Reer Nuur

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    <title>Reer Nuur</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>305984</id>
      <parentid>305972</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T13:45:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
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      <comment>Hagaajiyay ka saaray qoraalada aan tixraac laheen</comment>
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      <text bytes="14816" sha1="olq75m9h32lad9slygztuoov1hv9ids" xml:space="preserve">'''Reer Nuur''' (Af-Soomaali: Reer Nuur), oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano Nuur Yoonis, waa beel ka tirsan waqooyiga Soomaalida, waana laan hoose oo ka tirsan qoyska beelweynta [[Gadabuursi|Gadabuursiga]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lAyeNqKK7bQC&amp;q=Reer+Nuur+is+a+Somali+clan&amp;pg=PA143|title=Who Cares about Somalia: Hassan's Ordeal; Reflections on a Nation's Future|last=Jama|first=Hassan Ali|date=2005|publisher=Verlag Hans Schiler|isbn=9783899300758|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Infobox ethnic group
| group            = Soomaali
| native_name      = Reer Nuur
| native_name_lang = so
| flag             = {{flagcountry|Somalia}} 
{{flagcountry|Djibouti}}

{{flagcountry|Ethiopia}}
{{flagcountry|Somaliland}} 
| genealogy        = [[Dir (clan)|Dir]]
| regions          = [[Somaliland]], [[Djibouti]], [[Ethiopia]]
| langs            = [[Af Soomaali]],  [[Carabi]]
| religions        = Islaam
| related_groups   = kuwa Kale qabiilo, iyo [[Dir (qabiil)|Dir]] sida [[Barsuug]], [[Biimaal]], [[Gurgura]], [[Surre]], [[Ciise (qabiil)|Ciise]]
}}

== Guud Mar ==
Reer Nuur waa mid ka mid ah beel-hoosaadyada ugu waaweyn qoyska beelweynta [[Gadabuursi]]. Taariikh ahaan, waxay deganayeen aagga kala duwan ee u dhexeeya qabaa'ilka [[Gadabuursi]] iyo [[Isaaq]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_8D0gYZZVKEC&amp;q=rer+nuur+gadabursi&amp;pg=PA136|title=Voice and Power|last1=Hayward|first1=R. J.|last2=Lewis|first2=I. M.|date=2005-08-17|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135751753|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Taariikh ahaan, marka ay beeli isu timaado arrimo siyaasadeed awgood, Reer Nuur waxaa loo tixgelin jiray laan gaar ah oo la siman kooxaha kale ee qoyska Gadabuursi ee ah ''Habar Afan'', ''Mahad 'Ase'', ''Aadan Yonis'' iyo ''Jibril Yonis''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=CLAN SHIP, CONFLICT AND REFUGEES: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOMALIS IN THE HORN OF AFRICA|last=Ambroso|first=Guido|publisher=UNHCR HARGEISA|year=2002|location=Brussels|page=7|quote=One informer told me that in Borama, when there are important decisions to be made, the Gadabursi normally divide themselves into four &quot;parties.The Habar Afan, the Mahad Asse, the Jibril Yonis, and the Nur Yonis.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Deegaanka ==
Reer Nuur waxay degaan 3 dal, oo kala ah [[Djibouti|Jabuuti]], [[Ethiopia|Itoobiya]], iyo [[Somaliland]].

Gudaha '''Somaliland,''' Reer Nuur waxay degaan gobolka [[Awdal]], waxayna wadaagaan [[Baki District|Degmada Baki]] Beesha Reer Maxamed (Mahad 'Ase) iyo Habar Afan, inkastoo [[Dilla District|Degmada Dilla]] ay u badanyihiin iyagu. Sidoo kale waxay degaan [[Borama District|Degmada Boorama]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://waaheen.com/2015/01/17/siimoodi-iyo-baki-reer-nuur-baa-leh-balse-waa-lanala-degaa-salaadiinta-reer-nuur/|title=&quot;Siimoodi iyo Baki Reer Nuur baa leh, Balse Waa lanala Degaa.&quot; Salaadiinta Reer Nuur.|last=Wariye|date=2015-01-17|work=Waaheen Media Group|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gudaha gobolka [[Maroodi Jeex]], waxay degaan [[Gabiley District|Degmada Gabiley]], magaalooyinka sida [[Tog Wajaale]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Addressing Land-based Conflicts in Somaliland and Afghanistan|last=Abdi|first=Mohamed|publisher=Academy for Peace and Development|year=2007|page=67|quote=Within Tog Wajaale, there was a continuous conflict from 1993-2016 between the Samaroon (Reer Maxamed Nur) and the Jibril Abokor (Aadan Cumar) regarding the privatization of communal land. Through the work of traditional elders, Guurti, and the Gabiley Local council, it has been partially resolved.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESOMi7W6Pj4C&amp;q=140&amp;pg=PA141|title=Des paroles douces comme la soie: introduction aux contes dans l'aire couchitique (Bedja, Afar, Saho, Somali)|last=Morin|first=Didier|date=1995|publisher=Peeters Publishers|isbn=9789068316780|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[El Bardale]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/86595/somalia-rival-clans-re-arming-over-somaliland-farm|title=Rival clans &quot;re-arming&quot; over Somaliland farm|date=2009-10-16|work=IRIN|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en|quote=Elberdale farmland dispute. The farmland dates back to the 1950s with the two clans - the Reer Nour and Reer Hared - each claiming ownership over farms in the town.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/85309/somalia-clashes-displace-hundreds-families-somaliland|title=Clashes displace hundreds of families in Somaliland|date=2009-07-16|work=IRIN|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en|quote=The latest clashes marked the fourth time armed conflict has broken out in the Elberdale farmland in the past six months between the Hared and Mohamoud Nour clans.}}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo [[Gabiley]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=PILLARS OF PEACE:Democracy in Somaliland Challenges and Opportunities|last=Saeed Gees|first=Mohamed|publisher=Academy for Peace and Development|year=2010|location=Hargeysa|page=77}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=CLANSHIP, CONFLICT AND REFUGEES: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOMALIS IN THE HORN OF AFRICA|last1=Ambroso|first1=Guido|date=March 2002|publisher=UNCHR|location=Brussels, Belgium|page=69|quote=Genealogical Chart #2.2 shows the diversity of the Gadabursi lineages residing in Gabiley. The Bahabar Aden, Bahabar Abokor, and Degaweyne lineages constituting the &quot;Bah Samaroon&quot; alliance group of the Gadabursi that reside in Gabiley. Chart also shows the Reer Mohamed Nur (Also Gadabursi) residing in Gabiley as well.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Shattering Tradition: Custom, Law and the Individual in the Muslim Mediterranean|last1=Dostal|first1=Walter|page=296}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Pastoral society and transnational refugees: population movements in Somaliland and eastern Ethiopia|date=8 August 2002|publisher=UN High Commissioner for Refugees|page=5|quote=Table 1: Somaliland’s clans by region, Page 5 shows that the Gadabursi do reside in Gabiley.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Cahiers d'études africaines, Volume 37, Issues 1-2; Volume 37, Issues 145-146|author1=École pratique des hautes études|author2=Section des sciences économiques et sociales|author3=École des hautes études en sciences sociales|date=1997|publisher=Mouton|location=Indiana University|page=360|quote=various Gadabursi lineages reside in Gabiley}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.awdalpress.com/index/isbahaysigii-gol-waraabe-ee-ay-bahwadaagta-ku-ahaayeen-reer-nuur-iyo-jibriil-abokor/|title=Isbahaysigii Gol-waraabe ee ay bahwadaagta ku ahaayeen Reer Nuur iyo Jibriil Abokor.|date=2011-01-14|work=Awdalpress.com|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Degmada [[Hargeisa District|Hargeysa dhexdeeda]], waxay ka degaan xaafadaha Stadium iyo State Park.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Housing Land and Property Issues in Somalia: Persons of Concern in Somaliland and South-Central Somalia|publisher=Legal Action Worldwide (LAW)|year=2014|page=23|quote=Figure 2 on page 23 shows the Samaroon people inhabiting the neighborhoods of Stadium and State House Park in Hargeisa.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gudaha dalka '''Jabuuti''', Reer Nuur waxay degaan xaafadaha 4 iyo 5 ee [[Djibouti (city)|magaalada Jabuuti]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G-bZiKh9FHkC&amp;q=gadaboursi&amp;pg=PA284|title=Tracer des frontières à Djibouti: des territoires et des hommes aux XIXe et XXe siècles|last=Imbert-Vier|first=Simon|date=2011|publisher=KARTHALA Editions|isbn=9782811105068|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rayne2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-kzjgEACAAJ&amp;q=Sultan+Mahomed+Haji+Dideh+gadabursi|title=Sun, Sand and Somals; Leaves from the Note-Book of a District Commissioner in British Somalia|last=Rayne|first=Henry a|date=2015-08-08|publisher=BiblioLife|isbn=9781297569760|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gudaha '''Itoobiya''', Reer Nuur waxay degaan [[Somali Region|Gobolka Soomaalida]], gaar ahaan degmada [[Awbare (woreda)|Awbare]], oo ah deegaanka ugu dadka badan [[Jigjiga Zone|gobolka Jigjiga]]. Reer Nuur taariikh ahaan xoolahooda waxay daaq jireen ilaa [[Jigjiga]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Hararino, ricerche e studi geografici|last=Scarin|first=Emilio|date=1942|publisher=[[Sansoni (publisher)|G. C. Sansoni]]|language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt; waxayna ka yihiin inta badan dadka deggan magaalada [[Awbare]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_8D0gYZZVKEC&amp;q=Rer+Nur+Dila+town&amp;pg=PA136|title=Voice and Power|last1=Hayward|first1=R. J.|last2=Lewis|first2=I. M.|date=2005-08-17|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135751753|page=136|language=en|quote=The major town and region of the Rer Farah Nur, Aw Baare.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;battera296&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pos3wAofV4UC&amp;pg=PP1|title=Shattering Tradition: Custom, Law and the Individual in the Muslim Mediterranean|last1=Battera|first1=Federico|publisher=I.B. Taurus|others=Walter Dostal, Wolfgang Kraus (ed.)|year=2005|isbn=1-85043-634-7|location=London|page=296|chapter=Chapter 9: The Collapse of the State and the Resurgence of Customary Law in Northern Somalia|access-date=2010-03-18|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pos3wAofV4UC&amp;pg=PA278}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TMCBS&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.somaliawatch.org/archivedec02/021207202.htm|title=Somaliland: The Myth of Clan-Based Statehood|date=2002-12-07|publisher=Somalia Watch|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615230152/http://somaliawatch.org/archivedec02/021207202.htm|archive-date=15 June 2006|url-status=dead|access-date=2007-01-29|df=dmy}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z4AAAwAAQBAJ|title=Shattering Tradition: Custom, Law and the Individual in the Muslim Mediterranean|last1=Dostal|first1=Walter|last2=Kraus|first2=Wolfgang|date=2005-04-22|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=9780857716774|page=296|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Taariikh ==
Sida ay tahay xubinta ka tirsan beesha [[Dir (clan)|Dir]], Reer Nuur waxay hoos yimaadaan laanta Makahiil ee [[Gadabuursi]]. Sida ay yihiin qeyb ka mid ah beesha Dir, Reer Nuur waxay qayb ka ahaayeen [[Sultanate of Ifat|Immigiriyadii Ifat]] iyo [[Adal Sultanate|Saldanaddii Cadal]].&lt;ref&gt;Futūḥ al-Ḥabasha. (n.d.). Christian-Muslim Relations 1500 - 1900. doi:10.1163/2451-9537_cmrii_com_26077&lt;/ref&gt; Saldanaddahan waxaa maamulayay [[Walashma dynasty|Reer Walaashma]], oo ay abtirsiimo u leeyihiin [[Yusuf bin Ahmad al-Kawneyn|Sheekh Yuusuf Bin Axmed Al-Kowneyn]].

Reer Nuur waxay sidoo kale degaan qaar ka mid ah magaalooyinka ugu taariikhda weyn saldanaddahan, kuwaas oo kala ah magaalooyinka [[Amud|Amuus]] iyo [[Awbare|Aubare]]. Kuwaas oo sidoo kale ah goobo taariikhiga ah oo caan ku ah hoyga awliyo badan oo Soomaaliyeed.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M6NI2FejIuwC&amp;q=amoud&amp;pg=PA148|title=Somaliland: With Addis Ababa &amp; Eastern Ethiopia|last=Briggs|first=Philip|date=2011-12-19|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=9781841623719|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_LBDAAAQBAJ&amp;q=amoud&amp;pg=PA71|title=Margaret Laurence: Critical Reflections|last=Staines|first=David|date=2001-06-26|publisher=University of Ottawa Press|isbn=9780776616582|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Weligii xilligii gumeysiga, Reer Nuur waxay si adag uga soo horjeedeen gumeysiga, waxayna diideen inay la safdaan Ingiriiska (iyo qaar ka mid ah beelaha Gadabuursi) ee ka gees ahaa [[Dervish movement (Somali)|Halgankii Daraawiishta]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Gil Bas|last=Gugenheim|first=Eugène|date=1902-11-18|quote=A Zeylah, le gouvernement britannique a essayé de lever des recrues parmi les guerriers Gadaboursis : mais ceux-ci ont refusé de marcher contre le Madht du Somaliiand}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nooca fanka iyo maansada ee [[Balwo]] waxaa ikhtiraacay xubin ka tirsan beesha Reer Nuur, oo loo yaqaano [[Abdi Sinimo|Cabdi Saciid (Cabdi Sinimo)]]. Noociisa cusub ee muusikada ayaa sidoo kale horseeday inuu soo baxo fanka [[Heello (song)|Heellada]] wuxuuna dhalay muusigga casriga ah ee Soomaaliyeed.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1flJAQAAQBAJ&amp;q=balwo&amp;pg=PA277|title=A Poet's Glossary|last=Hirsch|first=Edward|date=2014-04-08|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=9780547737461|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00diri|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00diri/page/171 171]|quote=balwo.|title=Culture and Customs of Somalia|last=Abdullahi|first=Mohamed Diriye|date=2001|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780313313332|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abtirsiinta Beesha ==
Reer Nuur waxay ka soo jeedaan Dir iyada oo la sii marinayo Gadabuursi, sida hoos ku xusan.

* '''Gadabuursi'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.abtirsi.com/view.php?person=4154|title=Abtirsi.com : Nor Yuunes Muse|website=www.abtirsi.com|access-date=2018-03-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Habar Makadur (Makadoor)
** Makahil
*** Mussee
**** Yuunes (Reer Yoonis)
***** '''Nuur Yoonis (Reer Nuur)'''

Laamaha hoose ee '''Nuur Yoonis''':

* '''Nuur Yoonis''' (Reer Nuur)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://samaroon.wordpress.com/2009/07/15/abla-ablaynta-beelaha-qabiilka-gadabuursi-samaroon-siciid/|title=Abla-Ablaynta Beelaha Qabiilka Gadabuursi (samaroon siciid).|date=2009-07-15|work=Samaroon's Weblog|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Reer Mahmuud
*** Abdi Mahamuud
**** Xuseen
***** Xaad (Buul-xun)
***** Shirdoon
***** Gabbal 
****** Koohi (Bafaad)
****** Samatar (Bafaad)
******* Bahdoon Samatar
****** Ali
****** Raage
****** Xergeeye
****** Khayre (bah-caso)
****** Bahdoon (bah-caso)
****** Samatar-yare (bah-caso)
****** Dhaabur (bah-caso)
**** Cismaan (Reer – Cismaan)
*** Halas Mahmuud
**** Cumar Halas
***** Husien Omar
***** Farah Omar
***** Afi Omar
***** Gelleh Omar
***** Roble Omar
**** Guled Halas
***** Samatar Guled
***** Xildiid Guled(Xareed-Qoobbuur)
***** Dhidar Guled
**** Muse Halas
**** Hiraab Halas
**** Cali Halas
*** Hassan Mahmuud (Nimidoor)
*** Hufane Mahmuud (Nimidoor)
*** Roble Mahmuud (Ba-Jibra’en)
*** Mohamed Mahmuud (Ba-Jibra’en)
** Reer Farah
*** Ibrahim Farah
**** Guled Ibraahim
***** Amare Guled
****** Xergeeye Amare
****** Faarah Amare  
***** Shirwac Guled
****** Gaboobe Shirwac 
****** Xirsi Shirwac 
****** Samatar Shirwac
****** Geedi Shirwac
****** Geeldoon Shirwac
***** Abrar Guled 
***** Rooble Guled
**** Gaade Ibraahim
***** Meecaad Gaade
***** Loodoon Gaade
***** Bahdoon Gaade
**** Bare Ibraahim
***** Gabdoon Bare
****** Meecaad Gabdoon (Gurey)
****** sareeye Gabdoon
****** Samatar Gabdoon (Qabile)
****** Magan Gabdoon
******* Waadhawr Magan (Reer wadheer)
******* Abdillahi Magan
******* Bahdoon Magan
**** Samakaab Ibraahim
**** Rooble Ibraahim
***** Samatar Rooble
**** Dadar Ibraahim
**** Salah Ibraahim (Dadar)
*** Geedi Farah also known as (Gabarmadow)
**** Wayteen Geedi
**** Cali Geedi
**** Mahamed Geedi
**** Dabeer Geedi
**** Hiraab Geedi
*** Reer Ali Abdi

== Tixraacyo ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Gadabuursi]]</text>
      <sha1>olq75m9h32lad9slygztuoov1hv9ids</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>305985</id>
      <parentid>305984</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T13:48:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>La ilaaliyay &quot;[[Reer Nuur]]&quot;: Si looga hor tago Ku darista qoraalka aan [[Wikipedia:Xaqiijin|tixraac laheen]]  ([Wax ka badal=​U ogolow kaliya isticmaalayaasha la xaqiijiyay] (aan xad lahayn) [Wareeji=​U ogolow kaliya isticmaalayaasha la xaqiijiyay] (aan xad lahayn))</comment>
      <origin>305984</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14816" sha1="olq75m9h32lad9slygztuoov1hv9ids" xml:space="preserve">'''Reer Nuur''' (Af-Soomaali: Reer Nuur), oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano Nuur Yoonis, waa beel ka tirsan waqooyiga Soomaalida, waana laan hoose oo ka tirsan qoyska beelweynta [[Gadabuursi|Gadabuursiga]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lAyeNqKK7bQC&amp;q=Reer+Nuur+is+a+Somali+clan&amp;pg=PA143|title=Who Cares about Somalia: Hassan's Ordeal; Reflections on a Nation's Future|last=Jama|first=Hassan Ali|date=2005|publisher=Verlag Hans Schiler|isbn=9783899300758|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Infobox ethnic group
| group            = Soomaali
| native_name      = Reer Nuur
| native_name_lang = so
| flag             = {{flagcountry|Somalia}} 
{{flagcountry|Djibouti}}

{{flagcountry|Ethiopia}}
{{flagcountry|Somaliland}} 
| genealogy        = [[Dir (clan)|Dir]]
| regions          = [[Somaliland]], [[Djibouti]], [[Ethiopia]]
| langs            = [[Af Soomaali]],  [[Carabi]]
| religions        = Islaam
| related_groups   = kuwa Kale qabiilo, iyo [[Dir (qabiil)|Dir]] sida [[Barsuug]], [[Biimaal]], [[Gurgura]], [[Surre]], [[Ciise (qabiil)|Ciise]]
}}

== Guud Mar ==
Reer Nuur waa mid ka mid ah beel-hoosaadyada ugu waaweyn qoyska beelweynta [[Gadabuursi]]. Taariikh ahaan, waxay deganayeen aagga kala duwan ee u dhexeeya qabaa'ilka [[Gadabuursi]] iyo [[Isaaq]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_8D0gYZZVKEC&amp;q=rer+nuur+gadabursi&amp;pg=PA136|title=Voice and Power|last1=Hayward|first1=R. J.|last2=Lewis|first2=I. M.|date=2005-08-17|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135751753|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Taariikh ahaan, marka ay beeli isu timaado arrimo siyaasadeed awgood, Reer Nuur waxaa loo tixgelin jiray laan gaar ah oo la siman kooxaha kale ee qoyska Gadabuursi ee ah ''Habar Afan'', ''Mahad 'Ase'', ''Aadan Yonis'' iyo ''Jibril Yonis''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=CLAN SHIP, CONFLICT AND REFUGEES: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOMALIS IN THE HORN OF AFRICA|last=Ambroso|first=Guido|publisher=UNHCR HARGEISA|year=2002|location=Brussels|page=7|quote=One informer told me that in Borama, when there are important decisions to be made, the Gadabursi normally divide themselves into four &quot;parties.The Habar Afan, the Mahad Asse, the Jibril Yonis, and the Nur Yonis.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Deegaanka ==
Reer Nuur waxay degaan 3 dal, oo kala ah [[Djibouti|Jabuuti]], [[Ethiopia|Itoobiya]], iyo [[Somaliland]].

Gudaha '''Somaliland,''' Reer Nuur waxay degaan gobolka [[Awdal]], waxayna wadaagaan [[Baki District|Degmada Baki]] Beesha Reer Maxamed (Mahad 'Ase) iyo Habar Afan, inkastoo [[Dilla District|Degmada Dilla]] ay u badanyihiin iyagu. Sidoo kale waxay degaan [[Borama District|Degmada Boorama]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://waaheen.com/2015/01/17/siimoodi-iyo-baki-reer-nuur-baa-leh-balse-waa-lanala-degaa-salaadiinta-reer-nuur/|title=&quot;Siimoodi iyo Baki Reer Nuur baa leh, Balse Waa lanala Degaa.&quot; Salaadiinta Reer Nuur.|last=Wariye|date=2015-01-17|work=Waaheen Media Group|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gudaha gobolka [[Maroodi Jeex]], waxay degaan [[Gabiley District|Degmada Gabiley]], magaalooyinka sida [[Tog Wajaale]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Addressing Land-based Conflicts in Somaliland and Afghanistan|last=Abdi|first=Mohamed|publisher=Academy for Peace and Development|year=2007|page=67|quote=Within Tog Wajaale, there was a continuous conflict from 1993-2016 between the Samaroon (Reer Maxamed Nur) and the Jibril Abokor (Aadan Cumar) regarding the privatization of communal land. Through the work of traditional elders, Guurti, and the Gabiley Local council, it has been partially resolved.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ESOMi7W6Pj4C&amp;q=140&amp;pg=PA141|title=Des paroles douces comme la soie: introduction aux contes dans l'aire couchitique (Bedja, Afar, Saho, Somali)|last=Morin|first=Didier|date=1995|publisher=Peeters Publishers|isbn=9789068316780|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[El Bardale]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/86595/somalia-rival-clans-re-arming-over-somaliland-farm|title=Rival clans &quot;re-arming&quot; over Somaliland farm|date=2009-10-16|work=IRIN|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en|quote=Elberdale farmland dispute. The farmland dates back to the 1950s with the two clans - the Reer Nour and Reer Hared - each claiming ownership over farms in the town.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/85309/somalia-clashes-displace-hundreds-families-somaliland|title=Clashes displace hundreds of families in Somaliland|date=2009-07-16|work=IRIN|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en|quote=The latest clashes marked the fourth time armed conflict has broken out in the Elberdale farmland in the past six months between the Hared and Mohamoud Nour clans.}}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo [[Gabiley]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=PILLARS OF PEACE:Democracy in Somaliland Challenges and Opportunities|last=Saeed Gees|first=Mohamed|publisher=Academy for Peace and Development|year=2010|location=Hargeysa|page=77}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=CLANSHIP, CONFLICT AND REFUGEES: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOMALIS IN THE HORN OF AFRICA|last1=Ambroso|first1=Guido|date=March 2002|publisher=UNCHR|location=Brussels, Belgium|page=69|quote=Genealogical Chart #2.2 shows the diversity of the Gadabursi lineages residing in Gabiley. The Bahabar Aden, Bahabar Abokor, and Degaweyne lineages constituting the &quot;Bah Samaroon&quot; alliance group of the Gadabursi that reside in Gabiley. Chart also shows the Reer Mohamed Nur (Also Gadabursi) residing in Gabiley as well.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Shattering Tradition: Custom, Law and the Individual in the Muslim Mediterranean|last1=Dostal|first1=Walter|page=296}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Pastoral society and transnational refugees: population movements in Somaliland and eastern Ethiopia|date=8 August 2002|publisher=UN High Commissioner for Refugees|page=5|quote=Table 1: Somaliland’s clans by region, Page 5 shows that the Gadabursi do reside in Gabiley.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Cahiers d'études africaines, Volume 37, Issues 1-2; Volume 37, Issues 145-146|author1=École pratique des hautes études|author2=Section des sciences économiques et sociales|author3=École des hautes études en sciences sociales|date=1997|publisher=Mouton|location=Indiana University|page=360|quote=various Gadabursi lineages reside in Gabiley}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.awdalpress.com/index/isbahaysigii-gol-waraabe-ee-ay-bahwadaagta-ku-ahaayeen-reer-nuur-iyo-jibriil-abokor/|title=Isbahaysigii Gol-waraabe ee ay bahwadaagta ku ahaayeen Reer Nuur iyo Jibriil Abokor.|date=2011-01-14|work=Awdalpress.com|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Degmada [[Hargeisa District|Hargeysa dhexdeeda]], waxay ka degaan xaafadaha Stadium iyo State Park.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Housing Land and Property Issues in Somalia: Persons of Concern in Somaliland and South-Central Somalia|publisher=Legal Action Worldwide (LAW)|year=2014|page=23|quote=Figure 2 on page 23 shows the Samaroon people inhabiting the neighborhoods of Stadium and State House Park in Hargeisa.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gudaha dalka '''Jabuuti''', Reer Nuur waxay degaan xaafadaha 4 iyo 5 ee [[Djibouti (city)|magaalada Jabuuti]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G-bZiKh9FHkC&amp;q=gadaboursi&amp;pg=PA284|title=Tracer des frontières à Djibouti: des territoires et des hommes aux XIXe et XXe siècles|last=Imbert-Vier|first=Simon|date=2011|publisher=KARTHALA Editions|isbn=9782811105068|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rayne2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-kzjgEACAAJ&amp;q=Sultan+Mahomed+Haji+Dideh+gadabursi|title=Sun, Sand and Somals; Leaves from the Note-Book of a District Commissioner in British Somalia|last=Rayne|first=Henry a|date=2015-08-08|publisher=BiblioLife|isbn=9781297569760|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gudaha '''Itoobiya''', Reer Nuur waxay degaan [[Somali Region|Gobolka Soomaalida]], gaar ahaan degmada [[Awbare (woreda)|Awbare]], oo ah deegaanka ugu dadka badan [[Jigjiga Zone|gobolka Jigjiga]]. Reer Nuur taariikh ahaan xoolahooda waxay daaq jireen ilaa [[Jigjiga]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Hararino, ricerche e studi geografici|last=Scarin|first=Emilio|date=1942|publisher=[[Sansoni (publisher)|G. C. Sansoni]]|language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt; waxayna ka yihiin inta badan dadka deggan magaalada [[Awbare]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_8D0gYZZVKEC&amp;q=Rer+Nur+Dila+town&amp;pg=PA136|title=Voice and Power|last1=Hayward|first1=R. J.|last2=Lewis|first2=I. M.|date=2005-08-17|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135751753|page=136|language=en|quote=The major town and region of the Rer Farah Nur, Aw Baare.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;battera296&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pos3wAofV4UC&amp;pg=PP1|title=Shattering Tradition: Custom, Law and the Individual in the Muslim Mediterranean|last1=Battera|first1=Federico|publisher=I.B. Taurus|others=Walter Dostal, Wolfgang Kraus (ed.)|year=2005|isbn=1-85043-634-7|location=London|page=296|chapter=Chapter 9: The Collapse of the State and the Resurgence of Customary Law in Northern Somalia|access-date=2010-03-18|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pos3wAofV4UC&amp;pg=PA278}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TMCBS&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.somaliawatch.org/archivedec02/021207202.htm|title=Somaliland: The Myth of Clan-Based Statehood|date=2002-12-07|publisher=Somalia Watch|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615230152/http://somaliawatch.org/archivedec02/021207202.htm|archive-date=15 June 2006|url-status=dead|access-date=2007-01-29|df=dmy}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z4AAAwAAQBAJ|title=Shattering Tradition: Custom, Law and the Individual in the Muslim Mediterranean|last1=Dostal|first1=Walter|last2=Kraus|first2=Wolfgang|date=2005-04-22|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=9780857716774|page=296|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Taariikh ==
Sida ay tahay xubinta ka tirsan beesha [[Dir (clan)|Dir]], Reer Nuur waxay hoos yimaadaan laanta Makahiil ee [[Gadabuursi]]. Sida ay yihiin qeyb ka mid ah beesha Dir, Reer Nuur waxay qayb ka ahaayeen [[Sultanate of Ifat|Immigiriyadii Ifat]] iyo [[Adal Sultanate|Saldanaddii Cadal]].&lt;ref&gt;Futūḥ al-Ḥabasha. (n.d.). Christian-Muslim Relations 1500 - 1900. doi:10.1163/2451-9537_cmrii_com_26077&lt;/ref&gt; Saldanaddahan waxaa maamulayay [[Walashma dynasty|Reer Walaashma]], oo ay abtirsiimo u leeyihiin [[Yusuf bin Ahmad al-Kawneyn|Sheekh Yuusuf Bin Axmed Al-Kowneyn]].

Reer Nuur waxay sidoo kale degaan qaar ka mid ah magaalooyinka ugu taariikhda weyn saldanaddahan, kuwaas oo kala ah magaalooyinka [[Amud|Amuus]] iyo [[Awbare|Aubare]]. Kuwaas oo sidoo kale ah goobo taariikhiga ah oo caan ku ah hoyga awliyo badan oo Soomaaliyeed.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M6NI2FejIuwC&amp;q=amoud&amp;pg=PA148|title=Somaliland: With Addis Ababa &amp; Eastern Ethiopia|last=Briggs|first=Philip|date=2011-12-19|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=9781841623719|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_LBDAAAQBAJ&amp;q=amoud&amp;pg=PA71|title=Margaret Laurence: Critical Reflections|last=Staines|first=David|date=2001-06-26|publisher=University of Ottawa Press|isbn=9780776616582|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Weligii xilligii gumeysiga, Reer Nuur waxay si adag uga soo horjeedeen gumeysiga, waxayna diideen inay la safdaan Ingiriiska (iyo qaar ka mid ah beelaha Gadabuursi) ee ka gees ahaa [[Dervish movement (Somali)|Halgankii Daraawiishta]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Gil Bas|last=Gugenheim|first=Eugène|date=1902-11-18|quote=A Zeylah, le gouvernement britannique a essayé de lever des recrues parmi les guerriers Gadaboursis : mais ceux-ci ont refusé de marcher contre le Madht du Somaliiand}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nooca fanka iyo maansada ee [[Balwo]] waxaa ikhtiraacay xubin ka tirsan beesha Reer Nuur, oo loo yaqaano [[Abdi Sinimo|Cabdi Saciid (Cabdi Sinimo)]]. Noociisa cusub ee muusikada ayaa sidoo kale horseeday inuu soo baxo fanka [[Heello (song)|Heellada]] wuxuuna dhalay muusigga casriga ah ee Soomaaliyeed.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1flJAQAAQBAJ&amp;q=balwo&amp;pg=PA277|title=A Poet's Glossary|last=Hirsch|first=Edward|date=2014-04-08|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=9780547737461|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00diri|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00diri/page/171 171]|quote=balwo.|title=Culture and Customs of Somalia|last=Abdullahi|first=Mohamed Diriye|date=2001|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780313313332|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abtirsiinta Beesha ==
Reer Nuur waxay ka soo jeedaan Dir iyada oo la sii marinayo Gadabuursi, sida hoos ku xusan.

* '''Gadabuursi'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.abtirsi.com/view.php?person=4154|title=Abtirsi.com : Nor Yuunes Muse|website=www.abtirsi.com|access-date=2018-03-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Habar Makadur (Makadoor)
** Makahil
*** Mussee
**** Yuunes (Reer Yoonis)
***** '''Nuur Yoonis (Reer Nuur)'''

Laamaha hoose ee '''Nuur Yoonis''':

* '''Nuur Yoonis''' (Reer Nuur)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://samaroon.wordpress.com/2009/07/15/abla-ablaynta-beelaha-qabiilka-gadabuursi-samaroon-siciid/|title=Abla-Ablaynta Beelaha Qabiilka Gadabuursi (samaroon siciid).|date=2009-07-15|work=Samaroon's Weblog|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** Reer Mahmuud
*** Abdi Mahamuud
**** Xuseen
***** Xaad (Buul-xun)
***** Shirdoon
***** Gabbal 
****** Koohi (Bafaad)
****** Samatar (Bafaad)
******* Bahdoon Samatar
****** Ali
****** Raage
****** Xergeeye
****** Khayre (bah-caso)
****** Bahdoon (bah-caso)
****** Samatar-yare (bah-caso)
****** Dhaabur (bah-caso)
**** Cismaan (Reer – Cismaan)
*** Halas Mahmuud
**** Cumar Halas
***** Husien Omar
***** Farah Omar
***** Afi Omar
***** Gelleh Omar
***** Roble Omar
**** Guled Halas
***** Samatar Guled
***** Xildiid Guled(Xareed-Qoobbuur)
***** Dhidar Guled
**** Muse Halas
**** Hiraab Halas
**** Cali Halas
*** Hassan Mahmuud (Nimidoor)
*** Hufane Mahmuud (Nimidoor)
*** Roble Mahmuud (Ba-Jibra’en)
*** Mohamed Mahmuud (Ba-Jibra’en)
** Reer Farah
*** Ibrahim Farah
**** Guled Ibraahim
***** Amare Guled
****** Xergeeye Amare
****** Faarah Amare  
***** Shirwac Guled
****** Gaboobe Shirwac 
****** Xirsi Shirwac 
****** Samatar Shirwac
****** Geedi Shirwac
****** Geeldoon Shirwac
***** Abrar Guled 
***** Rooble Guled
**** Gaade Ibraahim
***** Meecaad Gaade
***** Loodoon Gaade
***** Bahdoon Gaade
**** Bare Ibraahim
***** Gabdoon Bare
****** Meecaad Gabdoon (Gurey)
****** sareeye Gabdoon
****** Samatar Gabdoon (Qabile)
****** Magan Gabdoon
******* Waadhawr Magan (Reer wadheer)
******* Abdillahi Magan
******* Bahdoon Magan
**** Samakaab Ibraahim
**** Rooble Ibraahim
***** Samatar Rooble
**** Dadar Ibraahim
**** Salah Ibraahim (Dadar)
*** Geedi Farah also known as (Gabarmadow)
**** Wayteen Geedi
**** Cali Geedi
**** Mahamed Geedi
**** Dabeer Geedi
**** Hiraab Geedi
*** Reer Ali Abdi

== Tixraacyo ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Gadabuursi]]</text>
      <sha1>olq75m9h32lad9slygztuoov1hv9ids</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Siwaarqoon</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>4367</id>
    <revision>
      <id>305979</id>
      <parentid>305294</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T12:04:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-46658-07</username>
        <id>47120</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Siwaaqroon */</comment>
      <origin>305979</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6107" sha1="bmiymwtxzwqp67rhy1iovel7ssd03cv" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox ethnic group|
|group = Siwaaqron &lt;br&gt; صواخرون

  &lt;hr/&gt; &lt;small&gt; Darod Somali Clan
|image =[[File:Aluula district.png|130px|Aluula_district]]

[[File:DJI 0548-2.jpg|130px|DJI_0548-2]]


|langs = [[Af-Soomaali]]
|rels = [[Islam| Islam Sunni]]
|related-c = Other [[majeerteen]]     [[harti]]    [[Daarood]] 
|flag=|regions='''Ethnicity'''  [[File:Flag of Somalia.svg|30px|Flag_of_Somalia]]  

'''Region''' [[File:Flag of Raas Caseyr State.svg|30px|Flag_of_Raas_Caseyr_State]] 

[[Sanaag]] [[Raas-Caseyr]], [[Puntland]], [[Somalia]]|pop1=|region1='''Bosaaso, Caluula, Xaafuun, Ceerigaabo   laasasurad, Carta-bari,'''|flag_caption=}}
'''Siwaaqroon''' ({{lang-en|''Siwaqron''}});  huseen Talareer 
Siwaqroon waa beel ka mid ah majeerteen (sub-clan) majeerteen
waxey Beeshu dektaa puntland, gobolka Bari, Raas Casayr, Cape Guardafui (Gardafu),  gobolka Sanaag, Jubbada Hoose, Kismaayo iyo dalalka Yemen iyo Oman
Beeshu waxey caan ku tahay Xadaarada ganacsiga, Beesha Siwaqroon waxeey degaan degmooyinka ugu qadiimsan Soomaliya ee dhaca labada badood, bada gacanka cadmeed iyo badwaynta hindiya Guardafui.      
==Siwaaqroon==
Xuseen (Siwaqroon) waxaa uu u kala baxaa sidaan:- Xuseen Siwaaqroon wuxuu dhalay labo (2)      

1) Mohamed Siwaaqroon. Iyo       

2) Nuuh Siwaaqroon

==Mohammed Siwaaqroon wuxuu dhalay 2==

Daa’uud

Daa’uud wuxuu dhalay labo 2

Muse Daaud iyo 

Ahmed Daaud (Gahayle)

Axmed Daaud (Gahayle) wuxuu dhalay labo 2:

Max'ed (Gumaroon)

Xasan (Abroone)

Max'ed (Gumaroon) wuxuu dhalay labo 2:

Xaamud (Gumaroon) R.Dacar

Xasan (Gumaroon)

Xaamud (Gumaroon) R.Dacar wuxuu dhalay:

Saciid Xaamud

Xasan (Gumaroon) wuxuu dhalay labo 2:

Cawl Xasan R.Carab iyo

Cigaal Xasan 

Xasan (Abroone) wuxuu dhalay 7:
* Cisman Xasan 
* Yuusuf
* Rooble Xasan
* Aadan
* Cali
* Yoonis
* Daahir

Cisman Xasan wuxuu dhalay:

Cali Xasan 

Rooble Xasan wuxuu dhalay:

Cawlyahan Rooble.

==Nuuh Siwaaqroon wuxuu dhalay 2==

Dhaadaar Nuuh

Abdiraxman Nuuh 

Abdirahmaan Nuuh wuxuu dhalay 3.  

Aadan Abdiraxman

Abokor Abdiraxman

Oday ma’arke Abdiraxman

Aadan Abdiraxmaan wuxuu dhalay 
Abdisamed

Abdisamed wuxuu dhalay 4 

Ibrahim Abdisamad. 

Liiban Abdisamad

Yoonis Abdisamad.  

Mohamud Abdisamad

Abokor Abdiraxman wuxuu dhalay Cawlyahan 

Cawlyahan wuxuu dhalay 4 

Ciise Cawlyahan

Jibriil Cawlyahan

Yuusuf Cawlyahan (reer Beeldaaje)

Hashim Cawlyaha


Beesha Siwaqroon waxeey ka qeyb gashay la dagaallanka gumeystayaasha Talyaaniha Burtuqiiska iyo Ingiriiska.

==DADKA CAANKA AH== 

EE KADHASHAY BEELWAYNTA SIWAAQROON:''' 

# '''Halgamaa Cumar Samatar:''' Halgamaa cumar samatar waxa uu ku dhashay dagmada caluula ee gobolka Bari [[soomaaliya]] sanadii 1905 halkaas oo uu kuso bar baaray wax barashadiisii asaasiga ahna kusoo qaatay, halgamaa Cumar Samatar waxa uu ahaa Abaanduulihii ciidamadii Cali Yuusuf Keenadiid ee Hobyo, ilaa yaraantiisii waxa uu aad u jeclaa sidii uu dhulkiisa u difaaci lahaa oo gumaysihii xiligaas [[soomaaliya]] kusoo duulay uga xoran lahaa waana tan ku kaliftay in isaga oo dhalinyaro ah bilaabo halganka gumaysi ladirika ah. mudo kadib halgamagu waxa uu usoo wareegay gobolada dhexe ee somalia halkaas oo ahayd meeshi uu kabilaaby halganka gumaysi ladirika ah dagaaalkii ugu horeeyay ee dhexmara cumar iyo talyaaniga waxa uu dhacay 09/november/1925 waxaana jabwayn soo gaaray gumaystaha lagana qabsaday dagmada ceel buur iyo toolooyin hoos yimaada. 20 bidhii 11 isla sanadkii 1925 dagaal lagu hoobtay oo ka dhacay meel u dhaxaysa degaanka budh-budh iyo dagmada buula burde ayaa waxa halgamayaasha u suuro gashay in ay dagaalkaas ku dhilaan horjoogihii ciidanka gumaystaha oo lagu magacaabi jiray (lieutenant colonel splendorelli), inkastoo halganku socday mudo 6 bilood ah hadana dagaaladaas isdaba jooga ahaa waxaa gumaystaha kasoo gaaray jab aad u xun waxaan gacantiisa ka baxay dhulal badan oo uu gumaysanaayay. mudo kadib talyaanigu waxa uu ku guulaystay in uu kataqaluso ciidanki uu halgamaa cumar hogaaminayay, halgamaaguna wa uu u baxsaday wadanka [[ethopia]] oo dagaal kula jirtay talyaaniga.  inkastoo aaysan dadka somaliyeed wax badan kalasocon taariikhda halgamaaga hadana goobaha taariikhiga ah ee halgamaaga loogu magacdaray waxaa ka mid ah iskuulka weyn ee magaalada [[Galkayo]] cumar samatar secondary school (CSSS)                                                                                                                                                                                Xiriirka wada mideeyay cumar iyo [[Ethopia]] waxa uu ahaa in ay lawada dagaalamayeen gumaystihii talyaaniga waana arinta keentay in halgamaagu uu taageero saanadee ka helo boqortooydii xiligaas itoobiya katalinaysay, sido murkii uu soo dhaaday halganku waxaa halgamaaga loogu magacdaray jaamacado kuyaala [[Ethiopia]] iyo meelo kale oo halbowle u ah bulshada.
# Wasiir Aadan Maxamed Cali : Waa Wasiir Hore Dawladi Maxamed Siyaad Bare. Wuxuuna Ahaa Wasiirkii Ugu Xilka Dheeraa oo soo qabtay wasaarado kaladuwan. 
# Beeldaaje Ismaaciil Beeldaaje Yaasiin: Beeldaajaha Guud Ee Cal Bari
# Col. Saalax Xaashi Carab: Kornaylku wuxuu derejooyin sare ka soo qabtay ciidankii Badda ee Dawladdii Soomaaliyeed burburka ka hor. Burburkiina wuxuu ka mid ah dadkii juhdiga badan geliyay dib u xasilinta Soomaaliya. Wuxuu qoray buugag dhaxal u ah Soomaalida oo ka qoray aqoonta Badda Soomaalida iyo cilmi-baarisyadii uu ku sameeyay mudadii oo hoggaaminayay ciidanka. Waxaase xusid leh buugga ugu weyn ee Qaamuuska Soomaalida oo loo yaqaan Illeeye. Waa buug lagu aruuriyay ilaa 50,000 oo erey iyo macluumaad qaamuuseed kale oo muhiim u ah Soomaalida. Waa qaamuus ibbo-furay xuruuf kale oo labanlaabma oo aan ahayn intii hore ee la isla qaatay.


&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite web |url=http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/somalia_ethnic_grps_2002.jpg |title=Ethnic Groups |author=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |year=2002 |work=Somalia Summary Map |publisher=[[Perry–Castañeda Library]] |accessdate=18 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{DEFAULTSORT:Siwaaqroon}}
[[Category:Qabiilada Soomaalida]]
[[Category: Dadka Soomaaliga]]
[[Category: Soomaali]]
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Siwaaqroon]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>305980</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-26T12:07:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-46658-07</username>
        <id>47120</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Mohammed Siwaaqroon wuxuu dhalay 2 */</comment>
      <origin>305980</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6103" sha1="q2jq5kj3x82pz22zhqkr9bqudmbsk8g" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox ethnic group|
|group = Siwaaqron &lt;br&gt; صواخرون

  &lt;hr/&gt; &lt;small&gt; Darod Somali Clan
|image =[[File:Aluula district.png|130px|Aluula_district]]

[[File:DJI 0548-2.jpg|130px|DJI_0548-2]]


|langs = [[Af-Soomaali]]
|rels = [[Islam| Islam Sunni]]
|related-c = Other [[majeerteen]]     [[harti]]    [[Daarood]] 
|flag=|regions='''Ethnicity'''  [[File:Flag of Somalia.svg|30px|Flag_of_Somalia]]  

'''Region''' [[File:Flag of Raas Caseyr State.svg|30px|Flag_of_Raas_Caseyr_State]] 

[[Sanaag]] [[Raas-Caseyr]], [[Puntland]], [[Somalia]]|pop1=|region1='''Bosaaso, Caluula, Xaafuun, Ceerigaabo   laasasurad, Carta-bari,'''|flag_caption=}}
'''Siwaaqroon''' ({{lang-en|''Siwaqron''}});  huseen Talareer 
Siwaqroon waa beel ka mid ah majeerteen (sub-clan) majeerteen
waxey Beeshu dektaa puntland, gobolka Bari, Raas Casayr, Cape Guardafui (Gardafu),  gobolka Sanaag, Jubbada Hoose, Kismaayo iyo dalalka Yemen iyo Oman
Beeshu waxey caan ku tahay Xadaarada ganacsiga, Beesha Siwaqroon waxeey degaan degmooyinka ugu qadiimsan Soomaliya ee dhaca labada badood, bada gacanka cadmeed iyo badwaynta hindiya Guardafui.      
==Siwaaqroon==
Xuseen (Siwaqroon) waxaa uu u kala baxaa sidaan:- Xuseen Siwaaqroon wuxuu dhalay labo (2)      

1) Mohamed Siwaaqroon. Iyo       

2) Nuuh Siwaaqroon

Mohammed Siwaaqroon wuxuu dhalay 2

Daa’uud

Daa’uud wuxuu dhalay labo 2

Muse Daaud iyo 

Ahmed Daaud (Gahayle)

Axmed Daaud (Gahayle) wuxuu dhalay labo 2:

Max'ed (Gumaroon)

Xasan (Abroone)

Max'ed (Gumaroon) wuxuu dhalay labo 2:

Xaamud (Gumaroon) R.Dacar

Xasan (Gumaroon)

Xaamud (Gumaroon) R.Dacar wuxuu dhalay:

Saciid Xaamud

Xasan (Gumaroon) wuxuu dhalay labo 2:

Cawl Xasan R.Carab iyo

Cigaal Xasan 

Xasan (Abroone) wuxuu dhalay 7:
* Cisman Xasan 
* Yuusuf
* Rooble Xasan
* Aadan
* Cali
* Yoonis
* Daahir

Cisman Xasan wuxuu dhalay:

Cali Xasan 

Rooble Xasan wuxuu dhalay:

Cawlyahan Rooble.

==Nuuh Siwaaqroon wuxuu dhalay 2==

Dhaadaar Nuuh

Abdiraxman Nuuh 

Abdirahmaan Nuuh wuxuu dhalay 3.  

Aadan Abdiraxman

Abokor Abdiraxman

Oday ma’arke Abdiraxman

Aadan Abdiraxmaan wuxuu dhalay 
Abdisamed

Abdisamed wuxuu dhalay 4 

Ibrahim Abdisamad. 

Liiban Abdisamad

Yoonis Abdisamad.  

Mohamud Abdisamad

Abokor Abdiraxman wuxuu dhalay Cawlyahan 

Cawlyahan wuxuu dhalay 4 

Ciise Cawlyahan

Jibriil Cawlyahan

Yuusuf Cawlyahan (reer Beeldaaje)

Hashim Cawlyaha


Beesha Siwaqroon waxeey ka qeyb gashay la dagaallanka gumeystayaasha Talyaaniha Burtuqiiska iyo Ingiriiska.

==DADKA CAANKA AH== 

EE KADHASHAY BEELWAYNTA SIWAAQROON:''' 

# '''Halgamaa Cumar Samatar:''' Halgamaa cumar samatar waxa uu ku dhashay dagmada caluula ee gobolka Bari [[soomaaliya]] sanadii 1905 halkaas oo uu kuso bar baaray wax barashadiisii asaasiga ahna kusoo qaatay, halgamaa Cumar Samatar waxa uu ahaa Abaanduulihii ciidamadii Cali Yuusuf Keenadiid ee Hobyo, ilaa yaraantiisii waxa uu aad u jeclaa sidii uu dhulkiisa u difaaci lahaa oo gumaysihii xiligaas [[soomaaliya]] kusoo duulay uga xoran lahaa waana tan ku kaliftay in isaga oo dhalinyaro ah bilaabo halganka gumaysi ladirika ah. mudo kadib halgamagu waxa uu usoo wareegay gobolada dhexe ee somalia halkaas oo ahayd meeshi uu kabilaaby halganka gumaysi ladirika ah dagaaalkii ugu horeeyay ee dhexmara cumar iyo talyaaniga waxa uu dhacay 09/november/1925 waxaana jabwayn soo gaaray gumaystaha lagana qabsaday dagmada ceel buur iyo toolooyin hoos yimaada. 20 bidhii 11 isla sanadkii 1925 dagaal lagu hoobtay oo ka dhacay meel u dhaxaysa degaanka budh-budh iyo dagmada buula burde ayaa waxa halgamayaasha u suuro gashay in ay dagaalkaas ku dhilaan horjoogihii ciidanka gumaystaha oo lagu magacaabi jiray (lieutenant colonel splendorelli), inkastoo halganku socday mudo 6 bilood ah hadana dagaaladaas isdaba jooga ahaa waxaa gumaystaha kasoo gaaray jab aad u xun waxaan gacantiisa ka baxay dhulal badan oo uu gumaysanaayay. mudo kadib talyaanigu waxa uu ku guulaystay in uu kataqaluso ciidanki uu halgamaa cumar hogaaminayay, halgamaaguna wa uu u baxsaday wadanka [[ethopia]] oo dagaal kula jirtay talyaaniga.  inkastoo aaysan dadka somaliyeed wax badan kalasocon taariikhda halgamaaga hadana goobaha taariikhiga ah ee halgamaaga loogu magacdaray waxaa ka mid ah iskuulka weyn ee magaalada [[Galkayo]] cumar samatar secondary school (CSSS)                                                                                                                                                                                Xiriirka wada mideeyay cumar iyo [[Ethopia]] waxa uu ahaa in ay lawada dagaalamayeen gumaystihii talyaaniga waana arinta keentay in halgamaagu uu taageero saanadee ka helo boqortooydii xiligaas itoobiya katalinaysay, sido murkii uu soo dhaaday halganku waxaa halgamaaga loogu magacdaray jaamacado kuyaala [[Ethiopia]] iyo meelo kale oo halbowle u ah bulshada.
# Wasiir Aadan Maxamed Cali : Waa Wasiir Hore Dawladi Maxamed Siyaad Bare. Wuxuuna Ahaa Wasiirkii Ugu Xilka Dheeraa oo soo qabtay wasaarado kaladuwan. 
# Beeldaaje Ismaaciil Beeldaaje Yaasiin: Beeldaajaha Guud Ee Cal Bari
# Col. Saalax Xaashi Carab: Kornaylku wuxuu derejooyin sare ka soo qabtay ciidankii Badda ee Dawladdii Soomaaliyeed burburka ka hor. Burburkiina wuxuu ka mid ah dadkii juhdiga badan geliyay dib u xasilinta Soomaaliya. Wuxuu qoray buugag dhaxal u ah Soomaalida oo ka qoray aqoonta Badda Soomaalida iyo cilmi-baarisyadii uu ku sameeyay mudadii oo hoggaaminayay ciidanka. Waxaase xusid leh buugga ugu weyn ee Qaamuuska Soomaalida oo loo yaqaan Illeeye. Waa buug lagu aruuriyay ilaa 50,000 oo erey iyo macluumaad qaamuuseed kale oo muhiim u ah Soomaalida. Waa qaamuus ibbo-furay xuruuf kale oo labanlaabma oo aan ahayn intii hore ee la isla qaatay.


&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite web |url=http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/somalia_ethnic_grps_2002.jpg |title=Ethnic Groups |author=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |year=2002 |work=Somalia Summary Map |publisher=[[Perry–Castañeda Library]] |accessdate=18 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{DEFAULTSORT:Siwaaqroon}}
[[Category:Qabiilada Soomaalida]]
[[Category: Dadka Soomaaliga]]
[[Category: Soomaali]]
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Siwaaqroon]]</text>
      <sha1>q2jq5kj3x82pz22zhqkr9bqudmbsk8g</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>305981</id>
      <parentid>305980</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T12:07:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-46658-07</username>
        <id>47120</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Siwaaqroon */</comment>
      <origin>305981</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6099" sha1="tfeoe33vryhjam6xe3cw752kcxyh0rg" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox ethnic group|
|group = Siwaaqron &lt;br&gt; صواخرون

  &lt;hr/&gt; &lt;small&gt; Darod Somali Clan
|image =[[File:Aluula district.png|130px|Aluula_district]]

[[File:DJI 0548-2.jpg|130px|DJI_0548-2]]


|langs = [[Af-Soomaali]]
|rels = [[Islam| Islam Sunni]]
|related-c = Other [[majeerteen]]     [[harti]]    [[Daarood]] 
|flag=|regions='''Ethnicity'''  [[File:Flag of Somalia.svg|30px|Flag_of_Somalia]]  

'''Region''' [[File:Flag of Raas Caseyr State.svg|30px|Flag_of_Raas_Caseyr_State]] 

[[Sanaag]] [[Raas-Caseyr]], [[Puntland]], [[Somalia]]|pop1=|region1='''Bosaaso, Caluula, Xaafuun, Ceerigaabo   laasasurad, Carta-bari,'''|flag_caption=}}
'''Siwaaqroon''' ({{lang-en|''Siwaqron''}});  huseen Talareer 
Siwaqroon waa beel ka mid ah majeerteen (sub-clan) majeerteen
waxey Beeshu dektaa puntland, gobolka Bari, Raas Casayr, Cape Guardafui (Gardafu),  gobolka Sanaag, Jubbada Hoose, Kismaayo iyo dalalka Yemen iyo Oman
Beeshu waxey caan ku tahay Xadaarada ganacsiga, Beesha Siwaqroon waxeey degaan degmooyinka ugu qadiimsan Soomaliya ee dhaca labada badood, bada gacanka cadmeed iyo badwaynta hindiya Guardafui.      
Siwaaqroon
Xuseen (Siwaqroon) waxaa uu u kala baxaa sidaan:- Xuseen Siwaaqroon wuxuu dhalay labo (2)      

1) Mohamed Siwaaqroon. Iyo       

2) Nuuh Siwaaqroon

Mohammed Siwaaqroon wuxuu dhalay 2

Daa’uud

Daa’uud wuxuu dhalay labo 2

Muse Daaud iyo 

Ahmed Daaud (Gahayle)

Axmed Daaud (Gahayle) wuxuu dhalay labo 2:

Max'ed (Gumaroon)

Xasan (Abroone)

Max'ed (Gumaroon) wuxuu dhalay labo 2:

Xaamud (Gumaroon) R.Dacar

Xasan (Gumaroon)

Xaamud (Gumaroon) R.Dacar wuxuu dhalay:

Saciid Xaamud

Xasan (Gumaroon) wuxuu dhalay labo 2:

Cawl Xasan R.Carab iyo

Cigaal Xasan 

Xasan (Abroone) wuxuu dhalay 7:
* Cisman Xasan 
* Yuusuf
* Rooble Xasan
* Aadan
* Cali
* Yoonis
* Daahir

Cisman Xasan wuxuu dhalay:

Cali Xasan 

Rooble Xasan wuxuu dhalay:

Cawlyahan Rooble.

==Nuuh Siwaaqroon wuxuu dhalay 2==

Dhaadaar Nuuh

Abdiraxman Nuuh 

Abdirahmaan Nuuh wuxuu dhalay 3.  

Aadan Abdiraxman

Abokor Abdiraxman

Oday ma’arke Abdiraxman

Aadan Abdiraxmaan wuxuu dhalay 
Abdisamed

Abdisamed wuxuu dhalay 4 

Ibrahim Abdisamad. 

Liiban Abdisamad

Yoonis Abdisamad.  

Mohamud Abdisamad

Abokor Abdiraxman wuxuu dhalay Cawlyahan 

Cawlyahan wuxuu dhalay 4 

Ciise Cawlyahan

Jibriil Cawlyahan

Yuusuf Cawlyahan (reer Beeldaaje)

Hashim Cawlyaha


Beesha Siwaqroon waxeey ka qeyb gashay la dagaallanka gumeystayaasha Talyaaniha Burtuqiiska iyo Ingiriiska.

==DADKA CAANKA AH== 

EE KADHASHAY BEELWAYNTA SIWAAQROON:''' 

# '''Halgamaa Cumar Samatar:''' Halgamaa cumar samatar waxa uu ku dhashay dagmada caluula ee gobolka Bari [[soomaaliya]] sanadii 1905 halkaas oo uu kuso bar baaray wax barashadiisii asaasiga ahna kusoo qaatay, halgamaa Cumar Samatar waxa uu ahaa Abaanduulihii ciidamadii Cali Yuusuf Keenadiid ee Hobyo, ilaa yaraantiisii waxa uu aad u jeclaa sidii uu dhulkiisa u difaaci lahaa oo gumaysihii xiligaas [[soomaaliya]] kusoo duulay uga xoran lahaa waana tan ku kaliftay in isaga oo dhalinyaro ah bilaabo halganka gumaysi ladirika ah. mudo kadib halgamagu waxa uu usoo wareegay gobolada dhexe ee somalia halkaas oo ahayd meeshi uu kabilaaby halganka gumaysi ladirika ah dagaaalkii ugu horeeyay ee dhexmara cumar iyo talyaaniga waxa uu dhacay 09/november/1925 waxaana jabwayn soo gaaray gumaystaha lagana qabsaday dagmada ceel buur iyo toolooyin hoos yimaada. 20 bidhii 11 isla sanadkii 1925 dagaal lagu hoobtay oo ka dhacay meel u dhaxaysa degaanka budh-budh iyo dagmada buula burde ayaa waxa halgamayaasha u suuro gashay in ay dagaalkaas ku dhilaan horjoogihii ciidanka gumaystaha oo lagu magacaabi jiray (lieutenant colonel splendorelli), inkastoo halganku socday mudo 6 bilood ah hadana dagaaladaas isdaba jooga ahaa waxaa gumaystaha kasoo gaaray jab aad u xun waxaan gacantiisa ka baxay dhulal badan oo uu gumaysanaayay. mudo kadib talyaanigu waxa uu ku guulaystay in uu kataqaluso ciidanki uu halgamaa cumar hogaaminayay, halgamaaguna wa uu u baxsaday wadanka [[ethopia]] oo dagaal kula jirtay talyaaniga.  inkastoo aaysan dadka somaliyeed wax badan kalasocon taariikhda halgamaaga hadana goobaha taariikhiga ah ee halgamaaga loogu magacdaray waxaa ka mid ah iskuulka weyn ee magaalada [[Galkayo]] cumar samatar secondary school (CSSS)                                                                                                                                                                                Xiriirka wada mideeyay cumar iyo [[Ethopia]] waxa uu ahaa in ay lawada dagaalamayeen gumaystihii talyaaniga waana arinta keentay in halgamaagu uu taageero saanadee ka helo boqortooydii xiligaas itoobiya katalinaysay, sido murkii uu soo dhaaday halganku waxaa halgamaaga loogu magacdaray jaamacado kuyaala [[Ethiopia]] iyo meelo kale oo halbowle u ah bulshada.
# Wasiir Aadan Maxamed Cali : Waa Wasiir Hore Dawladi Maxamed Siyaad Bare. Wuxuuna Ahaa Wasiirkii Ugu Xilka Dheeraa oo soo qabtay wasaarado kaladuwan. 
# Beeldaaje Ismaaciil Beeldaaje Yaasiin: Beeldaajaha Guud Ee Cal Bari
# Col. Saalax Xaashi Carab: Kornaylku wuxuu derejooyin sare ka soo qabtay ciidankii Badda ee Dawladdii Soomaaliyeed burburka ka hor. Burburkiina wuxuu ka mid ah dadkii juhdiga badan geliyay dib u xasilinta Soomaaliya. Wuxuu qoray buugag dhaxal u ah Soomaalida oo ka qoray aqoonta Badda Soomaalida iyo cilmi-baarisyadii uu ku sameeyay mudadii oo hoggaaminayay ciidanka. Waxaase xusid leh buugga ugu weyn ee Qaamuuska Soomaalida oo loo yaqaan Illeeye. Waa buug lagu aruuriyay ilaa 50,000 oo erey iyo macluumaad qaamuuseed kale oo muhiim u ah Soomaalida. Waa qaamuus ibbo-furay xuruuf kale oo labanlaabma oo aan ahayn intii hore ee la isla qaatay.


&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite web |url=http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/somalia_ethnic_grps_2002.jpg |title=Ethnic Groups |author=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |year=2002 |work=Somalia Summary Map |publisher=[[Perry–Castañeda Library]] |accessdate=18 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{DEFAULTSORT:Siwaaqroon}}
[[Category:Qabiilada Soomaalida]]
[[Category: Dadka Soomaaliga]]
[[Category: Soomaali]]
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Siwaaqroon]]</text>
      <sha1>tfeoe33vryhjam6xe3cw752kcxyh0rg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>305982</id>
      <parentid>305981</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T12:07:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-46658-07</username>
        <id>47120</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Nuuh Siwaaqroon wuxuu dhalay 2 */</comment>
      <origin>305982</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6095" sha1="hyc3ws8apg36bi2vo6486dlww61pts0" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox ethnic group|
|group = Siwaaqron &lt;br&gt; صواخرون

  &lt;hr/&gt; &lt;small&gt; Darod Somali Clan
|image =[[File:Aluula district.png|130px|Aluula_district]]

[[File:DJI 0548-2.jpg|130px|DJI_0548-2]]


|langs = [[Af-Soomaali]]
|rels = [[Islam| Islam Sunni]]
|related-c = Other [[majeerteen]]     [[harti]]    [[Daarood]] 
|flag=|regions='''Ethnicity'''  [[File:Flag of Somalia.svg|30px|Flag_of_Somalia]]  

'''Region''' [[File:Flag of Raas Caseyr State.svg|30px|Flag_of_Raas_Caseyr_State]] 

[[Sanaag]] [[Raas-Caseyr]], [[Puntland]], [[Somalia]]|pop1=|region1='''Bosaaso, Caluula, Xaafuun, Ceerigaabo   laasasurad, Carta-bari,'''|flag_caption=}}
'''Siwaaqroon''' ({{lang-en|''Siwaqron''}});  huseen Talareer 
Siwaqroon waa beel ka mid ah majeerteen (sub-clan) majeerteen
waxey Beeshu dektaa puntland, gobolka Bari, Raas Casayr, Cape Guardafui (Gardafu),  gobolka Sanaag, Jubbada Hoose, Kismaayo iyo dalalka Yemen iyo Oman
Beeshu waxey caan ku tahay Xadaarada ganacsiga, Beesha Siwaqroon waxeey degaan degmooyinka ugu qadiimsan Soomaliya ee dhaca labada badood, bada gacanka cadmeed iyo badwaynta hindiya Guardafui.      
Siwaaqroon
Xuseen (Siwaqroon) waxaa uu u kala baxaa sidaan:- Xuseen Siwaaqroon wuxuu dhalay labo (2)      

1) Mohamed Siwaaqroon. Iyo       

2) Nuuh Siwaaqroon

Mohammed Siwaaqroon wuxuu dhalay 2

Daa’uud

Daa’uud wuxuu dhalay labo 2

Muse Daaud iyo 

Ahmed Daaud (Gahayle)

Axmed Daaud (Gahayle) wuxuu dhalay labo 2:

Max'ed (Gumaroon)

Xasan (Abroone)

Max'ed (Gumaroon) wuxuu dhalay labo 2:

Xaamud (Gumaroon) R.Dacar

Xasan (Gumaroon)

Xaamud (Gumaroon) R.Dacar wuxuu dhalay:

Saciid Xaamud

Xasan (Gumaroon) wuxuu dhalay labo 2:

Cawl Xasan R.Carab iyo

Cigaal Xasan 

Xasan (Abroone) wuxuu dhalay 7:
* Cisman Xasan 
* Yuusuf
* Rooble Xasan
* Aadan
* Cali
* Yoonis
* Daahir

Cisman Xasan wuxuu dhalay:

Cali Xasan 

Rooble Xasan wuxuu dhalay:

Cawlyahan Rooble.

Nuuh Siwaaqroon wuxuu dhalay 2

Dhaadaar Nuuh

Abdiraxman Nuuh 

Abdirahmaan Nuuh wuxuu dhalay 3.  

Aadan Abdiraxman

Abokor Abdiraxman

Oday ma’arke Abdiraxman

Aadan Abdiraxmaan wuxuu dhalay 
Abdisamed

Abdisamed wuxuu dhalay 4 

Ibrahim Abdisamad. 

Liiban Abdisamad

Yoonis Abdisamad.  

Mohamud Abdisamad

Abokor Abdiraxman wuxuu dhalay Cawlyahan 

Cawlyahan wuxuu dhalay 4 

Ciise Cawlyahan

Jibriil Cawlyahan

Yuusuf Cawlyahan (reer Beeldaaje)

Hashim Cawlyaha


Beesha Siwaqroon waxeey ka qeyb gashay la dagaallanka gumeystayaasha Talyaaniha Burtuqiiska iyo Ingiriiska.

==DADKA CAANKA AH== 

EE KADHASHAY BEELWAYNTA SIWAAQROON:''' 

# '''Halgamaa Cumar Samatar:''' Halgamaa cumar samatar waxa uu ku dhashay dagmada caluula ee gobolka Bari [[soomaaliya]] sanadii 1905 halkaas oo uu kuso bar baaray wax barashadiisii asaasiga ahna kusoo qaatay, halgamaa Cumar Samatar waxa uu ahaa Abaanduulihii ciidamadii Cali Yuusuf Keenadiid ee Hobyo, ilaa yaraantiisii waxa uu aad u jeclaa sidii uu dhulkiisa u difaaci lahaa oo gumaysihii xiligaas [[soomaaliya]] kusoo duulay uga xoran lahaa waana tan ku kaliftay in isaga oo dhalinyaro ah bilaabo halganka gumaysi ladirika ah. mudo kadib halgamagu waxa uu usoo wareegay gobolada dhexe ee somalia halkaas oo ahayd meeshi uu kabilaaby halganka gumaysi ladirika ah dagaaalkii ugu horeeyay ee dhexmara cumar iyo talyaaniga waxa uu dhacay 09/november/1925 waxaana jabwayn soo gaaray gumaystaha lagana qabsaday dagmada ceel buur iyo toolooyin hoos yimaada. 20 bidhii 11 isla sanadkii 1925 dagaal lagu hoobtay oo ka dhacay meel u dhaxaysa degaanka budh-budh iyo dagmada buula burde ayaa waxa halgamayaasha u suuro gashay in ay dagaalkaas ku dhilaan horjoogihii ciidanka gumaystaha oo lagu magacaabi jiray (lieutenant colonel splendorelli), inkastoo halganku socday mudo 6 bilood ah hadana dagaaladaas isdaba jooga ahaa waxaa gumaystaha kasoo gaaray jab aad u xun waxaan gacantiisa ka baxay dhulal badan oo uu gumaysanaayay. mudo kadib talyaanigu waxa uu ku guulaystay in uu kataqaluso ciidanki uu halgamaa cumar hogaaminayay, halgamaaguna wa uu u baxsaday wadanka [[ethopia]] oo dagaal kula jirtay talyaaniga.  inkastoo aaysan dadka somaliyeed wax badan kalasocon taariikhda halgamaaga hadana goobaha taariikhiga ah ee halgamaaga loogu magacdaray waxaa ka mid ah iskuulka weyn ee magaalada [[Galkayo]] cumar samatar secondary school (CSSS)                                                                                                                                                                                Xiriirka wada mideeyay cumar iyo [[Ethopia]] waxa uu ahaa in ay lawada dagaalamayeen gumaystihii talyaaniga waana arinta keentay in halgamaagu uu taageero saanadee ka helo boqortooydii xiligaas itoobiya katalinaysay, sido murkii uu soo dhaaday halganku waxaa halgamaaga loogu magacdaray jaamacado kuyaala [[Ethiopia]] iyo meelo kale oo halbowle u ah bulshada.
# Wasiir Aadan Maxamed Cali : Waa Wasiir Hore Dawladi Maxamed Siyaad Bare. Wuxuuna Ahaa Wasiirkii Ugu Xilka Dheeraa oo soo qabtay wasaarado kaladuwan. 
# Beeldaaje Ismaaciil Beeldaaje Yaasiin: Beeldaajaha Guud Ee Cal Bari
# Col. Saalax Xaashi Carab: Kornaylku wuxuu derejooyin sare ka soo qabtay ciidankii Badda ee Dawladdii Soomaaliyeed burburka ka hor. Burburkiina wuxuu ka mid ah dadkii juhdiga badan geliyay dib u xasilinta Soomaaliya. Wuxuu qoray buugag dhaxal u ah Soomaalida oo ka qoray aqoonta Badda Soomaalida iyo cilmi-baarisyadii uu ku sameeyay mudadii oo hoggaaminayay ciidanka. Waxaase xusid leh buugga ugu weyn ee Qaamuuska Soomaalida oo loo yaqaan Illeeye. Waa buug lagu aruuriyay ilaa 50,000 oo erey iyo macluumaad qaamuuseed kale oo muhiim u ah Soomaalida. Waa qaamuus ibbo-furay xuruuf kale oo labanlaabma oo aan ahayn intii hore ee la isla qaatay.


