Lüderitz]]. Wuxuu u bixiyay [[Lüderitz]] wuxuuna la galay heshiisyo madaxdii deriska ahayd, kuwaas oo u dhiibay qaybo badan oo dalka ka mid ah dadkii cusbaa. Iyadoo la aaminsan yahay in [[United Kingdom|Britain]] ay rabto inay aagga u sheegato inay tahay meel ay ilaaliyaan, Lüderitz wuxuu xuquuqdiisii gacanka ku wareejiyay 24 Abriil 1884 dawladdii [[German Empire|Boqortooyada Jarmalka]], iyo 7-dii Agoosto ee soo socota Chancellor [[Otto von Bismarck]] ayaa ku dhawaaqay [[protectorate|ilaalin]] Jarmal ah oo ku saabsan xarunta iyo aagga ku hareeraysan.<ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Angra Pequena|volume=2|page=42}}</ref> Waxaa loo bixiyay ''Lüderitzbucht'' (''Lüderitz Bay'') Jarmalku, goobtaasina waxay noqotay saldhig badeed oo loogu talagalay [[German South West Africa]], Namibia-ta casriga ah. 11-kii Diseembar 1904 maraakiibta Ruushka ee u socday Pacific-ga si ay ula dagaallamaan [[Battle of Tsushima]] ayaa ku joogsaday gacanka si ay u qaataan dhuxul.<ref name=Pleshakov142 /> Nidaamku wuxuu dib u dhacay cimilo xumo awgeed, maraakiibtuna waxay baxeen 17-kii Diseembar.<ref name=Pleshakov142>{{cite book |last=Pleshakov |first=Constantine |title=The Tsar's Last Armada |url=https://archive.org/details/tsarslastarmadae00ples |publisher=Basic Books |publication-place=Oxford |date=2002 |isbn=1-903985-31-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/tsarslastarmadae00ples/page/142 142]-144}}</ref> Labadan jasiiradood ee ka baxsan Agate Beach, oo hodan ku ah kaydka [[guano]], ayaa waxaa la wareegay [[Great Britain]] 1867 waxaana lagu daray [[Cape Colony]] 1874 qayb ka mid ah dhulalka badda ee loo yaqaan [[Penguin Islands]].<ref name="EB1911"/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V1kMAAAAYAAJ |title=The map of Africa by treaty|volume=1|pages=345–46|last1=Hertslet|first1=Edward |author-link=Edward Hertslet |year=1894}}</ref> ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[Walvis Bay]] * [[Shark Island Concentration Camp]] ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} bwu6l6mu7fcqg2ygq7xatrwyt6vzz3l 0 48239 305851 301226 2026-08-24T18:15:54Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305851 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Gacanka Abu Qir | native_name ={{native name|ar|خليج أبو قير}} | other_name = | image = AbuQirBay.png | alt = Sawirka dayax-gacmeedka ee xeebta Masar | caption = Muuqaalka dayax-gacmeedka ee Abu Qir Bay | image_bathymetry = | alt_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = [[Gobolka Beheira]] | group = | coordinates = {{coord|31|18|N|30|10|E|region:EG_type:waterbody|display =inline,title}} | type = Gacan | etymology = Abu Qir waa Af-Carabi macnaheedu yahay "[[Cyrus and John|Aabbe Cyrus]]", oo ah shahiid ka tirsan [[Kaniisadda Koobtigga]]. | part_of = [[Badda Mediterranean]] | inflow = [[Rosetta]] afka [[Niil]], [[Harada Idku]] | rivers = | outflow = | oceans = | catchment = | basin_countries = | agency = | designation = | date-built = | engineer = | date-flooded = | length = | width = | area = {{convert|500–600|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = {{convert|10–12|m|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|18|m|abbr=on}} | volume = {{convert|5–6|km3|abbr=on}} | residence_time = | salinity = | shore = | elevation = Heerka badda | temperature_high = | temperature_low = | frozen = | islands = | islands_category = | sections = | trenches = | benches = | cities = | pushpin_map = Egypt | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Abu Qir Bay ee Masar | website = | reference = ''Eutrophication: causes, consequences and control''.<ref name= Eutrophication>{{cite book|title=Eutrophication: causes, consequences and control|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wB70HmdWx9QC|volume=1|first1=Abid A.|last1=Ansari|first2=Gill Sarvajeet|last2=Singh|first3=Guy R.|last3=Lanza|first4=Walter|last4=Rast|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|year=2010|isbn=9789048196258|page=174}}</ref> }} '''Gacanka Abu Qir''' (mararka qaarkood '''Abukir Bay''' ama '''Aboukir Bay'''; {{Langx|ar|خليج أبو قير|Khalīj Abū Qīr}}) waa gacan ballaaran oo ku taal [[Badda Mediterranean]] meel u dhow [[Iskandariya]] ee [[Masar]], oo u dhaxaysa afka [[Rosetta]] ee [[Niil]] iyo magaalada [[Abu Qir]]. Magaalooyinkii qadiimiga ahaa ee [[Canopus (Egypt)|Canopus]], [[Heracleion]] iyo [[Menouthis]] ayaa ku hoos jira biyaha gacanka. Sannadkii 1798 wuxuu ahaa goobtii [[Battle of the Nile|Dagaalkii Niil]], oo ahaa dagaal badeed u dhexeeyay [[Royal Navy|Ciidanka Badda ee Ingiriiska]] iyo ciidanka badda ee [[French First Republic|Jamhuuriyadda Koowaad ee Faransiiska]]. Gacanku wuxuu ka kooban yahay goob [[natural gas|gaas dabiici ah]], oo la helay 1970-meeyadii. ==Juqraafi== Abu Qir Bay waxay ku taallaa qiyaastii {{convert|20|km}} bari ka xigta Iskandariya, oo ku xaddidan dhinaca koonfur-galbeed ee madaxa Abu Qir, halkaas oo ay ku taal magaalada [[Abu Qir]], iyo dhinaca woqooyi-bari ee afka [[Rosetta]] ee [[Niil]]. Gacanku waa gobol xeebta Masar ah oo aad u bacrin ah laakiin waxaa ku dhaca [[eutrophication]] daran iyo wasakh ka timaada warshadaha iyo qashinka guryaha oo aan la daweyn.<ref name= Eutrophication/> [[ABU QIR Fertilizers and Chemicals Industries Company]], oo ah soo-saare weyn oo ah [[nitrogen fertilizer|bacriminta nitrogen]], ayaa ku taal gacanka. ==Qarqoomi== Ilaha qadiimiga ah ayaa tilmaamaya in laanta Canopic ee [[Nile Delta|Delta-da Niil]] ay mar gashay badda meel u dhow Heracleion ama qaybta bari ee Canopus. Isku-darka qoraallada Islaamiga ah iyo baaritaannada iyadoo la adeegsanayo [[geoarchaeology]] waxay soo jeedinayaan in laantan ay weli jirtay qarnigii sideedaad, markii qarqoomi weyn ay keentay in Canopus-ta bari ay ku degto gacanka. Laantii Canopic ayaa markii dambe hoos u dhacday oo ugu dambayntii xirantay.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Medieval Nile: Route, Navigation, and Landscape in Islamic Egypt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hYWlBAAAQBAJ|first=John|last=Cooper|publisher=The American University in Cairo Press|year=2014|isbn=9789774166143|pages=30, 58–59, 74}}</ref> Dhulka aagga Canopus wuxuu la kulmay kor u kaca heerka badda, dhulgariirro, [[tsunami|sunamis]], iyo qaybo badan oo ka mid ah waxay u muuqdaan inay horey ugu sujuudeen [[soil liquefaction|dareere-dhuleed]] waqti ka mid ah dhamaadka qarnigii 2aad ee BC,<ref name=LostCities6>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/aug/15/lost-cities-6-thonis-heracleion-egypt-sunken-sea|title=Lost cities #6: how Thonis-Heracleion resurfaced after 1,000 years under water|last=Shenker|first=Jack|date=15 Aug 2016|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=11 Feb 2018}}</ref> oo noqday kuwo qarqoomi ah. ==Qadiimiga== [[File:Canopus menouthis herakleion.jpg|thumb|Khariidadda Delta-da Niil oo muujinaysa [[Canopus (Egypt)|Canopus]], [[Heracleion]], iyo [[Menouthis]]-ta qadiimiga ah]] Waqtiyadii qadiimiga ahaa Abu Qir Bay waxaa ku hareeraysan marshland waxayna lahayd dhowr jasiiradood. Ilaa qarnigii 7aad ee BC, magaalooyinka dekedaha waxaa laga aasaasay gacanka. Gacanku hadda wuxuu ka kooban yahay goobaha qadiimiga ah ee biyaha hoostooda ee saddex magaalo oo ka soo jeeda xilliyadii pre-Hellenistic, Hellenistic iyo Roomaanka.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mirsky |first=Steve |date=31 January 2010 |title=Cleopatra's Alexandria Treasures |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/cleopatras-alexandria-treasures-10-01-31/ |newspaper=Scientific American |access-date=23 July 2015 }}</ref> Qaybta bari ee magaaladii qadiimiga ahayd ee [[Canopus, Egypt|Canopus]] ayaa ku qarqoomay gacanka,<ref>{{cite news |last=Rothstein |first=Edward |date=3 June 2010 |title=Cleopatra's Underwater Kingdom |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/04/arts/design/04cleo.html |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=23 July 2015 }}</ref> oo ay la socdaan hadhaagii [[Menouthis]]<ref>{{cite press release |last=Shwartz |first=Mark |date=11 December 2000 |title=Scientists, archaeologists and historians will unravel the mystery of Egypt's sunken cities |url=http://news.stanford.edu/pr/00/agunur110.html |location=California |publisher=Stanford University |access-date=23 July 2015 |archive-date=22 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622105451/https://news.stanford.edu/pr/00/agunur110.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> iyo magaalada walaasheed [[Heracleion|Herakleion–Thonis]] oo hadda ku taal 7 kiiloomitir xeebta.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Lost underwater city explored in documentary |url=http://neoskosmos.com/news/en/Lost-underwater-city-explored-in-documentary |newspaper=Νεος Κοσμος |date=3 May 2013 |access-date=23 July 2015 }}</ref> Waxaa qoday qadiimiga biyaha hoostooda ee Faransiiska [[Franck Goddio]]. Nofeembar 2017, ergada Masar oo kaashanaysa Machadka Yurub ee Qadiimiga Biyaha hoostiisa ayaa ku dhawaaqay helitaanka saddex markab oo qarqoomay oo 2,000 oo sano jir ah oo ku noqday xilligii Roomaanka ee [[Iskandariya]] Abu Qir Bay.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-21|title=Sunken vessels dating back to Roman era discovered in Alexandria|url=https://www.egyptindependent.com/sunken-vessels-dating-back-roman-era-discovered-alexandria/|access-date=2020-12-28|website=Egypt Independent|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-21|title=Remains of 3 ships dating back to Roman era Found in Alex.|url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/4/33550/Remains-of-3-ships-dating-back-to-Roman-era-Found|access-date=2020-12-28|website=EgyptToday}}</ref> Xamuulka qarqoomay waxaa ka mid ahaa madax boqornimo oo kiristaalo ah oo laga yaabo inay lahaayeen taliyihii ciidammada Roomaanka ee "Antonio", saddex lacag oo dahab ah oo ka timid xilligii Emperor Octavius Augustus, looxyo alwaax waaweyn iyo weel dhoobo ah.<ref>{{Cite news|title=2,000-year-old Roman shipwrecks discovered near coast of Alexandria, Egypt|url=https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/roman-shipwrecks-discovered-near-coast-of-alexandria-egypt-1.5467698|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204075207/https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/roman-shipwrecks-discovered-near-coast-of-alexandria-egypt-1.5467698|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 4, 2018|access-date=2020-12-28|newspaper=Haaretz|language=en}}</ref> Julaay 2019, macbud Giriig ah oo yar iyo tiirar granite ah oo qadiimi ah, maraakiib khasnad leh, oo ay la socdaan lacagta naxaasta ah ee xukunkii [[Ptolemy II]], dhoobada laga soo bilaabo qarniyadii saddexaad iyo afraad ee BC ayaa laga helay magaaladii qarqoomay ee [[Heracleion]], oo loo yaqaan Atlantis ee Masar. Baaritaannada waxaa sameeyay quusayaal Masar iyo Yurub ah oo uu hoggaaminayay qadiimiga biyaha hoostiisa [[Franck Goddio]]. Waxay kaloo soo saareen macbud taariikhi ah oo gebi ahaanba burburay (macbudka ugu weyn ee magaalada) oo ka baxsan xeebta waqooyi ee Masar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://headtopics.com/uk/archaeologists-discover-a-sunken-ancient-settlement-underwater/7097571|title=Archaeologists discover a sunken ancient settlement underwater|last=Topics|first=Head|website=Head Topics|date=24 July 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-08-17}}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/ancient-egypt-underwater-cities-sunken-cities-temple-coins-jewelry-archaeology-1450695|title=Ancient Egypt: Underwater archaeologists uncover destroyed temple in the sunken city of Heracleion|last=EDT|first=Katherine Hignett On 7/23/19 at 11:06 AM|date=2019-07-23|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2019-08-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nosymedia.info/archaeologists-discover-a-sunken-ancient-settlement-underwater/1410/|title=Archaeologists discover a sunken ancient settlement underwater|last=Santos|first=Edwin|date=2019-07-28|website=Nosy Media|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817155916/https://nosymedia.info/archaeologists-discover-a-sunken-ancient-settlement-underwater/1410/|archive-date=2019-08-17|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livescience.com/66045-underwater-ancient-egypt-city-temple.html|title=Divers Find Remains of Ancient Temple in Sunken Egyptian City|last=History|first=Laura Geggel 2019-07-29T10:37:58Z|website=livescience.com|date=29 July 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-08-17}}</ref> Dhowr maraakiib qarqoomay ayaa laga qoday gacanka, oo ay ku jiraan doon xafladeed ([[Neshmet]] doon) oo loo huray [[Osiris]] iyo dhowr maraakiib [[Roman Empire|Roomaan]] ah.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=[[Associated Press|AP]] |date=23 November 2017 |title=Archeologists discover three Roman-era shipwrecks in Egypt's north coast |newspaper=[[Daily Sabah]] |location=[[Istanbul]] |url=https://www.dailysabah.com/life/2017/11/24/archeologists-discover-three-roman-era-shipwrecks-in-egypts-north-coast |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171124155224/https://www.dailysabah.com/life/2017/11/24/archeologists-discover-three-roman-era-shipwrecks-in-egypts-north-coast |archive-date=24 November 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Khalil |first1=Emad |last2=Mustafa |first2=Mohamed |year=2002 |chapter=Chapter 31: Underwater archaeology in Egypt |editor1-last=Ruppé |editor1-first=Carol V. |editor2-last=Barstad |editor2-first=Janet F. |title=International Handbook of Underwater Archaeology |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780306463457 |location=New York |publisher=Kluwer Academic |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780306463457/page/519 519]–534 |isbn=978-0-306-46345-7}}</ref> ==Dagaalkii Niil== {{Main|Battle of the Nile}} [[File:The Battle of the Nile, 1 August 1798.jpg|thumb|Maraakiibta Ingiriiska oo weeraraya maraakiibta Faransiiska ee Abukir]] 1-dii Agoosto, 1798, [[Horatio Nelson]] wuxuu la dagaallamay dagaalkii badeed ee "Battle of the Nile", oo inta badan loo yaqaan "Battle of Aboukir Bay". (Lama wareerin Dagaalkii Abukir (1799) iyo Dagaalkii Abukir (1801).) 1-dii Maarso 1801, qiyaastii 70 maraakiib dagaal oo Ingiriis ah, oo ay weheliyaan gaadiid siday 16,000 oo askari, ayaa ku soo xirtay Aboukir Bay meel u dhow [[Iskandariya]]. Ujeedadu waxay ahayd in laga adkaado xooggii Faransiiska ee ku haray Masar ka dib markii [[Napoleon]] uu ku laabtay Faransiiska. Cimilada xun ayaa dib u dhigtay bixitaanka muddo toddobaad ah laakiin, 8-dii Maarso, Kabtan [[Alexander Cochrane]] oo ka tirsan [[HMS Ajax (1798)|HMS ''Ajax'']] wuxuu geeyay 320 doonyood, oo laba saf ah, si ay ciidammada u keenaan xeebta. Beteriyada xeebta Faransiiska ayaa ka soo horjeeday soo degitaanka, laakiin Ingiriisku waxay awood u yeesheen inay dib u celiyaan, maalintii xigtayna, dhammaan ciidankii Ingiriiska ee Sir [[Ralph Abercromby]] waxay joogeen xeebta. Ingiriisku waxay markaas ka adkaadeen ciidankii Faransiiska ee [[Battle of Alexandria (1801)|Dagaalkii Iskandariya]]. [[Siege of Alexandria (1801)|Go'doomintii Iskandariya]] ayaa timid, magaaladuna waxay dhacday 2-dii Sebtember 1801. ''[[French ship Orient (1791)|L’Orient]]'', markabkii calanka ee Napoleon, waxaa burburiyay maraakiibtii Nelson wuxuuna ku yaallaa gacanka oo ku yaal gunta badda. Waxay sidday shan milyan oo francs oo dahab ah iyo hal milyan oo lacag ah oo laga soo qaatay [[Knights Hospitaller]] ee [[Malta]]. Intii u dhaxaysay 1998 iyo 1999, qadiimiga Faransiiska Franck Goddio wuxuu hoggaamiyay duullaan sameeyay daraasad qadiimiga ah oo biyaha hoostooda ah oo goobta burburka ah.<ref>{{cite web|title=Napoleon Bonaparte's fleet|url=http://www.franckgoddio.org/projects/others/napoleon-bonapartes-fleet.html|website=Franck Goddio|access-date=12 October 2017}}</ref> ==Jasiiradda Nelson== {{Main|Nelson's Island}} Jasiiradda Nelson, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Jasiiradda Aboukir, waa jasiirad {{convert|350|m|abbr=on}}-dheer oo ku taal Abu Qir bay oo loo isticmaalo dalxiiska iyo madadaalada. Jasiiraddu waxay hoos u dhacday cabbir ahaan tan iyo qadiimiga iyadoo ay sabab u tahay nabaad-guurka iyo dhagaxaanta dhagaxa. Markii ay qayb ka ahayd [[Ancient Egypt|Masar-tii Qadiimiga ahayd]] waxay u badan tahay inay ku xirnayd dhul-weynaha waxa hadda ah saldhigga ciidanka badda ee Aboukir. Waqtiyadii Fircooniga jasiiraddu waxay ku taallay waddo ganacsi oo aasaasi ah oo loo maro Webiga Niil waxayna noqotay xarun weyn oo diimeed iyo ganacsi. Waxaa jira caddayn qadiimiga ah in necropolis-ka darajo sare leh la dhigay jasiiradda. Intii lagu jiray [[Ptolemaic Kingdom|Boqortooyada Ptolemaic]] jasiiradda waa la xoojiyay.<ref>{{cite news|title=Graves Found Shows Women Fought With British in the 1798 Battle of the Nile|url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/archaeology/1.733462|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160726205706/http://www.haaretz.com/jewish/archaeology/1.733462|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 26, 2016|author=Philippe Bohstrom|date=26 July 2016|work=Haaretz}}</ref> Ka dib Dagaalkii Niil ee 1798, dhowr Ingiriis ah oo dhintay ayaa lagu aasay jasiiradda. Qabrigooda waxaa la helay 2000. Maadaama ay halis ugu jireen nabaad-guurka badda, soddon meyd oo dib ayaa loogu aasay Chatby [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission|Commonwealth War Graves]] Cemetery ee Iskandariya 2005.<ref>{{cite news|title=Reburial for Nelson's comrades|url=http://newswww.bbc.net.uk/1/hi/uk/4455033.stm|date=18 April 2005|work=BBC News}}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[Harada Burullus]] * [[Harada Mariout]] ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} he019jydk03p51snf6wueqkmcsqcynk 0 48240 305799 300541 2026-08-24T17:48:09Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305799 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name= Marinka Tigres | native_name = {{native name|pt|Estreito dos Tigres}} | pushpin_map = Angola | pushpin_map_caption = Goobta ku taal Angola | coords= {{coord|16|38|S|11|46|E|type:waterbody_scale:2000000|display=inline,title}} | rivers= | oceans=[[Badweynta Atlaantigga]] | countries= [[Angola]] | length ={{convert|35|km|abbr=on}} | width ={{convert|9|km|abbr=on}} | area= | frozen= | islands=[[Tigres Island]] | cities= | reference=<ref name="GE">[[GoogleEarth]]</ref> }} '''Marinka Tigres''', oo hore loo yaqaanay '''Tigres Bay''' ama '''Great Fish Bay''', waa marin ku taal [[Angola]], oo ku taal [[Gobolka Namibe]], waxayna u adeegtaa kala qaybinta u dhaxaysa dhul-weynaha Angola iyo [[Tigres Island]].<ref name="mapcartaB">{{cite web|url=http://mapcarta.com/19037300|title=Baia dos Tigres|work=Mapcarta|accessdate=10 October 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://jornaldeangola.sapo.ao/reportagem/baia_dos_tigres__e_uma_aldeia_fantasma Baía dos Tigres é uma aldeia fantasma] {{Wayback|url=http://jornaldeangola.sapo.ao/reportagem/baia_dos_tigres__e_uma_aldeia_fantasma |date=20200216130623 }}. Jornal de Angola. 10 de janeiro de 2019.</ref> ==Juqraafi== Waxay mar hore lahayd gacan-jasiirad yar oo dhinaca bari ah, iyada oo [[isthmus|luqun-dhuleedkeedu]] uu ku yaal koonfurta iyo tuulo kalluumeysi oo si wanaagsan loo aasaasay oo la magac baxday [[Saint Martin of the Tigers]] (Af-Bortaqiis: ''São Martinho dos Tigres''). Badweynta ayaa jabisay luqun-dhuleedka gacan-jasiiradda 1962-kii, khadkii biyuhuna waa uu go'ay.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/a/coolwaterssara.com/www/|title=Cool Waters|website=sites.google.com|access-date=2017-07-13}}</ref> Tigres waxay noqotay jasiirad habeen keliya, [[Tigres Island]], jasiiradda ugu weyn Angola.<ref name="mapcartaI">{{cite web|url=http://mapcarta.com/19049252|title=Ilha dos Tigres|work=Mapcarta|accessdate=10 October 2016}}</ref> Waqtigan xaadirka ah, inta badan aagga gacankii hore wuxuu noqday [[marin|marin]] u dhexeeya jasiiradda iyo dhul-weynaha. Gacankii asalka ahaa, kaliya [[gacan yar]] oo u furan woqooyi —''Saco dos Tigres''— ayaa ka hartay dhinaca koonfureed.<ref name="mapcartaST">{{cite web|url=http://mapcarta.com/19037298|title=Saco dos Tigres|work=Mapcarta|accessdate=14 October 2016}}</ref> ==Taariikh== 6-dii Diseembar 1904 maraakiibta Ruushka ee u socday Pacific-ga si ay ula dagaallamaan [[Battle of Tsushima|Dagaalkii Tsushima]] ayaa ku joogsaday gacanka si ay u qaataan dhuxul.<ref name=Pleshakov140 /> Waxay baxeen galabnimadii ku xigtay.<ref name=Pleshakov140 /> Markabkii Ingiriiska ee [[HMS Barrosa (1889)|HMS Barrosa]] ayaa yimid maalintii xigtay isagoo raadinaya maraakiibta ka hor inta uusan u jihaysan [[Moçâmedes]].<ref name=Pleshakov140>{{cite book |last=Pleshakov |first=Constantine |title=The Tsar's Last Armada |url=https://archive.org/details/tsarslastarmadae00ples |publisher=Basic Books |publication-place=Oxford |date=2002 |isbn=1-903985-31-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/tsarslastarmadae00ples/page/140 140]-141}}</ref> ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[Juqraafiga Angola]] ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} s5ihb6shalxaynduyyf2qe6uxs8aqyg 0 48248 305886 300791 2026-08-24T18:33:34Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305886 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name = Mahajanga |other_name = |native_name = Majunga |settlement_type = [[Degmooyinka Madagascar|Degmo]] iyo magaalo |image_skyline = Mahajanga cathedrale.jpg |imagesize = |image_caption = Kaniisadda Mahajanga |pushpin_map = Madagascar | image_shield = Mahajanga.png | shield_size = 100px |pushpin_label_position = right |pushpin_map_caption = Goobta ku taal Madagascar |subdivision_type = Waddan |subdivision_name = {{flag|Madagascar}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Gobollada Madagascar|Gobol]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Boeny]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Degmooyinka Madagascar|Degmo]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Mahajanga District]] |subdivision_type3 = [[Degmooyinka yaryar ee Madagascar|Degmo yar]] |subdivision_name3 = Mahajanga |leader_title = Guddoomiyaha Golaha Degmada |leader_name = Abdallah Abad Ali |established_title = |established_date = |area_total_km2 = 51.05 |population_as_of = tirakoobkii 2018 |population_footnotes = |population_total =246022 |population_density_km2 =auto |timezone = |utc_offset = |coordinates = {{coord|15|43|S|46|19|E|region:MG|display=inline,title}} |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |blank_name = [[Kala saarista cimilada ee Köppen|Cimilada]] |blank_info = [[Cimilada savannada kulul|Aw]] |website = |footnotes = }} '''Mahajangā''' ({{IPA|mg|maːˈdzaŋɡə̥|}}; Faransiis: '''Majunga''') waa [[magaalo]] iyo degmo maamul oo ku taal xeebta waqooyi-galbeed ee [[Madagascar]]. Magaalada Mahajanga (Mahajanga I) waa caasimadda Gobolka [[Boeny]]. Degmadu (oo la mid ah magaalada) waxay lahayd dad tiradoodu ahayd 258,068 sannadkii 2020.<ref>Institut National de la Statistique, Madagascar</ref> == Magaalada == [[File:Acadie.jpg|thumb|left|Acadie]] Mahajanga waa [[deked badeed]], waana tan labaad ee ugu muhiimsan Madagascar ka dib [[Toamasina]]. Terminal-ka badda wuxuu qaadaa maraakiibta xamuulka iyo maraakiib yar yar (150 tan) oo xamuul guud ah. Sababo la xiriira qoto-dheeraanta biyaha oo xaddidan ee dekadda, maraakiib yar yar oo kaliya ayaa wici kara terminal-ka. Maraakiibta qoto dheer ayaa ku xirta meel ka baxsan terminal-ka waxayna xamuulka u kala gudbiyaan maraakiibta yaryar, kuwaas oo u rara terminal-ka. Duufaannadii xoogganaa ee bishii Diseembar 2006 ayaa waxyeello u geystay bulkhead-ka, taasoo u oggolaatay biyaha inay gudaha u galaan oo ay ka maydhaan buuxinta ka hoosaysa baloogyada laamiga ee terminal-ka. Burburka ka dhashay baloogyada laamiga ayaa ka dhigay hawlgallada terminal-ka kuwo aan waxtar lahayn waxayna yareeyeen booska kaydinta ee la heli karo. Dhoofinta weelasha ee ugu weyn uguna qiimaha badan waa shrimp-ka barafaysan. Waxaa jira [[Amborovy Airport|garoon diyaaradeed oo caalami ah]] oo leh duulimaadyo goboleed oo taga [[Mayotte]], maraakiibta Acadie waxay magaalada ku xirayaan [[Mutsamudu]] iyo [[Moroni, Comoros|Moroni]]. Mahajanga waxay ku taal Webiga [[Betsiboka]], kaas oo markaa u horseeda [[Bombetoka Bay]]. Magaaladu waxay leedahay dad badan oo Muslimiin ah. Sannadkii 1977, waxay ahayd goob ay ka dhaceen rabshado qowmiyadeed, taasoo ku qasabtay in laga daadgureeyo dadka laga tirada badan yahay ee Komoros ee halkaas ku noolaa. Mahajanga sidoo kale waa xarunta [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mahajanga|Roman Catholic Diocese]] (Kaniisadda Wadnaha Quduuska ah ee Maryan). === Baobab === [[File:The baobab, Mahajanga.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Baobab-ka ku yaal Mahajanga]] [[File:Mahajanga - sur la plage.jpg|thumb|right|Mid ka mid ah xeebaha waqooyiga magaalada]] Geedka [[African baobab|baobabka Afrika]] ee u dhow xeebta waa tusaalihii ugu weynaa ee Madagascar, kaas oo leh wareeg dhan {{convert|21|metres|feet}}, waana astaanta magaalada. Da'diisu lama yaqaan, laakiin badanaa waxaa la sheegaa inay tahay 700–800 oo sano. Waxaa mar loo isticmaali jiray goob loogu talagalay shirarka muhiimka ah, iyo, qarnigii 19-aad, goob loogu talagalay [[execution|dilalka]]. Waxaa la sheegaa in si loo sharfo awowayaasha Malagasy, qof kasta oo booqda waa inuu ku wareegaa todobo jeer.<ref name="sipa">{{cite web |last1=Sipa |first1=Masika |title=The Old Baobab of Mahajanga | date = 2013 |url=http://www.madamagazine.com/en/der-alte-baobab-von-mahajanga/ |website=madamagazine.com |publisher=MadaMagazine |access-date=24 July 2017}}</ref> == Taariikh == Sida laga soo xigtay Jane Hooper, "Tan iyo qarnigii tobnaad, dekedaha waqooyiga Madagascar, oo ay deggan yihiin dad Islaam ah, ayaa soo jiitay ganacsato iyo muhaajiriin ka yimid Bariga Afrika, Bariga Dhexe, iyo xitaa Bariga Fog. Ugu yaraan darsin dekedood ayaa laga aqoonsaday waqooyiga Madagascar dhammaadkii qarnigii shan iyo tobnaad dhanka juqraafi yaqaanka Carabta Ibn Mājid... Qarnigii siddeed iyo tobnaad, Andriamandisoarivo, isagoo taageero ka helaya ciidankiisa siddeed boqol oo nin, wuxuu aasaasay boqortooyo cusub oo Sakalava ah waqooyiga taas oo uu u bixiyay Volamena, oo macnaheedu yahay lacag cas ama dahab. Faraciisa waxaa loo yaqaanay Zafibolamena, carruurta Volamena. Wuxuu ku dhintay magaalada waqooyi ee Bezavo qiyaastii 1710, isagoo magaciisa ku xardhay dhaqanka sidii aasaasihii boqortooyo cusub oo awood leh. Boqortooyadiisu waxay lahayd dekedda Mazalagem Nova, ama Massaliege, oo horeyba u ahayd xarun ganacsi oo barwaaqo ah, iyo sidoo kale dekedaha cusub ee Boina iyo Mahajanga (Majunga)... Hal kabtan Ingiriis ah ayaa ku tilmaamay magaalada waqooyi-galbeed ee Mahajanga deked mashquul badan oo caalami ah 1764. Wuxuu qoray in magaalada, oo loo dhisay "habka Hindiya," ay ku jiraan dhismayaal dhagax ah oo badan iyo masaajidyo. Waxaa degganaa Muslimiin "waddani" ah iyo kuwo kale oo ka yimid "Surate, Johana, Mosembeck, iyo jasiiradaha Commoro," Mahajanga waxay ahayd deked barwaaqo iyo caalami ah. Magaalada gudaheeda, taliyayaashii Sakalava waxay u oggolaadeen Muslimiinta inay si xor ah u gutaan diintooda. Taas beddelkeeda, Sakalava waxay aasaaseen taxane kontorool ganacsi. Boqorku wuxuu magacaabay "purser loo idmaday inuu ganacsi ku sameeyo magaca boqorka, iyadoo lala kaashanayo purser kale oo ka yimid boqorka." Boqorada iyo boqorada Sakalava waxay xitaa u oggolaadeen ganacsatada Yurub ee soo booqanaya inay la ganacsadaan ganacsatada maxalliga ah ee Muslimka ah iyo sidoo kale wakiillada Sakalava waxayna u muuqdeen inay si sii kordheysa ugu xiran yihiin shabakadahan ka gudbaya gobolka Badweynta Hindiya ee koonfur-galbeed. Boqorad Sakalava ah ayaa guursatay nin Bariga Afrika (ama Komoros) ah qarnigii siddeed iyo tobnaad bartamihiisii, sida laga soo xigtay warbixinnada Ingiriiska iyo Holland. Boqorada iyo boqorada Sakalava waxay sidoo kale ku daray caqiidooyinka Islaamka iyo cibaadada ku dhaqanka boqornimada rabaaniga ah qaarkoodna waxay u beddeleen Islaamka qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad."<ref>Hooper, Jane. "Feeding Globalization." Ohio University Press. 2017. Pages 40, 80, 82 </ref> === Bulshada Hindiya === [[File:En rad indiska oxkärror på gatan. Mahajunga, Majunga. Madagaskar - SMVK - 021942.tif|alt=Sawir laga soo qaaday waddo ku taal Mahajanga oo leh gaadhifaras Hindida. Oktoobar 1912. Sawirka waxaa qaaday Walter Kaudern.|left|thumb|Sawir laga soo qaaday waddo ku taal Mahajanga oo leh gaadhifaras Hindida. Oktoobar 1912. Sawirka waxaa qaaday [[Walter Kaudern]].]] 1780-meeyadii, bulsho ku dhow 200 oo ganacsato Muslimiin ah oo ka yimid [[Indian subcontinent|dhulweynaha Hindiya]] ayaa ku samaysmay Mahajanga afka Webiga Betsiboka, sida laga soo xigtay safarka Faransiiska Dumaine. Sidaas darteed, etymology-ga erayga "Mahajanga" waxaa laga yaabaa inuu yahay mid Hindiya.{{fact|date=January 2018}} Jahwareer ayaa ka dhashay heerka sharcigooda; waxay inta badan ku dhawaaqi jireen inay yihiin dad Malagasy ah si ay uga fogaadaan sharciyada ka dhanka ah addoonsiga ama dhismaha guryaha dhagaxa ah, labaduba waa laga mamnuucay dadka Ingiriiska. Dhows-kooda, oo ay u isticmaali jireen inay ku qaadaan alaabta dhulweynaha Afrika, waxay duuliyeen calanka Faransiiska. Soo-galootigii ugu horreeyay waxay ahaayeen inta badan Muslimiin [[Khoja]]s, [[Ismaili people|Ismaili]]s iyo [[Da'udi Bohra]]s, iyadoo qaar ka mid ah Hindus-ka ay degganaayeen goor dambe. Tirakoobkii 1911 wuxuu helay 4,480 Hindi ah dalka, taasoo ka dhigaysa 21% wadarta dadka ajaanibta ah iyo dadka ajaanibta ah ee labaad ee ugu weyn, ka dib Faransiiska. Ka dib qaranimada ganacsiyada gaarka loo leeyahay 1970-meeyadii, qaar badan oo iyaga ka mid ah ayaa lagu qasbay inay baxaan; kuwa hadhay waxay ahaayeen kuwo aan waxbarasho lahayn, laakiin way sii joogeen waxayna si tartiib tartiib ah u dhisteen ganacsigooda. Sannadkii 2000, waxaa guud ahaan la aaminsanaa inay gacanta ku hayaan 50-60% dhaqaalaha dalka, taasoo ka dhigaysa inay bartilmaameed u noqdaan mudaaharaadayaasha xilliyada rabshadaha. Bishii Diseembar 2006, duufaan ayaa ku dhufatay Mahajanga, taas oo keentay waxyeello weyn oo soo gaartay xarumaha dekedda iyo dhismayaal qaar oo ku yaal ama u dhow xeebta. === Taariikhda militariga === Magaaladu waxay leedahay garoon diyaaradeed oo Ingiriisku u isticmaali jiray inay ku xareeyaan diyaaradaha [[Avro Shackleton|Shackleton]] si ay u taageeraan [[Beira Patrol]] tan iyo Maajo 1966.<ref name="DOS">{{cite book|last1=Spence|first1=Daniel Owen|title=A History of the Royal Navy: Empire and Imperialism|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofroyalna0000spen|date=2015|publisher=I.B.Tauris|location=London}}</ref> == Gobolka == Mahajanga waa caasimadda Gobolka Boeny. == Dadka caanka ah == [[Ali Soilih]] (1937 – 1978) oo ahaa [[Comoros|Komoros]] [[socialist revolutionary|kacaankii hantiwadaaga]] iyo shakhsiyad siyaasadeed oo u adeegay sidii [[Dictator|Kaligii taliye]] ee [[State of the Comoros|Dawladda Komoros]] laga soo bilaabo 3 Janaayo 1976 ilaa 13 Maajo 1978. == Isboorti == *[[Fosa Juniors FC]] waa kooxda kubadda cagta ee maxalliga ah. *[[ASCB Boeny]] (basketball) - Horyaalada Malagasy 2017 Garoonka Jacques Rabemananjara, oo leh 8,000 oo meelood, waa kii 5-aad ee ugu weyn dalka.<ref>Galibert, Didier. ''Les gens du pouvoir à Madagascar. Etat postcolonial, légitimités et territoire (1956-2002)''. Karthala. 2019. Page 392</ref> == Cimilada == [[File:Cyclone Gafilo Mahajanga.jpg|thumb|right|Xeebta socodka ka dib [[cyclone Gafilo|duufaantii Gafilo]] sannadkii 2004]] Mahajanga waxay leedahay [[cimilada savannada kulul]] ([[Kala saarista cimilada ee Köppen|Köppen]] ''Aw'') oo leh laba xilli oo kala duwan: [[wet season|xilli roobaad]] qoyan oo ka bilaabma Nofeembar ilaa badhtamaha Abriil, iyo [[dry season|xilli qallalan]] qorrax leh, qoyaan yar iyo dhab ahaan qalalan muddo lix iyo badh bilood ah oo hadhay. [[Tropical cyclone|Duufaannada]] waxay dhici karaan inta lagu jiro xilli roobaadku, iyagoo soo saaraya roob aad u culus iyo nabaad-guur ballaaran. {{Weather box |location = Mahajanga (1991–2020) |single line = Yes |metric first = Yes |Jan high C = 31.4 |Feb high C = 31.5 |Mar high C = 32.6 |Apr high C = 33.3 |May high C = 32.7 |Jun high C = 31.6 |Jul high C = 31.2 |Aug high C = 31.9 |Sep high C = 32.7 |Oct high C = 33.3 |Nov high C = 33.2 |Dec high C = 32.3 |year high C = |Jan mean C = 27.9 |Feb mean C = 27.9 |Mar mean C = 28.4 |Apr mean C = 28.4 |May mean C = 27.1 |Jun mean C = 25.5 |Jul mean C = 25.0 |Aug mean C = 25.5 |Sep mean C = 26.6 |Oct mean C = 27.9 |Nov mean C = 28.7 |Dec mean C = 28.4 |year mean C = |Jan low C = 24.3 |Feb low C = 24.3 |Mar low C = 24.3 |Apr low C = 23.5 |May low C = 21.6 |Jun low C = 19.5 |Jul low C = 18.7 |Aug low C = 19.2 |Sep low C = 20.5 |Oct low C = 22.5 |Nov low C = 24.1 |Dec low C = 24.5 |year low C = 22.2 |Jan record high C = 36.4 |Feb record high C = 35.2 |Mar record high C = 37.0 |Apr record high C = 38.1 |May record high C = 36.2 |Jun record high C = 35.0 |Jul record high C = 34.0 |Aug record high C = 35.3 |Sep record high C = 37.0 |Oct record high C = 39.2 |Nov record high C = 38.0 |Dec record high C = 38.0 |year record high C = |Jan record low C = 19.6 |Feb record low C = 20.0 |Mar record low C = 20.3 |Apr record low C = 19.3 |May record low C = 16.3 |Jun record low C = 15.2 |Jul record low C = 12.6 |Aug record low C = 14.0 |Sep record low C = 15.7 |Oct record low C = 16.4 |Nov record low C = 19.7 |Dec record low C = 19.5 |year record low C = |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 485.8 |Feb precipitation mm = 328.7 |Mar precipitation mm = 186.8 |Apr precipitation mm = 48.8 |May precipitation mm = 4.1 |Jun precipitation mm = 1.1 |Jul precipitation mm = 1.0 |Aug precipitation mm = 2.1 |Sep precipitation mm = 2.0 |Oct precipitation mm = 15.5 |Nov precipitation mm = 101.9 |Dec precipitation mm = 198.1 |year precipitation mm = 1375.7 |Jan precipitation days = 18.4 |Feb precipitation days = 15.7 |Mar precipitation days = 10.5 |Apr precipitation days = 3.1 |May precipitation days = 0.5 |Jun precipitation days = 0.2 |Jul precipitation days = 0.2 |Aug precipitation days = 0.2 |Sep precipitation days = 0.3 |Oct precipitation days = 1.8 |Nov precipitation days = 5.2 |Dec precipitation days = 11.8 |year precipitation days = 67.9 |unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm |Jan humidity = 82 |Feb humidity = 83 |Mar humidity = 81 |Apr humidity = 73 |May humidity = 67 |Jun humidity = 64 |Jul humidity = 62 |Aug humidity = 60 |Sep humidity = 63 |Oct humidity = 66 |Nov humidity = 72 |Dec humidity = 80 |year humidity = |Jan sun = 209.0 |Feb sun = 184.9 |Mar sun = 244.8 |Apr sun = 269.9 |May sun = 294.9 |Jun sun = 282.9 |Jul sun = 291.5 |Aug sun = 303.1 |Sep sun = 307.0 |Oct sun = 319.7 |Nov sun = 288.2 |Dec sun = 227.3 |year sun = 3223.2 |source 1 = NOAA (sun, 1961-1990)<ref name= NOAA>{{cite web | url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/MG/67027.TXT | title = Majunga/Mahajanga Climate Normals 1961–1990 | publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201031065003/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/MG/67027.TXT | archive-date = 2020-10-31 | url-status = dead | access-date = October 19, 2015}}</ref><ref name=WMOCLINO>{{cite web | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230923234825/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Madagascar/CSV/MAHAJANGA_67027.csv | archive-date = 23 September 2023 | url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Madagascar/CSV/MAHAJANGA_67027.csv | title = Antsirabe Climate Normals 1991–2020 | work = World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020) | publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | access-date = 23 September 2023}}</ref> |source 2 = Weltwetter Spiegel Online (humidity)<ref name=weltwetter> {{cite web |url =http://wetter.spiegel.de/spiegel/klima.php?r=afrika&land=MG&stat=67027 |title = Wetter im Detail: Klimadaten |publisher=Spiegel Online |year=2012 }} Retrieved on July 19, 2012. </ref> |date=Nofeembar 2011 }} == Waxbarashada == [[University of Mahajanga]] waxay ku taal xarunta Ambondrona. Dugsiyada Faransiiska: * Collège français Françoise-Dolto<ref>"[http://www.aefe.fr/reseau-scolaire-mondial/rechercher-un-etablissement/madagascar-majunga-college-francais-francoise Collège français Françoise-Dolto] {{Wayback|url=http://www.aefe.fr/reseau-scolaire-mondial/rechercher-un-etablissement/madagascar-majunga-college-francais-francoise |date=20240822043716 }}." [[AEFE]]. Retrieved on May 7, 2015.</ref> == Suugaanta == *R. J. Barendse, ''Arabian Seas 1700-1763: The Western Indian Ocean in the eighteenth century'' *Du Maine, ''Idée de la côte orientale de Madagascar'', Paris, 1792. == Tixraac == <references/> == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{commons category|Mahajanga}} {{Authority control}} 42kk6iu480u0rqnntzgok9wz3oatn21 0 48306 305844 300231 2026-08-24T18:12:26Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305844 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Chott el Djerid | image = Chott Djerid 003.jpg | alt = Photograph showing a flat sandy landscape. In the foreground a red flag flies from a broken old boat. Behind it, another red flag is anchored in the ground by a solid looking piece of metal machinery. The flags may be position markers for times with more water. | caption = Xilliga xagaaga Chott el Djerid gabi ahaanba way engegtaa, sida ka muuqata sawirkan la qaaday May 2021. | pushpin_map = Tunisia | pushpin_map_caption = Chott al-Djarid oo ku taal [[Tunisia]] | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|33.7|N|8.43|E|type:waterbody_region:TN|display=inline,title}} | type = [[Salt lake|Haro cusbo leh]], [[endorheic basin|biya-qabatinka endorheic-ga ah]] | inflow = biyaha dhulka hoostiisa | outflow = terminal [[Evaporation|Uumi-bax]] | catchment = | basin_countries = Tunisia | length ={{convert|250|km|abbr=on}} | width ={{convert|20|km|abbr=on}} | area = {{convert|7,000|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = +{{convert|10|-|25|m|abbr=on}} | frozen = | islands = | cities = | embedded = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_date = 7 November 2007 | designation1_number = 1699<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chott El Jerid|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1699|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} }} '''Chott el Djerid''' ({{langx|ar|شط الجريد}} ''{{Transliteration|ar|DIN|Šoṭṭ el-Jarīd}}'') sidoo kale loo qoro ''Sciott Gerid'' iyo ''Shott el Jerid'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-1030236&fid=6152&c=tunisia |title=Shaţţ al Jarīd: Tunisia |work=Geographical Names |access-date=2011-05-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-1028284&fid=6130&c=tunisia |title=Sciott Gerid: Tunisia |work=Geographical Names |access-date=2011-05-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=12050&fid=6147&c=tunisia |title=Chott el Jerid: Tunisia |work=Geographical Names |access-date=2011-05-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-1030305&fid=6143&c=tunisia |title=Shott el Jerid: Tunisia |work=Geographical Names |access-date=2011-05-23}}</ref> waa [[chott]], waana [[salt lake|haro cusbo leh]] oo weyn oo nooceedu yahay [[endorheic basin|endorheic]] oo ku taal bartamaha [[Tunisia]]. Magaca waxaa laga soo turjumi karaa Af-Carabiga isagoo noqonaya "Harta Dhulka Timirta".<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/readersdigestnat00sche|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=0-89577-087-3|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/readersdigestnat00sche/page/125 125]–126|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.}}</ref> ==Juqraafiyada== Salka Chott el Djerid wuxuu ku yaallaa inta u dhaxaysa 15 iyo 25 mitir (qiyaastii 50 ilaa 80 cagood) ka sarreeya [[sea level|heerka badda]].<ref> {{Cite web |url=https://www.dcode.fr/earth-elevation |title=GPS Elevation Calculator - Online Location (Lat/Long) Altitude Finder }}</ref> Ballaca haradu si weyn ayuu u kala duwan yahay; meesha ugu cidhiidhsan, waa kaliya {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} oo ballac ah, marka la barbardhigo dhererkeeda guud oo ah {{convert|250|km|mi|abbr=on}}. Mararka qaarkood, qaybo ka mid ah waxay u muuqdaan midabyo kala duwan oo isugu jira caddaan, cagaar iyo guduud.<ref name="tixit">{{Cite web|url=http://ar.tixik.com/jezero-chott-el-jerid-2365605.htm |title=البحيرة شط ايل الجريد - تونس |work=Tixik.com |access-date=2011-05-23 }}</ref> Marinka cidhiidhiga ah ee dhanka [[east|bari]] u jeeda ee chott-ka waxaa sidoo kale loo yaqaanaa [[Chott el Fejej]]. Waa [[Salt pan (geology)|banaan-cusbadeedka]] ugu weyn ee [[Sahara Desert|Saxaraha weyn]], wuxuuna leeyahay baaxad ka weyn 7,000&nbsp;km² (ilo wareedyada qaar waxay sheegaan 5,000&nbsp;km²). Goobtu waxay leedahay [[hot desert climate|cimilada saxaraha ee kulul]] oo caadi ah. Sababtuna tahay cimilada adag ee leh celcelis ahaan roobka sannadlaha ah oo ka yar 100&nbsp;mm iyo [[temperature|heerkulka]] maalintii oo mararka qaarkood gaara 50&nbsp;°C ama ka badan xilliga xagaaga oo ay weheliso [[solar radiation|shucaaca qorraxda]] oo xooggan, biyuhu waxay ka uumi-baxaan harada. Xilliga xagaaga Chott el Djerid gabi ahaanba way engegtaa, waxaana ka dhaca [[Fata Morgana (mirage)|dhalanteedyo]] badan oo dhulka ah. Waxay ku taal {{coord|33|42|N|8|26|E|display=inline}} ee badhtamaha-galbeed ee dalka, inta u dhaxaysa magaalooyinka [[Tozeur]] iyo [[Kebili]]. Xilliga [[winter|jiilaalka]], [[tributaries|laamo biyeed]] yaryar ayaa la arki karaa iyagoo ku shubmaya harada.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.al-hakawati.net/arabic/environment/env13.asp |title=شـط الجـريد |work=Al-hakawati |access-date=2011-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505051112/http://www.al-hakawati.net/arabic/environment/env13.asp |archive-date=2011-05-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sababtoo ah aagga ay daadadku qaadaan aad ayuu u kala duwan yahay, qiyamka loo soo bandhigo baaxadda harada (ama baaxadeeda, oo inta badan qallalan) aad ayay u kala duwanaan karaan. Ilo wareedyada qaar waxay bixiyaan qiyamka baaxadda dusha sare oo gaaraya ilaa 10,000&nbsp;km². Xilligan, nidaamyo waraab oo [[freshwater|biyo macaan]] ah ayaa laga fulinayaa gobolka si looga caawiyo ciribtirka cusbada ee carrada iyo si loo kordhiyo dhulka wax soo saarka leh. Koonfurta Chott el Djerid, waxaa ka bilaabma saxaraha [[Grand Erg Oriental]]. Magaalooyinka [[Kebili]] iyo [[Douz]] waxay ku yaallaan koonfurta harada, magaalada [[Tozeur]]-na waxay ku taal dhanka waqooyi-galbeed. ==Gidgalka== Harada waxaa lagu gudbi karaa lug iyo xitaa baabuur, laakiin tani waa mid aad u khatar ah maadaama qolofta cusbadu aysan had iyo jeer adkayn. Xilliga jiilaalka, marka ay haradu buuxdo, waxaa lagu gudbi karaa dooni. Tuulmooyinka cusbada ee ku yaal geesaha harada waxaa loo ururiyaa habka wax-soo-saarka cusbada.<ref name="tixit" /> ==Duur-joogta== Degaano ka haray [[West African crocodile|Yaxaaska Galbeedka Afrika]] ayaa ku sii raagay Chott el Djerid ilaa bilowgii qarnigii 20-aad.<ref>"[http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0014734 Crocodiles in the Sahara Desert: An Update of Distribution, Habitats and Population Status for Conservation Planning in Mauritania]". ''[[PLOS ONE]]''. February 25, 2011.</ref> [[Flamingo|Shimbiraha Flamingo-ga ee casaanka ah]] ayaa la ogaaday inay u isticmaalaan xeebaha harada goobo ay buulal ka samaystaan xilliga gu'ga.<ref name="readersnatural" /> ==Magaac-wadaagga== Chott el Djerid waa magac-wadaagga '''Jerid Lacuna''', oo ah haro hydrocarbon ah oo [[endorheic]] ah oo ku taal dayaxa [[Saturn]] ee [[Titan (moon)|Titan]]. Haradaas waxay ku taal 66.7°N iyo 221°W waxayna ka kooban tahay [[liquid|dareere]] [[methane]] iyo [[ethane]] ah halkii ay biyo ka koobnaan lahayd.<ref name="Coustenis2008">{{cite book|last1=Coustenis | first1 = A. | last2 = Taylor |first2 = F. W.|title=Titan: Exploring an Earthlike World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j3O47dxrDAQC&pg=PA154|date=21 July 2008|publisher=World Scientific|pages= 154–155|isbn= 978-981-281-161-5}}</ref> ==Mashruuca daadgandinta== Waxaa jiray xiiso sii kordhayay oo ku saabsan in si joogto ah loogu xiro Chott el Djerid badda [[Mediterranean]]-ka si loo abuuro [[Sahara Sea|Bad Saxare ah]] tan iyo bartamihii 2010-maadkii iyadoo la aas-aasay ururka Cooperation Road kaas oo sanadkii 2018 helay ogolaanshaha dawladda Tunisia. Mashruuc kan la mid ah ayaa sidoo kale la tixgeliyey qarnigii 19-aad iyo 20-aad oo ay [[France|Faransiisku]] ka rabeen gobolkii [[French Tunisia|Tunisia-dii Faransiiska]].<ref name="Globetrotter Tunisia">{{cite book |last1=Jousiffe |first1=Ann |title=Tunisia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Boo4GQdE-bcC |accessdate= 16 December 2012 |edition= 4th |series=Globetrotter: Guide and Map Series |year= 2010 |publisher=New Holland Publishers |location=London |isbn=978-1845378646 }}</ref> ==Dhaqanka caanka ah== [[File:Chott el Djerid - Lars homestead.jpg|thumb|Goobtii Lars Homestead ee filimka ''[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars]]'' oo ku taal Chott el Djerid.]] Chott el Djerid waxaa loo isticmaalay goob ahaan in lagu duubo qaybaha filimka ''[[Star Wars]]'', iyo kuwa kaleba.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.movie-locations.com/movies/s/starwars.html |title=Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope film locations |work=The Worldwide Guide to Movie Locations: Exploring film locations around the world |publisher=movie-locations.com |access-date=2011-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704234318/http://www.movie-locations.com/movies/s/starwars.html |archive-date=2012-07-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sida ay sheegayso khuraafaad qadiimi ah, waxay ahayd meeshii ay ku dhalatay ilaahadda Giriigga ee [[Athena]].<ref>[[Herodotus]] iv,180. Cf. [[Lake Tritonis]].</ref> Waxaa lagu sharaxay buuggii ugu dambeeyey ee [[Jules Verne]], ee ''[[Invasion of the Sea]]''. Haradu waa goobta uu ku saabsan yahay buugga [[Frank Heller]] ee ''The Thousand and Second Night, An Arabesque''. Buugga ''In The Desert'' ee uu qoray mufakirka reer Jarmal ee [[Karl May]] wuxuu ka bilaabmaa meel u dhow harada wuxuuna sharaxayaa isku day gudbid oo khatar ah. ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * {{Commons category-inline}} * [http://lexicorient.com/tunisia/chott_el_jerid.htm Chott el Djerid at Lexicorient] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803095327/http://www.lexicorient.com/tunisia/chott_el_jerid.htm |date=2020-08-03 }} {{Authority control}} 19ix9a26dvm9vtrtyabjsbrjrbrzguo 0 48373 305863 304322 2026-08-24T18:22:38Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305863 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Tana | image = lake tana.jpg | caption = Sawirka Harada Tana oo dhanka galbeed laga qaaday isagoo hawada sare laga soo sawiray (Abriil 1991) | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = [[East Africa|Bariga Afrika]] | coords = {{Coord|12|0|N|37|15|E|type:waterbody_region:ET|display=inline,title}} | type = | inflow = [[Gilgel Abay]], Webiga Kilti, [[Magech River|Webiga Megech]], [[Reb River|Webiga Reb]], [[Gumara River|Webiga Gumara]] | outflow = [[Blue Nile|Niilka Buluugga ah]] | catchment = | basin_countries = [[Ethiopia|Itoobiya]] | length = {{convert|84|km|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|66|km|abbr=on}} | area = {{convert|3200|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = | max-depth = {{convert|15|m|abbr=on}} | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|1788|m|abbr=on}} | islands = Kuwa ugu muhiimsan waa [[Tana Qirqos]], [[Daga Island|Jasiiradda Daga]], [[Dek Island|Jasiiradda Dek]], iyo [[Mitraha Island|Mitraha]] | cities = [[Bahir Dar]], [[Gorgora]] <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Tana in Ethiopia. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Tana''' ({{langx|am|ጣና ሐይቅ|T’ana ḥāyik’i}}; markii hore loo qori jiray '''Tsana'''{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}) waa [[lake|harada]] ugu weyn [[Ethiopia|Itoobiya]] isla markaana ah isha uu ka yimaado [[Blue Nile|Niilka Buluugga ah]]. Waxay ku taallaa [[Amhara Region|Gobolka Amhara]] ee waqooyiga-galbeed ee [[Ethiopian Highlands|Dhulka Sare ee Itoobiya]], haradu waxay dhererkeedu gaaraa qiyaastii {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} halka ballaceeduna yahay {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}}, iyadoo moolkeeda ugu sarreeya uu yahay {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},<ref>{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia|year=1967–1968}}</ref> jooggeeduna yahay {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |date=5 November 2004 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency |access-date=4 November 2013}}</ref> Harada Tana waxaa quudiya webiyada [[Gilgel Abay]], [[Reb River|Reb]] iyo [[Gumara River|Gumara]]. Baaxadda dusha sare ee haradu waxay u dhaxeysaa {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, iyadoo taasi ay ku xiran tahay xilliga iyo da'itaanka roobka. Heerka biyaha harada waxaa la maamulayay tan iyo markii la dhisay [[weir|biya-xireenka]] koontaroolka ah ee goobta ay haradu uga shubanto Niilka Buluugga ah. Tani waxay koontarooshay qulqulka taga [[Blue Nile Falls|Shubanka Niilka Buluugga ah]] (Tis Abbai) iyo saldhigga tamarta korontada ee biyaha laga dhaliyo. Sannadkii 2015, gobolka Harada Tana waxaa loo magacaabay [[UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] (Kaydka Biosphere ee UNESCO) iyadoo loo aqoonsaday muhiimaddeeda dabiiciga ah iyo midda dhaqameed ee heer qaran iyo heer caalami.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve |url=https://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ |access-date=2026-06-18 |website=www.laketana-biosphere.com}}</ref> ==Dulmar Guud== [[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|left|Muuqaallo laga dushay Harada Tana]] [[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|left|Kaniisadda Jasiiradda ee ku taal Harada Tana]] [[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|left|Hage dalxiis oo deegaanka ah oo muujinaya sida loo garaaco dhagax si loogu muujiyo xilliyada cuntada ee kaniisad ku taal Jasiirad-yarada Zege]] [[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Bilowga webiga [[Blue Nile|Niilka Buluugga ah]] ee meesha uu ka baxo Harada Tana]] [[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|left|Huteel loo dalxiis tago oo ku yaal xeebta Harada Tana ee [[Bahir Dar]]]] Harada Tana waxay ku samaysantay hawlo foolkaano, kuwaas oo xannibay qulqulka webiyadii ku shubmi jiray bilowgii xilligii [[Pleistocene]], qiyaastii 5 milyan oo sano ka hor.<ref name="springer">{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}</ref> Haradu markii hore aad ayay uga weynayd sida ay maanta tahay. Toddoba webi oo waaweyn oo joogto ah ayaa quudiya harada iyo sidoo kale 40 webi oo yaryar oo xilliyeed ah. Webiyada ugu muhiimsan ee ku shubma harada waa Gilgel Abbay (Webiga Niilka Yar), iyo webiyada Megech, Gumara, iyo Rib.<ref name="springer"/> Harada Tana waxay leedahay dhowr jasiiradood, kuwaas oo tiradoodu ay isbeddesho iyadoo ku xiran heerka biyaha harada. Waxay hoos u dhacday qiyaastii {{convert|6|ft|m}} 400-kii sano ee la soo dhaafay. Sida laga soo xigtay [[Manuel de Almeida]], oo ahaa adeegayaal diimeed u dhashay [[Portugal]] bilowgii qarnigii 17-aad, waxaa jiray 21 jasiiradood, kuwaas oo todoba ama siddeed ka mid ah ay ku yaalleen kaniisado "markii hore waaweynaa, laakiin hadda aad u yaraaday."<ref name="Beckham"/> Markii [[James Bruce]] uu booqday aagga sannadkii 1771, wuxuu xusay in dadka deegaanka ay xisbiyeen 45 jasiiradood oo dad deggan yihiin, laakiin wuxuu sheegay inuu aaminsan yahay in "tiradu ay noqon karto qiyaastii kow iyo toban."<ref name="Beckham"/> Anton Stecker, sannadkii 1881, wuxuu sameeyay baaritaan faahfaahsan oo ku saabsan harada, isagoo awood u yeeshay inuu sameeyo khariidado si weyn u saxan,{{sfn |Garstin |Cana |1911}} wuxuuna xisbiyay 44 jasiiradood.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder & Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}</ref> Juqraafi-yahan u dhashay qarnigii 20-aad ayaa magacaabay 37 jasiiradood, kuwaas oo uu aaminsanaa in 19 ka mid ah ay leeyihiin ama ku yaalleen kaniisado.<ref name="Beckham">{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}</ref> Haraaga boqorradii hore ee [[List of emperors of Ethiopia|Itoobiya]] iyo hantida [[Oriental Orthodox Churches|Masiixiyadda Ortodokska ee Itoobiya]] ayaa lagu keeydiyaa kaniisadaha jasiiradaha go'doonsan (ay ku jiraan [[Kebran Gabriel]], [[Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[Narga Selassie]], [[Daga Estifanos]], [[Medhane Alem]] ee [[Rema Island|Jasiiradda Rema]], Kota Maryam, iyo Mertola Maryam). Jasiiradda [[Tana Qirqos]] waxaa ku yaal dhagax loo muujiyay [[Paul B. Henze]], kaas oo loo sheegay inay [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Maryam]], oo ahayd hooyadii Ciise, ay ku nastay safarkeedii ay kaga soo laabatay [[Egypt|Masar]]; waxaa kale oo loo sheegay in [[Frumentius]], oo [[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]] keenay Itoobiya, "la rabo in lagu aasay Tana Cherqos."