Wikipedia sowiki https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogga_Hore MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.18 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Portal Portal talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 2301 307293 301081 2026-09-06T12:52:52Z Isma4l 41797 Hagaajiyay 307293 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox religion | native_name = {{lang|ar|{{Script|Arab|الإسلام}}}}<br/>{{transliteration|ar|al-Islām}} | image = The Kaaba during Hajj - edited.jpg | caption = [[Kacbada]] ee ku taal [[Masjidka Xaramka]] ee [[Makka]], [[Sacuudi Carabiya]], oo ah [[Holiest sites in islam|goobta Islaamka ee ugu barakeysan]] | type = | main_classification = [[Abrahamic religions|Ibraahimi ah]] | scripture = {{Plainlist| * [[Quraan]] * Sunnada: [[Xadiis]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The saheeh Sunnah is wahy (Revelation) from Allah |url=https://islamqa.info/en/answers/77243/the-saheeh-sunnah-is-wahy-(revelation)-from-allah |website=islamqa.info |access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref> * Tafsiirka: [[Tafsiir]]<ref>Mir, Mustansir. (1995). "Tafsīr". In John L. Esposito. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref> }} | theology = [[Tawhid|Kkudnimada Alle]] | law = [[Sharia]] | philosophy = [[Falsafada Islaamka]] | area = [[Islam by country|Adduunka oo dhan]]<ref name="Global Islam" /> | language = [[Classical Arabic|Carabiga Quraanka]] | territory = [[Islamic world]] | founder = [[Maxamed]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Welch |first1=Alford T. |last2=Moussalli |first2=Ahmad S. |last3=Newby |first3=Gordon D. |date=2009 |entry=Muḥammad |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |editor-first=John L. |editor-last=Esposito |publisher=Oxford University Press |entry-url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211050118/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550 |archive-date=11 February 2017 }}</ref> | founded_date = {{circa|610 C.D.}} | founded_place = [[Jabal al-Nour]]<!-- Beginnings are understood to be where Muhammad is said to have received his first ever revelation, which was inside a cave in this mountain --> | number_of_followers = {{est.}} 2 bilyan<ref name="pew2010–2020" /> {{increase}} (oo si gaar ah loogu yeero [[Muslimiin]], halka si wadajir ah loogu yeero {{transliteration|ar|[[Ummah]]}}) | separations = {{Plainlist| * [[Ali-Illahism]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-SQe_sNtIaMC&q=ali%2520illahism&pg=PA216|title=Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon: With Travels in Armenia, Kurdistan and the Desert: Being the Result of a Second Expedition Undertaken for the Trustees of the British Museum|last=Layard|first=Austen Henry|date=2010-08-31|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108016773|page=216|language=en}}</ref> * [[Druze faith]]<ref>{{cite book |title=The Oxford Handbook of American Islam |first=Yvonne |last=Yazbeck Haddad |year=2014 |isbn=9780199862634 |page=142|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> * [[Baháʼí Faith]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Van der Vyer |first=J. D. |year=1996 |title=Religious human rights in global perspective: religious perspectives |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |isbn=90-411-0176-4 |page=449 |url=https://archive.org/details/religioushumanri0000unse |url-access=registration}}</ref> }} }} {{Sidebar with collapsible lists | name = religion sidebar | pretitle = Qayb ka mid ah taxane ku saabsan | pretitlestyle = padding-top:0.8em; | titlestyle = padding-bottom:0.5em; | title = [[Diin]] | listtitlestyle = background:transparent; text-align:center; font-size:100%; | centered list titles = yes | image = [[File:Icon-religion.svg|200px|class=skin-invert]] | imagestyle = padding-bottom:1em; | listclass = hlist | liststyle = padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em; padding-bottom:0.25em; font-size: 11px; | expanded = {{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}} |} | abovestyle = padding:0.5em 2em 0.5em; display:block; background-color: #efefef; | above = {{startflatlist}} * [[Outline of religion|Dulucda]] * [[Index of religion-related articles|Liisaska]] * [[:Category:Religion|Qeybta]] * [[:Category:Indexes of religion topics|Tusaha]] * [[History of religion|Taariikhda diinta]] * [[Portal:Religion|Bogga]] {{endflatlist}} | list1name = religions | list1title = Diimaha | list1titlestyle = padding-top:0.5em; | list1 = {{Sidebar |child |bodystyle={{subsidebar bodystyle}} |navbar=off | heading1 = [[Abrahamic religions|Diimaha Ibraahimiyeed]] | content1style = padding-top:0.2em; | content1 = * [[Judaism|Yuudaanismka]] * [[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]] * [[Islam|Islaamka]] * [[Alawism|Calawiisimka]] * [[Alevism|Alewiisimka]] * [[Azalism|Azaliisimka]]/[[Bábism|Baabiisimka]] * [[Baháʼí Faith|Diinta Bahaa'iga]] * [[Druze Faith|Diinta Duruusta]] * [[Mormonism|Mormooniyadda]] * [[Mandaeism|Mandeiisimka]] * [[Manichaeism|Maniikiisimka]] * [[Rastafari|Rastafariyiinta]] * [[Samaritanism|Samaritaniisimka]] | heading2 = [[Iranian religions|Diimaha Iiraaniga]] | content2style = padding-top:0.2em; | content2 = * [[Yazidism|Yasiidiisimka]] * [[Yarsanism|Yarsaniisimka]] * [[Zoroastrianism|Soroostiriyanka]] | heading3 = [[Indian religions|Diimaha Hindiya]] | content3style = padding-top:0.2em; | content3 = * [[Hinduism|Hinduugga]] * [[Buddhism|Buudhisimka]] * [[Jainism|Jeyniisimka]] * [[Sikhism| Sikhiisimka]] * [[Bon|Yungdrung Bon]] | heading4 = [[East Asian religions|Diimaha Bariga Aasiya]] | content4style = padding-top:0em; | content4 = * [[Taoism|Taowaysimka]] * [[Confucianism|Konfushiyanishka]] * [[Shinto|Shinto]] * [[Tian|Tian]] * [[Shangdi|Shangdi]] * [[Hongjun Laozu|Hongjun Laozu]] }} | list2name = schools | list2title = Dugsiyada Fikirka | list2titlestyle = border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em; | list2 = * [[Acosmism|Aakosmisimka]] * [[Agnosticism|Agnostisismka]] * [[Animism|Animisimka]] * [[Antireligion|Diin-diidka]] * [[Apatheism|Apatheisimka]] * [[Atheism|Aqoonsi la'aanta Ilaah / Ateyismka]] * [[Creationism|Abuuristaaniyadda]] * [[Dharma|Dharmismka]] * [[Deism|Deiisimka]] * [[Divine command theory|Aragt Dardaaran Ilaahay]] * [[Dualism in cosmology|Labo-jirnimada]] * [[Western esotericism|Sir-doonka Reer Galbeedka]] * [[Elite religion|Diinta dadka sare]] * [[Exclusivism|Gaar-yeelidda]] * [[Existentialism|Jiritaaniyadda]] ** [[Atheistic existentialism|ateyste]] ** [[Christian existentialism|masiixi]] * [[Feminist theology|Falsafada dumarka]] * [[Fideism|Caqiido-ku-tiirsiga]] * [[Folk religion|Diinta dadweynaha]] * [[Fundamentalism|Aasaas-ku-dhagidda]] * [[Gnosticism|Gnostisismka]] * [[Henotheism|Henotheiisimka]] * [[Hermeticism|Hermetiisimka]] * [[Humanism|Aadmiga-jecleyska]] ** [[Christian humanism|masiixi]] ** [[Religious humanism|diimeed]] ** [[Secular humanism|cilmiyeed]] * [[Ietsism|Ietsismka]] * [[Theological noncognitivism|Ignostisismka]] * [[Inclusivism|Wadajir-yeelidda]] * [[Kathenotheism|Kathenotheiisimka]] * [[Lived religion|Diinta la nool yahay]] * [[Monism|Kow-jirnimada]] * [[Monotheism|Kkudnimada Alle]] * [[Mysticism|Suufiyadda / Sir-raadinta]] * [[Naturalism (philosophy)|Dabiiciyadda]] ** [[Humanistic naturalism|aadmiga]] ** [[Metaphysical naturalism|milyawiga]] ** [[Religious naturalism|diimeed]] * [[New Age|Cаманkii Cusub]] * [[Nonduality (spirituality)|Laba-mid-la'aanta]] * [[Nontheism|Ilaah-la'aanta]] * [[Omnism|Omnisimka]] * [[Pandeism|Pandeiisimka]] * [[Panentheism|Panenteiisimka]] * [[Pantheism|Panteiisimka]] * [[Perennial philosophy|Falsafadda weligeed ah]] * [[Polytheism|Shirkiga / Ilaahyo badan]] * [[Process theology|Falsafadda socodka]] * [[Shendao shejiao|Shendao shejiao]] * [[Spiritualism (beliefs)|Rux-raadinta]] * [[Shamanism|Shaamanismka]] * [[East Asian religions|Taowayga]] * [[Theism|Ilaah-rumaynta]] * [[Transcendentalism|Sare-u-kacaaniyadda]] * [[Transtheism|Transtheiisimka]] * [[Unitarianism|Mowqifka kow-jirka]] | list3name = concepts | list3title = Fikradaha | list3titlestyle = border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em; | list3 = * [[Afterlife|Aakhiro]] * [[Anthropopathism|Sifaadka bini'aadmiga ee Ilaah]] * [[Apophatic theology|Apophatismka]] * [[Aseity|Iskii-jitaanshaha]] * [[Religious belief|Aaminsanaanta Diinta]] * [[Brahman|Brahman]] * [[Cataphatic theology|Cataphatismka]] * [[Cult|Kooxda diimeed]] * [[Demiurge|Demiurge]] * [[Divine simplicity|Fududeynta Ilaahay]] * [[Eschatology|Qiyaamaha iyo Aakhiro]] * [[Enlightenment in Buddhism|Iftiintinka]] * [[Eternity#God and eternity|Weligiis-jitaanshaha]] * [[Euthyphro dilemma|Muran-weydiintii Euthyphro]] * [[Existence of God|Jiritaanka Ilaahay]] * [[Faith|Iimaan]] * [[Form of the Good|Qaabka Wanaagga]] * [[Gender of God|Jinsiga Ilaahay]] * [[Gnosis|Gnosis]] * [[Holy Spirit|Ruuxa Quduuska ah]] * [[Intelligent design|Naqshadda caqli-gal ah]] * [[Moksha|Xorreynta]] * [[Misotheism|Ilaah-nacaybka]] * [[Miracle|Mucjiso]] * [[Names of God|Magacyada Ilaahay]] * [[New religious movement|Dhaqdhaqaaqa diimeed ee cusub]] * [[Omnibenevolence|Naxariista-buuxda]] * [[Omnipotence|Awoodda-oo-dhan]] * [[Omnipresence|Meel-kasta-joogidda]] * [[Omniscience|Cilmiga-oo-dhan]] * [[Pandeism|Pandeistiga]] * [[Personal god|Ilaah shakhsi ah]] * [[Prayer|Dugsi / Baryo]] * [[Problem of evil|Dhibaatada xumaanta]] * [[Process theology|Falsafadda socodka]] * [[Belief#Religion|Aaminsanaanta diimeed]] * [[Problem of religious language|Luqadda diinta]] * [[Reincarnation|Soo-noqoshada nolosha (Reincarnation)]] * [[Faith|Iimaanka diimeed]] * [[Revelation|Waxyi]] * [[Religious text|Qoraallada diinta]] * [[Soul|Nafta]] * [[Summum bonum|Wanaagga ugu sarreeya]] * [[Tawhid|Kkudnimada Alle]] * [[Theological veto|Diidmada diinta]] * [[Transcendence (religion)|Sare-u-baxa diimeed]] * [[Trinity|Saddex-midnimada]] * [[Creator deity|Ugu sarreeyaha / Abuuraha]] * [[Unmoved mover|Dhaqaajiye aan la dhaqaajin]] * [[Vitalism|Ruuxda nolosha]] * [[Worship|Caabudaad]] | list4name = figures | list4title = Hoggaamiyeyaasha Aasaasaya | list4titlestyle = border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em; | list4= *[[Ciise]] ([[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]]) *[[Maxamed]] ([[Islam|Islaamka]]) *[[Ibraahim]] ([[Judaism|Yuudaanismka]]) *[[Siddhartha Gautama]] ([[Buddhism|Buudhisimka]]) *[[Guru Nanak]] ([[Sikhism|Sikhiisimka]]) *[[Mahavira]] ([[Jainism|Jeyniisimka]]) *[[Zoroaster]] ([[Zoroastrianism|Soroostiriyanka]]) *[[Hamza ibn Ali]] ([[Druze|Duruusta]]) *[[Laozi]] ([[Taoism|Taowayga]]) *[[Confucius]] ([[Confucianism|Konfushiyanishka]]) * [[Baháʼu'lláh]] ([[Baháʼí Faith|Diinta Bahaa'iga]]) | belowclass = plainlist | belowstyle = text-align:center;font-weight:normal; padding:1em 1em 1em; | below = Kani waa [[:Category:Philosophy and thinking sidebar templates|farac]] ka mid ah [[philosophy|falsafadda]]. Si aad u baarto mowduucyada la xiriira, fadlan booqo [[:Category:Religion_and_belief_navigational_boxes|hage-tusaha]]. }} '''Islaamku'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|z|l|ɑː|m|,_|ˈ|ɪ|z|l|æ|m}} {{respell|IZ|la(h)m}};<ref>{{cite Cambridge Dictionaries |Islam}}</ref> {{langx|ar|{{Script|Arab|الإسلام|al-Islām}}|al-Islām}}, {{IPA|ar|alʔisˈlaːm|IPA}}, {{lit|hordhaca [ee la xiriira [[ogaanshaha doonista Ilaahay]]]}}}} waa diin [[Abrahamic|Ibraahimi ah]] oo ku saleysan [[Quraan|Quraanka]] iyo [[Sunnah|barashada]] [[Maxamed|Maxamed]]. Diintan [[monotheistic|kwdnimada Alle]] waxay leedahay qiyaastii [[Islam by country|2 bilyan oo raacsan adduunka oo dhan]], oo lagu magacaabo [[Muslims|Muslimiin]]. Islaamku waa [[Major religious groups|diinta labaad ee ugu weyn adduunka]], marka laga reebo [[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]]. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin inay jirto [[Fitra|iimaan asal ah]] oo la soo waxyooday marar badan iyadoo la sii marinayo [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|rusul iyo nabiyo hore]], oo ay ku jiraan [[Adam in Islam|Aadam]], [[Noah in Islam|Nux]], [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Muuse]], iyo [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]], waxayna rumeysan yihiin in Islaamku yahay nooca caalamiga ah ee dhameystiran ee [[faith|iimaankan]]. [[File:Birmingham Quran manuscript full.jpg|thumb|Labo [[Folio|bog]] oo ka mid ah [[Birmingham Quran manuscript|Qoraalka Gacanta ee Quraanka ee Birmingham]], oo lagu qoray [[Hijazi script|xarfaha Xijaasiga]] ee [[parchment|harag]] taariikhdiisu tahay int u dhaxaysa 568–645 C.D., iyadoo ku beegan xilligii nolosha Maxamed.]] Muslimiintu waxay u arkaan Quraanka inuu yahay hadalka dhabta ah ee [[God in Islam|Ilaahay]] iyo waxyigii ugu dambeeyay ee aan wax laga beddelin. Dhinaca Quraanka, Muslimiintu waxay sidoo kale rumeysan yihiin [[Islamic holy books|kutubtii hore ee la soo waxyooday]], sida [[Torah in Islam|''Towraad'']] ([[Torah]]), ''[[Psalms in Islam|Sabuur]]'' ([[Psalms]]), iyo [[Gospel in Islam|''Injiil'']] ([[Gospel]]). Waxay rumeysan yihiin in [[Muhammad in Islam|Maxamed]] yahay [[Seal of the Prophets|nabiga ugu weyn uguna dambeeya]] ee [[God|Ilaahay]], kaasoo diinta la soo dhameystiray, oo aan ka dib imanayn nabigii cusub ama sharcigii samada ahayn. Barashada iyo tusaalooyinka caadiga ah ee Maxamed, oo loogu yeero [[Sunnah]], oo lagu diiwaangeliyay xaqiiqooyin loogu yeero [[Hadith|Xadiis]], ayaa bixiya tusaale dastuuri ah oo loogu talagalay Muslimiinta. Islaamku wuxuu ku saleysan yahay rumaysashada kow-nimada iyo kelinimada Ilaahay ({{Transliteration|ar|[[tawhid]]}}), iyo rumaysashada [[afterlife|aakhiro]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[akhirah]]}}) oo ay ku jirto [[Judgement Day in Islam|Maalinta Qiyaame]]—halkaas oo kuwa suubban lagu abaalmarin doono jannada ({{Transliteration|ar|[[jannah]]}}) kuwa xunneydna lagu ciqaabi doono naarta ({{Transliteration|ar|[[jahannam]]}}). [[Five Pillars of Islam|Shanta Arкан ee Islaamka]], oo loo arko inay yihiin cibaadooyin [[Fard|waajib ah]], waa shahaadada diinta ({{Transliteration|ar|[[shahada]]}}), salaadaha maalinlaha ah ({{Transliteration|ar|[[salah]]}}), sakada ({{Transliteration|ar|[[zakat]]}}), soonka bisha [[Ramadan]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[sawm]]}}), iyo [[pilgrimage|xajka]] loo aado [[Mecca|Makka]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[hajj]]}}). Sharciga Islaamka ({{Transliteration|ar|[[sharia]]}}), wuxuu taabanayaa ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan dhinacyada nolosha, laga bilaabo [[Islamic banking and finance|bangiyada iyo maaliyadda]] iyo [[Zakat|gar-gaarka]] ilaa [[Gender roles in Islam|doorka ragga]] iyo [[Women in Islam|doorka dumarka]] iyo [[Islamic ethics#Environmentalism|deegaanka]]. Labada [[Islamic holidays|ci둡 diimeed]] ee ugu waaweyn waa Ciidul Fitri iyo Ciidul Adxa. Saddexda [[holiest sites in Islam|goobood ee ugu barakeysan]] waa [[Masjid al-Haram|Masjidka Xaramka]] ee [[Mecca|Makka]], [[Prophet's Mosque|Masjidka Nabiga]] ee [[Medina|Madiina]], iyo [[Al-Aqsa|Dhismaha Masjidka Al-Aqsa]] ee [[Jerusalem|Quddus]]. Islaamku wuxuu ka soo aasaasay Makka qiyaastii 610 C.D. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in tani ay tahay xilligii [[Muhammad's first revelation|Maxamed uu helay waxyigiisii ugu horreeyay]]. Waqtigii uu geeriyooday, inta badan [[Arabian Peninsula|Jaziiradda Carabta]] way [[Conversion to Islam|isu rogtay Islaamka]]. Islaamku wuxuu si dhakhso ah ugu fiday wixii ka dambeeyay Carabta iyadoo hoos imaneysa [[Rashidun Caliphate|Khulaafadii Raashidiyiinta]] iyo [[Umayyad Caliphate|Khulaafadii Umawiyiinta]]. Labada [[Islamic schools and branches|laamood ee ugu waaweyn Islaamka]] waa [[Sunni Islam|Sunniyada]] (87–90%) iyo [[Shia Islam|Shiicada]] (10–13%).{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=1|ps=. "Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims."}} Muslimiinta Sunniga iyo Shiicada ah ayaa wada noqda ku dhawaad ​​guud ahaan dadweynaha Muslimka ah ee adduunka, iyadoo qiyaasuhu ka bilaabmaan qiyaastii 1.7–1.8 bilyan oo Sunni ah ilaa 285–300 milyan oo Shiico ah adduunka oo dhan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=|first=|date=2009-10-07|title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/|access-date=2026-09-01|website=Pew Research Center|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Shia Muslim Population – Islamic Research and Information Center (IRIC)|url=https://iric.org/world-shia-muslim-population/|access-date=2026-09-01|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Project on Shi’ism and Global Affairs|url=https://shiism.hds.harvard.edu/|url-status=live|website=Harvard University}}</ref> Inkasta oo [[Shia–Sunni relations|khilaafka Shiicada iyo Sunniga]] uu asal ahaan ka soo bilowday is-afgaranwaa ku saabsan [[succession to Muhammad|dhaxalkii Maxamed]], waxay kor u qaadeen cabbir ballaaran, labada [[Schools of Islamic theology|dhinaca caqiidada]] iyo [[Fiqh|fiqhigaa]]. Ururinta xadiiska suuban ee Sunniga waxay ka kooban tahay [[Kutub al-Sittah|Lixda Kitaab]], halka ururinta xadiiska Shiicada ay ka kooban tahay [[The Four Books|Afrta Kitaab]]. Muslimiintu waxay ka yihiin inta badan dadweynaha 53 dal.<ref name="pew2010–2020">{{cite web |date=June 9, 2025 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020. Muslims grew fastest; Christians lagged behind global population increase |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]}} *{{cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett |author2=Marcin Stonawski |author3=Yunping Tong |author4=Stephanie Kramer |author5=Anne Shi |author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf |access-date=2025-06-10 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Qiyaastii 12% Muslimiinta adduunka waxay ku nool yihiin [[Islam in Indonesia|Indoonisiya]], oo ah dalka ugu dadka badan ee Muslimiinta ah; {{#expr: 100 * 480/1570 round 0}}% waxay ku nool yihiin [[Islam in South Asia|Kooniyada Aasiya]]; 20% waxay ku nool yihiin [[MENA#Religion|Bariga Dhexe iyo Waqooyiga Afrika]]; iyo 15% waxay ku nool yihiin [[Religion in Sub-Saharan Africa|Afrika ka hooseysa Saharada]]. Muslimiinta sidoo kale waxaa laga helaa [[Islam in the Americas|Ameerikaanka]], [[Islam in China|Shiinaha]], iyo [[Islam in Europe|Yurub]]. Muslimiintu waa [[Muslim population growth|kooxda diimeed ee ugu koraysa adduunka]], taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay [[fertility rate| heerka dhalmada oo sarreeya]] iyo qaab-dhismeedka da'da yar marka loo eego diimaha diimaha kale ee waaweyn.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lipka |first=Michael |last2=Hackett |first2=Conrad |date=2017-04-06 |title=Why Muslims are the world’s fastest-growing religious group |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |access-date=2026-09-01 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> Islaamka waxaa la saadaalinayaa inuu noqdo diinta ugu weyn adduunka dhammaadka qarniga 21-aad, isagoo ka sarre marinaya Masiixiyadda.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lipka |first1=Michael |last2=Hackett |first2=Conrad |date=April 6, 2017 |title=Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US |archive-date=14 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514123559/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="pew2015">{{cite report |author=[[Pew Forum|The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life]] |title=The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010–2050 |url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211090450/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf |archive-date=2020-12-11 |date=2015-04-02 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref><!--Do NOT add citations to the lead, except for material likely to be challenged, per [[MOS:LEADCITE]] ([[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section#Citations)]]. Move unneeded citations to the body.--> == Asalka ereyga{{anchor|Etymology}}<!-- Linked from many articles. If changing the section title, please let this anchor remain unchanged -->== {{See also|Muslims#Etymology}} Luqadda Carabiga, ''Islaam'' ({{langx|ar|إسلام|lit=hordhaca [ee la xiriira Ilaahay]}})<ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of Islam {{!}} Dictionary.com |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=www.dictionary.com |language=en |archive-date=9 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509110220/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Haywood |first=John |title=Historical Atlas of the Medieval World (AD 600 - 1492) |publisher=Barnes & Noble, Inc. |year=2002 |isbn=0-7607-1975-6 |edition=1st |location=Spain |pages=3.13 |language=en}}</ref> waa magaca fal-galeedka [[wikt:أسلم#Arabic|Foomka IV]] ee ka soo jeeda falka {{lang|ar|سلم}} ({{transliteration|ar|salama}}), ka soo jeeda [[Semitic root|xididka saddex-xarafle ah]] {{lang|ar|س-ل-م}} ({{transliteration|ar|[[Š-L-M|S-L-M]]}}), kaas oo sameeya fasal weyn oo erayo ah oo badankood la xiriira fikradaha dhiibin-hoosaadka, badbaadada, iyo nabadgelyada.<ref name="Lane-Lexicon-4">{{cite book |last=Lane |first=Edward William |author-link=Edward William Lane |title=An Arabic-English Lexicon |volume=4 |chapter=Siin |url=http://www.studyquran.co.uk/20_SIIN.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907230044/http://www.studyquran.co.uk/20_SIIN.htm |archive-date=2011-09-07 |via=[[The Study Quran|StudyQuran]] |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> Macnaha diimeed, waxay tilmaamaysaa u dhiibashada buuxda ee doonista [[God|Ilaahay]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=Barnard |last2=Churchill |first2=Buntzie Ellis |url=https://archive.org/details/islamreligionpeo00lewi |title=Islam: The Religion and The People |publisher=Wharton School Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-13-223085-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/islamreligionpeo00lewi/page/8 8]}}</ref> Ereyga ''[[Muslims|Muslim]]'' ({{lang|ar|مُسْلِم}}), oo ah erayga loogu talagalay qofka raaca Islaamka,<ref name="Lexico-Muslim">{{cite dictionary |title=Muslim |url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/muslim |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913192608/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/muslim |archive-date=2019-09-13 |dictionary=[[Lexico]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2020 |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref> waa [[Participle|falka firfircoon]] ee isla nooca falka, oo macneheedu yahay "dhiibtiye (Ilaahay)" ama "qof u hoggaansamaya (Ilaahay)". Si kastaba ha ahaatee, khabiirka [[Quranic studies|barashada Quraanka]] [[Mohsen Goudarzi]] wuxuu ku dooday in Quraanka ereyga ''[[dīn]]'' uu ka dhigan yahay "[[worship|cibaado]]", ''islām'' uu ka dhigan yahay "[[monotheism|kwdnimada]]" iyo ''muslim'' uu ka dhigan yahay "muwaahid / qof kelinimada Alle rumeeyay".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudarzi |first=Mohsen |date=2023-08-01 |title=Worship (dīn), Monotheism (islām), and the Qurʾān's Cultic Decalogue |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006/html |journal=Journal of the International Qur'anic Studies Association |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=30–71 |doi=10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006 |issn=2474-8420|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Gudaha [[Hadith of Gabriel|Xadiiska Jibriil]], ''Islaam'' waxaa lagu soo bandhigay inuu yahay hal qayb oo ka mid ah saddaxleey oo ay ku jirto {{transliteration|ar|[[Iman (Islam)|imān]]}} (iimaan), iyo {{transliteration|ar|[[Ihsan|ihsān]]}} (fududeyn / ixsaan).{{sfnp|Esposito|2000|pp=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00john/page/76 76–77]}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahmutćehajić |first=Rusmir |url=https://archive.org/details/mosqueheartsubmi00mahm |title=The mosque: the heart of submission |publisher=[[Fordham University Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8232-2584-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/mosqueheartsubmi00mahm/page/n104 84] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Islaamka laftiisa ayaa taariikh ahaan loogu yeeri jiray [[Mohammedan|''Mohammedanism'' (Maxamediyad)]] gudaha [[English-speaking world|dunida Ingiriiska ku hadasha]]. Eraygan wuxuu ka baxay isticmaalka waxaana mararka qaarkood la sheegaa inuu yahay [[Religious offence|dhaawac diimeed]], maadaama uu tilmaamayo in bini'aadam, halkii uu ka noqon lahaa Ilaahay, uu yahay kan udub-dhexaadka u ah diinta Muslimiinta.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Oxford University Press| last = Gibb| first = Sir Hamilton| title = Mohammedanism: an historical survey|isbn=9780195002454| year = 1969| page=1 | quote=Modern Muslims dislike the terms Mohammedan and Mohammedanism, which seem to them to carry the implication of worship of Mohammed, as Christian and Christianity imply the worship of Christ.}}</ref> == Tiirarka iimaanka == {{Main|Aqidah|Iman (Islam)|l2 = Iman}} [[caqiidada]] Islaamku (''[[aqidah]]'') waxay u baahan tahay rumaysashada lix tiir: Ilaahay, malaa'igta, waxyiga, nabiyada, [[Day of Resurrection|Maalinta Qiyaamaha]], iyo qadarinta masiirka.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sourcebook of the World's Religions: An Interfaith Guide to Religion and Spirituality|publisher=New World Library|pages=68–9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbSPOoQfu0IC&pg=PA68|editor-first=Joel|editor-last=Beversluis|year=2011|isbn=9781577313328|access-date=15 January 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228022948/https://books.google.com/books?id=dbSPOoQfu0IC&pg=PA68#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> === Ilaahay === [[File:Istanbul,_Hagia_Sophia,_Allah.jpg|thumb|[[calligraphy|Qoraal gacmeedka]] qarnigii 19-aad oo muujinaya magaca [[Allah|Alle]] ee ku yaal [[Hagia Sophia]], [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]].]] {{Main|God in Islam}} Fikradda udub-dhexaadka u ah Islaamka waa ''[[Tawhid|tawḥīd]]'' ({{langx|ar|توحيد|link=no}}), oo ah kelinimada Ilaahay. Badanaa waxaa loo arkaa inay tahay ''monotheism sax ah'', laakiin sidoo kale waa [[panentheism|panentheistic]] ku dhex leh barashada suufiga Islaamka.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/tawhid |title=Tawhid |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107041300/https://www.britannica.com/topic/tawhid |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Gimaret|first=D.|year=2012|c=Tawḥīd |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7454}}</ref> Ilaahay waxaa loo arkaa mid aan la barbar dhigi karin oo aan lahayn tiro dad ah sida ku jirta [[Christian Trinity|Saddex-midnimada Masiixiga]], oo tiro u nisbeynta Ilaahay ama sifooyinka Ilaahay oo loo nisbeeyo dad kale waxaa loo arkaa shirk, oo lagu magacaabo [[Shirk (Islam)|''shirk'']]. Sidaas darteed, Muslimiintu ma aha [[iconodule]]s mana u nisbeeyaan qaabab Ilaahay. Ilaahay halkaas waxaa lagu sifeeyaa oo loogu yeeraa dhowr [[Names of God in Islam|magac ama sifooyin]], kan ugu caansan waa ''Ar-Rahmān'' ({{lang|ar|الرحمان}}) oo macneheedu yahay "Naxariis-guud", iyo ''Ar-Rahīm'' ({{lang|ar|الرحيم}}) oo macneheedu yahay "Naxariis-gaar ah" kuwaas oo laga baryo bilowga inta badan Suuradaha Quraanka.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ali |first1=Kecia |title=Islam : the key concepts |date=2008 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |last2=Leaman |first2=Oliver |isbn=978-0-415-39638-7 |location=London |oclc=123136939}}</ref>{{sfnp|Campo|2009|p=34|loc="Allah"}} Magaca tooska ah ee Carabiga ee Ilaahay, ''[[Allāh]]'' (الله), oo ah eray aan lahayn [[plural|wadar]] ama [[gender|jinsi]], ayaa sidoo kale si caadi ah loogu isticmaalaa luqadaha kale ee Muslimiinta iyo Masiixiyiinta iyo Yuhuuda Carabiga ku hadla si ay ugu tixraacaan Ilaahay, halka ''{{transliteration|ar|ISO|[[ʾilāh]]}}'' ({{lang|ar|إله}}) uu yahay eray loo isticmaalo ilaah ama ilaah guud ahaan.<ref>{{cite web |title=God |url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |access-date=18 December 2010 |website=Islam: Empire of Faith |publisher=[[PBS]] |archive-date=27 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327034958/http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Islaamku wuxuu barayaa in abuurista wax kasta oo ku jira [[universe|caalamka]] la keenay iyada oo la raacayo amarka Ilaahay sida lagu muujiyay erayada, "[[Be, and it is|Aabo, oo wuu noqdaa]],"<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|2|117|b=yl}}</ref> iyo in [[Meaning of life|ujeeddada jiritaanka]] ay tahay in la caabudo Ilaahay.<ref>Leeming, David. 2005. ''The Oxford Companion to World Mythology''. Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-195-15669-0}}. p. 209.</ref> Waxaa loo arkaa ilaah shakhsi ah oo wax dhexdhexaadin ah, sida [[clergy|wadaaddada]], looma baahna si loo gaaro xiriir lala yeesho Ilaahay. Wacyigelinta Ilaahay waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[taqwa]]. === Malaa'igta === [[File:Rashid al-Din Tabib - Jami al-Tawarikh, f.45v detail - c. 1306-15.png|thumb|Maxamed oo helaya [[Muhammad's first revelation|waxyigiisii ugu horreeyay]] oo uga imaanaya malaa'igta [[Gabriel]], oo ka socda qoraal gacmeedka [[Jami' al-tawarikh|Jami' al-Tawarikh]] ee uu qoray [[Rashid al-Din Hamadani|Rashid-al-Din Hamadani]], lagu daabacay [[Tabriz]], [[Iran]], 1307 C.D.]] {{Main|Angels in Islam}} Malaa'igta (keligood: {{langx|ar|ملك|link=no}}, ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|malak}}'') waa makhluuqaad lagu sifeeyay Quraanka{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=23}} iyo xadiiska.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=79}} Waxaa lagu sifeeyay inay u abuuran yihiin inay caabudaan Ilaahay iyo inay sidoo kale ka shaqeeyaan waajibaadyo kale oo gaar ah sida gudbinta [[revelation|waxyiga]] ee ka yimid Ilaahay, diiwaangelinta ficilada qof kasta, iyo qaadashada [[soul|nafta]] qofka waqtiga dhimashada. Waxaa lagu sifeeyay inay si kala duwan uga abuurmeen 'iftiin' ([[Nūr (Islam)|''nūr'']])<ref name="Encyclopedia-Nur">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Nūr |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/nur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423085030/https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/nur |archive-date=2022-04-23 |encyclopedia=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |via=[[Encyclopedia.com]] |language=en |access-date=2026-03-20}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|last1=Hartner, W.|last2=Tj Boer |year=2012 |c=Nūr |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0874}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Elias |first=Jamal J. |year=2003|c=Light |in=McAuliffe}} {{doi|10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00261}}</ref> ama 'dab' (''nār'').<ref>{{harvc |last=Campo |first=Juan E. |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/nar |c=Nar |in=Martin |year=2004}}. – via [[Encyclopedia.com]].</ref><ref>{{harvc|last=Fahd, T. |year=2012 |c=Nār |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0846}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Toelle |first=Heidi |year=2002 |c=Fire |in=McAuliffe}} {{doi|10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00156}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|McAuliffe|2003|p=45}}</ref> Malaa'igta Islaamka waxaa badanaa lagu matalaa [[Anthropomorphism|qaabab bini'aadamnimo]] oo ay ku jiraan sawirro [[supernatural|cajiib ah]], sida baalal, oo ah kuwa aad u waaweyn ama xidhan dhar janno.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|pp=97–99}}<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=26–28}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Webb |first=Gisela |c=Angel |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|last1=MacDonald, D. B.|last2=Madelung, W. |year=2012 |c=Malāʾika |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}}{{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0642}}</ref> Sifooyinka caadiga ah ee malaa'igta waxaa ka mid ah inaysan lahayn baahiyo jir iyo rabitaanno, sida cunidda iyo cabidda.{{sfnp|Çakmak|2017|p=140}} Qaarkood, sida [[Gabriel|Jibriil]] iyo [[Michael (archangel)|Miikaa'il]], ayaa magacyadooda lagu xusay Quraanka. Malaa'igtu waxay door muhiim ah ka ciyaaraan suugaanta ku saabsan [[Isra and Mi'raj|Mi'raajka]], halkaas oo Maxamed uu kula kulmo dhowr malaa'igood intii uu ku jirsaday safarkiisa samada.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=79}} Malaa'ig dheeraad ah ayaa badanaa lagu muujiyay [[Islamic eschatology|qiyaamaha]], [[Kalam|cilmiga kalaamka]] iyo [[Islamic philosophy|falsafada Islaamka]].{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=22}} === Kitaabyada === [[File:Quran rzabasi1.JPG|thumb|Qoraal gacmeed [[Quran|Quraan]] ah oo qarnigii 9-aad ah oo saaran [[Rehal (book rest)|rehal]], oo ah kursiga kitaabka qudduuska ah, oo lagu hayo [[Reza Abbasi Museum]] ee [[Tehran]], [[Iran]].]] {{Main|Islamic holy books|Quran|Wahy}} {{See also|History of the Quran}} Kitaabka quduuska ah ee ugu sarreeya Islaamka waa [[Quran|Quraanka]]. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in aayaadka Quraanka uu Maxamed u soo waxyooday Ilaahay, iyada oo la sii marinayo [[archangel|malaa'igta]] Jibriil, marar badan inta u dhaxaysa 610 C.D.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Watt |first=William Montgomery |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC&pg=PA5 |title=Islam and the Integration of Society |date=2003 |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |isbn=978-0-415-17587-6 |pages=5 |access-date=15 June 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228022949/https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo 632, sanadkii uu geeriyooday Maxamed.{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=17–18, 21}} Intii uu Maxamed noolaa, waxyiyadan waxaa qoray [[Muhammad's companions|saxaabtiisa]], inkastoo habka ugu muhiimsan ee gudbinta uu ahaa af ahaan iyada oo la adeegsanayo [[Hafiz (Quran)|xifdinta]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Al Faruqi |first1=Lois Ibsen |author-link=Lois Lamya al-Faruqi |year=1987 |title=The Cantillation of the Qur'an |journal=[[Society for Asian Music|Asian Music]] |issue=Autumn – Winter 1987 |pages=3–4}}</ref> Quraanku wuxuu u qaybsamaa 114 suuradood (''[[sūrah]]'') oo ka kooban wadarta guud ee 6,236 aayadood (''[[ayah|āyāt]]''). Suuradaha hore ee taariikh ahaan, ee lagaga soo waxyooday [[Mecca|Makka]], waxay inta badan khuseeyaan arrimaha ruuxiga ah, halka suuradaha dambe ee [[Medina|Madiina]] ay ka hadlaan arrimo bulsho iyo sharci oo khuseeya bulshada Muslimka ah. Qareennada Muslimiintu waxay la tashadaan xadiiska ('warka'), ama diiwaanka qoran ee nolosha Maxamed, si ay labadaba u taageeraan Quraanka oo ay uga caawiyaan tafsiirkiisa. Sayniska faallooyinka iyo tafsiirka Quraanka waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[tafsir]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/tafsir |title=Tafsīr |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019035210/https://www.britannica.com/topic/tafsir |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=79–81}} Marka laga reebo muhiimadiisa diimeed, Quraanka waxaa loo aqoonsan yahay si weyn inuu yahay shaqada ugu fiican [[Arabic literature|suugaanta Carabiga]],<ref>{{cite book|first=Alan|last=Jones|location=London|publisher=[[Charles E. Tuttle Company]]|year=1994|page=1|title=The Koran|quote="Its outstanding literary merit should also be noted: it is by far, the finest work of Arabic prose in existence."|isbn=1842126091}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Arthur|last=Arberry|title=The Koran Interpreted|location=London|publisher=[[Allen & Unwin]]|year=1956|quote="It may be affirmed that within the literature of the Arabs, wide and fecund as it is both in poetry and in elevated prose, there is nothing to compare with it."|page=191|isbn=0684825074}}</ref> wuxuuna saameeyay fanka iyo luqadda Carabiga.<ref>Kadi, Wadad, and Mustansir Mir. "Literature and the Quran." In ''[[Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān|Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an]]'' 3. pp. 213, 216.</ref> Islaamku sidoo kale wuxuu qabaa in Ilaahay uu soo diray waxyiyo, oo la yiraahdo ''[[wahy]]'', oo loo soo diray nabiyo kala duwan marar badan taariikhda oo dhan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Islaamku wuxuu barayaa in qaybo ka mid ah kitaabadii hore ee la soo waxyooday, sida [[Torah in Islam|''Towraad'']] ([[Torah]]) iyo [[Gospel in Islam|''Injiil'']] ([[Gospel in Islam|Injiil]]), ay noqdeen kuwo [[tahrif|la leexiyay]]—ha ahaato tafsiirka, qoraalka, ama labadaba,<ref name="harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5">{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5}}</ref><ref name="harvp|Peters|2003|p=9">{{harvp|Peters|2003|p=9}}</ref><ref name="610CE">{{harvc|c=Muhammad|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|last2=Welch|first2=A.T.|last1=Buhl|first1=F.}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Tahrif |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d. |author=[[Hava Lazarus-Yafeh]]}}</ref> halka Quraanka ({{Lit|Akhrinta}}) loo arko hadalka ugu dambeeya, ee dhabta ah ee aan wax laga beddelin ee Ilaahay.<ref name="Ringgren">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ringgren |first=Helmer |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Quran |title=Qurʾān |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=5 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505001543/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/487666/Quran |url-status=live }} "The word ''Quran'' was invented and first used in the Quran itself. There are [[Quran#Etymology and meaning|two different theories]] about this term and its formation."</ref><ref>{{harvp|Teece|2003|pp=12–13}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Turner|2006|p=42}}</ref>{{sfnp|Bennett|2010|p=101}} === Nabiyada === {{Main|Prophets and messengers in Islam|Sunnah|Hadith}} [[File:Medieval Persian manuscript Muhammad leads Abraham Moses Jesus.jpg|thumb|[[Persian miniature|Miniakiyada Faarisiga]] ee qarnigii 15-aad oo muujinaysa [[Muhammad in Islam|Maxamed]] oo hoggaaminaya [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Muuse]], [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]] iyo [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|nabiyo kale]] salaadda.<ref>{{cite web |title=BnF. Département des Manuscrits. Supplément turc 190 |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/view3if/ga/ark:/12148/btv1b8427195m/f16 |publisher=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] |access-date=7 September 2023 |archive-date=9 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909130407/https://gallica.bnf.fr/view3if/ga/ark:/12148/btv1b8427195m/f16 |url-status=live }}</ref>]] Nabiyada (Carabi: {{langx|ar|أنبياء|label=none|translit=anbiyāʾ}}) waxaa la rumeysan yahay inay doorteen Ilaahay si ay u wacdhiyaan fariin ilaahi ah. Qaar ka mid ah nabiyadan ayaa sidoo kale keena kitaab cusub waxaana loogu yeeraa "rasuul" ({{langx|ar| رسول&lrm;|label=none|translit=rasūl}}).<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|p=225}}</ref> Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in nabiyadu ay yihiin bini'aadam oo aan ahayn ilaahyo. Dhammaan nabiyadu waxaa la sheegaa inay wacdiyiyeen fariintii asaasiga ahayd ee Islaamka - u dhiibashada doonista Ilaahay - oo ay u direen quruumihii hore, tan ayaana la sheegay inay sabab u tahay isku mid ahaanshaha badan ee u dhexeeya diimaha. Quraanku wuxuu sheegayaa magacyada tiro badan oo ah shakhsiyaadka loo tixgeliyo [[prophets in Islam|nabiyada Islaamka]], oo ay ku jiraan [[Adam in Islam|Aadam]], [[Noah in Islam|Nux]], [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Muuse]], [[David in Islam|Daa'uud]] iyo [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]], iyo kuwo kale.<ref name="Schimmel">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |author-link=Annemarie Schimmel |title=Islam |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504201633/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/295507/Islam |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Reeves |first=J. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC |title=Bible and Qurʼān: Essays in scriptural intertextuality |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2004 |isbn=90-04-12726-7 |location=[[Leiden]] |page=177 |access-date=21 August 2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164019/https://books.google.com/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC |url-status=live }}</ref> Sheekooyinka la xiriira nabiyada ee ka baxsan xisaabaadka Quraanka waxaa lagu ururiyaa oo lagu baaraa ''[[Qisas Al-Anbiya|Qisas al-Anbiya]]'' (Sheekooyinka Nabiyada). Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in Ilaahay uu soo diray Maxamed inuu noqdo nabiga ugu dambeeya ("[[Seal of the prophets|khaatumul anbiyo]]") si uu u gaarsiiyo fariinta dhameystiran ee Islaamka.<ref name="Esposito-Islam">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Esposito |first=John L. |author-link=John Esposito |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |title=Islam |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012298 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110124812/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012298 |archive-date=2021-01-10 |quote=Profession of Faith...affirms Islam's absolute monotheism and acceptance of Muḥammad as the messenger of Allah, the last and final prophet. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Peters-Allah">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Peters |first=F. E. |author-link=Francis Edward Peters |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |title=Allāh |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095403960 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926053837/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095403960 |archive-date=2020-09-26 |quote=[T]he Muslims' understanding of Allāh is based...on the Qurʿān's public witness. Allāh is Unique, the Creator, Sovereign, and Judge of mankind. It is Allāh who directs the universe through his direct action on nature and who has guided human history through his prophets, Abraham, with whom he made his covenant, Moses/Moosa, Jesus/Eesa, and Muḥammad, through all of whom he founded his chosen communities, the 'Peoples of the Book.' |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Islaamka dhexdiisa, tusaalaha "caadiga ah" ee nolosha Maxamed waxaa lagu magacaabaa ''[[sunnah]]'' (oo macneheedu yahay "jidka la maray"). Muslimiinta waxaa lagu dhiirrigelinayaa inay ku daydaan dabeecadaha akhlaaqda ee Maxamed noloshooda maalinlaha ah, sunnadana waxaa loo arkaa mid muhiim u ah hagidda tafsiirka Quraanka.<ref>{{harvp|Martin|2004|p=666}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Hadith|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|author=J. Robson}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Sunna|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|author=D.W. Brown}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Goldman |first=Elizabeth |title=Believers: Spiritual Leaders of the World |date=1995 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-508240-1 |location=Oxford |page=63}}</ref> Tusaalahan waxaa lagu ilaaliyaa dhaqamo loo yaqaan xadiis, oo ah xisaabaadka erayadiisa, ficilladiisa, iyo sifooyinka shakhsi ahaaneed. [[Hadith qudsi|Xadiiska Qudsi]] waa qayb hoose oo ka tirsan xadiiska, oo loo arko inuu yahay erayada dhabta ah ee Ilaahay ee uu soo xigtay Maxamed oo aan ahayn qayb ka tirsan Quraanka. Xadiisku wuxuu ka kooban yahay laba shay: silsiladda sheekeeyayaasha, oo loo yaqaanno [[Hadith studies#Traditional importance of the sanad|''sanad'']], iyo ereyada dhabta ah, oo loo yaqaanno [[Hadith studies|''matn'']]. Waxaa jira habab kala duwan oo lagu kala saaro xaqiiqda xadiisyada, iyadoo cabbirka darajada ee badanaa la isticmaalo uu yahay "saxiix" ama "sax ah" ({{langx|ar|صحيح|links=no|translit=[[Authentic hadith|ṣaḥīḥ]]|label=none}}); "xasan" ({{langx|ar|حسن|links=no|label=none|translit=[[Hasan (hadith)|ḥasan]]}}); ama "daciif" ({{langx|ar|ضعيف|label=none|translit=[[Da'if|ḍaʻīf]]}}), iyo kuwo kale. [[Kutub al-Sittah]] waa ururinta lix kitaab, oo loo arko inay yihiin warbixinnada ugu suuban ee [[Sunni Islam|Sunniyada]]. Waxaa ka mid ah [[Sahih al-Bukhari]], oo ay Sunnidu badanaa u arkaan mid ka mid ah [[Hadith terminology#Terminology relating to the authenticity of a hadith|ilaha ugu suuban]] ka dib Quraanka.<ref>[[Aisha Abd al-Rahman|al-Rahman, Aisha Abd]], ed. 1990. [[Introduction to the Science of Hadith|Muqaddimah Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ]]. Cairo: Dar al-Ma'arif, 1990. pp. 160–69</ref> Il kale oo caan ka ah xadiisyada waa [[The Four Books|Afrta Kitaab]], oo ay Shiicadu u arkaan tixraaca xadiiska ee ugu suuban.<ref name="Awliyai-Four-Books">{{cite book |last=Awliya'i |first=Mustafa |title=Outlines of the Development of the Science of Hadith |volume=1 |chapter=The Four Books |url=https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol1-n12-3/outlines-development-science-hadith-dr-mustafa-awliyai/part-1#four-books |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912144702/https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol1-n12-3/outlines-development-science-hadith-dr-mustafa-awliyai/part-1#four-books |archive-date=2017-09-12 |translator-last=Qara'i |translator-first=A. Q. |via=Al-Islam.org |access-date=2020-05-24 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Rizvi-Four-Books">{{cite book |last=Rizvi |first=Sayyid Sa'eed Akhtar |author-link=Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi |title=The Qur'an and Hadith |location=Tanzania |publisher=Bilal Muslim Mission |chapter=The Hadith §The Four Books (Al-Kutubu'l-Arb'ah) |url=https://www.al-islam.org/quran-and-hadith-allamah-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/chapter-4-hadith#four-books-al-kutubul-arbah |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912191319/https://www.al-islam.org/quran-and-hadith-allamah-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/chapter-4-hadith#four-books-al-kutubul-arbah |archive-date=2017-09-12 |via=Al-Islam.org |access-date=2020-05-24 |language=en}}</ref> === Soo-noqoshada iyo xukunka === [[File:Chester Beatty T 414 fol 129r Muhammad al-Mehdi.png|thumb|Matxaf qarnigii 16-aad ee [[Muhammad al-Mahdi|Maxamed al-Mahdi]]. [[Mahdi|Mahdiga]] waxaa la rumeysan yahay inuu soo muuqan doono ka hor [[Eschatology|Waqtiga Dhamaadka]] si uu u soo celiyo cadaaladda oo uu uga adkaado dulmiga iyadoo la kaashanaya [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]] ([[Jesus]]).]] {{Main|Islamic eschatology}} Rumaysashada "Maalinta Qiyaame" ama ''[[Qiyamah|Yawm al-Qiyāmah]]'' ({{langx|ar|يوم القيامة|link=no}}) ayaa sidoo kale muhiim u ah Muslimiinta. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in waqtiga Qiyaamaha uu hore u qadaray Ilaahay, laakiin uusan aqoon bini'aadamku. Quraanka iyo xadiiska, iyo sidoo kale faallooyinka [[Ulama|culimada]], waxay qeexayaan imtixaannada iyo [[Great Tribulation|dhibaatooyinka]] ka horreeya iyo inta uu socdo Qiyaamaha. Quraanka wuxuu xoogga saarayaa [[universal resurrection|soo-noqoshada jirka]], taasoo ah mid ka duwan fahamkii [[pre-Islamic Arabia|Carabtii hore]] ee dhimashada.<ref>{{harvp|Glassé|2003|loc="Resurrection"|pp=382–383}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)|2012|loc="Avicenna"}}. {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_DUM_0467}}: "Ibn Sīnā, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Sīnā is known in the West as 'Avicenna'."</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Qiyama |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d. |author=Gardet, L.}}</ref> Maalinta Qiyaame, Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in dhammaan bini'aadamka lagu xukumi doono falalkooda wanaagsan iyo kuwa xun waxaana loo gudbin doonaa [[Jannah|Janno]] ama [[Jahannam|Naar]].<ref>{{cite web |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |editor-link=John Esposito |title=Eschatology |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e588 |url-access=subscription |work=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Islam]] |via=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |access-date=18 April 2017 |archive-date=13 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100913062714/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e588 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Quraanku wuxuu ku jira [[Surat al-Zalzalah]] wuxuu tan ku sifeeyaa: "Haddaba qofkii sameeya culays atoore oo wanaag ah wuu arki doonaa. Qofkii se sameeya culays atoore oo xumaan ah wuu arki doonaa." Quraanku [[Islamic views of sin|wuxuu qorayaa dunuub badan]] oo qof ku xukumi kara naar. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Quraanku wuxuu caddeynayaa in Ilaahay uu cafiyi doono dunuubta kuwa toobad keena haddii uu doono. Falalka wanaagsan, sida sadaqada, salaadda, iyo naxariista xayawaannada{{sfnp|Esposito|2011|p=130}} waxaa lagu abaalmarin doonaa gelitaanka jannada. Muslimiintu waxay u arkaan jannada meel ay ka buuxaan farxad iyo barako, iyadoo tixraacyada Quraanku ay qeexayaan sifooyinkeeda. Dhaqamada suufiga ah ee Islaamka waxay dhigayaan raaxooyinkan jannada xiriir la leh wacyigelin xamaasad leh oo ku saabsan Ilaahay.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2006|p=89}}; ''Encyclopedia of Islam and Muslim World'', p. 565</ref><ref>{{harvc |c=Garden |first=Asma |last=Afsaruddin |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Paradise|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> ''Yawm al-Qiyāmah'' sidoo kale waxaa Quraanka loogu aqoonsaday ''Yawm ad-Dīn'' ({{lang|ar|يوم الدين}} "Maalinta Diinta");<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|1|4|b=y}};</ref> ''as-Sāʿah'' ({{lang|ar|الساعة}} "Saacadda Dambe");<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|6|31|b=y}};</ref> iyo ''[[Al-Qaria|al-Qāriʿah]]'' ({{lang|ar|القارعة}} "Qaylisaada").<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|101|1|b=y}}</ref> === Qadarka === {{Main|Predestination in Islam}} Qaar ka mid ah Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin qadarka ilaahay, ({{langx|ar|القضاء والقدر}}, ''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|al-qadāʾ wa l-qadar}}'') in arrin kasta uu qaddaray Ilaahay.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.freeweb.hu/etymological/AEDweb.htm |date=2002 |title=Andras Rajki's A. E. D. (Arabic Etymological Dictionary) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208204654/http://www.freeweb.hu/etymological/AEDweb.htm |archive-date=8 December 2011 |access-date=13 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Cohen-Mor|2001|p=4}}: "The idea of predestination is reinforced by the frequent mention of events 'being written' or 'being in a book' before they happen": Say: "Nothing will happen to us except what Allah has decreed for us..."</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Karamustafa |first=Ahmet T. |c=Fate |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}: The verb ''qadara'' literally means "to measure, to determine". Here it is used to mean that "God measures and orders his creation".</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Gardet|first=L.|year=2012|c=al-Ḳaḍāʾ Wa 'l-Ḳadar |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0407}}</ref> [[Mu'tazilism|Mu'tasiladu]] iyo qaar ka mid ah Shiicada Muslimiinta ah ma rumeysna fikraddan.<ref>[[#AGI1978|Guillaume, ''Islam'', 1978]]: p.131-2</ref><ref>[[#AGI1978|Guillaume, ''Islam'', 1978]]: p.132</ref><ref>''Need of Religion'', by Sayyid [[Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi]], p. 14.</ref><ref>''Muslims'', by S. H. M. Rizvi, Shibani Roy, B. B. Dutta, p. 20.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shirazi |first1=Naser Makarem |title=The Justice of God |publisher=Al-Islam.org |url=https://www.al-islam.org/justice-god-naser-makarem-shirazi/issue-predestination-and-free-will |access-date=14 June 2022 |chapter=The Issue of Predestination and Free Will|date=12 May 2015 }}</ref><ref>''Islamic Beliefs, Practices, and Cultures'', by Marshall Cavendish Corporation, p. 137.</ref> Badanaa, rumaysashadan masiirka ilaahay waxaa lagu muujiyaa erayga ''[[Inshallah]]'', ({{langx|ar|إن شاء الله}}, {{transliteration|ar|haddii Alle jiro}}) marka laga hadlayo dhacdooyinka mustaqbalka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Muslim beliefs – Al-Qadr |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z43pfcw/revision/4 |access-date=13 November 2020 |publisher=BBC |work=Bitesize – GCSE – Edexcel |archive-date=15 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115112558/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z43pfcw/revision/4 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Ficilada cibaadada == {{Main|Five Pillars of Islam|Ibadah}} Waxaa jira shan ficil oo cibaado ah oo loo arko inay yihiin [[fard|waajibaad]]–Shahaadada, salaadaha shanta ah ee maalinlaha ah, [[Zakat|sakada]], [[fasting during Ramadan|soonta bisha Ramadaan]], iyo xajka [[Hajj|Hajka]]—oo si wadajir ah loogu yaqaano "Tiirarka Islaamka" (''Arkān al-Islām''). Intaa waxaa dheer, Muslimiintu waxay sidoo kale sameeyaan ficilo kale oo ikhtiyaari ah oo dhiirrigel leh laakiin aan loo arkin inay yihiin waajibaad.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=ZAROUG|first=ABDULLAHI HASSAN|date=1985|title=THE CONCEPT OF PERMISSION, SUPEREROGATORY ACTS AND ASETICISM &#91;sic&#93; IN ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20847307|journal=Islamic Studies|volume=24|issue=2|pages=167–180|jstor=20847307|issn=0578-8072|access-date=7 January 2023|archive-date=7 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207140013/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20847307|url-status=live}}</ref> === Shahaadada === [[File:Silver Rupee Akbar.jpg|thumb|right|Lacag qalinkii qarnigii 16-aad ee [[Akbar|Akbarkii Weyn]], Boqorkii [[Mughal Empire|Mugalka]], [[India]], oo lagu qoray [[Shahada|Shahaadada]].]] {{Main|Shahada}} [[shahada]]h{{sfnp|Nasr|2003|pp=3, 39, 85, 270–272}} waa [[oath|dhaar]] lagu caddaynayo rumaysashada Islaamka. Qoraalka la ballaariyay waa "{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʾašhadu ʾal-lā ʾilāha ʾillā-llāhu wa ʾašhadu ʾanna muħammadan rasūlu-llāh}}" ({{langx|ar|أشهد أن لا إله إلا الله وأشهد أن محمداً رسول الله|label=none}}), ama, "Waxaan qirayaa inuusan jirin [[deity|ilaah]] aan ahayn [[God in Islam|Ilaahay]] waxaanuna qirayaa in Maxamed yahay rasuulkii Ilaahay."