&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite web |url=http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/somalia_ethnic_grps_2002.jpg |title=Ethnic Groups |author=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |year=2002 |work=Somalia Summary Map |publisher=[[Perry–Castañeda Library]] |accessdate=18 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{DEFAULTSORT:Siwaaqroon}}
[[Category:Qabiilada Soomaalida]]
[[Category: Dadka Soomaaliga]]
[[Category: Soomaali]]
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Siwaaqroon]]</text>
      <sha1>hyc3ws8apg36bi2vo6486dlww61pts0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>305983</id>
      <parentid>305982</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T12:22:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-46620-12</username>
        <id>47122</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Siwaaqroon</comment>
      <origin>305983</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6099" sha1="b5robrphxzqstnrjt00jtmt3faw00v4" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox ethnic group|
|group = Siwaaqron &lt;br&gt; صواخرون

  &lt;hr/&gt; &lt;small&gt; Darod Somali Clan
|image =[[File:Aluula district.png|130px|Aluula_district]]

[[File:DJI 0548-2.jpg|130px|DJI_0548-2]]


|langs = [[Af-Soomaali]]
|rels = [[Islam| Islam Sunni]]
|related-c = Other [[majeerteen]]     [[harti]]    [[Daarood]] 
|flag=|regions='''Ethnicity'''  [[File:Flag of Somalia.svg|30px|Flag_of_Somalia]]  

'''Region''' [[File:Flag of Raas Caseyr State.svg|30px|Flag_of_Raas_Caseyr_State]] 

[[Sanaag]] [[Raas-Caseyr]], [[Puntland]], [[Somalia]]|pop1=|region1='''Bosaaso, Caluula, Xaafuun, Ceerigaabo   laasasurad, Carta-bari,'''|flag_caption=}}
'''Siwaaqroon''' ({{lang-en|''Siwaqron''}});  huseen Talareer 
Siwaqroon waa beel ka mid ah majeerteen (sub-clan) majeerteen
waxey Beeshu dektaa puntland, gobolka Bari, Raas Casayr, Cape Guardafui (Gardafu),  gobolka Sanaag, Jubbada Hoose, Kismaayo iyo dalalka Yemen iyo Oman
Beeshu waxey caan ku tahay Xadaarada ganacsiga, Beesha Siwaqroon waxeey degaan degmooyinka ugu qadiimsan Soomaliya ee dhaca labada badood, bada gacanka cadmeed iyo badwaynta hindiya Guardafui.      
==Siwaaqroon==
Xuseen (Siwaqroon) waxaa uu u kala baxaa sidaan:- Xuseen Siwaaqroon wuxuu dhalay labo (2)      

1) Mohamed Siwaaqroon. Iyo       

2) Nuuh Siwaaqroon

Mohammed Siwaaqroon wuxuu dhalay 2

Daa’uud

Daa’uud wuxuu dhalay labo 2

Muse Daaud iyo 

Ahmed Daaud (Gahayle)

Axmed Daaud (Gahayle) wuxuu dhalay labo 2:

Max'ed (Gumaroon)

Xasan (Abroone)

Max'ed (Gumaroon) wuxuu dhalay labo 2:

Xaamud (Gumaroon) R.Dacar

Xasan (Gumaroon)

Xaamud (Gumaroon) R.Dacar wuxuu dhalay:

Saciid Xaamud

Xasan (Gumaroon) wuxuu dhalay labo 2:

Cawl Xasan R.Carab iyo

Cigaal Xasan 

Xasan (Abroone) wuxuu dhalay 7:
* Cisman Xasan 
* Yuusuf
* Rooble Xasan
* Aadan
* Cali
* Yoonis
* Daahir

Cisman Xasan wuxuu dhalay:

Cali Xasan 

Rooble Xasan wuxuu dhalay:

Cawlyahan Rooble.

Nuuh Siwaaqroon wuxuu dhalay 2

Dhaadaar Nuuh

Abdiraxman Nuuh 

Abdirahmaan Nuuh wuxuu dhalay 3.  

Aadan Abdiraxman

Abokor Abdiraxman

Oday ma’arke Abdiraxman

Aadan Abdiraxmaan wuxuu dhalay 
Abdisamed

Abdisamed wuxuu dhalay 4 

Ibrahim Abdisamad. 

Liiban Abdisamad

Yoonis Abdisamad.  

Mohamud Abdisamad

Abokor Abdiraxman wuxuu dhalay Cawlyahan 

Cawlyahan wuxuu dhalay 4 

Ciise Cawlyahan

Jibriil Cawlyahan

Yuusuf Cawlyahan (reer Beeldaaje)

Hashim Cawlyaha


Beesha Siwaqroon waxeey ka qeyb gashay la dagaallanka gumeystayaasha Talyaaniha Burtuqiiska iyo Ingiriiska.

==DADKA CAANKA AH== 

EE KADHASHAY BEELWAYNTA SIWAAQROON:''' 

# '''Halgamaa Cumar Samatar:''' Halgamaa cumar samatar waxa uu ku dhashay dagmada caluula ee gobolka Bari [[soomaaliya]] sanadii 1905 halkaas oo uu kuso bar baaray wax barashadiisii asaasiga ahna kusoo qaatay, halgamaa Cumar Samatar waxa uu ahaa Abaanduulihii ciidamadii Cali Yuusuf Keenadiid ee Hobyo, ilaa yaraantiisii waxa uu aad u jeclaa sidii uu dhulkiisa u difaaci lahaa oo gumaysihii xiligaas [[soomaaliya]] kusoo duulay uga xoran lahaa waana tan ku kaliftay in isaga oo dhalinyaro ah bilaabo halganka gumaysi ladirika ah. mudo kadib halgamagu waxa uu usoo wareegay gobolada dhexe ee somalia halkaas oo ahayd meeshi uu kabilaaby halganka gumaysi ladirika ah dagaaalkii ugu horeeyay ee dhexmara cumar iyo talyaaniga waxa uu dhacay 09/november/1925 waxaana jabwayn soo gaaray gumaystaha lagana qabsaday dagmada ceel buur iyo toolooyin hoos yimaada. 20 bidhii 11 isla sanadkii 1925 dagaal lagu hoobtay oo ka dhacay meel u dhaxaysa degaanka budh-budh iyo dagmada buula burde ayaa waxa halgamayaasha u suuro gashay in ay dagaalkaas ku dhilaan horjoogihii ciidanka gumaystaha oo lagu magacaabi jiray (lieutenant colonel splendorelli), inkastoo halganku socday mudo 6 bilood ah hadana dagaaladaas isdaba jooga ahaa waxaa gumaystaha kasoo gaaray jab aad u xun waxaan gacantiisa ka baxay dhulal badan oo uu gumaysanaayay. mudo kadib talyaanigu waxa uu ku guulaystay in uu kataqaluso ciidanki uu halgamaa cumar hogaaminayay, halgamaaguna wa uu u baxsaday wadanka [[ethopia]] oo dagaal kula jirtay talyaaniga.  inkastoo aaysan dadka somaliyeed wax badan kalasocon taariikhda halgamaaga hadana goobaha taariikhiga ah ee halgamaaga loogu magacdaray waxaa ka mid ah iskuulka weyn ee magaalada [[Galkayo]] cumar samatar secondary school (CSSS)                                                                                                                                                                                Xiriirka wada mideeyay cumar iyo [[Ethopia]] waxa uu ahaa in ay lawada dagaalamayeen gumaystihii talyaaniga waana arinta keentay in halgamaagu uu taageero saanadee ka helo boqortooydii xiligaas itoobiya katalinaysay, sido murkii uu soo dhaaday halganku waxaa halgamaaga loogu magacdaray jaamacado kuyaala [[Ethiopia]] iyo meelo kale oo halbowle u ah bulshada.
# Wasiir Aadan Maxamed Cali : Waa Wasiir Hore Dawladi Maxamed Siyaad Bare. Wuxuuna Ahaa Wasiirkii Ugu Xilka Dheeraa oo soo qabtay wasaarado kaladuwan. 
# Beeldaaje Ismaaciil Beeldaaje Yaasiin: Beeldaajaha Guud Ee Cal Bari
# Col. Saalax Xaashi Carab: Kornaylku wuxuu derejooyin sare ka soo qabtay ciidankii Badda ee Dawladdii Soomaaliyeed burburka ka hor. Burburkiina wuxuu ka mid ah dadkii juhdiga badan geliyay dib u xasilinta Soomaaliya. Wuxuu qoray buugag dhaxal u ah Soomaalida oo ka qoray aqoonta Badda Soomaalida iyo cilmi-baarisyadii uu ku sameeyay mudadii oo hoggaaminayay ciidanka. Waxaase xusid leh buugga ugu weyn ee Qaamuuska Soomaalida oo loo yaqaan Illeeye. Waa buug lagu aruuriyay ilaa 50,000 oo erey iyo macluumaad qaamuuseed kale oo muhiim u ah Soomaalida. Waa qaamuus ibbo-furay xuruuf kale oo labanlaabma oo aan ahayn intii hore ee la isla qaatay.


&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite web |url=http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/somalia_ethnic_grps_2002.jpg |title=Ethnic Groups |author=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |year=2002 |work=Somalia Summary Map |publisher=[[Perry–Castañeda Library]] |accessdate=18 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{DEFAULTSORT:Siwaaqroon}}
[[Category:Qabiilada Soomaalida]]
[[Category: Dadka Soomaaliga]]
[[Category: Soomaali]]
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Siwaaqroon]]</text>
      <sha1>b5robrphxzqstnrjt00jtmt3faw00v4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>305986</id>
      <parentid>305983</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T14:00:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Hagaajiyay ka saaray qoraalada aan tixraac laheen</comment>
      <origin>305986</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5853" sha1="72fmg50i3t8rgrg0zji7fdhirhlj2f5" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox ethnic group|
|group = Siwaaqron &lt;br&gt; صواخرون
&lt;hr/&gt; &lt;small&gt; qabiil Soomaaliyeed ee Daarood
|image =[[File:Aluula district.png|130px|Aluula_district]]
|langs = [[Af-Soomaali]]
|rels = [[Islam| Islam Sunni]]
|related-c = kuwa kale [[majeerteen]]     [[harti]]    [[Daarood]] 
|flag=
|regions='''Qowmiyadda'''  [[File:Flag of Somalia.svg|30px|Flag_of_Somalia]]  
[[Soomaaliya]]
|pop1=
|region1='''Bosaaso, Caluula, Xaafuun, Ceerigaabo   laasasurad, Carta-bari,'''
|flag_caption=
}}
'''Siwaaqroon''' ({{lang-en|''Siwaqron''}});  huseen Talareer 
Siwaqroon waa beel ka mid ah majeerteen waxey Beeshu dektaa puntland, gobolka Bari, [[Raas Casayr]], Geesta Gardafuu,  gobolka Sanaag, Jubbada Hoose, Kismaayo iyo dalalka [[Yemen]] iyo [[Cumaan]]
Beeshu waxey caan ku tahay Xadaarada ganacsiga, Beesha Siwaqroon waxeey degaan degmooyinka ugu qadiimsan Soomaliya ee dhaca labada badood, bada gacanka cadmeed iyo badwaynta hindiya Guardafui.      
==Siwaaqroon==
Xuseen (Siwaqroon) waxaa uu u kala baxaa sidaan:- Xuseen Siwaaqroon wuxuu dhalay labo (2)      

*Mohamed Siwaaqroon. Iyo       

*Nuuh Siwaaqroon

*Mohammed Siwaaqroon wuxuu dhalay 2

*Daa’uud

*Daa’uud wuxuu dhalay labo 2

*Muse Daaud iyo 

*Ahmed Daaud (Gahayle)

*Axmed Daaud (Gahayle) wuxuu dhalay labo 2:

*Max'ed (Gumaroon)

*Xasan (Abroone)

*Max'ed (Gumaroon) wuxuu dhalay labo 

*Xaamud (Gumaroon) R.Dacar

*Xasan (Gumaroon)

*Xaamud (Gumaroon) R.Dacar wuxuu dhalay:

*Saciid Xaamud

*Xasan (Gumaroon) wuxuu dhalay labo 

*Cawl Xasan R.Carab iyo

*Cigaal Xasan 

*Xasan (Abroone) wuxuu dhalay 7:
* Cisman Xasan 
* Yuusuf
* Rooble Xasan
* Aadan
* Cali
* Yoonis
* Daahir

*Cisman Xasan wuxuu dhalay:

*Cali Xasan 

*Rooble Xasan wuxuu dhalay:

*Cawlyahan Rooble.

*Nuuh Siwaaqroon wuxuu dhalay 2

*Dhaadaar Nuuh

*Abdiraxman Nuuh 

*Abdirahmaan Nuuh wuxuu dhalay 3.  

*Aadan Abdiraxman

*Abokor Abdiraxman

*Oday ma’arke Abdiraxman

*Aadan Abdiraxmaan wuxuu dhalay 
Abdisamed

*Abdisamed wuxuu dhalay 4 

*Ibrahim Abdisamad. 

*Liiban Abdisamad

*Yoonis Abdisamad.  

*Mohamud Abdisamad

*Abokor Abdiraxman wuxuu dhalay Cawlyahan 

*Cawlyahan wuxuu dhalay 4 

*Ciise Cawlyahan

*Jibriil Cawlyahan

Y*uusuf Cawlyahan (reer Beeldaaje)

H*ashim Cawlyaha


==DAdka caanka ah== 

Ee ka dhashay

# '''Halgamaa Cumar Samatar:''' Halgamaa cumar samatar waxa uu ku dhashay dagmada caluula ee gobolka Bari [[soomaaliya]] sanadii 1905 halkaas oo uu kuso bar baaray wax barashadiisii asaasiga ahna kusoo qaatay, halgamaa Cumar Samatar waxa uu ahaa Abaanduulihii ciidamadii Cali Yuusuf Keenadiid ee Hobyo, ilaa yaraantiisii waxa uu aad u jeclaa sidii uu dhulkiisa u difaaci lahaa oo gumaysihii xiligaas [[soomaaliya]] kusoo duulay uga xoran lahaa waana tan ku kaliftay in isaga oo dhalinyaro ah bilaabo halganka gumaysi ladirika ah. mudo kadib halgamagu waxa uu usoo wareegay gobolada dhexe ee somalia halkaas oo ahayd meeshi uu kabilaaby halganka gumaysi ladirika ah dagaaalkii ugu horeeyay ee dhexmara cumar iyo talyaaniga waxa uu dhacay 09/november/1925 waxaana jabwayn soo gaaray gumaystaha lagana qabsaday dagmada ceel buur iyo toolooyin hoos yimaada. 20 bidhii 11 isla sanadkii 1925 dagaal lagu hoobtay oo ka dhacay meel u dhaxaysa degaanka budh-budh iyo dagmada buula burde ayaa waxa halgamayaasha u suuro gashay in ay dagaalkaas ku dhilaan horjoogihii ciidanka gumaystaha oo lagu magacaabi jiray (lieutenant colonel splendorelli), inkastoo halganku socday mudo 6 bilood ah hadana dagaaladaas isdaba jooga ahaa waxaa gumaystaha kasoo gaaray jab aad u xun waxaan gacantiisa ka baxay dhulal badan oo uu gumaysanaayay. mudo kadib talyaanigu waxa uu ku guulaystay in uu kataqaluso ciidanki uu halgamaa cumar hogaaminayay, halgamaaguna wa uu u baxsaday wadanka [[ethopia]] oo dagaal kula jirtay talyaaniga.  inkastoo aaysan dadka somaliyeed wax badan kalasocon taariikhda halgamaaga hadana goobaha taariikhiga ah ee halgamaaga loogu magacdaray waxaa ka mid ah iskuulka weyn ee magaalada [[Galkayo]] cumar samatar secondary school (CSSS)                                                                                                                                                                                Xiriirka wada mideeyay cumar iyo [[Ethopia]] waxa uu ahaa in ay lawada dagaalamayeen gumaystihii talyaaniga waana arinta keentay in halgamaagu uu taageero saanadee ka helo boqortooydii xiligaas itoobiya katalinaysay, sido murkii uu soo dhaaday halganku waxaa halgamaaga loogu magacdaray jaamacado kuyaala [[Ethiopia]] iyo meelo kale oo halbowle u ah bulshada.
# Wasiir Aadan Maxamed Cali : Waa Wasiir Hore Dawladi Maxamed Siyaad Bare. Wuxuuna Ahaa Wasiirkii Ugu Xilka Dheeraa oo soo qabtay wasaarado kaladuwan. 
# Beeldaaje Ismaaciil Beeldaaje Yaasiin: Beeldaajaha Guud Ee Cal Bari
# Col. Saalax Xaashi Carab: Kornaylku wuxuu derejooyin sare ka soo qabtay ciidankii Badda ee Dawladdii Soomaaliyeed burburka ka hor. Burburkiina wuxuu ka mid ah dadkii juhdiga badan geliyay dib u xasilinta Soomaaliya. Wuxuu qoray buugag dhaxal u ah Soomaalida oo ka qoray aqoonta Badda Soomaalida iyo cilmi-baarisyadii uu ku sameeyay mudadii oo hoggaaminayay ciidanka. Waxaase xusid leh buugga ugu weyn ee Qaamuuska Soomaalida oo loo yaqaan Illeeye. Waa buug lagu aruuriyay ilaa 50,000 oo erey iyo macluumaad qaamuuseed kale oo muhiim u ah Soomaalida. Waa qaamuus ibbo-furay xuruuf kale oo labanlaabma oo aan ahayn intii hore ee la isla qaatay.


&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite web |url=http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/somalia_ethnic_grps_2002.jpg |title=Ethnic Groups |author=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |year=2002 |work=Somalia Summary Map |publisher=[[Perry–Castañeda Library]] |accessdate=18 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Tixraac==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Siwaaqroon}}
[[Category:Qabiilada Soomaalida]]
[[Category: Dadka Soomaaliga]]
[[Category: Soomaali]]
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Siwaaqroon]]</text>
      <sha1>72fmg50i3t8rgrg0zji7fdhirhlj2f5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>305987</id>
      <parentid>305986</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T14:01:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>La ilaaliyay &quot;[[Siwaarqoon]]&quot;: Burburin xad dhaaf ah ([Wax ka badal=​U ogolow kaliya isticmaalayaasha la xaqiijiyay] (aan xad lahayn) [Wareeji=​U ogolow kaliya isticmaalayaasha la xaqiijiyay] (aan xad lahayn))</comment>
      <origin>305986</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5853" sha1="72fmg50i3t8rgrg0zji7fdhirhlj2f5" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox ethnic group|
|group = Siwaaqron &lt;br&gt; صواخرون
&lt;hr/&gt; &lt;small&gt; qabiil Soomaaliyeed ee Daarood
|image =[[File:Aluula district.png|130px|Aluula_district]]
|langs = [[Af-Soomaali]]
|rels = [[Islam| Islam Sunni]]
|related-c = kuwa kale [[majeerteen]]     [[harti]]    [[Daarood]] 
|flag=
|regions='''Qowmiyadda'''  [[File:Flag of Somalia.svg|30px|Flag_of_Somalia]]  
[[Soomaaliya]]
|pop1=
|region1='''Bosaaso, Caluula, Xaafuun, Ceerigaabo   laasasurad, Carta-bari,'''
|flag_caption=
}}
'''Siwaaqroon''' ({{lang-en|''Siwaqron''}});  huseen Talareer 
Siwaqroon waa beel ka mid ah majeerteen waxey Beeshu dektaa puntland, gobolka Bari, [[Raas Casayr]], Geesta Gardafuu,  gobolka Sanaag, Jubbada Hoose, Kismaayo iyo dalalka [[Yemen]] iyo [[Cumaan]]
Beeshu waxey caan ku tahay Xadaarada ganacsiga, Beesha Siwaqroon waxeey degaan degmooyinka ugu qadiimsan Soomaliya ee dhaca labada badood, bada gacanka cadmeed iyo badwaynta hindiya Guardafui.      
==Siwaaqroon==
Xuseen (Siwaqroon) waxaa uu u kala baxaa sidaan:- Xuseen Siwaaqroon wuxuu dhalay labo (2)      

*Mohamed Siwaaqroon. Iyo       

*Nuuh Siwaaqroon

*Mohammed Siwaaqroon wuxuu dhalay 2

*Daa’uud

*Daa’uud wuxuu dhalay labo 2

*Muse Daaud iyo 

*Ahmed Daaud (Gahayle)

*Axmed Daaud (Gahayle) wuxuu dhalay labo 2:

*Max'ed (Gumaroon)

*Xasan (Abroone)

*Max'ed (Gumaroon) wuxuu dhalay labo 

*Xaamud (Gumaroon) R.Dacar

*Xasan (Gumaroon)

*Xaamud (Gumaroon) R.Dacar wuxuu dhalay:

*Saciid Xaamud

*Xasan (Gumaroon) wuxuu dhalay labo 

*Cawl Xasan R.Carab iyo

*Cigaal Xasan 

*Xasan (Abroone) wuxuu dhalay 7:
* Cisman Xasan 
* Yuusuf
* Rooble Xasan
* Aadan
* Cali
* Yoonis
* Daahir

*Cisman Xasan wuxuu dhalay:

*Cali Xasan 

*Rooble Xasan wuxuu dhalay:

*Cawlyahan Rooble.

*Nuuh Siwaaqroon wuxuu dhalay 2

*Dhaadaar Nuuh

*Abdiraxman Nuuh 

*Abdirahmaan Nuuh wuxuu dhalay 3.  

*Aadan Abdiraxman

*Abokor Abdiraxman

*Oday ma’arke Abdiraxman

*Aadan Abdiraxmaan wuxuu dhalay 
Abdisamed

*Abdisamed wuxuu dhalay 4 

*Ibrahim Abdisamad. 

*Liiban Abdisamad

*Yoonis Abdisamad.  

*Mohamud Abdisamad

*Abokor Abdiraxman wuxuu dhalay Cawlyahan 

*Cawlyahan wuxuu dhalay 4 

*Ciise Cawlyahan

*Jibriil Cawlyahan

Y*uusuf Cawlyahan (reer Beeldaaje)

H*ashim Cawlyaha


==DAdka caanka ah== 

Ee ka dhashay

# '''Halgamaa Cumar Samatar:''' Halgamaa cumar samatar waxa uu ku dhashay dagmada caluula ee gobolka Bari [[soomaaliya]] sanadii 1905 halkaas oo uu kuso bar baaray wax barashadiisii asaasiga ahna kusoo qaatay, halgamaa Cumar Samatar waxa uu ahaa Abaanduulihii ciidamadii Cali Yuusuf Keenadiid ee Hobyo, ilaa yaraantiisii waxa uu aad u jeclaa sidii uu dhulkiisa u difaaci lahaa oo gumaysihii xiligaas [[soomaaliya]] kusoo duulay uga xoran lahaa waana tan ku kaliftay in isaga oo dhalinyaro ah bilaabo halganka gumaysi ladirika ah. mudo kadib halgamagu waxa uu usoo wareegay gobolada dhexe ee somalia halkaas oo ahayd meeshi uu kabilaaby halganka gumaysi ladirika ah dagaaalkii ugu horeeyay ee dhexmara cumar iyo talyaaniga waxa uu dhacay 09/november/1925 waxaana jabwayn soo gaaray gumaystaha lagana qabsaday dagmada ceel buur iyo toolooyin hoos yimaada. 20 bidhii 11 isla sanadkii 1925 dagaal lagu hoobtay oo ka dhacay meel u dhaxaysa degaanka budh-budh iyo dagmada buula burde ayaa waxa halgamayaasha u suuro gashay in ay dagaalkaas ku dhilaan horjoogihii ciidanka gumaystaha oo lagu magacaabi jiray (lieutenant colonel splendorelli), inkastoo halganku socday mudo 6 bilood ah hadana dagaaladaas isdaba jooga ahaa waxaa gumaystaha kasoo gaaray jab aad u xun waxaan gacantiisa ka baxay dhulal badan oo uu gumaysanaayay. mudo kadib talyaanigu waxa uu ku guulaystay in uu kataqaluso ciidanki uu halgamaa cumar hogaaminayay, halgamaaguna wa uu u baxsaday wadanka [[ethopia]] oo dagaal kula jirtay talyaaniga.  inkastoo aaysan dadka somaliyeed wax badan kalasocon taariikhda halgamaaga hadana goobaha taariikhiga ah ee halgamaaga loogu magacdaray waxaa ka mid ah iskuulka weyn ee magaalada [[Galkayo]] cumar samatar secondary school (CSSS)                                                                                                                                                                                Xiriirka wada mideeyay cumar iyo [[Ethopia]] waxa uu ahaa in ay lawada dagaalamayeen gumaystihii talyaaniga waana arinta keentay in halgamaagu uu taageero saanadee ka helo boqortooydii xiligaas itoobiya katalinaysay, sido murkii uu soo dhaaday halganku waxaa halgamaaga loogu magacdaray jaamacado kuyaala [[Ethiopia]] iyo meelo kale oo halbowle u ah bulshada.
# Wasiir Aadan Maxamed Cali : Waa Wasiir Hore Dawladi Maxamed Siyaad Bare. Wuxuuna Ahaa Wasiirkii Ugu Xilka Dheeraa oo soo qabtay wasaarado kaladuwan. 
# Beeldaaje Ismaaciil Beeldaaje Yaasiin: Beeldaajaha Guud Ee Cal Bari
# Col. Saalax Xaashi Carab: Kornaylku wuxuu derejooyin sare ka soo qabtay ciidankii Badda ee Dawladdii Soomaaliyeed burburka ka hor. Burburkiina wuxuu ka mid ah dadkii juhdiga badan geliyay dib u xasilinta Soomaaliya. Wuxuu qoray buugag dhaxal u ah Soomaalida oo ka qoray aqoonta Badda Soomaalida iyo cilmi-baarisyadii uu ku sameeyay mudadii oo hoggaaminayay ciidanka. Waxaase xusid leh buugga ugu weyn ee Qaamuuska Soomaalida oo loo yaqaan Illeeye. Waa buug lagu aruuriyay ilaa 50,000 oo erey iyo macluumaad qaamuuseed kale oo muhiim u ah Soomaalida. Waa qaamuus ibbo-furay xuruuf kale oo labanlaabma oo aan ahayn intii hore ee la isla qaatay.


&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite web |url=http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/somalia_ethnic_grps_2002.jpg |title=Ethnic Groups |author=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |year=2002 |work=Somalia Summary Map |publisher=[[Perry–Castañeda Library]] |accessdate=18 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Tixraac==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Siwaaqroon}}
[[Category:Qabiilada Soomaalida]]
[[Category: Dadka Soomaaliga]]
[[Category: Soomaali]]
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Siwaaqroon]]</text>
      <sha1>72fmg50i3t8rgrg0zji7fdhirhlj2f5</sha1>
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    <title>Jaamacada Carabta</title>
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|native_name                   = Ururka Jaamcada(Wddmd)Carabta&lt;Br/&gt;'':.جامعة الدول العربية'' 
|conventional_long_name        = Arabic Language States’&lt;/&gt;.:
|common_name                   = Arabic Language States:.
Midowga Ummadda Carabta:
|qaaradda                      = [[Afrika]],[[Aasiya]] &amp;[[]] 
|sawir_calan                   = Flag of the League of Arab States.svg
|sawir_qaran                   = Emblem of the Arab League.svg
|image_map                     = 
|astaan_calan                  = Arab League States'&quot; (orthographic projection).svg
|image_map                     = League of Arab States.png
File:Map of League of Arab States countries.png
|caasimadda                    = [[Qaahiro]]: [[Baqdaad]]: &amp;[[Dooxa]]:.:!!`?'!!’
|luuqadaha                     = [[Carabi|Af-Carabi]].:([[Af-Kurdish]]).:[[Af-Ingiriis]]; &amp;[[Turki]]; &amp; [[Af-Urdu]]; &amp; [[Af-Faarisi]].::•
|-
|caasimada                     = [[Qaahiro]]:; [[Madiina]]: [[Baqdaad]]: &amp; [[Dooxa]].:•!!
|-
|GDP_PPP= $35.177’ Trillions’
(€29,357’ trillions)
* ([[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|4th]])
|GDP_PPP_year = (2025* Est.)
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $29,947.00’
|GDP_nominal = &quot;$23.957&quot;-$19.453’ Trillions’
|GDP_nominal_year = 2025
|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $24,459.00.!!’
|Gini_year = 
|Gini_change = &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
|Gini = &lt;!--number only--&gt;
|Gini_ref =          
|Dawladda                      = [[Dalalka jaamcada carabta]]
|-
|darajo_hogaamiye1             = 
[[Madaxweynaha]]:([[Sacuudi Carabiya]]):[[Salman bin 'Abd al-'Aziz Al Sa'ud]]
|magac_hogaamiye1          =
|-
|darajo_hogaamiye2             = 
[[Xoghayaha Guud]]:[[Masar]]:
[[Imaaraadka Carabta]]: 
|magac_hogaamiye2            =
DR.(MR.).: Ahmed Aboul Gheit _* 
|MR. Syd. Gamal Abdel Nasser_*
|MR. Syd. M. Husny MUBARAK _* 
|-  
|darajo_hogaamiye3         =  [[Gudoomiye]]:
[[Ciraaq]]:-)
|magac_hogaamiye3             =
(fm)MR. SADDAM HUSSAIN*.(A.M.A.)Al-Tikriti._*
MR.Zine El Abidine “Ben ALI3”._*
|-
|darajo_hogaamiye4             =  [[Guddoomiye Kuxigeen]]:
[[Aljeeriya]]:-)
[[Marooko]]:-)

|magac_hogaamiye4             = 
MR.Prof. Abdelaziz B.TEFLIKHA_* 
MR.Syd. AlI3 A. SALEH (Al’A’Fmly.!)_*
|-
|sovereignty_type            = 
'''Ka xoroobey''':
|sovereignty_note            = 
|[[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska]]''':

 '''[[Dawlada Cosmaniya]]''' &amp;
'''[[Faransiiska]]''': .:`~`
|-
|established_event1            = 
|established_date1             =
|area                          = 13,953,041`*
|areami²                       = 5,382,910`*
|biyo                          = 
|population_estimate           =455-425*Million&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;
|population_estimate_year      = 2022-2025*
|lacagta                       =  
|Magaca internetka             = &amp;nbsp;
|wakhti                        = [[(UTC+0 to +4)]]
|furaha_debedda		           = 
|furaha internetka             = Ir,Is,&amp; tr.!!'?
|furaha telefonka              = +
}}

&lt;ref&gt;https://www.worldatlas.com/geography/arab-countries.html&lt;/Ref&gt;.:

'''Ururka Jaamacada Carabta''' ama '''Ururka Dowladda Jaamacadda Carabta''' waa Urur kulmiya wadamada carabta.Waa urur kulmiya wadamo kuyaala. [[Aasiya]] iyo [[Afrika]] iyo [[Yurub]].:. xubnaha kujira waxaa looyaqaana dawldo caraba.waa dawlado wadaaga arimo dhaqaale iyo arimo siyaasadeed. waxaana ka dhexeeya xidhiidho aad iyo aad ubadan
Wadamada xubnaha ka ah Jaamacadda Carabta waxay daboolayaan in ka badan 13,000,000 km2 (5,000,000 sq m) iyo waliba laba qaaradood oo kala duwan: Afrika iyo Aasiya.

Goobtaasi waxay ka kooban tahay lamadegalka duurka, sida Sahara. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa sidoo kale ku jira dhulal badan oo aad u sarreeya sida Dooxada Nile, Dooxada Jubba iyo Dooxada Shebelle ee [[Geeska Afrika]], Buuraleyda Atlas ee Maghreb, iyo Bariiska Fertile ee sii fidiya Mesopotamia iyo Levant. Aagga ayaa ka kooban kaymo qoto dheer oo ku yaal koonfurta Carabta iyo qaybo ka mid ah webiga ugu dheer dunida, Niilka.

Qowmiyad-kala-duwan, diini ah, iyo luuqado badan. Diin-badan, Luuqado badan, &amp; Qowmiyado kala duwan.Luuqadaha badan, Qowmiyadaha kala duwan, &amp; Diimaha badan; oo macneheedu yahay Dhaqamada kala duwan ee wayn.

Jaartarka Jaamacadda Carabta, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano Heshiiska Jaamacadda Carabta, ayaa ah heshiiskii aasaasay ee Jaamacadda Carabta. 1945-kii la aqbalay, waxa uu dhigayaa in &quot;Ururka Jaamacadda Carabtu uu ka kooban yahay Dawladaha Carbeed ee madaxbannaan oo saxiixay Heshiiskan.&quot;.
Markii hore, 1945, waxaa jiray lix xubnood oo keliya. Maanta, Jaamacadda Carabta waxay leedahay 22 xubnood, oo ay ka mid yihiin saddex dal oo Afrikaan ah oo ka kala yimi qaybaha ugu waaweyn (Sudan, Algeria iyo Liibiya) iyo waddanka ugu weyn ee Bariga Dhexe (Sacuudi Carabiya).
Shan waddan waxay leeyihiin xaalad kormeeree oo xaq u siinaya inay muujiyaan ra'yigooda oo ay bixiyaan talo laakiin waxay diidaan xuquuqda codbixinta. 
[[Jaamacadda Carab]] tu waxay u qaybsantaa shan qaybood marka ay timaado gaadiidka, jasiiradda Carabta iyo Bariga dhow ayaa si buuxda ugu xiran hawada, badda, waddooyinka iyo tareenada. Qeyb kale oo ka mid ah League waa dooxada Niil, oo ka kooban Masar iyo Suudaan. Labadan dawladood waxay bilaabeen inay hagaajiyaan nidaamka Nile Nile ee habka safarka si loo wanaajiyo helitaanka iyo sida ganacsi loo korsado. Nidaamka tareenada cusub ayaa sidoo kale lagu wadaa inuu ku xiro magaalada koonfurta Masar ee Abu Simbel iyo waqooyiga Suudaan ee Wadi Halfa iyo ka dibna Khartoum iyo Port Sudan. Qaybta saddexaad ee horyaalka waa Maghreb, halkaas oo 3,000 km oo gawaarida gawaarida ah ay ka socdaan magaalooyinka koonfurta ee Morocco ilaa Tripoli oo ku yaala galbeedka Libya. Qaybta afaraad ee horyaalka waa Geeska Afrika, oo wadamada xubnaha ka ah ay ka mid yihiin Jabuuti iyo Soomaaliya. Labadan dawladood ee Carabta ayaa kala qaybiyay kaliya toban mayl u jirta jasiiradda Carabta ee Bab el Mandeb, taasina si dhakhso ah ayay isu bedeshaa, sida Tarik bin Laden, oo ah walaalkii Osama bin Laden, oo bilaabay dhisidda mashruuc ballaadhan ee mashruuca Horn Horns , kaas oo ugu dambeyntii ujeedkiisu yahay inuu ku xiro Geeska Afrika oo leh Jasiiradda Carabta adoo adeegsanaya buundo weyn. Mashruucan waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu fududeeyo oo la dedejiyo ganacsiga iyo ganacsiga qarniyadii hore ee u dhexeeyay labada gobol. Qaybta ugu dambeysa ee horyaalka waa jasiiradda go'doomin ee Comoros, taas oo aan ku xirnayn dawlad kale oo Carbeed ah, laakiin wali waxay la shaqaysaa xubnaha kale ee Arabic Languages.

Jaamacadda Carabtu waxay hodan ku tahay khayraadka, sida saliid weyn iyo kheyraadka dabiiciga ah ee dalalka xubnaha ka ah. Warshad kale oo si joogta ah u sii kordhaysa ee Jaamacadda Carabtu waa isgaarsiin. 

Muddo ka yar 10 sano, shirkadaha maxaliga ah sida Orascom iyo Etisalat waxay ku guuleysteen inay tartan caalami ah sameeyaan.
Horumarka dhaqaale ee ay bilowday Ururka Iskaashatada Wadamada xubnaha ka ah ayaa ka qosol badan kuwii ka soo baxay ururada yar yar ee Carabta sida Golaha Iskaashiga Khaliijka (GCC).

Waxaa ka mid ah Pipeline Arab Pipeline, kaas oo gaas Masar iyo Ciraaq geyn doona [[Jordan]], [[Syria]], Lubnaan, iyo Palestine; Laga soo bilaabo 2013.:• isbeddel muuqda oo ka dhexeeya xaaladaha dhaqaale ayaa ka dhexeeya dalalka saliida ee saliida ee [[Algeria]], [[Qatar]], [[Kuwait]] iyo [[United Arab Emirates]], iyo dalalka soo koraya sida [[Comoros]], [[Jabuuti]], [[Mauritania]], [[Somaliland]] iyo [[Eratareya]] dda.!!

Ururka Jaamacadda Carabtu waa urur siyaasadeed oo isku daya in uu gacan ka geysto sidii loo xoojin lahaa xubnaheeda dhaqaale ahaan, iyo xallinta khilaafaadka ku lug leh dalalka xubnaha ka ah adoon weydiisan kaalmo shisheeye. Waxay leedahay lahjado xubin baarlamaan ah oo wakiil ka ah arrimaha arrimaha dibedda sida badan waxaa lagu maareyn doonaa kormeerka QM.!!'?

Jaangooyada Jaamacadda Carabta [5] waxay taageertay mabda'a dhulkii Carabta iyada oo la ixtiraamayo xushmadnimada dawladaha xubnaha ka ah. Xeerarka gudaha ee Golaha Jaamacadda [20] iyo guddiyada [21] waxay ku heshiiyeen Oktoobar 1951. Xoghaynta Guud waxaa lagu heshiiyay May 1953.

Tan iyo markaas, maamulka Jaamacadda Carabtu waxay ku saleysnaayeen labadii hay'adood ee heer qaran iyo madax-bannaanida wadamada xubnaha ka ah. Ilaalinta dawladnimada shakhsi ahaaneed waxay ka heshay awoodeeda ka soo jeeda dabiiciga dabiiciga ah ee awooda xukunka ah si ay u ilaaliyaan awooddooda iyo madax-bannaanida go'aaminta. Intaa waxaa dheer, cabsida hodanka ah ee saboolka ah ee saboolka ah inuu la wadaagi karo hantidiisa magaca Ummadda Carabta, khilaafyada ka dhexeeya madaxda Carabta, iyo saamaynta awoodaha dibadda ee laga yaabo inay ka soo horjeedaan midnimada Carabta ayaa loo arki karaa caqabado dhinaca isdhexgalka qoto dheer ee horyaal .

[[File:Camel factory Nablus December 2008.JPG|thumb|right|395px|Nablu, Palestine]]

[[File:Raouda.JPG|thumb|right|View from the western side of the Hujra, [[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]]
[[File:Burial of Muhammad.jpg|thumb|right|Wall of the Burial of the Prophet Muhammed (PBHM),[[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]]
[[File:World Heritage Sites in the Arab World]]

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editing
Disambiguate RTL.svg The term &quot;Arab&quot; redirects here. For the entry dealing with the island in the Persian Gulf, see Arab (island) .
Arab Muslims
Arabs &amp; Muslims
Al-Khansaa, Al-Khandi, Yohanan of Damascus, Philip the Arab, May Ziada, Asmahan, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Faisal the First
Al-Khansaa , Al-Khandi , Yohanan of Damascus , Philip the Arab , May Ziada , Asmahan , Gamal Abdel Nasser , Faisal the First
population
425 million
Main population concentrations
Arab countries
some of the African
countries see also: [[Israeli Arabs]]
Languages:
Arabic:
religion:
Islam:
Christianity:
Druze religion:
related ethnic groups:
Celestial peoples:
[[Maltese]] , [[Jews]] , [[Samaritans]] and [[Assyrians]].!!'.!!’

Distribution of the Arabic language :
  A single official language.!!
  official shared language with the majority of Arab natives.!!
  Official shared language due to significant minorities, history, or cultural reasons.
Arabs are a people of Semitic origin and an ethnic group from the Arabian Peninsula . After the emergence of Islam in the 7th century , the Arab population spread in the Middle East and North Africa in a series of waves of migration, conquest and cultural influence. Countries where the Arabs constitute a clear majority of the population are called &quot; Arab countries &quot;. Today, the name is used as a nickname for the natives of these countries, whose mother tongue is Arabic and the vast majority of them are Muslim (most of them Sunni ).

The most common definitions for the name Arabs in thought and literature, in academic research and in the media, are:

Politically : People who are citizens of countries that are members of the Arab League (or in a broader generalization, the Arab world), but not all Arab countries are members of the Arab League and these countries also have non-Arab citizens. This definition includes over 300-450 million people. The Arab Leagues includes several African countries, such as Djibouti , Comoros and Somalia , whose Arabic is one of their official languages ​​but whose inhabitants are not Arabs at all. And there are Arabs who are not citizens of these countries (for example, in the United States , Israel and European countries).
Linguistic: people whose mother tongue is Arabic , or who at least speak Arabic in their daily and personal lives, even if they did not grow up using it. 

This definition includes over 200 million people who speak different dialects of the Arabic language.
Ethnic - Genealogical - Racial : Humans who live, or whose ancestors lived in the Arabian Peninsula and whose genetic and physical characteristics are originally characterized mainly by the original inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula .

Cultural: people who see themselves as Arabs (regardless of ethnic and genealogical origins), whose culture and way of life are Arabs and are recognized as Arabs by others.

The majority of Arabs are Muslims (mostly Sunnis and a minority of Shias’ and members of other minority classes), and a minority of them are Christians , Druze and others.[1]

etymology:
The word &quot;Arab&quot; in this meaning is mentioned in the Bible several times. Thus, for example, the book of Nehemiah mentions the &quot; Arab rain &quot; that some scholars identify with King Kedar .[2]Also in the Book of Kings, &quot;the kings of the evening&quot; are mentioned[3]And it seems that this phrase refers to the rulers of the Arabian Peninsula, with whom King Solomon had trade relations.[4]The word &quot;Arab&quot; also appears in the Bible in the meaning of the inhabitant of the steppe .

In Semitic languages, as a rule, the root A.R.B carries the meanings of: west, sunset (evening), desert (Arab), mix, trade, crow and clear. All or some of them can have a connection to the origin of the name. [ source needed ] It is also possible that the name can have consonants and the origin of the name is actually in the root A.B.R. in connection with their nomadic way of life. [ source required ]

In the Qur'an the word &quot;Arab&quot; does not appear as a noun but only as an adjective, for example, the Qur'an refers to itself as &quot;Arab and clear&quot; when the two attributes are related to each other.

history:
This chapter is lacking. Please contribute to Wikipedia and complete it . You may find details on the conversation page .
BC

The soldiers of the Assyrian Empire defeat &quot;Gindibu, King of Arabia&quot; riding a camel and his soldiers
The first mention of the Arabs in writing is from an Assyrian inscription from 853 BC ( the Necessary Monolith ), in which King Shalmenser III named &quot; Gindibu , King of Arabia&quot; among the rulers he defeated in the Battle of Karkar . Starting from the Assyrian period and following the domestication of the camel, Arab traders played a central role In the trade between the ancient Near East and the Horn of Africa and ancient Yemen .

There is evidence of trade relations of the peoples of the ancient Near East with the kingdoms of the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula, the main commercial relation between them was regarding myrrh and frankincense which were used in the perfume industry and were common in the Arabian Peninsula. An ancient Arabic inscription was found in a building from the days of the First Temple in the City of David , which indicates that a Jewish official who knew the language and had relations with one of the Arab kingdoms of the time lived there.

The Nabataeans migrated in a massive migration at the end of the Persian period from the north of the Arabian Peninsula towards the south of Jordan and the Negev , they conquered and assimilated the remains of the Moabites and the Ammonites and pushed the Adomites north to the south of Mount Hebron in the territories of Judea.:•

After counting:
As a general rule, the great empires of the ancient world did not conquer the Arabian Peninsula, unlike the rest of the Middle East, even the Sasanian Empire , which ruled the eastern and southern coasts of the peninsula, did not reach the interior of the country or the western coastal region where the cities of Mecca and Medina are located - apparently for lack of interest economic in this desert region that cannot sustain fertile agriculture .

Before Muhammad's time , the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula were idolaters?, Christians? or Jews? (descendants of Jewish exiles from the Land of Israel and also Arabs who converted under their influence, such as the Kingdom of Hamir ).!!’

The period before Muhammad is called in Islamic literature: &quot;The Age of Ignorance&quot;, or the &quot;Jahiliyyah&quot; . During this period the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula were divided into the northern tribes and the southern tribes. The tribal tradition claimed that the people of the north are the descendants of Adnan and Ishmael , while the people of the south are the descendants of a legendary figure named Qahtan .

When there are those who suggest that Kakhatan is Yakattan son of the biblical past.[6]In the Arabian Peninsula , nomadic tribes ( Bedouins ) and permanent tribes lived. The permanent tribes lived in cities or deserts and engaged in agriculture or trade . Unlike them, the nomadic tribes were engaged in escorting caravans that passed through the peninsula. Later there were also Arab groups who became Christians (see: Christian Arabs).

After the rise of Islam and its consolidation in the Arab kingdoms, Muhammad and his army went north towards the territories of the Byzantine Empire and the Sasanian Empire , which were in a period of depression and enjoyed a lasting peace between them. Muhammad's ambition to conquer the world known until then was blocked in the territories of the Gulf of Eilat , and although he sent a letter to the Jews of Eilat (the Byzantine &quot;doe&quot;) in which he ordered them to accept his new religion or prepare for their death, it was precisely Muhammad who met his death three years after declaring Islam as The &quot;religion of truth&quot; to control the other nations.

The Arab conquest of the Land of Israel brought the Arabs to the Land of Israel , but they could not defeat the Byzantine Empire and were helped by Jewish collaborators who were tired of life as an oppressed and persecuted religious and cultural minority in their country and fought alongside the Arabs against the continuation of Byzantine rule. 

The Arabs treated the Jews and Christians in the Land of Israel as dhimmis , while the Samaritans , whom Muhammad did not know and therefore did not mention in the Koran as monotheists , were forced to convert to Islam by the force of the sword or die, and when they refused, they almost led to their destruction.

After the Arab conquest of the Middle East , Arabs who migrated from the Arabian Peninsula spread to the occupied space: The [[Levant]] , [[Egypt]] and the [[Maghreb]] Greater countries . 

Later in the course of history, on the one hand, the majority of the conquered peoples began to see themselves as &quot;Arabs&quot; as well, even if it was only a cultural issue due to the Islamization of their country and people without blood ties to the Arab conquerors, and on the other hand, the immigration of Muslim pilgrims of non-Arab origin began The lands that were conquered towards the Arabian Peninsula for religious reasons etc. were assimilated into the local Arab population. The Arab-Muslim conquest also expanded into Europe , with the conquest of Spain by the Moors .!!'?'!

see also
Islam:
Judaism-Islam relations;
Israeli Arabs:
for further reading:
Bernard Lewis , The Arabs in History , Tel Aviv: Dvir Publishing , 1995.
Albert Hourani , History of the Arab Nations , Tel Aviv: Dvir Publishing, 1996.
Pierre Vidal-Naka (ed.), From the Arab Conquest to Imperial Islam, in: The History of the World from the Dawn of Mankind to the Present , Tel Aviv: Yediot Ahronoth Publishing; 993,pp. 7-10. aurchive
Forigh Ministry of Saudi Arabia.
Prince Saud Al-Fasiel. House of Al Saud Family….!!’?’…


&lt;Ref&gt;
{{Cite web |title=Nuqul Archive |url=https://stepfeed.com/7-facts-you-probably-don-t-know-about-the-arab-league-4490 |access-date=2025-06-16 |archive-date=2025-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616214621/https://stepfeed.com/7-facts-you-probably-don-t-know-about-the-arab-league-4490 |url-status=dead }}
&lt;/Ref&gt;.:•

&lt;Ref&gt;
https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-dangerous-countries-for-women&gt;/Ref{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&gt;.:

“… Le saviez-vous ?
Pour les stars du porno gay, être attirant n'a d'importance que dans le porno gay. Dans le porno hétéro, l'attention est presque toujours portée sur la star.…!!’..”

&lt;Ref&gt;https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-most-beautiful-women
&lt;/Ref&gt;.:

&lt;Ref&gt;https://armedforces.eu/compare/country_Arab_League_vs_European_Union_EU&lt;/Ref&gt;.:•

December 25, 2017
Special Dispatch No. 7246
     
Iraqi Kurdish leader Masoud Barzani's September 25, 2017 referendum on Kurdish independence sparked vehement opposition in Arab countries, as was expressed in statements by leaders and also by many articles in the Arab press. The main argument raised was that the Kurds are a tool of Israel – which is working to divide Iraq, and after that the rest of the Arab countries. As proof of this, they cited the Kurds' good relations with Israel and the fact that Israel is the only country that supports them.
Along with this opposition, the Arab press also published a few articles defending the Kurds' right to independence and criticizing those who opposed it. These articles rejected the conspiracy theory – i.e. that Israel was backing the referendum, with the aim of dismantling an Arab country – and noted that the Arabs' refusal to tackle their own domestic problems posed more of a danger than Israel did. They also said that those who oppose the Kurdish referendum in the name of Arab unity and the Palestinian problem have made other mistakes over the years – such as also supporting Nazism and Communism. This, while they themselves were doing nothing for the Palestinians, and were even causing harm to the Palestinians within their own countries' borders.


Iraqi Kurds wave Israeli flag along with Kurdistan flag. Image: Aljazeera.net, October; 2017

 
Arab Writers: It Is Not Israel That Created The Kurdish Problem, But Rather The Arab Regimes That Denied Their Rights.

Jordanian journalist Fahd Al-Khitan wrote in the daily Al-Ghad under the title &quot;It Is Not a Conspiracy&quot;: &quot;The Arab logic immediately came up with a Zionist conspiracy as an explanation for the Kurds' insistence on seceding from Iraq and on holding a referendum several weeks ago. Proof of this conspiracy exists in abundance, since Israel effectively supported the Kurdish demand [for independence] and has been cultivating ties with certain Kurdish elements since the days of yore. But can the historic cause of the Kurds, which exists since before the founding of Israel, be reduced to this marginal fact?

&quot;Israel exploits regional crises to promote its own interests, that much is certain, and Arab and [other] regional forces do the same. We can present many exsamples of border disputes and political conflicts between states that have been exploited by Arab and foreign countries, [such as the conflicts] between Iran and Iraq, between Bahrain and Qatar, between Egypt and Sudan, and the Sahara conflict between Morocco and Algeria. These are all real problems, and the lack of willingness to resolve and settle them gives foreign forces an opportunity to exploit them for their own interests.

&quot;Israel did not create the Kurdish problem. The problem of the Kurds in Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran is a flagrant national product of countries and regimes that denied the legitimate national rights of the [Kurdish] people. Like any oppressed and persecuted nation, the Kurds are trying to enlist support for their cause, regardless of any other consideration. If Israel has indeed managed to infiltrate the Kurdish [ranks], this is nothing but a demonstration of the Arabs' failure to address their legitimate cause, and proof of the fragility of the Arabs' national security, which is breached from every direction – by Israel and by other forces. So don't blame it all on the Kurds.

&quot;The perception of the Kurdish issue involves no small measure of radical nationalism, for there is a strange insistence on merging the various components [of our societies] into an exclusively Arab identity, and on denying the right of non-Arabs to express their national and cultural identity. Whoever lifts up his head and demands his rights is [immediately] accused of serving Israel. Is Israel also behind the referendum in Catalonia? Several days ago, some regions in Italy [likewise] announced their wish to hold a referendum on secession, [but] we did not hear anyone in Italy accusing Israel and Zionism of being behind this move. And what about Britain, whose people voted to leave the European Union? Can Israel, which was created thanks to a British promise [the Balfour Declaration], be behind this as well? If Israel is really motivating the Kurds and pushing them to conspire against the Arab nation, why did the U.S., Israel's number one ally in the world, oppose Israel's will and interests and reject the referendum?

&quot;Using this warped national logic, we avoid dealing with our problems in the [[Arab world]]. We have made a habit of blaming others for our failure, not only in the Kurdish issue but in all the challenges we have faced, before and since the establishment of [[Israel]]. ][[Israel]] is no doubt the greatest enemy of the nation, but the enemy within is much more dangerous.

&quot;In the collapsing countries of the east, as well as in the old democracies, a desire for secession and independence is emerging. This is a great challenge for both the Arab reasoning and the Western reasoning, and confronting it requires creative and innovative thinking.&quot;[1]


Lebanese Journalist: Why Do All Those Who Fought For The Palestinians' Right Of Self Determination Deny The Same Right To The Kurds?

Lebanese journalist and political analyst Hazem Saghiya wrote in his column in the London-based Saudi daily Al-Hayat: &quot;The minute [Kurdish leader] Masoud Barzani announced the decision to hold a referendum [on Kurdish independence], condemnations began to be heard of [the Kurds'] love of Israel: 'you are allies, partners and even agents of Israel.' Some people started digging into history – or even inventing it – in an effort to prove that the situation of the two sides [the Israelis and the Kurds] is identical... [The right to establish] an independent Palestinian state is a right that no reasonable person contests. Ideally, anyone who [demands] rights of his own should support and identify with all the just causes in the world. [But] the political reality does not always [correspond] to this ideal, for in the name of national rights, independence and hostility to Jewish immigration, most Arabs showed solidarity with Hitler and Nazism, and later, in the name of the very same rights, [they also] showed solidarity with the Soviet Gulag regime... These are positions that do not respect people's rights and even undermine them. Moreover, to this day, apologizing for them has not become a prominent part of Arab culture or ideology...

&quot;Iraqis who now holler about the friendship between the Kurds and Israel did not hesitate to treat the Palestinians in the worst possible manner. This happened immediately after the 2003 war [in Iraq], and the Iraqis and Palestinians still remember it... We [also] know that, in Syria and Lebanon, the impassioned calls to advance the Palestinian cause coincide with the most despicable treatment of Palestinians. How did the war on the [Palestinian refugee] camps[2] during the 1980s help the Palestinians liberate Palestine?!

&quot;The Palestinians' own behavior has not always been characterized by the justice in whose name they constantly speak, for they expressed sympathy for Saddam Hussein's attack on Kuwait and later for Assad's suppression of the Syrian majority that rose up in demand of freedom. They took part in the civil wars in Jordan and Lebanon, and their crimes against the rights of the Lebanese and Jordanians are comparable to the crimes of the Lebanese and Jordanians against their rights... So why are only the Kurds required to remain within the framework of a perfect correspondence between politics and justice? Or perhaps what is permitted to the master is not permitted to his slave?...

&quot;As for the Kurds and Israel, the Hebrew state was the only one that welcomed the Kurdish referendum. It probably welcomed it for reasons that were less than noble, having to do entirely with its own [interests], but it did so while others all over the region were [threateningly] baring their teeth at the Kurds. In this situation, can the Kurds be expected to burn the Israeli flag? What have we Arabs done for the Kurds that we can expect them to hate Israel with a passion?...

&quot;Moreover, since the Saddam Hussein era, the Palestinian cause has been used more than any other cause [as a means] to undermine the Kurdish issue and the Kurds' right [to independence], just as Bashar Al-Assad later used the Palestinian cause [to combat] the Syrians' [attempts] to oust his regime. Obviously, such conduct leaves psychological effects and scars in its victims, especially when no Palestinian voices are heard loudly condemning and opposing this use [of their cause].

&quot;The obvious conclusion is that, in this region, we have what can be described as a mechanism of blackmail by means of [accusations of collaboration with] Israel. The Lebanese Christians know better than anyone else how they were subjected to such blackmail during the years of Syrian patronage [over Lebanon], and even the Palestinian leadership itself was not spared [this blackmail] when it tried to take its own national decisions, independently of the will of the Assad regime...&quot;[3]

 
Al-Hayat Columnist: The Claims Against The Kurds Have Been Disproved

Hazem Al-Amin, another Lebanese columnist for the Saudi daily Al-Hayat, wrote cynically: &quot;The Kurds' celebrations last month [over the referendum results] included waving Israeli flags – which pan-Arab eyes saw and made part of the Kurdish aspiration for independence. [They called the Kurdish state] 'an artificial state that is analogous to Israel.' Those with wounded pan-Arab sentiment have gone too far, [arguing that] not only is the future [Kurdish] state a product of Israel, but that it is also a partner in Tel Aviv's creation of ISIS, and wishes that the 200,000 Kurdish Jews in Israel will return to it. [They say] that the future [Kurdish] state is part of the Zionist plan to dismantle the region into small entities based on ethnicity and sect...

&quot;Much can be said against the independence referendum... but it also had an upside, because it made the Arabs expend tremendous energy on writing nonsense, as they haven't done in a long time. [This] revealed that the Ba'th [party], including its branches in Iraq and Syria, is not a random, fleeting phenomenon in the pan-Arab sentiment, but is fundamental; that ISIS is its cousin and suckled the same milk; and that the Arab defeat throughout the conflict with Israel is the result of ignoring the truth. Anyone who says that the Kurds want 200,000 Kurdish Jews to return to Kurdistan from Israel fails to notice that they [the Kurds], by means of their activity that stems from delusions, will in fact restore the situation to what it used to be, and will serve Palestine by correcting the mistake of the pan-Arabism of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani[4] and his nationalist Arab cohorts,[5] which motivated them to raid the Jews in Baghdad and send them to Israel with the aid of the Jewish Agency.

&quot;While pan-Arabism is forgiven for having abandoned Palestine, the Kurds are not forgiven for waving the Israeli flag at a moment of national intoxication... After all, they are Kurds, and they have no right to anger or mistakes, just as they are not allowed to dream of a state that was taken from them over a century ago. If they make a mistake, then [Hizbullah secretary-general] Mr. [Hassan] Nasrallah will come out to remind them that he will stand against any plan by [any] religious stream that divides the nation – when he [Nasrallah himself] apparently wants to unite [the nation] under the flag of the Rule of the Jurisprudent [of the Iranian regime] that has no connection to any [Sunni] religious stream...

&quot;ISIS too, which according to the offspring [of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani and Hajj Amin Al-Husseini] sold Iraqi territories to Israel via Kurdish middlemen, found a place in the version [of reality] of the opponents of the Kurdish state. According to the latter, ISIS is not Arab and does not belong to the Ba'th, [but rather] is Kurdish and Israeli. The offspring of Rashid Al-Kilani have in their possession documents proving this, that they sent to Mr. Nasrallah; he will reveal them in his next speech...

&quot;The Shi'ite Iraqi forces – once the allies of the Kurds in Iraq, in the post-Saddam era – united in a religious alliance [with Shi'ite Iran] that has no place for the Kurds' aspirations. And lo, they remind the Kurds of the Arabism of Kirkuk [which is actually Kurdish], while forsaking the Arabism of [the Shi'ite] Al-Najaf and of Karbala, and turning [the Sunni] Mosul, after its liberation from ISIS, into an Iranian metropolis. All this does not harm the offspring of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani [i.e. the Iraqis], as long as it is done by a strong tyrant [such as Saddam]. But the weak, such as the Kurds, have no right to dream of a state.&quot;[6]

 &lt;Ref&gt;https://www.worlddata.info/iq-by-country.php&lt;/Ref&gt;.:•

[1] Al-Ghad (Jordan), October 22, 2017.
[2] This refers to a campaign waged by the Amal militia against the Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon during the civil war in 1985-1986. Thousands of Palestinians were killed in the battles, and the Sabra, Shatila and Burj Al-Barajna refugee camps were almost completely destroyed, although Amal never managed to take over the camps.

[3] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017.

[4] Iraqi politician Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani (1892-1965), three-time Iraqi prime minister, led the 1941 rebellion that prompted the British to invade Iraq; in June of that year the Farhud, or pogrom, against the Jews of Baghdad took place. Al-Kilani fled to Nazi Germany, and was known for his connections to the Nazis and to Jerusalem Mufti Hajj Amin Al-Husseini.

[5] A reference to the Arab nationalist movement, founded in Beirut in the 1920s.

[6] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017.


&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.defensenews.com/home/2015/04/01/arab-league-sets-new-defense-force-at-40,000/{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/Ref&gt;.:

&lt;Ref&gt;https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-never-colonized&lt;/Ref&gt;.::•

&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.worldatlas.com/history/10-countries-which-have-never-been-colonised-by-europeans.html&lt;/Ref&gt;.:•

&lt;Ref&gt;https://amnesty.ca/features/5-death-penalty-myths-debunked/&lt;/Ref&gt;.::•

==Waddamada “Jaamacadda Dowladdaha Carabta.”==

{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
|-
! Tirada !! Dalka !! [[Literacy]] rate
|-
|01.||[[File:Flag of Algeria.svg|191px]][[Aljeeriya]]&lt;s&gt;             ||89.5&lt;Ref name=p.192/&gt;.
|-
|02.||[[File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|193px]][[Sacuudi Carabiya]]&lt;s&gt;||93.5&lt;Ref name=p.193/&gt;.
|-
|03.||[[File:Flag of Kuwait.svg|192px]][[Kuwayt]]&lt;s&gt;                       ||93.4&lt;Ref name=&quot;p.192&quot;/&gt;.
|-
|04.||[[File:Flag of Bahrain.svg|189px]][[Baxrayn]]                      ||93.4&lt;Ref name=p.191/&gt;.
|-
|05”.||[[File:Flag of Japan.svg|189px]]&lt;s&gt;[[Jabaan]]&lt;'!&gt;                        ||89.8&lt;Ref name=p.190/&gt;.
|-
|06.||[[File:Flag of Qatar.svg|189px]]&lt;!!&gt;[[Qatar]]&lt;s&gt;                         ||93.6&lt;Ref name=&quot;p.191&quot;&gt;[http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Complete_reprint.pdf p. 192]&lt;/Ref&gt;.
|-
|07.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Korea.svg|189px]]&lt;s&gt;[[Kuuriya]]&lt;s!&gt;                        ||89.8&lt;Ref name=p.190/&gt;.
|-
|08&quot;'.||[[File:Flag of Lebanon.svg|189px]][[lubnaan]]                      ||89.5&lt;Ref name=p.190/&gt;.
|-
|09'&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Egypt.svg|193px]][[Masar]]&lt;s&gt;                       ||91.8&lt;Ref name=p.191/&gt;.
|-
|10&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Jordan.svg|189px]]&lt;!'&gt;[[Urdun]]&lt;'!&gt;                        ||89.8&lt;Ref name=p.190/&gt;.
|-
|11.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Iraq.svg|191px]]&lt;!&gt;[[Ciraaq]]&lt;!&gt;                   ||89.8&lt;Ref name=p.192/&gt;.
|-
|11.||[[File:Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg|191px]]&lt;S&gt;[[SADR]]&lt;s's!&gt;||89.5&lt;Ref name=p.191/&gt;
|-
|12&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Oman.svg|189px]][[Cumaan]]                          ||93.4&lt;Ref name=p.191/&gt;.
|-
|13.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Morocco.svg|193px]]&lt;!&gt;[[Marooko]]&lt;!'&gt;                ||75.4&lt;Ref name=p.193/&gt;.

|-
|14.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Tunisia.svg|189px]][[Tunisiya]]&lt;s&gt;                ||78.98&lt;Ref name=p.190/&gt;
|-
|15.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Libya.svg|191px]]&lt;'!&gt;[[Libiya]]&lt;!'&gt;                  ||89.4&lt;Ref name=p.193/&gt;.:
|-
|17.||[[File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg|191px]][[Bangladesh]]&lt;s&gt;             ||89.5&lt;Ref name=p.192/&gt;.
|-
|16.=||[[File:Flag of Syria.svg|191px]][[Suuriya]]&lt;!&gt;                       ||89.95&lt;Ref name=&quot;p.192&quot;/&gt;..
|-
|18.'&quot;||[[File:Flag of Palestine.svg|189px]]&lt;S&gt;[[Falastiin]]&lt;s'!&gt;
||69.3&lt;REF name=&quot;p.189&quot;/&gt;.
|-
|19.”’.||[[File:Flag of Sudan.svg|189px]]&lt;!&gt;[[Suudaan]]&lt;!'&gt;          ||69.39&lt;REF name=p.190/&gt;.
|-
|20.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|191px]]&lt;!!&gt;[[Imaaraatka Carabta]]&lt;!&gt;||89.5&lt;Ref name=p.191/&gt;
|-
|21.&quot;_.||[[File:Flag of Brunei.svg|189px]]&lt;S&gt;[[Barunay]]&lt;s'&gt;                   ||75.39&lt;REF name=p.192/&gt;.
|-
|23.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of the Comoros.svg|189px]]&lt;S&gt;[[Komoros]]&lt;s!&gt;     ||67.23&lt;REF name=p.193/&gt;.:
|-
|24.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Chad.svg|191px]]&lt;S&gt;[[Injamiina]]&lt;s'!&gt;||69.5&lt;Ref name=p.194/&gt;.:
|-
|25.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of France.svg|189px]]&lt;S&gt;[[Quebec]]&lt;s!&gt;             ||67.23&lt;REF name=p.193/&gt;.:
|-
|26.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Romania.svg|189px]]&lt;S&gt;[[Bucarest]]&lt;s!&gt;             ||67.23&lt;REF name=p.193/&gt;.:
|-
|28._.||[[File:Flag of Seychelles.svg|189px]]&lt;S&gt;[[Fiktoria]]&lt;s!'&gt;
||67.57&lt;REF name=p.192/&gt;.:
|-
|}
&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.museumwnf.org/league-of-arab-states/?page=LAS-missions-worldwide.php&lt;/Ref&gt;.::.!'!
&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/05/18/5-facts-about-arabic-speakers-in-the-us/&lt;/Ref&gt;.:•

&lt;Ref&gt;https://interbrand.com/best-global-brands/?filter-brand/-sector=&amp;filter-brand-region=asia-pacific&amp;filter-brand-country=&lt;/Ref&gt;.:

&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php&lt;/Ref&gt;.:

&lt;Ref&gt;https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/water-quality-by-country&lt;/Ref&gt;.:
&lt;ReF&gt;https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-developed-countries-in-africa&lt;/ReF&gt;.:

===Waddamada “Jaamacadda Dowladdaha Carabta.!'!”===
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
|-
! Tirada !! Dalka !! [[Literacy]] rate
|-
|01.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Algeria.svg|191px]][[Aljeeriya]]&lt;s&gt;             ||89.5&lt;Ref name=p.192/&gt;.
|-
|02.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|193px]][[Sacuudi Carabiya]]&lt;s&gt;||93.5&lt;Ref name=p.193/&gt;.
|-
|03.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Kuwait.svg|192px]][[Kuwayt]]&lt;s&gt;                       ||93.4&lt;Ref name=&quot;p.192&quot;/&gt;.
|-
|04.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Bahrain.svg|189px]][[Baxrayn]]                      ||93.4&lt;Ref name=p.191/&gt;.:
|-
|05”.||[[File:Flag of Japan.svg|189px]]&lt;s&gt;[[Tokyo]]&lt;'!&gt;                        ||89.8&lt;Ref name=p.190/&gt;.
|-
|06.||[[File:Flag of Qatar.svg|189px]]&lt;!!&gt;[[Qatar]]&lt;s&gt;                         ||93.6&lt;Ref name=&quot;p.191&quot;/&gt;.
|-
|07.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Korea.svg|189px]]&lt;S&gt;[[Seyul]]&lt;s!&gt;                     ||89.8&lt;Ref name=p.190/&gt;.
|-
|08.&quot;'.||[[File:Flag of Lebanon.svg|189px]][[lubnaan]]                      ||89.5&lt;Ref name=p.190/&gt;.
|-
|09.'&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Egypt.svg|193px]][[Masar]]&lt;s&gt;                       ||91.8&lt;Ref name=p.191/&gt;.
|-
|10.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Jordan.svg|189px]]&lt;!'&gt;[[Urdun]]&lt;'!&gt;                 ||89.8&lt;Ref name=p.190/&gt;.
|-
|11.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Iraq.svg|191px]]&lt;!&gt;[[Ciraaq]]&lt;!&gt;                   ||89.8&lt;Ref name=p.192/&gt;.
|-
|11.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg|191px]]&lt;!?&gt;[[SADR]]&lt;!&gt;||89.5&lt;Ref name=p.191/&gt;
|-
|12.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Oman.svg|189px]][[Cumaan]]                          ||93.4&lt;Ref name=p.191/&gt;.
|-
|13.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Morocco.svg|193px]]&lt;!&gt;[[Marooko]]&lt;!'&gt;                ||75.4&lt;Ref name=p.193/&gt;.
|-
|14.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Tunisia.svg|189px]][[Tunisiya]]&lt;s&gt;                ||78.98&lt;Ref name=p.190/&gt;.
|-  
|15.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Turkey.svg|189px]]&lt;S&gt;[[Ankara]]&lt;s&gt;                ||78.98&lt;Ref name=p.190/&gt;  
|-
|16.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Libya.svg|191px]]&lt;'!&gt;[[Libiya]]&lt;!'&gt;                ||89.4&lt;Ref name=p.193/&gt;.:
|-
|17.||[[File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg|191px]][[Bangladesh]]&lt;s&gt;             ||89.5&lt;Ref name=p.192/&gt;.
|-
|18.||[[File:Flag of Syria.svg|191px]][[Suuriya]]&lt;!&gt;                       ||89.95&lt;Ref name=&quot;p.192&quot;/&gt;.
|-
|19.'.&quot;'&quot;||[[File:Flag of Palestine.svg|189px]]&lt;s!&gt;[[Falastiin]]&lt;S!&gt;         ||69.3&lt;REF name=&quot;p.189&quot;/&gt;.
|-
|20.'.||[[File:Flag of Sudan.svg|189px]]&lt;!&gt;[[Suudaan]]&lt;!'&gt;             ||69.39&lt;REF name=p.190/&gt;.
|-
|21.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|191px]]&lt;!?&gt;[[Imaaraatka Carabta]]&lt;!&gt;||89.5&lt;Ref name=p.191/&gt;
|-
|23..&quot;_.||[[File:Flag of Brunei.svg|189px]]&lt;S&gt;[[Barunay]]&lt;s'!&gt;                   ||75.39&lt;REF name=p.192/&gt;.
|-
|24.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of the Comoros.svg|189px]]&lt;S&gt;[[Komoros]]&lt;s!&gt;             ||67.23&lt;REF name=p.193/&gt;.:
|-
|25&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Chad.svg|191px]]&lt;S&gt;[[Injamiina]]&lt;s'!&gt;||69.5&lt;Ref name=p.194/&gt;.:
|-
|26.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of France.svg|189px]]&lt;S&gt;[[Lévis, Quebec]]&lt;s!&gt;             ||67.23&lt;REF name=p.193/&gt;.:
|-
|27._.||[[File:Flag of Seychelles.svg|189px]]&lt;S&gt;[[Fiktoria]]&lt;s!'&gt;
||67.57&lt;REF name=p.192/&gt;.:
|-
|28..&quot;_.||[[File:Flag of Eritrea.svg|191px]]&lt;S&gt;[[Soviet Union]]']]&lt;s!'?&gt;
|-
|29.&quot;_.||[[File:Flag of Djibouti.svg|191px]]&lt;S'&gt;[[Djabuti]].!'!]]&lt;s'&gt;
||78.69&lt;REF name=p.190/&gt;.
|-
|}
&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/05/18/5-facts-about-arabic-speakers-in-the-us/&lt;/Ref&gt;.:•

&lt;Ref&gt;https://interbrand.com/best-global-brands/?filter-brand/-sector=&amp;filter-brand-region=asia-pacific&amp;filter-brand-country=&lt;/Ref&gt;.:

&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php&lt;/Ref&gt;.:

&lt;Ref&gt;https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/water-quality-by-country&lt;/Ref&gt;.:

[&lt;Ref&gt;https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries&lt;/Ref&gt;].