<ref>{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |url=https://archive.org/details/layersoftimehist0000henz |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/layersoftimehist0000henz/page/73 73]}}</ref> Maydka [[Yekuno Amlak]] waxaa lagu aasay kaniisadda St. Stephen ee ku taal [[Daga Island|Jasiiradda Daga]]. Boqorrada xabaalahoodu ay sidoo kale ku yaallaan Daga waxaa ka mid ah [[Dawit I]], [[Zara Yaqob]], [[Za Dengel]], iyo [[Fasilides]]. Jasiiradaha kale ee muhiimka ah ee ku yaal Harada Tana waxaa ka mid ah [[Dek Island|Dek]], [[Mitraha Island|Mitraha]], [[Gelila Zakarias]], [[Halimun]] iyo [[Briguida]]. Kaniisadaha waxaa la aaminsan yahay in la dhisay intii lagu guda jiray Waayadii Dhexe iyadoo laga dhisay goobo diimeed oo ka horreeyay. Waxaa ka mid ah kaniisaddii qarnigii afar iyo tobnaad ee [[Debre Maryam]], iyo tii qarnigii siddeed iyo tobnaad ee Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, oo la sheego inay ku jirtay [[Ark of the Covenant|Sanduuqa Axdiga]] ka hor intaan loo rarin [[Axum]], iyo Ura Kidane Mehret, oo loo yaqaan astaanteeda boqortooyo. Adeegga doonta wuxuu isku xiraa [[Bahir Dar]] iyo [[Gorgora]] iyadoo loo marayo Dek iyo tuulooyin dhowr ah oo xeebta harada ku yaal. Waxaa kale oo jira [[Zege Peninsula|Jasiirad-yarada Zege]] oo ku taal qaybta koonfur-galbeed ee harada. Zege waa goobta ay ku taallaa kaniisadda [[Azwa Maryam]]. Harada Tana waxay sidoo kale ahayd goob ay udub-dhexaad u ahayd bulshada [[Beta Israel]], iyadoo leh kaniisadaha kaliya ee Yuhuudda ee adduunka ku yaal,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}</ref> ka hor intaanay u [[Aliyah from Ethiopia|guurin dhanka Israa'iil]]. ==Astaamaha biyaha iyo daadadka== Marka la barbardhigo harooyinka kale ee kuleylaha ah, biyaha Harada Tana waa kuwo qabow, badanaana waxay u dhaxeeyaan qiyaastii {{cvt|20|to(-)|27|C|F}}. Biyuhu waxay leeyihiin [[pH]] dhexdhexaad ah ilaa mid xoogaa [[alkaline|asid daciif ah]] ah, sadiicaddooduna aad ayay u hoosaysaa.<ref name=Vijverberg2009>{{cite book| author1=Vijverberg, J. | author2=F.A. Sibbing | author3=E. Dejen | year=2009 | chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile | pages=163–193 | editor=H.J. Dumont | title=The Nile | series=Monographiae Biologicae | volume=89 | publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V | isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 }}</ref> Sababtoo ah isbeddelada xilliyeed ee waaweyn ee qulqulka webiyada ku shubma, roobka iyo uumi-baxa, heerarka biyaha Harada Tana caadi ahaan waxay isbeddelaan {{cvt|2-2.5|m|ft}} sannadkii, iyagoo gaara meeshii ugu sarreysay bishana Sebtembar–Oktoobar waxyar uun ka dib xilliga weyn ee roobka. Marka ay heerarka biyuhu sarreeyaan, bannaanka ku xeeran harada badanaa waa ay dadmaan, dhoobooyinka kale ee joogtada ah ee gobolkana waxay ku xidmaan harada.<ref name=Vijverberg2009/> ==Dhirta xayawaanka== [[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Dhirta lily-ga oo sabaynaysa u dhow xeebta Harada Tana]] Maadaama aysan jirin qulqulo biyo oo isku xira harada iyo marinada kale ee waaweyn, iyo meesha ugu weyn ee ay biyuhu uga baxaan, oo ah [[Blue Nile|Niilka Buluugga ah]], uu xannibay [[Blue Nile Falls|Shubanka Niilka Buluugga ah]], haradu waxay taageertaa xayawaanka biyaha ku nool oo aad u gaar ah, kaas oo guud ahaan la xiriira noocyada ka yimaada [[Nile Basin|Dooxada Niilka]].<ref name=FEOW>{{cite web |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World |year=2008 |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |title=Lake Tana |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012}}</ref> Heerarka nafaqada ee haradu waa kuwo hooseeya.<ref name=Vijverberg2009/> ===Kalluun=== Waxaa jira 27 nooc oo kalluun ah oo ku dhex jira Harada Tana, 20 ka mid ahna waa kuwo [[Endemism|u gaar ah]] harada.<ref name=Vijverberg2009/> Tani waxaa ku jira mid ka mid ah labada kooxood ee kaliya ee la yaqaan ee noocyada [[cyprinid]] (midka kale, oo ka yimid [[Lake Lanao]] ee Filibiin, waxaa baabi'iyay noocyo kale oo lagu soo kordhiyay). Waxay ka kooban tahay 15 nooc oo dhererkoodu weyn yahay oo gaaraya ilaa {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}}, kuwaas oo ah kalluunka loogu yeero ''[[Labeobarbus]]'' barbs oo markii hore lagu dari jiray ''[[Barbus]]''.<ref name=FEOW/><ref name="barbs1">{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Dejen |first2=Eshete |last3=Sibbing |first3=Ferdinand A. |last4=Osse |first4=Jan W. M. |year=2000 |title=''Barbus tanapelagius'', A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_environmental-biology-of-fishes_2000-09_59_1/page/n6 |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1023/A:1007608208630 |bibcode=2000EnvBF..59....1D }}</ref> Waxaa ka mid ah, ''[[Labeobarbus acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[Labeobarbus longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[Labeobarbus megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' iyo ''[[Labeobarbus truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' oo ah kuwo si adag [[piscivorous|kalluunka u cuna]], halka ''[[Labeobarbus dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[Labeobarbus gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[Labeobarbus macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' iyo ''[[Labeobarbus platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' ay inta badan yihiin kuwa kalluunka cuna.<ref name=Vijverberg2009/> Ugaadhkooda ugu muhiimsan waa noocyada yaryar ee ''[[Enteromius]]'' iyo ''[[Garra]]''.<ref name=Vijverberg2009/><ref name=barbs1/><ref name="barbs2">{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Megens |first2=Hendrik-Jan |last3=Samallo |first3=Johannis |last4=Sibbing |first4=Ferdinand |year=2007 |title=Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation |journal=Animal Biology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1163/157075607780002069}}</ref> Noocyada kale ee ''Labeobarbus'' ee ku jira Harada Tana waxay leeyihiin caadooyin kale oo quudin oo gaar ah: ''[[African scraping feeder|L. beso]]'' (ma aha mid u gaar ah harada, si dhowona uma xirna kuwa kale) wuxuu ku quustaa [[algae|ajyad]], ''[[Labeobarbus surkis|L. surkis]]'' wuxuu inta badan quustaa [[macrophytes|dhirtada biyaha]], ''[[Labeobarbus gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' dhirtada biyaha iyo [[mollusc|argoosatada]], ''[[Labeobarbus brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' wuxuu quustaa [[zooplankton]] (si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhalada dhammaan xubnaha kooxdan waxay ku quustaan zooplankton), ''[[Labeobarbus osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' dhirtada biyaha iyo cayayaanka waaweyn, iyo ''[[Labeobarbus crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[Labeobarbus intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (ma aha mid u gaar ah laakiin si dhow ayay u xiriiraan kuwa kale), ''[[Labeobarbus nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' iyo ''[[Labeobarbus tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' waxay ku quustaan xayawaanka aan laf-dhabarta lahayn ee gunta degan sida dirxiga [[chironomid]]. Noocyada u gaarka ah ee ''Labeobarbus'', siddeed nooc ayaa ku tarma dhoobada harada, kuwa harayna waxay xilliyeed ugu guuraan webiyada ku shubma halkaas oo ay ku tarmaan.<ref name=Vijverberg2009/> Nidaamka noocyada ''Labeobarbus'' sokow, noocyada u gaarka ah harada waxaa ka mid ah ''[[Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[Enteromius tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[Garra regressus]]'' iyo ''[[Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (oo ah mid ka mid ah labada nooc ee kaliya ee Afrikaanka ah ee [[Nemacheilidae|loach-ka dhagaxa]]). Noocyada kale ee aan u gaarka ahayn waxaa ka mid ah [[Nile tilapia|tilapia-ha Niilka]] (oo ku baahsan Afrika, laakiin leh nooc hoos yimaada oo u gaar ah harada oo loogu yeero ''tana''), ''[[Enteromius humilis|E. humilis]]'', ''[[Garra dembecha|G. dembecha]]'', ''[[Garra dembeensis|G. dembeensis]]'' iyo kalluunka weyn ee [[African sharptooth catfish|kalluunka shamiitada ee Afrika]].<ref name=Vijverberg2009/><ref name=FEOW/> ===Kalluumeysiga iyo hanjabaadaha=== [[File:ET Amhara asv2018-02 img063 Lake Tana at Gorgora.jpg|thumb|Noocyo kala duwan oo ''[[Labeobarbus]]'' iyo [[African sharptooth catfish]] ah oo laga soo qabtay harada]] Harada Tana waxay taageertaa warshad weyn oo [[Fishing in Ethiopia|kalluumeysi]], taas oo inta badan ku salaysan kalluunka ''Labeobarbus'', tilapia-ha Niilka iyo kalluunka shamiitada. Sida laga soo xigtay Waaxda Kalluumeysiga iyo Beeraha Biyaha ee Itoobiya, 1,454 tan oo kalluun ah ayaa la soo dejiyay sannadkii 2011 magaalada [[Bahir Dar]], taas oo ay waaxdu ku qiyaastay inay tahay 15% tirada la waari karo.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm "Information on Fisheries Management in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm |date=20080228033847 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228033847/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm |date=28 February 2008 }}, Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), January 2003</ref> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dib-u-eegis lagu sameeyay oo lagu barbardhigay qabashada sannadkii 2001 iyo tii toban sano ka hor, waxaa la ogaaday in baaxadda caadiga ah ee labada nooc ee tilapia iyo kalluunka shamiitada ay si weyn hoos ugu dhacday, tirada ''Labeobarbus'' ee ku taran jiray webiyada ku shubma haradana ay si weyn u yaraatay.<ref name=Vijverberg2009/> Kalluunka u gaarka ah harada, inta badan waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay halis ku jiraan ([[Endangered species|halis ku jira]] ama [[Vulnerable species|u nugul halis]]) ama [[data deficient|xogtoodu ay dhiman tahay]] (xogta la heli karo aysan ku filnayn in lagu qiimeeyo xaaladdooda) marka loo eego [[IUCN]].<ref>{{cite web | year=2019 | title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species | url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/ | publisher=IUCN | access-date=18 November 2019 }}</ref> Bilowgii sannadihii 2000, dawladda deegaanka ayaa markii ugu horreysay soo bandhigtay sharciyada kalluumeysiga waxaana rajaynayaa inay taasi saameyn togan ku yeelan doonto tirada kalluunka.<ref name=Vijverberg2009/> Halisaha kale ee halista ah waa burburinta deegaanka iyo wasakhaynta. [[Bahir Dar]] waxay noqotay magaalo weyn waxayna u koreysaa si degdeg ah; [[wastewater|biyahooda wasakhda ah]] guud ahaan waxaa si toos ah loogu sii daayaa harada.<ref name=Vijverberg2009/> Dhirta ku taal dhoobada harada, oo ah meel muhiim u ah dhalmada ''Labeobarbus'' iyo kalluunka kale, waxaa lagu nadiifinayaa xawaare sare. Khatarta weyn ee ku tasi karta nidaamka deegaanka ee gaarka ah waxay noqon kartaa [[Introduced species|soo kordhinta]] nooc ugaarsi weyn oo waxtar leh sida [[Nile perch|kalluunka caanka ah ee Biyaha Niilka]], kaas oo sababay dabar-goyn dhowr nooc ah oo ka dhacday [[Lake Victoria|Harada Victoria]]. Kalluunka ''Labeobarbus'' ee cuna kalluunka kale ee ku jira Harada Tana waa kuwo aan waxtar weyn u lahayn ugaadhsiga kuwaas oo kaliya cuni kara kalluunka gaaraya ilaa 15% dhererka ugaadhsadaha laftiisa.<ref name=Vijverberg2009/> ===Other fauna=== [[File: Pelicans on the lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|[[Great white pelican|Shimbiraha pelican-ka]] oo jooga Harada Tana]] Xayawaanka kale ee deegaanka ka midka ah, haradu waxay taageertaa xayawaan aan laf-dhabar lahayn oo aad u yar: Waxaa jira shan iyo toban nooc oo [[mollusk|argoosato]] ah, oo ay ku jiraan mid u gaar ah harada, iyo sidoo kale [[sponge|isbuunyo]] biyaha macaan ah oo u gaar ah harada.<ref name=FEOW/> Qiyaastii 230 nooc ooshimbirrood ah, oo ay ku jiraan wax ka badan 80 shimbiraha dhoobada ah sida [[great white pelican|pelican-ka cad ee weyn]], [[African darter]], [[hamerkop]], [[stork|shimbiraha hawaalraaca]], [[African spoonbill]], [[ibis]], [[duck|banaas]], [[kingfisher|shimbiraha kalluunbiyadka]] iyo [[African fish eagle|gorgorka kalluunka Afrika]], ayaa laga yaqaan Harada Tana.<ref name=Vijverberg2009/> Waa goob muhiim u ah nasashada iyo quudinta shimbiraha biyaha ee ka soo guura deegaanka [[Palearctic]].<ref name=FEOW/> Ma jiraan [[crocodile|yaxaasyo]], laakiin [[African softshell turtle|diinka qolofka jilicsan ee Afrika]] iyo [[Nile monitor|goodirka Niilka]] ayaa laga diiwaangeliyay meel u dhow meesha uu Niilka Buluugga ah uga baxo harada.<ref>Largen and Spawls (2010). ''The Amphibians and Reptiles of Ethiopia and Eritrea.'' {{ISBN|978-3-89973-466-9}}</ref> [[Hippo|Jeerta]] waa ay joogtaa, inta badanna waxay ku dhowdahay meesha uu Niilka Buluugga ah ka baxo.<ref name=Vijverberg2009/> ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist}} ===Shaqooyinka la soo xigtay=== * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Tsana|volume=27|pages=347-348|first1=William Edmund|last1=Garstin|first2=Frank Richardson|last2=Cana}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== {{Commons category|Lake Tana}} *[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve] *[https://en.nabu.de/projects/ethiopia/tana/index.html Lake Tana project webpage of The Nature and Biodiversity Conservation Union (NABU e.V.)] *[http://www.aber.ac.uk/en/iges/research-groups/quaternary/palaeoecology-laboratory/lake-tana/ Lake Tana project] {{Wayback|url=http://www.aber.ac.uk/en/iges/research-groups/quaternary/palaeoecology-laboratory/lake-tana/ |date=20160303223747 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223747/http://www.aber.ac.uk/en/iges/research-groups/quaternary/palaeoecology-laboratory/lake-tana/ |date=3 March 2016 }} at [[Aberystwyth University]] *[http://www.galenfrysinger.com/blue_nile_ethiopia.htm Photographs of the lake] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20040913205524/http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D2511%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html Unesco plan for Lake T'ana] *{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20031127223905/http://www.worldlakes.org/lakedetails.asp?lakeid=8568 LakeNet Profile]}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090701031152/http://www.impetusinmundum.de/documentation/Album.html?Bildliste=5a0c198f-5a0c19cc&Region=Lake+Tana Pictures from Lake Tana and the Monasteries] {{Authority control}} ihx2ard5q29qjz7e156r0ydzpeo8vnl 0 48377 305865 300365 2026-08-24T18:23:37Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305865 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Karum | other_name = Harada Asale | image =Ethiopia - Lake Assale.jpg | caption =Harada Karum/Asale xilliga qorrax dhaca | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = [[Afar Region|Gobolka Afar]] | coords = {{Coord|14|1|N|40|25|E|type:waterbody_region:ET|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | type = [[salt lake|haro cusbo leh]] | inflow = | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = Ethiopia | length = | width = | area = | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{Convert|-120|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | islands = | cities = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 10 }} '''Harada Karum''' (sidoo kale loo yaqaan Harada '''Assale''' ama '''Asale''') waa haro cusbo leh oo ku taalla [[Afar Region|Gobolka Afar]] ee [[Ethiopia|Itoobiya]]. Waxay ka mid tahay labada [[salt lakes|haro ee cusbada leh]] ee ku yaal darafka waqooyi ee [[Danakil Depression|Hogga Danakil]] (tan kale waa [[Lake Afrera|Harada Afrera]]), waxayna {{convert|120|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} hoos u dambaysaa [[sea level|heerka badda]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/readersdigestnat00sche|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=0-89577-087-3|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/readersdigestnat00sche/page/114 114]|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.}}</ref> Foolkaanaha [[Erta Ale]] wuxuu ku yaallaa koonfur-bari ee haradan. [[Werner Munzinger]], oo dhex safray [[Afar Depression|Hogga Afar]] sannadkii 1867, wuxuu diiwaangeliyay in haradan ay quudiyaan afar durdur: Didic, Ala, Rira Guddy, iyo Ragali ama Awra, kaas oo ah durdurka kaliya ee joogtada ah ee ku shubma Harada Karum.<ref>Munzinger, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1798551 "Narrative of a Journey through the Afar Country", ''Journal of the Royal Geographical Society''], 39 (1869), p. 204</ref> Waqooyiga Harada Karum waxaa ku yaal deggadii hore ee macdanta ee [[Dallol, Ethiopia|Dallol]]. Haradu waa mid si aad ah u [[salt|cusbo]] badan waxaana ku xeeran [[salt pan (geology)|dhul-cusbeed]], kaas oo weli macdan ahaan loo qoddo. Cusbada waxaa [[Caravan (travellers)|gadiid ahaan]] loogu qaadaa dalka intiisa kale iyadoo loo marayo dhabbo-shimbireed. <gallery mode="packed"> ET Afar asv2018-01 img01 Lake Karum area.jpg|Dhul-cusbeedka jooga Harada Karum ET Afar asv2018-01 img60 Lake Karum area.jpg|Biyaha Harada Karum, oo laga dhex arki karo dalool ku yaal dhul-cusbeedka ET Afar asv2018-01 img62 Lake Karum area.jpg|Shaqaalaha cusbada oo shaqaynaya ET Afar asv2018-01 img65 Lake Karum area.jpg|Cusbo la diyaariyay Salt transport by a camel train on Lake Assale (Karum) in Ethiopia.jpg|Cusbo ku raran [[camel train|safari rati ah]] </gallery> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat|Lake Karum}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Karum}} rjbcdjra3ynhqhfiav7xv7d6nq2mav1 0 48378 305821 300368 2026-08-24T18:01:30Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305821 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Hashenge | image = Lake Hashenge.jpg | caption = | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|12|34|50|N|39|30|00|E|type:waterbody_region:ET|display=inline,title}} | type = | inflow = | outflow = ''none'' | catchment = | basin_countries = Ethiopia | length = {{convert|5|km|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|4|km|abbr=on}} | area = {{convert|20|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|2,409|m|abbr=on}} | islands = | cities = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Ashenge in Ethiopia. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Hashenge''' (sidoo kale ጻዕዳ ባሕሪ '''Harada Hashange, Harada Hashengi''') waa [[lake|haro]] ku taalla koonfurta [[Tigray Region|Gobolka Tigray]] ee [[Ethiopia|Itoobiya]]. Waxay ku taal [[Ethiopian Highlands|Dhulka Sare ee Itoobiya]] iyadoo leh joog dhan 2409 mitir, mana laha wax meel ah oo ay biyuhu uga baxaan. Sida laga soo xigtay ''Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia for 1967/68'', Harada Hashenge waxay dhererkeedu yahay shan kiiloomitir ballaceeduna waa afar, iyadoo leh baaxad dusha sare ah oo isku wareeggeedu yahay 20 kiiloomitir oo laba jibaaran. Sahamiyihii u dhashay dalka Ingiriiska ee [[Henry Salt (Egyptologist)|Henry Salt]], oo xusay in magaca [[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya-ga]] ee haradu uu yahay ''Tsada Bahri'' ("Badda Cad") sababo la xiriira tirada shimbiraha ah ee daldala dusha sare, wuxuu diiwaangeliyay hiddaysi deegaanka ah oo sheegaya in magaalo weyn ay mar ahaan jirtay goobta Hashenge, laakiin "waxaa baabi'iyay, cadhadiisa dheddeed, gacanta tooska ah ee Ilaah."<ref>Salt, ''A voyage to Abyssinia'' (Philadelphia and Boston, 1816), pp. 216f</ref> Halyeeygaas waa mid si nool u jira ilaa maanta. Xeebaha harada waxaa ku yaal [[Mifsas Bahri]] oo ah goob muhiim ah oo dhanka qadiimiga ah oo ka tirsan haraadigii dambe ee Axumite. == Taariikh== 29 Agoosto 1542, [[Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi]], hoggaamiyihii [[Adal Sultanate|Saldanadda Cadal]], wuxuu u ruqaansaday dhanka difaacii [[Portugal|Bortugiiska]] ee u dhowaa [[Ofla]] ee dhanka koonfureed ee Ashenge, halkaas oo uu ku galay [[Battle of Wofla|Dagaalkii Wofla]] uuna ku guulaystay, ka dibna wuxuu qabtay isla markaana dilay hoggaamiyihii Bortugiiska ee [[Cristóvão da Gama]]. Dagaal kale oo xusid mudan oo ka dhacay xeebaha haradan wuxuu ahaa [[Battle of Lake Ashenge|Dagaalkii Harada Ashenge]] ee dhacay 9 Oktoobar 1909, markii [[Dejazmach]] [[Abate Bwalu]] uu ka adkaaday ciidammadii fallaagada ahaa ee Dejazmach [[Abraha Araya]].<ref>Harold G. Marcus, ''The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913'', (Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press, 1995), p. 240</ref> 3 Abriil 1936, kumanaan askari oo ka tirsanaa [[Ethiopian Empire|Boortoqaalnimadii Itoobiya]] ayaa lagu dilay gaaska sunta ah hareeraha guud ee Harada Ashenge. Askarta ayaa ka soo laabanayay [[Battle of Maychew|Dagaalkii Maychew]] intii uu socday [[Second Italo-Abyssinian War|Dagaalkii Labaad ee Talyaaniga iyo Itoobiya]]. Markii ay soo laabanayeen, [[Kingdom of Italy (1861-1946)|Talyaanigu]] waxay ku buufiyeen oo ay ku qarxiyeen aagga ku xeeran harada [[mustard gas|gaaska mustard]] oo keenay saameyn dhimasho leh. 4 Abriil, Imbaradoor [[Haile Selassie I]] ayaa si quus ah u eegay muuqaalkii naxdinta lahaa ee meydadka ciidankiisa oo daadsanaa hareeraha harada sumaysan.<ref>A. J. Barker. ''The Rape of Ethiopia'', p. 105</ref> ==Taariikhda dabiiciga ah== Aargoosatada biyaha macaan ee ''[[Ancylus ashangiensis]]'' waxaa kaliya lagu yaqaannaa Harada Ashenge.<ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author=Van Damme, D. |date=2010 |title=''Ancylus ashangiensis'' |volume=2010 |article-number=e.T1262A3366218 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T1262A3366218.en |access-date=30 October 2025}}</ref> Harada Ashenge, oo ah haro xidhan oo ku taal meel u dhow darafka waqooyi ee ay gaaraan roobabka xagaaga ee muns uunka, waxay ku taal meel wanaagsan oo laga heli karo taariikh qaaradeed oo ku saabsan isbeddelladii hore ee xoogga nidaamka muns uunka Afrika. Baaritaannada diatom iyo isotopes-ka ogsajiinta ee wasakhda harada ayaa xaqiijinaya in isbeddelka guud ee cimilada intii lagu jiray 17,000 oo sano ee la soo dhaafay uu horseeday isbeddelka wareegga dhulka, iyadoo ay jireen isbeddello kedis ah oo lala xiriirin karo isbeddellada hekulka dusha sare ee Badweynta Atlaantik.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Marshall|first1=Michael H.|last2=Lamb|first2=Henry F.|last3=Davies|first3=Sarah J.|last4=Leng|first4=Melanie J.|last5=Kubsa|first5=Zelalem|last6=Umer|first6=Mohammed|last7=Bryant|first7=Charlotte|date=August 2009|title=Climatic change in northern Ethiopia during the past 17,000 years: A diatom and stable isotope record from Lake Ashenge|journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|volume=279|issue=1–2|pages=114–127|doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.05.003|bibcode=2009PPP...279..114M|issn=0031-0182}}</ref> == Qoraallo == {{Reflist}} == Ilaha== * {{cite book| first=A.J.| last=Barker| title=Rape of Ethiopia, 1936| url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_O8-BST-810| publisher=Ballantine Books| date=1971|location=New York |isbn=978-0-345-02462-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/bwb_O8-BST-810/page/160 160] pages}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hashenge}} 9fwffmbxz40fwz2bhkxkezsco7u519l 0 48392 305858 300390 2026-08-24T18:19:28Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305858 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water |name = Harada Timsah |image = Nile_Delta_Surrounding.jpg |caption = Khariidadda [[Nile Delta|Dhararka Niilka]] oo muujinaysa Harada Timsah oo ku taal bartamaha midig. |image_bathymetry = |caption_bathymetry = |coords = {{coord|30.56667|32.28333|display=inline,title|name=Lake Timsah}} |lake_type =[[hydrography|Aqoonta Biyaha]] |inflow = |outflow = |basin_countries = |location = [[Al Isma'iliyah Governorate|Ismaaciiliya]], [[Egypt|Masar]] |length = |width = |area = {{convert|14|km2|abbr=on}} |depth = |max-depth = |volume = {{convert|80000000|m3|abbr=on}} |residence_time= |shore = |elevation = |islands = |cities = |frozen = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Egypt | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Timsah in Egypt. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Timsah''', Carabi ahaan loo yaqaan '''Harada Yaxaaska''' ({{langx|ar|بُحَيْرة التِّمْسَاح}}), waa haro ku taal [[Egypt|Masar]] oo ku dhex taal [[Nile Delta|Dhararka Niilka]]. Waxay dhacdaa dooxo ku samaysantay khadka jidinka dillaaca dhulka ([[Fault (geology)|jidinka dillaaca]]) oo ka soo bilaabma [[Mediterranean Sea|Badda Cad]] ilaa [[Gulf of Suez|Gacanka Suweys]] isagoo sii maraya gobolka [[Bitter Lakes|Harooyinka Qadhaadh]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Berossus and Genesis, Manetho and Exodus|url=https://archive.org/details/berossusgenesism0000gmir|first=Russell E.|last=Gmirkin|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|year=2006|isbn=0-567-02592-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/berossusgenesism0000gmir/page/231 231]}}</ref> Sannadkii 1800, daad ayaa buuxiyay [[Wadi Tumilat|Dooxada Tumilat]], taas oo sababtay in xeebaha Timsah ay buux-dhaafaan oo ay biyuhu u dhaqaaqaan dhanka koonfureed ee Harooyinka Qadhaadh oo qiyaastii {{convert|9|mi|km|spell=in}} u jira.<ref>Hoffmeier, p.43</ref> Sannadkii 1862, harada waxaa lagu buuxiyay biyo ka yimid [[Red Sea|Badda Cas]], waxayna qayb ka noqotay [[Suez Canal|Kanaalka Suweys]].<ref>Stanley, p.32</ref> ==Juqraafiga== Harada Timsah waxay ku dhex taal god dhulka ah oo fidsan [[isthmus|luqunta dhulka]] u dhaxaysa [[Red Sea|Badda Cas]] iyo Badda Cad.<ref name="rogers">{{cite book |access-date=2009-04-10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jFGHnqSKENIC&dq=Lake+Timsah&pg=PA124|author=Jerry R. Rogers, Glenn Owen|title=Water Resources and Environmental History|publisher=ASCE Publications|year=2004| pages=124|isbn=9780784475508}}</ref> Qodobbada ugu hooseeya ee godkaas waxay sameeyaan harooyin dabiici ah oo gacna ah, kuwaas oo ay Timsah ka mid tahay.<ref name="rogers" /> Baaxadda dusha sare ee Harada Timsah waxay daboolaysaa 5.4 mayl oo laba jibaaran.<ref name="Ismailia">{{cite web|url=http://www.touregypt.net/ismailia.htm|title=Ismailia|access-date=2009-04-09}}</ref> Harada inta badan waa dhiiqo, moolkeeduna si dhif ah ayuu u dhaafaa {{convert|3|ft|m|abbr=off}}.<ref name="gollasch">{{cite book |access-date=2009-04-10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cdJCAAAAIAAJ&dq=Lake+Timsah&pg=PA192|author=Stephan Gollasch, Andrew N. Cohen|title=Bridging Divides: Maritime Canals as Invasion Corridors|publisher=Springer|year=2006| pages=229}}</ref> Waxaa la sheegay in, [[Ancient history|waagii hore]], Harada Timsah ay ahayd dhammaadka waqooyi ee Badda Cas.<ref name="Columbia">''The Columbia Encyclopedia'', Sixth Edition, s.v. [http://www.bartleby.com/65/su/SuezCana.html "Suez Canal"]. Accessed 14 May 2008.</ref><ref name="Naville">[[Édouard Naville|Naville, Édouard]]. "Map of the Wadi Tumilat" (plate image), in ''The Store-City of Pithom and the Route of the Exodus'' (1885). London: Trubner and Company.</ref> March 4, 1863, magaalada [[Ismailia|Ismaaciiliya]], oo loogu magac daray ku-xigeenkii boqorka ee [[Isma'il Pasha|Ismaaciil Baasha]], ayaa ka dhalatay xeebta waqooyi ee Harada Timsah.<ref>Nourse, p.54</ref> Dhowr xeebood ayaa ku jeeda harada, oo ay ku jiraan Moslem Youth, Fayrouz, Melaha, [[Bahary]], Taawen, iyo dhowr xeebood oo ay leedahay [[Suez Canal Authority|Hiddaha Kanaalka Suweys]].<ref name="Ismailia"/></ref> ==Kanaalada== === Kanaalkii Fircoon weyn === [[File:Canal of the Pharaohs Map-en.svg|thumb|Goobta qiyaasta ah ee Kanaalkii Fircoon weyn]] {{Main|Canal of the Pharaohs}} Harada Timsah waxaa suurtogal ah inay markii ugu horreysay noqotay meel isku xirta dhismaha kanaalka qiyaastii 4,000 oo sano ka hor intii lagu jiray [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Boqortooyadii Dhexe ee Masar]],<ref>Shea, William H. "A Date for the Recently Discovered Eastern Canal of Egypt" ''Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research'', No. 226 (Apr., 1977), pp. 31-38</ref> waxaana ballaariyay [[Darius I]].<ref>Paice, Patricia "Persians" in [[Kathryn A. Bard]] and Steven Blake Shubert, eds. ''Encyclopedia of the Archeology of Ancient Egypt''(New York: Routledge, 1999),</ref> === Kanaalka Suweys === [[File:Suez Canal Ismailia2.jpg|thumb|right|Kanaalka Suweys ee [[Ismailia|Ismaaciiliya]] agteeda xeebta waqooyi ee Harada Timsah, qiyaastii 1860. Dhameystirka qaybtaas wuxuu biyo ka keenay Harada Manzaleh ilaa Harada Timsah.]] Dhismaha Kanaalka Suweys ee u dhow Harada Timsah wuxuu bilowday sannadkii 1861 qaybta waqooyi ka xigta harada.<ref name="royal">{{cite book |access-date=2009-04-10|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YhQ2AAAAMAAJ&dq=Lake+Timsah&pg=RA1-PA504|author= Royal Statistical Society (Great Britain), Statistical Society (Great Britain).|title= Journal of the Royal Statistical Society|publisher= Royal Statistical Society|year=1887| pages=503–509}}</ref> Diyaargarowgii ugu horreeyay wuxuu ka koobnaa dhisidda xeryo la dejiyo 10,000 oo shaqaale ah, miinshaarrada uumiga ku shaqeeya, iyo keenista tiro weyn oo gaari-gacanno iyo looxaan alwaax ah.<ref name="royal" /> 3,000 oo shaqaale ah ayaa qoday marin ([[Ismailia Canal|Kanaalka Ismaaciiliya]]) oo ka yimaada [[Nile|Webiga Niil]] ilaa Harada Timsah sannadihii 1861 iyo 1862, taas oo keentay sahay biyo macaan ah aaggaas.<ref name="royal" /><ref name="henderson">{{cite book |access-date=2009-04-10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DVOlHv6P68IC&dq=Ismailia+Suez+Canal+construction&pg=PA149|author=W.O. Henderson|title=The Industrial Revolution on the Continent: Germany, France, Russia 1800-1914|publisher=W.O. Henderson|year=2006| pages=151|isbn = 9780415382021}}</ref> Waxaa sidoo kale la soo jeediyay in dhexda laga dhiso deked ku taal darta kanaalka.<ref>{{cite book|title=Water Resources and Environmental History|url=https://archive.org/details/waterresourcesen0000unse_x6y6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/waterresourcesen0000unse_x6y6/page/124 124]|first1=Jerry R.|last1=Rogers|first2=Glenn Owen|last2=Brown|first3=Jürgen|last3=Garbrecht|publisher=ASCE Publications|year=2004|isbn=0-7844-0738-X}}</ref> Qaybta [[Ismailia|Ismaaciiliya]] ee [[Suez Canal|Kanaalka Suweys]], oo isku xiriirisa [[Lake Manzala|Harada Manzala]] iyo Harada Timsah, waxaa la dhameystiray bishii Noofambar 1862.<ref name="henderson" /> Dhismaha qaybtaas waxaa lagu dhameystiray [[forced labor|shaqada qasabka ah]], taas oo kor u qaadday shaqaalaha ilaa 18,000 oo nin.<ref name="royal" /><ref name="henderson"/> Godka la qoday wuxuu lahaa ballac dhan {{convert|50|ft|m}} iyo mool dhex-dhexaad ah oo afar ilaa lix fuudh ah, wuxuuna isku xiray Harada Timsah iyo Badda Cad.<ref name="royal" /> Shaqadu waxay ka bilaabatay koonfurta Harada Timsah sannadihii 1862–1863 iyadoo ballaarintu ay ka sii socotay qaybta waqooyi.<ref name="royal" /> Shaqada qasabka ah waxaa loo isticmaali jiray dhismaha kanaalka xilligii u dhexeeyay Maarso 1862 ilaa Ismaaciil Baasha uu sharciga ka mamnuucay ficilkaas sannadkii 1864.<ref name="henderson"/> Kanaalka dartiis, biyaha ka yimid Harada Manzaleh waxay ku shubmeen Harada Timsah.<ref name="henderson"/> Ballaarinta waxay ka sii socotay qaybta waqooyi ilaa 1867 iyo qaybta koonfureed ilaa 1876.<ref name="royal" /> ==Deegaanka== === Cusbada Biyaha === Harada Timsah waa haro [[brackish|biyo-dhanaan ah]] oo ay ku dhacaan isbeddelo waaweyn oo dhanka heerka cusbada ah.<ref name="gollasch" /> Mashruucyada injineernimada ee bini'aadamka ayaa saameyn ku yeeshay cusbada, taas oo keentay isbeddel ku yimaada noolaha harada.<ref name="gollasch" /> Hoos u dhac ku yimid cusbada waxaa la ogaaday horaantii 1871 ka dib dhismihii Kanaalka Suweys, iyo weyneyntii dambe ee marinka ka yimaada Niilka iyo mashruucyo kale oo dhismo ayaa kordhiyay qulqulka biyaha macaan ee harada.<ref name="gollasch" /> [[El-Gamil outlet|Marinka El-Gamil]] wuxuu u shaqeeyaa bixiyaha ugu weyn ee biyaha cusbada leh ee Harada Timsah.<ref name="gollasch" /> Isha ugu weyn ee Timsah ee biyaha macaan waxay ahayd daadadka sanadlaha ah ee Niilka ilaa [[Aswan High Dam|Xidheenka Weyn ee Aswan]] uu ka joojiyay qulqulkaas sannadkii 1966, inkasta oo [[groundwater|biyaha dhulka hoose]] ay sidoo kale xisaabiyaan inta badan sahayda biyaha macaan ee harada.<ref name="gollasch" /> Harada Timsah waxay leedahay isbeddello lakabyada ah iyo isbeddello xilliyeed ee dusha sare ee cusbada biyaha, tobannaankii sano ee la soo dhaafayna noocyada biyaha macaan ayaa ka adkaanayay noocyada biyaha dhanaanka ah.<ref name="gollasch" /> === Wasakhaynta === Sannadkii 2002, daraasad ayaa la sameeyay si loo hubiyo u fiirsashada unugyada [[polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons]] (PAHs) ee ku jira noocyada kalluunka iyo qolofta leh ee ay dadka deegaanku ka cunaan harada.<ref name="EPA"/> Tusaalooyinka waxaa ka mid ahaa [[tilapia|kalluunka tilaabiya]], carsaanyada, [[bivalves|argoosatada laba-qolofka leh]], xisidda iyo [[gastropods|noocyada calool-ku-gurguurta ah]].<ref name="EPA"/> Natiijooyinku waxay muujiyeen in carsaanyadu ay ku jireen "u fiirsasho aad u sarreysa oo ah labadaba wadarta iyo unugyada kansarka keena ee PAHs marka loo eego noocyada kale, halka xisiddu ay ku jireen heerar si weyn u hooseeya oo PAHs ah."<ref name="EPA"/> Sannadkii 2003, dhowr kooxood ayaa isku dayay inay harada ka yareeyaan wasakhda.<ref name="AlAhram"/> Waxay ahayd dhacdo muhiim u ah bulshada deegaanka, maadaama haradu ay muhiimad dhaqaale u leedahay magaalada iyo kalluumaysatadeeda.<ref name="AlAhram"/> ==Qoraallo== {{Reflist}} ==Tixraacyo== * {{cite book|last=Hoffmeier|first=James Karl|title=Ancient Israel in Sinai|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientisraelins0000hoff|publisher=Oxford University Press US|year=2005|isbn=0-19-515546-7}} * {{cite book|last=Stanley|first=Henry Morton|title=My Early Travels and Adventures in America and Asia|url=https://archive.org/details/myearlytravelsad00stan|url-access=registration}} * {{cite book|last=Nourse|first=Joseph Everett|title=The Maritime Canal of Suez|url=https://archive.org/details/maritimecanalsu00nourgoog}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/596353/Lake-Timsah Encyclopædia Britannica Online] {{Authority control}} t5nj6y8cebbftowdkla5q4pyn3a01do 0 48393 305903 300392 2026-08-24T18:44:29Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305903 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Qarun | image = Satellite image of the Faiyum Oasis.jpg | caption = Sawirka dayax-gacmeedka ee Marinka Faiyum, oo ay Harada Qarun ku dhex taaal | alt = | location = Faiyum Governorate, Masar | inflow = Webiga Niil (isagoo sii maraya Bahr Yussef) | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = Masar | length = | width = | area = 202 km² (78 mi²) – baaxaddii hore waxaa lagu qiyaasay inta u dhaxaysa 1,270&nbsp;km² (490 mi²) iyo 1,700&nbsp;km² (660 mi²) | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = 43 m (141 ft) ka hooseeya heerka badda | islands = | cities = Qaahira, Faiyum | reference = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | frozen = No | module = {{Designation list | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = Lake Qarun Protected Area | designation1_date = 4 June 2012 | designation1_number = 2040<ref name=RSIS>{{cite web |title=Lake Qarun Protected Area |publisher=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2040 |access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} | other_name = Harada Moeris }} '''Harada Moeris''' ({{langx|grc|Μοῖρις}}), waa haro hore oo [[endorheic lake|qoor-go'an]] ah oo [[Fresh water|biyo macaan]] lahayd, waxayna ku taal [[Faiyum Oasis|Marinka Faiyum]], {{convert|80|km|mi|abbr=on}} dhanka koonfur-galbeed ee [[Cairo|Qaahira]], [[Egypt|Masar]], taasi oo maanta u taagan si ka yar baaxaddeedii hore iyadoo ah haro [[hypersaline lake|biyo aad u dhanaan leh]] oo loo yaqaan '''Harada Qarun''' ([[Arabic|Carabi]]: بركة قارون). [[Prehistory|Taariikhda ka hor]] waxaa si goos-goos ah biyo u siin jiray [[Nile|Webiga Niil]] iyadoo loo marayo Marinka qadiimiga ah ee Hawara, heerka biyeedkeeduna wuxuu isbedbeddelayay intii lagu jiray xilliyadii [[Paleolithic]] iyo [[Neolithic]].<ref name="Hayes-1964">{{Cite journal |last=Hayes |first=William C. |date=1964 |title=Most Ancient Egypt: Chapter I. The Formation of the Land |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/543676 |journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=73–114 |doi=10.1086/371762 |jstor=543676 |issn=0022-2968|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Haradii hore ee Moeris waxay dabooli jirtay inta badan aagga Marinka Faiyum ee casriga ah, iyadoo baaxaddeeda guud lagu qiyaasay inta u dhaxaysa {{cvt|1,270|km2|sqmi}} iyo {{cvt|1,700|km2|sqmi}}. Intii lagu jiray [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Boqortooyadii Dhexe]], qodidda Marinka Hawara si loo sameeyo kanaalka hadda loo yaqaan [[Bahr Yussef]] waxay kordhisay mugga biyaha ku qulqulaya Harada Moeris, mashaariicda isku xigta ee [[drainage|biyo-bixinta]] iyo [[land reclamation|dhul-soo-celinta]] ayaana sababay in harada loo isticmaalo ujeedooyin beereed.<ref name="Van de Mieroop-2011">{{Cite book |last=Van de Mieroop |first=Marc |title=A history of ancient Egypt |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofancient0000vand |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-1-4051-6070-4 |edition=1. publ |series=Blackwell history of the ancient world |location=Chichester}}</ref> Biyo-bixin iyo dhul-soo-celin kale oo dhacay bilowgii [[Ptolemaic Kingdom|Boqortooyadii Ptolemaic]] ayaa si hufan u jaray xiriirkii tooska ahaa ee Harada Moeris ay la lahayd Niilka, waxayna billowday isbeddel tartiib-tartiib ah oo dib-u-gurasho ah oo sii socday xilliyadii [[Roman Egypt|Masartii Roomaanka]], [[Middle Ages|Aamihii Dhexe]] iyo [[Early modern period|Casrigii Hore]], taasi oo dhalisay Harada Qarun ee maanta jirta.<ref name="Brown University">{{cite web |title=Lake Moeris |publisher=[[Brown University]] |url=https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Joukowsky_Institute/courses/afterpharaohs2010/13390.html |access-date=2018-08-14}}</ref> Dusha sare ee harada casriga ah waa {{cvt|43|m|ft}} ka hooseeya heerka badda, waxayna daboolaysaa qiyaastii {{cvt|202|km2|sqmi}}. Dhowr nooc oo ah [[water bird|shimbiraha biyaha]] ee [[Eurasia]] kuwaas oo ka [[Bird migration|soo guura]] loolalka waqooyi ee fog waxay u isticmaalaan Harada Qarun sidii meel ay [[Overwintering|jiilaalka ku qaataan]],<ref name="El-Shabrawy-2009">{{Citation |last1=El-Shabrawy |first1=Gamal M. |chapter=The Fayum Depression and Its Lakes |date=2009 |title=The Nile |volume=89 |pages=95–124 |editor-last=Dumont |editor-first=Henri J. |chapter-url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_6 |access-date=2024-03-01 |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_6 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |last2=Dumont |first2=Henri J.|chapter-url-access=subscription }}</ref> sidaas darteed harada iyo agagaarkeedu waxay ka dhigan yihiis [[Egyptian Protectorates|deegaan la ilaaliyo]] marka loo eego sharciga Masar. Cusbadeeda badan waxay keentay in inta badan noocyada [[freshwater fish|kalluunka biyaha macaan]] ee Niilka ay ka lumaan harada, inkastoo dhowr nooc oo biyaha dhanaan ah ama u dulqaadan kara cusbada [[Fish stocking|lagu soo daayay biyaheeda]] si loo xoojiyo dhaqaalaha kalluumeysiga ee deegaanka; goobaha ugu waaweyn ee kalluumeysiga ee aaggaas waxaa ka mid ah [[tilapia|kalluunka tilaabiya]], [[Mullet (fish)|mulleet]] iyo [[Sole (fish)|sool]].<ref name="El-Serafy-2014">{{Cite journal |last1=El-Serafy |first1=Sabry S. |last2=El-Haweet |first2=Alaa El-Din A. |last3=El-Ganiny |first3=Azza A. |last4=El-Far |first4=Alaa M. |date=April 2014 |title=Qarun Lake Fisheries : Fishing Gears, Species Composition and Catch per Unit Effort |url=http://platform.almanhal.com/CrossRef/Preview/?ID=2-63429 |journal=Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=39–49 |doi=10.12816/0011075|doi-access=free }}</ref> Harada Qarun waxaa loo aqoonsaday [[Ramsar site]] sannadkii 2012.<ref name="RSIS" /> Harada Moeris waxay magaceeda amaahisay [[Extinction|naasleydii dabar-go'day]] ee [[proboscidea]] ee ''[[Moeritherium]]'', oo ah qaraabo fog oo ka mid ah [[elephant|maroodiga]] casriga ah oo markii ugu horreysay lagu sharraxay agagaarka [[Qasr el Sagha Formation]]. == Asal magaca == {{Hiero | ''mer-wer'' (Moeris) | <hiero>N36:wr-n:n:n</hiero> | align=right | era=egypt}} Magaca "Harada Moeris" wuxuu ka yimid tarjumaadda [[Greek language|Giriigga]] (''[[:wiktionary:Μοῖρῐς|Μοῖρῐς]] [[:wiktionary:λίμνη|λίμνη]]'' ''Limne Moeris'') ee magaca goobta ee [[Egyptian language|Masariga qadiimiga ah]] ''[[:wiktionary:mr-wr|mr-wr]]'' (oo macnaheedu yahay "Kanaalka Weyn").<ref name=ucla-book>{{cite book |last1=Wendrich |first1=Willeke |last2=Holdaway |first2=Simon J. |year=2017 |chapter=Landscape archaeology of the desert Fayum |editor1-last=Holdaway |editor1-first=Simon J. |editor2-last=Wendrich |editor2-first=Willeke |title=The Desert Fayum Reinvestigated: The early to mid-Holocene landscape archaeology of the Fayum north shore, Egypt |publisher=The Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press |location=Los Angeles, CA |isbn=9781938770500 |page=1 |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/49t6s1b9 |access-date=April 20, 2023}}</ref> Magacan waxay u dhowdahay inuu tilmaam u yahay [[Bahr Yussef]], maadaama fircoonkii mas'uulka ka ahaa dhismihiisa ee Amenemhat&nbsp;III ay Giriiggu u yaqaaneen "Boqor Moeris".<ref name=ucla-book/><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Negm |editor1-first=Abdelazim M. |editor2-last=Abdel-Fattah |editor2-first=Sommer |year=2018 |title=Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Versus Aswan High Dam: A view from Egypt |publisher=[[Springer Nature|Springer]] |location=[[Cham, Switzerland]] |page=361}}</ref> [[Late Egyptian|Masarigii Dambe]], harada waxaa loo tixraaci jiray ''[[Faiyum#Etymology|Piôm]]'', magacaas oo ka yimid odhaahda Masariga ah ee ''[[:wiktionary:pꜣ|pꜣ]]-[[:wiktionary:ym#Egyptian|ym]]'' (oo macnaheedu yahay "Badda");<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Moeris, Lake of|volume=18|page=643|first=Francis Llewellyn|last=Griffith|author-link=Francis Llewellyn Griffith}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor1=Lesko, L. H.|editor2=Lesko, B. S.|title=A Dictionary of Late Egyptian|volume=1|pages=28, 145|publisher=B.C. Scribe Publications|location=[[Providence, RI]]|date=2002|edition=2nd}}</ref> ''Piôm'' waxaa dhowrjeer loo beddelay luuqadda Coptic-ga sidii [[wiktionary:ⲫⲓⲟⲙ|Ⲫⲓⲟⲙ]]/[[wiktionary:ⲡⲉⲓⲟⲙ|Ⲡⲉⲓⲟⲙ]] (''epʰiom''/''peiom''), halkaas oo magaca casriga ah ee [[Arabic|Carabiga]] الفيوم (''el-Fayyūm'') (iyo sidoo kale ''Faiyum'') uu ka soo jeedo. == Taariikhda == === Taariikhda ka hor === Intii lagu jiray [[Messinian Salinity Crisis]] ee dabayaaqadii [[Miocene]], [[Nile|Webiga Niil]] wuxuu soo maray marinka madaal ee Faiyum isagoo jooga salka [[canyon|dooxo qoto dheer]] oo gaaraysa ilaa {{Convert|2.4|km|mi|abbr=on}} moolkeedu halka ay magaalada [[Cairo|Qaahira]] maanta ku taal.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=El Mahmoudi |first1=Ahmed |last2=Gabr |first2=Amir |date=February 2009 |title=Geophysical surveys to investigate the relation between the Quaternary Nile channels and the Messinian Nile canyon at East Nile Delta, Egypt |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12517-008-0018-9 |journal=Arabian Journal of Geosciences |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=53–67 |doi=10.1007/s12517-008-0018-9 |bibcode=2009ArJG....2...53E |issn=1866-7511|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Inkasta oo habka dhalashada marinka Faiyum uu ahaa mawduuc dood cilmiyeed ah oo dhexmaray [[geologist| khubarada cilmiyaysan ee dhulka]] bilowgii qarnigii 20-aad, aragtida laysku raacsan yahay ayaa weli ah in marinka laftiisu uu u dhashay inta badan si ka dhalatay [[Aeolian processes|nabaad-guurka dabaysha]].<ref name="Hayes-1964" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gardner |first=Elinor W. |date=1929 |title=The Origin of the Faiyum Depression: A Critical Commentary on a New View of Its Origin |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1784253 |journal=The Geographical Journal |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=371–383 |doi=10.2307/1784253 |jstor=1784253 |bibcode=1929GeogJ..74..371G |issn=0016-7398|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Ka dib markii [[Mediterranean Sea|Badda Cad]] ay dib u buuxsantay dhammaadkii xilligii Miocene, dooxada Niilka wuxuu noqday gacanka badda oo fidsan ilaa gudaha goobta maanta loo yaqaan [[Kom Ombo]].<ref name="Cambridge Univ. Press-2005">{{Cite book |title=The Cambridge ancient history. Volume 1, pt. 1: Prolegomena and prehistory |date=2005 |publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press |isbn=978-0-521-07051-5 |edition=3. ed., repr |location=Cambridge}}</ref> Intii lagu jiray waqtiga cilmiga dhulka, marinkan Badda Cad wuxuu tartiib-tartiib ku buuxsamay dhoobo wuxuuna noqday [[Nile valley|dooxada Niilka]]. Waqti ka horreeyay [[Middle Paleolithic|Boqortooyadii Dhexe ee Paleolithic]], dhoobada dooxada Niilka ayaa ku ururtay si ku filan oo daadadka Niilka ay ugu buux-dhaafaan marinka Faiyum iyagoo sii maraya Marinka Hawara, iyagoo abuuraya Harada qadiimiga ah ee Moeris; meertadii ugu horreysay ee harada waxaa kaliya lagu quudin jiray daadadkii dambe ee goos-gooska ahaa ee Niilka, waxaana loo maleynayaa inay gabi ahaanba engegtay dhammaadkii xilligii [[Paleolithic]] ka hor intaysan dib u soo muuqan bilowgii xilligii [[Neolithic]].<ref name="Hayes-1964" /> Qalabka dhagaxa ah ee laga helay hareeraha marinka Faiyum ee u dhigma kuwa lagu sameeyay tignoolajiyada [[Levallois technique]] ayaa muujinaya in xeebaha Harada Moeris ay deggenayeen bini'aadamka tan iyo xilligii Middle Paleolithic.<ref name="Hayes-1964" /><ref name="Cambridge Univ. Press-2005" /> Shaqooyin kale oo qadiimiga ah oo laga sameeyay marinka Faiyum, gaar ahaan tii [[Gertrude Caton Thompson|Gertrude Caton-Thompson]] iyo [[Elinor Wight Gardner]], waxay soo heleen cadaymo muujinaya deegaano badan oo [[Epipalaeolithic]] iyo Neolithic ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Caton-Thompson |first1=Gertrude |title=The Desert Fayum |last2=Gardner |first2=Elinor |date=1934 |publisher=Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland |location=London}}</ref> === Horumarkii Hore: Boqortooyooyinkii Hore iyo Dhexe === Harada Moeris waxaa markii ugu horreysay la diwaangeliyay qiyaastii 3000&nbsp;[[BCE]], qiyaastii waqtigii [[Narmer]] ([[Menes]]). Bilowgii [[Old Kingdom of Egypt|Boqortooyadii Hore ee Masar]] deegaan joogto ah, oo la yiraahdo Shedet, ayaa laga dhisay dhulka sare ee xeebta koonfur-bari ee harada; Shedet wuxuu sii ahaan lahaa xarunta weyn ee caabudaadda [[Ancient Egyptian deities|ilaaha Masariga]] ee [[Sobek]], xiriirkaas oo horseedi lahaa in magaaladu ay hesho magaca Giriigga ee ''Krokodeilópolis'' (Κροκοδειλόπολις, oo macnaheedu yahay "Magaalada Yaxaaska"), markii dambena loogu qoray [[Latin|Laatiinka]] ''Crocodīlopolis''. Magaalada casriga ah ee [[Faiyum]] ayaa hadda ku taal goobtaas. Isbeddeladii ugu horreeyay ee weyn ee bini'aadamku sameeyo ee ku saabsan Harada Moeris waxay dhaceen intii lagu jiray [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Boqortooyadii Dhexe]] iyadoo ay hoggaaminayeen boqorradii [[Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt|Boqortooyadii Laba iyo Tobnaad]], kuwaas oo ka xukumayay gobolka Faiyum ka dib markii loo guuray caasimadda cusub ee boqortooyada ee [[Itjtawy]]. [[Senusret II]] wuxuu bilaabay mashaariicda [[irrigation|waraabka]] iyo [[land reclamation|dhul-soo-celinta]] si loo xoreeyo qaybo ka mid ah gudaha harada si loogu isticmaalo beeraha, isagoo geeska harada ka riixaya Shedet.<ref name="Van de Mieroop-2011" /> Wiilka uu awowgii u yahay ee [[Amenemhat III]] wuxuu sii waday inuu u xilsaaro qodis ballaaran oo marinka Hawara ah, isagoo abuuray kanaalka maanta loo yaqaan [[Bahr Yussef]]. Kanaalkan wuxuu kordhiyay mugga biyaha ka imaanaya Niilka ee ku qulqulaya Harada Moeris si si hufan loogu waraabiyo marinka Faiyum, isagoo u beddelay xarun weyn oo beeraha ah, taas darteedna, Amenemhat III waxaa dambe loogu ogaaday Giriigga sidii "Boqor Moeris".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Viollet |first1=Pierre-Louis |title=Water engineering in ancient civilizations: 5.000 years of history |last2=Holly |first2=Forrest M. |date=2007 |publisher=IAHR International Association of Hydraulic Engineering and Research |isbn=978-90-78046-05-9 |series=IAHR monograph series |location=Madrid}}</ref> Marka laga soo tago doorkeeda sidii kayd biyo macaan, harada waxaa kale oo loo isticmaali jiray qayb ka mid ah habka gaadiidka xamuulka; blocks basalt ah oo laga qoday meel u dhow ayaa loo qaaday harada iyadoo la marayo [[Lake Moeris Quarry Road]], wadadii ugu horreysay ee la yaqaan ee laami ah adduunka. Harada dhexdeeda, blocks-ka waxaa loogu rari karaa [[Giza Necropolis]] si loogu isticmaalo dhismaha macbadyada iyo taallooyinka. [[American Society of Civil Engineers|ASCE]] waxay gelisay Wadada Quarry liiskeeda [[List of Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks|Astaamaha Taariikhda Injineernimada Madaniga ah]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Lake Moeris Quarry Road |website=asce.org |publisher=[[American Society of Civil Engineers]] |url=https://www.asce.org/about-civil-engineering/history-and-heritage/historic-landmarks/lake-moeris-quarry-road |access-date=2022-01-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Wilford |first=John Noble |date=8 May 1994 |title=World's oldest paved road found in Egypt |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/08/world/world-s-oldest-paved-road-found-in-egypt.html |access-date=2018-08-29}}</ref> <imagemap> File:Lake Moeris.jpg|thumb|500px|right|Khariidadda sawirka ee taallooyinka xusidda mudan ee agagaarka Harada Moeris ee hore. Aagga xariijimaha leh wuxuu muujinayaa dhulkii ay soo celiyeen boqorradii Boqortooyadii Laba iyo Tobnaad. rect 718 628 871 711 [[Abgig obelisk]] rect 936 453 1207 509 [[Pedestals of Biahmu]] rect 858 548 1148 607 [[Faiyum#Ancient history|Crocodilopolis]] rect 999 699 1260 744 [[Amenemhat_III#Hawara|Pyramid of Amenemhat III at Hawara]] rect 1108 755 1397 833 [[Pyramid of Senusret II]] rect 1398 476 1620 1122 [[Nile River]] desc none </imagemap>[[File:Biahmu 05.JPG|left|thumb|Burburka mid ka mid ah [[Pedestals of Biahmu]]]] Buuggiisa ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]'', taariikhyahankii Giriigga ahaa ee [[Herodotus]] wuxuu sheegay inuu booqday Harada Moeris, isagoo dhigay meel ka hoosaysa [[Labyrinth of Egypt]] iyo ka soo horjeedka magaalada qadiimiga ah ee [[Crocodilopolis]] (ie, magaalada casriga ah ee Faiyum).<ref>{{cite book |author=[[Herodotus]] |title=[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]] |at=2.148–150}}</ref> Herodotus wuxuu kaloo sheegay in laba "ahraam" (oo loo turjumay inay yihiin [[Pedestals of Biahmu]]) ay taagnaayeen bartamaha harada,<ref>{{cite book |last=Lloyd |first=Alan B. |year=1975 |title=Herodotus: Book&nbsp;II Commentary 99–182 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |isbn=978-90-04-07737-9 |place=[[Leiden]], NL |page=126}}</ref> sheegashadaas oo keentay in khabiirka Ingiriiska ee [[Egyptology|barashada qadiimiga Masar]] [[Flinders Petrie]] uu falanqeeyo in harada ay buuxsantay markii Herodotus uu booqday aaggaas.<ref name=petrie>{{cite book |last=Petrie |first=W.M.F. |author-link=Flinders Petrie |year=1889 |title=Hawara, Biahmu, and Arsinoe |publisher=[[Leadenhall Press|Field & Tuer]] |place=London, UK |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0kXAAAAYAAJ |access-date=October 4, 2022}}</ref> Hawlaha baaxadda weyn ee biyaha ee ay fuliyeen boqorradii [[Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt|Boqortooyadii Laba iyo Tobnaad ee Masar]] si harada loogu beddelo kayd biyo macaan ayaa reebtay juqraafiyaystayaashii caadiga ahaa ee dambe sida Herodotus aragtida ah in harada lafteedu ay ahayd qodis bini'aadam lagu sameeyay<ref name="El-Shabrawy-2009" /><ref>{{cite CE1913|last=Hyvernat|first=Eugène Xavier Louis Henri|wstitle=Egypt}}</ref> – tafsiir aan ku dhisnayn cadaymaha casriga ah. === Horumarkii Dambe: Boqortooyadii Ptolemaic iyo Masartii Roomaanka === Ka dib dhimashadii [[Alexander the Great|Alexander kii Weynaa]], Masar waxay gashay gacanta janaraalkiisii hore ee [[Ptolemy I Soter|Ptolemy]], kaas oo noqon lahaa boqorkii ugu horreeyay ee [[Ptolemaic dynasty|maamulka Ptolemaic]]. Maamulkan cusub iyo qulqulka isku xiga ee dadka deegaanka Giriigga iyo Makedoniya ee soo galay Masar, marinka Faiyum iyo Harada Moeris ayaa sii horumaray si loo kordhiyo awooddeeda xarun beereed. Injineerada boqortooyada ee [[Ptolemy II Philadelphus]] waxay dhex-dhiseen kanaalo iyo deyrar dheeri ah, iyo sidoo kale xidheen ku yaal Bahr Yussef si loo xakameeyo qulqulka Niilka, taas oo oggolaatay deegaan dheeri ah oo marinka ah iyo korodhka wax-soo-saarka firileyda iyadoo biyaha harada ay dib u gurteen oo ay muujiyeen carro cusub oo barwaaqo ah.