<ref name="Mohammad-1985">{{cite journal |last=Mohammad |first=Noor |date=1985 |title=The Doctrine of Jihad: An Introduction |journal=[[Journal of Law and Religion]] |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=381–397 |doi=10.2307/1051034 |jstor=1051034 |publisher=Journal of Law and Religion, Inc. |language=en}}</ref> Islaamka waxaa mararka qaarkood lagu doodaa inuu leeyahay caqiido aad u fudud iyadoo shahaadadu ay tahay saldhigga diinta ka hartay. Aan-Muslimiinta raba inay [[Conversion to Islam|soo islaamaan]] waxaa looga baahan yahay inay ku dhawaaqaan shahaadada hortooda markhaatiyaal.<ref>{{harvc |last=Kasim |first=Husain |year=2004 |c=Islam |pp=195–197 |in=Salamone}}</ref><ref name="Galonnier-2021">{{cite book |last=Galonnier |first=Juliette |editor-last=van Nieuwkerk |editor-first=Karin |title=Moving In and Out of Islam |chapter=Moving In or Moving Toward? Reconceptualizing Conversion to Islam as a Liminal Process |location=New York |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2021 |pages=44–66 |doi=10.7560/317471-003 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7560/317471-003/html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023001/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7560/317471-003/html |archive-date=2023-12-28 |language=en}}</ref> === Salaadda === [[File:Prayer in Cairo 1865.jpg|thumb|[[Muslims|Muslimiin]] tukanaya ([[salah]]) gudaha [[Egypt]] waxaa alifay [[Jean-Léon Gérôme]], 1865.]] {{Main|Salah}} {{See also|Mosque|Jumu'ah}} Salaadda Islaamka waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[salah|as-salaad]] ({{langx|ar|الصلاة|link=no}}), ama erayga [[Persian language|Faarisiga]] ee ah "Namaz." Waxaa loo arkaa xiriir shakhsi ah oo lala leeyahay Ilaahay, waxayna ka kooban tahay ku celcelinta qaybo la yiraahdo [[rakat|rakco]] oo ay ku jiraan [[Ruku|rukooc]] iyo [[Sujud|sujuud]] loo sujuudayo Ilaahay. Waxaa jira shan salaadood oo la cayimay maalintii oo dhan kuwaas oo loo arko waajibaad. Salaadaha waxaa lagu akhriyaa luqadda Carabiga waxaana lagu fuliyaa [[Qibla|dhanka]] [[Kaaba|Kacbada]]. Ficilku sidoo kale wuxuu u baahan yahay xaalad nadiif ah oo diimeed oo lagu gaaro hababka [[wudu|weysada]] ama, xaaladaha qaarkood, qubays buuxa oo [[ghusl|qubays ah]].<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=18, 19}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Hedayetullah|2006|pp=53–55}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Kobeisy|2004|pp=22–34}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Momen|1987|p=178}}</ref> [[mosque|Masaajidka]], oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano masjid ama namazgah, waa [[places of worship|goob cibaado]] oo loogu talagalay Muslimiinta. Inkasta oo ujeeddada ugu weyn ee masaajidku ay tahay inuu u adeego meel salaadeed, sidoo kale waa xarun bulsho oo muhiim u ah [[ummah|bulshada Muslimka ah]]. Tusaale ahaan, [[Prophet's Mosque|Masjidka Nabiga]] ee [[Medina|Madiina]], wuxuu sidoo kale u adeegi jiray hoy ay degaan dadka saboolka ah.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Mattson |first=Ingrid |year=2006 |title=Women, Islam, and Mosques |pages=615–629 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America |series=Volume 2, Part VII. Islam |editor1=R. S. Keller |name-list-style=and |editor2=R. R. Ruether |place=Bloomington and Indianapolis |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |isbn=978-0-253-34687-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC&pg=PA615 |access-date=2 October 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023019/https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC&pg=PA615#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Minaret|Minaarooyinku]] waa munaarooyin loo isticmaalo in lagu yeero [[adhan|aanka]], kaas oo ah yeedhid afka ah oo lagu calaamadinayo waqtiga salaadda.<ref name="Pedersen-Masjid-2010">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Pedersen |first1=Johannes |last2=Hillenbrand |first2=Robert |last3=Burton-Page |first3=John |author-link3=John Burton-Page |title=Masd̲j̲id |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam |edition=2nd |location=Leiden |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2010 |doi=10.1163/9789004206106_eifo_COM_0694 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/mosque |title=Mosque |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928065350/https://www.britannica.com/topic/mosque |url-status=live }}</ref> === Sakada === [[File:Slot at the Zaouia Moulay Idriss II 1.jpg|thumb|Meel lagu bixiyo sakada oo ku taal [[Zawiya of Moulay Idris II]] ee [[Fez, Morocco]].]] {{Main|Zakat}} {{See also|Sadaqah}} [[Zakat|Sakada]] ([[Arabic language|Carabi]]: {{langx|ar|زكاة|translit=zakāh|label=none}}), waa nooc ka mid ah [[Alms|Sadaqada]] oo lagu garto bixinta qayb go'an (2.5% sanadkii)<ref name="Ahmed-Gianci-2005">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Ahmed |first1=Medani |last2=Gianci |first2=Sebastian |title=Zakat |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Taxation and Tax Policy |editor1-last=Cordes |editor1-first=Joseph J. |editor2-last=Ebel |editor2-first=Robert D. |editor3-last=Gravelle |editor3-first=Jane |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Urban Institute Press |year=2005 |page=479 |isbn=978-0877667520 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m66_BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA479 |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026}}</ref> ee [[Financial capital|hantida la ururiyay]] ay bixiyaan kuwa awoodda u leh si ay u caawiyaan dadka saboolka ah ama baahan, sida xoraynta maxaabiista, kuwa [[bonded labor|dayn ku jira]], ama safarka ku ah, iyo kuwa loo shaqaaleysiiyo ururinta sakada. Waxay u shaqaysaa sidii nooc ka mid ah [[welfare spending|gar-gaar bulsheed]] oo ka jira bulshooyinka Muslimka ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ariff |first=Mohamed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NP4ZL0TJ9s4C&pg=PA55 |title=The Islamic Voluntary Sector in Southeast Asia: Islam and the Economic Development of Southeast Asia |publisher=[[Institute of Southeast Asian Studies]] |year=1991 |isbn=978-981-3016-07-1 |pages=55– |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023007/https://books.google.com/books?id=NP4ZL0TJ9s4C&&pg=PA55 |url-status=live }}</ref> Waxaa loo arkaa waajibaad diimeed oo ay dadka ladani ku leeyihiin kuwa baahan sababtoo ah hantidooda waxaa loo arkaa ammaan ka timid nimcada Ilaahay,<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2010|p=109–110}}: This is not regarded as charity because it is not really voluntary but instead is owed, by those who have received their wealth as a trust from God's bounty, to the poor.</ref> waxaana loo arkaa daahirinta hantida dheeraadka ah ee qofka.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = RoutledgeCurzon| isbn = 9780415297967| title =Major World Religions: From Their Origins to the Present.| location = United Kingdom| year = 2003| last=Ridgeon| first=Lloyd| url = | page = 258|quote=Aside from its function of purifying believers' wealth, the payment of zakat may have contributed in no small way to the economic welfare of the Muslim community in Mecca.}}</ref> Wadarta guud ee sanadlaha ah ee lagu bixiyo sakada ayaa ah 15 jeer ka badan deeqaha gargaarka bini'aadamnimada ee adduunka, iyadoo la adeegsanayo qiyaaso taxaddar leh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 June 2012 |title=A faith-based aid revolution in the Muslim world |work=[[The New Humanitarian]] |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/95564/analysis-faith-based-aid-revolution-muslim-world |access-date=27 August 2023 |archive-date=14 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114014900/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/95564/analysis-faith-based-aid-revolution-muslim-world |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sadaqah|Sadaqadu]], si ka duwan Sakada, waa sadaqo ikhtiyaari ah oo aad loo dhiirrigeliyo.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Said |first=Abdul Aziz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4bs7g0O4eLYC&pg=PA145 |title=Contemporary Islam: Dynamic, Not Static |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-77011-8 |page=145 |display-authors=etal |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023121/https://books.google.com/books?id=4bs7g0O4eLYC&pg=PA145 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnp|Stefon|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef/page/72 72]}} [[Waqf|Waaqfeku]] waa [[charitable trust|kalsooni samafal]] oo joogto ah, taas oo maalgelisa isbitaallada iyo dugsiyada bulshooyinka Muslimka ah.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hudson |first=A. |title=Equity and Trusts |year=2003 |edition=3rd |page=32 |location=London |publisher=Cavendish Publishing |isbn=1-85941-729-9}}</ref> === Soonta === [[File:Iftar for Ramadhan.jpg|thumb|Munaasabadda afurka, oo loo yaqaan ''[[Iftar]]'', waxaa dhaqan ahaan lagu bixiyaa [[date (fruits)|timir]].]] {{Main|Fasting in Islam}} {{See also|Fasting during Ramadan}} Islaamka dhexdiisa, soonta ([[Arabic language|Carabi]]: {{langx|ar|صوم|translit=ṣawm|label=none}}) waxay mamnuucaysaa cuntada iyo cabitaanka, iyo sidoo kale noocyada kale ee isticmaalka, sida [[Smoking in Islam|sigaar-cabista]], waxaana la fuliyaa laga bilaabo waaberiga ilaa qorrax-dhaca. Inta lagu jiro bisha [[Ramadan]], waxaa loo arkaa waajibaad saaran Muslimiinta inay soomaan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramadan |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramadan |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009215438/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramadan |url-status=live }}</ref> Soontu waxay dhiirrigelisaa dareen u dhowaanshaha Ilaahay iyadoo qofku is celinayo dartii Ilaahay wixii kale ee bannaan iyo in laga fikiro kuwa baahan. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa jira maalmo kale, sida [[Day of Arafah|Maalinta Carafo]], marka soontu ay tahay ikhtiyaari.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher =Tughra Books | isbn = 9781597846110| title = Fasting In Islam And The Month Of Ramadan| location = United States| year =2006 | last=Ramadanali| url = |page=51 | quote = }}</ref> === Xajka === {{Main|Hajj|Umrah}} {{See also|Holiest sites in Islam}} [[File:A packed house - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|thumb|Xujeyda intii lagu jiray xilli [[Hajj|Hajka]] ee [[Masjid al-Haram]] ee [[Mecca|Makka]], [[Saudi Arabia|Sacuudi Carabiya]], [[Holiest sites in islam|goobta Islaamka ee ugu barakeysan]].]] [[pilgrimage|Xajka]] Islaamka, ee loo yaqaan {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ḥajj}} ({{langx|ar|حج|link=no}}), waa in la qabtaa ugu yaraan hal mar nolosha qof kasta oo Muslim ah oo awood u leh inta lagu jiro [[Islamic calendar|bisha Islaamka]] ee [[Dhu al-Hijjah]]. Caadooyinka Hajku waxay inta badan ku daydaan sheekada qoyska [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naik |first=Dr Zakir |author-link=Zakir Naik |date=7 January 2025 |title=What Are the Pillars of Islam? |url=https://islampidia.org/en/what-are-the-pillars-of-islam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115054332/https://islampidia.org/en/what-are-the-pillars-of-islam/ |archive-date=2025-11-15 |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Islampidia |language=en-AU}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Five Pillars of Islam |url=https://localhost:5000/learn/educators/curriculum-resources/art-of-the-islamic-world/unit-one/the-five-pillars-of-islam |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026}}</ref> [[Mecca|Makka]], xujeydu waxay toddobo jeer ku wareegaan [[Kaaba|Kacbada]], oo ay Muslimiintu rumeysan yihiin inuu dhisay Ibraahim meel cibaado ah, waxayna toddobo jeer u dhexeeyaan buuraha [[Safa and Marwa|Safa iyo Marwa]], iyagoo xusuusanaya tallaabooyinkii xaaska Ibraahim, [[Hagar]], oo u raadinaysay biyo ilmahaheedii [[Ishmael in Islam|Ismaaciil]] ee lamadegaanka ka hor intaan Makka is rogay degmo.<ref>{{harvp|Goldschmidt|Davidson|2005|p=48}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Farah|1994|pp=145–147}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Hajj |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> Xajku sidoo kale wuxuu ku lug leeyahay in la qaato maalin duco iyo cibaado ah oo ka dhacda bannaanada [[Mount Arafat|Carafo]] iyo sidoo kale [[Stoning_of_the_Devil|tuurista shaydaanka]] si calaamadaysan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F.E. |title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians |date=2009 |isbn=978-1-4008-2548-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HYJ2c9E9IM8C&pg=PA19 |page=20 |publisher=Princeton University Press |access-date=7 October 2014 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023112/https://books.google.com/books?id=HYJ2c9E9IM8C&pg=PA19#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Dhammaan ragga Muslimiinta ah waxay xidhaan laba maro oo cad oo fudud oo aan tol lahayn oo loo yaqaan [[Ihram clothing|ixraam]], kuwaas oo loogu talagalay inay keenaan isku xirnaan jiilal iyo sinnaan ka dhexaysa xujeyda inkasta oo ay jiraan fasal ama asal.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cornell |first=Vincent J. |title=Voices of Islam: Voices of tradition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g5LNUS0ciAAC&pg=PA29 |access-date=26 August 2012 |year=2007 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-98733-6 |page=29}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Glassé|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC&pg=PA207 207]}}</ref> Nooc kale oo xaj ah, [[Umrah|Umrada]], waa ikhtiyaari waxaana la qaban karaa wakhti kasta oo sanadka ka mid ah. Goobaha kale ee xajka Islaamka waa [[Medina|Madiina]], halkaas oo Maxamed uu ku geeriyooday, iyo sidoo kale [[Jerusalem|Quddus]], oo ah magaalo ay ku yaalliin nabiyo badan oo Islaam ah waana goobta [[Al-Aqsa|Al-Aqsa]], taas oo ahayd jihadii salaadda ka hor Makka.<ref>{{cite book|author=Michigan Consortium for Medieval and Early Modern Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p44kAQAAMAAJ|title=The Meeting of Two Worlds: Cultural Exchange Between East and West During the Period of the Crusades|publisher=Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University|year=1986|isbn=0918720583|editor1=Goss, V. P.|volume=21|page=208|editor2=Bornstein, C. V.|access-date=15 January 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023032/https://books.google.com/books?id=p44kAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Trofimov-2008">{{cite book |last=Trofimov |first=Yaroslav |author-link=Yaroslav Trofimov |title=The Siege of Mecca: The 1979 Uprising at Islam's Holiest Shrine |location=New York |publisher=[[Knopf]] |date=2008 |page=79 |isbn=978-0-307-47290-8 |language=en}}</ref> === Ficilada cibaadada ee kale === {{See also|Quran#Recitation|Dua|Dhikr}} [[File:Men reading the Koran in Umayyad Mosque, Damascus, Syria.jpg|thumb|Rag Muslimiin ah oo akhrinaya Quraanka gudaha [[Umayyad Mosque|Masjidka Umawiyiinta]] ee [[Damascus]], [[Syria]].]] Muslimiintu waxay akhriyaan oo xifdiyaan Quraanka oo dhan ama qaybo ka mid ah si ay u noqdaan camal wanaagsan. [[Tajwid|Tajwiidku]] wuxuu tilmaamayaa xeerar taxane ah oo loogu talagalay [[elocution|akhriska saxda ah]] ee Quraanka.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = | isbn = | title = Foundation of Tajweed| location = | year = 2013|edition=2| last=Aboo Yahyaa| url = | page = 1 | quote = }}</ref> Muslimiin badan ayaa akhriya Quraanka oo dhan inta lagu jiro bisha Ramadaan.{{sfnp|Stefon|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef/page/42 42–43]}} Qofka xifdiyay Quraanka oo dhan waxaa loo yaqaanaa Xaafid ("xifdiyey"), xadiisyaduna waxay xusayaan in shakhsiyaadkani ay awood u yeelan doonaan inay shafeecaan dadka kale Maalinta Qiyaamaha.{{sfnp|Nigosian|2004|p=[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=my7hnALd_NkC|page=70}} 70]}} Baryada Ilaahay, oo Carabiga lagu yiraahdo {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|duʿāʾ}} ({{langx|ar|دعاء}}&nbsp;{{IPA|ar|dʊˈʕæːʔ|IPA}}) waxay leedahay anshaxeedii gaarka ahaa sida [[Raising hands in dua|gacmaha oo la taago]] sidii iyadoo la baryayo.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Brill| isbn = 9789004335523| title = The Quṣṣāṣ of Early Islam| location = Netherlands| year = 2016| last=Armstrong| first=Lyall| url = | page = 184| quote = }}</ref> Xuska Ilaahay ({{langx|ar|ذكر|translit=Dhikr'|label=none}}) wuxuu tilmaamayaa erayada lagu celceliyo ee tixraacaya Ilaahay. Sida caadiga ah, tan waxaa ka mid ah Tahmiid, oo lagu dhawaaqayo [[Alhamdulillah|ammaan oo dhan waxaa leh Ilaahay]] ({{langx|ar|الحمد لله|translit=al-Ḥamdu lillāh|label=none}}) inta lagu jiro salaadda ama marka la dareemayo mahadnaq, [[Tasbih|Tasbiix]], oo lagu dhawaaqayo weyneynta Ilaahay inta lagu jiro salaadda ama marka la cajabo shay oo la dhaho '[[Basmala|bismillaah]]' ka hor intaan la bilaabin ficil sida cuntada.<ref>{{Cite web|title=alhamdulillah |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/alhamdulillah|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227042540/https://www.lexico.com/definition/alhamdulillah|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 27, 2020|access-date=2021-10-16|website=Lexico}}</ref> == Taariikhda == {{Main|History of Islam}} {{For timeline|Timeline of the history of Islam}} {{See also|List of Muslim empires and dynasties}}{{multiple image | align = center | direction = horizontal | total_width = 600 | image1 = Masjid Nabawi The Prophet's Mosque, Madina.jpg | image2 = Jerusalem DomeoftheRock J65 (cropped).JPG | footer = Bidix: [[Prophet's Mosque|Masjidka Nabiga]] ee [[Medina|Madiina]], Sacuudi Carabiya, waa [[holiest sites in islam|goobta labaad ee ugu barakeysan]] ee Islaamka. Maxamed laftiisa ayaa ku lug lahaa dhismaha masjidka, iyo [[Green Dome|Qubbadiisa Cagaaran]] waa halka lagu aasay. Midig: [[Al-Aqsa|Dhismaha Masjidka Al-Aqsa]] ee [[Jerusalem|Quddus]] waa goobta saddexaad ee ugu barakeysan ee Islaamka, halkaas oo Maxamed uu uga kacay samada intii uu socday [[Isra' and Mi'raj|Isra' iyo Mi'raaj]]. Goobtu waxay ahayd jihadii hore ee salaadda ([[qibla]]), halkaas oo Muslimiintu ay horay ugu tukan jireen ka hor intaan jihada loo beddelin [[Kaaba|Kacbada]] ee [[Mecca|Makka]] ka dib waxyi soo gaaray Maxamed. | caption1 = | caption2 = }} === Maxamed iyo bilowgii Islaamka (570–632) === {{Main|Muhammad|Muhammad in Islam}} {{for timeline|Timeline of early Islamic history}} {{Further|Muhammad in Mecca|Early social changes under Islam|First Islamic state}} [[File:Hira_Cave.jpg|thumb|[[Jabal al-Nour]] u dhow [[Mecca|Makka]], halkaas oo Maxamed uu ka helay [[Muhammad's first revelation|waxyigiisii ugu horreeyay]] ee ku jiray godka Xira.]] Sida ku xusan dhaqanka Islaamka, Maxamed wuxuu ku dhashay [[Mecca|Makka]] sannadkii 570 [[Common Era|C.D.]] wuxuuna noqday agoon caruurnimadiisii. Isagoo ku koray ganacsade ahaan, wuxuu noqday mid loo yaqaan "[[Amin (name)|amin (mid la isku halayn karo)]]" ({{langx|ar|الامين}}) waxaana la doonayay inuu noqdo garsoore dhexdhexaad ah. Intuu ka dib guursaday shaqaalihiisii, haweeneydii ganacsatada ahayd ee [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadiija]].{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=6}} Sannadkii 610 C.D., isagoo dhibsaday hoos u dhaca akhlaaqda iyo shirkiga ka jiray Makka isla markaana raadinaya gooni-isu-taag iyo fikir ruuxi ah, Maxamed wuxuu u baxay Godka Xira ee buurta [[Jabal al-Nour]], oo u dhow Makka. Wuxuu ahaa intii uu ku sugnaa godka halkaas oo la sheegay inuu [[Muhammad's first revelation|helay waxyigii ugu horreeyay]] ee [[Quran|Quraanka]] oo uga yimid malaa'igta [[Gabriel|Jibriil]].<ref name="610CE" /> Dhacdadii bixitaankii Maxamed ee godka iyo waxyigii xigay waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[Night of Power|Leylatul Qadr]] waxaana loo arkaa dhacdo muhiim ah taariikhda Islaamka. Intii lagu guda jiray 22-kii sano ee ka dambeeyay nolosha, laga bilaabo da'da 40 wixii ka dambeeyay, Maxamed wuxuu sii waday helitaanka waxyiga Ilaahay, isagoo noqday kii ugu dambeeyay ama [[Seal of the prophets|nabigii ugu dambeeyay]] ee loo diray bini'aadamka.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Muhammad |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> [[File:Siyer-i_Nebi_151b.jpg|thumb|Maxamed oo la muujiyay waji daboolan oo jooga [[Kaaba|Kacbada]] laga soo qaatay [[Siyer-i Nebi]], {{Circa|1595}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ottomans : religious painting |url=http://www.ee.bilkent.edu.tr/~history/ottoman33.html |access-date=1 May 2016}}</ref>]] Inta lagu jiro xilligan, [[Muhammad in Mecca|halka uu joogay Makka, Maxamed]] wuxuu ku wacdiyay marka hore si qarsoodi ah ka dibna si cad, isagoo ka baryaya dhegaystayaashiisa inay ka tagaan [[Arab polytheism|shirkiga]] oo ay caabudaan hal Ilaah. Qaar ka mid ah [[Early Muslims|Muslimiintii ugu horreysay ee soo islaamtay]] waxay ahaayeen dumar, saboolka, ajaanibta, iyo addoommada sida mu'adinkii ugu horreeyay [[Bilal ibn Rabah|Bilaal bin Rabaax]].<ref>Rabah, Bilal B. ''[[Encyclopedia of Islam]].''</ref> Dadka waaweyn ee Makka waxay dareemeen in Maxamed uu [[Early social changes under Islam|khalday nidaamkooda bulsho]] isagoo ka wacdiyaya hal Ilaah oo siinaya fikrado laga shakiyo saboolka iyo addoommada sababtoo ah waxay faa'iida ka helayeen xajka sanamyada Kacbada.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ünal |first=Ali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DyuqdDIjaswC&pg=PA1323 |title=The Qurʼan with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English |publisher=Tughra Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-59784-000-2 |pages=1323– |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024048/https://books.google.com/books?id=DyuqdDIjaswC&pg=PA1323#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|p=36}}</ref> Ka dib 12 sano oo ah [[Persecution of Muslims by Meccans|dhibaataynta Muslimiinta ay u geysanayeen dadkii Makka]], Maxamed iyo [[Companions of the Prophet|sahabbadiisii]] waxay sameeyeen [[Hegira|Hijradii]] 622 ee magaalada Yathrib (magaalada Madiina ee maanta). Wuxuu halkaas ka Aasaasay [[First Islamic state|Dowladdii Islaamiga ahayd ee ugu horreysay]] oo ay la socdaan Muslimiintii Madiina (''[[Ansar (Islam)|Ansaarta]]'') iyo muhaajiriintii Makka (''[[Muhajirun|Muhaajiriinta]]''). [[Constitution of Medina|Dastuurkii Madiina]] waxaa saxiixay dhammaan qabiilooyinkii Madiina. Tani waxay aasaastay xorriyadda diinta iyo xorriyadda isticmaalka sharcigooda u gaarka ah ee ka dhex jiray bulshooyinka Muslimka ah iyo kuwa aan Muslimka ahayn hammi ah in Madiina laga difaaco khataraha dibadda.{{sfnp|Serjeant|1978|p=4}} Ciidamadii Makka iyo xulafadoodii waxay guuldarro ka soo gaartay Muslimiinta [[Battle of Badr|Dagaalkii Badar]] 624 ka dibna waxay dagaalameen dagaal aan la isla ogayn oo ka dhacay [[Battle of Uhud|Dagaalkii Uxud]]<ref>{{Citation |last=Peter Crawford |title=The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-oHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |page=83 |publisher=Pen & Sword Books Limited |isbn=9781473828650 |date=2013-07-16 |access-date=5 August 2022 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023957/https://books.google.com/books?id=d-oHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |url-status=live }}.</ref> ka hor intaanay ku guuldarraysan inay hareereeyaan Madiina [[Battle of the Trench|Dagaalkii Khandaq]] (Maarso–Abriil 627). Sannadkii 628, [[Treaty of al-Hudaybiya|Heshiiskii Xudeybiya]] ayaa la kala saxiixday Makka iyo Muslimiinta, laakiin waxaajabiyay Makka laba sano ka dib. Markii qabiilo badan ay islaameen, jidadkii ganacsiga ee Makka waxaa gooyay Muslimiinta.<ref>{{harvp|Peters|2003|pp=78–79, 194}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|pp=23–28}}</ref> Markaatay ahayd 629 Maxamed wuxuu ku guuleystay [[conquest of Mecca|furashadii Makka]] ee aan dhiiggu ku daadan, iyo waqtigii uu geeriyooday 632 (da'da 62) wuxuu midaysiiyay qabiilooyinkii Carabta]] hal qaran oo diimeed. === Islaamkii Hore (632–750) === {{Further|Succession to Muhammad|Early Muslim conquests}} {{See also|Ghadir Khumm|Saqifa|Canonization of Islamic scripture}} [[File:Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg|thumb|Expansion of the Caliphate{{legend|#a1584e|Muhammad, 622–632}}{{legend|#ef9070|Khulafo Al-Raashidiin, 632–661}}{{legend|#fad07d|Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750}}]] Nabi Maxamed wuxuu geeriyooday sanadkii 632 waxaana khulafadii ugu horreysay ee loo yaqaan Khulafo – Abu Bakr, Cumar, Cuthmaan, Cali iyo marmar Xasan bin Cali<ref>{{Cite book| last1 = Melchert| first1 = Christopher| date = 2020| contribution = The Rightly Guided Caliphs: The Range of Views Preserved in Ḥadīth| editor1-last = al-Sarhan| editor1-first = Saud| title = Political Quietism in Islam: Sunni and Shi'i Practice and Thought| location = London and New York| publisher = I.B. Tauris| isbn = 978-1-83860-765-4| pages = 70–71| contribution-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=96TDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA63| access-date = 17 February 2022| url-status = live}}</ref> – looga yaqaan Islaamka Sunniga ah ''al-khulafā' ar-rāshidūn'' ("Khulafadii Hagaysa").{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=40}} Qaar kamid ah qabiilooyinka ayaa Islaamka ka tagay oo ka inkiiray madax sheegtay in ay yihiin nebiyo cusub balse Abu Bakr wuxuu ku jebiyey dagaalladii Riddada.<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|p=57}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Hourani|2002|p=22}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=32}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Madelung|1996|p=43}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Ṭabāṭabāʼī|1979|pp=30–50}}</ref> Bulshooyinka maxalliga ah ee Yuhuudda iyo Nasaarada asaliga ah, ee loo haystay dad laga tirada badan yahay oo diinaysan loona culeysiyay canshuuraha, ayaa inta badan ka caawiyey Muslimiinta inay qabsadaan dhulkooda,{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=38}} taasoo keentay in khilaafaddu ay si degdeg ah ugu ballaarato boqortooyooyinkii Saasaniyiinta iyo Biisantiinta.<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|p=74}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=J. Kuiper |first=Matthew |title=Da'wa: A Global History of Islamic Missionary Thought and Practice |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2021 |isbn=9781351510721 |page=85}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lapidus |first=Ira M. |title=A History of Islamic Societies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-521-51430-9 |pages=60–61 |author-link=Ira M. Lapidus}}</ref> Cuthmaan waxaa la doortay 644 waxaana dilkiisii uu kiciyey in Cali loo doorto Khaliifkii xigay. Dagaalkii Sifeyn ee Koowaad, xaaskii Nebiga, Caashaa, waxay soo saartay ciidan ka soo horjeeda Cali, iyada oo isku dayaysa inay u aarto dhimashadii Cuthmaan, balse waa lagu jabiyey Dagaalkii Geela. Cali wuxuu isku dayay inuu xilka ka qaado guddoomiyihii Suuriya, Mucaawiya, kaas oo loo arkayay musuqmaasuq. Mucaawiya ayaa markaas dagaal ku dhawaaqay Cali waana lagu jabiyey Dagaalkii Sifeyn. Go'aanka Cali ee ahaa inuu dhex-dhexaadin sameeyo ayaa ka caraysiiyey Khawaarijta, oo ahayd koox xagjir ah, kuwaas oo qabay in aan la dagaallamin qof dembiile ah awgeed, Cali uu isna noqday dembiile. Khawaarijtu way caasiyoobeen waxaana lagu jebiyey Dagaalkii Nahrawan balse nin Khawaariji ah ayaa gadaal ka dilay Cali. Wiilkiii Cali, Xasan bin Cali, ayaa loo doortay Khaliif wuxuuna saxiixay heshiis nabadeed si looga fogaado dagaal kale, isaga oo xilka uga degay Mucaawiya si uusan Mucaawiya u soo magacaabin qof beddela.{{sfnp|Holt|Lewis|1977|pp=67–72}} [[File:Almuñécar, statue of Abd al-Rahman I.jpg|thumb|Taallo ay leedahay Cabduraxmaan I oo ku taal Almuñécar, Isbayn. Islaamku wuxuu gaaray Galbeedka Yurub 711 AD, markii Ṭariiq bin Siyaad uu galay Jasiiradda Iberia. Sanadkii 756, Cabduraxmaan wuxuu aasaasay Imaaradda Cordoba, isagoo ka aasaasay dowlad Islaami ah oo madaxbannaan al-Andalus.]] Mucaawiya wuxuu bilaabay Saldanaddii Umawiyiinta isagoo u magacaabay wiilkiisii Yaziid inay isku xigaan, taasoo dhalisay Dagaalkii Sifeyn ee Labaad. Intii uu socday Dagaalkii Karbala, Xuseen bin Cali, wiilka labaad ee Cali iyo awowgii nebiga, waxaa si arxan darro ah u dilay ciidamadii Yaziid; dhacdadii waxaa sannad walba xusaa Muslimiinta Shiicada ah ilaa maanta. Sunniga, oo uu hoggaaminayo Ibn al-Zubayr oo kasoo horjeeda khilaafad dhaxal ah, ayaa lagaga adkaaday Go'doomintii Makka. Khilaafyadan hoggaanka ayaa keenay inuu dhasho khilaafka Sunni-Shiicada,{{sfnp|Waines|2003|p=46}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harney |first=John |date=3 January 2016 |title=How Do Sunni and Shia Islam Differ? |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/04/world/middleeast/q-and-a-how-do-sunni-and-shia-islam-differ.html |access-date=4 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyadoo Shiicadu ay aaminsan tahay in hoggaanku uu leeyahay qoyskii Nebiga (Ahl al-bayt).{{sfnp|Waines|2003|p=46}} Hoggaankii Abu Bakr wuxuu kormeeray bilowgii ururinta Qur'aanka. Khaliifkii Cumar bin Cabdicasiis wuxuu dhisay guddigii, Todobadii Fuqaha ee Madiina,{{sfnp|Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar Ibn Kathīr|2012|p=505}}<ref>''Umar Ibn Abdul Aziz'' By Imam Abu Muhammad Abdullah ibn Abdul Hakam died 214 AH 829 C.E. Publisher Zam Zam Publishers Karachi, pp. 54–59</ref> waxaana Malik bin Anas uu qoray mid ka mid ah buugagii ugu horreeyay ee ku saabsan fiiqhiga Islaamka, ''Muwatta'', oo ahayd is-afgarad ku saabsan aragtida culimadaas.{{sfnp|Coulson|1964|p=103}}<ref>{{Cite book |editor-last1=Houtsma |editor-first1=M.T. |editor-last2=Wensinck |editor-first2=A.J. |editor-last3=Lévi-Provençal |editor-first3=E. |editor-last4=Gibb |editor-first4=H.A.R. |editor-last5=Heffening |editor-first5=W. |series=Volume V: L—Moriscos |title=E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936 |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=1993 |edition=reprint |isbn=978-90-04-09791-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Va6oSxzojzoC |pages=207– |access-date=19 September 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor=Moshe Sharon |title=Studies in Islamic History and Civilization: In Honour of Professor David Ayalon |year=1986 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789652640147 |page=264 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0_wUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA264 |access-date=20 June 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Khawaarijtu waxay aaminsanaayeen in uusan jirin dhexdhexaad la tanaasuli karo oo u dhexeeya wanaagga iyo xumaanta, iyo in muslim kasta oo gala dembi weyn uu noqonayo gaal. Erayga "Khawaarij" waxaa sidoo kale loo adeegsaday in lagu tilmaamo ISIS.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mamouri|first=Ali|date=8 January 2015|title=Who are the Kharijites and what do they have to do with IS?|work=Al-monitor|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2015/01/islamic-state-kjarijites-continuation.html|access-date=6 March 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Murji'ah waxay barayeen in dadka toosan lagu xukumi karo Eebbe kaligii. Sidaa darteed, dembiilayaasha waxaa loo arki karaa inay marin habaabeen, laakiin aan lagu tilmaamin gaalo.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|p=43}} Dabeecaddan ayaa timid inay ku guulaysato caqiidada Islaamka ee ugu weyn.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}}[[File:BalianofIbelin1490.jpg|thumb|Saliibiyiinta oo ku wareejinaya Qudus Muslimiinta sanadkii 1187 AD.]] Saldanaddii Umawiyiintu waxay qabsatay Maqrib, Jasiiradda Iberia, Gallia Narbonensis iyo Sindh.<ref>{{cite book |first=Donald |last=Puchala |title=Theory and History in International Relations |page=137 |publisher=Routledge |year=2003}}</ref> Duullaamadii Islaamka ee hore waxaa lagu tilmaamay imperialism Islaami ah.<ref name="n050">{{cite journal | last=Wright | first=Craig S | title=Arab Colonialism and the Roots of the Golden Age of Islam | journal=SSRN Electronic Journal | date=2022 | issn=1556-5068 | doi=10.2139/ssrn.4020040 | url=https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4020040 | access-date=2026-04-24 | page=}}</ref> Umawiyiintu waxay la halgamayeen l'aynaansho sharci ah waxayna ku tiirsanaayeen ciidan aad loo taageero.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=45}} Maaddaama canshuurta Jizya ay ahayd canshuur ay bixiyaan kuwa aan muslimka ahayn oo ka reebayay adeegga ciidanka, Umawiyiintu waxay diideen inay aqoonsadaan islaam-gelitaanka kuwa aan Carabta ahayn, maadaama ay yaraynaysay dakhliga.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}} Iyadoo Khilaafadii Raashidiintu ay adkaysay adduunyo la'aanta, iyadoo Cumar uu xitaa dalbanayo in la tiriyo hantida sarkaal kasta,<ref>{{cite book |first1=Ahmad Ibn Jabir|last1=Al-Biladhuri |first2=Philip|last2=Hitti|title=Kitab Futuhu'l-Buldan|page=219 |publisher=AMS Press |year=1969}}</ref> raaxada Umawiyiinta ayaa dhalisay qancin la'aan dadka diinta ku adag.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}} Khawaarijtu waxay hoggaamiyeen Kacdoonkii Berber, taasoo horseeday dowladaha ugu horreeya ee Islaamka oo ka madax bannaan Khilaafada. Kacdoonkii Cabbasiyiinta, kuwa aan Carabta ahayn ee soo islaamay (Mawla), qabiilooyinkii Carabta ee ay Umawiyiintu meesha ka saareen, iyo qaar ka mid ah Shiicada ayaa midoobay oo riday Umawiyiinta, iyaga oo bilaabay Cabbasiyiinta oo caalami ah sanadkii 750.{{sfnp|Lewis|1993|pp=71–83}} === Axdigii Dahabiga Ahaa ee Islaamka (786–1258) === {{Further|Hadith studies|Islamic philosophy}} {{See also|Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe|Turco-Persian tradition}} [[File:Al-Risalah_al-Dhahabiah.JPG|thumb|Bog ka mid ah Al-Risala al-Dhahabiyya ee Imam Ali al-Rida (809 AD), oo ah tii ugu qiimaha badnayd ee shaqooyinka Islaamka ee Sayniska Caafimaadka. Waxaa ku jira qaybo saynis sida Anatomiya, Histoloji, Fisioloji, Kimistari iyo Patoloji intii sayniska caafimaadku uu wali ahaa mid bilow ah.]] Al-Shafi'i wuxuu dejiyay hab lagu xaqiijiyo isku-halaynta xadiiska.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|p=86}} Waagii hore ee Ablaasiyiinta, aqoonyahanno sida Muhammad al-Bukhari iyo Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj waxay soo ururiyeen guryaha waaweyn ee xadiiska Ahlusunna, halka aqoonyahanno sida Al-Kulayni iyo Ibn Babawayh ay soo ururiyeen guryaha waaweyn ee xadiiska Shiicada. Astaamaha afar-madhab ee Ahlusunna—Hanafi, Hanbali, Maliki, iyo Shafi'i—waxaa lagu tiiriyay dhulalka fundamentiinta ee Abū Ḥanīfa, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Malik ibn Anas iyo al-Shafi'i. Taa beddelkeeda, dhulalka fundamentiinta ee Ja'far al-Sadiq waxay dhiseen Fiqhiga Ja'fari. Qarnigii 9aad, Al-Tabari wuxuu dhameystiray qafiskii ugu horreeyay ee Tafsiirka Quraanka, Tafsir al-Tabari, oo noqday mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu xigashada badan Ahlusunna Islaamka. Doobab ka mid ah Muslinka waxay ka fekereen ka-sallamaaynta nolosha duniyeed waxayna xoogga saareen saboolnimada, is-hoosaysiinta, iyo fogaanta dambiga ee ku basada diidmada rabitaanka jidhka. Zuhuudka sida Hasan al-Basri waxay dhiirrigeliyeen dhaqdhaqaaq dib u zhugnaaday tasawwuf ama Sufi.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|pp=90, 91}} Waqtigan, dhibaatooyinka fiqiga, gaar ahaan doorashada xorta ah, waxay ahaayeen kuwo si adag loo maareeyay, iyadoo Hasan al-Basri uu qabay in kasta oo Eebbe uu og yahay waxa dadku sameynayaan, wanaagga iyo xintu ay ka yimaadaan isticmaalka qaldan ee doorashada xorta ah iyo Ibliiska.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|pp=38-39}}{{efn|"Hasan al-Basri waxaa inta badan loo tixgeliyaa mid ka mid ah dadkii ugu horreeyay ee diaday asalka malaa'igta ee ibliiska, isagoo ku doodaya in dhicitaankiisu yahay natiijada doorashadiisa xorta ah, oo ma ahan go'aanka Eebbe. Hasan al-Basri wuxuu sidoo kale ku dooday in malaa'igtu aysan awoodin dambiga ama khaladaadka oo ay ka sharaf badan yihiin aadanaha iyo xata cabsida nabiyada. Shiicada iyo Sunnida hore waxay ka soo horjeedeen ra'yigiisa.<ref>Omar Hamdan ''Studien zur Kanonisierung des Korantextes: al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrīs Beiträge zur Geschichte des Korans'' Otto Harrassowitz Verlag 2006 {{ISBN|978-3447053495}} pp. 291–292 (German)</ref>}} Falsafada Caqliga Giriiga waxay dhiirrigelisay dugsi feker oo loo yaqaan Mu'tazila, oo si ka muuqata u dooday fikradda doorashada xorta ah ee uu bilaabay Wasil ibn Ata.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|p=50}} Khaliif al-Mamun wuxuu ka dhigay caqiido rasmi ah wuxuuna si aan guul lahayn ugu doortay inuu ku qasbo booskan dadka intiisa badan.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=88}} Khaliif Al-Mu'tasim wuxuu sameeyay Mihna, iyadoo Ahmad ibn Hanbal oo ilaalinaayay dhaqanka uu si muuqata u diaday inuu waafaqo fikradda Mu'tazila ee ah in Quraanku yahay ku dhacay halkii uu ka ahaan lahaa mid weligeed ah, taas oo ka dhigtay in la jilciyo oo lagu hayo qol madow muddo ku dhow soddon bilood.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doi |first=Abdur Rahman |title=Shariah: The Islamic Law |location=London |publisher=Ta-Ha Publishers |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-907461-38-8 |page=110}}</ref> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dugsiyada kale ee Kalam—Māturīdism oo uu aasaasay Abu Mansur al-Maturidi iyo Ash'ari oo uu aasaasay Al-Ash'ari—waxay ahaayeen kuwo si ballaaran loo qaatay. Falsafadyahannada sida Al-Farabi, Avicenna iyo Averroes waxay isku deyeyeen inay waafajiyaan fikradaha Aristotle iyo fundamentiinta Islaamka, iyagoo u dhow Iskolastikada Kiristanka ee Yuubka iyo shaqada Maimonides ee Yuhuudda, halka kuwo kale sida Al-Ghazali ay ka soo horjeedeen habkan oo ugu dambeyntii guuleysteen.<ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=160}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Waines|2003|pp=126–127}}</ref> [[File:Al-Idrisi's_world_map.JPG|thumb|Tabula Rogeriana (1154 AD) ee al-Idrisi, oo ah mid ka mid ah khariidadaha dunida ee ugu horumarsanaa qarniyadii dhexe, oo la sameeyay Axdigii Dahabiga Ahaa ee Islaamka.]] Axdigan inta badan waxaa loo yaqaan Axdigii Dahabiga Ahaa ee Islaamka.<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|pp=80, 92, 105}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|pp=661–663}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=56}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lewis|1993|p=84}}</ref><ref name="harvp|Gardet|Jomier|2012">{{harvp|Gardet|Jomier|2012}}</ref> Guulaha sayniska Islaamku waxay samaysteen qaybo badan oo maadooyin ah sida caafimaadka, xisaabta, astronomiga, iyo beeraha iyo sidoo kale fisigiska, dhaqaalaha, injineernimada iyo optigga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=King |first=David A. |year=1983 |title=The Astronomy of the Mamluks |journal=Isis |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=531–55 |doi=10.1086/353360 |s2cid=144315162 | issn=0021-1753}}</ref><ref name="Hassan-1996">{{cite book |last=Hassan |first=Ahmad Y. |author-link=Ahmad Y. al-Hassan |title=Islam and the Challenge of Modernity |chapter=Factors Behind the Decline of Islamic Science After the Sixteenth Century |editor-last=Al-Attas |editor-first=S. S. |editor-link=Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas |location=Kuala Lumpur |publisher=International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization |year=1996 |pages=351–399 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ854295.pdf|title=Contributions of Islamic scholars to the scientific enterprise|access-date=13 December 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The greatest scientific advances from the Muslim world|website=TheGuardian.com|date=February 2010|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/feb/01/islamic-science|access-date=13 December 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Avicenna wuxuu ahaa horyaal ku saabsan caafimaadka tijaabada ah,<ref>Jacquart, Danielle (2008). "Islamic Pharmacology in the Middle Ages: Theories and Substances". European Review (Cambridge University Press) 16: 219–227.</ref><ref>David W. Tschanz, MSPH, PhD (August 2003). "Arab Roots of European Medicine", Heart Views 4 (2).</ref> oo The Canon of Medicine waxaa loo isticmaalay qoraal caafimaad oo heer sare ah ee dunida Islaamka iyo Yurub qarniyo. Rhazes wuxuu ahaa kii ugu horreeyay ee aqoonsaday cudurrada furfuraa iyo jadeecada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/alrazi.aspx|title=Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi (Rhazes) (c. 865-925)|publisher=sciencemuseum.org.uk|access-date=31 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Cisbitaallada dadweynaha ee waqtigaas waxay bixiyeen shahaadooyinka ugu horreeya ee caafimaadka si loogu ogolaado dhakhaatiirta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alatas |first=Syed Farid |year=2006 |title=From Jami'ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue |url=https://zenodo.org/record/29439 |journal=Current Sociology |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=112–132 |doi=10.1177/0011392106058837 |s2cid=144509355 |access-date=12 September 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Imamuddin |first=S.M. |title=Muslim Spain 711–1492 AD |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=1981 |isbn=978-90-04-06131-6 |page=169}}</ref> Ibn al-Haytham waxaa loo tixgeliyaa aabaha habka sayniska ee casriga ah iyadoo inta badan loo sheego "saynisyahankii ugu horreeyay ee runta ah ee dunida", gaar ahaan shaqadiisa optigga.<ref>{{cite journal |author-link=Gerald J. Toomer|first=G. J. |last=Toomer |jstor=228328 |title=Review Work: Matthias Schramm (1963) ''Ibn Al-Haythams Weg zur Physik'' |journal=Isis |volume=55 |issue=4 |date=Dec 1964 |page=464 |quote=Schramm sums up [Ibn Al-Haytham's] achievement in the development of scientific method.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Al-Khalili |first=Jim |date=4 January 2009 |title=The 'first true scientist' |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7810846.stm |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gorini |first=Rosanna |date=October 2003 |title=Al-Haytham the man of experience. First steps in the science of vision |journal=Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=53–55 |url=http://www.ishim.net/ishimj/4/10.pdf |access-date=25 September 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> Injineernimada, walaalaha Banū Mūsā aaladdooda turumbada tooska ah waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay ahaan lahayd mashinkii ugu horreeyay ee la barnamijayn karo.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Koetsier |first1=Teun |title=On the prehistory of programmable machines: musical automata, looms, calculators |journal=Mechanism and Machine Theory |date=May 2001 |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=589–603 |doi=10.1016/S0094-114X(01)00005-2 }}</ref> Xisaabta Islaamka, fikradda algorithm waxaa lagu magacaabay Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, oo loo tixgeliyo aasaasaha aljabra, oo lagu magacaabay buugiisa al-jabr, halka kuwo kale ay soo saareen fikradda shaqada (function).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Katz |first1=Victor J. |author1-link=Victor J. Katz |last2=Barton |first2=Bill |title=Stages in the History of Algebra with Implications for Teaching |journal=Educational Studies in Mathematics |date=18 September 2007 |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=185–201 |doi=10.1007/s10649-006-9023-7 |s2cid=120363574 }}</ref> Dowladda waxay siin jirtay saynisyahannada mushahar u dhigma mushaharka ciyaartoyda xirfadleyda ah ee maanta.<ref>{{harvp|Ahmed|2006|pp=23, 42, 84}}</ref> Guinness World Records wuxuu u aqoonsan yahay Jaamacadda Al Karaouine, oo la aasaasay 859, inay tahay jaamacadda ugu qadiimsan ee bixisa shahaadooyinka dunida.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Young |first=Mark |url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessbookofwo1998newy |title=The Guinness Book of Records |year=1998 |page=242 |publisher=Bantam |isbn=978-0-553-57895-9}}</ref> Dad badan oo aan Muslin ahayn, sida Kiristanka, Yuhuudda iyo Saabi'iinta,<ref name="Brague 2009">{{cite book|title=The Legend of the Middle Ages: Philosophical Explorations of Medieval Christianity, Judaism, and Islam|first=Rémi |last=Brague|year= 2009| isbn=9780226070803| page =164|publisher=University of Chicago Press|quote=Neither were there any Muslims among the Ninth-Century translators. Almost all of them were Christians of various Eastern denominations: Jacobites, Melchites, and, above all, Nestorians... A few others were Sabians.}}</ref> waxay guntadeen ilbaxnimada Islaamka qaybo meelaha ah,<ref name="Hill-1993">{{cite book |last=Hill |first=Donald |author-link=Donald Routledge Hill |title=Islamic Science and Engineering |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=1993 |page=4 |isbn=0-7486-0455-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Brague-Assyrians">{{cite web |last=Brague |first=Rémi |author-link=Rémi Brague |title=Assyrians contributions to the Islamic civilization |url=http://www.christiansofiraq.com/assyriancontributionstotheislamiccivilization.htm |website=Christians of Iraq |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> iyo machadka loo yaqaan Bayt al-Hikma wuxuu u shaqaaleysiiyay aqoonyahanno Kiristan iyo Faarisi ah si ay ugu turjumaan shaqooyinka luqadda Carabiga iyo si ay u soosaaraan aqoon cusub.<ref name="Meri-Bacharach-2006">{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Meri |editor-first1=Josef W. |editor-link1=Josef W. Meri |editor-last2=Bacharach |editor-first2=Jere L. |editor-link2=Jere L. Bacharach |title=Hadith |encyclopedia=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia |volume=1 |location=New York |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2006 |page=304 |isbn=978-0415966917 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MypbfKdMePIC&pg=PA304 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Saliba-1994">{{cite book |last=Saliba |first=George |author-link=George Saliba |title=A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam |location=New York |publisher=New York University Press |year=1994 |pages=245, 250, 256–57 |isbn=0-8147-8023-7 |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Cheshm manuscript.jpg|thumb|Anatomiya ee isha oo uu samaystay Hunayn ibn Ishaq, oo mas'uul ka ahaa turjumida Bayt al-Hikma waagii Boqortooyada Ablaasiyiinta, 1200 AD.]]Askartu waxay ka go'een boqortooyadii Ablaasiyiinta waxayna dhiseen khilaafadooda propriyada ah, sida Tulunids oo 868 ku tirsanaa Masar<ref>{{cite book|last=Holt|first=Peter Malcolm|author-link=Peter Holt (historian)|title=The Crusader States and Their Neighbours, 1098–1291|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0qLHVGgH7AC&pg=PA8|year=2004|publisher=Pearson Longman|isbn=978-0-582-36931-3|page=6|access-date=2 February 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> iyo boqortooyada Ghaznavid oo 977 ku tirsanaa Aasiyada Dhexe.<ref>{{cite book |title=Islamic Central Asia: an anthology of historical sources |editor-first1=Scott Cameron |editor-last1=Levi |editor-first2=Ron |editor-last2=Sela |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2010 |page=83}}</ref> Qaybsanaantan waxay keentay Qarnigii Shiicada, oo u dhaxeeyay 945 iyo 1055, oo la arkay kor u kaca dhaqdhaqaaqa Isma'ili Shiicada. Koox Isma'ili ah, boqortooyada Fatimid, waxay gacanta ku dhigeen Waqooyiga Afrika qarnigii 10aad<ref>Neue Fischer Weltgeschichte "Islamisierung in Zentralasien bis zur Mongolenzeit" Band 10: Zentralasien, 2012, p. 191 (German)</ref> iyo koox kale oo Isma'ili ah, Qarmatians, waxay boobeen Makka waxayna xadeen Hajar al-Aswad, oo ah dhagaxa ku dhex jira Kacbada, dib-u-jabayntooda aan guulaysan.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Glubb |first=John Bagot |title=Mecca (Saudi Arabia) |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mecca#ref887188 |access-date=18 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live }}</ref> Koox kale oo Isma'ili ah, boqortooyada Buyid, waxay qabsadeen Baqdaad waxayna ka dhigeen Ablaasiyiinta boqortooyo magac ah oo kaliya. Boqortooyada Seljuk ee Ahlusunna waxay u dhaqaaqday inay mar kale adkayso Islaamka Ahlusunna iyagoo faafinayay ra'yiyada aqoonyahanada waqtigaas, gaar ahaan dhisidda machadyada waxbarashada ee loo yaqaan Nizamiyyas, oo la xiriira al-Ghazali iyo Saadi Shirazi.<ref>Andreas Graeser ''Zenon von Kition: Positionen u. Probleme'' Walter de Gruyter 1975 {{ISBN|978-3-11-004673-1}} p. 260</ref> Faaftada dunida Muslinka waxay sii socotay iyadoo ergooyinka diinta ay u badaleen Volga Bulgaria Islaamka. Sultanada Delhi waxay gaadhay gudaha qaarad-hoosaadka Hindiya oo kuwo badan ayaa u badalay Islaamka,{{sfnp|Arnold|1896|pp=227–228}} gaar ahaan Hinduga heerka hoose ee faracoodu ka kooban yahay inta badan Muslinka Hindiya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-36220329|title=Why are many Indian Muslims seen as untouchable?|publisher=BBCnews|date=10 May 2016|access-date=6 October 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Ganacsigu wuxuu keenay Muslin badan oo Shiinaha ah, halkaas oo ay si buuxda u xukumi jireen warshadaha soo dejinta iyo ka deerinta ee boqortooyada Song.<ref>{{cite web |title=Islam in China |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/china_1.shtml |access-date=10 August 2011 |publisher=BBC |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslinka waxaa loo qortay maamulayaal la doortay oo heer sare ah boqortooyada Yuan.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lipman|first=Jonathan Newman|title=Familiar Strangers, a history of Muslims in Northwest China|location=Seattle, WA|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-295-97644-0|page=33}}</ref> === Casrigii Ka-horreeyay Casriga Cusub (1258 – Qarnigii 18aad) === {{Further|Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam}} [[File:GhazanConversionToIslam.JPG|thumb|Muuqaal qarnigii 14aad ee Ghazan, oo ahaa boqorkii 7aad ee Ilkhanate ee Boqortooyada Mongol, oo Islaamay.]] Pobalka ganacsiga Muslinka iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa tariiqooyinka Sufida dhiigooda,{{sfnp|Arnold|1896|pp=125–258}} Islaamku wuxuu ku faafay dhulal cusub<ref>{{cite web |title=The Spread of Islam |url=http://www.yale.edu/yup/pdf/cim6.pdf |access-date=2 November 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslinkuna waxay la dhex-galeen dhaqammo cusub. Hoos kaga jirtay Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta, Islaamku wuxuu ku faafay Koonfur-bari Yuuroop.<ref>{{cite web |date=6 May 2008 |title=Ottoman Empire |publisher=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1801?_hi=41&_pos=3 |access-date=26 August 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Islaamidda inta badan waxay lahayd heer sinkretisam ah,<ref>{{Cite book |title=Islamic and European Expansion |publisher=Temple University Press |year=1993 |editor-last=Adas |editor-first=Michael |location=Philadelphia |page=25}}</ref> sida uu muujinayo muuqaalka Muhammad ee suugaanta dadweynaha ee Hinduga.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Metcalf |first=Barbara |title=Islam in South Asia in Practice |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2009 |page=104}}</ref> Turkida Muslinka ah waxay ku dareen walxaha caqiidada Shamanisamka Turkida Islaamka.{{efn|"Sannadaha dhow, fikradda sinkretisamka waa la dhuftay. Maaddaama ay maqan tahay awood lagu go'aamiyo ama lagu tixgeliyo caqiidada Ortodokska ee ku saabsan Islaamka, aqoonyahannada qaarkood waxay ku doodayaan inaysan jirin caqiidooyinka la qresheeyay, oo kaliya ee la amray habka, Islaamka ka hor qarnigii 16aad.{{sfnp|Peacock|2019|p=20–22}}}}{{sfnp|Çakmak|2017|pp=1425–1429}} Muslinka ku jira Boqortooyada Ming ee Shiinaha oo ka soo jeeda soo-galootigii hore waa la la-dhex-galay, mararka qaar shuruuc ku dhiirrigelisa dhex-galka,<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Farmer|editor1-first=Edward L.|title=Zhu Yuanzhang and Early Ming Legislation: The Reordering of Chinese Society Following the Era of Mongol Rule|date=1995|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004103910|page=82|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TCIjZ7l6TX8C&pg=PA82|access-date=19 February 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> iyagoo qaatay magacyada Shiinaha iyo dhaqanka halka Nanjing uu noqday xarun muhiim ah ee barashada Islaamka.<ref>Israeli, Raphael (2002). ''Islam in China''. p. 292. Lexington Books. {{ISBN|0-7391-0375-X}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dillon |first=Michael |year=1999 |title=China's Muslim Hui Community |publisher=Curzon |url=https://archive.org/details/chinasmuslimhuic00dill |isbn=978-0-7007-1026-3 |page=37 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Ndhex-galka dhaqanka wuxuu ahaay mid muuqda iyadoo la yaraysay saamaynta Carabta ka dib burburintii Mongol ee Khilafadii Ablaasiyiinta.<ref>{{harvp|Bulliet|2005|p=497}}</ref> Khanates-ka Mongol ee Muslinka ah ee ku jira Iiraan iyo Aasiyada Dhexe waxay ka faa'iideysteen kordhinta helitaanka dhaqammada ee Bariga Aasiya oo hoos jirtay xukunkii Mongol sidaas darteed waxay u horumareen oo ay u samaysteen si ka duwan saamaynta Carabta, sida Dib-u-dhalashadii Timurid oo hoos jirtay boqortooyada Timurid.