&lt;Ref&gt;https://ar.wikihow.com/النجاة-من-زلزال-أرضي&lt;/Ref&gt;.:

&lt;Ref&gt;https://industryarabic.com/arabic-facts-statistics/&lt;/Ref&gt;.:•

&lt;Ref&gt;https://industryarabic.com/how-many-countries-speak-arabic/&lt;/Ref&gt;.:

&lt;Ref&gt;https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Map_of_League_of_Arab_States_countries.png&lt;/Ref&gt;.:
|-
&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php &lt;/Ref&gt;.:

&lt;Ref&gt;https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries&lt;/Ref&gt;.:

[&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.visualcapitalist.com/visualizing-corruption-around-the-world/&lt;/Ref&gt;].

&lt;Ref&gt;{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |access-date=2011-06-28 |archive-date=2020-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504070831/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/Ref&gt;.  [&lt;Ref&gt;{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|url=https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |access-date=2022-08-26 |archive-date=2019-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502031038/https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;].
|-
[&lt;Ref&gt;https://livingcost.org/cost&lt;/Ref&gt;]
|-
&lt;Ref&gt;https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-hated-country &lt;/Ref&gt;.:•
|-
&lt;Ref&gt;{{Cite web|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/ |access-date=2023-09-19|archive-date=2023-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922122032/https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/|dead-url=yes}}
&lt;/Ref&gt;.:
|-
&lt;Ref&gt;https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-death-penalty&lt;/Ref&gt;.:•
|-
&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-highest-literacy-rates-in-the-world.html&lt;/Ref&gt;.:•&lt;!!'?&gt;.:•
|_
&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/common-confusions-arabs-muslims/&lt;/Ref&gt;.:
|-
&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/10/somalia-eritera-and-egypt-pledge-to-bloster-security-ties&lt;/Ref&gt;.:
|}

|-
[&lt;Ref&gt;https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries&lt;/Ref&gt;].
|-
&lt;Ref&gt;https://ar.wikihow.com/النجاة-من-زلزال-أرضي&lt;/Ref&gt;.:
|-
&lt;Ref&gt;https://industryarabic.com/arabic-facts-statistics/&lt;/Ref&gt;.:•
|-
&lt;Ref&gt;https://industryarabic.com/how-many-countries-speak-arabic/&lt;/Ref&gt;.:
|-
&lt;Ref&gt;https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Map_of_League_of_Arab_States_countries.png&lt;/Ref&gt;.:
|-
&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php &lt;/Ref&gt;.:
|-
&lt;Ref&gt;https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries&lt;/Ref&gt;.:
|-
&lt;Ref&gt;{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |access-date=2011-06-28 |archive-date=2020-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504070831/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/Ref&gt;.  [&lt;Ref&gt;{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|url=https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |access-date=2022-08-26 |archive-date=2019-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502031038/https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;].
|-
[&lt;Ref&gt;https://livingcost.org/cost&lt;/Ref&gt;]
|-
&lt;Ref&gt;{{Cite web|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/ |access-date=2023-09-19|archive-date=2023-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922122032/https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/|dead-url=yes}}
&lt;/Ref&gt;.:
&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-highest-literacy-rates-in-the-world.html&lt;/Ref&gt;.:•&lt;!!'?&gt;.:•
|_
&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/common-confusions-arabs-muslims/&lt;/Ref&gt;.:
|-
[&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.visualcapitalist.com/visualizing-corruption-around-the-world/&lt;/Ref&gt;].
&lt;Ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Europe&lt;/Ref&gt;.:
|-
|-
&lt;!&gt;[[Militaries of:; Argentine; BRAZILiAN;&amp; FRANCAIS3; Italiano; Espanayol; Portugalese;: R…………….!’?..!’?’ &amp; TURKSH States.;;!'!.!'!.!'!]]

[[MILITARY Of '&quot;United Kingdoms of Great BRITAIN; CNDNS &amp; Ausies.!'?’&amp; NZL; &amp; IRLNDS.!'!'(.!'!'):; ARMIES EUROPEANS UNIONS.;!'!.!'!.!'!]]&lt;S'!&gt;
||78.69&lt;REF name=p.190/&gt;.::…!’!
|
|}
&lt;Ref&gt;https://worldpopulationreview.com/continents/antarctica&lt;/Ref&gt;.::.::.
&lt;Ref&gt;https://worldpopulationreview.com/regions/european-union&lt;/Ref&gt;.:
|-
&lt;Ref&gt;httphttps://worldpopulationreview.com/continents/antarctica&lt;/Ref&gt;.:
|-
&lt;Ref&gt;https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-hated-country &lt;/Ref&gt;.:•
|-
&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.unescwa.org/news/escwa-releases-new-report-real-sizes-arab-economies-between-2017-and-2023&lt;/Ref&gt;.:•

==Bassborka Jaamacada Carabta==

&lt;gallery mode=&quot;traditional&quot; caption=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;center&quot;&gt; 

File:Algerian passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Algeria}}[[Algerian passport|Algeria]]&lt;Br/&gt;[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Pakistan}}.
File:Cover of Mauritanian Biometric Passport.png|{{flagicon|Algeria}}&lt;Br/&gt;[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|Mauritania}}.`
File:New_Egyptian_Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Egypt}}[[Egyptian passport|Egypt]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Syria}}.`
File:Libyan_New_Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Libya}}[[Libyan passport|LBY]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|19px]]{{flagicon|Mauritania}}.`
File:BioPassMaroc.JPG|{{flagicon|Morocco}}[[Moroccan passport|MAR]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Tunisia}}.
File:Passeport Tunisie 2014.jpg|{{flagicon|Tunisia}}[[Tunisian passport|Tunisia]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|TN}}.

File:Cover of Iraqi Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Iraq}}[[Iraqi passport|Iraq]]&lt;Br/&gt;[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.`
File:The New Lebanese Biometric Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Lebanon}}[[Lebanese Passport|Lebanon]]&lt;Br/&gt;[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Libya}}.

File:Saudi Arabia Passport.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Oman}}[[Omani passport|Oman]]&lt;Br/&gt;[[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}}
File:Bahraincover.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Qatar}}[[Bahraini passport|Bahrain]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Bahrain}}.
File:Kuwait passport.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Kuwait}}[[Kuwaiti passport|Kuwait]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}}.
File:Qa.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Bahrain}}[[Qatari passport|Qatar]]&lt;Br/&gt;[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Qatar}}.
File:Saudi Arabia Passport.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}}[[Saudi Arabian passport|Saudi Arabia]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}.
File:Jordanian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Jordan}}[[Philistine passport|Jordan]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!`
File:UAE Passport.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}}[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]][[Emirati passport|United Arab Emirates]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!`

File:Regular Syrian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Syria}}[[Syrian passport|Syria]]&lt;Br/&gt;[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!`
File:Yemen Passport.svg|küçükresim|Yemen pasaportu]]|{{flagicon|Yemen}}[[Yemeni passport|Yemen]]&lt;Br/&gt;[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!`

File:Sudan passport cover.JPG|{{flagicon|Sudan}}[[Sudanese passport|Sudan]]&lt;Br/&gt;[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!`
File:Sahrawi passport.jpg|{{flagicon|ESH}}[[Sahrawi passport|ESH]]&lt;Br/&gt;[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|MAR}}.!!`?`!!`?

File:Somaliland Passport Cover.svg|{{flagicon|Tunisia}}[[Somali passport|Somaliland]]&lt;Br/&gt;[[File:EPassport logo.svg|19px]]{{flagicon|Maldives}}.!!`?


File:Cover of Eritrean Passport.jpeg|{{flagicon|Eritrea}}[[Djibouti passport|Djibouti]]&lt;Br/&gt;[[File:EPassport logo.svg|14px]]{{flagicon|Djibouti}}.
File:Cover of Chadian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Chad}}[[Chadian passport|Chad]]&lt;Br/&gt;[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|SYC}}.!!`?
&lt;Ref&gt;https://visaindex.com/country/chad-passport-ranking/&lt;/Ref&gt;.!!`?

&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/9/19/tunisian-autocrat-ben-ali-dies-in-saudi-exile&lt;/Ref&gt;.:
!!`?`!!`?'?!'
&lt;/gallery&gt; 

[[File:Comorian Passport.png|120px]][[Comorian passport|Comoros]]&lt;Br/&gt;[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|Comoros}}.!!`?
Comoros}}.!!`?
Carabiya]].]] 


[[File:Official Portrait of King Abdulaziz.jpg|thumb|central|King Faisal bin Abdulaziz.jpg: &quot;as&quot; King of [[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]] 


[[File:Ring with engraved portrait of Ptolemy VI Philometor (3rd–2nd century BCE) - 2009.jpg|thumb|Center|25xp|Crown of Ptolemy VI Philometor as [[Egyptian]] Pharoah. Louvre Museum.: [[Baaris]];[[France]].)]]


&lt;Ref&gt;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia&lt;/Ref&gt;.::.::.::
[[File:Bangladeshi E-Passport.svg|125px]][[Bangladesh passport|Bangladesh]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|11px]]{{flagicon|Pakistan}}.:

[[File:JapanpassportNew10y.PNG|21px]]|{{flagicon|Japan}}[[Persian|Japan]].:[[File:KOR ePassport.jpg|25px]]{{flagicon|Korea}}PR&quot;China.:

[[File:Manara clocktower.JPG|thumb|Manara]][[https://www.worlddata.info/languages/arabic.php]]..!!’

[[File:16-03-31-Hebron-Altstadt-RalfR-WAT 5717.jpg|thumb|right|195px|Exterior view with (I.&amp; P.Guard):; Isrealian Police.&amp;_.Philistianian Police Guard]]

&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.refworld.org/legal/constinstr/las/1945/en/13854&lt;/Ref&gt;

[[File:Old city of Nablus.JPG|thumb|right|Alley in the Old City leading to and from the [[souk]], 20018]]
[[File:Nineveh Nebi Yunus Excavation Bull-Man Head.JPG|thumb|right|196px|[[Lamassu|Winged Bull]] excavated at Nebi Yunus by Iraqi/?\Irani (Persian.!) archaeologists]],`~`

&lt;Ref&gt;
{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/why-iran-is-not-an-arab-country/ |access-date=2023-04-23 |archive-date=2023-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423051219/https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/why-iran-is-not-an-arab-country/ |dead-url=yes }}
&lt;/Ref&gt;.::.

After killing an [[Egyptian]] slave-master who was beating a [[Hebrew]]; [[Moses]] fled across the [[Red Sea]] to Midian, where he encountered the Angel of the Lord, speaking.!'! …

https://www.quora.com/Why-are-the-present-day-Egyptians-predominantly-Arabs-despite-the-fact-that-the-ancient-Egyptians-where-not.:.:

[[File:Turkish Passport.svg|21px]]|{{flagicon|Korea}}[[Turkish passport|Turkish]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Turkey}}.:

From Britannica  and Wikipedia and &quot;World&quot;  Libraries.!!`

[[Arabs]] are the people of an [[ethnic]] group who come from the [[Arabian Peninsula]] and speak the [[Arabic language]] .

According to [[Jewish]] and [[Arab]] tradition, they are the grandchildren of [[Ishmael]] , the son of Avraham Abino .


Content
1	The Arab world.
2	Religion.
2.1	Ancient times.
3	The Arabic language's.
4	History and civilization.
5	Arab events.
6	Ottoman decline:
7	The question of Palestine:
8	Arab relations with Arab Jews:

The [[Arab world]]:

The [[Arab world]] covers most of the countries in the [[Middle East]] and North [[Africa]] except [[Iran]] , [[Turkey]] and [[Bakistaan]] , and the Land of [[Israaiil]].!!'? 


The Arab countries are:  [[Algeria]] , [[Baxrayn]] , [[Egypt]] , [[Iraq]] , [[Jordan]] ,[[Kuwait]] , [[Lubnaan]] , [[Libya]] , [[Marooko]] , [[Cumaan]] ,[[Komoros]], [[Qatar]] , [[Sacuudi Carabiya]] , [[Suudaan]] , [[Suuriya]] , [[Tunisia]] , the [[United Arab Emirates]] , [[Mauritania]], [[Jad]], and [[Yemen]]; [[Eratareya]]; Plus The Whole* [[Somaliland]] are also included even if the [[Soomaalida]].: They Don't &quot;ALLOW&quot; to speak [[Arabic]] [[Language]];  &quot;Economically&quot;; and &quot;Gegraphically&quot;; &amp; &quot;Politically&quot;..Just like [[Turkiga]]; [[Iiraan]] ta but In &quot;African Continent&quot; NOT &quot;ASIAN&quot;.• .!!`?'!.!

In addition, approximately two million Arabs also live in the occupied areas of the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza]] in the State of Israel . Almost one million Arabs also live in Israel itself. Arabs also moved to many places in the world especially [[Europe]] and [[Americas]].

Arabs are a diverse people, but there are some elements that unite them. The most important of them are the Islamic beliefs and the Arabic language, and the culture and history associated with them.!!'?

One day, after [[Moses]] had reached adulthood, he killed an [[Egyptian]] who was beating a [[Hebrew]]. To escape [[Pharaoh's death penalty]], [[Moses]] fled to Midian (a desert country south of Judah), where he married [[Zipporah]].::.

==Religion and Science.!!'?== 
The largest part of Arabs are Muslims . There are also many Christian Arabs, especially in Lebanon , Syria , Egypt , and the Palestinian territories .

Islam was found in the Arabian Peninsula in the 6th century. It spread quickly over a large part of Asia and Africa , and that is why today there are many Muslims who are not in the [[Arab world]].

Islam, Arab and non-Arab, has two parts: Sunni and Shua . Sunni Islam is the greater part, and most Arabs are Sunni, but in some countries the majority are Shua, mainly Iraq and Bahrain .

==Ancient times.!!'== 
Until Islam came, most Arabs were polytheists . Some tribes of Arabs under the Hamid kingdom converted to Judaism, or accepted the Christian religion.

==The Arabic languages.!!'==
Postscript-viewer-shaded.png See the main article - Arabic
Arabic belongs to the family of Semitic languages, together with the holy Hebrew (22 &amp; 23) , and Aramaic. Although Arabic is the giant Semitic out there, The Language 28-31* …letters, and they are written from right to left…...!!’?’!!’?

“…. Arabic is another language with a non-Latin alphabet. Though it consists of 28* characters, the complex Arabic script is still often said to be quite hard to learn. Arabic grammar is very different from English grammar, and Arabic is a highly gendered language……”


There are three main versions of the Arabic language: 1st. Quranic or Classical, 2nd. Modern Standard, and  3rd. Colloquial or Daily.!!’
Roughly 25* Dialects fall under these three versions, with some mutually unintelligible and others barely different. As a language learner, deciding to learn Arabic’s is the first step.!!’

“….Arabic developed hundred thousand years ago among the Bedouins in the deserts of Arabian Peninsula..”!!’

Its growth was aided by the tradition of poetry which was very advanced in its oral form before it was written down. With the advent of Islam , the Koran became the model of the Arabic language.:•

==History and Civilization.!!'==
The name Arab to refer to the nomads and camel leaders of northern Arabia is already found in writings from almost three thousand years ago. Later, the term was used for all the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula and Surrounding Arae .

Arabs were then a society of tribes. They were grouped according to their family and genealogy, and referred to a single lineage. The Arab society, however, was fragmented thanks to the very difficult conditions of living in the deserts, and therefore there were often fights between tribes and families. It did not appear any Arab country until the arrival of Islam.!!'?'

==Arabic performances.!!'==
Islamic civilization, Arab and non-Arab, flourished during the era of the Abbasid caliphs, who ruled over the entire Islamic world from their capital in Baghdad in the years 750 to 1258. The rise of Islamic civilization includes Advances in literature , philosophy , and medicine . Greek philosophy such as the works of Plato and Aristotle were translated into Arabic. Islamic medical writings were used in Europe until the 1600s.

Arab sages also made great advances in mathematics. The numbers we use today are called &quot;Arabic numbers&quot; because they were developed by the Arabs and Muslims. Also the division of mathematics &quot;algebra&quot; is an Arab invention, and comes from the Arabic word &quot;Al-Dzabr&quot;.

==Ottoman &quot;Turks&quot; decline and &quot; “Arab’s Pple’s League's” World Rise&quot;.!!'==
At its peak, the Arab world was the most advanced civilization in the world. They possessed incredible wealth, and they led the entire trade between Asia and Europe. Its later rulers became the Ottoman Turks and with the decline of the Ottoman Empire in the 1800s,  and 1850s the flourishing of Arab and Islamic culture began to decline with them.!!

Many Arab countries then came under the rule of European  Colonizing powers. At the end of the First World War 1, the Ottoman Empire collapsed, and Most of the Arab countries were under European rule.!!’?’

==The question of Palestin.!!'?== 

Throughout the First World War , the British promised Arab leaders that Palestine would be included in the territories that would go to the Arabs for independence. The British then promised Palestine to the leaders of the Zionist movement. The history of the Arab-Israeli conflict lies in the mutual promises, as well as the Arab opposition to a Jewish state in the region.

==Arab Muslims relations with Arab Jews.!!'==

After the mid-1940s, the situation changed drastically, almost all Arab countries were literally emptied of Jews one after the other, the Polish Arabs have a bitter hatred towards the Jews, almost no Jews are seen before their eyes. The Neturi Karta say that this is a direct result of the movement of Zionism, and later the creation of the Jewish land.

Categories :

==Islamic.!!'/|\.Moslim States.!!'?==
At its peak, the Arab world was the most advanced civilization in the world. They possessed incredible wealth, and they led the entire trade between Asia and Europe. Its later rulers became the Ottoman Turks and with the decline of the [[Ottoman Empire]] in the 1900s, the flourishing of [[Arab]] and [[Islamic]] culture began to decline with them.

Many Arab countries then came under the rule of [[European]] powers. At the end of the First World War , the Ottoman Empire collapsed, and many Arab countries were under [[European]] rule.!!`

&lt;Ref&gt;https://wikiislam.github.io/wiki/Muslim_Statistics_-_Pornography.html&lt;/Ref&gt;.:

==Warka==

December 25, 2017
Special Dispatch No. 7246
     
[[Iraqi]] [[Kurdish]] leader Masoud Barzani's September; 2017 referendum on Kurdish independence sparked vehement opposition in [[Arab countries]], as was expressed in statements by leaders and also by many articles in the Arab press. The main argument raised was that the Kurds are a tool of Israel – which is working to divide Iraq, and after that the rest of the Arab countries. As proof of this, they cited the Kurds' good relations with Israel and the fact that Israel is the only country that supports them.
Along with this opposition, the Arab press also published a few articles defending the Kurds' right to independence and criticizing those who opposed it. These articles rejected the conspiracy theory – i.e. that Israel was backing the referendum, with the aim of dismantling an Arab country – and noted that the Arabs' refusal to tackle their own domestic problems posed more of a danger than Israel did. They also said that those who oppose the Kurdish referendum in the name of Arab unity and the Palestinian problem have made other mistakes over the years – such as also supporting Nazism and Communism. This, while they themselves were doing nothing for the Palestinians, and were even causing harm to the Palestinians within their own countries' borders.


Iraqi Kurds wave Israeli flag along with Kurdistan flag. Image: Aljazeera.net, October 2, 2017

 
Arab Writers: It Is Not Israel That Created The Kurdish Problem, But Rather The Arab Regimes That Denied Their Rights

Jordanian journalist Fahd Al-Khitan wrote in the daily Al-Ghad under the title &quot;It Is Not a Conspiracy&quot;: &quot;The Arab logic immediately came up with a Zionist conspiracy as an explanation for the Kurds' insistence on seceding from Iraq and on holding a referendum several weeks ago. Proof of this conspiracy exists in abundance, since Israel effectively supported the Kurdish demand [for independence] and has been cultivating ties with certain Kurdish elements since the days of yore. But can the historic cause of the Kurds, which exists since before the founding of Israel, be reduced to this marginal fact?

&quot;Israel exploits regional crises to promote its own interests, that much is certain, and Arab and [other] regional forces do the same. We can present many exsamples of border disputes and political conflicts between states that have been exploited by Arab and foreign countries, [such as the conflicts] between Iran and Iraq, between Bahrain and Qatar, between Egypt and Sudan, and the Sahara conflict between Morocco and Algeria. These are all real problems, and the lack of willingness to resolve and settle them gives foreign forces an opportunity to exploit them for their own interests.

&quot;Israel did not create the Kurdish problem. The problem of the Kurds in Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran is a flagrant national product of countries and regimes that denied the legitimate national rights of the [Kurdish] people. Like any oppressed and persecuted nation, the Kurds are trying to enlist support for their cause, regardless of any other consideration. If Israel has indeed managed to infiltrate the Kurdish [ranks], this is nothing but a demonstration of the Arabs' failure to address their legitimate cause, and proof of the fragility of the Arabs' national security, which is breached from every direction – by Israel and by other forces. So don't blame it all on the Kurds.

&quot;The perception of the Kurdish issue involves no small measure of radical nationalism, for there is a strange insistence on merging the various components [of our societies] into an exclusively Arab identity, and on denying the right of non-Arabs to express their national and cultural identity. Whoever lifts up his head and demands his rights is [immediately] accused of serving Israel. Is Israel also behind the referendum in Catalonia? Several days ago, some regions in Italy [likewise] announced their wish to hold a referendum on secession, [but] we did not hear anyone in Italy accusing Israel and Zionism of being behind this move. And what about Britain, whose people voted to leave the European Union? Can Israel, which was created thanks to a British promise [the Balfour Declaration], be behind this as well? If Israel is really motivating the Kurds and pushing them to conspire against the Arab nation, why did the U.S., Israel's number one ally in the world, oppose Israel's will and interests and reject the referendum?

&quot;Using this warped national logic, we avoid dealing with our problems in the Arab world. We have made a habit of blaming others for our failure, not only in the Kurdish issue but in all the challenges we have faced, before and since the establishment of Israel. Israel is no doubt the greatest enemy of the nation, but the enemy within is much more dangerous.

&quot;In the collapsing countries of the east, as well as in the old democracies, a desire for secession and independence is emerging. This is a great challenge for both the Arab reasoning and the Western reasoning, and confronting it requires creative and innovative thinking.&quot;[1]

 
Lebanese Journalist: Why Do All Those Who Fought For The Palestinians' Right Of Self Determination Deny The Same Right To The Kurds?

Lebanese journalist and political analyst Hazem Saghiya wrote in his column in the London-based Saudi daily Al-Hayat: &quot;The minute [Kurdish leader] Masoud Barzani announced the decision to hold a referendum [on Kurdish independence], condemnations began to be heard of [the Kurds'] love of Israel: 'you are allies, partners and even agents of Israel.' Some people started digging into history – or even inventing it – in an effort to prove that the situation of the two sides [the Israelis and the Kurds] is identical... [The right to establish] an independent Palestinian state is a right that no reasonable person contests. Ideally, anyone who [demands] rights of his own should support and identify with all the just causes in the world. [But] the political reality does not always [correspond] to this ideal, for in the name of national rights, independence and hostility to Jewish immigration, most Arabs showed solidarity with Hitler and Nazism, and later, in the name of the very same rights, [they also] showed solidarity with the Soviet Gulag regime... These are positions that do not respect people's rights and even undermine them. Moreover, to this day, apologizing for them has not become a prominent part of Arab culture or ideology...

&quot;Iraqis who now holler about the friendship between the Kurds and Israel did not hesitate to treat the Palestinians in the worst possible manner. This happened immediately after the 2003 war [in Iraq], and the Iraqis and Palestinians still remember it... We [also] know that, in Syria and Lebanon, the impassioned calls to advance the Palestinian cause coincide with the most despicable treatment of Palestinians. How did the war on the [Palestinian refugee] camps[2] during the 1980s help the Palestinians liberate Palestine?!

&quot;The Palestinians' own behavior has not always been characterized by the justice in whose name they constantly speak, for they expressed sympathy for Saddam Hussein's attack on Kuwait and later for Assad's suppression of the Syrian majority that rose up in demand of freedom. They took part in the civil wars in Jordan and Lebanon, and their crimes against the rights of the Lebanese and Jordanians are comparable to the crimes of the Lebanese and Jordanians against their rights... So why are only the Kurds required to remain within the framework of a perfect correspondence between politics and justice? Or perhaps what is permitted to the master is not permitted to his slave?...

&quot;As for the Kurds and Israel, the Hebrew state was the only one that welcomed the Kurdish referendum. It probably welcomed it for reasons that were less than noble, having to do entirely with its own [interests], but it did so while others all over the region were [threateningly] baring their teeth at the Kurds. In this situation, can the Kurds be expected to burn the Israeli flag? What have we Arabs done for the Kurds that we can expect them to hate Israel with a passion?...

&quot;Moreover, since the Saddam Hussein era, the Palestinian cause has been used more than any other cause [as a means] to undermine the Kurdish issue and the Kurds' right [to independence], just as Bashar Al-Assad later used the Palestinian cause [to combat] the Syrians' [attempts] to oust his regime. Obviously, such conduct leaves psychological effects and scars in its victims, especially when no Palestinian voices are heard loudly condemning and opposing this use [of their cause].

&quot;The obvious conclusion is that, in this region, we have what can be described as a mechanism of blackmail by means of [accusations of collaboration with] Israel. The Lebanese Christians know better than anyone else how they were subjected to such blackmail during the years of Syrian patronage [over Lebanon], and even the Palestinian leadership itself was not spared [this blackmail] when it tried to take its own national decisions, independently of the will of the Assad regime...&quot;[3]

 
Al-Hayat Columnist: The Claims Against The Kurds Have Been Disproved

Hazem Al-Amin, another Lebanese columnist for the Saudi daily Al-Hayat, wrote cynically: &quot;The Kurds' celebrations last month [over the referendum results] included waving Israeli flags – which pan-Arab eyes saw and made part of the Kurdish aspiration for independence. [They called the Kurdish state] 'an artificial state that is analogous to Israel.' Those with wounded pan-Arab sentiment have gone too far, [arguing that] not only is the future [Kurdish] state a product of Israel, but that it is also a partner in Tel Aviv's creation of ISIS, and wishes that the 200,000 Kurdish Jews in Israel will return to it. [They say] that the future [Kurdish] state is part of the Zionist plan to dismantle the region into small entities based on ethnicity and sect...

&quot;Much can be said against the independence referendum... but it also had an upside, because it made the Arabs expend tremendous energy on writing nonsense, as they haven't done in a long time. [This] revealed that the Ba'th [party], including its branches in Iraq and Syria, is not a random, fleeting phenomenon in the pan-Arab sentiment, but is fundamental; that ISIS is its cousin and suckled the same milk; and that the Arab defeat throughout the conflict with Israel is the result of ignoring the truth. Anyone who says that the Kurds want 200,000 Kurdish Jews to return to Kurdistan from Israel fails to notice that they [the Kurds], by means of their activity that stems from delusions, will in fact restore the situation to what it used to be, and will serve Palestine by correcting the mistake of the pan-Arabism of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani[4] and his nationalist Arab cohorts,[5] which motivated them to raid the Jews in Baghdad and send them to Israel with the aid of the Jewish Agency.

&quot;While pan-Arabism is forgiven for having abandoned Palestine, the Kurds are not forgiven for waving the Israeli flag at a moment of national intoxication... After all, they are Kurds, and they have no right to anger or mistakes, just as they are not allowed to dream of a state that was taken from them over a century ago. If they make a mistake, then [Hizbullah secretary-general] Mr. [Hassan] Nasrallah will come out to remind them that he will stand against any plan by [any] religious stream that divides the nation – when he [Nasrallah himself] apparently wants to unite [the nation] under the flag of the Rule of the Jurisprudent [of the Iranian regime] that has no connection to any [Sunni] religious stream...

&quot;ISIS too, which according to the offspring [of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani and Hajj Amin Al-Husseini] sold Iraqi territories to Israel via Kurdish middlemen, found a place in the version [of reality] of the opponents of the Kurdish state. According to the latter, ISIS is not Arab and does not belong to the Ba'th, [but rather] is Kurdish and Israeli. The offspring of Rashid Al-Kilani have in their possession documents proving this, that they sent to Mr. Nasrallah; he will reveal them in his next speech...

&quot;The Shi'ite Iraqi forces – once the allies of the Kurds in Iraq, in the post-Saddam era – united in a religious alliance [with Shi'ite Iran] that has no place for the Kurds' aspirations. And lo, they remind the Kurds of the Arabism of Kirkuk [which is actually Kurdish], while forsaking the Arabism of [the Shi'ite] Al-Najaf and of Karbala, and turning [the Sunni] Mosul, after its liberation from ISIS, into an Iranian metropolis. All this does not harm the offspring of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani [i.e. the Iraqis], as long as it is done by a strong tyrant [such as Saddam]. But the weak, such as the Kurds, have no right to dream of a state.&quot;[6]

 
[1] Al-Ghad (Jordan), October 22, 2017.

[2] This refers to a campaign waged by the Amal militia against the Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon during the civil war in 1985-1986. Thousands of Palestinians were killed in the battles, and the Sabra, Shatila and Burj Al-Barajna refugee camps were almost completely destroyed, although Amal never managed to take over the camps.

[3] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017.

[4] Iraqi politician Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani (1892-1965), three-time Iraqi prime minister, led the 1941 rebellion that prompted the British to invade Iraq; in June of that year the Farhud, or pogrom, against the Jews of Baghdad took place. Al-Kilani fled to Nazi Germany, and was known for his connections to the Nazis and to Jerusalem Mufti Hajj Amin Al-Husseini.

[5] A reference to the Arab nationalist movement, founded in Beirut in the 1920s.

[6] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017.
===BIODIVERSITY===
I am a Palestinian American who is tired of stupid people. I wanted to share a (not exhaustive) list of 50 useful and indisputable facts on the Palestinian-Israeli conflict.

FACT No. [#01.]

Some Jews are shitty and awful people.!'?

FACT No. [#02.]

Some Muslims are shitty and awful people.!'?

FACT No. [#03.]

Some Christians are shitty and awful people.!'?'

FACT No.[#04.]

Some Arabs are shitty and awful people.!'?'

FACT No. [#05.]

Some Americans are shitty and awful people.!'?'

FACT No. 6.

Some Israelis are shitty and awful people.!?'

FACT No. 7.

Some Palestinians are shitty and awful people.!'?

FACT No.[#08.]

Not all Jews are Israelis.!'?

FACT No.[#09.]

Not all Israelis are Jews.!'?

FACT No.[#10.]

Not all Jews are white.!'?

FACT No. [#11.]

Not all Israelis are white.!'?

FACT No. [#12.]

Not all Muslims are Arabs.!'?

FACT No. 13.

Not all Arabs are Muslim.!'?

FACT No. 14.

Not all Palestinians are Muslims.!'?

FACT No. 15.

Not all Arabs are Palestinian.!'?

FACT No. 16.

Not all Palestinians are Haumaus.!'?

FACT No. 17.

[[Texans]] are not [[Arizonans]].!'?

FACT No. 18.

Germans are not Dutch..(The word Dutch comes from a Proto-Germanic word meaning “of the people.” It shares a root with the German word [[Deutsch]], which has led to some confusing names. The name Germans call Germany, for example, is [[Deutschland]] and the people there [[Deutsch]]. [[Dutch]] and German are related, after all, both being Germanic languages.).!'?

FACT No. 19.

Palestinians are not Jordanians.!'?

FACT No. 20.

[Egyptians] are not Palestinians.!'?

FACT No. 21.

Where you are born does not actually determine anything about you.!'?

FACT No. 22.

Your passport is not your political beliefs.

FACT No. 23.

Your government is not your morality.!'?

FACT No. 24.

Not all Jews like the Israeli government.!'?

FACT No. 25.

Not all Israelis like the Israeli government.!'?

FACT No. 26.

Not all Palestinians like the Palestinian government.

FACT No. 27.

Israeli governments have committed acts of terror and violence against the Palestinian people.

FACT No. 28.

Palestinian organizations have committed acts of terror and violence against the Israeli people.!'?

FACT No. 29.

US leaders do things that I do not agree with (e.g., 2016–2020).

FACT No. 30.

Israeli leaders do things that Israelis do not agree with.

FACT No. 31.

Palestinian leaders do things that Palestinians do not agree with.

FACT No. 32.

What happened to the Israeli civilians on 10/7 2023* is fucking awful, and Hamas has earned every fucking thing that the Israeli military throws at them.

FACT No. 33.

What is happening in Gaza to civilians is fucking awful, and not the smartest thing for Israel to do, and some aspects of Israeli military activity may be [[war crimes]], and it doesn’t have to be genocide for it to be tragic.!'?

FACT No. 34.

You can advocate for Palestine without being a racist, anti-semitic piece of shit.!'?

FACT No. 35.

You can advocate for Israel without being a racist, anti-Arab piece of shit.!'?

FACT No. 36.

People like to have sex with each other, and they sometimes procreate with people outside their tribes.! '?

FACT No. 37.

No one in the Levant is indigenous. Every fucking empire in history has fucked their way through the Levant. There is no pure indigeneity. And let’s be honest: The entire planet has been colonized..by [[Europeans]] Powers..and In Ancient (..hominids from the Great Rift Valley).

FACT No. [#38.]

Palestinians and Israelis share paternal Bronze Age DNA. Yes, even Ashkenazi Jews.!'?...

FACT No. 39.

Stop with the fucking history lessons about what the Israelites did, or what the [[OTTOMANS]] did, or what the [[BRITISH]] did, or whatever. It is Fucking &quot;IMPERIAL SHIT&quot; There is a pile of DOG shit in the living room. Instead of arguing about whose DOG took the bigger shit in the living room, maybe focus on how we clean up the dog shit, and maybe we keep the DOGS outside.!'?

FACT No. 40.

Any people have a right to group together and self-identify as whatever-the-fuck-they-want-to-self-identify as. When they get large enough as a group, those people have the right to self-determination and self-respect and a state where they can control their own destinies.

FACT No. 41.

Whether you like the idea or not, the Israeli state exists. It will also continue to exist until the ISRAELI people decide they don’t want it to exist. Your opinion on this matter (if you are not Israeli) is fucking immaterial.

FACT No. 42.

Whether you like the idea or not, a Palestinian state will exist at some point, and it will continue to exist until the PALESTINIAN people decide they don’t want it to exist. Your opinion on this matter (if you are not Palestinian) is fucking immaterial.!'?

FACT No. 43.

You cannot bomb a people into true submission  —  the Blitz did not soften [[British]] morale.!?'..

FACT No. 44.

You cannot fight a war and kill a people’s desire for safety, freedom and self-determination. You can stifle it. You can try to ignore it, but one way or another, you will have to deal with it. This is as true for my Israeli friends as it is for my Palestinian ones.

FACT No. 45.

The solution to the [[Middle East]] conflict will not be found on Threads, or TikTok, or in the streets of any city that isn’t within a two-hour car ride from downtown Jerusalem.!'?

FACT No. 46.

If you want to be an ally to Palestinians, please feel free to continue to advocate for peace, security and self-determination, but do it without dehumanizing or stereotyping Israelis and Jews.

FACT No. 47.

If you want to be an ally to Israelis, please feel free to continue to advocate for peace, security and self-determination, but do it without dehumanizing or stereotyping Palestinians and Muslims and Arabs.

FACT No. 48.

If you just want to advocate for peace, try to be a voice for reason, and don’t inflame or over-simplify an already chaotic, complicated and deeply emotional issue. Help people find common ground and help bring the temperature down. You can be moral and stand up for what you believe in without being an ASSHOLE.!'?...

FACT No. 49.

Yes, an amazing one-state liberal democracy where Palestinian boys and girls could fuck Israeli boys and girls and make cute babies, and everybody spoke Hebrew and Arabic and we all agreed that [[hummus]] and [[falafel]] are delicious and Palestinian and sufganiyot are delicious and Israeli would be awesome. But this wonderful future has about as much chance of happening in the near term as this 5’8″  56'&quot;-year-old Palestinian has being a starter for the [[Golden State Warrior]]s. A two-state solution is the only workable one.!'?

FACT No. 50.

Hummus is Palestinian. I am immovable on this.!'?'

Moe Aa. Hussein is a Palestinian-American creative with a filmmaking background interested in the intersection of experience and technology. This list originally ran on his Medium blog.!'?

The Citizen welcomes guest commentary from community members who represent that it is their own work and their own opinion based on true facts that they know firsthand.:.

&lt;Ref&gt;https://waleedgohar469.medium.com/a-media-rich-guide-on-facts-about-palestine-70022565965d&lt;/Ref&gt;.:
&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.historyhit.com/facts-about-the-israeli-palestinian-conflict/&lt;/&lt;/Ref&gt;.:
&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.factretriever.com/israel-facts&lt;/Ref&gt;.:


5 Interesting Facts About Palestine (Find Out)!

Waleed Gohar
Waleed Gohar
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3 min read
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Jun 22, 2020

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Introduction:
Palestine is a land which has a lot of things for its readers. This is a land which is located in Asia but there is much more to know, apart from its location.
Therefore, let’s dive straight into some facts about Palestine.
Is 3G available in Palestine?
The 3G services are not available in Palestine apart from a few locations. Why is this?
Facts About Palestine (3G Network)
This is because the Israeli restrictions do not allow the Palestinian people to have access to the 3G services openly.
There has been a conversation about this over the past few years of Palestine National Authority with the Israeli authorities but in vain.
The Economy of Palestine:
Palestine is a land that is considered unsafe by many people, but is it true?
To understand this, first, understand that tourism is an important part of the economy of Palestine. In 2010, 4.6 million people visited Palestine. This is a pretty decent figure for a land that is considered unsafe for many people.
Furthermore, the stone industry in Palestine is also a very important part of its economy. To understand how important is the stone industry to Palestine, it is to Palestine as the textile is to Pakistan.
And what is textile is to Pakistan?
60% of the exports of Pakistan are based on the cotton textile industries that provide half of the countries employment!
The majority of exports of Palestine are to Israel, Jordan, America and some European countries.
The National Animal of Palestine:
Gazelle is the national animal of Palestine which is known for its speed. The Palestinian government has been trying to protect this creature as it is an important symbol for the Palestinians.
Facts About Palestine (Gazelle)
Photo by Bas van Brandwijk on Unsplash
These beautiful thin creatures are mostly found in Africa and Asia. They resemble deer and they are from the family of goats, sheep and cattle. The dama Gazelle is the largest Gazelle.
The National Flower of Palestine:
Palestinian poppy is the natural flower of Palestine. This beautiful flower is bright red and the scientific name of the Palestinian Poppy is Anemone coronaria.
The flower originally comes from Ranunculaceaefamily (buttercup family). Very fewer flowers have played such an important role in medicine, religion and politics as the poppy.
One commonly asked question is that are anemones and poppies same?
Although the anemones and poppies belong to a similar flower family, they are not the same thing.
The Siege in Gaza:
In Gaza, 1.9 million Palestinians are under a brutal siege. The basic human rights have been denied to them and they are constantly exposed to aerial bombing.
The political instability and barbarity make Gaza unsafe. The Israeli restrictions in this area are so brutal that the United Nations says that by 2020, the area can be completely inhibited.
Conclusion:
The facts about Palestine is a very interesting topic. I hope that the article makes sense.
Thank You very much for staying with me till the end!


&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.memri.org/reports/arab-opposition-to-kurdish-state-hypocritical&lt;/Ref&gt;.:

&quot;Jabaan&quot; likely refers to the word for &quot;Japan&quot; in the language of the user, which in this case is probably &quot;Swahili&quot; or &quot;Somali&quot;, as it is a transliteration of the word &quot;Japan&quot; in these languages. 
Here's a breakdown: 
&quot;Jabaan&quot; is a transliteration of &quot;Japan&quot; in Swahili and Somali:
The word &quot;Jabaan&quot; is used to refer to the country of Japan in Swahili and Somali.
Swahili and Somali are languages spoken in Africa:
Swahili is a Bantu language spoken in East Africa, while Somali is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in the Horn of Africa….!!’?’….!!

==Sido kale fiiri==

* [[Unionka Mediterraneanka]]

* [[Wadanamaha Jaamacada Carabta Afrika]]

* [[Waddnamha Mashriq Jaamacada Carabta]]

* https://livingcost.org/

==10*of the*Most*Endangered Species in Africa==

BY OLIVIA LAI AFRICA JUN 27TH 2022/23
EARTH.ORG IS POWERED BY OVER 150 CONTRIBUTING WRITERS
 10 of the Most Endangered Species in Africa
Africa, the world’s second-largest and second-most populous continent, is wonderfully rich in biodiversity. Thanks to its equally rich natural landscapes and biomes, ranging from arid deserts and savannahs to tropical rainforests and ice-capped mountains, Africa supports about a quarter of the planet’s animal and plant species. But delayed industrialisation and development, human activities such as deforestation – 4 million hectares of African forests are cut down annually, almost double the speed than the global average deforestation rate – and prolonged conflicts have had a devastating impact on wildlife on the continent. All these are being fuelled further by climate change. These are just some of the most endangered species in Africa that are in dire need of protection and conservation, before it’s too late. 

—


===10*Most*Endangered*Species*in Africa.!!===

[#01.]Black Rhino..!!’?’…!!’?’…!!’

Otherwise known as the hook-lipped rhino, the black rhino is one of two species of rhinoceros native to Africa (the other being the white rhino). Due to rampant poaching to meet a global demand for rhinoceros horn, wildlife trading and trophy hunting, black rhino populations have been decimated and has driven a subspecies, the Western black rhino (Diceros bicornis longipes), to extinction in 2011. Today, there are just over 5,600 individuals left of the critically endangered animal and are limited to just four countries: South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe and Kenya. As a keystone species, meaning that they hold a significant role within an ecosystem, there have been major efforts to protect and recover population numbers, including greater habitat protection and monitoring systems, as well as harsher fines and sentences for rhino poachers. 

[#02.]African Elephant.!!’?’!!’?…

In the 1970s, Africa was home to 1.3 million elephants. Today, that number has plummeted down to less than 30,000 in the wild. Much like rhinos, elephants have been heavily targeted and poached throughout history due to the ivory trade; ivory tusks were treated as a valuable commodity and a status symbol. As a result, around 90% of African elephants have been wiped out in the past century. Though much of the world has since banned elephant ivory trading, most notably China, illegal poaching and trading still persist. But with significant conservation efforts, countries like Kenya have been experiencing a baby boom in elephants, more than doubling the population in 30 years. But other major threats to the species remain: human-wildlife conflict fuelled by human population growth and urban expansion, and climate change-induced droughts. 

Your Contribution Makes a Difference
Every donation counts in our fight against climate change. Join us in making a real impact by supporting our research, data analysis, and policy solutions.
DONATE TODAY…!!’?’

 endangered species africa 
[#03].Gorilla..!!’?’..!!’?’..

There are two species of gorillas, the Eastern gorilla and the Western gorilla, both of which are native to Africa and listed as Critically Endangered on the International Union for Conservation of NatureRed List. A combination of factors have pushed the animal to such a dire situation, including poaching, habitat loss from logging and agricultural development, human conflict, and diseases. In fact, one of the two subspecies of the Western gorilla, the Cross River gorilla that lives in the Cameroon-Nigeria border region, saw its population plummet to about 200-300 adults. Population recovery efforts can be also slow and difficult due to their low reproductive rate, with females only giving birth every four to six years – females also only breed three or four times in her lifetime.

[#04.]Saharan Cheetah.!!’?’!!’?’…

This endangered cat (but not a ‘Big Cat’) has been pushed to the brink of extinction due to significant habitat loss, forcing the animal to be limited to 10% of its historical range. Its remaining small populations can now only be found in Algeria and Niger, and isolated pockets across the Sahara and Sahel from Mali in the west to the Central African Republic in the east.​ Additionally, hunting by a growing local population in the region and reduced prey such as sheep and gazelle from the agricultural explosion have also contributed to Saharan cheetah’s population decline to fewer than 250 individuals. 

 endangered species in Africa Photo credit: EO Photographer Josh R.

[#05.]African Wild Dog..!!’?’…!!’?

Also known as the African painted dog or the African hunting dog, this critically endangered species in Africa is also the second most endangered carnivore in the continent. As wild dogs are highly social animals, gathering and travelling packs, they’re incredibly sensitive to habitat changes and fragmentation, which have been significantly reduced over the past few decades. Illegally poaching and wildlife trading is rife across African countries, and many African dogs were caught as bycatch in snares targeted for other animals like antelopes. Despite their impressive speeds – they reach speeds of more than 44 miles per hour – the species has not been able to run away from other threats like human conflicts over livestock, infectious diseases like rabies and distemper, and competition with larger predators like lions due to shrinking habitats. The largest populations are mostly in southern Africa – where there are less than 550 individuals in the wild – and the southern part of East Africa including Tanzania and northern Mozambique. Though snare hunting has been made illegal on nationally proclaimed wildlife reserves in South Africa, far more conservation efforts are needed to protect this rare mammal.

You might also like: Is the Sahara Desert Growing?

[#06.]African Penguin…!!’?’…!!’?’…

There’s a common misconception that penguins are native only to the Arctic when in fact, there’s a well-known nesting penguin species that breeds in Africa, or more specifically, Namibia and South Africa. Unfortunately, the population of the African penguin is dwindling fast as a result of habitat loss and destruction, overfishing to meet global commercial demand, oil spills and marine pollution – the bird’s range encompass many global trading and oil transport routes – as well as warming ocean temperatures. The species has lost about 95% of its population since pre-industrial times to about 14,700 pairs, based on 2021 estimates. In addition, guano harvests – accumulated excrement of seabirds and bats is a highly sought-after fertiliser – eliminated their preferred nesting substrate, leaving them exposed to predators, heat stress, flooding and sea-level rise.

&lt;Ref&gt;https://earth.org/endangered-species-in-africa/&lt;/Ref&gt;.::

endangered species in the desert, north african ostrich…!!’?’
[#07.]North African Ostrich..!!’ 

The North African ostrich is the largest bird on Earth. Historically, it was distributed across the entire Sahara desert, spreading across 18 countries. Today, they’re only found in Cameroon, Chad, Central African Republic and Senegal. This flightless bird has been heavily targeted over the past 50 years; their feathers, meat and egg are deemed valuable in the wildlife trading market. Much like most of the animals on this list, the ostrich has suffered from habitat loss from human expansion and desertification – a process by which lands become infertile – causing increased food competition with other livestock and larger animals. Since being identified in the IUCN red list, a number of conservation efforts have been underway to help restore the species, from introducing more ostriches to Senegal and habitat rehabilitation to improving livestock fencing and management. 

[#08.]Dama Gazelle..!!’?’…!!’?’

The dama gazelle now lives only about 1% of its historical range, and is found primarily in the countries of Chad and Sudan. Despite its preference for arid territories, desertification and worsening droughts from climate change have caused major habitat loss and fragmentation, as well as reduced vegetation for gazelle to feed from – thus increased competition with human and livestock. Prolonged wars in the region have also exacerbated all these aforementioned factors. Today, fewer than 400 individuals are left in the wild.

[#09.] Egyptian Tortoise..!!’?’…!!’

Another Saharan Desert native and the smallest species of tortoises – no longer than 10cm in length at maturity, the Egyptian tortoise is all but extinct from its original habitat due to the loss of habitat from agriculture and expansion of tourism, and most notably, from illegal pet trading. According to the IUCN Red List, the total Egyptian tortoise population is estimated to be around 7,470, but as they are not legally protected in Libya – where the species is mostly found – they are highly vulnerable to further population decline. Despite ongoing captive breeding programmes efforts to reintroduce Egyptian tortoises to the wild, they have mostly been slow and relatively unsuccessful.

[#10.] Sahara Aphanius..!!’?’…!!’

This tiny freshwater pupfish, measuring only less than two inches long, can be found nowhere else in the world except for the Sahara Desert in the Oued Saoura river basin near Mazzer, Algeria. Agricultural development, which has caused significant groundwater contamination and excessive water withdrawal, and increasingly frequent and prolonged droughts, have severely impacted the aquatic vegetation that the species depend upon. This includes zooplankton and algae. The freshwater fish remains to be listed as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List. 

Aside from these endangered species in Africa, you might also like: 10 of the World’s Most Endangered Animals in 2022/2023*.!!

알자지라의 미단 보이스 [[인터넷 채널]]: 유대인이 만들어내고 통제하고 있습니다(&quot;..모든 것이 2초 안에 움직입니다..&quot;) [[할리우드]]; [[CNN]]; 포르노 산업을 오염시키기 위해 &quot;..[[미국인]]..!!..&quot;과 &quot;...[[기독교인]]...!!'?'&quot; 가치관을...!!'?'...
aljajilaui midan boiseu [[inteones chaeneol]]: yudaein-i mandeul-eonaego tongjehago issseubnida(&quot;..modeun geos-i 2cho an-e umjig-ibnida..&quot;) [[halliudeu]]; [[CNN]]; poleuno san-eob-eul oyeomsikigi wihae &quot;..[[migug-in]]..!!..&quot;gwa &quot;...[[gidoggyoin]]...!!'?'&quot; gachigwan-eul...!!'?'...

==The Most Endangered Animals in Africa== 

By H. Nimmo.
Africa is blessed with a stunning variety of wildlife – it has more species of charismatic megafauna than any other continent. However, sadly, with ever expanding human populations and their increasing demand for land, food and water, exacerbated by poaching, more and more species are becoming endangered. However, thanks to the foresight of conservationists past and present, many of the most endangered animals in Africa are being protected in reserves and national parks.  Below is a list of some of the most endangered species in Africa and where you stand a chance of seeing them.

=10,441 &quot;African Safaris&quot;=


[#01.]Ethiopian’s..!..
Ethiopian wolf..!!’?’…!!’?’…

The Ethiopian wolf is Africa’s most endangered carnivore and the continent’s only wolf species. It is a handsome rusty red jackal-like dog and, as the name suggests, it is endemic to Ethiopia’s  It is endangered due to loss of habitat to farmland and due to diseases caught from domestic dogs.

Best place to see Ethiopian wolf: Bale Mountain National Park, Ethiopia

 
 [#02.]Pangolin
Pangolin..!!’?’…!!’

The poor pangolin has the dubious honor of being the most illegally trafficked species in Africa, as its scales are used in traditional medicine in Asia. Most people have never heard of a pangolin, let alone seen one … and sadly it is feared they are on a fast-track to extinction. Pangolins are now one of the most endangered animals in Africa. These delightful, gentle creatures are armour-plated and roll into a ball to defend themselves – unfortunately a poor defence against humans. Pangolins feed on ants and termites with their long sticky tongues, and the mother carries her young infant on her back. They are the holy grail of wildlife sightings for many tourists and indeed safari guides, such is their rarity. I must confess the first time I saw a pangolin in the wild, I was moved to tears – part joy and part sadness at just how vulnerable they are.

Best place to see a pangolin: in winter at Tswalu Private Game Reserve, South Africa

 
 [#03.] Black Rhino
Black Rhino…!!’?’…!!’?’….

Black rhinos are actually grey in color and are distinguished from white rhinos by their pointed, prehensile upper lip, whereas white rhinos have square lips. Black rhino calves usually follow their mother – whereas white rhino calves often trot along in front.  Black rhinos are largely solitary and are browsers rather than grazers – hence their hooked lip. Black rhinos are classified as Critically Endangered, as they have been decimated by poaching for their horn. The most recent numbers estimate less than 5000 in 2010, however, numbers are likely to have decreased further since then, despite valiant conservation efforts.

Best places to see black rhino:

Ngorogoro Crater, Tanzania
Etosha National Park, Namibia
Damaraland, Namibia
Matobo National Park, Zimbabwe
 

 [#04.] White Rhino
White Rhino…!!’?’…!!’?’…

It is sad that, after successful conservation efforts increased their numbers dramatically in the 1960’s, once again, white rhino has become one of the most endangered animals in Africa. This is due to illegal poaching to satisfy the increased demand for their horn by Asian markets. Valiant conservation efforts are once again underway to save the white rhino, and South Africa is still its stronghold. The white rhino is larger than the black rhino and has square lips for grazing.

Best places to see white rhino:

Kruger National Park, South Africa
uMkhuze Game Reserve, South Africa
Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Game Reserve, South Africa
Sabi Sand Game Reserve, South Africa
 

 [#05.]Mountain Gorilla
Mountain Gorilla..!!’?’…!!’?’…

Although mountain gorillas are still considered one of the most endangered animals in Africa, the good news is that their numbers are actually on the increase. An encounter with mountain gorillas should be on everyone’s bucket list. Although it is an expensive trip, believe me, it is worth every dollar! You will never forget the hour you spend with these gentle giants. It is your tourist dollars that are helping to protect and conserve the mountain gorillas and their forests – another reason to visit.!!
Best place to see mountain gorillas: Bwindi National Park, Uganda

 
 [#06.]African Wild Dog?
African Wild Dog…!!’?’…!!’?’

Previously viewed as vermin, thankfully the African wild dog has had a very good PR makeover over the last few years and has now become one of the most wished-for safari sightings. Sightings on safari are often by luck, as the dogs cover huge distances in search of prey, and it is only when they are denning (usually the dry season months) that they remain in the same place for a few weeks. Personally they are my favorite animal to see on safari, as they are such sociable carnivores. It is a privilege to watch their frenzied “greeting ceremony”, when they are getting to get ready to hunt – making all sorts of un-dog-like chittering and chirping noises. African wild dogs require huge ranges and consequently habitat fragmentation has caused their decline. Other threats include diseases from domestic dogs, persecution by livestock farmers, road accidents and incidental snaring. 

Best places to see African wild dog:

Mana Pools National Park, Zimbabwe
Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe
Madikwe Game Reserve, South Africa
Linyanti Concession, Botswana
Selinda Concession, Botswana
 

 [#07.] African Penguin
African Penguin…!!’?’…!!’?’

For visitors to Cape Town, it is hard to imagine that the African penguin is one of the most endangered species in Africa. They are easy to see at Boulders Bay on the Cape Peninsula, where there is a visitor centre and boardwalk past their nests. However, sadly, African penguin numbers have plummeted in recent years due to depleted fish stocks from over fishing and fish stocks moving further west due to climate change. The African penguin is also at risk from oil spills. This is the only penguin species breeding in Africa, and they are easily recognisable by their dapper black and white plumage and jack-ass braying call.

Best place to see African penguins: Cape Point, South Africa

 
 [#08.] Rothschild’s…Giraffe
Rothschild’s giraffe…!!’?’…!!…

The giraffe is one of Africa’s most recognisable and iconic animals and the tallest land mammal. While giraffes are commonly seen on safari, people are unaware that the numbers of these majestic animals are crashing dramatically outside of protected areas due to habitat loss, illegal hunting and human-wildlife conflict. There are nine subspecies of giraffe, each confined to specific regions of Africa. The Rothschild’s giraffe is now listed as one of the most endangered animals in Africa – in 2010 there were thought to be less than 670 individuals. It is found in western Kenya and eastern Uganda and it has broader dividing white lines than the reticulated giraffe and no spotting below the knees.

Best places to see Rothschild’s giraffes:

Lake Nakuru National Park, Kenya
Murchison Falls National Park, Uganda
Kidepo Vally National Park, Uganda
Lake Mburo National Park, Uganda
 

 [#09.] Hooded Vulture
Hooded vulture..!!’?’

Vultures are a critical component in the African landscape but their numbers are plummeting due to increased poisoning incidents. Without vultures clearing carcasses, there is a risk in the increase of disease – as has happened in India, where they have lost 95% of their vultures. The hooded vulture is now one of the most endangered species in Africa – recently upgraded to Critically Endangered. They are easy to distinguish from other vultures by their small size and thin hooked bill.

Best places to see hooded vultures:

Moremi National Park, Botswana
Kruger National Park, South Africa
Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe
 

 [#10.] Chimpanzee
Chimpanzee…!!’?’

When you look into the eyes of a wild chimpanzee, it is easy to understand that this is man’s closest relative – we share 98% of the same genes. Their behavior is distinctively human-like too. Tracking chimpanzees in the wild is one of the most exciting safari activities – it really does feel like you are in the middle of your very own wildlife documentary. Chimpanzees are classified as one of the most endangered animals in Africa – the biggest threat to their survival is habitat loss and an increasing demand for bushmeat…!!’?

Best places to see chimpanzees:

Gombe National Park, Tanzania
Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania
Kibale National Park, Uganda
 

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*&lt;ref&gt;https://www.statista.com/statistics/806135/gdp-of-the-arab-world/&lt;/ref&gt;.

* &lt;ref&gt;https://www.languagetrainers.co.uk/blog/8-fascinating-facts-about-arab-culture/&lt;/ref&gt;.


* https://en.idi.org.il/articles/38540

* https://www.japantimes.co.jp/tag/saudi-arabia/ 
* https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8

* https://www.worlddata.info/languages/#google_vignette

* https://www.visualcapitalist.com/the-tech-giants-worth-compared-economies-countries//

* https://www.arabnews.com/node/1823401/saudi-arabia

&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.worlddata.info/languages/arabic.php&lt;/Ref&gt;

&lt;Ref&gt;https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-educated-countries&lt;/Ref&gt;.:

&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2020&lt;/Ref&gt;.:

* https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/10-countries-with-the-best-education-systems.html

* https://www.worldatlas.com/history/10-countries-which-have-never-been-colonised-by-europeans.html

&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.gfmag.com/global-data/economic-data/richest-countries-in-the-world&lt;/Ref&gt;.


&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.quora.com/How-accurate-is-the-assertion-that-Britain-has-invaded-all-but-22-countries-in-the-world&lt;/Ref&gt;.

* https://theculturetrip.com/asia/brunei-darussalam/articles/11-things-that-are-illegal-in-brunei/ {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/asia/brunei-darussalam/articles/11-things-that-are-illegal-in-brunei/ |date=20220701200249 }}


* https://www.cnbc.com/2020/01/03/who-was-iranian-general-qasem-soleimani-and-why-his-killing-matters.html


*https://almashareq.com/en_GB/articles/cnmi_am/features/2022/02/04/feature-02

&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.espn.com/soccer/standings/_/league/ita.1&lt;/Ref&gt;.:

** https://www.quora.com/How-accurate-is-the-assertion-that-Britain-has-invaded-all-but-22-countries-in-the-world

&lt;Ref&gt;https://kottke.org/12/11/britain-has-invaded-all-but-22-countries&lt;/Ref&gt;.

* https://www.goodcountry.org/index/your-questions/countries-included/youve-left-out-a-number-of-territories-nations-why-is-this/

*&lt;ref&gt;https://visaindex.com/country/indonesia-passport-ranking/&lt;/ref&gt;

*&lt;ref&gt;https://industryarabic.com/arabic-facts-statistics/&lt;/ref&gt;.

&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.xe.com/popularity.php&lt;/Ref&gt;.:•

&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.eurosport.com/football/serie-a/2024-2025/standings.shtml&lt;/Ref&gt;.:

*&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.globalizationpartners.com/2016/06/30/10-facts-about-arab-culture-infographic/#:~:text=The%20Arab%20world%20stretches%20across,various%20ethnic%20and%20religious%20backgrounds.&lt;/ref&gt;.

&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/14/some-300-children-drowned-trying-to-reach-europe-so-far-this-year&lt;/ref&gt;.:

 
* https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} 
* https://www.4icu.org/top-universities-africa/ '!!`{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}


* https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-never-colonized
{{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm |date=20220819192938 }}

* https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-know-about-arab-citizens-israel

* https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/iran-iraq-power-centres-creating-havoc.:

{{Wayback|url=
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_tree_of_Muhammad#:~:text=This%20family%20tree%20is%20about,Ishmael%20through%20the%20Hashim%20tribe.|date=20220707081051 }}

* https://www.sporcle.com/blog/2019/03/what-countries-are-transcontinental/ {{Wayback|url=https://www.sporcle.com/blog/2019/03/what-countries-are-transcontinental/ |date=20240614155515 }}

* https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2021/02/335958/morocco-exposes-polisario-algerias-propaganda-in-letter-to-un/


* https://themuslim500.com/book-reviews-2023.html {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/a/Arabic_language.htm |date=20220920172709 }} {{Wayback|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arab-countries.:•{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead 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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>306017</id>
      <parentid>306013</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-27T08:45:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mwasoge</username>
        <id>29030</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Waddamada “Jaamacadda Dowladdaha Carabta.” */</comment>
      <origin>306017</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="135643" sha1="c8tquuimqlnsbo4fg6awwgj6peniz96" xml:space="preserve">{{Dalalka                        
|native_name                   = Ururka Jaamcada(Wddmd)Carabta&lt;Br/&gt;'':.جامعة الدول العربية'' 
|conventional_long_name        = Arabic Language States’&lt;/&gt;.:
|common_name                   = Arabic Language States:.
Midowga Ummadda Carabta:
|qaaradda                      = [[Afrika]],[[Aasiya]] &amp;[[]] 
|sawir_calan                   = Flag of the League of Arab States.svg
|sawir_qaran                   = Emblem of the Arab League.svg
|image_map                     = 
|astaan_calan                  = Arab League States'&quot; (orthographic projection).svg
|image_map                     = League of Arab States.png
File:Map of League of Arab States countries.png
|caasimadda                    = [[Qaahiro]]: [[Baqdaad]]: &amp;[[Dooxa]]:.:!!`?'!!’
|luuqadaha                     = [[Carabi|Af-Carabi]].:([[Af-Kurdish]]).:[[Af-Ingiriis]]; &amp;[[Turki]]; &amp; [[Af-Urdu]]; &amp; [[Af-Faarisi]].::•
|-
|caasimada                     = [[Qaahiro]]:; [[Madiina]]: [[Baqdaad]]: &amp; [[Dooxa]].:•!!
|-
|GDP_PPP= $35.177’ Trillions’
(€29,357’ trillions)
* ([[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|4th]])
|GDP_PPP_year = (2025* Est.)
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $29,947.00’
|GDP_nominal = &quot;$23.957&quot;-$19.453’ Trillions’
|GDP_nominal_year = 2025
|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $24,459.00.!!’
|Gini_year = 
|Gini_change = &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
|Gini = &lt;!--number only--&gt;
|Gini_ref =          
|Dawladda                      = [[Dalalka jaamcada carabta]]
|-
|darajo_hogaamiye1             = 
[[Madaxweynaha]]:([[Sacuudi Carabiya]]):[[Salman bin 'Abd al-'Aziz Al Sa'ud]]
|magac_hogaamiye1          =
|-
|darajo_hogaamiye2             = 
[[Xoghayaha Guud]]:[[Masar]]:
[[Imaaraadka Carabta]]: 
|magac_hogaamiye2            =
DR.(MR.).: Ahmed Aboul Gheit _* 
|MR. Syd. Gamal Abdel Nasser_*
|MR. Syd. M. Husny MUBARAK _* 
|-  
|darajo_hogaamiye3         =  [[Gudoomiye]]:
[[Ciraaq]]:-)
|magac_hogaamiye3             =
(fm)MR. SADDAM HUSSAIN*.(A.M.A.)Al-Tikriti._*
MR.Zine El Abidine “Ben ALI3”._*
|-
|darajo_hogaamiye4             =  [[Guddoomiye Kuxigeen]]:
[[Aljeeriya]]:-)
[[Marooko]]:-)

|magac_hogaamiye4             = 
MR.Prof. Abdelaziz B.TEFLIKHA_* 
MR.Syd. AlI3 A. SALEH (Al’A’Fmly.!)_*
|-
|sovereignty_type            = 
'''Ka xoroobey''':
|sovereignty_note            = 
|[[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska]]''':

 '''[[Dawlada Cosmaniya]]''' &amp;
'''[[Faransiiska]]''': .:`~`
|-
|established_event1            = 
|established_date1             =
|area                          = 13,953,041`*
|areami²                       = 5,382,910`*
|biyo                          = 
|population_estimate           =455-425*Million&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;
|population_estimate_year      = 2022-2025*
|lacagta                       =  
|Magaca internetka             = &amp;nbsp;
|wakhti                        = [[(UTC+0 to +4)]]
|furaha_debedda		           = 
|furaha internetka             = Ir,Is,&amp; tr.!!'?
|furaha telefonka              = +
}}

&lt;ref&gt;https://www.worldatlas.com/geography/arab-countries.html&lt;/Ref&gt;.:

'''Ururka Jaamacada Carabta''' ama '''Ururka Dowladda Jaamacadda Carabta''' waa Urur kulmiya wadamada carabta.Waa urur kulmiya wadamo kuyaala. [[Aasiya]] iyo [[Afrika]] iyo [[Yurub]].:. xubnaha kujira waxaa looyaqaana dawldo caraba.waa dawlado wadaaga arimo dhaqaale iyo arimo siyaasadeed. waxaana ka dhexeeya xidhiidho aad iyo aad ubadan
Wadamada xubnaha ka ah Jaamacadda Carabta waxay daboolayaan in ka badan 13,000,000 km2 (5,000,000 sq m) iyo waliba laba qaaradood oo kala duwan: Afrika iyo Aasiya.