<ref name="Van de Mieroop-2011" /><ref name="Brown University" /> [[Papyrus|Waraaqo papyri]] badan oo laga soo kabsaday goobihii xilligii Ptolemaic ee Faiyum (inta badan laga helay qashinka papyrus ee loo isticmaali jiray [[cartonnage]]) waxay keydiyeen isgaarsiinta dhexmartay injineerada iyo maamulayaasha intii lagu jiray xilligan horumarinta, oo ay ku jirto kaydka [[Zenon of Kaunos]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thompson |first=Dorothy |title=Agriculture in Egypt: from pharaonic to modern times |url=https://archive.org/details/agricultureinegy0000alan |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-19-726183-5 |editor-last=Bowman |editor-first=Alan K. |series=Proceedings of the British Academy |location=Oxford |pages=[https://archive.org/details/agricultureinegy0000alan/page/107 107]–122 |editor-last2=Rogan |editor-first2=Eugene L. |editor-last3=British Academy}}</ref> Caqabadda ku timid qulqulka Niilka ee ku shubmayay Harada Moeris ka dib dhismihii xidheenka waxay calaamadsatay bilowgii hoos u dhaca uumi-baxa tartiib-tartiib ah ee harada, nidaamkaas oo aakhirkii dhalin doona Harada Qarun ee yaraatay ee xilligan casriga ah. Dhammaadkii [[Ptolemaic Kingdom|Boqortooyadii Ptolemaic]], dayactirkii caadiga ahaa ee habkan waraabka waa la dayacay khilaaf gudaha ah dartiis, taas oo keentay in dhulalka dalagyada ee Faiyum dhexdiisa ay engegaan ama ay gabi ahaanba biyo hafiyaan. [[Roman Egypt|Ku-daridda Masar sidii gobol Roomaan ah]] waxay markhaati ka ahayd dib-u-habaynta hawlaha hadidda biyaha ee Harada Moeris oo ay sameeyeen ciidammada Roomaanka ee hoos yimaada [[Augustus]], si ay gacan uga geystaan maqaamka Masar ee ah [[breadbasket|shinnida cuntada]] ee bilowgii [[Roman Empire|Boqortooyadii Roomaanka]]. Dib-u-nooleynta beeraha ee dhexdeeda Faiyum waxaa lagula kulmay mawjad kale oo deegaan ah, aaggana wuxuu arkay wax-soo-saar joogto ah ilaa xilligii [[Crisis of the Third Century|Xiisaddii Qarnigii Saddexaad]], markii dagaal sokeeye oo kale uu xasillooni-darro ku keenay gobolka, nidaamka waraabkana uu mar kale xumaaday. Ka dib xilligan qalalaasaha, boqor [[Probus (emperor)|Probus]], si la mid ah Augustus, wuxuu shaqaaleeyay askartii Roomaanka si ay dib u habayn ugu sameeyaan kanaalada iyo hareeraha, aaggana wuxuu noqday mid wax-soo-saar leh mar kale, inkastoo waqti ka dib nidaamyada haddana la dayacay, deegaanadii Roomaankana ay noqdeen kuwo fashilmay; aagga waxaa loo maleynayaa in inta badan laga tagay qarnigii 5-aad, iyadoo kaliya aag yar oo ku yaal gudaha marinka Faiyum uu ahaa mid la beeray oo la deggen yahay inta ka dhiman [[Middle Ages|Aamihii Dhexe]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boak |first=A. E. R. |date=1926 |title=Irrigation and Population in the Faiyum, the Garden of Egypt |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/208706 |journal=Geographical Review |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=353–364 |doi=10.2307/208706 |jstor=208706 |bibcode=1926GeoRv..16..353B |issn=0016-7428|url-access=subscription }}</ref> == Deegaanka iyo kalluumeysiga == [[File:Egretta garzetta at Fayoum by Hatem Moushir 6.JPG|left|thumb|[[Little egret|Horeeyada yaryar]] iyo shimbiraha kale ee biyaha ee Eurasia waxay u guuraan Harada Qarun xilliga jiilaalka.]] Maanta, Harada Qarun waxay u shaqeysaa sidii meel ay jiilaalka ku qaataan ama ku ukun-dhigaan dhowr nooc oo ku dhow 88 oo kala duwan oo ah [[water bird|shimbiraha biyaha]]. [[Collared pratincole]]s, [[Kentish plover]]s, [[Kittlitz's plover]]s iyo [[little tern]]s dhamaantood waxay isugu yumaadaan harada si ay u tarmaan, halka shimbiraha ka soo guura Eurasia xilliga jiilaalka ay ka mid yihiin [[Black-necked grebe]]s, [[great crested grebe]]s, [[Great egret]]s, [[little egret]]s, iyo noocyo kala duwan oo shinbiro weyddo ah ama noocyada haansada ah sida [[common shelduck]]s, [[Eurasian teal]]s, [[Eurasian wigeon]]s, [[northern pintail]]s, [[northern shoveler]]s iyo [[tufted duck]]s.<ref name="El-Shabrawy-2009"/><ref name="Fouda-2012">{{Cite web|last=Fouda|first=Mostafa|date=March 26, 2012|title=Lake Qarun Protected Area|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/EG2040RIS.pdf|access-date=March 18, 2024|website=Ramsar Sites Information Service}}</ref> Maqaamka Harada Qarun ee ah deegaan muhiim u ah shimbiraha ayaa horseeday in loo aqoonsado labadaba [[Egyptian Protectorates|deegaan la ilaaliyo oo Masar ah]] iyo [[Ramsar site]].<ref name="Fouda-2012"/> [[File:Lake qarun protected area by Hatem Moushir 1.JPG|thumb|Harada Qarun oo laga arko Deegaanka la Ilaaliyo ee Harada Qarun]] Kordhinta [[salinity|cusbada]] iyo [[turbidity|madoobaadka biyaha]] ee Harada Qarun ayaa loo tixgeliyay inay sabab u tahay [[Local extinction|dabar-goynta deegaanka]] ee inta badan noocyada kalluunka Niilka ee markii hore joogay harada, sida [[Nile perch|kalluunka caanka ah ee Niilka]] iyo [[Nile tilapia]]; dhowr nooc oo kale sida [[redbelly tilapia]] ayaa u muuqda inay u adkaysteen isbeddelkan. Si looga hortago burburka dhaqaalaha kalluumeysiga ee deegaanka ka dib isbeddelka xaaladaha deegaanka, noocyo kala duwan oo kalluunka badda ah iyo kuwa u dulqaadan kara cusbada iyo noocyada qolofta leh ayaa lagu beeray harada tan iyo bilowgii qarnigii 20-aad, oo ay ku jiraan [[big-scale sand smelt]], [[Egyptian sole]], [[European seabass]] iyo [[gilt-head bream]], iyo sidoo kale noocyo badan oo ah [[Mullet (fish)|mulleet]] iyo [[prawn|isiri]].<ref name="El-Shabrawy-2009"/> Mulleets-ka iyo sool-ka la soo hordhigay, oo ay la socdaan tilapia-ga u dhashay deegaanka, ayaa weli ah goobaha ugu waaweyn ee kalluumeysiga ganacsiga ee Harada Qarun,<ref name="El-Serafy-2014"/> laakiin arrimo ay ka mid yihiis uumi-baxa joogtada ah ee harada, kordhinta wasakhda ka timaada qulqulka beeraha iyo noocyada duulaanka ah ee [[Cymothoidae|isopods cymothoid]] ayaa sababay in qabsashada kalluunka ay si aad ah hoos ugu dhacdo tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Abdelmageed|first1=Adel Ali.|last2=Khalifa|first2=Usama|last3=Elsaied|first3=Hosam E.|last4=Hamouda|first4=Amr Z.|last5=El Gelani|first5=Safaa S.|date=December 2022|title=Lake Qarun between entangled history and blurred future: Retrospectives and prospective|journal=The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research|volume=48|issue=4|pages=299–306|doi=10.1016/j.ejar.2022.11.001|issn=1687-4285|doi-access=free}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist|25em}} ==Ilaha== * {{cite web |title=Fayum Project |website=trismegistos.org |publisher=[[KU Leuven|University of Leuven]] |url=http://www.trismegistos.org/fayum/ }} * {{cite book |first=Hubert |last=Chanson |year=1999 |section=Study of the Moeris reservoir, the Ha-Uar Dam and the canal connecting the Nile River and Lake Moeris |title=The Hydraulics of Open Channel Flow: An introduction |edition=1st |id=Major Problem&nbsp;2 |type=textbook |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann / Elsevier Science, Technology, & Business |section-url=http://www.bh.com/companions/0340740671/exercises/prob2.htm |via=bh.com |url-status=dead <!-- presumed --> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113220455/http://www.bh.com/companions/0340740671/exercises/prob2.htm |archive-date=2008-01-13 }} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * {{Cite Americana|wstitle=Mœris |short=x}} * {{Cite AmCyc|wstitle=Mœris |short=x}} {{authority control}} 1pgiutltfk4mkmkrjnxnhe9atlickvu 0 48399 305809 300398 2026-08-24T17:54:42Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305809 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Manzala | image = Niledelta 33.svg | caption = Marinka Niilka | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|31|16|N|32|12|E|region:EG_type:waterbody_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}} | type = [[Brackish|Biyo-dhanaan]] | inflow = | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = Masar | length = | width = | area = | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = | islands = | cities = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Egypt | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Manzala in Egypt. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Manzala''' ({{langx|ar|بحيرة المنزلة}} ''baḥīrat manzala''), sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Manzaleh''', waa haro [[Brackish water|biyo-dhanaan]] ah, mararka qaarkoodna loogu yeero [[lagoon|haro-gacmeed]], waxayna ku taal waqooyi-bari Masar ee [[Nile Delta|Marinka Niilka]] meel u dhow [[Port Said]] iyo dhowr mayl u jirta burburka qadiimiga ah ee [[Tanis, Egypt|Tanis]].<ref name="DINAR">Dinar, p.51</ref><ref name="drower">{{cite book |access-date=2009-04-10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7TCLb4DJRLwC&dq=Lake+Manzala+Suez+Canal&pg=PA72|author= Margaret S. Drower|title= Flinders Petrie: a life in archaeology|publisher=ASCE Publications|year=1995| pages=72 |isbn=978-0-299-14624-5| edition=Second }}</ref> Waa harada ugu weyn harooyinka waqooyi ee marinka Masar.<ref name="ZAHRAN" /> Sannadkii 2008 baaxaddeedu waxay ahayd {{Convert|47|km|abbr=on}} dherer ahaan iyo {{Convert|30|km|abbr=on}} ballac ahaan.<ref name="ZAHRAN">Zahran, p.283</ref> == Magaca weynta == Magaca harada wuxuu ka soo jeedaa {{Langx|ar|نزل|lit=soo deg, istaag, daggas|translit=nazala}}. [[Middle Ages|Aamihii Dhexe]] waxaa sidoo kale loo yaqaanay '''pi-Manjōili''' ({{Langx|cop|ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲛϫⲱⲓⲗⲓ|lit=guri, hooy}}), taasi oo loo turjumay Giriigga sidii '''Xenedokhou''' ({{Langx|grc|Ξενεδόχου}}), taas oo ka dhigaysa magaca Carabiga ee casriga ah mid laga turjumay kii Coptic-ga, iyadoo isu-ekaanshaha dhawaaqu uu yahay mid iska dhacay oo qura.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Peust |first=Carsten |title=Die Toponyme vorarabischen Ursprungs im modernen Ägypten |url=http://www.peust.de/ortsnamen_original.pdf |page=60}}</ref> ==Juqraafiga== Harada Manzala waa mid dheer laakiin aad u gacna. Inkasta oo moolka asalka ah ee Harada Manzala uu yahay oo qura {{Convert|4 to 5|ft|spell=in}}, waxaan wax ka beddel lagu sameeyay moolka intii lagu jiray dhismihii [[Suez Canal|Kanaalka Suez]] si loo oggolaado in Kanaalku uu dherer ahaan u fidsan karo {{Convert|29|mi}} dhanka harada ah. Salka harada waa dhoobo jilicsan.<ref name="rogers">{{cite book |access-date=2009-04-10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jFGHnqSKENIC&dq=Lake+Timsah&pg=PA124|author=Rogers, J. R. and G. Owen |title=Water Resources and Environmental History |publisher=ASCE Publications |year=2004| pages=124 |isbn=978-0-7844-0738-7}}</ref> Ka hor dhismihii Kanaalka Suez, Harada Manzala waxaa laga gooyay [[Mediterranean Sea|Badda Cad]] xariijin ciid ah oo ballaceedu yahay {{Convert|200 to 300|yd}}. Port Said waxaa la aasasay meel ku dhow Harada Manzala intii lagu jiray qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad si loo taageero dhismaha kanaalka iyo socdaalka la xiriira. Goobta harada oo ku taal si toos ah koonfurta [[Port Said Airport|Garoonka Diyaaradaha ee Port Said]] waxay xaddidaysaa awoodda magaalada ee dhanka ballaarashada.<ref name="melady">{{cite book |access-date=2009-04-10 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YwSR4FsUOdMC&dq=Lake+Manzala+Suez+Canal&pg=PA116 |author= Melady, J. |title=Pearson's prize: Canada and the Suez Crisis |publisher=Dundurn Press Ltd. |year=2006|location=Toronto, Lancaster, New York |pages=207 |isbn=978-1-55002-611-5}}</ref> ==Kanaalka Suez== Harada Manzala waa harada ugu waqooyisey saddexda haro ee dabiiciga ah oo uu dhexmaro [[Suez Canal|Kanaalka Suez]], labada kale waa [[Lake Timsah|Harada Timsah]] iyo [[Great Bitter Lake|Harada Weyn ee Qadhaadh]]. Dhismaha kanaalka wuxuu ka billowday waqooyi ilaa koonfur, isagoo markii ugu horreysay gaaray Manzala. Sababtoo ah harada oo aad u gacna, waxay lagama maarmaan noqotay in la qodo kanaal hareeraysan oo ay maraakiibtu mari karaan. ==Deegaanka== [[File:Fishermen in Egypt.jpg|thumb|Kalluumeysato joogta Harada Manzala]] Harada Manzala waxay u adeegi jirtay il muhiim ah oo laga helo kalluun jaban oo ay quutaan dadka ku nool Masar, laakiin wasakhda iyo biyo-bixinta harada ayaa hoos u dhigay wax-soo-saarkii harada. Sannadkii 1985, goobta kalluumeysiga harada waxay ahayd aag furan oo gaaraya {{Convert|89,000|ha|abbr=on}} waxayna shaqaalaysiisay qiyaastii 17,000 oo shaqaale ah.<ref name="DINAR"/> Xukuumadda Masar waxay biyo-bixin ku sameeyay qaybo badan oo harada ah si ay isku daydo inay kaydkeeda qaniga ah ee Niilka ugu beddesho dhul beereed. Mashruucu wuxuu noqday mid aan faa'iido lahayn: dalagyadu si fiican uguma bixin carada cusbada leh, qiimaha wax-soo-saarka ka dhashayna wuxuu ka yaraaday qiimihii suuqyada ee kalluunka uu dhulka la soo celiyay markii hore soo saari jiray. Markay ahayd 2001, Harada Manzala waxay weysay qiyaastii 80 boqolkiiba baaxaddeedii hore sababo la xiriira saamaynta dadaallada biyo-bixinta.<ref>Ibrahim, p.145</ref> ==Qoraallo== {{Commons category}} {{Reflist}} ==Tixraacyo== * {{cite book|last=Dinar|first=Ariel|title=Restoring and protecting the world's lakes and reservoirs|url=https://archive.org/details/restoringprotect0000vari_t0w0|publisher=World Bank Publications|year=1995|isbn=0-8213-3321-6}} * {{cite book|title=Egypt: an economic geography|url=https://archive.org/details/egypteconomicgeo0000ibra|first=Barbara|last=Ibrahim|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=2003|isbn=1-86064-548-8}} * {{cite book|last=Penn|first=James R.|title=Rivers of the world|url=https://archive.org/details/riversofworldsoc00penn|url-access=registration|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2001|isbn=1-57607-042-5}} * {{cite book|last=Zahran|first=M.A.|title=The Vegetation of Egypt|publisher=Springer|year=2008|isbn=978-1-4020-8755-4}} {{Authority control}} gw4nhz0kbvmbf7ikws95d2bh8kjdig8 0 48414 305852 300414 2026-08-24T18:16:14Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305852 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Bubye<br>''(Webiga Bubi)'' | image = Bubye River.jpg | image_size = 200px | image_caption = Webiga Bubye oo laga arkayo wadada [[A1 road (Zimbabwe)|A1]], [[Zimbabwe]] | source1_location = bariga [[West Nicholson]], Zimbabwe | mouth = [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]] | mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|-22.3364|31.1167|format=dms|display=inline,title|region:ZW_type:river}} | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[Zimbabwe]] | length = | source1_elevation = {{convert|235|m|ft|abbr=on}} | discharge1_avg = {{convert|6.51|mm/yr|in/yr|abbr=on}} (unit flow)<ref name="Boroto">{{cite conference | author = Görgens, A.H.M. | author2=Boroto, R.A. | date = 1997 | title = Limpopo River: flow balance anomalies, surprises and implications for integrated water resources management | conference = Proceedings of the 8th South African National Hydrology Symposium | location = Pretoria}}</ref> | basin_size_km2 = 8,140 }} {{Location map |Zimbabwe |label=Bubye |lon_dir=E |lat_dir=S |lat_deg=22|lat_min=20 |lon_deg=31|lon_min=7 |position=right |width=250 |float=right |mark=Red pog.svg |caption=Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Bubye }} '''Webiga Bubye''', oo sidoo kale loo yaqaannay '''Webiga Bubi''', waa laan ku shubanta [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]] ee ku taal [[Beitbridge District|Degmada Beitbridge]] iyo [[Gwanda District|Degmada Gwanda]], [[Zimbabwe]]. Wuxuu ka bilaawdaa qiyaastii {{convert|40|km|mi}} waqooyi-bari ee [[West Nicholson]] ee gudaha [[Matabeleland South]], halkaas oo uu uga qulqulo dhanka koonfur-bari ka hor inta uusan ku biirin Limpopo {{convert|25|km|mi}} galbeed ka xigta xadka [[Mozambique|Musambiig]]. Marinkiisa wuxuu qayb ka yahay xadka u dhexeeya degmooyinka [[Mberengwa District|Mberengwa]] iyo [[Mwenezi District|Mwenezi]].<ref name="HistDict">{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of Zimbabwe|url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000rube|publisher=Scarecrow Press, Inc.|location=Lanham, MD|date=2001|isbn=0-8108-3471-5}}</ref> Kalluunka [[Tigerfish]] ayaa si dabiici ah looga helaa webigan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.herald.co.zw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=25507%3Atiger-fishing-karibas-greatest-fame&catid=57%3Aisdore&Itemid=159 |title=Tiger Fishing: Kariba’s greatest fame |access-date=18 March 2012 |archive-date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521143633/https://www.herald.co.zw/?option=com_content&view=article&id=25507%3Atiger-fishing-karibas-greatest-fame&catid=57%3Aisdore&Itemid=159 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Biyo-xireennada== Ma aysan jirin wax biyo-xireenno waaweyn ah oo ku yaallay webiga<ref> {{cite book | author = Chibi, T. | author2 = Kandori, C. | author3 = Makone, B.F. | name-list-style = amp | date = 2005 | title = Mzingwane Catchment Outline Plan | publisher = Zimbabwe National Water Authority | location = Bulawayo }}</ref> ilaa laga dhisay [[Bubi-Lupane Dam|Biyo-xireenka Bubi-Lupane]] sannadkii 2010 si biyaha loogu fidiyo [[Lupane District|Degmada Lupane]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newsday.co.zw/article/2010-09-28-work-on-bubilupane-dam-resumes|title=Work on Bubi-Lupane Dam resumes|date=28 September 2010|work=NewsDay|location=Zimbabwe|accessdate=14 November 2016|archive-date=19 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519101005/https://www.newsday.co.zw/article/2010-09-28-work-on-bubilupane-dam-resumes|url-status=live}}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== *[http://www.idbz.co.zw/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=87&Itemid=121 IDBZ - Water] L 4r83tl9oydjdyevikr7wtfyuan7p3k5 0 48550 305792 300838 2026-08-24T17:42:05Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305792 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Limpopo | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = Vhembe | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Limpopo.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Limpopo oo ku yaal [[Mozambique]] | map = Limpopo River basin map.svg | map_size = | map_caption = Koorsada iyo biya-mareenka Webiga Limpopo | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 5 <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]], [[Botswana]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Mozambique]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|1,750|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= [[Xai-Xai]] | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg =(Muddada: 1971–2000){{cvt|313.4|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Limpopo">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=48&catid=197&Itemid=179|title=Limpopo|access-date=23 February 2024}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | source_confluence = [[Marico River|Webiga Marico]] iyo [[Crocodile River (Limpopo)|Webiga Crocodile]] | source_confluence_location = Xadka Botswana/Koonfur Afrika | source_confluence_coordinates= {{coord|-24.1913|26.8708|format=dms|type:river|display=inline}} | source_confluence_elevation = {{convert|872|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] | mouth_location = [[Gaza Province]], Mozambique | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|25|12|22|S|33|30|40|E|format=dms|type:river_region:MZ|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = Webiga Limpopo | basin_size = {{convert|415,000|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = [[Notwane River|Notwane]], [[Bonwapitse River|Bonwapitse]], Mahalapswe, [[Lotsane River|Lotsane]], [[Motloutse River|Motloutse]], [[Shashe River|Shashe]], [[Umzingwani River|Umzingwani]], [[Bubi River|Bubi]], [[Mwenezi River|Mwenezi]], [[Changane River|Changane]] | tributaries_right = [[Marico River|Marico]], [[Crocodile River (Limpopo)|Crocodile]], [[Matlabas River|Matlabas]], [[Mokolo River|Mikolo]], [[Palala River|Palala]], [[Mogalakwena River|Mogalakwena]], Kolope, [[Sand River (Limpopo)|Sand]], [[Nwanedi River|Nwanedi]], [[Luvuvhu River|Luvuvhu]], [[Olifants River (Limpopo)|Olifants]] | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Limpopo''' ({{IPAc-en|l|I|m|'|p|ou|p|ou}}) wuxuu ka unkamaa [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]<ref name="EBLimpopo">{{citation |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |title=Limpopo River |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Limpopo-River |access-date=2018-04-29 }}</ref> wuxuuna u qulqulaa guud ahaan bari dhinaca [[Mozambique]] ilaa [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]]. Webigu wuxuu dhererkiisu yahay qiyaastii {{cvt|1,750|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wuxuuna leeyahay [[drainage basin|biya-ururin]] cabbirkeedu yahay {{cvt|415,000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}. Celceliska [[Discharge (hydrology)|qulqulka]] la cabbiray muddo sannad ah waa {{cvt|170|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} ilaa {{cvt|313|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} afka webiga.<ref>{{cite book |last= Nakayama |first= Mikiyasu |title= International Waters in Southern Africa |url= https://archive.org/details/internationalwat0000unse |year=2003 |publisher=United Nations University Press |isbn=92-808-1077-4 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/internationalwat0000unse/page/9 9]}}</ref><ref name="Limpopo"/> Limpopo waa webigii labaad ee ugu weyn Afrika ee u qulqula Badweynta Hindiya, ka dib [[Zambezi]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Zhu |first1=Tingju |last2=Ringler |first2=Claudia |title=Climate change impact on water availability and use in the Limpopo river basin |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232271837 |website=Researchgate.net |access-date=2021-09-20}}</ref> Qofkii ugu horreeyay ee Yurub ah ee arkay webiga wuxuu ahaa [[Vasco da Gama]], kaas oo ku soo xirtay afkiisa 1498 wuxuuna u bixiyay {{lang|pt|Rio do Espírito Santo}} ({{lit|Webiga [[Holy Spirit|Ruuxa Quduuska ah]]}}). Qaybta hoose waxaa sahamiyay [[St Vincent Whitshed Erskine]] sannadihii 1868–69, Kabtan J F Elton wuxuu u safray qaybta dhexe 1870. Webiga waxaa loogu yeeraa [[Vhembe]] bulshooyinka maxalliga ah ee [[Venda (Bantustan)|Venda]] ee aagga halkaas oo magacaas hadda ay qaateen [[South African government|Dowladda Koonfur Afrika]] sida [[District Municipality|Degmadooda Degmada]] ee waqooyiga. Aagga biya-mareenka ee Limpopo wuxuu hoos u dhacay waqti [[deep time|juquraafi]] ah. Ilaa waqtiyadii [[Piacenzian|Pliocene-kii dambe]] ama [[Pleistocene]], qaybta sare ee Webiga Zambezi waxay u qulquli jirtay Webiga Limpopo.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goudie |first1=A.S.|author-link=Andrew Goudie (geographer) |date=2005 |title=The drainage of Africa since the Cretaceous |journal=[[Geomorphology (journal)|Geomorphology]] |volume=67 |issue=3–4|pages=437–456 |doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.11.008}}</ref> Isbeddelka [[drainage divide|qaybinta biya-mareenka]] waa natiijada [[epeirogenic movement|dhaqdhaqaaqa epeirogenic]] kaas oo kor u qaaday dusha sare waqooyiga Webiga Limpopo ee hadda, isagoo u weecinaya biyaha Webiga Zambezi.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moore |first1=A.E. |date=1999 |title=A reapprisal of epeirogenic flexure axes in southern Africa |journal=[[South African Journal of Geology]] |volume=102 |issue=4 |pages=363–376 }}</ref> == Marinka == {{Location map |Mozambique |label=Webiga Limpopo |lon_dir=E |lat_dir=S |lat_deg=25|lat_min=10 |lon_deg=33|lon_min=35 |position=right |width=250 |float=right |mark=Cercle rouge 100%.svg |marksize=20 |caption=Goobta afka Webiga Limpopo }} Webigu wuxuu ku qulqulaa qaanso weyn, marka hore wuxuu zigzag ku socdaa waqooyi ka dibna waqooyi-bari, ka dibna u leexda bari iyo ugu dambeyntii koonfur-bari. Waxay u adeegtaa xad qiyaastii {{convert|640|km|mi|0}}, iyadoo kala soocaysa Koonfur Afrika xagga koonfur-bari Botswana xagga waqooyi-galbeed iyo Zimbabwe xagga waqooyi. Isgoyska [[Marico River|Webiga Marico]] iyo [[Crocodile River (Limpopo)|Webiga Crocodile]], magaca wuxuu noqdaa Webiga Limpopo. Waxaa jira dhowr [[rapids|durdur-xoog leh]] marka webigu ka dhaco [[Southern Africa|Koonfurta Afrika]] gudaha [[escarpment|dallacada]]. [[Notwane River|Webiga Notwane]] waa [[tributary|laan]] weyn oo Limpopo ah, kaas oo ka unkama geeska [[Kalahari Desert|Saxaraha Kalahari]] ee Botswana wuxuuna u qulqulaa jihada waqooyi-bari.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5744e/y5744e07.htm|title=Drought impact mitigation and prevention in the Limpopo River Basin|website=www.fao.org|access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref> Laanta ugu weyn ee Limpopo, [[Olifants River (Limpopo)|Webiga Olifants]] (Webiga Maroodiga), wuxuu gacan ka geystaa qiyaastii 1,233 milyan m³ oo biyo ah sannadkii.<ref name=Boroto>Görgens, A.H.M. and Boroto, R.A. 1997. Limpopo River: flow balance anomalies, surprises and implications for integrated water resources management. In: Proceedings of the 8th South African National Hydrology Symposium, Pretoria, South Africa.</ref> Laamaha kale ee waaweyn waxaa ka mid ah [[Shashe River|Webiga Shashe]], [[Mzingwane River|Webiga Mzingwane]], Webiga Crocodile, [[Mwenezi River|Webiga Mwenezi]] iyo [[Levubu River|Webiga Luvuvhu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y5744e/y5744e07.htm|title=Drought impact mitigation and prevention in the Limpopo River Basin|website=www.fao.org|access-date=5 April 2018}}</ref> Geeska waqooyi-bari ee Koonfur Afrika webigu wuxuu xuduud la leeyahay [[Kruger National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Kruger]]. Magaalada dekedda ah ee [[Xai-Xai]], Mozambique, waxay ku taal webiga u dhow [[River mouth|afka]]. Hoos ka Olifants, webigu waa [[Navigability|la mari karo]] ilaa badda, inkasta oo [[Shoal|xeebta ciidda]] ay ka hortagto marin u helka maraakiibta waaweyn marka laga reebo hirarka sare. == Laamaha == {| class="wikitable" |+ ! Dhanka bidix ! Dhanka midig |- | *[[Notwane River|Webiga Notwane]] *[[Bonwapitse River|Webiga Bonwapitse]] *Webiga Mahalapswe *[[Lotsane River|Webiga Lotsane]] *[[Motloutse River|Webiga Motloutse]] *[[Shashe River|Webiga Shashe]] *[[Umzingwani River|Webiga Umzingwani]] *[[Bubi River|Webiga Bubi]] *[[Mwenezi River|Webiga Mwenezi]] *[[Changane River|Webiga Changane]] | *[[Marico River|Webiga Marico]] *[[Crocodile River (Limpopo)|Webiga Crocodile]] *[[Matlabas River|Webiga Matlabas]] *[[Mokolo River|Webiga Mokolo]] *[[Palala River|Webiga Palala]] *[[Mogalakwena River|Webiga Mogalakwena]] *Webiga Kolope *[[Sand River (Limpopo)|Webiga Sand]] *[[Nwanedi River|Webiga Nwanedi]] *[[Luvuvhu River|Webiga Luvuvhu]] *[[Olifants River (Limpopo)|Webiga Olifants]] |} == Astaamaha dooxada == [[File:GreasyLimpopo.jpg|thumb|right|Calaamad ku taal goobta laga daawado Webiga Limpopo ee Beerta Qaranka ee Mapungubwe, Koonfur Afrika, oo ka kooban oraah ka timid Rudyard Kipling]] Biyaha Limpopo waxay u qulqulaan si gaabis ah, iyadoo ay ku jiraan xaddi badan oo dhoobo ah. Astaanta [[Rudyard Kipling|Rudyard Kipling]] ee webiga sida "Webiga Limpopo ee weyn ee cawlan-cagaaran, dufanka leh, dhammaantoodna lagu dejiyay [[Vachellia xanthophloea|geedaha qandhada]]", halkaas oo "[[Southern African rock python|Bi-Coloured Python Rock-Snake]]" ay deggan tahay<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kiplingsociety.co.uk/rg_elephantschild1.htm |title=The Elephant's Child, Rudyard Kipling |access-date=6 September 2018 }}</ref> ee ''[[Just So Stories]]'' waa mid ku habboon. Roobabku waa xilliyeed iyo kuwo aan la isku halayn karin: sannadaha abaaraha, qaybaha sare ee webiga waxay qulqulaan 40 maalmood ama ka yar. Qaybta sare ee biya-mareenka, ee Saxaraha Kalahari, waa mid cidlo ah laakiin xaaladuhu waxay noqdaan kuwo aan cidlo ahayn marka la sii socdo webiga. Qaybaha xiga waxay ka biya-mareenaan [[Waterberg Biosphere|Waterberg Massif]], oo ah [[biome|nidaam deegaan]] oo kayn ah oo kala bar-qallalan iyo dad aan badnayn.<ref name="Hogan">C. Michael Hogan, Mark L. Cooke and Helen Murray, ''The Waterberg Biosphere'', Lumina Technologies, May 22, 2006.</ref> Bannaanka bacriminta ah ayaa taageera dad aad u cufan, iyo qiyaastii 14 milyan oo qof ayaa ku nool dooxada Limpopo. [[Flood|Fatahaadda]] inta lagu jiro [[Wet season|xilliga roobka]] waa dhibaato mararka qaarkood ka dhacda qaybaha hoose. Bishii Febraayo 2000 roobabkii culusaa intii lagu jiray marinka [[cyclone|duufaanta]] waxay keentay [[2000 Mozambique flood|fatahaaddii masiibada ahayd ee Mozambique]] ee 2000. Ururinta ugu sarreysa ee [[hippopotamus|jeer]] ee Webiga Limpopo waxaa laga helaa inta u dhexeysa Webiyada Mokolo iyo Mogalakwena.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/limpopo/mokolo_06.pdf |title=State of Rivers Report: the Mokolo River |access-date=31 March 2012 }}</ref> Waxaa jira wax badan oo hawlo macdan qodis ah oo ku yaal dooxada Webiga Limpopo iyadoo ay jiraan qiyaastii 1,900 oo macdan qoditaan oo shaqeeya, iyada oo aan lagu tirin qiyaastii 1,700 oo macdan qoditaan oo laga tagay.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.limpoporak.org/en/management/water+demand/mining+and+industry/in+the+basin.aspx?print=1 |title=Mines in the Limpopo River basin |website=limpoporak.org |access-date=5 April 2018 |archive-date=4 Bisha Saddexaad 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064223/http://www.limpoporak.org/en/management/water+demand/mining+and+industry/in+the+basin.aspx?print=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Taariikh == [[Vasco da Gama]], safarkiisi ugu horreeyay, waxa laga yaabaa inuu ka mid ahaa dadkii ugu horreeyay ee Yurub ah ee arkay webiga, markii uu ku soo xirtay afkiisa 1498. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa jiray dad deggan gobolka tan iyo waqti aan xusuus lahayn—goobaha ku yaal Dooxada Makapans ee u dhow [[Mokopane]] waxay ka kooban yihiin [[Australopithecus]] fossils laga soo bilaabo 3.5 milyan oo sano ka hor. [[St Vincent Whitshed Erskine]], oo markii dambe ahaa sahmiye guud ee Koonfur Afrika, wuxuu u safray afka webiga sannadihii 1868–69.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Erskine|first=Vincent W.|date=1869|title=Journey of Exploration to the Mouth of the River Limpopo|jstor=1798552|journal=The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London|volume=39|pages=233–276|doi=10.2307/1798552}}</ref> A [[Bull shark|Shark-ga Zambezi]] ayaa lagu qabtay boqollaal kiiloomitir oo kor u maraya isgoyska Webiyada Limpopo iyo Luvuvhu bishii Luulyo 1950. Shark-ga Zambezi wuxuu u dulqaataa biyaha macaan wuxuuna u safri karaa meel fog oo Limpopo ah.<ref>Pienaar, U. de V., ''The Freshwater Fishes of the [[Kruger National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Kruger]]'', Koedoe Vol 11, No 1 (1968)</ref> Sannadkii 2013, qiyaastii 15,000 [[Nile crocodile|yaxaasyada Nile]] ayaa si shil ah loogu sii daayay webiga laga bilaabo albaabada fatahaadda ee Beerta Yaxaaska ee Rakwena ee u dhow.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=25 January 2013 |title=South Africa police join hunt for 10,000 escaped crocodiles |website=reuters.com |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-safrica-crocodiles-idUSBRE90N0OT20130125 |access-date=5 April 2018 }}</ref> == Sawirro == <gallery mode="packed"> File:Crook's corner.jpg|Webiga sida uu uga muuqdo Crook's Corner ee [[Kruger National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Kruger]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Si toos ah webiga dhinaca kale waa [[Mozambique]]. Webiga dhinaca kale waa [[Zimbabwe]]. File:Limpopo - Over the river we go 5.jpg|Ka gudbitaanka Limpopo ee Mozambique </gallery> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Commons category}} *[http://www.ifpri.org/publication/climate-change-implications-water-resources-limpopo-river-basin Saamaynta isbeddelka cimilada ee ilaha biyaha ee Dooxada Webiga Limpopo], daraasad ay samaysay [[International Food Policy Research Institute|IFPRI]] *[http://www.ifpri.org/publication/green-and-blue-water-accounting-limpopo-and-nile-basins Xisaabinta biyaha cagaaran iyo buluugga ah ee Dooxada Limpopo iyo Nile], daraasad ay samaysay [[International Food Policy Research Institute|IFPRI]] *[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/froc.asp FROC - Joogtaynta tixraaca ee dhacdooyinka noocyada kalluunka ee Koonfur Afrika] * {{cite news |url=https://news.iwlearn.net/bolstering-sustainable-groundwater-development-in-the-limpopo-basin |title=Kobcinta horumarinta biyaha dhulka hoostiisa ee joogtada ah ee Dooxada Limpopo |work=IW:Learn |date=27 March 2024 |access-date=1 April 2024}} cwodv4fyo1gu86bq3d0tb48674a5r2c 0 48609 305777 301005 2026-08-24T17:34:50Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305777 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Imo<br /> <small>Imo</small> | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = Loogu magac daray Imo [[alusi]] <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Imo oo laga eegayo dusha sare ee buundo wadada oo u horseeda [[Umuahia]] ee [[Abia state|Gobolka Abia]] | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[Nigeria]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length_mi = 150 | length_ref = <ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of World Rivers |url=https://archive.org/details/randmcnallyency000rand |first=Rand |last=McNally |page=[https://archive.org/details/randmcnallyency000rand/page/17 14] |publisher=Rand McNally |year=1980}}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = [[Okigwe]], [[Imo State|Gobolka Imo]] | source1_coordinates= {{coord|5|50|56|N|7|14|20|W|display=inline}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Nigerian history, politics and affairs: the collected essays of Adiele Afigbo |first1=Adiele Eberechukwu |last1=Afigbo |editor=Toyin Falola |page=95 |publisher=Africa World Press |year=2005 |isbn=1-59221-324-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ez58Dwpa8JcC&pg=PA95}}</ref> | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Atlantic Ocean|Badweynta Atlaantik]] | mouth_location = [[Eastern Obolo]], [[Akwa Ibom State|Gobolka Akwa Ibom]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|4|28|14|N|7|35|38|W|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|ft|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Imo''' (Igbo: Imo) wuxuu ku yaal koonfur-bari [[Nigeria]] wuxuuna u qulqulaa {{convert|150|mi|km|disp=flip}} ilaa [[Atlantic Ocean|Badweynta Atlaantik]]. Afkiisa wuxuu leeyahay ballac dhan {{convert|40|km|mi}},<ref>{{cite book|title=Bulletin de l'Institut français d'Afrique noire |author=Institut français d'Afrique noire |page=29 |location=Niger Delta |publisher=IFAN |year=1976}}</ref> webiguna wuxuu leeyahay qulqul sannadle ah oo dhan {{convert|4|km3|mi3|1}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=Irrigation potential in Africa |author=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Land and Water Development Division |page=92 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org |year=1997 |isbn=92-5-103966-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VzqBfdeSjgQC&pg=PA92}}</ref> oo ay weheliso {{cvt|26,000|ha|sqmi acres}} oo [[wetland|dhul qoyan]] ah.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sustainable Food Production in Sub-Saharan Africa: Constraints and opportunities |first=Nathan C. |last=Russell |page=57 |publisher=IITA |year=1993 |isbn=978-131-096-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XuXK2VofYKsC&pg=PA57}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Nigerian rivers among top 20 polluting rivers|url=https://dailytrust.com/nigerian-rivers-among-top-20-polluting-rivers/ |access-date=2023-09-25 |newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]}}</ref> Webiyada laanta u ah Imo waa [[Otamiri River|Otamiri]] iyo [[Oramiriukwa River|Oramirukwa]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Estimation of natural groundwater recharge |first=Ian |last=Simmers |page=436 |editor=NATO |editor-link=NATO |publisher=Springer |year=1988 |isbn=90-277-2632-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0uvL96OaMoC&pg=PA436}}</ref> Webiga Imo waxaa la nadiifiyay xilligii [[British Empire|maamulkii gumeysiga Ingiriiska ee Nigeria]] sanadkii 1907–1908 iyo 1911; marka hore ilaa [[Aba, Abia|Aba]] ka dibna ilaa Udo oo u dhow [[Umuahia]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Igbo women and economic transformation in southeastern Nigeria, 1900-1960 |first=Gloria |last=Chuku |page=152 |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |isbn=0-415-97210-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3jouPZxPC4C&pg=PA152}}</ref> Wuxuu leeyahay buundo dhan {{convert|830|m|ft|adj=on}} oo ku taal isgoyska u dhexeeya [[Rivers State|Gobolka Rivers]] iyo [[Akwa Ibom State|Gobolka Akwa Ibom]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Report: Nigeria 2010 |page=213 |publisher=Oxford Business Group |isbn=1-907065-14-8}}</ref> == Muhiimadda Dhaqanka == [[Akwa Ibom State|Gobolka Akwa Ibom]], Webiga Imo waxaa loo yaqaanaa '''Webiga Imoh''' ama '''Inyang Imoh''' kaas oo u turjumaya ''Webiga Hantida'' ({{langx|ibb|Inyang}} waxay ka dhigan tahay ''webi'' ama ''badweyn'', halka {{lang|ibb|Imoh}} ay ka dhigan tahay ''hanti''). Ilaaha, ama [[Alusi|Alusi]], ee webiga waa midda dheddigga ah ee ''[[Imo (mythology)|Imo]]'', taas oo bulshooyinka ku hareeraysan webiga ay u sharfaan sidii mulkiilaha webiga. Dabaal-deg loogu talagalay Alusi ayaa la qabtaa sanad walba inta u dhaxaysa Maajo iyo Luulyo.<ref>{{cite book|title=The traditional African concept of God and the Christian concept of God |first=Peter Chiehiụra |last=Uzor |page=310 |publisher=Peter Lang |year=2004 |isbn=3-631-52145-6}}</ref> == Wasakhowga == Webiga Imo waxaa soo wariyay [[World Health Organization|Ururka Caafimaadka Adduunka]] inuu yahay mid ka mid ah webiyada ugu wasakhowsan Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sesan |date=2017-12-16 |title=Nigeria’s perilous pollution indices |url=https://punchng.com/nigerias-perilous-pollution-indices/ |access-date=2023-09-13 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Istaraatiijiyado kala duwan oo wax looga qabanayo wasakhowga Webiga Imo iyo laamihiisa ayaa waxaa isku dayay Shirkadda Biyaha iyo Maareynta Qashinka ee Gobolka Imo (ISWSC), ururada bulshada rayidka ah sida Hindisaha Gacmaha Furan ee Horumarinta Joogtada ah (OPAISD), mashaariic kala duwan oo dib u cusbooneysiin magaalo, iskaashiyo goboleed sida Maamulka Horumarinta Dooxada Webiga Anambra-Imo (AIRBDA), iyo Bangiga Adduunka. Dadaallada waxaa ka mid ahaa casriyaynta kaabayaasha, nidaamyada daaweynta biyaha, tallaabooyinka xakameynta daadadka iyo nabaad-guurka, iyo xoojinta ka hortagga qubitaanka aan loo meel-dayin iyo dhismaha dhismayaasha ku teedsan xeebaha webiga. == Sawirro == <gallery mode="slideshow" > File:Imo river (6).jpg|Muujinta xeebaha webiga oo leh dhir iyo dhisme suuq oo ku wareegsan oo la yiraahdo ''Suuqa Malaysian'' File:Imo river (1).jpg|Qaybta hoose ee qoryaha oo u dhow Webiga Imo. </gallery> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{Commons}} {{Authority control}} rk1pvodd5r4mdmgnjks9w9i1qwg85rq 0 48616 305849 303400 2026-08-24T18:14:47Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305849 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Ogun | name_other = Odò Ògùn | image =Sun sets at Ogun River.jpg | image_size = | image_alt = | image_caption = | map =SW Nigeria OSM.png | map_size =250 | map_alt = | map_caption = | source1_location = | mouth_location = [[Lagos]] | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[Nigeria]] | progression = | length = {{convert|480|km|abbr=on}} | source1_elevation = {{convert|530|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|ft|abbr=on}} | discharge1_avg = | basin_size = {{convert|23000|km2|abbr=on}}<ref>[https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/fb19/bb736cf95a4a76067a6f3f2e13f3b5f64745.pdf Fluid Flow Interactions in Ogun River, Nigeria]</ref> | river_system = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = }} '''Webiga Ogun''' ({{Audio|Ogun_river.wav|dhegeyso}}; [[Yoruba language|Af-Yoruba]]: Odò Ògùn) waa marin-biyood ku yaal [[Nigeria]] kaas oo ku shuba [[Lagos Lagoon]]. [[Ogun State|Gobolka Ogun]] waxaa loogu magac daray webiga.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://litcaf.com/ogun-river/ | title=Ogun River - LitCaf | date=26 January 2016 | access-date=7 Bisha Todobaad 2026 | archive-date=18 Bisha Afraad 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418211517/https://litcaf.com/ogun-river/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How Each Nigerian State Got Its Name {{!}} Zaccheus Onumba Dibiaezue Memorial Libraries |url=https://zodml.org/blog/how-each-nigerian-state-got-its-name#:~:text=NIGER%20-%20Named%20after%20the%20River,significant%20watercourse%20in%20the%20region. |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=zodml.org}}</ref><ref name="premiumtimesng.com">{{Cite news |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/434004-how-unchecked-water-pollution-affects-fishing-communities-in-ogun.html |access-date=2023-09-13 |newspaper=[[Premium Times]]|title=How unchecked water pollution affects fishing communities in Ogun}}</ref> == Socodka iyo isticmaalka == [[Webiga]] wuxuu ka soo bilaabmaa meel u dhow magaalooyinka [[Sepeteri]] iyo [[Shaki, Nigeria|Shaki]] oo ku yaal waqooyiga [[Oyo State|Gobolka Oyo]] oo isku-duwayaashoodu yihiin {{coord|8|41|0|N|3|28|0|E}} wuxuuna [[Flow (fluid)|u qulqulaa]] inta ka hartay gobolka ilaa [[Ogun State|Gobolka Ogun]] ugu dambeyntiina [[Lagos State|Gobolka Lagos]] halkaas oo uu kaga shubo [[Lagos lagoon]] oo ku taal magaalooyinka Isheri iyo Owode onirin.<ref name="Ayoade2004" /> Webiga waxaa ka gudba [[Ikere Gorge Dam|Biyo-xireenka Ikere Gorge]] oo ku yaal [[Iseyin]] [[degmada dawladda hoose]] ee [[Oyo State|Gobolka Oyo]]. Awoodda keydka biyuhu waa {{convert|690|e6m3|acre foot}}.<ref>{{cite book |page=314 |title=Dams and Reservoirs, Societies and Environment in the 21st Century: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Dams in the Societies of the 21st Century, 22nd International Congress on Large Dams (ICOLD), Barcelona, Spain, 18 June 2006 |url=https://archive.org/details/damsreservoirsso0002inte |editor=L. Berga |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2006 |isbn=0-415-40423-1}}</ref> Keydku wuxuu ku dhow yahay [[Old Oyo National Park]], wuxuuna bixiyaa adeegyo [[Recreation|madadaalo]] oo loogu talagalay dalxiisayaasha, webiguna wuxuu maraa baarka dhexdiisa.<ref name="NNPS">{{cite web |url=http://nigeriaparkservice.org/oyo/Default.aspx |title=Old Oyo National Park |publisher=Nigeria National Park Service |access-date=2010-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216091305/http://nigeriaparkservice.org/oyo/Default.aspx/ |archive-date=16 December 2017 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> Webiga Ofiki, oo isna ka soo bilaabma meel u dhow Shaki, waa mid ka mid ah webiga [[Ogun State|Ogun]] meelaha ugu muhiimsan ee uu ka soo maaxdo.<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Map-of-Ogun-and-Osun-River-Basins-and-the-Adjacent-Basins_fig2_277233312#:~:text=The%20major%20tributaries%20of%20the,season%20between%20April%20and%20October. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Map-of-Ogun-and-Osun-River-Basins-and-the-Adjacent-Basins_fig2_277233312#:~:text=The%20major%20tributaries%20of%20the,season%20between%20April%20and%20October.]</ref> [[Oyan River Dam|Webiga Oyan]], oo ah marin kale, waxaa ka gudba [[Oyan River Dam|Biyo-xireenka Webiga Oyan]] kaas oo biyo siiya [[Abeokuta]] iyo [[Lagos]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2022-09-22 |title=Flood threat: Ogun border community cries out over opening Oyan River dam |url=https://guardian.ng/news/flood-threat-ogun-border-community-cries-out-over-opening-oyan-river-dam/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2023-07-10 |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Meelaha ay dadku ku badan yihiin, webiga waxaa loo isticmaalaa [[bathing|qubeys]], [[washing|dhaqid]], iyo [[drinking|cabbid]]. Waxa kale oo uu u adeegaa sidii bullaacad qashinka dabiiciga ah inta badan laga keeno [[abattoirs|meelaha lagu qalo xoolaha]] ee ku yaal webiga jiinkiisa.<ref name="Ayoade2004" /> == Taariikhda == [[File:-phemmyphotography@PHEMMY PHOTOGRAPHY@olumo-71.jpg|thumb|Buundada Aro ee dul marta webiga Ogun]] Diinta [[Yoruba religion|Yoruba]], [[Yemoja]] waa [[divinity|ilaahada]] Webiga Ogun. [[Catechist|Cadekiistaha]] [[Charles Phillips (bishop)|Charles Phillips]], oo ahaa aabbaha [[Charles Phillips (bishop)|Charles Phillips]] oo markii dambe noqday [[Bishop]]-ka [[Ondo State|Gobolka Ondo]], ayaa qoray 1857 in Webiga Ogun uu guud ahaan ahaa mid ay [[Worship|caabudaan]] dadka ku nool jiinkiisa laga soo bilaabo halka uu ka soo maaxdo ilaa meesha uu kaga shubo [[lagoon|bada gudaheeda]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BIdITHIAEs0C&pg=PA201 |title=Hail Orisha!: a phenomenology of a West African religion in the mid-nineteenth century |first=Peter Rutherford |last=McKenzie |publisher=BRILL |year=1997 |page=30 |isbn=90-04-10942-0}}</ref> Webigu wuxuu dhex maraa wadnaha boqortooyadii hore ee [[Oyo Empire]]. Magaalada [[Oyo State|Oyo]] waxaa loo qaybiyay lix [[Province|gobol]], iyadoo saddex ay ku yaalliin dhinaca galbeed ee Webiga Ogun saddexna ay ku yaalliin dhinaca bari ee webiga.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Stride, G.T. |author2=C. Ifeka |name-list-style=amp |page=296 |title=Peoples and Empires of West Africa: West Africa in History 1000–1800 |publisher=Nelson |location=Edinburgh |year=1971 |isbn=0-17-511448-X}}</ref> Wakhti ka mid ah, webigu wuxuu ahaa marin muhiim ah oo ay ganacsatadu alaab ku qaadaan doonyo u dhexeeya [[Abeokuta]] iyo [[Lagos Colony]].<ref>{{cite book |ref={{harv|Foreign and Commonwealth}} |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q5kAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA381 |title=British and foreign state papers, Volume 54 |author=Foreign and Commonwealth Office |publisher=H.M.S.O. |year=1859}}</ref> == Sawirro == <gallery> File:Ogun river in Abeokuta Ogun State, Nigeria.jpg|Webiga Ogun ee Abeokuta kaas oo dadka deegaanku u yaqaannaan "Odo Ogun". File:Ogun river view from Olumo top in Abeokuta, Ogun State-Nigeria.jpg|Webiga Ogun oo laga arkayo dusha sare ee [[Olumo Rock|dhagaxa Olumo]] ee [[Abeokuta]], [[Ogun State|gobolka Ogun]] File:Sun sets at Ogun River.jpg|Qorrax dhaca Webiga Ogun File:Birds Cloaking on a Tree Beside Ogun River.jpg|Waaberiga Webiga Ogun File:Bridge over Ògùn river.jpg|Buundo dul marta Webiga Ogun File:River Ogun Bridge Enterance (Enu Gada) (1).jpg|Irridka buundada Webiga Ogun File:-phemmyphotography@PHEMMY PHOTOGRAPHY@olumo-71.jpg|Buundada Aro oo dul marta webiga Ogun </gallery> == Tixraac == {{Reflist |refs= <ref name=Ayoade2004>{{cite journal |url=http://www.ots.ac.cr/tropiweb/attachments/volumes/vol52-1/21-AYOADE-171-176.pdf |title=Gill asymmetry in Labeo ogunensis from Ogun river, Southwest Nigeria |author1=A.A. Ayoade, A.A. Sowunmi |author2=H.I. Nwachukwu |name-list-style=amp |journal=Rev. Biol. Trop. |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=171–175 |year=2004|doi=10.15517/rbt.v52i1.14821 |pmid=17357414 }}</ref> }} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|6.745589|N|3.34259|E|display=title}} amlpzzw9nf0ssjfa8nvdoor5y9yjy3z 0 48624 305846 303950 2026-08-24T18:13:14Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305846 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Tano<br>''Rivière Tanoé'' | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = The Tano River.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = | map = Bia - Tano - Ankobra OSM.png | map_size = 300px | map_caption = Koonfurta Ghana oo leh webiga Tano | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Waddamada | subdivision_name1 = [[Ghana]] iyo [[Ivory Coast]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|400|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= [[Mouth|Afka]] | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Atlantic Ocean|Badweynta Atlaantik]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|7|37|50|N|1|53|58|W|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = <ref>{{cite book |last1=Konadu |first1=Kwasi |last2=Campbell |first2=Clifford C. |title=The Ghana Reader |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780822359845 |date=2016 |publisher=Duke University |location=Durham. North Carolina and London, England |isbn=978-0-8223-5992-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780822359845/page/39 39]–40}}</ref> | extra = }} '''Tano''' ama '''Webiga Tanoé''' ([[French language|Af-Faransiis]]: ''Rivière Tano'') waa [[webi]] ku yaal [[Ghana]]. Wuxuu u qulqulaa 400 [[Kilometre|kiiloomitir]] laga bilaabo magaalo la yiraahdo Traa, oo ah xaafad ka tirsan [[Techiman]], oo ah caasimadda [[Bono East Region|Gobolka Bono East]] ee Jamhuuriyadda Ghana ilaa [[Aby Lagoon|Ehy Lagoon]], [[Tendo Lagoon]] iyo ugu dambeyntii Aby Lagoon ee [[Ivory Coast]] halkaas oo uu ka galo [[Atlantic Ocean|Badweynta Atlaantik]]. Webiga Tano wuxuu sameeyaa dhowr kiiloomitir oo ugu dambeeya xadka [[Ghana–Ivory Coast border|dhulka caalamiga ah]] ee u dhexeeya Ghana iyo Ivory Coast.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Tano Basin |url=https://wrc.gov.gh/ |publisher=Water Resources Commission of Ghana}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Asare‑Donkor |first=Noah Kyame |last2=Adimado |first2=Anthony Apeke |date=2016 |title=Influence of mining related activities on levels of mercury in water, sediment and fish from the Ankobra and Tano River basins in South Western Ghana |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81847678.pdf |journal=Environmental Systems Research}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gbadamosi |first=Nosmot |date=28 January 2020 |title=Ghana's Bauxite Boom |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/01/28/china-investment-bauxite-mining-ghana-infrastructure/ |website=[[Foreign Policy]]}}</ref> [[Traditional religion|Caqiidooyinka maxalliga ah]] ee [[Bono people|dadka Bono]] ayaa aaminsan in Taakora, oo ah ilaaha ugu sarreeya ilaahyada Bono ee Dunida, uu ku nool yahay isha webiga.<ref>[http://patachu.com/tano-river/ Tano River] ''patachu.com''.</ref> Dadkii ugu dambeeyay ee ka mid ah [[Miss Waldron's red colobus|Miss Waldron's Red Colobus]] (''Piliocolobus badius waldronae''), oo ah mid ka mid ah [[primate|xayawaanka]] ugu halista badan dunida, ayaa la rumeysan yahay inay ku nool yihiin kaynta u dhaxaysa webiga iyo Ehy Lagoon.<ref>McGraw (2005)</ref> Ilaa badhtamihii [[2008]], aaggan waxaa loo qorsheeyay [[logging|in la gooyo]] kayntiisa ay shirkadda [[Unilever]], iyadoo ujeedadu tahay in lagu beddelo [[oil palm|timirta saliidda]] [[plantation|beeraha]].<ref>Wolzer (2008)</ref><ref name=":0" /> Bishii [[January]] ee [[2020]], baabuur xamuul ah oo waday [[sulfuric acid]] ayaa ku dhacay webiga Tano. 13-kii Janaayo dadka ayaa lagula taliyay inaysan cabin biyaha sababtoo ah wasakhowga. Webiga tan iyo markaas waxaa loo soo celiyay xaaladdiisa dabiiciga ah.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poisoned Tano River Restored – GWCL |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/979917/poisoned-tano-river-restored-gwcl.html |website=Modern Ghana}}</ref> == Bulaacada iyo Biyaha == Webiga Tano waa marin-biyoodka ugu weyn ee Bulaacada Tano, oo ah mid ka mid ah afarta bulaacadood ee waaweyn ee koonfur-galbeed Ghana, oo ay weheliyaan bulaacadaha Ankobra, Bia, iyo Pra. Bulaacadu waxay daboolaysaa qiyaastii 16,060 kiiloomitir oo laba jibbaaran, taas oo qiyaastii 92.6% ay ku taal gudaha Ghana iyo 7.4% ay u gudubto Ivory Coast.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=TANO BASIN |url=https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |access-date=2026-07-07 |archive-date=2026-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260416143904/https://wrc.gov.gh/ova_por/tano/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bulaacadu waxay ku fidsan tahay inta u dhaxaysa loolka ''5°00′ N'' iyo ''7°40′ N'' iyo dhigaha 1°48′ W iyo ''3°05′ W''. Gacan-biyoodyada waaweyn ee Webiga Tano waxaa ka mid ah ''Boin'', ''Disue'', ''Amama'', ''Abu'', ''Gaw'', ''Suraw'', ''Samre'', ''Totua'', iyo ''webiyada Disri''.<ref name=":1" /> Bulaacada Tano waxay taageertaa [[agriculture|beeraha]], [[forestry|kaymaha]], [[mining|macdanta]], iyo sahayda biyaha guriga ee koonfur-galbeed Ghana iyo koonfur-bari Ivory Coast. Nidaamka webigu wuxuu bullaacaa gobol qani ku ah khayraadka macdanta, oo ay ku jiraan dahabka iyo kaydka bauxite.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tano River {{!