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Subtelny |first=Maria Eva |date=November 1988 |title=Socioeconomic Bases of Cultural Patronage under the Later Timurids |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/socioeconomic-bases-of-cultural-patronage-under-the-later-timurids/2A0F3018EE155F23FC4A7F5F25D7DE6D |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=479–505 |doi=10.1017/S0020743800053861 |s2cid=162411014 |access-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201–1274) wuxuu soo bandhigay qaabka xisaabta oo ka dib loo dooday inuu qaatay Copernicus isagoo aan waxba ka badalin qaabkiisa heliocentric-ka,<ref>{{cite web|date=1999|title=Nasir al-Din al-Tusi|publisher=University of St Andrews|url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Tusi_Nasir/|access-date=27 August 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> iyo qiyaasta pi ee Jamshīd al-Kāshī ma aysan dhaafin 180 sano.<ref>{{cite web |date=1999 |title=Ghiyath al-Din Jamshid Mas'ud al-Kashi |publisher=University of St Andrews |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Kashi/ |access-date=29 December 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg|thumb|Mehmed II oo galaya Constantinople.]] Ka dib markii la soo bandhigay hubka baaruda, dawlado waaweyn oo dhawaan xabbada lahaa oo Muslin ah ayaa ku bashqaday boqortooyoyinka baaruda, kuwaas oo hore u kala qaybsanaay dhulal kala duwan. Khilafada waxaa sheegtay boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta ee Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta iyadoo sheegashadooda la adkeeyay 1517 markii Selim I uu noqday taliyaha Makka iyo Madiina.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Drews |first=Robert |url=https://my.vanderbilt.edu/robertdrews/publications/ |title=Coursebook: Judaism, Christianity and Islam, to the Beginnings of Modern Civilization |date=August 2011 |publisher=Vanderbilt University |chapter=Chapter Thirty – "The Ottoman Empire, Judaism, and Eastern Europe to 1648" |chapter-url=https://my.vanderbilt.edu/robertdrews/files/2014/01/Chapter-Thirty.-The-Ottoman-Empire-Judaism-and-Eastern-Europe-to-1648.pdf |access-date=21 April 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Boqortooyada Shiicada ee Safavid waxay ku korortay awoodda 1501 ka dibna waxay qabsatay dhammaan Iiraan.<ref>Peter B. Golden: An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples; In: Osman Karatay, Ankara 2002, p. 321</ref> Koonfurta Aasiya, Babur wuxuu aasaasay Boqortooyada Mughal.<ref>{{citation|last=Gilbert|first=Marc Jason|title=South Asia in World History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1dhKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA75|year=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-066137-3|pages=75|access-date=15 January 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> Diinta dawladaha ku dhex-jira ee boqortooyoyinka baaruda waxay saamaysay dhaqanka diimeed ee dadkooda ku dhex-jira. Wada-noolaanshaha u dhexeeya taliyayaasha Cusmaaniyiinta iyo Sufinimada wuxuu si adag u saameeyay xukunkii Islaamka ee Cusmaaniyiinta tan iyo bilowgii. Tariiqada Mevlevi iyo Bektashis waxay lahaayeen xiriir dhow oo ay la lahaayeen sultannada,<ref>Ga ́bor A ́goston, Bruce Alan Masters ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire'' Infobase Publishing 2010 {{ISBN|978-1-4381-1025-7}} p. 540</ref> maaddaama noocyada Sufi-suufiyada ah iyo kuwo kale oo sinkretik ah ee Islaamka ay u horumareen si muuqata.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Algar |first=Ayla Esen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fc69BhBDjhwC&q=ottomans+sufism |title=The Dervish Lodge: Architecture, Art, and Sufism in Ottoman Turkey |page=15 |date=1 January 1992 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-07060-8 |access-date=29 April 2020 |via=Google Books |url-status=live }}</ref> Badanaa qasabka dhex-galka Safavid ee Iiraan ee Islaamka Shiicada ee Labada-iyo-tobanlaha ee Boqortooyada Safavid wuxuu xaqiijiyay xukunkii dambe ee Labada-iyo-tobanlaha dhexdiisa Islaamka Shiicada. Soo-galootiga Faarisiga ah ee Koonfurta Aasiya, maaddaama ay ahaayeen maamulayaal saamayntooda leh iyo milkiilayaal dhul, waxay caawiyeen faafinta Islaamka Shiicada, iyagoo dhisay qaar ka mid ah dadka ugu waaweyn ee Shiicada ee ka baxsan Iiraan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/conversion-iii|title=CONVERSION To Imami Shiʿism in India|publisher=Iranica Online|language=English|access-date=6 October 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Nader Shah, oo riday Safavids, wuxuu isku deyey inuu wanaajiyo xiriirka Ahlusunna ee Cusmaaniyiinta iyadoo la faafinayo dhex-galka Islaamka Shiicada ee Labada-iyo-tobanlaha dhexdiisa Islaamka Ahlusunna sida madhabka shanaad, oo loo yaqaan Ja'farism,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Nadir Shah and the Ja 'fari Madhhab Reconsidered |first=Ernest |last=Tucker |journal=Iranian Studies |volume=27 |issue=1–4 |date=1994 |pages=163–179 |doi=10.1080/00210869408701825 |jstor=4310891}}</ref> oo ku dhiirran waayay inuu helo aqoonsi ka soo baxa Cusmaaniyiinta.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Nāder Shāh |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/nader-shah |date=29 March 2006 |first=Ernest |last=Tucker |access-date=9 March 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Casrigii Casriga Ahaa (Qarniyadii 18aad–20aad) === [[File:Portrait Caliph Abdulmecid II.jpg|thumb|Sawirka Khaliifkii ugu dambeeyay Abdülmecid II, ee Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta, 1923.]] Horey qarnigii 14aad, Ibn Taymiyya wuxuu dhiirrigeliyay qaab daahir ah oo Islaamka ah, isagoo diaday hababka falsafada si uu u doorbido fiqhiga fudud,<ref name="ReferenceA">Mary Hawkesworth, Maurice Kogan ''Encyclopedia of Government and Politics: 2-volume set'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-1-136-91332-7}} pp. 270–271</ref> wuxuuna ugu baaqay in loo furo albaabada ijtihadka halkii indho la'aan loogu dayan lahaa aqoonyahannada.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=150}} Wuxuu ugu baaqay jihad ka dhan ah kuwa uu u tixgeliyay gaalo,{{Refn|group=note|Richard Gauvain ''Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-0-7103-1356-0}} p. 6}} laakiin qoraalladiisu waxay lahaayeen oo kaliya doorkii ugu yaraa intii uu babacayay.{{Refn|group=note|Spevack, Aaron (2014). The Archetypal Sunni Scholar: Law, Theology, and Mysticism in the Synthesis of al-Bajuri. SUNY Press. pp. 129–130.}} Qarnigii 18aad ee Carabiya, Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, oo ay saameeyeen shaqooyinka Ibn Taymiyya iyo Ibn al-Qayyim, wuxuu aasaasay dhaqdhaqaaq loo yaqaan Wahhabism si loo laabto waxa uu u arkay Islaamka aan la badalin.<ref>Donald Quataert ''The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922'' Cambridge University Press 2005 {{ISBN|978-0-521-83910-5}} p. 50</ref> Wuxuu cambaareeyay caadooyinka badan ee maxalliga ah ee Islaamka, sida bisitaynta qabriga Muhammad ama Imamyada Shiicada, maaddaama ay yihiin bidco cusub iyo dambi<ref name="ReferenceE">Ga ́bor A ́goston, Bruce Alan Masters ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire'' Infobase Publishing 2010 {{ISBN|978-1-4381-1025-7}} p. 260</ref> wuxuuna burburiyay dhagaxyada iyo geedaha xurmada leh, goobaha Sufida, Qabuuraha al-Baqi, qabuuraha Muhammad iyo asxaabtiisa iyo Qabriga Imam Husayn, oo ah goob muhiim ah oo loo bisiteeyo Shiicada.{{Refn|group=note|Graves desecrated in Mizdah, Libya Herald, 2013}}{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=146}} Wuxuu dhisay isbahaysi uu la leeyahay qoyska Saud, oo marka la joogo 1920-yadii ay dhammaystireen qabsashadooda dhulka noqon doona Sacuudi Carabiya.<ref name="Musa-2022">{{Cite thesis |title=The Emergence of a Scholar from a Garrison Society: A contextual analysis of Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhāb's doctrine in the light of the Qur'ān and Hadīth |url=https://repository.uwtsd.ac.uk/id/eprint/2096/ |publisher=University of Wales Trinity Saint David |date=2022-08-23 |degree=masters |language=en |first=Shahajada Md |last=Musa |access-date=19 December 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Nicolas Laos ''The Metaphysics of World Order: A Synthesis of Philosophy, Theology, and Politics'' Wipf and Stock Publishers 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-4982-0102-5}} p. 177</ref> Ma Wanfu iyo Ma Debao waxay dhiirrigeliyeen dhaqdhaqaaqa salafida qarnigii 19aad sida Sailaifengye ee Shiinaha ka dib markii ay ka soo laabteen Makka laakiin ugu dambeyntii waxaa dhibay oo lagu qasbay inay dhuuntaan kooxaha Sufida.<ref>{{cite book|first=Barry M.|last=Rubin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wEih57-GWQQC&pg=PA79|page=79|title=Guide to Islamist Movements|year=2000|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=0-7656-1747-1|access-date=28 June 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> Kooxaha kale waxay isku deyeyeen inay dib u habayn ku samayso Sufinimada halkii ay ka diadi lahaayeen, iyagoo Senusiyya iyo Muhammad Ahmad ay labadooduba dagaallameen oo ay dhiseen dawlado ku kala yaalla Liibiya iyo Sudaan.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=147}} Hindiya, Shah Waliullah Dehlawi wuxuu isku deyey qaab dib u heshiisiin ah oo ka dhan ah Sufinimada wuxuuna saameeyay dhaqdhaqaaqa Deobandi.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=149}} Jawaab ka dhan ah dhaqdhaqaaqa Deobandi, dhaqdhaqaaqa Barelwi waxaa loo aasaasay sida dhaqdhaqaaq dadweyne, iyadoo la difaacaayay Sufinimada caanka ah oo la dib u habaynayay dhaqankeeda.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robert L. Canfield |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3JhKNSk8tQC&pg=PAPA131 |title=Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52291-5 |pages=131– |access-date=1 December 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sanyal |first=Usha |date=23 July 1998 |title=Generational Changes in the Leadership of the Ahl-e Sunnat Movement in North India during the twentieth Century |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/generational-changes-in-the-leadership-of-the-ahle-sunnat-movement-in-north-india-during-the-twentieth-century/8AAAC4CFEFC4F4084731C3964A5CAE84 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=635–656 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X98003059 |via=Cambridge Core |access-date=23 February 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[File:Interior of Al Aqsa Mosque Jerusalem. 1900-1910 (id.22715311).jpg|thumb|Sannadkii 1969 Dabka Masjidka Al-Aqsa, oo sidoo cuali burburiyay Minbarkii Saladin, wuxuu keenay ver-xaasidnimo taabtay dunida Muslinka wuxuuna ahaa kicin muhiim ah oo loo aasaasay Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka.]] Dunida Muslinka waxay guud ahaan ku jirtay hoos u dhac siyaasadeed markii ay bilaabatay 1800-yadii, gaar ahaan marka la barbardhigo awoodaha Yuuroop ee aan Muslinka ahayn. Horey, qarnigii 15aad, Reconquista waxay ku guuleysatay inay dhameeyo joogitaanka Muslinka ee Iberia. Marka la joogo qarnigii 19aad, British East India Company waxay si rasmi ah u qabsatay boqortooyada Mughal ee Hindiya.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|pp=358, 378–380, 624}} Sida jawaab ka dhan ah Imperialisamka Reer Galbeedka, aqoonyahanno badan waxay isku deyeyeen inay dib u habayn ku samayso Islaamka.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Buzpinar |first=Ş. Tufan |date=March 2007 |title=Celal Nuri's Concepts of Westernization and Religion |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=247–258 |doi=10.1080/00263200601114091 |jstor=4284539|s2cid=144461915 }}</ref> Casriyeynta Islaamka, oo markii hore loo bixiyay aqoonyahannada Reer Galbeedka sida Salafiyya, waxay soo dhoweysay qiimayaasha casriga ah iyo machadyada sida demokaraasiyada iyadoo la raacaayo qoraallada diinta. Hogaamiyayaasha muhiimka ah ee dhaqdhaqaaqa waxaa ka mid ah Muhammad 'Abduh iyo Jamal al-Din al-Afghani.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lauziere|first=Henri|title=The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-231-17550-0|location=New York, Chichester, West Sussex|pages=231–232}}</ref> Abul A'la Maududi wuxuu caawiyay saamaynta Islaamka siyaasadeed ee casriga ah.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 January 2014 |title=Political Islam: A movement in motion |work=Economist Magazine |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/erasmus/2014/01/political-islam |access-date=1 January 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Wilfred Cantwell |title=Islam in Modern History |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1957 |isbn=0-691-03030-8 |page=233 |author-link=Wilfred Cantwell Smith}}</ref> Sida ku dhow qaanuunka casriga ah, shariicada markii ugu horreysay ayaa qayb ahaan loo qoray shaqo ahaan sannadkii 1869 ku dhex-jirtay koodka Mecelle ee Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta. Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta waxay dissilftay ka dib Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Dunida, Khilafadii Cusmaaniyiinta waa la joojiyay 1924<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 June – 5 July 2000 |title=New Turkey |work=Al-Ahram Weekly |issue=488 |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2000/488/chrncls.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=16 May 2010 }}</ref> iyo Khilafadii Sharifian ee ka dib waxay u dhacday si doob ah,<ref>{{Cite web |last1=الوطن |first1=جريدة |last2=webmaster |date=2020-05-05 |title="مملكة الحجاز".. وقــصـــة الـغــزو المـســلّـــح |url=https://www.al-watan.com/article/230610/NEWS/%C2%AB%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%C2%BB-%D9%88%D9%82%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B5%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%80%D8%BA%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B2%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%80%D8%B3%D9%80%D9%80%D9%84%D9%91%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%AD |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=جريدة الوطن |language=ar |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bani Issa |first=Mohammad Saleh |date=2023-11-01 |title=Factors of stability and sustainable development in Jordan in its first centenary 1921–2021 (an analytical descriptive study) |journal=Heliyon |volume=9 |issue=11 |article-number=e20993 |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20993 |issn=2405-8440 |doi-access=free|pmid=37928029 |pmc=10623165 |bibcode=2023Heliy...920993B }}</ref> sidaas darteed iyadoo ka tagaysa Islaamka oo aan lahayn Khaliif.<ref name="والخلفاء-2023">{{Cite book |last=والخلفاء |first=قصص الخلافة الإسلامية |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r-5EAAAQBAJ |title=قصص الخلافة الإسلامية والخلفاء |date=2023-03-31 |publisher=Austin Macauley Publishers |isbn=978-1-3984-9251-6 |language=en |access-date=26 December 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref> Taageerayaasha Mideynta Islaamka waxay isku deyeyeen inay mideeyaan Muslinka waxayna tartan la galeen awoodaha qarannimada ee korayay, sida Pan-Arabisamka.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doran |first=Michael |title=Pan-Arabism before Nasser: Egyptian power politics and the Palestine question |date=1999 |publisher=Oxford university press |isbn=978-0-19-512361-6 |series=Studies in Middle Eastern history |location=New York Oxford}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Landau |first=Yaʿaqov M. |title=The politics of Pan-Islam: ideology and organization |date=1994 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-827709-5 |edition=[Rev. and updated] paperback (with additions and corr.) |location=Oxford}}</ref> Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka (OIC), oo ka kooban waddamada Muslinka ah, waxaa la aasaasay 1969 ka dib gubiddii Masjidka Al-Aqsa ee Qudus.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 December 2010 |title=Organization of the Islamic Conference |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/country_profiles/1555062.stm |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Xiriirka la la leeyahay waddamada warshadaha leh wuxuu keenay dadka Muslinka ah dhulal cusub iyada oo loo marayo u-guuritaanka dhaqaalaha. Muslin badan ayaa u guuray sida shaqaale heshiis ku jooga (u badan oo ka yimid Hindiya iyo Indoneesiya) Karibiyaanka, iyagoo dhisay dadka ugu waaweyn ee Muslinka ah inta la joogo boqolkiiba ee Ameerika.<ref>{{sfnp|Haddad|Smith|2002|p=271}}</ref> U-guuritaanka ka yimid Siiriya iyo Lubnaan wuxuu ku soo kordhiyay dadka Muslinka ah ee Laatiin Ameerika.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zabel|first=Darcy|title=Arabs in the Americas: Interdisciplinary Essays on the Arab Diaspora|publisher=Peter Lang|year=2006|isbn=9780820481111|location=Austria|page=5}}</ref> Natiijadii magaalooyinka iyo kordhinta ganacsiga ee Afrika ka hooseysa Saxara waxay keentay Muslinka inay degaan dhulal cusub oo ay faafiyaan diintooda, iyadoo lagu qiyaasay inay laba-laabatay dadkeeda Muslinka ah u dhaxeysa 1869 iyo 1914.<ref>{{harvp|Bulliet|2005|p=722}}</ref> === Casrigii ee Horumarsanaa (Qarnigii 20aad–Ilaa Hada) === [[File:13. Session of the Islamic Summit Conference.jpg|thumb|Hoggaamiyeyaasha dalalka Islaamka intii uu socday kalfadhigii 2016 ee Shirka Iskaashiga Islaamka ee Istambul, Turkiga. Trikiiba saddex sano, OIC waxay isku brings dhammaan hoggaamiyeyaasha Muslinka.|upright=1.35]] Aabbayaashii casriyeynta Islaamka waxay saameeyeen dhaqdhaqaaqyada siyaasadda Islaamka sida Ikhwaanul Muslimeen iyo xisbiyada la xiriira ee dunida Carabta,<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 August 2011 |title=Are secular forces being squeezed out of Arab Spring? |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14447820 |access-date=10 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Slackman |first=Michael |date=23 December 2008 |title=Jordanian students rebel, embracing conservative Islam |work=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/24/world/middleeast/24jordan.html |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> kuwaas oo si wanaagsan uga dhex muuqday doorashooyinkii ka dambeeyay Guudkii Carabta,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kirkpatrick |first=David D. |date=3 December 2011 |title=Egypt's vote puts emphasis on split over religious rule |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/04/world/middleeast/egypts-vote-propels-islamic-law-into-spotlight.html |access-date=8 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jamaat-e-Islami ee Koonfurta Aasiya iyo Xisbiga Caddaaladda iyo Horumarinta (AK Party), oo si kemokaraasi ah xukuma Turkiga tobanaan sano. Iiraan, Kacdoonkii Iiraan wuxuu beddelay boqortooyadii laimaaniyadda ee Reer Galbeedku taageerayay iyadoo la dhisay Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah. Kuwa kale sida Sayyid Rashid Rida waxay ka go'een casriyeeyayaasha Islaamka<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lauziere|first=Henri|title=The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-231-17550-0|location=New York, Chichester, West Sussex|page=237|quote="Prior to the fall of the Ottoman Empire, leading reformers who happened to be Salafi in creed were surprisingly open-minded: although they adhered to neo-Hanbali theology. However, the aftermath of the First World War and the expansion of European colonialism paved the way for a series of shifts in thought and attitude. The experiences of Rida offer many examples... he turned against the Shi'is who dared, with reason, to express doubts about the Saudi-Wahhabi project... . Shi'is were not the only victims: Rida and his associates showed their readiness to turn against fellow Salafis who questioned some of the Wahhabis' religious interpretations."}}</ref> waxayna ka hortageen soo dhowaynta waxa uu u arkayay saamaynta Reer Galbeedka.<ref>{{Cite book|last=G. Rabil|first=Robert|title=Salafism in Lebanon: From Apoliticism to Transnational Jihadism|publisher=Georgetown University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-1-62616-116-0|location=Washington DC, US|pages=32–33|quote="Western colonialists established in these countries political orders... that, even though not professing enmity to Islam and its institutions, left no role for Islam in society. This caused a crisis among Muslim reformists, who felt betrayed not only by the West but also by those nationalists, many of whom were brought to power by the West... Nothing reflects this crisis more than the ideological transformation of Rashid Rida (1865–1935)... He also revived the works of Ibn Taymiyah by publishing his writings and promoting his ideas. Subsequently, taking note of the cataclysmic events brought about by Western policies in the Muslim world and shocked by the abolition of the caliphate, he transformed into a Muslim intellectual mostly concerned about protecting Muslim culture, identity, and politics from Western influence. He supported a theory that essentially emphasized the necessity of an Islamic state in which the scholars of Islam would have a leading role... Rida was a forerunner of Islamist thought. He apparently intended to provide a theoretical platform for a modern Islamic state. His ideas were later incorporated into the works of Islamic scholars. Significantly, his ideas influenced none other than Hassan al-Bannah, founder of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt... The Muslim Brethren have taken up Rida's Islamic fundamentalism, a right-wing radical movement founded in 1928,.."}}</ref> Kooxda ISIS waxay xitaa isku deyday inay dib u samayso diinaarkii dahabka ahaa ee casriga ahaa si uu u noqdo pambakooda lacagta. Halka kuwii ka go'ay ay qaarkood ahaayeen kuwa ka gaabsada siyaasadda, kuwo kale waxay rumechsanaayeen dhibaataynta kuwa ka soo horjeeda, xitaa Muslinka kale.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/14/isis-gold-silver-copper-islamic-dinar-coins |title=Isis to mint own Islamic dinar coins in gold, silver and copper |work=The Guardian |date=21 November 2014 |access-date=31 July 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ka hortagga dhaqdhaqaaqyada siyaasadda Islaamka, qarnigii 20aad ee Turkiga, ciidanku waxay sameeyeen afgembiyo si ay xukuumadaha Islaamiga ah uga tuuraan xukanka, sidoo kale xijabka ayaa si sharci ah loo xaddiday, sida ay sidoo kale ka dhacday Tuniisiya.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 April 2011 |title=Huge rally for Turkish secularism |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6604643.stm |access-date=6 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Saleh |first=Heba |date=15 October 2011 |title=Tunisia moves against headscarves |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6053380.stm |access-date=6 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Dhulalka kale, awoodda diinta ayaa la maamulay iyada oo hadda loo arko puppeto oo ay dawladdu maamusho. Tusaale ahaan, Sacuudi Carabiya, dawladdu waxay keligeed maamushay aqoonta diinta<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 June 2007 |title=Laying down the law: Islam's authority deficit |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/international/2007/06/28/islams-authority-deficit |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo Masar, dawladdu waxay qarameysay Jaamacadda Al-Azhar, oo hore u ahayd igo madax-bannaan oo xaddida awoodda dawladda.<ref>{{cite book| title = The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought| last1 = Bowering | first1 = Gerhard | last2=Mirza |first2=Mahan |last3=Crone |first3=Patricia| year = 2013 | publisher = Princeton University Press | page=59| isbn = 9780691134840 }}</ref> Salafiyada waxaa dhaqaale lagu siiyay Bariga Dhexe sababtoo ah ka gaabsashadeeda siyaasadda.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 October 2008 |title=Ultraconservative Islam on rise in Mideast |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna27256187 |access-date=24 September 2013 |publisher=MSNBC |url-status=live }}</ref> Sacuudi Carabiya waxay ololayso ka dhan ah dhaqdhaqaaqyada Islaamiga ah ee kacdoonka ah ee Bariga Dhexe, iyadoo ka soo horjeedda Iiraan.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Almukhtar |first1=Sarah |last2=Peçanha |first2=Sergio |last3=Wallace |first3=Tim |date=5 January 2016 |title=Behind Stark Political Divisions, a More Complex Map of Sunnis and Shiites |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/01/04/world/middleeast/sunni-shiite-map-middle-east-iran-saudi-arabia.html |access-date=6 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Tiro yar oo Muslin ah oo ka soo jeeda qowmiyadaha kala duwan ayaa loo dhibay sida koox diimeed.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thames |first1=Knox |title=Why the Persecution of Muslims Should Be on Biden's Agenda |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/muslims-islam-china-india-myanmar-persecution-repression-biden-human-rights/ |work=Foreign Policy Magazine |date=6 January 2021 |language=English |access-date=5 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Tan waxaa sameeyay xoogagga shuuciga ah sida Khmer Rouge, kuwaas oo u arkayay inay yihiin armigooda koowaad ee la cirbootinayo maaddaama dhaqankooda diimeed uu ka dhigay kuwa ka dhex muuqda dadka kale,<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Perrin |first=Andrew |date=10 October 2003 |title=Weakness in numbers |magazine=Time |url=https://time.com/archive/6894001/weakness-in-numbers/ |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}</ref> Xisbiga Shuuciga Shiinaha ee Xinjiang<ref>{{cite web |last1=Beydoun |first1=Khaled A. |title=For China, Islam is a 'mental illness' that needs to be 'cured' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/china-islam-mental-illness-cured-181127135358356.html |publisher=Al Jazeera |language=English |access-date=5 February 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo xoogagga qarannimada sida intii uu socday xasuuqii Bosniya.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mojzes |first=Paul |title=Balkan Genocides: Holocaust and Ethnic Cleansing in the Twentieth Century |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4422-0663-2|page=178}}</ref> Ciidanka Miyanmaar ee Tatmadaw oo bartilmaameedsanayay Muslinka Rohingya waxaa loogu yeeray dambi ka dhan ah aadamnimada ay sameeyeen Qaraamada Midoobay iyo Amnesty International,<ref>{{cite news |author=Oliver Holmes |date=19 December 2016 |title=Myanmar's Rohingya campaign 'may be crime against humanity' |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/19/myanmars-rohingya-campaign-may-be-against-humanity |url-status=live |access-date=5 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=19 December 2016|title=Rohingya abuse may be crimes against humanity: Amnesty|website=Al Jazeera|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/19/rohingya-abuse-may-be-crimes-against-humanity-amnesty/|access-date=2023-02-21|url-status=live}}</ref> halka Xafiiska Qaraamada Midoobay ee Wakiilka Sare ee Xaqiiqo-raadinta uu ka helay xasuuq, sifeyn qowmiyadeed, iyo dambiyo kale oo ka dhan ah aadamnimada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/MyanmarFFM/Pages/ReportoftheMyanmarFFM.aspx|title=Report of Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar |date=27 August 2018|website=ohchr.org|access-date=14 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Horumarka isgaarsiinta dunida wuxuu teshay faafinta ballaaran ee aqoonta diinta. Qaadashada xijabka waxay noqotay mid ka sii badan<ref>{{Cite news |last=Slackman |first=Michael |date=28 January 2007 |title=In Egypt, a new battle begins over the veil |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/weekinreview/28slackman.html |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo aqoonyahanno badan oo Muslin ah waxay si kordhayay isku deyayaan inay ka soocaan caqiidooyinka diinta Islaamka iyo dhaqammada caadiga ah.{{sfnp|Nigosian|2004|p=41}} Kooxaha kale dhexdiisa, helitaanka macluumaadka wuxuu keenay kordhinta wacdiyayaasha "televangelist" ee caanka ah, sida Amr Khaled, kuwaas oo kula tartama culumada caadiga ah gaaritaankooda oo ay ka dhigeen awoodda diinta mid aan hal xarun ku dhuftayn.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=263}} Sharraxaadaha "gaarka ah" ee Islaamka<ref>V. Šisler: ''The Internet and the Construction of Islamic Knowledge in Europe'' p. 212</ref> waxay si muuqata u dhex-galaan Muslinka Liberaalka ah oo isku deyaya inay waafajiyaan dhaqammada diinta iyo xukunkii laimaaniyadda ee casriga ah,{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=118–119, 179}}{{sfnp|Rippin|2001|p=288}} hab ka mid ah kuwa ay dhaleeceeyeen qaarkood oo ku saabsan waafaqsanaantiisa.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Adams, Charles J.|editor1-last=Esposito|editor1-first=John L.|title=Voices of Resurgent Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/voicesofresurgen00hcen|url-access=registration|date=1983|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/voicesofresurgen00hcen/page/113 113–4] |chapter=Maududi and the Islamic State|quote=[Maududi believed that] when religion is relegated to the personal realm, men inevitably give way to their bestial impulses and perpetrate evil upon one another. In fact it is precisely because they wish to escape the restraints of morality and the divine guidance that men espouse secularism.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Meisami|first=Sayeh|date=2013|title='Abdolkarim Soroush |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0034.xml|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-12 |website=Oxford Bibliographies|language=en}}</ref> Sidoo kale, laimaaniyaddu waxaa loo arkaa fikrad shisheeye oo ay ku soo impose gareeyeen qabsadayaashii oo ay adkeeyeen maamulayaasha ka dambeeyay gumeysiga,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Secularism, State Neutrality, and Islam|author=Abdullah Saeed|encyclopedia=The Oxford Handbook of Secularism|editor1=Phil Zuckerman|editor2=John R. Shook |url=http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/abstract/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199988457-e-12|year=2017|page=188 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.013.12|isbn=978-0-19-998845-7|access-date=7 August 2023|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref> oo inta badan loo fahmo inay u dhiganto ka-horjeedda diinta.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Nader Hashemi|title=Secularism|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0714|access-date=7 August 2023|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref> == Tirada Dadka == {{Main|Dunida Muslinka|Ummah}} {{See also|Islaamka waddan ahaan|Koraanka dadka Muslinka ah}} [[File:2020+ Proportion of people in world religions.svg |thumb|Boqolkiiba inta qof ee diimaha dunida. Muslinku waxay ka yihiin dhawaan 25.6% dadka dunida, taas oo ah tiro yar oo ka hooseysa Masiixiyiinta.<ref name=Pew_20250609>{{cite web |last1=Hackett |first1=Conrad |last2=Stonawski |first2=Marcin |last3=Tong |first3=Yunping |last4=Kramer |first4=Stephanie |last5=Shi |first5=Anne |last6=Fahmy |first6=Dalia |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |publisher=Pew Research Center |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260222070137/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |archive-date=22 February 2026 |date=9 June 2025 |url-status=live |quote=Source: Pew Research Center estimates based on more than 2,700 censuses and surveys. "How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020"}}</ref>]] Marka la joogo 2020, dhawaan 25.6% dadka dunida, ama dhawaan 2&nbsp;bilyan oo qof, waa Muslin.<ref name="pewresearch.orgReligion">{{Cite web |title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/interactives/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |date=21 December 2022 |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128120036/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/interactives/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="www.pewresearch.org-2022">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2022 |title=Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project - Research and data from Pew Research Center |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205195540/https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |archive-date=5 February 2023 |access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/|title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population|date=27 January 2011|access-date=26 October 2022|archive-date=30 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930233955/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/08/09/muslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world/ | title=Muslims and Islam: Key findings in the U.S. and around the world | date=9 August 2017 | access-date=19 December 2022 | archive-date=8 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108121140/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/08/09/muslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Pew-Growth-2017">{{cite web |last1=Lipka |first1=Michael |last2=Hackett |first2=Conrad |author-link2=Conrad Hackett |title=Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514123559/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |archive-date=2019-05-14 |website=Fact Tank |publisher=Pew Research Center |date=2017-04-06 |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> Sannadkii 1900, qiyaastani waxay ahayd 12.3%,<ref name="Barrett-2001">{{cite book |last1=Barrett |first1=David B. |last2=Kurian |first2=George T. |last3=Johnson |first3=Todd M. |title=World Christian Encyclopedia: A Comparative Survey of Churches and Religions in the Modern World |volume=1: The World by Countries: Religionists, Churches, Ministries |edition=2nd |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |page=4 |isbn=978-0195079630 |language=en}}</ref> sannadkii 1990 waxay ahayd 19.9%<ref name="Pew Research Center-2011">{{Cite report |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |publisher=Pew Research Center |access-date=27 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209094904/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=9 February 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> iyada oo saadaalintu ay muujinayso in heerku noqon doono 29.7% marka la joogo 2050.{{rp|8}} Ugu kooban uturjumaadda Pew ee 2020 waxay heshay in dadka Muslinka ah ee dunidu ay ahaayeen kooxda diimeed ee ugu koraanka badnayd tobankii sano, inta badan sababtoo ah Muslinku waxay u janjeeraan inay ku yar yihiin da'da oo ay leeyihiin heer dhalmo oo sarreeya—laba walxood oo muhiim ah oo kexeeya koraanka caadiga ah ee dadka.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett|author2=Marcin Stonawski|author3=Yunping Tong|author4=Stephanie Kramer|author5=Anne Shi|author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf|access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Pew Research Center |page=9|quote=Increases in the global Muslim population are largely due to Muslims having a relatively young age structure and high fertility rate, two characteristics that result in natural population growth.}}</ref>{{rp|9}} Sida ku xuso qiyaasta dadka ee 2020, 65% dadka Muslinka ah waxay ku dhex jiraan toban waddan, iyada oo dadka ugu waaweyni ay ku nool yihiin Indoneesiya, Bakistaan, Hindiya, Bangaladeesh, Nayjeeriya, Masar, Iiraan, Turkiga, Sudaan, iyo Aljeeriya, marka loo eego sida ay u kala hooseeyaan. Indoneesiya waxay xarun u tahay ka badan 230,000,000 oo Muslin ah, Bakistaan ka badan 220,000,000, Hindiya ka badan 210,000,000, Bangaladeesh ka badan 150,000,000, Nayjeeriya ka badan 110,000,000, Masar ka badan 100,000,000, Iiraan iyo Turkiga midkiiba ka badan 80,000,000, iyo Sudaan iyo Aljeeriya midkiiba ka badan 40,000,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/muslim-population-change/|title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020: 3. Muslim population change|date=9 June 2025|access-date=12 February 2026|website=Pew Research Center}}</ref>[[File:Islam percent population in each nation World Map Muslim data by Pew Research.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Boqolkiiba Muslinka ee dunida waddan ahaan.<ref name="pew2015" />]]Sida ku xuso warbixin ay soo saartay CNN, "Islaamku wuxuu soo jiitay dad soo Islaamay oo ka soo jeeda dhammaan heerarka nolosha, gaar ahaan Ameerikanka ka soo jeeda Afrika".<ref>{{cite news |title=Fast-growing Islam winning converts in Western world |publisher=CNN |url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9704/14/egypt.islam/ |access-date=6 May 2016 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015114027/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9704/14/egypt.islam/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ingiriiska, dhawaan 6,000 oo qof ayaa soo Islaama sannad walba, iyada oo sida ku xuso maqaal ku jira British Muslims Monthly Survey, badanka dadka cusub ee soo Islaama ee Ingiriiska ay ahaayeen dumarka.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/bmms/2000/06June00.asp#Women%20convert |title=British Muslims Monthly Survey for June 2000, Vol. VIII, No. 6 |at=Women convert |access-date=2020-09-28 |archive-date=2008-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214160750/http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/bmms/2000/06June00.asp#Women%20convert |url-status=live}}</ref> Sida ku xuso The Huffington Post, "ilaaliyayaashu waxay qiyaasayaan in illaa 20,000 oo Ameerikan ah ay soo Islaamaan sannad walba", badankoodu ay yihiin dumarka iyo Muslinka Ameerikanka ka soo jeeda Afrika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-08-24 |title=Conversion To Islam One Result Of Post-9/11 Curiosity |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/post-911-islam-converts_n_935572 |access-date=2020-11-26 |website=HuffPost |language=en |archive-date=2021-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111201117/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/post-911-islam-converts_n_935572 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author-first=Julie |author-last=Bindel |author-link=Julie Bindel |title=Why do Western Women Convert? |url=http://standpointmag.co.uk/features-may-10-why-do-western-women-convert-julie-bindel-islam-female-conversion |access-date=8 May 2016 |work=Standpoint |date=26 April 2010 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006102003/http://standpointmag.co.uk/features-may-10-why-do-western-women-convert-julie-bindel-islam-female-conversion |url-status=live}}</ref> Sidoo kale boqolkiiba iyo tirada guud ahaan, Islaamku waa kooxda diimeed ee ugu koraanka badan dunida, iyadoo la saadaalinayo inay noqoto ta ugu weyn dunida dhamaadka qarniga 21aad, iyadoo ka badanaysa Masiixiyada. Waxaa lagu qiyaasay in marka la joogo 2050, tirada Muslinka ay u dhowaan doonto tirada Masiixiyiinta ee dunida, "sababtoo ah da'da yar iyo heerka dhalmo ee sarreeya ee Muslinka marka loo barbardhigo kooxaha kale ee diimaha."{{rp|70}} === Xituunta Pew Research === Dhawaan 49 waddan ayaa ah kuwo dadka ugu badan ee ku nooli ay Muslin yihiin,{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=11}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ba-Yunus |first1=Ilyas |title=Muslims in the United States |last2=Kone, Kassim |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2006 |page=[https://archive.org/details/muslimsunitedsta00bayu/page/n186 172] |url=https://archive.org/details/muslimsunitedsta00bayu |url-access=registration |isbn=978-0-313-32825-1}}</ref><ref name="Pew-Landscape-2012">{{cite report |author=The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life |title=The Global Religious Landscape: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Major Religious Groups as of 2010 |url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323215026/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf |archive-date=2018-03-23 |date=December 2012 |publisher=Pew Research Center |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=7 March 2018 |title=Islam in Russia |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2018/3/7/islam-in-russia/ |access-date=15 June 2021 |website=Al Jazeera |publisher=Anadolu News Agency |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024349/https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/features/2018/3/7/islam-in-russia |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Book review: Russia's Muslim Heartlands reveals diverse population |date=21 April 2018 |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/book-review-russia-s-muslim-heartlands-reveals-diverse-population-1.723230 |work=The National |access-date=13 January 2019 |archive-date=14 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114210257/https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/book-review-russia-s-muslim-heartlands-reveals-diverse-population-1.723230 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyada oo 62% Muslinka dunidu ay ku nool yihiin Aasiya, halka 683 milyan oo taabacsan ay ku nool yihiin Indoneesiya, Bakistaan, Hindiya, iyo Bangaladeesh keligood.<ref name="Pew-Projections-2050">{{cite web |title=10 Countries With the Largest Muslim Populations, 2010 and 2050 |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/muslims/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables74/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207115222/http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/muslims/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables74/ |archive-date=2017-02-07 |website=Pew Research Center |publisher=Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life |date=2015-04-02 |type=Projections table |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Secrets of Islam |url=https://www.usnews.com/usnews/graphics/religion/islams_global_reach.htm |access-date=24 September 2013 |website=U.S. News & World Report |archive-date=22 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122200555/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/graphics/religion/islams_global_reach.htm |url-status=live }} Information provided by the International Population Center, Department of Geography, San Diego State University (2005).</ref>{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|pp=15, 17}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pechilis |first1=Karen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C |title=South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today |last2=Raj |first2=Selva J. |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-44851-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C&pg=PA193 193] |access-date=3 May 2019 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024331/https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslinka Carabta ah waxay samayeeyaan kooxda qowmiyadeed ee ugu weyn Muslinka dhexdeeda ee dunida,<ref name="Nydell-2005">{{cite book |last=Nydell |first=Margaret Kleffner |title=Understanding Arabs: A Guide for Modern Times |edition=4th |location=Yarmouth, Maine |publisher=Intercultural Press |year=2005 |pages=xxiii, 14 |isbn=978-1931930253 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNoiieefqAcC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024737/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNoiieefqAcC |archive-date=2023-12-28 |language=en}}</ref> waxaa ku xiga Bangaaliyiinta<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Eaton|editor=Barbara D. Metcalf|title=Islam in South Asia in Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pR0LzVCpfw8C|date=8 September 2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-3138-8|page=275|chapter=Forest Clearing and the Growth of Islam in Bengal}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=haGORCJRlOUC&pg=PA50 |title=The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics |author1=Meghna Guhathakurta |author2=Willem van Schendel |page=50 |date=30 April 2013 |publisher=Duke University Press |access-date=7 November 2016 |isbn=978-0822353188 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707092408/https://books.google.com/books?id=haGORCJRlOUC&pg=PA50 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo Bunjaabiinta.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Rajmohan|title=Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten|year=2013|page=1|publisher=Aleph Book Company|location=New Delhi, India, Urbana, Illinois|isbn=978-93-83064-41-0}}.</ref> Qiyaasaha badankood waxay muujinayaan in Shiinaha ay ku nool yihiin dhawaan 20 illaa 30 milyan oo Muslin ah (1.5% illaa 2% dadka waddanka).<ref>{{cite web |work=The World Factbook |title=Explore All Countries – China |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/ |access-date=15 September 2009 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |archive-date=13 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213122152/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=China (includes Hong Kong, Macau, and Tibet) |website=Archived Content |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm |access-date=24 September 2013 |publisher=U.S. Department of State |archive-date=10 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710075050/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Islaamka ka jira Yurub waa diinta labaad ee ugu weyn Masiixiyadda ka dib waddamo badan dhexdeeda, iyada oo heerarka koraanka ay inta badan ku yimaadaan soogalootiga iyo heerka dhalmo ee sarreeya ee Muslinka ee 2005,<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 December 2005 |title=Muslims in Europe: Country guide |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4385768.stm |access-date=1 April 2010 |archive-date=29 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929213440/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4385768.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> taas oo samaynaysay 4.9% dhammaan dadka Yurub ee 2016.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/11/29/5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe/|title=5 facts about the Muslim population in Europe|date=November 29, 2017|work=Pew Research Center|first=Conrad|last=Hackett|access-date=17 January 2023|archive-date=5 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105202657/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/11/29/5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sida ku xuso Xituunta Pew Research, soo Islaamidda ma laha saameyn weyn oo saafi ah oo ku saabsan koraanka dadka Muslinka ah maadaama "tirada dadka ku soo Islaama diinta ay u dhowdahay inay la mid tahay tirada Muslinka ah ee ka baxda diinta."<ref>{{Cite report |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |section=Conversion |date=27 January 2011 |publisher=Pew Research Center |section-url=https://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-related-factors/#conversion |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |quote=there is no substantial net gain or loss in the number of Muslims through conversion globally; the number of people who become Muslims through conversion seems to be roughly equal to the number of Muslims who leave the faith |access-date=12 May 2020 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211126/http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bagse, Islaamku wuxuu ka helayaa faa'iido yar oo ah 3 milyan oo qof marka loo eego isbeddelka diimaha u dhexeya 2010 iyo 2050, inta badan ka timaada Afrika Sub-Sahara (2.9 milyan).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf|title=Cumulative Change Due to Religious Switching, 2010–2050, p.43|access-date=4 May 2016|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150429153811/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf|archive-date=29 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/|title=The Changing Global Religious Landscape|work=Pew Research Center|date=5 April 2017|access-date=17 December 2022|archive-date=18 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218030628/https://www.pewforum.org/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sida ku xuso uturjumaadda Pew ee 2020, dhawaan 1% dadka waaweyn ee ku soo koray Muslimnimada ayaa ka baxa diinta, halka boqolkiiba la mid ah —dhawaan 1%— ay ka soo Islaamaan diimaha kale, taas oo keenta heer hoose oo isbeddel diimeed ah oo soo gala ama ka baxa Islaamka.<ref name="pew2029">{{Cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett|author2=Marcin Stonawski|author3=Yunping Tong|author4=Stephanie Kramer|author5=Anne Shi|author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf|access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US|page=39|quote=Muslims and Hindus have been the least likely to gain or lose adherents from religious switching. About one in every 100 adults raised Muslim (or Hindu) has left their childhood religion, and a similar number from a different religious category have switched into Islam (or Hinduism).}}</ref> Mutaaniqada Islaamka ka baxday waxay u janjeeraan inay u wareegaan diin kale halkii ay ka noqon lahaayeen kuwo aan diin lahayn. == Qaybaha Waaweyn == {{Main|Xiriirka Shiicada iyo Sunnada|Qadiir Khum|Saqiifa|Ciidul Qadiir}} === Matalaadda Qadiir Khum iyo Saqiifa === [[File:Chronology of Ancient Nations, f.162r miniature.jpg|thumb|Magacaabiddii Cali uu Muxammad ku magacaabay Qadiir Khum, 1307 AD fardawsa Ilkhanid.]] Tukhtaan muhiim ah ayaa ka dhacay 632 ee Qadiir Khum, halkaas oo Muxammad, obo yar ka hor dhimashadiisa, uu gacanta ku qabtay Cali, oo ahaa ina-adeerkii iyo seedigii, uu ka jeediyay khudbad uu ku yiri "Kii aan ahay ''mowlahiisa'', Cali waa ''mowlahiisa''."<ref>{{cite book |title=The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam |author-first=Maria Massi |author-last=Dakake |year=2007 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9780791470336 |author-link=Maria Massi Dakake}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Veccia Vaglieri|first=L.|date=2012|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/*-SIM_2439|section=G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm|publisher=Brill|access-date=July 14, 2023|isbn=9789004161214|archive-date=14 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714174420/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/*-SIM_2439|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfnp|Campo|2009|pp=257–258}} Ereyga mowla wuxuu leeyahay macnayaal kala duwan oo ku xiran xaaladda, oo ay ku jiraan sayid, ilaaliye, xulafo, taageere, iyo mid awood leh. Shiicada dhexdeeda, waxaa loo fahmaa magacaabidda rasmiga ah ee Muxammad uu Cali uga dhigay beddelkiisa. Sunnadu sidoo kale waxay aqbashaa in tukhtaankii Qadiir Khum uu dhacay iyadoo Muxammad uu yiri hadalkaas ku saabsan Cali. Bagse, uma tarjumaan hadalka inuu yahay magacaabidda Cali ee beddelka Muxammad. Muslinka Sunnada ah waxay u tarjumaan ereyga mowla xaaladdan inuu u muuqdo saaxiib dhow, taageere, ama mid mudan daacadnimo iyo kalsooni. Sidaas darteed, waxay u arkaan bayaanka inuu yahay caddayn ah xushmadda Muxammad uu u hayay Cali, iyagoo hoos u dhigaya muhiimadda tukhtaanka. Kalfadhigii Saqiifa wuxuu dhacay obo yar ka dib dhimashadii Muxammad ee 632, halkaas oo Abu Bakar looga doortay beddelkiisa oo uu ku noqday Khaliifkii koowaad. Saqiifa waxay ka mid tahay tukhtaannada ugu muranka badan Islaamka, sababtoo ah ka saarida tiro badan oo ka mid ah Saxaabada Muxammad, oo ay ku jiraan Ahlul Bayt iyo gaar ahaan Cali. Cali iyo tiro badan oo ka mid ah qoyska Muxammad waxay weli ku jireen aasitaanka nabiga markii uu tukhtaanku dhacayay.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Foody |first=Kathleen |date=September 2015 |title=Interiorizing Islam: Religious Experience and State Oversight in the Islamic Republic of Iran |editor-last=Jain |editor-first=Andrea R. |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=599–623 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/lfv029 |doi-access=free |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Academy of Religion |eissn=1477-4585 |issn=0002-7189 |jstor=24488178 |lccn=sc76000837 |oclc=1479270 |quote=For Shiʿi Muslims, Muhammad not only designated Ali as his friend, but appointed him as his successor—as the "lord" or "master" of the new Muslim community. Ali and his descendants would become known as the Imams, divinely guided leaders of the Shiʿi communities, sinless, and granted special insight into the Qurʾanic text. The theology of the Imams that developed over the next several centuries made little distinction between the authority of the Imams to politically lead the Muslim community and their spiritual prowess; quite to the contrary, their right to political leadership was grounded in their special spiritual insight. While in theory, the only just ruler of the Muslim community was the Imam, the Imams were politically marginal after the first generation. In practice, Shiʿi Muslims negotiated varied approaches to both interpretative authority over Islamic texts and governance of the community, both during the lifetimes of the Imams themselves and even more so following the disappearance of the twelfth and final Imam in the ninth century.