Goobtaasi waxay ka kooban tahay lamadegalka duurka, sida Sahara. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa sidoo kale ku jira dhulal badan oo aad u sarreeya sida Dooxada Nile, Dooxada Jubba iyo Dooxada Shebelle ee [[Geeska Afrika]], Buuraleyda Atlas ee Maghreb, iyo Bariiska Fertile ee sii fidiya Mesopotamia iyo Levant. Aagga ayaa ka kooban kaymo qoto dheer oo ku yaal koonfurta Carabta iyo qaybo ka mid ah webiga ugu dheer dunida, Niilka.

Qowmiyad-kala-duwan, diini ah, iyo luuqado badan. Diin-badan, Luuqado badan, &amp; Qowmiyado kala duwan.Luuqadaha badan, Qowmiyadaha kala duwan, &amp; Diimaha badan; oo macneheedu yahay Dhaqamada kala duwan ee wayn.

Jaartarka Jaamacadda Carabta, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano Heshiiska Jaamacadda Carabta, ayaa ah heshiiskii aasaasay ee Jaamacadda Carabta. 1945-kii la aqbalay, waxa uu dhigayaa in &quot;Ururka Jaamacadda Carabtu uu ka kooban yahay Dawladaha Carbeed ee madaxbannaan oo saxiixay Heshiiskan.&quot;.
Markii hore, 1945, waxaa jiray lix xubnood oo keliya. Maanta, Jaamacadda Carabta waxay leedahay 22 xubnood, oo ay ka mid yihiin saddex dal oo Afrikaan ah oo ka kala yimi qaybaha ugu waaweyn (Sudan, Algeria iyo Liibiya) iyo waddanka ugu weyn ee Bariga Dhexe (Sacuudi Carabiya).
Shan waddan waxay leeyihiin xaalad kormeeree oo xaq u siinaya inay muujiyaan ra'yigooda oo ay bixiyaan talo laakiin waxay diidaan xuquuqda codbixinta. 
[[Jaamacadda Carab]] tu waxay u qaybsantaa shan qaybood marka ay timaado gaadiidka, jasiiradda Carabta iyo Bariga dhow ayaa si buuxda ugu xiran hawada, badda, waddooyinka iyo tareenada. Qeyb kale oo ka mid ah League waa dooxada Niil, oo ka kooban Masar iyo Suudaan. Labadan dawladood waxay bilaabeen inay hagaajiyaan nidaamka Nile Nile ee habka safarka si loo wanaajiyo helitaanka iyo sida ganacsi loo korsado. Nidaamka tareenada cusub ayaa sidoo kale lagu wadaa inuu ku xiro magaalada koonfurta Masar ee Abu Simbel iyo waqooyiga Suudaan ee Wadi Halfa iyo ka dibna Khartoum iyo Port Sudan. Qaybta saddexaad ee horyaalka waa Maghreb, halkaas oo 3,000 km oo gawaarida gawaarida ah ay ka socdaan magaalooyinka koonfurta ee Morocco ilaa Tripoli oo ku yaala galbeedka Libya. Qaybta afaraad ee horyaalka waa Geeska Afrika, oo wadamada xubnaha ka ah ay ka mid yihiin Jabuuti iyo Soomaaliya. Labadan dawladood ee Carabta ayaa kala qaybiyay kaliya toban mayl u jirta jasiiradda Carabta ee Bab el Mandeb, taasina si dhakhso ah ayay isu bedeshaa, sida Tarik bin Laden, oo ah walaalkii Osama bin Laden, oo bilaabay dhisidda mashruuc ballaadhan ee mashruuca Horn Horns , kaas oo ugu dambeyntii ujeedkiisu yahay inuu ku xiro Geeska Afrika oo leh Jasiiradda Carabta adoo adeegsanaya buundo weyn. Mashruucan waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu fududeeyo oo la dedejiyo ganacsiga iyo ganacsiga qarniyadii hore ee u dhexeeyay labada gobol. Qaybta ugu dambeysa ee horyaalka waa jasiiradda go'doomin ee Comoros, taas oo aan ku xirnayn dawlad kale oo Carbeed ah, laakiin wali waxay la shaqaysaa xubnaha kale ee Arabic Languages.

Jaamacadda Carabtu waxay hodan ku tahay khayraadka, sida saliid weyn iyo kheyraadka dabiiciga ah ee dalalka xubnaha ka ah. Warshad kale oo si joogta ah u sii kordhaysa ee Jaamacadda Carabtu waa isgaarsiin. 

Muddo ka yar 10 sano, shirkadaha maxaliga ah sida Orascom iyo Etisalat waxay ku guuleysteen inay tartan caalami ah sameeyaan.
Horumarka dhaqaale ee ay bilowday Ururka Iskaashatada Wadamada xubnaha ka ah ayaa ka qosol badan kuwii ka soo baxay ururada yar yar ee Carabta sida Golaha Iskaashiga Khaliijka (GCC).

Waxaa ka mid ah Pipeline Arab Pipeline, kaas oo gaas Masar iyo Ciraaq geyn doona [[Jordan]], [[Syria]], Lubnaan, iyo Palestine; Laga soo bilaabo 2013.:• isbeddel muuqda oo ka dhexeeya xaaladaha dhaqaale ayaa ka dhexeeya dalalka saliida ee saliida ee [[Algeria]], [[Qatar]], [[Kuwait]] iyo [[United Arab Emirates]], iyo dalalka soo koraya sida [[Comoros]], [[Jabuuti]], [[Mauritania]], [[Somaliland]] iyo [[Eratareya]] dda.!!

Ururka Jaamacadda Carabtu waa urur siyaasadeed oo isku daya in uu gacan ka geysto sidii loo xoojin lahaa xubnaheeda dhaqaale ahaan, iyo xallinta khilaafaadka ku lug leh dalalka xubnaha ka ah adoon weydiisan kaalmo shisheeye. Waxay leedahay lahjado xubin baarlamaan ah oo wakiil ka ah arrimaha arrimaha dibedda sida badan waxaa lagu maareyn doonaa kormeerka QM.!!'?

Jaangooyada Jaamacadda Carabta [5] waxay taageertay mabda'a dhulkii Carabta iyada oo la ixtiraamayo xushmadnimada dawladaha xubnaha ka ah. Xeerarka gudaha ee Golaha Jaamacadda [20] iyo guddiyada [21] waxay ku heshiiyeen Oktoobar 1951. Xoghaynta Guud waxaa lagu heshiiyay May 1953.

Tan iyo markaas, maamulka Jaamacadda Carabtu waxay ku saleysnaayeen labadii hay'adood ee heer qaran iyo madax-bannaanida wadamada xubnaha ka ah. Ilaalinta dawladnimada shakhsi ahaaneed waxay ka heshay awoodeeda ka soo jeeda dabiiciga dabiiciga ah ee awooda xukunka ah si ay u ilaaliyaan awooddooda iyo madax-bannaanida go'aaminta. Intaa waxaa dheer, cabsida hodanka ah ee saboolka ah ee saboolka ah inuu la wadaagi karo hantidiisa magaca Ummadda Carabta, khilaafyada ka dhexeeya madaxda Carabta, iyo saamaynta awoodaha dibadda ee laga yaabo inay ka soo horjeedaan midnimada Carabta ayaa loo arki karaa caqabado dhinaca isdhexgalka qoto dheer ee horyaal .

[[File:Camel factory Nablus December 2008.JPG|thumb|right|395px|Nablu, Palestine]]

[[File:Raouda.JPG|thumb|right|View from the western side of the Hujra, [[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]]
[[File:Burial of Muhammad.jpg|thumb|right|Wall of the Burial of the Prophet Muhammed (PBHM),[[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]]
[[File:World Heritage Sites in the Arab World]]

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Disambiguate RTL.svg The term &quot;Arab&quot; redirects here. For the entry dealing with the island in the Persian Gulf, see Arab (island) .
Arab Muslims
Arabs &amp; Muslims
Al-Khansaa, Al-Khandi, Yohanan of Damascus, Philip the Arab, May Ziada, Asmahan, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Faisal the First
Al-Khansaa , Al-Khandi , Yohanan of Damascus , Philip the Arab , May Ziada , Asmahan , Gamal Abdel Nasser , Faisal the First
population
425 million
Main population concentrations
Arab countries
some of the African
countries see also: [[Israeli Arabs]]
Languages:
Arabic:
religion:
Islam:
Christianity:
Druze religion:
related ethnic groups:
Celestial peoples:
[[Maltese]] , [[Jews]] , [[Samaritans]] and [[Assyrians]].!!'.!!’

Distribution of the Arabic language :
  A single official language.!!
  official shared language with the majority of Arab natives.!!
  Official shared language due to significant minorities, history, or cultural reasons.
Arabs are a people of Semitic origin and an ethnic group from the Arabian Peninsula . After the emergence of Islam in the 7th century , the Arab population spread in the Middle East and North Africa in a series of waves of migration, conquest and cultural influence. Countries where the Arabs constitute a clear majority of the population are called &quot; Arab countries &quot;. Today, the name is used as a nickname for the natives of these countries, whose mother tongue is Arabic and the vast majority of them are Muslim (most of them Sunni ).

The most common definitions for the name Arabs in thought and literature, in academic research and in the media, are:

Politically : People who are citizens of countries that are members of the Arab League (or in a broader generalization, the Arab world), but not all Arab countries are members of the Arab League and these countries also have non-Arab citizens. This definition includes over 300-450 million people. The Arab Leagues includes several African countries, such as Djibouti , Comoros and Somalia , whose Arabic is one of their official languages ​​but whose inhabitants are not Arabs at all. And there are Arabs who are not citizens of these countries (for example, in the United States , Israel and European countries).
Linguistic: people whose mother tongue is Arabic , or who at least speak Arabic in their daily and personal lives, even if they did not grow up using it. 

This definition includes over 200 million people who speak different dialects of the Arabic language.
Ethnic - Genealogical - Racial : Humans who live, or whose ancestors lived in the Arabian Peninsula and whose genetic and physical characteristics are originally characterized mainly by the original inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula .

Cultural: people who see themselves as Arabs (regardless of ethnic and genealogical origins), whose culture and way of life are Arabs and are recognized as Arabs by others.

The majority of Arabs are Muslims (mostly Sunnis and a minority of Shias’ and members of other minority classes), and a minority of them are Christians , Druze and others.[1]

etymology:
The word &quot;Arab&quot; in this meaning is mentioned in the Bible several times. Thus, for example, the book of Nehemiah mentions the &quot; Arab rain &quot; that some scholars identify with King Kedar .[2]Also in the Book of Kings, &quot;the kings of the evening&quot; are mentioned[3]And it seems that this phrase refers to the rulers of the Arabian Peninsula, with whom King Solomon had trade relations.[4]The word &quot;Arab&quot; also appears in the Bible in the meaning of the inhabitant of the steppe .

In Semitic languages, as a rule, the root A.R.B carries the meanings of: west, sunset (evening), desert (Arab), mix, trade, crow and clear. All or some of them can have a connection to the origin of the name. [ source needed ] It is also possible that the name can have consonants and the origin of the name is actually in the root A.B.R. in connection with their nomadic way of life. [ source required ]

In the Qur'an the word &quot;Arab&quot; does not appear as a noun but only as an adjective, for example, the Qur'an refers to itself as &quot;Arab and clear&quot; when the two attributes are related to each other.

history:
This chapter is lacking. Please contribute to Wikipedia and complete it . You may find details on the conversation page .
BC

The soldiers of the Assyrian Empire defeat &quot;Gindibu, King of Arabia&quot; riding a camel and his soldiers
The first mention of the Arabs in writing is from an Assyrian inscription from 853 BC ( the Necessary Monolith ), in which King Shalmenser III named &quot; Gindibu , King of Arabia&quot; among the rulers he defeated in the Battle of Karkar . Starting from the Assyrian period and following the domestication of the camel, Arab traders played a central role In the trade between the ancient Near East and the Horn of Africa and ancient Yemen .

There is evidence of trade relations of the peoples of the ancient Near East with the kingdoms of the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula, the main commercial relation between them was regarding myrrh and frankincense which were used in the perfume industry and were common in the Arabian Peninsula. An ancient Arabic inscription was found in a building from the days of the First Temple in the City of David , which indicates that a Jewish official who knew the language and had relations with one of the Arab kingdoms of the time lived there.

The Nabataeans migrated in a massive migration at the end of the Persian period from the north of the Arabian Peninsula towards the south of Jordan and the Negev , they conquered and assimilated the remains of the Moabites and the Ammonites and pushed the Adomites north to the south of Mount Hebron in the territories of Judea.:•

After counting:
As a general rule, the great empires of the ancient world did not conquer the Arabian Peninsula, unlike the rest of the Middle East, even the Sasanian Empire , which ruled the eastern and southern coasts of the peninsula, did not reach the interior of the country or the western coastal region where the cities of Mecca and Medina are located - apparently for lack of interest economic in this desert region that cannot sustain fertile agriculture .

Before Muhammad's time , the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula were idolaters?, Christians? or Jews? (descendants of Jewish exiles from the Land of Israel and also Arabs who converted under their influence, such as the Kingdom of Hamir ).!!’

The period before Muhammad is called in Islamic literature: &quot;The Age of Ignorance&quot;, or the &quot;Jahiliyyah&quot; . During this period the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula were divided into the northern tribes and the southern tribes. The tribal tradition claimed that the people of the north are the descendants of Adnan and Ishmael , while the people of the south are the descendants of a legendary figure named Qahtan .

When there are those who suggest that Kakhatan is Yakattan son of the biblical past.[6]In the Arabian Peninsula , nomadic tribes ( Bedouins ) and permanent tribes lived. The permanent tribes lived in cities or deserts and engaged in agriculture or trade . Unlike them, the nomadic tribes were engaged in escorting caravans that passed through the peninsula. Later there were also Arab groups who became Christians (see: Christian Arabs).

After the rise of Islam and its consolidation in the Arab kingdoms, Muhammad and his army went north towards the territories of the Byzantine Empire and the Sasanian Empire , which were in a period of depression and enjoyed a lasting peace between them. Muhammad's ambition to conquer the world known until then was blocked in the territories of the Gulf of Eilat , and although he sent a letter to the Jews of Eilat (the Byzantine &quot;doe&quot;) in which he ordered them to accept his new religion or prepare for their death, it was precisely Muhammad who met his death three years after declaring Islam as The &quot;religion of truth&quot; to control the other nations.

The Arab conquest of the Land of Israel brought the Arabs to the Land of Israel , but they could not defeat the Byzantine Empire and were helped by Jewish collaborators who were tired of life as an oppressed and persecuted religious and cultural minority in their country and fought alongside the Arabs against the continuation of Byzantine rule. 

The Arabs treated the Jews and Christians in the Land of Israel as dhimmis , while the Samaritans , whom Muhammad did not know and therefore did not mention in the Koran as monotheists , were forced to convert to Islam by the force of the sword or die, and when they refused, they almost led to their destruction.

After the Arab conquest of the Middle East , Arabs who migrated from the Arabian Peninsula spread to the occupied space: The [[Levant]] , [[Egypt]] and the [[Maghreb]] Greater countries . 

Later in the course of history, on the one hand, the majority of the conquered peoples began to see themselves as &quot;Arabs&quot; as well, even if it was only a cultural issue due to the Islamization of their country and people without blood ties to the Arab conquerors, and on the other hand, the immigration of Muslim pilgrims of non-Arab origin began The lands that were conquered towards the Arabian Peninsula for religious reasons etc. were assimilated into the local Arab population. The Arab-Muslim conquest also expanded into Europe , with the conquest of Spain by the Moors .!!'?'!

see also
Islam:
Judaism-Islam relations;
Israeli Arabs:
for further reading:
Bernard Lewis , The Arabs in History , Tel Aviv: Dvir Publishing , 1995.
Albert Hourani , History of the Arab Nations , Tel Aviv: Dvir Publishing, 1996.
Pierre Vidal-Naka (ed.), From the Arab Conquest to Imperial Islam, in: The History of the World from the Dawn of Mankind to the Present , Tel Aviv: Yediot Ahronoth Publishing; 993,pp. 7-10. aurchive
Forigh Ministry of Saudi Arabia.
Prince Saud Al-Fasiel. House of Al Saud Family….!!’?’…


&lt;Ref&gt;
{{Cite web |title=Nuqul Archive |url=https://stepfeed.com/7-facts-you-probably-don-t-know-about-the-arab-league-4490 |access-date=2025-06-16 |archive-date=2025-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616214621/https://stepfeed.com/7-facts-you-probably-don-t-know-about-the-arab-league-4490 |url-status=dead }}
&lt;/Ref&gt;.:•

&lt;Ref&gt;
https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-dangerous-countries-for-women&gt;/Ref{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&gt;.:

“… Le saviez-vous ?
Pour les stars du porno gay, être attirant n'a d'importance que dans le porno gay. Dans le porno hétéro, l'attention est presque toujours portée sur la star.…!!’..”

&lt;Ref&gt;https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-most-beautiful-women
&lt;/Ref&gt;.:

&lt;Ref&gt;https://armedforces.eu/compare/country_Arab_League_vs_European_Union_EU&lt;/Ref&gt;.:•

December 25, 2017
Special Dispatch No. 7246
     
Iraqi Kurdish leader Masoud Barzani's September 25, 2017 referendum on Kurdish independence sparked vehement opposition in Arab countries, as was expressed in statements by leaders and also by many articles in the Arab press. The main argument raised was that the Kurds are a tool of Israel – which is working to divide Iraq, and after that the rest of the Arab countries. As proof of this, they cited the Kurds' good relations with Israel and the fact that Israel is the only country that supports them.
Along with this opposition, the Arab press also published a few articles defending the Kurds' right to independence and criticizing those who opposed it. These articles rejected the conspiracy theory – i.e. that Israel was backing the referendum, with the aim of dismantling an Arab country – and noted that the Arabs' refusal to tackle their own domestic problems posed more of a danger than Israel did. They also said that those who oppose the Kurdish referendum in the name of Arab unity and the Palestinian problem have made other mistakes over the years – such as also supporting Nazism and Communism. This, while they themselves were doing nothing for the Palestinians, and were even causing harm to the Palestinians within their own countries' borders.


Iraqi Kurds wave Israeli flag along with Kurdistan flag. Image: Aljazeera.net, October; 2017

 
Arab Writers: It Is Not Israel That Created The Kurdish Problem, But Rather The Arab Regimes That Denied Their Rights.

Jordanian journalist Fahd Al-Khitan wrote in the daily Al-Ghad under the title &quot;It Is Not a Conspiracy&quot;: &quot;The Arab logic immediately came up with a Zionist conspiracy as an explanation for the Kurds' insistence on seceding from Iraq and on holding a referendum several weeks ago. Proof of this conspiracy exists in abundance, since Israel effectively supported the Kurdish demand [for independence] and has been cultivating ties with certain Kurdish elements since the days of yore. But can the historic cause of the Kurds, which exists since before the founding of Israel, be reduced to this marginal fact?

&quot;Israel exploits regional crises to promote its own interests, that much is certain, and Arab and [other] regional forces do the same. We can present many exsamples of border disputes and political conflicts between states that have been exploited by Arab and foreign countries, [such as the conflicts] between Iran and Iraq, between Bahrain and Qatar, between Egypt and Sudan, and the Sahara conflict between Morocco and Algeria. These are all real problems, and the lack of willingness to resolve and settle them gives foreign forces an opportunity to exploit them for their own interests.

&quot;Israel did not create the Kurdish problem. The problem of the Kurds in Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran is a flagrant national product of countries and regimes that denied the legitimate national rights of the [Kurdish] people. Like any oppressed and persecuted nation, the Kurds are trying to enlist support for their cause, regardless of any other consideration. If Israel has indeed managed to infiltrate the Kurdish [ranks], this is nothing but a demonstration of the Arabs' failure to address their legitimate cause, and proof of the fragility of the Arabs' national security, which is breached from every direction – by Israel and by other forces. So don't blame it all on the Kurds.

&quot;The perception of the Kurdish issue involves no small measure of radical nationalism, for there is a strange insistence on merging the various components [of our societies] into an exclusively Arab identity, and on denying the right of non-Arabs to express their national and cultural identity. Whoever lifts up his head and demands his rights is [immediately] accused of serving Israel. Is Israel also behind the referendum in Catalonia? Several days ago, some regions in Italy [likewise] announced their wish to hold a referendum on secession, [but] we did not hear anyone in Italy accusing Israel and Zionism of being behind this move. And what about Britain, whose people voted to leave the European Union? Can Israel, which was created thanks to a British promise [the Balfour Declaration], be behind this as well? If Israel is really motivating the Kurds and pushing them to conspire against the Arab nation, why did the U.S., Israel's number one ally in the world, oppose Israel's will and interests and reject the referendum?

&quot;Using this warped national logic, we avoid dealing with our problems in the [[Arab world]]. We have made a habit of blaming others for our failure, not only in the Kurdish issue but in all the challenges we have faced, before and since the establishment of [[Israel]]. ][[Israel]] is no doubt the greatest enemy of the nation, but the enemy within is much more dangerous.

&quot;In the collapsing countries of the east, as well as in the old democracies, a desire for secession and independence is emerging. This is a great challenge for both the Arab reasoning and the Western reasoning, and confronting it requires creative and innovative thinking.&quot;[1]


Lebanese Journalist: Why Do All Those Who Fought For The Palestinians' Right Of Self Determination Deny The Same Right To The Kurds?

Lebanese journalist and political analyst Hazem Saghiya wrote in his column in the London-based Saudi daily Al-Hayat: &quot;The minute [Kurdish leader] Masoud Barzani announced the decision to hold a referendum [on Kurdish independence], condemnations began to be heard of [the Kurds'] love of Israel: 'you are allies, partners and even agents of Israel.' Some people started digging into history – or even inventing it – in an effort to prove that the situation of the two sides [the Israelis and the Kurds] is identical... [The right to establish] an independent Palestinian state is a right that no reasonable person contests. Ideally, anyone who [demands] rights of his own should support and identify with all the just causes in the world. [But] the political reality does not always [correspond] to this ideal, for in the name of national rights, independence and hostility to Jewish immigration, most Arabs showed solidarity with Hitler and Nazism, and later, in the name of the very same rights, [they also] showed solidarity with the Soviet Gulag regime... These are positions that do not respect people's rights and even undermine them. Moreover, to this day, apologizing for them has not become a prominent part of Arab culture or ideology...

&quot;Iraqis who now holler about the friendship between the Kurds and Israel did not hesitate to treat the Palestinians in the worst possible manner. This happened immediately after the 2003 war [in Iraq], and the Iraqis and Palestinians still remember it... We [also] know that, in Syria and Lebanon, the impassioned calls to advance the Palestinian cause coincide with the most despicable treatment of Palestinians. How did the war on the [Palestinian refugee] camps[2] during the 1980s help the Palestinians liberate Palestine?!

&quot;The Palestinians' own behavior has not always been characterized by the justice in whose name they constantly speak, for they expressed sympathy for Saddam Hussein's attack on Kuwait and later for Assad's suppression of the Syrian majority that rose up in demand of freedom. They took part in the civil wars in Jordan and Lebanon, and their crimes against the rights of the Lebanese and Jordanians are comparable to the crimes of the Lebanese and Jordanians against their rights... So why are only the Kurds required to remain within the framework of a perfect correspondence between politics and justice? Or perhaps what is permitted to the master is not permitted to his slave?...

&quot;As for the Kurds and Israel, the Hebrew state was the only one that welcomed the Kurdish referendum. It probably welcomed it for reasons that were less than noble, having to do entirely with its own [interests], but it did so while others all over the region were [threateningly] baring their teeth at the Kurds. In this situation, can the Kurds be expected to burn the Israeli flag? What have we Arabs done for the Kurds that we can expect them to hate Israel with a passion?...

&quot;Moreover, since the Saddam Hussein era, the Palestinian cause has been used more than any other cause [as a means] to undermine the Kurdish issue and the Kurds' right [to independence], just as Bashar Al-Assad later used the Palestinian cause [to combat] the Syrians' [attempts] to oust his regime. Obviously, such conduct leaves psychological effects and scars in its victims, especially when no Palestinian voices are heard loudly condemning and opposing this use [of their cause].

&quot;The obvious conclusion is that, in this region, we have what can be described as a mechanism of blackmail by means of [accusations of collaboration with] Israel. The Lebanese Christians know better than anyone else how they were subjected to such blackmail during the years of Syrian patronage [over Lebanon], and even the Palestinian leadership itself was not spared [this blackmail] when it tried to take its own national decisions, independently of the will of the Assad regime...&quot;[3]

 
Al-Hayat Columnist: The Claims Against The Kurds Have Been Disproved

Hazem Al-Amin, another Lebanese columnist for the Saudi daily Al-Hayat, wrote cynically: &quot;The Kurds' celebrations last month [over the referendum results] included waving Israeli flags – which pan-Arab eyes saw and made part of the Kurdish aspiration for independence. [They called the Kurdish state] 'an artificial state that is analogous to Israel.' Those with wounded pan-Arab sentiment have gone too far, [arguing that] not only is the future [Kurdish] state a product of Israel, but that it is also a partner in Tel Aviv's creation of ISIS, and wishes that the 200,000 Kurdish Jews in Israel will return to it. [They say] that the future [Kurdish] state is part of the Zionist plan to dismantle the region into small entities based on ethnicity and sect...

&quot;Much can be said against the independence referendum... but it also had an upside, because it made the Arabs expend tremendous energy on writing nonsense, as they haven't done in a long time. [This] revealed that the Ba'th [party], including its branches in Iraq and Syria, is not a random, fleeting phenomenon in the pan-Arab sentiment, but is fundamental; that ISIS is its cousin and suckled the same milk; and that the Arab defeat throughout the conflict with Israel is the result of ignoring the truth. Anyone who says that the Kurds want 200,000 Kurdish Jews to return to Kurdistan from Israel fails to notice that they [the Kurds], by means of their activity that stems from delusions, will in fact restore the situation to what it used to be, and will serve Palestine by correcting the mistake of the pan-Arabism of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani[4] and his nationalist Arab cohorts,[5] which motivated them to raid the Jews in Baghdad and send them to Israel with the aid of the Jewish Agency.

&quot;While pan-Arabism is forgiven for having abandoned Palestine, the Kurds are not forgiven for waving the Israeli flag at a moment of national intoxication... After all, they are Kurds, and they have no right to anger or mistakes, just as they are not allowed to dream of a state that was taken from them over a century ago. If they make a mistake, then [Hizbullah secretary-general] Mr. [Hassan] Nasrallah will come out to remind them that he will stand against any plan by [any] religious stream that divides the nation – when he [Nasrallah himself] apparently wants to unite [the nation] under the flag of the Rule of the Jurisprudent [of the Iranian regime] that has no connection to any [Sunni] religious stream...

&quot;ISIS too, which according to the offspring [of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani and Hajj Amin Al-Husseini] sold Iraqi territories to Israel via Kurdish middlemen, found a place in the version [of reality] of the opponents of the Kurdish state. According to the latter, ISIS is not Arab and does not belong to the Ba'th, [but rather] is Kurdish and Israeli. The offspring of Rashid Al-Kilani have in their possession documents proving this, that they sent to Mr. Nasrallah; he will reveal them in his next speech...

&quot;The Shi'ite Iraqi forces – once the allies of the Kurds in Iraq, in the post-Saddam era – united in a religious alliance [with Shi'ite Iran] that has no place for the Kurds' aspirations. And lo, they remind the Kurds of the Arabism of Kirkuk [which is actually Kurdish], while forsaking the Arabism of [the Shi'ite] Al-Najaf and of Karbala, and turning [the Sunni] Mosul, after its liberation from ISIS, into an Iranian metropolis. All this does not harm the offspring of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani [i.e. the Iraqis], as long as it is done by a strong tyrant [such as Saddam]. But the weak, such as the Kurds, have no right to dream of a state.&quot;[6]

 &lt;Ref&gt;https://www.worlddata.info/iq-by-country.php&lt;/Ref&gt;.:•

[1] Al-Ghad (Jordan), October 22, 2017.
[2] This refers to a campaign waged by the Amal militia against the Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon during the civil war in 1985-1986. Thousands of Palestinians were killed in the battles, and the Sabra, Shatila and Burj Al-Barajna refugee camps were almost completely destroyed, although Amal never managed to take over the camps.

[3] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017.

[4] Iraqi politician Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani (1892-1965), three-time Iraqi prime minister, led the 1941 rebellion that prompted the British to invade Iraq; in June of that year the Farhud, or pogrom, against the Jews of Baghdad took place. Al-Kilani fled to Nazi Germany, and was known for his connections to the Nazis and to Jerusalem Mufti Hajj Amin Al-Husseini.

[5] A reference to the Arab nationalist movement, founded in Beirut in the 1920s.

[6] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017.


&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.defensenews.com/home/2015/04/01/arab-league-sets-new-defense-force-at-40,000/{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/Ref&gt;.:

&lt;Ref&gt;https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-never-colonized&lt;/Ref&gt;.::•

&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.worldatlas.com/history/10-countries-which-have-never-been-colonised-by-europeans.html&lt;/Ref&gt;.:•

&lt;Ref&gt;https://amnesty.ca/features/5-death-penalty-myths-debunked/&lt;/Ref&gt;.::•

==Waddamada “Jaamacadda Dowladdaha Carabta.”==

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! Tirada !! Dalka !! [[Literacy]] rate
|-
|01.||[[File:Flag of Algeria.svg|191px]][[Aljeeriya]]&lt;s&gt;             ||89.5&lt;Ref name=p.192/&gt;.
|-
|02.||[[File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|193px]][[Sacuudi Carabiya]]&lt;s&gt;||93.5&lt;Ref name=p.193/&gt;.
|-
|03.||[[File:Flag of Kuwait.svg|192px]][[Kuwayt]]&lt;s&gt;                       ||93.4&lt;Ref name=&quot;p.192&quot;/&gt;.
|-
|04.||[[File:Flag of Bahrain.svg|189px]][[Baxrayn]]                      ||93.4&lt;Ref name=p.191/&gt;.
|-
|05”.||[[File:Flag of Hong Kong.svg|189px]]&lt;s&gt;[[HKG]]&lt;'!&gt;                        ||89.8&lt;Ref name=p.190/&gt;.
|-
|06.||[[File:Flag of Qatar.svg|189px]]&lt;!!&gt;[[Qatar]]&lt;s&gt;                         ||93.6&lt;Ref name=&quot;p.191&quot;&gt;[http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Complete_reprint.pdf p. 192]&lt;/Ref&gt;.
|-
|07.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Japan.svg|189px]]&lt;s&gt;[[Jabaan]]&lt;s!&gt;                        ||89.8&lt;Ref name=p.190/&gt;.
|-
|08&quot;'.||[[File:Flag of Lebanon.svg|189px]][[lubnaan]]                      ||89.5&lt;Ref name=p.190/&gt;.
|-
|09'&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Egypt.svg|193px]][[Masar]]&lt;s&gt;                       ||91.8&lt;Ref name=p.191/&gt;.
|-
|10&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Jordan.svg|189px]]&lt;!'&gt;[[Urdun]]&lt;'!&gt;                        ||89.8&lt;Ref name=p.190/&gt;.
|-
|11.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Iraq.svg|191px]]&lt;!&gt;[[Ciraaq]]&lt;!&gt;                   ||89.8&lt;Ref name=p.192/&gt;.
|-
|11.||[[File:Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg|191px]]&lt;S&gt;[[SADR]]&lt;s's!&gt;||89.5&lt;Ref name=p.191/&gt;
|-
|12&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Oman.svg|189px]][[Cumaan]]                          ||93.4&lt;Ref name=p.191/&gt;.
|-
|13.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Morocco.svg|193px]]&lt;!&gt;[[Marooko]]&lt;!'&gt;                ||75.4&lt;Ref name=p.193/&gt;.

|-
|14.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Tunisia.svg|189px]][[Tunisiya]]&lt;s&gt;                ||78.98&lt;Ref name=p.190/&gt;
|-
|15.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Libya.svg|191px]]&lt;'!&gt;[[Libiya]]&lt;!'&gt;                  ||89.4&lt;Ref name=p.193/&gt;.:
|-
|17.||[[File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg|191px]][[Bangladesh]]&lt;s&gt;             ||89.5&lt;Ref name=p.192/&gt;.
|-
|16.=||[[File:Flag of Syria.svg|191px]][[Suuriya]]&lt;!&gt;                       ||89.95&lt;Ref name=&quot;p.192&quot;/&gt;..
|-
|18.'&quot;||[[File:Flag of Palestine.svg|189px]]&lt;S&gt;[[Falastiin]]&lt;s'!&gt;
||69.3&lt;REF name=&quot;p.189&quot;/&gt;.
|-
|19.”’.||[[File:Flag of Sudan.svg|189px]]&lt;!&gt;[[Suudaan]]&lt;!'&gt;          ||69.39&lt;REF name=p.190/&gt;.
|-
|20.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|191px]]&lt;!!&gt;[[Imaaraatka Carabta]]&lt;!&gt;||89.5&lt;Ref name=p.191/&gt;
|-
|21.&quot;_.||[[File:Flag of Brunei.svg|189px]]&lt;S&gt;[[Barunay]]&lt;s'&gt;                   ||75.39&lt;REF name=p.192/&gt;.
|-
|23.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of the Comoros.svg|189px]]&lt;S&gt;[[Komoros]]&lt;s!&gt;     ||67.23&lt;REF name=p.193/&gt;.:
|-
|24.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Chad.svg|191px]]&lt;S&gt;[[Injamiina]]&lt;s'!&gt;||69.5&lt;Ref name=p.194/&gt;.:
|-
|25.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of France.svg|189px]]&lt;S&gt;[[Quebec]]&lt;s!&gt;             ||67.23&lt;REF name=p.193/&gt;.:
|-
|26.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Romania.svg|189px]]&lt;S&gt;[[Bucarest]]&lt;s!&gt;             ||67.23&lt;REF name=p.193/&gt;.:
|-
|28._.||[[File:Flag of Seychelles.svg|189px]]&lt;S&gt;[[Fiktoria]]&lt;s!'&gt;
||67.57&lt;REF name=p.192/&gt;.:
|-
|}
&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.museumwnf.org/league-of-arab-states/?page=LAS-missions-worldwide.php&lt;/Ref&gt;.::.!'!
&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/05/18/5-facts-about-arabic-speakers-in-the-us/&lt;/Ref&gt;.:•

&lt;Ref&gt;https://interbrand.com/best-global-brands/?filter-brand/-sector=&amp;filter-brand-region=asia-pacific&amp;filter-brand-country=&lt;/Ref&gt;.:

&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php&lt;/Ref&gt;.:

&lt;Ref&gt;https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/water-quality-by-country&lt;/Ref&gt;.:
&lt;ReF&gt;https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-developed-countries-in-africa&lt;/ReF&gt;.:

===Waddamada “Jaamacadda Dowladdaha Carabta.!'!”===
{| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;
|-
! Tirada !! Dalka !! [[Literacy]] rate
|-
|01.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Algeria.svg|191px]][[Aljeeriya]]&lt;s&gt;             ||89.5&lt;Ref name=p.192/&gt;.
|-
|02.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|193px]][[Sacuudi Carabiya]]&lt;s&gt;||93.5&lt;Ref name=p.193/&gt;.
|-
|03.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Kuwait.svg|192px]][[Kuwayt]]&lt;s&gt;                       ||93.4&lt;Ref name=&quot;p.192&quot;/&gt;.
|-
|04.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Bahrain.svg|189px]][[Baxrayn]]                      ||93.4&lt;Ref name=p.191/&gt;.:
|-
|05”.||[[File:Flag of Singapore.svg|189px]]&lt;s&gt;[[Singabuur]]&lt;'!&gt;                        ||89.8&lt;Ref name=p.190/&gt;.
|-
|06.||[[File:Flag of Qatar.svg|189px]]&lt;!!&gt;[[Qatar]]&lt;s&gt;                         ||93.6&lt;Ref name=&quot;p.191&quot;/&gt;.
|-
|07.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Korea.svg|189px]]&lt;S&gt;[[Kuuriya]]&lt;s!&gt;                     ||89.8&lt;Ref name=p.190/&gt;.
|-
|08.&quot;'.||[[File:Flag of Lebanon.svg|189px]][[lubnaan]]                      ||89.5&lt;Ref name=p.190/&gt;.
|-
|09.'&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Egypt.svg|193px]][[Masar]]&lt;s&gt;                       ||91.8&lt;Ref name=p.191/&gt;.
|-
|10.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Jordan.svg|189px]]&lt;!'&gt;[[Urdun]]&lt;'!&gt;                 ||89.8&lt;Ref name=p.190/&gt;.
|-
|11.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Iraq.svg|191px]]&lt;!&gt;[[Ciraaq]]&lt;!&gt;                   ||89.8&lt;Ref name=p.192/&gt;.
|-
|11.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg|191px]]&lt;!?&gt;[[SADR]]&lt;!&gt;||89.5&lt;Ref name=p.191/&gt;
|-
|12.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Oman.svg|189px]][[Cumaan]]                          ||93.4&lt;Ref name=p.191/&gt;.
|-
|13.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Morocco.svg|193px]]&lt;!&gt;[[Marooko]]&lt;!'&gt;                ||75.4&lt;Ref name=p.193/&gt;.
|-
|14.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Tunisia.svg|189px]][[Tunisiya]]&lt;s&gt;                ||78.98&lt;Ref name=p.190/&gt;.
|-  
|15.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Turkey.svg|189px]]&lt;S&gt;[[Ankara]]&lt;s&gt;                ||78.98&lt;Ref name=p.190/&gt;  
|-
|16.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Libya.svg|191px]]&lt;'!&gt;[[Libiya]]&lt;!'&gt;                ||89.4&lt;Ref name=p.193/&gt;.:
|-
|17.||[[File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg|191px]][[Bangladesh]]&lt;s&gt;             ||89.5&lt;Ref name=p.192/&gt;.
|-
|18.||[[File:Flag of Syria.svg|191px]][[Suuriya]]&lt;!&gt;                       ||89.95&lt;Ref name=&quot;p.192&quot;/&gt;.
|-
|19.'.&quot;'&quot;||[[File:Flag of Palestine.svg|189px]]&lt;s!&gt;[[Falastiin]]&lt;S!&gt;         ||69.3&lt;REF name=&quot;p.189&quot;/&gt;.
|-
|20.'.||[[File:Flag of Sudan.svg|189px]]&lt;!&gt;[[Suudaan]]&lt;!'&gt;             ||69.39&lt;REF name=p.190/&gt;.
|-
|21.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|191px]]&lt;!?&gt;[[Imaaraatka Carabta]]&lt;!&gt;||89.5&lt;Ref name=p.191/&gt;
|-
|23..&quot;_.||[[File:Flag of Brunei.svg|189px]]&lt;S&gt;[[Barunay]]&lt;s'!&gt;                   ||75.39&lt;REF name=p.192/&gt;.
|-
|24.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of the Comoros.svg|189px]]&lt;S&gt;[[Komoros]]&lt;s!&gt;             ||67.23&lt;REF name=p.193/&gt;.:
|-
|25&quot;.||[[File:Flag of Chad.svg|191px]]&lt;S&gt;[[Injamiina]]&lt;s'!&gt;||69.5&lt;Ref name=p.194/&gt;.:
|-
|26.&quot;.||[[File:Flag of France.svg|189px]]&lt;S&gt;[[Lévis, Quebec]]&lt;s!&gt;             ||67.23&lt;REF name=p.193/&gt;.:
|-
|27._.||[[File:Flag of Seychelles.svg|189px]]&lt;S&gt;[[Fiktoria]]&lt;s!'&gt;
||67.57&lt;REF name=p.192/&gt;.:
|-
|28..&quot;_.||[[File:Flag of Eritrea.svg|191px]]&lt;S&gt;[[Soviet Union]]']]&lt;s!'?&gt;
|-
|29.&quot;_.||[[File:Flag of Djibouti.svg|191px]]&lt;S'&gt;[[Djabuti]].!'!]]&lt;s'&gt;
||78.69&lt;REF name=p.190/&gt;.
|-
|}
&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/05/18/5-facts-about-arabic-speakers-in-the-us/&lt;/Ref&gt;.:•

&lt;Ref&gt;https://interbrand.com/best-global-brands/?filter-brand/-sector=&amp;filter-brand-region=asia-pacific&amp;filter-brand-country=&lt;/Ref&gt;.:

&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php&lt;/Ref&gt;.:

&lt;Ref&gt;https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/water-quality-by-country&lt;/Ref&gt;.:

[&lt;Ref&gt;https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries&lt;/Ref&gt;].

&lt;Ref&gt;https://ar.wikihow.com/النجاة-من-زلزال-أرضي&lt;/Ref&gt;.:

&lt;Ref&gt;https://industryarabic.com/arabic-facts-statistics/&lt;/Ref&gt;.:•

&lt;Ref&gt;https://industryarabic.com/how-many-countries-speak-arabic/&lt;/Ref&gt;.:

&lt;Ref&gt;https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Map_of_League_of_Arab_States_countries.png&lt;/Ref&gt;.:
|-
&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php &lt;/Ref&gt;.:

&lt;Ref&gt;https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries&lt;/Ref&gt;.:

[&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.visualcapitalist.com/visualizing-corruption-around-the-world/&lt;/Ref&gt;].

&lt;Ref&gt;{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |access-date=2011-06-28 |archive-date=2020-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504070831/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/Ref&gt;.  [&lt;Ref&gt;{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|url=https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |access-date=2022-08-26 |archive-date=2019-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502031038/https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;].
|-
[&lt;Ref&gt;https://livingcost.org/cost&lt;/Ref&gt;]
|-
&lt;Ref&gt;https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-hated-country &lt;/Ref&gt;.:•
|-
&lt;Ref&gt;{{Cite web|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/ |access-date=2023-09-19|archive-date=2023-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922122032/https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/|dead-url=yes}}
&lt;/Ref&gt;.:
|-
&lt;Ref&gt;https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-death-penalty&lt;/Ref&gt;.:•
|-
&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-highest-literacy-rates-in-the-world.html&lt;/Ref&gt;.:•&lt;!!'?&gt;.:•
|_
&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/common-confusions-arabs-muslims/&lt;/Ref&gt;.:
|-
&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/10/somalia-eritera-and-egypt-pledge-to-bloster-security-ties&lt;/Ref&gt;.:
|}

|-
[&lt;Ref&gt;https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries&lt;/Ref&gt;].
|-
&lt;Ref&gt;https://ar.wikihow.com/النجاة-من-زلزال-أرضي&lt;/Ref&gt;.:
|-
&lt;Ref&gt;https://industryarabic.com/arabic-facts-statistics/&lt;/Ref&gt;.:•
|-
&lt;Ref&gt;https://industryarabic.com/how-many-countries-speak-arabic/&lt;/Ref&gt;.:
|-
&lt;Ref&gt;https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Map_of_League_of_Arab_States_countries.png&lt;/Ref&gt;.:
|-
&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php &lt;/Ref&gt;.:
|-
&lt;Ref&gt;https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries&lt;/Ref&gt;.:
|-
&lt;Ref&gt;{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |access-date=2011-06-28 |archive-date=2020-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504070831/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/Ref&gt;.  [&lt;Ref&gt;{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|url=https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |access-date=2022-08-26 |archive-date=2019-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502031038/https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;].
|-
[&lt;Ref&gt;https://livingcost.org/cost&lt;/Ref&gt;]
|-
&lt;Ref&gt;{{Cite web|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/ |access-date=2023-09-19|archive-date=2023-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922122032/https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/|dead-url=yes}}
&lt;/Ref&gt;.:
&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-highest-literacy-rates-in-the-world.html&lt;/Ref&gt;.:•&lt;!!'?&gt;.:•
|_
&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/common-confusions-arabs-muslims/&lt;/Ref&gt;.:
|-
[&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.visualcapitalist.com/visualizing-corruption-around-the-world/&lt;/Ref&gt;].
&lt;Ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Europe&lt;/Ref&gt;.:
|-
|-
&lt;!&gt;[[Militaries of:; Argentine; BRAZILiAN;&amp; FRANCAIS3; Italiano; Espanayol; Portugalese;: R…………….!’?..!’?’ &amp; TURKSH States.;;!'!.!'!.!'!]]

[[MILITARY Of '&quot;United Kingdoms of Great BRITAIN; CNDNS &amp; Ausies.!'?’&amp; NZL; &amp; IRLNDS.!'!'(.!'!'):; ARMIES EUROPEANS UNIONS.;!'!.!'!.!'!]]&lt;S'!&gt;
||78.69&lt;REF name=p.190/&gt;.::…!’!
|
|}
&lt;Ref&gt;https://worldpopulationreview.com/continents/antarctica&lt;/Ref&gt;.::.::.
&lt;Ref&gt;https://worldpopulationreview.com/regions/european-union&lt;/Ref&gt;.:
|-
&lt;Ref&gt;httphttps://worldpopulationreview.com/continents/antarctica&lt;/Ref&gt;.:
|-
&lt;Ref&gt;https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-hated-country &lt;/Ref&gt;.:•
|-
&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.unescwa.org/news/escwa-releases-new-report-real-sizes-arab-economies-between-2017-and-2023&lt;/Ref&gt;.:•

==Bassborka Jaamacada Carabta==

&lt;gallery mode=&quot;traditional&quot; caption=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;center&quot;&gt; 

File:Algerian passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Algeria}}[[Algerian passport|Algeria]]&lt;Br/&gt;[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Pakistan}}.
File:Cover of Mauritanian Biometric Passport.png|{{flagicon|Algeria}}&lt;Br/&gt;[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|Mauritania}}.`
File:New_Egyptian_Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Egypt}}[[Egyptian passport|Egypt]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Syria}}.`
File:Libyan_New_Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Libya}}[[Libyan passport|LBY]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|19px]]{{flagicon|Mauritania}}.`
File:BioPassMaroc.JPG|{{flagicon|Morocco}}[[Moroccan passport|MAR]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Tunisia}}.
File:Passeport Tunisie 2014.jpg|{{flagicon|Tunisia}}[[Tunisian passport|Tunisia]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|TN}}.

File:Cover of Iraqi Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Iraq}}[[Iraqi passport|Iraq]]&lt;Br/&gt;[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.`
File:The New Lebanese Biometric Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Lebanon}}[[Lebanese Passport|Lebanon]]&lt;Br/&gt;[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Libya}}.

File:Saudi Arabia Passport.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Oman}}[[Omani passport|Oman]]&lt;Br/&gt;[[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}}
File:Bahraincover.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Qatar}}[[Bahraini passport|Bahrain]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Bahrain}}.
File:Kuwait passport.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Kuwait}}[[Kuwaiti passport|Kuwait]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}}.
File:Qa.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Bahrain}}[[Qatari passport|Qatar]]&lt;Br/&gt;[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Qatar}}.
File:Saudi Arabia Passport.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}}[[Saudi Arabian passport|Saudi Arabia]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}.
File:Jordanian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Jordan}}[[Philistine passport|Jordan]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!`
File:UAE Passport.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}}[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]][[Emirati passport|United Arab Emirates]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!`

File:Regular Syrian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Syria}}[[Syrian passport|Syria]]&lt;Br/&gt;[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!`
File:Yemen Passport.svg|küçükresim|Yemen pasaportu]]|{{flagicon|Yemen}}[[Yemeni passport|Yemen]]&lt;Br/&gt;[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!`

File:Sudan passport cover.JPG|{{flagicon|Sudan}}[[Sudanese passport|Sudan]]&lt;Br/&gt;[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!`
File:Sahrawi passport.jpg|{{flagicon|ESH}}[[Sahrawi passport|ESH]]&lt;Br/&gt;[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|MAR}}.!!`?`!!`?

File:Somaliland Passport Cover.svg|{{flagicon|Tunisia}}[[Somali passport|Somaliland]]&lt;Br/&gt;[[File:EPassport logo.svg|19px]]{{flagicon|Maldives}}.!!`?


File:Cover of Eritrean Passport.jpeg|{{flagicon|Eritrea}}[[Djibouti passport|Djibouti]]&lt;Br/&gt;[[File:EPassport logo.svg|14px]]{{flagicon|Djibouti}}.
File:Cover of Chadian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Chad}}[[Chadian passport|Chad]]&lt;Br/&gt;[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|SYC}}.!!`?
&lt;Ref&gt;https://visaindex.com/country/chad-passport-ranking/&lt;/Ref&gt;.!!`?

&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/9/19/tunisian-autocrat-ben-ali-dies-in-saudi-exile&lt;/Ref&gt;.:
!!`?`!!`?'?!'
&lt;/gallery&gt; 

[[File:Comorian Passport.png|120px]][[Comorian passport|Comoros]]&lt;Br/&gt;[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|Comoros}}.!!`?
Comoros}}.!!`?
Carabiya]].]] 


[[File:Official Portrait of King Abdulaziz.jpg|thumb|central|King Faisal bin Abdulaziz.jpg: &quot;as&quot; King of [[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]] 


[[File:Ring with engraved portrait of Ptolemy VI Philometor (3rd–2nd century BCE) - 2009.jpg|thumb|Center|25xp|Crown of Ptolemy VI Philometor as [[Egyptian]] Pharoah. Louvre Museum.: [[Baaris]];[[France]].)]]


&lt;Ref&gt;https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia&lt;/Ref&gt;.::.::.::
[[File:Bangladeshi E-Passport.svg|125px]][[Bangladesh passport|Bangladesh]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|11px]]{{flagicon|Pakistan}}.:

[[File:JapanpassportNew10y.PNG|21px]]|{{flagicon|Japan}}[[Persian|Japan]].:[[File:KOR ePassport.jpg|25px]]{{flagicon|Korea}}PR&quot;China.:

[[File:Manara clocktower.JPG|thumb|Manara]][[https://www.worlddata.info/languages/arabic.php]]..!!’

[[File:16-03-31-Hebron-Altstadt-RalfR-WAT 5717.jpg|thumb|right|195px|Exterior view with (I.&amp; P.Guard):; Isrealian Police.&amp;_.Philistianian Police Guard]]

&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.refworld.org/legal/constinstr/las/1945/en/13854&lt;/Ref&gt;

[[File:Old city of Nablus.JPG|thumb|right|Alley in the Old City leading to and from the [[souk]], 20018]]
[[File:Nineveh Nebi Yunus Excavation Bull-Man Head.JPG|thumb|right|196px|[[Lamassu|Winged Bull]] excavated at Nebi Yunus by Iraqi/?\Irani (Persian.!) archaeologists]],`~`

&lt;Ref&gt;
{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/why-iran-is-not-an-arab-country/ |access-date=2023-04-23 |archive-date=2023-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423051219/https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/why-iran-is-not-an-arab-country/ |dead-url=yes }}
&lt;/Ref&gt;.::.

After killing an [[Egyptian]] slave-master who was beating a [[Hebrew]]; [[Moses]] fled across the [[Red Sea]] to Midian, where he encountered the Angel of the Lord, speaking.!'! …

https://www.quora.com/Why-are-the-present-day-Egyptians-predominantly-Arabs-despite-the-fact-that-the-ancient-Egyptians-where-not.:.:

[[File:Turkish Passport.svg|21px]]|{{flagicon|Korea}}[[Turkish passport|Turkish]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Turkey}}.:

From Britannica  and Wikipedia and &quot;World&quot;  Libraries.!!`

[[Arabs]] are the people of an [[ethnic]] group who come from the [[Arabian Peninsula]] and speak the [[Arabic language]] .

According to [[Jewish]] and [[Arab]] tradition, they are the grandchildren of [[Ishmael]] , the son of Avraham Abino .


Content
1	The Arab world.
2	Religion.
2.1	Ancient times.
3	The Arabic language's.
4	History and civilization.
5	Arab events.
6	Ottoman decline:
7	The question of Palestine:
8	Arab relations with Arab Jews:

The [[Arab world]]:

The [[Arab world]] covers most of the countries in the [[Middle East]] and North [[Africa]] except [[Iran]] , [[Turkey]] and [[Bakistaan]] , and the Land of [[Israaiil]].!!'? 


The Arab countries are:  [[Algeria]] , [[Baxrayn]] , [[Egypt]] , [[Iraq]] , [[Jordan]] ,[[Kuwait]] , [[Lubnaan]] , [[Libya]] , [[Marooko]] , [[Cumaan]] ,[[Komoros]], [[Qatar]] , [[Sacuudi Carabiya]] , [[Suudaan]] , [[Suuriya]] , [[Tunisia]] , the [[United Arab Emirates]] , [[Mauritania]], [[Jad]], and [[Yemen]]; [[Eratareya]]; Plus The Whole* [[Somaliland]] are also included even if the [[Soomaalida]].: They Don't &quot;ALLOW&quot; to speak [[Arabic]] [[Language]];  &quot;Economically&quot;; and &quot;Gegraphically&quot;; &amp; &quot;Politically&quot;..Just like [[Turkiga]]; [[Iiraan]] ta but In &quot;African Continent&quot; NOT &quot;ASIAN&quot;.• .!!`?'!.!

In addition, approximately two million Arabs also live in the occupied areas of the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza]] in the State of Israel . Almost one million Arabs also live in Israel itself. Arabs also moved to many places in the world especially [[Europe]] and [[Americas]].

Arabs are a diverse people, but there are some elements that unite them. The most important of them are the Islamic beliefs and the Arabic language, and the culture and history associated with them.!!'?

One day, after [[Moses]] had reached adulthood, he killed an [[Egyptian]] who was beating a [[Hebrew]]. To escape [[Pharaoh's death penalty]], [[Moses]] fled to Midian (a desert country south of Judah), where he married [[Zipporah]].::.

==Religion and Science.!!'?== 
The largest part of Arabs are Muslims . There are also many Christian Arabs, especially in Lebanon , Syria , Egypt , and the Palestinian territories .

Islam was found in the Arabian Peninsula in the 6th century. It spread quickly over a large part of Asia and Africa , and that is why today there are many Muslims who are not in the [[Arab world]].

Islam, Arab and non-Arab, has two parts: Sunni and Shua . Sunni Islam is the greater part, and most Arabs are Sunni, but in some countries the majority are Shua, mainly Iraq and Bahrain .

==Ancient times.!!'== 
Until Islam came, most Arabs were polytheists . Some tribes of Arabs under the Hamid kingdom converted to Judaism, or accepted the Christian religion.

==The Arabic languages.!!'==
Postscript-viewer-shaded.png See the main article - Arabic
Arabic belongs to the family of Semitic languages, together with the holy Hebrew (22 &amp; 23) , and Aramaic. Although Arabic is the giant Semitic out there, The Language 28-31* …letters, and they are written from right to left…...!!’?’!!’?

“…. Arabic is another language with a non-Latin alphabet. Though it consists of 28* characters, the complex Arabic script is still often said to be quite hard to learn. Arabic grammar is very different from English grammar, and Arabic is a highly gendered language……”


There are three main versions of the Arabic language: 1st. Quranic or Classical, 2nd. Modern Standard, and  3rd. Colloquial or Daily.!!’
Roughly 25* Dialects fall under these three versions, with some mutually unintelligible and others barely different. As a language learner, deciding to learn Arabic’s is the first step.!!’

“….Arabic developed hundred thousand years ago among the Bedouins in the deserts of Arabian Peninsula..”!!’

Its growth was aided by the tradition of poetry which was very advanced in its oral form before it was written down. With the advent of Islam , the Koran became the model of the Arabic language.:•

==History and Civilization.!!'==
The name Arab to refer to the nomads and camel leaders of northern Arabia is already found in writings from almost three thousand years ago. Later, the term was used for all the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula and Surrounding Arae .

Arabs were then a society of tribes. They were grouped according to their family and genealogy, and referred to a single lineage. The Arab society, however, was fragmented thanks to the very difficult conditions of living in the deserts, and therefore there were often fights between tribes and families. It did not appear any Arab country until the arrival of Islam.!!'?'

==Arabic performances.!!'==
Islamic civilization, Arab and non-Arab, flourished during the era of the Abbasid caliphs, who ruled over the entire Islamic world from their capital in Baghdad in the years 750 to 1258. The rise of Islamic civilization includes Advances in literature , philosophy , and medicine . Greek philosophy such as the works of Plato and Aristotle were translated into Arabic. Islamic medical writings were used in Europe until the 1600s.

Arab sages also made great advances in mathematics. The numbers we use today are called &quot;Arabic numbers&quot; because they were developed by the Arabs and Muslims. Also the division of mathematics &quot;algebra&quot; is an Arab invention, and comes from the Arabic word &quot;Al-Dzabr&quot;.

==Ottoman &quot;Turks&quot; decline and &quot; “Arab’s Pple’s League's” World Rise&quot;.!!'==
At its peak, the Arab world was the most advanced civilization in the world. They possessed incredible wealth, and they led the entire trade between Asia and Europe. Its later rulers became the Ottoman Turks and with the decline of the Ottoman Empire in the 1800s,  and 1850s the flourishing of Arab and Islamic culture began to decline with them.!!

Many Arab countries then came under the rule of European  Colonizing powers. At the end of the First World War 1, the Ottoman Empire collapsed, and Most of the Arab countries were under European rule.!!’?’

==The question of Palestin.!!'?== 

Throughout the First World War , the British promised Arab leaders that Palestine would be included in the territories that would go to the Arabs for independence. The British then promised Palestine to the leaders of the Zionist movement. The history of the Arab-Israeli conflict lies in the mutual promises, as well as the Arab opposition to a Jewish state in the region.

==Arab Muslims relations with Arab Jews.!!'==

After the mid-1940s, the situation changed drastically, almost all Arab countries were literally emptied of Jews one after the other, the Polish Arabs have a bitter hatred towards the Jews, almost no Jews are seen before their eyes. The Neturi Karta say that this is a direct result of the movement of Zionism, and later the creation of the Jewish land.

Categories :

==Islamic.!!'/|\.Moslim States.!!'?==
At its peak, the Arab world was the most advanced civilization in the world. They possessed incredible wealth, and they led the entire trade between Asia and Europe. Its later rulers became the Ottoman Turks and with the decline of the [[Ottoman Empire]] in the 1900s, the flourishing of [[Arab]] and [[Islamic]] culture began to decline with them.

Many Arab countries then came under the rule of [[European]] powers. At the end of the First World War , the Ottoman Empire collapsed, and many Arab countries were under [[European]] rule.!!`

&lt;Ref&gt;https://wikiislam.github.io/wiki/Muslim_Statistics_-_Pornography.html&lt;/Ref&gt;.:

==Warka==

December 25, 2017
Special Dispatch No. 7246
     
[[Iraqi]] [[Kurdish]] leader Masoud Barzani's September; 2017 referendum on Kurdish independence sparked vehement opposition in [[Arab countries]], as was expressed in statements by leaders and also by many articles in the Arab press. The main argument raised was that the Kurds are a tool of Israel – which is working to divide Iraq, and after that the rest of the Arab countries. As proof of this, they cited the Kurds' good relations with Israel and the fact that Israel is the only country that supports them.
Along with this opposition, the Arab press also published a few articles defending the Kurds' right to independence and criticizing those who opposed it. These articles rejected the conspiracy theory – i.e. that Israel was backing the referendum, with the aim of dismantling an Arab country – and noted that the Arabs' refusal to tackle their own domestic problems posed more of a danger than Israel did. They also said that those who oppose the Kurdish referendum in the name of Arab unity and the Palestinian problem have made other mistakes over the years – such as also supporting Nazism and Communism. This, while they themselves were doing nothing for the Palestinians, and were even causing harm to the Palestinians within their own countries' borders.


Iraqi Kurds wave Israeli flag along with Kurdistan flag. Image: Aljazeera.net, October 2, 2017

 
Arab Writers: It Is Not Israel That Created The Kurdish Problem, But Rather The Arab Regimes That Denied Their Rights

Jordanian journalist Fahd Al-Khitan wrote in the daily Al-Ghad under the title &quot;It Is Not a Conspiracy&quot;: &quot;The Arab logic immediately came up with a Zionist conspiracy as an explanation for the Kurds' insistence on seceding from Iraq and on holding a referendum several weeks ago. Proof of this conspiracy exists in abundance, since Israel effectively supported the Kurdish demand [for independence] and has been cultivating ties with certain Kurdish elements since the days of yore. But can the historic cause of the Kurds, which exists since before the founding of Israel, be reduced to this marginal fact?

&quot;Israel exploits regional crises to promote its own interests, that much is certain, and Arab and [other] regional forces do the same. We can present many exsamples of border disputes and political conflicts between states that have been exploited by Arab and foreign countries, [such as the conflicts] between Iran and Iraq, between Bahrain and Qatar, between Egypt and Sudan, and the Sahara conflict between Morocco and Algeria. These are all real problems, and the lack of willingness to resolve and settle them gives foreign forces an opportunity to exploit them for their own interests.

&quot;Israel did not create the Kurdish problem. The problem of the Kurds in Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran is a flagrant national product of countries and regimes that denied the legitimate national rights of the [Kurdish] people. Like any oppressed and persecuted nation, the Kurds are trying to enlist support for their cause, regardless of any other consideration. If Israel has indeed managed to infiltrate the Kurdish [ranks], this is nothing but a demonstration of the Arabs' failure to address their legitimate cause, and proof of the fragility of the Arabs' national security, which is breached from every direction – by Israel and by other forces. So don't blame it all on the Kurds.

&quot;The perception of the Kurdish issue involves no small measure of radical nationalism, for there is a strange insistence on merging the various components [of our societies] into an exclusively Arab identity, and on denying the right of non-Arabs to express their national and cultural identity. Whoever lifts up his head and demands his rights is [immediately] accused of serving Israel. Is Israel also behind the referendum in Catalonia? Several days ago, some regions in Italy [likewise] announced their wish to hold a referendum on secession, [but] we did not hear anyone in Italy accusing Israel and Zionism of being behind this move. And what about Britain, whose people voted to leave the European Union? Can Israel, which was created thanks to a British promise [the Balfour Declaration], be behind this as well? If Israel is really motivating the Kurds and pushing them to conspire against the Arab nation, why did the U.S., Israel's number one ally in the world, oppose Israel's will and interests and reject the referendum?

&quot;Using this warped national logic, we avoid dealing with our problems in the Arab world. We have made a habit of blaming others for our failure, not only in the Kurdish issue but in all the challenges we have faced, before and since the establishment of Israel. Israel is no doubt the greatest enemy of the nation, but the enemy within is much more dangerous.

&quot;In the collapsing countries of the east, as well as in the old democracies, a desire for secession and independence is emerging. This is a great challenge for both the Arab reasoning and the Western reasoning, and confronting it requires creative and innovative thinking.&quot;[1]

 
Lebanese Journalist: Why Do All Those Who Fought For The Palestinians' Right Of Self Determination Deny The Same Right To The Kurds?

Lebanese journalist and political analyst Hazem Saghiya wrote in his column in the London-based Saudi daily Al-Hayat: &quot;The minute [Kurdish leader] Masoud Barzani announced the decision to hold a referendum [on Kurdish independence], condemnations began to be heard of [the Kurds'] love of Israel: 'you are allies, partners and even agents of Israel.' Some people started digging into history – or even inventing it – in an effort to prove that the situation of the two sides [the Israelis and the Kurds] is identical... [The right to establish] an independent Palestinian state is a right that no reasonable person contests. Ideally, anyone who [demands] rights of his own should support and identify with all the just causes in the world. [But] the political reality does not always [correspond] to this ideal, for in the name of national rights, independence and hostility to Jewish immigration, most Arabs showed solidarity with Hitler and Nazism, and later, in the name of the very same rights, [they also] showed solidarity with the Soviet Gulag regime... These are positions that do not respect people's rights and even undermine them. Moreover, to this day, apologizing for them has not become a prominent part of Arab culture or ideology...

&quot;Iraqis who now holler about the friendship between the Kurds and Israel did not hesitate to treat the Palestinians in the worst possible manner. This happened immediately after the 2003 war [in Iraq], and the Iraqis and Palestinians still remember it... We [also] know that, in Syria and Lebanon, the impassioned calls to advance the Palestinian cause coincide with the most despicable treatment of Palestinians. How did the war on the [Palestinian refugee] camps[2] during the 1980s help the Palestinians liberate Palestine?!

&quot;The Palestinians' own behavior has not always been characterized by the justice in whose name they constantly speak, for they expressed sympathy for Saddam Hussein's attack on Kuwait and later for Assad's suppression of the Syrian majority that rose up in demand of freedom. They took part in the civil wars in Jordan and Lebanon, and their crimes against the rights of the Lebanese and Jordanians are comparable to the crimes of the Lebanese and Jordanians against their rights... So why are only the Kurds required to remain within the framework of a perfect correspondence between politics and justice? Or perhaps what is permitted to the master is not permitted to his slave?...

&quot;As for the Kurds and Israel, the Hebrew state was the only one that welcomed the Kurdish referendum. It probably welcomed it for reasons that were less than noble, having to do entirely with its own [interests], but it did so while others all over the region were [threateningly] baring their teeth at the Kurds. In this situation, can the Kurds be expected to burn the Israeli flag? What have we Arabs done for the Kurds that we can expect them to hate Israel with a passion?...

&quot;Moreover, since the Saddam Hussein era, the Palestinian cause has been used more than any other cause [as a means] to undermine the Kurdish issue and the Kurds' right [to independence], just as Bashar Al-Assad later used the Palestinian cause [to combat] the Syrians' [attempts] to oust his regime. Obviously, such conduct leaves psychological effects and scars in its victims, especially when no Palestinian voices are heard loudly condemning and opposing this use [of their cause].

&quot;The obvious conclusion is that, in this region, we have what can be described as a mechanism of blackmail by means of [accusations of collaboration with] Israel. The Lebanese Christians know better than anyone else how they were subjected to such blackmail during the years of Syrian patronage [over Lebanon], and even the Palestinian leadership itself was not spared [this blackmail] when it tried to take its own national decisions, independently of the will of the Assad regime...&quot;[3]

 
Al-Hayat Columnist: The Claims Against The Kurds Have Been Disproved

Hazem Al-Amin, another Lebanese columnist for the Saudi daily Al-Hayat, wrote cynically: &quot;The Kurds' celebrations last month [over the referendum results] included waving Israeli flags – which pan-Arab eyes saw and made part of the Kurdish aspiration for independence. [They called the Kurdish state] 'an artificial state that is analogous to Israel.' Those with wounded pan-Arab sentiment have gone too far, [arguing that] not only is the future [Kurdish] state a product of Israel, but that it is also a partner in Tel Aviv's creation of ISIS, and wishes that the 200,000 Kurdish Jews in Israel will return to it. [They say] that the future [Kurdish] state is part of the Zionist plan to dismantle the region into small entities based on ethnicity and sect...

&quot;Much can be said against the independence referendum... but it also had an upside, because it made the Arabs expend tremendous energy on writing nonsense, as they haven't done in a long time. [This] revealed that the Ba'th [party], including its branches in Iraq and Syria, is not a random, fleeting phenomenon in the pan-Arab sentiment, but is fundamental; that ISIS is its cousin and suckled the same milk; and that the Arab defeat throughout the conflict with Israel is the result of ignoring the truth. Anyone who says that the Kurds want 200,000 Kurdish Jews to return to Kurdistan from Israel fails to notice that they [the Kurds], by means of their activity that stems from delusions, will in fact restore the situation to what it used to be, and will serve Palestine by correcting the mistake of the pan-Arabism of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani[4] and his nationalist Arab cohorts,[5] which motivated them to raid the Jews in Baghdad and send them to Israel with the aid of the Jewish Agency.

&quot;While pan-Arabism is forgiven for having abandoned Palestine, the Kurds are not forgiven for waving the Israeli flag at a moment of national intoxication... After all, they are Kurds, and they have no right to anger or mistakes, just as they are not allowed to dream of a state that was taken from them over a century ago. If they make a mistake, then [Hizbullah secretary-general] Mr. [Hassan] Nasrallah will come out to remind them that he will stand against any plan by [any] religious stream that divides the nation – when he [Nasrallah himself] apparently wants to unite [the nation] under the flag of the Rule of the Jurisprudent [of the Iranian regime] that has no connection to any [Sunni] religious stream...