}} Ghana, Ivory Coast & Burkina Faso {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tano-River |access-date=2026-06-16 |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> == Deegaanka iyo Kala duwanaanshaha == Webiga Tano iyo qoyan-dhuleedyada la xiriira waxay taageeraan nidaamyo deegaan oo muhiim ah, gaar ahaan bulaacada hoose ee ku wareegsan kaymaha Tanoé-Ehy iyo [[Aby Lagoon complex|nidaamka Aby Lagoon]]. [[Habitat|Goobahan]] waxay ka kooban yihiin [[biodiversity|kala duwanaansho noole]] muhiim ah waxayna bixiyaan xiriir deegaan oo u dhexeeya Ghana iyo Ivory Coast.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Koffi |first=Alexandre Tano Kan |date=2025-07-21 |title=Comprehensive Analysis of the Tano River and Its Basin |url=https://tanoriver.com/comprehensive-analysis-of-the-tano-river-and-its-basin/ |access-date=2026-06-16 |website=The Tano River |language=en-US |archive-date=2026-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260616183942/https://tanoriver.com/comprehensive-analysis-of-the-tano-river-and-its-basin/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bulaacadu waxay sidoo kale taageertaa noocyo badan oo kalluun ah, shimbiraha qoyan-dhuleedka, iyo nidaamyada deegaanka kaynta kuleylaha kuwaas oo si sii kordheysa loogu hanjabay xaalufinta kaymaha, ballaarinta beeraha, iyo hawlaha macdanta sharci darrada ah.<ref name=":2" /> == Caqabadaha Deegaanka == Bulaacada Webiga Tano waxay wajahaysaa cadaadis [[environmental|deegaan]] oo kordhaya oo ka imanaya [[deforestation|xaalufinta kaymaha]], [[pollution|wasakhowga]], '''''macdan qodista sharci darrada ah''''' (oo maxalli ahaan loo yaqaan ''[[galamsey]]''), iyo [[agricultural expansion|ballaarinta beeraha]]. Hawlahani waxay gacan ka geystaan hoos u dhaca tayada biyaha, sedimentation, iyo luminta deegaanka.<ref name=":2" /> Iskaashiga xuduudaha ee u dhexeeya Ghana iyo [[Ivory Coast|Côte d’Ivoire]] ayaa si sii kordheysa muhiim u ah si loo hubiyo maaraynta waarta ee khayraadka biyaha iyo [[Ecosystem|nidaamyada deegaanka]] ee webiga.<ref name=":1" /> == Qoraallada == {{Reflist}} == Tixraac == {{Commons}} * {{aut|McGraw, W. Scott}} (2005): Update on the Search for Miss Waldron's Red Colobus Monkey. ''International Journal of Primatology'' '''26'''(3): 605–619. <small>{{doi|10.1007/s10764-005-4368-9}}</small> * {{aut|Wolzer, Chris}} (2008): Tanoé Swamps Forest destruction by Unilever. Retrieved 2008-JUN-24. dmit2iu1sawe694wbae5rxrqsgj28b1 0 48655 305872 301114 2026-08-24T18:27:11Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305872 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Gambia | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = River gambia Niokolokoba National Park.gif | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Gambia oo ku yaal [[Niokolo-Koba National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Niokolo-Koba]] | map = Gambiarivermap.png | map_size = | map_caption = Khariidadda bulaacada Webiga Gambia | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Waddamada | subdivision_name1 = {{hlist|[[Guinea]]|[[Senegal]]|[[The Gambia|Gambia]]}} | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length_km = 1120 | length_ref = <ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Gambia River |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://global.britannica.com/place/Gambia-River |access-date=30 October 2016}}</ref> | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = [[Fouta Djallon]] | source1_location = [[Labé Prefecture|Labé]], Guinea | source1_coordinates= {{Coord|11.412|-12.226|format=dms|display=i}} | source1_elevation = {{Convert|795|m|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Atlantic Ocean|Badweynta Atlaantik]] | mouth_location = [[Banjul]], Gambia | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|13|28|N|16|34|W|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size_km2 = 78000 | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 5 | mapframe-stroke-width = 1.5 }} '''Webiga Gambia''' (oo horay loogu yaqaanay '''River Gambra''', [[French language|Faransiis]]: ''Fleuve Gambie'', [[Portuguese language|Boortaqiis]]: ''Rio Gâmbia'') waa webi weyn oo ku yaal [[West Africa|Galbeedka Afrika]], kaas oo u qulqula {{convert|1120|km|mi}} kana bilaabma bannaanka [[Fouta Djallon]] ee waqooyiga [[Guinea]] dhanka galbeed ilaa uu maro [[Senegal]] iyo [[The Gambia|Gambia]] ilaa uu ka gaaro [[Atlantic Ocean|Badweynta Atlaantik]] ee magaalada [[Banjul]]. Waa marin-biyood la mari karo qiyaastii kala bar dhererkiisa. Webigan ayaa si xooggan loola xiriiriyaa Gambia, oo ah dalka ugu yar ee dhul-weynaha [[Africa|Afrika]], kaas oo qabsada kala bar webiga iyo labadiisa bangi. == Juqraafi == Webiga Gambia wuxuu leeyahay dherer dhan {{convert|1120|km}}. Laga soo bilaabo Fouta Djallon, wuxuu u qulqulaa waqooyi-galbeed ilaa gobolka [[Tambacounda Region|Tambacounda]] ee Senegal, halkaas oo uu kaga dhex qulqulo [[Parc National du Niokolo Koba|Beerta Qaranka ee Niokolo Koba]], ka dibna waxaa ku biira Nieri Ko iyo {{ill|Koulountou|fr|Koulountou}} wuxuuna sii maraa [[Barrakunda Falls|Biyaha-dhaca ee Barrakunda]] ka hor inta uusan gelin Gambia oo uu marayo Koina. Meeshan, webiga wuxuu u socdaa guud ahaan dhanka galbeed, laakiin wuxuu leeyahay marin qaloocan oo leh tiro [[Oxbow lake|haraha qaloocan]], qiyaastii {{convert|100|km}} marka laga tago afkiisa, wuxuu si tartiib tartiib ah u ballaaraa in ka badan {{convert|10|km}} halkaas oo uu kula kulmo badda. === Ka gudubka === Waxaa jira dhowr buundooyin oo ka gudba webiga. Midda ugu weyn uguna fog xagga hoose waa [[Senegambia Bridge|Buundada Senegambia]] oo u dhaxaysa magaalooyinka [[Farafenni]] iyo [[Soma, Gambia|Soma]] ee dalka Gambia. Waxaa la furay bishii Janaayo 2019, waxay bixisaa xiriir ka dhexeeya qaybaha [[Trans-Gambia Highway]] ee ku yaal bangiga Waqooyi iyo Koonfur ee webiga. Waxay sidoo kale bixisaa xiriir degdeg ah oo loogu talagalay gawaarida xamuulka ee [[Demographics of Senegal|Senegal]] ee u safraya iyo ka imanaya gobolka go'doonsan ee [[Casamance]]. Buundada waa {{convert|1.9|km}} dhererkeeda waxayna beddeshay [[Vehicle ferry|gaadiidka biyaha]] oo aan la isku halayn karin. Waxaa jira lacag laga qaado ka gudubka gawaarida. Waxaa sidoo kale jira buundooyin ku yaal [[Upper River Division|Gobolka Upper River]] ee Gambia oo ku yaal [[Basse Santa Su]] iyo [[Fatoto]] kuwaas oo la furay Oktoobar 2021,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ma |first1=Jianchun |title=Building the Friendship Bridges towards a Shared Future of China and The Gambia |url=https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/opinion/commentary-building-the-friendship-bridges-towards-a-shared-future-of-china-and-the-gambia |access-date=3 August 2022 |agency=The Point |date=13 Oct 2021}}</ref> iyo sidoo kale buundo ku taal Senegal oo ku taal Gouloumbou. Dhammaan waddooyinka kale ee laga gudbo waxaa lagu sameeyaa doonyo, oo ay ku jirto marin aasaasi ah oo u dhaxaysa [[Banjul]] iyo [[Barra, Gambia|Barra]] oo ku yaal afka webiga, ama doonyo yar yar. === Bolongs === [[Tributary|Webiyada yaryar]] ee ku yaal qaybaha hoose ee webiga waxaa inta badan loo yaqaannaa ''bolongs'' ama ''bolons.'' Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah Sami Bolong, oo u qaybiya qaybaha waqooyi ee [[Central River Division]] iyo [[Upper River Division]], Bintang Bolong oo u qaybiya [[Lower River Division]] ka [[West Coast Division]], iyo sidoo kale xubno kale oo yaryar oo biyo ah sida Sofancama, Jurunku, Kutang, Nianji, iyo Sandugu bolongs.<ref>Gailey.</ref> == Taariikh == Dadka ugu horreeya ee lagu yaqaan inay ku noolaayeen aagga ku teedsan Webiga Gambia waxaa ka mid ah [[Jola people|Jola]], [[Balante]], [[Bainuk]], iyo [[Manjak people|Manjak]].<ref>Buhnen, 49.</ref> Sahamiyaha [[Carthage|Carthage]] [[Hanno the Navigator]] ayaa laga yaabaa inuu gaaray Gambia intii lagu jiray safarkiisa qarnigii shanaad ee BC.<ref>"Kunta Kinteh Island and Related Sites". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Accessed 14/8/22.</ref> Sida laga soo xigtay dhaqanka afka ah, tiro badan oo muhaajiriin [[Mandinka people|Mandinka]] ah oo ka yimid [[Mali|Maali]] oo uu hoggaaminayo [[Tiramakhan Traore]], oo ka mid ahaa guutada ugu sarreeya ee [[Sundiata Keita|Sundiata]], ayaa yimid gobolka qarnigii 14aad. Taariikhyahannada casriga ah qaarkood, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay qabaan in muhaajiriin yar oo kaliya, inta badan ganacsatada ''jula'', ay halkii ay ka hoggaamin lahaayeen isbeddel bulsho-dhaqameed oo tartiib-tartiib ah oo ku wajahan aqoonsiga qowmiyadda Mandinka ee heerka sare leh iyo [[Mali Empire|Boqortooyada Maali]].<ref>Wright, "Beyond Migration", 385.</ref><ref>Buhnen, 51.</ref> ''Jula''-gan waxay Gambia ka dhigeen qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah shabakadda ganacsiga Galbeedka Afrika, halkaas oo cusbo, qolof-biyood, bir, maro, foolmaroodi, shumac, dahab, addoomo, maqaar iyo kuwo kale lagu kala beddelan jiray ilaa [[Niger River|Webiga Niger]] iyo wixii ka dambeeya.<ref>Wright, "Darbo Jula", 33.</ref><ref>Van Hoven.</ref> [[Alvise Cadamosto]], oo ahaa sahamiye [[Venice|Venice]] ah oo u shaqaynayay [[Portugal|Boortaqiiska]], ayaa noqday qofkii ugu horreeyay ee Yurub ah ee u safray Gambia sannadkii 1455, isagoo webiga ugu yeeraya ''Gambra'' ama ''Cambra''. Ilaha kale ee laga helo xilligaas waxay diiwaan-geliyeen magacyo ay ka mid yihiin ''Guambea'', ''Guabu'', iyo ''Gambu'' (suurtogal ah isku-darka, xilligaas ama taariikhda dambe, ee magaca webiga iyo boqortooyada [[Kaabu]]).<ref>Buhnen, 71.</ref> Iyadoo ganacsatada ka kala socda waddamada kala duwan ee Yurub ay ku ganacsanayeen webiga Gambia muddo laba qarni ah ka dib Cadamosto, [[Duchy of Courland and Semigallia]] waxay ahayd tii ugu horreysay ee aasaasta saldhig joogto ah, waxa ay ugu yeereen [[Kunta Kinteh Island|Jasiiradda St Andrew]] sannadkii 1651. Ka dib markii ay gacanta ku dhigeen jasiiradda oo ay u beddeleen 'St James' sannadkii 1661, Ingiriisku wuxuu la tartamay Faransiiska si uu u maamulo ganacsiga webiga qarnigii iyo badh ee xigay.<ref>Gailey, 3.</ref> Intii lagu jiray xilligan, boqortooyooyinka ku teedsan webiga Gambia waxaa ka mid ahaa [[Niumi]] (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan [[Barra, Gambia|Barra]]), [[Kingdom of Niani|Niani]], [[Kantora]], Jimara, [[Kiang (The Gambia)|Kiang]], [[Badibu]], [[Fuladu]], Tumana, iyo [[Kingdom of Wuli|Wuli]], kuwaas oo dhammaantood magacyadooda siiyay degmooyinka [[The Gambia|Gambia]] maanta. Saldhigyada ganacsiga ee waaweyn ee ku yaal ama u dhow webiga waxaa ka mid ahaa Barra, [[Albreda]], [[Juffure]], [[Kunta Kinteh Island|James Island]] (hadda ah [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site|Goob Dhaxalgal ah]]), Tendaba, Joar, [[MacCarthy Island]], [[Fattatenda]], iyo [[Sutukoba]]. Qiyaastii qarnigii 18aad, sahamiyaha reer Scotland [[Mungo Park (explorer)|Mungo Park]] ayaa u safray Gambia laba jeer isagoo ku sii jeeda Webiga Niger.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Washington |first=Capt. |date=1838 |title=Some Account of Mohammedu-Siseï, a Mandingo, of Nyáni-Marú on the Gambia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1797825 |journal=The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London |volume=8 |pages=448–454 |doi=10.2307/1797825 |issn=0266-6235|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Anglo-French Convention of 1889|Heshiiskii Anglo-Faransiiska ee 1889]] ayaa xadiday xuduudaha [[Gambia Protectorate|Gambia Protectorate]] iyo gumeysigii [[Senegal|Senegal]] oo ahayd toban kiiloomitir waqooyi iyo koonfurta webiga ilaa gudaha ilaa Yarbutenda (oo u dhow Koina ee maanta), oo leh 10km oo radius ah si loo calaamadeeyo xadka bari ee laga cabbiray bartamaha magaalada.<ref>Gailey, 27.</ref> Sidaa darteed Ingiriisku wuxuu gacanta ku hayay webiga ilaa inta ay mari karaan maraakiibta badda. In kasta oo xilligaas loo arkayay ku meel-gaar, xuduudaha la dejiyay 1889-kii ayaa weli aan isbeddelin ilaa hadda.<ref>Gailey, 28.</ref> == Dhirta iyo xayawaanka == Xayawaanka biyaha ee [[Drainage basin|bulaacada]] Webiga Gambia waxay si dhow ula xiriirtaa tan bulaacada [[Senegal River|Webiga Senegal]], labadana waxaa badanaa lagu daraa hal [[ecoregion]] oo loo yaqaan [[List of freshwater ecoregions in Africa and Madagascar#Nilo-Sudan|Senegal-Gambia Catchments]]. In kasta oo [[species richness|hodantinimada noocyadu]] ay tahay mid dhexdhexaad ah, saddex nooc oo raha ah iyo hal kalluun ayaa ah kuwo [[Endemism|ku gaar ah]] ecoregion-kan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/senegal_gambia |title=509: Senegal – Gambia |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World |access-date=30 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030202252/http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/senegal_gambia |archive-date=30 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Oysters-ka waxaa ka soo gurta Webiga Gambia haweenka waxaana loo isticmaalaa in lagu sameeyo [[oyster stew]], cunto dhaqameedka [[cuisine of Gambia|Gambia]]. == Sawirro == <gallery mode=packed heights= style="text-align:left"> File:Map of the River Gambra (now the Gambia) 1732.JPG|Khariidadda Webiga Gambra (hadda waa Gambia) 1732 File:Gambia satellite fires.jpeg|Qaybta galbeed ee Webiga Gambia, oo laga soo arkay hawada sare. Xariiqdu waxay muujinaysaa xadka Gambia. File:RiverGambia_Janjanbureh_20190122_Upstream.jpg|Muuqaalka sare ee webiga, oo u dhow [[Janjanbureh Island]] File:RiverGambia_Janjanbureh_20190122_Riverbank.jpg|Bangiga webiga, oo u dhow Janjanbureh File:RiverGambia_Janjanbureh_20190122_Ferry.jpg|Doonta ka gudubta webiga, ee Janjanbureh </gallery> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} == Buug-qoraal == * Bühnen, Stephan. "Place Names as an Historical Source: An Introduction with Examples from Southern Senegambia and Germany." History in Africa, vol. 19, 1992. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/3171995. * {{cite book |last1=Gailey |first1=Harry |title=Historical dictionary of the Gambia |url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000gail |date=1987 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |location=Metuchen, N.J. |isbn=0810820013}} * Gray, J.M. (1940). History of the Gambia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. * {{cite book|first=Arnold|last=Hughes|first2=David|last2=Perfect|title=Historical Dictionary of The Gambia|series=African Historical Dictionaries|volume=109|location=Metuchen, New Jersey|publisher=Scarecrow Press|edition=4th|year=2008|isbn=9781442265226|contribution=|pages=}} * {{cite journal |last1=van Hoven |first1=Ed |title=Local Tradition or Islamic Precept? The Notion of zakāt in Wuli (Eastern Senegal) (La notion de "zakāt" au Wuli (Sénégal)) |journal=Cahiers d'Études Africaines |date=1996 |volume=36 |issue=144 |pages=703–722 |doi=10.3406/cea.1996.1863 |jstor=4392734 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4392734 |access-date=2 December 2020|url-access=subscription }} * Wright, Donald R. "Beyond Migration and Conquest: Oral Traditions and Mandinka Ethnicity in Senegambia." History in Africa, vol. 12, 1985. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/3171727. * Wright, Donald R. "Darbo Jula: The Role of a Mandinka Jula Clan in the Long-Distance Trade of the Gambia River and Its Hinterland." African Economic History, no. 3, 1977, pp. 33–45. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/3601138. Accessed 27 Jul. 2022. == Xiriirinta dibadda == *{{Commons category-inline}} *[http://www.accessgambia.com/information/gambia-river-info.html Macluumaadka iyo Sawirrada Webiga Gambia] {{Authority control}} tlh4uo54znh67fce3df3xb92d5phsye 0 48702 305885 301173 2026-08-24T18:33:03Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305885 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Buzi | native_name = {{langx|pt|Rio Búzi}} | name_other = | name_etymology = | nickname = <!---------------------- IMAGE--> | image = Cyclone Idai floods near Beira 2019-3-19 by ESA Copernicus Sentinel-1.jpg | image_caption = Webiga Buzi oo fatahaad ka dib [[Cyclone Idai]], Maarso 2019 | image_alt = <!---------------------- MAPS --> | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= | pushpin_map_alt = <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Waddan | subdivision_name1 = [[Mozambique|Mozambique]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobollada | subdivision_name2 = [[Manica Province|Manica]] iyo [[Sofala Province|Sofala]] <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length_km = 374 | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= Meel u dhow afka | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = (Xilligii: 1979–2015) {{cvt|9.49|km3/year|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="GEF TWAP - Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme — GEF TWAP">{{cite web|url=http://geftwap.org|title=GEF TWAP - Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme — GEF TWAP}}</ref> (Xilligii: 1971–2000){{cvt|315.4|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Indian Ocean Coast">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=158&catid=321&Itemid=179|title=Indian Ocean Coast}}</ref> | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = [[Eastern Highlands|Buuraha Bariga]] | source1_coordinates= <!-- {{Coord|...}} --> | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Mozambique Channel|Kanaalka Mozambique]] | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|19|52|0|S|34|46|0|E}} | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = Webiga Búzi | basin_size_km2 = 28,490|basin_size_ref=<ref name="GEF TWAP - Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme — GEF TWAP">{{cite web|url=http://geftwap.org|title=GEF TWAP - Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme — GEF TWAP}}</ref> ilaa {{cvt|31,000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left = Revué, Lucite | tributaries_right = | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Buzi''' ({{langx|pt|Rio Búzi}}) waa webi ku yaal [[Mozambique|Mozambique]]. Buzi wuxuu ka soo jeedaa [[Eastern Highlands|Buuraha Bariga]] (ama Buuraha Manica) oo ku yaal xuduudda Mozambique iyo Zimbabwe, wuxuuna u qulqulaa bariga isagoo maraya gobollada [[Manica Province|Manica]] iyo [[Sofala Province|Sofala]] ee Mozambique. Wuxuu ku shubmaa [[Mozambique Channel|Kanaalka Mozambique]] galbeedka [[Beira, Mozambique|Beira]], isagoo samaynaya estuary ballaaran oo ay weheliyaan [[Pungwe River|Webiga Pungwe]]. == Juqraafiyadda == Webiga Buzi waa {{convert|374|km|mi|abbr=on}} dherer, wuxuuna leeyahay [[drainage basin|dhaamka biyaha]] dhan {{convert|31,000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}. Celceliska [[Discharge (hydrology)|qulqulka]] sannadlaha ah waa 79 [[Cubic metre per second|m³/s]] (2,790 [[Cubic foot per second|cfs]]) ilaa {{cvt|315|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} afkiisa.<ref name="Indian Ocean Coast">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=158&catid=321&Itemid=179|title=Indian Ocean Coast}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Nakayama |first= Mikiyasu |title= International Waters in Southern Africa |url= https://archive.org/details/internationalwat0000unse |year= 2003 |publisher= United Nations University Press |isbn= 92-808-1077-4 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/internationalwat0000unse/page/9 9]}}; online at [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ittv1oAJ37sC Google Books]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277533245_FLOOD_FORECASTING_MODELING_FOR_THE_BUZI_RIVER_BASIN_IN_MOZAMBIQUE |title=Flood forecasting modeling for the Buzi River Basin in Mozambique |date= 2012 |doi= 10.13140/RG.2.1.2603.7928 |author=Alicia Bustillos Ardaya |access-date=17 February 2021}}</ref> Wuxuu inta badan keenaa fatahaado, isagoo inta badan samaynaya daad-bax weheliya Webiga Pungwe oo ka weyn. [[Dombé]] iyo [[Búzi]] waxay ku yaallaan bangiyada webiga. == Qaybaha dhaxalka == Buzi iyo qaybaha dhaxalkiisa ugu waaweyn waxay ka kacaan [[Eastern Highlands|Buuraha Bariga]], ama Buuraha Manica, oo ay weheliyaan xuduudda Zimbabwe. Qaar ka mid ah ilaha biyaha ee Buzi waxay ka kacaan Zimbabwe, meelo kalena xuduudda caalamiga ah waxay raacdaa xuduudda qaybta biyaha. Webiga Revué waa tributary-ga ugu weyn ee woqooyi, ilahiisuna waxay ku yaallaan Buuraha Bariga meel u dhow [[Machipanda]]. Sannadkii 1968, dawladdii gumeysiga ee Mozambique waxay dhistay [[hydroelectricity|hydroelectric]] Chicamba Dam oo ku taal Revué si ay u abuurto [[Lake Chicamba|Harada Chicamba]].<ref>Briggs, Philip (2011)''Mozambique''. Brandt Travel Guides, 2011. p. 217</ref> [[Lucite River|Webiga Lucite]], oo kor-webiga Zimbabwe looga yaqaan Rusitu ama Lusitu, waa tributary-ga dhexe, wuxuuna ku milmaa Buzi kor ka xiga Revué. [[Mossurize River|Webiga Mossurize]] wuxuu ku milmaa Buzi koonfur-galbeed, kor ka xiga Lucite. [[Save River (Africa)|Webiga Save]] dhaamka biyaha wuxuu ku yaal galbeedka iyo koonfur-galbeed ee dhaamka biyaha Buzi. [[Pungwe River|Pungwe]] dhaamka biyaha wuxuu ku yaal woqooyiga. == Tixraac == == Qoraallo == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} 0popaqsdsxqi37k9agij7g58hrypgms 0 48772 305890 301322 2026-08-24T18:36:30Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305890 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mono river in Grand-Popo, Benin.jpg|thumb|Aagga afka Webiga Mono ee [[Grand-Popo]], Benin.]] [[File:Map of rivers of Togo OSM.png|thumb|Togo oo leh [[Webiga Oti]] (waqooyi) iyo Webiga Mono (koonfur)]] '''Webiga Mono''' waa wabiga ugu weyn ee bariga [[Togo]]. Wuxuu dhererkiisu yahay qiyaastii {{convert|400|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wuxuuna qulquliyaa biyo-mareen dhan qiyaastii {{convert|20,000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, wuxuu ka soo kacaa inta u dhaxaysa magaalada [[Sokodé]] iyo xadka uu la wadaago [[Benin]], wuxuuna u qulqulaa koonfur. Qaybta koonfureed ee webiga ee u dhow afkiisa, wuxuu sameeyaa [[xadka caalamiga ah]] ee u dhexeeya Togo iyo Benin. Webigu wuxuu ku shubmaa [[Gacanka Benin]] isagoo sii mara nidaam ballaaran oo [[biyo milix leh]] ah oo ka kooban [[lagoon]]yo iyo [[haro]]oyin, oo ay ku jirto [[Harada Togo]].<ref name=Atlas>{{cite book |title=Atlas of the World |last=Philip's |year=1994 |publisher=Reed International |isbn=0-540-05831-9 |page=101 }}</ref> Qaybta webiga ee ugu dhow afkiisa ayaa kaliya ah mid la mari karo. Inta badan biyo-mareenka webiga ee ku yaal bannaanka sare ayaa loo [[beerashada]] [[galeyda]], [[yam|yam-ka]], [[bariiska]], [[cudbiga]] iyo [[cassava]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mono-River |title=Mono River |work=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=21 November 2016}}</ref> Webiga waxaa laga dhisay biyo-xireen qiyaastii {{convert|160|km|mi|abbr=on}} u jira afkiisa oo lagu magacaabo [[Nangbeto Dam]], kaas oo ahaa iskaashi u dhexeeya Benin iyo Togo oo la dhammaystiray 1987. Daraasado ayaa soo wariyay faa'iidooyin dhaqaale oo ka dhashay biyo-xireenka, oo ay ku jiraan dalxiiska iyo kalluumeysiga ee harada gadaashiisa ku taal. Dhismaha biyo-xireenka ayaa barakiciyay inta u dhaxaysa 7,600 iyo 10,000 oo qof, si kastaba ha ahaatee, daraasadaha ayaa tilmaamaya inuu si weyn wax uga beddelay bay'ada nidaamka lagoon-ka ee afka webiga isagoo dhimay isbeddellada xilliyeedka dabiiciga ah ee qulqulka webiga. Mashruuc biyo-xireen labaad, [[Adjarala Dam]], ayaa la soo jeediyay in laga dhiso webiga inta u dhaxaysa Nangbeto iyo afka webiga intii lagu jiray 1990-meeyadii<ref name=ADBG>{{cite web |url=http://www.afdb.org/en/documents/document/multinational-nangbeto-hydroelectric-dam-benin-togo-9679/ |title=Multinational: Nangbeto Hydroelectric Dam (Benin/Togo) |date=15 January 2014 |publisher=African Development Bank Group |access-date=21 November 2016}}</ref> laakiin ma helin maalgelin ilaa 2017 markii [[China-Africa Development Fund]] ay ogolaatay inay taageerto mashruuca.<ref>''Togo First'', Togo: CAD Fund to support new development projects, Tuesday, 11 September 2018 19:08, https://www.togofirst.com/en/investments/1109-1578-togo-cad-fund-to-support-new-development-projects</ref> Dhismaha biyo-xireenku waa qayb ka mid ah qorshaha dawladda ee lagu kordhinayo awoodda dhalinta korontada ee gudaha Benin oo laga dhigayo 20 ilaa 70% maadaama inta badan korontada Togo iyo Benin ay hadda u baahan tahay in laga keeno [[Akosombo Dam]] ee Ghana.<ref name=Europa>{{Cite book | last = Europa Publications | title = Africa South of the Sahara 2014 | url = https://archive.org/details/africasouthofsah0000unse_e3y7 | publisher = [[Routledge]] | year = 2014 | page = [https://archive.org/details/africasouthofsah0000unse_e3y7/page/112 112] | isbn =978-1-85743-698-3 }}</ref> Qiyaastii {{convert|35|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} u jira afkiisa, waxaa jira lix taxane oo biyo-dhacyo ah. Tan ka hooseysa, webigu wuxuu noqdaa mid gaabis u socda wuxuuna maraa bannaanka fatahaadda ee qoyan, waxaana jira aag weyn oo dhul qoyan ah oo isku xiran labada Togo iyo Benin. Aaggan wuxuu leeyahay koritaan hodan ah oo cawska iyo dacartada ah, waxaana webiga laga helaa [[manatee]], [[yaxaasyada]] iyo [[naasleyda biyaha (hippopotamus)]].<ref name=Hughes>{{cite book|author=Hughes, R.H.|title=A Directory of African Wetlands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA443 |year=1992 |publisher=IUCN |isbn=978-2-88032-949-5 |page=443}}</ref> == Tixraac == {{reflist}} *Adam, K.S (1991). Les impacts environnementaux du barrage du Nangbeto. [https://web.archive.org/web/20081230132654/http://www2.geo.ulg.ac.be/geoecotrop/ ''Geo-Eco-Trop''] 13(1-4):103-112. *Thomas, Kevin (2002). Development projects and involuntary population displacement: The World Bank's attempt to correct past failures. ''Population Research and Policy Review'' 21(4):339-349. {{Rivers of Togo}} {{coord|6.2959|N|1.9299|E|dim:1000_region:TG-M/BJ-MO_type:waterbody_source:dewiki|display=title}} dtowxaqo3rd2jgxasr83swqubywsrvu 0 48780 305853 302046 2026-08-24T18:16:36Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305853 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Lofa | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | source1_location = [[Macenta Prefecture]] ee [[Guinea]] | mouth_location = [[Badweynta Atlantic]] koonfurta [[Robertsport]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|6|34|26|N|11|3|38|W|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type1 = Waddamada | subdivision_name1 = [[Guinea]] iyo [[Liberia]] | length_km = 410 | source1_elevation = {{cvt|940|m|abbr=on}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|0|m|abbr=on}} | discharge1_location= Meel u dhow afka | discharge1_avg=(Xilliga: 1979–2015) {{cvt|18.63|km3/year|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="River Basins">{{cite web|url=http://twap-rivers.org/indicators|title=River Basins|access-date=2026-07-10|archive-date=2024-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117234333/http://twap-rivers.org/indicators/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | basin_size_km2 = 10,446 | basin_size_ref = <ref name="River Basins"/> }} '''Lofa''' ama '''Loffa''' waa wabi ay [[isha]] biyihiisu ka soo bilaabmaan bariga [[Guinea]] waqooyi-bari ee [[Macenta]]. Webigu wuxuu u qulqulaa koonfur-galbeed isagoo maraya waqooyi-bari ee [[Liberia]] ka hor inta uusan ku shubin [[Badweynta Atlantic|Badweynta Atlantic ee Waqooyi]].<ref name=map>(1) {{cite web|url=https://www.worldometers.info/img/maps/liberia_physical_map.gif|title=Liberia Physical Map|work=Worldometers|accessdate=24 June 2020}}.<br>(2) {{cite web|url=http://ontheworldmap.com/liberia/liberia-political-map.jpg|title=Liberia Political Map|work=OnTheWorldMap|accessdate=24 June 2020}}.</ref> Taariikh ahaan waxaa sidoo kale loo yaqaanay '''Webiga Little Cape Mount'''.<ref name="expl">{{cite book | title = African-American Exploration in West Africa: Four Nineteenth-century Diaries | url = https://archive.org/details/africanamericane0000unse_y0n2 |author1=Sims, James L. |author2=Seymour, George L. |author3=Anderson, Benjamin J. K. |author4=Fairhead, James | isbn = 0-253-34194-9|publisher = [[Indiana University Press]] |year = 2003 | page = [https://archive.org/details/africanamericane0000unse_y0n2/page/375 375]}}</ref> [[Webiga Lawa]] wuxuu galaa Webiga Lofa ee [[Lofa County]] ee Liberia.<ref name=map/> Noocyada asaliga ah ee ku nool waxaa ka mid ah [[pygmy hippopotamus]].<ref name="nyt">{{cite news | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1912/07/14/100542377.pdf | title = At last New York has a pair of pygmy hippos | date = July 14, 1912 | accessdate = 2009-01-12 | format = PDF | work = [[The New York Times]] }}</ref> Dhowr ka mid ah [[macdan qodista dheemanka]] ayaa la siiyay xaq loogu qodo hareeraha Webiga Lofa dabayaaqadii 1950-meeyadii iyo horraantii 1960-meeyadii.<ref name="diamonds">{{cite book | title = West African Diamonds | author = Greenhalgh, Peter | isbn = 0-7190-1763-7 | pages = 72–73 | year = 1985 | publisher = Manchester University Press}}</ref> == Qoraal == {{Reflist}} {{Commons}} {{Authority control}} r4kuf4ferdh2gwela4iwu2lnhbt1xl3 0 48793 305902 301356 2026-08-24T18:43:30Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305902 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Azawagh Niger BMNG.png|thumb|upright=1.25|Dooxada '''Azawagh''' iyo muuqaallada juqraafiyeed ee ku xeeran, sida laga arkay hawada. Khadadka jaalaha ah waxay muujinayaan xuduudaha caalamiga ah]] [[Image:Niger river map.PNG|thumb|upright=1.25|Azawagh waxay samaysaa qaybaha woqooyi-bari ee [[Webiga Niger|Biyo-qabashada Webiga Niger]], in kastoo maanta Webiga Azawagh uu muddo dheer ahaa mid engegan, aaggana waxaa inta badan quudiya webiyo xilliyeed hoostooda mara]] '''Azawagh''' (magaca kale ''Azaouagh'' ama ''Azawak'') waa [[dooxada qaabdhismeedka|doox]] engegan oo daboolaysa waxa maanta ah woqooyi-galbeedka [[Niger]], iyo sidoo kale qaybo ka mid ah woqooyi-bari ee [[Mali]] iyo koonfurta [[Algeria]].<ref>Paris (1995): p. 250.</ref> Azawagh waxay inta badan ka kooban tahay dhul-bannaaneed [[Sahel]] iyo [[Sahara]] ah, waxayna leedahay dad u badan [[Tuareg]], iyadoo ay jiraan tiro yar oo ku hadla [[Carabi]] iyo [[Wodaabe]], iyo qulqul dhawaan yimid oo [[Hausa]] iyo [[Zarma]] ah. == Magaca == Ereyga [[Afafka Tuareg|Tuareg]] ee ''azawaɣ'' macnihiisu waa "savannah".<ref>{{Cite document |first=Hans |last=Ritter |title=Wörterbuch zur Sprache und Kultur der Twareg |publisher=Harassowitz Verlag |year=2009 |page=227 }}</ref> [[Azawad]], oo ah erey loo isticmaalo qaybta woqooyiga Mali ee ay sheegteen dhaqdhaqaaqa fallaagada Tuareg ee [[National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad]], ayaa la rumeysan yahay inuu yahay musuqmaasuq Carabi ah oo ka yimid "Azawagh".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i2AMAAAAYAAJ&q=azawad&pg=PA198 |title=Annotations to The history and description of Africa, by Leo Africanus |author=Robert Brown |year=1896 |publisher=The Hakulyt Society |access-date=3 April 2012}}</ref> == Juqraafiga == Azawagh waxay tilmaamaysaa [[dooxada qaabdhismeedka|doox]] engegan, oo hore u qaadi jirtay wabi-gacmeedka woqooyi ee [[Webiga Niger]], webiga Azawagh, oo loo yaqaan [[Dallol Bosso]] oo aad u koonfurta. Webiga, oo socday qiyaastii {{convert|1,600|km|mi}} xilliyadii hore, wuu engegay ka dib [[African humid period|Neolithic Subpluvial]] wuxuuna abuuray doox dhan {{convert|420,000|km2|mi2}}. Dooxadeeda, oo aqoonyahannada juqraafiyaddu ugu yeeraan [[Iullemmeden Basin]], waxaa xuduud la leh [[Hoggar Mountains]] iyo dhulka buuraleyda ah ee woqooyiga, [[Aïr Mountains]] oo dhanka bari ah, iyo [[Adrar des Ifoghas]] oo dhanka galbeed ah.<ref name="Paris 1995, p. 228">Paris (1995), p. 228.</ref> [[Dhagaxa-hoose]] ee gobolka waa [[Cretaceous]]/[[Paleocene]] [[limestone]] iyo [[dhoobo]], kaas oo ay jarteen nabaad-guurka ayna dabooleen [[Aeolian processes|ciidda dabayshu keento]] xilligii [[Late Pleistocene|Upper Pleistocene]].<ref>Paris (1995), p. 229-30.</ref> Marka la eego dhinaca deegaanka, dooxada Azawagh waxaa loo qaybiyaa, laga bilaabo woqooyi ilaa koonfur, aagga Saharian, Sahelian iyo aagga woqooyiga [[Sudan (gobol)|Sudanese]] (oo loola jeedo gobolka juqraafiyeed).<ref name="Paris 1995, p. 228"/> Dalka Niger, Azawagh guud ahaan waxaa ku jira magaalooyinka [[Abalak|Abalagh]] (Abalak), In Tibaraden ([[Tchintabaraden|Tchin-Tabaraden]]), Tiliya, [[In-Gall|In Gal]] iyo [[Tabalaq]], oo ah tuulo ku taal harada keliya ee gobolka. == Taariikhda == Degganaanshaha aadanaha ee Azawagh waxaa lagu taariikhdeeyay ilaa 4500 BCE, iyadoo caddaymo muujinaya dhaqashada xoolaha ay bilaabatay 3200 BCE.<ref name="Paris 1995, p. 228"/> Laga soo bilaabo xilligan ilaa ku dhawaad 1500 BCE, gobolku wuxuu kaloo taageeray xayawaanno waaweyn, oo ay ku jiraan [[waterbuck]], [[Hippopotamus|hippopotami]], iyo [[Elephant|maroodiyaal]].<ref>Paris (1995), p. 247.</ref> Caddaynta shaqada naxaasta ayaa laga helay [[Tekebrine]] oo taariikhaysan 1600 BCE. Waqtigan agagaarkiisa, xaaladaha cimiladu way sii xumaadeen, dadkii [[Sudan (gobol)|Sudanese]] ee gobolka waxaa beddelay [[Berbers]] kuwaas oo dhisay [[Tumulus|tumuli]].<ref name="Paris 1995, p. 228"/> [[Islam|Diinta Islaamka]] waxay gaartay buuraha galbeedka Aïr iyadoo loo sii marayo koonfur-galbeed Libya qarnigii siddeedaad.<ref>Paris (1995), p. 238.</ref> Gobolka waxaa qabsaday oo gumaystay Faransiiska horraantii qarnigii labaatanaad.<ref name="Popenoe 2003, p. 15">Popenoe (2003), p. 15.</ref> Ka dib dhaqdhaqaaqyadii madax-bannaanida ee [[Algerian War|Algeria]], [[History of Mali|Mali]], iyo [[History of Niger|Niger]], iyo bixitaankii u dhigma ee Faransiiska, gobolku wuxuu u qaybsamay saddexdan waddan. Intii lagu jiray 1970-meeyadii iyo 1980-meeyadii, taxane abaarro ah ayaa ku qasbay tiro sii kordhaysa oo dadka reer guuraaga ah ee gobolka inay galaan tuulooyin iyo magaalooyin.<ref>Popenoe (2003), p. 17.</ref> Abaaruhu waxay sidoo kale kiciyeen [[Tuareg rebellion (1990–1995)|fallaagow]] ay sameeyeen dadka Tuareg ee gobolka, iyadoo kooxo ay ka mid yihiin [[Front for the Liberation of Aïr and Azaouak]] iyo [[Temoust Liberation Front|Front for the Liberation of Tamoust]] ay ka soo horjeesteen dawladda Niger, halka [[Arab Islamic Front of Azawad]], [[People's Movement for the Liberation of Azawad|Popular Movement for the Liberation of Azawad]], [[Revolutionary Liberation Army of Azawad]], iyo [[Popular Liberation Front of Azawad]] ay ka soo horjeesteen dawladda Mali.<ref name="Popenoe 2003, p. 15"/> == Dadka == In kasta oo ay la egtahay cabbirka Austria, qaybta Niger ee Azawagh waxay lahayd dad tiradoodu ahayd 85,000 oo keliya laga bilaabo 2003.<ref>Popenoe (2003), p. 13.</ref> Aagga waxaa u badan dadka [[Tuareg people|Kel Tamashek]], iyo sidoo kale qabaa'illo reer guuraa ah oo Carab ah oo ay ka mid yihiin kuwa ku hadla [[Hassaniya Arabic|Hassaniyya]] (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan [[Azawagh Arabs]], waa in aan lagu khaldin [[Diffa Arabs]] ee Niger).<ref>Popenoe (2003), p. 16-17.</ref> Azawagh waa xarunta [[Iwellemmedan people|Iwellemeden Kel Denneg]] Federation.<ref name="Decalo1997">{{Cite book |last=Decalo |first=Samuel |title=Historical Dictionary of the Niger (3rd ed.) |url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000deca_g1o4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000deca_g1o4/page/184 184] |publisher=Scarecrow Press |location=Boston & Folkestone |year=1997 |isbn=0810831368}}</ref> Gobolku wuxuu kaloo leeyahay dad reer guuraa ah oo [[Wodaabe]] [[Fula people|Fulani]] ah iyo tiro yar oo muhiim ah oo [[Ikelan|Bouzou]] ah, kuwaas oo hore u ahaa qolo addoon Tuareg ah. Sannadihii ugu dambeeyay, tiro ka mid ah [[Hausa people|Hausa]] iyo [[Zarma people|Zarma]] ayaa ku degay gobolka, inta badan iyagoo ah saraakiil dawladeed iyo ganacsato.<ref name="Popenoe 2003, p. 15" /> == Sidoo kale eeg == *[[Niger Basin Authority]] *[[Sahara pump theory]] *[[African humid period|Neolithic Subpluvial]] *[[Prehistoric North Africa|Prehistoric Central North Africa]] *[[Azawagh Arabs]] == Tixraac == ;Footnotes {{Reflist|30em}} ;Bibliography {{Refbegin}} *{{cite book |title=Feeding Desire: Fatness, Beauty and Sexuality among a Saharan People |last=Popenoe |first=Rebecca |year=2003 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=0415280966 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=crzkwZwAyUgC |access-date=3 April 2012|ref={{SfnRef|Popenoe, 2003}}}} *{{cite news |title=L Bassin de I'Azawagh : peuplements et civilisations, du néolithique à l'arrivée de l'islam |last=Paris |first=François |work=Milieux, sociétés et archéologues |publisher=Karthala |year=1995 |language=fr |url=http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_7/b_fdi_03_04/42071.pdf |access-date=3 April 2012|ref={{SfnRef|Paris, 1995}}}} {{Refend}} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|type:event|format=dms|display=title}} bxantuwub5i7kh62bzptpve32ygp6v4 0 48807 305771 301415 2026-08-24T17:31:14Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305771 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Loange | image = | image_size = | image_alt = | image_caption = | map = Kasai River Catchment OSM.png | map_size = 250 | map_alt = | map_caption = Loange oo ku yaal biyo-qabashada Webiga Kasai (dhexda) | subdivision_type1 = Dalalka | subdivision_name1 = {{hlist|[[Angola]]|[[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiya ee Kongo]]}} | source1_location = | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|4.293091|S|20.027819|E|display=inline,title}} | progression = | location = | length = | source1_elevation = | mouth_elevation = | discharge1_avg = | basin_size = | river_system = [[Webiga Kasai]] | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = }}{{Distinguish|Webiga Luangwa}} '''Webiga Loange''' (ama '''Luangué''', '''Luange''', '''Lwange''') waa [[wabi-gacmeed]] ka tirsan [[Webiga Kasai]]. Isagoo ka soo bilaabmaya [[Angola]], wabigu wuxuu u qulqulaa waqooyi ilaa [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiya ee Kongo]], isagoo mara qaybta bari ee [[Gobolka Kwango]]. Wabigu ka dib wuxuu sii wadaa waqooyi xadka u dhexeeya gobollada [[Gobolka Kwilu|Kwilu]] iyo [[Gobolka Kasaï|Kasai]] ilaa uu ka gaaro [[Afka wabiga|afkiisa]] ku yaal Kasai.<ref name="Blaes">{{cite web |url=http://www.rgc.cd/doctech/UNDP-GIS-25_RDC_administratif.pdf |title=Découpage administratif de la République Démocratique du Congo |publisher=UNOCHA and PNUD |author=X. Blaes, PNUD-SIG |date=Oktoobar 2008 |accessdate=2011-11-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Matias |first=Victorino |date=Jul 7, 2024 |title=Jornal de Angola - Notícias - Lunda-Norte aposta agora na agricultura mecanizada |url=https://www.jornaldeangola.ao/ao/noticias/lunda-norte-aposta-agora-na-agricultura-mecanizada/ |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=[[Jornal de Angola]] |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=Kasai River |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/rivers/kasai-river.html |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=WorldAtlas |language=en-US}}</ref> == Taariikh == Bilowgii qarnigii labaatanaad, Loange waxaa degganaa [[Dadka Kongo|Bakongo]], oo uu [[Ethnography|ethnographer]]-ka [[Melville William Hilton-Simpson]] ku tilmaamay inay yihiin kuwo markii hore shaki ka qabay oo cadow ku ahaa [[Ninka caddaanka ah]]. Isaga oo hoggaaminayay sahamintii ugu horreysay ee diiwaangashan ee wabiga oo ay sameeyeen dad aan Afrikaan ahayn, wuxuu ugu dambeyntii awooday inuu si nabad ah ula dhaqmo oo uu wax ka barto iyaga muddo laba sano ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hilton-Simpson |first=Melville William |title=Land and peoples of the Kasai |url=https://archive.org/details/landpeoplesofkas00melv |publisher=[[Constable & Robinson|Constable and Company, Ltd]] |year=1911 |location=[[London]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hilton-Simpson |first=Melville William |title=Two Years Among Strange Tribes |publisher=[[The Wide World Magazine]] |year=1912 |volume=28}}</ref> Bartamihii qarnigii labaatanaad, Loange wuxuu ahaa [[Navigability|wabi la maro]] ilaa magaalada Kalema oo u dhow [[is-goyska]] Webiga Tobi. [[Compagnie du Kasai]], oo ku shaqayn jirtay [[doomaha uumi-baxaya]] iyo [[maraakiibta xamuulka]] ee wabiga, ayaa ka saaray [[Snag (ecology)|qashinka]] ilaa harada Matshi, oo 80 km kaga taal dhinaca hoose ee [[Ilebo]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Van Pul |first=Paul |title=Hydrography and Navigation on the Congo River: A Century of Visual History |date=Sep 14, 2023 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |isbn=9783031410659 |pages=49-56}}</ref> Maanta, [[National Road 1 (Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiya ee Kongo)|Wadada Qaranka 1]] ee DRC ayaa ka gudubta wabiga magaalada Kalema si ay isugu xirto [[Kikwit]] iyo [[Kinshasa]] iyo [[Kamina]] iyo [[Lubumbashi]]. Ma jirto wax gaadiid wabiga ah oo muhiim ah oo hadda ka jira Loange.<ref name=":0" /> == Muuqaalka == [[File:Lwange river valley.jpg|thumb|Dooxada Webiga Loange bisha Maarso]] Aagga saddex-xagalka ah ee xuduudda [[Gobolka Kwilu|Kwilu]], [[Kwango]] iyo [[Gobolka Kasaï|Kasai]], webiga Loange wuxuu sameeyaa muuqaal [[Terrace (earthworks)|dabaq-dabaq ah]] oo ku yaal carrada [[loam]]. Wabigu wuxuu ka buuxaa [[sandbars|ciid-biyeed]], kuwaas oo si gaar ah u muuqda [[xilliga abaarta]], xilligaas oo wabigu hoos u dhaco ilaa 1.5 mitir qoto dheer marka loo eego [[xilliga roobka]].<ref name=":0" /> Sannadkii 1898, Loange waxaa sidaas ku tilmaamay shaqaale markab uumi ah: {{blockquote|text=Loange waa wabi qurux badan oo leh dhul qoto dheer. Biyuhu waa casaan, celceliska ballaca wuxuu u dhexeeyaa 200 iyo 250m, iyadoo [[Stream pool|balliyada]] ay gaarayaan ballac dhan 500 iyo 600m. [[Riffles|Qulqulka]] iyo balliyada is-bedbeddelaya ayaa soo saara biyo duurjoog ah, iyagoo ruxaya markabkayaga yar ''Katanga'' sida qolof [[walnut]]. Maraakiibta yaryar, marka biyuhu sarreeyaan, biyo-mareennadan rabshadaha wata iyo wareegga ah [[eddies]] waa cabsi. Habeenkii, marka wax walba ay deggan yihiin, qofku wuxuu dareemi karaa inuu joogo xeebta badda.|title=Hydrography and Navigation on the Congo River: A Century of Visual History<ref name=":0" />}} == Tixraac == {{reflist}} jkuywr8q4dk207kjv65qdy510cm678b 0 48817 305889 301444 2026-08-24T18:35:34Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305889 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river|name=Webiga Catumbela|qid=Q10361729|map=CatumbelaRiver.jpg|image=Small boat in the Catumbela River - Angola 2015.jpg|image_caption=Doon-wade ku dhex maraya biyaha Webiga Catumbela sannadkii 2015.|name_other=Catumbella, Cata-Bella|subdivision_type1=Dalalka|subdivision_name1=[[Angola]]|subdivision_type2=Gobollada|subdivision_name2=[[Gobolka Benguela]]|subdivision_type3=Magaalooyinka|subdivision_name3=[[Chikuma, Angola|Chikuma]], [[Biópio]], [[Catumbela]]|image_size=300px|map_size=300px|length={{Convert|240|km|mi|abbr=on}}|mouth=Afka wabiga Catumbela|basin_size={{Convert|16500|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}|tributaries_left=[[Webiga Cubal|Cubal]]|tributaries_right=[[Webiga Cuíva|Cuíva]]|map_caption=Khariidadda Webiga Catumbela iyo wabi-gacmeedyada.}} '''Catumbela''' waa wabi ku yaal bartamaha [[Angola]]. Afka wabigu wuxuu ku yaal Afka wabiga Catumbela ee [[Badweynta Atlaantik]] magaalada [[Catumbela]], oo u dhexaysa [[Lobito]] iyo [[Benguela]], waana {{convert|240|km|mi}} meesha uu ka soo bilaabmo buuraleyda [[Cassoco]]. Catumbela waxay biyo siisaa magaalada Lobito. Afka Catumbela waxaa lagu tilmaamay inay tahay gobol cagaaran oo ay ku hareeraysan yihiin dhul bannaana oo xeebta ah iyo dhowr mayl gudaha ah halkaas oo ay ka qoto dheerayso dooxada dhagaxa ah ee buuraha qaawan.<ref name= "coco">[https://archive.org/details/chocolateislands0000higg_l3i4/page/83 Chocolate Islands: Cocoa, Slavery, and Colonial Africa], Catherine Higgs, Ohio University Press, Jul 3, 2012, pp. 83-85</ref> Higgaadda kale waa Catumbella iyo Cata-Bella.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=NPo_AAAAYAAJ&dq=Catumbela+River+atlantic&pg=PA768 A Sailing Directory for the Ethiopic Or South Atlantic Ocean, Including a Description of the Coasts of South America and Africa], Alexander G. Findlay, Richard Holmes Laurie, 1883, p. 767</ref> Wabi-gacmeedyadiisa ugu waaweyn waa [[Webiga Cuíva]] oo ku yaal bangiga midig, iyo [[Webiga Cubal]] oo ku yaal bangiga bidix. Catumbela waxay ahayd xarun [[Taariikhda addoonsiga|addoonsiga]] dunida cusub ilaa laga mamnuucay 1836. Bortuqiisku waxay markaas ka dhisteen qalcaddii afka wabiga waxaana aagga ka soo baxday beel yar. Dhoofinta [[saliidda timirta]], caagga,<ref name= "coco" /> serviçais ([[adeegayaal qandaraas ku shaqeeya]]), khamriga, sonkorta iyo badeecadaha kale ee laga soo dhoofiyo gudaha dalka ayaa taageeray magaalo yar oo ay ku nool yihiin dhowr boqol oo gumaystayaal Bortuqiis ah. Shirkadda sonkorta ee Cassaquel, oo la aasaasay 1913, ka dibna loo yaqaan Primeiro de Maio, ayaa ka shaqeysay bangiyada wabiga waxayna noqotay soo saaraha sonkorta ugu weyn ee Angola. Waxay xirmay 1990 laakiin meeshii ugu sarreysay waxay shaqaaleysiisteen in ka badan 5,000 oo ku noolaa daraasiin magaalooyin shirkadeed ah.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=vRvIAAAAQBAJ&dq=Catumbela+River+atlantic&pg=PA97 Company Towns: Labor, Space, and Power Relations Across Time and Continents], Marcelo J. Borges, Susana B. Torres, Palgrave Macmillan, Aug 16, 2012, pp. 97ff.</ref> Laba biyo-xireen oo ku yaal Webiga Catumbela ayaa soo saara koronto koronto u ah aagagga Lobito iyo Benguela. Biyo-xireenka Lomaum ee [[Gobolka Benguela]] ayaa la dhisay 1965, waxaana burburiyay [[UNITA]] 1983 ka dibna dib loo dhisay iyadoo la kaashanayo Bortuqiiska.<ref name=mps9_13/><ref name=pp2003/><ref name=aa20100722/> [[Tareenka Benguela]] wuxuu buundo ka dhisay wabiga 1905. Buundo cusub oo ah {{convert|438|m|ft|adj=mid|-long}} oo ka dul marta wabiga oo ku taal wadada wayn ee Lobito ilaa Benguela ayaa la dhammeeyay 2009.<ref>[http://www.macauhub.com.mo/en/2009/09/11/7757/ Bridge over Catumbela river, Angola opens to traffic], Macauhub, September 11, 2009</ref> == Eeg sidoo kale == * [[Tamarta ku taal Angola]] * [[Liiska wabiyada Angola]] == Tixraac == <references> <ref name=pp2003>{{cite book | page=[https://archive.org/details/africasouthofsah0000unse_y7v6/page/52 52] | title=Africa South of the Sahara 2004 | url=https://archive.org/details/africasouthofsah0000unse_y7v6 | series=Regional surveys of the world | edition=33rd | publisher=Psychology Press | year=2003 | isbn=1-85743-183-9 }}</ref> <ref name=mps9_13>{{cite journal | title=Portuguese Aid for Lomaum Dam | journal=Modern Power Systems | volume=9 | page=13 | publisher=Miller Freeman Publications | year=1989 }}</ref> <ref name=aa20100722>{{cite news | title=Angola: Power Production Encourages Investments in Industry | date=July 22, 2010 | work=All Africa | url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201007221052.html | accessdate=2011-04-05 }}</ref> </references> {{coord|12|27|S|13|29|E|display=title|region:AO_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}} sv1q668k2virczog4u0kc7w3t10wq3v 0 48822 305862 302066 2026-08-24T18:22:08Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305862 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Okavango | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Namibia Okavango 2.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Okavango oo ku yaal Kavango, Namibia | map = Okavango River Basin map.png | map_size = | map_caption = Khariidadda dooxada wabiga Okavango | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 4 <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalalka | subdivision_name1 = {{hlist|[[Angola]]|[[Namibia]]|[[Botswana]]}} | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = {{convert|1700|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = {{convert|350|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_avg = {{convert|475|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_max = {{convert|1000|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = [[Cachiungo]], Angola | source1_coordinates= {{Coord|-12.706|16.081|format=dms|type:river_region:AO|display=i}} | source1_elevation = {{Convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Okavango Delta]] | mouth_location = [[Moremi Game Reserve]], Botswana | mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|-18.988|22.576|format=dms|region:BW|display=it}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|978|m|ft|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|530000|km2|abbr=on}} | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} [[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Muuqaalka wabiga Kavango ee Hakusembe river lodge]] '''Wabiga Okavango''' (oo hore loogu qori jiray ''Okovango'' ama ''Okovanggo'') waa wabi ku yaal koonfur-galbeed Afrika. Waxaa looga yaqaan magacan gudaha [[Botswana]], sida '''Cubango''' gudaha [[Angola]], iyo '''Kavango''' gudaha [[Namibia]].<ref name=mendelsohn/> Waa nidaamka afaraad ee ugu dheer wabiyada [[koonfurta Afrika]], isagoo u qulqula koonfur-bari masaafo dhan {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. Waxay ka bilaabataa meel sare oo ah {{convert|1300|m|ft}} oo ku taal buuraleyda bacaadka ah ee Angola. Koonfurta fog, waxay qayb ka tahay xadka u dhexeeya Angola iyo Namibia, ka dibna waxay u qulqushaa Botswana. Okavango ma laha meel uu ka baxo oo bad ah. Taa beddelkeeda, waxay ku dhex shubataa [[Okavango Delta]] ama Okavango [[Alluvial fan|Alluvial Fan]], oo ku yaal [[dooxada endorheic]] ee [[Saxaraha Kalahari]]. '''Wabiga Cuito''' waa wabi-gacmeed weyn. == Magaca == Magaca ''Okavango'' wuxuu ka soo jeedaa ''Kavango,'' kaas oo loola jeedo [[dadka Kavango]] ee waqooyiga Namibia. Higgaadda Ingiriisiga ee hore waxaa ka mid ahaa ''Okovango'', halka qaar ka mid ah aqoonyahannada Namibiya ay door bidaan ''Kavango'' marka ay tixraacayaan wabiga iyo gobolka Namibiya. Taariikhyahan Andreas Eckl wuxuu xusay in warbixinnadii [[Gumaystihii Jarmalka ee Koonfur Galbeed Afrika|gumaystaha Jarmalka]] ay adeegsadeen ''Okavango'', laakiin in ''O-'' bilowga ah aysan ku badneyn luuqadaha maxalliga ah ee Kavango, taas beddelkeedana waxaa loo nisbeeyay saamaynta [[Luuqadda Herero]].<ref name="eckl-2007">{{cite journal |last=Eckl |first=Andreas |year=2007 |title=Reports from ‘beyond the line’: The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911 |url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies |volume=1 |pages=7–37 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> == Qulqulka == {{Main|Dooxada Kalahari}} Wabiyada Cubango iyo Cuito waa wabi-gacmeedyada ugu waaweyn ee [[Okavango Delta]], waxayna saameeyaan caafimaadkeeda.<ref name=mendelsohn>{{cite web | last=Mendelsohn | first=John | title=A River in Trouble | website=Conservation Namibia | date=9 September 2021 | url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php | access-date=8 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Goyder | first1=David J. | last2=Barker | first2=Nigel | last3=Bester | first3=Stoffel P. | last4=Frisby | first4=Arnold | last5=Janks | first5=Matt | last6=Gonçalves | first6=Francisco M.P.|display-authors=2 | title=The Cuito catchment of the Okavango system: a vascular plant checklist for the Angolan headwaters | url=https://archive.org/details/cuitocatchmento113goyd | journal=PhytoKeys | publisher=Pensoft Publishers | issue=113 | date=27 November 2018 | issn=1314-2003 | doi=10.3897/phytokeys.113.30439 | doi-access=free | pages=1–31| pmid=30524187 | pmc=6279898 | bibcode=2018PhytK.113....1G | hdl=2263/71882 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> Gudaha Angola, [[gubasho la xakameeyey]] oo xilliyeed ah oo dhirta ah ayaa xirta qeybaha sare ee Cuito waxayna yareeyaan qulqulka biyaha ee hoose maadaama biyaha urursan ay halkii ka qulqulaan [[dib-u-buuxinta biyaha dhulka hoostiisa|biyo-mareenka bacaadka ah]]<!-- [[Percolation]] -->.<ref name=into>{{cite web |last1=Society |first1=National Geographic |author-link=National Geographic |title=Okavango Wilderness Project |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=[[Into the Okavango]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114019/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref> Sannadkii 2015, National Geographic waxay bilowday Mashruuca Okavango Wilderness (NGOWP) si ay si ballaaran u sahamiyaan Okavango/Cubango Basin. Sannadkii 2023, NGOWP waxay daabaceen natiijooyinkooda oo ay ku jirtay helitaanka isha asalka ah. Isha waxaa laga helay dhul-beereed cufan oo ku yaal Buuraleyda Angola, oo si habboon loogu magacaabay "Angola Highlands Water Tower" (AHWT) ama Lisima Iya Mwono - oo macnaheedu yahay "Isha Nolosha" - ee luuqadda Luchaze. In ka badan 12 cagood oo qoto dheer meelaha qaar, AHWT waxaa lagu qiyaasaa inay haysato 423km³ (ama in ka badan 100 tiriliyan oo galloon) oo biyo ah, taasoo siisa in ka badan 95% biyaha Okavanga Basin. Sannadkii 2026, AHWT waxaa loo asteeyay "Wetland of International Importance" ee ugu horreeya Angola ee uu cayimay Axdiga Ramsar ee ku saabsan dhul-qoyan iyo dawladda Angola. Kahor inta aysan galin Botswana, wabigu wuxuu hoos u dhacaa {{cvt|4|m}} taxane ah oo hirar degdeg ah oo loo yaqaan [[Popa Falls]], oo muuqda marka wabigu hooseeyo, sida inta lagu jiro xilliga abaarta.