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Foody |first=Kathleen |date=September 2015 |editor-last=Jain |editor-first=Andrea R. |title=Interiorizing Islam: Religious Experience and State Oversight in the Islamic Republic of Iran |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Academy of Religion |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=599–623 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/lfv029 |issn=0002-7189 |eissn=1477-4585 |jstor=24488178 |lccn=sc76000837 |oclc=1479270 |quote=For Shiʿi Muslims, Muhammad not only designated Ali as his friend, but appointed him as his successor—as the "lord" or "master" of the new Muslim community. Ali and his descendants would become known as the Imams, divinely guided leaders of the Shiʿi communities, sinless, and granted special insight into the Qurʾanic text. The theology of the Imams that developed over the next several centuries made little distinction between the authority of the Imams to politically lead the Muslim community and their spiritual prowess; quite to the contrary, their right to political leadership was grounded in their special spiritual insight. While in theory, the only just ruler of the Muslim community was the Imam, the Imams were politically marginal after the first generation. In practice, Shiʿi Muslims negotiated varied approaches to both interpretative authority over Islamic texts and governance of the community, both during the lifetimes of the Imams themselves and even more so following the disappearance of the twelfth and final Imam in the ninth century. |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Amir-Moezzi |author-first=Mohammad Ali |title=Ghadīr Khumm |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=Third |editor1-first=Kate |editor1-last=Fleet |editor2-first=Gudrun |editor2-last=Krämer |editor3-first=Denis |editor3-last=Matringe |editor4-first=John |editor4-last=Nawas |editor5-first=Devin J. |editor5-last=Stewart |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419 |year=2014 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419 |isbn=9789004269613 |author-link=Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Muslinka Sunnada ah waxay qabaan in Muxammad uu u daayay doorashada beddelkiisa bulshada, sidaas darteedna waxay u arkaan doorashadii Abu Bakar ee saxaabada inay ahayd mid sharci ah. Muslinka Shiicada ah waxay adkaynayaan in Cali hore loogu magacaabay beddelka Muxammad ee tukhtaankii Qadiir Khum, sidaas darteedna waxay u arkaan tukhtaannadii Saqiifa inay ahaayeen kuwo dhaafay xaqiisii beddelka. Dhibaatada beddelka waxay noqotay sababtii ugu horreysay ee qeybsanaanta Muslinka oo keentay soo bixitaanka labada qaybood ee waaweyn ee Islaamka, Sunna iyo Shiica. === Islaamka Sunnada ah === {{Main|Islaamka Sunnada ah}} [[File:Khalili Collection Islamic Art mss 0311 fol 190b-191a.jpg|thumb|Faraq-qoraal ah oo [[Saxiix al-Bukhari]] ah oo ka soo jeeda qarnigii 14aad, ururintii ugu horreysay ee [[xadiis]] ee [[Kutub al-Sittah|Lixda Buug]] ee [[Islaamka Sunnada ah]].]] Islaamka Sunnada ah waa qaybta ugu weyn ee Islaamka iyada oo ah mhabka diimeed ee ugu weyn dunida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of religious populations {{!}} Largest Religions, Smallest Religions, Lists, Data, & Overview {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/List-of-religious-populations|access-date=2025-07-24|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sunni |title=Sunni |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=17 September 2021 |archive-date=30 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430101807/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/574006/Sunnite |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Sunni Islam |editor-first=John L. |editor-last=Esposito |encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2014 |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2280 |access-date=10 January 2010 |archive-date=5 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005013247/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2280 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Denny-2010">{{cite book |last=Denny |first=Frederick |author-link=Frederick M. Denny |title=Sunni Islam: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |page=3 |isbn=978-0199804153 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D5_N97bAiJ0C&pg=PA3 |quote=Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community, and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority (85 to 90%) of that community. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lawson |first1=Russell M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_krEEAAAQBAJ&dq=islam+based+on+the+teachings+of+muhammad&pg=PA419 |title=Science in the Ancient World: From Antiquity through the Middle Ages |date=23 September 2021 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-4408-7353-9 |page=419 |language=en}}</ref> Ereygu waa gaabinta weedha "''Ahl as-Sunnah wa al-Jama'ah''", oo macnaheedu yahay "dadka [[Sunnah|sunnada]] (dhaqankii Muxammad) iyo jamacaadka".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Ahl as-Sunnah |encyclopedia=Islam Ansiklopedisi |publisher=Turkish Diyanet Foundation |location=Istanbul |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ehl-i-sunnet |last=Yavuz |first=Yusuf Şevki |date=1994 |volume=10 |pages=525–530 |lang=tr |access-date=28 December 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228114411/https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ehl-i-sunnet |url-status=live }}</ref> Islaamka Sunnada ah mararka qaarkood waxaa loo yaqaanaa "Islaamka Ortodokska ah",<ref>{{cite book |author1=John Richard Thackrah |title=Dictionary of Terrorism |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1135165956 |edition=2, revised |page=252}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Status of Women Under Islamic Law and Modern Islamic Legislation |date=2009 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9004172739 |editor1-last=Nasir |editor1-first=Jamal J. |edition=revised |page=11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=George W. Braswell |title=What You Need to Know about Islam & Muslims |date=2000 |publisher=B&H Publishing Group |isbn=978-0805418293 |edition=illustrated |page=62}}</ref> ingawa aqoonyahanada qaar ay u arkaan inaysan habboonayn, iyada oo Sunni-nimada ka baxsan ay dad badan u arki karaan fahan xumaan.<ref>An Introduction to the Hadith. John Burton. Published by Edinburgh University Press. 1996. p. 201. Cite: "Sunni: Of or pertaining ''sunna'', especially the ''Sunna'' of the Prophet. Used in conscious opposition to Shi'a, Shi'í. There being no ecclesia or centralized magisterium, the translation 'orthodox' is inappropriate. To the Muslim 'unorthodox' implies heretical, ''mubtadi'', from ''bid'a'', the contrary of ''sunna'' and so 'innovation'."</ref> Sunnadu waxay adkaynaysaa in Muxammad uusan magacaabin beddel, wuxuuna u dhaafay doorashada beddelkiisa bulshada, sidaas darteedna waxay u arkaan doorashadii Abu Bakar ee Saqiifa inay ahayd mid sharci ah. Muslinka Sunnada ah waxay inta badan u noqdaan lixda buug ee xadiiska ee waaweyn arrimaha sharciga, iyagoo u raaca mid ka mid ah afar madhabood ee fiqhiga: [[Hanafi school|Xanafi]], [[Hanbali school|Xanbali]], [[Maliki school|Maaliki]], [[Shafi'i school|Shaafi'i]].<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|pp=275, 306}}</ref> Cilmiga tawxiidka ee athariga ah waa madhab Sunni ah oo feker ah, oo uu si weyn ugu doodi jiray Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780–855 CE), oo lagu garto u noqoshada fahanka qoraalka ah ee Qur'aanka iyo sunnada, aמונה ah in Qur'aanku yahay mid aan la abuurin oo weligeed ah, iyo ka soo horjeeda cilmiga caqliga, ee loo yaqano kalam, marka loo eego arrimaha diinta iyo anshaxa.<ref>Hadi Enayat ''Islam and Secularism in Post-Colonial Thought: A Cartography of Asadian Genealogies'' Springer Publishing, 30 June 2017 {{ISBN|978-3-319-52611-9}} p.48</ref> Maaturidiyada, oo uu aasaasay Abu Mansur al-Maturidi (853–944 CE), waxay leedahay qoraalka la soo dejiyay looma baahna anshaxa asaasiga ah iyada oo wanaagga iyo xawliga lagu fahmi karo caqliga keligiis,<ref>Rico Isaacs, Alessandro Frigerio ''Theorizing Central Asian Politics: The State, Ideology and Power'' Springer Publishing 2018 {{ISBN|978-3-319-97355-5}} p. 108</ref> laakiin dadku waxay u noqdaan waxyiga arrimaha ka baxsan fahanka bahaamka. Ash'ariyada, oo uu aasaasay Al-Ashʿarī (c. 874–936), waxay leedahay anshaxu wuxuu ka imaan karaa oo keliya waxyiga rabbaaniga ah laakiin waxay aqbashaa caqliga arrimaha fasiraadda waxayna isku dartaa hababka Mu'tazilada iyo fikradaha athariga.<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|1999|p=280}}</ref> Salafiyadu waa doonis dib u cusboonaysiin ah oo u dooda u noqoshada dhaqankii qgeneration-kii ugu horreeyay ee Muslinka. Qarnigii 18aad, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab wuxuu kexeeyay dhaqdhaqaaq Salafi ah, oo dadka ka baxsan ay u yaqaanaan Wahaabiya, waddanka maanta loo yaqano Sacuudi Carabiya.<ref>Richard Gauvain ''Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-0-7103-1356-0}} page 8</ref> Dhaqdhaqaaq la mid ah oo loo yaqano Ahl al-Hadith ayaa sidoo kale hoos u dhigay dhaqanka sharciga Sunniga ah ee qarniyada jiray, iyagoo door biday inay si toos ah u raacaan Qur'aanka iyo Xadiiska. Dhaqdhaqaaqa Sunniga ah ee Nurcu waxaa aasaasay Said Nursi (1877–1960); wuxuu isku darayaa qaybo ka mid ah Tasawufka iyo sayniska.<ref name="Svante E. Cornell p. 283">Svante E. Cornell ''Azerbaijan Since Independence'' M.E. Sharpe {{ISBN| 9780765630049}} p. 283</ref><ref>Robert W. Hefner ''Shariʻa Politics: Islamic Law and Society in the Modern World'' Indiana University Press 2011 {{ISBN|978-0-253-22310-4}} p. 170</ref> === Islaamka Shiicada ah === {{Main|Islaamka Shiicada ah}} [[File:Folio from a Nahj al-Balagha.gif|thumb|Warqad gacan-qoraal ah oo ka timaada Nahj al-Balagha, ee taariikhdeedu tahay 1149 AD. Nahj al-Balagha waa ururin khudbado, waraaqo, iyo hadallo ah oo uu leeyahay Cali. Waxaa loo arkaa inay ka mid tahay kuwa ugu muhiimsan ee suugaanta Carabiga iyada oo ka joogta meel sare Islaamka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda.]] Islaamka Shiicada ah waa qaybta labaad ee ugu weyn Islaamka iyo mid ka mid oo ka mid ah mhabada diimeed ee ugu waaweyn dunida.<ref>{{cite web |title=Field Listing :: Religions |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706231326/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |archive-date=6 July 2010 |access-date=25 October 2010 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |quote=Sunni Islam accounts for over 75% of the world's Muslim population." ... "Shia Islam represents 10–15% of Muslims worldwide.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sunni |url=https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/sunni |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614103622/https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/sunni |archive-date=14 June 2020 |access-date=24 May 2020 |publisher=Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs |quote=Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam, comprising about 85% of the world's over 1.5 billion Muslims.}}</ref>{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=1|ps=. "Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims."}} Ereygu waa gaabinta weedha "''Shīʿat ʿAlī''", oo macnaheedu yahay "xisbigii Cali". Muslinka Shiicada ah waxay adkaynayaan in Muxammad uu magacaabay ina-adeerkii iyo seedigii, Cali, inuu noqdo beddelkiisa.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shii|title=Shiʿi|last=Newman|first=Andrew J.|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=28 December 2021|archive-date=20 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720054917/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shii|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2004 |title=Sunni Islam |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa |publisher=MacMillan Reference |editor-last=Philip Mattar |edition=2nd |author1=Tayeb El-Hibri|author2=Maysam J. al Faruqi}}</ref> Cali waxaa ku xigay silsilad Imaamyo ah oo Ilaah magacaabay oo ka soo jeeda qoyska Muxammad ([[Ahl al-Bayt|Ahlul Bayt]]). Mhabka ugu weyn ee Islaamka Shiicada ah, Shiicada Laba-iyo-Tobanka ah, waxay aqoonsan yihiin Laba-iyo-Tobanka Imaam inay yihiin hoggaamiyeyaasha Ilaah magacaabay, iyadoo ka bilaabanaysa Cali keligiis oo ku dheehanaysa Mahdiga, oo la rumeysan yahay inuu ku jiro qoyanaanta loona fadhiyo inuu dib u soo laabto Dhamaadka Sannadaha si uu u aasaaso caddaalad oo uu caawin doono Ciise. Islaamka Shiicada ah wuxuu muhiimad gaar ah siiyaa Ahlul Bayt (qoyska Muxammad), kuwaas oo Muslinka Shiicada ah ay u arkaan inay leeyihiin awood diimeed iyo ruhani ah oo Ilaah siiyay. Qur'aanka, teachings-ka Muxammad (Sunnah), iyo Imaamyada waxay samayeeyaan asaaska ugu muhiimsan ee fekerka diimeed iyo fiqhiga Shiicada. Muslinka Shiicada ah waxaa kexeeya madhabka Jacfariyada ee fiqhiga.<ref>{{Cite book |author1=John Corrigan|author2=Frederick Denny|author3=Martin S Jaffee|author4=Carlos Eire |year=2011 |title=Jews, Christians, Muslims: A Comparative Introduction to Monotheistic Religions |publisher= Cambridge University Press |id=978-0205026340 }}</ref> Ururinta ugu muhiimsan ee xadiiska ee Islaamka Shiicada ah waa Afarta Buug ee Sharciga ah, oo loo yaqano Kitab al-Kafi, Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih, Tahdhib al-Ahkam, iyo Al-Istibsar. Islaamka Shiicada ah wuxuu ka kooban yahay dhowr qaybood, ta ugu weyn oo ugu muhiimsan waxay tahay Shiicada Laba-iyo-Tobanka ah, oo ay ku xigaan qaybaha yar ee Ismaaciiliyad iyo Saydiyad.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social and Military History |editor-first1=Spencer C. |editor-last1=Tucker |editor2=Priscilla Mary Roberts |year=2008 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-842-2 |page=917 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC&pg=PA917 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024726/https://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC&pg=PA917 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Iraq Effect: The Middle East After the Iraq War |first=Frederic M. |last=Wehrey |year=2010 |publisher=Rand Corporation |isbn=978-0-8330-4788-5 |page=91 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-3LAlfW7DIC&pg=PA91 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024742/https://books.google.com/books?id=i-3LAlfW7DIC&pg=PA91#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Newman|first=Andrew J.|author-link=Andrew J. Newman|title=Twelver Shiism: Unity and Diversity in the Life of Islam, 632 to 1722|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-7833-4|chapter=Introduction|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ&pg=PP18|page=2|access-date=13 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501201413/https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ|archive-date=1 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Dagaalkii Karbala, oo uu awoowe u ahaa Nabiga oo ahaa Imaamka saddexaad ee Shiicada, Xuseen ibn Cali, si xun loogu dilay oo madaxa looga jaray iyada oo la dilay badanka xubnaha qoyskiisa, wuxuu siiyay Caliyinta aqoonsi diimeed oo u gaar ah wuxuuna ka qaatay door muhiim ah zhuraalka iyo adkaynta ta noqotay Islaamka Shiicada ah. Wuxuu ka joogaa meel dhexe taariikhda Shiicada, dhaqanka, iyo cilmiga tawxiidka, iyadoo inta badan lagu xuso suugaanta Islaamka. Waa mid ka mid ah waqtiyada ugu murugada badan, muhiimka ah, ee lagu garto taariikhda Islaamka. Dhismaha Imaam Cali ee Najafe, Dhismaha Imaam Xuseen ee Karbala, iyo Dhismaha Imaam Riza ee Mashxad waa saddexda meelood ee ugu xurmada badan ka dib Masjid al-Xaraam ee Makka, Masjid al-Nabawi ee Madiina, iyo Masjid al-Aqsa ee Qudus.<ref name="Sardeg2">{{cite web |last=Escobar |first=Pepe |date=May 24, 2002 |title=Knocking on heaven's door |url=http://www.atimes.com/c-asia/DE24Ag04.html |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020603155002/http://atimes.com/c-asia/DE24Ag04.html |archive-date=June 3, 2002 |access-date=2006-11-12 |work=Asia Times Online |quote=our sixth imam, Imam Sadeg, says that we have five definitive holy places... first is Mecca... second is Medina... third belongs to our first imam of Shia, Ali, which is in Najaf. The fourth belongs to our third imam, Hussein, in Kerbala. The last one belongs to the daughter of our seventh imam and sister of our eighth imam, who is called Fatemah, and will be buried in Qom. |department=Central Asia/Russia}}</ref> Laba-iyo-Tobanka Imaam sidoo xushmad lagu hayaa Islaamka Sunnada ah dhexdeeda iyagoo ah xubno ka mid ah qoyska Nabiga Muxammad iyo shakhsiyaad muhiim ah oo ku jira taariikhda Islaamka, iyadoo Sunnadu ay booqdaan dhismooyinkooda xushmad darteed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Iraqi delegation from the Sunni Endowment visited the Holy Shrine of Imam Ali (PBUH).|url=https://www.alarbaeen.ir/en/news/an-iraqi-delegation-from-the-sunni-endowment-visited-the-holy-shrine-of-imam-ali-pbuh|access-date=2026-02-16|website=www.alarbaeen.ir}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Waziri|first=Adam Isa|date=2022-11-21|title=Sunni Professors, Scholars From Pakistan Visit Imam Husain's Holy Shrine in Karbala » Education Monitor News|url=https://educationmonitornews.com/sunni-professors-scholars-from-pakistan-visit-imam-husains-holy-shrine-in-karbala/|access-date=2026-02-16|website=Education Monitor News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Arooj|date=2024-02-01|title=Sunni scholars from Turkey express happiness upon visiting holy shrine of Imam Hussein|url=https://shiawaves.com/english/uncategorized/100914-sunni-scholars-from-turkey-express-happiness-upon-visiting-holy-shrine-of-imam-hussein/|access-date=2026-02-16|website=Shia Waves|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-16|title=Iraqi Sunni Friday prayer leaders visit Imam Reza (AS) holy shrine|url=https://en.hawzahnews.com/news/358808/Iraqi-Sunni-Friday-prayer-leaders-visit-Imam-Reza-AS-holy-shrine|access-date=2026-02-16|website=Hawzah News Agency|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=English Pakistani Sunnis Visit Imam Reza Shrine|url=https://www.shiachat.com/forum/topic/235051393-english-pakistani-sunnis-visit-imam-reza-shrine/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617090149/https://www.shiachat.com/forum/topic/235051393-english-pakistani-sunnis-visit-imam-reza-shrine/|archive-date=2025-06-17|access-date=2026-02-16|website=ShiaChat.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-14|title=Sunni Cleric: Imam Reza Shrine a Center for Unifying Muslims|url=https://en.abna24.com/news/664698/Sunni-Cleric-Imam-Reza-Shrine-a-Center-for-Unifying-Muslims|access-date=2026-02-17|website=ABNA English|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Imam Reza (A.S.) Is the Symbol of Unity among Islamic Sects.|url=https://www.alarbaeen.ir/en/news/imam-reza-as-is-the-symbol-of-unity-among-islamic-sects|access-date=2026-02-17|website=www.alarbaeen.ir}}</ref> {{multiple image | align = center | image1 = ImamAliShrine2026.jpg | width1 = 217 | alt1 = | caption1 = Dhismaha Imaam Cali ee Najafe, Ciraaq, waxaa loo arkaa Muslinka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda inuu yahay meesha ugu xurmada badan Islaamka ka dib Makka, Madiina iyo Qudus. | image2 = حرم الامام الحسين.jpg | width2 = 218 | alt2 = | caption2 = Dhismaha Imaam Xuseen ee Karbala, Ciraaq, waa meel aad u xurmo badan Islaamka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda. | width3 = 315 | alt3 = | footer = | image3 = ImamReza(A).jpg | caption3 = Dhismaha Imaam Riza ee Mashxad, Iiraan, waa masjidhka ugu weyn dunida iyadoo ka mid ah meelaha ugu xurmada badan Islaamka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda. }} ===== Cibaadiyada ===== {{Main|Muhakkima|Cibaadiyada|Khawaarijta}} Cibaadiyada waa madhab u gaar ah Islaamka waxaana inta badan loo arkaa qaybta saddexaad ee mhabada Islaamka, oo barbar taagan Islaamka Sunnada ah iyo Islaamka Shiicada ah. Xididdadeedu waxay dib u raacaan go'itaankii Khawaarijta ee ka go'een Cali, oo ahaa ina-adeerkii iyo seedigii nabiga Muxammad oo ahaa Imaamkii ugu horreeyay ee Shiicada iyo khaliifkii afaraad ee Khulafo al-Raashidiinta ee Sunnadu. Waxaaba jirta in Cibaadiyiinta casriga ah ay inta badan diadaan in aqiidadooda lagu tilmaamo Khawaarij. Cibaadiyada waxay soo baxday qarniyadii ugu horreeyay ee Islaamka iyadoo ka timaada khilaafaadkii siyaasadeed iyo kuwa tawxiidka ee ku xeernaa Fitnada Koowaad. Dhaqanku wuxuu taariikhiyan u xiran yahay dhaqdhaqaaqii hore ee Muhakkima. Cibaadiyiintu way ka tiro yar yihiin labada mhab ee ugu waaweyn Islaamka, Sunnadu iyo Shiicada. Cibaadiyada waxay weli tahay mid aan si fican u baran dadka ka baxsan, iyadoo ay ku jiraan kuwo aan Muslin ahayn iyo Muslinka Sunnada iyo Shiicada ah. [[File:Islam branches and schools.png|centre|Dulmar guud oo ku saabsan qaybaha waaweyn iyo mhabada Islaamka]] ===== Qaybaha ===== * Dhaqdhaqaaqa Axmadiyada waxaa lagu aasaasay Hindiya ee Ingiriisku xukumayay 1889 oo uu aasaasay Mirza Ghulam Ahmad oo ka soo jeeda Qadian, oo sheegtay inuu yahay Masiiyadii la ballanqaaday ("Soo laabashada Labaad ee Ciise"), Mahdiga Muslinku dhowrayaan sidoo kale prophet yar oo raaca nabiga Islaamka Muxammad. Waxaa jira fikrado iyo barashooyin kala duwan oo u gaar ah Axmadiyiinta marka loo eego badanka Muslinka kale, kuwaas oo ay ku jiraan fasiraadda cinwaanka Qur'aanka ee Khatam an-Nabiyyin iyo fasiraadda Soo laabashada Labaad ee Masiiyada. deviations-kan loo arko inay ka bixisay fekerka Islaamka ee caadiga ah waxay keeneen in badanka Muslinka ay u arkaan kuwo ka baxay diinta iyo khilaafyada lagu hayo Axmadiyiinta waddamo kala duwan dhexdeeda, gaar ahaan Bakistaan, halkaas oo si rasmi ah looga dhaqangaliyay inaysan Muslin ahayn oo ay dhaqangalisay Xukuumadda Bakistaan. Taabacsanaha Dhaqdhaqaaqa Axmadiyada ee Islaamka waxay u qeybsamaan laba kooxood: ta koowaad oo ah Bulshada Muslinka ee Axmadiyada, oo maanta ah kooxda ugu weyn, iyo Dhaqdhaqaaqa Axmadiyada ee Laahore ee Fafinta Islaamka. * Calawiyada waa dhaqan Islaam oo doonis leh oo maxalli ah, oo taabacsaneedu ay raacaan barashooyinka qarsoon (bāṭenī) ee Cali iyo Haji Bektash Veli. Calawiyada waa isku dharraaq ka mid ah fikradaha dhaqanka ee Turkiga ee qarnigii 14aad, iyadoo leh xididdo ka imaan kara Tengrism iyo Animism oo barbar socda fikradaha Shiicada iyo Tasawufka. Waxaa la qiyaasay inay jiraan 10 milyan illaa ka badan 20 milyan (~0.5–1% dhammaan Muslinka) oo Calawiyiin ah dunida oo dhan. * Qur'aaniyuuntu waa dhaqdhaqaaq diimeed ee Islaamka oo ku aasaasan aqiidada ah in sharciga Islaamka iyo xaqiijintu ay tahay oo keliya inay ka timaado Qur'aanka oo aysan ka imaanin sunnada ama Xadiiska, iyadoo Qur'aaniyuuntu ay si muuqata uga kala duwan yihiin habka loo raaco shanta tiro ee Islaamka. Dhaqdhaqaaqu wuxuu soo baxay qarnigii 19aad wixii ka dambeeyay, iyadoo fekerayaal sida Syed Ahmad Khan, Abdullah Chakralawi iyo Ghulam Ahmed Perwez ee Hindiya ay su'aal ka keeneen dhaqanka xadiiska. Ejipt, Muhammad Tawfiq Sidqi wuxuu ku qaray maqaalka ''Islaamku waa Qur'aanka keligiis'' majaladda ''Al-Manār'', isagoo u doodayay awoodda keligeed ee Qur'aanka. Qur'aaniyiin muhiim ah oo qarnigii 20aad ee dambe wuxuu ahaa Rashad Khalifa, oo ahaa biokimiko Masri-Ameerikan ah oo sheegtay inuu helay fure tiro oo ku jira Qur'aanka, wuxuuna aasaasay ururka Qur'aaniyiinta ee United Submitters International. * Mu'tazilada waxay ahayd madhab hore oo cilmiga tawxiidka Islaamka oo lagu garto isticmaalka caqliga, gaar ahaan marka loo eego labada ilo ee ugu horreeya Islaamka, Qur'aanka iyo xadiiska. Madhabtu waxay ku aasaasantaa shanta usool ee waaweyn: tawxiidka, caddaalada rabbaaniga ah, hubaasha ballanqaadyada iyo digniinaha rabbaaniga ah, meel dhexe oo marka loo eego heerka duniyeed ee duntayda waaweyn, iyo waajibka amarrada wanaagsan iyo ka hortaga xumaanta. Ka dib Sunnadu, Mu'taziladu waxay diadeen aragtida dhaqanka ah ee ah in Qur'aanku yahay hadalka aan la abuurin ee Ilaah, waxayna halkaas ka qabteen in Qur'aanku yahay waxyi la abuuray, si loo adkeeyo koodnimada kheyraatka ee Ilaah. Iyagoo adkaynaya isticmaalka caqliga, waxay u doodeen in dookha xorta ah ee bahaamka uu u oggolaado shakhsiyaadka inay doorataan wanaagga ama xumaanta, taas oo ka dhigaysa kuwo mas'uul ka ah eedooda. Bagse saameynta Mu'taziladu waxay hoos u dhacday dhibaatada bulshada iyo siyaasadeed ee ka timaada Sunnadu darteed, reebitaankooda caqliga wuxuu weli yahay mid muhiim ah fekerka casriga ah ee Islaamka. === Muslimiinta aan kooxna ka tirsanayn === {{Main|Non-denominational Muslim}} Muslimiinta aan kooxna ka tirsanayn waa eegmo guud oo loo isticmaalo ama ay isticmaalaan Muslimiinta aan ka tirsanayn ama aan isku tilmaamin mhab gaar ah oo Islaam ah.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Benakis |first=Theodoros |date=13 January 2014 |title=Islamophoobia in Europe! |work=New Europe |location=Brussels |url=http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |url-status=dead |access-date=20 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131145036/http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |archive-date=31 January 2016 |quote=Anyone who has travelled to Central Asia knows of the non-denominational Muslims—those who are neither Shiites nor Sounites, but who accept Islam as a religion generally.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Kenneth |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=jQGZBAAAQBAJ|page=29}} |title=Unthinkable: Iran, the Bomb, and American Strategy |date=2014 |isbn=978-1-4767-3393-7 |page=29 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |quote=Although many Iranian hardliners are Shi'a chauvinists, Khomeini's ideology saw the revolution as pan-Islamist, and therefore embracing Sunni, Shi'a, Sufi, and other, more nondenominational Muslims}}</ref> Sahanadii ugu dambeeyay waxay ku warramayaan in qayb weyn oo ka mid ah Muslimiinta ka mid ah kuwa ku nool qaybo ka mid ah dunida ay isku tilmaamaan oo keliya Muslim, inkasta oo ay yar tahay falanqaynta la daabacay ee ku saabsan sababaha ka dambeeya jawaabtan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burns |first=Robert |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=akWUGyN7fwEC|page=55}} |title=Christianity, Islam, and the West |date=2011 |isbn=978-0-7618-5560-6 |page=55 |publisher=University Press of America |quote=40 per cent called themselves "just a Muslim" according to the Council of American-Islamic relations}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tatari |first=Eren |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=x_4QBQAAQBAJ|page=111}} |title=Muslims in British Local Government: Representing Minority Interests in Hackney, Newham and Tower Hamlets |date=2014 |isbn=978-90-04-27226-2 |page=111 |publisher=BRILL |quote=Nineteen said that they are Sunni Muslims, six said they are just Muslim without specifying a sect, two said they are Ahmadi, and two said their families are Alevi}}</ref> Pew Research waxay ku warramaysaa in jawaab-bixiyeyaasha isku tilmaama oo keliya Muslim ay yihiin inta ugu badan ee Muslimiinta ee toddoba waddan (iyo tiro sare saddex kale dhexdeeda), iyadoo heerka ugu sarreeya uu yahay Kasakhstan oo ah 74%. Ugu yaraan mid ka mid ah shan kasta oo Muslim ah ee ugu yaraan 22 waddan wuxuu isku tilmaamaa habkan.<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|date=9 August 2012|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|access-date=4 September 2013|website=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project}}</ref> == Tasawufka == === Suufiyada === {{Main|Suufiyada}} {{See also|Xiriirka Salafiga iyo Suufiga}} [[File:Mevlana Konya.jpg|thumb|Wareegga Suufiga ee Dhismaha Qabriga Suufiga ee Rumi ee Konya, Turkey.]] Suufiyada (Carabi: تصوف), waa hab ka mid ah Tasawufka Islaamka oo raadiya in lagu helo khibrad shakhsi ah oo toos ah ee Eebbe. Culimadii hore ee Suufiyadu waxay ku tilmaameen tasawufka "cilmiga ujeeddadiisu tahay sixidda wadnaha iyo ka jeedinta dhammaan wixii kale ee aan Eebbe ahayn", iyada oo loo marayo "awoodda caqliga iyo sharafta" oo laga joojiyo in lagu tababaro. Ahmad ibn Ajiba wuxuu ku tilmaamay tasawufka "ku laabashada dhaqanka, bilowgiisuna yahay aqoon, dhexdiisuna tahay wax-qabad [aqoontaas ku saabsan], dhammaadkiisuna yahay hadiya [ka timaada Allah]." Ma aha qayb ka mid ah Islaamka, taabacsanaha ayaana ka tirsan mhabada kala duwan ee Muslinka. Ismaaciiliya, oo barashadeedu ku aasaasan tahay Gnosticism iyo Neoplatonism iyadoo ay barbar socdaan madhabaha Illuminationist iyo Isfahan ee falsafadda Islaamka, waxay samaysay fasiraado tasawuf ah oo Islaamka ah. Hasan al-Basri, oo ahaa Suufigii hore oo inta badan loo arko mid ka mid ah Suufiyadii ugu horreysay, wuxuu adkeeyay cabsida ka timaada guuldarrada Eebbe ee adkaysiga. Taa beddekeeda, Suufiyadii dambe ee waaweynayd, sida Mansur Al-Hallaj iyo Jalaluddin Rumi, waxay adkeeyeen diinta ku aasaasan jacyada loo qabo Eebbe. Jacyadaas waxay sidoo kale saameyn ku lahaayeen fanka, iyadoo Rumi uu weli yahay mid ka mid ah gabayaaga ugu iibka badan Ameerika. [[File:Sema ceremony many.jpg|thumb|Suufiyada ee Turkey.]]Suufiyadu waxay u arkaan tasawufka qayb aan ka go'in Islaamka. Suufiyadii dhaqanka ahayd, sida Bayazid Bastami, Jalaluddin Rumi, Haji Bektash Veli, Junaid Baghdadi, iyo Al-Ghazali, waxay u doodeen in Suufiyadu ku aasaasan tahay usoolka Islaamka iyo barashooyinka nabiga. Taariikhyahan Nile Green wuxuu u dooday in Islaamka qarniyadii dhexe uu ahaa wax yar ama ka badan Suufiyada. Taabacsanaha dhaqdhaqaaqa Sunnada ee dib-u-soocida ee loo yaqaano Salafiyada waxay u arkeen dhaqannada jacyada ee caanka ah, sida weyneynta awliyada Suufiga, inay yihiin cusbooneysiin ka timaada diintii hore. Salafiyiintu inta badan waxay weerareen Suufiyada, taas oo keentay xumaanshaha xiriirka Suufiga iyo Salafiga. Ururrada Suufiga waxay samayskaan dariiqooyin ku xeeran macallin (wali) oo raaca xiriir ruuxi ah oo dib u raaca Muxammad. Suufiyadu waxay kaqaateen door muhiim ah samaynta bulshooyinka Muslinka iyaga oo loo marayo dhaqdhaqaaqyada baahinta iyo waxbarashada. Dhaqdhaqaaqa Ahle Sunnat ama Barelvi ee uu saameeyay Tasawufku wuxuu sheegtaa in ka badan 200 milyan oo taabacsane ku leeyahay Koonfurta Aasiya. Suufiyadu waxay muhiim ku tahay Aasiyada Dhexe, iyo sidoo kale waddamada Afrika sida Tuniisiya, Aljeeriya, Marooko, Senejaal, Chaad iyo Nayjar. == Sharciga iyo Fiqhiga == === Shariicada === {{Main|Shariicada|Fiqhiga}} {{See also|Mantiqa ee Falsafadda Islaamka#Sharciga Islaamka iyo Cilmiga Tawxiidka}} [[File:Madhhab Map3.png|thumb|Madhabaha sharciga Islaamka ee Dunida Muslinka.]] Shariicada waa tan ka kooban sharciga diinta Islaamka. Doonista ah in la tilmaamo oo lagu ogaado sharciyada hab dhammaystiran oo is-waafaqsan waxay keentay horumarinta aragtida sharciga, oo loo yaqaano fiqhi. Taa beddekeeda, bidco waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu tilmaamo cusbooneysiinta sharciga ka baxsan ee arrimaha diinta. Dhabbooyinka kala duwan, ee loo yaqaano usoolka fiqhiga, ayaa horumaray oo madhabka sharciga ee ka soo baxa dhabbo ku xeeran waxaa loo yaqaanaa madhab. Is-waafaqidda raacda go'aannada khabiir diimeed ama madhab waxaa loo yaqaanaa taqliid. Shuruudda ghayr muqallid waxay u tilmaamaysaa kuwa aan isticmaalin taqliidka iyo, sii dheeraanteeda, aan lahayn madhab. Dhaqanka shakhsigu ku fasirayo sharciga caqliga xor ah waxaa loo yaqaanaa ijtixaad. Kuwa fasira shariicada waxaa loo yaqaanaa muftiyo oo ra'yigooda sharciga ah waxaa loo yaqaanaa fatwo. [[File:'Abd_Allah_ibn_Shaykh_Murshid_al-Katib_-_Sa'di_and_a_Dervish_Go_to_Settle_their_Quarrel_Before_a_Judge_-_Walters_W618106B_-_Cropped.jpg|thumb|Gabayaaga Saadi Shirazi iyo darwiish waxay u socdaan inay khilaafkooda ku dhameeyaan xakim hortiis, farta qarnigii 16aad oo ka timaada Iiraan.]] Ilaaha koowaad ee Shariicadu waa Qur'aanka iyo Sunnada. Ilaa saddexaad oo caani ah waa qiyaas (caqli analoji ah) oo loo isticmaalo dhibcooyinka sharciga ah ee aan si toos ah loogu faahfaahin Qur'aanka ama Sunnada. Isku-barbardhigga ayaa la raadiyaa si loo helo illah, ama sababta halkan ku jirta, oo ah sababta ka dambeysa xukunkii hore. Tusaale ahaan, reebitaanka gaarka ah ee khamriga waxaa ka soo baxaya reebitaanka guud ee alkoolka maadaama ay wadaagayaan sababta shaqaynaysa ee loo gartay inay tahay dabeecadda ma zeexisa ee dhammaan cabitaannada alkoolka ah. Madhabka Saahiriga wuxuu adkeeyay saafinimada tooska ah oo sidaas darteed wuxuu diaday qiyaaska. Is-afgaradka ra'yiga waa ijmaac, iyadoo ikhtilaafku u tilmaamayo khilaafka culimada. Xukunnadu waxay ficillada u kala saaraan mid ka mid ah shan qaybood oo loo yaqaano axkaam: farad, mustaxab, mubaah, makruuh, iyo xaraam. Xilliga casriga ah, sharciyada dambiyada ee ku aasaasan shariicada waxaa inta badan beddelay sharciyo ka yimid moodellada Yurub. Cilmiga dib-u-soocida ee Tanzimat ee Qarnigii 19aad ee Dowladdii Cusmaaniyiinta wuxuu keenay koodka madaniga ee Mecelle wuxuuna ka dhigan yahay dadaalkii ugu horreeyay ee lagu koodiyeeyo shariicada. Iyadoo Dastuurada badanka states-ka Muslinku u badan yihiin ay ku jiraan tilmaamo ku saabsan shariicada, xeerarkeeda dhaqanka ah waxaa inta badan lagu reebay oo keliya sharciyada heerka shakhsiga (famlida). Hay'adaha sharciga ah oo koodiyeeyay sharciyaddan waxay raadiyeen inay casriyeeyaan iyagoon ka tageyn aasaaskooda fiqhiga dhaqanka ah. Dib-u-soocida Islaamka ee qarnigii 20aad ee dambe waxay keentay baaqyo ka yimid dhaqdhaqaaqyada Islaamiyiinta oo ku saabsan fulinta dhammaystiran ee shariicada. Doorka shariicadu wuxuu noqday mowduuc lagu tartamo dunida oo dhan. Waxaa jira doodaha socda oo ku saabsan in shariicadu ay la waafaqsan tahay foomamka cilmaani ee xukuumadda, xuquuqda aadanaha, xorriyadda fekerka, iyo xuquuqda dumarka darteed meelaha ay ka mid yihiin faafreebka iyo doonaanta. == Bulshada == === Shakhsiyaadka diinta === {{Main|Culumada}} [[File:Maqamat_hariri.jpg|thumb|254x254px|Culimada ku sugan maktabadda Cabbaasiyiinta, Maqamat al-Hariri. Farta uu qray Yahyá al-Wasiti, Baqdaad, 1237 AD.]] Islaamku maleho wadaado ah macnaha sacerdotalism, sida baaddariyada oo kale oo dhex-dhexaadiya Eebbe iyo dadka. Imaam (Carabi: إمام) waa cinwaanka diinta oo loo isticmaalo in lagu tilmaamo booska hoggaaminta Islaamka, inta badan marka loo eego samaynta adeegga cibaadada Islaamka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Imam|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/imam|access-date=15 January 2023|website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Fasiraadda diinta waxaa hoggaamiya culumada (Carabi: علماء), oo ah shuruud loo isticmaalo in lagu tilmaamo kooxda culimada Muslinka ah ee helay tababarka barashada Islaamka. Caalimka xadiiska waxaa loo yaqaanaa muxaddith, caalimka fiqhiga waxaa loo yaqaanaa faqeeh (Carabi: فقيه), qaanuun-yaqaanka u qalma inuu soo saaro ra'yiga sharciga ah ama fatwooyinka waxaa loo yaqaanaa mufti, qadi-yuna waa xakim Islaam ah. Cinwaannada sharafta leh ee la siiyo culimada waxaa ka mid ah sheekh, mulla iyo mawlawi. Muslinka qaar ka mid ah waxay sidoo kale weyneeyaan awliyada u xiran karaamooyinka (Carabi: كرامات).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Radtke |first1=B. |last2=Lory |first2=P. |last3=Zarcone |first3=Th. |last4=DeWeese |first4=D. |last5=Gaborieau |first5=M. |last6=Denny |first6=F. M. |last7=Aubin |first7=F. |last8=Hunwick |first8=J. O. |last9=Mchugh |first9=N. |title=Walī |orig-year=1993 |year=2012 |editor1-last=Bearman |editor1-first=P. J. |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-link=Thierry Bianquis |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-first=C. E. |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor4-first=E. J. |editor4-link=Emeri Johannes van Donzel |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-first=W. P. |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=2nd |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill Publishers |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1335 |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4}}</ref> === Maamulka === {{See also|Siyaasadda iyo Islaamka|Dhaqaalaha Islaamka|Qaanuunka ciidanka ee Islaamka|Tasaamuxa|Jihaadka}} [[File:Ali and Aisha at the Battle of the Camel.jpg|thumb|Xaasidii Muxammad, Caasha, oo la dagaallamaysa Cali.]] Fiqhiga dhaqaalaha Islaamka dhexdiisa, kaydsiga hantida si xad-dhaaf ah waa lagu necbyahay, sidaas darteedna dhaqanka maalgashiga monobooliga ah waa laga hoos eegaa.<ref name="Iqbal2010">{{cite book | last1 = Iqbal | first1 = Zamir | last2 = Mirakhor | first2 = Abbas | last3 = Krichenne | first3 = Noureddine | last4 = Askari | first4 = Hossein | title = The Stability of Islamic Finance: Creating a Resilient Financial Environment | location = Singapore | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | year = 2010 | language = en | isbn = 978-0-470-82518-1 | p = 75}}</ref> Dadaallada lagu waafajinayo shariicada waxay keeneen horumarinta bangiyada Islaamka. Islaamku wuxuu reebaa ribada, oo inta badan loo turjumo faa'iido si aan caddaalad ahayn ku timaada ganacsiga, waxaana inta badan loo isticmaalaa in lagu tilmaamo faa'iidada ribada.<ref>{{harvc |c=Riba |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online |year=n.d. |last1= Schacht|first1=Joseph}}</ref> Taa beddekeeda, bangiyada Islaamku waxay iskaashi la sameeyaan amaanadaha, iyagoo labaduba wadaagaya faa'iidada iyo qasaaraha ka soo baxa mashruuca. Shuruud kale waa ka fogaanshaha hubaal-la'aanta, oo loo arko saqajaan (khumaar), bangiyada Islaamkuna dhaqan ahaan waxay ka fogaadaan aaladaha la soocay sida mustaqbalka ama doorashooyinka, taas oo taariikhiyan ka ilaalisay hoos u dhaca suuqyada.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Foster|first=John |date=1 December 2009|title=How Islamic finance missed heavenly chance|work=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8388644.stm|access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Domat|first=Chloe|date=20 October 2020|title=What Is Islamic Finance And How Does It Work?|work=Global Finance magazine|url=https://www.gfmag.com/topics/blogs/islamic-finance-faq-what-islamic-finance-and-how-does-it-work|access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref> Khulafadii Raashidiinta iyo Dowladdii Umawiyiinta waxay ku lug lahaayeen qaybinta sadaqada ee ka timaada qasnadda dowladda, oo loo yaqaano Bayt al-maal, ka hor inta aysan noqon dadaal shakhsi ah meelaha sannadkii 720. Khaliifkii ugu horreeyay, Abu Bakar, wuxuu u qaybiyay sakada sida tusaalooyinkii ugu horreeyay ee dakhliga ugu yar ee la dammaanad qaado, iyadoo muwaaddin kasta uu helayay 10 illaa 20 dirham sannadkiiba.<ref>{{cite web |last=Merchant, Brian |date=14 November 2013 |title=Guaranteeing a Minimum Income Has Been a Utopian Dream for Centuries |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/guaranteeing-a-minimum-income-has-been-a-utopian-dream-for-centuries/ |access-date=3 June 2019 |website=VICE}}</ref> Waagii maamulkii khaliifkii labaad ee Cumar, taageerada carruurta ayaa la soo bandhigay, kuwa da'da ah iyo kuwa nafedana waxay xaq u lahaayeen mushaar,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Al-Buraey |first=Muhammad |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=lT8OAAAAQAAJ|page=}} |title=Administrative Development: An Islamic Perspective |publisher=KPI |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-7103-0059-1 |pages=252–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Akgündüz |first1=Ahmed |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=EnT_zhqEe5cC|page=539}} |title=Ottoman History: Misperceptions and Truths |last2=Öztürk |first2=Said |publisher=IUR Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-90-90-26108-9 |pages=539– |access-date=7 October 2014}}</ref> iyadoo khaliifkii Umawiyiinta ee Cumar II uu u qoondeeyay adeego dhagool kasta iyo labadii qafis ee xanuunsan oo dhan.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Al-Jawzi|first1=Ibn |url=|title=The Biography and Virtues of Omar Bin Abd al-Aziz – The Ascetic Caliph |publisher=IUR Press |year=2001 |isbn= |page=130 }}</ref> [[File:Saladin the Victorious.jpg|thumb|Salaxaddiin Guuleystaha, uu qray Gustave Doré.]] Jihaad wuxuu macnehiisu yahay "dadaal ama ilaa qabasho [dhabada Eebbe]", macnehiisa ugu ballaaranina waa "awoodda, dadaalka, ama awoodda ugu dambeysa oo lagu bixiyo la dagaallanka shay laga xumaado". Shiicadu gaar ahaan waxay adkeeyaan "jihaadka weyn" oo ah dadaalka lagu gaarayo wanaajinta nafta ee ruuxiga ah iyadoo "jihaadka yar" loo tilmaamo dagaalka. Marka loo isticmaalo sidaas oo keliya, jihaadka inta badan waxaa loo fahmaa foomkiisa ciidanka. Jihaadku waa foomka keliya ee dagaalka ee loo oggol yahay sharciga Islaamka, waxaana lagu dhawaaqi karaa ka dhan ah ujeedooyinka aan sharciyaysnayn, argagixisada, kooxaha dambiyada, reebleyaasha, murtadiinta, iyo hoggaamiyeyaasha ama dowladaha dhibta Muslinka. Badanka Muslinka maanta waxay u fasiraan Jihaadka oo keliya foom دفاع ah oo dagaalka ah. Jihaadku wuxuu oo keliya noqdaa waajib shakhsi ah kuwa la siiyay awoodda. Dadka kale oo dhan, tani waxay dhacdaa oo keliya marka ay jirto diyaargarow guud. Badanka Shiicada Isnaashariyada, jihaadka weerarka ah waxaa oo keliya lagu dhawaaqi karaa hoggaamiye Eebbe uu doortay oo ee bulshada Muslinka ah, sidaas darteedna, wuu hakad ku jiraa tan iyo gaabinta Muxammad al-Mahdi ee sannadkii 868 CE. === Nolosha maanta iyo tan aabbanimada/qoyska === {{See also|Edabta (Islaamka)|Cuntada reebban ee Islaamka|Islaamka iyo carruurta|Guurka Islaamka|Dumarka Islaamka|Guurka badan ee Islaamka}} [[File:Salat Eid al-Fitr, Tehran (113344343).jpg|thumb|Haweenay Iiraani ah oo xiran astaan Islaami ah (Xijaab).]] Cilmiga edabta ee maalinlaha ah wuxuu ku jiraa qaybta edabta, ama hab-dhaqanka. Cuntooyinka si gaar ah loo reebay waxaa ka mid ah hเนื้อ Doofaarka, dhiigga iyo bakhtiga. Caafimaadka waxaa loo arkaa ammaan ka timaada Eebbe, waxyaabaha maaddada ah ee maaddada maanka dooriya, sida cabitaannada alkoolka ah, waa kuwo reebban.<ref>{{cite book|author=Fahd Salem Bahammam|title=Food and Dress in Islam: An explanation of matters relating to food and drink and dress in Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CRojJ7lnb18C&pg=PP1|publisher=Modern Guide|isbn=978-1-909322-99-8|page=1}}</ref> Dhammaan hเนื้อ waa inay ka timaadaa xayawaan geed-daaq ah oo loo qashay magaca Eebbe oo uu qashay Muslin, Yuhuudi, ama Christian, marka laga reebo ugaarta uu qofku ugaarsaday ama kaluumaysay maankiisa.<ref>{{harvp|Curtis|2005|p=164}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|p=111}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |c=Slaughter |first=Ersilia |last=Francesca |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref> Garaha inta badan waxaa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa ragga sida shay dabiici ah<ref>{{Cite news |last=De Sondy |first=Amanullah |date=28 January 2016|title=The relationship between Muslim men and their beards is a tangled one|work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jan/28/muslim-men-beards-facial-hair-islam |access-date=7 March 2022}}</ref> iyo isbeddellada jirka, sida peenijka joogtada ah (sawirka jidhka), inta badan waa reebban iyadoo laga baqayo inay kharribaan ubaahda u go'an.{{efn|Muslinka qaar ka mid ah Shiinaha waagii boqortooyada waxay ka horyimaadeen xiridda cagaha gabdhaha sababtaas oo kale darteed.}} <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.learnreligions.com/tattoos-in-islam-2004393|title=Are Muslims Allowed to Get Tattoos? |website=|access-date=7 March 2022 }}</ref> Xariirta iyo dahabka waa reebban yihiin ragga Islaamka dhexdiisa si loo dhowro xaaladda miyir-qabka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Glassé |first1=Cyril |title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=AltaMira Press |page=158 |language=en|year=2001}}</ref> Haya, oo inta badan loo turjumo "xishood", mararka qaar waxaa loo tilmaamaa dabeecadda hoose ee Islaamka<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zine |first1=Jasmin |last2=Babana-Hampton |first2=Safoi |last3=Mazid |first3=Nergis |last4=Bullock |first4=Katherine |last5=Chishti |first5=Maliha |title=American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 19:4 |publisher=International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) |page=59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JM4DwAAQBAJ&q=haya+islam&pg=PA59 |access-date=4 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> wuxuuna hagaa badanka nolosha maalinlaha ah ee Muslinka. Tusaale ahaan, dharka Islaamka dhexdiisa wuxuu adkeeyaa heerka xishoodka, oo ay ku jirto xijaabka haweenka. Sidoo kale, nadaafadda shakhsiga ah waa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa shuruudo gaar ah.<ref>{{cite web |last=Esposito |first=John |title=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e4 |access-date=3 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114153249/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e4 |archive-date=14 November 2016}}</ref> [[File:Muslim Couple (cropped).jpg|thumb|Saddex laba oo Muslin ah oo ka socda Indoneesiya.]] Guurka Islaamka dhexdiisa, ninka arooska ah waxaa lagu leeyahay inuu bixiyo meherka aroosadda (mahar).<ref>{{harvp|Waines|2003|pp=93–96}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|p=339}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|1998|p=79}}</ref> Qoysaska badankood ee dunida Islaamka waxay leeyihiin hal xaas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Newby |first=Gordon D. |url=https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00newb |title=A concise encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=Oneworld |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-85168-295-9 |location=Oxford |page=141}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed Hossein |url=https://archive.org/details/islamreligionhis00nasr_0/page/68 |title=Islam : religion, history, and civilization |publisher=HarperOne |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-06-050714-5 |location=New York |page=68}}</ref> Ragga Muslinka ah waxaa loo oggol yahay inay sameeyaan guurka badan waxayna yeelan karaan illaa afar xaas oo isku mar ah. Waxbarashada Islaamku waxay si adag uga baqaysaa inay adkayso in haddii ninku uusan dammaanad qaadi karin taageerada maaliyadeed iyo ta ruuxiga ah oo siman xaasaskiisa mid kasta, waxaa la dhiirri-geliyaa inuu guursado hal haweenay oo keliya. Sabab lagu tilmaamay guurka badan ayaa ah inay ninka u oggolaato inuu siiyo ilaalin maaliyadeed haween badan, oo laga yaabo inaysan helin taageero kale (tusaale, carrooyinka). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xaaska ugu horreysa waxay shuruud ku xiri kartaa heshiiska guurka in ninku uusan guursan karin haweenay kale inta ay guursan yihiin.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ratno Lukito|title=Legal Pluralism in Indonesia: Bridging the Unbridgeable|page=81|publisher=Routledge}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.islamweb.net/ver2/fatwa/ShowFatwa.php?lang=A&Id=18444&Option=FatwaId |title=IslamWeb |publisher=IslamWeb |date=7 February 2002 |access-date=13 September 2011}}</ref> Waxaa sidoo kale jira kala duwanaansho dhaqameed oo aroosyo ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Gai |url=https://archive.org/details/rememberinggodre0000eato |title=Remembering God: Reflections on Islam |publisher=The Islamic Texts Society |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-946621-84-2 |location=Cambridge |pages=92–93}}</ref> Polyandry, oo ah dhaqan ay haweenaydu ku guursato laba ama ka badan oo ragg ah, waa ku reebban Islaamka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Can't a Woman have 2 Husbands? |url=http://www.14publications.com/question-and-answer/why-cant-a-woman-have-2-husbands/ |access-date=27 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223012707/http://www.14publications.com/question-and-answer/why-cant-a-woman-have-2-husbands/ |archive-date=23 December 2015 |website=14 Publications}}</ref> [[File:عکس های مراسم ترتیل خوانی یا جزء خوانی یا قرائت قرآن در ایام ماه رمضان در حرم فاطمه معصومه در شهر قم 20.jpg|thumb|Gabdhaha Muslinka ah oo baranaya Qur'aanka lagu dul dhigay rehalada xilliga Ramadaanka ee Qom, Iiraan.]] Aadada dhalashada ubadka ka dib, adhaanka waxaa lagu dhawaaqaa dhegta midig. Maalinta todobaad, xafladda caqiiqada ayaa la sameeyaa, oo xayawaan lagu qalo oo hantiisa loo qaybiyo masaakiinta. Madaxa ubadka waa la xiiraa, oo lacag la eg miisaanka dhagaha waxaa loo deeqaa masaakiinta. Gudniinka raga, oo loo yaqaano khitaan, inta badan waa lagu dhaqmaa dunida Muslinka.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2014 |title=Khitān |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/khitan-Islam |access-date=27 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127165754/https://www.britannica.com/topic/khitan-Islam |archive-date=27 January 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |date=January 2017 |title=Reported Male Circumcision Practices in a Muslim-Majority Setting |journal=BioMed Research International |publisher=Hindawi Publishing Corporation |volume=2017 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1155/2017/4957348 |pmc=5282422 |pmid=28194416 |doi-access=free |author1-last=Anwer |author1-first=Abdul Wahid |author2-last=Samad |author2-first=Lubna |author3-last=Baig-Ansari |author3-first=Naila |author4-last=Iftikhar |author4-first=Sundus}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 August 2009 |title=Islam: Circumcision of boys |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/malecircumcision.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112170938/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/malecircumcision.shtml |archive-date=12 November 2012 |access-date=27 May 2020 |work=Religion & ethics—Islam |publisher=Bbc.co.uk}}</ref> Xaq-dhowridda iyo addeecidda waalidiinta, iyo daryeelidooda gaar ahaan markay da'da yihiin waa waajib diini ah. Muslinka dhimanaya waxaa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa inuu dhawaaqo Shahaadada si ay u noqoto hadalkiisa ugu dambeeya.<ref>{{Cite book| isbn = 9783643900678| title =Changing European Death Ways| location = Austria| year = 2013| last1=Mathijssen| first1=Brenda|last2=Venhorst|first2=Claudia|last3=Venbrux|first3=Eric|last4=Quartier|first4=Thomas| url =| page = 265 |publisher=Lit }}</ref> Xaq-dhowridda kii dhintay iyo ka qaybgalka jinaasooyinka ee bulshada dhexdeeda waxaa loo arkaa mid ka mid ah ficillada wanaagsan. Caadooyinka aasidda Islaamka, aasidda waxaa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa si dhakhso ah oo ugu macquulsan, inta badan 24 saac dhexdeeda. Meydka waa la dhaqaa, marka laga reebo shuhadada, oo ay dhaqaan kuwo labka ah oo isku jinsi ah waxaana lagu duubaa dhar aan adkayn oo loo yaqaano kafan. Salaadda jinaasada oo loo yaqaano Salat al-Janazah ayaa la tukadaa. Qaylada ama ooyinta weyn ee baroorgaaga ah waa laga fogaadaa. Sanduuqyada aaska inta badan la ma doorbido oo qabrida inta badan calaamad maleho, xata boqorada. === Farshaxanka, saamaynta, iyo dhaqanka === {{Main|Dhaqanka Islaamka}} {{See also|Farshaxanka Islaamka|Dhismaha Islaamka|Suugaanta Islaamka|Islaamka iyo kubbadda cagta|Muslinka Dhaqanka}} [[File:Chinese-style minaret of the Great Mosque 2023.jpg|thumb|Minaaradda qaabka Shiinaha ee Masaajidka Weyn ee Xi'an, oo ka mid ah masaajidda ugu ee Shiinaha ee la dhisay 742 AD.]] Erayga "dhaqanka Islaamka" waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu tilmaamo dhinacyada dhaqanka ee u gaarka ah diinta, sida ciidaha iyo dharka. Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa si dood ku jirto oo loogu tilmaamo dhinacyada dhaqanka ee dadka Muslinka ah ee dhaqanka ah.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Melikian |first=Souren |author-link=Souren Melikian |date=4 November 2011 |title='Islamic' Culture: A Groundless Myth |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/05/arts/05iht-rartmelikian05.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=25 November 2013}}</ref> Ugudambeyntii, "ilbaxnimada Islaamka" waxay sidoo kale u tilmaami kartaa dhinacyada dhaqanka isku-dhafka ah ee Khilafaadkii hore, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa aan Muslinka ahayn, mararka ka mid ahna loo yaqaano "Islaamiga".<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Wiley| isbn = 9781405155144| title =Islamicate Cosmopolitan Spirit | location = United Kingdom| year = 2021| last=Lawrence| first=Bruce| url =| page = xii| quote = }}</ref> Farshaxanka Islaamku wuxuu ka kooban yahay farshaxanka muuqaalka ah oo ay ku jiraan ilo kala duwan sida dhismaha, farta qurxoon, sawirka, iyo dhoobada, iyo kuwo kale.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ettinghausen |first1=Richard |first2=Oleg |last2=Grabar |first3=Marilyn |last3=Jenkins-Madina |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780300088670/page/3 |title=Islamic Art and Architecture 650-1250 |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-300-08869-8 |edition=2nd |page=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Suarez|first=Michael F.|title=The Oxford companion to the book|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|isbn=9780198606536|location=Oxford and New York|pages=331ff|chapter=38 The History of the Book in the Muslim World|oclc=50238944}}</ref> Iyadoo sameynta sawirrada noolaha inta badan ka laga fogaado oo u xiran sharciyada ka dhanka ah sanam-caabudidda, shuruuddan waxaa u fasiray ilo kala duwan culimo kala duwan iyo xilliyo taariikhi ah oo kala duwan. [[File:Masjid Menara Kudus.jpg|thumb|Masaajidka Menara Kudus ee qarnigii 16aad ee Indoneesiya, oo muujinaya saamaynta Hindiya.]] Xaddidaaddan waxaa loo isticmaalay in lagu fashilo badnaanta farta qurxoon, joomatariya isku-dhafka ah, iyo qaababka sida ilaha muhiimka ah ee dhaqanka farshaxanka Islaamka.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Salim Ayduz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=or-6BwAAQBAJ&q=islamic+art+idolatry+geometry&pg=PA263 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam |last2=Ibrahim Kalin |last3=Caner Dagli |date=2014 |page=263|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-981257-8 |quote=Figural representation is virtually unused in Islamic art because of Islam's strong antagonism of idolatry. It was important for Muslim scholars and artists to find a style of art that represented the Islamic ideals of unity (''tawhid'') and order without figural representation. Geometric patterns perfectly suited this goal.}}</ref> Waxaa sii dheer, sawirka Muxammad waa arrin dood ka jirto dhexdeeda Muslinka.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=860736| title = An Indian Picture of Muhammad and His Companions | author = T. W. Arnold| journal = The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs | author-link = T. W. Arnold| date = June 1919| volume = 34| issue = 195 | publisher = The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs, Vol. 34, No. 195. | pages = 249–252}}</ref> Dhismaha Islaamka dhexdiisa, dhaqanka kala duwan wuxuu muujinayaa saamayn sida dhismaha Islaamka ee Waqooyiga Afrika iyo Isbaanishka sida Masaajidka Weyn ee Kairouan oo ka kooban tiirar marmar iyo borfiri ah oo ka yimid dhismayaashii Roomaanka iyo Bizantiinta,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Isichei |first=Elizabeth Allo |url={{Google books|LgnhYDozENgC|page=PA175|keywords=mosque%20kairouan%20roman columns|text=mosque+kairouan+roman+columns|plainurl=yes}} |title=A history of African societies to 1870 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-521-45599-2 |location=Cambridge |pages=175 |access-date=6 August 2010}}</ref> iyadoo masaajidda Indoneesiya inta badan leeyihiin saqafyo heerarka badan leh oo ka yimid qaabka dhaladka ah ee Jafa.