&quot;ISIS too, which according to the offspring [of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani and Hajj Amin Al-Husseini] sold Iraqi territories to Israel via Kurdish middlemen, found a place in the version [of reality] of the opponents of the Kurdish state. According to the latter, ISIS is not Arab and does not belong to the Ba'th, [but rather] is Kurdish and Israeli. The offspring of Rashid Al-Kilani have in their possession documents proving this, that they sent to Mr. Nasrallah; he will reveal them in his next speech...

&quot;The Shi'ite Iraqi forces – once the allies of the Kurds in Iraq, in the post-Saddam era – united in a religious alliance [with Shi'ite Iran] that has no place for the Kurds' aspirations. And lo, they remind the Kurds of the Arabism of Kirkuk [which is actually Kurdish], while forsaking the Arabism of [the Shi'ite] Al-Najaf and of Karbala, and turning [the Sunni] Mosul, after its liberation from ISIS, into an Iranian metropolis. All this does not harm the offspring of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani [i.e. the Iraqis], as long as it is done by a strong tyrant [such as Saddam]. But the weak, such as the Kurds, have no right to dream of a state.&quot;[6]

 
[1] Al-Ghad (Jordan), October 22, 2017.

[2] This refers to a campaign waged by the Amal militia against the Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon during the civil war in 1985-1986. Thousands of Palestinians were killed in the battles, and the Sabra, Shatila and Burj Al-Barajna refugee camps were almost completely destroyed, although Amal never managed to take over the camps.

[3] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017.

[4] Iraqi politician Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani (1892-1965), three-time Iraqi prime minister, led the 1941 rebellion that prompted the British to invade Iraq; in June of that year the Farhud, or pogrom, against the Jews of Baghdad took place. Al-Kilani fled to Nazi Germany, and was known for his connections to the Nazis and to Jerusalem Mufti Hajj Amin Al-Husseini.

[5] A reference to the Arab nationalist movement, founded in Beirut in the 1920s.

[6] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017.
===BIODIVERSITY===
I am a Palestinian American who is tired of stupid people. I wanted to share a (not exhaustive) list of 50 useful and indisputable facts on the Palestinian-Israeli conflict.

FACT No. [#01.]

Some Jews are shitty and awful people.!'?

FACT No. [#02.]

Some Muslims are shitty and awful people.!'?

FACT No. [#03.]

Some Christians are shitty and awful people.!'?'

FACT No.[#04.]

Some Arabs are shitty and awful people.!'?'

FACT No. [#05.]

Some Americans are shitty and awful people.!'?'

FACT No. 6.

Some Israelis are shitty and awful people.!?'

FACT No. 7.

Some Palestinians are shitty and awful people.!'?

FACT No.[#08.]

Not all Jews are Israelis.!'?

FACT No.[#09.]

Not all Israelis are Jews.!'?

FACT No.[#10.]

Not all Jews are white.!'?

FACT No. [#11.]

Not all Israelis are white.!'?

FACT No. [#12.]

Not all Muslims are Arabs.!'?

FACT No. 13.

Not all Arabs are Muslim.!'?

FACT No. 14.

Not all Palestinians are Muslims.!'?

FACT No. 15.

Not all Arabs are Palestinian.!'?

FACT No. 16.

Not all Palestinians are Haumaus.!'?

FACT No. 17.

[[Texans]] are not [[Arizonans]].!'?

FACT No. 18.

Germans are not Dutch..(The word Dutch comes from a Proto-Germanic word meaning “of the people.” It shares a root with the German word [[Deutsch]], which has led to some confusing names. The name Germans call Germany, for example, is [[Deutschland]] and the people there [[Deutsch]]. [[Dutch]] and German are related, after all, both being Germanic languages.).!'?

FACT No. 19.

Palestinians are not Jordanians.!'?

FACT No. 20.

[Egyptians] are not Palestinians.!'?

FACT No. 21.

Where you are born does not actually determine anything about you.!'?

FACT No. 22.

Your passport is not your political beliefs.

FACT No. 23.

Your government is not your morality.!'?

FACT No. 24.

Not all Jews like the Israeli government.!'?

FACT No. 25.

Not all Israelis like the Israeli government.!'?

FACT No. 26.

Not all Palestinians like the Palestinian government.

FACT No. 27.

Israeli governments have committed acts of terror and violence against the Palestinian people.

FACT No. 28.

Palestinian organizations have committed acts of terror and violence against the Israeli people.!'?

FACT No. 29.

US leaders do things that I do not agree with (e.g., 2016–2020).

FACT No. 30.

Israeli leaders do things that Israelis do not agree with.

FACT No. 31.

Palestinian leaders do things that Palestinians do not agree with.

FACT No. 32.

What happened to the Israeli civilians on 10/7 2023* is fucking awful, and Hamas has earned every fucking thing that the Israeli military throws at them.

FACT No. 33.

What is happening in Gaza to civilians is fucking awful, and not the smartest thing for Israel to do, and some aspects of Israeli military activity may be [[war crimes]], and it doesn’t have to be genocide for it to be tragic.!'?

FACT No. 34.

You can advocate for Palestine without being a racist, anti-semitic piece of shit.!'?

FACT No. 35.

You can advocate for Israel without being a racist, anti-Arab piece of shit.!'?

FACT No. 36.

People like to have sex with each other, and they sometimes procreate with people outside their tribes.! '?

FACT No. 37.

No one in the Levant is indigenous. Every fucking empire in history has fucked their way through the Levant. There is no pure indigeneity. And let’s be honest: The entire planet has been colonized..by [[Europeans]] Powers..and In Ancient (..hominids from the Great Rift Valley).

FACT No. [#38.]

Palestinians and Israelis share paternal Bronze Age DNA. Yes, even Ashkenazi Jews.!'?...

FACT No. 39.

Stop with the fucking history lessons about what the Israelites did, or what the [[OTTOMANS]] did, or what the [[BRITISH]] did, or whatever. It is Fucking &quot;IMPERIAL SHIT&quot; There is a pile of DOG shit in the living room. Instead of arguing about whose DOG took the bigger shit in the living room, maybe focus on how we clean up the dog shit, and maybe we keep the DOGS outside.!'?

FACT No. 40.

Any people have a right to group together and self-identify as whatever-the-fuck-they-want-to-self-identify as. When they get large enough as a group, those people have the right to self-determination and self-respect and a state where they can control their own destinies.

FACT No. 41.

Whether you like the idea or not, the Israeli state exists. It will also continue to exist until the ISRAELI people decide they don’t want it to exist. Your opinion on this matter (if you are not Israeli) is fucking immaterial.

FACT No. 42.

Whether you like the idea or not, a Palestinian state will exist at some point, and it will continue to exist until the PALESTINIAN people decide they don’t want it to exist. Your opinion on this matter (if you are not Palestinian) is fucking immaterial.!'?

FACT No. 43.

You cannot bomb a people into true submission  —  the Blitz did not soften [[British]] morale.!?'..

FACT No. 44.

You cannot fight a war and kill a people’s desire for safety, freedom and self-determination. You can stifle it. You can try to ignore it, but one way or another, you will have to deal with it. This is as true for my Israeli friends as it is for my Palestinian ones.

FACT No. 45.

The solution to the [[Middle East]] conflict will not be found on Threads, or TikTok, or in the streets of any city that isn’t within a two-hour car ride from downtown Jerusalem.!'?

FACT No. 46.

If you want to be an ally to Palestinians, please feel free to continue to advocate for peace, security and self-determination, but do it without dehumanizing or stereotyping Israelis and Jews.

FACT No. 47.

If you want to be an ally to Israelis, please feel free to continue to advocate for peace, security and self-determination, but do it without dehumanizing or stereotyping Palestinians and Muslims and Arabs.

FACT No. 48.

If you just want to advocate for peace, try to be a voice for reason, and don’t inflame or over-simplify an already chaotic, complicated and deeply emotional issue. Help people find common ground and help bring the temperature down. You can be moral and stand up for what you believe in without being an ASSHOLE.!'?...

FACT No. 49.

Yes, an amazing one-state liberal democracy where Palestinian boys and girls could fuck Israeli boys and girls and make cute babies, and everybody spoke Hebrew and Arabic and we all agreed that [[hummus]] and [[falafel]] are delicious and Palestinian and sufganiyot are delicious and Israeli would be awesome. But this wonderful future has about as much chance of happening in the near term as this 5’8″  56'&quot;-year-old Palestinian has being a starter for the [[Golden State Warrior]]s. A two-state solution is the only workable one.!'?

FACT No. 50.

Hummus is Palestinian. I am immovable on this.!'?'

Moe Aa. Hussein is a Palestinian-American creative with a filmmaking background interested in the intersection of experience and technology. This list originally ran on his Medium blog.!'?

The Citizen welcomes guest commentary from community members who represent that it is their own work and their own opinion based on true facts that they know firsthand.:.

&lt;Ref&gt;https://waleedgohar469.medium.com/a-media-rich-guide-on-facts-about-palestine-70022565965d&lt;/Ref&gt;.:
&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.historyhit.com/facts-about-the-israeli-palestinian-conflict/&lt;/&lt;/Ref&gt;.:
&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.factretriever.com/israel-facts&lt;/Ref&gt;.:


5 Interesting Facts About Palestine (Find Out)!

Waleed Gohar
Waleed Gohar
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3 min read
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Jun 22, 2020

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Introduction:
Palestine is a land which has a lot of things for its readers. This is a land which is located in Asia but there is much more to know, apart from its location.
Therefore, let’s dive straight into some facts about Palestine.
Is 3G available in Palestine?
The 3G services are not available in Palestine apart from a few locations. Why is this?
Facts About Palestine (3G Network)
This is because the Israeli restrictions do not allow the Palestinian people to have access to the 3G services openly.
There has been a conversation about this over the past few years of Palestine National Authority with the Israeli authorities but in vain.
The Economy of Palestine:
Palestine is a land that is considered unsafe by many people, but is it true?
To understand this, first, understand that tourism is an important part of the economy of Palestine. In 2010, 4.6 million people visited Palestine. This is a pretty decent figure for a land that is considered unsafe for many people.
Furthermore, the stone industry in Palestine is also a very important part of its economy. To understand how important is the stone industry to Palestine, it is to Palestine as the textile is to Pakistan.
And what is textile is to Pakistan?
60% of the exports of Pakistan are based on the cotton textile industries that provide half of the countries employment!
The majority of exports of Palestine are to Israel, Jordan, America and some European countries.
The National Animal of Palestine:
Gazelle is the national animal of Palestine which is known for its speed. The Palestinian government has been trying to protect this creature as it is an important symbol for the Palestinians.
Facts About Palestine (Gazelle)
Photo by Bas van Brandwijk on Unsplash
These beautiful thin creatures are mostly found in Africa and Asia. They resemble deer and they are from the family of goats, sheep and cattle. The dama Gazelle is the largest Gazelle.
The National Flower of Palestine:
Palestinian poppy is the natural flower of Palestine. This beautiful flower is bright red and the scientific name of the Palestinian Poppy is Anemone coronaria.
The flower originally comes from Ranunculaceaefamily (buttercup family). Very fewer flowers have played such an important role in medicine, religion and politics as the poppy.
One commonly asked question is that are anemones and poppies same?
Although the anemones and poppies belong to a similar flower family, they are not the same thing.
The Siege in Gaza:
In Gaza, 1.9 million Palestinians are under a brutal siege. The basic human rights have been denied to them and they are constantly exposed to aerial bombing.
The political instability and barbarity make Gaza unsafe. The Israeli restrictions in this area are so brutal that the United Nations says that by 2020, the area can be completely inhibited.
Conclusion:
The facts about Palestine is a very interesting topic. I hope that the article makes sense.
Thank You very much for staying with me till the end!


&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.memri.org/reports/arab-opposition-to-kurdish-state-hypocritical&lt;/Ref&gt;.:

&quot;Jabaan&quot; likely refers to the word for &quot;Japan&quot; in the language of the user, which in this case is probably &quot;Swahili&quot; or &quot;Somali&quot;, as it is a transliteration of the word &quot;Japan&quot; in these languages. 
Here's a breakdown: 
&quot;Jabaan&quot; is a transliteration of &quot;Japan&quot; in Swahili and Somali:
The word &quot;Jabaan&quot; is used to refer to the country of Japan in Swahili and Somali.
Swahili and Somali are languages spoken in Africa:
Swahili is a Bantu language spoken in East Africa, while Somali is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in the Horn of Africa….!!’?’….!!

==Sido kale fiiri==

* [[Unionka Mediterraneanka]]

* [[Wadanamaha Jaamacada Carabta Afrika]]

* [[Waddnamha Mashriq Jaamacada Carabta]]

* https://livingcost.org/

==10*of the*Most*Endangered Species in Africa==

BY OLIVIA LAI AFRICA JUN 27TH 2022/23
EARTH.ORG IS POWERED BY OVER 150 CONTRIBUTING WRITERS
 10 of the Most Endangered Species in Africa
Africa, the world’s second-largest and second-most populous continent, is wonderfully rich in biodiversity. Thanks to its equally rich natural landscapes and biomes, ranging from arid deserts and savannahs to tropical rainforests and ice-capped mountains, Africa supports about a quarter of the planet’s animal and plant species. But delayed industrialisation and development, human activities such as deforestation – 4 million hectares of African forests are cut down annually, almost double the speed than the global average deforestation rate – and prolonged conflicts have had a devastating impact on wildlife on the continent. All these are being fuelled further by climate change. These are just some of the most endangered species in Africa that are in dire need of protection and conservation, before it’s too late. 

—


===10*Most*Endangered*Species*in Africa.!!===

[#01.]Black Rhino..!!’?’…!!’?’…!!’

Otherwise known as the hook-lipped rhino, the black rhino is one of two species of rhinoceros native to Africa (the other being the white rhino). Due to rampant poaching to meet a global demand for rhinoceros horn, wildlife trading and trophy hunting, black rhino populations have been decimated and has driven a subspecies, the Western black rhino (Diceros bicornis longipes), to extinction in 2011. Today, there are just over 5,600 individuals left of the critically endangered animal and are limited to just four countries: South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe and Kenya. As a keystone species, meaning that they hold a significant role within an ecosystem, there have been major efforts to protect and recover population numbers, including greater habitat protection and monitoring systems, as well as harsher fines and sentences for rhino poachers. 

[#02.]African Elephant.!!’?’!!’?…

In the 1970s, Africa was home to 1.3 million elephants. Today, that number has plummeted down to less than 30,000 in the wild. Much like rhinos, elephants have been heavily targeted and poached throughout history due to the ivory trade; ivory tusks were treated as a valuable commodity and a status symbol. As a result, around 90% of African elephants have been wiped out in the past century. Though much of the world has since banned elephant ivory trading, most notably China, illegal poaching and trading still persist. But with significant conservation efforts, countries like Kenya have been experiencing a baby boom in elephants, more than doubling the population in 30 years. But other major threats to the species remain: human-wildlife conflict fuelled by human population growth and urban expansion, and climate change-induced droughts. 

Your Contribution Makes a Difference
Every donation counts in our fight against climate change. Join us in making a real impact by supporting our research, data analysis, and policy solutions.
DONATE TODAY…!!’?’

 endangered species africa 
[#03].Gorilla..!!’?’..!!’?’..

There are two species of gorillas, the Eastern gorilla and the Western gorilla, both of which are native to Africa and listed as Critically Endangered on the International Union for Conservation of NatureRed List. A combination of factors have pushed the animal to such a dire situation, including poaching, habitat loss from logging and agricultural development, human conflict, and diseases. In fact, one of the two subspecies of the Western gorilla, the Cross River gorilla that lives in the Cameroon-Nigeria border region, saw its population plummet to about 200-300 adults. Population recovery efforts can be also slow and difficult due to their low reproductive rate, with females only giving birth every four to six years – females also only breed three or four times in her lifetime.

[#04.]Saharan Cheetah.!!’?’!!’?’…

This endangered cat (but not a ‘Big Cat’) has been pushed to the brink of extinction due to significant habitat loss, forcing the animal to be limited to 10% of its historical range. Its remaining small populations can now only be found in Algeria and Niger, and isolated pockets across the Sahara and Sahel from Mali in the west to the Central African Republic in the east.​ Additionally, hunting by a growing local population in the region and reduced prey such as sheep and gazelle from the agricultural explosion have also contributed to Saharan cheetah’s population decline to fewer than 250 individuals. 

 endangered species in Africa Photo credit: EO Photographer Josh R.

[#05.]African Wild Dog..!!’?’…!!’?

Also known as the African painted dog or the African hunting dog, this critically endangered species in Africa is also the second most endangered carnivore in the continent. As wild dogs are highly social animals, gathering and travelling packs, they’re incredibly sensitive to habitat changes and fragmentation, which have been significantly reduced over the past few decades. Illegally poaching and wildlife trading is rife across African countries, and many African dogs were caught as bycatch in snares targeted for other animals like antelopes. Despite their impressive speeds – they reach speeds of more than 44 miles per hour – the species has not been able to run away from other threats like human conflicts over livestock, infectious diseases like rabies and distemper, and competition with larger predators like lions due to shrinking habitats. The largest populations are mostly in southern Africa – where there are less than 550 individuals in the wild – and the southern part of East Africa including Tanzania and northern Mozambique. Though snare hunting has been made illegal on nationally proclaimed wildlife reserves in South Africa, far more conservation efforts are needed to protect this rare mammal.

You might also like: Is the Sahara Desert Growing?

[#06.]African Penguin…!!’?’…!!’?’…

There’s a common misconception that penguins are native only to the Arctic when in fact, there’s a well-known nesting penguin species that breeds in Africa, or more specifically, Namibia and South Africa. Unfortunately, the population of the African penguin is dwindling fast as a result of habitat loss and destruction, overfishing to meet global commercial demand, oil spills and marine pollution – the bird’s range encompass many global trading and oil transport routes – as well as warming ocean temperatures. The species has lost about 95% of its population since pre-industrial times to about 14,700 pairs, based on 2021 estimates. In addition, guano harvests – accumulated excrement of seabirds and bats is a highly sought-after fertiliser – eliminated their preferred nesting substrate, leaving them exposed to predators, heat stress, flooding and sea-level rise.

&lt;Ref&gt;https://earth.org/endangered-species-in-africa/&lt;/Ref&gt;.::

endangered species in the desert, north african ostrich…!!’?’
[#07.]North African Ostrich..!!’ 

The North African ostrich is the largest bird on Earth. Historically, it was distributed across the entire Sahara desert, spreading across 18 countries. Today, they’re only found in Cameroon, Chad, Central African Republic and Senegal. This flightless bird has been heavily targeted over the past 50 years; their feathers, meat and egg are deemed valuable in the wildlife trading market. Much like most of the animals on this list, the ostrich has suffered from habitat loss from human expansion and desertification – a process by which lands become infertile – causing increased food competition with other livestock and larger animals. Since being identified in the IUCN red list, a number of conservation efforts have been underway to help restore the species, from introducing more ostriches to Senegal and habitat rehabilitation to improving livestock fencing and management. 

[#08.]Dama Gazelle..!!’?’…!!’?’

The dama gazelle now lives only about 1% of its historical range, and is found primarily in the countries of Chad and Sudan. Despite its preference for arid territories, desertification and worsening droughts from climate change have caused major habitat loss and fragmentation, as well as reduced vegetation for gazelle to feed from – thus increased competition with human and livestock. Prolonged wars in the region have also exacerbated all these aforementioned factors. Today, fewer than 400 individuals are left in the wild.

[#09.] Egyptian Tortoise..!!’?’…!!’

Another Saharan Desert native and the smallest species of tortoises – no longer than 10cm in length at maturity, the Egyptian tortoise is all but extinct from its original habitat due to the loss of habitat from agriculture and expansion of tourism, and most notably, from illegal pet trading. According to the IUCN Red List, the total Egyptian tortoise population is estimated to be around 7,470, but as they are not legally protected in Libya – where the species is mostly found – they are highly vulnerable to further population decline. Despite ongoing captive breeding programmes efforts to reintroduce Egyptian tortoises to the wild, they have mostly been slow and relatively unsuccessful.

[#10.] Sahara Aphanius..!!’?’…!!’

This tiny freshwater pupfish, measuring only less than two inches long, can be found nowhere else in the world except for the Sahara Desert in the Oued Saoura river basin near Mazzer, Algeria. Agricultural development, which has caused significant groundwater contamination and excessive water withdrawal, and increasingly frequent and prolonged droughts, have severely impacted the aquatic vegetation that the species depend upon. This includes zooplankton and algae. The freshwater fish remains to be listed as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List. 

Aside from these endangered species in Africa, you might also like: 10 of the World’s Most Endangered Animals in 2022/2023*.!!

알자지라의 미단 보이스 [[인터넷 채널]]: 유대인이 만들어내고 통제하고 있습니다(&quot;..모든 것이 2초 안에 움직입니다..&quot;) [[할리우드]]; [[CNN]]; 포르노 산업을 오염시키기 위해 &quot;..[[미국인]]..!!..&quot;과 &quot;...[[기독교인]]...!!'?'&quot; 가치관을...!!'?'...
aljajilaui midan boiseu [[inteones chaeneol]]: yudaein-i mandeul-eonaego tongjehago issseubnida(&quot;..modeun geos-i 2cho an-e umjig-ibnida..&quot;) [[halliudeu]]; [[CNN]]; poleuno san-eob-eul oyeomsikigi wihae &quot;..[[migug-in]]..!!..&quot;gwa &quot;...[[gidoggyoin]]...!!'?'&quot; gachigwan-eul...!!'?'...

==The Most Endangered Animals in Africa== 

By H. Nimmo.
Africa is blessed with a stunning variety of wildlife – it has more species of charismatic megafauna than any other continent. However, sadly, with ever expanding human populations and their increasing demand for land, food and water, exacerbated by poaching, more and more species are becoming endangered. However, thanks to the foresight of conservationists past and present, many of the most endangered animals in Africa are being protected in reserves and national parks.  Below is a list of some of the most endangered species in Africa and where you stand a chance of seeing them.

=10,441 &quot;African Safaris&quot;=


[#01.]Ethiopian’s..!..
Ethiopian wolf..!!’?’…!!’?’…

The Ethiopian wolf is Africa’s most endangered carnivore and the continent’s only wolf species. It is a handsome rusty red jackal-like dog and, as the name suggests, it is endemic to Ethiopia’s  It is endangered due to loss of habitat to farmland and due to diseases caught from domestic dogs.

Best place to see Ethiopian wolf: Bale Mountain National Park, Ethiopia

 
 [#02.]Pangolin
Pangolin..!!’?’…!!’

The poor pangolin has the dubious honor of being the most illegally trafficked species in Africa, as its scales are used in traditional medicine in Asia. Most people have never heard of a pangolin, let alone seen one … and sadly it is feared they are on a fast-track to extinction. Pangolins are now one of the most endangered animals in Africa. These delightful, gentle creatures are armour-plated and roll into a ball to defend themselves – unfortunately a poor defence against humans. Pangolins feed on ants and termites with their long sticky tongues, and the mother carries her young infant on her back. They are the holy grail of wildlife sightings for many tourists and indeed safari guides, such is their rarity. I must confess the first time I saw a pangolin in the wild, I was moved to tears – part joy and part sadness at just how vulnerable they are.

Best place to see a pangolin: in winter at Tswalu Private Game Reserve, South Africa

 
 [#03.] Black Rhino
Black Rhino…!!’?’…!!’?’….

Black rhinos are actually grey in color and are distinguished from white rhinos by their pointed, prehensile upper lip, whereas white rhinos have square lips. Black rhino calves usually follow their mother – whereas white rhino calves often trot along in front.  Black rhinos are largely solitary and are browsers rather than grazers – hence their hooked lip. Black rhinos are classified as Critically Endangered, as they have been decimated by poaching for their horn. The most recent numbers estimate less than 5000 in 2010, however, numbers are likely to have decreased further since then, despite valiant conservation efforts.

Best places to see black rhino:

Ngorogoro Crater, Tanzania
Etosha National Park, Namibia
Damaraland, Namibia
Matobo National Park, Zimbabwe
 

 [#04.] White Rhino
White Rhino…!!’?’…!!’?’…

It is sad that, after successful conservation efforts increased their numbers dramatically in the 1960’s, once again, white rhino has become one of the most endangered animals in Africa. This is due to illegal poaching to satisfy the increased demand for their horn by Asian markets. Valiant conservation efforts are once again underway to save the white rhino, and South Africa is still its stronghold. The white rhino is larger than the black rhino and has square lips for grazing.

Best places to see white rhino:

Kruger National Park, South Africa
uMkhuze Game Reserve, South Africa
Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Game Reserve, South Africa
Sabi Sand Game Reserve, South Africa
 

 [#05.]Mountain Gorilla
Mountain Gorilla..!!’?’…!!’?’…

Although mountain gorillas are still considered one of the most endangered animals in Africa, the good news is that their numbers are actually on the increase. An encounter with mountain gorillas should be on everyone’s bucket list. Although it is an expensive trip, believe me, it is worth every dollar! You will never forget the hour you spend with these gentle giants. It is your tourist dollars that are helping to protect and conserve the mountain gorillas and their forests – another reason to visit.!!
Best place to see mountain gorillas: Bwindi National Park, Uganda

 
 [#06.]African Wild Dog?
African Wild Dog…!!’?’…!!’?’

Previously viewed as vermin, thankfully the African wild dog has had a very good PR makeover over the last few years and has now become one of the most wished-for safari sightings. Sightings on safari are often by luck, as the dogs cover huge distances in search of prey, and it is only when they are denning (usually the dry season months) that they remain in the same place for a few weeks. Personally they are my favorite animal to see on safari, as they are such sociable carnivores. It is a privilege to watch their frenzied “greeting ceremony”, when they are getting to get ready to hunt – making all sorts of un-dog-like chittering and chirping noises. African wild dogs require huge ranges and consequently habitat fragmentation has caused their decline. Other threats include diseases from domestic dogs, persecution by livestock farmers, road accidents and incidental snaring. 

Best places to see African wild dog:

Mana Pools National Park, Zimbabwe
Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe
Madikwe Game Reserve, South Africa
Linyanti Concession, Botswana
Selinda Concession, Botswana
 

 [#07.] African Penguin
African Penguin…!!’?’…!!’?’

For visitors to Cape Town, it is hard to imagine that the African penguin is one of the most endangered species in Africa. They are easy to see at Boulders Bay on the Cape Peninsula, where there is a visitor centre and boardwalk past their nests. However, sadly, African penguin numbers have plummeted in recent years due to depleted fish stocks from over fishing and fish stocks moving further west due to climate change. The African penguin is also at risk from oil spills. This is the only penguin species breeding in Africa, and they are easily recognisable by their dapper black and white plumage and jack-ass braying call.

Best place to see African penguins: Cape Point, South Africa

 
 [#08.] Rothschild’s…Giraffe
Rothschild’s giraffe…!!’?’…!!…

The giraffe is one of Africa’s most recognisable and iconic animals and the tallest land mammal. While giraffes are commonly seen on safari, people are unaware that the numbers of these majestic animals are crashing dramatically outside of protected areas due to habitat loss, illegal hunting and human-wildlife conflict. There are nine subspecies of giraffe, each confined to specific regions of Africa. The Rothschild’s giraffe is now listed as one of the most endangered animals in Africa – in 2010 there were thought to be less than 670 individuals. It is found in western Kenya and eastern Uganda and it has broader dividing white lines than the reticulated giraffe and no spotting below the knees.

Best places to see Rothschild’s giraffes:

Lake Nakuru National Park, Kenya
Murchison Falls National Park, Uganda
Kidepo Vally National Park, Uganda
Lake Mburo National Park, Uganda
 

 [#09.] Hooded Vulture
Hooded vulture..!!’?’

Vultures are a critical component in the African landscape but their numbers are plummeting due to increased poisoning incidents. Without vultures clearing carcasses, there is a risk in the increase of disease – as has happened in India, where they have lost 95% of their vultures. The hooded vulture is now one of the most endangered species in Africa – recently upgraded to Critically Endangered. They are easy to distinguish from other vultures by their small size and thin hooked bill.

Best places to see hooded vultures:

Moremi National Park, Botswana
Kruger National Park, South Africa
Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe
 

 [#10.] Chimpanzee
Chimpanzee…!!’?’

When you look into the eyes of a wild chimpanzee, it is easy to understand that this is man’s closest relative – we share 98% of the same genes. Their behavior is distinctively human-like too. Tracking chimpanzees in the wild is one of the most exciting safari activities – it really does feel like you are in the middle of your very own wildlife documentary. Chimpanzees are classified as one of the most endangered animals in Africa – the biggest threat to their survival is habitat loss and an increasing demand for bushmeat…!!’?

Best places to see chimpanzees:

Gombe National Park, Tanzania
Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania
Kibale National Park, Uganda
 

Want To Go on an African Safari?
Click on the button below to compare African safaris offered by top-rated tour operators.

10,441 African Safaris

*&lt;ref&gt;https://www.statista.com/statistics/806135/gdp-of-the-arab-world/&lt;/ref&gt;.

* &lt;ref&gt;https://www.languagetrainers.co.uk/blog/8-fascinating-facts-about-arab-culture/&lt;/ref&gt;.


* https://en.idi.org.il/articles/38540

* https://www.japantimes.co.jp/tag/saudi-arabia/ 
* https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8

* https://www.worlddata.info/languages/#google_vignette

* https://www.visualcapitalist.com/the-tech-giants-worth-compared-economies-countries//

* https://www.arabnews.com/node/1823401/saudi-arabia

&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.worlddata.info/languages/arabic.php&lt;/Ref&gt;

&lt;Ref&gt;https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-educated-countries&lt;/Ref&gt;.:

&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2020&lt;/Ref&gt;.:

* https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/10-countries-with-the-best-education-systems.html

* https://www.worldatlas.com/history/10-countries-which-have-never-been-colonised-by-europeans.html

&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.gfmag.com/global-data/economic-data/richest-countries-in-the-world&lt;/Ref&gt;.


&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.quora.com/How-accurate-is-the-assertion-that-Britain-has-invaded-all-but-22-countries-in-the-world&lt;/Ref&gt;.

* https://theculturetrip.com/asia/brunei-darussalam/articles/11-things-that-are-illegal-in-brunei/ {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/asia/brunei-darussalam/articles/11-things-that-are-illegal-in-brunei/ |date=20220701200249 }}


* https://www.cnbc.com/2020/01/03/who-was-iranian-general-qasem-soleimani-and-why-his-killing-matters.html


*https://almashareq.com/en_GB/articles/cnmi_am/features/2022/02/04/feature-02

&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.espn.com/soccer/standings/_/league/ita.1&lt;/Ref&gt;.:

** https://www.quora.com/How-accurate-is-the-assertion-that-Britain-has-invaded-all-but-22-countries-in-the-world

&lt;Ref&gt;https://kottke.org/12/11/britain-has-invaded-all-but-22-countries&lt;/Ref&gt;.

* https://www.goodcountry.org/index/your-questions/countries-included/youve-left-out-a-number-of-territories-nations-why-is-this/

*&lt;ref&gt;https://visaindex.com/country/indonesia-passport-ranking/&lt;/ref&gt;

*&lt;ref&gt;https://industryarabic.com/arabic-facts-statistics/&lt;/ref&gt;.

&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.xe.com/popularity.php&lt;/Ref&gt;.:•

&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.eurosport.com/football/serie-a/2024-2025/standings.shtml&lt;/Ref&gt;.:

*&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.globalizationpartners.com/2016/06/30/10-facts-about-arab-culture-infographic/#:~:text=The%20Arab%20world%20stretches%20across,various%20ethnic%20and%20religious%20backgrounds.&lt;/ref&gt;.

&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/14/some-300-children-drowned-trying-to-reach-europe-so-far-this-year&lt;/ref&gt;.:

 
* https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} 
* https://www.4icu.org/top-universities-africa/ '!!`{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}


* https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-never-colonized
{{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm |date=20220819192938 }}

* https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-know-about-arab-citizens-israel

* https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/iran-iraq-power-centres-creating-havoc.:

{{Wayback|url=
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_tree_of_Muhammad#:~:text=This%20family%20tree%20is%20about,Ishmael%20through%20the%20Hashim%20tribe.|date=20220707081051 }}

* https://www.sporcle.com/blog/2019/03/what-countries-are-transcontinental/ {{Wayback|url=https://www.sporcle.com/blog/2019/03/what-countries-are-transcontinental/ |date=20240614155515 }}

* https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2021/02/335958/morocco-exposes-polisario-algerias-propaganda-in-letter-to-un/


* https://themuslim500.com/book-reviews-2023.html {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/a/Arabic_language.htm |date=20220920172709 }} {{Wayback|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arab-countries.:•{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead 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  <page>
    <title>SSC (Waqooyi)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>305988</id>
      <parentid>305978</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T14:02:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>La ilaaliyay &quot;[[SSC (Waqooyi)]]&quot;: [[Wikipedia:Khariibaad|Kharribaad]] ([Wax ka badal=​U ogolow kaliya isticmaalayaasha la xaqiijiyay] (aan xad lahayn) [Wareeji=​U ogolow kaliya isticmaalayaasha la xaqiijiyay] (aan xad lahayn))</comment>
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      <text bytes="3658" sha1="i0cij3f1z695rx8j77r376kyj6x7z57" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = SSC State
|native_name = {{unbulleted list|item_style=font-size:88%; |{{native name|so|Dowlad Goboleedka SSC}} |{{native name|ar|{{lower|0.1em|{{resize|120%|}}}}&amp;nbsp;|italics=off}} |''{{transl|ar|Wilāyat Arḍ al-Sool Sanaag Cayn}}''}}
|common_name = SSC State
|image_flag = 
|image_coat = Darawiish SSC crest.jpg
|image_map = SSC-Khatumo state of Somaliland.png
|national_motto = 
|national_anthem = [[Qolobaa Calankeed]]
|official_languages = {{hlist |[[Somali language|Somali]] |[[Arabic language|Arabic]]}}
|demonym = 
|capital = [[Buuhoodle]] (de jure), &lt;br&gt;Buuhoodle (de facto)
|coordinates = {{Coord|9|8|N|48|25|E|type:city}}
|largest_city = Badhan (de jure), Badhan (de facto)
|government_type = [[Autonomy|Autonomous]] [[Presidential system|presidential democracy]]
|leader_title1 = President
|leader_name1 = Abdul Sulub
|leader_title2 = Vice President
|leader_name2 = 
|area_rank = 
|area_magnitude = 
|area_km2 = 
|area_sq_mi = 
|percent_water = 
|population_estimate = 
|population_estimate_year = 
|population_estimate_rank = 
|population_census = |population_census_year = 
|population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = 
|population_density_rank = 
|GDP_PPP_year = |GDP_PPP = |GDP_PPP_rank = |GDP_PPP_per_capita = |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 
|Gini_year = |Gini_change =  &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt; |Gini =  &lt;!--number only--&gt; |Gini_ref = |Gini_rank = 
|HDI_year = |HDI_change =  &lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt; |HDI =  &lt;!--number only--&gt; |HDI_ref = |HDI_rank = 
|sovereignty_type = [[Autonomy]]
|sovereignty_note = within [[Somalia]]
|established_event1 = Established
|established_date1 = 2009
|currency = [[Somali shilling]]
|currency_code = SOS
|country_code = so
|time_zone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]]
|utc_offset = +3
|time_zone_DST = not observed
|utc_offset_DST = +3
|calling_code = [[+252]] {{small|(Somalia)}}
|cctld = [[.so]]
}}

'''SSC''' ama waa meesha ka salaysan Sool, Sanaag iyo [[Cayn]] ee ah hoggaanka hadbaadinta iyo mideynta [[Maakhir]] iyo [[Khaatumo]] ee cidhifyada [[Marinka Gardafuul|Marinka qorilugud]] meel aan somaliland ahyne xukumi mayso weligeedna xorobi mayso ssc wa qayb kamid ah somaliland

==Taariikh==
[[File:Flag of SSC.svg|thumb|Calankii hore]]

[[File:SSC darawiish disputed region.png|thumb|Calankii hore]]
Caasimadeyda waxay ehayd Buuhoodle ama Las Anod. Waxay ahayd jabhad iyo maamul oo ka soo horjeedo maamulada la dariska ah, gaar ahaan maamulka puntland iyo somaliland oo ah maamul gooni isu taag. SSC waxee ka koobantahay gobolada [[Sool]], [[Sanaag]] iyo [[Cayn]]. Maamulkaan runtii waa maamul wadani ah oo leh taariikh aad u dheer, dhulka maanta loogu yeero SSC waxee markeeda hore eheed dhulkii USP. Waa jabhad iyo maamul oo wadani ah oo aad u taageerto midnimada shacabka soomaaliyeed.Shacabka SSC waxee mararka qaar maamul ahaan hoostagaan Maamulka [[Puntland]].

==Taariikhda SSC==

Taariikhda SSC waxee raacsantahay taariikhdii USP oo ah taariikh aad u dheer, waa marka loo fiiriyo deegaanada ee ka koobantahay SSC.Magaca SSC waxaa la abaabulay wixii ka danbeeyay burburkii dowladii dhexe, waana magac ee soo alifeen dadka u dhashay deegaanada SSC, waa mid lagu abaabulay sidii shacabka deegaanadaas loo badbaadin lahaa loona mideyn lahaa.Dadka qaarkood waxee SSC u maleeyaan in ee tahay Ciidamo difaacaayo deegaanada SSC oo kaliya, balse run ahaantii SSC waxaa la isku dhahaa dhamaan shacabka degan gobolada ee ka koobantahay SSC, iyo ka dib, dallacsiiyaasha Darawiish oo ka kooban ciidanka Falaaluug. Abuuridda waxay ku dhisneyd dawladda Darawiish iyo [[xuduudkii 1908]].
                          

{{Template:Maamulada Soomaaliya}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lughaya</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-27T11:54:42Z</timestamp>
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        <username>MustafaO</username>
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      <text bytes="5944" sha1="amy9tv7qmuh2uae04u2qhd78x1h2tu3" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| official_name      = Lughaya
| other_name         = 
| native_name        = 
| nickname           = 
| settlement_type    = Magaalo
| motto              = 
| image_skyline      = Lughaya Awdal3.jpg
| imagesize          = 250px
| image_caption      = 
| image_flag         = 
| flag_size          = 
| image_seal         = 
| seal_size          = 
| image_map          = 
| mapsize            = 
| map_caption        = 
| pushpin_map        = Awdal
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| pushpin_mapsize    = 
| pushpin_map_caption = Goobta Somaliland
| subdivision_type   = Wadanka
| subdivision_name   = {{flag|Somaliland}}
| subdivision_type1  = [[Gobolada Soomaaliya|Gobolka]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Awdal]]
| subdivision_type2  = [[Qaybaha maamulka Somaliland|Degmada]]
| subdivision_name2  = [[Degmada Lughaya]]
| government_footnotes = 
| government_type    = 
| leader_title       = Gudoomiye
| leader_name        = Cabdullaahi Cali Aw Nuur
| established_title  = 
| established_date   = 
| area_magnitude     = 
| unit_pref          = Metric
| area_footnotes     = 
| area_total_km2     = 
| area_land_km2      = 
| population_as_of   = 2024
| population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=bbc20240108&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/somali/articles/czdl01qk7zvo|title=Maxaan ka naqaannaa deegaanka Lughaya ee la sheegay in dhul badeed ku yalla la siiyay Itoobiya|trans-title=What do we know about the area of Lughaya which is said to be a land on the sea that was given to Ethiopia|author=|date=2024-01-08|work=BBC|access-date=2024-07-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_note    = 2024
| population_total   = 75000
| population_density_km2 = 
| timezone           = [[East Africa Time|EAT]]
| utc_offset         = +3
| timezone_DST       = 
| utc_offset_DST     = 
| coordinates        = {{coord|10|43|07|N|43|56|11|E|region:SO-AW|display=inline,title}}
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m        = 
| postal_code_type   = 
| postal_code        = 
| area_code          = 
| blank_name         = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank_info         = [[Desert climate#Hot desert climates|BWh]]
| website            = 
| footnotes          = 
}}

'''Lughaya''' ({{lang-ar|لغهيه}}) waa magaalo xeebeed oo ku taalo Gobolka [[Awdal]] ee Somaliland . Lughaya waa magaalo qadiimi ah o ku taalo xeebta deegaanada gobalka awdal ee ku fidsan Bariga [[Somaliland]].

==Hordhac==
Lughaya waxay 50 km koonfurta kaga beegantahay dekkeda [[Jabuuti (magaalo)|Jabuuti]], 200km neh waxay dhanka waqooyiga ka xigtaa degmada [[Berbera]]. Sidoo kale waxay ka mid tahay magaalooyinka ugu weyn gobolka Awdal. Shacbiga degan waa dad xoolo dhaqato ah ama kaluumeysato,waxay caan kutahay kaluunka iyo caanaha geela. Degmadaan waxaa degan dad lagu qiyaaso 75,000 oo qof. Degmada Lughaya waxaa inta badan ka dega oo ugu badan beesha weynta Gadabuursi siiba beesha maxamed case 

==Tirakoobka dadweynaha==
Degmada balaadhan ee Lughaya waxa ku nool 101,104 qof.  Magaaladu waxa inta badan degan beesha Mahad Case oo ka mid ah beelaha Gadabuursi Dir oo ka kooban beesha ugu badan degmada,  waxay u badan tahay matalaadda dawladaha hoose, mar walbana ku fadhida kursiga duqa magaalada. 
Malte Sommerlatte (2000) wuxuu leeyahay:
“Xarunta waxbarashada waxa ku sugan Gadabuursi oo ka soo baxa dhulka xeebta ah ee ku teedsan Lughaye, iyaga oo sii mara degmooyinka Baki iyo Boorama ilaa dhulka buuraleyda Itoobiya ee Jijiga galbeed kaga beegan. 
Burburka iyo Cusboonaysiinta: Sheekada Somaliland (2004), qoraagu wuxuu yidhi:
Sidoo kale waa soohdinta degmada Lughaya oo dadka ugu badan (haddii aanay ahayn) ay maanta Gadabuursi yihiin. 
Warbixinta haqab-beelka cuntada ee bilaha ah ee FSAU March (2003) waxay sheegtay in qabiilka Gadabuursi ay yihiin dadka ugu badan ee degan degmada Lughaya halka Ciise xoola-dhaqato ay u guuraan gobolka xilli xilliyeedka Itoobiya .
&quot;Kadib wadahadallo lala yeeshay Ciisaha (Itoobiya) iyo Gadabuursi (dadka deegaanka) ee xoolaha leh iyo hoggaamiyeyaasha deegaanka Gerissa, Jidhi, Karuure, Ceel Gal, Kalalwe iyo Osooli.&quot; 
Waxa kale oo jira tiro aad u tiro yar oo ka tirsan beesha Ciise ee Dir oo inta badan degta degmada Saylac. 
== Degmooyinka hoosyimaada Lughaya ==
* Lughaya
* Garaaca
* Kalowle
* Saba-Wanaag
* Garba-Dadar
* Gargaara Bari
* Geerisa
* Beeyo-Cadaadeed
* Balayga
* Fardaha
* Karuura
* Waraqa Dhigta
* Sheed Dheer
* Osoli
* Teeb
* Buulo-Xareed
* Qudhacood
* Laan-Cawaale
* Maame
* Xoog-Faras
* Iddo-Caddays
* Beeyo-Kulul
* Gab
* Xajiinle
* Ceel Helay
* Hulka
* Damasha
* Cabdi Geedi
* Bidhaadley
==Xusuusin==
[https://www.unicef.org/somalia/stories/unicef-support-reaches-families-affected-cyclone-sagar Taageerada UNICEF waxa ay gaartaa qoysaska ay saamaysay duufaantii Sagar]

[https://web.archive.org/web/20170728203029/https://docs.unocha.org/sites/dms/Somalia/UNDP-POP-RURAL-URBAN%202005.pdf &quot;Gobolada, degmooyinka, iyo dadkooda: Soomaaliya 2005 (qabyo)&quot;]

[http://www.oocities.org/mbali/doc124.htm &quot; BURBUR IYO CUSBOONSIIN: SHEEKADII SOMALILAND&quot;]

[https://www.interpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/2015_05_Confronting_the_future_of_Somalilands_democracy.pdf Tiirarka Nabadda ee Ka Soo Horjeeda Mustaqbalka Dimuqraadiyadda Somaliland: Casharradii laga bartay Tobankii Sano ee Xisbiyada badan iyo Tubta Horumarka]

[http://somalilandstandard.com/nec-starts-to-release-provisional-results-of-5-electoral-districts/ &quot;KDQ Wuxuu Bilaabey Inuu Soo Saaro Natiijooyinka Ku Meel Gaarka Ah Ee 5 Degmo Doorasho&quot;]

[http://www.somalilandlaw.com/Somaliland_Coastal_Plains.pdf &quot;Qiimaynta Deegaanka ee Dhulka Xeebta ah ee Waqooyi Galbeed Soomaaliya (Somaliland)&quot;]

[https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/74876F40A1FB559D49256CE8000EBA5B-fsau-som-12mar.pdf Falanqaynta Xaaladda Awdal ee FSAU oo diiradda lagu saarayo Xoolaha Gobolka]{{reflist}}
{{Degmooyinka Gobolka Awdal}}
[[Category:Awdal]]
[[Category:Magaalooyinka|Salal]]
Waxa kasoo jeeda Saylici.
==Tixraac==
[[Gobolada Somaliland]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Baltimore</title>
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      <text bytes="18416" sha1="s706438avx6euaelaj2gmrt79k6tqhp" xml:space="preserve">::''Kani waa maqaal ku saabsan magaalada Baltimore, Maryland, Maraykanka. 
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Baltimore, [[Maryland]]
|official_name = Caasimada Baltimore
|settlement_type = [[Caasimad|Caasimada Madaxbanaan]]
|nickname = Caasimada Degan,&lt;ref name=nicknames&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.redorbit.com/news/business/511672/baltimores_new_bait_the_city_is_about_to_unveil_a/index.html
|title=Baltimore's New Bait: The City is About to Unveil a New Slogan, 'Get In On It,' Meant to Intrigue Visitors |accessdate=November 28, 2008 |last=Donovan |first=Doug |date=May 20, 2006|work=The Baltimore Sun}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mobtown,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.citypaper.com/arts/story.asp?id=9176|title=Mob Rules|last=Smith|first=Van|date=October 6, 2004|work=Baltimore City Paper|accessdate=January 24, 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090112080752/http://www.citypaper.com/arts/story.asp?id=9176| archivedate= January 12, 2009 | deadurl= no}}&lt;/ref&gt; B'more,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news | last=Kane | first=Gregory | url=http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/columns/gregory-kane/Dispatch-from-Bodymore-Murderland-48061142.html | work=Washington Examiner | title=Dispatch from Bodymore, Murderland | date=June 15, 2009 | ciwaan=Nuqul Archive | access-date=September 7, 2015 | archive-date=January 17, 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117090911/http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/columns/gregory-kane/Dispatch-from-Bodymore-Murderland-48061142.html | dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dhulkii Nolosha Raaxada Leh,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.citypaper.com/search/bcp-cms-1-1212892-migrated-story-cp-20111005-featu-20111005,0,7897129.story |publisher=City Paper |title=Hugh Sisson brought the brewpub to Baltimore. Then he really learned about the beer business |date=October 5, 2011 |author=Jenn Ladd }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Caasimada ugu Horaysa,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://mht.maryland.gov/heritageareas_baltimore.html |title=Baltimore Heritage Area|accessdate=March 30, 2011 |publisher=Maryland Historical Trust |date=February 11, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://baltimore.org/about-baltimore/baltimore-firsts/|title=Baltimore: A City of Firsts|work=Visit Baltimore|accessdate=March 30, 2011|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=March 16, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110316030004/http://baltimore.org/about-baltimore/baltimore-firsts|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Caasimada Taarikhiga,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.citypaper.com/bob/story.asp?id=10574 |title=Best Monument |accessdate=September 19, 2007 |date=September 21, 2005 |work=2005 Baltimore Living Winners |publisher=Baltimore City Paper | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071012081217/http://citypaper.com/bob/story.asp?id=10574| archivedate= October 12, 2007 | deadurl= no}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ravenstown,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://preview.baltimoreravens.com/Ravenstown/Ravenstown.aspx |title=Ravenstown |accessdate=June 7, 2008 |publisher=Baltimore Ravens |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=July 23, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723122211/http://preview.baltimoreravens.com/Ravenstown/Ravenstown.aspx |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;Caasimada Jirta&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://baltimorecitypolicehistory.com/citypolice/baltimore-fun-facts.html|title=Baltimore Fun Facts: Historical Trivia|accessdate=January 4, 2013|publisher=Baltimore City Police|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=Bisha Saddexaad 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324082504/https://baltimorecitypolicehistory.com/citypolice/baltimore-fun-facts.html|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|motto = &quot;Caasimada ugu wacan Ameerika&quot;,&lt;ref name=nicknames /&gt; &quot;Kaalay oo hel.&quot;,&lt;ref name=nicknames /&gt; &quot;Caasimada wax akhrida&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Maestretti|first1=Danielle|title=Baltimore: The City That Reads|url=http://www.utne.com/media/baltimore-the-city-that-reads.aspx#axzz35wXaAdIu|publisher=UTNE Reader|accessdate=June 28, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Aamin&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/02/us/in-baltimore-slogan-collides-with-reality.html?pagewanted=all&amp;src=pm|title=In Baltimore, Slogan Collides with Reality|work=The New York Times|date=September 2, 2003|author=Jeffrey Gettleman}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|image_skyline = BaltimoreC12.png
|imagesize =
|image_caption = Farasmagaalka Baltimore, Emerson Bromo-Seltzer Tower, Pennsylvania Station, M&amp;T Bank Stadium, (Ravens Stadium), [[Dekad|Gudaha Dekada]] iyo [[biyo|Xarunta Biyo ku noosha Baltimore]], Haalka caasimada Baltimore, [[George Washington|Taalada Washington]]
|image_map = Map of Maryland highlighting Baltimore City.svg
|mapsize = 250x200px
|map_caption = Meesha ka dhacdo Baltimore [[Maryland|gobolka Maryland]]
|image_flag = Flag of Baltimore City.svg
|image_seal = Seal of Baltimore, Maryland.svg
|pushpin_map = USA
|pushpin_label = Baltimore
|pushpin_label_position = right
|pushpin_mapsize = 550
|pushpin_map_caption = Meesha kaga taalo [[Maraykanka]]
|coordinates_region = USA
|subdivision_type = Wadanka
|subdivision_type1 = [[Gobol]]ka
|subdivision_type2 = [[Caasimad]]
|subdivision_name = {{nowrap|{{flag|United States|name=United States of America|size=23px}}}}
|subdivision_name1 = Maryland
|subdivision_name2 = {{Flagicon image|Flag of Baltimore, Maryland.svg|size=23px}} Baltimore
|established_title = La aasaasay
|established_date = 1729
|established_title2 = Dowlad-hoose
|established_date2 = 1796–1797
|established_title3 = [[Caasimad|Caasimad Madaxbanaan]]
|established_date3 = 1851
|named_for = Sesilius Kalvert, (1605–1675)
|government_type = Golaha Duqa-magaalada
|governing_body = Golaha Dowlada Hoose Baltimore
|leader_title = [[Baltimore, Maryland|Duqa-magaalada]]
|leader_name = Stephanie C. Rawlings-Blake (D)
|leader_title1 = [[Degmo|Goalaha Degmada Caasimada]]
|leader_name1 = {{Collapsible list
 |title = Xubnaha Golaha |bullets=yes
 |frame_style = border:none; padding: 0;
 |list_style= text-align:left;display:yes;
 |1= Bernard C. Young (Madaxweyne)
 |2= James B. Kraft (1)
 |3= Brandon M. Scott (2)
 |4= Robert W. Curran (3)
 |5= Bill Henry (4)
 |6= Rochelle &quot;Rikki&quot; Spector (5)
 |7= Sharon Green Middleton (6)
 |8= Nick Mosby (7)
 |9= Helen L. Holton (8)
 |10 = William &quot;Pete&quot; Welch (9)
 |11 = Edward L. Reisinger (10)
 |12 = William H. Cole IV (11)
 |13 = Carl Stokes (12)
 |14 = Warren Branch (13)
 |15 = Mary Pat Clarke (14)
 }}
|leader_title2 = [[Baltimore, Maryland|Aqalka Wakiilada]]
|leader_name2 = {{Collapsible list
 |title = Delegates|bullets=yes
 |frame_style = border:none; padding: 0;
 |list_style = text-align:left;display:yes;
 |1 = Frank M. Conaway, Jr. (40) 
 |2 = Antonio Hayes (40) 
 |3 = Barbara A. Robinson (40) 
 |4 = Jill P. Carter (41) 
 |5 = Nathaniel T. Oaks (41) 
 |6 = Samuel I. Rosenberg (41) 
 |7 = Curt Anderson (43) 
 |8 = Maggie McIntosh (43) 
 |9 = Mary L. Washington (43) 
 |10 = Keith E. Haynes (44A) 
 |11 = Talmadge Branch (45) 
 |12 = Cheryl Glenn (45) 
 |13 = Cory V. McCray (45) 
 |14 = Luke Clippinger (46) 
 |15 = Peter A. Hammen (46) 
 |16 = Brooke Lierman (46) 
 }}
|leader_title3 = [[Maraykanka|Xubnaha Guurtida]]
|leader_name3 = {{Collapsible list
 |title = State senators|bullets=yes
 |frame_style = border:none; padding: 0;
 |list_style= text-align:left;display:yes;
 |1 = Catherine E. Pugh (40) 
 |2 = Lisa A. Gladden (41) 
 |3 = Joan Carter Conway (43) 
 |4 = Shirley Nathan-Pulliam (44) 
 |5 = Nathaniel J. McFadden (45) 
 |6 = Bill Ferguson (46) 
 }}
|leader_title4 = [[Baarlamaan|Aqalka Baarlamaanka]]
|leader_name4 = {{Collapsible list
 |title = Representatives|bullets=yes
 |frame_style = border:none; padding: 0;
 |list_style = text-align:left;display:yes;
 |1 = Dutch Ruppersberger (2) 
 |2 = John Sarbanes (3) 
 |3 = Elijah Cummings (7) 
 }}
|unit_pref = Imperial
|area_magnitude = 
|area_total_sq_mi = 92.1
|area_land_sq_mi = 80.9
|area_water_sq_mi = 11.1
|area_water_percent = 12.1
|area_urban_sq_mi = 
|area_urban_km2 = 
|area_metro_km2 = 
|area_metro_sq_mi = 
|area_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;gazetteer&quot; /&gt;
|elevation_footnotes = &lt;ref name=elevation&gt;{{cite web |url={{Gnis3|0597040}} |title=USGS detail on Baltimore |accessdate=October 23, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|elevation_ft = 33
|elevation_m = 10
|population_as_of = [[Baltimore, Maryland|2010]]
|population_est = 622793
|pop_est_as_of = 2014
|pop_est_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;2014 Pop Estimate&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Population Estimates|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2014/SUB-EST2014-3.html|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=June 24, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_footnotes = &lt;ref name =&quot;FactFinder&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=American FactFinder|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=October 13, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_total = 620961
|population_rank = US: [[26]]aad
|population_urban = 2,203,663 (US: [[19]]aad)
|population_metro = 2,785,874 (US: [[20]]aad)
|population_blank1_title = [[Maraykanka|CSA]]
|population_blank1 = 9,443,180 (US: [[4]]aad)
|population_density_sq_mi = 7,671.5
|population_density_km2 = 2,962.6
|population_blank2_title = Shacabka
|population_blank2 = Baltimorean
|timezone = [[Wakhti|EST]]
|utc_offset = -5
|timezone_DST = [[UTC|EDT]]
|utc_offset_DST = -4
|latd= 39 | latm= 17 | latNS=N
|longd= 76 | longm= 37 | longEW=W
|coordinates_type = type:city(650000)_region:US
|coordinates_display = inline,title
|postal_code_type = ZIP Kodh
|postal_code = {{collapsible list
|title = Zip codes&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://zip4.usps.com/zip4/citytown.jsp|publisher=USPS|title=Zip Code Lookup|accessdate=October 13, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|frame_style = border:none; padding: 0;
|list_style = text-align:center;display:none
|21201–21231, 21233–21237, 21239–21241, 21244, 21250–21252, 21263–21265, 21268, 21270, 21273–21275, 21278–21290, 21297–21298}}
|area_code = Area code 410, Area code 443, Area code 667
|blank_name = [[Baltimore, [[Maryland]]|FIPS code]]
|blank_info = 24-04000
|blank1_name = [[Juquraafi|Astaanta GNIS]] 
|blank1_info = 0597040
|website = [http://www.baltimorecity.gov/ City of Baltimore]
|footnotes = 
}}

'''Baltimore''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ɔː|l|t|ɨ|ˌ|m|ɔr}}) waa [[magaalo|magaalada]] ugu weyn [[gobol]]ka [[Maryland]] ee wadanka [[Maraykanka]], waa magaalada [[26]]aad ee ugu [[dad|shacabka]] badan leh, iyo [[caasimad]] ugu weyn ee madaxbanaan.

Caasimada Baltimore waxaa la aasaasay sanadkii 1729kii, waana [[dekad]]a labaad ee ugu weyn [[gobol]]ada xiga [[Badweynta Atlaantik]].&lt;ref name=Hughes&gt;{{cite web|last=Hughes|first=Joseph R.|title=Inland port gives Baltimore strategic shipping advantages|url=http://washingtonexaminer.com/inland-port-gives-baltimore-strategic-shipping-advantages|work=Washington Examiner|accessdate=June 23, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sidoo kale dekeda magaalda Baltimore waxay waayo ahaan jirtey mida labaad ee ugu soo dejinta iyo dhoofinta badan wadanka Maraykanka, taasi ooy ku xidhnaayeen waxsoo saar faro badan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Baltimore Heritage Area|url=http://mht.maryland.gov/heritageareas_baltimore.html|publisher=Maryland Historical Trust|accessdate=December 30, 2011|date=February 11, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ka dib markii ay soo waajahde dib udhac xaga wax soo saarka ah iyo [[wershad]]aha ayaa magaalada Baltimore waxay culeska saartey dhaqaalaha, caafimaadka iyo waxbarashada, kuwaasi oo maanta ah midhaha ugu wacan ee caasimadu ka hesho dhaqaalaha iyo lacagta. Waxaa magaaladan ku yaala cusbitaalo waaweyn oo tayo heersar ah leh, iyo machadyo caalami ah oo ku takhasusay kuliyado kala duwan oo waxbarashad iyo [[cilmi]]baadhista ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.baltimoredevelopment.com/major-employers |title=Major Employers &amp;#124; Baltimore Development Corporation |publisher=Baltimoredevelopment.com |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725000755/http://www.baltimoredevelopment.com/major-employers |archivedate=July 25, 2010 |accessdate=July 8, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Baltimore in 1752.png|thumb|left|Magaalada Baltimore sanadkii 1752]]
Magaalada Baltimore waxaa ku dhaqan dad gaadhaya ilaa 622,104 (tirokoob la sameeyay 2013kii), halka marka lagu daro nawaaxigeeda ama Baltimore metropolitan ay leedahay shacab bulsho dhan 2.7 milyan, taasi oo ka dhigaysa magaaldan mida [[20]]aad ee ugu shacabka badan wadanka Maraykanka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Metro Area Factsheet: Baltimore, Maryland PMSA|url=http://www.fairus.org/site/PageNavigator/facts/local_data_md_baltimore|publisher=FAIR US|accessdate=December 31, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/metro/totals/2013/index.html|title=Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]]|accessdate=October 13, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dadka caanka ah ee ku dhaqan Baltimore waxaa ka mid ah [[hees]]ayaal badan oo qaada heesaha jazzka, rockyga iyo rapka. Sidoo kale waxaa degan magaaldan tiro [[atoore]]yaal iyo [[jilaa]] ah oo soo saara [[filim]]aan iyo music videos. Dadka la taaban karo waxaa ka mid ah ninkii sameeyay &quot;Heesta Calanka Maraykanka&quot; oo lagu magacaabo Fransis Skot Key.&lt;ref name=&quot;baltimore.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://baltimore.org/about-baltimore |title=About Baltimore |publisher=Baltimore.org |deadurl=yes |accessdate=July 8, 2013 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=July 25, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725215715/http://baltimore.org/about-baltimore }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Downtown Baltimore from World Trade Center.jpg|thumb|left|Farasmagaalka Baltimore 2011]]

Guud ahaan, ilaa rubuc bulshada magaalada Baltimore waa [[saynis]]yahano, injineero, [[xisaab]]yahano, teknoolijiyiin, [[macalim]]iin, khubaro, [[aqoon]]yano, profosseero iyo [[arday]] qalin-jebin rabta.&lt;ref name=&quot;baltimore.org&quot;/&gt;
Taasi waxay cadayn u tahay sida bulshada Baltimore u daneeyso aqoonta iyo waxbarashada, heer sarena uga gaadheen. 