<ref name=":2">Siyabona Africa Travel (Pty) Ltd, "Popa Falls | Okavango River | Botswana" webpage: [http://www.travel.za.net/africa_popa_falls.html TravelZA-PopaFalls]</ref> Xilliga roobka, qulqulka loo qoondeeyey [[Wabiga Boteti]] ayaa markeeda xilli ahaan u qulqula [[Makgadikgadi Pan]]s, kaas oo leh aag ballaaran oo [[dhul-qoyan]] ah xilliga roobka halkaas oo tobanaan kun oo [[flamingo]]s ay ku kulmaan xagaa kasta.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Andy Burnham, Pete Evans (Layout), The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map |title=Makgadikgadi |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&mode=&order=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030065111/https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&mode=&order=0 |archive-date=2023-10-30 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Megalithic Portal |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Qeyb ka mid ah qulqulka wabiga ayaa buuxiya [[Harada Ngami]]. == Fatahaadda == [[File:Popafälle (2018).jpg|thumb|Popa Falls (2018)]] Xilli roobaad kasta, Angola waxay heshaa saddex jeer in ka badan roobabka Botswana, taasoo soo saarta qulqul ka sarreeya sidii caadiga ahayd oo gala Okavango, iyadoo u beddelaysa aagagga saxaraha ee dibadda ah dhul-qoyan weyn. In kasta oo roobabka xagaaga ay ka da'aan Angola bisha Janaayo, waxay qaataan hal bil oo dhan si ay ugu safraan 1,000&nbsp;km ee ugu horreeya Wabiga Okavango, ka dibna waxay qaataan afar bilood oo kale si ay ugu [[miirid|sifeeyaan]] dhirta iyo kanaalo badan oo ka mid ah 250&nbsp;km ee ugu dambeeya ee delta-ga. Natiijo ahaan, fatahaaddu waa tan ugu weyn inta u dhaxaysa Juun iyo Agoosto, inta lagu jiro bilaha jiilaalka ee abaarta ee Botswana. Delta-gu markaas wuxuu bararaa ilaa saddex jeer oo ka mid ah cabbirkiisa joogtada ah, isagoo soo jiidanaya xayawaanno ka yimid kilomitir hareeraha iyo abuurista mid ka mid ah uruurinta ugu weyn ee Afrika ee [[duurjoogta]]. Meeshiisa ugu ballaaran sannad fatahaad weyn, [[qoyan-xilliyeedka]] wuxuu gaaraa 150&nbsp;km oo ka kala imanaya bari ilaa galbeed; mid ka mid ah arrimaha horseeda dabeecadda mar walba isbeddela ee delta waa fidsanaanta aagga. Haddii qof uu qaato qayb iskutallaab ah oo ka mid ah delta meeshiisa ugu ballaaran, qofku wuxuu ogaan lahaa in isbeddelka dhererka ee ka yimaada celceliska in ka badan 150&nbsp;km uu ka yar yahay 2 m, taas oo macnaheedu yahay in dhigaal bacaad yar uu keeni karo isbeddello waaweyn.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Okavango Delta – Part 2 {{!}} |url=http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621102937/http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/ |archive-date=2018-06-21 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=blog.africabespoke.com |language=en-US |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sannadaha aadka u roobka badan, qeyb ka mid ah qulqulka wabiga ayaa laga yaabaa inay u fidaan Wabiga Magweggana (dhab ahaantii waa [[wabi-gacmeed]] waqooyi-bari ee Okavango Delta) oo gala [[Wabiga Zambezi]], iyagoo dhaafaya [[Saxaraha Kalahari|Kalahari]]. == Gaadiidka fariisinta == Wabigu wuxuu sannadkii qaadaa 28,000 oo tan oo [[fariisin la hakiyay]] iyo qaddar la mid ah culeyska sariirta ilaa qoyan-xilliyeedka terminalka.<ref name="hani">{{cite journal |last1=Hanibal Lemma |first1=iyo asxaabtiisa |title=Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydrology |date=2019 |volume=577 |article-number=123968 |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968 |bibcode=2019JHyd..57723968L |s2cid=199099061 }}</ref> Inta badan fariisinka qaybaha ah ee uu qaado wabigu waa bacaad wanaagsan, oo leh xoogaa dhoobo ah iyo dhiiqo, taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay dhismaha juqraafiyeed ee dooxada Wabiga Okavango kaas oo inta badan uu hoos maro bacaadka Kalahari. Waxaa jira uruurin hoose oo ah adkaha milmay ee biyaha wabiga - qiyaastii 40&nbsp;mg/L, oo inta badan ka kooban silica, calcium iyo magnesium bicarbonates - laakiin adkahan milmay waxay sameeyaan qaybta ugu weyn ee fariisinka loo qaado delta sababtoo ah qaddarka biyaha sannadlaha ah waa mid aad u weyn.<ref name="SafGeo">{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T S |title= The okavango delta and its place in the geomorphological evolution of Southern Africa |journal=South African Journal of Geology |date=October 2013 |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=1–54 |doi=10.2113/gssajg.116.1.1|bibcode=2013SAJG..116....1M }}</ref> == Taariikh == Intii lagu jiray xilliyadii qaboobaha ee taariikhda Dhulka, qeyb ka mid ah Kalahari waxay ahayd haro weyn, oo loo yaqaan [[Harada Makgadikgadi]]. Waqtigan, Okavango waxay ahayd mid ka mid ah wabi-gacmeedyadiisa ugu waaweyn. [[File:Cuito and Okavango (2018).jpg|thumb|Isku biirka Cuito (laga soo bilaabo sare) iyo Okavango (qulqulaya bidix ilaa midig) (2018)<br />{{Coord|18|01|40|S| 020|47|31|E|display=inline|dim:10000}}]] == Khilaafka biyaha == Labada Namibia iyo Botswana waxay la kulmaan abaaro, natiijo ahaan, walaac ayaa laga muujiyay khilaaf suurtagal ah oo ku saabsan isticmaalka biyaha wabiga. Namibia waxay dhistay kanaalka biyaha, oo dhererkiisu yahay qiyaastii 300&nbsp;km, waxayna soo jeedisay mashruuc lagu dhisayo dhuun 250&nbsp;km ah si looga leexiyo biyaha wabiga loo geeyo Namibia si ay u caawiso yareynta abaarta.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hWrEcl2ydzEC&pg=PA294|title=Resource Politics in Sub-Saharan Africa|last=Basedau|first=Matthias|date=2005-01-01|publisher=GIGA-Hamburg|isbn=978-3-928049-91-7|pages=294|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3ilzosWx4wC&pg=PA96|title=Management of Transboundary Rivers and Lakes|last1=Varis|first1=Olli|last2=Tortajada|first2=Cecilia|last3=Biswas|first3=Asit K.|date=2008-03-15|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-74928-8|pages=96|language=en}}</ref> Botswana, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay isticmaashaa Okavango Delta labadaba dakhliga dalxiiska iyo ilaha biyaha. Waaxda Arrimaha Biyaha ee Botswana waxay soo gudbisay in 97% biyaha wabiga ay ku lumaan uumiga, sidaas darteed dalku ma awoodo inuu lumiyo wax biyo ah oo dheeraad ah. Namibia, dhankeeda, waxay ku doodday inay leexin doonto oo kaliya nus ka mid ah boqolkiiba qulqulka wabiga, iyo inay xaq u leedahay wixii biyo ah ee ku qulqula dhulkeeda. Si wax looga qabto arrimahaas oo kale, bishii Sebtembar 1994, Angola, Namibia, iyo Botswana waxay saxiixdeen heshiis dhinacyo badan leh si ay u sameeyaan Komishanka Biyaha ee Dooxada Wabiga Okavango ee Joogtada ah, si ay talooyin u siiyaan saddexda waddan oo ku saabsan hababka ugu wanaagsan ee loo wadaagi karo kheyraadka Wabiga Okavango.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> === Sahaminta shidaalka === [[ReconAfrica]], oo ah shirkad sahaminta batroolka oo xarunteedu tahay [[Canada]], waxay heshay shatiyo sahamin oo loogu talagalay in ka badan 13,600 mayl laba jibaaran oo dhul ah oo ku yaal [[Gobolkii Kavango]] ee hore ee Namibia iyo gudaha [[Botswana]]. Bishii Janaayo 2021 ReconAfrica waxay ku dhawaaqday bilowga hawlaha qodista ee ceelka sahaminta ugu horreeya. Dadka u dhaqdhaqaaqa deegaanka ayaa muujiyay walaac ah in qorshayaasha ReconAfrica ee ceelashooda tijaabada ah aan si habboon loogu baarin habka dib u eegista deegaanka ee Namibia, si kastaba ha ahaatee ReconAfrica iyo labada dawladood ee Namibia iyo Botswana waxay sheegeen in hawlaha shirkadu ay raaceen habkii saxda ahaa iyo in aysan jiri doonin wax jajabin ah (fracking).<ref name=":5">{{cite web |title=ReconAfrica Environmental, Social, and Governance |url=https://reconafrica.com/our-sustainable-approach/environmental-social-governance/ |access-date=20 May 2021}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{cite press release |title=Press release - Clarity on explorative activities by Reconnaissance Energy Botswana |url=https://twitter.com/bwgovernment/status/1359497088128733191 |website=twitter.com |access-date=30 April 2021}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{cite web |title=Factual Response to article titled: "Oil Drillers Threaten Okavango Ecosystem" |url=http://www.mme.gov.na/news/73/No-Fracking-Activities-will-be-conducted-In-the-Okavango-Delta |website=mme.gov.na |access-date=30 April 2021 |archive-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518042410/http://www.mme.gov.na/news/73/No-Fracking-Activities-will-be-conducted-In-the-Okavango-Delta |url-status=dead }}</ref> Aagga qodista ee ReconAfrica wuxuu ku yaal gobolka [[Kavango West]] kaas oo leh beerta ilaalinta ee dalal badan, lix kayd oo duurjoog ah oo maxalli ah oo la maareeyo, iyo hal goob oo [[UNESCO World Heritage]] ah, si kastaba ha ahaatee shatiga qodista kuma jiro mid ka mid ah aagahan la ilaaliyo.<ref>[https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/news/reconafrica-start-drilling-first-well-kavango-basin-namibia/ ReconAfrica waxay bilowday qodista ceelka ugu horreeya ee Kavango Basin, Namibia]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210219215106/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/oil-drilling-fracking-planned-okavango-wilderness Qodista saliidda, jajabinta suurtagalka ah ee loo qorsheeyay gobolka Okavango—kutaalka ugu dambeeya ee maroodiyaasha]</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Commons}} {{Portal|Juqraafiga|Afrika}} * [http://www.okacom.org/ OKACOM Bogga hore] {{Authority control}} 6u5xv0t83bxqixez24fjfdyq64s7gku 0 48825 305781 301459 2026-08-24T17:36:44Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305781 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Mbéré | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | map = Charirivermap.png | map_size = | map_caption = Khariidadda muujinaysa Webiga Mbéré oo ku dhex yaal dooxada biyaha ee Wabiga Chari | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalalka | subdivision_name1 = {{hlist|Chad|Cameroon|Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika}} | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Mbéré''' waa wabi ku yaal [[Cameroon]] iyo [[Chad]]. Wuxuu qayb ka yahay xadka labada dal ay la wadaagaan [[Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shelley|first1=Fred M.|title=Nation shapes the story behind the world's borders|date=2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO, LLC|location=Santa Barbara|isbn=978-1610691062|page=273}}</ref> Waa wabi-gacmeed ka tirsan [[Webiga Logone]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Zuchora-Walske|first1=Christine|title=Chad in pictures|url=https://archive.org/details/chadinpictures0000zuch|date=2009|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|location=Minneapolis, MN|isbn=978-1575059563|page=[https://archive.org/details/chadinpictures0000zuch/page/12 12]}}</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} t63xahhh7h8f4l1obq0e083sj357oqs 0 48827 305830 301462 2026-08-24T18:06:06Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305830 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Sangha | image = Rivière Sangha.jpg | image_caption = Webiga Sangha ee Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika | map = Sanghabasinmap.png | map_caption = Khariidadda dooxada Webiga Sangha | subdivision_type1 = Dalalka | subdivision_name1 = [[Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika]], [[Cameroon]], [[Jamhuuriyadda Kongo]] | length = 790 km (490 mi) | source1 = Isbiirsiga [[Webiga Mambéré]] iyo [[Webiga Kadéï]] | source1_location = [[Nola, Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika]] | mouth = [[Webiga Kongo]] | mouth_location = Meel u dhow [[Mossaka]], Jamhuuriyadda Kongo | basin_size = 213,400 km2 | discharge1_location = [[Ouésso]] | discharge1_avg = 1,662 m3/s | tributaries_left = [[Webiga Ngoko]] }} '''Webiga Sangha''' ({{langx|kg|label=[[Luuqadda Kongo|Kikongo]]|Nzâdi Sangha}}, {{langx|sw|Mto Sanga}}, {{langx|fr|label=[[Luuqadda Faransiiska|Faransiis]]|Rivière Sangha}}) waa mid ka mid ah wabi-gacmeedyada ugu waaweyn ee dhinaca midig ee [[Webiga Kongo]] ee [[Bartamaha Afrika]]. Waxaa sameeya isbiirsiga [[Webiga Mambéré]] iyo [[Webiga Kadéï]] ee [[Nola, Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika|Nola]] oo ku yaal galbeedka [[Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika]], wuxuu u qulqulaa qiyaastii 790 km (490 mi) isagoo sii mara ama ku socda xuduudaha Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika, [[Cameroon]], iyo [[Jamhuuriyadda Kongo]] ka hor inta uusan ku biirin Webiga Kongo meel u dhow [[Mossaka]].<ref name="Britannica"/> Wabigu wuxuu ka soo saaraa biyo dooxad dhan qiyaastii 213,400 km² gudaha waqooyi-galbeed ee [[Dooxada Kongo]], taas oo ah mid ka mid ah gobollada kaymaha roobka kulaylaha ee ugu weyn adduunka ee aan kala go' lahayn. Qulqulkiisa waxaa lala socday [[Ouésso]], halkaas oo celceliska qulqulka sannadlaha ah lagu cabbiray 1,662 m³/s intii u dhaxaysay 1947 iyo 1983.<ref name="GRDC"/> Inta badan dooxada Sangha way ku yar yihiin dadka deggani waxaana loo aqoonsan yahay kala duwanaansho nololeed oo gaar ah. Wabigu wuxuu dhex maraa [[Sangha Trinational]], oo ah aag ilaalin xuduudeed oo ay ku jiraan [[Beerta Qaranka ee Dzanga-Ndoki]], [[Beerta Qaranka ee Lobéké]] iyo [[Beerta Qaranka ee Nouabalé-Ndoki]]. Aaggan waxaa loo diiwaan geliyay [[Goobta Dhaxalka Adduunka ee UNESCO]] sanadkii 2012 wuxuuna hoy u yahay noocyo ay ka mid yihiin [[maroodiga kaynta Afrika]], [[gorillada bannaanka galbeed]] iyo [[chimpanzee-ga bartamaha]].<ref name="UNESCO"/> == Juqraafiga == [[File:Morning mist over the Sangha River near Bayanga.jpg|thumb|320px|Ceeryaamo subaxnimo oo saaran Webiga Sangha meel u dhow Bayanga, Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika.]] Webiga Sangha waxaa sameeya isbiirsiga [[Webiga Mambéré]] iyo [[Webiga Kadéï]] ee [[Nola, Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika|Nola]] oo ku yaal galbeedka [[Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika]]. Halkaas wuxuu uga qulqulaa guud ahaan xagga koonfureed, isagoo samaynaya qayb ka mid ah xadka u dhexeeya Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika iyo [[Cameroon]] ka hor inta uusan gelin [[Jamhuuriyadda Kongo]]. Wuxuu ku biiraa [[Webiga Kongo]] meel u dhow [[Mossaka]].<ref name="Britannica"/> Wabigu wuxuu ka soo saaraa biyo qayb ka mid ah waqooyi-galbeed ee [[Dooxada Kongo]], isagoo dhex mara mid ka mid ah meelaha ugu waaweyn ee haray ee kaymaha roobka kulaylaha ee Afrika. Inta badan koorsadiisa wuxuu sameeyaa xad dabiici ah oo u dhexeeya muuqaallada kaymaha la ilaaliyo wuxuuna bixiyaa marin loo helo degsiimooyin fog, oo ay ku jiraan [[Bayanga]] oo ku taal Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika iyo [[Ouésso]] oo ku taal Jamhuuriyadda Kongo. Wabi-gacmeedkiisa ugu weyn waa [[Webiga Ngoko]], kaas oo ku biira Sangha meel u dhow [[Sembé]], Jamhuuriyadda Kongo. == Biyo-baxa == Qulqulka Webiga Sangha waxaa lala socday saldhigga biyaha ee [[Ouésso]], ee Jamhuuriyadda Kongo, qiyaastii 400 km kor ka xiga isbiirsiga uu la leeyahay [[Webiga Kongo]]. Intii u dhaxaysay 1947 iyo 1983, saldhigga ayaa diiwaangeliyay celcelis qulqul sannadle ah oo dhan 1,662 m³/s oo loogu talagalay aagga biyaha ee 158,350 km², taas oo matalaysa in ka badan 70% dooxada wabiga.<ref name="GRDC">{{cite web |title=Global Runoff Data Centre (GRDC) Data Portal |url=https://grdc.bafg.de/data/data_portal/ |publisher=Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG) |access-date=8 July 2026 }}</ref> Sangha waxay leedahay nidaam qulqul oo deggan marka la barbar dhigo wabiyaal badan oo Afrikaan ah oo kulaylaha ah, taas oo ka tarjumaysa roobabka badan ee si siman loo qaybiyay ee inta badan kaymaha Dooxada Kongo. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, isbeddelada xilliyeedku waa kuwo muuqda, iyadoo qulqulka uu sarreeyo inta lagu jiro xilliga roobka ugu weyn iyo qulqul hooseeya xagga dhammaadka xilliga abaarta.<ref name="Laraque2020">{{cite journal |last1=Laraque |first1=Alain |last2=Moukandi |first2=Guy |last3=Orange |first3=Didier |title=Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa |journal=Water |volume=12 |issue=9 |pages=2613 |year=2020 |doi=10.3390/w12092613 |doi-access=free }}</ref> == Deegaanka == [[File:Sunset on the Sangha River near Bayanga.jpg|thumb|320px|Qorrax dhaca Webiga Sangha meel u dhow Bayanga, oo ay ku hareeraysan yihiin kaymaha roobka ee Dooxada Kongo.]] Webiga Sangha wuxuu dhex maraa mid ka mid ah qaybaha ugu wanaagsan ee la ilaaliyo ee kaymaha roobka ee [[Dooxada Kongo]]. Inta badan dooxadiisu way ku yar yihiin dadka deggani waxayna haysataa meelo ballaaran oo kaymaha qoyan ee kulaylaha ah kuwaas oo taageera heerar sare oo kala duwanaansho nololeed ah.<ref name="Laraque2020"/> Meelo ballaaran oo dooxada wabiga ah ayaa lagu ilaaliyaa iyada oo loo marayo shabakad isku xiran oo ah aagagga ilaalinta. Qaybta dhexe ee wabiga waxay qayb ka tahay [[Sangha Trinational]], oo ah urur ilaalin xuduudeed oo ay wadaagaan [[Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika]], [[Cameroon]] iyo [[Jamhuuriyadda Kongo]]. Goobtu waxay ka mid tahay [[Beerta Qaranka ee Dzanga-Ndoki]], [[Beerta Qaranka ee Lobéké]] iyo [[Beerta Qaranka ee Nouabalé-Ndoki]], waxaana loo asteeyay [[Goobta Dhaxalka Adduunka ee UNESCO]] sanadkii 2012.<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1380 |title=Sangha Trinational |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=8 July 2026 }}</ref> Wabiga iyo kaymaha ku hareeraysan waxay hoy u yihiin noocyo badan oo khatar ku jira, oo ay ka mid yihiin [[maroodiga kaynta Afrika]], [[gorillada bannaanka galbeed]], [[chimpanzee-ga bartamaha]], iyo sidoo kale dhowr nooc oo antelopes kaynta ah, primates iyo xayawaanka biyaha. Fatahaadda xilliyeedka ee wabiga ayaa sidoo kale taageerta dhul-qoyan ballaaran oo loo aqoonsaday hoos yimaada [[Axdiga Ramsar]], oo leh goobo la ilaaliyo oo ku yaal Cameroon, Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika iyo Jamhuuriyadda Kongo.<ref name="Laraque2020"/> == Hawlaha bini'aadamka == [[File:Traditional canoe on the Sangha River near Bayanga.jpg|thumb|320px|Dooni dhaqameed saaran Webiga Sangha meel u dhow Bayanga, oo loo isticmaalo gaadiidka maxalliga ah iyo kalluumeysiga.]] Webiga Sangha wuxuu muddo dheer u adeegayay waddo gaadiid oo muhiim ah oo dhex marta kaymaha Bartamaha Afrika. In kasta oo navigation-ku uu ku xaddidan yahay heerarka biyaha ee xilliyeed iyo maqnaanshaha kaabayaasha waaweyn, wabigu wuxuu weli u yahay hab lagama maarmaan u ah gaadiidka bulshooyinka maxalliga ah, isagoo isku xira degsiimooyinka haddii kale laga heli karo oo keliya waddooyin aan laami ahayn ama waddooyin kaynta ah.<ref name="Britannica"/> Goynta alwaaxda ganacsiga ayaa ahayd mid ka mid ah hawlaha dhaqaale ee ugu waaweyn ee dooxada tan iyo xilligii gumeysiga, iyada oo alwaaxda la raro oo la sii mariyo wabiga iyo wabi-gacmeedyadiisa. Kalluumeysigu wuxuu sidoo kale bixiyaa il muhiim ah oo cunto iyo dakhli u ah bulshooyinka dhinaca wabiga deggan.<ref name="Britannica"/> Dooxada sare, gaar ahaan hareeraha [[Bayanga]], wabigu wuxuu taageeraa dalxiiska deegaanka ee la xidhiidha aagagga dhow ee la ilaaliyo ee [[Sangha Trinational]]. Booqdayaashu waxay isticmaalaan wabiga si ay u galaan goobaha sida [[Dzanga Bai]], halka dalxiisku uu u noqday il muhiim ah oo shaqo u ah bulshooyinka maxalliga ah oo ay weheliso hawlaha ilaalinta.<ref name="UNESCO"/> == Taariikh == [[File:Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza.jpg|thumb|250px|Sahamiye Faransiis [[Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza]], oo sahamiyay dooxada Sangha intii lagu jiray qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad.]] Qarniyo badan, Webiga Sangha wuxuu u adeegayay marin gaadiid oo muhiim ah dadka asaliga ah ee Dooxada Kongo, isagoo fududeynaya safarka, ganacsiga iyo isgaarsiinta u dhexeeya bulshooyinka ku nool bangiyadiisa iyo gudaha kaymaha roobka ee ku hareeraysan.<ref>{{cite book |last=Harms |first=Robert W. |title=River of Wealth, River of Sorrow: The Central Zaire Basin in the Era of the Slave and Ivory Trade, 1500–1891 |url=https://archive.org/details/riverofwealthriv0000harm |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1981 |isbn=9780300026160 }}</ref> Sahaminta Yurub ee dooxada Sangha ayaa xoogaysatay intii lagu jiray qaybta dambe ee qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad markii Faransiisku ballaariyay joogitaankiisa Bartamaha Afrika. Sahamiyayaasha ugu caansan waxaa ka mid ahaa [[Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza]], oo safarradiisu ay gacan ka geysteen sahaminta iyo khariidaynta waqooyiga Dooxada Kongo waxayna gacan ka geysteen aasaasidda maamulka gumeysiga Faransiiska ee gobolka.<ref name="Britannica"/> Intii lagu jiray xilligii gumeysiga, wabigu wuxuu noqday waddo muhiim ah oo looga soo saaro loona raro kheyraadka dabiiciga ah, gaar ahaan cinjirka iyo alwaaxda kulaylaha. Goynta alwaaxdu waxay ahaanaysaa mid ka mid ah hawlaha dhaqaale ee ugu waaweyn ee dooxada, iyada oo alwaaxda la raro oo la sii mariyo Sangha iyo wabi-gacmeedyadiisa ilaa xarumaha wax-soo-saarka iyo dekedaha Webiga Kongo.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Sangha River |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Sangha-River |access-date=8 July 2026 }}</ref> Laga soo bilaabo dhammaadkii qarnigii labaatanaad, waxaa xoogga la saaray ilaalinta dooxada Sangha. Iskaashiga u dhexeeya Cameroon, Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika iyo Jamhuuriyadda Kongo ayaa horseeday abuurista shabakad xuduudeed oo ah aagagga la ilaaliyo. Sanadkii 2012, [[Sangha Trinational]] waxaa loo diiwaan geliyay [[Goobta Dhaxalka Adduunka ee UNESCO]] iyadoo loo aqoonsaday kala duwanaanshaheeda nololeed ee gaarka ah iyo nidaamka deegaanka ee kaymaha roobka ee aan weli burburin.<ref name="UNESCO"/> == Eeg sidoo kale == * [[Webiga Kongo]] * [[Sangha Trinational]] * [[Dooxada Kongo]] == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{GeoGroupTemplate}} k666mto3xmqbfigp20yvffebh3bn4nc 0 48853 305813 301590 2026-08-24T17:57:02Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305813 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Panthera_leo_melanochaita_Crossing_River_Khwai.webm|thumb|Libaax ka gudbaya Webiga Khwai]] '''Webiga Khwai''' waa wabi ku yaal waqooyiga [[Botswana]]. Wuxuu ka kordhaa Webiga Okavango wuxuuna qayb ka yahay xudduudda waqooyi ee [[Moremi Game Reserve]]. Meel aan ka fogayn wabiga, oo ku taal Albaabka Waqooyi ee Moremi, waa tuulada BaBugkakhwe ee [[Khwai]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Botswana: Okavango Delta, Chobe, Northern Kalahari|url=https://archive.org/details/botswanaokavango0000mcin|first=Chris |last=McIntyre |edition =2|publisher =Bradt Travel Guides|year= 2007 |ISBN= 1-84162-166-8 }}</ref> Aagga waxaa u adeega [[Madaarka Webiga Khwai]]. == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} lkq3qlesb7x1izaw6sjz53w6m0mhqhv 0 48861 305848 302041 2026-08-24T18:14:07Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305848 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Great Scarcies | name_other = Kolenté | image = Great Scarcies Basin OSM.svg | image_size = 250px | image_caption = Khariidadda Biyo-mareenka Webiga Great Scarcies | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | source1_location = [[Fouta Djallon]], [[Guinea]] | subdivision_type1 = Waddamada | subdivision_name1 = {{hlist|[[Guinea]]|[[Sierra Leone]]}} | length_km = 257 | length_ref = <ref name="North Africa-West Coast">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=157&catid=209&Itemid=179|title=North Africa-West Coast}}</ref> | discharge1_location=Meel u dhow afka | discharge1_avg =(Xilligii: 1979–2015) {{cvt|13.37|km3/year|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="River Basins">{{cite web|url=http://twap-rivers.org/indicators|title=River Basins|access-date=2024-01-29|archive-date=2024-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117234333/http://twap-rivers.org/indicators/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | mouth_location = [[Badweynta Atlaantik]] | mouth_coordinates ={{coord|8|54|00|N|13|11|00|W|display=inline}} | river_system= Webiga Great Scarcies | tributaries_left= | tributaries_right= | basin_size_km2 = 7,832 | basin_size_ref = <ref name="River Basins"/> }} '''Webiga Kolenté''' (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Webiga Great Scarcies''') waa wabi ku yaal [[Guinea]] iyo [[Sierra Leone]]. Wabigu wuxuu sameeyaa qayb ka mid ah [[Guinea–Sierra Leone border|xudduudda caalamiga ah]] ee u dhaxaysa labada waddan. Wuxuu ku shubmaa [[Badweynta Atlaantik]] meesha loo yaqaan Barlo Point, [[Sierra Leone]]. Gudaha Guinea, waxaa loo yaqaan Kolenté halka Sierra Leone, waxaa loo yaqaan Great Scarcies. [[Webiga Little Scarcies]] wuxuu ku shubmaa isla gacanka Badweynta Atlaantik ee koonfurta Webiga Great Scarcies. Aaggan waxaa degay [[Temne people|dadka Temne]] kuwaas oo ka soo haajiray [[Futa Jalon]] oo ku yaal waqooyiga.<ref name="short Fyfe">{{cite book|last=Fyfe|first=Christopher|title=A Short History of Sierra Leone|url=https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofsi0000fyfe|year=1962|publisher=Longmans|location=London}}</ref> == Tixraac == {{reflist}} {{coord|9|16|N|12|54|W|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kolente River}} ordakh1fq0tkln0mnifh5i6qqv3r49w 0 48862 305874 302045 2026-08-24T18:28:05Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305874 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Little Scarcies | image = Kaba or Little Scarcies River Outamba Kilimi Park.JPG | image_size = 300px | image_caption = Webiga Little Scarcies ee [[Outamba-Kilimi National Park]] | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | source1_location = [[Fouta Djallon]], [[Guinea]] | subdivision_type1 = Waddamada | subdivision_name1 = {{hlist|[[Guinea]]|[[Sierra Leone]]}} | length_km = 280 | length_ref = <ref name="North Africa-West Coast">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=157&catid=209&Itemid=179|title=North Africa-West Coast}}</ref> | discharge1_location=Meel u dhow afka | discharge1_avg =(Xilligii: 1979–2015) {{cvt|30.52|km3/year|m3/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="River Basins">{{cite web|url=http://twap-rivers.org/indicators|title=River Basins|access-date=2026-07-11|archive-date=2024-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117234333/http://twap-rivers.org/indicators/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | mouth_location = [[Badweynta Atlaantik]] | mouth_coordinates ={{coord|8|54|00|N|13|11|00|W|display=inline}} | river_system= Webiga Little Scarcies | tributaries_left= | tributaries_right= | basin_size_km2 = 18,552 | basin_size_ref = <ref name="River Basins"/> }} '''Webiga Little Scarcies''' waa wabi ku yaal galbeedka [[Afrika]] kaas oo ka bilaabma [[Guinea]] uuna ku qulqulaa [[Sierra Leone]], ka dibna wuxuu ku shubmaa [[Badweynta Atlaantik]]. Waxaa ku hareeraysan dhulal [[marsh]] oo ballaaran. Wabiga waxaa kale oo loo yaqaannaa '''Webiga Kaba'''. [[Webiga Great Scarcies]] wuxuu ku shubmaa isla gacanka Badweynta Atlaantik ({{coord|8|54|00|N|13|11|00|W|display=inline}}), wax yar uun koonfurta ka xigta afka Webiga Little Scarcies. Aaggan waxaa degay [[Temne people|dadka Temne]] kuwaas oo ka soo haajiray [[Futa Jalon]] oo ku yaal waqooyiga.<ref name="short Fyfe">{{cite book|last=Fyfe|first=Christopher|title=A Short History of Sierra Leone|url=https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofsi0000fyfe|year=1962|publisher=Longmans|location=London}}</ref> Qaab hore oo kale oo magaca ah ayaa ahaa '''Scassos''';<ref>Carl Bernhard Wadström, ''An Essay on Colonization, Particularly Applied to the Western Coast of Africa, with Some Free Thoughts on Cultivation and Commerce'' (Darton and Harvey, 1794), p. [https://archive.org/details/essayoncolonizat00wads/page/237 237].</ref> magaca Ingiriisiga waxaa laga soo qaatay Bortuqiiska ''Rio dos Carceres''.<ref>P. E. H. Hair (ed.), ''Hawkins in Guinea, 1567-1568'' (Leipzig: Institut fur Afrikanistik, Universitat Leipzig, 2000; {{ISBN|3932632656}}), p. 57: "The 'Causserus' is River Scarcies, an important waterway NW of the Sierra Leone estuary, whose local name was probably Kase but which became known to the Portuguese as first Rio de Case/Caces and then as Rio dos Carceres; hence, by English corruption, 'Scarcies'."</ref> == Qoraallo == {{Reflist}} {{Commons}} l60jaubbvwycvvw6jowvm1bmahqrjb1 0 48870 305773 301612 2026-08-24T17:31:57Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305773 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Ogooué | image = Bassin versant de l'Ogooué-fr.svg | image_size = | image_caption = Biyo-mareenka Ogooué | source1_location = [[Kengue]], [[Jamhuuriyadda Kongo]] | mouth = [[Badweynta Atlaantik]] | mouth_location = [[Port Gentil]], [[Gabon]] | subdivision_type1 = Waddanka | subdivision_name1 = [[Gabon]], [[Jamhuuriyadda Kongo]] | length={{cvt|1,200|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name="Investigating links between rainfall variations in the Ogooué River basin and ENSO in the Pacific Ocean over the period 1940–1999">{{cite report|url=https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/2022-05/010084854.pdf|title=Investigating links between rainfall variations in the Ogooué River basin and ENSO in the Pacific Ocean over the period 1940–1999|last1=Sakaros|first1=Bogning|last2=Frédéric|first2=Frappart|last3=Gil|first3=Mahe|last4=Adrien|first4=Paris|last5=Raphaël|first5=Onguéné|last6=Fabien|first6=Blarel|last7=Fernando|first7=Niño|last8=Jacques|first8=Etame|last9=Jean-Jacques|first9=Braun|publisher=Copernicus, PIAHS|page=181-186|date=2021}}</ref> | source1_elevation = {{cvt|840|m|abbr=on}} | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|-1.0272|8.8848|region:GA|display=inline}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|0|m|ft|abbr=on}} | discharge2_avg =(Xilligii: 1971–2000){{cvt|4,485.4|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Central West Coast">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=192&catid=270&Itemid=179|title=Central West Coast|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> | basin_size={{cvt|225,217.5|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}<ref name="Central West Coast">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=192&catid=270&Itemid=179|title=Central West Coast|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> |progression=[[Badweynta Atlaantik]] |river_system=Webiga Ogooué |extra = |discharge2_location=[[Lambaréné]] |discharge1_location=''Ogooué Delta'' |discharge2_min = {{cvt|1,610|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Evaluation Hidrologique de l'Afrique Sub-Saharienne Pays de Afrique l'Ouest">{{cite web|url=http://www.hydrosciences.fr/sierem/Bibliotheque/biblio/EvalHydroAfriqueOuestCameroun.pdf|title=Evaluation Hidrologique de l'Afrique Sub-Saharienne Pays de Afrique l'Ouest|year=1992}}</ref> |discharge2_max = {{cvt|9,440|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Evaluation Hidrologique de l'Afrique Sub-Saharienne Pays de Afrique l'Ouest">{{cite web|url=http://www.hydrosciences.fr/sierem/Bibliotheque/biblio/EvalHydroAfriqueOuestCameroun.pdf|title=Evaluation Hidrologique de l'Afrique Sub-Saharienne Pays de Afrique l'Ouest|year=1992}}</ref> |discharge3_location = [[Ndjolé]] |discharge3_min = {{cvt|1,200|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Evaluation Hidrologique de l'Afrique Sub-Saharienne Pays de Afrique l'Ouest">{{cite web|url=http://www.hydrosciences.fr/sierem/Bibliotheque/biblio/EvalHydroAfriqueOuestCameroun.pdf|title=Evaluation Hidrologique de l'Afrique Sub-Saharienne Pays de Afrique l'Ouest|year=1992}}</ref> |discharge3_avg =(Xilligii: 1971–2000){{cvt|3,194.8|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Central West Coast">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=192&catid=270&Itemid=179|title=Central West Coast|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> |discharge3_max = {{cvt|6,600|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Evaluation Hidrologique de l'Afrique Sub-Saharienne Pays de Afrique l'Ouest">{{cite web|url=http://www.hydrosciences.fr/sierem/Bibliotheque/biblio/EvalHydroAfriqueOuestCameroun.pdf|title=Evaluation Hidrologique de l'Afrique Sub-Saharienne Pays de Afrique l'Ouest|year=1992}}</ref> |discharge4_location = [[Lastoursville]] |discharge4_min = {{cvt|650|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Evaluation Hidrologique de l'Afrique Sub-Saharienne Pays de Afrique l'Ouest">{{cite web|url=http://www.hydrosciences.fr/sierem/Bibliotheque/biblio/EvalHydroAfriqueOuestCameroun.pdf|title=Evaluation Hidrologique de l'Afrique Sub-Saharienne Pays de Afrique l'Ouest|year=1992}}</ref> |discharge4_avg =(Xilligii: 1971–2000){{cvt|1,305|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Central West Coast">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=192&catid=270&Itemid=179|title=Central West Coast|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> |discharge4_max = {{cvt|2,800|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Evaluation Hidrologique de l'Afrique Sub-Saharienne Pays de Afrique l'Ouest">{{cite web|url=http://www.hydrosciences.fr/sierem/Bibliotheque/biblio/EvalHydroAfriqueOuestCameroun.pdf|title=Evaluation Hidrologique de l'Afrique Sub-Saharienne Pays de Afrique l'Ouest|year=1992}}</ref> |discharge5_location = [[Franceville]] |discharge5_min = {{cvt|122|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Evaluation Hidrologique de l'Afrique Sub-Saharienne Pays de Afrique l'Ouest">{{cite web|url=http://www.hydrosciences.fr/sierem/Bibliotheque/biblio/EvalHydroAfriqueOuestCameroun.pdf|title=Evaluation Hidrologique de l'Afrique Sub-Saharienne Pays de Afrique l'Ouest|year=1992}}</ref> |discharge5_avg = (Xilligii: 1953–1981){{cvt|253|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Evaluation Hidrologique de l'Afrique Sub-Saharienne Pays de Afrique l'Ouest">{{cite web|url=http://www.hydrosciences.fr/sierem/Bibliotheque/biblio/EvalHydroAfriqueOuestCameroun.pdf|title=Evaluation Hidrologique de l'Afrique Sub-Saharienne Pays de Afrique l'Ouest|year=1992}}</ref> |discharge5_max = {{cvt|520|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Evaluation Hidrologique de l'Afrique Sub-Saharienne Pays de Afrique l'Ouest">{{cite web|url=http://www.hydrosciences.fr/sierem/Bibliotheque/biblio/EvalHydroAfriqueOuestCameroun.pdf|title=Evaluation Hidrologique de l'Afrique Sub-Saharienne Pays de Afrique l'Ouest|year=1992}}</ref> |discharge1_avg =(Xilligii: 1971–2000){{cvt|5,148.05|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Central West Coast">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=192&catid=270&Itemid=179|title=Central West Coast|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> |discharge1_min={{cvt|1,950|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Source book for the inland fishery resources of Africa Vol. 2">{{cite web|url= https://www.fao.org/3/t0360e/T0360E06.htm|title=Source book for the inland fishery resources of Africa Vol. 2}}</ref> |discharge1_max ={{cvt|7,340|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} ({{cvt|13,500|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<ref name="Source book for the inland fishery resources of Africa Vol. 2">{{cite web|url= https://www.fao.org/3/t0360e/T0360E06.htm|title=Source book for the inland fishery resources of Africa Vol. 2}}</ref> | tributaries_left = [[Webiga Letili|Letili]], [[Webiga Lebombi|Lebombi]], [[Webiga Lekedi|Lekedi]], [[Webiga Leyou|Leyou]], [[Webiga Lolo|Lolo]], [[Webiga Offoue|Offoue]], [[Webiga Ngounié|Ngounié]] | tributaries_right = [[Webiga Mpassa|Mpassa]], [[Webiga Lekoni|Léconi]], [[Webiga Sebe|Sebe]], [[Webiga Lassio|Lassio]], [[Webiga Dilo|Dilo]], [[Webiga Ivindo|Ivindo]], [[Webiga Nke|Nké]], [[Webiga Okano|Okano]], [[Webiga Abanga|Abanga]]}} '''Ogooué''' (ama '''Ogowe'''), oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano Webiga Nazareth, oo dhererkiisu yahay {{cvt|1,200|km|mi|abbr=on}}, waa wabiga ugu weyn ee [[Gabon]] ee ku yaal bartamaha-galbeedka Afrika iyo wabiga afraad ee ugu weyn Afrika marka loo eego mugga qulqulka, isagoo ka dambeeya oo keliya [[Webiga Kongo|Kongo]], [[Webiga Kasai|Kasai]] iyo [[Webiga Niger|Niger]]. [[Biyo-mareenkiisa]] (watershed) wuxuu soo saaraa ku dhawaad dhammaan waddanka Gabon, iyadoo qaar ka mid ah laamihiisu ay gaaraan [[Jamhuuriyadda Kongo]], [[Kameruun]], iyo [[Equatorial Guinea]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/readersdigestnat00sche|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=0-89577-087-3|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/readersdigestnat00sche/page/275 275]|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.}}</ref> == Juqraafiga == === Marinka === Isha Webiga Ogooué waxaa la helay sannadkii 1894-kii by [[Mary Kingsley]], oo ahayd sahamiye Ingiriis ah oo ku safartay bangiyada iyadoo isticmaalaysa [[maraakiibta uumiga]] iyo [[doonyo]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}} Wabigu wuxuu ka soo kiciyaa waqooyi-galbeed ee [[Bateke Plateau]] meel u dhow [[Kengue]], [[Jamhuuriyadda Kongo]].<ref name="readersnatural" /> Wuxuu u ordaa waqooyi-galbeed, wuxuuna galaa [[Gabon]] meel u dhow ''Boumango''. ''Poubara Falls'' waxay ku yaallaan meel u dhow [[Maulongo]]. Laga soo bilaabo [[Lastoursville]] ilaa [[Ndjole]], Ogooué waa mid aan la mari karin sababo la xiriira [[xawaaraha (rapids)]]. Magaalada dambe, wuxuu u ordaa galbeed, wuxuuna galaa [[Gacanka Guinea]] meel u dhow Ozouri, koonfurta [[Port Gentil]]. [[Webiga Delta|Ogowe Delta]] waa mid aad u weyn, oo dhererkiisu yahay qiyaastii 100 km iyo ballaciisuna yahay 100 km. === Delta === Goob 30,000 ha ah oo ku taal delta-ga Webiga Ogooué, oo ay ku jirto qayb weyn oo ka mid ah Jasiiradda Mandji, ayaa loo qoondeeyay [[Goob Shimbireed Muhiim ah]] (IBA) by [[BirdLife International]] sababtoo ah waxay taageertaa dad aad u tiro badan oo ka mid ah noocyada shimbiraha badan.<ref name=bli>{{cite web |url= https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/ogoou%C3%A9-delta-and-mandji-island-iba-gabon|title= Ogooué delta and Mandji island|author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2024|website= BirdLife Data Zone|publisher= BirdLife International|access-date= 2024-12-01}}</ref> === Biyo-mareenka === Biyo-mareenka Ogooué waa {{cvt|223,000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}, kaas oo {{cvt|189,500|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} ama 85 boqolkiiba ay ku taal Gabon.<ref name="Africa: International River Basin register">{{cite web|url=https://www.cawater-info.net/twinbasinxn/africa_e.htm|title=Africa: International River Basin register}}</ref> Aagga Biyo-mareenka Webiga Ogooué iyadoo loo eegayo waddanka:<ref name="Africa: International River Basin register">{{cite web|url=https://www.cawater-info.net/twinbasinxn/africa_e.htm|title=Africa: International River Basin register}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable col1left" {{right}} ! rowspan=2 | Waddanka ! colspan=2 | Aagga ! rowspan=2 | % |- ! {{km2}} ! {{mi2}} |- |{{flag|Kameruun}} |{{convert|5,200|km2|disp=table|sortable=on}} | 2.34 |- |{{flag|Equatorial Guinea}} |{{convert|2,000|km2|disp=table|sortable=on}} | 0.89 |- |{{flag|Gabon}} |{{convert|189,500|km2|disp=table|sortable=on}} | 84.98 |- |{{flag|Jamhuuriyadda Kongo}} | {{convert|26,300|km2|disp=table|sortable=on}} | 11.79 |- | colspan="4" | |- | ''{{noflag|Ogooué wadarta guud ee biyo-mareenka}}'' | {{convert|223,000|km2|disp=table|sortable=on}} | 100.00 |} Masaafada laga soo bilaabo afka wabiga:<ref name="PROSPECTION HYDRO-ÉLECTRIQUE GÉNÉRALE DES BASSINS DE L'OGOOUÉ ET DE LA NYANGA">{{cite report|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39891005.pdf|title=PROSPECTION HYDRO-ÉLECTRIQUE GÉNÉRALE DES BASSINS DE L'OGOOUÉ ET DE LA NYANGA|page=75|date=1966|publisher=ÉLECTRICITÉ DE FRANCE (EDF)}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! Saldhigga ! Kiiloomitirka wabiga (rkm) ! Joogga (m) |- |[[Lambaréné]] |183 |12 |- |[[Webiga Ngounie|Ngounié]]* |196 |13 |- |[[Webiga Abanga|Abanga]]* |242 |20 |- |[[Ndjolé]] |280 |25 |- |[[Webiga Okano|Okano]]* |314 |40 |- |[[Webiga Ngolo|N'golo]]* |359 |72 |- |[[Webiga Offoue|Offoué]]* |424 |142 |- |[[Booué]] |451 |161 |- |[[Webiga Ivindo|Ivindo]] * |481 |180 |- |[[Webiga Dilo|Dilo]]* |503 |182 |- |[[Webiga Lolo|Lolo]]* |512 |186 |- |[[Webiga Lassio|Lassio]]* |535 |200 |- |[[Lastoursville]] |616 |226 |- |[[Webiga Sebe|Sébé]]* |685 |242 |- |[[Webiga Leyou|Leyou]]* |696 |243 |- |[[Webiga Lekoni|Léconi]]* |714 |248 |- |[[Webiga Lekabi|Lékabi]]* |725 |249 |- |[[Webiga Lebombi|Lébombi]]* |774 |270 |- |[[Webiga Mpassa|Mpassa]]* |802 |280 |- |[[Webiga Baniaka|Baniaka]]* |871 |426 |} <nowiki>*</nowiki>Webi isku biiray (confluence) Saldhigyada cabbiraadda ee Webiga Ogooué:<ref name="Central West Coast">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=192&catid=270&Itemid=179|title=Central West Coast|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" | Saldhigga ! rowspan="2" | Kiiloomitirka wabiga (rkm) ! rowspan="2" | Joogga (m) ! rowspan="2" | Biyo-mareenka (km²) ! rowspan="2" | Celceliska qulqulka (m³/s) * |- |- | colspan="5" | |- |''Ogooué Delta'' |0 |0 |225,217.5 |5,148.05 |- |[[Lambaréné]] |183 |12 |205,228.5 |4,485.4 |- |[[Ndjolé]] |280 |25 |160,106.9 |3,191.5 |- |[[Booué]] |451 |161 |130,931.4 |2,746.9 |- |[[Lastoursville]] |616 |226 |45,767.1 |1,305 |- |[[Franceville]] |802 |280 |8,570.2 |233.4 |- | colspan="5" | |- | colspan="5" |^* Muddada: 1971–2000 |} == Qulqulka == {{Bar chart | title = Celceliska qulqulka sannadlaha ah ee Webiga Ogooué ee saldhigyada cabbiraadda. Muddada 1971 ilaa 2000.<ref name="Central West Coast">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=192&catid=270&Itemid=179|title=Central West Coast|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref> | label_type = Muddada | data_type = Celceliska qulqulka (m³/s) | bar_width = 14 | width_units = em | data_max =5,150 | label1=Ogooué Delta | data1=5,148 | label2=Lambaréné | data2=4,485 | label3=Ndjolé | data3=3,192 | label4=Booué | data4=2,747 | label5=Lastoursville | data5=1,305 | label6=Franceville | data6=233 }} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" | Bisha ! colspan="3" | Celceliska qulqulka bilaha ah (m³/s) ee delta<ref name="SITE RAMSAR BAS OGOOUE">{{cite conference|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/GA1851RISformer_160316.pdf|title=SITE RAMSAR BAS OGOOUE|conference=Session de la Conférence des Parties contractantes|publisher=FDR|page=22|date=2008|location=Liberville, Gabon|last1=Mengue|first1=Medou|last2=Ondamba|first2=Ombanda|last3=Ndjokounda|first3=Come|last4=Mounganga|first4=Magloir-Désiré|last5=Bayani|first5=Emmanuel|last6=Mikala|first6=Rufin}}</ref><ref name="Estimates of Freshwater Discharge from Continents: Latitudinal and Seasonal Variations">{{cite journal|journal=Journal of Hydrometeorology|doi=10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0660:EOFDFC>2.0.CO;2|url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/hydr/3/6/1525-7541_2002_003_0660_eofdfc_2_0_co_2.xml|last1=Aiguo|first1=Dai|last2=Kevin|first2=E. Trenberth|title=Estimates of Freshwater Discharge from Continents: Latitudinal and Seasonal Variations|date=2002|volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=660–687|bibcode=2002JHyMe...3..660D }}</ref> |- ! Sannadaha qalalan ! Caadi ! Sannadaha qoyan |- |DEC–FEB |3,744.5 |4,285 |4,826.5 |- |MAR–MAY |4,883 |6,336 |7,789 |- |JUN–AUG |1,625.3 |1,997 |2,188.7 |- |SEP–NOV |6,935 |8,041 |9,147 |- | colspan="4" | |- |''Celcelis'' |''4,296.7'' |'''''5,142.25''''' |''5,987.8'' |} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;" |+ Qulqulka Webiga Ogooué (m³/s) ee saldhigga cabbiraadda [[Lambaréné]] (muddadii 1929–2017): ! Sannadka biyaha ! Ugu yar ! ''Celcelis'' ! Ugu badnaan ! rowspan="41" | ! Sannadka biyaha ! Ugu yar ! ''Celcelis'' ! Ugu badnaan |- |1929/30 |1,250 |''3,569'' |5,030 |1969/70 |2,193 |''5,386'' |9,533 |- |1930/31 |1,390 |''4,238'' |6,980 |1970/71 |1,649 |''4,214'' |8,220 |- |1931/32 |1,590 |''4,259'' |7,580 |1971/72 |1,739 |''3,826'' |6,871 |- |1932/33 |1,380 |''4,126'' |6,630 |1972/73 |1,720 |''4,199'' |7,100 |- |1933/34 |2,390 |''5,449'' |10,800 |1973/74 |1,570 |''4,252'' |8,260 |- |1934/35 |1,850 |''4,888'' |6,690 |1974/75 |1,670 |''4,642'' |8,940 |- |1935/36 |1,690 |''4,612'' |7,850 | colspan="4" |1975/76–1979/80: Xog la'aan |- |1936/37 |1,930 |''4,835'' |8,210 |1980/81 |1,550 |''4,290'' |7,820 |- |1937/38 |1,780 |''4,791'' |7,180 |1981/82 |1,740 |''4,100'' |6,900 |- |1938/39 |2,170 |''5,905'' |11,300 |1982/83 |1,140 |''3,520'' |8,550 |- |1939/40 |1,950 |''4,762'' |6,930 |1983/84 |902 |''4,230'' |6,530 |- |1940/41 |1,740 |''3,936'' |6,460 |1984/85 |2,200 |''4,670'' |7,610 |- |1941/42 |1,430 |''3,707'' |5,720 |1985/86 |1,610 |''4,060'' |6,800 |- |1942/43 |1,370 |''4,292'' |6,880 |1986/87 |1,580 |''3,690'' |7,160 |- |1943/44 |2,330 |''5,874'' |9,450 |1987/88 |1,970 |''4,940'' |8,880 |- |1944/45 |2,140 |''5,273'' |7,980 |1988/89 |1,780 |''4,700'' |9,810 |- |1945/46 |1,690 |''4,600'' |8,490 |1989/90 |2,060 |''5,030'' |10,800 |- |1946/47 |2,340 |''5,861'' |9,310 | colspan="4" |1990/91–1994/95: Xog la'aan |- |1947/48 |2,120 |''5,545'' |9,780 |1995/96 |1,300 |''4,450'' |8,310 |- |1948/49 |2,640 |''5,912'' |10,600 |1996/97 |1,320 |''4,216'' |6,510 |- |1949/50 |1,950 |''5,300'' |9,600 |1997/98 |1,110 |''3,661'' |6,300 |- |1950/51 |1,640 |''5,280'' |9,470 |1998/99 |1,290 |''3,595'' |7,940 |- |1951/52 |2,350 |''5,660'' |9,080 |1999/00 |1,280 |''4,798'' |8,350 |- |1952/53 |2,050 |''4,770'' |7,200 |2000/01 |1,290 |''3,971'' |7,770 |- |1953/54 |1,300 |''3,597'' |5,690 |2001/02 |1,200 |''4,629'' |8,260 |- |1954/55 |1,900 |''4,383'' |7,530 |2002/03 |1,570 |''4,722'' |8,030 |- |1955/56 |1,400 |''4,278'' |8,100 |2003/04 |1,900 |''3,703'' |5,590 |- |1956/57 |1,660 |''4,252'' |7,420 |2004/05 |1,350 |''3,717'' |6,020 |- |1957/58 |979 |''3,093'' |5,110 |2005/06 |1,500 |''4,695'' |8,640 |- |1958/59 |1,580 |''4,179'' |8,250 |2006/07 |1,740 |''4,883'' |8,720 |- |1959/60 |2,160 |''5,073'' |9,350 |2007/08 |1,640 |''5,112'' |11,170 |- |1960/61 |2,190 |''5,970'' |11,000 |2008/09 |2,520 |''5,850'' |9,180 |- |1961/62 |1,910 |''5,227'' |8,210 |2009/10 |1,480 |''3,985'' |7,260 |- |1962/63 |2,170 |''4,799'' |6,830 |2010/11 |1,510 |''3,690'' |5,790 |- |1963/64 |1,810 |''4,647'' |8,500 |2011/12 |2,190 |''4,038'' |9,420 |- |1964/65 |2,100 |''5,074'' |7,510 |2012/13 |960 |''3,931'' |7,270 |- |1965/66 |2,150 |''5,500'' |9,470 |2013/14 |1,420 |''4,588'' |8,370 |- |1966/67 |1,600 |''4,482'' |10,100 |2014/15 |1,090 |''3,890'' |6,930 |- |1967/68 |1,823 |''4,451'' |7,557 |2015/16 |980 |''3,794'' |8,090 |- |1968/69 |2,093 |''5,020'' |7,607 |2016/17 |1,510 |''3,846'' |6,490 |- | colspan="9" | |- | colspan="9" |Xigasho:<ref name="Global River Discharge Database">{{cite web|url=https://sage.nelson.wisc.edu/riverdata/keysearch.php?keyword=Ogoou%C3%A9&submit=Search|title=Global River Discharge Database}}</ref><ref name="The Ogooue River Gabon. Discharge reconstruction and evidence of equatorial climatic variations">{{cite report|title=The Ogooue River Gabon. Discharge reconstruction and evidence of equatorial climatic variations|last1=Gil|first1=Mahe|last2=J.|first2=Lerique|last3=Jean-Claude|first3=Olivry|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285569599|date=1990|volume=5|page=105-124|publisher=ORSTOM}}</ref><ref name="Contrasted Chemical Weathering Rates in Cratonic Basins: The Ogooué and Mbei Rivers, Western Central Africa">{{cite journal|last1=Moquet |first1=Jean-Sébastien |last2=Bouchez |first2=Julien |last3=Braun |first3=Jean-Jacques |last4=Bogning |first4=Sakaros |last5=Mbonda |first5=Auguste Paulin |last6=Carretier |first6=Sébastien |last7=Regard |first7=Vincent |last8=Bricquet |first8=Jean-Pierre |last9=Paiz |first9=Marie-Claire |last10=Mambela |first10=Emmanuel |last11=Gaillardet |first11=Jérôme |journal= Frontiers in Water|doi=10.3389/frwa.2020.589070|date=2021 |title= Contrasted Chemical Weathering Rates in Cratonic Basins: The Ogooué and Mbei Rivers, Western Central Africa|volume=2 |bibcode=2021FrWat...2.9070M |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Long-term Hydrological Variations of the Ogooue River Basin">{{cite journal|journal=Hydrology|doi=10.1002/essoar.10505633.1|title=Long-term Hydrological Variations of the Ogooue River Basin|date=2021|last1=Sakaros|first1=Bogning Dongue|last2=Frédéric|first2=Frappart|last3=Gil|first3=Mahe|last4=Fernando|first4=Niño|last5=Adrien|first5=Paris|last6=Joëlle|first6=Sihon|last7=Franck|first7=Ghomsi|last8=Fabien|first8=Blarel|last9=Jean-Pierre|first9=Bricquet|last10=Raphaël|first10=Onguéné|last11=Jacques|first11=Etame|last12=Frédérique|first12=Seyler|last13=Marie-Claire|first13=Paiz|last14=Jean-Jacques|first14=Braun|volume=105 |bibcode=2021esoar.10505633B |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348219681|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Modeling the Ogooué river discharge based on multi-missions altimetry data">{{cite conference|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348187946|title=Modeling the Ogooué river discharge based on multi-missions altimetry data|date=2018|conference=AGU Chapman Conference on Hydrologic Research in the Congo Basin|publisher=CTOH|location=Washington DC, USA|last1=Sakaros|first1=Bogning Dougue|last2=Frédéric|first2=Frappart|last3=Adrien|first3=Paris|last4=Fabien|first4=Blarel|last5=Fernando|first5=Nino|last6=Frédérique|first6=Seyler|last7=Gil|first7=Mahe|last8=Raphaël|first8=Onguéné|last9=Jacques|first9=Etame|last10=Marie-Claire|first10=Paiz|last11=Jean-Jacques|first11=Braun}}</ref><ref name="Investigating links between rainfall variations in the Ogooué River basin and ENSO in the Pacific Ocean over the period 1940–1999">{{cite report|url=https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/2022-05/010084854.pdf|title=Investigating links between rainfall variations in the Ogooué River basin and ENSO in the Pacific Ocean over the period 1940–1999|last1=Sakaros|first1=Bogning|last2=Frédéric|first2=Frappart|last3=Gil|first3=Mahe|last4=Adrien|first4=Paris|last5=Raphaël|first5=Onguéné|last6=Fabien|first6=Blarel|last7=Fernando|first7=Niño|last8=Jacques|first8=Etame|last9=Jean-Jacques|first9=Braun|publisher=Copernicus, PIAHS|page=181-186|date=2021}}</ref> |} == Laamaha == [[File:Ogooué.JPG|thumb|Webiga Ogooué]] [[File:Fan women and child, banks of the Ogoway.jpg|thumb|Haweenka Fan iyo ilmo, bangiyada Ogoway. Laga soo bilaabo Dhulka iyo dadka deggan, Afrika (la daabacay 1890-1893 [v.1, 1892] )]] Webiga Ogowe wuxuu helaa biyaha laamo badan oo ay ka mid yihiin: * [[Webiga Abanga|Abanga]], kaas oo ka soo kiciya buuraha [[Crystal Mountains National Park|Cristal]], meel u dhow [[Medouneu]] * [[Webiga Baniaka|Baniaka]] * [[Webiga Dilo|Dilo]] * [[Webiga Ivindo|Iyinda]], laanta ugu muhiimsan * [[Webiga Letili|Letili]] * [[Webiga Lassio|Lassio]] * [[Webiga Lebombi|Lebombi]] * [[Webiga Lekabi|Lekabi]] * [[Webiga Lekedi|Lekedi]] * [[Webiga Lekoni|Lekoni]], kaas oo u qulqula [[Akieni]] iyo [[Lékoni, Gabon|Leconi]] * [[Webiga Letili|Letili]] * [[Webiga Leyou|Leyou]] * [[Webiga Lolo|Lolo]] * [[Webiga Mbine|Mbine]] * [[Webiga Ngolo|Ngolo]] * [[Webiga Ngounie|Ngounie]] * [[Webiga Nke|Nke]] * [[Webiga Offoue|Offoue]] * [[Webiga Okano|Okano]], oo laantiisa ugu weyni ay tahay [[Webiga Lara]] * [[Webiga Mpassa|Mpassa]], kaas oo u qulqula [[Franceville]] * [[Webiga Sebe|Sebe]], kaas oo u qulqula [[Okondja]] * [[Webiga Wagny|Wagny]] {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;" |+ Webiga weyn iyo laamaha waa (loo kala soocay si ka bilaabma afka ilaa kor): ! Laanta bidix ! Laanta midig ! Dhererka (km) ! Cabbirka biyo-mareenka (km²) ! Celceliska qulqulka (m³/s) |- | colspan="2" |''Ogooué'' |''1,200'' |''225,217.5'' |''5,148.05'' |- | colspan="5" |'''Ogooué Delta''' |- |Kolo | rowspan="2" | | |496.8 |13.33 |- |Nkomi |170 |5,816.6 |194.01 |- | |Akiri |20 |248.1 |8.91 |- | colspan="5" |'''Ogooué Hoose''' |- |Olimbé | | |1,352.9 |43.41 |- | rowspan="4" | |Lac Ompindi | |325.8 |12.28 |- |Alooué | |552 |21.45 |- |Mangoué | |992.5 |41.97 |- |Oronga | |1,248.6 |44.86 |- |Nkovié | rowspan="4" | | |521.8 |17.6 |- |Agouma | |1,983.3 |70.11 |- |Lac Zilé | |322.4 |9.15 |- |[[Webiga Ngounie|Ngounié]] |680 |32,636.7 |1,002.4 |- | |[[Webiga Mbine|Biné]] | |752.6 |21.03 |- |M'boumi | |109 |1,606.4 |35.38 |- | rowspan="2" | |[[Webiga Abanga|Abanga]] |226 |8,204.4 |190.31 |- |Missanga |32 |476.5 |9.88 |- | colspan="5" |'''Ogooué Dhexe''' |- |Lébé | | |376.5 |7.01 |- | |[[Webiga Okano|Okano]] |280 |11,257.2 |192.91 |- |Machoka | | |559.8 |9.78 |- | |[[Webiga Ngolo|Ngolo]] | |1,023.1 |14.62 |- |Mingoué | rowspan="4" | |113 |1,178.9 |21.17 |- |Leledi | |2,038.5 |33.23 |- |Lope | |378.9 |5.07 |- |[[Webiga Offoue|Offoué]] |235 |7,673.9 |166.63 |- | rowspan="3" | |[[Webiga Nke|Nké]] | |1,883.8 |26.04 |- |[[Webiga Ivindo|Ivindo]] |686 |63,201.4 |1,112.4 |- |[[Webiga Dilo|Dilo]] |190 |3,166 |54.3 |- |[[Webiga Lolo|Lolo]] | |240 |11,212.7 |278.17 |- | |[[Webiga Lassio|Lassio]] |160 |5,413.3 |114.44 |- | colspan="5" |'''Ogooué Sare''' |- |Lehibou | | |410.4 |9.81 |- | rowspan="3" | |Momba | |643.1 |15.34 |- |Ouolo | |640.7 |16.08 |- |[[Webiga Sebe|Sébé]] |292 |10,069.7 |236.97 |- |[[Webiga Leyou|Leyou]] | |134 |1,771 |69.82 |- | rowspan="2" | |[[Webiga Lekoni|Lékoni]] |252 |7,592.8 |344.36 |- |[[Webiga Lekabi|Lékabi]] | |1,542.3 |46.67 |- |[[Webiga Lekedi|Lekedi]] | rowspan="2" | |48 |1,244.5 |34.63 |- |[[Webiga Lebombi|Lébombi]] |91 |3,769.4 |106.89 |- | |[[Webiga Mpassa|Mpassa]] |163 |6,339.6 |312 |- |[[Webiga Baniaka|Baniaka]] | rowspan="2" | | |749.9 |21.38 |- |[[Webiga Letili|Letili]] | |1,682.1 |43.46 |- | |Loua | |361.6 |11.03 |- |Djoulou | rowspan="3" | | |509.3 |12.71 |- |Loungou | |481.4 |11.42 |- |Léfou | |382.7 |8.88 |- | |Djouéli | |377.8 |12.19 |- |Léouké | | |1,006.9 |23.32 |- | |Nsiele | |364.7 |14.06 |- | colspan="5" |Xigasho:<ref name="Central West Coast">{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=192&catid=270&Itemid=179|title=Central West Coast|last=Eric|first=Tilman}}</ref><ref name="PROSPECTION HYDRO-ÉLECTRIQUE GÉNÉRALE DES BASSINS DE L'OGOOUÉ ET DE LA NYANGA">{{cite report|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39891005.pdf|title=PROSPECTION HYDRO-ÉLECTRIQUE GÉNÉRALE DES BASSINS DE L'OGOOUÉ ET DE LA NYANGA|page=75|date=1966|publisher=ÉLECTRICITÉ DE FRANCE (EDF)}}</ref> |} == Deegaanka == Waxay inta badan ka kooban tahay [[kaymaha roobka]] oo aan la taaban oo leh xoogaa [[savanna|savanna grassland]] halkaas oo [[xilliga qallalan]] ee bartamaha sannadka uu yahay midka ugu dheer. Waxay hoy u tahay noole-kala duwanaansho sare. Saddexda nooc ee [[yaxaaska]] Afrika, tusaale ahaan, waxay ku jiraan wabiga: [[yaxaaska Niil]], [[yaxaaska yar (dwarf crocodile)]], iyo [[yaxaaska dhuuban-dhuuban (slender-snouted crocodile)]]. Sidoo kale waa nooca goobta ee catfish ''[[Synodontis acanthoperca]]''.