<ref>{{cite book |first=Gunawan |last=Tjahjono |title=Indonesian Heritage-Architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/architecture00indo/page/88 |year=1998 |publisher=Archipelago Press |location=Singapore |isbn=981-3018-30-5 |pages=88–89 }}</ref> Taariikhda Islaamku waa taariikhda dayaxa oo ka bilaabanta Hijrada 622 CE, oo ah taariikh oo la sheegay inuu doortay Khaliif Cumar maadaama ay ahayd meel isbeddel muhiim ah u ahayd Muxammad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Muslim-calendar|title=Islamic calendar|website=www.britannica.com|date=|access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref> Maalmaha barakaysan ee Islaamku waxay ku beegan yihiin taariikho go'an oo ee taariikhda dayaxa, taas oo macnaheedu yahay inay dhacaan xilliyo kala duwan sannado kala duwan oo ee taariikhda Miilaadiga. Ciidaha ugu muhiimsan Islaamka waa Ciidul Fitri (Carabi: عيد الفطر) ee 1-da Shawaal, oo calaamad u ah dhammaadka bisha soomanaanta ee Ramadaan, iyo Ciidul Adxa (Carabi: عيد الأضحى) ee 10-ka Dhul-Hijjah, oo ku beegan dhammaadka Xajka.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher =Oxford University Press| isbn =9780195165203| title =The Islamic World: Past and Present| year = 2004| last=Esposito| first=John| pages = 75–76 |ref=none}}</ref><ref name="www.britannica.com-2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pillars-of-Islam|title=Pillars of Islam &#124; Islamic Beliefs & Practices &#124; Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|date=3 May 2023|access-date=16 December 2021|archive-date=5 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905102524/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pillars-of-Islam|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslinka Dhaqanka waa shakhsiyaad aan cibaadaysaneyn oo wali lagu aqoonsado Islaamka iyadoo laga duulayo asalka qoyska, dhiirrigelinta shakhsiga ah, ama deegaanka bulshada iyo dhaqanka ee ay ku doorteen inay ku koran.<ref>{{cite book|first1= Cara|last1= Aitchison|author1-link= Cara Aitchison|first2= Peter E.|last2= Hopkins|author3-link= Mei-Po Kwan|author3= Mei-Po Kwan|title= Geographies of Muslim Identities: Diaspora, Gender and Belonging|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DRnthQxB8lYC&pg=PA147|access-date= 30 June 2013|year= 2007|publisher= Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn= 978-1-4094-8747-0|pages=147}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Islamic Counselling: An Introduction to theory and practice|first=G. Hussein|last= Rassool|year= 2015| isbn=9781317441250| page =10|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o_QsCgAAQBAJ&dq=Muslims+who+are+religiously+unobservant,+secular+or+irreligious+individuals+who+still+identify+with+the+Muslim&pg=PA10|quote=The label 'Cultural Muslim' is used in the literature to describe those Muslims who are religiously unobservant, secular or irreligious individuals who still identify with the Muslim culture due to family background, personal experiences, or the social and cultural environment in which they grew up... For Cultural Muslim the declaration of faith is superficial and has no effect of their religious practices.}}</ref> == Dhaqdhaqaaqyada Islaamiyiinta == {{Main|Islaamiga}} {{See also|Islaamiga dalka u gaarka ah}} Islaamiga waa taxane dhaqdhaqaaqyo diineed iyo siyaasadeed ah oo aaminsan in Islaamku yahay inuu saamaynta ku yeesho nidaamyada siyaasadda; kuwo ugu muhiimsan waxaa ka mid ah Dhaqdhaqaaqa Khilaafada, Soo-nolaynta Islaamka, Dimoqraadiyadda Islaamka, Dhaqdhaqaaqa Deobandi, Dhaqdhaqaaqa Salafiga, iyo kuwo kale.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Islamism |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/islamism |website=Cambridge dictionary}}</ref> Taageerayaashiisu waxay aaminsan yihiin in Islaamku dabiici ahaan yahay siyaasad, nidaamka siyaasad ee Islaamkuna wuxuu ka sarreeyaa hanti-wadaagga, dimoqraadiyadda xorta ah, hanti-goosadka, iyo dookhadaha kale ee lagu gaarayo bulsho caddaalad ah oo guulaystay.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cox |first=Caroline |date=June 2003 |title=The 'West', Islam and Islamism |url=https://civitas.org.uk/pdf/cs29.pdf |access-date=28 November 2024 |website=Civitas: Institute for the Study of Civil Society}}</ref> U doodayaasha Islaamiga, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan "al-Islamiyyun", inta badan waxay ku xiran yihiin hay'adaha Islaamka ama dhaqdhaqaaqyada abaabulka bulshada,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Islamism |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012444 |access-date=25 August 2023 |website=Oxford Reference|archive-date=25 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825061146/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012444 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyagoo adkaynaya fulinta shariicada, midnimada siyaasadeed ee pan-Islaamka,<ref name="eikmeier-2007">{{cite journal |last1=Eikmeier |first1=Dale |title=Qutbism: An Ideology of Islamic-Fascism |journal=The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters |date=2007 |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=85–97 |doi=10.55540/0031-1723.2340|doi-access=free }}</ref> iyo abuurista dowlado Islaam ah.<ref>Soage, Ana Belén. "Introduction to Political Islam." Religion Compass 3.5 (2009): 887–96.</ref> == Saamaynta diimaha kale == Haddii dhaqdhaqaaqyada sida Druze,<ref>{{Cite book |last=De McLaurin |first=Ronald |url=https://archive.org/details/politicalroleofm0000unse |title=The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East |publisher=Michigan University Press |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-03-052596-4 |page=114 |quote=Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles, the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hunter |first=Shireen |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsofislami0000unse |title=The Politics of Islamic Revivalism: Diversity and Unity: Center for Strategic and International Studies (Washington, D.C.), Georgetown University. Center for Strategic and International Studies |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-253-34549-3 |page=33 |quote=Druze – An offshoot of Shi'ism; its members are not considered Muslims by orthodox Muslims.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=R. Williams |first=Victoria |title=Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival [4 volumes] |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-4408-6118-5 |page=318 |quote=As Druze is a nonritualistic religion without requirements to pray, fast, make pilgrimages, or observe days of rest, the Druze are not considered an Islamic people by Sunni Muslims.}}</ref> Berghouata iyo Ha-Mim, ay ka soo baxeen Islaamka ama ay la wadaageen rumayntooda gaarka ah Islaamka, iyo haddii mid kastaa yahay diin gooni ah ama firqad ka mid ah Islaamka waa aragtiyo dood ku jiraan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=D. Grafton |first=David |title=Piety, Politics, and Power: Lutherans Encountering Islam in the Middle East |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-63087-718-7 |page=14 |quote=In addition, there are several quasi-Muslim sects, in that, although they follow many of the beliefs and practices of orthodox Islam, the majority of Sunnis consider them heretical. These would be the Ahmadiyya, Druze, Ibadi, and the Yazidis.}}</ref> Caqiidada Druze waxay sii kala qaybisay Ismaaciiliyada maadaama ay horumarisay caqiidooyinkeeda gaarka ah, waxayna ugu dambeyntii ka sootagday Ismaaciiliyada iyo Islaamka labadaba; kuwan waxaa ka mid ah rumaynta in Imaamka Al-Xaakim bi-Amr Allaah uu ahaa Ilaah jisoobay.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Poonawala |first=Ismail K. |date=July–September 1999 |title=Review: ''The Fatimids and Their Traditions of Learning'' by Heinz Halm |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |publisher=American Oriental Society |volume=119 |issue=3 |page=542 |doi=10.2307/605981 |issn=0003-0279 |jstor=605981 |lccn=12032032 |oclc=47785421}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Bryer | first = David R. W. | title = The Origins of the Druze Religion (Fortsetzung) | journal = Der Islam | year = 1975 | volume = 52 | issue = 2 | pages = 239–262 | doi = 10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 | s2cid = 162363556 | url = https://doi.org/10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 | issn = 1613-0928 | ref = {{harvid|Bryer|1975b}} | url-access = subscription }}</ref> Yazdânism waxaa loo arkaa isku-dhafan ka mid ah rumaynta dhaladka ee Kurdiida iyo caqiidada Suufiyada Islaamka ee loo soo bandhigay Kurdistan ee Sheekh Cadi ibn Musafir ee qarnigii 12aad.<ref>{{cite book |last=Foltz |first=Richard |title=Religions of Iran: From Prehistory to the Present |date=7 November 2013 |isbn=978-1-78074-307-3 |page=219 |chapter=Two Kurdish Sects: The Yezidis and the Yaresan |publisher=Oneworld Publications |chapter-url= |chapter-url-access=}}</ref> Bábism waxay ka soo bilaabatay Shiicada Isnaashariyada ee martay Siyyid 'Ali Muhammad i-Shirazi al-Bab iyadoo mid ka mid ah taageerayaashiisa Mirza Husayn 'Ali Nuri Baha'u'llah uu aasaasay Caqiidada Baha'i.<ref>{{cite web |last=House of Justice |first=Universal |title=One Common Faith |url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/bic/OCF/ocf-8.html |access-date=1 April 2017 |website=reference.bahai.org}}</ref> Yarsanism,<ref name="Z. Mir-Hosseini 1994, p.267">{{cite journal |last=Mir-Hosseini |first=Z. |date=1994 |title=Inner Truth and Outer History: The Two Worlds of the Ahl-e Haqq of Kurdistan |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=26 |pages=267–268}}</ref> Din-i Ilahi,{{sfnp|Roychoudhury|1941|page=306}} iyo Ali-Illahism<ref>{{Cite book |last=Layard |first=Austen Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-SQe_sNtIaMC&q=ali%2520illahism&pg=PA216 |title=Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon: With Travels in Armenia, Kurdistan and the Desert: Being the Result of a Second Expedition Undertaken for the Trustees of the British Museum |date=2010-08-31 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108016773 |page=216 |language=en}}</ref> waxaa loo arkaa kuwo ka sootagay Islaamka. Sikhism, oo uu aasaasay Guru Nanak oo ku sugan Punjab qarnigii 15aad ee dambe, waxaa saameeyay Islaamku.<ref>{{cite book |last=Elsberg |first=Constance |date=2003 |title=Graceful Women |publisher=University of Tennessee Press |isbn=978-1-57233-214-0 |pages=27–28}}</ref> == Dhaleeceynta == {{Main|Dhaleeceynta Islaamka}} {{see also|Dhaleeceynta Muxammad|Dhaleeceynta Qur'aanka}} [[File:Jacques Courtois - Battle between Christians and Muslims.jpg|thumb|Dagaalkii ka dhex dhacay Muslinka iyo Masiixiyiinta xilligii Dagaalladii Saliibiyada, oo uu sameeyay Jacques Courtois.]] Dhaleeceynta Islaamku waxay jirtay tan iyo heeraradeedii ugu horreeyay. Dhaleeceyntii hore waxay ka timid qoraayaal Yahuud ah, sida Ibn Kammuna, iyo qoraayaal Masiixi ah, oo kuwo badan oo ka mid ah ay u arkayeen Islaamka bidco Masiixi ah ama nooc sanam-caabudid ah, iyagood inta badan ku fashilayay terms apocalyptic ah.{{sfnp|Fahlbusch et al|2001|p=[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=yaecVMhMWaEC|page=759}} 759]}} Qoraayaasha Masiixiyiinta ahi waxay dhaleeceeyeen sharraxaadaha laab-lakacsan ee Islaamku ka bixiyo jannada. Qarnigii sagaalaad aqoonyahankii Muslinka ahaa ee Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari wuxuu u dooday sharraxaadda Qur'aanka ee jannada iyadoo sheegaysa in Baybalku sidoo kale tilmaamayso fikradahaas, sida cabbidda khamriga ee jannada dhexdeeda oo ku jirta Injiilka Matayos. Caalimkii Masiixiga ahaa ee qarnigii 4aad Augustine ee Hippo caqiidooyinkiisu waxay keeneen diidmo baahsan oo ku saabsan raaxada jidhka ee nolosha iyo aakhiro dhexdeeda labadaba.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Christian Lange |title=Paradise and Hell in Islamic Traditions |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-521-50637-3 |pages=18–20}}</ref> Sawirro aflaadaad ah oo ka dhan ah Muxammad, oo ka soo bilaabmay sawirraddii hore ee qarnigii 7aad ee Kaniisadda Ortodokska Bari ee Boqortooyada Bizantiinta,<ref>Reeves, Minou, and P. J. Stewart. 2003. ''Muhammad in Europe: A Thousand Years of Western Myth-Making''. NYU Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8147-7564-6}}. p. 93–96.</ref> waxay ka muuqdaan gabayga qarnigii 14aad ee Divine Comedy oo uu qaray Dante Alighieri. Halkan, Muxammad waxaa lagu muujiyay goobta sideedaad ee jahannamada, iyadoo la joogo Cali. Dante ma eedayno Islaamka guud ahaan laakiin wuxuu eedaynayaa Muxammad kala qaybin, maadaama uu aasaasay diin kale Masiixiyadda ka dib.<ref name="Stone">Stone, G. 2006. ''Dante's Pluralism and the Islamic Philosophy of Religion''. Springer Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1-4039-8309-1}}. p. 53–54.</ref> Dhaleeceynaha kale waxay diiradda saaraan la-dhaqanka shakhsiyaadka ee gudaha waddamada casriga ah ee Muslinku ku badan yahay, oo ay ku jiraan arrimo ku saabsan xuquuqda aadanaha, goorta ay si dhow u la xiriirto fulinta sharciga Islaamka.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Yohanan|last1=Friedmann|year=2003|title=Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/tolerancecoercio00frie|url-access=limited|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/tolerancecoercio00frie/page/n31 18], 35|isbn=978-0-521-02699-4}}</ref> Sidoo kale, isbeddellada dhowaan ee dhaqammada kala duwan ka dib, kartida loo malaynayo inay leeyihiin soo-galootiga Muslinka ah ee Galbeedka si ay u la qabsadaan waa la dhaleeceeyay oo waxaa loo eedeeyay asalka Islaamka kuwo ka mid ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Modood |first=Tariq |url=https://archive.org/details/multiculturalism00modo |title=Multiculturalism, Muslims and Citizenship: A European Approach |date=6 April 2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-35515-5 |edition=1st |page=[https://archive.org/details/multiculturalism00modo/page/n43 29] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Ugu dambeyntii cilmi-baaris{{what|date=April 2026}} waxay heshay in diindhaqameedka Islaamka oo sarreeya uu la xiriiro xagjirinimada Islaamka oo sarreysa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kamenowski |first1=Maria |last2=Manzoni |first2=Patrik |last3=Haymoz |first3=Sandrine |last4=Isenhardt |first4=Anna |last5=Jacot |first5=Cédric |last6=Baier |first6=Dirk |date=2021-06-17 |title=Religion as an influencing factor of right-wing, left-wing and Islamist extremism. Findings of a Swiss youth study |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=6 |article-number=e0252851 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0252851 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=8211158 |pmid=34138885 |bibcode=2021PLoSO..1652851K }}</ref> === Ilaha === {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Imad-ad-Dean |title=Signs in the heavens |volume=2 |publisher=Amana Publications |year=2006 |isbn=1-59008-040-8}} * {{cite book |last=Arnold|first=Thomas |title=The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith.|volume= |publisher= |year=1896 |isbn=}} * {{Cite book |last=Bennett |first=Clinton |title=Interpreting the Qur'an: a guide for the uninitiated |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8264-9944-8 |page=101 |author-link=Clinton Bennett}} * {{cite book |last=Blankinship |first=K. |year=2008 |chapter=The early creed |editor=T. 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|publisher=Praeger Publishers |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-313-32472-7}} * {{Cite book |last=Kramer |first=Martin |title=Shi'Ism, Resistance, and Revolution |publisher=Westview Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-8133-0453-3}} * {{Cite book |last=Lapidus |first=Ira |title=A History of Islamic Societies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-521-77933-3 |edition=2nd}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |title=The Jews of Islam |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-7102-0462-2 |author-link=Bernard Lewis}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |title=The Arabs in History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-19-285258-8 |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/middleeastbriefh0000lewi |title=The Middle East |publisher=Scribner |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-684-83280-7 |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/islaminhistory00bern |title=Islam in History: Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East |publisher=Open Court Publishing Company |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8126-9518-2 |edition=2nd |author-mask=1 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/whatwentwrongcl00lewi |title=What Went Wrong?: The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East |publisher=Harper Perennial |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-06-051605-5 |edition=reprint |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/crisisofislam00bern |title=The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror |publisher=Random House, Inc., New York |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8129-6785-2 |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Madelung |first=Wilferd |title=The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-521-64696-3 |author-link=Wilferd Madelung}} * {{Cite book |last1=Malik |first1=Jamal |title=Sufism in the West |last2=Hinnells |first2=John R. |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-27408-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Momen |first=Moojan |title=An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-300-03531-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyed Hossein |author-link=Seyyed Hossein Nasr |year=2003 |title=The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity}} * {{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyed Muhammad |url=https://archive.org/details/ourreligions00shar |title=Our Religions: The Seven World Religions Introduced by Preeminent Scholars from Each Tradition (Chapter 7) |publisher=HarperCollins |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-06-067700-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Nigosian |first=Solomon Alexander |title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-253-21627-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Peacock|first=A.C.S.|title=Islam, Literature and Society in Mongol Anatolia|date=2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume= |page=|doi= 10.1017/9781108582124|isbn=978-1-108-58212-4|s2cid=211657444}} * {{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F. 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Montgomery |title=The Formative Period of Islamic Thought |publisher=University Press Edinburgh |year=1973 |isbn=978-0-85224-245-2 |author-link=William Montgomery Watt}} * {{Cite book |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadprophets00watt |title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1974 |isbn=978-0-19-881078-0 |edition=New |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Weiss |first=Bernard G. |title=Studies in Islamic Legal Theory |publisher=Brill Academic publishers |year=2002 |isbn=978-90-04-12066-2 |location=Boston |author-link=Bernard G. Weiss}} {{Refend}} === Qaamuusyo iyo encyclopedias === {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{harvc |last1=Gardet|first1=L.|last2=Jomier|first2=J.|year=2012|c=Islām |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0387}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |ref={{harvid|Fahlbusch et al|2001}} |editor-last=Fahlbusch |editor-first=Erwin |display-editors=etal |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=yaecVMhMWaEC}} |title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=2001 |isbn=978-90-04-11695-5 |volume=2}} * {{cite encyclopedia |year=1913–1936 |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |editor1-last=Houtsma |editor1-first=M.T. |editor1-link=Martijn Theodoor Houtsma |editor2-first=T.W. |editor2-last=Arnold |editor2-link=Thomas Walker Arnold |editor3-first=R. |editor3-last=Basset |editor4-first=R. |editor4-last=Hartmann |edition=1st |place=Leiden |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-08265-6 |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam (1st ed.)|1913–1936}}}} * {{cite encyclopedia |year=2012 |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P.J. |issn=1573-3912 |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |edition=2nd |place=Leiden |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4 |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)|2012}}}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P.J. |issn=1573-3912 |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|n.d.}} |date=n.d. |url=https://brill.com/view/package/eio?language=en |url-access=subscription}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2004 |title=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World |series=Macmillan Reference Books |publisher=Thomson-Gale |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofis0001unse |editor-last=Martin |editor-first=Richard C. |isbn=978-0-02-865603-8}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |date=n.d. |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |editor-link=Jane Dammen McAuliffe}} * {{cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān |volume=2 |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=2002}} * {{cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān |volume=3 |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=2003}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals |publisher=Routledge |editor-last=Salamone |editor-first=Frank |edition=1st |isbn=978-0-415-94180-8 |series=Routledge Encyclopedias of Religion and Society |volume=6 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre00sala |jstor=j.ctt1jd94wq |year=2004}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2003 |title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=AltaMira Press |url=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas |editor-last=Glassé |editor-first=Cyril |series=Revised Edition of the Concise Encyclopedia of Islam |isbn=978-0-7591-0190-6 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-19-512558-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00bada |url-access=registration}} {{doi|10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001}} – via Oxford Reference. * {{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |year=2004 |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |place=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975726-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2006 |title=The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia |publisher=Routledge |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=isDgI0-0Ip4C|page=}} |editor-last=Leaman |editor-first=Oliver |isbn=978-0-415-32639-1}} {{Refend}} == Akhrin dheeraad ah == {{Refbegin}} * Abdul-Haqq, Abdiyah Akbar (1980). ''Sharing Your Faith with a Muslim''. Minneapolis: Bethany House Publishers. ''N.B''. Presents the genuine doctrines and concepts of Islam and of the Holy Qur'an, and this religion's affinities with Christianity and its Sacred Scriptures, in order to "dialogue" on the basis of what both faiths really teach. {{ISBN|0-87123-553-6}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism |publisher=SAGE; Cato Institute |location=Thousand Oaks, CA |last=Ahmad |first=Imad-ad-Dean |title=Islam |author-link=Imad-ad-Dean Ahmad |editor-last=Hamowy |editor-first=Ronald |editor-link=Ronald Hamowy |pages=256–258 |doi=10.4135/9781412965811.n155 |isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4 |lccn=2008009151 |oclc=750831024 |url={{Google books|yxNgXs3TkJYC|plainurl=yes}}}} * {{Cite book |last=Akyol |first=Mustafa |url=https://archive.org/details/islamwithoutextr0000akyo |title=Islam Without Extremes |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-393-07086-6 |edition=1st |author-link=Mustafa Akyol}} * {{Cite book |last=Arberry |first=A.J. |url=https://archive.org/details/koraninterpreted00ajar |title=The Koran Interpreted: A Translation |publisher=Touchstone |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-684-82507-6 |edition=1st |author-link=A. J. Arberry}} * Cragg, Kenneth (1975). ''The House of Islam'', in ''The Religious Life of Man Series''. Second ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company 1975. xiii, 145 p. {{ISBN|0-8221-0139-4}}. * {{Cite book |last=Hafez |first=Sherine |title=An Islam of Her Own: Reconsidering Religion and Secularism in Women's Islamic Movements |year=2011 |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=9780814773055 |url=https://opensquare.nyupress.org/books/9780814790724/}} * {{Cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Muhammad Muhsin |title=Noble Quran |last2=Al-Hilali Khan |last3=Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications |year=1999 |isbn=978-9960-740-79-9 |edition=1st |author-link=Muhammad Muhsin Khan}} * Khanbaghi, A, (2006). ''The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran''. I. B. Tauris. * Khavari, Farid A. (1990). ''Oil and Islam: the Ticking Bomb''. First ed. Malibu, Calif.: Roundtable Publications. viii, 277 p., ill. with maps and charts. {{ISBN|0-915677-55-5}}. * {{Cite book |title=The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-965-224-040-8 |editor-last=Kramer |editor-first=Martin |editor-link=Martin Kramer}} * {{Cite book |last=Kuban |first=Dogan |title=Muslim Religious Architecture |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=1974 |isbn=978-90-04-03813-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/islamwest00lewi_0 |title=Islam and the West |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-19-509061-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/culturesinconfli0000lewi |title=Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Age of Discovery |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-19-510283-3 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Mubarkpuri |first=Saifur-Rahman |title=The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Prophet |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-59144-071-0}} * {{Cite book |last=Najeebabadi |first=Akbar Shah |title=History of Islam |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-59144-034-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Sayilgan |first=Salih |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/god-evil-and-suffering-in-islam/C4C89591ADAAF25F104D517C4F4634B3 |title=God, Evil, and Suffering in Islam |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2023 |isbn=9781009377294}} * {{Cite book |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |url=https://www.giffordlectures.org/books/deciphering-signs-god-phenomenological-approach-islam |title=Deciphering the Signs of God: A Phenomenological Approach to Islam |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-7914-1982-3 |author-link=Annemarie Schimmel |access-date=31 January 2019 |archive-date=22 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422154518/https://www.giffordlectures.org/books/deciphering-signs-god-phenomenological-approach-islam |url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book |last=Schuon |first=Frithjof |title=Understanding Islam |publisher=Allen & Unwin |year=1963 |isbn=978-0941532242 |edition=3rd |author-link=Frithjof Schuon}} * {{Cite book |last=Stoddard |first=Lothrop |title=The New World of Islam |publisher=Chapman & Hall |year=1922 |url=https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/24107}} * {{Cite book |last=Walker |first=Benjamin |title=Foundations of Islam: The Making of a World Faith |publisher=Peter Owen Publishers |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-7206-1038-3 |author-link=Benjamin Walker (author)}} {{Refend}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Library resources box}} * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam "Islam"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/index.shtml Religion & Ethics – Islam] Maqaallo hordhac u ah Islaamka oo ka socda BBC ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} oawov3jllh3fdmji90y7vvmug3z6q7z 307294 307293 2026-09-06T12:55:58Z Isma4l 41797 La ilaaliyay "[[Islaam]]" ([Wax ka badal=​U ogolow kaliya isticmaalayaasha la xaqiijiyay] (aan xad lahayn) [Wareeji=​U ogolow kaliya isticmaalayaasha la xaqiijiyay] (aan xad lahayn)) 307293 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox religion | native_name = {{lang|ar|{{Script|Arab|الإسلام}}}}<br/>{{transliteration|ar|al-Islām}} | image = The Kaaba during Hajj - edited.jpg | caption = [[Kacbada]] ee ku taal [[Masjidka Xaramka]] ee [[Makka]], [[Sacuudi Carabiya]], oo ah [[Holiest sites in islam|goobta Islaamka ee ugu barakeysan]] | type = | main_classification = [[Abrahamic religions|Ibraahimi ah]] | scripture = {{Plainlist| * [[Quraan]] * Sunnada: [[Xadiis]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The saheeh Sunnah is wahy (Revelation) from Allah |url=https://islamqa.info/en/answers/77243/the-saheeh-sunnah-is-wahy-(revelation)-from-allah |website=islamqa.info |access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref> * Tafsiirka: [[Tafsiir]]<ref>Mir, Mustansir. (1995). "Tafsīr". In John L. Esposito. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref> }} | theology = [[Tawhid|Kkudnimada Alle]] | law = [[Sharia]] | philosophy = [[Falsafada Islaamka]] | area = [[Islam by country|Adduunka oo dhan]]<ref name="Global Islam" /> | language = [[Classical Arabic|Carabiga Quraanka]] | territory = [[Islamic world]] | founder = [[Maxamed]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Welch |first1=Alford T. |last2=Moussalli |first2=Ahmad S. |last3=Newby |first3=Gordon D. |date=2009 |entry=Muḥammad |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |editor-first=John L. |editor-last=Esposito |publisher=Oxford University Press |entry-url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211050118/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550 |archive-date=11 February 2017 }}</ref> | founded_date = {{circa|610 C.D.}} | founded_place = [[Jabal al-Nour]]<!-- Beginnings are understood to be where Muhammad is said to have received his first ever revelation, which was inside a cave in this mountain --> | number_of_followers = {{est.}} 2 bilyan<ref name="pew2010–2020" /> {{increase}} (oo si gaar ah loogu yeero [[Muslimiin]], halka si wadajir ah loogu yeero {{transliteration|ar|[[Ummah]]}}) | separations = {{Plainlist| * [[Ali-Illahism]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-SQe_sNtIaMC&q=ali%2520illahism&pg=PA216|title=Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon: With Travels in Armenia, Kurdistan and the Desert: Being the Result of a Second Expedition Undertaken for the Trustees of the British Museum|last=Layard|first=Austen Henry|date=2010-08-31|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108016773|page=216|language=en}}</ref> * [[Druze faith]]<ref>{{cite book |title=The Oxford Handbook of American Islam |first=Yvonne |last=Yazbeck Haddad |year=2014 |isbn=9780199862634 |page=142|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> * [[Baháʼí Faith]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Van der Vyer |first=J. D. |year=1996 |title=Religious human rights in global perspective: religious perspectives |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |isbn=90-411-0176-4 |page=449 |url=https://archive.org/details/religioushumanri0000unse |url-access=registration}}</ref> }} }} {{Sidebar with collapsible lists | name = religion sidebar | pretitle = Qayb ka mid ah taxane ku saabsan | pretitlestyle = padding-top:0.8em; | titlestyle = padding-bottom:0.5em; | title = [[Diin]] | listtitlestyle = background:transparent; text-align:center; font-size:100%; | centered list titles = yes | image = [[File:Icon-religion.svg|200px|class=skin-invert]] | imagestyle = padding-bottom:1em; | listclass = hlist | liststyle = padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em; padding-bottom:0.25em; font-size: 11px; | expanded = {{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}} |} | abovestyle = padding:0.5em 2em 0.5em; display:block; background-color: #efefef; | above = {{startflatlist}} * [[Outline of religion|Dulucda]] * [[Index of religion-related articles|Liisaska]] * [[:Category:Religion|Qeybta]] * [[:Category:Indexes of religion topics|Tusaha]] * [[History of religion|Taariikhda diinta]] * [[Portal:Religion|Bogga]] {{endflatlist}} | list1name = religions | list1title = Diimaha | list1titlestyle = padding-top:0.5em; | list1 = {{Sidebar |child |bodystyle={{subsidebar bodystyle}} |navbar=off | heading1 = [[Abrahamic religions|Diimaha Ibraahimiyeed]] | content1style = padding-top:0.2em; | content1 = * [[Judaism|Yuudaanismka]] * [[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]] * [[Islam|Islaamka]] * [[Alawism|Calawiisimka]] * [[Alevism|Alewiisimka]] * [[Azalism|Azaliisimka]]/[[Bábism|Baabiisimka]] * [[Baháʼí Faith|Diinta Bahaa'iga]] * [[Druze Faith|Diinta Duruusta]] * [[Mormonism|Mormooniyadda]] * [[Mandaeism|Mandeiisimka]] * [[Manichaeism|Maniikiisimka]] * [[Rastafari|Rastafariyiinta]] * [[Samaritanism|Samaritaniisimka]] | heading2 = [[Iranian religions|Diimaha Iiraaniga]] | content2style = padding-top:0.2em; | content2 = * [[Yazidism|Yasiidiisimka]] * [[Yarsanism|Yarsaniisimka]] * [[Zoroastrianism|Soroostiriyanka]] | heading3 = [[Indian religions|Diimaha Hindiya]] | content3style = padding-top:0.2em; | content3 = * [[Hinduism|Hinduugga]] * [[Buddhism|Buudhisimka]] * [[Jainism|Jeyniisimka]] * [[Sikhism| Sikhiisimka]] * [[Bon|Yungdrung Bon]] | heading4 = [[East Asian religions|Diimaha Bariga Aasiya]] | content4style = padding-top:0em; | content4 = * [[Taoism|Taowaysimka]] * [[Confucianism|Konfushiyanishka]] * [[Shinto|Shinto]] * [[Tian|Tian]] * [[Shangdi|Shangdi]] * [[Hongjun Laozu|Hongjun Laozu]] }} | list2name = schools | list2title = Dugsiyada Fikirka | list2titlestyle = border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em; | list2 = * [[Acosmism|Aakosmisimka]] * [[Agnosticism|Agnostisismka]] * [[Animism|Animisimka]] * [[Antireligion|Diin-diidka]] * [[Apatheism|Apatheisimka]] * [[Atheism|Aqoonsi la'aanta Ilaah / Ateyismka]] * [[Creationism|Abuuristaaniyadda]] * [[Dharma|Dharmismka]] * [[Deism|Deiisimka]] * [[Divine command theory|Aragt Dardaaran Ilaahay]] * [[Dualism in cosmology|Labo-jirnimada]] * [[Western esotericism|Sir-doonka Reer Galbeedka]] * [[Elite religion|Diinta dadka sare]] * [[Exclusivism|Gaar-yeelidda]] * [[Existentialism|Jiritaaniyadda]] ** [[Atheistic existentialism|ateyste]] ** [[Christian existentialism|masiixi]] * [[Feminist theology|Falsafada dumarka]] * [[Fideism|Caqiido-ku-tiirsiga]] * [[Folk religion|Diinta dadweynaha]] * [[Fundamentalism|Aasaas-ku-dhagidda]] * [[Gnosticism|Gnostisismka]] * [[Henotheism|Henotheiisimka]] * [[Hermeticism|Hermetiisimka]] * [[Humanism|Aadmiga-jecleyska]] ** [[Christian humanism|masiixi]] ** [[Religious humanism|diimeed]] ** [[Secular humanism|cilmiyeed]] * [[Ietsism|Ietsismka]] * [[Theological noncognitivism|Ignostisismka]] * [[Inclusivism|Wadajir-yeelidda]] * [[Kathenotheism|Kathenotheiisimka]] * [[Lived religion|Diinta la nool yahay]] * [[Monism|Kow-jirnimada]] * [[Monotheism|Kkudnimada Alle]] * [[Mysticism|Suufiyadda / Sir-raadinta]] * [[Naturalism (philosophy)|Dabiiciyadda]] ** [[Humanistic naturalism|aadmiga]] ** [[Metaphysical naturalism|milyawiga]] ** [[Religious naturalism|diimeed]] * [[New Age|Cаманkii Cusub]] * [[Nonduality (spirituality)|Laba-mid-la'aanta]] * [[Nontheism|Ilaah-la'aanta]] * [[Omnism|Omnisimka]] * [[Pandeism|Pandeiisimka]] * [[Panentheism|Panenteiisimka]] * [[Pantheism|Panteiisimka]] * [[Perennial philosophy|Falsafadda weligeed ah]] * [[Polytheism|Shirkiga / Ilaahyo badan]] * [[Process theology|Falsafadda socodka]] * [[Shendao shejiao|Shendao shejiao]] * [[Spiritualism (beliefs)|Rux-raadinta]] * [[Shamanism|Shaamanismka]] * [[East Asian religions|Taowayga]] * [[Theism|Ilaah-rumaynta]] * [[Transcendentalism|Sare-u-kacaaniyadda]] * [[Transtheism|Transtheiisimka]] * [[Unitarianism|Mowqifka kow-jirka]] | list3name = concepts | list3title = Fikradaha | list3titlestyle = border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em; | list3 = * [[Afterlife|Aakhiro]] * [[Anthropopathism|Sifaadka bini'aadmiga ee Ilaah]] * [[Apophatic theology|Apophatismka]] * [[Aseity|Iskii-jitaanshaha]] * [[Religious belief|Aaminsanaanta Diinta]] * [[Brahman|Brahman]] * [[Cataphatic theology|Cataphatismka]] * [[Cult|Kooxda diimeed]] * [[Demiurge|Demiurge]] * [[Divine simplicity|Fududeynta Ilaahay]] * [[Eschatology|Qiyaamaha iyo Aakhiro]] * [[Enlightenment in Buddhism|Iftiintinka]] * [[Eternity#God and eternity|Weligiis-jitaanshaha]] * [[Euthyphro dilemma|Muran-weydiintii Euthyphro]] * [[Existence of God|Jiritaanka Ilaahay]] * [[Faith|Iimaan]] * [[Form of the Good|Qaabka Wanaagga]] * [[Gender of God|Jinsiga Ilaahay]] * [[Gnosis|Gnosis]] * [[Holy Spirit|Ruuxa Quduuska ah]] * [[Intelligent design|Naqshadda caqli-gal ah]] * [[Moksha|Xorreynta]] * [[Misotheism|Ilaah-nacaybka]] * [[Miracle|Mucjiso]] * [[Names of God|Magacyada Ilaahay]] * [[New religious movement|Dhaqdhaqaaqa diimeed ee cusub]] * [[Omnibenevolence|Naxariista-buuxda]] * [[Omnipotence|Awoodda-oo-dhan]] * [[Omnipresence|Meel-kasta-joogidda]] * [[Omniscience|Cilmiga-oo-dhan]] * [[Pandeism|Pandeistiga]] * [[Personal god|Ilaah shakhsi ah]] * [[Prayer|Dugsi / Baryo]] * [[Problem of evil|Dhibaatada xumaanta]] * [[Process theology|Falsafadda socodka]] * [[Belief#Religion|Aaminsanaanta diimeed]] * [[Problem of religious language|Luqadda diinta]] * [[Reincarnation|Soo-noqoshada nolosha (Reincarnation)]] * [[Faith|Iimaanka diimeed]] * [[Revelation|Waxyi]] * [[Religious text|Qoraallada diinta]] * [[Soul|Nafta]] * [[Summum bonum|Wanaagga ugu sarreeya]] * [[Tawhid|Kkudnimada Alle]] * [[Theological veto|Diidmada diinta]] * [[Transcendence (religion)|Sare-u-baxa diimeed]] * [[Trinity|Saddex-midnimada]] * [[Creator deity|Ugu sarreeyaha / Abuuraha]] * [[Unmoved mover|Dhaqaajiye aan la dhaqaajin]] * [[Vitalism|Ruuxda nolosha]] * [[Worship|Caabudaad]] | list4name = figures | list4title = Hoggaamiyeyaasha Aasaasaya | list4titlestyle = border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em; | list4= *[[Ciise]] ([[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]]) *[[Maxamed]] ([[Islam|Islaamka]]) *[[Ibraahim]] ([[Judaism|Yuudaanismka]]) *[[Siddhartha Gautama]] ([[Buddhism|Buudhisimka]]) *[[Guru Nanak]] ([[Sikhism|Sikhiisimka]]) *[[Mahavira]] ([[Jainism|Jeyniisimka]]) *[[Zoroaster]] ([[Zoroastrianism|Soroostiriyanka]]) *[[Hamza ibn Ali]] ([[Druze|Duruusta]]) *[[Laozi]] ([[Taoism|Taowayga]]) *[[Confucius]] ([[Confucianism|Konfushiyanishka]]) * [[Baháʼu'lláh]] ([[Baháʼí Faith|Diinta Bahaa'iga]]) | belowclass = plainlist | belowstyle = text-align:center;font-weight:normal; padding:1em 1em 1em; | below = Kani waa [[:Category:Philosophy and thinking sidebar templates|farac]] ka mid ah [[philosophy|falsafadda]]. Si aad u baarto mowduucyada la xiriira, fadlan booqo [[:Category:Religion_and_belief_navigational_boxes|hage-tusaha]]. }} '''Islaamku'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|z|l|ɑː|m|,_|ˈ|ɪ|z|l|æ|m}} {{respell|IZ|la(h)m}};<ref>{{cite Cambridge Dictionaries |Islam}}</ref> {{langx|ar|{{Script|Arab|الإسلام|al-Islām}}|al-Islām}}, {{IPA|ar|alʔisˈlaːm|IPA}}, {{lit|hordhaca [ee la xiriira [[ogaanshaha doonista Ilaahay]]]}}}} waa diin [[Abrahamic|Ibraahimi ah]] oo ku saleysan [[Quraan|Quraanka]] iyo [[Sunnah|barashada]] [[Maxamed|Maxamed]]. Diintan [[monotheistic|kwdnimada Alle]] waxay leedahay qiyaastii [[Islam by country|2 bilyan oo raacsan adduunka oo dhan]], oo lagu magacaabo [[Muslims|Muslimiin]]. Islaamku waa [[Major religious groups|diinta labaad ee ugu weyn adduunka]], marka laga reebo [[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]]. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin inay jirto [[Fitra|iimaan asal ah]] oo la soo waxyooday marar badan iyadoo la sii marinayo [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|rusul iyo nabiyo hore]], oo ay ku jiraan [[Adam in Islam|Aadam]], [[Noah in Islam|Nux]], [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Muuse]], iyo [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]], waxayna rumeysan yihiin in Islaamku yahay nooca caalamiga ah ee dhameystiran ee [[faith|iimaankan]]. [[File:Birmingham Quran manuscript full.jpg|thumb|Labo [[Folio|bog]] oo ka mid ah [[Birmingham Quran manuscript|Qoraalka Gacanta ee Quraanka ee Birmingham]], oo lagu qoray [[Hijazi script|xarfaha Xijaasiga]] ee [[parchment|harag]] taariikhdiisu tahay int u dhaxaysa 568–645 C.D., iyadoo ku beegan xilligii nolosha Maxamed.]] Muslimiintu waxay u arkaan Quraanka inuu yahay hadalka dhabta ah ee [[God in Islam|Ilaahay]] iyo waxyigii ugu dambeeyay ee aan wax laga beddelin. Dhinaca Quraanka, Muslimiintu waxay sidoo kale rumeysan yihiin [[Islamic holy books|kutubtii hore ee la soo waxyooday]], sida [[Torah in Islam|''Towraad'']] ([[Torah]]), ''[[Psalms in Islam|Sabuur]]'' ([[Psalms]]), iyo [[Gospel in Islam|''Injiil'']] ([[Gospel]]). Waxay rumeysan yihiin in [[Muhammad in Islam|Maxamed]] yahay [[Seal of the Prophets|nabiga ugu weyn uguna dambeeya]] ee [[God|Ilaahay]], kaasoo diinta la soo dhameystiray, oo aan ka dib imanayn nabigii cusub ama sharcigii samada ahayn. Barashada iyo tusaalooyinka caadiga ah ee Maxamed, oo loogu yeero [[Sunnah]], oo lagu diiwaangeliyay xaqiiqooyin loogu yeero [[Hadith|Xadiis]], ayaa bixiya tusaale dastuuri ah oo loogu talagalay Muslimiinta. Islaamku wuxuu ku saleysan yahay rumaysashada kow-nimada iyo kelinimada Ilaahay ({{Transliteration|ar|[[tawhid]]}}), iyo rumaysashada [[afterlife|aakhiro]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[akhirah]]}}) oo ay ku jirto [[Judgement Day in Islam|Maalinta Qiyaame]]—halkaas oo kuwa suubban lagu abaalmarin doono jannada ({{Transliteration|ar|[[jannah]]}}) kuwa xunneydna lagu ciqaabi doono naarta ({{Transliteration|ar|[[jahannam]]}}). [[Five Pillars of Islam|Shanta Arкан ee Islaamka]], oo loo arko inay yihiin cibaadooyin [[Fard|waajib ah]], waa shahaadada diinta ({{Transliteration|ar|[[shahada]]}}), salaadaha maalinlaha ah ({{Transliteration|ar|[[salah]]}}), sakada ({{Transliteration|ar|[[zakat]]}}), soonka bisha [[Ramadan]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[sawm]]}}), iyo [[pilgrimage|xajka]] loo aado [[Mecca|Makka]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[hajj]]}}). Sharciga Islaamka ({{Transliteration|ar|[[sharia]]}}), wuxuu taabanayaa ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan dhinacyada nolosha, laga bilaabo [[Islamic banking and finance|bangiyada iyo maaliyadda]] iyo [[Zakat|gar-gaarka]] ilaa [[Gender roles in Islam|doorka ragga]] iyo [[Women in Islam|doorka dumarka]] iyo [[Islamic ethics#Environmentalism|deegaanka]]. Labada [[Islamic holidays|ci둡 diimeed]] ee ugu waaweyn waa Ciidul Fitri iyo Ciidul Adxa. Saddexda [[holiest sites in Islam|goobood ee ugu barakeysan]] waa [[Masjid al-Haram|Masjidka Xaramka]] ee [[Mecca|Makka]], [[Prophet's Mosque|Masjidka Nabiga]] ee [[Medina|Madiina]], iyo [[Al-Aqsa|Dhismaha Masjidka Al-Aqsa]] ee [[Jerusalem|Quddus]]. Islaamku wuxuu ka soo aasaasay Makka qiyaastii 610 C.D. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in tani ay tahay xilligii [[Muhammad's first revelation|Maxamed uu helay waxyigiisii ugu horreeyay]]. Waqtigii uu geeriyooday, inta badan [[Arabian Peninsula|Jaziiradda Carabta]] way [[Conversion to Islam|isu rogtay Islaamka]]. Islaamku wuxuu si dhakhso ah ugu fiday wixii ka dambeeyay Carabta iyadoo hoos imaneysa [[Rashidun Caliphate|Khulaafadii Raashidiyiinta]] iyo [[Umayyad Caliphate|Khulaafadii Umawiyiinta]]. Labada [[Islamic schools and branches|laamood ee ugu waaweyn Islaamka]] waa [[Sunni Islam|Sunniyada]] (87–90%) iyo [[Shia Islam|Shiicada]] (10–13%).{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=1|ps=. "Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims."}} Muslimiinta Sunniga iyo Shiicada ah ayaa wada noqda ku dhawaad ​​guud ahaan dadweynaha Muslimka ah ee adduunka, iyadoo qiyaasuhu ka bilaabmaan qiyaastii 1.7–1.8 bilyan oo Sunni ah ilaa 285–300 milyan oo Shiico ah adduunka oo dhan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=|first=|date=2009-10-07|title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/|access-date=2026-09-01|website=Pew Research Center|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Shia Muslim Population – Islamic Research and Information Center (IRIC)|url=https://iric.org/world-shia-muslim-population/|access-date=2026-09-01|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Project on Shi’ism and Global Affairs|url=https://shiism.hds.harvard.edu/|url-status=live|website=Harvard University}}</ref> Inkasta oo [[Shia–Sunni relations|khilaafka Shiicada iyo Sunniga]] uu asal ahaan ka soo bilowday is-afgaranwaa ku saabsan [[succession to Muhammad|dhaxalkii Maxamed]], waxay kor u qaadeen cabbir ballaaran, labada [[Schools of Islamic theology|dhinaca caqiidada]] iyo [[Fiqh|fiqhigaa]]. Ururinta xadiiska suuban ee Sunniga waxay ka kooban tahay [[Kutub al-Sittah|Lixda Kitaab]], halka ururinta xadiiska Shiicada ay ka kooban tahay [[The Four Books|Afrta Kitaab]]. Muslimiintu waxay ka yihiin inta badan dadweynaha 53 dal.<ref name="pew2010–2020">{{cite web |date=June 9, 2025 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020. Muslims grew fastest; Christians lagged behind global population increase |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]}} *{{cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett |author2=Marcin Stonawski |author3=Yunping Tong |author4=Stephanie Kramer |author5=Anne Shi |author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf |access-date=2025-06-10 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Qiyaastii 12% Muslimiinta adduunka waxay ku nool yihiin [[Islam in Indonesia|Indoonisiya]], oo ah dalka ugu dadka badan ee Muslimiinta ah; {{#expr: 100 * 480/1570 round 0}}% waxay ku nool yihiin [[Islam in South Asia|Kooniyada Aasiya]]; 20% waxay ku nool yihiin [[MENA#Religion|Bariga Dhexe iyo Waqooyiga Afrika]]; iyo 15% waxay ku nool yihiin [[Religion in Sub-Saharan Africa|Afrika ka hooseysa Saharada]]. Muslimiinta sidoo kale waxaa laga helaa [[Islam in the Americas|Ameerikaanka]], [[Islam in China|Shiinaha]], iyo [[Islam in Europe|Yurub]]. Muslimiintu waa [[Muslim population growth|kooxda diimeed ee ugu koraysa adduunka]], taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay [[fertility rate| heerka dhalmada oo sarreeya]] iyo qaab-dhismeedka da'da yar marka loo eego diimaha diimaha kale ee waaweyn.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lipka |first=Michael |last2=Hackett |first2=Conrad |date=2017-04-06 |title=Why Muslims are the world’s fastest-growing religious group |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |access-date=2026-09-01 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> Islaamka waxaa la saadaalinayaa inuu noqdo diinta ugu weyn adduunka dhammaadka qarniga 21-aad, isagoo ka sarre marinaya Masiixiyadda.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lipka |first1=Michael |last2=Hackett |first2=Conrad |date=April 6, 2017 |title=Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US |archive-date=14 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514123559/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="pew2015">{{cite report |author=[[Pew Forum|The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life]] |title=The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010–2050 |url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211090450/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf |archive-date=2020-12-11 |date=2015-04-02 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref><!--Do NOT add citations to the lead, except for material likely to be challenged, per [[MOS:LEADCITE]] ([[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section#Citations)]]. Move unneeded citations to the body.--> == Asalka ereyga{{anchor|Etymology}}<!-- Linked from many articles. If changing the section title, please let this anchor remain unchanged -->== {{See also|Muslims#Etymology}} Luqadda Carabiga, ''Islaam'' ({{langx|ar|إسلام|lit=hordhaca [ee la xiriira Ilaahay]}})<ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of Islam {{!}} Dictionary.com |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=www.dictionary.com |language=en |archive-date=9 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509110220/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Haywood |first=John |title=Historical Atlas of the Medieval World (AD 600 - 1492) |publisher=Barnes & Noble, Inc. |year=2002 |isbn=0-7607-1975-6 |edition=1st |location=Spain |pages=3.13 |language=en}}</ref> waa magaca fal-galeedka [[wikt:أسلم#Arabic|Foomka IV]] ee ka soo jeeda falka {{lang|ar|سلم}} ({{transliteration|ar|salama}}), ka soo jeeda [[Semitic root|xididka saddex-xarafle ah]] {{lang|ar|س-ل-م}} ({{transliteration|ar|[[Š-L-M|S-L-M]]}}), kaas oo sameeya fasal weyn oo erayo ah oo badankood la xiriira fikradaha dhiibin-hoosaadka, badbaadada, iyo nabadgelyada.<ref name="Lane-Lexicon-4">{{cite book |last=Lane |first=Edward William |author-link=Edward William Lane |title=An Arabic-English Lexicon |volume=4 |chapter=Siin |url=http://www.studyquran.co.uk/20_SIIN.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907230044/http://www.studyquran.co.uk/20_SIIN.htm |archive-date=2011-09-07 |via=[[The Study Quran|StudyQuran]] |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> Macnaha diimeed, waxay tilmaamaysaa u dhiibashada buuxda ee doonista [[God|Ilaahay]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=Barnard |last2=Churchill |first2=Buntzie Ellis |url=https://archive.org/details/islamreligionpeo00lewi |title=Islam: The Religion and The People |publisher=Wharton School Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-13-223085-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/islamreligionpeo00lewi/page/8 8]}}</ref> Ereyga ''[[Muslims|Muslim]]'' ({{lang|ar|مُسْلِم}}), oo ah erayga loogu talagalay qofka raaca Islaamka,<ref name="Lexico-Muslim">{{cite dictionary |title=Muslim |url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/muslim |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913192608/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/muslim |archive-date=2019-09-13 |dictionary=[[Lexico]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2020 |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref> waa [[Participle|falka firfircoon]] ee isla nooca falka, oo macneheedu yahay "dhiibtiye (Ilaahay)" ama "qof u hoggaansamaya (Ilaahay)". Si kastaba ha ahaatee, khabiirka [[Quranic studies|barashada Quraanka]] [[Mohsen Goudarzi]] wuxuu ku dooday in Quraanka ereyga ''[[dīn]]'' uu ka dhigan yahay "[[worship|cibaado]]", ''islām'' uu ka dhigan yahay "[[monotheism|kwdnimada]]" iyo ''muslim'' uu ka dhigan yahay "muwaahid / qof kelinimada Alle rumeeyay".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudarzi |first=Mohsen |date=2023-08-01 |title=Worship (dīn), Monotheism (islām), and the Qurʾān's Cultic Decalogue |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006/html |journal=Journal of the International Qur'anic Studies Association |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=30–71 |doi=10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006 |issn=2474-8420|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Gudaha [[Hadith of Gabriel|Xadiiska Jibriil]], ''Islaam'' waxaa lagu soo bandhigay inuu yahay hal qayb oo ka mid ah saddaxleey oo ay ku jirto {{transliteration|ar|[[Iman (Islam)|imān]]}} (iimaan), iyo {{transliteration|ar|[[Ihsan|ihsān]]}} (fududeyn / ixsaan).{{sfnp|Esposito|2000|pp=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00john/page/76 76–77]}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahmutćehajić |first=Rusmir |url=https://archive.org/details/mosqueheartsubmi00mahm |title=The mosque: the heart of submission |publisher=[[Fordham University Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8232-2584-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/mosqueheartsubmi00mahm/page/n104 84] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Islaamka laftiisa ayaa taariikh ahaan loogu yeeri jiray [[Mohammedan|''Mohammedanism'' (Maxamediyad)]] gudaha [[English-speaking world|dunida Ingiriiska ku hadasha]]. Eraygan wuxuu ka baxay isticmaalka waxaana mararka qaarkood la sheegaa inuu yahay [[Religious offence|dhaawac diimeed]], maadaama uu tilmaamayo in bini'aadam, halkii uu ka noqon lahaa Ilaahay, uu yahay kan udub-dhexaadka u ah diinta Muslimiinta.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Oxford University Press| last = Gibb| first = Sir Hamilton| title = Mohammedanism: an historical survey|isbn=9780195002454| year = 1969| page=1 | quote=Modern Muslims dislike the terms Mohammedan and Mohammedanism, which seem to them to carry the implication of worship of Mohammed, as Christian and Christianity imply the worship of Christ.}}</ref> == Tiirarka iimaanka == {{Main|Aqidah|Iman (Islam)|l2 = Iman}} [[caqiidada]] Islaamku (''[[aqidah]]'') waxay u baahan tahay rumaysashada lix tiir: Ilaahay, malaa'igta, waxyiga, nabiyada, [[Day of Resurrection|Maalinta Qiyaamaha]], iyo qadarinta masiirka.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sourcebook of the World's Religions: An Interfaith Guide to Religion and Spirituality|publisher=New World Library|pages=68–9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbSPOoQfu0IC&pg=PA68|editor-first=Joel|editor-last=Beversluis|year=2011|isbn=9781577313328|access-date=15 January 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228022948/https://books.google.com/books?id=dbSPOoQfu0IC&pg=PA68#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> === Ilaahay === [[File:Istanbul,_Hagia_Sophia,_Allah.jpg|thumb|[[calligraphy|Qoraal gacmeedka]] qarnigii 19-aad oo muujinaya magaca [[Allah|Alle]] ee ku yaal [[Hagia Sophia]], [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]].]] {{Main|God in Islam}} Fikradda udub-dhexaadka u ah Islaamka waa ''[[Tawhid|tawḥīd]]'' ({{langx|ar|توحيد|link=no}}), oo ah kelinimada Ilaahay. Badanaa waxaa loo arkaa inay tahay ''monotheism sax ah'', laakiin sidoo kale waa [[panentheism|panentheistic]] ku dhex leh barashada suufiga Islaamka.