=Bulshada Baltimore=


Tirokoobtii sanadka 2010, waxaa lagu ogaaday in shacabka Baltimore yahay 620,961, taasi oo ah 4.6% hoos u dhac ah marka la barbar-dhigo tirokoobtii 2000; taasi oo laga wewel qabo in sanadaha soo socda hoos u sii socdo. Tirada is-dhintey waxay saamayn ku yeelatay 23% hoos u dhac [[ilmo|ilmaha]] da'doodu u dhaxayso [[5|5 jir]] ilaa [[17|17 sano jir]].&lt;ref name=sherman2015&gt;{{cite news |author=Sherman, Natalie |title=City hopes to get more families to stay |url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/business/real-estate/wonk/bs-bz-schools-leaving-20150417-story.html#page=1 |work=[[Baltim. Sun|The Baltimore Sun]] |date=April 17, 2015 |accessdate=April 19, 2015 |archive-date=Bisha Tobnaad 4, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004013738/http://www.baltimoresun.com/business/real-estate/wonk/bs-bz-schools-leaving-20150417-story.html#page=1 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
Dadaal badan oo xaga dhaqaalaha iyo waxbarashada ooy dowlada Baltimore gashay ka dib, sanadkii 2012ka tirokoob la sameeyay waxaa lagu ogaaday in tirada bulshada Baltimore kor u soo kacday, waxaa la helay 621,342; taasi oo ah 1,100 qof korodh. Waana markii ugu horeeysay ee tiro intaas le'eg ku soo korodha magaalada tan iyo ilaa 1950kii.&lt;ref name=kilar2013&gt;{{cite news |date=March 14, 2013 |author=Kilar, Steve |url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2013-03-14/news/bs-bz-baltimore-population-grows-20130314_1_decades-of-population-decline-mayor-stephanie-rawlings-blake-seema-d-iyer |title=Baltimore's population up, following decades of loss |work=[[Baltim. Sun|The Baltimore Sun]] |deadurl=yes |accessdate=July 8, 2013 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 5, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105162816/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2013-03-14/news/bs-bz-baltimore-population-grows-20130314_1_decades-of-population-decline-mayor-stephanie-rawlings-blake-seema-d-iyer }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=litten2015&gt;{{cite news
 |author=Litten, Kevin |title=This map shows the gentrification of Baltimore's neighborhoods over 20 years |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/baltimore/blog/real-estate/2015/03/this-map-shows-the-gentrification-of-baltimores.html |accessdate=April 19, 2015 |work=[[Baltim. Bus. J.|Baltimore Business Journal]] |date=March 9, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sida lagu xusay tirokoob kale ooy dowlada Maraykanku samaysay sanadkii 2010ka, 63.7% bulshada Baltimore waa [[Dadka Madoow]], 29.6% [[Dadka Cad]], 0.4% [[Hindida Cas]], 2.3% [[Aasiya]]n, 1.8% dadka kale iyo xoogaa yar oo ka soo jeeda [[gasiirad]]aha ka baxsan Maraykanka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/24/2404000.html |title=Baltimore (city), Maryland |work=State &amp; County QuickFacts |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |accessdate=April 23, 2012 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=May 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515122423/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/24/2404000.html |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;| &lt;center&gt;'''Qoloyinka Bulshada Baltimore Maryland (2010)&lt;/center&gt;'''
|-
! Qolo !! Shacabka !! % Wadarta
|-
| Wadar || 620,961 || 100
|-
| [[Afrikan Ameerikan]] || 395,781 || 63
|-
| [[Dadka Cad|Cadan]] || 183,830 || 29
|-
| [[Aasiya|Aasiyan]] || 14,548 || 2
|-
| [[Maraykan|Labo qolo iskugu jira]] || 12,955 || 2
|-
| [[Ameerika|Inta kale]] || 11,303 || 1
|-
| [[Hindida Cas]] || 2,270 || &lt; 1%
|-
| [[Maraykanka|Dhowr nooc iskugu jira]] || 1,402 || &lt; 1%
|-
| [[Hawaii|U dhashay Hawaii]] [[gasiirad|Gasiiradaha Basifik]] || 274 || &lt; 1%
|-
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://suburbanstats.org/area/maryland/baltimore| title=Baltimore Maryland Population Statistics | publisher=US Census Bureau | accessdate=March 15, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

=Muuqaalka Baltimore=

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:BaltimoreNationalAquarium.JPG|Xarunta dalxiiska iyo damaashaadka Baltimore
File:Parkside1.jpg|Xaafada Belair-Edison, Baltimore
|Farasmagaalka Baltimore
File:Woodberry07.JPG|Woodberry, Baltimore
File:Pier 5 and the Power Plant Building in SE Baltimore by Don Ramey Logan.jpg|Deegaanada soo jiidashada leh
File:Res Hill HD Baltimore.JPG|Xaafada Reservoir Hill, Baltimore
File:Station North Arts District Baltimore Chas St.jpg|Xaafada Station North
File:Fells Point A.JPG|Deegaanka Fells Point, Baltimore
File:GoodwoodGardens.jpg|Beerta Roland Park, Baltimore
|Waverly, Baltimore 
&lt;/gallery&gt;


[[File:Downtown Baltimore from World Trade Center.jpg|thumb|Farasmagaalka Baltimore iyo xarunta ganacsiga (2011)]]

=Magaalooyinka Maraykanka=
{{Magaalooyinka Maraykanka}}
{{Gobolada Maraykanka}}

=Tixraac=
{{Reflist}}


[[Category:Maraykanka]]
[[Category:Dad]]</text>
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    <title>Albaabka Kacbada</title>
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      <text bytes="3888" sha1="p2stje74aosll2f119u2kk11ijtf18k" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Gate of Ka-bah.JPG|thumb|250px|sawir la qaaday 2011, ilbaabka kacbada]]


'''Ilbaabka Kacbada''' ''wuxuu ku yaalaa dhanka bari ee [[kacbada]], wuxuuna ka sareeyaa [[Shaadaruwaan]] ka 222cm (waxaa loola jeedaa waa kaabada ka hooseesa ilbaabka) Ilbaabkana dhirirkiisu yahay 318 cm balaciisuna 171cm gudahana ugu jira mitir barkii.  
Kacbadu waxay laheyd ilin iska banaan,  kadib ayaa loo sameeyay Ilbaab, hubaalna looma haayo goortii la sameeyay yo cidii sameesay ba.  taariikhyahanadu way isku khilaafeen arintaas, balse sida la sheego waxaa runta ugu dhaw, qofkii  ugu horeyay oo kacbada ilbaab u yeela inuu ahaa Tubbacii sadaxaad ee boqoradii yaman ka mid ahaa oo joogay  nabiga c.s.w hortii xili hore.&lt;ref&gt;[http://islam.ahram.org.eg/NewsQ/3150.aspx  باب الكعبة] {{Wayback|url=http://islam.ahram.org.eg/NewsQ/3150.aspx |date=20160919190546 }}، البوابة الدينية&lt;/ref&gt; sida ku sugan siiratu ibnu Isxaaq &lt;&lt;wuuxuu ahaa Tubbac siday sheegeen qofkii ugu horeyay oo kacbada dada,wuxuuna faray howlwadeynadiisii ee reer jurham inay kacbada daahiriyaan oona u yeelaan ilbaab iyo fure&gt;&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://uqu.edu.sa/page/ar/122332  تاريخ باب الكعبة]، جامعة أم القرى&lt;/ref&gt;  
taariikhyahankii al-azraqi asna wuxuu sheegay &lt;&lt; wuxuu ahaa Tubbac qofkii ugu horeyay oo kacbada kuwada dada hu' una yeela ilbaab la xiro mana la heyn ilbaab la xiro hortii, wuxuuna ka tirshay Tubbac gabay, oo baytkaan ka mid ahaa'',      ''وأقمنا به من الشــهر عشرًا   وجعلنا لبابــــه إقليــدا''  &gt;&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[http://uqu.edu.sa/page/ar/122332  الجزء (1/95)]، سيرة ابت هشام&lt;/ref&gt;


waagii [[Cabdullaahi bin Zubeyr]]  ilbaabka kacbada wuxuu ahaa kow iyo toban dhudhun, kadib [[Xajaaj bin Yuusuf]] ayaa ka dhigay sagaal dhudhun iyo Taako.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=http://library.islamweb.net/hadith/display_hbook.php?hflag=1&amp;bk_no=71&amp;pid=33089 |access-date=2016-03-17 |archive-date=2016-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822204507/http://library.islamweb.net/hadith/display_hbook.php?hflag=1&amp;bk_no=71&amp;pid=33089 |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
sanadkii 1045 waagii [[Suldaan Muraadkii afaraad]] waa la badalay waxaana lagu dheehay dheeh Qalin ah wax  dhan 166 xero (pound) waxaana lagu dheehay Dahabka kiisa maarta u eg waana ilbaabka hada ee kacbada leedahay.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=http://www.alharamain.gov.sa/index.cfm?do=cms.conarticle&amp;contentid=5816&amp;categoryid=996 |access-date=2016-03-17 |archive-date=2016-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817103546/http://www.alharamain.gov.sa/index.cfm?do=cms.conarticle&amp;contentid=5816&amp;categoryid=996 |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
markay reer sacuud yimaadeen baa loo sameeyay labo ilaab. mid waa xilgii Boqor Cabdulcaziiz aala sacuud 1363H, midka labaadna waa kan hada Lee dahay waxaana la sameeya 1398H xiligii Boqor Khaalid bin Cabdulcaziiz aala sacuud  waxaana sameyay axmad bin ibraahim badar, waxaana laga sameeyay dahab,  dahabka laga sameeyay labada ilbaab wuxuu dhamaa 280KG qiimo dhan 13milyan iyo 420 kun oo dinaar&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nuqul Archive |url=http://articles.islamweb.net/media/index.php?page=article&amp;lang=A&amp;id=4649 |access-date=2016-03-17 |archive-date=2016-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822190425/http://articles.islamweb.net/media/index.php?page=article&amp;lang=A&amp;id=4649 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=http://akhbaar24.argaam.com/article/detail/210543 |access-date=2016-03-17 |archive-date=2021-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512230409/https://akhbaar24.argaam.com/article/detail/210543 |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tixraac ==

* [https://www.jw.org/en/library/books/Mankinds-Search-for-God/Islām-The-Way-to-God-by-Submission/ Islām—The Way to God by Submission] (en)

{{Tixraac}}
[[Category:Kacbada]]</text>
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    <title>Qaabka (qaabka cinwaanka)</title>
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      <text bytes="83668" sha1="25x80y82210re0ikru8fij46hkzfqul" xml:space="preserve">Erayada ciwaanka waa tibaaxo luuqadeed oo uu isticmaalo afhayeenku si uu u bilaabo wada hadal ama u waco qof. George Yule waxa uu ku qeexay qaabka ciwaanka in uu yahay kelmad ama odhaah loo isticmaalo qofka uu afhayeenku doonayo in uu la hadlo.  Foomamka ciwaanka ama ereyada ciwaanka waa kuwo ku jihaysan bulsho ahaan waxayna daaha ka rogaan xidhiidhka bulsho ee dadka is dhexgala. Maloth wuxuu sharxayaa &quot;Marka aan qof la hadlayno waa inaan isticmaalnaa erey ku habboon iyadoo ku xiran xaaladda ku habboon ee aan ku jirno&quot;. Waxaa intaa dheer xaaladaha bulshada ayaa go'aamiya isticmaalka foomka cinwaanka ku habboon qofka. Qaabka xafiiska , oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan habka tixraaca , ama qaabka cinwaanka marka qof si toos ah loola hadlo, waa qaab rasmi ah ama si sharci ah loo aqoonsan yahay oo loogu talagalay qof ama hay'ad kale (sida dawlad ama shirkad), waxaana badanaa loo isticmaali karaa iyada oo lala xiriirinayo magac shakhsiyeed .                                                        Qaab , dhaqan ama sharci , ayaa ka horreeya tixraaca qofka haya jago ama siyaasad oo mararka qaarkood loo isticmaalo in loo tixraaco xafiiska laftiisa. Shakhsi ahaan waxa lagu abaalmarin karaa karaamo shakhsi ah. Hababka noocan oo kale ah waxay si gaar ah ula xiriiraan boqortooyooyinka , halkaas oo ay isticmaali karto xaaska qof xafiis ama amiirka dhiigga, inta lagu jiro guurkooda . Waxa kale oo si caalami ah loogu isticmaalaa madaxweynayaasha jamhuuriyada iyo waddamo badan xubnaha hay'adaha sharci-dejinta , garsoorayaasha darajooyinka sare , iyo madaxda sare ee xafiisyada dastuuriga ah. Dadka diinta hormuudka ka ah waxay leeyihiin qaabab.
Qofka labaad (kaliya iyo jamac) sifada lahaanshahaaga waxaa loo isticmaalaa qaab cinwaan ahaan (taas oo ah, markaad si toos ah ula hadlayso qofka xaqa u leh qaabka[s]); qofka saddexaad ee sifada leh ee isaga/iyada (kaliya) iyo ( jamac ) waxa loo adeegsadaa qaabab tixraac ah (taas oo ah, marka laga hadlayo qofka xaqa u leh qaabka[s]).
==Tusaalooyinka==
===tacliinta===
Qaababka ciwaanka dhaqameed ee jaamacadaha ku hadla afka jarmalka :

Sharaftiisa/keeda – gudoomiyaha (madaxweynaha) jaamacad
Ogeysiiskiisa ( Seine Spektabilität ; Professor-ku waxay fursad u leeyihiin inay isticmaalaan Spectabilis Laatiinka ) - hormuudka kulliyadda
Qaababka ciwaanka dhaqameed ee jaamacadaha ku hadla afka Nederlandka :

Isaga/iyada Sharafta Weyn ( Edelgrootachtbare heer/vrouwe ) - Rector magnificus (madaxweynaha) ee jaamacad
Sir/Marwo aad u Baran ( Hooggeleerde heer/vrouwe ) - borofisar ama hormuudka kulliyad
Waa hagaag (Noble) Aad u barasho Sir/Marwo ( Weledelzeergeleerde heer/vrouwe ) – dhakhtar
Well (Noble) Learned Sir/Marwo ( De weledelgeleerde heer/vrouwe ) – a doctorandus
Well (Noble) Strictly Sir/Marwo ( De weledelgestrenge heer/vrouwe ) - Master in laws ( meester in de rechten ) ama injineer jaamacadeed ( ingenieur )
Qaababka ciwaanka dhaqameed ee jaamacadaha lagaga hadlo Talyaaniga :
Magnificent Rector ( magnifico rettore ) - gudoomiye (madaxweyne, gudoomiye) jaamacad
Maamulaha La Kordhiyay ( Amplissimo preside ) - hormuudka kuliyada (hadda aan caadi ahayn)
Professor Illustrious / Iftiimin ( chiarissimo professore ) - borofisar buuxa
==Dowladda==
===Diblomaasiyiin===
Mudanaha ugu sarreeya (oo loo soo gaabiyo His Most Rev. Ex. , ciwaanka afka ah mudane ) – nuncios rasuul , sababtoo ah darajadoodu waxay la mid tahay danjiraha aan caadiga ahayn iyo awood buuxda , waxayna isku mar yihiin madax sare .
Isaga/iyada Sharafta leh (oo loo soo gaabiyo HE , cinwaanka afka ah mudane ) – inta badan safiirada , wakiilada sare iyo wakiilada joogtada ah ee ururada caalamiga ah. Mararka qaarkood qaab ka duwan ciwaanka ayaa gudaha loo isticmaalaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo heer caalami ah oo u dhigma dhammaan kiisaska kale.
===Garsoorayaasha===
Xaakimka Sharafta leh ee X
Soo gaabinta HHJ X , ciwaanka afka ah Sharaftaada - Garsoorayaasha wareega ee England iyo Wales .
Mudane/Ms . Caddaaladda X (oo loo soo gaabiyo XJ , tixraaca Rabbinimadiisa/Marwadnimadeeda ; ciwaanka afka ah Eebahay/Marwadaada ama Rabbinimadaada/Marwadaada ) - Garsoorayaasha Maxkamadda Sare ee Caddaaladda ee England iyo Wales.
My Lord/Your Lordship waxa loo isticmaalaa in lagu hadlo wakiilada garsoorka ee Hindiya .
Sharafta leh ( oo loo soo gaabiyo Hon . 
Cinwaanka afka Sharaftaada - Dhammaan maxkamadaha Australia . 
Xaqa Sharafta leh ee Sayidka/Marwada Cadaaladda X (loo soo gaabiyo X LJ ) - Garsoorayaasha Maxkamadda Racfaanka ee England iyo Wales .
Khudbad afka ah Mudane – Garsoorayaasha Maxkamadda Caalamiga ah ee Caddaaladda .
Cinwaanka afka Cibaadadaada - Dhammaan maxkamadaha Australia (waa duugoobay).
Lord/Lady/Baroness  X (oo loo soo gaabiyo Lord/Marwo/Baroness X , oo loo yaqaan Sayidnimadiisa/Marwonimadiisa , oo afka loogu yeedho Sayidkayga/Marwadayda ) – Garsoorayaasha Maxkamadda Sare ee Garsoorka iyo Maxkamadda Fadhiga ee Scotland, iyo Maxkamadda Sare ee Boqortooyada Ingiriiska .
Cinwaanka afka ah Cibaadadaada - Garsoorayaasha nabada ee Boqortooyada Midowday , badanaa waxaa leh qareeno
===Boqortooyooyinkii===
Sire (cinwaanka afka marka hore Boqoradaada ka dibna Mudane ; boqorad marka hore Your Majesty ka dibna marwo ) - Boqorrada ka taliya Boqortooyada Ingiriiska iyo Belgium . Waxa kale oo laga isticmaali jiray France , Italy , Germany , Portugal , Sweden iyo Spain .
Isaga/keeda Imperial Majesty (loo soo gaabiyo HIM , ciwaanka afka ah Your Imperial Majesty ) - Boqorrada iyo empresses. Markii hore, tusaale ahaan, HIM the Shah ee Iran. Waqtiyada casriga ah, Boqortooyada Japan waxay inta badan isticmaashaa qaabka fudud ee &quot;Majesty&quot;. 
Isaga / iyada Imperial iyo Boqortooyada Boqortooyada (oo loo soo gaabiyo HI &amp; RM , cinwaanka afka ah ee Boqortooyadaada iyo Boqortooyadaada Boqortooyada ) - Ilaa 1918, taliyayaashii Austro-Hungary Empire , kuwaas oo ahaa Emperors / Empresses of Austria halka ay sidoo kale Boqorrada / Boqorada Hungary, iyo Jarmal emperors / Boqorada, kuwaas oo isku mar ahaa Boqorrada Prussia .
Isaga/keeda Rasuullada ah (oo loo soo gaabiyo HAM , cinwaanka afkaaga Rasuulladaada ) – Boqorka Hungary , sida caadiga ah waxa loo qaabeeyey haybad Imperial ama Imperial iyo Boqortooyadii Boqortooyadii Awstaria iyo Boqorka Hungary, sidoo kale mararka qaarkood Imperial iyo Royal Rasuul Majesty.
Isaga/iyada Biritishka – Boqorka Ingiriiska (ma ahan mid caadi ah); loo isticmaalo si rasmi ah iyo erey rasmi ah xagga diblomaasiyadda , sharciga caalamiga ah , iyo xidhiidhka caalamiga ah , tusaale ahaan baasaboorka Ingiriiska .
Sharaftiisa/Iyada Ugu Fadliga Badan – Nooc qeexan oo ku saabsan Sharaftiisa ee Boqortooyada Midowday, oo kaliya loo isticmaalo munaasabadaha caadiga ah.
Haybaddiisa ugu Wanaagsan – Nooc kale oo la faahfaahiyay oo ku saabsan Sharaftiisa gudaha Boqortooyada Ingiriiska, inta badan loo adeegsado Falimaha Baarlamaanka .
Isaga/keeda Kaatooligga (soo gaabinta HCM , ciwaanka afka Your Majesty Catholic ) - Boqortooyada Isbaanishka (ma ahan mid caadi ah).
Masiixiyaddiisii ​​ugu badnayd - Boqorkii Faransiiska ilaa 1790 iyo 1815 ilaa 1830.
Isaga / iyada ugu aaminka badan​​​
Sharaftiisa (oo loo soo gaabiyo HM , ciwaanka afka ah ee sharaftaada ) - boqorrada , boqorada iyo suldaannada qaarkood. Tusaale ahaan, HM King Charles III , HM King Mohammed VI ama HM King Willem-Alexander .
Sarraynta Imperial ( oo loo soo gaabiyo HIH , cinwaanka afka ah Your Imperial Highness ) - xubno ka tirsan guriga Imperial. Hadda waxaa isticmaala Guriga Imperial ee Japan .
Isaga / iyada Imperial iyo Boqortooyadda Sare (oo loo soo gaabiyo HI &amp; RH , cinwaanka afka Your Imperial iyo Royal Highness ) - hore, archdukes of House of Habsburg , taaj Jarmal amiir / amiirad iyo (ka dib-boqortooyo) xubno ka mid ah qoyska Imperial ee Brazil la go'doomiyay ; sidoo kale dumarka qaarkood waxay xaq u leeyihiin qaabka boqortooyo ee dhalashada iyo qaabka boqornimada ee guurka (tusaale, Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna ee Ruushka , Duchess of Edinburgh).
Isaga/iyada Sareeyenta (soo gaabinta HRH , cinwaanka afka ah Your Royal Highness ) - qaar ka mid ah boqortooyooyinka, xubnaha qoyska boqortooyada (marka laga reebo boqorrada, lammaanaha boqorada iyo boqorada dowager ); duqsiyo waaweyn /duchesses kuwaas oo xukumay (laakin ma aha duqsiyada waaweyn ee ka tirsanaan jiray qoyskii hore ee Imperial ee Ruushka), lammaaneyaal duco waaweyn, dhaxal- tooyo waaweyn oo muuqda iyo, Luxembourg, dhammaan caddaymaha ragga ah ee firfircoon; Amiirrada Ingiriiska , xaasaskooda fir-fircoon ee ay ku jiraan amiirrada boqorrada Victoria iyo Elizabeth II ), wiilal, gabdho, awowyo abti iyo awow u ah Ibn Saud oo ka tirsan Aqalka Sucuudiga .
Nimcadiisa/ Ciwaanka afka ah Nimcadaada ) waa qaab loo isticmaalo shakhsiyaad darajo sare leh oo kala duwan. Waxa uu ahaa qaabkii loo adeegsan jiray in lagula hadlo Boqorrada Ingiriiska ilaa Boqor Henry VIII [ 10 ] iyo Boqorka ama Boqoradda Scots ilaa Xeerkii Midowga 1707 , kaas oo mideeyay Boqortooyada Scotland iyo Boqortooyada Ingriiska . Maanta, qaabka waxaa loo adeegsadaa marka la tixraacayo duqsiyada iyo duchessyada aan boqornimada ahayn, iyo wadaaddada sare, ee Boqortooyada Midowday. Tusaale ahaan, Nimcadiisa Duke of Devonshire ee Boqortooyada Ingiriiska, ama Nimcadiisa Archbishop of Canterbury ; ama Nimcadaada ciwaanka lagu hadlo ama qoran. Duke Royal , tusaale ahaan Duke of Edinburgh , waxaa lagu soo hadal qaaday qaabkooda sare ee boqornimada, Royal Highness .
Isaga/iyada Grand Ducal Highness ( soo gaabinta HGDH , cinwaanka afka Your Grand Ducal Highness ) - cadets of qaar ka mid ah hore xukun grand ducal dynasties ( Hesse iyo by Rhine iyo Baden ).
Sarreeyeheeda (loo soo gaabiyo HH , cinwaanka afka ah, Sarrayntaada ) - boqorrada qaarkood, ie, amiirro , suldaanno , Aga Khan ; ugaasyo hore u ahaan jiray, maxarado iyo raajayaal qaarkood iyo xubno ka tirsan boqortooyadooda; caddaymo badan oo ka mid ah guryaha ducal hore ee hore; Awoowe-labka-labka ah iyo faracyada lab ee ka soo farcamay qaar ka mid ah boqortooyadii (sida, Danmark iyo hore Brazil, Italy, Japan, UK, Yugoslavia); Guriga Belgium ee Ligne ; xubno ka tirsan dabaqaddii hore ee Dibadda ee Faransiiska , xubno ka tirsan laamaha cadet ee Aqalka Sucuudiga .
Isaga/iyada Ducal Serene Highness ( soo gaabinta HDSH , ciwaanka afka ah, Ducal Serene Highness kaaga ) - xubno ka tirsan Aqalka Ducal ee Saxe-Coburg iyo Gotha .
Isaga/iyada Sarreeyenimada (oo loo soo gaabiyo HSH , ciwaanka afka ah Your Serene Highness ) – Jarmal: Seine/Ihre Durchlaucht ; Talyaani: Sua Altezza Serenissima ; Ruush: Ваша светлость . Madaxda maamulaha (ie, Liechtenstein, Monaco); xubno ka tirsan qoysaskii hore u talin jiray (Lippe, Schaumburg-Lippe, Waldeck iyo Pyrmont iyo Schwarzburg); xubnaha qoysaska la dhexdhexaadiyay ee uu madax u yahay Fürst (&quot;amiir&quot;); xubno dhowr ah oo hore sharaf u lahaa, qoysaska amiir ee Awstaria, Jarmalka, Bohemia, Hungary iyo Poland; amiirro morganatic ah , oo ka soo farcamay boqortooyadii xukumayay; iyo dhowr qoys oo hore oo sharaf leh ayaa siisay darajada amiirnimada ee Imperial Russia (qaabka si macno ahaan loo tarjumay &quot;Dabacsanaantiisa&quot;).
Sarrayntiisa ugu xasilloon ( soo gaabinta HMSH , ciwaanka afka ah, sarrayntaada ugu xasilloon ) - Amiir-dooriyeyaasha Boqortooyada Quduuska ah ee Roomaanka .
Sarraynta Sharafta leh ( oo loo soo gaabiyo HIllH , cinwaanka afka ah Sarrayntaada sharafta leh , Jarmal: Seine/Ihre Erlaucht ); Talyaani: Sua Altezza Illustrissima ; Isbaanish: Su Ilustrisima ; Ruush: Ваше сиятельство . Tirinta dhexdhexaadinta iyo, mararka qaarkood, xubnaha qoysaskooda.
Isaga / Her Princely Grace ( Fürstliche Gnaden ) - qaab hore oo loogu talagalay xubnaha dhowr qoys oo sharaf leh oo ka tirsan Boqortooyada Jarmalka.
Dhalashada Sare ( Hochgeboren ) - waxay ku xisaabtamaysaa qaar ka mid ah Boqortooyada Iskandaneefiyanka iyo Benelux iyo, hore, Jarmalka iyo Awstaria.
Si wanaagsan u dhashay ( Hochwohlgeboren ) - Barons Dutch; Knights iyo xubno aan cidi lahayn oo ka mid ah sharafta hoose ee boqortooyooyinka Jarmalka ku hadla.
Heer sare ( oo loo soo gaabiyo HE , cinwaanka afka ah Your Excellency ) - gudoomiyaasha guud , gudoomiyaasha gumeysiga Ingiriiska, saraakiisha gobolka, iyo guud ahaan Imperial Russia. Mararka qaarkood, ra'iisul wasaaraha iyo golaha wasiirada. Tusaale ahaan, Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Netherlands ; Danmark, dhawr qof oo sharaf leh (tusaale, Counts af Danneskiold-Samsø , Counts of Rosenborg , Lensgrever , Knights of the Order of Maroodiga ).
Don ( Isbaanish: [don] , Talyaani: [dɔn] , Boortaqiis: Dom [dõ] ) oo ka yimid Dominus Latin ah (macno ahaan, &quot;Lord&quot;), waa magac sharafeed oo laga isticmaalo Spain, Portugal, Italy, Iberoamerica iyo Filibiin. Naag u dhiganta waa doña ( Isbaanish: [ˈdoɲa] ), donna ( Talyaani: [ˈdɔnna] ), iyo don ( Bortuqiis: [ˈdonɐ] ), oo loo soo gaabiyo &quot;Dª&quot; ama si fudud &quot;D.&quot; Marka la eego goobaha rasmiga ah, waa magac u gaar ah royalty, dooro kuwa gobta ah, Knights, Dames, iyo madaxda kaniisadaha. Si aan rasmi ahayn, waxaa mararka qaarkood loo adeegsadaa calaamad lagu qaddariyo qofka ay ku kala duwan yihiin shakhsi ahaan, bulsho ama mid rasmi ah, sida hoggaamiye bulsho oo soo jireen ah, ama qof hanti weyn leh. Sida Sir Ingiriisi , Waxaa loo adeegsadaa, oo aan la isticmaalin, magaca qofka.
Portugal iyo Brazil, Dom ( waxaa loogu dhawaaqaa [ˈdõ] ) waxaa loo adeegsadaa qaar ka mid ah madaxda sare ee Kaniisadda Katooliga Romanka iyo kuwa caadaysta ah ee ka tirsan qoysaska boqortooyada iyo boqortooyada (tusaale ahaan, Guriga Aviz ee Portugal iyo Guriga Braganza ee Portugal iyo Brazil). Waxa kale oo la siiyay xubno ka tirsan qoysaska magac u yaal Bortuqiisku .  Ilaa patent-ka xarfaha si gaar ah loo oggolaaday mooyaane, Dom looma nisbayn xubno ka tirsan sharafnimada Portugal ee aan cidi lahayn. Tan iyo horyaalnimada dhaxalka ee Portugal hoos u dhacay si waafaqsan primogeniture , xaq u leeyihiin in style of Dom ahaa farqiga kaliya ee muuqda ee u dhexeeya cadets ee qoysaska ciwaan iyo xubno ka mid ah qoysaska sharafta leh oo aan xaq u lahayn. 
Amiirka ugu sarreeya, xoogga leh, iyo quruxda badan - ee loogu talagalay madaxda boqortooyada, ciwaan afka ah Highness Royal.
Wiilka Jannada - Waxaa adeegsada Shiinaha iyo qaar ka mid ah boqorrada Japan.
Boqorka Sare
Boqorka weyn
Boqorka Boqorrada - Waxaa isticmaala gaar ahaan Semitic, Faaris iyo qaar ka mid ah taliyayaasha Hindiya.
&quot;Taewang&quot; &quot;Boqorrada ugu weyn&quot; - waxaa adeegsaday taliyayaashii dambe ee boqortooyadii Kuuriya ee Koguryo .
Sayidka Jasiiradaha - Waxaa adeegsaday dhaxal sugaha boqortooyada Ingiriiska .
Wakiilka Sare ee Scotland - Waxaa adeegsada dhaxal sugaha boqortooyada Ingiriiska .
ilaaliyaha Labada Masjid ee Xaramka (oo loo soo gaabiyo CTHM) ( Af- Carabi : خادم الحرمين الشريفين Khādim al-Ḥaramayn aš-Šarīfayn ), mararka qaarkood waxaa loo tarjumaa Adeegga Labada Xaram ee Sharafta leh ama Ilaaliyaha Labada Magaalo ee Quduuska ah, waa qaab boqortooyo oo ay ku jiraan Ayyumls Sultans Masar Salaadiintii Cusmaaniyiinta , iyo boqorradii Sucuudiga ee casriga ahaa .  Ciwaanka waxaa loola jeedaa taliyaha qaadaya mas'uuliyadda ilaalinta iyo dayactirka labada masaajid ee ugu barakeysan Islaamka , Al -Masjid al-Haram (Masaajidka Xurmada leh) ee Maka iyo Al-Masjid an-Nabawi (Masaajidka Nabiga) ee Madiina .  Sacuudi Carabiya , waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida magaca rasmiga ah ee boqorka , halkii &quot;Magaciisa&quot;.
AAMIR al-Mu'minīn ( Af-Carabi : أمير المؤمنين ), oo inta badan loo tarjumo Amiirka Mu'miniinta ama Hogaamiyaha Mu'miniinta, waa qaabka Carabiga ee qaar ka mid ah Khulafada iyo madaxda kale ee madax-bannaan ee madax-bannaan ee Muslimiinta kuwaas oo sheeganaya sharci ka yimid bulsho muslimiin ah. Waxaa lagu andacoon jiray in ay tahay magaca madaxda dalalka Muslimiinta iyo imbaraadooriyadda welina waxaa loo adeegsadaa madaxda Muslimiinta qaarkood. Isticmaalka ciwaanku maaha mid tilmaamaya sheegashada khaliifa sida inta badan loo qaato, laakiin waxa lagu tilmaamay nooc ka mid ah hogaanka dhaqdhaqaaqa kaas oo laga yaabo in lagu xidhay khaliif laakiin sidoo kale muujin kara heerka maamulka hoostiisa. Saldanada Cusmaaniyiinta, gaar ahaan, aad bay u isticmaali jireen. Waxaa intaa dheer, ereygaas oo ay adeegsan jireen niman aan khulafo sheegan jirin. Waxaa isticmaalay hogaamiyihii hore ee ISIS Abu Bakar al-Baghdadi , hogaamiyihii muslimiinta Axmadiya Mirza Masroor Axmad , Boqorka Morocco , Sultan of Sokoto , iyo hogaamiyayaashii ugu sareeyay ee Taliban Afgaanistaan ​​.
Kabiyesi (oo si kala duwan loo tarjumay sida Isaga ama iyada Boqortooyo, Isaga ama iyada Boqortooyo Sareeye ama isaga ama iyada Sarreeye, lit. Midka erayadiisa aan su'aal lahayn ) – Used by the Obas of Yorubaland , other aboriginal Yoruba high chiefs of royal background, iyo dhigooda beelaha qurbaha ee qabiilka.
===Qaababka iyo magacyada boqorrada la riday===
Dhaqanka guud ayaa tilmaamaya in boqorrada xukunka ka tagay laakiin aan ka tegin magacyadooda dhaxalka ah, ay sii wataan adeegsiga qaabkooda iyo magacooda inta ay nool yihiin, laakiin labaduba ay la dhintaan. Sidaa awgeed, ka hor dhimashadiisa, boqorkii Giriigga ee xukunka laga tuuray ayaa weli loo qaabeeyey Boqorka Boqorka Constantine II , oo ah magac shakhsi ah , maaha mid degan xafiis dastuuri ah, tan iyo markii la baabi'iyay boqortooyadii Jamhuuriyaddii Hellenic 1974. Sidoo kale, ilaa dhimashadiisa, Boqorkii ugu dambeeyay ee Talyaaniga, Umberto II , ayaa si weyn loogu tilmaamay mararka qaarkood King Umberto II iyo Yoursty Maje II . Taas bedelkeeda, Simeon ee Bulgaria oo, ka dib lumitaanka carshigiisii ​​1947, ayaa loo doortay oo qabtay jagada koowaad ee boqortooyadii hore sida &quot;Simeon Sakskoburggotski&quot;, oo sidaas darteed inta badan waxaa loogu yeeraa magaca dambe sida magaciisii ​​​​hore ee boqortooyada iyo qaabka.

Iyadoo guud ahaan qaanuunkan la dhawrayo, oo runtii qaar ka mid ah boqorrada la masaafuriyay ay u ogolaadeen baasaboorka diblomaasiga ah ee dhulkoodii hore, jamhuuriyadaha kale waxay si rasmi ah uga soo horjeedaan isticmaalka magacyo noocaas ah, si kastaba ha ahaatee, guud ahaan waxay bixiyaan nidaamyo boqortooyo. Sannadkii 1981-kii, madaxweynihii Giriigga ee xilligaas Konstantinos Karamanlis ayaa diiday inuu ka qayb galo arooska Charles, Prince of Wales, markii la ogaaday in boqortooyadii Giriigga ee la riday, oo ay ilmo adeer ahaayeen Amiirka, loogu yeero &quot;Boqor&quot;. Jamhuuriyadda Hellenic ee hadda jirta waxay caqabad ku noqotay in Boqor Constantine uu xaq u leeyahay inuu isticmaalo magaciisa, waxaana baasaboorkiisa lagala noqday 1994-kii, sababtoo ah ma uusan isticmaalin magac magaceed, sida uu baasaboorkiisa xilligaas ku qoray &quot;Constantine, boqorkii hore ee Hellene&quot;. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Constantine II ayaa markii dambe ugu safray kana soo baxay Giriiga baasaboor diblomaasiyadeed oo Danish ah isagoo ka soo farcamay Christian IX ee Danmark , magaca Constantino de Grecia ( Isbaanish oo loogu talagalay &quot;Constantine of Greece&quot;).
===Jamhuuriyado===
Isaga / iyada heer sare (oo loo soo gaabiyo HE , cinwaanka afka ah Your Excellency ) - Madaxweynayaasha jamhuuriyadda (taariikh ahaan, tan waxaa markii ugu horreysay loo adeegsaday in lagu tixraaco George Washington intii lagu jiray xilligii uu ahaa Taliyaha Guud ee Ciidanka intii lagu jiray Dagaalkii Mareykanka ee Madax-bannaanida Wadamada qaar sidoo kale ra'iisul wasaaraha, wasiirada, gudoomiyaasha gobolada, safiirada iyo madaxda sare ayaa iyaguna isticmaala qaabkan.
Madaxweynaha Maraykanka waxa si toos ah loogula hadlaa &quot;Mr./Mrs./Ms./Miss./Sir/Madam President&quot; waxaana loo soo bandhigaa &quot;Madaxweynaha Maraykanka&quot;; si kastaba ha ahaatee, Isaga/iyada/Mudane-nimadaada waxa si habboon loogu isticmaali karaa isgaarsiin qoran oo mararka qaarkood loo isticmaalo dukumentiyada rasmiga ah.
Dhaqanka Faransiisku waa in la waco dadka haysta xafiiska ku shaqeeya awooddooda rasmiga ah M. (Monsieur) ama Mme. (Marwo) oo ay ku xigto magaca xafiisyadooda.  Haddaba, Madaxweynaha Jamhuuriyadda waxaa loogu yeeraa M. le président ama M. le président de la République haddii uu lab yahay, iyo Mme... haddi ay dumar tahay. Hababka ay ka midka yihiin &quot;Excellency&quot; ama wax la mid ah lama isticmaalo, marka laga reebo ka hadalka madaxda shisheeye. Dhaqan ahaan ka dib &quot;Madame&quot;, magaca xafiiska laguma dhejin qaabka dheddigga, laakiin tani way sii yaraanaysaa (markaa, &quot;Madame le président&quot; waxaa lagu beddelay &quot;Madame la présidente&quot;).
Dalka Talyaaniga , xubnaha Aqalka Hoose (Golaha Ku-Xigeennada) ee Baarlamaanka Talyaaniga waxaa loo qaabeeyey Honorable ( Talyaani : Onorevole , oo loo soo gaabiyo On. ). Foomka saxda ah ee lagula hadlayo xubinta aqalka sare (Senate) waa Senator ( Talyaani : Senatore , soo gaabinta Sen.
Madaxweynaha xilka haya ee Finland waxa uu la hadlayaa Herra/Rouva Tasavallan Presidentti (Mr./Ms. President of the Republic), halka madaxwaynihii hore loogu yeero kaliya Herra/Rouva Presidentti .
Qaabka loo isticmaalo Madaxweynaha Ireland waa sida caadiga ah Mudane/Mudaneheeda ( Irish : A Shoilse/A Carradu ); Mararka qaarkood dadku waxa laga yaabaa inay hadal ahaan madaxweynaha ugu yeedhaan 'Your Excellency' ( Irish : A Shoilse [ə ˈhəʎʃə]), ama si fudud 'Madaxweyne' ( Irish : A Uachtaráin [ə ˈuəxt̪ˠəɾˠaːnˠ] (kiis cod ah)).
Intii lagu guda jiray Jamhuuriyadda Nederlaand , Dawladaha Guud waxa si wada jir ah loogu tilmaamay &quot;Ilaayaashooda Sarreeya oo Awoodda leh&quot; ( Dutch : Hoogmogende Heren ).
Mudanayaal – Madaxweynayaal, Ra’iisul Wasaareyaal, Wasiirro, Guddoomiyeyaal Gobol, Xildhibaano, Senatar iyo Congress-ka dalalka qaarkood. (Australia, Bangladesh, Canada, India, Hong Kong, Singapore, Sri Lanka.)
===Daawo===
Dhakhtarka - Boqortooyada Midowday, shahaadooyinka jaamacadeed ee looga baahan yahay diiwaangelinta xirfadeed ee bilowga ah ee caafimaadka iyo ilkaha waa dhammaan shahaadooyinka bachelor (sida caadiga ah MBBS , laakiin sidoo kale MB, BDS, MB BS BAO, BMed, iwm.). Nidaamkan waxaa lagu raacaa wadamada kale (badanaa wadamada Barwaaqo-sooranka ) ee u hogaansan dhaqanka tacliinta sare ee Boqortooyada Midowday. Qalinjabiyeyaasha noocan oo kale ah waxaa loogu yeeraa &quot;dhakhtar&quot; si xushmad leh iyo heshiis.
Mr , Miss, Ms , ama Mrs - Dhakhaatiirta qaliinka ee UK, Australia, New Zealand, iyo wadamada kale ee Barwaaqo - sooranka ama dalalkii hore ee Barwaaqo-sooranka waxay ku noqdaan magaca Mr. Dhakhaatiirta kale ee takhasuska leh ( &quot;dhakhaatiirta&quot; dareenka takhasuska ee qaybaha kala duwan ee daawada gudaha, sida guud ahaan loo isticmaalo meel ka baxsan Waqooyiga Ameerika), dhanka kale, waxay sii hayaan cinwaanka Dr ka dib markii ay heleen shahaadooyin kale oo jaamacadeed, sida MRCP . Dhakhaatiirta caafimaadka ee labadaba &quot;dhakhaatiirta iyo dhakhaatiirta qalliinka&quot; waxaa loo yaqaan Dr ama Mr , Ms , iwm. qaabka loo isticmaalo wakhti kasta oo gaar ah ayaa laga yaabaa inuu kala duwan yahay iyadoo loo eegayo macnaha guud.
===Duulista hawada===
Kabtan – waa qof ka amar qaata oo mas’uul ka ah nolosha shaqaalaha iyo rakaabka saaran markabka badda ama rayidka ama diyaaradda. Ciidamada Mareykanka, kabtanka waxaa loo adeegsadaa iyadoon loo eegin darajada dhabta ah ee qofka lagu hadlayo. Tusaale ahaan, markab ay leeyihiin ciidamada badda ee Maraykanka oo uu u taliyo qof haysta darajo sareeye guuto ama ka hooseeya waxa loogu yeedhaa “Kabtanka”, marka loo eego xilka uu ka hayo markabka, ee maaha darajadiisa ciidan. Tani waxay khusaysaa xitaa nin la qoray oo masuul ka ah doon yar.
===Diinta===
wax ka beddel
Qaybtani waxay u baahan tahay xigasho dheeri ah si loo xaqiijiyo . ( Abriil 2015 )
Quduusnimadiisa (soo gaabinta HH), ciwaanka afkaaga quduusnimadaada , ama Aabbaha Quduuska ah - Pope iyo Pope Emeritus (laakiin Aabbaha Quduuska ah looma isticmaalo kan dambe); sidoo kale Wadaadka Ortodokska Suuriya ee Antiyokh iyo Bariga oo dhan , Wadaadka Moscow iyo Dhammaan Ruushka , Wadaadka Peć iyo Serbs , Catholicos ee dhammaan Armenians , Catholicos-Patriarch of Georgia oo dhan , Catholicos ee Quduuska ah ee Cilicia ee Kaniisadda Rasuullada Armenia , Malankara Orthodox Catholicos iyo qaar ka mid ah awoowayaasha kale ee Kaniisadda Christian Damalai , , Sakya Trizin , iyo kuwa kale ee haysta qaar ka mid ah isirrada kale ee Buddhist Tibetan .
Quduusnimadiisa oo dhan ( soo gaabinta HAH ), hadal hadal ah dhammaan Quduusnimadaada - Wadaadka Ecumenical ee Constantinople .
Sarreeye Aga Khan (oo loo soo gaabiyo HH the Aga Khan. ), khudbad afka ah Your Highness ka dibna Sir - Imaamka (hogaamiyaha ruuxiga ah) ee Shiicada Ismaili Muslimiinta.
Naxdintiisa ama Kan ugu barakeysan , ciwaanka afkaaga ah - Eastern Orthodox Catholicos Syriac Orthodox Catholicos of India , Oriental Orthodox iyo Roman Catholic awowayaashood , Kaniisadda Ortodokska Macedonia iyo Kaniisadda Katooliga ee Giriigga Yukreeniyaan Archbishop ee Kyiv-Halych. Haddii ay kor u qaadeen kadinka by Pope, waxay isticmaalaan dhaqanka &quot;His Eminence&quot; sida kaardinals kale (si sax ah iyo si rasmi ah, &quot;His Beatitude and Emnence&quot;).
Sarraynta Boqortooyo ee ugu caansan (loo soo gaabiyo HMERH ), ciwaanka afka ah Sarreemahaaga ugu sarreeya ee Boqortooyada - Rabbiga Amarka Rasuulku .
Sarrayntiisa ugu sarraysa (soo gaabinta HMEH ), ciwaanka afka ah Sarrayntaada ugu sarraysa - Amiirka iyo Master Master of the Sovereign Military Order ee Malta .
Sarreeye (oo loo soo gaabiyo &quot;H.Em&quot;), ciwaanka afka ah ee sharaftaada ama sharaftaada ugu badan - Kardinal Roman Catholic
Magaca sare (oo loo soo gaabiyo &quot;H.Em&quot;) ama Kaniisadda ugu badan (loo soo gaabiyo The Most Rev. ), ciwaanka afka ah Your Eminence - Magaalo-weynta Ortodokska ee bariga iyo wadaadada kuwaas oo aan ahayn madaxda koowaad ee kaniisadda autocephalous ;
Emnence (oo loo soo gaabiyo &quot;H.Em.&quot;) - Qaar ka mid ah lamas sare ama rinpoches ee Buddhismka Tibetan iyo sidoo kale hoggaamiyaha hoggaamiyaha kiniisadda ama wadaaddada dugsiyada Buddhist Japan .
Boqorka (oo loo soo gaabiyo &quot;H.Em.&quot;) - Sultan of Sokoto , hoggaamiyaha ruuxiga ah ee Muslimiinta Nigeria , iyo sidoo kale kuwa saaxiibadiisa sare ee Fula kuwaas oo doorta in aysan isu ekeyn sidii HRHs.
Sareeye (soo gaabinta &quot;H.Em.&quot;) - Master Master of the Murjite Order .
Sharafta leh ama The Most Reverend (soo gaabinta The Most Rev. ), cinwaanka afka Your Excellency - Roman Catholic Archbishop iyo kiniisadda ee Maraykanka iyo Kanada (cinwaanka afka ma aqoonsan mas'uuliyiinta madaniga ah Canadian, kuwaas oo qoray Archbishop/Bishop halkii  ); ama,
Nimcadiisa ama Kan ugu ixtiraamka badan (oo loo soo gaabiyo The Most Rev. ), ciwaanka afka ah Nimcadaada - Archbishop Roman Catholic ee wadamada Barwaaqo-sooranka marka laga reebo Kanada; Wadaaddada Katooliga Romanka ee Ireland ; iyo Mar Thoma Metropolitans
Nimcadiisa ama Reverend The Right (loo soo gaabiyo The Rt. Rev. ), ciwaanka afka Nimcadaada - hoggaamiyaha kiniisadda Orthodox bari .
Kabiyesi (oo si kala duwan loo tarjumay sida isaga ama iyada Boqortooyo, Isaga ama iyada Boqortooyadiisa ama Sarraynta, lit. Midka erayadiisa aan su'aal lahayn ) - Obas of Yorubaland , other aboriginal Yoruba high chiefs of royal background, iyo dhiggooda beelaha qurbaha ee qabiilka.
Rabbinimadiisa ama Reverend Xaqa ah (oo loo soo gaabiyo The Rt. Rev. ), ciwaanka afka ah Sayidkaygiiyow - kiniisadda Anglican iyo Roman Catholic ee dalalka Barwaaqo-sooranka ee aan Kanada ahayn.
Ciwaanka ugu caansan iyo sharafta mudan (oo loo soo gaabiyo The Most Rev. iyo Rt. Hon. ), ciwaanka afka Your Grace - Church of England (Anglican) wadaadada kuwaas oo ah la-taliyayaal gaar ah , sida caadiga ah Archbishop ee Canterbury iyo York
Reverend-ka ugu (oo loo soo gaabiyo The Most Rev. ), ciwaanka afka ah Nimcadaada - Archbishop Anglican , primates , metropolitans iyo hoggaamiyaha kiniisadda . Kanada Anglican (arch) hoggaamiyaha kiniisadda waxa afka si fudud loogula hadlaa sida Archbishop/Bishop . Sidoo kale dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha .
The Most Reverend (soo gaabinta The Most Rev. ), ciwaanka afka My Lord - Church of Ireland (Anglican) Bishop of Meath and Kildare (sabato ah ahaansho ahaan, taariikh ahaan, hoggaamiyaha hoggaamiyaha ugu sarreeya Ireland)
Reverend-ka ugu (oo loo soo gaabiyo The Most Rev. ), ciwaanka afka ah ee hoggaamiyaha kiniisadda - hoggaamiyaha hoggaamiyaha kiniisadda Methodist ee Ghana
The Most Reverend (soo gaabinta The Most Rev. ), ciwaanka afka Bishop - hoggaamiyaha hoggaamiyaha kiniisadda Episcopal ee Maraykanka 
Monsignor- ka Xaqqa iyo Sharafta mudan (oo loo soo gaabiyo The Rt. Rev. iyo Rt.mHon. Mgr. ), Cinwaanka afka Monsignor , ama sida uu doorbidayo shakhsi ahaan - Prelate of Honor oo sidoo kale ah lataliye gaar ah (The Right Reverend and Right Honorable Monsignor Graham Leonard KCVO).
Xubinta Xaqa ah iyo Sharafta Xaqa ah (oo loo soo gaabiyo The Rt. Rev. iyo Rt. Hon. ), ciwaanka afka ah Bishop ama Rabbigey (waqti hore) - Kiniisada England (Anglican) ee kiniisadda kuwaas oo xubno ka ah Golaha Gaarka ah , badiyaa Bishop of London .
Reverend The Right (oo loo soo gaabiyo The Rt. Rev. ), ciwaanka afka ah Bishop ama Sayidkaygii (oo hore u jiray) - kiniisadda kale ee kaniisadda England
Reverend The Right (oo loo soo gaabiyo The Rt. Rev. ), cinwaanka afka Bishop - Bishop Episcopal Church (United States) 
Reverend Right (oo loo soo gaabiyo The Rt. Rev. ), ciwaanka afka ah Mr./Mrs./Ms./Miss (magaca hooyada) - Dhexdhexaadiyaha Kaniisadda United ee Kanada ama Kaniisadda Presbyterian ee Kanada
Aabbaha xaqa ah (oo loo soo gaabiyo The Rt. Rev. Fr. ), ciwaanka afka Aabbaha – Eastern Orthodox archimandrites .
Reverend The Right (loo soo gaabiyo The Rt. Rev. ), ciwaanka afka Aabbaha ama Aabbaha Abbot – Roman Catholic abbots .
Reverend The Right (oo loo soo gaabiyo The Rt Rev. ), ciwaanka afka ah Bishop - hoggaamiyaha kiniisadda kiniisadda Methodist ee Ghana
Bishop, ciwaanka afka Bishop – hoggaamiyaha kiniisadda aagga Kaniisadda Methodist ee United . Wadaadka saxda ah waligiis kuma dhex faafin kaniisada Methodist United.
Cibaadadiisa Rabbaaniga ah, ama (Cibaadadiisa) Cibaadada rabbaaniga ah: In Madaxa Shakhsi ahaaneed ee Guddoomiyaha St. Peter , mid ka mid ah Madax-dhaqameedka Shakhsi ahaaneed ee Anglicans hore, Bishop (oo loo soo gaabiyo DW: TB ), ciwaanka afka ah Cibaadada Rabbaaniga ah , ka dib Rabbigay , Sayidkayga Bishop , ama Bishop . Haddii qofka caadiga ahi uu yahay wadaad oo keliya oo aanu ahayn hoggaamiyaha kiniisaddu, markaa waxa loo qaabeeyey Cibaadadiisa Rabbaaniga ah, ama (His) Cibaadada rabbaaniga ah: Caadiga ah (soo gaabinta DW: TO ), sidoo kale Cibaadadiisa Rabbaaniga ah: Monsignor Reverend, sida lagu dabaqi karo. Ciwaanka ugu horreeya ee afka ah ayaa ahaanaya cibaadadaada Rabbaaniga ah , laakiin ka dib waxay si fudud ugu noqotaa Aabbaha ama daanyeer .
Reverend The Very Reverend (oo loo soo gaabiyo The Very Rev. ), cinwaanka afka Aabbaha - Catholic vicars guud , garsoorayaasha garsoorka, garsoorayaasha , rectors of seminaries, vicars forane , episcopal vicars, sare sare ee amarada diinta ee wadaaddada, sare gobolka, ka hor ee monastery ama friaries.
Aabbaha aad loo ixtiraamo (oo loo soo gaabiyo The Very Rev. Fr. ), ciwaanka afka Aabbaha - wadaaddadii Orthodox bari
The Very Reverend (oo loo soo gaabiyo The Very Rev. ), ciwaanka afka ah Mr./Madam Dean ama Mr./Madam Provost , sida ku habboon, ama Aad Reverend Sir/Madam - Deans Anglican iyo provosts of cathedrals , hormuudka Westminster Abbey iyo St George's Chapel, Windsor , iyo, Bogagga sababo taariikhi ah. . Mararka qaarkood madaxa kaniisadda Anglican ayaa hore u ahaan jiray hoggaamiyaha kiniisaddu , taas oo ay dhacdo isaga ama iyada ayaa loo qaabeeyey sidii hoggaamiyaha kiniisadda, laakiin munaasabadaha rasmiga ah ayaa laga yaabaa in lala hadlo Mr./Madam Dean . Deenada Kanadiyaanka waxa afka loogu sheegaa sida Dean kaliya. 
The Very Reverend (oo loo soo gaabiyo The Very Rev. ), ciwaanka afka ah ee aad loo ixtiraamo Sir/Madam ama Mr./Madam Dean - Hormoodka qaar ka mid ah siminaarada Anglican , gaar ahaan kuwa Maraykanka
The Very Reverend (oo loo soo gaabiyo The Very Rev. ), ciwaanka afka Osofo Panin - wasiirka kormeeraha ee Kaniisadda Methodist Ghana
Reverend The Very Reverend (oo loo soo gaabiyo The Very Rev. ), ciwaanka afka ah Reverend - dhexdhexaadiyeyaashi hore ee Kaniisadda United ee Kanada iyo Kaniisadda Presbyterian ee Kanada; dawladda Kanada waxay qortaa ciwaanka afka ah Mr./Mrs./Ms. (magaca hooyada) 
Reverend Monsignor (oo loo soo gaabiyo The Rev. Msgr. ), ciwaanka afka Monsignor - Kaniisadda Katooliga protonotaries rasuul, madax sharafeed, wadaadada quduusnimadiisa
Ciwaanka sharafta leh , oo afka ah Sir/Marwo ama Mr./Madam Archdeacon - archdeacons Anglican ; Kanada, waxaa afka loogu sheegaa inay yihiin Archdeacon kaliya 
Sharaf leh (oo loo soo gaabiyo &quot;Ven.&quot;), Cinwaanka afka ah &quot;Venerable&quot; ama &quot;Magaca ama magaca&quot; - si buuxda loo magacaabay Buddhist suufiyadoodii iyo nuns , magaca Master-ka sharafta leh ama kan ugu sarreeya ayaa mararka qaarkood lagu dhejiyaa suufiyadoodii sare iyo suufiyadoodii ama suufiyadoodii
Reverend iyo Right Honorable (oo loo soo gaabiyo The Revd. iyo Rt. Hon. ) - Wasiirro la magacaabay Protestant kuwaas oo ka tirsan Golaha Gaarka ah (tusaale Marxuum Ian Paisley )
Reverend the Honorable (oo loo soo gaabiyo The Hon. ), ciwaanka afka sida waafaqsan kaniisadda ama xaalad kale - wiilka la magacaabay ee dhegta, viscount, ama baron, ama gabadh la magacaabay ee viscount ama baron (haddii aan sidoo kale la-taliye gaar ah ama asaageed)
Reverend The Very Reverend (oo loo soo gaabiyo &quot;The Very Rev&quot;), cinwaanka afka ah: &quot;Overseer&quot; - ee dhaqanka Anglican-Apostolic Communion (Pentecostal), kormeeruhu waa heerka ugu hooseeya ee prelate (kaliya ee hoggaamiyaha kiniisadda aan quduuska ahayn), oo kormeeraya shaqo gaar ah ama waax, si toos ah uga mas'uul ah aasaaska/madaxweynaha/madaxweynaha.
Reverend (oo loo soo gaabiyo The Rev. or The Rev'd ) - Protestant iyo Anglican wasiirada la magacaabay (kala duwanaanshaha caadiga ah waxaa ka mid ah Pastor , Parson , Vicar , ama si fudud Reverend (Rev.), sida loo isticmaalo Ingiriisi American; eeg: Reverend ); Qaar ka mid ah culimada Yuhuuda ayaa sidoo kale isticmaala qaabkan, ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan wasiirrada Buddhist ee Japan ayaa isticmaala qaabkan
Reverend Canon (oo loo soo gaabiyo The Rev. Canon ), ciwaanka afka ah Canon - Katooliga iyo Canons
Takhtarka Reverend (oo loo soo gaabiyo The Rev. Dr. ), ciwaanka afka Aabbaha ama Dhakhtarka - Wadaaddada iyo wadaaddada kale ee la magacaabay ee haysta shahaadada doctorate
Aabbaha Reverend (loo soo gaabiyo The Rev. Fr. ), ciwaanka afka Aabbaha - Catholic (iyo qaar badan oo Anglican ah ) wadaaddada
Hooyada Reverend (loo soo gaabiyo The Rev. Mo. ), ciwaanka afka Hooyo - Abbesses (sidoo kale, qaar ka mid ah wadaaddada Anglican dumar ah oo loo soo gaabiyo Mthr.})
Caawiye wadaad (oo loo soo gaabiyo Rev. Deacon ), ciwaanka afka ah Daakoonka Katooliga ee joogtada ah.
Reverend Mister (oo loo soo gaabiyo The Rev. Mr. ), ciwaanka afka Deacon - caawiyayaasha ku meel gaadhka ah ee Katooliga , ie kuwa isu diyaarinaya wadaadnimada. Caawiyayaasha ku meel gaadhka ah ee ka tirsan amarada diimeed (monastik iyo kuwa aan diin ahayn) ayaa cinwaan looga dhigay Walaalka Reverend, (xaaladaha la midka ah iyo wax ka beddelka ayaa khuseeya adeegayaasha Anglican sida ku jirta Rev. Fr./Mthr., kor; maadaama ay haweenku noqon karaan macalimiin, kuwani waxay noqon karaan Revd Ms. )
Hooyo, ciwaanka afka hooyo - madaxda qaar ka mid ah haweenka diiniga ah ee Katooliga iyo bulshooyinka kale ee aan ahayn abbesses
Mister (oo loo soo gaabiyo Mr. ), ciwaanka afka ah Mister - wadaaddada Sulpician Catholic
Mr.​​​​​​​​​​
Aabe (aabe)
Walaal (soo gaabinta Bro. ), ciwaanka afka Walaal - xubnaha Katooliga ee amarrada diinta hoos yimaada nidar (labadaba monastic iyo kuwa aan ahayn) kuwaas oo aan ahayn wadaaddo.
Walaasha (soo gaabinta Sr. ), ciwaanka afka Walaasha - xubnaha Katooliga ee amarrada diinta hoos yimaada nidar (labadaba monastic iyo kuwa aan ahayn monastic) kuwaas oo aan ahayn abbesses.
Waayeel : Guud ahaan waxa loo isticmaalaa adeegayaasha ragga ah ee Kaniisadda Ciise Masiix ee Ilaalada-Maalinta Dambe (Kaniisadda LDS) iyo xubnaha hoggaanka dadka waaweyn ee loo yaqaan madaxda guud. Inkasta oo inta badan dhammaan ragga waaweyn ee kaniisadda LDS ay yihiin odayaal, cinwaanka waxaa loo hayaa kooxaha hore loo sheegay. 
Rabbi weyn, ciwaanka afka Rabbi – Rabbaannada Hasidic , kuwaas oo ah kuwa ka soo jeeda Boqortooyada Hasidic.
Dom waa horgale sharaf leh magaca la bixiyay . Waxay ka timid Dominus Latin ah . Waxa loo isticmaalaa Ingiriisida qaar ka mid ah Benedictine ( oo ay ku jiraan bulshooyinka qaarkood ee raacaya Xeerka St. Benedict ) iyo suufiyada Carthusian , iyo xubnaha beelaha qaarkood ee Canons-ka caadiga ah . Tusaalooyinka waxaa ka mid ah suufiyada Benedictine ee kiniisadda Benedictine Ingiriisi (tusaale Dom John Chapman , Abbot ee Downside dambe ). Isticmaalka dheddigga u dhigma ee monastic noocan oo kale ah waa &quot; Dame &quot; (tusaale Dame Laurentia McLachlan , Abbess ee Stanbrook , ama Dame Felicitas Corrigan , qoraa).
Dom taariikh ahaan waxaa loo isticmaalay waqtiyo Faransiis ah, sida sharaf loogu talagalay suufiyada Benedictine, sida caanka caanka ah ee Dom Pérignon .
Rabbi, ciwaanka afka Rabbi (ama, haddii uu haysto shahaadada ku habboon, dhakhtar xagga hadalka iyo qoraalka labadaba) - rabbaaniyiinta
Grand Ayatullah, ciwaanka afka Ayatullah ama Ayatullah al-Uzma – Shiicada Ayatullahs , kuwaas oo ku guuleystay shahaado cilmiga fiqiga ugu sarreeya ee loo yaqaan marjac iyo dadka qaarkiis si rasmi ah u raacaan iyaga.
Ayatullah, ciwaanka afka Ayatullah – Shahaadada diinta ee Shiicada oo dhammaystay duruus sare oo diini ah oo awood u leh inuu shakhsi ahaan u soo saaro xukunno diimeed.
Seghatoleslam , waa magac sharafeed gudaha laba iyo tobanka wadaad ee shiicada ah . Seghatoleslam waxa uu magacaabayaa sheeko-yaqaano si cad loo xaqiijiyay cadaaladooda iyo aaminaadooda .
AAMIR al-Mu'minīn ( Af-Carabi : أمير المؤمنين ), oo inta badan loo tarjumo Amiirka Mu'miniinta ama Hogaamiyaha Mu'miniinta, waa qaabka Carabiga ee qaar ka mid ah Khulafada iyo madaxda kale ee madax-bannaan ee madax-bannaan ee Muslimiinta kuwaas oo sheeganaya sharci ka yimid bulsho muslimiin ah. Waxaa lagu andacoon jiray in ay tahay magaca madaxda dalalka Muslimiinta iyo imbaraadooriyadda welina waxaa loo adeegsadaa madaxda Muslimiinta qaarkood. Isticmaalka ciwaanku maaha mid tilmaamaya sheegashada khaliifa sida inta badan loo qaato, laakiin waxa lagu tilmaamay nooc ka mid ah hogaanka dhaqdhaqaaqa kaas oo laga yaabo in lagu xidhay khaliif laakiin sidoo kale muujin kara heerka maamulka hoostiisa. Saldanada Cusmaaniyiinta, gaar ahaan, aad bay u isticmaali jireen. Waxaa intaa dheer, ereygaas oo ay adeegsan jireen niman aan khulafo sheegan jirin. Hadda loo isticmaalo khaliifkii ISIS Abu Bakar al-Baghdadi , Ahmadiyya Muslim Khaliifa , Mirza Masroor Ahmad , Boqorka Morocco , Sultan of Sokoto , Hogaamiyaasha ugu sareeya ee Taliban Afgaanistaan ​​.
Cantor, ciwaanka afka Cantor (katoorada qaarkood waxay u isticmaalaan Reverend qaab ahaan, sida kor ku xusan) - Kantors Yuhuudda
Mudanayaal, ciwaanka afka ah , mudane ama walaal – wasiirro/ wadaado la magacaabay
Wadaad (oo loo soo gaabiyo &quot;Pr.&quot;), cinwaanka afka 'Wadaad' - wasiirka mas'uulka ka ah daryeelka &quot;adhiga&quot; ee kaniisadaha Lutheran
Pandit (mararka qaar waxaa loo higgaadiyaa Pundit ) - wadaaddada Hinduuga
Swami - Hinduismka waa nin ascetic ah ama yogi ah oo loo bilaabay nidaam diineed. Si aan rasmi ahayn, &quot;Swamiji&quot;.
Saraakiisha Ciidanka Badbaadada waxaa lagu tilmaamaa darajadooda, tusaale ahaan &quot;Kabtanka&quot; (Kabtanka), &quot;Major&quot; (Maj.), iwm.
Magacyo badan oo kala duwan oo loogu talagalay diimaha Neo-jaahilka; Sayidka/Marwada, Aabaha/Hooyada, iyo Wadaadka Sare/Wadaadka waa wax caadi ah
==Wadamo kala duwan==
===Australia===
Boqorka ama Boqorada Australia
Isaga/iyada Sharafta leh – Guddoomiyaha Guud iyo Xaaskiisa, iyo Mudanaha ama isaga/iyada Sharafta leh ee guddoomiyeyaasha gobollada intiisa kale (laakin ma aha xaaskooda)
Sharafta leh - dhammaan guddoomiyayaasha guud ee hadda iyo hore iyo maamulayaasha Waqooyiga Territory, Garsoorayaasha Maxkamadda Sare ee Australia , Maxkamadda Federaalka ee Australia , Maxkamadda Qoyska ee Australia iyo maxkamadaha sare ee gobolka
Mudanayaal – dhammaan xubnaha hadda jira iyo kuwii hore ee Golaha Fulinta ee Federaalka iyo dhammaan xubnaha hadda jira ee goleyaasha fulinta dowlad-goboleedyada iyo qaar ka mid ah xubnihii hore ee goleyaasha fulinta dowlad-goboleedyada iyo xubnaha muddada dheer ku soo jiray golayaasha sharci-dejinta ee dowlad-goboleedyada (Aqalka sare ee baarlamaanka dowlad-goboleedyada) kuwaas oo la siiyay xaqa ay ku sii haysan karaan darajada haddii ay fasax ka helaan guddoomiyaha maamulkaas.
Sharaftiisa (cinwaanka afka ah Sharaftaada ) - garsoorayaasha iyo garsoorayaasha rafcaanka, maxkamada degmada iyo degmada.
The Right Honorable Lord Mayor - Lord Mayors ee magaalooyinka Australia
Cibaadadiisa/Iyada – Maamulayaasha dhulalku ( duugoobay), garsoorayaal (dhacday) iyo badhasaabyo.
===Belijam===
Boqorka ama Boqorada Belgian-ka
Isaga/iyada Sareeyenta – Duke/Duchess ee Brabant iyo Amiirka/Amiirada Belgium
Isaga/iyada Imperial iyo Sareeyenta Boqortooyada – Archduke/Archduchess ee Austria-Este
Isaga/iyada Sarreeyenimo:
Amiirka/Amiirada iyo Duke/Duchess ee Arenberg
Duke/Duchess ee Beaufort-Spontin
Amiirka/Amiirada iyo Duke/Duchess of Croÿ
Amiirka/Amiirada Habsburg-Lorraine ee degan Belgium
Amiirka/Amiirada Lobkowitz oo degan Belgium
Amiirka/Amiirada iyo Duke/Duchess ee Looz-Corswarem
Amiirka/Amiirada Stolberg-Stolberg
Amiirka/Amiirada Waterloo
Si fiican u dhashay :
Duke/Duchess
Marquess/Marchioness
Tiri/ xisaabi
Viscount/Visountess
Si fiican u dhashay :
Baron/Baroness
Knight
Jonkheer / Jonkvrouw
===Brunei===
Loo yaqaan terasul luqadda Malay.

Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia (Kebawah DYMM) , oo u dhiganta Isaga ama Sharafteeda (HM) - ee Sultan iyo wehelkiisii ​​ugu horreeyay ee boqornimada. Habka lagu daro wax badan ayaa ku xiran xaaladda:
Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Seri Sultan, ee Sultan ka hor inta aan la caleemo saarin.
Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan, ee Sultan ka dib markii la caleemo saaray.
Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Seri Pengiran Isteri oo loogu talagalay lammaanaha boqoradda ka hor inta aan la caleemo saarin
Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Seri Baginda Raja Isteri oo u taagan isbahaysiga boqorada
Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Seri Raja - oo ah xaaska labaad ee Sultan inta lagu guda jiro caleema saarka
Kebawah Duli , Suldaan aan qaan-gaarin.
Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Seri Pengiran Isteri , oo ah xaaska labaad ee Sultan ka dib markii la caleemo saaray.
Duli Yang Teramat Mulia (DYTM) , oo u dhiganta Sarreeyahiisa ama Boqorkeeda (HRH) - oo loogu talagalay amiirka dhaxalka leh iyo wehelkiisa iyo Suldaanka xilka laga qaaday iyo wehelkiisa.
Duli Yang Teramat Mulia Paduka Seri Begawan Sultan - oo loogu talagalay Suldaankii ka tanaasulay carshiga
Duli Yang Teramat Mulia Paduka Suri Seri Begawan Raja - oo loogu talagalay wehelka Suldaanka markii Suldaanku ka tanaasulay carshiga
Duli Yang Teramat Mulia Paduka Seri Pengiran Muda Mahkota - oo loogu talagalay amiirka dhaxalka leh
Duli Yang Teramat Mulia Paduka Seri Pengiran Anak Isteri - oo loogu talagalay lammaanaha amiirka dhaxalka leh
Yang Teramat Mulia (YTM) , ku leh Boqortooyadiisa ama Boqorkeeda (HRH) - oo loogu talagalay carruurta Suldaanka ay dhashay hooyadood boqortooyada (labada waalid ee hooyada boqortooyadu waa royalties ee maaha mid caadi ah)
Yang Teramat Mulia Paduka Seri Duli Pengiran Muda - oo loogu talagalay wiilka Sultan oo leh dhiig boqornimo buuxda
Yang Teramat Mulia Paduka Seri Pengiran Anak Puteri - oo loogu talagalay gabadha Suldaanka oo ay dhashay hooyo boqor (aan ahayn mid caan ah)
Yang Teramat Mulia Pengiran Babu Raja - oo loogu talagalay Queen Consort hooyadeed
Yang Amat Mulia (YAM) , oo loogu talagalay lammaanaha amiirka boqortooyada iyo carruurtooda, iyo carruurta Suldaanka ee ay dhashay hooyadood
Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Anak Isteri - oo loogu talagalay lammaanaha wiilka Sultan (dhiigga boqortooyada oo buuxa)
Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Muda - oo loogu talagalay wiilka (dhiigga buuxa ee boqortooyada) ee wiilka Sultan (dhiigga boqornimada oo buuxa)
Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Anak - oo loogu talagalay carruurta Sultan oo ay dhashay hooyo caadi ah; inanta (dhiiga boqornimada oo buuxa) wiilka Suldaanka (dhiiga boqortooyada oo dhan); carruurta (dhiiga boqortooyada oo dhan) inanta Suldaanka (dhiiga boqornimada oo dhan); caruur (dhiiga boqornimo oo buuxa) caruurtii Suldaanka (dhiiga boqortooyada badhkii)
Yang Mulia (YM)
Yang Mulia Pengiran Anak - oo loogu talagalay carruurta ay labada waalidba haystaan ​​cinwaanka Pengiran Anak
Yang Mulia Pengiran - oo loogu talagalay carruurta Pengiran Anak iyo xaaskiisa oo aan sidoo kale ahayn Pengiran Anak; Pengiran aan boqor ahayn (Pengiran-ka caadiga ah)
===Kanada===
Sharaftiisa/Boqorkeeda – Boqorka/Boqoradda Kanada
Mudane- Guddoomiyaha Guud , Ku-Xigeenka Boqortooyada , Danjirayaasha , iyo Guddoomiyeyaasha Sare ee Xafiiska
Sharafta Xaqa ah - Guddoomiyeyaasha guud, ra'iisul wasaarayaasha , madaxda cadaaladda Kanada iyo qaar caan ah oo Kanadiyaanka nolosha ah.
Sharaftiisa/Sharafteeda – Guddoomiyeyaasha-ku-xigeennada iyo maamul-ku-xigeennada xafiiska
Mudane
Nolol ahaan - Xubnaha Golaha Gaarka ah ee King ee Kanada , senatorada , ku-xigeennada guddoomiyeyaasha, iyo xubnaha iyo xubnaha sharafta leh ee Golayaasha Fulinta ee Nova Scotia iyo Alberta
Xafiiska kaliya - Afhayeenka Aqalka Hoose , Wasiirada Boqortooyada (Si kastaba ha ahaatee wasiirrada federaalku waxay si joogto ah u galaan Golaha Gaarka ah marka la magacaabo magacaabistooda ugu horreysa, si ay u qaataan sharafta nolosha), garsoorayaasha maxkamadaha gobolka, guddiyada dhulalka , iyo xubnaha kale ee golayaasha fulinta ee gobollada iyo gobollada kale.
Fiiro gaar ah: Xubnaha baarlamaanka waxaa inta badan loogu yeeraa Aqalka Baarlamaanka sida &quot;xubinta sharafta leh ee ( fuushanka )&quot; laakiin ha isticmaalin qaabka sharafta leh magacooda.
Mudane/Madaam Cadaaladda – Guddoomiyeyaasha garsoorayaasha gobollada iyo garsoorayaasha maxkamadaha sare
Cibaadadiisa/Caabuddeeda – Garsoorayaasha nabadda, garsoorayaasha iyo madaxda degmooyinka ee xafiiska
===Chile===
Madaxweynaha iyo qaar ka mid ah madaxda sare ee garsoorka dalka.
Mudane- ku-xigeennada , xubnaha Golaha Wakiillada , iyo mas'uuliyiin kale.
===Guernsey===
Seigneur ama Dame - Milkiilayaasha ka diiwaangashan Norman fief ama seigneurie ee Guernsey kuwaas oo ka diiwaan gashan Fiefkooda Maxkamadaha Crown iyo Royal. Sida ku cad sharciga Feudal Dues ee 1980, dawladda Guernsey waxay cunaqabataynaysaa adeegsiga qaabka iyo kala soocidda Seigneur ama Dame. 
===New Zealand===
Isha qayb ahaan: 
Boqorka New Zealand - Boqorka New Zealand
Isaga/iyada Sharafta leh – Guddoomiyaha Guud ee hadda jira (iyo xaaska Guddoomiyaha-Guud ).
Mudanaha saxda ah - Ra'iisul-wasaarayaashii hore iyo kuwii hore , guddoomiyeyaasha hadda iyo kuwii hore ee Golaha Wakiilada , Guddoomiyeyaasha Maxkamadda Sare ee hadda iyo kuwii hore, Guddoomiyeyaasha guud ee hadda iyo kuwii hore, iyo kuwa loo magacaabay Golaha Gaarka ah ee Boqortooyada Ingiriiska.
Mudane – Wasiirada hadda jira ; wasiiradii hore ee uu ammaanay ra’iisul wasaaraha; iyo garsoorayaasha hadda iyo kuwii hore ee maxkamadaha Sare, Sare iyo Racfaanka
Sharaftiisa – garsoorayaasha maxkamadda degmada
Cibaadadiisa/ Maayarada gobollada iyo garsoorayaasha nabadda.
===Jamiika===
Kuwa ugu sharafta badan - Jamaica , gudoomiyeyaasha guud , iyo sidoo kale xaasaskooda, waxay xaq u leeyihiin in loo qaabeeyo &quot;Ka ugu sharafta badan&quot; marka la helo Amarka Jamaican ee Qaranka .  Ra'iisul-wasaarayaasha iyo xaasaskooda ayaa sidoo kale loo qaabeeyey habkan marka la helo Amarka Qaranka, kaas oo la siiyo oo keliya guddoomiyeyaasha guud ee Jamaica iyo ra'iisul-wasaarayaasha. 
===Hindiya===
Mudane/Xirmaddeeda waxaa loo adeegsadaa ka hor magaca Madaxweynaha Hindiya iyo sidoo kale ka hor guddoomiyeyaasha gobollada. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qasab maaha in muwaadin Hindi ah uu u isticmaalo qaabkan si uu ula hadlo madaxweynaha ama gudoomiyaasha ka dib ogeysiinta Aqalka Madaxtooyada. Laakin waa qasab in shisheeyaha ay la hadlaan madaxweynaha iyo gudoomiyaasha.
Sharaftaada / Rabbigeyga - Waxaa loo adeegsadaa ka hor magacyada garsoorayaasha laakiin hadda sidoo kale qasab maaha. Maxkamadda sare oo dhageysi ka hadashay ayaa sheegtay in dadka looga baahan yahay inay ixtiraamaan garsoorayaasha, “Mudane” ayaa ku filan.
===Hababka boqortooyada ee Hindiya===
Iyada oo leh taariikh dheer oo taliyayaal ah, waxaa jira qaabab badan oo ku kala duwan dhul ilaa dhul iyo luqadaha qoysaska boqortooyada Hindiya, badanaa Maharaja (boqorka), Maharani (boqoradda) halka kuwa ku xiga Raja, Rani (Maha oo macnaheedu yahay &quot;Great&quot; laga saaray). Rajkumar (amiir) iyo Rajkumari (amiirad).