<ref>{{FishBase |genus= Synodontis|species= acanthoperca| month = March| year = 2013}}</ref> == Dhaqaalaha == Ogooué waa mid [[la mari karo]] laga soo bilaabo [[Ndjole]] ilaa [[Gacanka Guinea|badda]]. Waxaa loo isticmaalaa in qoryaha lagu keeno [[Port-Gentil|Dekedda Port Gentil]]. Biyo-mareenka Ogowe waxaa ku jira dhowr kayd oo waaweyn oo ilaalin ah, oo ay ku jiraan [[Lope National Park]]. Aagga ay biyuhu ku qulqulaan waxaa celcelis ahaan ka jira dadweyne dhan 4 qof halkii km². Magaalooyinka ku teedsan wabiga waxaa ka mid ah [[Ayem]], [[Adané]], ''Loanda'', [[Lambaréné]], [[Ndjole]], [[Booué]], [[Kankan]], [[Maulongo]], [[Mboungou-Mbadouma]], [[Ndoro]], [[Lastoursville]], [[Moanda, Gabon|Moanda]], iyo [[Franceville]] oo u dhow xudduudda Kongo. Magaalooyinka Kongo waxaa ka mid ah [[Zanaga]]. Sahamiyaha [[List of explorers|Yurub]] ee ugu horreeyay ee raadraaca wabiga ilaa isha uu ka yimaado wuxuu ahaa [[Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza]], oo ku safray aagga 1870-meeyadii.<ref name="readersnatural" /> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} * Perusset André. 1983. Oro-Hydrographie (Le Relief) in ''Geographie et Cartographie du Gabon, Atlas Illustré'' oo uu hoggaaminayo The Ministère de l'Education Nationale de la Republique Gabonaise. Bogga 10-13. Paris, Faransiiska: Edicef. * Petringa, Maria. ''Brazza, A Life for Africa''. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2006. {{ISBN|9781-4259-11980}}. Waxay sharraxaysaa sahamintii ballaaran ee Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza uu ku sameeyay biyo-mareenka Wabiga Ogoué. * [[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]]. 2003. ''African Adventure Atlas'' Bogga 24,72. oo uu hoggaaminayo Sean Fraser. * Gardinier David. 1994. ''Historical Dictionary of Gabon 2nd Edition''. USA: The Scarercrow Press, Inc. * Direction General de L'Environnement.1999. ''Stratégie nationale et Plan D'action sur la biodiversité biologique du Gabon''. * ''The Atlas of Africa''. Bogga 201. by Regine Van Chi-Bonnardel. Jeune Afrique Editions. * Lerique Jacques. 1983. Hydrographie-Hydrologie. in ''Geographie et Cartographie du Gabon, Atlas Illustré'' oo uu hoggaaminayo The Ministère de l'Education Nationale de la Republique Gabonaise. Bogga 14-15. Paris, Faransiiska: Edicef. == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Commons}} {{NSRW Poster|Ogowe}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20031110014559/http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/FRE/maps/301.htm Khariidadda World Resources Institute ee biyo-mareenka Ogooué] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120813015647/http://www.waterandnature.org/en/resources/publications/thematic-collection/facts-figures/watersheds-world Khariidadda biyo-mareenka Wabiga Ogoué ee Water Resources eAtlas] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20031020230344/http://www.mokelembembe.com/ Website ku saabsan ugaarsiga dinosaur-ka] {{Rivers of Gabon}} {{Authority control}} {{coord|2|40|S|14|30|E|source:kolossus-svwiki|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ogooue River}} 8doa09bd8eomm3knf3gwazkzqzw2xjp 0 48906 305825 302019 2026-08-24T18:03:20Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305825 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sherbro Landsat.jpg|thumb|Sawirka dabiiciga ah ee Landsat ee Jasiiradda Sherbro, Sierra Leone. Dhanka galbeed, waxaa laga arki karaa Jasiiradaha Turtle.]] {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Jasiiradda Sherbro, Sierra Leone | nickname = | subdivision_type = [[Wadamada adduunka|Wadan]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Gobolka Koonfureed, Sierra Leone|Gobol]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Degmooyinka Sierra Leone|Degmo]] | subdivision_name = [[Sierra Leone]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Gobolka Koonfureed, Sierra Leone|Gobolka Koonfureed]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Degmada Bonthe]] | leader_title = | leader_name = | population_as_of = Qiyaastii 2013 | population_metro = | population_total = 28,457 | population_footnotes = | timezone = [[Greenwich Mean Time]] | utc_offset = ±0 | website = }} '''Jasiiradda Sherbro''' waxay ku taal [[Badweynta Atlaantik]], waxaana lagu daray [[Degmada Bonthe]], [[Gobolka Koonfureed, Sierra Leone|Gobolka Koonfureed]], [[Sierra Leone]]. Jasiiradda waxaa ka sooca dhulka weyn ee Afrika Webiga Sherbro oo dhanka waqooyi ah iyo [[Sherbro Strait]] oo dhanka bari ah. Waxay dhererkeedu yahay {{convert|32|mi|km}} ballacdana ilaa {{convert|15|mi|km}}, iyadoo dabooleysa aag qiyaastii {{convert|230|sqmi|km2}}. Dhanka ugu fog ee galbeed waa [[Cape St. Ann]]. [[Bonthe]], oo ku taal dhanka bari, waa dekedda ugu weyn iyo xarunta ganacsiga. Taariikh ahaan, tani waxay qayb ka ahayd dhulka dadka taariikhiga ah ee [[Sherbro]], kuwaas oo u talin jiray aag ballaaran oo ka mid ah waxa hadda loo yaqaan Sierra Leone. Maanta waxay ku urursan yihiin qaybta koonfureed iyo dhexe ee [[Degmada Moyamba]]. Iyaga ayaa ah kooxda [[qowmiyadda]] ugu weyn ee jasiiradda, halkaas oo tirada guud ee dadku tahay 28,457. Jasiiraddu waxay leedahay in ka badan {{convert|65|mi|km}} oo xeebo kulaylaha ah. Wasaaradda Dalxiiska iyo Horumarinta ee Sierra Leone ayaa u qoondeysay horumarinta dalxiiska. == Hawlaha dhaqaale == Beerashada bariiska ee dhul-qoyan, dalxiiska, iyo kalluumeysiga ayaa ah hawlaha ugu muhiimsan ee dhaqaalaha.{{Citation needed|date=Maarso 2024}} Sannadkii 2024 waxaa la sheegay in jilaaga Ingiriiska ah [[Idris Elba]], oo aabbihiis yahay [[Sierra Leonean Creole]], uu aasaasay Sherbro Alliance Partners iyadoo ujeedadu tahay in lagu horumariyo "magaalo-caqli badan" (smart-city) oo awood u leh inay taageerto ilaa hal milyan oo qof jasiiradda Sherbro.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-17 |title=Idris Elba 'dreams big' with Sierra Leone eco-city plan for Sherbro Island |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68573737 |access-date=2024-03-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Taariikhda == Jasiiradda Sherbro waxaa muddo dheer ku noolaa dadka Sherbro, kuwaas oo taariikh ahaan u talin jiray qowmiyadaha kale ee qayb badan oo ka mid ah gobolka dhulka weyn. Dadka jasiiraddu waxay lahaayeen dhaqaale ku salaysan kalluumeysi ballaaran. Waxay sidoo kale doonyo ku ganacsan jireen dadka deriska la ah ee ku nool tuulooyinka xeebta. Intii lagu jiray duullaankii [[Mane people|Mane]] ee qarnigii 16-aad, Sherbro waxay ahayd xarunta mid ka mid ah boqortooyooyinkooda waaweyn.<ref name=Rodney>{{cite journal |last1=Rodney |first1=Walter |title=A Reconsideration of the Mane Invasions of Sierra Leone. |journal=The Journal of African History |date=1967 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=219–46 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700007039 |jstor=179481 |s2cid=163011504 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/179481 |access-date=16 Luulyo 2023|url-access=subscription }} </ref>{{rp|227}} Boqorkii intii lagu jiray qarnigii 17-aad badhtankiisii hore wuxuu ahaa nin la odhan jiray Sherabola ama Selboele, ka dibna jasiiradda ayaa loo bixiyay.<ref name=Rodney/>{{rp|232}} Qarnigii toddoba iyo tobnaad, sahamiyeyaal iyo ganacsato ka yimid [[Portugal]], [[Spain]], iyo [[Netherlands]] ayaa yimid aaggan. Waxay la ganacsan jireen dadka Sherbro iyo qabiilo kale oo ku nool wabiyada ilaa gudaha. Waxay tixraaceen waxa hadda loo yaqaan Webiga Sherbro sida Webiga ''Madrebombo'', taas oo laga yaabo inay ula jeedaan "hooyo durbaan" af-Isbaanish. Warqado Dutch ah oo taariikhdoodu ahayd 1633 ayaa wabiga ku tilmaamay qoraal kala duwan oo ah ''Maderebombo.'' Noocyada kale ee qoraalka waxaa ka mid ahaa ''Madrabomba.'' (Eeg: ''Navigantium Atque Itinerantium Bibliotheca'') Qarnigii toddoba iyo tobnaad, [[Royal African Company]], oo loo aasaasay sidii kali-talisnimo Ingiriiska, waxay bilowday inay halkan iyo [[Xeebta Guinea]] ka shaqeeyaan sidii ganacsato. Iyadoo markii hore raadinayay dahab, gaar ahaan Webiga [[Gambia]], qarnigii siddeed iyo tobnaad ee hore RAC waxay ku lug lahaayeen [[ka ganacsiga addoonta]], kaas oo ay ku jirtay kali-talisnimadooda. RAC waxay samaysay qalcaddii shirkadda oo loo yaqaan York Island ee Jasiiradda Sherbro. Waxay ahayd deked loogu dhoofiyo Afrikaanka la addoonsaday dhanka Ameerika. [[Thomas Corker]], oo ka yimid [[Falmouth, Cornwall]], wuxuu la shaqaynayay RAC in ka badan toban sano markii loo magacaabay wakiil halkan qarnigii toddoba iyo tobnaad dhammaadkiisii. Wuxuu guursaday gabadh uu dhalay madax ka mid ah Sherbro, labadoodii wiilna waxay noqdeen aabbayaasha reer boqor ee ganacsatada iyo madaxda gobolka. Wax yar ka dib markii loo wareejiyay [[The Gambia]], wuxuu ku dhintay safar ganacsi oo uu ku tagay Ingiriiska sanadkii 1700, laakiin farcankiisa Sierra Leone si fiican ayey u shaqeeyeen.<ref name="tattersfield">{{cite book|last=Tattersfield|first=Nigel|title=The Forgotten Trade: Comprising the Log of the 'Daniel and Henry' of 1700 and Accounts of the Slave Trade From the Minor Ports of England 1698–1725 (1778)|url=https://archive.org/details/forgottentradeco0000tatt|location=London|date=1991|pages=[https://archive.org/details/forgottentradeco0000tatt/page/309 309]–19}}</ref> Ka dib markii Great Britain ay baabi'isay [[Taariikhda addoonsiga|ka ganacsiga addoonta]] Afrikaanka ah ee caalamiga ah 1807, waxay bilowday inay u isticmaasho qalcaddii ganacsiga ee RAC ee hore ee Jasiiradda Sherbro saldhig u ah hawlgallada badda ee ka dhanka ah ganacsatada addoonta ee sharci-darrada ah. Addoomadii la xoreeyay waxaa dib loogu dejiyay gumaystihii [[Freetown]]. Maraykanku wuxuu kaloo mamnuucay soo dejinta dadka la addoonsaday 1808, in kasta oo fulintu xaddidneyd. Laakiin muddo tobanaan sano ah, labada dal ee Spain iyo Portugal waxay sii wadeen iibsashada addoomo Afrikaan ah oo loogu talagalay gumaysigooda Caribbean-ka, iyo Bartamaha iyo Koonfurta Ameerika. Sannadkii 1815 [[Paul Cuffe]], oo ahaa sameeye markab oo guulaystay oo African-American ah oo ka yimid [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], ayaa xiisaynayay dib-u-dejinta dadka madow ee xorta ah ee galbeedka Afrika. Ingiriisku waxay tan ka fuliyeen [[Freetown, Sierra Leone]] ilaa 1792. Halkaas, [[Black Loyalists]] oo ka yimid [[Nova Scotia]] (African Americans la xoreeyay intii lagu jiray [[American Revolution]]) waxaa ku biiray [[Jamaican Maroons|Maroons]] laga soo musaafuriyay [[Jamaica]], [[Liberated Africans in Sierra Leone|Liberated Africans]] laga xoreeyay ganacsatada sharci-darrada ah, iyo qaar ka mid ah kooxaha qowmiyadaha ee dhulka Sierra Leone oo xiisaynayay dhaqanka reer galbeedka,<ref name="harris">Harris, Sheldon H. ''Paul Cuffee: Black America and the African Return''. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1972.</ref> waxay ku midoobeen qowmiyadda [[Sierra Leone Creole|Creole/Krio]].<ref name=Walker>{{cite book|last=Walker |first=James W. |year=1992 |chapter=Chapter Five: Foundation of Sierra Leone |title=The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone, 1783–1870 |location=Toronto |publisher=University of Toronto Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/blackloyalistsse0000walk/page/94 94]–114 |url=https://archive.org/details/blackloyalistsse0000walk |url-access=registration |isbn=978-0-8020-7402-7}} Waxaa markii hore daabacay Longman & Dalhousie University Press (1976).</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Dixon-Fyle |first1=Mac |last2=Cole |first2=Gibril Raschid |chapter=Introduction |year=2006 |title=New Perspectives on the Sierra Leone Krio |location=New York |publisher=Peter Lang |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WGiRuAG8K5wC |isbn=978-0-8204-7937-8 |pages=2–3 |quote=Qayb weyn oo ka mid ah dadkan addoomadii hore waxay ahaayeen Yoruba, laakiin xubno ka tirsan kooxaha qowmiyadaha ee gobollada kale ee Atlaantik (Igbo, Efik, Fante, iwm) ayaa sidoo kale aad loogu arkayay kooxdan dadka xoreeyay ee Liberated Africans. Shakhsiyaadka ka socda bulshooyinka qowmiyadaha asaliga ah ee Sierra Leone ayaa si weyn loogu matalay dadka xoreeyay [...] Qof kasta oo Temne, Limba, Mende, iyo Loko ah oo ku nool Freetown, oo ay saameeyeen saraakiisha maxalliga ah ee Yurub iyo dadka fidinta diinta, waxay ugu dambeyntii daadin doonaan magacyadooda asaliga ah, iyo qiyamka dhaqanka, si ay u qaataan aqoonsi Creole ah kaas oo siiyay fursad wanaagsan oo guul ah jawiga Victorian ee sii kordhaya ee reer galbeedka Freetown.}}</ref> Cuffe wuxuu aaminsanaa in dadka madow ee Mareykanka ah ee xirfadleyda ah ay gacan ka geysan karaan horumarinta ganacsiga ee u dhexeeya Sierra Leone iyo Mareykanka, taas oo faa'iido u leh labada dhinac. Sannadkii 1815, wuxuu dib ugu dejiyay koox ka kooban 88 [[freedmen]] oo Mareykan ah Jasiiradda Sherbro. Ka dib markii uu ku soo laabtay Mareykanka, Cuffe wuxuu suuq geeyay badeecadiisii uu ka soo qaaday Freetown.<ref name="harris"/> Cuffe wuxuu dhintay 1817, laakiin [[American Colonization Society]] (ACS), oo la aasaasay 1820 labada dhinacba ee ka dhanka ah addoonsiga iyo mulkiilayaasha addoonta, ayaa sii waday dadaalka dib-u-dejinta dadka madow ee xorta ah ee Afrika. Waxay u igmadeen sahamin meelo suurtagal ah, oo ay ku jirto Jasiiradda Sherbro. Waxay heleen [[John Kizell]], oo ahaa Sherbro ku dhashay maxalliga ah oo dib u soo laabtay ka dib markii la qabtay oo lagu hayay addoonsi South Carolina. Wuxuu xornimo ku helay Ingiriiska intii lagu jiray [[American Revolutionary War]] wuxuuna ka mid ahaa 1200 [[Black Loyalists]] oo dib loogu dejiyay [[Freetown]] 1792. Kizell wuxuu noqday hoggaamiye dad badan oo Sherbro ah. [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]] wuxuu ansixiyay sharci Maarso 3, 1819, kaas oo fasaxayay gaadiidka dadka madow ee xorta ah ee loo dhoofiyo "hooyadood". ACS waxay bilowday inay horumariso gumaysi Afrika loogu talagalay dadka madow ee Mareykanka ah ee xorta ah. Waxay hadhow u noqotay [[Jamhuuriyadda Liberia]]. Muddadan, dadka madow ee ugu badan ee xorta ah (iyo addoomaha) ee Maraykanka waxay ahaayeen dad u dhashay qaranka; waxay halkaas ku lahaayeen qoys iyo taariikh. Waxay rabeen inay helaan xuquuq siman iyo daaweyn aan takoor lahayn oo Maraykanka ah. Sannadkii 1821, markabka ''Elizabeth'' ee ka yimid New York wuxuu siday 86 African Americans oo xor ah (oo ay ku jiraan fidiyaha diinta [[Daniel Coker]]), iyo sidoo kale saddex wakiil oo ACS ah, kooxdii ugu horreysay ee ACS ay taageerto ee Jasiiradda Sherbro. Cudurro iyo qandho ayaa si degdeg ah u dilay in ka badan rubuc dadkii la rabay inay degaan.<ref name="npr">{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=102865779|title=Excerpt: 'This Child Will Be Great'|website=Npr.org|access-date=2017-01-21}}</ref> Kuwii ka badbaaday waxay u guureen Abriil 1822 [[Providence Island, Monrovia|Providence Island]] oo ku taal [[Cape Mesurado]] waxa hadda loo yaqaan qaranka [[Liberia]].<ref name="npr"/> Sannadkii 1861 Gumaystihii Ingiriiska ee [[Freetown]] ayaa ka helay Jasiiradda Sherbro dadka Sherbro, taas oo ka dhigtay inay hoos timaado maamulka dawladdooda. Dadka Sherbro waxay sii wadeen inay halkaas ku noolaadaan. Maamulkii gumaysiga iyo ka dibna ilaaliyaha ayaa maamulayay ilaa Sierra Leone ay xornimada qaadatay 1961. Sida 2024, waxaa jira mashruuc socda oo jasiiradda looga dhigayo [[aag dhaqaale oo gaar ah]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-26 |title=L’acteur Idris Elba se rêve en bâtisseur de ville en Sierra Leone |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2024/03/26/l-acteur-idris-elba-se-reve-en-batisseur-de-ville-en-sierra-leone_6224254_3234.html |access-date=2024-09-27 |language=fr}}</ref> == Deegaanka == [[File:Sherbro Island - panoramio (1).jpg|thumb|Qayb ka mid ah xeebta Jasiiradda Sherbro]] Jasiiradda Sherbro waxaa la rumeysan yahay inay tahay meel ay ku tarmaan [[green sea turtle|qoolleyda badda ee cagaaran]] iyo sidoo kale [[leatherback sea turtle|qoolleyda badda ee leatherback]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seaturtle.org/mtn/archives/mtn54/mtn54p10.shtml |title=MTN 54:10-12 Sea Turtle Nesting in Sierra Leone, West Africa |website=Seaturtle.org |date= |accessdate=2017-01-21}}</ref> Biyaha ku hareeraysan jasiiradda waxay haystaan qaar ka mid ah [[tarpon]] ugu weyn adduunka. Diiwaannada ururka kalluumeysiga isboortiga [[IGFA]] waxaa sameeyay qabasho ka timid aaggan. [[African manatee|African manatees]] waxay sidoo kale ku nool yihiin webiga Sherbro ee waqooyiga jasiiradda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Reeves |first=Randall R. |last2=Tuboku-Metzger |first2=Daphne |last3=Kapindi |first3=Richard A. |date=Abriil 1988 |title=Distribution and exploitation of manatees in Sierra Leone |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/9190DDAE8218D9D8B53CFB3820EF1B2F/S0030605300027538a.pdf/div-class-title-distribution-and-exploitation-of-manatees-in-sierra-leone-div.pdf |journal=Oryx |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=77 |via=University of Cambridge |access-date=2026-07-11 |archive-date=2018-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724200345/https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/9190DDAE8218D9D8B53CFB3820EF1B2F/S0030605300027538a.pdf/div-class-title-distribution-and-exploitation-of-manatees-in-sierra-leone-div.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> == Dadka == Bishii Maajo 2013, diiwaanka dawladda Sierra Leone ee dadka jasiiradda waxay ahayd 28,457. == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == *{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2015/07/sierra-leone-layers-history-150714082258599.html|title=Sierra Leone's layers of history, A past filled with historical memories slowly crumbles away on a forgotten island in Sierra Leone|last=Trenchard|first=Tommy|date=22 Jul 2015|publisher= Al Jazeera Media Network}} *[http://www.sierra-leone.org/Postcards/MAP2333.jpg 1746 khariidadda Xeebta Guinea, oo ay ku jirto Sierra Leone], waxaa qoray [[N. Bellin]]. Waxaa lagu daabacay Faransiis. *[https://books.google.com/books?id=dbb2Ax2J7AEC&dq=madrabomba&pg=PA53 ''Navigantium Atque Itinerantium Bibliotheca''], Google Books {{Authority control}} {{Coord|7|33|N|12|42|W|region:SL_type:isle|display=title}} k73fl0yrby3ckfchiksn8ozn0typi11 0 48922 305808 301686 2026-08-24T17:53:55Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305808 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Map_of_the_Greater_German_Reich.svg|thumb|Xuduudaha la soo jeediyay ee "Reich-ka Jarmalka Weyn" (oo ay ku jiraan dhulalka saamaynta suurtagalka ah iyo maxmiyadaha,fikarkani waan dadka jarmalka ay yurubta bari isku balaadhiyaan oo dadka ay u arkaan dad hoose inay meesha ka saaraan), sida laga soo xigtay Machadka Taariikhda Casriga ah ee Munich: <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#008000|Greater Germanic Reich}}]] {{IPA|de|ˈleːbənsˌʁaʊm|-|De-Lebensraum.ogg}}<span class="gloss-quot">'</span> <span class="gloss-text">meel nololeed</span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span> ) <ref>{{Cite web|location=The Beer Hall Putsch}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-nazi-party-1#the-beer-hall-putsch-2 "The Nazi Party"]. ''United States Holocaust Memorial Museum''. The Beer Hall Putsch<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> waa fikrad Jarmal ah oo ku saabsan fidinta iyo qarannimada ''Völkisch'', falsafadda iyo siyaasadaheeda oo caan ku ahaa siyaasadda Jarmalka laga soo bilaabo 1890-meeyadii ilaa 1940-meeyadii. Markii ugu horreysay waxaa caan noqday qiyaastii 1901, <ref name="WM&ZR">{{Cite book|last=William Mallinson|url=http://www.cambridgescholars.com/download/sample/63397|title=The Threat of Geopolitics to International Relations: Obsession with the Heartland|last2=Zoran Ristic|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|year=2016|isbn=978-1-4438-9738-9|at=p. 3 (19 / 30 in PDF)|chapter=The Political Poisoning of Geography|access-date=2017-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122024047/http://www.cambridgescholars.com/download/sample/63397|archive-date=2020-01-22|url-status=dead}} ''[Also in:]'' {{Cite book|last=Gearóid Ó Tuathail|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q4z31O4RWg0C&q=Ratzel+lebensraum|title=Critical Geopolitics: The Politics of Writing Global Space|last2=Gerard Toal|publisher=U of Minnesota Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0816626038|pages=37–38|via=Google Books}}</ref> {{Lang|de|Lebensraum}} wuxuu noqday yool juqraafi siyaasadeed oo Boqortooyadii Jarmalka ee [[Dagaalkii Dunida Kowaad|Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka]] (1914–1918), oo ah qaybta ugu muhiimsan ee barnaamijka {{Lang|de|[[Septemberprogramm]]}} ballaadhinta dhuleed. <ref name="E/N301">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/penguindictionar0000evan|title=Penguin Dictionary of International relations|publisher=Penguin Books|year=1998|isbn=978-0140513974|editor-last=Graham Evans|page=[https://archive.org/details/penguindictionar0000evan/page/301 301]|id=[http://www.yourvietbooks.com/2015/04/ir-one-definition-day-geopolitics.html Geopolitics (excerpt).]|editor-last2=Jeffrey Newnham|url-access=registration}}</ref> Nooca ugu Xagjirsan ee fikraddan waxaa dhiirrigeliyay oo bilaabay Xisbiga Naasiga, kaasoo xukumayay Jarmalka Naasiga, oo hadafkiisa ugu dambeeya uu ahaa inuu dhiso Reich-ka Jarmalka Weyn . {{Lang|de|Lebensraum}} wuxuu ahaa dhiirigelin ugu weyn ee Jarmalka Nazi-ka ah ee bilaabista [[Dagaalkii Labaad ee Aduunka|Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka]], wuxuuna sii wadi doonaa siyaasaddan ilaa dhamaadka colaadda. [[Category:Articles containing German-language text]] Ka dib markii Adolf Hitler qabsaday awoodda, {{Lang|de|Lebensraum}} wuxuu noqday aydhiyoolajiyad ee Naziismka wuxuuna cadeeyay in la caddeeyo ballaarinta dhulka Jarmalka ee Badhtamaha iyo Bariga Yurub. Siyaasadda Nazi {{Lang|de|[[Generalplan Ost]]}} (oo ah 'Qorshaha ugu weyn Bariga') waxay ku saleysan tahay mabaadi'da. [[Category:Articles containing German-language text]] <span data-ve-ignore="" style="white-space: nowrap;">&#x2009;</span> Waxay ku qeexday in Jarmalka uu u baahan yahay ''{{Lang|de|Lebensraum}}'' lagama maarmaan u ah badbaadadeeda iyo in inta badan dadka ku nool Bardhtamaha iyo Bariga Yurub si joogto ah looga saaro (ha ahaato mustaafuris ballaadhan oo loo mustaafuriyo Siberia, xasuuq, ama addoonsi), oo ay ku jiraan Polish, Yukreeniyaan, Ruush, Belarusian, Czech, iyo waddamo kale oo Slavic ah oo loo arko inay yihiin kuwa aan ahayn Aryan . Dowladdii Nazi-ga waxay higsaneysay inay dhulkan dib ugu celiso gumeystayaashii Jarmalka iyagoo adeegsanaya magaca {{Lang|de|Lebensraum}} intii lagu jiray iyo ka dib Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka. <ref name="Mineau180">{{Cite book|last=Mineau|first=André|title=Operation Barbarossa: Ideology and Ethics Against Human Dignity|date=2004|publisher=Rodopi|isbn=978-90-420-1633-0|page=180}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMineau2004">Mineau, André (2004). ''Operation Barbarossa: Ideology and Ethics Against Human Dignity''. Rodopi. p.&nbsp;180. [[International Standard Book Number|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-90-420-1633-0|<bdi>978-90-420-1633-0</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref name="Baranowski141">{{Cite book|last=Baranowski|first=Shelley|title=Nazi Empire: German Colonialism and Imperialism from Bismarck to Hitler|url=https://archive.org/details/naziempiregerman0000bara|date=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-85739-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/naziempiregerman0000bara/page/141 141]}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBaranowski2011">Baranowski, Shelley (2011). ''Nazi Empire: German Colonialism and Imperialism from Bismarck to Hitler''. Cambridge University Press. p.&nbsp;141. [[International Standard Book Number|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85739-0|<bdi>978-0-521-85739-0</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Dadkii oo dhan waxaa ku dhacay gaajo; wixii ka badan beeraha waxaa loo isticmaalay in lagu quudiyo Jarmalka. <ref name="Mineau180" /> Dadka Yuhuudda ah ayaa [[Holokost|si toos ah loo baabi'in lahaa]] . Barnaamijka istaraatiijiyadeed ee Hitler ee Jarmalka Weyn wuxuu ku salaysnaa aaminsanaanta awoodda {{Lang|de|Lebensraum}}, gaar ahaan marka ay daba socdaan bulsho qowmiyad ahaan ka sarraysa. <ref name="Baranowski141">{{Cite book|last=Baranowski|first=Shelley|title=Nazi Empire: German Colonialism and Imperialism from Bismarck to Hitler|url=https://archive.org/details/naziempiregerman0000bara|date=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-85739-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/naziempiregerman0000bara/page/141 141]}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBaranowski2011">Baranowski, Shelley (2011). ''Nazi Empire: German Colonialism and Imperialism from Bismarck to Hitler''. Cambridge University Press. p.&nbsp;141. [[International Standard Book Number|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85739-0|<bdi>978-0-521-85739-0</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Dadka loo arko inay qayb ka yihiin jinsiyadaha aan Aryan ahayn, gudaha dhul balaadhinta {{Lang|de|Lebensraum}} , waa la saarayay ama la burburiyay. <ref name="Baranowski141" /> Faa'iidooyinka aasaasiga ah ee {{Lang|de|Lebensraum}} waxay u qaadatay inay tahay xuquuqda Isirka sareeyaJarmalka ee Aryan ( {{Lang|de|Herrenvolk}} ) in dadka asalka uh ah lagasaaro magaca deegaankooda. Waxay fikraddan ka heleen dhiirigelin ka timid meel ka baxsan Jarmalka, gaar ahaan gumeysiga Yurub ee Waqooyiga Ameerika . <ref name="Baranowski141" /> Hitler iyo saraakiishii Nazi waxay si gaar ah u danaynayeen qaddarka muuqda, waxayna isku dayeen inay ku celceliyaan Yurubta la haysto. Jarmalka Naasiga ayaa sidoo kale taageeray fikradaha kale ee dhul-ballaardhinta awoodaha Axiska sida {{Lang|it|[[spazio vitale]]}} ee Faashiiyiinta Talyaaniga . iyo {{Lang|ja-Latn|[[hakkō ichiu]]}} ee Boqortooyada Japan <ref>{{Cite book|last=Mark Mazower|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=opefF4rAL6YC&q=Italy+living+space|title=Hitler's Empire: Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe|publisher=Penguin UK|year=2013|isbn=978-0141917504|page=431|orig-year=2008|via=Google Books}}</ref> == __LEAD_SECTION__ == [[File:Map_of_the_Greater_German_Reich.svg|thumb|Xuduudaha la soo jeediyay ee "Reich-ka Jarmalka Weyn" (oo ay ku jiraan dhulalka saamaynta suurtagalka ah iyo maxmiyadaha,fikarkani waan dadka jarmalka ay yurubta bari isku balaadhiyaan oo dadka ay u arkaan dad hoose inay meesha ka saaraan), sida laga soo xigtay Machadka Taariikhda Casriga ah ee Munich: <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#008000|Greater Germanic Reich}}]] {{IPA|de|ˈleːbənsˌʁaʊm|-|De-Lebensraum.ogg}}<span class="gloss-quot">'</span> <span class="gloss-text">meel nololeed</span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span> ) <ref>{{Cite web|location=The Beer Hall Putsch}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-nazi-party-1#the-beer-hall-putsch-2 "The Nazi Party"]. ''United States Holocaust Memorial Museum''. The Beer Hall Putsch<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> waa fikrad Jarmal ah oo ku saabsan fidinta iyo qarannimada ''Völkisch'', falsafadda iyo siyaasadaheeda oo caan ku ahaa siyaasadda Jarmalka laga soo bilaabo 1890-meeyadii ilaa 1940-meeyadii. Markii ugu horreysay waxaa caan noqday qiyaastii 1901, <ref name="WM&ZR">{{Cite book|last=William Mallinson|url=http://www.cambridgescholars.com/download/sample/63397|title=The Threat of Geopolitics to International Relations: Obsession with the Heartland|last2=Zoran Ristic|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|year=2016|isbn=978-1-4438-9738-9|at=p. 3 (19 / 30 in PDF)|chapter=The Political Poisoning of Geography|access-date=2017-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122024047/http://www.cambridgescholars.com/download/sample/63397|archive-date=2020-01-22|url-status=dead}} ''[Also in:]'' {{Cite book|last=Gearóid Ó Tuathail|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q4z31O4RWg0C&q=Ratzel+lebensraum|title=Critical Geopolitics: The Politics of Writing Global Space|last2=Gerard Toal|publisher=U of Minnesota Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0816626038|pages=37–38|via=Google Books}}</ref> {{Lang|de|Lebensraum}} wuxuu noqday yool juqraafi siyaasadeed oo Boqortooyadii Jarmalka ee [[Dagaalkii Dunida Kowaad|Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka]] (1914–1918), oo ah qaybta ugu muhiimsan ee barnaamijka {{Lang|de|[[Septemberprogramm]]}} ballaadhinta dhuleed. <ref name="E/N301">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/penguindictionar0000evan|title=Penguin Dictionary of International relations|publisher=Penguin Books|year=1998|isbn=978-0140513974|editor-last=Graham Evans|page=[https://archive.org/details/penguindictionar0000evan/page/301 301]|id=[http://www.yourvietbooks.com/2015/04/ir-one-definition-day-geopolitics.html Geopolitics (excerpt).]|editor-last2=Jeffrey Newnham|url-access=registration}}</ref> Nooca ugu Xagjirsan ee fikraddan waxaa dhiirrigeliyay oo bilaabay Xisbiga Naasiga, kaasoo xukumayay Jarmalka Naasiga, oo hadafkiisa ugu dambeeya uu ahaa inuu dhiso Reich-ka Jarmalka Weyn . {{Lang|de|Lebensraum}} wuxuu ahaa dhiirigelin ugu weyn ee Jarmalka Nazi-ka ah ee bilaabista [[Dagaalkii Labaad ee Aduunka|Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka]], wuxuuna sii wadi doonaa siyaasaddan ilaa dhamaadka colaadda. [[Category:Articles containing German-language text]] Ka dib markii Adolf Hitler qabsaday awoodda, {{Lang|de|Lebensraum}} wuxuu noqday aydhiyoolajiyad ee Naziismka wuxuuna cadeeyay in la caddeeyo ballaarinta dhulka Jarmalka ee Badhtamaha iyo Bariga Yurub. Siyaasadda Nazi {{Lang|de|[[Generalplan Ost]]}} (oo ah 'Qorshaha ugu weyn Bariga') waxay ku saleysan tahay mabaadi'da. [[Category:Articles containing German-language text]] <span data-ve-ignore="" style="white-space: nowrap;">&#x2009;</span> Waxay ku qeexday in Jarmalka uu u baahan yahay ''{{Lang|de|Lebensraum}}'' lagama maarmaan u ah badbaadadeeda iyo in inta badan dadka ku nool Bardhtamaha iyo Bariga Yurub si joogto ah looga saaro (ha ahaato mustaafuris ballaadhan oo loo mustaafuriyo Siberia, xasuuq, ama addoonsi), oo ay ku jiraan Polish, Yukreeniyaan, Ruush, Belarusian, Czech, iyo waddamo kale oo Slavic ah oo loo arko inay yihiin kuwa aan ahayn Aryan . Dowladdii Nazi-ga waxay higsaneysay inay dhulkan dib ugu celiso gumeystayaashii Jarmalka iyagoo adeegsanaya magaca {{Lang|de|Lebensraum}} intii lagu jiray iyo ka dib Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka. <ref name="Mineau180">{{Cite book|last=Mineau|first=André|title=Operation Barbarossa: Ideology and Ethics Against Human Dignity|date=2004|publisher=Rodopi|isbn=978-90-420-1633-0|page=180}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMineau2004">Mineau, André (2004). ''Operation Barbarossa: Ideology and Ethics Against Human Dignity''. Rodopi. p.&nbsp;180. [[International Standard Book Number|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-90-420-1633-0|<bdi>978-90-420-1633-0</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref name="Baranowski141">{{Cite book|last=Baranowski|first=Shelley|title=Nazi Empire: German Colonialism and Imperialism from Bismarck to Hitler|url=https://archive.org/details/naziempiregerman0000bara|date=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-85739-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/naziempiregerman0000bara/page/141 141]}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBaranowski2011">Baranowski, Shelley (2011). ''Nazi Empire: German Colonialism and Imperialism from Bismarck to Hitler''. Cambridge University Press. p.&nbsp;141. [[International Standard Book Number|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85739-0|<bdi>978-0-521-85739-0</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Dadkii oo dhan waxaa ku dhacay gaajo; wixii ka badan beeraha waxaa loo isticmaalay in lagu quudiyo Jarmalka. <ref name="Mineau180" /> Dadka Yuhuudda ah ayaa [[Holokost|si toos ah loo baabi'in lahaa]] . Barnaamijka istaraatiijiyadeed ee Hitler ee Jarmalka Weyn wuxuu ku salaysnaa aaminsanaanta awoodda {{Lang|de|Lebensraum}}, gaar ahaan marka ay daba socdaan bulsho qowmiyad ahaan ka sarraysa. <ref name="Baranowski141">{{Cite book|last=Baranowski|first=Shelley|title=Nazi Empire: German Colonialism and Imperialism from Bismarck to Hitler|url=https://archive.org/details/naziempiregerman0000bara|date=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-85739-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/naziempiregerman0000bara/page/141 141]}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBaranowski2011">Baranowski, Shelley (2011). ''Nazi Empire: German Colonialism and Imperialism from Bismarck to Hitler''. Cambridge University Press. p.&nbsp;141. [[International Standard Book Number|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85739-0|<bdi>978-0-521-85739-0</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Dadka loo arko inay qayb ka yihiin jinsiyadaha aan Aryan ahayn, gudaha dhul balaadhinta {{Lang|de|Lebensraum}} , waa la saarayay ama la burburiyay. <ref name="Baranowski141" /> Faa'iidooyinka aasaasiga ah ee {{Lang|de|Lebensraum}} waxay u qaadatay inay tahay xuquuqda Isirka sareeyaJarmalka ee Aryan ( {{Lang|de|Herrenvolk}} ) in dadka asalka uh ah lagasaaro magaca deegaankooda. Waxay fikraddan ka heleen dhiirigelin ka timid meel ka baxsan Jarmalka, gaar ahaan gumeysiga Yurub ee Waqooyiga Ameerika . <ref name="Baranowski141" /> Hitler iyo saraakiishii Nazi waxay si gaar ah u danaynayeen qaddarka muuqda, waxayna isku dayeen inay ku celceliyaan Yurubta la haysto. Jarmalka Naasiga ayaa sidoo kale taageeray fikradaha kale ee dhul-ballaardhinta awoodaha Axiska sida {{Lang|it|[[spazio vitale]]}} ee Faashiiyiinta Talyaaniga . iyo {{Lang|ja-Latn|[[hakkō ichiu]]}} ee Boqortooyada Japan <ref>{{Cite book|last=Mark Mazower|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=opefF4rAL6YC&q=Italy+living+space|title=Hitler's Empire: Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe|publisher=Penguin UK|year=2013|isbn=978-0141917504|page=431|orig-year=2008|via=Google Books}}</ref> 7gulpjie8l0hs0249eqdh2gula9o1h4 0 48923 305817 302051 2026-08-24T17:59:46Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305817 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Makhaleng | image = Qoaling.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Biyo-dhaca Qoaling ee Webiga Makhaleng | map = Rivers of Lesoto OSM.png | map_size = | map_caption = Webiga Makhaleng oo ku yaal dhulka dalka Lesotho (dhexda bidix hoose) | source1_location = [[Buuraha Maloti]] | mouth_location = [[Webiga Orange]] | subdivision_type1 = Wadan | subdivision_name1 = [[Lesotho]], [[Koonfur Afrika]] | length = {{convert|190|km|mi|abbr=on}} | source1_elevation = {{convert|2230|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|1390|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name="map">Map of Lesotho (physical) 1:250.000</ref> | discharge1_avg = {{convert|1.93|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} | basin_size = {{convert|8508|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} }} '''Webiga Makhaleng''' waa wabi ku yaal galbeedka [[Lesotho]].<ref>Fitzpatrick, M., Blond, B., Pitcher, G., Richmond, S., and Warren, M. (2004) ''South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland.'' Footscray, VIC: Lonely Planet.</ref> Wuxuu ka soo bilaabmaa [[Buuraha Maloti|Buuraha Maluti]], wuxuuna u qulqulaa jiho koonfur-galbeed isagoo ku shubma [[Webiga Orange]] xadka uu la wadaago [[Free State (gobol)|Free State]] ee dalka Koonfur Afrika. == Socodka == Wabigu wuxuu ka bilaabmaa waqooyi-galbeed ee Machache oo dhererkiisu yahay {{convert|2886|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} ee [[Buuraha Maloti|Buuraha Maluti]]. Wuxuu u qulqulaa koonfur-galbeed isagoo maraya [[Lesotho Highlands]] wuxuuna dhaafaa magaalooyinka iyo tuulooyinka [[Molimo-Nthuse]], [[Makhaleng]], [[Ramabanta]] iyo [[Qaba]], isagoo ku shubma [[Webiga Orange]] xadka caalamiga ah ee u dhow [[Free State (gobol)|Free State]] agagaarka ''Buundada Makhaleng''.<ref name=Atlas>{{cite book |title=Atlas of the World |last=Philip's |year=1994 |publisher=Reed International |isbn=0-540-05831-9 |pages=86–87 }}</ref> Marka uu joogo dherer dhan {{convert|1400|m|ft|0}}, afka Webiga Makhaleng waa barta ugu hooseysa ee Lesotho, waana [[Liiska barta ugu hooseysa ee wadan walba|barta ugu hooseysa ee ugu sarraysa ee wadan kasta]].<ref name=":0">{{cite book| title=Southern Africa| url=https://archive.org/details/southernafrica0000unse_x5a9| author=Alan Murphy| publisher=Lonely Planet| year=2007| isbn=978-1-74059-745-6| pages=[https://archive.org/details/southernafrica0000unse_x5a9/page/140 140]}}</ref> Dooxada wabigu waxay ka mid tahay waddooyinka loo maro dhowr meelood oo buuro ah, gaar ahaan [[God Help Me Pass]] iyo [[Gates of Paradise Pass]]. ''Biyo-dhaca Qiloane'' waa goob dalxiis oo ku taal qeybta sare ee wabiga. Waxay dhererkoodu gaarayaa {{convert|30|m|ft|-2|abbr=on}} laakiin waxay aad ugu caan yihiin ballacooda, maadaama biyuhu ay ku qulqulaan dhagaxyada iyagoo u eg "daah aroos".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mareegta Dalxiiska ee Lesotho |url=http://www.golesotho.co.za/Other%20Pages/Qiloane%20falls.html |access-date=2026-07-11 |archive-date=2015-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222134935/http://www.golesotho.co.za/Other%20Pages/Qiloane%20falls.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dalka Lesotho wabigan qaybihiisa sare ma laha bannaanka fatahaadda. Qulqulkiisu waa mid degdeg ah, wabiguna wuxuu kor u kacaa si dhakhso ah ka dib roobab culus oo ka da'a buuraha iyo inta lagu jiro xilliga gu'ga marka barafku dhalaalo. Aagga uu ka soo ururiyo biyuhu waa qiyaastii {{convert|300000|hectare}} iyo qulqulka celceliska waa qiyaastii {{convert|15|m3}} ilbiriqsi kasta. Ma jiraan biyo-xireenno waaweyn oo ku yaal wabiga, laakiin waxaa jira dhowr kuwa yaryar iyo kuwa dhexdhexaad ah oo loo dhisay ilaalinta ciidda iyo ururinta biyaha. Kuwaas ayaa u nugul inay dhooboobaan qaar ka mid ahna way baaba'een.<ref name=Bossche>{{cite book|author1=J.-P. vanden Bossche|author2=G. M. Bernacsek|title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_WLZRxM9vfXoC |year=1990 |publisher=Food & Agriculture Org. |isbn=978-92-5-102983-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_WLZRxM9vfXoC/page/n104 93]}}</ref> == Wabi-laamaha == Makhaleng wuxuu leeyahay saddex wabi-laamood oo waaweyn: Makhalaneng, Qhoqhoane iyo Khibiting. Dhammaantood waxay ku shubmaan dhanka midig ee wabiga iyagoo biyaha ka soo saaraya Buuraha Maluti.<ref name=Atlas/> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} {{coord|30.3253|S|27.3764|E|source:wikidata|display=title}} gd280agjcq297fv4a8y35ptb2zu2dn1 0 49035 305780 301930 2026-08-24T17:36:22Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305780 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Balagas | name_other = Beleghas | progression = [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]]→ [[Webiga Atbarah|Atbarah]]→ [[Webiga Niil|Niil]]→ [[Badda Miditerranée]] | country = [[Itoobiya]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|12.742767|N|38.469106|E}} }} '''Balagas''', oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Beleghas''', waa wabi ku yaal waqooyiga [[Itoobiya]]. Waa wabi laamood oo ka mid ah [[Webiga Tekezé|Tekezé]], wuxuuna qayb ka yahay bassin-ka [[Webiga Niil|Niil]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Reclus |first=Élisée |doi=10.5962/bhl.title.47465 |title=The earth and its inhabitants ... |url=https://archive.org/details/earthitsinhabita386recl |last2=Keane |first2=A. H. |last3=Ravenstein |first3=Ernest George |date=1886 |publisher=D. Appleton and company |location=New York}}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} {{coord|12.742767|N|38.469106|E|display=title}} 89w5g24f589oz4b2ta2ncdqae8izfve 0 49059 305860 301955 2026-08-24T18:20:46Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305860 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Baro | image = Baro river Gambela.jpg | image_size = 280 | image_caption = Buundada Akobo ee [[Gambela, Itoobiya|Gambela]] | source1 = [[Webiga Birbir|Birbir]] | source1_location = Dibdib, Itoobiya | source1_coordinates = {{Coord|7.701|35.879|format=dms|display=i}} | source1_elevation = {{Convert|2367|m|ft|abbr=on}} | source2 = [[Webiga Gebba|Gebba]] | source2_location = Acchiscio, Itoobiya | source2_coordinates = {{Coord|7.787|35.844|format=dms|display=i}} | source2_elevation = {{Convert|2267|m|ft|abbr=on}} | source_confluence = | source_confluence_location = Seriti, Itoobiya | source_confluence_coordinates = {{coord|8.2411|34.9609|format=dms|region:ET-OR|display=inline}} | source_confluence_elevation = {{Convert|557|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Webiga Sobat|Sobat]] | mouth_location = [[Jikmir, Suudaanta Koonfureed|Jikmir]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|8.4346|33.2202|format=dms|region:ET-GA|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|404|m|ft|abbr=on}} | subdivision_type1 = Dalalka | subdivision_name1 = {{hlist|[[Itoobiya]]|[[Suudaanta Koonfureed]]}} | discharge1_avg = {{cvt|241|m3/s}} | progression = [[Webiga Sobat|Sobat]] → [[Webiga Niilka Cad|Niilka Cad]] → [[Webiga Niil|Niil]] → [[Badda Miditerranée]] | river_system = [[Webiga Niil|Bassin-ka Niil]] | name_other = Openo | name_native = {{native name|am|ባሮ ወንዝ}} | length = {{cvt|306|km}}, {{cvt|560|km}} (ayadoo lagu daray wabiyaasha laamaha ah) | discharge1_location = Afka | discharge1_min = {{cvt|77.98|m3/s}} | discharge1_max = {{cvt|634.41|m3/s}} | basin_size = {{cvt|41400|km2}} | basin_population = 3,260,000 | tributaries_left = [[Webiga Birbir|Birbir]], [[Webiga Alwero|Alwero]] | tributaries_right = [[Webiga Gebba|Gebba]], [[Webiga Jikawo|Jikawo]] | map = Sobat OSM.png | map_caption = Bassin-ka Webiga Sobat oo muujinaya Webiga Baro | map_size = 280 }} '''Webiga Baro''' ({{langx|am|ባሮ ወንዝ}}) ama '''Baro/Openo Wenz''', oo ay [[Anuak]] u yaqaaniin '''Webiga Openo''', waa wabi ku yaal koonfur-galbeedka [[Itoobiya]], kaas oo qeexaya qayb ka mid ah xadka Itoobiya iyo [[Suudaanta Koonfureed]]. Laga bilaabo halka uu ka soo kaco ee [[Buuraleyda Itoobiya]] wuxuu u qulqulaa galbeedka {{convert|306|km|mi}} si uu ugu biiro [[Webiga Pibor|Pibor]]. Isku-darka Baro-Pibor wuxuu calaamad u yahay bilowga [[Webiga Sobat|Sobat]], oo ah wabi laamoodka [[Webiga Niilka Cad|Niilka Cad]].<ref>{{cite book |title= Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary |url= https://archive.org/details/merriamwebstersg0000unse_3edi |year= 1997 |publisher= [[Merriam-Webster]] |isbn= 0-87779-546-0 |page= [https://archive.org/details/merriamwebstersg0000unse_3edi/page/115 115] }}</ref> Baro iyo wabiyaashiisa laamaha ah waxay ka daadiyaan [[bassin-ka]] biyaha oo cabbirkiisu yahay {{convert|41400|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. Celceliska qulqulka sanadlaha ah ee wabiga ee afkiisa waa 241 m³/s.<ref>{{cite book |last= Shahin |first= Mamdouh |title= Hydrology and Water Resources of Africa |url= https://archive.org/details/hydrologywaterre0000shah |year= 2002 |publisher= Springer |isbn= 1-4020-0866-X |pages= [https://archive.org/details/hydrologywaterre0000shah/page/276 276], 287}}</ref> == Marin-biyoodka == Webiga Baro/Openo waxaa abuuray isku-darka wabiyaasha [[Webiga Birbir|Birbir]] iyo [[Webiga Gebba|Gebba]], bari ka xiga [[Metu, Itoobiya|Metu]] ee [[Illubabor Zone]] ee [[Gobolka Oromiya|Oromiya]]. Wuxuu markaas u qulqulaa galbeedka isagoo maraya [[Gobolka Gambela|Gambela]] si uu ugu biiro Webiga Pibor, labadooduba waxay abuuraan Sobat. Wabiyaasha kale ee caanka ah ee Baro/Openo waxaa ka mid ah [[Webiga Alwero|Alwero]] iyo [[Webiga Jikawo|Jikawo]]. Baro wuxuu la kulmaa wabiga Pibor dhanka galbeed ee Jikawo. Xilliga roobabka wabigu wuxuu fatahaa si uu u sameeyo aag weyn oo biyo-mareen ah oo bari iyo koonfur ka xiga Jikawo, isagoo horay u gaari jiray Abobo iyo Gog dhanka bari iyo koonfur-bari. Baro waa wabiga ugu qoyan uguna biyaha badan ee dhulka hoose, waana kan ugu sahlanaada in lagu dhoofo. Khor Machar waa wabi laamood ka mid ah Baro kaas oo quudiya [[Machar Marshes]]. == Taariikhda dabiiciga ah == Wabiyaasha laamaha ee Webiga Sobat, Baro/Openo waa kan ugu weyn, isagoo ka qayb qaata 83% wadarta biyaha ku shubma Sobat. Xilliga roobabka, inta u dhaxaysa Juun iyo Oktoobar, Webiga Baro keligiis wuxuu ka qayb qaataa qiyaastii 10% biyaha Niilka ee [[Aswan]], [[Masar]]. Taas beddelkeeda, wabiyaashani waxay leeyihiin qulqul aad u hooseeya inta lagu jiro xilliga abaarta.<ref>{{cite book |last= Collins |first= Robert O. |title= The Nile |url= https://archive.org/details/nile00robe |year= 2002 |publisher= Yale University Press |isbn= 0-300-09764-6 |page= [https://archive.org/details/nile00robe/page/81 81] }}</ref> == Taariikh == Xadka u dhexeeya [[Suudaan]] iyo Itoobiya waxaa loo qeexay gobolka u dhow Webiga Baro/Openo sanadkii 1899 Major H.H. Austin iyo Major Charles W. Gwynn oo ka tirsan [[Royal Engineers]] ee Ingiriiska.<ref>Described by Austin in his article, "Survey of the Sobat Region", ''Geographical Journal'', 17 (May, 1901), pp. 495–512.</ref> Ma aysan aqoon u lahayn dhulka, dadka deggan, ama luqadahooda, waxayna haysteen sahay kooban. Halkii ay ka qeexi lahaayeen xariiq ku salaysan qowmiyadaha iyo dhulalka dhaqanka, asal ahaan iyagoo raacaya jiirarka u dhexeeya buuraleyda iyo bannaanka, waxay si fudud u soo jeediyeen in xariiqda la dhex mariyo bartamaha [[Webiga Akobo|Akobo]] iyo qaybo ka mid ah wabiyaasha Pibor iyo Baro. Xadkan waxaa lagu dhammaystiray Heshiiskii Anglo-Itoobiya ee 1902, taas oo keentay aag ku yaal Gobolka Gambela ee Itoobiya oo loo yaqaan [[Baro/Openo Salient]]. Aaggan wuxuu si dhow ugu xiran yahay Suudaanta Koonfureed marka loo eego Itoobiya, labadaba marka loo eego sifooyinka dabiiciga ah iyo dadka. Baro Salient waxaa loo isticmaali jiray hoy ay u adeegsadaan fallaagada Suudaan intii lagu jiray [[Dagaalladii Sokeeye ee Suudaan|dagaalladii sokeeye ee dheeraa]] ee dalka. Waxay ku adkayd Suudaan inay kor u qaaddo maamulka aag qayb ka ah Itoobiya, Itoobiya ayaana ka gaabsatay inay ilaaliso gobolkan fog oo ay ku lug yeelato siyaasadda khilaafaadka gudaha Suudaan.<ref>{{cite book |last= Collins |first= Robert O. |title= The Nile |url= https://archive.org/details/nile00robe |year= 2002 |publisher= Yale University Press |isbn= 0-300-09764-6 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/nile00robe/page/76 76], 210 }}</ref> [[Vittorio Bottego]], oo sahamiyay aagga sanadihii 1890-meeyadii, ayaa soo jeediyay in wabiga loogu magac daro Admiral [[Simone Antonio Saint-Bon]].<ref name="NAI-web">"Local History in Ethiopia" The [[Nordic Africa Institute]] website (accessed 21 December 2007)</ref> Wabiga kaliya ee la dhoofi karo ee Itoobiya, magaalada ugu muhiimsan ee Baro waa [[Gambela, Itoobiya|Gambela]], oo u adeegaysay deked laga soo bilaabo 1907 ilaa 1990-meeyadii markii dagaalkii sokeeye ee Itoobiya iyo Suudaan uu ku qasbay in maraakiibta wabiga la hakiyo. Talyaaniga L. Usoni ayaa si guul darro ah u baaray [[dahab]] ku yaal dooxada wabiga Baro, wuxuuna daabacay natiijooyinkiisa sanadkii 1952.<ref name="NAI-web" /> Buundada labaad ee ugu dheer Itoobiya ayaa ka gudubta Baro, taas oo isku xirta laba qaybood oo ka mid ah Gobolka Gambela. Buundadan ayaa dhererkeedu yahay 305 mitir.<ref>" Longest bridge opens to traffic" ([[Walta Information Center|WIC]])</ref> == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[Liiska webiyada Itoobiya]] * [[Liiska webiyada Suudaanta Koonfureed]] == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} dq0xneiyaxc3p5abuzl01z90ymf9tx6 0 49065 305775 301962 2026-08-24T17:33:43Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305775 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Pibor | image = Pibor Post, South Sudan - panoramio (3).jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Pibor ee Pibor Post | pushpin_map = South Sudan | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Goobta uu afkiisu ku yaal Suudaanta Koonfureed | source1 = [[Webiga Pibor|Pibor]] | source1_location = Pibor Post, [[Greater Pibor Administrative Area|Greater Pibor]] | source1_coordinates = {{coord|6.7951|33.1519|format=dms|region:SD-20|}} | source1_elevation = {{convert|418|m|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = [[Webiga Sobat|Sobat]] | mouth_location = [[Jikmir, Suudaanta Koonfureed|Jikmir]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|8.4337|33.2185|format=dms|region:SD-20|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|404|m|ft|abbr=on}} | subdivision_type1 = Dalalka | subdivision_name1 = {{hlist|Suudaanta Koonfureed|Itoobiya}} | length = {{convert|320|km|mi|abbr=on}} | discharge1_avg = {{cvt|186.3|m3/s}} | basin_size = {{convert|137130|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} | progression = [[Webiga Sobat|Sobat]] → [[Webiga Niilka Cad|Niilka Cad]] → [[Webiga Niil|Niil]] → [[Badda Miditerranée]] | discharge1_location = Afka | discharge1_min = {{cvt|102.1|m3/s}} | discharge1_max = {{cvt|348.1|m3/s}} | river_system = [[Webiga Niil|Niil]] | basin_population = 3,100,000<ref> Liu, L., Cao, X., Li, S., & Jie, N. (2023). GlobPOP: A 31-year (1990-2020) global gridded population dataset generated by cluster analysis and statistical learning (1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10088105</ref> | tributaries_left = [[Webiga Lotilla|Lotilla]] | tributaries_right = [[Webiga Kangen|Kangen]], [[Webiga Agwei|Agwei]], [[Webiga Akobo|Akobo]], [[Webiga Gilo|Gilo]] | map = Sobat OSM.png | map_caption = Khariidada bassin-ka Webiga Sobat, oo muujinaysa Pibor }} '''Webiga Pibor''' (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Webiga Pibor''') waa [[wabi]] ku yaal bariga [[Suudaanta Koonfureed]], kaas oo qeexaya qayb ka mid ah xadka Suudaanta Koonfureed iyo [[Itoobiya]]. Laga bilaabo isha uu ka soo kaco ee u dhow Pibor Post wuxuu u qulqulaa waqooyi qiyaastii {{convert|320|km|mi}}, isagoo ku biiraya [[Webiga Baro|Baro]] si ay u sameeyaan [[Webiga Sobat|Sobat]], oo ah wabi laamoodka [[Webiga Niilka Cad|Niilka Cad]].<ref>{{cite book |title= Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary |url= https://archive.org/details/merriamwebstersg0000unse_3edi |year= 1997 |publisher= [[Merriam-Webster]] |isbn= 0-87779-546-0 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/merriamwebstersg0000unse_3edi/page/929 929] }}</ref> Pibor iyo wabiyaashiisa laamaha ah waxay ka daadiyaan [[bassin-ka]] biyaha oo cabbirkiisu yahay {{convert|137130|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. Celceliska qulqulka sanadlaha ah ee wabiga ee afkiisa waa {{cvt|186.3|m3/s}}.