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/tawhid |title=Tawhid |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107041300/https://www.britannica.com/topic/tawhid |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Gimaret|first=D.|year=2012|c=Tawḥīd |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7454}}</ref> Ilaahay waxaa loo arkaa mid aan la barbar dhigi karin oo aan lahayn tiro dad ah sida ku jirta [[Christian Trinity|Saddex-midnimada Masiixiga]], oo tiro u nisbeynta Ilaahay ama sifooyinka Ilaahay oo loo nisbeeyo dad kale waxaa loo arkaa shirk, oo lagu magacaabo [[Shirk (Islam)|''shirk'']]. Sidaas darteed, Muslimiintu ma aha [[iconodule]]s mana u nisbeeyaan qaabab Ilaahay. Ilaahay halkaas waxaa lagu sifeeyaa oo loogu yeeraa dhowr [[Names of God in Islam|magac ama sifooyin]], kan ugu caansan waa ''Ar-Rahmān'' ({{lang|ar|الرحمان}}) oo macneheedu yahay "Naxariis-guud", iyo ''Ar-Rahīm'' ({{lang|ar|الرحيم}}) oo macneheedu yahay "Naxariis-gaar ah" kuwaas oo laga baryo bilowga inta badan Suuradaha Quraanka.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ali |first1=Kecia |title=Islam : the key concepts |date=2008 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |last2=Leaman |first2=Oliver |isbn=978-0-415-39638-7 |location=London |oclc=123136939}}</ref>{{sfnp|Campo|2009|p=34|loc="Allah"}} Magaca tooska ah ee Carabiga ee Ilaahay, ''[[Allāh]]'' (الله), oo ah eray aan lahayn [[plural|wadar]] ama [[gender|jinsi]], ayaa sidoo kale si caadi ah loogu isticmaalaa luqadaha kale ee Muslimiinta iyo Masiixiyiinta iyo Yuhuuda Carabiga ku hadla si ay ugu tixraacaan Ilaahay, halka ''{{transliteration|ar|ISO|[[ʾilāh]]}}'' ({{lang|ar|إله}}) uu yahay eray loo isticmaalo ilaah ama ilaah guud ahaan.<ref>{{cite web |title=God |url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |access-date=18 December 2010 |website=Islam: Empire of Faith |publisher=[[PBS]] |archive-date=27 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327034958/http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Islaamku wuxuu barayaa in abuurista wax kasta oo ku jira [[universe|caalamka]] la keenay iyada oo la raacayo amarka Ilaahay sida lagu muujiyay erayada, "[[Be, and it is|Aabo, oo wuu noqdaa]],"<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|2|117|b=yl}}</ref> iyo in [[Meaning of life|ujeeddada jiritaanka]] ay tahay in la caabudo Ilaahay.<ref>Leeming, David. 2005. ''The Oxford Companion to World Mythology''. Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-195-15669-0}}. p. 209.</ref> Waxaa loo arkaa ilaah shakhsi ah oo wax dhexdhexaadin ah, sida [[clergy|wadaaddada]], looma baahna si loo gaaro xiriir lala yeesho Ilaahay. Wacyigelinta Ilaahay waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[taqwa]]. === Malaa'igta === [[File:Rashid al-Din Tabib - Jami al-Tawarikh, f.45v detail - c. 1306-15.png|thumb|Maxamed oo helaya [[Muhammad's first revelation|waxyigiisii ugu horreeyay]] oo uga imaanaya malaa'igta [[Gabriel]], oo ka socda qoraal gacmeedka [[Jami' al-tawarikh|Jami' al-Tawarikh]] ee uu qoray [[Rashid al-Din Hamadani|Rashid-al-Din Hamadani]], lagu daabacay [[Tabriz]], [[Iran]], 1307 C.D.]] {{Main|Angels in Islam}} Malaa'igta (keligood: {{langx|ar|ملك|link=no}}, ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|malak}}'') waa makhluuqaad lagu sifeeyay Quraanka{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=23}} iyo xadiiska.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=79}} Waxaa lagu sifeeyay inay u abuuran yihiin inay caabudaan Ilaahay iyo inay sidoo kale ka shaqeeyaan waajibaadyo kale oo gaar ah sida gudbinta [[revelation|waxyiga]] ee ka yimid Ilaahay, diiwaangelinta ficilada qof kasta, iyo qaadashada [[soul|nafta]] qofka waqtiga dhimashada. Waxaa lagu sifeeyay inay si kala duwan uga abuurmeen 'iftiin' ([[Nūr (Islam)|''nūr'']])<ref name="Encyclopedia-Nur">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Nūr |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/nur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423085030/https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/nur |archive-date=2022-04-23 |encyclopedia=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |via=[[Encyclopedia.com]] |language=en |access-date=2026-03-20}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|last1=Hartner, W.|last2=Tj Boer |year=2012 |c=Nūr |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0874}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Elias |first=Jamal J. |year=2003|c=Light |in=McAuliffe}} {{doi|10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00261}}</ref> ama 'dab' (''nār'').<ref>{{harvc |last=Campo |first=Juan E. |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/nar |c=Nar |in=Martin |year=2004}}. – via [[Encyclopedia.com]].</ref><ref>{{harvc|last=Fahd, T. |year=2012 |c=Nār |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0846}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Toelle |first=Heidi |year=2002 |c=Fire |in=McAuliffe}} {{doi|10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00156}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|McAuliffe|2003|p=45}}</ref> Malaa'igta Islaamka waxaa badanaa lagu matalaa [[Anthropomorphism|qaabab bini'aadamnimo]] oo ay ku jiraan sawirro [[supernatural|cajiib ah]], sida baalal, oo ah kuwa aad u waaweyn ama xidhan dhar janno.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|pp=97–99}}<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=26–28}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Webb |first=Gisela |c=Angel |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|last1=MacDonald, D. B.|last2=Madelung, W. |year=2012 |c=Malāʾika |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}}{{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0642}}</ref> Sifooyinka caadiga ah ee malaa'igta waxaa ka mid ah inaysan lahayn baahiyo jir iyo rabitaanno, sida cunidda iyo cabidda.{{sfnp|Çakmak|2017|p=140}} Qaarkood, sida [[Gabriel|Jibriil]] iyo [[Michael (archangel)|Miikaa'il]], ayaa magacyadooda lagu xusay Quraanka. Malaa'igtu waxay door muhiim ah ka ciyaaraan suugaanta ku saabsan [[Isra and Mi'raj|Mi'raajka]], halkaas oo Maxamed uu kula kulmo dhowr malaa'igood intii uu ku jirsaday safarkiisa samada.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=79}} Malaa'ig dheeraad ah ayaa badanaa lagu muujiyay [[Islamic eschatology|qiyaamaha]], [[Kalam|cilmiga kalaamka]] iyo [[Islamic philosophy|falsafada Islaamka]].{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=22}} === Kitaabyada === [[File:Quran rzabasi1.JPG|thumb|Qoraal gacmeed [[Quran|Quraan]] ah oo qarnigii 9-aad ah oo saaran [[Rehal (book rest)|rehal]], oo ah kursiga kitaabka qudduuska ah, oo lagu hayo [[Reza Abbasi Museum]] ee [[Tehran]], [[Iran]].]] {{Main|Islamic holy books|Quran|Wahy}} {{See also|History of the Quran}} Kitaabka quduuska ah ee ugu sarreeya Islaamka waa [[Quran|Quraanka]]. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in aayaadka Quraanka uu Maxamed u soo waxyooday Ilaahay, iyada oo la sii marinayo [[archangel|malaa'igta]] Jibriil, marar badan inta u dhaxaysa 610 C.D.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Watt |first=William Montgomery |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC&pg=PA5 |title=Islam and the Integration of Society |date=2003 |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |isbn=978-0-415-17587-6 |pages=5 |access-date=15 June 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228022949/https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo 632, sanadkii uu geeriyooday Maxamed.{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=17–18, 21}} Intii uu Maxamed noolaa, waxyiyadan waxaa qoray [[Muhammad's companions|saxaabtiisa]], inkastoo habka ugu muhiimsan ee gudbinta uu ahaa af ahaan iyada oo la adeegsanayo [[Hafiz (Quran)|xifdinta]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Al Faruqi |first1=Lois Ibsen |author-link=Lois Lamya al-Faruqi |year=1987 |title=The Cantillation of the Qur'an |journal=[[Society for Asian Music|Asian Music]] |issue=Autumn – Winter 1987 |pages=3–4}}</ref> Quraanku wuxuu u qaybsamaa 114 suuradood (''[[sūrah]]'') oo ka kooban wadarta guud ee 6,236 aayadood (''[[ayah|āyāt]]''). Suuradaha hore ee taariikh ahaan, ee lagaga soo waxyooday [[Mecca|Makka]], waxay inta badan khuseeyaan arrimaha ruuxiga ah, halka suuradaha dambe ee [[Medina|Madiina]] ay ka hadlaan arrimo bulsho iyo sharci oo khuseeya bulshada Muslimka ah. Qareennada Muslimiintu waxay la tashadaan xadiiska ('warka'), ama diiwaanka qoran ee nolosha Maxamed, si ay labadaba u taageeraan Quraanka oo ay uga caawiyaan tafsiirkiisa. Sayniska faallooyinka iyo tafsiirka Quraanka waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[tafsir]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/tafsir |title=Tafsīr |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019035210/https://www.britannica.com/topic/tafsir |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=79–81}} Marka laga reebo muhiimadiisa diimeed, Quraanka waxaa loo aqoonsan yahay si weyn inuu yahay shaqada ugu fiican [[Arabic literature|suugaanta Carabiga]],<ref>{{cite book|first=Alan|last=Jones|location=London|publisher=[[Charles E. Tuttle Company]]|year=1994|page=1|title=The Koran|quote="Its outstanding literary merit should also be noted: it is by far, the finest work of Arabic prose in existence."|isbn=1842126091}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Arthur|last=Arberry|title=The Koran Interpreted|location=London|publisher=[[Allen & Unwin]]|year=1956|quote="It may be affirmed that within the literature of the Arabs, wide and fecund as it is both in poetry and in elevated prose, there is nothing to compare with it."|page=191|isbn=0684825074}}</ref> wuxuuna saameeyay fanka iyo luqadda Carabiga.<ref>Kadi, Wadad, and Mustansir Mir. "Literature and the Quran." In ''[[Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān|Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an]]'' 3. pp. 213, 216.</ref> Islaamku sidoo kale wuxuu qabaa in Ilaahay uu soo diray waxyiyo, oo la yiraahdo ''[[wahy]]'', oo loo soo diray nabiyo kala duwan marar badan taariikhda oo dhan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Islaamku wuxuu barayaa in qaybo ka mid ah kitaabadii hore ee la soo waxyooday, sida [[Torah in Islam|''Towraad'']] ([[Torah]]) iyo [[Gospel in Islam|''Injiil'']] ([[Gospel in Islam|Injiil]]), ay noqdeen kuwo [[tahrif|la leexiyay]]—ha ahaato tafsiirka, qoraalka, ama labadaba,<ref name="harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5">{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5}}</ref><ref name="harvp|Peters|2003|p=9">{{harvp|Peters|2003|p=9}}</ref><ref name="610CE">{{harvc|c=Muhammad|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|last2=Welch|first2=A.T.|last1=Buhl|first1=F.}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Tahrif |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d. |author=[[Hava Lazarus-Yafeh]]}}</ref> halka Quraanka ({{Lit|Akhrinta}}) loo arko hadalka ugu dambeeya, ee dhabta ah ee aan wax laga beddelin ee Ilaahay.<ref name="Ringgren">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ringgren |first=Helmer |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Quran |title=Qurʾān |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=5 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505001543/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/487666/Quran |url-status=live }} "The word ''Quran'' was invented and first used in the Quran itself. There are [[Quran#Etymology and meaning|two different theories]] about this term and its formation."</ref><ref>{{harvp|Teece|2003|pp=12–13}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Turner|2006|p=42}}</ref>{{sfnp|Bennett|2010|p=101}} === Nabiyada === {{Main|Prophets and messengers in Islam|Sunnah|Hadith}} [[File:Medieval Persian manuscript Muhammad leads Abraham Moses Jesus.jpg|thumb|[[Persian miniature|Miniakiyada Faarisiga]] ee qarnigii 15-aad oo muujinaysa [[Muhammad in Islam|Maxamed]] oo hoggaaminaya [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Muuse]], [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]] iyo [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|nabiyo kale]] salaadda.<ref>{{cite web |title=BnF. Département des Manuscrits. Supplément turc 190 |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/view3if/ga/ark:/12148/btv1b8427195m/f16 |publisher=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] |access-date=7 September 2023 |archive-date=9 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909130407/https://gallica.bnf.fr/view3if/ga/ark:/12148/btv1b8427195m/f16 |url-status=live }}</ref>]] Nabiyada (Carabi: {{langx|ar|أنبياء|label=none|translit=anbiyāʾ}}) waxaa la rumeysan yahay inay doorteen Ilaahay si ay u wacdhiyaan fariin ilaahi ah. Qaar ka mid ah nabiyadan ayaa sidoo kale keena kitaab cusub waxaana loogu yeeraa "rasuul" ({{langx|ar| رسول&lrm;|label=none|translit=rasūl}}).<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|p=225}}</ref> Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in nabiyadu ay yihiin bini'aadam oo aan ahayn ilaahyo. Dhammaan nabiyadu waxaa la sheegaa inay wacdiyiyeen fariintii asaasiga ahayd ee Islaamka - u dhiibashada doonista Ilaahay - oo ay u direen quruumihii hore, tan ayaana la sheegay inay sabab u tahay isku mid ahaanshaha badan ee u dhexeeya diimaha. Quraanku wuxuu sheegayaa magacyada tiro badan oo ah shakhsiyaadka loo tixgeliyo [[prophets in Islam|nabiyada Islaamka]], oo ay ku jiraan [[Adam in Islam|Aadam]], [[Noah in Islam|Nux]], [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Muuse]], [[David in Islam|Daa'uud]] iyo [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]], iyo kuwo kale.<ref name="Schimmel">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |author-link=Annemarie Schimmel |title=Islam |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504201633/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/295507/Islam |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Reeves |first=J. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC |title=Bible and Qurʼān: Essays in scriptural intertextuality |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2004 |isbn=90-04-12726-7 |location=[[Leiden]] |page=177 |access-date=21 August 2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164019/https://books.google.com/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC |url-status=live }}</ref> Sheekooyinka la xiriira nabiyada ee ka baxsan xisaabaadka Quraanka waxaa lagu ururiyaa oo lagu baaraa ''[[Qisas Al-Anbiya|Qisas al-Anbiya]]'' (Sheekooyinka Nabiyada). Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in Ilaahay uu soo diray Maxamed inuu noqdo nabiga ugu dambeeya ("[[Seal of the prophets|khaatumul anbiyo]]") si uu u gaarsiiyo fariinta dhameystiran ee Islaamka.<ref name="Esposito-Islam">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Esposito |first=John L. |author-link=John Esposito |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |title=Islam |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012298 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110124812/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012298 |archive-date=2021-01-10 |quote=Profession of Faith...affirms Islam's absolute monotheism and acceptance of Muḥammad as the messenger of Allah, the last and final prophet. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Peters-Allah">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Peters |first=F. E. |author-link=Francis Edward Peters |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |title=Allāh |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095403960 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926053837/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095403960 |archive-date=2020-09-26 |quote=[T]he Muslims' understanding of Allāh is based...on the Qurʿān's public witness. Allāh is Unique, the Creator, Sovereign, and Judge of mankind. It is Allāh who directs the universe through his direct action on nature and who has guided human history through his prophets, Abraham, with whom he made his covenant, Moses/Moosa, Jesus/Eesa, and Muḥammad, through all of whom he founded his chosen communities, the 'Peoples of the Book.' |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Islaamka dhexdiisa, tusaalaha "caadiga ah" ee nolosha Maxamed waxaa lagu magacaabaa ''[[sunnah]]'' (oo macneheedu yahay "jidka la maray"). Muslimiinta waxaa lagu dhiirrigelinayaa inay ku daydaan dabeecadaha akhlaaqda ee Maxamed noloshooda maalinlaha ah, sunnadana waxaa loo arkaa mid muhiim u ah hagidda tafsiirka Quraanka.<ref>{{harvp|Martin|2004|p=666}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Hadith|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|author=J. Robson}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Sunna|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|author=D.W. Brown}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Goldman |first=Elizabeth |title=Believers: Spiritual Leaders of the World |date=1995 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-508240-1 |location=Oxford |page=63}}</ref> Tusaalahan waxaa lagu ilaaliyaa dhaqamo loo yaqaan xadiis, oo ah xisaabaadka erayadiisa, ficilladiisa, iyo sifooyinka shakhsi ahaaneed. [[Hadith qudsi|Xadiiska Qudsi]] waa qayb hoose oo ka tirsan xadiiska, oo loo arko inuu yahay erayada dhabta ah ee Ilaahay ee uu soo xigtay Maxamed oo aan ahayn qayb ka tirsan Quraanka. Xadiisku wuxuu ka kooban yahay laba shay: silsiladda sheekeeyayaasha, oo loo yaqaanno [[Hadith studies#Traditional importance of the sanad|''sanad'']], iyo ereyada dhabta ah, oo loo yaqaanno [[Hadith studies|''matn'']]. Waxaa jira habab kala duwan oo lagu kala saaro xaqiiqda xadiisyada, iyadoo cabbirka darajada ee badanaa la isticmaalo uu yahay "saxiix" ama "sax ah" ({{langx|ar|صحيح|links=no|translit=[[Authentic hadith|ṣaḥīḥ]]|label=none}}); "xasan" ({{langx|ar|حسن|links=no|label=none|translit=[[Hasan (hadith)|ḥasan]]}}); ama "daciif" ({{langx|ar|ضعيف|label=none|translit=[[Da'if|ḍaʻīf]]}}), iyo kuwo kale. [[Kutub al-Sittah]] waa ururinta lix kitaab, oo loo arko inay yihiin warbixinnada ugu suuban ee [[Sunni Islam|Sunniyada]]. Waxaa ka mid ah [[Sahih al-Bukhari]], oo ay Sunnidu badanaa u arkaan mid ka mid ah [[Hadith terminology#Terminology relating to the authenticity of a hadith|ilaha ugu suuban]] ka dib Quraanka.<ref>[[Aisha Abd al-Rahman|al-Rahman, Aisha Abd]], ed. 1990. [[Introduction to the Science of Hadith|Muqaddimah Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ]]. Cairo: Dar al-Ma'arif, 1990. pp. 160–69</ref> Il kale oo caan ka ah xadiisyada waa [[The Four Books|Afrta Kitaab]], oo ay Shiicadu u arkaan tixraaca xadiiska ee ugu suuban.<ref name="Awliyai-Four-Books">{{cite book |last=Awliya'i |first=Mustafa |title=Outlines of the Development of the Science of Hadith |volume=1 |chapter=The Four Books |url=https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol1-n12-3/outlines-development-science-hadith-dr-mustafa-awliyai/part-1#four-books |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912144702/https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol1-n12-3/outlines-development-science-hadith-dr-mustafa-awliyai/part-1#four-books |archive-date=2017-09-12 |translator-last=Qara'i |translator-first=A. Q. |via=Al-Islam.org |access-date=2020-05-24 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Rizvi-Four-Books">{{cite book |last=Rizvi |first=Sayyid Sa'eed Akhtar |author-link=Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi |title=The Qur'an and Hadith |location=Tanzania |publisher=Bilal Muslim Mission |chapter=The Hadith §The Four Books (Al-Kutubu'l-Arb'ah) |url=https://www.al-islam.org/quran-and-hadith-allamah-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/chapter-4-hadith#four-books-al-kutubul-arbah |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912191319/https://www.al-islam.org/quran-and-hadith-allamah-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/chapter-4-hadith#four-books-al-kutubul-arbah |archive-date=2017-09-12 |via=Al-Islam.org |access-date=2020-05-24 |language=en}}</ref> === Soo-noqoshada iyo xukunka === [[File:Chester Beatty T 414 fol 129r Muhammad al-Mehdi.png|thumb|Matxaf qarnigii 16-aad ee [[Muhammad al-Mahdi|Maxamed al-Mahdi]]. [[Mahdi|Mahdiga]] waxaa la rumeysan yahay inuu soo muuqan doono ka hor [[Eschatology|Waqtiga Dhamaadka]] si uu u soo celiyo cadaaladda oo uu uga adkaado dulmiga iyadoo la kaashanaya [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]] ([[Jesus]]).]] {{Main|Islamic eschatology}} Rumaysashada "Maalinta Qiyaame" ama ''[[Qiyamah|Yawm al-Qiyāmah]]'' ({{langx|ar|يوم القيامة|link=no}}) ayaa sidoo kale muhiim u ah Muslimiinta. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in waqtiga Qiyaamaha uu hore u qadaray Ilaahay, laakiin uusan aqoon bini'aadamku. Quraanka iyo xadiiska, iyo sidoo kale faallooyinka [[Ulama|culimada]], waxay qeexayaan imtixaannada iyo [[Great Tribulation|dhibaatooyinka]] ka horreeya iyo inta uu socdo Qiyaamaha. Quraanka wuxuu xoogga saarayaa [[universal resurrection|soo-noqoshada jirka]], taasoo ah mid ka duwan fahamkii [[pre-Islamic Arabia|Carabtii hore]] ee dhimashada.<ref>{{harvp|Glassé|2003|loc="Resurrection"|pp=382–383}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)|2012|loc="Avicenna"}}. {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_DUM_0467}}: "Ibn Sīnā, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Sīnā is known in the West as 'Avicenna'."</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Qiyama |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d. |author=Gardet, L.}}</ref> Maalinta Qiyaame, Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in dhammaan bini'aadamka lagu xukumi doono falalkooda wanaagsan iyo kuwa xun waxaana loo gudbin doonaa [[Jannah|Janno]] ama [[Jahannam|Naar]].<ref>{{cite web |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |editor-link=John Esposito |title=Eschatology |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e588 |url-access=subscription |work=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Islam]] |via=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |access-date=18 April 2017 |archive-date=13 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100913062714/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e588 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Quraanku wuxuu ku jira [[Surat al-Zalzalah]] wuxuu tan ku sifeeyaa: "Haddaba qofkii sameeya culays atoore oo wanaag ah wuu arki doonaa. Qofkii se sameeya culays atoore oo xumaan ah wuu arki doonaa." Quraanku [[Islamic views of sin|wuxuu qorayaa dunuub badan]] oo qof ku xukumi kara naar. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Quraanku wuxuu caddeynayaa in Ilaahay uu cafiyi doono dunuubta kuwa toobad keena haddii uu doono. Falalka wanaagsan, sida sadaqada, salaadda, iyo naxariista xayawaannada{{sfnp|Esposito|2011|p=130}} waxaa lagu abaalmarin doonaa gelitaanka jannada. Muslimiintu waxay u arkaan jannada meel ay ka buuxaan farxad iyo barako, iyadoo tixraacyada Quraanku ay qeexayaan sifooyinkeeda. Dhaqamada suufiga ah ee Islaamka waxay dhigayaan raaxooyinkan jannada xiriir la leh wacyigelin xamaasad leh oo ku saabsan Ilaahay.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2006|p=89}}; ''Encyclopedia of Islam and Muslim World'', p. 565</ref><ref>{{harvc |c=Garden |first=Asma |last=Afsaruddin |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Paradise|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> ''Yawm al-Qiyāmah'' sidoo kale waxaa Quraanka loogu aqoonsaday ''Yawm ad-Dīn'' ({{lang|ar|يوم الدين}} "Maalinta Diinta");<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|1|4|b=y}};</ref> ''as-Sāʿah'' ({{lang|ar|الساعة}} "Saacadda Dambe");<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|6|31|b=y}};</ref> iyo ''[[Al-Qaria|al-Qāriʿah]]'' ({{lang|ar|القارعة}} "Qaylisaada").<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|101|1|b=y}}</ref> === Qadarka === {{Main|Predestination in Islam}} Qaar ka mid ah Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin qadarka ilaahay, ({{langx|ar|القضاء والقدر}}, ''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|al-qadāʾ wa l-qadar}}'') in arrin kasta uu qaddaray Ilaahay.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.freeweb.hu/etymological/AEDweb.htm |date=2002 |title=Andras Rajki's A. E. D. (Arabic Etymological Dictionary) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208204654/http://www.freeweb.hu/etymological/AEDweb.htm |archive-date=8 December 2011 |access-date=13 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Cohen-Mor|2001|p=4}}: "The idea of predestination is reinforced by the frequent mention of events 'being written' or 'being in a book' before they happen": Say: "Nothing will happen to us except what Allah has decreed for us..."</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Karamustafa |first=Ahmet T. |c=Fate |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}: The verb ''qadara'' literally means "to measure, to determine". Here it is used to mean that "God measures and orders his creation".</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Gardet|first=L.|year=2012|c=al-Ḳaḍāʾ Wa 'l-Ḳadar |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0407}}</ref> [[Mu'tazilism|Mu'tasiladu]] iyo qaar ka mid ah Shiicada Muslimiinta ah ma rumeysna fikraddan.<ref>[[#AGI1978|Guillaume, ''Islam'', 1978]]: p.131-2</ref><ref>[[#AGI1978|Guillaume, ''Islam'', 1978]]: p.132</ref><ref>''Need of Religion'', by Sayyid [[Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi]], p. 14.</ref><ref>''Muslims'', by S. H. M. Rizvi, Shibani Roy, B. B. Dutta, p. 20.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shirazi |first1=Naser Makarem |title=The Justice of God |publisher=Al-Islam.org |url=https://www.al-islam.org/justice-god-naser-makarem-shirazi/issue-predestination-and-free-will |access-date=14 June 2022 |chapter=The Issue of Predestination and Free Will|date=12 May 2015 }}</ref><ref>''Islamic Beliefs, Practices, and Cultures'', by Marshall Cavendish Corporation, p. 137.</ref> Badanaa, rumaysashadan masiirka ilaahay waxaa lagu muujiyaa erayga ''[[Inshallah]]'', ({{langx|ar|إن شاء الله}}, {{transliteration|ar|haddii Alle jiro}}) marka laga hadlayo dhacdooyinka mustaqbalka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Muslim beliefs – Al-Qadr |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z43pfcw/revision/4 |access-date=13 November 2020 |publisher=BBC |work=Bitesize – GCSE – Edexcel |archive-date=15 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115112558/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z43pfcw/revision/4 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Ficilada cibaadada == {{Main|Five Pillars of Islam|Ibadah}} Waxaa jira shan ficil oo cibaado ah oo loo arko inay yihiin [[fard|waajibaad]]–Shahaadada, salaadaha shanta ah ee maalinlaha ah, [[Zakat|sakada]], [[fasting during Ramadan|soonta bisha Ramadaan]], iyo xajka [[Hajj|Hajka]]—oo si wadajir ah loogu yaqaano "Tiirarka Islaamka" (''Arkān al-Islām''). Intaa waxaa dheer, Muslimiintu waxay sidoo kale sameeyaan ficilo kale oo ikhtiyaari ah oo dhiirrigel leh laakiin aan loo arkin inay yihiin waajibaad.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=ZAROUG|first=ABDULLAHI HASSAN|date=1985|title=THE CONCEPT OF PERMISSION, SUPEREROGATORY ACTS AND ASETICISM &#91;sic&#93; IN ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20847307|journal=Islamic Studies|volume=24|issue=2|pages=167–180|jstor=20847307|issn=0578-8072|access-date=7 January 2023|archive-date=7 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207140013/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20847307|url-status=live}}</ref> === Shahaadada === [[File:Silver Rupee Akbar.jpg|thumb|right|Lacag qalinkii qarnigii 16-aad ee [[Akbar|Akbarkii Weyn]], Boqorkii [[Mughal Empire|Mugalka]], [[India]], oo lagu qoray [[Shahada|Shahaadada]].]] {{Main|Shahada}} [[shahada]]h{{sfnp|Nasr|2003|pp=3, 39, 85, 270–272}} waa [[oath|dhaar]] lagu caddaynayo rumaysashada Islaamka. Qoraalka la ballaariyay waa "{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʾašhadu ʾal-lā ʾilāha ʾillā-llāhu wa ʾašhadu ʾanna muħammadan rasūlu-llāh}}" ({{langx|ar|أشهد أن لا إله إلا الله وأشهد أن محمداً رسول الله|label=none}}), ama, "Waxaan qirayaa inuusan jirin [[deity|ilaah]] aan ahayn [[God in Islam|Ilaahay]] waxaanuna qirayaa in Maxamed yahay rasuulkii Ilaahay."<ref name="Mohammad-1985">{{cite journal |last=Mohammad |first=Noor |date=1985 |title=The Doctrine of Jihad: An Introduction |journal=[[Journal of Law and Religion]] |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=381–397 |doi=10.2307/1051034 |jstor=1051034 |publisher=Journal of Law and Religion, Inc. |language=en}}</ref> Islaamka waxaa mararka qaarkood lagu doodaa inuu leeyahay caqiido aad u fudud iyadoo shahaadadu ay tahay saldhigga diinta ka hartay. Aan-Muslimiinta raba inay [[Conversion to Islam|soo islaamaan]] waxaa looga baahan yahay inay ku dhawaaqaan shahaadada hortooda markhaatiyaal.<ref>{{harvc |last=Kasim |first=Husain |year=2004 |c=Islam |pp=195–197 |in=Salamone}}</ref><ref name="Galonnier-2021">{{cite book |last=Galonnier |first=Juliette |editor-last=van Nieuwkerk |editor-first=Karin |title=Moving In and Out of Islam |chapter=Moving In or Moving Toward? Reconceptualizing Conversion to Islam as a Liminal Process |location=New York |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2021 |pages=44–66 |doi=10.7560/317471-003 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7560/317471-003/html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023001/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7560/317471-003/html |archive-date=2023-12-28 |language=en}}</ref> === Salaadda === [[File:Prayer in Cairo 1865.jpg|thumb|[[Muslims|Muslimiin]] tukanaya ([[salah]]) gudaha [[Egypt]] waxaa alifay [[Jean-Léon Gérôme]], 1865.]] {{Main|Salah}} {{See also|Mosque|Jumu'ah}} Salaadda Islaamka waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[salah|as-salaad]] ({{langx|ar|الصلاة|link=no}}), ama erayga [[Persian language|Faarisiga]] ee ah "Namaz." Waxaa loo arkaa xiriir shakhsi ah oo lala leeyahay Ilaahay, waxayna ka kooban tahay ku celcelinta qaybo la yiraahdo [[rakat|rakco]] oo ay ku jiraan [[Ruku|rukooc]] iyo [[Sujud|sujuud]] loo sujuudayo Ilaahay. Waxaa jira shan salaadood oo la cayimay maalintii oo dhan kuwaas oo loo arko waajibaad. Salaadaha waxaa lagu akhriyaa luqadda Carabiga waxaana lagu fuliyaa [[Qibla|dhanka]] [[Kaaba|Kacbada]]. Ficilku sidoo kale wuxuu u baahan yahay xaalad nadiif ah oo diimeed oo lagu gaaro hababka [[wudu|weysada]] ama, xaaladaha qaarkood, qubays buuxa oo [[ghusl|qubays ah]].<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=18, 19}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Hedayetullah|2006|pp=53–55}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Kobeisy|2004|pp=22–34}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Momen|1987|p=178}}</ref> [[mosque|Masaajidka]], oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano masjid ama namazgah, waa [[places of worship|goob cibaado]] oo loogu talagalay Muslimiinta. Inkasta oo ujeeddada ugu weyn ee masaajidku ay tahay inuu u adeego meel salaadeed, sidoo kale waa xarun bulsho oo muhiim u ah [[ummah|bulshada Muslimka ah]]. Tusaale ahaan, [[Prophet's Mosque|Masjidka Nabiga]] ee [[Medina|Madiina]], wuxuu sidoo kale u adeegi jiray hoy ay degaan dadka saboolka ah.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Mattson |first=Ingrid |year=2006 |title=Women, Islam, and Mosques |pages=615–629 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America |series=Volume 2, Part VII. Islam |editor1=R. S. Keller |name-list-style=and |editor2=R. R. Ruether |place=Bloomington and Indianapolis |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |isbn=978-0-253-34687-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC&pg=PA615 |access-date=2 October 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023019/https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC&pg=PA615#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Minaret|Minaarooyinku]] waa munaarooyin loo isticmaalo in lagu yeero [[adhan|aanka]], kaas oo ah yeedhid afka ah oo lagu calaamadinayo waqtiga salaadda.<ref name="Pedersen-Masjid-2010">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Pedersen |first1=Johannes |last2=Hillenbrand |first2=Robert |last3=Burton-Page |first3=John |author-link3=John Burton-Page |title=Masd̲j̲id |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam |edition=2nd |location=Leiden |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2010 |doi=10.1163/9789004206106_eifo_COM_0694 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/mosque |title=Mosque |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928065350/https://www.britannica.com/topic/mosque |url-status=live }}</ref> === Sakada === [[File:Slot at the Zaouia Moulay Idriss II 1.jpg|thumb|Meel lagu bixiyo sakada oo ku taal [[Zawiya of Moulay Idris II]] ee [[Fez, Morocco]].]] {{Main|Zakat}} {{See also|Sadaqah}} [[Zakat|Sakada]] ([[Arabic language|Carabi]]: {{langx|ar|زكاة|translit=zakāh|label=none}}), waa nooc ka mid ah [[Alms|Sadaqada]] oo lagu garto bixinta qayb go'an (2.5% sanadkii)<ref name="Ahmed-Gianci-2005">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Ahmed |first1=Medani |last2=Gianci |first2=Sebastian |title=Zakat |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Taxation and Tax Policy |editor1-last=Cordes |editor1-first=Joseph J. |editor2-last=Ebel |editor2-first=Robert D. |editor3-last=Gravelle |editor3-first=Jane |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Urban Institute Press |year=2005 |page=479 |isbn=978-0877667520 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m66_BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA479 |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026}}</ref> ee [[Financial capital|hantida la ururiyay]] ay bixiyaan kuwa awoodda u leh si ay u caawiyaan dadka saboolka ah ama baahan, sida xoraynta maxaabiista, kuwa [[bonded labor|dayn ku jira]], ama safarka ku ah, iyo kuwa loo shaqaaleysiiyo ururinta sakada. Waxay u shaqaysaa sidii nooc ka mid ah [[welfare spending|gar-gaar bulsheed]] oo ka jira bulshooyinka Muslimka ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ariff |first=Mohamed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NP4ZL0TJ9s4C&pg=PA55 |title=The Islamic Voluntary Sector in Southeast Asia: Islam and the Economic Development of Southeast Asia |publisher=[[Institute of Southeast Asian Studies]] |year=1991 |isbn=978-981-3016-07-1 |pages=55– |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023007/https://books.google.com/books?id=NP4ZL0TJ9s4C&&pg=PA55 |url-status=live }}</ref> Waxaa loo arkaa waajibaad diimeed oo ay dadka ladani ku leeyihiin kuwa baahan sababtoo ah hantidooda waxaa loo arkaa ammaan ka timid nimcada Ilaahay,<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2010|p=109–110}}: This is not regarded as charity because it is not really voluntary but instead is owed, by those who have received their wealth as a trust from God's bounty, to the poor.</ref> waxaana loo arkaa daahirinta hantida dheeraadka ah ee qofka.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = RoutledgeCurzon| isbn = 9780415297967| title =Major World Religions: From Their Origins to the Present.| location = United Kingdom| year = 2003| last=Ridgeon| first=Lloyd| url = | page = 258|quote=Aside from its function of purifying believers' wealth, the payment of zakat may have contributed in no small way to the economic welfare of the Muslim community in Mecca.}}</ref> Wadarta guud ee sanadlaha ah ee lagu bixiyo sakada ayaa ah 15 jeer ka badan deeqaha gargaarka bini'aadamnimada ee adduunka, iyadoo la adeegsanayo qiyaaso taxaddar leh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 June 2012 |title=A faith-based aid revolution in the Muslim world |work=[[The New Humanitarian]] |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/95564/analysis-faith-based-aid-revolution-muslim-world |access-date=27 August 2023 |archive-date=14 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114014900/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/95564/analysis-faith-based-aid-revolution-muslim-world |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sadaqah|Sadaqadu]], si ka duwan Sakada, waa sadaqo ikhtiyaari ah oo aad loo dhiirrigeliyo.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Said |first=Abdul Aziz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4bs7g0O4eLYC&pg=PA145 |title=Contemporary Islam: Dynamic, Not Static |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-77011-8 |page=145 |display-authors=etal |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023121/https://books.google.com/books?id=4bs7g0O4eLYC&pg=PA145 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnp|Stefon|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef/page/72 72]}} [[Waqf|Waaqfeku]] waa [[charitable trust|kalsooni samafal]] oo joogto ah, taas oo maalgelisa isbitaallada iyo dugsiyada bulshooyinka Muslimka ah.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hudson |first=A. |title=Equity and Trusts |year=2003 |edition=3rd |page=32 |location=London |publisher=Cavendish Publishing |isbn=1-85941-729-9}}</ref> === Soonta === [[File:Iftar for Ramadhan.jpg|thumb|Munaasabadda afurka, oo loo yaqaan ''[[Iftar]]'', waxaa dhaqan ahaan lagu bixiyaa [[date (fruits)|timir]].]] {{Main|Fasting in Islam}} {{See also|Fasting during Ramadan}} Islaamka dhexdiisa, soonta ([[Arabic language|Carabi]]: {{langx|ar|صوم|translit=ṣawm|label=none}}) waxay mamnuucaysaa cuntada iyo cabitaanka, iyo sidoo kale noocyada kale ee isticmaalka, sida [[Smoking in Islam|sigaar-cabista]], waxaana la fuliyaa laga bilaabo waaberiga ilaa qorrax-dhaca. Inta lagu jiro bisha [[Ramadan]], waxaa loo arkaa waajibaad saaran Muslimiinta inay soomaan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramadan |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramadan |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009215438/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramadan |url-status=live }}</ref> Soontu waxay dhiirrigelisaa dareen u dhowaanshaha Ilaahay iyadoo qofku is celinayo dartii Ilaahay wixii kale ee bannaan iyo in laga fikiro kuwa baahan. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa jira maalmo kale, sida [[Day of Arafah|Maalinta Carafo]], marka soontu ay tahay ikhtiyaari.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher =Tughra Books | isbn = 9781597846110| title = Fasting In Islam And The Month Of Ramadan| location = United States| year =2006 | last=Ramadanali| url = |page=51 | quote = }}</ref> === Xajka === {{Main|Hajj|Umrah}} {{See also|Holiest sites in Islam}} [[File:A packed house - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|thumb|Xujeyda intii lagu jiray xilli [[Hajj|Hajka]] ee [[Masjid al-Haram]] ee [[Mecca|Makka]], [[Saudi Arabia|Sacuudi Carabiya]], [[Holiest sites in islam|goobta Islaamka ee ugu barakeysan]].]] [[pilgrimage|Xajka]] Islaamka, ee loo yaqaan {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ḥajj}} ({{langx|ar|حج|link=no}}), waa in la qabtaa ugu yaraan hal mar nolosha qof kasta oo Muslim ah oo awood u leh inta lagu jiro [[Islamic calendar|bisha Islaamka]] ee [[Dhu al-Hijjah]]. Caadooyinka Hajku waxay inta badan ku daydaan sheekada qoyska [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naik |first=Dr Zakir |author-link=Zakir Naik |date=7 January 2025 |title=What Are the Pillars of Islam? |url=https://islampidia.org/en/what-are-the-pillars-of-islam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115054332/https://islampidia.org/en/what-are-the-pillars-of-islam/ |archive-date=2025-11-15 |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Islampidia |language=en-AU}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Five Pillars of Islam |url=https://localhost:5000/learn/educators/curriculum-resources/art-of-the-islamic-world/unit-one/the-five-pillars-of-islam |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026}}</ref> [[Mecca|Makka]], xujeydu waxay toddobo jeer ku wareegaan [[Kaaba|Kacbada]], oo ay Muslimiintu rumeysan yihiin inuu dhisay Ibraahim meel cibaado ah, waxayna toddobo jeer u dhexeeyaan buuraha [[Safa and Marwa|Safa iyo Marwa]], iyagoo xusuusanaya tallaabooyinkii xaaska Ibraahim, [[Hagar]], oo u raadinaysay biyo ilmahaheedii [[Ishmael in Islam|Ismaaciil]] ee lamadegaanka ka hor intaan Makka is rogay degmo.<ref>{{harvp|Goldschmidt|Davidson|2005|p=48}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Farah|1994|pp=145–147}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Hajj |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> Xajku sidoo kale wuxuu ku lug leeyahay in la qaato maalin duco iyo cibaado ah oo ka dhacda bannaanada [[Mount Arafat|Carafo]] iyo sidoo kale [[Stoning_of_the_Devil|tuurista shaydaanka]] si calaamadaysan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F.E. |title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians |date=2009 |isbn=978-1-4008-2548-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HYJ2c9E9IM8C&pg=PA19 |page=20 |publisher=Princeton University Press |access-date=7 October 2014 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023112/https://books.google.com/books?id=HYJ2c9E9IM8C&pg=PA19#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Dhammaan ragga Muslimiinta ah waxay xidhaan laba maro oo cad oo fudud oo aan tol lahayn oo loo yaqaan [[Ihram clothing|ixraam]], kuwaas oo loogu talagalay inay keenaan isku xirnaan jiilal iyo sinnaan ka dhexaysa xujeyda inkasta oo ay jiraan fasal ama asal.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cornell |first=Vincent J. |title=Voices of Islam: Voices of tradition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g5LNUS0ciAAC&pg=PA29 |access-date=26 August 2012 |year=2007 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-98733-6 |page=29}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Glassé|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC&pg=PA207 207]}}</ref> Nooc kale oo xaj ah, [[Umrah|Umrada]], waa ikhtiyaari waxaana la qaban karaa wakhti kasta oo sanadka ka mid ah. Goobaha kale ee xajka Islaamka waa [[Medina|Madiina]], halkaas oo Maxamed uu ku geeriyooday, iyo sidoo kale [[Jerusalem|Quddus]], oo ah magaalo ay ku yaalliin nabiyo badan oo Islaam ah waana goobta [[Al-Aqsa|Al-Aqsa]], taas oo ahayd jihadii salaadda ka hor Makka.<ref>{{cite book|author=Michigan Consortium for Medieval and Early Modern Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p44kAQAAMAAJ|title=The Meeting of Two Worlds: Cultural Exchange Between East and West During the Period of the Crusades|publisher=Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University|year=1986|isbn=0918720583|editor1=Goss, V. P.|volume=21|page=208|editor2=Bornstein, C. V.|access-date=15 January 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023032/https://books.google.com/books?id=p44kAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Trofimov-2008">{{cite book |last=Trofimov |first=Yaroslav |author-link=Yaroslav Trofimov |title=The Siege of Mecca: The 1979 Uprising at Islam's Holiest Shrine |location=New York |publisher=[[Knopf]] |date=2008 |page=79 |isbn=978-0-307-47290-8 |language=en}}</ref> === Ficilada cibaadada ee kale === {{See also|Quran#Recitation|Dua|Dhikr}} [[File:Men reading the Koran in Umayyad Mosque, Damascus, Syria.jpg|thumb|Rag Muslimiin ah oo akhrinaya Quraanka gudaha [[Umayyad Mosque|Masjidka Umawiyiinta]] ee [[Damascus]], [[Syria]].]] Muslimiintu waxay akhriyaan oo xifdiyaan Quraanka oo dhan ama qaybo ka mid ah si ay u noqdaan camal wanaagsan. [[Tajwid|Tajwiidku]] wuxuu tilmaamayaa xeerar taxane ah oo loogu talagalay [[elocution|akhriska saxda ah]] ee Quraanka.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = | isbn = | title = Foundation of Tajweed| location = | year = 2013|edition=2| last=Aboo Yahyaa| url = | page = 1 | quote = }}</ref> Muslimiin badan ayaa akhriya Quraanka oo dhan inta lagu jiro bisha Ramadaan.{{sfnp|Stefon|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef/page/42 42–43]}} Qofka xifdiyay Quraanka oo dhan waxaa loo yaqaanaa Xaafid ("xifdiyey"), xadiisyaduna waxay xusayaan in shakhsiyaadkani ay awood u yeelan doonaan inay shafeecaan dadka kale Maalinta Qiyaamaha.{{sfnp|Nigosian|2004|p=[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=my7hnALd_NkC|page=70}} 70]}} Baryada Ilaahay, oo Carabiga lagu yiraahdo {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|duʿāʾ}} ({{langx|ar|دعاء}}&nbsp;{{IPA|ar|dʊˈʕæːʔ|IPA}}) waxay leedahay anshaxeedii gaarka ahaa sida [[Raising hands in dua|gacmaha oo la taago]] sidii iyadoo la baryayo.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Brill| isbn = 9789004335523| title = The Quṣṣāṣ of Early Islam| location = Netherlands| year = 2016| last=Armstrong| first=Lyall| url = | page = 184| quote = }}</ref> Xuska Ilaahay ({{langx|ar|ذكر|translit=Dhikr'|label=none}}) wuxuu tilmaamayaa erayada lagu celceliyo ee tixraacaya Ilaahay. Sida caadiga ah, tan waxaa ka mid ah Tahmiid, oo lagu dhawaaqayo [[Alhamdulillah|ammaan oo dhan waxaa leh Ilaahay]] ({{langx|ar|الحمد لله|translit=al-Ḥamdu lillāh|label=none}}) inta lagu jiro salaadda ama marka la dareemayo mahadnaq, [[Tasbih|Tasbiix]], oo lagu dhawaaqayo weyneynta Ilaahay inta lagu jiro salaadda ama marka la cajabo shay oo la dhaho '[[Basmala|bismillaah]]' ka hor intaan la bilaabin ficil sida cuntada.<ref>{{Cite web|title=alhamdulillah |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/alhamdulillah|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227042540/https://www.lexico.com/definition/alhamdulillah|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 27, 2020|access-date=2021-10-16|website=Lexico}}</ref> == Taariikhda == {{Main|History of Islam}} {{For timeline|Timeline of the history of Islam}} {{See also|List of Muslim empires and dynasties}}{{multiple image | align = center | direction = horizontal | total_width = 600 | image1 = Masjid Nabawi The Prophet's Mosque, Madina.jpg | image2 = Jerusalem DomeoftheRock J65 (cropped).JPG | footer = Bidix: [[Prophet's Mosque|Masjidka Nabiga]] ee [[Medina|Madiina]], Sacuudi Carabiya, waa [[holiest sites in islam|goobta labaad ee ugu barakeysan]] ee Islaamka. Maxamed laftiisa ayaa ku lug lahaa dhismaha masjidka, iyo [[Green Dome|Qubbadiisa Cagaaran]] waa halka lagu aasay. Midig: [[Al-Aqsa|Dhismaha Masjidka Al-Aqsa]] ee [[Jerusalem|Quddus]] waa goobta saddexaad ee ugu barakeysan ee Islaamka, halkaas oo Maxamed uu uga kacay samada intii uu socday [[Isra' and Mi'raj|Isra' iyo Mi'raaj]]. Goobtu waxay ahayd jihadii hore ee salaadda ([[qibla]]), halkaas oo Muslimiintu ay horay ugu tukan jireen ka hor intaan jihada loo beddelin [[Kaaba|Kacbada]] ee [[Mecca|Makka]] ka dib waxyi soo gaaray Maxamed. | caption1 = | caption2 = }} === Maxamed iyo bilowgii Islaamka (570–632) === {{Main|Muhammad|Muhammad in Islam}} {{for timeline|Timeline of early Islamic history}} {{Further|Muhammad in Mecca|Early social changes under Islam|First Islamic state}} [[File:Hira_Cave.jpg|thumb|[[Jabal al-Nour]] u dhow [[Mecca|Makka]], halkaas oo Maxamed uu ka helay [[Muhammad's first revelation|waxyigiisii ugu horreeyay]] ee ku jiray godka Xira.]] Sida ku xusan dhaqanka Islaamka, Maxamed wuxuu ku dhashay [[Mecca|Makka]] sannadkii 570 [[Common Era|C.D.]] wuxuuna noqday agoon caruurnimadiisii. Isagoo ku koray ganacsade ahaan, wuxuu noqday mid loo yaqaan "[[Amin (name)|amin (mid la isku halayn karo)]]" ({{langx|ar|الامين}}) waxaana la doonayay inuu noqdo garsoore dhexdhexaad ah. Intuu ka dib guursaday shaqaalihiisii, haweeneydii ganacsatada ahayd ee [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadiija]].{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=6}} Sannadkii 610 C.D., isagoo dhibsaday hoos u dhaca akhlaaqda iyo shirkiga ka jiray Makka isla markaana raadinaya gooni-isu-taag iyo fikir ruuxi ah, Maxamed wuxuu u baxay Godka Xira ee buurta [[Jabal al-Nour]], oo u dhow Makka. Wuxuu ahaa intii uu ku sugnaa godka halkaas oo la sheegay inuu [[Muhammad's first revelation|helay waxyigii ugu horreeyay]] ee [[Quran|Quraanka]] oo uga yimid malaa'igta [[Gabriel|Jibriil]].<ref name="610CE" /> Dhacdadii bixitaankii Maxamed ee godka iyo waxyigii xigay waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[Night of Power|Leylatul Qadr]] waxaana loo arkaa dhacdo muhiim ah taariikhda Islaamka. Intii lagu guda jiray 22-kii sano ee ka dambeeyay nolosha, laga bilaabo da'da 40 wixii ka dambeeyay, Maxamed wuxuu sii waday helitaanka waxyiga Ilaahay, isagoo noqday kii ugu dambeeyay ama [[Seal of the prophets|nabigii ugu dambeeyay]] ee loo diray bini'aadamka.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Muhammad |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> [[File:Siyer-i_Nebi_151b.jpg|thumb|Maxamed oo la muujiyay waji daboolan oo jooga [[Kaaba|Kacbada]] laga soo qaatay [[Siyer-i Nebi]], {{Circa|1595}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ottomans : religious painting |url=http://www.ee.bilkent.edu.tr/~history/ottoman33.html |access-date=1 May 2016}}</ref>]] Inta lagu jiro xilligan, [[Muhammad in Mecca|halka uu joogay Makka, Maxamed]] wuxuu ku wacdiyay marka hore si qarsoodi ah ka dibna si cad, isagoo ka baryaya dhegaystayaashiisa inay ka tagaan [[Arab polytheism|shirkiga]] oo ay caabudaan hal Ilaah. Qaar ka mid ah [[Early Muslims|Muslimiintii ugu horreysay ee soo islaamtay]] waxay ahaayeen dumar, saboolka, ajaanibta, iyo addoommada sida mu'adinkii ugu horreeyay [[Bilal ibn Rabah|Bilaal bin Rabaax]].<ref>Rabah, Bilal B. ''[[Encyclopedia of Islam]].''</ref> Dadka waaweyn ee Makka waxay dareemeen in Maxamed uu [[Early social changes under Islam|khalday nidaamkooda bulsho]] isagoo ka wacdiyaya hal Ilaah oo siinaya fikrado laga shakiyo saboolka iyo addoommada sababtoo ah waxay faa'iida ka helayeen xajka sanamyada Kacbada.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ünal |first=Ali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DyuqdDIjaswC&pg=PA1323 |title=The Qurʼan with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English |publisher=Tughra Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-59784-000-2 |pages=1323– |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024048/https://books.google.com/books?id=DyuqdDIjaswC&pg=PA1323#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|p=36}}</ref> Ka dib 12 sano oo ah [[Persecution of Muslims by Meccans|dhibaataynta Muslimiinta ay u geysanayeen dadkii Makka]], Maxamed iyo [[Companions of the Prophet|sahabbadiisii]] waxay sameeyeen [[Hegira|Hijradii]] 622 ee magaalada Yathrib (magaalada Madiina ee maanta). Wuxuu halkaas ka Aasaasay [[First Islamic state|Dowladdii Islaamiga ahayd ee ugu horreysay]] oo ay la socdaan Muslimiintii Madiina (''[[Ansar (Islam)|Ansaarta]]'') iyo muhaajiriintii Makka (''[[Muhajirun|Muhaajiriinta]]''). [[Constitution of Medina|Dastuurkii Madiina]] waxaa saxiixay dhammaan qabiilooyinkii Madiina. Tani waxay aasaastay xorriyadda diinta iyo xorriyadda isticmaalka sharcigooda u gaarka ah ee ka dhex jiray bulshooyinka Muslimka ah iyo kuwa aan Muslimka ahayn hammi ah in Madiina laga difaaco khataraha dibadda.{{sfnp|Serjeant|1978|p=4}} Ciidamadii Makka iyo xulafadoodii waxay guuldarro ka soo gaartay Muslimiinta [[Battle of Badr|Dagaalkii Badar]] 624 ka dibna waxay dagaalameen dagaal aan la isla ogayn oo ka dhacay [[Battle of Uhud|Dagaalkii Uxud]]<ref>{{Citation |last=Peter Crawford |title=The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-oHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |page=83 |publisher=Pen & Sword Books Limited |isbn=9781473828650 |date=2013-07-16 |access-date=5 August 2022 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023957/https://books.google.com/books?id=d-oHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |url-status=live }}.</ref> ka hor intaanay ku guuldarraysan inay hareereeyaan Madiina [[Battle of the Trench|Dagaalkii Khandaq]] (Maarso–Abriil 627). Sannadkii 628, [[Treaty of al-Hudaybiya|Heshiiskii Xudeybiya]] ayaa la kala saxiixday Makka iyo Muslimiinta, laakiin waxaajabiyay Makka laba sano ka dib. Markii qabiilo badan ay islaameen, jidadkii ganacsiga ee Makka waxaa gooyay Muslimiinta.<ref>{{harvp|Peters|2003|pp=78–79, 194}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|pp=23–28}}</ref> Markaatay ahayd 629 Maxamed wuxuu ku guuleystay [[conquest of Mecca|furashadii Makka]] ee aan dhiiggu ku daadan, iyo waqtigii uu geeriyooday 632 (da'da 62) wuxuu midaysiiyay qabiilooyinkii Carabta]] hal qaran oo diimeed. === Islaamkii Hore (632–750) === {{Further|Succession to Muhammad|Early Muslim conquests}} {{See also|Ghadir Khumm|Saqifa|Canonization of Islamic scripture}} [[File:Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg|thumb|Expansion of the Caliphate{{legend|#a1584e|Muhammad, 622–632}}{{legend|#ef9070|Khulafo Al-Raashidiin, 632–661}}{{legend|#fad07d|Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750}}]] Nabi Maxamed wuxuu geeriyooday sanadkii 632 waxaana khulafadii ugu horreysay ee loo yaqaan Khulafo – Abu Bakr, Cumar, Cuthmaan, Cali iyo marmar Xasan bin Cali<ref>{{Cite book| last1 = Melchert| first1 = Christopher| date = 2020| contribution = The Rightly Guided Caliphs: The Range of Views Preserved in Ḥadīth| editor1-last = al-Sarhan| editor1-first = Saud| title = Political Quietism in Islam: Sunni and Shi'i Practice and Thought| location = London and New York| publisher = I.B. Tauris| isbn = 978-1-83860-765-4| pages = 70–71| contribution-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=96TDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA63| access-date = 17 February 2022| url-status = live}}</ref> – looga yaqaan Islaamka Sunniga ah ''al-khulafā' ar-rāshidūn'' ("Khulafadii Hagaysa").{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=40}} Qaar kamid ah qabiilooyinka ayaa Islaamka ka tagay oo ka inkiiray madax sheegtay in ay yihiin nebiyo cusub balse Abu Bakr wuxuu ku jebiyey dagaalladii Riddada.