Kuwa kale waxaa ka mid ah Hukam (caadi ahaan Rajasthan ), Sardar (boqorrada ku yaal dhulalka Punjab ee gudaha Boqortooyada Sikh ), Badshah ( Mughal Empire ), Vazeer-e-Aala (ee Mughal Empire ) iwm.
===Madax dhaqameedka Afrika===
Inta badan Afrika , habab badan ayaa loo adeegsadaa royalty-dhaqameedka .

Guud ahaan inta badan xubnaha qoyskan boqortooyada waxay isticmaalaan cinwaannada Amiirka iyo Amiirada, halka kuwa sare ee iyaga ka mid ah ay sidoo kale isticmaalaan Sarreeye ama Sareeyenimo si ay ugu qeexaan rafcaannada labaad ee afkooda hooyo ee ay ku haystaan ​​dhulkooda, rafcaan kuwaas oo loogu talagalay in lagu muujiyo u dhowaanshaha ay u dhow yihiin carshigooda, ama macno ahaan macnaha boqortooyooyinka fog ee qaarada ama magac ahaan kala duwanaanshaha magaca qaarada. shaqeyn la mid ah qaababka la sheegay ee Sarraynta iyo Sarraynta Royal.

Tusaale ahaan, dadka Yoruba ee Galbeedka Afrika waxay inta badan adeegsadaan ereyga Kabiyesi marka ay la hadlayaan ama ay ka hadlayaan madax-bannaanidooda iyo kuwa kale ee boqortooyada. Sidan oo kale, si kala duwan ayaa loo turjumay sida haybad, sarrayn ama sarrayn iyada oo ku xidhan darajada dhabta ah ee qofka laga hadlayo, inkasta oo tarjumaadda dhabta ah ee ereyga ay u akhrin doonto sidan oo kale: Isaga (ama iyada) oo erayadiisu ka baxsan yihiin su'aasha, Sharci-bixiye weyn ee Qaranka .

Gudaha Boqortooyada Zulu ee Koonfurta Afrika , Dhanka kale, Boqortooyada iyo kuwa kale ee royals waxaa badanaa loogu yeeraa sida uNdabezitha taasoo la micno ah Isaga (ama iyada) Yaa khuseeya Cadowga , laakiin waxaa lagu tarjumay Ingiriisi sida Majesty ciwaanka ama tixraaca boqorka iyo asxaabtiisa, ama Sarraynta Boqortooyada marka la eego xubnaha kale ee sare ee qoyska boqortooyada.
===Hong Kong===
Madaxa fulinta waxaa loo qaabeeyey sida Sharafta leh .

Madaxda sare ee dawladda qaarkood (sida Xoghayaha Sare ee Maamulka ), Guddoomiyaha Golaha Sharci-dejinta , Xubnaha Golaha Fulinta , Xubnaha Garsoorka (sida Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Racfaanka kama dambaysta ah ) ayaa iyagana loo qaabeeyey sida Mudane .
===Ireland===
Ireland gudaheeda , dadka haysta xafiisyada leh magacyada Irishka waxaa sida caadiga ah loogu hadlaa Ingiriis qaab magaceed (sida, ' Taoiseach ' iyo ' Tánaiste '), in kasta oo foomamka farsamada Irish ay ka duwan yihiin ( Thaoisigh iyo Thánaiste ). Madaxweynaha waxaa loo qaabayn karaa 'His/Heer Excellency' ( Irish : A Shoilse , IPA: [ə ˈhəil̠ʲʃə] / A Carrada [ə ˈsˠəl̠ʲʃə] ) oo lagu wajaho 'Your Excellency' (Irish: A Shoilse ), ama si fudud 'Madaxweyne Uriyach ' (Irish : ˈuəxt̪ˠəɾˠaːnʲ] ). Magacyada ' Wasiir ' iyo ' Senatar ' waxa loo isticmaalaa qaab cinwaan ahaan; kan dambe oo kaliya sida qaab. TD ( Teachta Dála ) waxaa si rasmi ah loogu hadlaa oo loo qaabeeyaa 'kuxigeen', in kasta oo badanaa si fudud Mr. , Marwo Kaas oo loo isticmaalo qaab qoraal ah, laakiin si la mid ah loogu hadlo sida Mr. , Mrs., iwm.
===Malaysiya===
Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia (KDYMM)—
oo u dhiganta Isaga ama Sharafteeda , waxaa loogu talagalay Yang di-Pertuan Agong iyo wehelkiisa Majesty, Raja Permaisuri Agong , oo leh horgalaha Seri Paduka Baginda oo lagu daray KDYMM ka dib.
oo u dhiganta Isaga ama iyada Sarreeyenimo , waxa loogu talagalay -
Suldaanka iyo Suldaanka Kedah
Suldaanka iyo Tengku Ampuan Besar ee Terengganu ama Sultanah ee Terengganu
Suldaanka Kelantan
Kebawah Duli Paduka Baginda (KDPB)—
oo u dhiganta Isaga ama iyada Sarreeyenimo , waxa loogu talagalay -
Sultan iyo Tengku Ampuan ee Pahang
Duli Yang Maha Mulia (DYMM)—
oo u dhiganta Isaga ama Sharafteeda , waxaa loogu talagalay Suldaanka iyo Permaisuri ee Johor , ama ( Queen Consort of Johor ).
oo u dhiganta Isaga ama iyada Sarreeyenimo , waxa loogu talagalay -
Yang di-Pertuan Besar iyo Tunku Ampuan Besar ee Negeri Sembilan
Raja iyo Raja Perempuan ee Perlis
Suldaanka iyo Tengku Ampuan ee Selangor ama Tengku Permaisuri ee Selangor
Sultan of Perak, oo leh horgalaha Paduka Seri oo lagu daray DYMM kadib .
Raja Perempuan ee Perak ama Raja Permaisuri ee Perak
Sultanah ee Pahang
Raja Perempuan ee Kelantan ama Sultanah ee Kelantan
Yang Maha Mulia (YMM), oo u dhiganta tiisa ama sarraynteeda , waxaa loogu talagalay dhammaan lammaanaha laga dhintay.
Kebawah Duli Paduka Mulia (KDPM) , oo u dhiganta Isaga ama Sarraheeda , waxaa loogu talagalay -
Tengku Mahkota iyo Tengku Puan ee Pahang
Duli Yang Teramat Mulia (DYTM) , oo u dhiganta Isaga ama Sarraheeda ayaa loogu talagalay -
Raja Muda iyo Raja Puan Muda ee Kedah
Raja Muda iyo Raja Puan Besar ee Perak
Yang di-Pertuan Muda iyo Tengku Puan Muda ee Terengganu
Raja Muda iyo Raja Puan Muda ee Selangor
Yang Teramat Mulia (YTM) , oo u dhiganta sarrayntiisa , ayaa loogu talagalay -
Tengku Mahkota iyo Tengku Ampuan Mahkota ee Kelantan ama Che Puan Mahkota ee Kelantan
Che Puan Muda ee Selangor
Madaxda sare ee Negeri Sembilan
Xubnaha sare ee qoyska boqortooyada ee gobolada boqortooyada
Duli Yang Amat Mulia (DYAM) , oo u dhiganta Isaga ama Sarraheeda , waxaa loogu talagalay -
Tunku Mahkota iyo Tunku Puan Mahkota oo reer Kedah ah
Duli Yang Amat Mulia (DYAM), oo u dhiganta sarrayntiisa ama sarraynteeda , ayaa loogu talagalay -
Suldaanka Pemangku ee Johor, ama ( Suldaanka Guud ee Johor ).
Tunku Mahkota ee Johor, ama (Amiirka Dhaxal-sugaha Johor ) .
Raja Muda ee Johor, ama ( Ku-xigeenka Dhaxalsugaha Johor ) .
Yang Amat Mulia (YAM) , oo u dhiganta Isaga ama Sarraheeda , waxaa loogu talagalay xubnaha qoyska boqortooyada iyo Che' Puan Mahkota, naagtii Tunku Mahkota ee Johor iyo Che' Puan Muda, naagtii Raja Muda ee Johor.
Yang Mulia (YM) , oo u dhiganta Isaga ama Sarraheeda , waxaa loogu talagalay xubnaha qoyska boqortooyada.
Tuan Yang Terutama (TYT) , oo u dhiganta isaga ama iyada Sare , waxaa loogu talagalay guddoomiyeyaasha , guddiyada sare iyo safiirada .
Yang Amat Berhormat (Mulia) (YABM/YAB) , oo u dhiganta mudanaha saxda ah , waxaa iska leh Ra'iisul Wasaaraha , Ra'iisul Wasaare ku xigeenka iyo Madaxa Wasiirka .
Yang Berhormat (Mulia) (YBM/YB) , oo u dhiganta Sharafta leh , waxaa loogu talagalay -
Wasiirada Federaalka iyo wasiiru dowlayaasha Sabah iyo Sarawak
Wasiir ku xigeenada Federaalka
xubno ka tirsan Maxkamadda Royal Johor
kaaliyeyaasha wasiiru-dawlaha Sabah iyo Sarawak
xubnaha Golayaasha Fulinta ee Dawlad Goboleedyada
xubnaha Baarlamaanka iyo Golayaasha Sharci-dejinta ee Gobolka
Xoghayayaasha Dawladda
La-taliyeyaasha Sharciga ee Gobolka ee ka jira gobollada Peninsular Malaysia
Saraakiisha Maaliyadda ee Gobolka ee Peninsular Malaysia
dadka helaya magaca &quot; Dato&quot; iyo &quot; Datin Paduka&quot; ee Johor
Yang Amat Arif (YAA) , oo u dhiganta mudanaha xaqa ah , waxaa iska leh garsoorayaasha sare.
Yang Arif (YA) , oo u dhiganta mudane , waxaa loogu talagalay -
garsoorayaasha iyo guddiyada garsoorka
Xeer Ilaaliyaha Guud ee Gobolka Sarawak
Yang Amat Dihormati (YAD) , oo u dhiganta sharafta mudan , waxaa loogu talagalay wakiilada boqortooyada ee degmooyinka Selangor .
Yang Dihormati (YDh.) , oo u dhiganta mudanaha , waxaa loogu talagalay -
la doortay Orang Besar Negeri ee Perak
saraakiisha sare iyo kuwa sare ee booliska
Yang Amat Berbahagia (YABhg.) waxaa loogu talagalay -
xaasaska guddoomiyeyaasha
xaasaska Ra’iisul Wasaaraha, Ra’iisul Wasaare ku xigeenka iyo Ra’iisul Wasaaraha
Dadka leh magaca &quot; Tun &quot;
Orang Besar Empat ee Perak
lamaanaha Yang Amat Dihormati
xaasaska caadiga ah ee qoyska sare ee boqortooyada
Yang Berbahagia (YBhg.) waxaa loogu talagalay -
Madaxda ugu sareysa Dowladda Federaalka sida Xoghayaha Guud ee Dowladda , Xeer Ilaaliyaha Guud ee Qaranka , Taliyaha Ciidanka Xoogga Dalka , Kormeeraha Guud ee Booliska , Agaasimaha Guud ee Adeegga Bulshada iyo Xoghayaha Guud ee Wasaaraddaha, oo leh ama aan lahayn wax magac ah.
Orang Besar Lapan ee Perak
dadka leh cinwaanka &quot; Tan Sri &quot; iyo &quot; Datuk &quot;, ama u dhigma, iyo xaasaskooda
xaasaska gudoomiyaasha sare iyo safiirada
lamaanaha Yang Berhormat, Yang Amat Arif, Yang Arif, Yang Dihormati, Yang Berbahagia, Yang Amat Setia, Sahibus Samahah, Sahibul Fadhilah iyo Sahibus Saadah
lamaanaha caadiga ah ee qoyska qoyska boqortooyada
Yang Amat Berusaha (YABrs.) waxaa loogu talagalay saraakiisha sare ee dadweynaha iyada oo aan wax magac ah ku lahayn Kelantan .
Yang Berusaha (YBrs.) waxaa loogu talagalay -
saraakiisha sare ee dawladda oo aan lahayn wax magac ah iyo xaasaskooda
lamaanaha Yang Amat Berusaha iyo Yang Setia
Yang Amat Setia (YAS) waxaa loogu talagalay saraakiisha sare ee militariga iyada oo aan wax magac ah lahayn.
Yang Setia (YS) waxaa loogu talagalay saraakiisha sare ee militariga iyada oo aan wax magac ah lahayn.
Sahibus Samahah (SS) , oo u dhiganta Amiirnimadiisa , waxay u taagan tahay Muftiyada Dawladda .
Saxiibul Fadhilah (SF) , oo u dhiganta fadligiisa , waxaa u ah Mufti ku-xigeennada Gobolka, Qaaddi iyo Culimo sare .
Sahibus Saadah , oo u dhiganta Yang Berbahagia , waxay gaar u tahay Agaasimaha Arrimaha Islaamka ee Selangor .
===Morooko===
Sharaftiisa - Boqorka Morocco .
Boqornimadiisa Imperial - Sultan of Morocco (kahor 1957, hadda waa duugoobay).
Isaga/iyada Sarreeyeheeda – Amiirka iyo amiiradda Morocco (loo isticmaalo carruurta, ayeeyo- awowga iyo walaalaha boqorka iyo sidoo kale Consort Princess).
Isaga/Sareeynteeda – Amiirka iyo amiiradda Marooko (oo loo isticmaalo ilma adeer, adeer iyo abtiyada boqorka).
Mudane – Ra’iisul Wasaaraha Morocco .
===Filibiin===
Mudane – Madaxweynaha Filibiin .      Cinwaanka Filibiin waa Ang Mahal na Pangulo (Madaxweynaha si wanaagsan loo qaddariyo). Sharafta Madaxweynaha Filibiin waxaa laga soo qaatay magaca guddoomiyaha guud ee Filibiin xilliyadii gumeysiga Isbaanishka iyo Mareykanka. Madaxweynaha waxaa loogu yeeri karaa &quot;Mudane&quot; ama si aan rasmi ahayn sida
&quot;Mudane Madaxweyne&quot; ama &quot;Marwo (e) Madaxweyne&quot;.
Sharafta leh - Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Filibiin , xubno ka tirsan Congress-ka Filibiin , garsoorayaasha Maxkamadda Sare ee Filibiin , gudoomiyaasha iyo ku-xigeennada gobollada, badhasaabyada iyo ku-xigeennada magaalooyinka ama degmooyinka, iyo saraakiisha kale ee la doortay ama la magacaabay ee dawladda. Magaca waxaa sidoo kale la siiyaa saraakiisha la soo doortay ama la magacaabay ee ardayda ama ururada kale ee dadka kuwaas oo si weyn uga qaybqaatay abuurista, hirgelinta, iyo tarjumaada siyaasadaha ururka. Cinwaanka Filibiin waa Ang Kagalanggalang (The Honorable). In Senatka iyo weydiimaha congress-ka, hababka impeachment, iyo canvasses doorashada, senatorada, wakiilada, iyo saraakiisha Komishanka Doorashooyinka marka ay ku shiraan sida golayaasha gobolka iyo qaranka ee canvassers, waxaa inta badan loogu yeeraa sida Your Honor , sababtoo ah waxaa nasiib daro laga soo tarjumay &quot;ereyga Isbaanishka ee wax ka qabashada baarlamaanka, iyo qalad la sameeyey markii Lebrupines Congress ka hor &quot; loo beddelay adeegsiga Ingiriisida &quot;inta badan Isbaanish marka laga hadlayo.&quot; 
Sharaftiisa Mudanaha aad u qadarinta leh - Magnificus Rector ee Jaamacadda Pontifical iyo Royal ee Santo Tomas .
Sir/Marwo (e) - Habka ciwaanka aan rasmiga ahayn ee caadiga ah.
Illustrious Knight, Sir/Marwo – Magacyada xubnaha Amarka Knights of Rizal, nidaamka kali ah ee Filibiin ee uu sameeyay sharcigu.
Paduka Mahasari Maulana al Sultan - Suldaanka Sulu .
===Isbayn===
Isaga/iyada Sharafteeda - Boqortooyada Isbaanishka , marka loo tixraaco boqortooyo. Marka loogu yeero Madaxa Qaranka, waxaa badanaa loo yaqaan &quot;His Excellency Head of State&quot;.
Isaga/iyada Sarreeyeheeda – Amiirka Asturias iyo Dhallaanka (amiirrada boqortooyada ee aan dhaxalka lahayn).
His / Her Excellency ( su excelencia ) - lamaanaha iyo carruurta dhallaanka, Grandees ee Spain , wasiirada, mid ka mid ah dawladda dhexe ( &quot;ministros&quot; ) ama dawladda madaxbannaan ( &quot;consejeros&quot; ), Knights iyo Dames ee Collar, Knights iyo Dames Grand Cross, iyo sidoo kale madaxweynayaasha gobollada. Maayarrada iyo golayaasha magaalada [ xigasho loo baahan yahay ] .
Isaga / Her Illustriousness ( su ilustrísima ) - marquesses, tirinta, viscounts, Knights iyo Dames Taliyaha by Number, wasiirro hoose oo ka socda dawladda dhexe ( &quot;secretarios de estado&quot; ) ama dawladda madaxbannaan ( &quot;ku xigeenka-consejeros&quot; ), garsoorayaasha ( &quot;magistrados&quot; ), xeer-ilaaliyeyaasha qaarkood iyo qaar ka mid ah saraakiisha Isbaanishka.
Rabbigiisii ​​ugu wacnaa uguna wanagsan – Maamule jaamacadeed.
Rabbinimadiisa/Marwadiisa ( su señoría ) - Barons, xubnaha Amarka Boqortooyada (Taliyaha, Sarkaalka, Iskutallaabta), Seigneurs, xubnaha baarlamaanka, garsoorayaasha, karaaniyaasha maxkamadda.
Lord ( Don ama Doña ) - hidalgos iyo muwaadiniinta Isbaanishka ee xubnaha ka ah Amarka Boqortooyada. 
===Thailand===
Boqorka iyo Boqorada Thailand.
Isaga/iyada Sarreeyeheeda - Amiirka iyo amiiradda Tayland (oo loo isticmaalo carruurta iyo carruurta uu awoowaha u yahay boqorka) laga bilaabo &quot; Chao-Fa &quot; (เจ้าฟ้า) (darajada ugu sarraysa ee amiir / amiirad) ilaa &quot;Phra Chao Worawongse Ther Phra Ong Chao&quot; (พระเจ้าวรวงศ์เธอพระองค์เจ้า ) (heer dhexe, ka darajada yar ee Chad ). Habkan waxa kale oo loo isticmaalaa lammaane amiirad (hadda waa duugoobay).
Isaga / Sareeynteeda - Amiirka iyo amiirada Thailand ee darajada &quot;Phra Worawong Ther Phra Ong Chao &quot; Kaas oo markii dambe boqorku siiyey darajadan sare, ama ha ahaato mid loo aqoonsaday mudnaan, ama mid gaar ah.
Isaga/iyada Sarreeye - Amiirka iyo amiiradda magaca Mom Chao (m)/Mom Chao Ying (f) ( หม่อมเจ้า/ หม่อมเจ้าหง in Thai ม.จ Tani caadi ahaan waa marka ugu horraysa ee magacyada qoyska ay ka soo dhex muuqdaan reer boqor. Waxay kala yihiin: Carruurta lab Chao Fa iyo caamo .Carruur lab Phra Ong Chao . Si aan rasmi ahayn, waxaa loo qaabeeyey &quot;Than Chai&quot; (m)... /&quot;Than Ying&quot; (f)... (ท่านชาย.../ท่านหญิง...) .
Sharafta leh - Mom Rajawongse ( หม่อมราชวงศ์ , RTGS: Mom Ratchawong; oo loo soo gaabiyo Thai sida ม.ร.ว. Cinwaanka waxaa loogu dhawaaqaa &quot;Mom Rachawong&quot;. Si aan rasmi ahayn, waxaa loo qaabayn karaa sida &quot;Khun Chai&quot; (m).../ &quot;Khunying&quot; (f)... (คุณชาย.../คุณหญิง...).
===Boqortooyada Ingiriiska===
Boqorka/Boqoradda.
Sarraynta Boqortooyada , ciwaanka afka ah Sarrayntaada Boqortooyada - amiirrada boqortooyada.
Heerkeeda sare , ciwaanka afka ah Your Royal Highness - amiiradaha boqortooyada.
Sarreeye (waa duugoobay) , ama la hadal Sarreeyahaaga - amiirrada boqortooyada.
Sarraynteeda (waa duugoobay) , ama ka hadal Sarrayntaada - amiiradaha boqortooyada.
Nimcadiisa (cinwaanka afka ah Nimcadaada ama Duke) - Dukes . Mararka qaarkood Archbishop of Canterbury , Archbishop of York iyo wadaadada kale ayaa sidoo kale loo qaabeeyey Nimcadiisa. Duchesses sidoo kale waxaa loo qaabeeyey Nimco.
Sayidka - marquesses lab ah , dhego , viscounts , iyo baron , iyo sidoo kale qaar ka mid ah wiilashooda. (Stayle: Rabbinimadaada ama Rabbigeyga.)
Lady – marchionesses , countesses , viscountesses , baronesses , iyo naagaha baronets iyo Knights. (Qaabka: Marwadaada ama Marwadayda.)
Mudane - rag, si rasmi ah haddii ay haystaan ​​geesinimada Ingiriiska ama haddii ay yihiin baronet .
Dame - dheddigga Knights iyo Baronetesses iyaga u gaar ah ( suo jure ).
Xuquuqda sharafta leh waxay ka dhigan tahay xubinnimada Golaha Gaarka ah ee Boqortooyada Midowday , laakiin ma bixiso magac kale, sidoo kale waa qaab rasmi ah oo cinwaan loogu talagalay qaar ka mid ah dadka facooda ah , kuwaas oo ah dhego , fiisooyin , baron , iyo Lords of Parliament.
Mudanaha iyo Mudanaha Xaqa ah – sida sharaxii hore, loo isticmaalo hadii uu sidoo kale yahay wadaad la magacaabay (adeegsiga baarlamaanka).
Sharafta leh - wiilasha yaryar ee dhegaha, dhammaan carruurta viscounts iyo barons, ama Lords of Parliament.
&quot;Maamulka Xaqa ah&quot; waxaa lagu daraa horgale ahaan magaca hay'ado wadareed oo kala duwan sida:

Xaqa Sharafta leh ee Ruuxa iyo ku-meel-gaadhka ah ee Sayidka (Boqortooyada Ingiriiska) ee Aqalka Sayidka .
Mudanayaal xaq u leh mudanayaasha sare ee golaha sare .
Kuwa ugu sharafta badan - Marqueses, Sayidka Golaha Gaarka ah ee Sharafta leh ee Sharaftiisa.
Cibaadaysigiisu waa horgale sharafeed oo loogu talagalay badhasaabyada , garsoorayaasha nabadda iyo garsoorayaasha hadda ama hore ee dawladihii Barwaaqo-sooranka . Marka lagu hadlo, mas'uuliyiintan waxaa loogu yeeraa sida Cibaadadaada ama waxaa loogu yeeraa cibaadadiisa. Australia dhammaan gobolada hadda waxay u isticmaalaan Sharaftaada qaabka cinwaanka garsoorayaasha (oo la mid ah kii had iyo jeer loo isticmaalo garsoorayaasha maxkamadaha sare).
Inta La Maamuusay - Baronska Iskotishka, madaxda, caaqilada iyo caaqilada
===Qaababka ka jira guurka gudaha Boqortooyada Ingiriiska===
Qaababka waxaa lagu heli karaa guurka, inkastoo dhaqan ahaan tani ay khuseyso dumarka xafiisyada haya marka loo eego nimanka. Sidaa darteed, Boqortooyada Midowday , Anne, Princess Royal , waxaa loo qaabeeyey Her Royal Highness (HRH), ninkeeda, Sir Timothy Laurence , ma laha qaab ixtiraam leh iyada oo loo eegayo ninkeeda (inkasta oo soddohdiis, Queen Elizabeth II, ay tan iyo isaga u guurisay), mana caruurteedu wax magac ama qaab ah, xaq ama dhaqan, inkastoo ay ku jiraan line 05 ee dhaxalka Boqortooyada ilaa Mawduuca 15 ee guusha Marria . 1772 . Taas bedelkeeda, markii Sophie Rhys-Jones guursaday Prince Edward , waxay noqotay HRH Countess of Wessex (&amp;c.) caruurtooduna waxay xaq u leeyihiin (inkasta oo ayan isticmaalin) horgalaha amiirka iyo qaabka HRH, waxayna wataan magacyo xushmad leh oo laga soo qaatay aabahood.

Qaababka iyo magacyadu way is beddeli karaan marka guurka la kala diro. Marwada Diana Frances Spencer waxay haysay qaabka sarraynteeda boqortooyada inta lagu guda jiro guurkeeda HRH Amiirka Wales iyo magaca Princess of Wales . Markii lamaanuhu is fureen waxay lumisay qaabkeedii: waxay noqotay halkii Diana, Princess of Wales . (in kasta oo ay ku habboon tahay shuruudaha sida caadiga ah u hoggaansamaya horgalaha &quot;Marwo&quot; ee inanta dhego, iyada oo loo yaqaanay sidan oo kale ka hor guurka, uma ay soo noqon magacaas ka dib furiinka).

Marka lagu dabaqo Boqortooyada hadda jirta ee Wales , ku darida maqaal qeexan (&quot;Amiirada Wales&quot;), waa, sida HRH, qayb ka mid ah qaabka la socda cinwaanka. Markii King Charles III (ka dibna; HRH Prince of Wales) dib loo guursaday Camilla Parker-Bowles iyadoo la raacayo Xeerka Guurka Royal, waxay si sharci ah u noqotay HRH The Princess of Wales laakiin, sida la sheegay ujeeddada ka hor arooska lamaanaha, waxay sii wadaysaa isticmaalka cinwaanka yar ee ka soo jeeda ninkeeda Duchy of Cornwall , Duchess ee ninkeeda Cornwall iyo waxaa loo yaqaanaa HRH. oo ka mid ah ururka xooggan ee Diana, Princess of Wales.

Laga soo bilaabo furiinka ilaa dhimashadeedii 1997, Diana, Princess of Wales waxay joojisay inay qabato qaab kasta oo boqortooyo, in kasta oo boqorku uu ku dhawaaqay inay weli tahay amiirad Boqortooyada Ingiriiska iyo waqtiyada xubnaha qoyska boqortooyada ay ka soo muuqdeen fagaare, waxay sii waday in la siiyo isla mudnaanta boqortooyada.

Markii Sarah Ferguson ay kala tageen ninkeeda, HRH Prince Andrew, Duke of York , iyaduna waxay lumisay qaabkeedii HRH, darajada amiirad Ingiriis waxaana dib loogu magac daray &quot;Sarah, Duchess of York&quot;.

Sanadkii 1936, Wallis Simpson waxaa loo diiday qaabka HRH ee George VI markii ay guursatay walaalkiis ka weyn, Edward VIII hore , kaas oo noqday HRH Duke of Windsor ka dib markii uu ka tanaasulay oo uu helay faca.
===Maraykanka===
Magacyada inta badan ee hadda jira iyo kuwii hore ee la doortay ee saraakiisha federaalka iyo gobolka iyo garsoorayaasha ee Maraykanka waxa loo qaabeeyey &quot; Sharafta leh &quot; qoraal ahaan, (tusaale, &quot;The Honorable Clint Scherf, Duqa Magaalada Deeqaha Gudub&quot;). Kuwo badan waxaa loogu yeeraa magacooda marka la sheekeysanayo sida &quot;Mudane&quot; ama &quot;Marwo&quot; (&quot;Mr. Madaxweyne&quot;, &quot;Madam Mayor&quot;) ama si fudud magacooda oo leh cinwaankooda ku habboon tusaale ahaan, &quot;Senator Jones&quot; ama &quot;Commissioner Smith&quot;. 
Isticmaalka cinwaanka ka dib marka uu xafiiska ka tago waxay ku xiran tahay xafiiska: kuwa ay jirto hal mar (tusaale, madaxweyne, afhayeen, gudoomiye, ama duqa) waxaa si rasmi ah u isticmaala oo kaliya qofka xafiiska haya. Si kastaba ha ahaatee , magacyo xafiisyo ay ku jiraan dad badan oo xafiisyo isku xidhan ah (tusaale, safiir, senator, garsoore, borofisar ama darajooyin ciidan, gaar ahaan kornayl iyo wixii ka sareeya) ayaa lagu sii hayaa nolosha: Jeneraalka hawlgabka ah ee Ciidanka Maraykanka waxa loogu yeedhaa &quot;Guud (Magac)&quot; si rasmi ah iyo bulsho ahaan inta ka dhiman noloshooda. Ciidamada hawlgabka ah waxay xaq u leeyihiin inay helaan mushahar waxaana weli lagu tiriyaa inay ka tirsan yihiin ciidamada qalabka sida ee Maraykanka. Sidaa darteed, dhammaan darajooyinka milatariga ee hawlgabka ah ayaa loo hayaa nolosha iyadoo la raacayo Ciwaanka 10 ee Xeerka Maraykanka. Dhanka Madaxweynaha, iyadoo cinwaanka si rasmi ah loo tuuray ka dib markii uu xafiiska ka tagay [ xigasho loo baahan yahay ] - tusaale ahaan, Dwight Eisenhower wuxuu dib ugu noqday qaabkiisii ​​​​hore &quot;General Eisenhower&quot; ee hawlgabka - weli si weyn ayaa loo isticmaalaa sidii dhaqan aan rasmi ahayn; tusaale, Jimmy Carter waxa inta badan loogu yeedhi jiray Madaxweyne Carter intii uu noolaa. Madaxweyne ku xigeenka waxaa sida caadiga ah loogu yeeraa &quot;Madaxweyne ku xigeenkii hore&quot;, sida &quot;Madaxweyne ku xigeenkii hore Mike Pence.&quot; Sidoo kale, gudoomiyaasha waxaa sida caadiga ah loogu yeeraa nolosha dambe sida &quot;Guddoomiye (Magac&quot;), gaar ahaan haddii ay u ordaan xafiis siyaasadeed oo dheeraad ah. Mitt Romney , tusaale ahaan, waxaa badanaa loogu yeeraa &quot;Gudoomiye Romney&quot; intii lagu jiray ololihiisii ​​​​madaxweynaha 2012 waxaana looga hadlay sida rasmiga ah doodaha,   isagoo ahaa Guddoomiyaha Massachusetts ilaa 2007. 
Magacyada garsoorayaasha waxaa loo qaabeeyey &quot;Maamulka&quot; qoraal ahaan, iyo odhaah ahaan maxkamadda dhexdeeda &quot;Maamuuskaaga&quot;, ama magac ka dambeeya &quot;Xaakim&quot;. Garsoorayaasha sare ee maxkamadaha sare waxa afka loogu yeedhaa &quot;Mr. ama Madam Chief Justice&quot; ama &quot;Madaxa Garsoorka Sare&quot;; ku xidho garsoorayaasha magac ahaan &quot;Caddaalad&quot; (ama, si fudud &quot;Cadaalada&quot;).
Magacyada badhasaabyada waxaa loo qaabeeyey &quot;Maamulka&quot; qoraal ahaan. Degmooyinka (tusaale, New York City iyo Chicago), badhasaabyada marka la sheekeysto waxaa loogu yeeraa &quot;Maamushaada&quot;. Tani waxa laga yaabaa in ay ka muuqato xaqiiqda ah in badhasaabyada (iyo qaar kale) ay sidoo kale ahaayeen garsoorayaal nidaamka maxkamadda.
Isaga ama iyada Sharafta leh (cinwaanka afka ah &quot;Excellency&quot;, &quot;Your Excellency&quot;) ayaa mar si caado ah loo isticmaali jiray guddoomiyeyaasha gobollada, in kasta oo tani ay fursad u siisay &quot;Mudane&quot;, foomka loo isticmaalo in lagula hadlo dhammaan saraakiisha la soo doortay ee Maraykanka. &quot;Wanaagsanaanta&quot; waxay ka sii socotay Dawlada Dhexe ee Massachusetts iyo Virginia iyo gobolada South Carolina , Georgia , New Hampshire , iyo Connecticut .
Magacyada xubnaha Golaha Wakiilada ayaa si isku mid ah loogu qaabeeyey qoraal ahaan “Mudanaha”. Af ahaan waxaa loogu yeeraa magac ahaan &quot;Mr.&quot; ama &quot;Ms.&quot;, laakiin sida caadada ah mararka qaarkood waxaa loogu yeeraa &quot;Wakiil&quot; ama &quot;Congressman&quot; ama &quot;Congresswoman&quot; marka loo baahdo ama la doonayo in la qeexo heerka xubinta. Waxaa lagu talinayaa in la raaco doorbidida mas'uulka shakhsi ahaaneed. Iyada oo la raacayo horu-marintii qaabka Westminster ee baarlamaanka, marka ay qoraan magacyadooda, gaar ahaan qoraalada iyo been-abuurka , Wakiiladu waxay marmar magacyadooda ku raaceen &quot;MC&quot; (Xubinta Congresska).  Magacyada senatarada si isku mid ah ayaa qoraal loogu sheegay sida &quot;Mudane&quot; iyo af ahaan &quot;Senator&quot;. Meesha laga yaabo in wakiiladu isticmaaleen &quot;MC&quot;, Senataradu waxay adeegsadeen &quot;USS&quot; (Senatar Maraykan ah). Hase yeeshee, midkoodna hadda ma isticmaalo xubnaha Washington, DC. Dabaqa dhabta ah ee guryaha inta lagu guda jiro doodda, xubnuhu waxay isku tilmaamaan midba midka kale sida mudane ama marwo ka soo jeeda gobolkooda ku haboon (tusaale, &quot;Sida saaxiibkay ah, mudanaha caanka ah ee Ohio, kaliya ayaa sheegay...&quot; ama &quot;Waxaan u soo bandhigaa saddex daqiiqo mudane ka yimid New York, Mr. Smith&quot;). Doodda, mudanayaashu waxay mararka qaarkood u yaqaanaan asxaabtooda inay yihiin senator-yar ama sare oo ka socda dawlad-goboleedka, (tusaale, &quot;Anigu kuma raacsani saaxiibkay qaaliga ah, senatorka hoose ee Ohio...&quot;). Senatarrada sidoo kale caadi ahaan waxay isticmaalaan qaabkan cinwaanka.
Halka ereyga &quot; Esquire &quot;, oo loo soo gaabiyo &quot;Esq.&quot; Magaca kadib (John Jones, Esq.), malaha macne sharci ah gudaha Mareykanka waxaana laga yaabaa inuu isticmaalo qof kasta (ama ugu yaraan, caado ahaan, lab kasta), waxaa si sax ah loo isticmaalaa marka qareennada warqadaha lagala hadlayo taasoo muujineysa xirfadooda. Ugu yaraan hal xukun Maraykan ah, Degmada Columbia, waxay xaddidaysaa isticmaalka &quot;Esquire&quot; (iyo shuruudaha la midka ah) qareennada shatiga leh. [ 42 ] Inkastoo qaar ka mid ah mas'uuliyiinta hore ugu booriyeen isticmaalkaas &quot;Esq.&quot; waa in lagu xaddidaa qareennada ragga ah, maanta ereyga waxaa loo adeegsadaa qareennada rag iyo dumarba. Jadwalka magaciisa ka dambeeya ee JD ( Juris Doctor ) waxa isticmaali kara ardayda ka qalin jebisay dugsiyada sharciga ee aan xubin ka ahayn baarka gobol kasta ama ka shaqeeya meel ka baxsan xirfada sharciga.
Goobaha tacliinta, waa caado gudaha Maraykanka in loo tixraaco kuwa haysta heer kasta oo borofisarnimo (professor, kaaliye borofisar, borofisar ku-xigeen, borofisar ku-xigeen, iwm.) sida &quot;Professor&quot; - sida ku jirta &quot;Professor Jones&quot; - hadal ama qoraal. Qoraal ahaan, &quot;professor&quot; waxaa badanaa loo soo gaabiyaa &quot;Prof.&quot;, sida &quot;Prof. Jones&quot;. Kuwa haysta takhaatiirta akadeemiyada waxaa badanaa loogu yeeraa &quot;Dr. Jones.&quot;
Shaqaalaha milatariga ah ee hawl kasta (dhakhaatiir, qareeno, injineero, cunto karisyo, duuliye dagaal, darawallada barkadaha, saraakiisha taliska, ilaalada ... saraakiisha iyo liiska ... hoggaamiyeyaasha iyo kuwa raacsan) waxaa had iyo jeer loogu yeeraa darajada + magaca; Marka laga reebo wadaaddada , kuwaas oo loogu yeero &quot; Wadaad &quot; oo qoraal ahaan loogu sheegay darajadooda qawl ahaan, tusaale ahaan: &quot;Chaplain (Major) Jones&quot;. Waxa taas ka reebban Ciidanka Badda, halkaas oo qoraal ahaan darajada aan la isticmaalin, ama aan la isticmaalin ka hor inta aan la isticmaalin magaca qofka leh nashqadeeeyaha meydka &quot;CHC&quot; oo muujinaya in sarkaalku yahay wadaad magaciisa gadaashiisa lagu dhejiyay. tusaale: &quot;LT George Burdell, CHC, USN&quot;. Ciidamada Badda ee Maraykanka, waxa jira hab-dhaqan gudaha ah oo saaran maraakiibta oo saraakiisha da'da yar ee aan amarka lahayn lagu sheegi karo darajadooda ama &quot;Mister/Miss X&quot; sida &quot;Lieutenant Junior Grade Smith&quot; ama &quot;Miss Smith&quot;. Dhaqankan ayaa sidoo kale lagu raacaa gudaha Ilaalada Xeebaha Maraykanka, labadaba markab iyo xeebba. Saraakiisha da'da yar ee labada adeegba waxaa la fahamsan yahay inay yihiin kuwa taliye ku xigeenka iyo kuwa ka hooseeya. Saraakiisha sare ( Taliyaha iyo wixii ka sareeya) waxaa lagu tilmaamaa darajadooda sida &quot;Taliyaha Smith&quot; ama &quot;Admiral Smith&quot;. Iyadoo si rasmi ah ciwaanka noocaan ah loo malaynayo inuu ahaado min darajo sare ilaa darajo hoose, tusaale ahaan kabtan ilaa lieutenant, ficil ahaan lama garanayo shaqaalaha la qoray inay u tixraacaan saraakiisha hoose sidoo kale Mudane. Iyadoo inta badan loo tixraaco darajadooda, ie Seaman/Airman/Fireman/Petty Officer X ama (Senior/Master) Chief X, munaasabadaha rasmiga ah, tusaale ahaan aroosyada, nin la qoray magaciisa oo buuxa ayaa mararka qaarkood la isticmaalaa, laga bilaabo qiimeyntiisa, ka dibna darajada, iyo magacooda, tusaale ahaan Farsamada Farsamada Labaad X ama Chief Gunner's name, tusaale ahaan, marka la qoro magaca Mate Yi. sida &quot; Magaca Adeegga , USN/USMC/USA/USAF/USCG&quot;, iyada oo aan midna darajadiisu ka horrayn magacooda, si ka duwan saraakiisha loo xilsaaray.
Sarkaal kasta oo ka amar qaata markabka waxaa loo yaqaan Kabtanka muddada amarkooda ama markabku tixraacayo, iyadoon loo eegin darajada ay sida caadiga ah haystaan. 
Ciidamada milatariga ah ee hawlgabka ah waxa laga yaabaa in lagu sii wado in wax lagaga qabto darajadooda wakhtiga ay hawlgabka yihiin. Kuwa haysta darajooyinka 'brevet' ee ka sarreeya darajadooda joogtada ah (Saraakiisha Ciidanka Joogtada ah ee haysta darajada ku meel gaadhka ah ee tabarrucayaasha dagaalka intii lagu jiray Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Mareykanka) ayaa sidoo kale haystey sharaftan; In kasta oo dhammaan shakhsiyaadka noocaas ahi ay hadda halligmeen, isticmaalkan waxaa inta badan lagu arkaa ilo taariikheed ama mala-awaal ah oo la dhigay 1865-1900. 
Hamilton v. Alabama , 376 US 650 (1964), waa kiis Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanka oo ay maxkamaddu ku xukuntay in haweeney Afrikaan ah oo Maraykan ah , Mary Hamilton , ay xaq u leedahay qaabab isku mid ah oo ixtiraam leh oo ciwaan ah oo loogu talagalay kaliya caddaanka Koonfurta Maraykanka , iyo in qofka madow loogu yeero magaca asalka ah ee asalka ah &quot;qaabka asalka ah&quot;

==Hababka hore==
Dhammaan boqortooyooyinkii hore waxay lahaayeen qaabab, qaar, sida kuwa boqortooyada Bourbon ee Faransiiska , oo aad u dhib badan iyadoo ku xiran xaaladda xafiiska ama qofka haya xafiiska. Otto von Habsburg , oo ahaa dhaxal-sugaha Awstaria-Hungary (1916-1918), wuxuu lahaa qaabka 'His Imperial and Royal Highness'. Waxaa ugu dambeyntii la hadlay sida kaniisadaha kaniisadda inta lagu guda jiro aaska hooyadiis, Empress-Queen Zita ee Austria-Hungary ee 1989, inkastoo isticmaalka qaababkan laga mamnuucay Austria tan iyo 1920. 
Qaababka ciwaanka ee saraakiisha dawladda ee Imperial Russia , eeg Shaxda Darajooyinka .
Magacyada xafiisyada qaarkood waa magacyo , kuwaas oo uu hayo qofka xafiiska haya inta uu nool yahay. Tusaale ahaan, dadka haysta darajooyinka ay jiraan kuwa badan oo isku mar ah, sida safiirada, senatorada, garsoorayaasha, iyo saraakiisha ciidamada, kuwaas oo ka fariistay isticmaalka sharaftooda kala sareynta noloshooda. Dadka haysta xilalka ay hayaan hal xafiis oo keliya sida madaxweynaha, guddoomiyaha maxkamadda sare ama afhayeenka ayaa dib ugu noqda sharaftii ay hore u hayeen marka ay xilka ka tagaan iyaga oo tixgelinaya mas’uulka hadda xilka haya.
==Astaamo kale oo isbarbar socda==
Hababka ayaa inta badan ka mid ahaa calaamadaha kala duwan ee ku wareegsan tirooyinka xafiisyada sare. Wax kasta oo laga soo bilaabo qaabka ciwaanka ilaa hab-dhaqanka qofka marka uu la kulmo qofkaas waxa ku hareeraysnaa astaamo dhaqameed. Boqorrada waxay ahayd in ay rag u sujuudaan, dumarkana ay ku nacdaan. Wadaaddada sare, gaar ahaan Kaniisadda Katooliga ee Roomaanka, waxay ahayd inay haystaan ​​faraantiyadooda (astaanta awooddooda) dhunkashada dadka caadiga ah inta ay jilibka foorarsan yihiin, halka kadinal-ku-dhaqanka ficil-celinta ee munaasabadda papal-ka loogu talagalay inay dhunkadaan cagaha Pontiff Sare, Pope .

Qaar badan oo ka mid ah caadooyinkan ayaa meesha ka baxay ama qayb laga tagay. Markii uu caleema-saarkiisa u ahaa baadari 1978-kii (laf ahaantiisa ka tagida boqornimada dhaqanka ee kun-sano-jireedka papal), Pope John Paul II laftiisu wuxuu dhunkaday cardinal dhabannada, halkii uu raaci lahaa habka dhaqanka ee cagihiisa la dhunkado.

Si la mid ah, qaababka, in kastoo weli la isticmaalo, ayaa loo isticmaalaa marar badan. Madaxweynihii hore ee Ireland , Mary McAleese , sida caadiga ah waxaa loo tixraacaa sida Madaxweyne Mary McAleese , ma Madaxweyne McAleese , sida uu ahaa foomka loo isticmaalo lixdii madaxweyne ee ugu horeysay, Madaxweyne Hyde ilaa Madaxweyne Hillery. Tony Blair ayaa markii hore codsaday in loogu yeedho Tony . Magacyada ugu horreeya, ama xitaa naanaysyada , ayaa inta badan si weyn loogu adeegsadaa siyaasiyiinta Maraykanka, xitaa xaaladaha rasmiga ah (tusaale ahaan, Madaxweyne James Earl &quot;Jimmy&quot; Carter wuxuu doortay inuu ku dhaarto Xafiiska isagoo isticmaalaya naaneysta). Mid ka reeban oo xusid mudan ayaa ku lug leh garsoorayaasha: Garsooraha maxkamad kasta waxaa si aan kala go 'lahayn loogu tilmaamaa &quot;Maamushaada&quot; marka uu gudoominayo maxkamadiisa ama keeda, iyo marar badan sidoo kale. Habkan ayaa laga saaray Jamhuuriyadda Ireland , halkaas oo garsoorayaasha loogu hadlo kaliya &quot;Xaakim&quot;.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qaababka ayaa weli si weyn loogu isticmaalaa dukumentiyada rasmiga ah iyo waraaqaha u dhexeeya madaxda dowlad goboleedyada, sida warqadda aqoonsiga oo lagu aqoonsanayo safiir ka socda hal madax ilaa mid kale.
==Is-haysta==
Erayga is-styled , ama soi-disant , qiyaas ahaan macneheedu waa abaal-marinta qaab nafsad ahaantiisa, inta badan iyada oo aan lahayn sabab ku filan ama awood, laakiin odhaahda inta badan waxay tilmaamaysaa sharaxaad ama magacyo (sida &quot;eedo&quot;, &quot;khabiir&quot;, &quot;Dhakhtar&quot;, ama &quot;King&quot;), halkii ay ka ahaan lahaayeen qaababka dhabta ah ee macnaha maqaalkan.
==Xusuusin==
In kasta oo Jamhuuriyadda Ireland aysan lahayn Golaha Gaarka ah,
qaabka weli waa la isticmaalaa. Duqa Sayidka ee Dublin ayaa wali loo qaabeeyey Sharafta Xaqa ah, maadaama duqii hore ee Dublin ay ahaayeen xubno hore uga tirsanaan jiray Golaha Gaarka ah ee Irishka ilaa laga tirtiray 1922-kii.

==Tixraac==
[[doi:10.5070/l4162005099|&quot;&amp; Barashada Luqadda&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;( daqadda 3aad) ee George Yule. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006, x+273 pp&quot;]]

[https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbm.1990.0032 &quot; Boqorkii Boqorka Japan Hirihito, KG, 29 Abriil 1901 - 7 Janaayo 1989&quot;]

[https://web.archive.org/web/20110120070401/http://www.saudiembassy.or.jp/En/SA/custodian2.htm &quot;Wakiilka Labada Masjid ee Xaramka Boqor Cabdallah bin Cabdulcasiis&quot;]

[https://web.archive.org/web/20130413215115/http://www.rcseng.ac.uk/patients/information-about-surgery/questions-about-surgery/questions-about-surgeons/#why-are-surgeons-in-the-uk-called-mr-or-miss-or-mrs--rather-than-dr- &quot;Waa maxay sababta dhakhaatiirta qaliinka ee UK loogu yeero Mr ama Miss ama Mrs, halkii ay ka ahaan lahaayeen Dr?&quot;]

[https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1998-26802 &quot;BOE-A-1998-26802 Real Decreto 2396/1998, de 6 de noviembre, por el que se aprueba el Reglamento de la Orden del Mérito Civil&quot;]

[https://books.google.com/books?id=SBuAXRPCZzYC&amp;pg=PA587 Barron's Sida Loo Diyaariyo LSAT, Imtixaanka Galitaanka Dugsiga Sharciga]

[http://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&amp;Gesetzesnummer=10000036 &quot;Bundesrecht: Gesamte Rechtsvorschrift für Adelsaufhebungsgesetz&quot;]

[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Australasian_College_of_Physicians Kuliyadda Dhakhaatiirta ee Royal Australasia]

==Xiriirinta dibadda==
[https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/protocol-guidelines-special-event/table-titles-canada.html Shaxda cinwaannada lagu isticmaalo Kanada] {{Wayback|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/protocol-guidelines-special-event/table-titles-canada.html |date=20260701120613 }}

[https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/protocol-guidelines-special-event/styles-address.html Qaababka Cinwaanka]

[http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0001618.html Foomamka Cinwaanka]

[http://www.formsofaddress.info/FOA_home.html Foomamka aasaasiga ah ee Dugsiga Protocol ee Washington]</text>
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    <title>Kayode Kasum</title>
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      <text bytes="3738" sha1="n0azhxzrkw1adyxlhjynp1wpl56ma8q" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name               = Kayode Kasum
| image              = File:Kayode Kasum.jpg
| birth_date         = {{Birth date and age|1992|02|02|df=y}}
| nationality        = Nigerian
| alma_mater         = [[Yaba College of Technology]]
| occupation         = Agaasime &lt;br&gt;
Soo-saare
| known_for          = Agaasime filimada Nollywood
| notable_works      = {{plainlist |
*''[[Áfàméfùnà: An Nwa Boi Story|Afamefuna]]''
*''[[Kambili: The Whole 30 Yards]]''
*''[[Far From Home (TV series)|Far From Home]]''
}}
}}
'''Kayode Kasum''' (wuxuu dhashay 2 Febraayo 1992) waa agaasime filim oo Nigeria ah iyo soo saare Waa mid ka mid ah agaasimayaasha ugu guulaha badan ee Nollywood, isagoo laba iyo toban ka mid ah filimadiisii ​​ka mid ahaa 100-ka filim ee ugu sarreeya Nigeria ee lacagaha ugu badan soo xareeyeen bishii November 2025. 2024 waxa uu galay kaalinta saddexaad ee agaasimaha Nollywood ee ugu sarreeya qiimaha guud ee gudaha. 
==Nolosha hore iyo waxbarashada==
Kasum waxa uu ku dhashay Lagos State 2 February 1992. Waxa uu galay Lagos State Model College, Kankon, Badagry , waxbarashadiisa sare ka dibna u sii gudbay Yaba College of Technology
==Xirfad==
Kasum waxa uu shaqadiisa ku bilaabay filim samaynta isagoo ah naqshadeeye garaafyada dhaqdhaqaaqa ee Wale Adenuga Productions . Waxa kale oo uu soo saare ka ahaa shirkad xayaysiis ah Filimkiisii ​​ugu horeeyay ee Dognapped ayaa la sii daayay 2017 Si kastaba ha ahaatee, wuxuu caan ku noqday filimkiisa Oga Bolaji , kaasoo la sii daayay 2018, wuxuuna sameeyay wax soo saar kale oo Nollywood ah, oo ay ku jiraan Sugar Rush iyo Toyin Abraham 's Fate of Alakada Kasum waxa uu agaasimay in ka badan 10,860 daqiiqo ee taxanaha telenovela ee M-Net Unbroken iyo Riona Dhibcihiisa agaasime ahaan waxaa ka mid ah Sugar Rush (2019), This Lady Called Life (2020), Kambili: The Whole 30 Yards (2020), Quams Money , Castle and Castle Season 2, Soole (2021), iyo filimkiisii ​​ugu horreeyay ee naxdinta nafsiga ah, Ile Owo (Guriga Lacagta) (2022). Isagu sidoo kale waa agaasimaha afraad ee lacagaha ugu badan soo xareeyo ee Nigeria , iyadoo dakhliga xafiiska sanduuqa uu ka badan yahay ₦ 767 milyan.
Waxaa loo magacaabay Abaalmarinta Future Awards Africa 2019 ee Filimada waxaana lagu daray liiska agaasimayaasha filimada Nollywood ee 2020 2023, waxaa loo aqoonsaday inuu agaasimo Wax sida Dahab ah , Afamefuna iyo Ka Fog Guriga .
==Tixraac==
[https://thenet.ng/kayode-kasum-yabatech-graduate-made-nigerias-biggest-comedy-movie/ &quot;Kayode Kasum: Sidee Qalinjabiye Yabatech u Sameeyey Filimkii Majaajilada ee ugu Weyn Nigeria&quot;]

[https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/kayode-kasum-hints-at-producing-a-nollywood-gospel-musical/5lfntyt &quot;Kayode Kasum wuxuu tilmaamayaa soo saarista muusiga injiilka ee Nollywood&quot;]

[https://theradar.ng/ ka Agaasime ee Filimada Nollywood-ka ugu sareeya marka loo eego qiimaha guud]

[https://datjoblessboi.com/versatile-nollywood-actor-aaron-sunday-stars-on-mnets-new-telenovela-unbroken/ &quot;Jilaaga Nollywood-ka ah ee Aaron Sunday&quot; Xiddigaha ku jira Telenovela cusub ee Mnet &quot;Unbroken&quot; | DatJoblessBoi&quot;] {{Wayback|url=https://datjoblessboi.com/versatile-nollywood-actor-aaron-sunday-stars-on-mnets-new-telenovela-unbroken/ |date=20250505162250 }}

[https://www.bellanaija.com/2022/11/netflix-nigerian-young-adult-show-far-from-home/ &quot;RMD, Funke Akindele Bello, Mike Afolarin &amp; Genoveva Umeh xiddigta Netflix ee Taxanaha Dadka Waaweyn ee Da'da yar &quot;Ka Fog Guriga&quot; | Sawirro Gaar ah + Teaser&quot;]

[https://www.channelstv.com/2019/11/25/full-list-burna-boy-timi-egbuson-tolani-alli-others-win-big-at-future-africa-award/ &quot;Liiska oo buuxa: Burna Boy, Timi Egbuson, Tolani Alli, Kuwo kale ayaa ku guulaystey abaal marinta mustaqbalka Afrika&quot;]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kalk Bay</title>
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      <text bytes="21668" sha1="73qztgme3ox0hkh4wccw64dxudxgcr4" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Kalk Bay
| native_name        = ''Kalkbaai''
| image_skyline      = Kalkbaai.JPG
| image_caption      = Kalk Bay oo laga arkayo dhabbada tareenka
| pushpin_map        = South Africa Western Cape#South Africa#Africa
| coordinates        = {{coord|34|07|40|S|18|26|54|E|region:ZA|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type   = [[Waddan]]
| subdivision_name   = [[Koonfur Afrika]]
| subdivision_type1  = [[Gobollada Koonfur Afrika|Gobol]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Western Cape]]
| subdivision_type2  = Degmo
| subdivision_type3  = [[Liiska degmooyinka Koonfur Afrika|Degmo Doorasho]]
| subdivision_name3  = [[City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality|Magaalada Cape Town]]
| subdivision_type4  = Goobta Koowaad
| subdivision_name4  = [[Cape Town]]
| established_title  = La aasaasay
| leader_title       = Xildhibaan
| leader_name        = Aimee Kuhl ([[Democratic Alliance (South Africa)|DA]])
| area_footnotes     = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/199041112 |title=Sub Place Kalk Bay |work=Census 2011 |access-date=2019-03-22 |archive-date=2019-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711134841/https://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/199041112 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| area_total_km2     = 0.32
| population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot; /&gt;
| population_total   = 700
| population_as_of   = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
&lt;!-- demographics (section 1) --&gt;| demographics_type1 = Qaabdhismeedka qowmiyadeed (2011)
| demographics1_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot; /&gt;
| demographics1_title1 = [[Dadka Bantuuga ee Koonfur Afrika|Madow Afrikaan]]
| demographics1_info1 = 8.1%
| demographics1_title2 = [[Midabka isku dhex jira|Midabka isku dhex jira]]
| demographics1_info2 = 32.3%
| demographics1_title3 = [[Aasiyaanka Koonfur Afrika|Aasiyaan]]
| demographics1_info3 = 0.1%
| demographics1_title4 = [[Caddanka Koonfur Afrika|Caddan]]
| demographics1_info4 = 54.6%
| demographics1_title5 = Kale
| demographics1_info5 = 4.9%
&lt;!-- demographics (section 2) --&gt;| demographics_type2 = [[Luqadda koowaad]] (2011)
| demographics2_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot; /&gt;
| demographics2_title1 = [[Luqadda Ingiriisiga|Ingiriis]]
| demographics2_info1 = 86.2%
| demographics2_title2 = [[Af-Afrikaans]]
| demographics2_info2 = 10.3%
| demographics2_title3 = 
| demographics2_info3 = 
| demographics2_title4 = 
| demographics2_info4 = 
| demographics2_title5 = Kale
| demographics2_info5 = 3.5%
&lt;!-- blank fields (section 2) --&gt;
&lt;!-- Other information --&gt;| timezone1          = [[Waqtiga Halbeega ee Koonfur Afrika|SAST]]
| utc_offset1        = +2
| postal_code_type   = [[Liiska nambarrada boostada ee Koonfur Afrika|Xeerka boostada]] (waddada)
| postal_code        = 7975
| postal2_code_type  = [[Sanduuqa boostada|Sanduuqa boostada]]
| postal2_code       = 7990
| area_code_type     = [[Nambarrada taleefanka ee Koonfur Afrika|Xeerka aagga]]
}}
'''Kalk Bay''' ({{langx|af|Kalkbaai}}) waa [[tuulo kalluumeysi]] iyo xafo ka tirsan [[Cape Town]]. Waxay ku taal xeebta galbeed ee False Bay. Inta badan magaalada waxay ku taal daldaloolada buuraha ee xiga badda. Buurahan, oo leh meelo sare oo ah [[Dhagax Bacaadka ee Buurta Shaxda]], waxay sameeyaan dhowr dooxadood.&lt;ref name=&quot;compton&quot;&gt;Compton, J.S. (2004).''The Rocks and Mountains of Cape Town''. p. 24-26, 44-70. Double Storey Books, Cape Town. {{ISBN|1-919930-70-1}}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Gadiidka tareenka ee Koonfur Afrika|Dhabbada tareenka]] ee ka timaada [[Cape Town]] kuna socota [[Simon's Town]] waxay martaa Kalk Bay, taas oo leh hal saldhig oo u dhow dekedda.

Kalk Bay waxay ku dhowdahay xafada taariikhda la xiriirta ee [[St James, Cape Town|St James]], iyadoo qaybinta u dhaxeysa labada ay tahay mid si weyn u rami ah. Waxay wadaagaan Ururka Canshuurbixiyayaasha iyo Dadka Deggan Kalk Bay iyo St. James, kaas oo maamula guddiga hiddaha isla markaana xiriir la sameeya dowladda arrimaha ku saabsan amniga iyo ilaalinta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kalk Bay &amp; St James Ratepayers |url=https://kalkbaystjamesratepayers.wordpress.com/ |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=Kalk Bay &amp; St James Ratepayers |language=en |archive-date=2022-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705003756/https://kalkbaystjamesratepayers.wordpress.com/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sannadkii 2018, majaladda ''[[Forbes]]'' waxay u magacawday xaafaddan mid ka mid ah kuwa &quot;ugu qaboobaha badan dunida&quot;, iyadoo ku tilmaantay &quot;gabaad xeebeed&quot; oo soo jiidanaya wax ka badan bulshada hal-abuurka ee deegaanka.&lt;ref name=ForbesCoolest&gt;{{Cite web|last=Abel|first=Ann|date=22 June 2018|title=The 12 Coolest Neighborhoods Around the World|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/annabel/2018/06/22/the-12-coolest-neighborhoods-around-the-world/|access-date=2020-05-01|website=Forbes|language=en|archive-date=2020-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613124721/https://www.forbes.com/sites/annabel/2018/06/22/the-12-coolest-neighborhoods-around-the-world/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-07-22|title=Kalk Bay named one of the 'coolest places' - Forbes|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/kalk-bay-named-one-of-the-coolest-places-forbes/|access-date=2020-05-01|website=SABC News|language=en-US|archive-date=2019-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190127132143/http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/kalk-bay-named-one-of-the-coolest-places-forbes/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Taariikhda ==
[[File:Kalk Bay historic postcard.jpg|left|thumb|Kaatun taariikhi ah oo ku saabsan Kalk Bay]]

=== Taariikhda ka hor gumeysiga ===
Taariikhda aagga Kalk Bay waa mid adag in laga saaro taariikhda gobolka weyn ee False Bay. Waxay u dhowdahay in aagga ay degenaayeen dadka [[Khoekhoe]] muddo kumanyaal sano ah ka hor dejinta reer Yurub.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite thesis |degree=MA |last=Kirkaldy |first=Alan |date=November 1988 |url=https://open.uct.ac.za/bitstream/handle/11427/22499/thesis_hum_1989_kirkaldy_alan.pdf?sequence=1 |title=&quot;The sea is in our blood&quot; - community and craft in Kalk Bay |publisher=University of Cape Town |access-date=2023-09-11 |archive-date=2022-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321003840/https://open.uct.ac.za/bitstream/handle/11427/22499/thesis_hum_1989_kirkaldy_alan.pdf?sequence=1 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Baaritaan lagu sameeyay lafaha laga helay gobolka xeebta ayaa muujiyay in dhererka dadkan taariikhda ka hor uu ku jiray qiyaasta dadka casriga ah ee [[Khoisan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilson1990&quot;&gt;{{cite thesis |last=Wilson |first=M. |date=1990 |title=Strandlovers and Shell Middens |publisher=University of Cape Town |url=https://open.uct.ac.za/bitstream/11427/22956/1/thesis_hum_Wilson_1990.pdf |location=Available at UCT Digital Collections}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Turaas]] laga helay boholaha hoose ee buuraha ka sarreeya Kalk Bay ayaa muujinaya in goobahan loo isticmaali jiray gabaad,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Timeline – Kalk Bay Historical Association |url=https://www.kbha.co.za/timeline/ |access-date=2023-09-11 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322123151/http://www.kbha.co.za/timeline/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo caddaymaha qadiimiga ah ayaa weli sii muuqanaya sababo la xiriira dhaqdhaqaaqa xayawaanka ee aagga.&lt;ref name=&quot;EAPrac2021&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Cape EAPrac Archaeological Survey |date=2021 |title=Archaeological Impact Assessment |url=http://cape-eaprac.co.za/projects/HES651%20Patrys%20Development/G4%20Archaeological%20Impact%20Assessment.pdf |publisher=Professional heritage assessment report}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dejinta reer Yurub iyo ugaarsiga nibiriga ===
Tuulada Kalk Bay waxaa u dhow inay aasastay [[Shirkadda Bariga Hindiya ee Holand]] qarnigii 17-aad. Markii ugu horreysay ee qoraal lagu xuso magaca ''Kalkbaai'' (Bay-da Nuuradda) waxay ahayd badhasaab [[Simon van der Stel]] sannadkii 1687, intii lagu jiray safar saddex toddobaad qaatay oo lagu baarayay laguna khariidaynayay False Bay.&lt;ref name=&quot;S2A3&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Simon van der Stel |url=https://www.s2a3.org.za/bio/Biograph_final.php?serial=2926 |website=S2A3 Biographical Database of Southern African Science |access-date=2024-10-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=Simon van der Stel's Day Register |journal=Cape Archives |language=Dutch |volume=11 |pages=481}}&lt;/ref&gt; Magaca wuxuu ka yimid ereyada Holandeeska iyo Af-Afrikaans ee tilmaamaya kaydadka qolofta dhuubta ee ay gubeen dadkii hore u degay si ay u soo saaraan [[Nuurad|nuurad]].

Dadkii ugu horreeyay ee kalluumeysatada ahaa waxay u badnaayeen addoomo laga keenay Bengal, Indonesia, iyo Ceylon. Waxay heleen xorriyaddooda sannadkii 1807, markii addoonsiga laga dhigay mid sharci darro ah [[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska]]. Bulshadan waxay u badneyd Muslim, taas oo horseeday dhismaha [[masaajid]] sannadkii 1846.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Hoos u dhaca [[Gumeysiga Cape|Xukunkii Ingiriiska]], ugaarsiga nibiriga wuxuu noqday warshad weyn. Laga bilaabo qiyaastii 1806, wuxuu kiciyay dejinta aagga wuxuuna noqday warshadda saddexaad ee dakhliga ugu badan ka soo xaroodo Cape, ka dib beeraha iyo khamri-samaynta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Riverlodge2016&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=10 March 2016 |title=Our Famous False Bay Visitors |url=https://www.riverlodge.co.za/blogs/riverlodge-blog/our-famous-false-bay-visitors |website=Riverlodge Backpackers}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saldhigyada ugaarsiga nibiriga waxaa laga raray Simon's Town lana geeyay xeebta u dhaxeysa Kalk Bay iyo St James ka dib markii dadka deegaanka ay ka cabdeen urta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Walker2016&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Walker |first=Michael |date=2016 |title=A history of the houses |url=https://www.stjamesguesthouses.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/STJ-Booklet-Walker-LR.pdf |publisher=St James Guesthouses}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sannadkii 1902, ugaarsigii nibiriga ee Kalk Bay waa uu istaagay sababtoo ah kaydkii nibiriga ayaa yaraaday.&lt;ref name=&quot;CoCT2014_5&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=2014 |title=Stories of the South Peninsula, Chapter 05 |url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/Stories_of_the_South_Peninsula_chapter_05_2014-06.pdf |publisher=City of Cape Town |access-date=2026-06-24 |archive-date=2025-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251206142356/https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/Stories_of_the_South_Peninsula_chapter_05_2014-06.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bulshada Filibiin ===
Dadka waxaa sii kordhiyay imaatinka kalluumeysatada Filibiin. Sida ku xusan taariikhda afka ee deegaanka, imaatinkii ugu horreeyay wuxuu noqon karaa qiyaastii 1839, markii kalluumeysato magaciisa la oron jiray Staggie Fernandez uu ka soo dabaashay markab joogay Simon's Town una soo lugaynaayay Kalk Bay.&lt;ref name=&quot;Herbert2023&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Herbert |first=Steve |date=28 September 2023 |title=The history of Kalk Bay's Filipino community |url=https://falsebayecho.co.za/news/2023-09-28-the-history-of-kalk-bays-filipino-community/ |website=False Bay Echo}}&lt;/ref&gt; Warbixinno kale waxay sheegayaan in shaqaale markab Filibiin ah oo ku qarqoomay ay degeen Kalk Bay bartamihii 1840-meeyadii. Bulshadu waxay si weyn u korortay 1850-meeyadii markii qaxooti ay ka soo carareen Filibiin si ay uga baxsadaan rabshadihii ka dhanka ahaa Isbaanishka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Smile2019&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=5 April 2019 |title=EARLY KALK BAY SETTLERS HONOURED |url=https://smilefm.co.za/early-kalk-bay-settlers-honoured/ |website=Smile 90.4FM}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bulshada Filibiin ee u badneyd [[Kaniisadda Kaatooligga|Kaatoolig]] waxaa loo arkaa asalka kala qaybinta u dhaxeysa Kalk Bay iyo [[St James, Cape Town|St James]], maadaama kan dambe uu ku yaal kaniisadda Kaatooligga ee keliya ee aagga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Horumarinta dhabbada tareenka iyo dekedda ===
[[File:Kalk Bay's Train Line 1883.jpg|left|thumb|Dhabbada tareenka ee Kalk Bay sannadkii 1883]]
Dhabbada tareenka ee Khadka Koonfureed waxaa loo kordhiyay Kalk Bay sannadkii 1883, iyadoo ku xireysa tuulada Cape Town kuna gacan siineysa in kalluunka si hufan loogu qaado magaalada.&lt;ref name=&quot;CoCT2014_9&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=2014 |title=Stories of the South Peninsula, Chapter 09 |url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/Stories_of_the_South_Peninsula_chapter_09_2014-06.pdf |publisher=City of Cape Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Seeff2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=14 September 2018 |title=Then and now: Wynberg Railway Station |url=https://www.seeff.com/news/then-and-now-wynberg-railway-station/ |website=Seeff Property Group}}&lt;/ref&gt; Si kastaba ha ahaatee, imaatinka tareenka wuxuu halis geliyay dhaqankii ahaa in doomaha yar yar ee kalluumeysiga laga bilaabo xeebta. Tani, oo ay weheliso isticmaalka maraakiibta waa weyn ee kalluumeysiga ee False Bay, waxay kordhisay cadaadiska dhismaha deked macmal ah.