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lehner |first=Bernhard |last2=Verdin |first2=Kristine |last3=Jarvis |first3=Andy |date=2008-03-04 |title=New Global Hydrography Derived From Spaceborne Elevation Data |journal=Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union |volume=89 |issue=10 |pages=93–94 |doi=10.1029/2008eo100001 |issn=0096-3941}}</ref> == Marin-biyoodka == Webiga Pibor waxaa sameeyay wabiyaal kala duwan oo ku kulma Pibor Post, oo ah xero xilligii gumeysiga la dhisay 1912 oo markii hore loo yaqaanay [[Fort Bruce]]. Pibor wuxuu u qulqulaa waqooyi, isagoo helaya [[Webiga Akobo|Akobo]] meel u dhow [[Akobo, Suudaan|Akobo]]. Isagoo sii wada waqooyi, Pibor wuxuu helayaa [[Webiga Gilo|Gilo]] iyo wabiyaasha Bela dhanka midig, ka dibna wuxuu ku biirayaa Webiga Baro, isagoo sameynaya Webiga Sobat. == Taariikhda dabiiciga ah == Webiyaasha Pibor, Baro, Gilo, iyo Akobo dhamaantood waxay ka daadiyaan [[Buuraleyda Itoobiya]]. Webiga Baro waa kan ugu weyn, isagoo ka qayb qaata 83% wadarta biyaha ku shubma Webiga Sobat. Xilliga roobabka, inta u dhaxaysa Juun iyo Oktoobar, Webiga Baro keligiis wuxuu ka qayb qaataa qiyaastii 10% biyaha Niilka ee [[Aswan]], [[Masar]]. Taas beddelkeeda, wabiyaashani waxay leeyihiin qulqul aad u hooseeya inta lagu jiro xilliga abaarta.<ref>{{cite book |last= Collins |first= Robert O. |title= The Nile |url= https://archive.org/details/nile00robe |year= 2002 |publisher= Yale University Press |isbn= 0-300-09764-6 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/nile00robe/page/81 81] }}</ref> == Taariikh == Xadka u dhexeeya [[Suudaan]] iyo [[Itoobiya]] waxaa loo qeexay gobolka u dhow Webiga Pibor sanadkii 1899 Major H.H. Austin iyo Major Charles W. Gwynn oo ka tirsan [[Royal Engineers]] ee Ingiriiska. Ma aysan aqoon u lahayn dhulka, dadka deggan, ama luqadahooda, waxayna haysteen sahay kooban. Halkii ay ka qeexi lahaayeen xariiq ku salaysan qowmiyadaha iyo dhulalka dhaqanka, asal ahaan iyagoo raacaya jiirarka u dhexeeya Buuraleyda Itoobiya iyo bannaanka [[Sudaan Saana]], waxay si fudud u soo jeediyeen xariiq la dhex mariyo bartamaha Webiga Akobo iyo qaybo ka mid ah wabiyaasha Pibor iyo Baro. Xadkan waxaa lagu dhammaystiray Heshiiskii Anglo-Itoobiya ee 1902, taas oo keentay aag ku yaal [[Gobolka Gambela|Gambela]] ee Itoobiya oo loo yaqaan Baro Salient. Aaggan wuxuu si dhow ugu xiran yahay Suudaanta Koonfureed marka loo eego Itoobiya, labadaba marka loo eego sifooyinka dabiiciga ah iyo dadka. Baro Salient waxaa loo isticmaali jiray hoy ay u adeegsadaan fallaagada Suudaan intii lagu jiray [[Dagaalladii Sokeeye ee Suudaan|dagaalladii sokeeye ee dheeraa]] ee dalka. Waxay ku adkayd Suudaan inay kor u qaaddo maamulka aag qayb ka ah Itoobiya, Itoobiya ayaana ka gaabsatay inay ilaaliso gobolkan fog oo ay ku lug yeelato siyaasadda khilaafaadka gudaha Suudaan.<ref>{{cite book |last= Collins |first= Robert O. |title= The Nile |url= https://archive.org/details/nile00robe |year= 2002 |publisher= Yale University Press |isbn= 0-300-09764-6 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/nile00robe/page/76 76], 210 }}</ref> == Sidoo kale eeg == *[[Liiska webiyada Suudaanta Koonfureed]] *[[Liiska webiyada Itoobiya]] == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} == Akhris dheeraad == * C.R.K.B., "Correspondence: the Pibor River", ''Sudan Notes and Records'', '''4''' (1922), pp. 237 – 240. * {{Cite journal | doi = 10.2307/1781056 | issn = 0016-7398 | volume = 60 | issue = 3 | pages = 210–217 | last = Thorburn | first = D. Hay | title = The Pibor River | journal = The Geographical Journal | date = 1922-09-01 | jstor = 1781056 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1449344 }} lch1ycg8svjz52vys8l1sm03teudtb5 0 49066 305867 301963 2026-08-24T18:24:29Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305867 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Gilo | map = Sobat OSM.png | map_caption = Khariidada bassin-ka Sobat, oo muujinaysa Webiga Gilo | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|8|8|29.8|N|33|11|31.2|E|display=it}} | other_name = Mene, Owis, Bako | subdivision_type1 = Dal | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Gobollada Itoobiya|Gobollada]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Gambela|Gambela]], [[Oromiya]], [[South West Ethiopia Peoples' Region|SWEPR]] | source1_elevation = {{cvt|2251|m}} | source1_coordinates = {{coord|7.351594|N|35.708151|E|format=dms}} | mouth = [[Webiga Pibor|Pibor]] | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|406|m}} | length = {{cvt|444|km}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lehner |first=Bernhard |last2=Verdin |first2=Kristine |last3=Jarvis |first3=Andy |date=2008-03-04 |title=New Global Hydrography Derived From Spaceborne Elevation Data |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008eo100001 |journal=Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union |volume=89 |issue=10 |pages=93–94 |doi=10.1029/2008eo100001 |issn=0096-3941}}</ref> | discharge1_location = Afka | discharge1_min = {{cvt|19.8|m3/s}} | discharge1_avg = {{cvt|69.8|m3/s}} | discharge1_max = {{cvt|162|m3/s}} | progression = [[Webiga Pibor|Pibor]] → [[Webiga Sobat|Sobat]] → [[Webiga Niilka Cad|Niilka Cad]] → [[Webiga Niil|Niil]] → [[Badda Miditerranée]] | river_system = [[Webiga Niil|Niil]] | basin_size = {{cvt|12228|km2}} | basin_population = 1,050,000<ref> Liu, L., Cao, X., Li, S., & Jie, N. (2023). GlobPOP: A 31-year (1990-2020) global gridded population dataset generated by cluster analysis and statistical learning (1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10088105</ref> | source_confluence_coordinates = {{coord|7|7|9.5|N|35|17|57.8|E}} }} '''Webiga Gilo''' waa wabi ku yaal [[Gobolka Gambela]] ee koonfur-galbeedka [[Itoobiya]]. Magacyo kala duwan ayaa sidoo kale loogu yeeraa: [[Bench|Gimira]] ee Dizu waxay ugu yeeraan "Mene", halka Gemira ee Chako ay ugu yeeraan "Owis", halka dadkii [[Amxaaro|Amxaarada]] iyo [[Oromo|Oromada]] ee soo degay horaantii qarnigii 20-aad ay u yaqaaneen magac saddexaad oo ah "Bako".<ref>George Montandon, "A Journey in South-Western Abyssinia", ''Geographical Journal'', 40, (1912), p. 379</ref> Laga bilaabo isha uu ka soo kaco ee [[Buuraleyda Itoobiya]] meel u dhow [[Mizan Teferi]] wuxuu u qulqulaa galbeedka, isagoo maraya [[Harada Tata]] si uu ugu biiro [[Webiga Pibor|Pibor]] oo ku yaal xadka Itoobiya iyo [[Suudaan]].<ref>Sida uu soo wariyay [[Oscar Rudolph Neumann]], ka dib markii uu raacay Gilo ilaa isha uu ka soo kaco galbeedka ilaa haradan. (Neumann, "From the Somali Coast through Southern Ethiopian to Sudan", ''Geographical Journal'', 20 [Oktoobar 1902], pp. 373–398.)</ref> Biyaha isku-darka ah ayaa markaas ku biira [[Webiga Sobat|Sobat]] iyo [[Webiga Niilka Cad|Niilka Cad]].<ref>{{cite book |last= Shinn |first= David H. |author2=Thomas P. Ofcansky |title= Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia |url= https://archive.org/details/bwb_W9-COP-259 |year= 2004 |publisher= Scarecrow Press |isbn= 0-8108-4910-0 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/bwb_W9-COP-259/page/360 360]–361}}</ref> Webiga Gilo wuxuu inta badan maraa [[Baro Salient]], oo ah qayb ka mid ah Itoobiya oo u sii fidsan galbeedka dhinaca Suudaan. Dooxada wabiga ayaa loo sameeyay baaris badan oo loogu jiro [[dahab]] ka hor Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka iyo 1950-meeyadii, laakiin wax ku filan lagama helin si loo sameeyo macdan qodista ganacsiga.<ref>"Local History in Ethiopia" The Nordic Africa Institute website (accessed 1 Juun 2008)</ref> Burchard Heinrich Jessen, oo ka mid ahaa socdaalkii W.N. McMillan ee u safray qaybtan koonfur-galbeed ee Itoobiya 1904-tii, ayaa ku qiyaasay dhererkiisa 200 mayl wuxuuna xusay in xilliga fatahaadda ballaca Gilo uu gaaro 80 ilaa 100 yaardi, iyadoo qoto dheeridiisu ay tahay qiyaastii 20 cagood. Jessen wuxuu intaa ku daray in wakhtigii uu booqday: {{Quote |text=Wabigu wuxuu hodan ku yahay kalluun, natiijo dabiici ahna, yaxaasyadu waa kuwo aad u badan oo waaweyn. Duhurnimadii, dhab ahaan bank kasta oo ciid ah ayaa lagu daboolay iyaga. Waa xaqiiqo cajiib ah in hippopotami-ga ay ka maqan yihiin, mid keliya ayaa la arkay oo la dilay sanado badan ka hor, maadaama xayawaankan ay ku badan yihiin meel kasta oo ka mid ah wadamadan. |author=B H. Jessen |title="South-Western Abyssinia" |source=''Geographical Journal'' (1905)<ref>B. H. Jessen, "South-Western Abyssinia," ''Geographical Journal'', 25 (1905), p. 160</ref> }} == Sidoo kale eeg == *[[Liiska webiyada Itoobiya]] == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} mk62wznbvrxlz35kqwha7ksjkmq6r6g 0 49068 305822 301965 2026-08-24T18:02:23Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 3 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305822 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Akobo | image = Akobo River Bridge, Dimma (12537058884).jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Biriijka Webiga Akobo | pushpin_map = South Sudan | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption = Goobta uu afkiisu ku yaal | pushpin_map_alt = | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates = {{coord|6.957798|N|34.890184|E|format=dms|type:river|display=it}} | source1_elevation = {{cvt|1901|m}} | mouth = [[Webiga Pibor|Pibor]] | mouth_location = [[Akobo, Suudaanta Koonfureed|Akobo]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|7.7944|33.0461|region:ET-GA|display=i}} | mouth_elevation = {{Convert|408|m|ft|abbr=on}} | subdivision_type1 = Dalalka | subdivision_name1 = {{hlist|[[Itoobiya]]|[[Suudaanta Koonfureed]]}} | length = {{Convert|434|km|mi|abbr=on}} | discharge1_avg = {{cvt|106.4|m3/s}} | basin_size = {{Convert|6250|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} | discharge1_location = Afka<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lehner |first=Bernhard |last2=Verdin |first2=Kristine |last3=Jarvis |first3=Andy |date=2008-03-04 |title=New Global Hydrography Derived From Spaceborne Elevation Data |journal=Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union |volume=89 |issue=10 |pages=93–94 |doi=10.1029/2008eo100001 |issn=0096-3941}}</ref> | discharge1_min = {{cvt|22.6|m3/s}} | discharge1_max = {{cvt|255|m3/s}} | river_system = [[Webiga Niil|Niil]] | progression = [[Webiga Pibor|Pibor]] → [[Webiga Sobat|Sobat]] → [[Webiga Niilka Cad|Niilka Cad]] → [[Webiga Niil|Niil]] → [[Badda Miditerranée]] | basin_population = 13,500<ref> Liu, L., Cao, X., Li, S., & Jie, N. (2023). GlobPOP: A 31-year (1990-2020) global gridded population dataset generated by cluster analysis and statistical learning (1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10088105</ref> | tributaries_left = {{cslist|[[Webiga Neubari|Neubari]]|[[Webiga Ajuba|Ajuba]]| [[Webiga Kaia|Kaia]]}} | tributaries_right = {{cslist|[[Webiga Cechi|Cechi]]|[[Webiga Chiarini|Chiarini]]|Owag}} }} '''Webiga Akobo''' waa wabi ku yaal xadka u dhexeeya [[Suudaanta Koonfureed]] iyo [[Itoobiya]]. Laga bilaabo isha uu ka soo kaco ee [[Buuraleyda Itoobiya]] meel u dhow [[Mizan Teferi]] wuxuu u qulqulaa galbeedka {{convert|434|km|mi}} si uu ugu biiro [[Webiga Pibor|Pibor]].<ref>{{cite book |title= Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary |url= https://archive.org/details/merriamwebstersg0000unse_3edi |year= 1997 |publisher= [[Merriam-Webster]] |isbn= 0-87779-546-0 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/merriamwebstersg0000unse_3edi/page/17 17] }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Shinn |first= David H. |author2= Thomas P. Ofcansky |title= Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia |url= https://archive.org/details/bwb_W9-COP-259 |year= 2004 |publisher= Scarecrow Press |isbn= 0-8108-4910-0 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/bwb_W9-COP-259/page/360 360]–361}}</ref> Pibor wuxuu ku shubmaa [[Webiga Sobat|Sobat]], kaas oo isna ku shubma [[Webiga Niilka Cad|Niilka Cad]]. Wabiyaasha laamaha ah ee Akobo waxaa ka mid ah [[Webiga Cechi|Cechi]], [[Webiga Chiarini|Chiarini]], iyo Owag, dhanka midig (Itoobiya); iyo [[Webiga Neubari|Neubari]], [[Webiga Ajuba|Ajuba]] iyo [[Webiga Kaia|Kaia]] dhanka bidix (Suudaanta Koonfureed). == Taariikh == Xadka u dhexeeya [[Suudaan]] iyo Itoobiya waxaa loo qeexay gobolka u dhow Webiga Akobo sanadkii 1899, by Major [[Herbert Henry Austin|H.H. Austin]] iyo Major [[Charles Gwynn|Charles W. Gwynn]] oo ka tirsan [[Royal Engineers]] ee Ingiriiska. Ma aysan aqoon u lahayn dhulka, dadka deggan, ama luqadahooda, waxayna haysteen sahay kooban. Halkii ay ka qeexi lahaayeen xariiq ku salaysan qowmiyadaha iyo dhulalka dhaqanka, asal ahaan iyagoo raacaya jiirarka u dhexeeya buuraleyda iyo bannaanka, Majors Austin iyo Gwynn waxay si fudud u soo jeediyeen in xariiqda la dhex mariyo bartamaha Webiga Akobo iyo qaybo ka mid ah Webiga Pibor iyo [[Webiga Baro|Baro]]. Xadkan waxaa lagu dhammaystiray [[Heshiiskii Anglo-Itoobiya ee 1902]], taas oo keentay aag ku yaal [[Gobolka Gambela|Gambela]] ee Itoobiya oo loo yaqaan [[Baro Salient]].<ref name="Collins"> {{cite book | last = Collins | first = Robert O. | title = The Nile | url = https://archive.org/details/nile00robe | year = 2002 | publisher = Yale University Press | isbn = 0-300-09764-6 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/nile00robe/page/76 76], 210 }}</ref> Baro Salient wuxuu si dhow ugu xiran yahay Suudaanta Koonfureed marka loo eego Itoobiya, labadaba marka loo eego sifooyinka dabiiciga ah iyo dadka. Baro Salient waxaa loo isticmaali jiray hoy ay u adeegsadaan fallaagada Suudaan intii lagu jiray [[Dagaalladii Sokeeye ee Suudaan|dagaalladii sokeeye ee dheeraa]] ee dalka. Waxay ku adkayd Suudaan inay kor u qaaddo maamulka aag qayb ka ah Itoobiya, Itoobiya ayaana ka gaabsatay inay ilaaliso gobolkan fog oo ay ku lug yeelato siyaasadda khilaafaadka gudaha Suudaan.<ref name="Collins" /> Akobo wuxuu ahaa mawduuca dhowr sahamin macdan qodis. Sanadkii 1939, injineerada Shirkadaha Mineralia Ethiopia ([[COMINA]]) waxay sameeyeen sahamin Akobo iyo wabiyaashiisa laamaha ah. Wabiyaasha u qulqula waqooyiga ayaa u muuqday kuwo ka rajo wanaagsan kuwa u qulqula koonfurta. Qiimaha ilaa 10 garaam oo dahab ah halkii mitir kiba ayaa laga helay durdurka Chama, celceliska qiimaha suurtagalka ah wuxuu noqon karaa 0.7 g halkii mitir kiba. Muddadii 1952–1954 [[Wasaaradda Macdanta (Itoobiya)|Wasaaradda Macdanta]] waxay shaqaaleysiisay ilaa 120 macdan qodayaal wakhti kasta. Waxay soo saareen celcelis ahaan 1.66 garaam oo dahab ah maalintii.<ref>"Local History in Ethiopia" (pdf) The [[Nordic Africa Institute]] website (accessed 1 May 2008)</ref> == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[Liiska webiyada Suudaanta Koonfureed]] * [[Liiska webiyada Itoobiya]] == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} ic307ittnywugl8l31ypl9d13wythqi 0 49078 305864 301988 2026-08-24T18:23:03Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305864 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty|title=[[Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques]]|more=|image=Sultan Gazi Abdül Hamid II - السلطان الغازي عبد الحميد الثاني.png|alt=|caption=Portrait 1899|succession=[[Sultan of the Ottoman Empire]] ([[Padishah]])|reign={{nowrap|31 August 1876 – 27 April 1909}}|predecessor=[[Murad V]]|regent={{collapsible list|title=''See list''|1=[[Mehmed Rushdi Pasha]]<br />[[Midhat Pasha]]<br />[[Ibrahim Edhem Pasha]]<br />[[Ahmed Hamdi Pasha]]<br />[[Ahmed Vefik Pasha]]<br />[[Mehmed Sadık Pasha]]<br />[[Saffet Pasha]]<br />[[Hayreddin Pasha|Tunuslu Hayreddin Pasha]]<br />[[Ahmed Arifi Pasha]]<br />[[Mehmed Said Pasha]]<br />[[Kadri Pasha]]<br />[[Abdurrahman Nurettin Pasha]]<br />[[Kâmil Pasha]]<br />[[Ahmed Cevad Pasha]]<br />[[Halil Rifat Pasha]]<br />[[Mehmed Ferid Pasha]]<br />[[Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha]]<br />[[Ahmet Tevfik Pasha]]}}|successor=[[Mehmed V]]|birth_date={{birth date|1842|9|21|df= y}}<ref name="EB" /><ref name="juYpK" />|birth_place=[[Topkapı Palace]], [[Constantinople]], [[Ottoman Empire]]|death_date={{death date and age|1918|2|10|1842|9|21|df= y}}|death_place=[[Beylerbeyi Palace]], Constantinople, Ottoman Empire|burial_place=Tomb of Sultan Mahmud II, [[Fatih, Istanbul]],<!--Use Istanbul here as this is the modern name--> Turkey|spouse={{Collapsible list |[[Nazikeda Kadın (consort of Abdul Hamid II)|Nazikeda Kadın]]|[[Nurefsun Kadın|Safinaz Nurefsun Kadın]]|[[Bedrifelek Kadın]]|[[Bidar Kadın]] |[[Dilpesend Kadın]]|[[Mezidemestan Kadın]]|[[Emsalinur Kadın]]|[[Müşfika Kadın|Destizer Müşfika Kadın]]|[[Sazkar Hanım]]|[[Peyveste Hanım|Rabia Peyveste Hanım]]|[[Fatma Pesend Hanım]]|[[Behice Hanım]]|[[Saliha Naciye Kadın]]}}|issue={{Collapsible list| * [[Şehzade Mehmed Selim]] * [[Zekiye Sultan]] * [[Naime Sultan]] * [[Şehzade Mehmed Abdülkadir]] * [[Şehzade Ahmed Nuri]] * [[Naile Sultan (daughter of Abdul Hamid II)|Naile Sultan]] * [[Şehzade Mehmed Burhaneddin (son of Abdul Hamid II)|Şehzade Mehmed Burhaneddin]] * [[Şadiye Sultan]] * [[Ayşe Sultan (daughter of Abdul Hamid II)|Ayşe Sultan]] * [[Refia Sultan (daughter of Abdul Hamid II)|Refia Sultan]] * [[Şehzade Abdurrahim Hayri]] * [[Şehzade Ahmed Nureddin (son of Abdul Hamid II)|Şehzade Ahmed Nureddin]] * [[Şehzade Mehmed Abid]] }}|house=[[House of Osman|Ottoman]]|father=[[Abdülmecid I]]|mother=Biological mother:<br />[[Tirimüjgan Kadın]]<br />Adoptive mother:<br />[[Rahime Perestu Sultan]]|signature_type=[[Tughra]]|religion=[[Sunni Islam]]|succession2=[[Ottoman Caliph]] (''[[Amir al-Mu'minin]]'')|predecessor2=Murad V|successor2=Mehmed V|type=|signature=Tughra of Abdülhamid II.svg}} '''Abdülhamid II''' ama '''Abdul Hamid II''' ( {{Langx|ota|عبد الحميد ثانی|Abd ul-Hamid-i s̱ānī}} ; {{Langx|tr|II. Abdülhamid}} ; 21 Sebtembar 1842{{snd}} 10 Febraayo 1918) wuxuu ahaa suldaankii 34aad ee Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta, laga bilaabo 1876 ilaa 1909, Suldaankii ugu dambeeyay ee si dhab ah u maamula dawladdii sii burburaysay." Wuxuu soo maray xilli hoos u dhac ah oo ay kacdoonno sameeyeen (gaar ahaan [[Jasiiradda Balkaan|Balkans]] ), wuxuuna hoggaaminayay dagaal guul daraystayoo lala galay Boqortooyadii Ruushka (1877–78), lumitaanka Masar, Qubrus, Bulgaariya, Serbia, Montenegro, Tunisiya, iyo Thessaly oo ka yimid xukunkii Cusmaaniyiinta (1877–1882), waxaana ku xigay dagaal guul leh oo ka dhan ah Giriigga sannadkii 1897, In kasta oo guulihii Cusmaaniyiinta ay xaddideen faragalintii xigtay ee wadamda Yurubta Galbeed, looga jeedo gaar ahaan faransiiska iyo angriiska. Isagoo xukunka ku guuleystay ka dib afgambigii Ururka (dhalinta cusmanaiyiinta/Young turks/تركية الفتاة) la odhan jiray oo adeerkii af gambiyay, wuxuu ku dhawaaqay dastuurkii ugu horreeyay ee Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta, taasoo ah calaamad muujinaysa fikirka horumarka leh ee calaamad u ahaa xukunkiisii hore . Laakiin caleemo-saarkiisa wuxuu ku yimid xaaladda Qalalaasihii Bariga Weyn, kaas oo ka bilaabmay Boqortooyadii oo aan bixin deymaha, kacdoonno ay sameeyeen dadka laga tirada badan yahay ee Masiixiyiinta Balkan, iyo dagaal lala galay Boqortooyada Ruushka . Dhammaadkii dhibaatada, xukunkii Cusmaaniyiinta ee Balkans iyo sumcaddiisii caalami ayaa si xun hoos ugu dhacay, Boqortooyaduna waxay lumisay madaxbannaanideedii dhaqaale iyadoo dhaqaalaheeda ay hoos yimaadeen Awoodaha Weyn iyada oo loo marayo Maamulka Deynta Dadweynaha ee Cusmaaniyiinta . Sannadkii 1878, Abdul Hamid wuxuu xukumadiisa ku adkeeyay isagoo joojiyay dastuurka iyo Baarlamaanka, isagoo ka takhalusay ururkii dhalinta Cusmaniyiinta [tr], wuxuuna yareeyay awoodda Albaabka Sare. Wuxuu u xukumay Kaligii (Autocrat)muddo Sodon sano ah. Wuxuu aminsana Suldaanku midnimada Islaamka ilaahay qabriga ha unuuriyee Suldaanku wuxuu isticmalaayay maqaamka khaliifnimada si uu u hago Muslimiinta adduunka oo dhan. Shakigiisa ku saabsan in la afgembiyo, sida adeerkii iyo walaalkiis, ayaa horseeday abuurista ururada booliska qarsoon, sida Hay'adda Sirdoonka Yıldız iyo Umur-u Hafiye, iyo nidaam faafreeb=maamulka qoraalada wargeysyada ah. Casriyeynta iyo isku-xidhka Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta ayaa sii socday intii uu xukunka hayay, oo ay ku jiraan dib u habeynta Xafiisyada, BalaadhintaTareenka Rumelia iyo Tareenka Anatolia, iyo dhismaha Tareenka Baghdad iyo Hejaz iyadoo lala kaashanayo Jarmalka. Nidaamyada diiwaangelinta dadweynaha, dejinta kooxaha qabiillada, iyo xakamaynta saxaafadda waxay qayb ka ahaayeen nidaam boqortooyo oo gaar ah oo ka jira gobollada deriska ah ee loo yaqaan [[Borrowed colonialism|gumeysiga amaahda]] . Dib-u-habaynta ugu fog waxay ahayd waxbarashada iyada oo loo marayo aasaasidda dugsiyo badan oo xirfadlayaal ah iyo shabakad dugsiyo hoose, sare, iyo militari ah oo ku baahsan Boqortooyada. <ref name="britannica.com" /> Waxaa layaab leh in isla machadyadii waxbarasho ee uu Suldaanku maalgeliyey ay noqdeen burburkiisa. Qaybo badan oo ka mid ah dadka waxgaradka ah ee Cusmaaniyiinta ayaa ka xumaaday siyaasadihiisa caburinta ah, kuwaas oo ku biiray dhaqdhaqaaqa Dhalinta Turkiga . Qowmiyadaha laga tirada badan yahay waxay bilaabeen inay abaabulaan dhaqdhaqaaqyadooda xorayneed, taasoo keentay kacdoon ka dhaca Macedonia iyo Bariga Anatolia . Armeeniyiintu waxay si gaar ah ula kulmeen xasuuq ka dhacay gacanta guutada ''Hamidiye'' . Isku daygii dilka ee badnaa xilligii Cabdul Xamiid, mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu caansan waa isku daygii dilka ee Yıldız ee Ururka Kacaanka Armenia ee 1905. <ref name="Panossian2013"></ref> Sannadkii 1908, Guddiga Midowga iyo Horumarka ayaa ku qasbay inuu dib u Soo celyo baarlamaanka soona celiyo dastuurka xilligii Kacaankii Turkiga ee Dhalinyarada . Cabdul Hamid II wuxuu isku dayay inuu dib u xaqiijiyo rabitaankiisa dhabta ah sanad ka dib, taasoo keentay in ciidamo taageersan dastuurka ay dacwad ka gudbiyaan dhacdadii 31-kii Maarso, inkastoo doorkii uu ka ciyaaray dhacdooyinkan la isku khilaafsan yahay. Cabdul Xamid ayaa muddo dheer lagu dhaleeceeyay inuu yahay "Suldaan Cas" oo ka falceliyay hoggaankiisa kalitalisnimada *laakin Kali talisnimadaasi waa tii isku haysay midnimada dawlada/boqortooyada inkabadan 30sano* ah iyo inuu ka tanaasulay xadgudubyada. Markii hore waxay ahayd isku raac in xukunkiisa shaqsiyeed uu abuuray xilli fadhiidnimo ah kaas oo ka hor istaagay Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta inay ka baxdo Belle Époque oo kale oo firfircoon. Qiimeyntii ugu dambeysay waxay iftiimisay kor u qaadistiisa waxbarashada iyo mashaariicda shaqada dadweynaha, xukunkiisuna waa dhammaad iyo horumarinta dib-u-habaynta ''Tanzimat'' . Tan iyo markii xisbiga [[Xisbiga Caddaaladda iyo Horumarinta|AKP]] uu xukunka qabtay, aqoonyahannadu waxay ku tilmaameen dib u soo nooleynta dhaqankiisa shakhsiyadeed inay tahay isku day lagu hubinayo muuqaalka [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] ee aasaasihii [[Turkiga]] casriga ah. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Zürcher|first=Erik|title=Turkey: A Modern History|url=https://archive.org/details/turkeymodernhist0000zurc_g1m1|publisher=[[I. B. Tauris]]|year=1993|isbn=1-86064-222-5|edition=2nd|pages=[https://archive.org/details/turkeymodernhist0000zurc_g1m1/page/80 80]–81}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFZürcher1993">Zürcher, Erik (1993). </cite></ref> 7mnmd552d53lrdfc6r1qrnlthwneja5 0 49084 305804 302090 2026-08-24T17:50:52Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305804 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Borkana | native_name = {{native name list|tag1=om|name1=Tshaffa|tag2=am|name2=ቦርከና ወንዝ}} | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|10|41|03|N|40|27|10|E}} | subdivision_type1 = Dal | subdivision_name1 = [[Itoobiya]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Gobollada Itoobiya|Gobollada]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Amxaarada|Amxaarada]], [[Gobolka Cafarta|Cafarta]] | cities = Dessie, [[Kombolcha]], [[Kemise]] | source1_location = Meel u dhow [[Dessie]] | source1_elevation = {{cvt|2745|m}} | source1_coordinates = {{coord|11|14|26|N|39|36|50|E|display=it}} | source1 = [[Buuraleyda Itoobiya]] | mouth = [[Webiga Awaash|Awaash]] | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|556|m}} | length = {{cvt|185|km}}<ref name="HydroSHEDS">{{Cite journal |last=Lehner |first=Bernhard |last2=Verdin |first2=Kristine |last3=Jarvis |first3=Andy |date=2008-03-04 |title=New Global Hydrography Derived From Spaceborne Elevation Data |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008eo100001 |journal=Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union |volume=89 |issue=10 |pages=93–94 |doi=10.1029/2008eo100001 |issn=0096-3941}}</ref> | discharge1_location = Afka<ref name="HydroSHEDS" /> | discharge1_min = {{cvt|1.38|m3/s}} | discharge1_avg = {{cvt|14.35|m3/s}} | discharge1_max = {{cvt|80.8|m3/s}} | progression = [[Webiga Awaash|Awaash]] → [[Harada Abbe]] | river_system = Bassin-ka Awaash | basin_size = {{cvt|3279|km2}}<ref name="HydroSHEDS" /> | basin_population = 1,200,000<ref> Liu, L., Cao, X., Li, S., & Jie, N. (2023). GlobPOP: A 31-year (1990-2020) global gridded population dataset generated by cluster analysis and statistical learning (1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10088105</ref> }} '''Webiga Borkana''' waa wabi ku yaal bartamaha [[Itoobiya]]. Waa wabi laamoodka dhanka bidix ka xiga [[Webiga Awaash|Awaash]]. [[Johann Ludwig Krapf]] wuxuu diiwaangeliyay in dadka maxalliga ah ee [[Oromo]] ay u yaqaaneen "Tshaffa".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Isenberg |first=Charles William |title=Journals of the Rev. Messrs. Isenberg and Krapf, missionaries of the Church missionary society, detailing their proceedings in the kingdom of Shoa, and journeys in other parts of Abyssinia, in the years 1839, 1840, 1841, and 1842 |url=https://archive.org/details/journalsofrevmes00isen |last2=Krapf |first2=J. L. (Johann Ludwig) |last3=MacQueen |first3=James |date=1843 |publisher=London : Seeley |location=US}}</ref> == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[Liiska webiyada Itoobiya]] == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} 6se21xjs3brpt0oo3xmo9rxavui0qjc 0 49096 305778 302741 2026-08-24T17:35:32Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305778 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Omo | image = Omo River 02.jpg | image_caption = Webiga Omo oo u dhow Omorati | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|4|29|48.8|N|36|0|49.7|E}} | subdivision_type1 = Dal | subdivision_name1 = Itoobiya | subdivision_type2 = [[Gobollada Itoobiya|Gobollada]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Gobolka Itoobiya ee Koonfurta]], [[Oromiya]] | source1 = [[Buuraleyda Itoobiya]] | source1_elevation = {{cvt|2281|m}} | source1_coordinates = {{coord|7|48|43|N|36|53|56|E|display=it}} | mouth = [[Harada Turkana]] | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|388|m}} | length = {{cvt|1104.5|km|0|adj=ri0}}<ref name="HydroSHEDS" /> | discharge1_location = Afka<ref name="HydroSHEDS" /> | discharge1_min = {{cvt|164.633|m3/s|adj=ri1|sigfig=4}} | discharge1_avg = {{cvt|915.505|m3/s|adj=ri1|sigfig=4}} | discharge1_max = {{cvt|2294.512|m3/s|adj=ri0|sigfig=4}} | river_system = Bassin-ka Omo | basin_population = 15,500,000<ref> Liu, L., Cao, X., Li, S., & Jie, N. (2023). GlobPOP: A 31-year (1990-2020) global gridded population dataset generated by cluster analysis and statistical learning (1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10088105</ref> | tributaries_left = [[Webiga Gibe|Gibe]], [[Webiga Usno|Usno]], [[Webiga Wabe|Wabe]] | tributaries_right = [[Webiga Gojeb|Gojeb]], [[Webiga Denchya|Denchya]], [[Webiga Mui|Mui]], [[Webiga Mantsa|Mantsa]], [[Webiga Zigina|Zigina]] | basin_size = {{cvt|86657.2|km2|0|adj=ri0}}<ref name="HydroSHEDS" /> }}{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site | WHS = Dooxada Hoose ee Omo | image = | caption = | ID = 17 | coordinates = {{coord|4|48|N|35|58|E|format=dms}} | locmapin = Itoobiya | map_caption = |Criteria={{UNESCO WHS type|(iii)(iv)}}(iii)(iv)|Location=[[Itoobiya]]|Year=1980}} '''Webiga Omo''' (Af-Amxaari: ኦሞ ወንዝ; oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Omo-Bottego) oo ku yaal koonfurta Itoobiya waa wabiga ugu weyn ee Itoobiya ee ka baxsan [[Bassin-ka Niil|Bassin-ka Niil]]. Waddadiisa oo dhan waxay ku dhex jirtaa xuduudaha Itoobiya, wuxuuna ku shubmaa [[Harada Turkana]] oo ku taal [[Xuduuda Itoobiya iyo Kenya|xuduudda Kenya]]. Wabigu waa durdurka ugu weyn ee [[Bassin-ka Turkana]], oo ah [[bassin-ka qulqulka gudaha]] ah. Bassin-ka wabiga ayaa caan ku ah tirada badan ee haraaga [[hominid]]-ka hore iyo natiijooyinka cilmi-baarista qadiimiga ah sida qalabka dhagaxa ah ee hore, taas oo keentay in lagu daro [[UNESCO]] [[Liiska Dhaxalka Adduunka]] sanadkii 1980.<ref name = "unesco">{{cite web |url = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/17 |title = Lower Valley of the Omo |website = UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher = United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date = 18 September 2021}}</ref> == Juqraafi == [[Image:Omo river delta.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Webiga Omo Delta]] Webiga Omo wuxuu ku samaysmaa isku darka [[Webiga Gibe]], oo ah kan ugu weyn guud ahaan wabi laamoodka Webiga Omo, iyo [[Webiga Gojeb]], oo ah wabi laamood weyn oo dhanka midig ka ah Omo.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://etd.aau.edu.et/server/api/core/bitstreams/97c95d07-ed80-460f-bcfc-167ddfd78fe6/content |title = Impact of Land use Land cover change on Stream flow (Case Study Gilgel Gibe III) |website = Addis Abeba University |publisher = Addis Abeba University - Institute of Technology School of Garaduate Studies Department of Civil Engineering |access-date = 9 November 2025}}</ref> Marka la eego cabbirkooda, dhererkooda iyo waddooyinkooda, qofku wuxuu u qaadan karaa in Omo iyo Gibe ay yihiin hal wabi oo isku mid ah laakiin leh magacyo kala duwan. Sidaa darteed, dhammaan bassin-ka wabiga waxaa mararka qaarkood loo yaqaan ''Bassin-ka Webiga Omo-Gibe''. Bassin-kan wabigu wuxuu ka kooban yahay qayb ka mid ah galbeedka [[Gobolka Oromiya]] iyo dhexda [[Gobolka Qoomiyadaha, Qowmiyadaha iyo Shucuubta Koonfureed]].<ref name="HydroSHEDS">{{Cite journal |last=Lehner |first=Bernhard |last2=Verdin |first2=Kristine |last3=Jarvis |first3=Andy |date=2008-03-04 |title=New Global Hydrography Derived From Spaceborne Elevation Data |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008eo100001 |journal=Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union |volume=89 |issue=10 |pages=93–94 |doi=10.1029/2008eo100001 |issn=0096-3941}}</ref> Waddadiisu guud ahaan waa dhanka koonfureed, in kasta oo uu leeyahay leexasho weyn oo dhanka galbeed ah qiyaastii 7° N 37° 30' E ilaa ku dhawaad 36° E halkaas oo uu u leexdo dhanka koonfureed ilaa 5° 30' N halkaas oo uu ka samaynayo leexasho S-ah oo weyn ka dibna dib u bilaabaya waddadiisa koonfureed ee ku socota Harada Turkana. Sida laga soo xigtay agabka ay daabacday [[Wakaaladda Tirakoobka Dhexe (Itoobiya)]], Webiga Omo-Bottego waa {{convert|760|km}} dherer.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"], Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> Waddadiisa Omo-Bottego wuxuu guud ahaan ka dhacaa ku dhawaad {{convert|700|m}} min isku darka wabiyada Gibe iyo Wabe oo jooga {{convert|1060|m}} ilaa {{convert|360|m}} oo ah heerka harada, sidaas darteedna waa durdur xawaare ku socda qaybihiisa sare, isagoo ka jaban Kokobi iyo dhaca kale, waxaana la dhex mari karaa oo keliya masaafo gaaban oo ka sarreysa halka uu ku shubmo Harada Turkana, oo ka mid ah harooyinka [[Gregory Rift]]. ''Spectrum Guide to Ethiopia'' wuxuu ku tilmaamay inay tahay goob caan ku ah [[white-water rafting]] bilaha Sebtembar iyo Oktoobar, marka wabigu weli sarreeyo xilliga roobka.<ref>Camerapix (2000), p. 262</ref> Wabi laamoodkiisa ugu muhiimsan waa [[Webiga Gibe]]; wabi laamoodyada yaryar waxaa ka mid ah wabiyada [[Webiga Wabe|Wabi]], [[Webiga Denchya|Denchya]], [[Webiga Gojeb|Gojeb]], [[Webiga Mui|Mui]] iyo [[Webiga Usno|Usno]]. Webiga Omo-Bottego wuxuu sameeyay xuduudaha bari ee boqortooyooyinkii hore ee [[Boqortooyada Janjero|Janjero]], iyo [[Boqortooyada Garo|Garo]]. Omo wuxuu kaloo dhex maraa [[Beerta Qaranka ee Mago|Mago]] iyo [[Beerta Qaranka ee Omo|Beerta Qaranka ee Omo]], kuwaas oo caan ku ah duurjoogta.<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/readersdigestnat00sche|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=0-89577-087-3|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/readersdigestnat00sche/page/281 281]|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.}}</ref> Xayawaanno badan ayaa ku nool agagaarka iyo wabiga, oo ay ku jiraan [[qiiro-biyoodka|qiiro-biyoodka]], [[yaxaasyada]] iyo [[Bitis arietans|puff adders]]. == Natiijooyinka qadiimiga ah == [[File:Lower Valley of the Omo-138523.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Webiga Omo oo laga gudbayo]] Dhammaan bassin-ka wabiga Omo ayaa sidoo kale muhiim u ah juqraafi ahaan iyo qadiimi ahaan. In ka badan 50,000 oo haraaga fosil ah ayaa laga aqoonsaday dooxada hoose, oo ay ku jiraan 230 haraaga hominid oo soo laabtay ilaa [[Pliocene]] iyo [[Pleistocene]].<ref name = "Alemseged">{{cite journal |last1=Alemseged |first1=Z |title=An integrated approach to taphonomy and faunal change in the Shungura Formation (Ethiopia) and its implication for hominid evolution |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |date=April 2003 |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=451–478 |doi=10.1016/S0047-2484(03)00012-5|pmid=12727463 }}</ref> Haraaga fosil ee ka tirsan jinsiga ''[[Australopithecus]]'' iyo ''[[Homo (genus)|Homo]]'' ayaa laga helay dhowr goobood oo qadiimi ah, iyo sidoo kale qalab laga sameeyay [[quartzite]], kuwa ugu da'da weyn oo soo laabta ku dhawaad 2.4 milyan oo sano ka hor.<ref name = "unesco"/> Markii la helay, waxaa loo malaynayay in qalabku laga yaabo inuu qayb ka ahaa waxa loogu yeero warshadaha pre-Oldowan, xitaa mid ka primitive badan wixii laga helay [[Olduvai Gorge]]. Cilmi-baaris dambe ayaa muujisay in muuqaalka cayriin ee qalabku uu dhab ahaantii sababay qalab cayriin oo aad u liita, iyo in farsamooyinka la isticmaalay iyo qaababku ay oggolaadaan in lagu daro [[Oldowan]]. Dahfurka qadiimiga ah ee ugu horreeyay ee aagga ayaa ahaa 1901, oo ay samaysay duullimaad Faransiis ah. Dahfurka ugu muhiimsan waxaa la sameeyay mar dambe, intii u dhaxaysay 1967 iyo 1975, oo ay samaysay koox qadiimi ah oo caalami ah.<ref name="readersnatural"/> Kooxdan ayaa heshay dhowr shay oo kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan daanka qof ''[[Australopithecus]]'' ah, oo lagu qiyaasay inuu yahay 2.5 milyan oo sano.<ref>Crandall (2007)</ref><ref name="readersnatural"/> Qadiimiga ayaa sidoo kale helay [[Omo remains|qaybo fosil ah]] oo ka mid ah [[Olduwan]] [[hominid]]-ka laga soo bilaabo xilligii [[Pleistocene]] hore iyo ilaa xilligii [[Pliocene]]. Qalabka Quartz ayaa laga helay qaar ka mid ah haraaga ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' ee dambe ee laga helay banka wabiga.<ref name="readersnatural"/> Tan iyo markaas, qodista waxaa fuliyay koox wadajir ah oo Faransiis iyo Maraykan ah.<ref name = "Plummer">{{cite journal |last1=Plummer |first1=Thomas W. |last2=Ferraro |first2=Joseph V. |last3=Louys |first3=Julien |last4=Hertel |first4=Fritz |last5=Alemseged |first5=Zeresenay |last6=Bobe |first6=René |last7=Bishop |first7=L.C. |title=Bovid ecomorphology and hominin paleoenvironments of the Shungura Formation, lower Omo River Valley, Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |date=November 2015 |volume=88 |pages=108–126 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.06.006|pmid=26208956 |doi-access=free |hdl=10211.3/198525 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Marka laga soo tago fosil-ka hominid-ka hore, noocyo kala duwan oo naasley<ref name = "Plummer"/> iyo kalluun<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Trapani |first1=Josh |title=Quaternary fossil fish from the Kibish Formation, Omo Valley, Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |date=September 2008 |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=521–530 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.05.017|pmid=18691738 }}</ref> fosil ah ayaa laga helay gudaha Dooxada Omo.<ref name = "Alemseged"/> == Saamaynta aadanaha == [[File:Omo River Valley IMG 9888.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Dooxada Webiga Omo]] Dooxada hoose ee Omo ayaa hadda loo malaynayaa in qaar ay ahayd isgoys muddo kumanaan sano ah maadaama dhaqamo iyo kooxo qowmiyadeed kala duwan ay u guureen agagaarka gobolka, iyadoo ay jiraan tiro badan oo fosil [[Hominidae|hominid]] ah.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Lower Valley of the Omo |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/17/ |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref> Ilaa maantadan, dadka Dooxada Hoose ee Omo, oo ay ku jiraan [[Dadka Mursi|Mursi]], [[Dadka Surma|Suri]], [[Dadka Nyangatom|Nyangatom]], [[Dadka Dizi|Dizi]] iyo Me'en, ayaa loo daraaseeyaa [[dhaqan-yari|kala duwanaanshahooda]].<ref>Hurd (2006)</ref> Sahamiye Talyaani ah [[Vittorio Bottego]] ayaa markii ugu horreysay gaaray wabiga Omo 29 Juun 1896 intii lagu jiray duullimaadkiisii labaad ee Afrika (1895–97), isagoo ku dhintay intii lagu jiray duullimaadkan 17 Maarso 1897. Webiga Omo ayaa dib loogu magacaabay Omo-Bottego si loogu sharfo isaga. [[Herbert Henry Austin]] iyo raggiisa ayaa gaaray delta-da Omo 12 Sebtembar 1898, waxayna ogaadeen in duullimaad Itoobiyaan ah, oo uu hoggaaminayay Ras [[Wolda Giyorgis]], ay horay u taageen calanka Itoobiya xeebta woqooyi ee Harada Turkana 7 Abriil. Lieutenant [[Alexander Bulatovich]] ayaa hoggaamiyay duullimaad labaad oo Itoobiyaan ah kaas oo gaaray harada 21 Agoosto 1899, wuxuuna ahaa mid siman oo burbur ah. In kasta oo ay taasi jirtay, Faransiiskii kooxda ku jiray ayaa si sax ah u sawiray markii ugu horreysay qaar badan oo ka mid ah meanders-ka delta-da Webiga Omo. Bandhiggan Webiga Omo ayaa sii jiray ilaa 1930-yadii markii khariidad-sameeyayaashii gumeysiga Talyaanigu ay sameeyeen bandhig cusub oo sax ah oo ku saabsan wabiga iyo delta-diisa.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.nai.uu.se/library/resources/dossiers/local_history_of_ethiopia/o/ORTO.pdf |title= Local History in Ethiopia |access-date= 2016-05-02 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110612210605/http://www.nai.uu.se/library/resources/dossiers/local_history_of_ethiopia/o/ORTO.pdf |archive-date= 2011-06-12 |url-status= dead }} The Nordic Africa Institute website (accessed 1 May 2016)</ref> == Saldhigyada korontada biyaha == Waxaa jira dhowr saldhig oo koronto iyo biyo-xireenno ah oo ku yaal bassin-ka Webiga Omo kuwaas oo loogu magac daray [[Webiga Gilgel Gibe]] iyo [[Webiga Gibe]], kuwaas oo ah wabi laamoodka Webiga Omo. In kasta oo magacaabista ay xoogaa jahwareerinayso, waxay yihiin saldhigyo koronto oo asal ah iyo biyo-xireenno ku yaal Webiga Omo. === Saldhigga Korontada Gilgel Gibe II === {{main|Saldhigga Korontada Gilgel Gibe II}} [[Saldhigga Korontada Gilgel Gibe II]] {{coord|7.756492664604506|N|37.56255950100352|E}} waa [[koronto-biyood]] [[saldhig koronto]] oo ku yaal Webiga Omo oo leh awood koronto oo dhan 420 Megawatt (MW). Saldhigga korontadu wuxuu biyo ka helaa albaabka tunnel-ka {{coord|7|55|27|N|37|23|16|E|name=Gilgel Gibe II Power Station headrace tunnel entrance|display=inline}} oo ku yaal [[Webiga Gilgel Gibe]] ee nidaamka [[run-of-river]]. Albaabka tunnel-ka ayaa fadhiya dhanka hoose ee [[Biyo-xireenka Gilgel Gibe I]] sidoo kale ku yaal Webiga Gilgel Gibe oo ay la samaystaan koronto-biyood cascade ah. === Biyo-xireenka Gibe III === {{main|Biyo-xireenka Gibe III}} Biyo-xireenka Koronto-biyoodka Gibe III waa {{convert|243|m}} oo dherer ah [[roller-compacted concrete]] biyo-xireen oo leh warshad koronto-biyood oo la xiriirta Webiga Omo ee [[Itoobiya]]. Waa warshadda koronto-biyoodka ugu weyn Itoobiya oo leh awood koronto oo ku dhow 1870 Megawatt (MW), sidaas darteed in ka badan labanlaab awoodda guud ee la rakibay ee Itoobiya min heerkeedii 2007 ee 814 MW.<ref name="Gibe">[http://www.gibe3.com.et/ Gibe III Hydroelectric Project Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014013025/http://www.gibe3.com.et/ |date=2016-10-14 }}, accessed on October 17, 2009</ref><ref>[[Energy Information Administration]]:[http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET Ethiopia Energy Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831140611/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/country/country_energy_data.cfm?fips=ET |date=2010-08-31 }}, accessed on October 27, 2009</ref> Khilaaf ayaa ka dhashay dhismahiisa, iyadoo dhowr NGO-yo ay samaysteen olole ay ku horjeedaan. Sida laga soo xigtay Terri Hathaway, agaasimaha barnaamijka Afrika ee [[International Rivers]], Gibe III waa "biyo-xireenka ugu burburka badan ee dhismaha ku socdo Afrika." Mashruucu wuxuu xukumi lahaa "nus milyan oo ka mid ah dadka ugu nugul gobolka gaajo iyo colaad."<ref>BBC:[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm Web campaign against Ethiopia Gibe III dam], 23 March 2010</ref> Koox ka mid ah ololaha caalamiga ah ayaa bilaabay codsi internet-ka ah oo ka dhan ah mashruuca biyo-xireenka Itoobiya oo ku saabsan welwelka xuquuqda aadanaha.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8582682.stm|title=Web campaign against Ethiopia dam|date=2010-03-23|access-date=2018-04-13|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5683|title=Giant dam to devastate 200,000 tribal people in Ethiopia|last=International|first=Survival|access-date=2018-04-13|language=en}}</ref> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Azeb Asnake, maamulaha mashruuca Gibe III ee dawladda bixiyaha korontada, ayaa sheegay in cabbirka yaraynta la diyaariyay haddii wax dhacaan. Marka laga reebo tan, Asnake ma saadaalin wax saameyn xun oo ka dhalan kara mashruuca, isagoo ku daray in in ka badan kala bar dadka ku nool aagga ay ku tiirsan yihiin gargaarka cuntada iyo in saldhigga cusub uu lagama maarmaan yahay maadaama hadda shirkaddu ay koronto siiso oo keliya 25 boqolkiiba dadka.<ref>[http://nazret.com/blog/index.php/2009/03/30/ethiopia_gilgel_gibe_iii_managers_dismis "Ethiopia - Gilgel Gibe III managers dismiss environmental concerns"] nazret.com. 30 Mar 2009. Last accessed 22 Apr 2011.</ref> == Fatahaaddii 2006 == Roobab mahiigaan ah oo dhacay 2006 ayaa sababay in Omo uu fataho waddadiisa hoose, isagoo dilay ugu yaraan 456 qof iyo in ka badan 20,000 oo qof oo ku xayirmay intii u dhaxaysay shan maalmood oo ku dhammaaday 16 Agoosto. In kasta oo roobab mahiigaan ah ay caadi u yihiin qaybtan dalka, [[overgrazing]] iyo jarista dhirta ayaa lagu eedeeyay masiibadan. "Wabiyada Itoobiya waxay leeyihiin awood yar oo ay ku hayaan biyo inta ay la'eg yihiin sanado ka hor, sababtoo ah waxaa lagu buuxinayaa dhoobo," ayay tiri afhayeenka [[World Food Programme]] Paulette Jones. "Waxay qaadataa xoog yar oo roobab ah ... si wabiga meel kasta oo dalka ka mid ah u fataho."<ref>[http://www.zeenews.com/znnew/articles.asp?rep=2&aid=315920&sid=wor "More than 700 killed or missing in Ethiopian floods"], Zeenews.com 16 August 2006; [http://home.eircom.net/content/reuters/worldnews/8695698?view=Eircomnet "Ethiopian floods feared to have killed 870" by Tsegaye Tadesse] {{Wayback|url=http://home.eircom.net/content/reuters/worldnews/8695698?view=Eircomnet |date=20070312013509 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312013509/http://home.eircom.net/content/reuters/worldnews/8695698?view=Eircomnet |date=2007-03-12 }}, Eircom net, 16 August 2006</ref> Fatahaadda xilliga ee Webiga Omo waa muhiim u ah kooxaha asaliga ah ee ku nool agagaarka wabiga. Fatahaaddu waxay keentaa dhoobo bacrin ah waxayna ku qoyaan bankiyada biyo, taasoo ka dhigaysa beerashada banka wabiga mid suurtogal ah. Dadka kala duwan ee ku nool hoose ee Omo—oo ay ku jiraan [[Dadka Turkana|Turkana]], [[Dadka Daasanach|Dassanach]], [[Dadka Hamar|Hamer]], [[Dadka Nyangatom|Nyangatom]], Karo, [[Dadka Kwegu|Kwegu]], [[Dadka Mursi|Mursi]], [[Dadka Bodi|Bodi]], iyo [[Dadka Me'en|Me'en]]—ayaa ka soo saara qayb weyn oo ka mid ah sahaydooda cuntada laga soo bilaabo beerashada fatahaadda.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethiopia’s Gibe 3 Dam: Sowing Hunger and Conflict |url=http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902191939/http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/Gibe3FS_051509final.pdf |archive-date=2009-09-02 |access-date=2009-10-17}}</ref> Fatahaaddii weynayd ee burburka ahayd ee 2006 waa tii keliya ee dhacday kontonkii sano ee la soo dhaafay. Hoos u dhaca dhawaan ku yimid heerka Harada Turkana, oo guud ahaan loo aqoonsan yahay inay hesho ku dhawaad boqolkiiba sagaashan biyaha ka imanaya qulqulka Webiga Omo, ayaa horey u sababay kor u kaca heerka cusbada. == Sidoo kale eeg == [[File:Karo woman and child.jpg|thumb|Karo woman and child near Omo River]] * [[Webiga Gibe]] * [[Liiska webiyada Itoobiya]] * [[Liiska goobaha fosil]] ''(leh tusaha xiriirka)'' * [[Omo Kibish Formation]] * [[Omo Remains]] * [[Liiska Goobaha Dhaxalka Adduunka ee Itoobiya]] == Xusuusin == {{reflist|2}} == Tixraacyo == * Butzer, Karl W. (1971). ''Recent history of an Ethiopian delta: the Omo River and the level of Lake Rudolph'', Research paper '''136''', Department of Geography, University of Chicago, 184 p., [[Library of Congress Control Number|LCCN]] 70-184080 * Camerapix (2000). ''Spectrum Guide to Ethiopia'', First American Ed., Brooklyn: Interlink, {{ISBN|1-56656-350-X}} * Crandall, Ben (2007). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20061210123834/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/sites/africa/omoriver.html The Omo River Valley]'', eMuseum @ [[Minnesota State University, Mankato]]; website accessed 31 October 2007 * Hurd, W. (2006). "[http://www.culturalsurvival.org/ourpublications/csq/article/rangers-birth Rangers by Birth]", ''Cultural Survival Quarterly'', '''30.2''', website accessed 31 October 2007 * UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2007). ''[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/17 Lower Valley of the Omo]'', World Heritage List, website accessed 31 October 2007 * Vannutelli, L. and Citerni, C. (1899). ''Seconda spedizione Bòttego: L'Omo, viaggio d'esplorazione nell'Africa Orientale'', Milano : Hoepli, 650 p. == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Commons}} *[http://www.selamta.net/omo_park.htm Beerta Qaranka ee Omo] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160307222523/http://www.slidespost.com/zoom.php?id=2326 Qabiillada Afrika ee OMO] *[http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ Africa Resources Working Group Gibe III Dam Omo River] {{Wayback|url=http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ |date=20210216203655 }} *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9PUSPE_7ek8&t=4s Walking With The Mursi is an adventure/travel documentary spanning four continents as David Willing hikes 500km across Ethiopia's remote Omo Valley, home of the fascinating Mursi tribes.] {{Authority control}} jfdewgcwbw6xv0ziunqqd3zzsg53oi1 0 49149 305796 302159 2026-08-24T17:45:33Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305796 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Abbe | image = Lake Abbe Map.png | caption = | alt = Khariidadda oo muujinaysa goobta ay haradu ku taal Afrika | location = Xadka [[Itoobiya]]–[[Jabuuti]] | coords = {{coord|11|10|N|41|47|E|type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = [[Haro cusbo leh]] | inflow = [[Webiga Awash]] | outflow = ''Ma jiro'' | catchment = | basin_countries = Jabuuti, Itoobiya | length = {{convert|17|km|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|19|km|mi|abbr=on}} | area = {{convert|320|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = {{convert|8.6 |m|ft}} | max-depth = {{convert|37|m|ft}} | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|243|m|ft}} | islands = | cities = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Djibouti | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Goobta Harada Abbe ee Jabuuti. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Abbe''', oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Harada Abhe Bad''', waa [[haro cusbo leh]], oo ku taal xadka [[Itoobiya]] iyo [[Jabuuti]]. Waa mid ka mid ah silsilad ka kooban lix haro oo isku xidhan, kuwaas oo ay sidoo kale ka mid yihiin (laga bilaabo waqooyi ilaa koonfur) harooyinka [[Harada Gargori|Gargori]], [[Harada Laitali|Laitali]], [[Harada Gummare|Gummare]], [[Harada Bario|Bario]] iyo [[Harada Afambo|Afambo]]. Haradu waa halka ugu dambaysa ee uu ku shubo [[Webiga Awash]], kaas oo ku yaal bartamaha [[Afar Triangle]].<ref>Robert Mepham, R. H. Hughes, and J. S. Hughes, [https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PP1 ''A directory of African wetlands''], (Cambridge: IUCN, UNEP and WCMC, 1992), p. 166</ref> Harada Abbe waxaa loo tixgeliyaa mid ka mid ah meelaha ugu adag ee la gaadho ee dhulka. Biyaha laftooda waxaa looga yaqaanaa [[shimbiraha flamingos-ka]]. == Dulmar == [[File:Abbe-8.jpg|thumb|left|Qiiq-tuurayaal u dhow Harada Abbe]] Harada Abbe waa meesha ugu dambaysa ee biyaha [[Webiga Awash]]. Waxay ku taal [[Afar triple junction]], oo ah meesha ay ku kulmaan saddexda qaybood ee qolofka dhulka, taas oo ah muuqaal qeexaya [[Afar Depression]]. Halkan saddex qaybood oo ka mid ah qolofka dhulka ayaa mid walba uu ka jiidmayaa dhibicdaas dhexe, inkasta oo aysan dhammaantood ku jiidmayn xawaare isku mid ah.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Beyene |first1=Alebachew |name-list-style=amp |last2=Abdelsalam |first2=Mohamed G. |year=2005 |title=Tectonics of the Afar Depression: A review and synthesis |journal=[[Journal of African Earth Sciences]] |volume=41 |issue=1–2 |pages=41–59 |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.03.003 }}</ref> Dhanka waqooyi-galbeed ee xeebta ayaa waxa kor u kaca [[Buurta Dama Ali]] (1068 m ama 3,504 ft)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Volcanism Program {{!}} Dama Ali |url=https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=221141 |access-date=2026-07-01 |website=Smithsonian Institution {{!}} Global Volcanism Program |language=en}}</ref>, oo ah foolkaano hurda, halka dhanka koonfur-galbeed iyo koonfurta ay ku fidsan yihiin [[saafyada cusbada]] oo aad u waaweyn, oo ballacoodu yahay 10&nbsp;km. Webiga Awash ka sokow, qulqulka xilliyeedka ee Harada Abbe waxaa ka mid ah laba [[wadi]], Oleldere iyo Abuna Merekes, kuwaas oo ka soo gala harada dhanka galbeed iyo koonfur, iyagoo ka tallaabaya saafyada cusbada. In kasta oo baaxadda hadda ee biyaha furan ee haradu ay tahay {{convert|34000|ha|mi2}}, abaarihii dhawaa iyo biyo-soo-saarkii Webiga Awash ee waraabka ayaa sababay in heerka biyaha haradu uu hoos u dhaco. Markay ahayd 1984-kii, baaxadda haradu waxay hoos ugu dhacday saddex-meelood laba meel wixii ay ahayd 1940-kii. Muddadaas qiyaastii {{convert|11500|hectare}} oo saafyo cusbo ah ayaa samaysmay koonfur-galbeed ee harada.<ref name=Hughes>{{cite book|author=Hughes, R.H.|title=A Directory of African Wetlands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA443 |year=1992 |publisher=IUCN |isbn=978-2-88032-949-5 |pages=443–447}}</ref> Harada Abbe waa [[haro aad u cusbo badan]]; biyaha ay ku jiraan cusbada macdanta ah ayaa soo gala laakiin ma jiro biyo ka baxa, biyaha saafiga ahna way ka uumi baxaan dusha sare.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hammer |first=U. T. |title=Saline Lake Ecosystems of the World |url=https://archive.org/details/salinelakeecosys0000hamm |publisher=Springer |year=1986 |page=[https://archive.org/details/salinelakeecosys0000hamm/page/15 15] |isbn=90-6193-535-0 }}</ref> Waxa kale oo looga yaqaanaa "haro weyneeye", iyadoo heerka biyuhu uu si aad ah ugu isbedbeddelo iyadoo laga jawaabayo isbeddello aad u yar oo dhanka cimilada ah.<ref>{{cite book|author=Michael Schagerl|title=Soda Lakes of East Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jP3CDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA8 |year=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-28622-8 |page=8}}</ref> [[File:East Africa-Lake Abbe.jpg|thumb|right|Sawirka dayax-gacmeedka ee Harada Abbe]] [[Dadka reer Afar]] ayaa degsiimo ka samaystay meel u dhow xeebta harada. Harada Abbe waxaa looga yaqaanaa qiiq-tuurayaasha [[limestone]], kuwaas oo gaara dherer dhan {{convert|50|m|ft|-1|abbr=on}} kuwaas oo uumigu ka soo baxo.<ref name=Schager>{{cite book|author=Michael Schagerl|title=Soda Lakes of East Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jP3cDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 |year=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-28622-8 |page=32}}</ref> Qiiq-tuurayaasha kaarboonaytka ah waxaa sameeya isku-darka biyaha harada iyo dareere kulaylka dhulka ka soo baxa oo ka qoto dheer.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2014-11-10|title=Hydrothermal carbonate chimneys from a continental rift (Afar Rift): Mineralogy, geochemistry, and mode of formation|journal=Chemical Geology|language=en|volume=387|pages=87–100|doi=10.1016/j.chemgeo.2014.08.019|issn=0009-2541|last1=Dekov|first1=V.M.