<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|p=57}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Hourani|2002|p=22}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=32}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Madelung|1996|p=43}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Ṭabāṭabāʼī|1979|pp=30–50}}</ref> Bulshooyinka maxalliga ah ee Yuhuudda iyo Nasaarada asaliga ah, ee loo haystay dad laga tirada badan yahay oo diinaysan loona culeysiyay canshuuraha, ayaa inta badan ka caawiyey Muslimiinta inay qabsadaan dhulkooda,{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=38}} taasoo keentay in khilaafaddu ay si degdeg ah ugu ballaarato boqortooyooyinkii Saasaniyiinta iyo Biisantiinta.<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|p=74}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=J. Kuiper |first=Matthew |title=Da'wa: A Global History of Islamic Missionary Thought and Practice |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2021 |isbn=9781351510721 |page=85}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lapidus |first=Ira M. |title=A History of Islamic Societies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-521-51430-9 |pages=60–61 |author-link=Ira M. Lapidus}}</ref> Cuthmaan waxaa la doortay 644 waxaana dilkiisii uu kiciyey in Cali loo doorto Khaliifkii xigay. Dagaalkii Sifeyn ee Koowaad, xaaskii Nebiga, Caashaa, waxay soo saartay ciidan ka soo horjeeda Cali, iyada oo isku dayaysa inay u aarto dhimashadii Cuthmaan, balse waa lagu jabiyey Dagaalkii Geela. Cali wuxuu isku dayay inuu xilka ka qaado guddoomiyihii Suuriya, Mucaawiya, kaas oo loo arkayay musuqmaasuq. Mucaawiya ayaa markaas dagaal ku dhawaaqay Cali waana lagu jabiyey Dagaalkii Sifeyn. Go'aanka Cali ee ahaa inuu dhex-dhexaadin sameeyo ayaa ka caraysiiyey Khawaarijta, oo ahayd koox xagjir ah, kuwaas oo qabay in aan la dagaallamin qof dembiile ah awgeed, Cali uu isna noqday dembiile. Khawaarijtu way caasiyoobeen waxaana lagu jebiyey Dagaalkii Nahrawan balse nin Khawaariji ah ayaa gadaal ka dilay Cali. Wiilkiii Cali, Xasan bin Cali, ayaa loo doortay Khaliif wuxuuna saxiixay heshiis nabadeed si looga fogaado dagaal kale, isaga oo xilka uga degay Mucaawiya si uusan Mucaawiya u soo magacaabin qof beddela.{{sfnp|Holt|Lewis|1977|pp=67–72}} [[File:Almuñécar, statue of Abd al-Rahman I.jpg|thumb|Taallo ay leedahay Cabduraxmaan I oo ku taal Almuñécar, Isbayn. Islaamku wuxuu gaaray Galbeedka Yurub 711 AD, markii Ṭariiq bin Siyaad uu galay Jasiiradda Iberia. Sanadkii 756, Cabduraxmaan wuxuu aasaasay Imaaradda Cordoba, isagoo ka aasaasay dowlad Islaami ah oo madaxbannaan al-Andalus.]] Mucaawiya wuxuu bilaabay Saldanaddii Umawiyiinta isagoo u magacaabay wiilkiisii Yaziid inay isku xigaan, taasoo dhalisay Dagaalkii Sifeyn ee Labaad. Intii uu socday Dagaalkii Karbala, Xuseen bin Cali, wiilka labaad ee Cali iyo awowgii nebiga, waxaa si arxan darro ah u dilay ciidamadii Yaziid; dhacdadii waxaa sannad walba xusaa Muslimiinta Shiicada ah ilaa maanta. Sunniga, oo uu hoggaaminayo Ibn al-Zubayr oo kasoo horjeeda khilaafad dhaxal ah, ayaa lagaga adkaaday Go'doomintii Makka. Khilaafyadan hoggaanka ayaa keenay inuu dhasho khilaafka Sunni-Shiicada,{{sfnp|Waines|2003|p=46}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harney |first=John |date=3 January 2016 |title=How Do Sunni and Shia Islam Differ? |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/04/world/middleeast/q-and-a-how-do-sunni-and-shia-islam-differ.html |access-date=4 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyadoo Shiicadu ay aaminsan tahay in hoggaanku uu leeyahay qoyskii Nebiga (Ahl al-bayt).{{sfnp|Waines|2003|p=46}} Hoggaankii Abu Bakr wuxuu kormeeray bilowgii ururinta Qur'aanka. Khaliifkii Cumar bin Cabdicasiis wuxuu dhisay guddigii, Todobadii Fuqaha ee Madiina,{{sfnp|Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar Ibn Kathīr|2012|p=505}}<ref>''Umar Ibn Abdul Aziz'' By Imam Abu Muhammad Abdullah ibn Abdul Hakam died 214 AH 829 C.E. Publisher Zam Zam Publishers Karachi, pp. 54–59</ref> waxaana Malik bin Anas uu qoray mid ka mid ah buugagii ugu horreeyay ee ku saabsan fiiqhiga Islaamka, ''Muwatta'', oo ahayd is-afgarad ku saabsan aragtida culimadaas.{{sfnp|Coulson|1964|p=103}}<ref>{{Cite book |editor-last1=Houtsma |editor-first1=M.T. |editor-last2=Wensinck |editor-first2=A.J. |editor-last3=Lévi-Provençal |editor-first3=E. |editor-last4=Gibb |editor-first4=H.A.R. |editor-last5=Heffening |editor-first5=W. |series=Volume V: L—Moriscos |title=E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936 |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=1993 |edition=reprint |isbn=978-90-04-09791-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Va6oSxzojzoC |pages=207– |access-date=19 September 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor=Moshe Sharon |title=Studies in Islamic History and Civilization: In Honour of Professor David Ayalon |year=1986 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789652640147 |page=264 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0_wUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA264 |access-date=20 June 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Khawaarijtu waxay aaminsanaayeen in uusan jirin dhexdhexaad la tanaasuli karo oo u dhexeeya wanaagga iyo xumaanta, iyo in muslim kasta oo gala dembi weyn uu noqonayo gaal. Erayga "Khawaarij" waxaa sidoo kale loo adeegsaday in lagu tilmaamo ISIS.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mamouri|first=Ali|date=8 January 2015|title=Who are the Kharijites and what do they have to do with IS?|work=Al-monitor|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2015/01/islamic-state-kjarijites-continuation.html|access-date=6 March 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Murji'ah waxay barayeen in dadka toosan lagu xukumi karo Eebbe kaligii. Sidaa darteed, dembiilayaasha waxaa loo arki karaa inay marin habaabeen, laakiin aan lagu tilmaamin gaalo.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|p=43}} Dabeecaddan ayaa timid inay ku guulaysato caqiidada Islaamka ee ugu weyn.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}}[[File:BalianofIbelin1490.jpg|thumb|Saliibiyiinta oo ku wareejinaya Qudus Muslimiinta sanadkii 1187 AD.]] Saldanaddii Umawiyiintu waxay qabsatay Maqrib, Jasiiradda Iberia, Gallia Narbonensis iyo Sindh.<ref>{{cite book |first=Donald |last=Puchala |title=Theory and History in International Relations |page=137 |publisher=Routledge |year=2003}}</ref> Duullaamadii Islaamka ee hore waxaa lagu tilmaamay imperialism Islaami ah.<ref name="n050">{{cite journal | last=Wright | first=Craig S | title=Arab Colonialism and the Roots of the Golden Age of Islam | journal=SSRN Electronic Journal | date=2022 | issn=1556-5068 | doi=10.2139/ssrn.4020040 | url=https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4020040 | access-date=2026-04-24 | page=}}</ref> Umawiyiintu waxay la halgamayeen l'aynaansho sharci ah waxayna ku tiirsanaayeen ciidan aad loo taageero.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=45}} Maaddaama canshuurta Jizya ay ahayd canshuur ay bixiyaan kuwa aan muslimka ahayn oo ka reebayay adeegga ciidanka, Umawiyiintu waxay diideen inay aqoonsadaan islaam-gelitaanka kuwa aan Carabta ahayn, maadaama ay yaraynaysay dakhliga.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}} Iyadoo Khilaafadii Raashidiintu ay adkaysay adduunyo la'aanta, iyadoo Cumar uu xitaa dalbanayo in la tiriyo hantida sarkaal kasta,<ref>{{cite book |first1=Ahmad Ibn Jabir|last1=Al-Biladhuri |first2=Philip|last2=Hitti|title=Kitab Futuhu'l-Buldan|page=219 |publisher=AMS Press |year=1969}}</ref> raaxada Umawiyiinta ayaa dhalisay qancin la'aan dadka diinta ku adag.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}} Khawaarijtu waxay hoggaamiyeen Kacdoonkii Berber, taasoo horseeday dowladaha ugu horreeya ee Islaamka oo ka madax bannaan Khilaafada. Kacdoonkii Cabbasiyiinta, kuwa aan Carabta ahayn ee soo islaamay (Mawla), qabiilooyinkii Carabta ee ay Umawiyiintu meesha ka saareen, iyo qaar ka mid ah Shiicada ayaa midoobay oo riday Umawiyiinta, iyaga oo bilaabay Cabbasiyiinta oo caalami ah sanadkii 750.{{sfnp|Lewis|1993|pp=71–83}} === Axdigii Dahabiga Ahaa ee Islaamka (786–1258) === {{Further|Hadith studies|Islamic philosophy}} {{See also|Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe|Turco-Persian tradition}} [[File:Al-Risalah_al-Dhahabiah.JPG|thumb|Bog ka mid ah Al-Risala al-Dhahabiyya ee Imam Ali al-Rida (809 AD), oo ah tii ugu qiimaha badnayd ee shaqooyinka Islaamka ee Sayniska Caafimaadka. Waxaa ku jira qaybo saynis sida Anatomiya, Histoloji, Fisioloji, Kimistari iyo Patoloji intii sayniska caafimaadku uu wali ahaa mid bilow ah.]] Al-Shafi'i wuxuu dejiyay hab lagu xaqiijiyo isku-halaynta xadiiska.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|p=86}} Waagii hore ee Ablaasiyiinta, aqoonyahanno sida Muhammad al-Bukhari iyo Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj waxay soo ururiyeen guryaha waaweyn ee xadiiska Ahlusunna, halka aqoonyahanno sida Al-Kulayni iyo Ibn Babawayh ay soo ururiyeen guryaha waaweyn ee xadiiska Shiicada. Astaamaha afar-madhab ee Ahlusunna—Hanafi, Hanbali, Maliki, iyo Shafi'i—waxaa lagu tiiriyay dhulalka fundamentiinta ee Abū Ḥanīfa, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Malik ibn Anas iyo al-Shafi'i. Taa beddelkeeda, dhulalka fundamentiinta ee Ja'far al-Sadiq waxay dhiseen Fiqhiga Ja'fari. Qarnigii 9aad, Al-Tabari wuxuu dhameystiray qafiskii ugu horreeyay ee Tafsiirka Quraanka, Tafsir al-Tabari, oo noqday mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu xigashada badan Ahlusunna Islaamka. Doobab ka mid ah Muslinka waxay ka fekereen ka-sallamaaynta nolosha duniyeed waxayna xoogga saareen saboolnimada, is-hoosaysiinta, iyo fogaanta dambiga ee ku basada diidmada rabitaanka jidhka. Zuhuudka sida Hasan al-Basri waxay dhiirrigeliyeen dhaqdhaqaaq dib u zhugnaaday tasawwuf ama Sufi.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|pp=90, 91}} Waqtigan, dhibaatooyinka fiqiga, gaar ahaan doorashada xorta ah, waxay ahaayeen kuwo si adag loo maareeyay, iyadoo Hasan al-Basri uu qabay in kasta oo Eebbe uu og yahay waxa dadku sameynayaan, wanaagga iyo xintu ay ka yimaadaan isticmaalka qaldan ee doorashada xorta ah iyo Ibliiska.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|pp=38-39}}{{efn|"Hasan al-Basri waxaa inta badan loo tixgeliyaa mid ka mid ah dadkii ugu horreeyay ee diaday asalka malaa'igta ee ibliiska, isagoo ku doodaya in dhicitaankiisu yahay natiijada doorashadiisa xorta ah, oo ma ahan go'aanka Eebbe. Hasan al-Basri wuxuu sidoo kale ku dooday in malaa'igtu aysan awoodin dambiga ama khaladaadka oo ay ka sharaf badan yihiin aadanaha iyo xata cabsida nabiyada. Shiicada iyo Sunnida hore waxay ka soo horjeedeen ra'yigiisa.<ref>Omar Hamdan ''Studien zur Kanonisierung des Korantextes: al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrīs Beiträge zur Geschichte des Korans'' Otto Harrassowitz Verlag 2006 {{ISBN|978-3447053495}} pp. 291–292 (German)</ref>}} Falsafada Caqliga Giriiga waxay dhiirrigelisay dugsi feker oo loo yaqaan Mu'tazila, oo si ka muuqata u dooday fikradda doorashada xorta ah ee uu bilaabay Wasil ibn Ata.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|p=50}} Khaliif al-Mamun wuxuu ka dhigay caqiido rasmi ah wuxuuna si aan guul lahayn ugu doortay inuu ku qasbo booskan dadka intiisa badan.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=88}} Khaliif Al-Mu'tasim wuxuu sameeyay Mihna, iyadoo Ahmad ibn Hanbal oo ilaalinaayay dhaqanka uu si muuqata u diaday inuu waafaqo fikradda Mu'tazila ee ah in Quraanku yahay ku dhacay halkii uu ka ahaan lahaa mid weligeed ah, taas oo ka dhigtay in la jilciyo oo lagu hayo qol madow muddo ku dhow soddon bilood.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doi |first=Abdur Rahman |title=Shariah: The Islamic Law |location=London |publisher=Ta-Ha Publishers |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-907461-38-8 |page=110}}</ref> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dugsiyada kale ee Kalam—Māturīdism oo uu aasaasay Abu Mansur al-Maturidi iyo Ash'ari oo uu aasaasay Al-Ash'ari—waxay ahaayeen kuwo si ballaaran loo qaatay. Falsafadyahannada sida Al-Farabi, Avicenna iyo Averroes waxay isku deyeyeen inay waafajiyaan fikradaha Aristotle iyo fundamentiinta Islaamka, iyagoo u dhow Iskolastikada Kiristanka ee Yuubka iyo shaqada Maimonides ee Yuhuudda, halka kuwo kale sida Al-Ghazali ay ka soo horjeedeen habkan oo ugu dambeyntii guuleysteen.<ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=160}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Waines|2003|pp=126–127}}</ref> [[File:Al-Idrisi's_world_map.JPG|thumb|Tabula Rogeriana (1154 AD) ee al-Idrisi, oo ah mid ka mid ah khariidadaha dunida ee ugu horumarsanaa qarniyadii dhexe, oo la sameeyay Axdigii Dahabiga Ahaa ee Islaamka.]] Axdigan inta badan waxaa loo yaqaan Axdigii Dahabiga Ahaa ee Islaamka.<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|pp=80, 92, 105}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|pp=661–663}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=56}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lewis|1993|p=84}}</ref><ref name="harvp|Gardet|Jomier|2012">{{harvp|Gardet|Jomier|2012}}</ref> Guulaha sayniska Islaamku waxay samaysteen qaybo badan oo maadooyin ah sida caafimaadka, xisaabta, astronomiga, iyo beeraha iyo sidoo kale fisigiska, dhaqaalaha, injineernimada iyo optigga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=King |first=David A. |year=1983 |title=The Astronomy of the Mamluks |journal=Isis |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=531–55 |doi=10.1086/353360 |s2cid=144315162 | issn=0021-1753}}</ref><ref name="Hassan-1996">{{cite book |last=Hassan |first=Ahmad Y. |author-link=Ahmad Y. al-Hassan |title=Islam and the Challenge of Modernity |chapter=Factors Behind the Decline of Islamic Science After the Sixteenth Century |editor-last=Al-Attas |editor-first=S. S. |editor-link=Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas |location=Kuala Lumpur |publisher=International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization |year=1996 |pages=351–399 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ854295.pdf|title=Contributions of Islamic scholars to the scientific enterprise|access-date=13 December 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The greatest scientific advances from the Muslim world|website=TheGuardian.com|date=February 2010|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/feb/01/islamic-science|access-date=13 December 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Avicenna wuxuu ahaa horyaal ku saabsan caafimaadka tijaabada ah,<ref>Jacquart, Danielle (2008). "Islamic Pharmacology in the Middle Ages: Theories and Substances". European Review (Cambridge University Press) 16: 219–227.</ref><ref>David W. Tschanz, MSPH, PhD (August 2003). "Arab Roots of European Medicine", Heart Views 4 (2).</ref> oo The Canon of Medicine waxaa loo isticmaalay qoraal caafimaad oo heer sare ah ee dunida Islaamka iyo Yurub qarniyo. Rhazes wuxuu ahaa kii ugu horreeyay ee aqoonsaday cudurrada furfuraa iyo jadeecada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/alrazi.aspx|title=Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi (Rhazes) (c. 865-925)|publisher=sciencemuseum.org.uk|access-date=31 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Cisbitaallada dadweynaha ee waqtigaas waxay bixiyeen shahaadooyinka ugu horreeya ee caafimaadka si loogu ogolaado dhakhaatiirta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alatas |first=Syed Farid |year=2006 |title=From Jami'ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue |url=https://zenodo.org/record/29439 |journal=Current Sociology |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=112–132 |doi=10.1177/0011392106058837 |s2cid=144509355 |access-date=12 September 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Imamuddin |first=S.M. |title=Muslim Spain 711–1492 AD |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=1981 |isbn=978-90-04-06131-6 |page=169}}</ref> Ibn al-Haytham waxaa loo tixgeliyaa aabaha habka sayniska ee casriga ah iyadoo inta badan loo sheego "saynisyahankii ugu horreeyay ee runta ah ee dunida", gaar ahaan shaqadiisa optigga.<ref>{{cite journal |author-link=Gerald J. Toomer|first=G. J. |last=Toomer |jstor=228328 |title=Review Work: Matthias Schramm (1963) ''Ibn Al-Haythams Weg zur Physik'' |journal=Isis |volume=55 |issue=4 |date=Dec 1964 |page=464 |quote=Schramm sums up [Ibn Al-Haytham's] achievement in the development of scientific method.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Al-Khalili |first=Jim |date=4 January 2009 |title=The 'first true scientist' |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7810846.stm |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gorini |first=Rosanna |date=October 2003 |title=Al-Haytham the man of experience. First steps in the science of vision |journal=Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=53–55 |url=http://www.ishim.net/ishimj/4/10.pdf |access-date=25 September 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> Injineernimada, walaalaha Banū Mūsā aaladdooda turumbada tooska ah waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay ahaan lahayd mashinkii ugu horreeyay ee la barnamijayn karo.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Koetsier |first1=Teun |title=On the prehistory of programmable machines: musical automata, looms, calculators |journal=Mechanism and Machine Theory |date=May 2001 |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=589–603 |doi=10.1016/S0094-114X(01)00005-2 }}</ref> Xisaabta Islaamka, fikradda algorithm waxaa lagu magacaabay Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, oo loo tixgeliyo aasaasaha aljabra, oo lagu magacaabay buugiisa al-jabr, halka kuwo kale ay soo saareen fikradda shaqada (function).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Katz |first1=Victor J. |author1-link=Victor J. Katz |last2=Barton |first2=Bill |title=Stages in the History of Algebra with Implications for Teaching |journal=Educational Studies in Mathematics |date=18 September 2007 |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=185–201 |doi=10.1007/s10649-006-9023-7 |s2cid=120363574 }}</ref> Dowladda waxay siin jirtay saynisyahannada mushahar u dhigma mushaharka ciyaartoyda xirfadleyda ah ee maanta.<ref>{{harvp|Ahmed|2006|pp=23, 42, 84}}</ref> Guinness World Records wuxuu u aqoonsan yahay Jaamacadda Al Karaouine, oo la aasaasay 859, inay tahay jaamacadda ugu qadiimsan ee bixisa shahaadooyinka dunida.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Young |first=Mark |url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessbookofwo1998newy |title=The Guinness Book of Records |year=1998 |page=242 |publisher=Bantam |isbn=978-0-553-57895-9}}</ref> Dad badan oo aan Muslin ahayn, sida Kiristanka, Yuhuudda iyo Saabi'iinta,<ref name="Brague 2009">{{cite book|title=The Legend of the Middle Ages: Philosophical Explorations of Medieval Christianity, Judaism, and Islam|first=Rémi |last=Brague|year= 2009| isbn=9780226070803| page =164|publisher=University of Chicago Press|quote=Neither were there any Muslims among the Ninth-Century translators. Almost all of them were Christians of various Eastern denominations: Jacobites, Melchites, and, above all, Nestorians... A few others were Sabians.}}</ref> waxay guntadeen ilbaxnimada Islaamka qaybo meelaha ah,<ref name="Hill-1993">{{cite book |last=Hill |first=Donald |author-link=Donald Routledge Hill |title=Islamic Science and Engineering |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=1993 |page=4 |isbn=0-7486-0455-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Brague-Assyrians">{{cite web |last=Brague |first=Rémi |author-link=Rémi Brague |title=Assyrians contributions to the Islamic civilization |url=http://www.christiansofiraq.com/assyriancontributionstotheislamiccivilization.htm |website=Christians of Iraq |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> iyo machadka loo yaqaan Bayt al-Hikma wuxuu u shaqaaleysiiyay aqoonyahanno Kiristan iyo Faarisi ah si ay ugu turjumaan shaqooyinka luqadda Carabiga iyo si ay u soosaaraan aqoon cusub.<ref name="Meri-Bacharach-2006">{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Meri |editor-first1=Josef W. |editor-link1=Josef W. Meri |editor-last2=Bacharach |editor-first2=Jere L. |editor-link2=Jere L. Bacharach |title=Hadith |encyclopedia=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia |volume=1 |location=New York |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2006 |page=304 |isbn=978-0415966917 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MypbfKdMePIC&pg=PA304 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Saliba-1994">{{cite book |last=Saliba |first=George |author-link=George Saliba |title=A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam |location=New York |publisher=New York University Press |year=1994 |pages=245, 250, 256–57 |isbn=0-8147-8023-7 |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Cheshm manuscript.jpg|thumb|Anatomiya ee isha oo uu samaystay Hunayn ibn Ishaq, oo mas'uul ka ahaa turjumida Bayt al-Hikma waagii Boqortooyada Ablaasiyiinta, 1200 AD.]]Askartu waxay ka go'een boqortooyadii Ablaasiyiinta waxayna dhiseen khilaafadooda propriyada ah, sida Tulunids oo 868 ku tirsanaa Masar<ref>{{cite book|last=Holt|first=Peter Malcolm|author-link=Peter Holt (historian)|title=The Crusader States and Their Neighbours, 1098–1291|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0qLHVGgH7AC&pg=PA8|year=2004|publisher=Pearson Longman|isbn=978-0-582-36931-3|page=6|access-date=2 February 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> iyo boqortooyada Ghaznavid oo 977 ku tirsanaa Aasiyada Dhexe.<ref>{{cite book |title=Islamic Central Asia: an anthology of historical sources |editor-first1=Scott Cameron |editor-last1=Levi |editor-first2=Ron |editor-last2=Sela |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2010 |page=83}}</ref> Qaybsanaantan waxay keentay Qarnigii Shiicada, oo u dhaxeeyay 945 iyo 1055, oo la arkay kor u kaca dhaqdhaqaaqa Isma'ili Shiicada. Koox Isma'ili ah, boqortooyada Fatimid, waxay gacanta ku dhigeen Waqooyiga Afrika qarnigii 10aad<ref>Neue Fischer Weltgeschichte "Islamisierung in Zentralasien bis zur Mongolenzeit" Band 10: Zentralasien, 2012, p. 191 (German)</ref> iyo koox kale oo Isma'ili ah, Qarmatians, waxay boobeen Makka waxayna xadeen Hajar al-Aswad, oo ah dhagaxa ku dhex jira Kacbada, dib-u-jabayntooda aan guulaysan.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Glubb |first=John Bagot |title=Mecca (Saudi Arabia) |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mecca#ref887188 |access-date=18 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live }}</ref> Koox kale oo Isma'ili ah, boqortooyada Buyid, waxay qabsadeen Baqdaad waxayna ka dhigeen Ablaasiyiinta boqortooyo magac ah oo kaliya. Boqortooyada Seljuk ee Ahlusunna waxay u dhaqaaqday inay mar kale adkayso Islaamka Ahlusunna iyagoo faafinayay ra'yiyada aqoonyahanada waqtigaas, gaar ahaan dhisidda machadyada waxbarashada ee loo yaqaan Nizamiyyas, oo la xiriira al-Ghazali iyo Saadi Shirazi.<ref>Andreas Graeser ''Zenon von Kition: Positionen u. Probleme'' Walter de Gruyter 1975 {{ISBN|978-3-11-004673-1}} p. 260</ref> Faaftada dunida Muslinka waxay sii socotay iyadoo ergooyinka diinta ay u badaleen Volga Bulgaria Islaamka. Sultanada Delhi waxay gaadhay gudaha qaarad-hoosaadka Hindiya oo kuwo badan ayaa u badalay Islaamka,{{sfnp|Arnold|1896|pp=227–228}} gaar ahaan Hinduga heerka hoose ee faracoodu ka kooban yahay inta badan Muslinka Hindiya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-36220329|title=Why are many Indian Muslims seen as untouchable?|publisher=BBCnews|date=10 May 2016|access-date=6 October 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Ganacsigu wuxuu keenay Muslin badan oo Shiinaha ah, halkaas oo ay si buuxda u xukumi jireen warshadaha soo dejinta iyo ka deerinta ee boqortooyada Song.<ref>{{cite web |title=Islam in China |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/china_1.shtml |access-date=10 August 2011 |publisher=BBC |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslinka waxaa loo qortay maamulayaal la doortay oo heer sare ah boqortooyada Yuan.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lipman|first=Jonathan Newman|title=Familiar Strangers, a history of Muslims in Northwest China|location=Seattle, WA|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-295-97644-0|page=33}}</ref> === Casrigii Ka-horreeyay Casriga Cusub (1258 – Qarnigii 18aad) === {{Further|Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam}} [[File:GhazanConversionToIslam.JPG|thumb|Muuqaal qarnigii 14aad ee Ghazan, oo ahaa boqorkii 7aad ee Ilkhanate ee Boqortooyada Mongol, oo Islaamay.]] Pobalka ganacsiga Muslinka iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa tariiqooyinka Sufida dhiigooda,{{sfnp|Arnold|1896|pp=125–258}} Islaamku wuxuu ku faafay dhulal cusub<ref>{{cite web |title=The Spread of Islam |url=http://www.yale.edu/yup/pdf/cim6.pdf |access-date=2 November 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslinkuna waxay la dhex-galeen dhaqammo cusub. Hoos kaga jirtay Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta, Islaamku wuxuu ku faafay Koonfur-bari Yuuroop.<ref>{{cite web |date=6 May 2008 |title=Ottoman Empire |publisher=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1801?_hi=41&_pos=3 |access-date=26 August 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Islaamidda inta badan waxay lahayd heer sinkretisam ah,<ref>{{Cite book |title=Islamic and European Expansion |publisher=Temple University Press |year=1993 |editor-last=Adas |editor-first=Michael |location=Philadelphia |page=25}}</ref> sida uu muujinayo muuqaalka Muhammad ee suugaanta dadweynaha ee Hinduga.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Metcalf |first=Barbara |title=Islam in South Asia in Practice |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2009 |page=104}}</ref> Turkida Muslinka ah waxay ku dareen walxaha caqiidada Shamanisamka Turkida Islaamka.{{efn|"Sannadaha dhow, fikradda sinkretisamka waa la dhuftay. Maaddaama ay maqan tahay awood lagu go'aamiyo ama lagu tixgeliyo caqiidada Ortodokska ee ku saabsan Islaamka, aqoonyahannada qaarkood waxay ku doodayaan inaysan jirin caqiidooyinka la qresheeyay, oo kaliya ee la amray habka, Islaamka ka hor qarnigii 16aad.{{sfnp|Peacock|2019|p=20–22}}}}{{sfnp|Çakmak|2017|pp=1425–1429}} Muslinka ku jira Boqortooyada Ming ee Shiinaha oo ka soo jeeda soo-galootigii hore waa la la-dhex-galay, mararka qaar shuruuc ku dhiirrigelisa dhex-galka,<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Farmer|editor1-first=Edward L.|title=Zhu Yuanzhang and Early Ming Legislation: The Reordering of Chinese Society Following the Era of Mongol Rule|date=1995|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004103910|page=82|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TCIjZ7l6TX8C&pg=PA82|access-date=19 February 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> iyagoo qaatay magacyada Shiinaha iyo dhaqanka halka Nanjing uu noqday xarun muhiim ah ee barashada Islaamka.<ref>Israeli, Raphael (2002). ''Islam in China''. p. 292. Lexington Books. {{ISBN|0-7391-0375-X}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dillon |first=Michael |year=1999 |title=China's Muslim Hui Community |publisher=Curzon |url=https://archive.org/details/chinasmuslimhuic00dill |isbn=978-0-7007-1026-3 |page=37 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Ndhex-galka dhaqanka wuxuu ahaay mid muuqda iyadoo la yaraysay saamaynta Carabta ka dib burburintii Mongol ee Khilafadii Ablaasiyiinta.<ref>{{harvp|Bulliet|2005|p=497}}</ref> Khanates-ka Mongol ee Muslinka ah ee ku jira Iiraan iyo Aasiyada Dhexe waxay ka faa'iideysteen kordhinta helitaanka dhaqammada ee Bariga Aasiya oo hoos jirtay xukunkii Mongol sidaas darteed waxay u horumareen oo ay u samaysteen si ka duwan saamaynta Carabta, sida Dib-u-dhalashadii Timurid oo hoos jirtay boqortooyada Timurid.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Subtelny |first=Maria Eva |date=November 1988 |title=Socioeconomic Bases of Cultural Patronage under the Later Timurids |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/socioeconomic-bases-of-cultural-patronage-under-the-later-timurids/2A0F3018EE155F23FC4A7F5F25D7DE6D |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=479–505 |doi=10.1017/S0020743800053861 |s2cid=162411014 |access-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201–1274) wuxuu soo bandhigay qaabka xisaabta oo ka dib loo dooday inuu qaatay Copernicus isagoo aan waxba ka badalin qaabkiisa heliocentric-ka,<ref>{{cite web|date=1999|title=Nasir al-Din al-Tusi|publisher=University of St Andrews|url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Tusi_Nasir/|access-date=27 August 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> iyo qiyaasta pi ee Jamshīd al-Kāshī ma aysan dhaafin 180 sano.<ref>{{cite web |date=1999 |title=Ghiyath al-Din Jamshid Mas'ud al-Kashi |publisher=University of St Andrews |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Kashi/ |access-date=29 December 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg|thumb|Mehmed II oo galaya Constantinople.]] Ka dib markii la soo bandhigay hubka baaruda, dawlado waaweyn oo dhawaan xabbada lahaa oo Muslin ah ayaa ku bashqaday boqortooyoyinka baaruda, kuwaas oo hore u kala qaybsanaay dhulal kala duwan. Khilafada waxaa sheegtay boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta ee Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta iyadoo sheegashadooda la adkeeyay 1517 markii Selim I uu noqday taliyaha Makka iyo Madiina.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Drews |first=Robert |url=https://my.vanderbilt.edu/robertdrews/publications/ |title=Coursebook: Judaism, Christianity and Islam, to the Beginnings of Modern Civilization |date=August 2011 |publisher=Vanderbilt University |chapter=Chapter Thirty – "The Ottoman Empire, Judaism, and Eastern Europe to 1648" |chapter-url=https://my.vanderbilt.edu/robertdrews/files/2014/01/Chapter-Thirty.-The-Ottoman-Empire-Judaism-and-Eastern-Europe-to-1648.pdf |access-date=21 April 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Boqortooyada Shiicada ee Safavid waxay ku korortay awoodda 1501 ka dibna waxay qabsatay dhammaan Iiraan.<ref>Peter B. Golden: An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples; In: Osman Karatay, Ankara 2002, p. 321</ref> Koonfurta Aasiya, Babur wuxuu aasaasay Boqortooyada Mughal.<ref>{{citation|last=Gilbert|first=Marc Jason|title=South Asia in World History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1dhKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA75|year=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-066137-3|pages=75|access-date=15 January 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> Diinta dawladaha ku dhex-jira ee boqortooyoyinka baaruda waxay saamaysay dhaqanka diimeed ee dadkooda ku dhex-jira. Wada-noolaanshaha u dhexeeya taliyayaasha Cusmaaniyiinta iyo Sufinimada wuxuu si adag u saameeyay xukunkii Islaamka ee Cusmaaniyiinta tan iyo bilowgii. Tariiqada Mevlevi iyo Bektashis waxay lahaayeen xiriir dhow oo ay la lahaayeen sultannada,<ref>Ga ́bor A ́goston, Bruce Alan Masters ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire'' Infobase Publishing 2010 {{ISBN|978-1-4381-1025-7}} p. 540</ref> maaddaama noocyada Sufi-suufiyada ah iyo kuwo kale oo sinkretik ah ee Islaamka ay u horumareen si muuqata.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Algar |first=Ayla Esen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fc69BhBDjhwC&q=ottomans+sufism |title=The Dervish Lodge: Architecture, Art, and Sufism in Ottoman Turkey |page=15 |date=1 January 1992 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-07060-8 |access-date=29 April 2020 |via=Google Books |url-status=live }}</ref> Badanaa qasabka dhex-galka Safavid ee Iiraan ee Islaamka Shiicada ee Labada-iyo-tobanlaha ee Boqortooyada Safavid wuxuu xaqiijiyay xukunkii dambe ee Labada-iyo-tobanlaha dhexdiisa Islaamka Shiicada. Soo-galootiga Faarisiga ah ee Koonfurta Aasiya, maaddaama ay ahaayeen maamulayaal saamayntooda leh iyo milkiilayaal dhul, waxay caawiyeen faafinta Islaamka Shiicada, iyagoo dhisay qaar ka mid ah dadka ugu waaweyn ee Shiicada ee ka baxsan Iiraan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/conversion-iii|title=CONVERSION To Imami Shiʿism in India|publisher=Iranica Online|language=English|access-date=6 October 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Nader Shah, oo riday Safavids, wuxuu isku deyey inuu wanaajiyo xiriirka Ahlusunna ee Cusmaaniyiinta iyadoo la faafinayo dhex-galka Islaamka Shiicada ee Labada-iyo-tobanlaha dhexdiisa Islaamka Ahlusunna sida madhabka shanaad, oo loo yaqaan Ja'farism,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Nadir Shah and the Ja 'fari Madhhab Reconsidered |first=Ernest |last=Tucker |journal=Iranian Studies |volume=27 |issue=1–4 |date=1994 |pages=163–179 |doi=10.1080/00210869408701825 |jstor=4310891}}</ref> oo ku dhiirran waayay inuu helo aqoonsi ka soo baxa Cusmaaniyiinta.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Nāder Shāh |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/nader-shah |date=29 March 2006 |first=Ernest |last=Tucker |access-date=9 March 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Casrigii Casriga Ahaa (Qarniyadii 18aad–20aad) === [[File:Portrait Caliph Abdulmecid II.jpg|thumb|Sawirka Khaliifkii ugu dambeeyay Abdülmecid II, ee Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta, 1923.]] Horey qarnigii 14aad, Ibn Taymiyya wuxuu dhiirrigeliyay qaab daahir ah oo Islaamka ah, isagoo diaday hababka falsafada si uu u doorbido fiqhiga fudud,<ref name="ReferenceA">Mary Hawkesworth, Maurice Kogan ''Encyclopedia of Government and Politics: 2-volume set'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-1-136-91332-7}} pp. 270–271</ref> wuxuuna ugu baaqay in loo furo albaabada ijtihadka halkii indho la'aan loogu dayan lahaa aqoonyahannada.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=150}} Wuxuu ugu baaqay jihad ka dhan ah kuwa uu u tixgeliyay gaalo,{{Refn|group=note|Richard Gauvain ''Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-0-7103-1356-0}} p. 6}} laakiin qoraalladiisu waxay lahaayeen oo kaliya doorkii ugu yaraa intii uu babacayay.{{Refn|group=note|Spevack, Aaron (2014). The Archetypal Sunni Scholar: Law, Theology, and Mysticism in the Synthesis of al-Bajuri. SUNY Press. pp. 129–130.}} Qarnigii 18aad ee Carabiya, Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, oo ay saameeyeen shaqooyinka Ibn Taymiyya iyo Ibn al-Qayyim, wuxuu aasaasay dhaqdhaqaaq loo yaqaan Wahhabism si loo laabto waxa uu u arkay Islaamka aan la badalin.<ref>Donald Quataert ''The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922'' Cambridge University Press 2005 {{ISBN|978-0-521-83910-5}} p. 50</ref> Wuxuu cambaareeyay caadooyinka badan ee maxalliga ah ee Islaamka, sida bisitaynta qabriga Muhammad ama Imamyada Shiicada, maaddaama ay yihiin bidco cusub iyo dambi<ref name="ReferenceE">Ga ́bor A ́goston, Bruce Alan Masters ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire'' Infobase Publishing 2010 {{ISBN|978-1-4381-1025-7}} p. 260</ref> wuxuuna burburiyay dhagaxyada iyo geedaha xurmada leh, goobaha Sufida, Qabuuraha al-Baqi, qabuuraha Muhammad iyo asxaabtiisa iyo Qabriga Imam Husayn, oo ah goob muhiim ah oo loo bisiteeyo Shiicada.{{Refn|group=note|Graves desecrated in Mizdah, Libya Herald, 2013}}{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=146}} Wuxuu dhisay isbahaysi uu la leeyahay qoyska Saud, oo marka la joogo 1920-yadii ay dhammaystireen qabsashadooda dhulka noqon doona Sacuudi Carabiya.<ref name="Musa-2022">{{Cite thesis |title=The Emergence of a Scholar from a Garrison Society: A contextual analysis of Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhāb's doctrine in the light of the Qur'ān and Hadīth |url=https://repository.uwtsd.ac.uk/id/eprint/2096/ |publisher=University of Wales Trinity Saint David |date=2022-08-23 |degree=masters |language=en |first=Shahajada Md |last=Musa |access-date=19 December 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Nicolas Laos ''The Metaphysics of World Order: A Synthesis of Philosophy, Theology, and Politics'' Wipf and Stock Publishers 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-4982-0102-5}} p. 177</ref> Ma Wanfu iyo Ma Debao waxay dhiirrigeliyeen dhaqdhaqaaqa salafida qarnigii 19aad sida Sailaifengye ee Shiinaha ka dib markii ay ka soo laabteen Makka laakiin ugu dambeyntii waxaa dhibay oo lagu qasbay inay dhuuntaan kooxaha Sufida.<ref>{{cite book|first=Barry M.|last=Rubin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wEih57-GWQQC&pg=PA79|page=79|title=Guide to Islamist Movements|year=2000|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=0-7656-1747-1|access-date=28 June 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> Kooxaha kale waxay isku deyeyeen inay dib u habayn ku samayso Sufinimada halkii ay ka diadi lahaayeen, iyagoo Senusiyya iyo Muhammad Ahmad ay labadooduba dagaallameen oo ay dhiseen dawlado ku kala yaalla Liibiya iyo Sudaan.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=147}} Hindiya, Shah Waliullah Dehlawi wuxuu isku deyey qaab dib u heshiisiin ah oo ka dhan ah Sufinimada wuxuuna saameeyay dhaqdhaqaaqa Deobandi.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=149}} Jawaab ka dhan ah dhaqdhaqaaqa Deobandi, dhaqdhaqaaqa Barelwi waxaa loo aasaasay sida dhaqdhaqaaq dadweyne, iyadoo la difaacaayay Sufinimada caanka ah oo la dib u habaynayay dhaqankeeda.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robert L. Canfield |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3JhKNSk8tQC&pg=PAPA131 |title=Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52291-5 |pages=131– |access-date=1 December 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sanyal |first=Usha |date=23 July 1998 |title=Generational Changes in the Leadership of the Ahl-e Sunnat Movement in North India during the twentieth Century |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/generational-changes-in-the-leadership-of-the-ahle-sunnat-movement-in-north-india-during-the-twentieth-century/8AAAC4CFEFC4F4084731C3964A5CAE84 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=635–656 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X98003059 |via=Cambridge Core |access-date=23 February 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[File:Interior of Al Aqsa Mosque Jerusalem. 1900-1910 (id.22715311).jpg|thumb|Sannadkii 1969 Dabka Masjidka Al-Aqsa, oo sidoo cuali burburiyay Minbarkii Saladin, wuxuu keenay ver-xaasidnimo taabtay dunida Muslinka wuxuuna ahaa kicin muhiim ah oo loo aasaasay Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka.]] Dunida Muslinka waxay guud ahaan ku jirtay hoos u dhac siyaasadeed markii ay bilaabatay 1800-yadii, gaar ahaan marka la barbardhigo awoodaha Yuuroop ee aan Muslinka ahayn. Horey, qarnigii 15aad, Reconquista waxay ku guuleysatay inay dhameeyo joogitaanka Muslinka ee Iberia. Marka la joogo qarnigii 19aad, British East India Company waxay si rasmi ah u qabsatay boqortooyada Mughal ee Hindiya.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|pp=358, 378–380, 624}} Sida jawaab ka dhan ah Imperialisamka Reer Galbeedka, aqoonyahanno badan waxay isku deyeyeen inay dib u habayn ku samayso Islaamka.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Buzpinar |first=Ş. Tufan |date=March 2007 |title=Celal Nuri's Concepts of Westernization and Religion |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=247–258 |doi=10.1080/00263200601114091 |jstor=4284539|s2cid=144461915 }}</ref> Casriyeynta Islaamka, oo markii hore loo bixiyay aqoonyahannada Reer Galbeedka sida Salafiyya, waxay soo dhoweysay qiimayaasha casriga ah iyo machadyada sida demokaraasiyada iyadoo la raacaayo qoraallada diinta. Hogaamiyayaasha muhiimka ah ee dhaqdhaqaaqa waxaa ka mid ah Muhammad 'Abduh iyo Jamal al-Din al-Afghani.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lauziere|first=Henri|title=The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-231-17550-0|location=New York, Chichester, West Sussex|pages=231–232}}</ref> Abul A'la Maududi wuxuu caawiyay saamaynta Islaamka siyaasadeed ee casriga ah.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 January 2014 |title=Political Islam: A movement in motion |work=Economist Magazine |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/erasmus/2014/01/political-islam |access-date=1 January 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Wilfred Cantwell |title=Islam in Modern History |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1957 |isbn=0-691-03030-8 |page=233 |author-link=Wilfred Cantwell Smith}}</ref> Sida ku dhow qaanuunka casriga ah, shariicada markii ugu horreysay ayaa qayb ahaan loo qoray shaqo ahaan sannadkii 1869 ku dhex-jirtay koodka Mecelle ee Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta. Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta waxay dissilftay ka dib Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Dunida, Khilafadii Cusmaaniyiinta waa la joojiyay 1924<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 June – 5 July 2000 |title=New Turkey |work=Al-Ahram Weekly |issue=488 |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2000/488/chrncls.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=16 May 2010 }}</ref> iyo Khilafadii Sharifian ee ka dib waxay u dhacday si doob ah,<ref>{{Cite web |last1=الوطن |first1=جريدة |last2=webmaster |date=2020-05-05 |title="مملكة الحجاز".. وقــصـــة الـغــزو المـســلّـــح |url=https://www.al-watan.com/article/230610/NEWS/%C2%AB%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%C2%BB-%D9%88%D9%82%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B5%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%80%D8%BA%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B2%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%80%D8%B3%D9%80%D9%80%D9%84%D9%91%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%AD |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=جريدة الوطن |language=ar |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bani Issa |first=Mohammad Saleh |date=2023-11-01 |title=Factors of stability and sustainable development in Jordan in its first centenary 1921–2021 (an analytical descriptive study) |journal=Heliyon |volume=9 |issue=11 |article-number=e20993 |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20993 |issn=2405-8440 |doi-access=free|pmid=37928029 |pmc=10623165 |bibcode=2023Heliy...920993B }}</ref> sidaas darteed iyadoo ka tagaysa Islaamka oo aan lahayn Khaliif.<ref name="والخلفاء-2023">{{Cite book |last=والخلفاء |first=قصص الخلافة الإسلامية |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r-5EAAAQBAJ |title=قصص الخلافة الإسلامية والخلفاء |date=2023-03-31 |publisher=Austin Macauley Publishers |isbn=978-1-3984-9251-6 |language=en |access-date=26 December 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref> Taageerayaasha Mideynta Islaamka waxay isku deyeyeen inay mideeyaan Muslinka waxayna tartan la galeen awoodaha qarannimada ee korayay, sida Pan-Arabisamka.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doran |first=Michael |title=Pan-Arabism before Nasser: Egyptian power politics and the Palestine question |date=1999 |publisher=Oxford university press |isbn=978-0-19-512361-6 |series=Studies in Middle Eastern history |location=New York Oxford}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Landau |first=Yaʿaqov M. |title=The politics of Pan-Islam: ideology and organization |date=1994 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-827709-5 |edition=[Rev. and updated] paperback (with additions and corr.) |location=Oxford}}</ref> Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka (OIC), oo ka kooban waddamada Muslinka ah, waxaa la aasaasay 1969 ka dib gubiddii Masjidka Al-Aqsa ee Qudus.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 December 2010 |title=Organization of the Islamic Conference |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/country_profiles/1555062.stm |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Xiriirka la la leeyahay waddamada warshadaha leh wuxuu keenay dadka Muslinka ah dhulal cusub iyada oo loo marayo u-guuritaanka dhaqaalaha. Muslin badan ayaa u guuray sida shaqaale heshiis ku jooga (u badan oo ka yimid Hindiya iyo Indoneesiya) Karibiyaanka, iyagoo dhisay dadka ugu waaweyn ee Muslinka ah inta la joogo boqolkiiba ee Ameerika.<ref>{{sfnp|Haddad|Smith|2002|p=271}}</ref> U-guuritaanka ka yimid Siiriya iyo Lubnaan wuxuu ku soo kordhiyay dadka Muslinka ah ee Laatiin Ameerika.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zabel|first=Darcy|title=Arabs in the Americas: Interdisciplinary Essays on the Arab Diaspora|publisher=Peter Lang|year=2006|isbn=9780820481111|location=Austria|page=5}}</ref> Natiijadii magaalooyinka iyo kordhinta ganacsiga ee Afrika ka hooseysa Saxara waxay keentay Muslinka inay degaan dhulal cusub oo ay faafiyaan diintooda, iyadoo lagu qiyaasay inay laba-laabatay dadkeeda Muslinka ah u dhaxeysa 1869 iyo 1914.<ref>{{harvp|Bulliet|2005|p=722}}</ref> === Casrigii ee Horumarsanaa (Qarnigii 20aad–Ilaa Hada) === [[File:13. Session of the Islamic Summit Conference.jpg|thumb|Hoggaamiyeyaasha dalalka Islaamka intii uu socday kalfadhigii 2016 ee Shirka Iskaashiga Islaamka ee Istambul, Turkiga. Trikiiba saddex sano, OIC waxay isku brings dhammaan hoggaamiyeyaasha Muslinka.|upright=1.35]] Aabbayaashii casriyeynta Islaamka waxay saameeyeen dhaqdhaqaaqyada siyaasadda Islaamka sida Ikhwaanul Muslimeen iyo xisbiyada la xiriira ee dunida Carabta,<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 August 2011 |title=Are secular forces being squeezed out of Arab Spring? |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14447820 |access-date=10 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Slackman |first=Michael |date=23 December 2008 |title=Jordanian students rebel, embracing conservative Islam |work=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/24/world/middleeast/24jordan.html |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> kuwaas oo si wanaagsan uga dhex muuqday doorashooyinkii ka dambeeyay Guudkii Carabta,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kirkpatrick |first=David D. |date=3 December 2011 |title=Egypt's vote puts emphasis on split over religious rule |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/04/world/middleeast/egypts-vote-propels-islamic-law-into-spotlight.html |access-date=8 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jamaat-e-Islami ee Koonfurta Aasiya iyo Xisbiga Caddaaladda iyo Horumarinta (AK Party), oo si kemokaraasi ah xukuma Turkiga tobanaan sano. Iiraan, Kacdoonkii Iiraan wuxuu beddelay boqortooyadii laimaaniyadda ee Reer Galbeedku taageerayay iyadoo la dhisay Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah. Kuwa kale sida Sayyid Rashid Rida waxay ka go'een casriyeeyayaasha Islaamka<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lauziere|first=Henri|title=The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-231-17550-0|location=New York, Chichester, West Sussex|page=237|quote="Prior to the fall of the Ottoman Empire, leading reformers who happened to be Salafi in creed were surprisingly open-minded: although they adhered to neo-Hanbali theology. However, the aftermath of the First World War and the expansion of European colonialism paved the way for a series of shifts in thought and attitude. The experiences of Rida offer many examples... he turned against the Shi'is who dared, with reason, to express doubts about the Saudi-Wahhabi project... . Shi'is were not the only victims: Rida and his associates showed their readiness to turn against fellow Salafis who questioned some of the Wahhabis' religious interpretations."}}</ref> waxayna ka hortageen soo dhowaynta waxa uu u arkayay saamaynta Reer Galbeedka.<ref>{{Cite book|last=G. Rabil|first=Robert|title=Salafism in Lebanon: From Apoliticism to Transnational Jihadism|publisher=Georgetown University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-1-62616-116-0|location=Washington DC, US|pages=32–33|quote="Western colonialists established in these countries political orders... that, even though not professing enmity to Islam and its institutions, left no role for Islam in society. This caused a crisis among Muslim reformists, who felt betrayed not only by the West but also by those nationalists, many of whom were brought to power by the West... Nothing reflects this crisis more than the ideological transformation of Rashid Rida (1865–1935)... He also revived the works of Ibn Taymiyah by publishing his writings and promoting his ideas. Subsequently, taking note of the cataclysmic events brought about by Western policies in the Muslim world and shocked by the abolition of the caliphate, he transformed into a Muslim intellectual mostly concerned about protecting Muslim culture, identity, and politics from Western influence. He supported a theory that essentially emphasized the necessity of an Islamic state in which the scholars of Islam would have a leading role... Rida was a forerunner of Islamist thought. He apparently intended to provide a theoretical platform for a modern Islamic state. His ideas were later incorporated into the works of Islamic scholars. Significantly, his ideas influenced none other than Hassan al-Bannah, founder of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt... The Muslim Brethren have taken up Rida's Islamic fundamentalism, a right-wing radical movement founded in 1928,.."}}</ref> Kooxda ISIS waxay xitaa isku deyday inay dib u samayso diinaarkii dahabka ahaa ee casriga ahaa si uu u noqdo pambakooda lacagta. Halka kuwii ka go'ay ay qaarkood ahaayeen kuwa ka gaabsada siyaasadda, kuwo kale waxay rumechsanaayeen dhibaataynta kuwa ka soo horjeeda, xitaa Muslinka kale.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/14/isis-gold-silver-copper-islamic-dinar-coins |title=Isis to mint own Islamic dinar coins in gold, silver and copper |work=The Guardian |date=21 November 2014 |access-date=31 July 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ka hortagga dhaqdhaqaaqyada siyaasadda Islaamka, qarnigii 20aad ee Turkiga, ciidanku waxay sameeyeen afgembiyo si ay xukuumadaha Islaamiga ah uga tuuraan xukanka, sidoo kale xijabka ayaa si sharci ah loo xaddiday, sida ay sidoo kale ka dhacday Tuniisiya.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 April 2011 |title=Huge rally for Turkish secularism |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6604643.stm |access-date=6 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Saleh |first=Heba |date=15 October 2011 |title=Tunisia moves against headscarves |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6053380.stm |access-date=6 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Dhulalka kale, awoodda diinta ayaa la maamulay iyada oo hadda loo arko puppeto oo ay dawladdu maamusho. Tusaale ahaan, Sacuudi Carabiya, dawladdu waxay keligeed maamushay aqoonta diinta<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 June 2007 |title=Laying down the law: Islam's authority deficit |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/international/2007/06/28/islams-authority-deficit |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo Masar, dawladdu waxay qarameysay Jaamacadda Al-Azhar, oo hore u ahayd igo madax-bannaan oo xaddida awoodda dawladda.<ref>{{cite book| title = The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought| last1 = Bowering | first1 = Gerhard | last2=Mirza |first2=Mahan |last3=Crone |first3=Patricia| year = 2013 | publisher = Princeton University Press | page=59| isbn = 9780691134840 }}</ref> Salafiyada waxaa dhaqaale lagu siiyay Bariga Dhexe sababtoo ah ka gaabsashadeeda siyaasadda.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 October 2008 |title=Ultraconservative Islam on rise in Mideast |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna27256187 |access-date=24 September 2013 |publisher=MSNBC |url-status=live }}</ref> Sacuudi Carabiya waxay ololayso ka dhan ah dhaqdhaqaaqyada Islaamiga ah ee kacdoonka ah ee Bariga Dhexe, iyadoo ka soo horjeedda Iiraan.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Almukhtar |first1=Sarah |last2=Peçanha |first2=Sergio |last3=Wallace |first3=Tim |date=5 January 2016 |title=Behind Stark Political Divisions, a More Complex Map of Sunnis and Shiites |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/01/04/world/middleeast/sunni-shiite-map-middle-east-iran-saudi-arabia.html |access-date=6 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Tiro yar oo Muslin ah oo ka soo jeeda qowmiyadaha kala duwan ayaa loo dhibay sida koox diimeed.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thames |first1=Knox |title=Why the Persecution of Muslims Should Be on Biden's Agenda |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/muslims-islam-china-india-myanmar-persecution-repression-biden-human-rights/ |work=Foreign Policy Magazine |date=6 January 2021 |language=English |access-date=5 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Tan waxaa sameeyay xoogagga shuuciga ah sida Khmer Rouge, kuwaas oo u arkayay inay yihiin armigooda koowaad ee la cirbootinayo maaddaama dhaqankooda diimeed uu ka dhigay kuwa ka dhex muuqda dadka kale,<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Perrin |first=Andrew |date=10 October 2003 |title=Weakness in numbers |magazine=Time |url=https://time.com/archive/6894001/weakness-in-numbers/ |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}</ref> Xisbiga Shuuciga Shiinaha ee Xinjiang<ref>{{cite web |last1=Beydoun |first1=Khaled A. |title=For China, Islam is a 'mental illness' that needs to be 'cured' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/china-islam-mental-illness-cured-181127135358356.html |publisher=Al Jazeera |language=English |access-date=5 February 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo xoogagga qarannimada sida intii uu socday xasuuqii Bosniya.