Dhismaha dekedda wuxuu bilowday 6-dii Maarso 1913, iyadoo uu kormeerayay injineerka mas'uulka ka ahaa C. Le S. Furlong.&lt;ref name=&quot;IdeaAccel2025&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=15 April 2025 |title=The Mystery of the Green Starboard Lighthouse at Kalk Bay Harbour |url=https://ideaaccelerator.co.za/the-mystery-of-the-green-starboard-lighthouse-at-kalk-bay-harbour/ |website=Idea Accelerator Blog |access-date=24 Bisha Lixaad 2026 |archive-date=13 Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251213135450/https://ideaaccelerator.co.za/the-mystery-of-the-green-starboard-lighthouse-at-kalk-bay-harbour/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 7-dii Juun 1913, Wasiirka Tareennada iyo Dekedaha, Henry Burton, ayaa dhigay dhagax-dhigga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Echo2023&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.falsebayecho.co.za/news/celebrating-110-years-of-kalk-bay-harbour-95103577-55dc-42c9-a020-0a737a61032d |title=Celebrating 110 years of Kalk Bay Harbour |work=False Bay Echo |date=27 June 2023 |first=Erin |last=Carelse |access-date=26 May 2024 |archive-date=26 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526132931/https://www.falsebayecho.co.za/news/celebrating-110-years-of-kalk-bay-harbour-95103577-55dc-42c9-a020-0a737a61032d |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mashruuca wuxuu inta badan dhammaaday 1918, wuxuuna dhalay barkad 8-acre ah oo leh gabaad hirarka ka difaaca, marin kalluunka laga soo dejiyo, iyo marin doomaha la mariyo.&lt;ref name=&quot;IdeaAccel2025&quot;/&gt; Sannadkii 1937 iyo 1939 waxaa lagu daray [[Dhismaha dekedda ka difaaca hirarka|gabaad labaad]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bulletin 1 1997 |url=https://kbha.co.za/BULLETINS/1/mobile/index.html |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=kbha.co.za |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Xilligii midab-kala-sooca (Apartheid) ===
[[File:Kalk Bay.jpg|left|thumb|300x300px|&quot;Fisherman Flats&quot; oo laga arkayo dekedda, kuwaas oo lagu garto saqafkooda guduudan iyo midabka maariinka ah]]
Sharcigii Aqallada Dumay ee 1934, kaas oo inta badan loo isticmaali jiray horumarinta midab-kala-sooca, wuxuu horseeday dumin lagu sameeyay guryo ku yaal aag ka tirsan Kalk Bay oo loo yaqaano Die Land.&lt;ref name=&quot;UP2009&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=2009 |title=Contested modernism: post Slums Act public housing in Cape Town |url=https://repository.up.ac.za/items/5efe35e1-9bcd-4880-9c94-db2bf7355df9 |publisher=Art Historical Work Group of South Africa, University of Pretoria}}&lt;/ref&gt; Guryahan waxaa u badnaa dadka [[Midabka isku dhex jira|Midabka isku dhex jira]] ee kalluumeysatada ahaa. Bulshadu waxay si guul leh ugu dagaalantay in guryo beddel u ah laga dhiso meeshii laga dumiyay, taas oo keentay dhismaha aqallo dabaqyo ah intii u dhaxeysay 1941 iyo 1945, oo loo yaqaano &quot;Fishermen's Flats&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;GroundUp2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=14 June 2018 |title=Using municipal land for bowling greens during a housing crisis is unjust |url=https://groundup.org.za/article/leasing-city-land-bowling-greens-housing-crisis-unjust/ |website=GroundUp}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kalk Bay Historical Association |url=https://www.kbha.co.za/ |access-date=2023-09-11 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330095658/http://www.kbha.co.za/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sannadkii 1967, Kalk Bay waxaa loogu dhawaaqay &quot;Aag Caddan&quot; iyadoo la raacayo [[Sharciga Aagga Kooxaha]]. Tani waxay keentay dibad-bax weyn iyo isbeddel taariikhda naadir ku ah: bulshada kalluumeysatada ah waxaa loo oggolaaday inay ku haraan dabaqyada, maadaama ay qasab ku ahayd inay u dhowaadaan doomahooda.&lt;ref name=&quot;Destiny2023&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Manuel |first=Lauren |date=6 March 2023 |title=The Keeper of Fishermen Tales |url=https://www.destinyconnect.com/2023/03/the-keeper-of-fishermen-tales/ |website=Destiny Connect}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inkastoo loo qabtay muddo 15 sano ah oo aakhirkii lagu rarayo, haddana marnaba lagama hawlgalin, inta badan dadkiina waa ay hareen. Qiyaastii meel meel afar meelood loo qaybiyay qoysaska ayaa la saaray.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Dalxiiska ==

[[Image:Kalk Bay 2.JPG|thumb|Dekedda Kalk Bay]]
Warshaddii kalluumeysiga ee taariikhda maamuli jirtay Kalk Bay waxaa inta badan beddelay dalxiiska.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-12-02 |title=December Newsletter |url=https://kalkbaystjamesratepayers.wordpress.com/2016/12/02/december-newsletter/ |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=Kalk Bay &amp; St James Ratepayers |language=en |archive-date=2024-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526133716/https://kalkbaystjamesratepayers.wordpress.com/2016/12/02/december-newsletter/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Isbeddelkan waxaa kiciyay dhowr meelood oo caan ah oo soo jiidasho leh. Dekedda weli waxay martigelisaa warshad kalluumeysi oo firfircoon; si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay sidoo kale noqotay goob dalxiis oo caan ah. Waxay leedahay dhowr maqaayado cuntooyinka badda ah&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Getaway |date=2021-06-30 |title=Kalk Bay: The Happy Harbour |url=https://www.getaway.co.za/destinations/western-cape/kalk-bay-the-happy-harbour/ |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=Getaway Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo suuq kalluun oo cusub. Waxay sidoo kale caan ku tahay dadkeeda [[Libaax baddoodka maariinka ah]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Master |first=Web |date=2021-12-27 |title=Kalk Bay Seal Finally Off the Hook, Freed from Pain • Cape of Good Hope SPCA |url=https://capespca.co.za/wildlife-news/kalk-bay-seal-finally-off-the-hook-freed-from-pain/ |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=Cape of Good Hope SPCA |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kalk Bay waxay leedahay meel dhagaxley ah oo caan ku ah ruxitaanka hirarka loona yaqaano &quot;Kalk Bay Reef&quot;. Waxay caan ku tahay hirarka waa weyn ee xidhan iyo dhagaxleyda gacanyada ah ee la xiriirta, taas oo ka dhigaysa mid ka halis badan inta badan goobaha caanka ah ee loo dalxiis tago hirarka dushooda. Waxaa ugu fiican in lagu dhex dabaasho hirar waa weyn oo ka imanaya koonfur-bari ama dabayl ka timaada waqooyi-galbeed. Hirarka yaryar, marka ay bbadu guranto waxay sameysaa hirar xidhan oo fiican. Hirarka inta badan waxay u fiican yihiin dhex dabaalashada xilliga qaboobaha iyo bilowga guga.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

Dhaqdhaqaaqa kale ee caanka ah waa daawashada nibiriga, maadaama [[Nibiriga saxda ah ee koonfureed]] uu soo maro False Bay dhowr bilood oo sannadka ka mid ah.

Intaa waxaa dheer, buuraha ka sarreeya Kalk Bay waxay leeyihiin dhowr dhabbo oo loo lugeeyo, oo ay ku jiraan Echo Valley iyo Trappieskop (Af-Afrikaans oo u taagan 'buurta tillaabooyinka'). Kuwaas waxaa laga geli karaa Boyes Drive, oo dhex marta buurta ka sarreysa Kalk Bay. Buuruhu waxay leeyihiin wax ka badan siddeetan godood, oo ku kala duwan dhibka ay leeyihiin.&lt;ref name=&quot;CU1984&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=1984 |title=Caves Of The Cape Peninsula |url=https://cucc.survex.com/jnl/1984/cape.htm |publisher=Cambridge Underground Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dhabbooyinka waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in laga galo godadka dhagax bacaadka ah ee loo yaqaano &quot;Boomslang Cave&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Subseries G10 - Avernas, Boomslang, White Dome Grotto, Wessels Grotto |url=https://www.atom.lib.uct.ac.za/index.php/za-uct-bc739-g-g10 |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=AtoM@UCT |archive-date=26 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526133723/https://www.atom.lib.uct.ac.za/index.php/za-uct-bc739-g-g10 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo &quot;Ronan's Well&quot;, taas oo leh marin ka badan 400 oo mitir.&lt;ref name=&quot;CU1984&quot;/&gt; Kuwaas waxaa caan ku ah dadka hiwaayadda u leh galitaanka godadka sababo la xiriira sahlanaanta gelidooda, amnigooda, iyo qaabdhismeedkooda sahlan.

Godadkan waxay muhiimad u leeyihiin aqoonyahannada baara godadka sababtoo ah waxay ku sameysmeen dhagax bacaad. Nidaamyada godadka waa weyn inta badan lagama helo noocan oo kale ah dhagaxaan aan kiimiko ahaan falgalin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sharratt |first1=Norma J. |last2=Picker |first2=Mike D. |last3=Samways |first3=Michael J. |year=2000 |title=The invertebrate fauna of the sandstone caves of the Cape Peninsula (South Africa): Patterns of endemism and conservation priorities |journal=Biodiversity and Conservation |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=107–143 |doi=10.1023/A:1008968518058 |s2cid=28508022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Astaan-gacmeedka==
Kalk Bay (oo ay ku jiraan [[Muizenberg]] iyo [[St James, Cape Town|St James]]) waxay ahayd degmo magaalada ah bilowgii 1895 ilaa 1913. Golaha magaalada wuxuu qaatay astaan-gacmeed, oo uu naqshadeeyay Frank Newnes, bishii Luulyo 1901.&lt;ref name=&quot;wca&quot;&gt;Western Cape Archives : Kalk Bay Municipal Minutes (23 July 1901).&lt;/ref&gt;

Gaashaanka wuxuu u qaybsanaa si jiif ah. Qaybta sare waxay u qaybsantay si toos ah, iyadoo muujinaysa doon kalluumeysi (oo qayb ahaan uu qariyay gaashaan yar) iyo siddeed fleurs de lis, halka qaybta hoose ay muujinaysay [[raascanab canab ah]]. Gaashaan yar oo muujinaya ubaxa arum lily ayaa la dhigay bartamaha.

== Sidoo kale eeg ==
*[[Dekedaha iyo gabaadyada Koonfur Afrika]]

== Tixraacyada ==
{{Reflist}}

== Xiriirin dheeraad ah ==
{{commons category}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Biyaha Ghana</title>
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      <text bytes="8139" sha1="ocmvzezjr57714o6ns1933ik1qriv2i" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox company
| name = Biyaha Ghana 
| logo = Ghana Water Company Logo B002a.svg
| logo_size = 200px
| former_name = Ghana Water Company Limited
| type = Dawladdu leedahay
| industry = Adeegyada Biyaha
| founded = 1993
| hq_location = Accra, Ghana
| area_served = Deegaannada magaalooyinka ee Ghana
| products = Daweynta Biyaha, Bixinta Biyaha, Biyaha dhalooyinka iyo bacaha
| website = https://www.gwcl.com.gh/
}}
'''Biyaha Ghana (GWL)''' (hore loogu yaqaannay '''Ghana Water Company Limited''', oo horay loogu yiqiin '''Ghana Water and Sewerage Corporation, Aqua Vitens, iyo Rand Limited)''' waa shirkadda kaliya ee adeegga biyaha ee ay dowladdu leedahay ee ku taal Ghana. Waxay mas'uul ka tahay wax-soo-saarka, gudbinta, iyo qaybinta biyaha la cabbo ee magaalooyinka dalka oo dhan.

Laga soo bilaabo Juun 2024, GWL waxay maamushaa oo ay ka hawlgelisaa siddeetan iyo afar (84) nidaam oo sahayda biyaha ah, kuwaas oo ka kooban lixdan iyo hal (61) nidaam oo biyaha dusha sare ah iyo labaatan iyo saddex (23) nidaam oo biyaha dhulka hoostiisa ah, iyadoo u adeegta qiyaastii 14 milyan oo qof oo dalka oo dhan ah. Shirkaddu waxay haysataa 15 xafiis oo heer gobol ah iyo 103 xafiis oo heer degmo ah.

Celcelis ahaan, GWL waxay soo saartaa 950,995 m³ oo biyo ah maalintii (oo u dhiganta 209 milyan oo gallon maalintii) marka loo eego baahida qaranka ee 1,129,361 m³ maalintii (248 milyan oo gallon maalintii). Caymiska sahayda biyaha ee magaalooyinka ayaa taagan 84.2%, iyadoo u adeegta 1,008,301 macaamiil, kuwaas oo 89% ay yihiin mitir.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Profile-ka Shirkadda – GWL – Soo dhowow |url=https://www.gwcl.com.gh/company-profile/ |access-date=2025-09-05 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Taariikh==
Ka hor xukunka gumaystaha, bulshooyinka ku nool waxa hadda loo yaqaanno Ghana waxay ku tiirsanaayeen ilo dabiici ah sida durdurrada, webiyada, iyo harooyinka si ay biyo u helaan. Nidaamkii ugu horreeyay ee sahayda biyaha dadweynaha ee la soo agaasimay ayaa waxaa horumariyay British-ka Gold Coast ka hor [[World War I|Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka]]. Intii lagu jiray 1920-yadii, nidaamyada biyaha waxaa lagu kordhiyay magaalooyin kale, oo ay ku jiraan [[Winneba]], Kumasi, iyo Cape Coast, oo markaas ahaa caasimadda gumaystaha.{{fact|date=September 2025}}

Ghana Water Limited waxaa si rasmi ah loo aasaasay 1 Luulyo 1999 ka dib markii shirkadda Ghana Water and Sewerage corporation loo beddelay shirkad xaddidan oo ay dawladdu leedahay iyada oo la raacayo sharciga shirkadaha dastuuriga ah (u beddelidda shirkadaha) act 461 ee 1993, sida lagu beddelay LI 1648.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ghana Water Company Limited – Hay'adda Danaha Dawladda iyo Maamulka |url=https://siga.gov.gh/entity/ghana-water-company-limited/ |access-date=2025-09-05 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Qaab-dhismeedka maamulka ==
Wasaaradda Fayadhowrka iyo Kheyraadka Biyaha ayaa mas'uul ka ah dejinta siyaasadaha qaranka ee sahayda biyaha, kormeeridda hawlaha Ghana Water Limited (GWL), abaabulidda maalgelinta laga helo wakaaladaha taageerada dibadda, iyo isku-dubbarididda qorshayaasha maalgashiga qaybta.{{fact|date=September 2025}}

Iyadoo la raacayo kormeerka Wasaaradda, GWL waxaa maamula Guddi Agaasimeyaal ka kooban kow iyo toban xubnood, kaas oo bixiya jihaynta siyaasadda guud iyo xakamaynta shirkadda. Maamulka maalinlaha ah ee shirkadda waxaa loo dhiibay Maareeye Guud, oo ay taageerayaan saddex Maareeye Guud: mid mas'uul ka ah Maaliyadda iyo Maamulka, mid Hawlaha, iyo mid hawlo gaar ah (oo diiradda saaraya dhimista daymaha).{{fact|date=September 2025}}

Maamulayaashan waxaa intaas u dheer lix iyo toban Maareeye Sare oo madax u ah waaxyaha soo socda ee Xafiiska Madaxa: [[Project planning|Qorshaynta Mashruuca]] iyo Horumarinta, Kheyraadka Aadanaha iyo Adeegyada Maamulka, Adeegyada Sharciga, Xiriirka Dadweynaha, Qorshaynta Shirkadaha, [[Monitoring and evaluation|Kormeerka iyo Qiimaynta]], Tiknoolajiyada iyo Hal-abuurka, Maaliyadda, Qalabka, Ganacsiga iyo Suuq-geynta, Hanti-dhawrka, Xaqiijinta Tayada Biyaha/Kheyraadka Biyaha, Hawlaha Gaarka ah, Taageerada Macaamiisha Dakhligoodu Hooseeyo (LICSD), Hawlaha iyo Dayactirka, Warshadda Dhalada G-Water, iyo Dhulka iyo Hantida.{{fact|date=September 2025}}

Heer gobol, shan iyo toban Maareeye Sare oo Gobol ah ayaa kormeera hawlaha goboladooda, iyadoo ay taageerayaan Madaxda Qaybta (Maareeyayaasha Khadka). Heer degmo, Maareeyayaasha Degmadu waxay mas'uul ka yihiin kormeeridda iyo jihaynta hawlaha GWL ee dalka oo dhan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Profile-ka Shirkadda – GWL – Soo dhowow |url=https://www.gwcl.com.gh/company-profile/ |access-date=2025-09-05 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mas'uuliyadaha iyo Waajibaadka ==

* Soo-saarista, daweynta iyo sahayda biyaha ee bulshooyinka magaalooyinka ee Ghana
* Qorshaynta iyo horumarinta qaybta biyaha magaalooyinka
* Qorshaynta maalgashiga
* Maamulka maaliyadda qaybta
* Maamulka hantida
* Qandaraas-qaadista naqshadeynta, dhismaha, dib-u-dhiska iyo ballaarinta kaabayaasha sahayda biyaha ee hadda jira iyo kuwa cusub&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Profile-ka Shirkadda – GWL – Soo dhowow |url=https://www.gwcl.com.gh/company-profile/ |access-date=2025-09-05 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Waaxyaha ==

* Tiknoolajiyada iyo Hal-abuurka
* Xaqiijinta Tayada Biyaha/Kheyraadka Biyaha
* Ganacsiga
* Kheyraadka Aadanaha iyo Adeegga Maamulka
* Qorshaynta Iskaashiga, Kormeerka iyo Qiimaynta
* Qorshaynta Mashruuca iyo Horumarinta
* Hawlaha Gaarka ah
* Maaliyadda iyo Xisaabaadka
* Dhulka iyo Hantida
* Adeegyada Sharciga
* Qalabka
* Xiriirka Dadweynaha&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Waaxyaha – GWL – Soo dhowow |url=https://www.gwcl.com.gh/departments/ |access-date=2025-09-05 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Headworks (Goobaha Shaqada) ==

* Dalun Headworks
* Barekese Headworks&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A/R: GWL waxay ku dhawaaqday xiritaan ku-meel-gaar ah oo ah Warshadda Daweynta Biyaha Barekese |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1418394/ar-gwl-announces-temporary-shutdown-of-barekese.html |access-date=2025-09-05 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Weija Headworks&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Weija Headworks in la xiro maanta si loo dayactiro |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Weija-Headworks-to-be-shut-down-today-for-repairs-987712?gallery=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250103074630/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Weija-Headworks-to-be-shut-down-today-for-repairs-987712?gallery=1 |archive-date=2025-01-03 |access-date=2025-09-05 |website=GhanaWeb |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kpong Headworks&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=AG |first=ANDRITZ |title=Ghana, Kpong - Kulanka baahiyaha tamarta waarta |url=https://www.andritz.com/hydro-en/hydronews/hn34/kpong-ghana |access-date=2025-09-05 |website=www.andritz.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Keseve Headworks&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ATMA Production – GWL – Soo dhowow |url=https://www.gwcl.com.gh/atma-production/ |access-date=2025-09-05 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Winneba Headworks
* [[Breman Asikuma]] Headworks
* Essakyir Headworks
* Brimsu Headworks
* Baifikrom Headworks
* Sekyere Hemang Headworks
* Kwanyaku Headworks&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Central – GWL – Soo dhowow |url=https://www.gwcl.com.gh/central/ |access-date=2025-09-05 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250811142208/https://www.gwcl.com.gh/central/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gobollada iyo Degmooyinka ==

* Accra Galbeed (Degmada [[Kasoa]], Degmada Nyanyarno, Degmada Bortianor, Degmada Weija, Darkuman/Gbawe, Degmada Mamprobi, Degmada Dansoman Waqooyi, Degmada Dansoman Koonfur, Degmada Odorkor, Degmada Kaneshie, Degmada Sowutuom, Degmada Amasaman)
* Accra Barri
* Ashanti Koonfur
* Ashanti Waqooyi
* Ashanti Wax-soo-saarka
* ATMA Wax-soo-saarka
* Central
* Eastern
* Northern
* Tema (Degmada Warshadaha Tema, Degmada Tema Galbeed, Degmada Tema Barri, Gbetsile, Degmada Ashaiman Barri, Degmada Prampram, Degmada Ada, Degmada Kpong Akuse, Degmada Ashaiman Galbeed, Degmada Sakumono/Baatsonaa)
* Bariga Sare
 * Galbeedka Sare
 * Volta
 * Galbeed
 * Brong Ahafo

==Tixraacyo==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Sahayda biyaha iyo fayadhowrka ee Ghana]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Heinersreuth</title>
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      <text bytes="1277" sha1="qchbaixvoiz0suytgfgxpawzd97kjxd" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox German location
|image_coa            = DEU Heinersreuth COA.svg
|image_photo = Heinersreuther Rathaus.jpg
|image_caption = Xarunta magaalada
|coordinates       = {{coord|49|58|4.54|N|11|31|54.82|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|image_plan = Heinersreuth in BT.svg
|state        = 
|region  = Oberfranken
|district         = Bayreuth
|elevation              = 340
|area            = 14.63
|postal_code               = 95500
|area_code           = 0921
|licence               = BT
|Gemeindeschlüssel = 09 4 72 150
|divisions         = 18 [[Ortsteil]]e
|website           = [http://www.heinersreuth.de/ www.heinersreuth.de]
|mayor             = Simone Kirschner&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.statistik.bayern.de/wahlen/kommunalwahlen/bgm/ Liste der ersten Bürgermeister/Oberbürgermeister in kreisangehörigen Gemeinden], [[Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik]], 15 July 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;
|leader_term       = 2020&amp;ndash;26
|party             = CSU
}}

'''Heinersreuth''' waa [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan degmada [[Bayreuth (district)|Bayreuth]] ee gobolka [[Bavaria|Bayern]], dalka [[Germany|Jarmalka]].

== Dadka ==
* [[Rolf Schmidt-Holtz]] (dhashay 1948), ganacsade iyo suxufi Jarmal ah

== Tixraacyo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Commons category}}


{{Authority control}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Heinkenborstel</title>
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      <text bytes="955" sha1="cwnsgfm1b1bfnrckqidciu5ewp5wo24" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox German location
|image_photo       = 
|image_coa         = DEU Heinkenborstel COA.svg
|coordinates       = {{coord|54|08|N|09|45|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|image_plan          = Heinkenborstel in RD.png
|state        = 
|district             = Rendsburg-Eckernförde
|Amt               = Mittelholstein
|elevation              = 44
|area            = 7.55
|postal_code               = 24594
|area_code           = 04873
|licence               = RD
|Gemeindeschlüssel = 01 0 58 074
|website           = 
|mayor     = Lisa Höcker
}}

'''Heinkenborstel''' waa degmo ka tirsan degmada [[Rendsburg-Eckernförde]], ee gobolka [[Schleswig-Holstein]], dalka [[Germany|Jarmalka]].

Goobta Heinkenborstel waxay ku taal dhanka koonfureed ee degmada [[Bargstedt, Schleswig-Holstein|Bargstedt]], laakiin waa waqooyiga [[Mörel, Germany|Mörel]], iyo bariga [[Nindorf, Rendsburg-Eckernförde]].

== Tixraacyo ==
{{Reflist}}


{{authority control}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Heinrichsberg</title>
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      <text bytes="909" sha1="ofaa9r215n8in4u7ys2eqeppyy36yrw" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox German location
|type = Ortsteil
|Municipality = [[Loitsche-Heinrichsberg]]
|image_photo       = 
|image_coa            = DE-ST 15-0-83-361 Heinrichsberg COA.png
|coordinates       = {{coord|52|16|23.002|N|11|44|3.001|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|image_plan          = Heinrichsberg in BK.png
|state        = 
|district         = Börde
|elevation              = 40
|area            = 11.34
|population         = 381
|Stand             = 2006-12-31
|postal_code               = 39326
|area_code           = 039208
|licence               = OK
|website           = [http://www.elbe-heide.de www.elbe-heide.de]
}}

'''Heinrichsberg''' waa tuulo iyo degmo hore oo ka tirsan degmada [[Börde (district)|Börde]] ee gobolka [[Saxony-Anhalt|Sachsen-Anhalt]], dalka [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. Laga soo bilaabo 1 Janaayo 2010, waxay qayb ka tahay degmada [[Loitsche-Heinrichsberg]].

{{authority control}}</text>
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    <title>Heinrichswalde</title>
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|coordinates        = {{coord|53|36|N|13|46|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|image_plan           =Heinrichswalde_in_VG.svg
|state         = 
|district          = Vorpommern-Greifswald
|Amt                = Torgelow-Ferdinandshof
|elevation               = 18
|area             = 14.30
|postal_code                = 17379
|area_code            = 039772
|licence                = VG
|Gemeindeschlüssel  = 13 0 75 048
|website            = [http://www.amt-ferdinandshof.de/frame/heinrichswalde.htm www.amt-ferdinandshof.de]
|mayor      = Carolin Kamke
}}
'''Heinrichswalde''' waa [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan degmada [[Vorpommern-Greifswald]], ee gobolka [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]], dalka [[Germany|Jarmalka]].

== Taariikh ==
Laga soo bilaabo 1648 ilaa 1720, Heinrichswalde waxay qayb ka ahayd [[Swedish Pomerania|Boqortooyada Iswiidhan ee Pomerania]]. Laga soo bilaabo 1720 ilaa 1945, waxay qayb ka ahayd gobolka [[Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)|Pomerania]] ee [[Prussia|Prussiya]], laga soo bilaabo 1945 ilaa 1952 gobolka [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]], laga soo bilaabo 1952 ilaa 1990 gobolka [[Bezirk Neubrandenburg|Neubrandenburg]] ee [[East Germany|Jarmalka Bari]] iyo tan iyo 1990 dib loogu soo celiyay Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.

== Dadka ==
* [[Harry Tisch]] (1927-1995), siyaasi ka tirsan [[East Germany|Jarmalka Bari]]
* [[Horst Scheffler]] (dhashay 1935), rinjiile iyo farshaxaniste garaafo ah

== Tixraacyo ==
{{Reflist}}


{{Authority control}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Heinade</title>
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      <text bytes="782" sha1="f792567o1c7n4iaeuhdvv81syfvr3ee" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox German location
|image_coa            = Wappen Heinade.png
|coordinates       = {{coord|51|50|N|09|38|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|image_plan = Heinade in HOL.svg
|state        = 
|district         = Holzminden
|Samtgemeinde      = Eschershausen-Stadtoldendorf
|elevation              = 303
|area            = 9.07
|postal_code               = 37627
|area_code           = 05532 Heinade  05564 Hellental and Merxhausen
|licence               = HOL
|Gemeindeschlüssel = 03 2 55 018
|divisions        = 3 
|mayor     = Heinrich Schoppe
|party            = 
}}

'''Heinade''' waa degmo ka tirsan degmada [[Holzminden (district)|Holzminden]], ee gobolka [[Lower Saxony|Hooseysa Saxony]], dalka [[Germany|Jarmalka]].

== Tixraacyo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Helbedündorf</title>
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        <id>41797</id>
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      <text bytes="1154" sha1="fmsdxa553ynkd1u00aygapnchfttq2e" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox German location
|image_photo       = 
|image_coa         = Helbedündorf.svg
|coordinates       = {{coord|51|21|N|10|37|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|image_plan        = Helbedündorf in KYF.png
|state             = 
|district          = Kyffhäuserkreis
|elevation         = 303
|area              = 96.30
|postal_code       = 99713
|area_code         = 036029 (Holzthaleben, Keula), 036330 (Großbrüchter, Kleinbrüchter, Peukendorf, Toba), 036338 (Friedrichsrode)
|licence           = KYF
|Gemeindeschlüssel = 16 0 65 032
|divisions         = 7
|website           = [http://www.helbeduendorf.de/ www.helbeduendorf.de]
|mayor             = Jörg Steinmetz&lt;ref&gt;[https://wahlen.thueringen.de/datenbank/wahl1/wahl.asp?wahlart=BM&amp;wJahr=0000&amp;zeigeErg=LAND&amp;auswertung=2 Gewählte Bürgermeister - aktuelle Landesübersicht], Freistaat Thüringen. Retrieved 25 June 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;
|leader_term       = 2024&amp;ndash;30
|party             = CDU
}}

'''Helbedündorf''' waa degmo ka tirsan degmada [[Kyffhäuserkreis]], ee gobolka [[Thuringia|Thüringen]], Jarmalka.

== Tixraacyo ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

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  <page>
    <title>Helbra</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>51167</id>
    <revision>
      <id>305995</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T14:14:48Z</timestamp>
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        <id>41797</id>
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      <text bytes="1109" sha1="3gbv0yvzjg0ctnr58r8kv9381dsrsme" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox German location
|image_photo       = 
|image_coa            = Helbrawappen.PNG
|coordinates       = {{coord|51|33|N|11|30|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|image_plan = Helbra in MSH.svg
|state        = 
|district         = Mansfeld-Südharz
|Verbandsgemeinde= Mansfelder Grund-Helbra
|elevation              = 221
|area            = 9.26
|postal_code               = 06311
|area_code           = 034772
|licence               = MSH
|Gemeindeschlüssel = 15 0 87 205
|website           = [http://www.gemeinde-helbra.de www.gemeinde-helbra.de]
|mayor             = Gerd Wyszkowski&lt;ref&gt;[https://wahlergebnisse.sachsen-anhalt.de/wahlen/bmbm/index.html Bürgermeisterwahlen in den Gemeinden, Endgültige Ergebnisse], [[Statistisches Landesamt Sachsen-Anhalt]], accessed 10 November 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;
|leader_term       = 2022&amp;ndash;29
|party             = CDU
}}

'''Helbra''' waa degmo ka tirsan degmada [[Mansfeld-Südharz]], ee gobolka [[Saxony-Anhalt|Sachsen-Anhalt]], dalka [[Germany|Jarmalka]].

== Dadka ==
* [[Fritz Schenk]] (1930-2006), suxufi

== Tixraacyo ==
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  <page>
    <title>Heldburg</title>
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      <text bytes="3109" sha1="1tjxnkufj28ymfxvxaquipyu5gghxfe" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox German location
|type               = Town
|image_skyline      = Heldburg, Altstadt, Ansicht von der Veste Heldburg 20161030-001.jpg
|image_coa = DEU Heldburg COA.svg
|coordinates        = {{coord|50|17|N|10|44|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|image_plan         = Heldburg in HBN.png
|state              = 
|district           = Hildburghausen
|Verwaltungsgemeinschaft = Heldburger Unterland
|elevation          = 288
|area               = 112.74
|postal_code        = 98663
|area_code          = 036871
|licence            = HBN
|Gemeindeschlüssel  = 16 0 69 063
|divisions          = 13
|website            = {{url|https://stadt-heldburg.de/}}
|mayor              = Christopher Other&lt;ref&gt;[https://wahlen.thueringen.de/datenbank/wahl1/wahl.asp?wahlart=BM&amp;wJahr=0000&amp;zeigeErg=LAND&amp;auswertung=2 Gewählte Bürgermeister - aktuelle Landesübersicht], Freistaat Thüringen, accessed 14 July 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;
|leader_term        = 2019&amp;ndash;25
|party              = CDU
}}
'''Heldburg''' ({{IPA|de|ˈhɛltbʊʁk}}) waa magaalo iyo [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan degmada [[Hildburghausen (district)|Hildburghausen]], ee gobolka [[Thuringia|Thüringen]], bartamaha dalka [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. Degmadan waxaa la abuuray 1 Janaayo 2019 iyadoo la midaynayo degmooyinkii hore ee [[Bad Colberg-Heldburg]], [[Gompertshausen]] iyo [[Hellingen]]. Waxay u jirtaa 16 km dhanka koonfureed ee [[Hildburghausen]], iyo 18 km dhanka galbeed ee [[Coburg]].

== Qaybaha Maamulka ==
{{div col|colwidth=14em}}
* Albingshausen
* Bad Colberg
* Einöd
* Gellershausen
* [[Gompertshausen]]
* Heldburg
* [[Hellingen]]
* Holzhausen
* Käßlitz
* Lindenau
* Poppenhausen
* Rieth
* Völkershausen
* Volkmannshausen
{{div col end}}

== Taariikh ==
Heldburg waxaa markii ugu horreysay la xusay sanadkii 837. Waxay ku taal cidhifka [[Heldburg Fortress|Qalcadda Heldburg]]. Sanadkii 1374 waxay u gudubtay [[landgrave|hogaamiyaasha]] Thüringen.&lt;ref name=mgk/&gt; Heldburg waxaa la siiyay xuquuqda magaalada sanadkii 1394.

Sanadkii 1900, magaaladu waxay lahayd dad gaaraya 1,040.&lt;ref name=mgk&gt;{{cite book|author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |title=Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon|year=1906|volume=9|location=Leipzig und Wien|page=132}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Intii lagu guda jiray [[World War II|Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka]], 11kii Maajo 1942, deegaanka maanta ah ee Poppenhausen wuxuu ahaa goob lagu xasuuqay 20 maxbuus oo [[Polish people|Reer Boolish ah]] oo ka tirsanaa [[Buchenwald concentration camp|xeryaha fiirsashada ee Buchenwald]], kuwaas oo si fagaare ah loogu [[hanging|deldelay]] [[Gestapo|Gestapo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt;|title=Buchenwald. Ausgrenzung und Gewalt 1937 bis 1945|year=2016|language=de|location=Bad Berka|page=214|isbn=978-3-9816900-3-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dagaalka dabadiis, magaaladu waxay qayb ka noqotay [[East Germany|Jarmalka Bari]].

Sanadkii 1993 waxay noqotay qayb ka mid ah degmada Bad Colberg-Heldburg.&lt;ref&gt;[https://stadt-heldburg.de/content/heldburg-geschichte-erleben-0 Heldburg - Geschichte erleben]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tixraacyo ==
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  <page>
    <title>Hellenthal</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>51169</id>
    <revision>
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      <text bytes="1559" sha1="lfq9qwx49y599zsbfug8eba04ouqeua" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox German place
|image_photo       = Hellenthal 021.jpg
|image_coa         = DEU_Hellenthal_COA.svg
|coordinates       = {{coord|50|29|N|06|26|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|image_plan        = Hellenthal in EU.svg
|state             = 
|region            = Köln
|district          = Euskirchen
|elevation         = 537&lt;!--384 – 690--&gt;
|area              = 137.82
|Gemeindeschlüssel = 05366020
|postal_code       = 53940
|area_code         = 02482, 02448
|licence           = EU
|website           = [http://www.hellenthal.de/ www.hellenthal.de]
|mayor             = Rudolf Westerburg&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wahlergebnisse.nrw/kommunalwahlen/2020/index_bm.shtml Wahlergebnisse in NRW Kommunalwahlen 2020], Land Nordrhein-Westfalen, accessed 19 June 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;
|leader_term       = 2020&amp;ndash;25
}}
'''Hellenthal''' ({{IPA|de|ˈhɛləntaːl}}) waa degmo ka tirsan degmada [[Euskirchen (district)|Euskirchen]] ee gobolka [[North Rhine-Westphalia|Nordrhein-Westfalen]], dalka [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. Waxay ku taal buuraha [[Eifel]], agagaarka xadka [[Belgium|Beljam]], qiyaastii 30 km koonfur-galbeed ee [[Euskirchen]] iyo 40 km koonfur-bari ee [[Aachen]].

Tuulada Reifferscheid, oo ka tirsan degmada Hellenthal, waxaa ku badan burburka [[Reifferscheid Castle|Qalcadda Reifferscheid]], oo ahayd xaruntii maamul goboleedkii dhexe, eeg [[Salm (state)|Salm]]. Tuulo kale oo ka tirsan degmada, Blumenthal, waxay leedahay aag warshadeed oo birta ah.

== Tixraacyo ==
{{reflist}}

== Xiriirinta dibadda ==
{{Commons category-inline}}


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    <title>Hellwege</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>51170</id>
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      <text bytes="1969" sha1="37153mpqk1u6btpsy7o948a8rftu2p7" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox German location
|image_coa            = Wappen der Gemeinde Hellwege.gif
|coordinates       = {{coord|53|04|N|09|14|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|image_plan = Hellwege in ROW.svg
|state        = 
|district         = Rotenburg (Wümme)
|Samtgemeinde      = Sottrum
|elevation              = 15
|area            = 27.44
|postal_code               = 27367
|area_code           = 04264
|licence               = ROW
|Gemeindeschlüssel = 03 3 57 022
|divisions        = 4 
|website           = [http://www.sottrum.de/ www.sottrum.de]
|mayor     = Wolfgang Harling
|party            = SPD
}}

'''Hellwege''' waa degmo ka tirsan degmada [[Rotenburg (district)|Rotenburg]], ee gobolka [[Lower Saxony|Hooseysa Saxony]], dalka [[Germany|Jarmalka]].

Hellwege waxay ka tirsanaan jirtay [[Prince-Bishopric of Verden|Saldanadda-Episkobka ee Verden]], oo la aasaasay 1180. Sanadkii 1648, Saldanaddii-Episkobka waxaa loo beddelay [[Principality of Verden|Saldanadda Verden]], taas oo markii ugu horreysay ay xukumaysay [[personal union|midow shakhsi ah]] Boqortooyada Iswiidhan - oo ay dhex-dhexaadisay qabsashadii Denmark (1712-1715) - iyo laga soo bilaabo 1715 wixii ka dambeeyay waxaa xukumaysay [[House of Hanover|Qoyska Xanuufaar]]. Sanadkii 1807, [[Kingdom of Westphalia|Boqortooyada gaaban ee Westphalia]] ayaa xoog ku qabsatay Saldanadda, ka hor intaysan [[First French Empire|Faransiiska]] qabsanin 1810. Sanadkii 1813, Saldanaddii waxaa loo celiyay [[Electorate of Hanover|Degmada Xulashada ee Hanover]], taas oo - ka dib markii loo asteeyay [[Kingdom of Hanover|Boqortooyada Hanover]] sanadkii 1814 - ku dartay Saldanadda [[real union|midow dhab ah]] isla markaana dhulkii Saldanadda, oo uu ku jiro Hellwege, wuxuu noqday qayb ka mid ah [[Stade (region)|Gobolka Stade]] ee cusub, kaas oo la aasaasay 1823. Magaca hellwege waxaa también loo isticmaali karaa magaca qoyska, waana mid caan ka ah Jarmalka.

== Tixraacyo ==
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  <page>
    <title>Helmenzen</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>51171</id>
    <revision>
      <id>305999</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T14:21:24Z</timestamp>
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        <id>41797</id>
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      <text bytes="1537" sha1="mt32ngcs3iwoq57p8nyvmpbrxnjswoi" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox German location
|type                = Ortsgemeinde
|image_coa             = 
|coordinates        = {{coord|50|41|43|N|7|37|10|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|image_plan = Helmenzen in AK.svg
|state         = 
|district          = Altenkirchen
|Verbandsgemeinde   = Altenkirchen-Flammersfeld
|elevation               = 260 
|area             = 4.15
|postal_code                = 57612
|area_code            = 02681
|licence                = AK
|Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 1 32 047
|website           = {{url|https://helmenzen.de/}}
|mayor             = Klaus Schneider&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/de/kw/wahlen/kd/gebiete/1320000000000.html Direktwahlen 2019, Landkreis Altenkirchen], Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, accessed 3 August 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;
|leader_term       = 2019&amp;ndash;24
|party             = 
}}

'''Helmenzen''' waa tuulo ka tirsan degmada [[Altenkirchen-Flammersfeld]] ee [[Altenkirchen (district)|degmada Altenkirchen]], ee gobolka [[Rhineland-Palatinate|Rheinland-Pfalz]], galbeedka dalka [[Germany|Jarmalka]].

== Bakayaha Matxafka ==
Museumsscheune Helmenzen (Matxafka bakayaha Helmenzen) waa matxaf taariikhda maxalliga ah oo muujiya nolosha guriga iyo beeraha waqtiyadii hore ka hor intaan korontadu ka hirgelin aagga Altenkirchen.

== Gaadiidka ==
Khadadka basaska maxalliga ah ee 250 iyo 251 waxay Helmenzen ku xiraan gaadiidka dadweynaha, Helmenzen waxay ku taal aagga lambarkiisu yahay 910 ee ururka gaadiidka Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Mosel (VRM).

== Tixraacyo ==
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  <page>
    <title>Helmeroth</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>51172</id>
    <revision>
      <id>306000</id>
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      <text bytes="1248" sha1="98kmnk6lu5wn18v5os2pn4a2vsg280f" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox German location
|type                = Ortsgemeinde
|name               = Helmeroth
|image_photo       = Helmeroth3.jpg
|image_coa             = 
|coordinates        = {{coord|50|44|27|N|7|44|12|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|image_plan = Helmeroth in AK.svg
|state         = 
|district          = Altenkirchen
|Verbandsgemeinde   = Altenkirchen-Flammersfeld
|elevation               = 180 
|area             = 3.57
|postal_code                = 57612
|area_code            = 02682
|licence                = AK
|Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 1 32 048
|divisions         = 5 
|website           = {{url|https://www.vg-altenkirchen-flammersfeld.de/gemeinde-politik/uebersicht-ortsgemeinden/helmeroth|vg-altenkirchen-flammersfeld.de}}
|mayor             = Paul Stefes&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/de/kw/wahlen/kd/gebiete/1320000000000.html Direktwahlen 2019, Landkreis Altenkirchen], Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, accessed 3 August 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;
|leader_term       = 2019&amp;ndash;24
|party             = 
}}

'''Helmeroth''' waa degmo ka tirsan degmada [[Altenkirchen (district)|Altenkirchen]], ee gobolka [[Rhineland-Palatinate|Rheinland-Pfalz]], galbeedka dalka [[Germany|Jarmalka]].

== Tixraacyo ==
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  <page>
    <title>Hemslingen</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>51173</id>
    <revision>
      <id>306001</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T14:24:10Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="1853" sha1="d9vz2ca693l8vpqsdgi4ael2phl2ual" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox German location
|image_coa            = 
|coordinates       = {{coord|53|5|21|N|9|36|6|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|image_plan = Hemslingen in ROW.svg
|state        = 
|district         = Rotenburg (Wümme)
|Samtgemeinde      = Bothel
|elevation              = 42.47
|area            = 27.46
|postal_code               = 27386
|area_code           = 04266
|licence               = ROW
|Gemeindeschlüssel = 03 3 57 025
|website           = [http://www.hemslingen-soehlingen.de/ www.hemslingen-soehlingen.de]
|mayor     = Annegret Kregel
|party            = CDU
}}

'''Hemslingen''' waa degmo ka tirsan degmada [[Rotenburg (district)|Rotenburg]], ee gobolka [[Lower Saxony|Hooseysa Saxony]], dalka [[Germany|Jarmalka]].

Hemslingen waxay ka tirsanaan jirtay [[Prince-Bishopric of Verden|Saldanadda-Episkobka ee Verden]], oo la aasaasay 1180. Sanadkii 1648 Saldanaddii-Episkobka waxaa loo beddelay [[Principality of Verden|Saldanadda Verden]], taas oo markii ugu horreysay ay xukumaysay [[personal union|midow shakhsi ah]] Boqortooyada Iswiidhan - oo ay dhex-dhexaadisay qabsashadii Denmark (1712-1715) - iyo laga soo bilaabo 1715 wixii ka dambeeyay waxaa xukumaysay [[House of Hanover|Qoyska Xanuufaar]]. Sanadkii 1807 [[Kingdom of Westphalia|Boqortooyada gaaban ee Westphalia]] ayaa xoog ku qabsatay Saldanadda, ka hor intaysan [[First French Empire|Faransiiska]] qabsanin 1810. Sanadkii 1813 Saldanaddii waxaa loo celiyay [[Electorate of Hanover|Degmada Xulashada ee Hanover]], taas oo - ka dib markii loo asteeyay [[Kingdom of Hanover|Boqortooyada Hanover]] sanadkii 1814 - ku dartay Saldanadda [[real union|midow dhab ah]] isla markaana dhulkii Saldanadda, oo uu ku jiro Hemslingen, wuxuu noqday qayb ka mid ah [[Stade (region)|Gobolka Stade]] ee cusub, kaas oo la aasaasay 1823.

== Tixraacyo ==
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  <page>
    <title>Hemsloh</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>51174</id>
    <revision>
      <id>306002</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T14:25:33Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="753" sha1="lf3rks5lyzpxizddxs061bszxdb93q1" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox German location
|image_coa            = kein
|coordinates       = {{coord|52|36|N|08|31|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|image_plan = Hemsloh in DH.svg
|state        = 
|district         = Diepholz
|Samtgemeinde      = Rehden
|elevation              = 58
|area            = 26.77
|postal_code               = 49453
|area_code           = 05448
|licence               = DH
|Gemeindeschlüssel = 03 2 51 019
|mayor     = Werner Schlüter
|party            = 
}}

'''Hemsloh''' waa degmo ka tirsan degmada [[Diepholz (district)|Diepholz]], ee gobolka [[Lower Saxony|Hooseysa Saxony]], dalka [[Germany|Jarmalka]].

== Sidoo kale eeg ==
* [[Rehden Geest Moor]], kayd dabiiji ah oo maxalli ah

== Tixraacyo ==
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  <page>
    <title>Hendungen</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>51175</id>
    <revision>
      <id>306003</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T14:26:59Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="1180" sha1="2uat93n3dcybqe8rnex7nl1jngamxnu" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox German location
|image_coa            = DEU Hendungen COA.svg
|image_photo = Hendungen, Rappershausen, Dorfplatz 6, 002.jpg
|image_caption = [[Fachwerkhaus]] ku yaal tuulada
|coordinates       = {{coord|50|24|N|10|21|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|image_plan = Hendungen in NES.svg
|state        = 
|region  = Unterfranken
|district         = Rhön-Grabfeld
|Verwaltungsgemeinschaft = Mellrichstadt
|elevation              = 308
|area            = 22.85
|postal_code               = 97640
|area_code           = 09776
|licence               = NES
|Gemeindeschlüssel = 09 6 73 130
|website           = [http://www.hendungen.de www.hendungen.de]
|mayor             = Florian Liening-Ewert&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.statistik.bayern.de/wahlen/kommunalwahlen/bgm/ Liste der ersten Bürgermeister/Oberbürgermeister in kreisangehörigen Gemeinden], [[Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik]], 15 July 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;
|leader_term       = 2020&amp;ndash;26
|party             = 
}}

'''Hendungen''' waa [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan degmada [[Rhön-Grabfeld]] ee gobolka [[Bavaria|Bayern]], dalka [[Germany|Jarmalka]].

== Tixraacyo ==
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    <title>Henfenfeld</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>51176</id>
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      <id>306004</id>
      <timestamp>2026-08-26T14:28:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <text bytes="1598" sha1="6qbdvvssm9n711oidp6yok7fvuplmxs" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox German location
|image_coa            = DEU Henfenfeld COA.svg
|image_photo = Burg Henfenfeld.JPG
|image_caption = Qalcadda Henfenfeld
|coordinates       = {{coord|49|30|N|11|23|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|image_plan = Henfenfeld in LAU.svg
|state        = 
|region  = Mittelfranken
|district         = Nürnberger Land
|Verwaltungsgemeinschaft = Henfenfeld
|elevation              = 345
|area            = 6.64
|postal_code               = 91239
|area_code           = 09151
|licence               = LAU, ESB, HEB, N, PEG
|Gemeindeschlüssel = 09 5 74 131
|website           = [http://www.henfenfeld.de/ www.henfenfeld.de]
|mayor             = Markus Gleißenberg&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.statistik.bayern.de/wahlen/kommunalwahlen/bgm/ Liste der ersten Bürgermeister/Oberbürgermeister in kreisangehörigen Gemeinden], [[Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik]]. Retrieved 5 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;
|leader_term       = 2023&amp;ndash;29
|party             = CSU
}}

'''Henfenfeld''' ({{IPA|de|ˈhɛnfn̩fɛlt}}) waa degmo u dhow [[Nuremberg]] oo ku taal Frankenalb ([[Franconian Jura|Frankish Alb]]) oo si toos ah koonfur uga xigta [[Hersbruck]]. Magaalada waxaa markii ugu horreysay la xusay warqad taariikhdu ahayd 13 Abriil 1059. Magaalada waxaa si fiican loogu yaqaanaa qalcaddeeda.

== Tixraacyo ==
{{Reflist}}

== Xiriirinta dibadda ==
* {{cite web|title=Gemeinde Henfenfeld|url=http://www.henfenfeld.de/}} - mareegta rasmiga ah ee magaalada
* {{cite web|url=http://www.pfinzingschloss.de/|title=Schloss Henfenfeld}} - mareegta rasmiga ah ee qalcadda Henfenfeld


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    <title>Henfstädt</title>
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      <text bytes="1092" sha1="ryp250i5etuarks3mt3jfajaszyg9f7" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox German place
|image_photo       = 
|image_coa            = 
|coordinates       = {{coord|50|31|N|10|35|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|image_plan          = Henfstädt in HBN.png
|state        = 
|district         = Hildburghausen
|Verwaltungsgemeinschaft = Feldstein
|elevation              = 330
|area            = 8.10
|postal_code               = 98660
|area_code           = 036873
|licence               = HBN
|Gemeindeschlüssel = 16 0 69 021
|website           = [http://www.henfstaedt.de/ www.henfstaedt.de]
|mayor             = Simone Langner-Schneider&lt;ref&gt;[https://wahlen.thueringen.de/datenbank/wahl1/wahl.asp?wahlart=BM&amp;wJahr=0000&amp;zeigeErg=LAND&amp;auswertung=2 Gewählte Bürgermeister - aktuelle Landesübersicht], Freistaat Thüringen, accessed 10 November 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;
|leader_term       = 2022&amp;ndash;28
|party             = 
}}

'''Henfstädt''' waa degmo ka tirsan degmada [[Hildburghausen (district)|Hildburghausen]], ee gobolka [[Thuringia|Thüringen]], dalka [[Germany|Jarmalka]].

== Tixraacyo ==
{{Reflist}}


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  <page>
    <title>Hepstedt</title>
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      <text bytes="1805" sha1="h0wk3fh6mngs1o9vejsx9ivc1ljchd5" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox German place
|image_coa            = DEU Hepstedt COA.svg
|coordinates       = {{coord|53|15|34|N|09|05|22|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|image_plan = Hepstedt in ROW.svg
|state        = 
|district         = Rotenburg (Wümme)
|Samtgemeinde      = Tarmstedt
|elevation              = 30
|area            = 29.95
|postal_code               = 27412
|area_code           = 04283, 04289
|licence               = ROW
|Gemeindeschlüssel = 03 3 57 026
|website           = [http://www.tarmstedt.de/ www.tarmstedt.de]
|mayor     = Werner Meyer
}}

'''Hepstedt''' waa degmo ka tirsan degmada [[Rotenburg (district)|Rotenburg]], ee gobolka [[Lower Saxony|Hooseysa Saxony]], dalka [[Germany|Jarmalka]].

Hepstedt waxay ka tirsanaan jirtay [[Archdiocese of Bremen|Saldanadda-Episkobka ee Bremen]], oo la aasaasay 1180. Sanadkii 1648 Saldanaddii-Episkobka waxaa loo beddelay [[Duchy of Bremen|Duukhadii Bremen]], taas oo markii ugu horreysay ay xukumaysay [[personal union|midow shakhsi ah]] Boqortooyada Iswiidhan - oo ay dhex-dhexaadisay qabsashadii Denmark (1712–1715) - iyo laga soo bilaabo 1715 wixii ka dambeeyay waxaa xukumaysay [[House of Hanover|Qoyska Xanuufaar]]. Sanadkii 1807 [[Kingdom of Westphalia|Boqortooyada gaaban ee Westphalia]] ayaa xoog ku qabsatay Duukhada, ka hor intaysan [[First French Empire|Faransiiska]] qabsanin 1810. Sanadkii 1813 Duukhadii waxaa loo celiyay [[Electorate of Hanover|Degmada Xulashada ee Hanover]], taas oo - ka dib markii loo asteeyay [[Kingdom of Hanover|Boqortooyada Hanover]] sanadkii 1814 - ku dartay Duukhada [[real union|midow dhab ah]] isla markaana dhulkii Duukhada, oo uu ku jiro Hepstedt, wuxuu noqday qayb ka mid ah [[Stade (region)|Gobolka Stade]] ee cusub, kaas oo la aasaasay 1823.

== Tixraacyo ==
&lt;references /&gt;


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  <page>
    <title>Herbsleben</title>
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      <text bytes="1076" sha1="6fkzofo7qedlihweqfxujrvi7q8kf56" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox German place
|image_photo       = 
|image_coa            = Herbsleb.jpg
|coordinates       = {{coord|51|7|N|10|50|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|image_plan          = Herbsleben in UH.png
|state        = 
|district         = Unstrut-Hainich-Kreis
|elevation              = 169
|area            = 25.02
|postal_code       = 99955
|area_code         = 036041
|licence           = UH
|Gemeindeschlüssel = 16 0 64 022
|website           = [http://www.gemeinde-herbsleben.de/ www.gemeinde-herbsleben.de]
|mayor             = Reinhard Mascher&lt;ref&gt;[https://wahlen.thueringen.de/datenbank/wahl1/wahl.asp?wahlart=BM&amp;wJahr=0000&amp;zeigeErg=LAND&amp;auswertung=2 Gewählte Bürgermeister - aktuelle Landesübersicht], Freistaat Thüringen. Retrieved 25 June 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;
|leader_term       = 2024&amp;ndash;30
|party             = CDU
}}

'''Herbsleben''' waa [[Municipalities in Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan [[Districts of Germany|degmada]] [[Unstrut-Hainich-Kreis]] ee gobolka [[Thuringia|Thüringen]], dalka [[Germany|Jarmalka]].

== Tixraacyo ==
{{Reflist}}


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  <page>
    <title>Herbstein</title>
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      <text bytes="5125" sha1="4dvb3fhkxxfe4677j9prrpiupxt8kva" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox German place
|type               = Stadt
|image_coa            = Wappen herbstein.png
|image_photo = Herbstein Rathaus mit Jakobusbrunnen.jpg
|image_caption = Xarunta degmada
|coordinates       = {{coord|50|33|N|09|21|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|image_plan          = Mittelhessen Vogelsberg Her.png
|state        = 
|region  = Gießen
|district         = Vogelsbergkreis
|elevation              = 461
|area            = 79.98
|postal_code               = 36358
|area_code           = 06643, 06647
|licence               = VB
|Gemeindeschlüssel = 06 5 35 008
|website           = [http://www.herbstein.de www.herbstein.de]
|mayor             = Astrid Staubach&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://statistik.hessen.de/sites/statistik.hessen.de/files/2024-05/BVII_m05-2024_Direktwahlen_Tabelle_1a.xlsx|title=Ergebnisse der jeweils letzten Direktwahl von Landrätinnen und Landräte sowie (Ober-)Bürgermeisterinnen und (Ober-)Bürgermeister in Hessen|language=de|date=21 May 2024|publisher=[[Hessisches Statistisches Landesamt]]|format=XLS}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|leader_term       = 2023&amp;ndash;29
|party             = madaxbannaan
}}
'''Herbstein''' ({{IPA|de|ˈhɛʁpˌʃtaɪn|-|De-Herbstein.ogg}}) waa magaalo yar oo ka tirsan [[Vogelsbergkreis]] ee gobolka [[Hesse]], Jarmalka.

== Juqraafi ==
[[File:Herbstein (Nordwestansicht).jpg|thumb|Herbstein|left]]
{{clear|left}}

=== Goobta ===
[[spa town|Magaalada dalxiiska iyo daaweynta]] ee Herbstein waxay ku taal dhinaca bari ee [[Vogelsberg Mountains|Buuraha Vogelsberg]]. ee Jarmalka.

=== Degmooyinka deriska la ah ===
Herbstein waxay xuduud la leedahay dhanka waqooyi degmada [[Lautertal (Vogelsberg)|Lautertal]] iyo degmada [[Wartenberg, Hesse|Wartenberg]], dhanka bari degmooyinka [[Großenlüder]] iyo [[Hosenfeld]] (labaduba waxay ku jiraan degmada [[Fulda (district)|Fulda]]), dhanka koonfureed degmada [[Grebenhain]], iyo dhanka galbeed magaalada [[Schotten]].

=== Degmooyinka hoos yimaada ===
Magaaladu waxay ka kooban tahay magaalada weyn ee Herbstein iyo sidoo kale xarumaha hoos yimaada ee Altenschlirf, Lanzenhain, Schlechtenwegen, Steinfurt, Rixfeld, Schadges iyo Stockhausen.

Magaca dambe ee degmada, Stockhausen, waa mid aad u duug ah, isagoo markii ugu horreysay lagu xusay dukumenti sanadkii 882 markii loo aqoonsaday inuu yahay dhul ka tirsan Kaniisadda Fulda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa la rumeysan yahay inuu ka horreeyo xilligaas.

== Taariikh ==
Herbstein waxaa markii ugu horreysay lagu xusay dukumenti sanadkii 1011 oo ka yimid [[monastery|kicimkii]] [[Fulda]]. Sanadkii 1262, Herbstein waxaa la siiyay xuquuqda magaalada. Ilaa 1802 magaaladu waxay ka tirsanayd Kaniisadda Amiirka (''Fürstabtei'') ee Fulda. Waxaa xigay xilli gaaban oo ahayd hoggaan is bedbeddelaya ilaa magaaladu ay u gudubtay [[Grand Duchy of Hesse|Boqortooyada Weyn ee Hesse]] sanadkii 1810.

Iyada oo qayb ka ah dib-u-habeynta degmooyinka Hesse, degmooyinkii hore ee madaxbannaanaa ee Altenschlirf, Lanzenhain, Schlechtenwegen iyo Steinfurt ayaa lagu daray magaalada Herbstein laga bilaabo 31 Diseembar 1971. Rixfeld, Schadges iyo Stockhausen ayaa soo raacay 1 Agoosto 1972.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}

== Siyaasad ==

=== Golaha magaalada ===
{{update section|date=July 2021}}
Doorashadii golaha degmada ee dhacday 11 March 2011 waxay keentay natiijooyinkan:
* [[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|CDU]] 9 kursi
* [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] 7 kursi
* FW (Isbahaysiga muwaadiniinta) 7 kursi

=== Calanka iyo astaanta ===
[[coat of arms|Astaanta]] Herbstein ee qaabkeeda hadda waxay u muuqataa inay soo unkantay qarnigii 17-aad. Kahor intaas, astaanta waxay ahayd iskutallaab fudud oo ka timid astaanta Kaniisadda Fulda. Shaqsiga ku jira astaanta waa Quduus James kan Waayeelka ah, labada ushood ee iskutallaabta ah ee ku jira gaashaanka yar waa calaamado la xiriira isaga - waxaa lagu dilay ulaha iyadoo la garaacayo. Astaanta waxaa la siiyay Herbstein sanadkii 1952.[http://www.ngw.nl/int/dld/h/herbstei.htm]

=== Iskaashiga ===
Magaalada Herbstein waxay xiriir la leedahay meelahan soo socda:
* {{Flagicon|Belgium}} Oelegem (qayb ka tirsan [[Ranst]]) u dhow [[Antwerp]], [[Belgium]], ilaa 1968
* {{Flagicon|Hungary}} [[Hévíz Spa|Hévíz]], [[Hungary]], ilaa 1995.

== Dhaqaalaha iyo kaabayaasha ==
Tan iyo markii la qoday [[thermal spring|il biyo kulul oo daawo ah]] sanadkii 1976, magaaladu waxay si aad ah ugu jihaysatay hawlaheeda dhinaca maamulka goobaha daaweynta (spa). Sanadkii 1980, qubeyska orthopaedic-ga biyaha kulul (nooc ka mid ah kan laga yaqaan [[German language|Jarmal]] sida ''Bewegungsbad'' - &quot;qubeyska dhaqdhaqaaqa&quot;) ayaa laga furay Herbstein sanadkii 1994na waxaa la daahfuray ''Kurmittelhaus'' - oo ah meel bixisa daawaynta cabashooyinka kala duwan. Sanadkii 2000 dadaalladiias ugu dambayn waxaa lagu taajiray markii magaalada la guddoonsiiyay magaca ''&quot;Heilbad&quot;'' - &quot;Biyo Kulul oo Daawo ah&quot;.

== Arrimaha kale ==
Gudaha xuduudaha Herbstein waxaa ku jiray bartamaha juqraafiyeed ee [[West Germany|Jarmalkii Galbeed]] ee hore.

== Sidoo kale eeg ==
* [[Herbstein (surname)]]

== Tixraacyo ==
{{Reflist}}


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      <text bytes="5208" sha1="4b68ppqnimfuu1ycvs6mmp95aeg7kvj" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox German place
|type               = Stadt
|image_coa            = Wappen herbstein.png
|image_photo = Herbstein Rathaus mit Jakobusbrunnen.jpg
|image_caption = Xarunta degmada
|coordinates       = {{coord|50|33|N|09|21|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|image_plan          = Mittelhessen Vogelsberg Her.png
|state        = 
|region  = Gießen
|district         = Vogelsbergkreis
|elevation              = 461
|area            = 79.98
|postal_code               = 36358
|area_code           = 06643, 06647
|licence               = VB
|Gemeindeschlüssel = 06 5 35 008
|website           = [http://www.herbstein.de www.herbstein.de]
|mayor             = Astrid Staubach&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://statistik.hessen.de/sites/statistik.hessen.de/files/2024-05/BVII_m05-2024_Direktwahlen_Tabelle_1a.xlsx|title=Ergebnisse der jeweils letzten Direktwahl von Landrätinnen und Landräte sowie (Ober-)Bürgermeisterinnen und (Ober-)Bürgermeister in Hessen|language=de|date=21 May 2024|publisher=[[Hessisches Statistisches Landesamt]]|format=XLS}}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|leader_term       = 2023&amp;ndash;29
|party             = madaxbannaan
}}
'''Herbstein''' ({{IPA|de|ˈhɛʁpˌʃtaɪn|-|De-Herbstein.ogg}}) waa magaalo yar oo ka tirsan [[Vogelsbergkreis]] ee gobolka [[Hesse]], Jarmalka.

== Juqraafi ==
[[File:Herbstein (Nordwestansicht).jpg|thumb|Herbstein|left]]
{{clear|left}}

=== Goobta ===
[[spa town|Magaalada dalxiiska iyo daaweynta]] ee Herbstein waxay ku taal dhinaca bari ee [[Vogelsberg Mountains|Buuraha Vogelsberg]]. ee Jarmalka.

=== Degmooyinka deriska la ah ===
Herbstein waxay xuduud la leedahay dhanka waqooyi degmada [[Lautertal (Vogelsberg)|Lautertal]] iyo degmada [[Wartenberg, Hesse|Wartenberg]], dhanka bari degmooyinka [[Großenlüder]] iyo [[Hosenfeld]] (labaduba waxay ku jiraan degmada [[Fulda (district)|Fulda]]), dhanka koonfureed degmada [[Grebenhain]], iyo dhanka galbeed magaalada [[Schotten]].

=== Degmooyinka hoos yimaada ===
Magaaladu waxay ka kooban tahay magaalada weyn ee Herbstein iyo sidoo kale xarumaha hoos yimaada ee Altenschlirf, Lanzenhain, Schlechtenwegen, Steinfurt, Rixfeld, Schadges iyo Stockhausen.

Magaca dambe ee degmada, Stockhausen, waa mid aad u duug ah, isagoo markii ugu horreysay lagu xusay dukumenti sanadkii 882 markii loo aqoonsaday inuu yahay dhul ka tirsan Kaniisadda Fulda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa la rumeysan yahay inuu ka horreeyo xilligaas.

== Taariikh ==
Herbstein waxaa markii ugu horreysay lagu xusay dukumenti sanadkii 1011 oo ka yimid [[monastery|kicimkii]] [[Fulda]]. Sanadkii 1262, Herbstein waxaa la siiyay xuquuqda magaalada. Ilaa 1802 magaaladu waxay ka tirsanayd Kaniisadda Amiirka (''Fürstabtei'') ee Fulda. Waxaa xigay xilli gaaban oo ahayd hoggaan is bedbeddelaya ilaa magaaladu ay u gudubtay [[Grand Duchy of Hesse|Boqortooyada Weyn ee Hesse]] sanadkii 1810.

Iyada oo qayb ka ah dib-u-habeynta degmooyinka Hesse, degmooyinkii hore ee madaxbannaanaa ee Altenschlirf, Lanzenhain, Schlechtenwegen iyo Steinfurt ayaa lagu daray magaalada Herbstein laga bilaabo 31 Diseembar 1971. Rixfeld, Schadges iyo Stockhausen ayaa soo raacay 1 Agoosto 1972.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}

== Siyaasad ==

=== Golaha magaalada ===
{{update section|date=July 2021}}
Doorashadii golaha degmada ee dhacday 11 March 2011 waxay keentay natiijooyinkan:
* [[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|CDU]] 9 kursi
* [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] 7 kursi
* FW (Isbahaysiga muwaadiniinta) 7 kursi

=== Calanka iyo astaanta ===
[[coat of arms|Astaanta]] Herbstein ee qaabkeeda hadda waxay u muuqataa inay soo unkantay qarnigii 17-aad. Kahor intaas, astaanta waxay ahayd iskutallaab fudud oo ka timid astaanta Kaniisadda Fulda. Shaqsiga ku jira astaanta waa Quduus James kan Waayeelka ah, labada ushood ee iskutallaabta ah ee ku jira gaashaanka yar waa calaamado la xiriira isaga - waxaa lagu dilay ulaha iyadoo la garaacayo. Astaanta waxaa la siiyay Herbstein sanadkii 1952.[http://www.ngw.nl/int/dld/h/herbstei.htm]

=== Iskaashiga ===
Magaalada Herbstein waxay xiriir la leedahay meelahan soo socda:
* {{Flagicon|Belgium}} Oelegem (qayb ka tirsan [[Ranst]]) u dhow [[Antwerp]], [[Belgium]], ilaa 1968
* {{Flagicon|Hungary}} [[Hévíz Spa|Hévíz]], [[Hungary]], ilaa 1995.

== Dhaqaalaha iyo kaabayaasha ==
Tan iyo markii la qoday [[thermal spring|il biyo kulul oo daawo ah]] sanadkii 1976, magaaladu waxay si aad ah ugu jihaysatay hawlaheeda dhinaca maamulka goobaha daaweynta (spa). Sanadkii 1980, qubeyska orthopaedic-ga biyaha kulul (nooc ka mid ah kan laga yaqaan [[German language|Jarmal]] sida ''Bewegungsbad'' - &quot;qubeyska dhaqdhaqaaqa&quot;) ayaa laga furay Herbstein sanadkii 1994na waxaa la daahfuray ''Kurmittelhaus'' - oo ah meel bixisa daawaynta cabashooyinka kala duwan. Sanadkii 2000 dadaalladiias ugu dambayn waxaa lagu taajiray markii magaalada la guddoonsiiyay magaca ''&quot;Heilbad&quot;'' - &quot;Biyo Kulul oo Daawo ah&quot;.

== Arrimaha kale ==
Gudaha xuduudaha Herbstein waxaa ku jiray bartamaha juqraafiyeed ee [[West Germany|Jarmalkii Galbeed]] ee hore.

== Sidoo kale eeg ==
* [[Herbstein (surname)]]

== Tixraacyo ==
{{Reflist}}


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