|last2=Egueh|first2=N.M.|last3=Kamenov|first3=G.D.|last4=Bayon|first4=G.|last5=Lalonde|first5=S.V.|last6=Schmidt|first6=M.|last7=Liebetrau|first7=V.|last8=Munnik|first8=F.|last9=Fouquet|first9=Y.|last10=Tanimizu|first10=M.|last11=Awaleh|first11=M.O.|last12=Guirreh|first12=I.|last13=Le Gall|first13=B.|url=https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00206/31762/30172.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Awaleh|first1=Mohamed Osman|last2=Hoch|first2=Farhan Bouraleh|last3=Boschetti|first3=Tiziano|last4=Soubaneh|first4=Youssouf Djibril|last5=Egueh|first5=Nima Moussa|last6=Elmi|first6=Sikie Abdillahi|last7=Mohamed|first7=Jalludin|last8=Khaireh|first8=Mohamed Abdi|year=2015|title=The geothermal resources of the Republic of Djibouti — II: Geochemical study of the Lake Abhe geothermal field|journal=Journal of Geochemical Exploration|volume=159|pages=129–147|doi=10.1016/j.gexplo.2015.08.011}}</ref> [[Flamingos]] ayaa sidoo kale laga heli karaa biyaha.<ref name=Hubbard>{{cite book|author=Nyla Jo Jones Hubbard|title=Doctors Without Borders in Ethiopia: Among the Afar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HmE8h4djrx8C&pg=PA122 |year=2011|publisher=Algora Publishing |isbn=978-0-87586-853-0 |page=122}}</ref> ===Sawirro=== <gallery class="center"> File:Lac Abbe-02.JPG|Qorrax-dhaca Harada Abbe. File:Lac Abbe.JPG|Qaybta qallalan ee Harada Abbe. File:Lac Abbe 2.JPG|Qaybta [[qoyan]] ee Harada Abbe. File:Flamants roses du Lac Abbe.JPG|[[Flamingos]]-ka Harada Abbe. </gallery> == Cimilada == Cimilada Harada Abbe waxay bixisaa cir qorrax leh iyo hawo qallalan sannadka oo dhan. Waxay leedahay in ka yar {{convert|172|mm|in|0|}} oo roob celcelis ahaan sannadkii ah iyo heerkulka xagaaga oo u dhexeeya {{convert|30|and|40|C|F}}. Heerkulka bilaha ugu qabow ayaa u dhexeeya {{convert|21|and|30|C|F}} celcelis ahaan. {{Weather box |metric first=yes |single line=yes |location=Harada Abbe, Jabuuti |Jan high C=30.4 |Feb high C=30.8 |Mar high C=32.9 |Apr high C=35.0 |May high C=38.0 |Jun high C=40.4 |Jul high C=39.9 |Aug high C=38.6 |Sep high C=37.5 |Oct high C=35.0 |Nov high C=32.3 |Dec high C=30.8 |Jan low C=20.1 |Feb low C=21.8 |Mar low C=23.2 |Apr low C=25.0 |May low C=27.2 |Jun low C=29.3 |Jul low C=27.4 |Aug low C=27.0 |Sep low C=28.0 |Oct low C=24.3 |Nov low C=21.7 |Dec low C=20.4 |Jan precipitation mm=5 |Feb precipitation mm=9 |Mar precipitation mm=14 |Apr precipitation mm=19 |May precipitation mm=7 |Jun precipitation mm=3 |Jul precipitation mm=32 |Aug precipitation mm=45 |Sep precipitation mm=20 |Oct precipitation mm=9 |Nov precipitation mm=6 |Dec precipitation mm=3 | source= ''Climate-Data.org'', dhererka: 251m<ref name="Climate-Data.org">{{cite web|title=Climate: Harada Abbe - garaafka cimilada, garaafka heerkulka, jadwalka cimilada|url=https://en.climate-data.org/location/929032/|publisher=Climate-Data.org|access-date=25 September 2016}}</ref> }} == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Commons category}} * {{in lang|fr}} [http://danakil.ethiopia.free.fr/abbe.htm Sawirrada Harada Abbe] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070714124303/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/dsafr002.html ILEC database entry for Harada Abbe] * Safarkii dhawaa ee [http://www.onceinalifetimejourney.com/once-in-a-lifetime-journeys/africa/en-route-to-an-otherworldly-creation-in-lake-abbe/ Harada Abbe oo leh sawirro] (English) * Sawirrada qiiq-tuurayaasha limestone ee [https://independent-travellers.com/djibouti/lake_abbe/ Harada Abbe], Febraayo 2015 {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Abbe}} 7uw9qyoo5w2uiboxrgvvk2jkk4qffu5 0 49364 305819 302451 2026-08-24T18:00:20Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305819 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location | name = Amorbach | name_local = | image_photo = Amorbach.jpg | image_caption = Aragtida Amorbach | image_coa = DEU Amorbach COA.svg | image_map = | type = Stadt | image_plan = Amorbach in MIL.svg | state = | region = Unterfranken | district = Miltenberg | Höhe = 165 | Fläche = 50.9 | Gemeindeschlüssel = 09 6 76 112 | area = 50.92 | elevation = 165 | coordinates = {{coord|49|38|N|9|13|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | postal_code = 63916 | area_code = 09373 | licence = MIL | mayor = Peter Schmitt <ref>[https://www.statistik.bayern.de/wahlen/kommunalwahlen/bgm/ Liste der ersten Bürgermeister/Oberbürgermeister in kreisangehörigen Gemeinden], [[Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik]], 15 July 2021.</ref> | leader_term = 2020&ndash;26 | website = [https://www.amorbach.de/ amorbach.de] | party = CSU }} '''Amorbach''' ({{IPA|de|ˈaːmoːɐ̯bax|lang|De-Amorbach.ogg}}) waa magaalo ku taal degmada [[Miltenberg (district)|Miltenberg]] ee ''[[Regierungsbezirk]]'' ee [[Lower Franconia]] (''Unterfranken'') ee [[Bavaria]], [[Jarmalka]], oo leh ku dhawaad 4,000 oo qof. Waxay ku taallaa webiga yar ee [[Mud (river)|Mud]], qaybta waqooyi-bari ee [[Odenwald]]. == Taariikhda == [[File:Fuerstentum Leiningen.png|thumb|Khariidadda Amiirnimada Leiningen]] Magaaladu waxay ku bilaabatay [[Benedictine|monastery]] (keli) ([[Amorbach Abbey]] ama ''Kloster Amorbach''), kaas oo si tartiib tartiib ah ugu koray degmo ilaa 1253 loo dallacsiiyay heerka magaalo. Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, magaaladu gacanteeda way isbeddeshay dhowr jeer. Waxay qayb ka ahayd [[Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg|Bishopric of Würzburg]] ilaa 1656, markaas oo ay noqotay qayb ka mid ah [[Archbishopric of Mainz]]. Natiijadii 1803 [[German Mediatisation|Mediatisation-kii Jarmalka]], Archbishopric-ka Mainz waa la cilmaaniyay, Amorbach-na waxay noqotay magaalada degmada ee [[Principality of Leiningen]] oo muddo gaaban jirtay. Kaliya 1816 ayay noqotay qayb ka mid ah [[Kingdom of Bavaria|Boqortooyada Bavaria]]. Sannadkii 1965, Amorbach waxay gaartay heerka loo yaqaan 'climatic spa' (''Luftkurort''). === Isku-milidda === Degmooyinka soo socda ayaa lala midoobay magaalada: * 1 Abriil 1973: Boxbrunn * 1 Janaayo 1975: Beuchen * 1 Janaayo 1976: Neudorf * 1 Janaayo 1976: Reichartshausen == Dhaqaalaha == Maanta Amorbach waxay ku tiirsan tahay ganacsiga dalxiiska iyada oo leh aqoonsiga gobolka ee ah 'climatic spa' (''Luftkurort'') iyo dhismayaasheeda badan ee [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]]. Amorbach waa kursiga qoyska ee amiirka ''Haus zu Leiningen''. Sannadkii 1992, magaalada waxaa la guddoonsiiyay biladda [[Europa Nostra]]. == Farshaxanka iyo dhaqanka == [[File:Kloster Amorbach 1735.jpg|thumb|Muqaalkii suurtagalka ahaa ee Amorbach Abbey 1735]] [[File:Amorbach Klosterkirche Fassade 1.jpg|thumb|Kaniisadda Abbey]] === Kaniisadda Abbey === {{Main|Amorbach Abbey}} Kaniisadda Benedictine, oo ay hore u lahaayeen amiirka ''Haus zu Leiningen'' oo ay la socoto maktabaddeeda, iyo kaniisadda abbey oo leh Stumm [[organ (music)|organ]] ayaa soo jiidata kumanaan soo booqdayaal ah sannad kasta. === Kaniisadda Parish St. Gangolf === [[File:Amorbach, St Gangolf 001.JPG|thumb|St. Gangolf]] Kaniisadda [[hall church|hall]] ee dambe-Baroque {{Interlanguage link multi|St. Gangolf (Amorbach)|de|3=St. Gangolf (Amorbach)|lt=St. Gangolf}} waxay beddeshay kii hore, St. Gangolf iyo St. Sebastian, oo la diiwaan geliyay 1182. Waxaa dhistay 1751-3 ''Oberamtmann'' Johann Franz Wolfgang Damian von Ostein iyo walaalkiis iyo Archbishop, [[Johann Friedrich Karl von Ostein]]. Naqshaddu waxay ku salaysnayd qorshayaal uu sameeyay [[Anselm Franz von Ritter zu Groenesteyn]], shaqada dhismaha waxaa kormeeray ardaygiisa Alexander Jakob Schmidt. Naqshadu waxay dhiirigelisay [[St. Peter's Church, Mainz|Kaniisadda St. Peter]] ee Mainz. Gudaha waxay ka tarjumaysaa qaabka Rococo iyo bilowgii [[Neoclassical architecture|qaabka Neoclassical]]. [[Fresco|Saqafka fresco]] ee [[Johannes Zick]] waxay muujinayaan nolosha St. Gangolf (Gangulphus) iyo [[Saint Sebastian]] iyo sidoo kale Boqor [[David]] oo ah "aabbaha" [[Solomon's Temple|Macbadka Sulaymaan]]. Rinjiyeynta saliidda ee ku taal [[choir (architecture)|choir]] ee {{Interlanguage link multi|Konrad Huber (Maler, 1752)|de|3=Konrad Huber (painter)|lt=Konrad Huber}} waxay muujinayaan bilowgii halyeeyga ee Amorbach. Meesha sare ee marmarka waxaa sameeyay Georg Schrantz, halka Josef Keilwerth uu ku daray afar taallo. Iskutallaabta J.B. Berg waxay taariikhaysan tahay 1808. Meelaha dhinaca (1720) asal ahaan waxaa loo isticmaali jiray dhismihii ka horreeyay. Organ-ku sidoo kale wuxuu taariikhaysan yahay 1720, laakiin wuxuu ku yaallay [[Neustadt am Main Abbey]] ilaa 1806, markii ay iibsatay kaniisadda Amorbach. Kaniisaddu waxay leedahay laba minbar, oo laga sameeyay [[stucco|stucco]] Antonio Rossi.<ref name="Dumont">{{cite book|last=Dettelbacher|first=Werner|title=Franken - Kunst, Geschichte und Landschaft (German)|url=https://archive.org/details/frankenkunstgesc0000dett|publisher=Dumont Verlag|year=1974|isbn=3-7701-0746-2}}</ref>{{rp|84–5}} St. Gangolf waa kaniisadda Catholic parish ee Amorbach. === Matxafyada === [[File:Amorbach Museum.jpg|thumb|Berger Collection oo leh matxaf shaah]] ''Sammlung Berger mit Teekannenmuseum'' waa matxaf farshaxan iyo weelasha shaaha. Marka laga reebo bandhigyada cajiibka ah ee farshaxanka casriga ah ee [[Arman]], [[Michael Buthe]], [[Marc Chagall|Chagall]], [[Christo]], [[Keith Haring]], Otto Reichart, [[Rebecca Horn]], [[Yves Klein]], [[Roy Lichtenstein]], [[Nam June Paik]], [[Niki de Saint-Phalle]], H. A. Schult, [[Daniel Spoerri]], [[Ben Vautier]], [[Dick Higgins]] iyo kuwo kale, matxafku wuxuu kaloo muujinayaa ururin shaah ah oo ka kooban 2,467 weel shaah oo adduunka oo dhan ah iyo qiyaastii 500 oo weel shaah oo yaryar ah. === Bakhaarka Tobnaad === Bakhaarka tobnaad ee Amorbach, oo la dhisay 1488, wuxuu shan boqol oo sano ka ciyaaray door muhiim ah magaalada. Asal ahaan waxaa loo dhisay in lagu kaydiyo toban meelood oo soo saar ah amiirka, waxaa – ka dib dib-u-habeyn ballaaran oo 1960-yadii – loo maamulayay sida shineemo. ''Kulturkreis Zehntscheuer Amorbach e.V.'' (“Amorbach Tithe Barn Cultural Circle”), kaas oo dhismaha ku qalabaysay 1991 sida tiyaatarka cabaret wuxuu ilaaliyaa oo dayactiraa dhismaha, kaas oo ku yaal bartamaha magaalada taariikhiga ah. Sannadkii 2001, naadigani wuxuu iibsaday bakhaarka tobnaad. === Dhacdooyinka joogtada ah === [[File:am-gangolf.jpg|thumb|Sannadlaha Mother’s Day ''Gangolfsritt'']] *Amorbach Abbey Concerts oo ku yaal kaniisadda hore ee Benedictine abbey *Barnaamijka Cabaret ee tiyaatarka cabaret ''Zehntscheuer Amorbach'' *Maalin kasta 12:00 iyo 15:00, Stumm organ (1782) oo leh 5,116 tuubbo ayaa la ciyaaraa *Sannad kasta oo ku beegan [[Mother's Day|Maalinta Hooyada]], waxa dhaca ''Gangolfsritt'' (“[[Gangulphus]]’s Ride”), oo ah socod fardooley ah oo magaalada dhex mara. == Kaabayaasha == === Gaadiidka === Amorbach, ''[[Bundesstraße]]'' 469 waxay la kulantaa ''Bundesstraße'' 47. [[railway station|Saldhigga tareenka]] wuxuu ku yaallaa [[Seckach]]−[[Miltenberg]] [[railway|tareenka]] line (KBS 709), oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan ''Madonnenlandbahn''. == Waxbarashada == * Karl-Ernst-[[Gymnasium (school)|Gymnasium]] Amorbach * Theresia-Gerhardinger-[[Realschule]]; * Parzival-[[Hauptschule]]; * Wolfram-von-Eschenbach-Grundschule ([[primary school|dugsiga hoose]]). == Dadka caanka ah == === Wiilasha iyo gabdhaha magaalada === [[File:Karl zu Leiningen Litho.jpg|thumb|150px|Karl zu Leiningen ({{Circa|1835}})]] [[File:Princess Feodora of Hohenlohe-Langenburg by Sir William Ross.jpg|thumb|150px|Princess Feodora of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1838)]] * [[Johann Amerbach]], (q. 1440-1513), daabacaade iyo daabacaade maalmihii hore ee daabacaadda; * [[Stephan Alexander Würdtwein]] (1722-1796), Caawiye [[Bishop of Worms|Bishop of Worms]], taariikhyahan; * [[Karl Haßloch]] (1769–1829), jilaa masraxa iyo heesaha operatic; * [[Carl, 3rd Prince of Leiningen]] (1804-1856); walaalkiis ka weyn [[Queen Victoria|Boqorad Victoria]]. * [[Princess Feodora of Leiningen]] (1807-1872); walaashiis ka weyn Boqorad Victoria. * [[Franz Joseph von Stein]], (1832-1909), [[Bishop of Würzburg|Bishop of Würzburg]] (1879–98) iyo [[Archbishop of Munich and Freising|Archbishop of Munich and Freising]] (1898–1909); * [[Karl von Tubeuf]], (1862-1941), [[phytopathologist|Jarmal phytopathologist]] (1902–33 professor in [[Munich|Munich]]); * [[Georg Stang]] (1880-1951), siyaasi reer Bavaria ah iyo madaxweynaha Baarlamaanka Gobolka Bavaria * [[Ernst Leopold, 4th Prince of Leiningen]] (1886-1939); wiilka amiirka 3-aad ee Leiningen. * {{Ill|Oskar Martin-Amorbach|de}}, (1897-1987), rinjiile iyo professor ku nool Munich iyo [[Berlin|Berlin]]; * {{Ill|Klemens Schnorr|de}} (1949-), muusikiiste Jarmal ah iyo saynisyahan muusig; * [[Vince Ebert]] (1968-), saynisyahan-cabaret performer iyo qoraa; * {{Ill|Philipp Weber (cabaret performer)|de|Philipp Weber (Kabarettist)|lt=Philipp Weber}} (1974-), cabaret performer iyo qoraa; === Ku dhintay Amorbach === * [[Carl Friedrich Wilhelm, 1st Prince of Leiningen]] (1724-1807); * [[Emich Carl, 2nd Prince of Leiningen]] (1763-1814); ninkii ugu horreeyay ee [[Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld|Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld]], hooyada Boqorad Victoria; wuxuu ahaa aabbaha walaalaha ka weyn Boqorad Victoria, [[Carl, 3rd Prince of Leiningen]] iyo Princess Feodora of Leiningen. *[[Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]] (1876–1936); ayeeyada Boqorad Victoria iyada oo loo marayo wiilkeeda [[Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]] iyo xaaskiisa, [[Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia|Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia]]. == Akhrin dheeraad ah == *Norbert Schmitt “Amorbacher Familienbuch 1618-1913, mit Angaben über die Familien von Amorbach (Stadt), Beuchen; Boxbrunn (mit Neidhof), Buch (mit Walkmühle); Gönz (mit Sansenhof; bis 1878); Gottersdorf (mit Kummershof; bis 1908); Neudorf, Otterbach (mit Schafhof); Reichartshausen und Zittenfeld, sowie Schneeberg und Hambrunn (1618-1688)”; Verlag = Pfarrgemeinde St. Gangolf, Amorbach, 1998 == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} == Xiriirka dibadda == {{Commons category|Amorbach}} * {{Official website}} {{in lang|de}} * [http://www.zehntscheuer-amorbach.de Amorbach Tithe Barn] {{in lang|de}} * {{Meyers Online|1|496}} {{Authority control}} o01v1ufh4wvic4bigq6bynzk9jay6b9 0 49544 305776 303054 2026-08-24T17:34:10Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305776 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |name = Bad Muskau/Mužakow |type = Stadt |image_coa = Wappen Bad Muskau.png |coordinates = {{coord|51|33|N|14|43|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Bad Muskau in GR.svg |state = |district = Görlitz |Verwaltungsgemeinschaft = Bad Muskau |elevation = 110 |area = 15.35 |postal_code = 02953 |area_code = 035771 |licence = GR, LÖB, NOL, NY, WSW, ZI |Gemeindeschlüssel = 14626010 |divisions = 3 |website = [https://www.badmuskau.de/ www.badmuskau.de] |mayor = Thomas Krahl<ref>[https://wahlen.sachsen.de/buergermeisterwahl-2019-wahlergebnisse.php Wahlergebnisse 2019], Freistaat Sachsen, accessed 10 July 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2019&ndash;26 |party = CDU |image_photo = Schloss Bad Muskau.jpg |image_caption = Muskau Castle }} '''Bad Muskau''' ({{IPA|de|ˌbaːt ˈmʊskaʊ|-|De-Bad_Muskau.ogg}}) ama '''Mužakow''' ({{IPA|hsb|ˈmuʒakɔf|-|link=yes|Mužakow.ogg}}; waxaa loogu yeeri jiray ''Muskau'' af Jarmal ilaa 1962; {{langx|pl|Mużaków}}; {{langx|cs|Mužakov}}) waa [[magaalo spa ah]] oo ku taal gobolka taariikhiga ah ee [[Upper Lusatia]] ee bariga [[Germany]], xuduudka [[Poland]]. Waxay ka tirsan tahay degmada [[Görlitz (district)|Görlitz]] ee Gobolka [[Saxony]]. Waxay ku taal xeebta wabiga [[Lusatian Neisse]], oo ka soo horjeeda magaalada [[Łęknica]]. Waxay ka mid tahay aagga la aqoonsan yahay ee [[Sorbian settlement area|degganaanshaha Sorbian]] ee Saxony. [[Upper Sorbian language|Afka Upper Sorbian]] wuxuu leeyahay heer rasmi ah marka laga soo tago Jarmalka, iyadoo dhammaan tuulooyinka ay wataan magacyo labada luuqadood ah. Bad Muskau waxay caan ku noqotay adduunka oo dhan iyada oo loo marayo amiirka iyo farshaxaniistaha muuqaalka [[Hermann, Fürst von Pückler-Muskau|Hermann von Pückler-Muskau]], kaas oo abuuray hanti dhaqameed gaar ah oo leh beertiisa muuqaalka. [[Muskau Park]], oo ah UNESCO [[World Heritage Site|Goob Dhaxal Adduun]], ayaa loo qaybiyaa inta u dhaxaysa Bad Muskau iyo Łęknica. == Taariikh == [[File:Schloss des Fürsten Pückler zu Muskau Teichgräber.jpg|thumb|left|Muuqaalkii qarnigii 19-aad ee [[Muskau Park]]]] Muskau (Sorbian, "magaalada ragga") waxaa la aasaasay qarnigii 13-aad iyada oo ah xarun ganacsi iyo [[Refuge castle|goob difaac]] oo ku taal Neisse, waxaana markii ugu horreysay lagu xusay dukumenti sanadkii 1249. [[State country|Gobolka]] (''Standesherrschaft'') ee Muskau wuxuu ahaa kii ugu weynaa ee [[Holy Roman Empire|Boqortooyada Quduuska ah ee Roomaanka]]. Laga soo bilaabo 1319 wuxuu ahaa qayb ka mid ah [[Duchy of Jawor]], mid ka mid ah [[Lower Silesia|Silesia-da hoose]] ee ay xukumaan [[Piast dynasty|qoyska Piast]] ee Poland.<ref>{{cite book|last=Knothe|first=Hermann|title=Geschichte des Oberlausitzer Adels und seiner Güter|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_frYnAAAAMAAJ|year=1879|language=de|publisher=Breitkopf & Härtel|location=Leipzig|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_frYnAAAAMAAJ/page/567 567]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Köhler|first=Gustav|title=Der Bund der Sechsstädte in der Ober-Lausitz: Eine Jubelschrift|year=1846|publisher=G. Heinze & Comp.|location=Görlitz|language=de|page=11}}</ref> Sanadkii 1329 wuxuu u gudbay [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Boqortooyada Bohemia (Czech)]], halkaas oo uu qayb ka noqday Margraviate ee [[Upper Lusatia]], oo ah [[Lands of the Bohemian Crown|Dhulalka Boqortooyada Bohemia]].<ref name=bm>{{cite web|url=https://www.badmuskau.de/seite/399256/stadt-bad-muskau.html|title=Stadtgeschichte|website=Stadt Bad Muskau|access-date=1 March 2020|language=de}}</ref> Magaaladu waxay gashay gacanta qoyska von Bieberstein sanadkii 1447, iyadoo heshay [[Town privileges|sharcigeeda]] 1452.<ref name=bm/> Qayb ka mid ah calaamadda von Bieberstein, geeska deerada cas ee shan-geesoodka ah, ayaa weli ku yaal calaamadda magaalada. Iyadoo la raacayo [[Peace of Prague (1635)|Nabadgelyadii Prague (1635)]] waxay u gudubtay [[Electorate of Saxony]], ka dibna waxaa loo kor qaaday [[Kingdom of Saxony|Boqortooyada Saxony]] 1806. Intii u dhaxaysay 1697 iyo 1763, waxay sidoo kale ka hoosaysay xukunka boqorrada Poland oo midaysan, mid ka mid ah labadii waddo ee ugu waaweynaa ee isku xira [[Warsaw]] iyo [[Dresden]] ayaa maray magaalada waqtigaas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dresden-warszawa.eu/pl/prolog/informacja-historyczna/|title=Informacja historyczna|website=Dresden-Warszawa|access-date=1 March 2020|language=pl|archive-date=10 Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110183554/https://www.dresden-warszawa.eu/pl/prolog/informacja-historyczna/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Boqorrada [[Augustus II the Strong]] iyo [[Augustus III of Poland]] ayaa inta badan mari jiray waddadaas. Sanadkii 1815, qaybaha waqooyi iyo bari ee Upper Lusatia waxay u tageen [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] natiijada ka dhalatay [[Congress of Vienna|Shirka Vienna]], kaas oo dib u habayn ku sameeyay nidaamka siyaasadeed ee Yurub ka dib [[Coalition Wars|Dagaalladii Isbahaysiga (1792–1815)]] oo laga soo bilaabo waqtigaas waday magaca rasmiga ah "Prussian Upper Lusatia". Maamul ahaan, aaggan waxaa lagu daray [[Province of Silesia]] ka dibna Gobolka Lower Silesia, kaas oo jiray ilaa 1945. "Zornfeuer" ee 1766, magaaladu gebi ahaanba way gubatay; Kaniisadda magaalada iyo qasriga Burglehn mooyaane, wax kale ma badbaadin. Intii lagu guda jiray [[French invasion of Russia|dib u gurashadii]] [[Grande Armée|ciidankii Napoleon]] ee ka yimid Ruushka 1813, [[cuirassier]]-da Württemberg waxay keeneen cudurka [[typhus]] ee Muskau, kaas oo dilay qiyaastii shan meelood meel dadka. Dadku waxay ku noolaayeen (iyadoo ay jireen dhawr ka reeban) xaalad addoonsi dhaxalgal ah, taas oo dhammaatay oo keliya ka dib 1815 oo hoos timid xukunka Prussian. [[File:29238-Muskau-1956-Schmelzstraße-Brück & Sohn Kunstverlag.jpg|thumb|left|''Schmelzstrasse'' sanadkii 1955]] Sababo la xiriira kaydka dhoobada ee qaniga ah, ganacsiga dheryaha ee xooggan ayaa ka soo baxay Muskau. Intii lagu guda jiray waqtigeedii ugu sarreeyay qarnigii 17-aad ilaa bartamihii qarnigii 19-aad, ilaa 20 sayid ayaa degay koonfurta magaalada, Schmelze (maanta Schmelzstrasse). Xuskii ugu horreeyay ee dukumiintiga ah ee [[alum]] macdanta ee magaalada Muskau wuxuu ka yimid 1573. Huteelka alum, oo laga dhisay goobta maanta beerta qubayska, waxay ahayd mid ka mid ah kuwii ugu da'da weynaa ee Saxony, oo ay weheliso huteellada ku yaal Reichenbach, [[Schwemsal]] iyo [[Bad Freienwalde|Freienwalde]]. Macdanta Alum waxay joogsatay 1864. Qarnigii 19-aad, [[lignite]] waxaa laga qoday aagga u dhexeeya Muskau iyo Weißwasser. Ilaa bilowgii qarnigii 19-aad taliyayaashii tooska ah ee Muskau waxay ahaayeen Counts of Callenberg, waxaana ku xigay ilaa 1845 Count (ka dib Amiir) [[Hermann von Pückler-Muskau]], ka dibna Amiir Wilhelm Friedrich Karl von Oranien-Nassau, ka dibna Counts von Arnim, ilaa ay ka carareen Abriil 1945. Sanadkii 1940, magaalada casriga ah ee [[Łęknica]] waxaa lagu daray Bad Muskau oo loo bixiyay Lugknitz, ka hor inta aan la kala saarin 1945.<ref name=grenz>{{cite web|url=https://www.badmuskau.de/seite/399767/grenzstadt.html|title=Grenzstadt|website=Stadt Bad Muskau|access-date=8 March 2020|language=de}}</ref> Dhamaadkii [[World War II|Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka]], magaaladu waxay waxyeello weyn ka soo gaartay dabka madaafiicda ee Ciidanka Soofiyeeti, oo riixayay Neisse, iyo [[Second Army (Poland)|Ciidanka 2aad ee Poland]]. Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka ka dib, magaalada waxaa loo qaybiyay wabiga Neisse inta u dhaxaysa [[East Germany]] iyo [[Polish People's Republic|Poland]]. Qiyaastii saddex meelood labo meel beerta ayaa timid maamulka Poland. Dayrtii 1945, qasriga iyo qaybo badan oo ka mid ah magaalada ayaa dab qabsaday. Luulyo 1945, Count von Arnim wuxuu helay ogeysiiska in "xukunka fasalka iyo dhammaan ganacsiyada la qabsaday iyada oo aan wax magdhow ah la bixin." Muskau waxaa dib loo dhisay marka laga reebo kaniisadda magaalada, Kaniisadda Sorbian St. Andrew, iyo hoolka magaalada. Kaniisadda magaalada ayaa la qarxiyay Abriil 1959.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kirchensprengung.de/kirchensprengung-home |title=Kirchensprengung und -abriss in der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik |last= |first= |date=21 December 2013 |access-date=1 March 2021 |language=German |trans-title=Church demolition and demolition in the German Democratic Republic}}</ref> Sanadkii 1962 Muskau waxaa loo beddelay "Bad Muskau" ([[spa town|magaalada spa]] Muskau), iyadoo la dhisay sanatorium goobta [[brine|biyaha milixda]] leh. 1972 waxaa la furay isgoyska xuduudka ee u dhexeeya Bariga Jarmalka iyo Poland<ref name=bm/> waxaana loo oggolaaday [[local border traffic|gaadiidka xuduudda ee deegaanka]] iyada oo aan loo baahnayn fiiso.<ref name=grenz/> [[Sorbs|Dadka Sorbs]]-ka ayaa weli ka dhigan qayb weyn oo ka mid ah dadweynaha, iyadoo lahjadda Muskau lagu hadlo gudaha iyo hareeraha magaalada. == Gaadiidka == === Waddooyinka === [[File:Bad Muskau, Grenzvorplatz.jpg|thumb|Isgoyska xuduudka ee Hermannplatz]] Bad Muskau waxay ku taal B115, oo ka timaada [[Brandenburg]] iyada oo loo marayo [[Forst (Lausitz)|Forst]], iyada oo loo marayo Bad Muskau iyo [[Niesky]], ilaa [[Görlitz]]. Dhowr kiiloomitir u jirta magaalada, Federal Highway 156 ayaa dhex mara tuulada deriska ah ee [[Krauschwitz]]. Isgoyska xuduudka Bad Muskau–Łęknica ee Postbrücke (oo horey loogu yaqaanay ''Sorauer Brücke'') wuxuu ku socdaa beerta dhinaceeda wuxuuna u horseedaa suuq Polish ah; ilaa furitaanka isgoyska xuduudka Krauschwitz–Łęknica (2011), tani waxay ahayd sidoo kale meesha laga bilaabo ''Droga krajowa 12'' (DK12), taas oo tan iyo markaas ka socotay tan dambe ilaa [[Poland–Ukraine border|xuduudka Poland iyo Ukraine]]. Lugaylayaasha iyo baaskiilleyda, waxaa jira buundooyin dheeraad ah oo ka gudba Neisse ee beerta: Buundada Ingiriiska (''Englische Brücke'') iyo Buundada Laban (''Doppelbrücke''). === Tareenka === [[File:Bad Muskau Bahnhof-01.jpg|thumb|Saldhigga Bad Muskau]] Xiriirinta tareenka ee hore ee Muskau, kaliya [[Waldeisenbahn Muskau|Muskau Forest Railway]] (''Waldeisenbahn Muskau'') ayaa weli shaqaynaysa. Khadka tareenka [[Weißwasser]]–Bad Muskau iyo kordhintii dambe ee Sommerfeld ayaa laga xiray aagga Bad Muskau. 2014/2015, waddo baaskiil ayaa laga abuuray qayb ka mid ah waddada, taas oo hadda inta badan dhex marta Poland; tani waxay ka gudubtaa buundada tareenka ee Bad Muskau waxayna ku xirtaa Oder-Neisse Cycle Route iyada oo loo marayo waddo sare. == Maamulka == [[File:Bad Muskau, Altes Schloss.jpg|thumb|Qasriga Hore]] [[File:Bad Muskau 2018-10 01.jpg|thumb|Fagaaraha weyn]] === Iskaashiga magaalada === *{{flagicon|Poland}} [[Łęknica]], Poland *{{flagicon|Poland}} [[Bolków]], Poland == Dadka caanka ah == * [[Nathaniel Gottfried Leske]] (1751–1786), saynisyahan dabiici ah iyo juqraafi * [[Leopold Schefer]] (1784–1862), qoraa iyo muusikiiste * [[Hermann von Pückler-Muskau]] (1785–1871), beero-yaqaan muuqaal caan ah iyo qoraa, aasaasaha Park von Muskau * [[Gustav Fechner]] (1801–1887), cilmi-nafsi tijaabo ah * [[Eduard Petzold]] (1815–1891), beero-yaqaan muuqaal * [[Alwin Schultz]] (1838-1909), farshaxan iyo taariikhyahan dhaqameed * [[Paul Kraske]] (1851–1930), qalliin * [[Bruno von Mudra]] (1851-1931), General of Infantry iyo qof xor ah oo Muskau ah * [[Werner Richter]] (1888-1969), qoraa * [[Erna Pfitzinger]] (1898–1988), dherye * [[Karl Peglau]] (1927-2009), cilmi-nafsiga taraafikada, hal-abuuraha Ampelmännchen ee Bariga Jarmalka ee nalalka taraafikada * [[Olaf Zinke]] (1966), skater, biladda dahabka ee Olympic * [[Tim Kleindienst]] (1995), ciyaaryahan kubadda cagta Intaa waxaa dheer, tiro ciyaartoy hockey ah oo xirfad leh ayaa ku dhashay Bad Muskau: *[[Ronny Arendt]] (dhashay 1980) *[[Frank Hördler]] (dhashay 1985) *[[Ivonne Schröder]] (dhalatay 1988) *[[Elia Ostwald]] (dhashay 1988) *[[Toni Ritter]] (dhashay 1990) == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Wikivoyage|Bad Muskau}} {{Commons category|Bad Muskau}} * [https://www.badmuskau.de Bogga rasmiga ah ee Bad Muskau] {{Authority control}} a49x3ybr5d1tzeh6red674ahhcxa9oj 0 49570 305869 302967 2026-08-24T18:25:51Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305869 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Ciyaarta fiidiyowga]]''' Ama '''Ciyaarta [[Kasjil (kombiyuutar)|Kombuyuutar]]''' ([[Af-Ingiriisi]]: ''Video Games'') Waa ciyaaro lagu barnaamijiyo oo badanaa lagu ciyaaro qalabka ciyaaraha fiidiyowga, kuwaas oo markaa lagu soo bandhigo telefishanka ka dib marka qalabka ciyaaraha la xiro. Qalabka wax lagu soo geliyo ee ciyaaraha fiidiyowga badanaa waa kuwa xakameeya, badhamada (Mashiinnada Arkyiid ), kiiboodhka, jiirarka, ama qalabka kale ee la isticmaalo. Ciyaaraha fiidiyowga waxaa lagu ciyaari karaa aaladaha gaarka ah ee ku xiran telefishanka, aaladaha la qaadi karo, kombiyuutarrada, taleefannada gacanta, ama kombiyuutarrada gacanta lagu qaato. [[File:Man_playing_video_games_on_his_computer.jpg|thumb|Ninkaan ayaa si taxaddar leh u fiirinaya ciyaarta]] Ciyaaruhu aad bay u kala duwan yihiin, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa madal-ciyaaraya, ciyaaraha tacaburka, ciyaaraha door-ciyaarka, kuwa tooganaya qofka koowaad, kuwa tooganaya qofka saddexaad, ciyaaraha isboortiga, ciyaaraha tartanka, kuwa tooganaya booska, ciyaaraha dagaalka, ciyaaraha ficilka, ciyaaraha xujooyinka, ciyaaraha jilitaanka, iyo ciyaaraha istaraatiijiyadda. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa jira ciyaaro shabakadeed oo online lagu ciyaaro, kuwaas oo badanaa ah ciyaaro badan, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan ciyaaraha internetka ee aadka u badan (MMORPGs), halkaas oo tiro badan oo ciyaartoy ah oo ka kala socda gobollo kala duwan ay isku mar ciyaaraan. ==Qaybaha== Ciyaaraha fiidiyowga way ka duwan yihiin ciyaaraha elektaroonigga ah, ciyaarta fiidiyowga waxay u baahan tahay [[qalab]] ciyaarta lagu ciyaaro, kaas oo ah qalabka ka kooban walxaha kombiyuutarka ee mas'uulka ka ah habaynta isdhexgalka ciyaaryahanka ee [[Nooca|nooc]] ka mid ah qalabka wax lagu soo geliyo iyo soo bandhigida natiijooyinka shaashadda wax soo saarka fiidiyowga. ==Ciyaaryahanka ciyaarta== Ciyaaraha fiidiyowga waxay u baahan yihiin qalabka ciyaarta si uu u shaqeeyo, kaas oo ah qaybo gaar ah oo elektaroonik ah ama qalab kombuyuutar iyo software la xiriira. Tan waxaa sidoo kale loo yaqaan "[[nidaam]]." Qalabkan waxaa summad u noqon kara shirkadaha qalabka ciyaarta laftooda, sida Nintendo ama Sony, kuwaas oo doonaya inay helaan saami suuq oo weyn. Ciyaaraha waxaa caadi ahaan loogu talagalay in lagu ciyaaro hal qalab ama tiro xaddidan oo qalabka ciyaarta ah, milkiilayaasha qalabka ciyaarta badanaa waxay ka dhigaan ciyaaraha kuwo gaar u ah qalabka ciyaarta ama sumad gaar ah ujeeddooyin tartan ah oo suuqa ciyaaraha fiidiyowga ah. Ciyaaraha waxaa sidoo kale loo samayn karaa inay la jaanqaadaan qalabka ciyaarta ee kale ee asalka ah, taas oo kiiskaas loogu yeero dekedo ama dekedo. Ciyaarahan waxaa sidoo kale laga yaabaa inay noqdaan noocyo la xoojiyay, halkaas oo inta badan koodhka isha ciyaarta asalka ah dib loo isticmaalo oo ilaha farsamada, moodooyinka, iyo heerarka la cusbooneysiiyo si ay ugu habboonaadaan nidaamyada casriga ah, ama noocyada dib loo sameeyay, halkaas oo ciyaarta asalka ah si weyn loogu dib-u-habeeyo ama looga dhiso xoq, iyadoo kheyraadka sidoo kale la horumarinayo. [[File:Universum TV Multispiel 2006.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|bong-klone Konsolka ee jiilkii 1aad ee kormeeraha [[ciyaaraha fiidiyowga]] oo ku yaal Matxafka Ciyaaraha Kombuyuutarka ee [[Baarliin]]|alt=Labo carruur ah oo ku ciyaaraya Pong telefishanka dushiisa.]] ==Konsol-Ka== Qalabka ciyaarta waxaa lagu ciyaaraa qalabka ciyaarta fiidiyowga ee [[guriga]], qalab elektaroonik ah oo gaar ah oo ku xiran telefishanka caadiga ah ama kormeeraha fiidiyowga. Qalabka ciyaaraha fiidiyowga ee guriga waxaa loogu talagalay inay ku shaqeeyaan ciyaaraha iyagoo adeegsanaya jawi qalab oo gaar ah, taasoo siisa horumariyayaasha bartilmaameed gaar ah oo qalab ah iyo dammaanad qaad ku saabsan sifooyinka la heli karo, sidaas darteedna fududeynaya habka horumarinta marka loo eego horumarinta ciyaaraha [[Kasjil (kombiyuutar)|BS]]. Qalabka ciyaaraha fiidiyowga wuxuu ciyaaraa oo keliya ciyaaraha si gaar ah loogu sameeyay iyaga, ama ciyaaraha ka socda qalabka kale ee ay sameeyeen isla soo saaraha, laakiin ma ciyaaraan ciyaaraha uu sameeyay tartan toos ah, xitaa haddii isla ciyaartaas laga heli karo goobaha kale. Caadiyan waxay la yimaadaan koontaroole ciyaarta fiidiyowga oo gaar ah. Qalabka ciyaaraha fiidiyowga ee waaweyn waxaa ka mid ah iiksboks, Blyiistyshoon, iyo Nintendo. == Taariikhda Ciyaaraha == [[File:Sears_tele_games_video_arcade.jpg|thumb|Konsol-Kii Qalab Ahaan]] Taariikhda ciyaaraha fiidiyowga waxay dib ugu noqotaa 1947, Markii borofisar [[Mareykan]] ah oo lagu magacaabo Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr. uu ikhtiraacay Ciyaar uu ugu Magac daray "'Cathode-Ray Tube Amusement Device."' Tobankii sano ee xigay waxaa la ikhtiraacay dhowr ciyaarood oo fudud, sida Nimrod 1951 Oo ka dhacday [[Boqortooyada Midowday|BM]], OKO 1952 oo uu sameeyay borofisar Ingiriis ah oo lagu magacaabo Aliiksandr S. Douglas, '''SpaceWor!''' 1963 oo uu sameeyay Machadka [[Teknoloji|Teknolojiyadda]]. Ciyaartii ugu horreysay ee muuqaallada ee ganacsi ahaan la heli karo waxay ahayd ciyaarta arcade "Computer Space" sanadkii 1971. Waxay ku shaqaynaysay gelinta qadaadiic, oo la mid ah mashiinnada arcade-ka casriga ah, waxayna lahayd shaashad telefishan madow iyo caddaan ah. Dhammaadkii 1960-meeyadii, hal-abuure [[Jarmal]]-[[Mareykan]] ah oo lagu magacaabo Ralph H. Baer wuxuu sameeyay qalabka ciyaarta fiidiyowga ee ugu horreeyay, Magnavoks Odyssey, kaas oo la sii daayay 1972. Waxay ahayd qalabka ciyaarta fiidiyowga ee ugu horreeyay ee ku xidhma telefishan si loo soo bandhigo Sawirro. == Sidoo Kale Fiiri == * [[Teknoloji]] * [[Telefonka gacanta]] * [[Ciyaarta fiidiyowga]] ==Xigasho== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|last=Kent|first=Steve L.|authorlink=Steve L. Kent|year=2001|title=The Ultimate History of Video Games|title-link=The Ultimate History of Video Games |publisher=Prima|isbn=0-7615-3643-4}} * {{cite book |last=Wolf |first=Mark |editor-last=Wolf |editor-first=Mark |date=2007 |title=The Video Game Explosion |url=https://archive.org/details/videogameexplosi0000unse |location=Westport, CT |publisher=Greenwood Press |chapter=Chapter 1: What Is a Video Game?|isbn=978-0313338687}} * {{cite book | last = Perron | first = Bernard | chapter = From gamers to players and gameplayers: The example of interactive movies | title = The Video Game Theory Reader | publisher = [[Routledge]] | year = 2013 | editor-first1 = Mark JP | editor-last1 = Wolf | editor-first2 = Bernard | editor-last2 = Perron | isbn = 9781135205188 }} * {{cite book|last1=Adams|first1=Ernest|first2=Andrew|last2=Rollings|title=Fundamentals of Game Design|publisher=Prentice Hall|year=2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lm1jAgAAQBAJ|page=67|isbn=978-0-13-343571-9|access-date=12 November 2015|archive-date=15 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915042311/https://books.google.com/books?id=Lm1jAgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}} * {{cite book|last1=Harteveld|first1=Casper|year=2011|title=Triadic Game Design: Balancing Reality, Meaning and Play|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sIcQYKcoH7IC&q=lives+game+design|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-84996-157-8|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=30 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130011802/https://books.google.com/books?id=sIcQYKcoH7IC&q=lives+game+design|url-status=live}} * {{cite book | title = Horror Video Games: Essays on the Fusion of Fear and Play | url = https://archive.org/details/horrorvideogames0000unse | first = Bernard | last = Perron | chapter= Games of Fear: A Multi-Faceted Historical Account of the Horror Genre in Video Games | publisher = [[McFarland & Company]] | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-0786441976 }} * {{cite book|last1=Lecky-Thompson|first1=Guy W.|date=2008-01-01|title=Video Game Design Revealed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3aQLAAAAQBAJ&q=video+game+genres|publisher=Cengage Learning|page=23|isbn=978-1584506072|access-date=2014-12-03|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422130424/https://books.google.com/books?id=3aQLAAAAQBAJ&q=video+game+genres|url-status=live}} {{reflist}} [[Category:Video games| ]] [[Category:American inventions]] [[Category:Articles containing video clips]] [[Category:Digital media]] [[Category:Games and sports introduced in 1947]] [[Category:Visual arts media]] hk8itudr8pataouzz2w1htpgohbcypb 0 50659 305875 304956 2026-08-24T18:28:27Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305875 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = DEU Feldafing COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|47|57|N|11|18|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Feldafing in STA.svg |image_photo = VillaWaldberta-1.jpg |image_caption = [[Villa Waldberta]] |state = |region = Oberbayern |district = Starnberg |elevation = 646 |area = 9.15 |postal_code = 82340 |area_code = 08157 / 08158 |licence = STA |Gemeindeschlüssel = 09 1 88 118 |website = [https://www.feldafing.de/ www.feldafing.de] |mayor = Bernhard Sontheim<ref>[https://www.statistik.bayern.de/wahlen/kommunalwahlen/bgm/ Liste der ersten Bürgermeister/Oberbürgermeister in kreisangehörigen Gemeinden], [[Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik]], 15 July 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2020&ndash;26 |party = }} '''Feldafing''' ({{IPA|de|ˈfɛldafɪŋ|lang}}) waa [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan degmada [[Starnberg (district)|Starnberg]], [[Bavaria]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]], waxayna ku taal xeebta galbeed ee [[Lake Starnberg]], koonfur-galbeed ee [[Munich]]. == Taariikhda == Taariikhda Feldafing waxay ka bilaabataa [[Roseninsel]] ama Jasiiradda Rose, oo ah jasiiradda kaliya ee ku taal Lake Starnberg. Deegaankaan waxaa la degnaa tan iyo xilligii [[Neolithic Period]]. Feldafing waxaa sidoo kale looga yaqaanaa Hotel Kaiserin Elisabeth. Labada meeloodba (Roseninsel iyo Kaiserin Elisabeth) waxay ahaayeen meelaha ugu cadcad ee fasaxa ee Boqortooyada Austriya [[Elisabeth of Bavaria]] ("Sisi"). Magaca Feldafing waxa loo maleynayaa inuu yahay asal ahaan Bavarian. Diiwaankii ugu horreeyay ee isticmaalka Feldafing waa laga bilaabo 1116. Waqtigaas, Feldafing waxaa xukumaysay Ruodolfus de Veldovingen, oo xubin ka ahaa qoyska Berthold von Andechs. Laga soo bilaabo bartamihii qarnigii 14-aad, Feldafing iyo Jasiiradda Rose waxay ka tirsanaayeen [[House of Wittelsbach]]. Feldafing waxay ahayd, waqtigaas, tuuladii kalluumeysiga ee ugu weynayd [[Lake Starnberg]]. Bilowgii qarnigii 15-aad (1401), Kaniisadda Katooliga ee Feldafing waa la dhisay. Kaniisaddan waxay u badnayd inaysan ku taalo isla goobta ay maanta ku taalo Kaniisadda Katooliga St. Peter iyo Paul. Qarnigii 17-aad wuxuu keenay isbeddello xiriir ah oo loogu talagalay Feldafing, inta badan oo ay ku jiraan khilaafaadka dhulka ee u dhexeeya qoysaska patrician kala duwan. Sanadkii 1850, [[Maximilian II of Bavaria|King Maximilian II]], oo aqoon u lahaa aagga Feldafing tan iyo carruurnimadiisa, wuxuu iibsaday Roseninsel, halkaas oo uu ka dhisay Villa oo ah qaab Pompeii ah iyo guri beer ah. Waxay ahayd iyada oo la qorsheynayo wareegga ubaxyada ee beerta Villa in Roseninsel, oo horay loo oran jiray Wörth, ay kasbatay magaceeda. [[Ludwig II of Bavaria|King Ludwig II]] wuxuu jeclaaday Roseninsel wuxuuna booqday inta badan. Jasiiradda waxaa sidoo kale la sheegay inay u adeegtay inay tahay goob kulan oo loogu talagalay boqorka iyoadeerkii, Boqortooyada Austriya [[Elisabeth of Bavaria]]. Maanta jasiiradda waxay martigelisaa matxaf Villa ah, jardiinooyin si qurux badan loo ilaaliyo, iyo xaflado kala duwan oo muusig iyo dhaqan ah. Taariikhda dhow ee Feldafing waxay ka bilaabataa dhismaha [[Munich–Garmisch-Partenkirchen railway|khadka tareenka]] 1864. Tuuladii hore ee kalluumeysiga iyo beeralayda waa la beddelay. Qarnigii 20-aad agagaarkiisa, xaafad Villa ah ayaa ka kacday Feldafing. Sanadkii 1890 waxaa jiray qiyaastii 70 guri oo ku yaal Feldafing, sanadkii 1933na waxaa jiray in ka badan 170. Int u dhaxeysa 1890 iyo 1933 dadku waxay laba jibaarmeen in ka badan, iyagoo wadarta guud ka dhigay 1,185 qof sanadkii 1933. Kordhin kale oo dadweyne ayaa dhacday ka dib [[World War II]] iyada oo ay soo galeen qaxooti iyo dad barokacay. Ka dib [[World War I]], garoon golf ah ayaa lagu dhisay Feldafing, kaas oo ka mid ahaa kuwii ugu horreeyay ee Jarmalka. Intaa ka dib, xarumaha madadaalada ee kale sida xeebta iyo naadiga tennis-ka ayaa la dhisay. Beerta iyo Jasiiradda Rose waxaa hadda dib u soo celinaya Maamulka Bavarian ee Guryaha Gobolka, Jardiinooyinka iyo Harooyinka ilaa xaaladdoodii asalka ahayd. Intii lagu guda jiray xilligii [[Nazism|Nazi]], Feldafing waxay ahayd goobta dugsi sare oo ka tirsan [[Nazi Party]], "[[Reichsschule Feldafing]]" (mid ka mid ah ardaydeeda wuxuu ahaa [[Martin Adolf Bormann]], wiilkii [[Martin Bormann]], oo ahaa [[Adolf Hitler]] xoghayaha gaarka ah iyo madaxa [[Nazi Party Chancellery]]),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Evans |first1=Richard J. |title=The Third Reich at War |url=https://archive.org/details/thirdreichatwar00evan_1 |date=2008 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=New York |isbn=978-0-14-311671-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/thirdreichatwar00evan_1/page/n772 731] |edition=First }}</ref> iyo xero hoose oo ka tirsan [[Dachau concentration camp]].<ref>Edward Victor. ''Alphabetical List of Camps, Subcamps and Other Camps.'' [http://www.edwardvictor.com/Holocaust/List%20of%20camps.htm Edwardvictor.com] {{Wayback|url=http://www.edwardvictor.com/Holocaust/List%20of%20camps.htm |date=20101216205741 }} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216205741/http://edwardvictor.com/Holocaust/List%20of%20Camps.htm |date=2010-12-16 }}</ref> Dhamaadkii [[World War II]], Feldafing waxay noqotay qayb ka mid ah aagga Mareykanka ee shaqada. Maamulka militariga ayaa u beddelay Reichsschule-kii hore iyo xertii hoose [[Feldafing displaced persons camp]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://digifindingaids.cjh.org/?pID=2262096#serI|title=YIVO Institute for Jewish Research-- Guide to the Displaced Persons Camps and Centers Photograph Collection, 1920s-1959|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref> oo ah qayb ka mid ah shabakad [[displaced persons camp]]s ah oo loogu talagalay [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]] ka badbaaday Yuhuuda ee aagga US ee Bavaria. == Kaabayaasha == [[Feldafing station]] waxaa looga adeegaa labaatan ama afartan daqiiqadood kasta [[S6 (Munich)|S-Bahn line 6]] ee [[Munich S-Bahn]] xagga [[Tutzing station]] ee deriska ah ama xagga [[Munich]]. [[Bundesautobahn 952|autobahn A952]] waxay ka bilaabataa [[Starnberg]], iyadoo bixisa xiriir lala yeesho Munich ama [[Garmisch-Partenkirchen]]. Inta aad ku safreyso wadada weyn ee B2 Feldafing waxaa lagu gaari karaa ama [[Pöcking]], Traubing ama Wieling. Intaa waxaa dheer, wadada St2063 waxay xiriirisaa Tutzing, Feldafing iyo [[Possenhofen]] waxaana sabab u ah goobteeda oo ku taal xeebta Lake Starnberg waxaana dadka deegaanka u yaqaanaan "wadada Lake". == Goobta Dhaxalka Adduunka == Waa hoyga mid ama in ka badan oo ah deegaanno [[Stilt house|pile-dwelling]] (ama guri stilt) ah oo ka mid ah [[Prehistoric Pile dwellings around the Alps]] [[UNESCO]] [[UNESCO World Heritage Site|World Heritage Site]].<ref name=UNESCO>[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1363/ UNESCO World Heritage Site - Prehistoric Pile dwellings around the Alps]</ref> == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[Edward Harrison Compton]] == Tixraac == {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} dv4v03rqhkey3v6yu53pet1b2zlyx1c 0 50844 305818 305324 2026-08-24T18:00:10Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260824)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 305818 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |type = Stadt |image_photo = Rathaus, Gartz.JPG |image_caption = Xarunta magaalada |image_coa = DEU Gartz (Oder) COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|53|12|N|14|23|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Gartz (Oder) in UM.png |state = |district = Uckermark |Amt = Gartz (Oder) |elevation = 6 |area = 61.89 |postal_code = 16307 |area_code = 03332 |licence = UM |Gemeindeschlüssel = 12 0 73 189 |website = [https://www.gartz.de/ www.gartz.de] |mayor = [[Luca Piwodda]] ([[Party of Progress (Germany)|PdF]]) |leader_term = 2024&ndash;29 }} '''Gartz''' ({{IPA|de|ɡaʁts|-|De-Gartz.ogg}}) waa [[border town|magaalada xadka]] ee ku taal degmada [[Uckermark]] ee gobolka [[Brandenburg]], waqooyi-bari ee dalka [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. Waxay ku taal banka galbeed ee [[Oder River]], oo xuduud la leh dalka [[Poland]], qiyaastii {{convert|20|km|mi|0}} koonfur ka xigta [[Szczecin]], Poland. Waxay ku taal gobolka taariikhiga ah ee [[Western Pomerania]]. ==Taariikh== [[File:Mury miejskie - panoramio - 7alaskan.jpg|thumb|left|Darbiyada magaalada dhexe ee la ilaaliyo]] Jiritaanka magaalada waxaa markii ugu horreysay la diiwaangeliyay 1124, markaas oo ay qayb ka ahayd [[Duchy of Pomerania]], oo ay qabsatay amiirkii Polish [[Bolesław III Wrymouth]]. Kadib waxaa booqday [[Otto of Bamberg]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Kratz|first=Gustav|year=1865|title=Die Städte der Provinz Pommern. Abriss ihrer Geschichte, zumeist nach Urkunden|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ldgAAAAAcAAJ|location=Berlin|language=de|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ldgAAAAAcAAJ/page/145 145]}}</ref> oo uu mas'uul ka ahaa Bolesław III Wrymouth [[Christianization of Pomerania|Masiixiyeynta Reer Galbeedka Pomerania]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Medley|first=D. J.|year=2004|title=The church and the empire|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|page=152}}</ref> Magaca magaalada wuxuu ka soo jeedaa [[Polabian language|Old-Polabian]] erayga *{{lang|pox|gardec}} < *gordьcь, oo macnaheedu yahay "deegaan yar oo la xoojiyay". Ka dib [[fragmentation of Poland|kala qaybsanaanta Poland]] 1138 waxay ahayd qayb ka mid ah [[Duchy of Pomerania]] oo gooni ah, taas oo 1127 ku dhacday madax-bannaanida [[Holy Roman Empire|Boqortooyada Roomaanka ee Quduuska ah]]. Sannadkii 1236, qalcadda waxay ahayd fadhiga [[castellan|maamulaha]] Slawga ah ee deegaanka.<ref name=gar>{{cite web|url=https://www.gartz.de/verzeichnis/visitenkarte.php?mandat=18265|title=Gartz (Oder)|access-date=19 September 2020|language=de}}</ref> Sannadkii 1249 Gartz waxaa la siiyay [[town privileges|xuquuqda magaalada]] by [[Dukes of Pomerania|Duke]] [[Barnim I, Duke of Pomerania|Barnim I the Good]]. Sababtoo ah goobteeda istiraatiijiga ah ee webiga, magaalada waxay si joogto ah u nugulayd intii lagu guda jiray ololaha militariga. Sannadkii 1284, waxay ahayd mid ka mid ah magaalooyinka Pomerania ee dammaanad qaaday heshiiska nabadda ee u dhexeeya Duchy of Pomerania iyo [[Margraviate of Brandenburg]].<ref>Kratz, p. 147</ref> Waxaa la siiyay dhawr [[privilege (law)|xuquuqo]] oo ay bixiyeen amiirrada Pomerania tobanaankii sano ee xigay.<ref>Kratz, p. 147-148</ref> Intii lagu guda jiray dagaalka dhaxalka Pomerania, 1468, magaalada waxay furtay iridaha ay u leedahay Brandenburgians, taas oo laga qaaday magaalooyinka kale ee Pomerania inay tahay fal khiyaano ah.<ref name=gk150>Kratz, p. 150</ref> Sannadkii 1473, Duchy of Pomerania waxay samaysay isku day guul-darreysstay oo ay ku soo ceshatay magaalada, si kastaba ha ahaatee 1477, iyada oo gacan ka heleysa magaalooyinka [[Stargard]] iyo [[Szczecin]], Gartz ayaa ugu dambeyntii dib loo qabsaday, taas oo lagu xaqiijiyay heshiis nabadeed oo xigay.<ref name=gk150/> Sannadkii 1502, [[Bogislaw X, Duke of Pomerania]] wuxuu ku noolaa magaalada ku-meel-gaar ah.<ref name=gk150/> Magaalada waxaa lagu burburiyay [[Thirty Years' War|Dagaalkii Soddonka Sano]], [[Deluge (history)|Dagaalkii Poland iyo Iswidishka]] iyo [[Great Northern War|Dagaalkii Weeyn ee Waqooyiga]] qarnigii 17aad-18aad. Laga soo bilaabo 1648 ilaa 1720 waxay ahayd qayb ka mid ah [[Swedish Pomerania]], 1720 waxaa qabsaday [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]], iyo laga bilaabo 1871 waxay samaysay qayb ka mid ah [[German Empire]]. Laga soo bilaabo 1720 ilaa 1945, Gartz waxay ahayd qayb ka mid ah [[Prussia|Prussian]] [[Province of Pomerania (1653–1815)|Gobolka Pomerania]]. Marxaladihii ugu dambeeyay ee [[World War II|Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka]], 1945, magaalada si xun ayaa loo burburiyay.<ref name=gar/> Tan iyo markii [[Oder-Neisse line]] la sameeyay xadka Jarmalka iyo Poland ka dib guuldarradii [[Nazi Germany]] ee dagaalka 1945, Gartz hadda waa [[border town|magaalada xadka]]. Laga soo bilaabo 1945 ilaa 1952, waxay ahayd qayb ka mid ah gobolka [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]], laga bilaabo 1952 ilaa 1990 ee [[Bezirk Frankfurt]] ee [[East Germany]] iyo laga bilaabo 1990 ee [[Brandenburg]]. Ka dib [[fall of communism|dhicitaankii shuuciyadda]] ee Bartamaha Yurub iyo [[German reunification|midowgii Jarmalka]], 1990 Gartz waxay gashay iskaashi lala yeeshay magaalada dhow ee Polish ee [[Gryfino]] oo ah magaaladeeda mataanaha ah, iyo 1998 safarrada webiga ee u dhexeeya magaalooyinka ayaa la bilaabay.<ref name=gar/> Sannadkii 1990, magaalada waxaa loo qoondeeyay gobolka [[Brandenburg]],<ref name=gar/> inkasta oo ay si taariikhiga ah uga tirsanayd [[Pomerania]]. Sannadkii 1993, mashruuc dugsi oo Polish-Jarmal ah ayaa laga aas-aasay dugsiga deegaanka.<ref name=gar/> Magaalada waxaa saameeyay [[1997 Central European flood]].<ref name=gar/> Dad badan oo [[Polish people|Reer Poland ah]] ayaa u guuray Gartz, iyo laga bilaabo 2014, 32 ka mid ah 62 carruur ah oo ku sugan xanaaneedka deegaanka waxay lahaayeen waalidiin aan Jarmal ahayn.<ref>[http://www.bz-berlin.de/berlin/umland/hurra-die-polen-kommen Zuzug in die Uckermark, Hurra, die Polen kommen!]</ref> ==Juqraafi== Wadiiqada webiga waxaa ku taal aag warshadeed oo ka tirsan magaalada Polish ee [[Gryfino]]. Gartz waa qayb ka mid ah [[Lower Oder Valley National Park]]. ;Magaalooyinka u dhow Gartz * [[Szczecin]] Magaalada ([[Poland]]) * [[Penkun]] ([[Germany|Jarmalka]]) * [[Schwedt]] ([[Germany|Jarmalka]]) * [[Gryfino]] ([[Poland]]) ==Dadweynaha== [[File:Bevölkerungsentwicklung Gartz_(Oder).pdf|thumb|200px|left|Horumarinta dadweynaha ilaa 1875 ee ku dhex jira xuduudaha hadda jira (Xariiqda buluuga ah: Dadweynaha; Xariiqda dhibcaha leh: Isbarbardhigga horumarka dadweynaha ee gobolka Brandenburg; Asalka cawliga ah: Waqtigii xukunka Nazi; Asalka gaduudan: Waqtigii xukunka shuuciga)]] {| class="wikitable" style="float:right" |+Degganeyaasha iyadoo la eegayo dalka ay ku dhasheen<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/germany-birth-2022/brandenburg.htm|title=Germany's population by country of birth 2022|access-date=1 April 2025}}</ref> |- ! Dhalashada !! Dadweynaha<br>(2022) !! |- |{{flag|Germany}}||2,005||84.9% |- |{{flag|Poland}}||296||12.5% |- |{{flag|Ukraine}}||14||0.59% |} {{historical populations |align=none | cols=3 | percentages=pagr |title = Gartz (Oder): Horumarka dadweynaha <br>ee xuduudaha hadda jira (2020)<ref>Isha xogta faahfaahsan waxaa laga helaa Wikimedia Commons.[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Population_projection_Brandenburg Population Projection Brandenburg at Wikimedia Commons]</ref> | 1875 | 6440 | 1890 | 5877 | 1910 | 5369 | 1925 | 4830 | 1933 | 4998 | 1939 | 5231 | 1946 | 5430 | 1950 | 5381 | 1964 | 4045 | 1971 | 3699 | 1981 | 3013 | 1985 | 2943 | 1989 | 2835 | 1990 | 2806 | 1991 | 2747 | 1992 | 2668 | 1993 | 2652 | 1994 | 2673 | 1995 | 2714 | 1996 | 2711 | 1997 | 2730 | 1998 | 2754 | 1999 | 2725 | 2000 | 2730 | 2001 | 2703 | 2002 | 2669 | 2003 | 2654 | 2004 | 2647 | 2005 | 2588 | 2006 | 2521 | 2007 | 2505 | 2008 | 2492 | 2009 | 2470 | 2010 | 2477 | 2011 | 2461 | 2012 | 2438 | 2013 | 2470 | 2014 | 2482 | 2015 | 2478 | 2016 | 2515 | 2017 | 2550 | 2018 | 2550 | 2019 | 2508 | 2020 | 2524 }} ==Magaalooyinka mataanaha ah== Gartz waxay [[Twin towns and sister cities|mataano]] la tahay: *{{flagicon|POL}} [[Gryfino]], [[Poland]]<ref name=gar/> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== {{commons category-inline|Gartz (Oder)|Gartz}} * [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-poland-germany-szczecin-idUSBRE94E0IN20130515 Reuters article from May 2013] {{Authority control}} r70udhqlxejvl5k1icals9jkpmx6g4v 0 51111 305911 2026-08-24T20:29:44Z Soalt 39618 sii toosi cusub 305911 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Libaax]] onbge788k58ngqydpj683w64l1hoqeg 0 51112 305912 2026-08-24T20:32:21Z Soalt 39618 sii toosi cusub 305912 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Libaax xariiq]] jg38fcfsjhbfglmlm646flzzn7cspug 0 51113 305913 2026-08-24T20:34:44Z Soalt 39618 sii toosi cusub 305913 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Shabeel]] 9mc1wn3z90zl4v1gi59v9m6h665w4pi 0 51114 305914 2026-08-24T20:36:24Z Soalt 39618 sii toosi cusub 305914 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Haramcad]] 6rz2wmgnxjou7medgwkwri1v6bkzisq 0 51115 305915 2026-08-24T20:53:45Z Soalt 39618 sii toosi cusub 305915 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Ey]] lxa6r652a6lymmt2j8sycjrx9lvtue3 0 51116 305916 2026-08-24T20:57:37Z Soalt 39618 sii toosi cusub 305916 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Yaanyuur]] r148pcevmut38pctnajqm7nwlfdpt8s 0 51117 305917 2026-08-24T20:59:02Z Soalt 39618 sii toosi cusub 305917 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Yaanyuur]] r148pcevmut38pctnajqm7nwlfdpt8s 0 51118 305918 2026-08-24T21:00:53Z Soalt 39618 sii toosi cusub 305918 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Yeey]] qsv962ed0jh9igt8bau9h4t0c2c6xep 0 51119 305919 2026-08-24T21:03:42Z Soalt 39618 sii toosi cusub 305919 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wiyil]] tef4w1mibk2m6bp4jreqkohff944qrh