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mojzes |first=Paul |title=Balkan Genocides: Holocaust and Ethnic Cleansing in the Twentieth Century |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4422-0663-2|page=178}}</ref> Ciidanka Miyanmaar ee Tatmadaw oo bartilmaameedsanayay Muslinka Rohingya waxaa loogu yeeray dambi ka dhan ah aadamnimada ay sameeyeen Qaraamada Midoobay iyo Amnesty International,<ref>{{cite news |author=Oliver Holmes |date=19 December 2016 |title=Myanmar's Rohingya campaign 'may be crime against humanity' |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/19/myanmars-rohingya-campaign-may-be-against-humanity |url-status=live |access-date=5 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=19 December 2016|title=Rohingya abuse may be crimes against humanity: Amnesty|website=Al Jazeera|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/19/rohingya-abuse-may-be-crimes-against-humanity-amnesty/|access-date=2023-02-21|url-status=live}}</ref> halka Xafiiska Qaraamada Midoobay ee Wakiilka Sare ee Xaqiiqo-raadinta uu ka helay xasuuq, sifeyn qowmiyadeed, iyo dambiyo kale oo ka dhan ah aadamnimada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/MyanmarFFM/Pages/ReportoftheMyanmarFFM.aspx|title=Report of Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar |date=27 August 2018|website=ohchr.org|access-date=14 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Horumarka isgaarsiinta dunida wuxuu teshay faafinta ballaaran ee aqoonta diinta. Qaadashada xijabka waxay noqotay mid ka sii badan<ref>{{Cite news |last=Slackman |first=Michael |date=28 January 2007 |title=In Egypt, a new battle begins over the veil |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/weekinreview/28slackman.html |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo aqoonyahanno badan oo Muslin ah waxay si kordhayay isku deyayaan inay ka soocaan caqiidooyinka diinta Islaamka iyo dhaqammada caadiga ah.{{sfnp|Nigosian|2004|p=41}} Kooxaha kale dhexdiisa, helitaanka macluumaadka wuxuu keenay kordhinta wacdiyayaasha "televangelist" ee caanka ah, sida Amr Khaled, kuwaas oo kula tartama culumada caadiga ah gaaritaankooda oo ay ka dhigeen awoodda diinta mid aan hal xarun ku dhuftayn.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=263}} Sharraxaadaha "gaarka ah" ee Islaamka<ref>V. Šisler: ''The Internet and the Construction of Islamic Knowledge in Europe'' p. 212</ref> waxay si muuqata u dhex-galaan Muslinka Liberaalka ah oo isku deyaya inay waafajiyaan dhaqammada diinta iyo xukunkii laimaaniyadda ee casriga ah,{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=118–119, 179}}{{sfnp|Rippin|2001|p=288}} hab ka mid ah kuwa ay dhaleeceeyeen qaarkood oo ku saabsan waafaqsanaantiisa.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Adams, Charles J.|editor1-last=Esposito|editor1-first=John L.|title=Voices of Resurgent Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/voicesofresurgen00hcen|url-access=registration|date=1983|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/voicesofresurgen00hcen/page/113 113–4] |chapter=Maududi and the Islamic State|quote=[Maududi believed that] when religion is relegated to the personal realm, men inevitably give way to their bestial impulses and perpetrate evil upon one another. In fact it is precisely because they wish to escape the restraints of morality and the divine guidance that men espouse secularism.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Meisami|first=Sayeh|date=2013|title='Abdolkarim Soroush |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0034.xml|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-12 |website=Oxford Bibliographies|language=en}}</ref> Sidoo kale, laimaaniyaddu waxaa loo arkaa fikrad shisheeye oo ay ku soo impose gareeyeen qabsadayaashii oo ay adkeeyeen maamulayaasha ka dambeeyay gumeysiga,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Secularism, State Neutrality, and Islam|author=Abdullah Saeed|encyclopedia=The Oxford Handbook of Secularism|editor1=Phil Zuckerman|editor2=John R. Shook |url=http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/abstract/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199988457-e-12|year=2017|page=188 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.013.12|isbn=978-0-19-998845-7|access-date=7 August 2023|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref> oo inta badan loo fahmo inay u dhiganto ka-horjeedda diinta.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Nader Hashemi|title=Secularism|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0714|access-date=7 August 2023|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref> == Tirada Dadka == {{Main|Dunida Muslinka|Ummah}} {{See also|Islaamka waddan ahaan|Koraanka dadka Muslinka ah}} [[File:2020+ Proportion of people in world religions.svg |thumb|Boqolkiiba inta qof ee diimaha dunida. Muslinku waxay ka yihiin dhawaan 25.6% dadka dunida, taas oo ah tiro yar oo ka hooseysa Masiixiyiinta.<ref name=Pew_20250609>{{cite web |last1=Hackett |first1=Conrad |last2=Stonawski |first2=Marcin |last3=Tong |first3=Yunping |last4=Kramer |first4=Stephanie |last5=Shi |first5=Anne |last6=Fahmy |first6=Dalia |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |publisher=Pew Research Center |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260222070137/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |archive-date=22 February 2026 |date=9 June 2025 |url-status=live |quote=Source: Pew Research Center estimates based on more than 2,700 censuses and surveys. "How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020"}}</ref>]] Marka la joogo 2020, dhawaan 25.6% dadka dunida, ama dhawaan 2&nbsp;bilyan oo qof, waa Muslin.<ref name="pewresearch.orgReligion">{{Cite web |title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/interactives/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |date=21 December 2022 |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128120036/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/interactives/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="www.pewresearch.org-2022">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2022 |title=Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project - Research and data from Pew Research Center |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205195540/https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |archive-date=5 February 2023 |access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/|title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population|date=27 January 2011|access-date=26 October 2022|archive-date=30 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930233955/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/08/09/muslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world/ | title=Muslims and Islam: Key findings in the U.S. and around the world | date=9 August 2017 | access-date=19 December 2022 | archive-date=8 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108121140/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/08/09/muslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Pew-Growth-2017">{{cite web |last1=Lipka |first1=Michael |last2=Hackett |first2=Conrad |author-link2=Conrad Hackett |title=Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514123559/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |archive-date=2019-05-14 |website=Fact Tank |publisher=Pew Research Center |date=2017-04-06 |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> Sannadkii 1900, qiyaastani waxay ahayd 12.3%,<ref name="Barrett-2001">{{cite book |last1=Barrett |first1=David B. |last2=Kurian |first2=George T. |last3=Johnson |first3=Todd M. |title=World Christian Encyclopedia: A Comparative Survey of Churches and Religions in the Modern World |volume=1: The World by Countries: Religionists, Churches, Ministries |edition=2nd |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |page=4 |isbn=978-0195079630 |language=en}}</ref> sannadkii 1990 waxay ahayd 19.9%<ref name="Pew Research Center-2011">{{Cite report |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |publisher=Pew Research Center |access-date=27 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209094904/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=9 February 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> iyada oo saadaalintu ay muujinayso in heerku noqon doono 29.7% marka la joogo 2050.{{rp|8}} Ugu kooban uturjumaadda Pew ee 2020 waxay heshay in dadka Muslinka ah ee dunidu ay ahaayeen kooxda diimeed ee ugu koraanka badnayd tobankii sano, inta badan sababtoo ah Muslinku waxay u janjeeraan inay ku yar yihiin da'da oo ay leeyihiin heer dhalmo oo sarreeya—laba walxood oo muhiim ah oo kexeeya koraanka caadiga ah ee dadka.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett|author2=Marcin Stonawski|author3=Yunping Tong|author4=Stephanie Kramer|author5=Anne Shi|author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf|access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Pew Research Center |page=9|quote=Increases in the global Muslim population are largely due to Muslims having a relatively young age structure and high fertility rate, two characteristics that result in natural population growth.}}</ref>{{rp|9}} Sida ku xuso qiyaasta dadka ee 2020, 65% dadka Muslinka ah waxay ku dhex jiraan toban waddan, iyada oo dadka ugu waaweyni ay ku nool yihiin Indoneesiya, Bakistaan, Hindiya, Bangaladeesh, Nayjeeriya, Masar, Iiraan, Turkiga, Sudaan, iyo Aljeeriya, marka loo eego sida ay u kala hooseeyaan. Indoneesiya waxay xarun u tahay ka badan 230,000,000 oo Muslin ah, Bakistaan ka badan 220,000,000, Hindiya ka badan 210,000,000, Bangaladeesh ka badan 150,000,000, Nayjeeriya ka badan 110,000,000, Masar ka badan 100,000,000, Iiraan iyo Turkiga midkiiba ka badan 80,000,000, iyo Sudaan iyo Aljeeriya midkiiba ka badan 40,000,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/muslim-population-change/|title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020: 3. Muslim population change|date=9 June 2025|access-date=12 February 2026|website=Pew Research Center}}</ref>[[File:Islam percent population in each nation World Map Muslim data by Pew Research.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Boqolkiiba Muslinka ee dunida waddan ahaan.<ref name="pew2015" />]]Sida ku xuso warbixin ay soo saartay CNN, "Islaamku wuxuu soo jiitay dad soo Islaamay oo ka soo jeeda dhammaan heerarka nolosha, gaar ahaan Ameerikanka ka soo jeeda Afrika".<ref>{{cite news |title=Fast-growing Islam winning converts in Western world |publisher=CNN |url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9704/14/egypt.islam/ |access-date=6 May 2016 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015114027/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9704/14/egypt.islam/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ingiriiska, dhawaan 6,000 oo qof ayaa soo Islaama sannad walba, iyada oo sida ku xuso maqaal ku jira British Muslims Monthly Survey, badanka dadka cusub ee soo Islaama ee Ingiriiska ay ahaayeen dumarka.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/bmms/2000/06June00.asp#Women%20convert |title=British Muslims Monthly Survey for June 2000, Vol. VIII, No. 6 |at=Women convert |access-date=2020-09-28 |archive-date=2008-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214160750/http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/bmms/2000/06June00.asp#Women%20convert |url-status=live}}</ref> Sida ku xuso The Huffington Post, "ilaaliyayaashu waxay qiyaasayaan in illaa 20,000 oo Ameerikan ah ay soo Islaamaan sannad walba", badankoodu ay yihiin dumarka iyo Muslinka Ameerikanka ka soo jeeda Afrika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-08-24 |title=Conversion To Islam One Result Of Post-9/11 Curiosity |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/post-911-islam-converts_n_935572 |access-date=2020-11-26 |website=HuffPost |language=en |archive-date=2021-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111201117/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/post-911-islam-converts_n_935572 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author-first=Julie |author-last=Bindel |author-link=Julie Bindel |title=Why do Western Women Convert? |url=http://standpointmag.co.uk/features-may-10-why-do-western-women-convert-julie-bindel-islam-female-conversion |access-date=8 May 2016 |work=Standpoint |date=26 April 2010 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006102003/http://standpointmag.co.uk/features-may-10-why-do-western-women-convert-julie-bindel-islam-female-conversion |url-status=live}}</ref> Sidoo kale boqolkiiba iyo tirada guud ahaan, Islaamku waa kooxda diimeed ee ugu koraanka badan dunida, iyadoo la saadaalinayo inay noqoto ta ugu weyn dunida dhamaadka qarniga 21aad, iyadoo ka badanaysa Masiixiyada. Waxaa lagu qiyaasay in marka la joogo 2050, tirada Muslinka ay u dhowaan doonto tirada Masiixiyiinta ee dunida, "sababtoo ah da'da yar iyo heerka dhalmo ee sarreeya ee Muslinka marka loo barbardhigo kooxaha kale ee diimaha."{{rp|70}} === Xituunta Pew Research === Dhawaan 49 waddan ayaa ah kuwo dadka ugu badan ee ku nooli ay Muslin yihiin,{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=11}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ba-Yunus |first1=Ilyas |title=Muslims in the United States |last2=Kone, Kassim |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2006 |page=[https://archive.org/details/muslimsunitedsta00bayu/page/n186 172] |url=https://archive.org/details/muslimsunitedsta00bayu |url-access=registration |isbn=978-0-313-32825-1}}</ref><ref name="Pew-Landscape-2012">{{cite report |author=The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life |title=The Global Religious Landscape: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Major Religious Groups as of 2010 |url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323215026/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf |archive-date=2018-03-23 |date=December 2012 |publisher=Pew Research Center |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=7 March 2018 |title=Islam in Russia |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2018/3/7/islam-in-russia/ |access-date=15 June 2021 |website=Al Jazeera |publisher=Anadolu News Agency |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024349/https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/features/2018/3/7/islam-in-russia |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Book review: Russia's Muslim Heartlands reveals diverse population |date=21 April 2018 |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/book-review-russia-s-muslim-heartlands-reveals-diverse-population-1.723230 |work=The National |access-date=13 January 2019 |archive-date=14 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114210257/https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/book-review-russia-s-muslim-heartlands-reveals-diverse-population-1.723230 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyada oo 62% Muslinka dunidu ay ku nool yihiin Aasiya, halka 683 milyan oo taabacsan ay ku nool yihiin Indoneesiya, Bakistaan, Hindiya, iyo Bangaladeesh keligood.<ref name="Pew-Projections-2050">{{cite web |title=10 Countries With the Largest Muslim Populations, 2010 and 2050 |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/muslims/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables74/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207115222/http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/muslims/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables74/ |archive-date=2017-02-07 |website=Pew Research Center |publisher=Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life |date=2015-04-02 |type=Projections table |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Secrets of Islam |url=https://www.usnews.com/usnews/graphics/religion/islams_global_reach.htm |access-date=24 September 2013 |website=U.S. News & World Report |archive-date=22 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122200555/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/graphics/religion/islams_global_reach.htm |url-status=live }} Information provided by the International Population Center, Department of Geography, San Diego State University (2005).</ref>{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|pp=15, 17}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pechilis |first1=Karen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C |title=South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today |last2=Raj |first2=Selva J. |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-44851-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C&pg=PA193 193] |access-date=3 May 2019 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024331/https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslinka Carabta ah waxay samayeeyaan kooxda qowmiyadeed ee ugu weyn Muslinka dhexdeeda ee dunida,<ref name="Nydell-2005">{{cite book |last=Nydell |first=Margaret Kleffner |title=Understanding Arabs: A Guide for Modern Times |edition=4th |location=Yarmouth, Maine |publisher=Intercultural Press |year=2005 |pages=xxiii, 14 |isbn=978-1931930253 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNoiieefqAcC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024737/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNoiieefqAcC |archive-date=2023-12-28 |language=en}}</ref> waxaa ku xiga Bangaaliyiinta<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Eaton|editor=Barbara D. Metcalf|title=Islam in South Asia in Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pR0LzVCpfw8C|date=8 September 2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-3138-8|page=275|chapter=Forest Clearing and the Growth of Islam in Bengal}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=haGORCJRlOUC&pg=PA50 |title=The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics |author1=Meghna Guhathakurta |author2=Willem van Schendel |page=50 |date=30 April 2013 |publisher=Duke University Press |access-date=7 November 2016 |isbn=978-0822353188 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707092408/https://books.google.com/books?id=haGORCJRlOUC&pg=PA50 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo Bunjaabiinta.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Rajmohan|title=Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten|year=2013|page=1|publisher=Aleph Book Company|location=New Delhi, India, Urbana, Illinois|isbn=978-93-83064-41-0}}.</ref> Qiyaasaha badankood waxay muujinayaan in Shiinaha ay ku nool yihiin dhawaan 20 illaa 30 milyan oo Muslin ah (1.5% illaa 2% dadka waddanka).<ref>{{cite web |work=The World Factbook |title=Explore All Countries – China |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/ |access-date=15 September 2009 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |archive-date=13 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213122152/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=China (includes Hong Kong, Macau, and Tibet) |website=Archived Content |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm |access-date=24 September 2013 |publisher=U.S. Department of State |archive-date=10 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710075050/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Islaamka ka jira Yurub waa diinta labaad ee ugu weyn Masiixiyadda ka dib waddamo badan dhexdeeda, iyada oo heerarka koraanka ay inta badan ku yimaadaan soogalootiga iyo heerka dhalmo ee sarreeya ee Muslinka ee 2005,<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 December 2005 |title=Muslims in Europe: Country guide |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4385768.stm |access-date=1 April 2010 |archive-date=29 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929213440/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4385768.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> taas oo samaynaysay 4.9% dhammaan dadka Yurub ee 2016.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/11/29/5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe/|title=5 facts about the Muslim population in Europe|date=November 29, 2017|work=Pew Research Center|first=Conrad|last=Hackett|access-date=17 January 2023|archive-date=5 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105202657/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/11/29/5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sida ku xuso Xituunta Pew Research, soo Islaamidda ma laha saameyn weyn oo saafi ah oo ku saabsan koraanka dadka Muslinka ah maadaama "tirada dadka ku soo Islaama diinta ay u dhowdahay inay la mid tahay tirada Muslinka ah ee ka baxda diinta."<ref>{{Cite report |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |section=Conversion |date=27 January 2011 |publisher=Pew Research Center |section-url=https://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-related-factors/#conversion |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |quote=there is no substantial net gain or loss in the number of Muslims through conversion globally; the number of people who become Muslims through conversion seems to be roughly equal to the number of Muslims who leave the faith |access-date=12 May 2020 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211126/http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bagse, Islaamku wuxuu ka helayaa faa'iido yar oo ah 3 milyan oo qof marka loo eego isbeddelka diimaha u dhexeya 2010 iyo 2050, inta badan ka timaada Afrika Sub-Sahara (2.9 milyan).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf|title=Cumulative Change Due to Religious Switching, 2010–2050, p.43|access-date=4 May 2016|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150429153811/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf|archive-date=29 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/|title=The Changing Global Religious Landscape|work=Pew Research Center|date=5 April 2017|access-date=17 December 2022|archive-date=18 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218030628/https://www.pewforum.org/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sida ku xuso uturjumaadda Pew ee 2020, dhawaan 1% dadka waaweyn ee ku soo koray Muslimnimada ayaa ka baxa diinta, halka boqolkiiba la mid ah —dhawaan 1%— ay ka soo Islaamaan diimaha kale, taas oo keenta heer hoose oo isbeddel diimeed ah oo soo gala ama ka baxa Islaamka.<ref name="pew2029">{{Cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett|author2=Marcin Stonawski|author3=Yunping Tong|author4=Stephanie Kramer|author5=Anne Shi|author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf|access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US|page=39|quote=Muslims and Hindus have been the least likely to gain or lose adherents from religious switching. About one in every 100 adults raised Muslim (or Hindu) has left their childhood religion, and a similar number from a different religious category have switched into Islam (or Hinduism).}}</ref> Mutaaniqada Islaamka ka baxday waxay u janjeeraan inay u wareegaan diin kale halkii ay ka noqon lahaayeen kuwo aan diin lahayn. == Qaybaha Waaweyn == {{Main|Xiriirka Shiicada iyo Sunnada|Qadiir Khum|Saqiifa|Ciidul Qadiir}} === Matalaadda Qadiir Khum iyo Saqiifa === [[File:Chronology of Ancient Nations, f.162r miniature.jpg|thumb|Magacaabiddii Cali uu Muxammad ku magacaabay Qadiir Khum, 1307 AD fardawsa Ilkhanid.]] Tukhtaan muhiim ah ayaa ka dhacay 632 ee Qadiir Khum, halkaas oo Muxammad, obo yar ka hor dhimashadiisa, uu gacanta ku qabtay Cali, oo ahaa ina-adeerkii iyo seedigii, uu ka jeediyay khudbad uu ku yiri "Kii aan ahay ''mowlahiisa'', Cali waa ''mowlahiisa''."<ref>{{cite book |title=The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam |author-first=Maria Massi |author-last=Dakake |year=2007 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9780791470336 |author-link=Maria Massi Dakake}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Veccia Vaglieri|first=L.|date=2012|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/*-SIM_2439|section=G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm|publisher=Brill|access-date=July 14, 2023|isbn=9789004161214|archive-date=14 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714174420/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/*-SIM_2439|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfnp|Campo|2009|pp=257–258}} Ereyga mowla wuxuu leeyahay macnayaal kala duwan oo ku xiran xaaladda, oo ay ku jiraan sayid, ilaaliye, xulafo, taageere, iyo mid awood leh. Shiicada dhexdeeda, waxaa loo fahmaa magacaabidda rasmiga ah ee Muxammad uu Cali uga dhigay beddelkiisa. Sunnadu sidoo kale waxay aqbashaa in tukhtaankii Qadiir Khum uu dhacay iyadoo Muxammad uu yiri hadalkaas ku saabsan Cali. Bagse, uma tarjumaan hadalka inuu yahay magacaabidda Cali ee beddelka Muxammad. Muslinka Sunnada ah waxay u tarjumaan ereyga mowla xaaladdan inuu u muuqdo saaxiib dhow, taageere, ama mid mudan daacadnimo iyo kalsooni. Sidaas darteed, waxay u arkaan bayaanka inuu yahay caddayn ah xushmadda Muxammad uu u hayay Cali, iyagoo hoos u dhigaya muhiimadda tukhtaanka. Kalfadhigii Saqiifa wuxuu dhacay obo yar ka dib dhimashadii Muxammad ee 632, halkaas oo Abu Bakar looga doortay beddelkiisa oo uu ku noqday Khaliifkii koowaad. Saqiifa waxay ka mid tahay tukhtaannada ugu muranka badan Islaamka, sababtoo ah ka saarida tiro badan oo ka mid ah Saxaabada Muxammad, oo ay ku jiraan Ahlul Bayt iyo gaar ahaan Cali. Cali iyo tiro badan oo ka mid ah qoyska Muxammad waxay weli ku jireen aasitaanka nabiga markii uu tukhtaanku dhacayay.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Foody |first=Kathleen |date=September 2015 |title=Interiorizing Islam: Religious Experience and State Oversight in the Islamic Republic of Iran |editor-last=Jain |editor-first=Andrea R. |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=599–623 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/lfv029 |doi-access=free |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Academy of Religion |eissn=1477-4585 |issn=0002-7189 |jstor=24488178 |lccn=sc76000837 |oclc=1479270 |quote=For Shiʿi Muslims, Muhammad not only designated Ali as his friend, but appointed him as his successor—as the "lord" or "master" of the new Muslim community. Ali and his descendants would become known as the Imams, divinely guided leaders of the Shiʿi communities, sinless, and granted special insight into the Qurʾanic text. The theology of the Imams that developed over the next several centuries made little distinction between the authority of the Imams to politically lead the Muslim community and their spiritual prowess; quite to the contrary, their right to political leadership was grounded in their special spiritual insight. While in theory, the only just ruler of the Muslim community was the Imam, the Imams were politically marginal after the first generation. In practice, Shiʿi Muslims negotiated varied approaches to both interpretative authority over Islamic texts and governance of the community, both during the lifetimes of the Imams themselves and even more so following the disappearance of the twelfth and final Imam in the ninth century.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Foody |first=Kathleen |date=September 2015 |editor-last=Jain |editor-first=Andrea R. |title=Interiorizing Islam: Religious Experience and State Oversight in the Islamic Republic of Iran |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Academy of Religion |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=599–623 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/lfv029 |issn=0002-7189 |eissn=1477-4585 |jstor=24488178 |lccn=sc76000837 |oclc=1479270 |quote=For Shiʿi Muslims, Muhammad not only designated Ali as his friend, but appointed him as his successor—as the "lord" or "master" of the new Muslim community. Ali and his descendants would become known as the Imams, divinely guided leaders of the Shiʿi communities, sinless, and granted special insight into the Qurʾanic text. The theology of the Imams that developed over the next several centuries made little distinction between the authority of the Imams to politically lead the Muslim community and their spiritual prowess; quite to the contrary, their right to political leadership was grounded in their special spiritual insight. While in theory, the only just ruler of the Muslim community was the Imam, the Imams were politically marginal after the first generation. In practice, Shiʿi Muslims negotiated varied approaches to both interpretative authority over Islamic texts and governance of the community, both during the lifetimes of the Imams themselves and even more so following the disappearance of the twelfth and final Imam in the ninth century. |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Amir-Moezzi |author-first=Mohammad Ali |title=Ghadīr Khumm |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=Third |editor1-first=Kate |editor1-last=Fleet |editor2-first=Gudrun |editor2-last=Krämer |editor3-first=Denis |editor3-last=Matringe |editor4-first=John |editor4-last=Nawas |editor5-first=Devin J. |editor5-last=Stewart |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419 |year=2014 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419 |isbn=9789004269613 |author-link=Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Muslinka Sunnada ah waxay qabaan in Muxammad uu u daayay doorashada beddelkiisa bulshada, sidaas darteedna waxay u arkaan doorashadii Abu Bakar ee saxaabada inay ahayd mid sharci ah. Muslinka Shiicada ah waxay adkaynayaan in Cali hore loogu magacaabay beddelka Muxammad ee tukhtaankii Qadiir Khum, sidaas darteedna waxay u arkaan tukhtaannadii Saqiifa inay ahaayeen kuwo dhaafay xaqiisii beddelka. Dhibaatada beddelka waxay noqotay sababtii ugu horreysay ee qeybsanaanta Muslinka oo keentay soo bixitaanka labada qaybood ee waaweyn ee Islaamka, Sunna iyo Shiica. === Islaamka Sunnada ah === {{Main|Islaamka Sunnada ah}} [[File:Khalili Collection Islamic Art mss 0311 fol 190b-191a.jpg|thumb|Faraq-qoraal ah oo [[Saxiix al-Bukhari]] ah oo ka soo jeeda qarnigii 14aad, ururintii ugu horreysay ee [[xadiis]] ee [[Kutub al-Sittah|Lixda Buug]] ee [[Islaamka Sunnada ah]].]] Islaamka Sunnada ah waa qaybta ugu weyn ee Islaamka iyada oo ah mhabka diimeed ee ugu weyn dunida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of religious populations {{!}} Largest Religions, Smallest Religions, Lists, Data, & Overview {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/List-of-religious-populations|access-date=2025-07-24|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sunni |title=Sunni |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=17 September 2021 |archive-date=30 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430101807/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/574006/Sunnite |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Sunni Islam |editor-first=John L. |editor-last=Esposito |encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2014 |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2280 |access-date=10 January 2010 |archive-date=5 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005013247/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2280 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Denny-2010">{{cite book |last=Denny |first=Frederick |author-link=Frederick M. Denny |title=Sunni Islam: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |page=3 |isbn=978-0199804153 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D5_N97bAiJ0C&pg=PA3 |quote=Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community, and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority (85 to 90%) of that community. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lawson |first1=Russell M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_krEEAAAQBAJ&dq=islam+based+on+the+teachings+of+muhammad&pg=PA419 |title=Science in the Ancient World: From Antiquity through the Middle Ages |date=23 September 2021 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-4408-7353-9 |page=419 |language=en}}</ref> Ereygu waa gaabinta weedha "''Ahl as-Sunnah wa al-Jama'ah''", oo macnaheedu yahay "dadka [[Sunnah|sunnada]] (dhaqankii Muxammad) iyo jamacaadka".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Ahl as-Sunnah |encyclopedia=Islam Ansiklopedisi |publisher=Turkish Diyanet Foundation |location=Istanbul |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ehl-i-sunnet |last=Yavuz |first=Yusuf Şevki |date=1994 |volume=10 |pages=525–530 |lang=tr |access-date=28 December 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228114411/https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ehl-i-sunnet |url-status=live }}</ref> Islaamka Sunnada ah mararka qaarkood waxaa loo yaqaanaa "Islaamka Ortodokska ah",<ref>{{cite book |author1=John Richard Thackrah |title=Dictionary of Terrorism |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1135165956 |edition=2, revised |page=252}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Status of Women Under Islamic Law and Modern Islamic Legislation |date=2009 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9004172739 |editor1-last=Nasir |editor1-first=Jamal J. |edition=revised |page=11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=George W. Braswell |title=What You Need to Know about Islam & Muslims |date=2000 |publisher=B&H Publishing Group |isbn=978-0805418293 |edition=illustrated |page=62}}</ref> ingawa aqoonyahanada qaar ay u arkaan inaysan habboonayn, iyada oo Sunni-nimada ka baxsan ay dad badan u arki karaan fahan xumaan.<ref>An Introduction to the Hadith. John Burton. Published by Edinburgh University Press. 1996. p. 201. Cite: "Sunni: Of or pertaining ''sunna'', especially the ''Sunna'' of the Prophet. Used in conscious opposition to Shi'a, Shi'í. There being no ecclesia or centralized magisterium, the translation 'orthodox' is inappropriate. To the Muslim 'unorthodox' implies heretical, ''mubtadi'', from ''bid'a'', the contrary of ''sunna'' and so 'innovation'."</ref> Sunnadu waxay adkaynaysaa in Muxammad uusan magacaabin beddel, wuxuuna u dhaafay doorashada beddelkiisa bulshada, sidaas darteedna waxay u arkaan doorashadii Abu Bakar ee Saqiifa inay ahayd mid sharci ah. Muslinka Sunnada ah waxay inta badan u noqdaan lixda buug ee xadiiska ee waaweyn arrimaha sharciga, iyagoo u raaca mid ka mid ah afar madhabood ee fiqhiga: [[Hanafi school|Xanafi]], [[Hanbali school|Xanbali]], [[Maliki school|Maaliki]], [[Shafi'i school|Shaafi'i]].<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|pp=275, 306}}</ref> Cilmiga tawxiidka ee athariga ah waa madhab Sunni ah oo feker ah, oo uu si weyn ugu doodi jiray Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780–855 CE), oo lagu garto u noqoshada fahanka qoraalka ah ee Qur'aanka iyo sunnada, aמונה ah in Qur'aanku yahay mid aan la abuurin oo weligeed ah, iyo ka soo horjeeda cilmiga caqliga, ee loo yaqano kalam, marka loo eego arrimaha diinta iyo anshaxa.<ref>Hadi Enayat ''Islam and Secularism in Post-Colonial Thought: A Cartography of Asadian Genealogies'' Springer Publishing, 30 June 2017 {{ISBN|978-3-319-52611-9}} p.48</ref> Maaturidiyada, oo uu aasaasay Abu Mansur al-Maturidi (853–944 CE), waxay leedahay qoraalka la soo dejiyay looma baahna anshaxa asaasiga ah iyada oo wanaagga iyo xawliga lagu fahmi karo caqliga keligiis,<ref>Rico Isaacs, Alessandro Frigerio ''Theorizing Central Asian Politics: The State, Ideology and Power'' Springer Publishing 2018 {{ISBN|978-3-319-97355-5}} p. 108</ref> laakiin dadku waxay u noqdaan waxyiga arrimaha ka baxsan fahanka bahaamka. Ash'ariyada, oo uu aasaasay Al-Ashʿarī (c. 874–936), waxay leedahay anshaxu wuxuu ka imaan karaa oo keliya waxyiga rabbaaniga ah laakiin waxay aqbashaa caqliga arrimaha fasiraadda waxayna isku dartaa hababka Mu'tazilada iyo fikradaha athariga.<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|1999|p=280}}</ref> Salafiyadu waa doonis dib u cusboonaysiin ah oo u dooda u noqoshada dhaqankii qgeneration-kii ugu horreeyay ee Muslinka. Qarnigii 18aad, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab wuxuu kexeeyay dhaqdhaqaaq Salafi ah, oo dadka ka baxsan ay u yaqaanaan Wahaabiya, waddanka maanta loo yaqano Sacuudi Carabiya.<ref>Richard Gauvain ''Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-0-7103-1356-0}} page 8</ref> Dhaqdhaqaaq la mid ah oo loo yaqano Ahl al-Hadith ayaa sidoo kale hoos u dhigay dhaqanka sharciga Sunniga ah ee qarniyada jiray, iyagoo door biday inay si toos ah u raacaan Qur'aanka iyo Xadiiska. Dhaqdhaqaaqa Sunniga ah ee Nurcu waxaa aasaasay Said Nursi (1877–1960); wuxuu isku darayaa qaybo ka mid ah Tasawufka iyo sayniska.<ref name="Svante E. Cornell p. 283">Svante E. Cornell ''Azerbaijan Since Independence'' M.E. Sharpe {{ISBN| 9780765630049}} p. 283</ref><ref>Robert W. Hefner ''Shariʻa Politics: Islamic Law and Society in the Modern World'' Indiana University Press 2011 {{ISBN|978-0-253-22310-4}} p. 170</ref> === Islaamka Shiicada ah === {{Main|Islaamka Shiicada ah}} [[File:Folio from a Nahj al-Balagha.gif|thumb|Warqad gacan-qoraal ah oo ka timaada Nahj al-Balagha, ee taariikhdeedu tahay 1149 AD. Nahj al-Balagha waa ururin khudbado, waraaqo, iyo hadallo ah oo uu leeyahay Cali. Waxaa loo arkaa inay ka mid tahay kuwa ugu muhiimsan ee suugaanta Carabiga iyada oo ka joogta meel sare Islaamka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda.]] Islaamka Shiicada ah waa qaybta labaad ee ugu weyn Islaamka iyo mid ka mid oo ka mid ah mhabada diimeed ee ugu waaweyn dunida.<ref>{{cite web |title=Field Listing :: Religions |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706231326/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |archive-date=6 July 2010 |access-date=25 October 2010 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |quote=Sunni Islam accounts for over 75% of the world's Muslim population." ... "Shia Islam represents 10–15% of Muslims worldwide.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sunni |url=https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/sunni |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614103622/https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/sunni |archive-date=14 June 2020 |access-date=24 May 2020 |publisher=Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs |quote=Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam, comprising about 85% of the world's over 1.5 billion Muslims.}}</ref>{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=1|ps=. "Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims."}} Ereygu waa gaabinta weedha "''Shīʿat ʿAlī''", oo macnaheedu yahay "xisbigii Cali". Muslinka Shiicada ah waxay adkaynayaan in Muxammad uu magacaabay ina-adeerkii iyo seedigii, Cali, inuu noqdo beddelkiisa.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shii|title=Shiʿi|last=Newman|first=Andrew J.|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=28 December 2021|archive-date=20 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720054917/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shii|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2004 |title=Sunni Islam |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa |publisher=MacMillan Reference |editor-last=Philip Mattar |edition=2nd |author1=Tayeb El-Hibri|author2=Maysam J. al Faruqi}}</ref> Cali waxaa ku xigay silsilad Imaamyo ah oo Ilaah magacaabay oo ka soo jeeda qoyska Muxammad ([[Ahl al-Bayt|Ahlul Bayt]]). Mhabka ugu weyn ee Islaamka Shiicada ah, Shiicada Laba-iyo-Tobanka ah, waxay aqoonsan yihiin Laba-iyo-Tobanka Imaam inay yihiin hoggaamiyeyaasha Ilaah magacaabay, iyadoo ka bilaabanaysa Cali keligiis oo ku dheehanaysa Mahdiga, oo la rumeysan yahay inuu ku jiro qoyanaanta loona fadhiyo inuu dib u soo laabto Dhamaadka Sannadaha si uu u aasaaso caddaalad oo uu caawin doono Ciise. Islaamka Shiicada ah wuxuu muhiimad gaar ah siiyaa Ahlul Bayt (qoyska Muxammad), kuwaas oo Muslinka Shiicada ah ay u arkaan inay leeyihiin awood diimeed iyo ruhani ah oo Ilaah siiyay. Qur'aanka, teachings-ka Muxammad (Sunnah), iyo Imaamyada waxay samayeeyaan asaaska ugu muhiimsan ee fekerka diimeed iyo fiqhiga Shiicada. Muslinka Shiicada ah waxaa kexeeya madhabka Jacfariyada ee fiqhiga.<ref>{{Cite book |author1=John Corrigan|author2=Frederick Denny|author3=Martin S Jaffee|author4=Carlos Eire |year=2011 |title=Jews, Christians, Muslims: A Comparative Introduction to Monotheistic Religions |publisher= Cambridge University Press |id=978-0205026340 }}</ref> Ururinta ugu muhiimsan ee xadiiska ee Islaamka Shiicada ah waa Afarta Buug ee Sharciga ah, oo loo yaqano Kitab al-Kafi, Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih, Tahdhib al-Ahkam, iyo Al-Istibsar. Islaamka Shiicada ah wuxuu ka kooban yahay dhowr qaybood, ta ugu weyn oo ugu muhiimsan waxay tahay Shiicada Laba-iyo-Tobanka ah, oo ay ku xigaan qaybaha yar ee Ismaaciiliyad iyo Saydiyad.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social and Military History |editor-first1=Spencer C. |editor-last1=Tucker |editor2=Priscilla Mary Roberts |year=2008 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-842-2 |page=917 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC&pg=PA917 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024726/https://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC&pg=PA917 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Iraq Effect: The Middle East After the Iraq War |first=Frederic M. |last=Wehrey |year=2010 |publisher=Rand Corporation |isbn=978-0-8330-4788-5 |page=91 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-3LAlfW7DIC&pg=PA91 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024742/https://books.google.com/books?id=i-3LAlfW7DIC&pg=PA91#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Newman|first=Andrew J.|author-link=Andrew J. Newman|title=Twelver Shiism: Unity and Diversity in the Life of Islam, 632 to 1722|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-7833-4|chapter=Introduction|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ&pg=PP18|page=2|access-date=13 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501201413/https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ|archive-date=1 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Dagaalkii Karbala, oo uu awoowe u ahaa Nabiga oo ahaa Imaamka saddexaad ee Shiicada, Xuseen ibn Cali, si xun loogu dilay oo madaxa looga jaray iyada oo la dilay badanka xubnaha qoyskiisa, wuxuu siiyay Caliyinta aqoonsi diimeed oo u gaar ah wuxuuna ka qaatay door muhiim ah zhuraalka iyo adkaynta ta noqotay Islaamka Shiicada ah. Wuxuu ka joogaa meel dhexe taariikhda Shiicada, dhaqanka, iyo cilmiga tawxiidka, iyadoo inta badan lagu xuso suugaanta Islaamka. Waa mid ka mid ah waqtiyada ugu murugada badan, muhiimka ah, ee lagu garto taariikhda Islaamka. Dhismaha Imaam Cali ee Najafe, Dhismaha Imaam Xuseen ee Karbala, iyo Dhismaha Imaam Riza ee Mashxad waa saddexda meelood ee ugu xurmada badan ka dib Masjid al-Xaraam ee Makka, Masjid al-Nabawi ee Madiina, iyo Masjid al-Aqsa ee Qudus.<ref name="Sardeg2">{{cite web |last=Escobar |first=Pepe |date=May 24, 2002 |title=Knocking on heaven's door |url=http://www.atimes.com/c-asia/DE24Ag04.html |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020603155002/http://atimes.com/c-asia/DE24Ag04.html |archive-date=June 3, 2002 |access-date=2006-11-12 |work=Asia Times Online |quote=our sixth imam, Imam Sadeg, says that we have five definitive holy places... first is Mecca... second is Medina... third belongs to our first imam of Shia, Ali, which is in Najaf. The fourth belongs to our third imam, Hussein, in Kerbala. The last one belongs to the daughter of our seventh imam and sister of our eighth imam, who is called Fatemah, and will be buried in Qom. |department=Central Asia/Russia}}</ref> Laba-iyo-Tobanka Imaam sidoo xushmad lagu hayaa Islaamka Sunnada ah dhexdeeda iyagoo ah xubno ka mid ah qoyska Nabiga Muxammad iyo shakhsiyaad muhiim ah oo ku jira taariikhda Islaamka, iyadoo Sunnadu ay booqdaan dhismooyinkooda xushmad darteed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Iraqi delegation from the Sunni Endowment visited the Holy Shrine of Imam Ali (PBUH).|url=https://www.alarbaeen.ir/en/news/an-iraqi-delegation-from-the-sunni-endowment-visited-the-holy-shrine-of-imam-ali-pbuh|access-date=2026-02-16|website=www.alarbaeen.ir}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Waziri|first=Adam Isa|date=2022-11-21|title=Sunni Professors, Scholars From Pakistan Visit Imam Husain's Holy Shrine in Karbala » Education Monitor News|url=https://educationmonitornews.com/sunni-professors-scholars-from-pakistan-visit-imam-husains-holy-shrine-in-karbala/|access-date=2026-02-16|website=Education Monitor News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Arooj|date=2024-02-01|title=Sunni scholars from Turkey express happiness upon visiting holy shrine of Imam Hussein|url=https://shiawaves.com/english/uncategorized/100914-sunni-scholars-from-turkey-express-happiness-upon-visiting-holy-shrine-of-imam-hussein/|access-date=2026-02-16|website=Shia Waves|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-16|title=Iraqi Sunni Friday prayer leaders visit Imam Reza (AS) holy shrine|url=https://en.hawzahnews.com/news/358808/Iraqi-Sunni-Friday-prayer-leaders-visit-Imam-Reza-AS-holy-shrine|access-date=2026-02-16|website=Hawzah News Agency|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=English Pakistani Sunnis Visit Imam Reza Shrine|url=https://www.shiachat.com/forum/topic/235051393-english-pakistani-sunnis-visit-imam-reza-shrine/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617090149/https://www.shiachat.com/forum/topic/235051393-english-pakistani-sunnis-visit-imam-reza-shrine/|archive-date=2025-06-17|access-date=2026-02-16|website=ShiaChat.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-14|title=Sunni Cleric: Imam Reza Shrine a Center for Unifying Muslims|url=https://en.abna24.com/news/664698/Sunni-Cleric-Imam-Reza-Shrine-a-Center-for-Unifying-Muslims|access-date=2026-02-17|website=ABNA English|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Imam Reza (A.S.) Is the Symbol of Unity among Islamic Sects.|url=https://www.alarbaeen.ir/en/news/imam-reza-as-is-the-symbol-of-unity-among-islamic-sects|access-date=2026-02-17|website=www.alarbaeen.ir}}</ref> {{multiple image | align = center | image1 = ImamAliShrine2026.jpg | width1 = 217 | alt1 = | caption1 = Dhismaha Imaam Cali ee Najafe, Ciraaq, waxaa loo arkaa Muslinka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda inuu yahay meesha ugu xurmada badan Islaamka ka dib Makka, Madiina iyo Qudus. | image2 = حرم الامام الحسين.jpg | width2 = 218 | alt2 = | caption2 = Dhismaha Imaam Xuseen ee Karbala, Ciraaq, waa meel aad u xurmo badan Islaamka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda. | width3 = 315 | alt3 = | footer = | image3 = ImamReza(A).jpg | caption3 = Dhismaha Imaam Riza ee Mashxad, Iiraan, waa masjidhka ugu weyn dunida iyadoo ka mid ah meelaha ugu xurmada badan Islaamka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda. }} ===== Cibaadiyada ===== {{Main|Muhakkima|Cibaadiyada|Khawaarijta}} Cibaadiyada waa madhab u gaar ah Islaamka waxaana inta badan loo arkaa qaybta saddexaad ee mhabada Islaamka, oo barbar taagan Islaamka Sunnada ah iyo Islaamka Shiicada ah. Xididdadeedu waxay dib u raacaan go'itaankii Khawaarijta ee ka go'een Cali, oo ahaa ina-adeerkii iyo seedigii nabiga Muxammad oo ahaa Imaamkii ugu horreeyay ee Shiicada iyo khaliifkii afaraad ee Khulafo al-Raashidiinta ee Sunnadu. Waxaaba jirta in Cibaadiyiinta casriga ah ay inta badan diadaan in aqiidadooda lagu tilmaamo Khawaarij. Cibaadiyada waxay soo baxday qarniyadii ugu horreeyay ee Islaamka iyadoo ka timaada khilaafaadkii siyaasadeed iyo kuwa tawxiidka ee ku xeernaa Fitnada Koowaad. Dhaqanku wuxuu taariikhiyan u xiran yahay dhaqdhaqaaqii hore ee Muhakkima. Cibaadiyiintu way ka tiro yar yihiin labada mhab ee ugu waaweyn Islaamka, Sunnadu iyo Shiicada. Cibaadiyada waxay weli tahay mid aan si fican u baran dadka ka baxsan, iyadoo ay ku jiraan kuwo aan Muslin ahayn iyo Muslinka Sunnada iyo Shiicada ah. [[File:Islam branches and schools.png|centre|Dulmar guud oo ku saabsan qaybaha waaweyn iyo mhabada Islaamka]] ===== Qaybaha ===== * Dhaqdhaqaaqa Axmadiyada waxaa lagu aasaasay Hindiya ee Ingiriisku xukumayay 1889 oo uu aasaasay Mirza Ghulam Ahmad oo ka soo jeeda Qadian, oo sheegtay inuu yahay Masiiyadii la ballanqaaday ("Soo laabashada Labaad ee Ciise"), Mahdiga Muslinku dhowrayaan sidoo kale prophet yar oo raaca nabiga Islaamka Muxammad. Waxaa jira fikrado iyo barashooyin kala duwan oo u gaar ah Axmadiyiinta marka loo eego badanka Muslinka kale, kuwaas oo ay ku jiraan fasiraadda cinwaanka Qur'aanka ee Khatam an-Nabiyyin iyo fasiraadda Soo laabashada Labaad ee Masiiyada. deviations-kan loo arko inay ka bixisay fekerka Islaamka ee caadiga ah waxay keeneen in badanka Muslinka ay u arkaan kuwo ka baxay diinta iyo khilaafyada lagu hayo Axmadiyiinta waddamo kala duwan dhexdeeda, gaar ahaan Bakistaan, halkaas oo si rasmi ah looga dhaqangaliyay inaysan Muslin ahayn oo ay dhaqangalisay Xukuumadda Bakistaan. Taabacsanaha Dhaqdhaqaaqa Axmadiyada ee Islaamka waxay u qeybsamaan laba kooxood: ta koowaad oo ah Bulshada Muslinka ee Axmadiyada, oo maanta ah kooxda ugu weyn, iyo Dhaqdhaqaaqa Axmadiyada ee Laahore ee Fafinta Islaamka. * Calawiyada waa dhaqan Islaam oo doonis leh oo maxalli ah, oo taabacsaneedu ay raacaan barashooyinka qarsoon (bāṭenī) ee Cali iyo Haji Bektash Veli. Calawiyada waa isku dharraaq ka mid ah fikradaha dhaqanka ee Turkiga ee qarnigii 14aad, iyadoo leh xididdo ka imaan kara Tengrism iyo Animism oo barbar socda fikradaha Shiicada iyo Tasawufka. Waxaa la qiyaasay inay jiraan 10 milyan illaa ka badan 20 milyan (~0.5–1% dhammaan Muslinka) oo Calawiyiin ah dunida oo dhan. * Qur'aaniyuuntu waa dhaqdhaqaaq diimeed ee Islaamka oo ku aasaasan aqiidada ah in sharciga Islaamka iyo xaqiijintu ay tahay oo keliya inay ka timaado Qur'aanka oo aysan ka imaanin sunnada ama Xadiiska, iyadoo Qur'aaniyuuntu ay si muuqata uga kala duwan yihiin habka loo raaco shanta tiro ee Islaamka. Dhaqdhaqaaqu wuxuu soo baxay qarnigii 19aad wixii ka dambeeyay, iyadoo fekerayaal sida Syed Ahmad Khan, Abdullah Chakralawi iyo Ghulam Ahmed Perwez ee Hindiya ay su'aal ka keeneen dhaqanka xadiiska. Ejipt, Muhammad Tawfiq Sidqi wuxuu ku qaray maqaalka ''Islaamku waa Qur'aanka keligiis'' majaladda ''Al-Manār'', isagoo u doodayay awoodda keligeed ee Qur'aanka. Qur'aaniyiin muhiim ah oo qarnigii 20aad ee dambe wuxuu ahaa Rashad Khalifa, oo ahaa biokimiko Masri-Ameerikan ah oo sheegtay inuu helay fure tiro oo ku jira Qur'aanka, wuxuuna aasaasay ururka Qur'aaniyiinta ee United Submitters International. * Mu'tazilada waxay ahayd madhab hore oo cilmiga tawxiidka Islaamka oo lagu garto isticmaalka caqliga, gaar ahaan marka loo eego labada ilo ee ugu horreeya Islaamka, Qur'aanka iyo xadiiska. Madhabtu waxay ku aasaasantaa shanta usool ee waaweyn: tawxiidka, caddaalada rabbaaniga ah, hubaasha ballanqaadyada iyo digniinaha rabbaaniga ah, meel dhexe oo marka loo eego heerka duniyeed ee duntayda waaweyn, iyo waajibka amarrada wanaagsan iyo ka hortaga xumaanta. Ka dib Sunnadu, Mu'taziladu waxay diadeen aragtida dhaqanka ah ee ah in Qur'aanku yahay hadalka aan la abuurin ee Ilaah, waxayna halkaas ka qabteen in Qur'aanku yahay waxyi la abuuray, si loo adkeeyo koodnimada kheyraatka ee Ilaah. Iyagoo adkaynaya isticmaalka caqliga, waxay u doodeen in dookha xorta ah ee bahaamka uu u oggolaado shakhsiyaadka inay doorataan wanaagga ama xumaanta, taas oo ka dhigaysa kuwo mas'uul ka ah eedooda. Bagse saameynta Mu'taziladu waxay hoos u dhacday dhibaatada bulshada iyo siyaasadeed ee ka timaada Sunnadu darteed, reebitaankooda caqliga wuxuu weli yahay mid muhiim ah fekerka casriga ah ee Islaamka. === Muslimiinta aan kooxna ka tirsanayn === {{Main|Non-denominational Muslim}} Muslimiinta aan kooxna ka tirsanayn waa eegmo guud oo loo isticmaalo ama ay isticmaalaan Muslimiinta aan ka tirsanayn ama aan isku tilmaamin mhab gaar ah oo Islaam ah.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Benakis |first=Theodoros |date=13 January 2014 |title=Islamophoobia in Europe! |work=New Europe |location=Brussels |url=http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |url-status=dead |access-date=20 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131145036/http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |archive-date=31 January 2016 |quote=Anyone who has travelled to Central Asia knows of the non-denominational Muslims—those who are neither Shiites nor Sounites, but who accept Islam as a religion generally.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Kenneth |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=jQGZBAAAQBAJ|page=29}} |title=Unthinkable: Iran, the Bomb, and American Strategy |date=2014 |isbn=978-1-4767-3393-7 |page=29 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |quote=Although many Iranian hardliners are Shi'a chauvinists, Khomeini's ideology saw the revolution as pan-Islamist, and therefore embracing Sunni, Shi'a, Sufi, and other, more nondenominational Muslims}}</ref> Sahanadii ugu dambeeyay waxay ku warramayaan in qayb weyn oo ka mid ah Muslimiinta ka mid ah kuwa ku nool qaybo ka mid ah dunida ay isku tilmaamaan oo keliya Muslim, inkasta oo ay yar tahay falanqaynta la daabacay ee ku saabsan sababaha ka dambeeya jawaabtan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burns |first=Robert |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=akWUGyN7fwEC|page=55}} |title=Christianity, Islam, and the West |date=2011 |isbn=978-0-7618-5560-6 |page=55 |publisher=University Press of America |quote=40 per cent called themselves "just a Muslim" according to the Council of American-Islamic relations}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tatari |first=Eren |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=x_4QBQAAQBAJ|page=111}} |title=Muslims in British Local Government: Representing Minority Interests in Hackney, Newham and Tower Hamlets |date=2014 |isbn=978-90-04-27226-2 |page=111 |publisher=BRILL |quote=Nineteen said that they are Sunni Muslims, six said they are just Muslim without specifying a sect, two said they are Ahmadi, and two said their families are Alevi}}</ref> Pew Research waxay ku warramaysaa in jawaab-bixiyeyaasha isku tilmaama oo keliya Muslim ay yihiin inta ugu badan ee Muslimiinta ee toddoba waddan (iyo tiro sare saddex kale dhexdeeda), iyadoo heerka ugu sarreeya uu yahay Kasakhstan oo ah 74%. Ugu yaraan mid ka mid ah shan kasta oo Muslim ah ee ugu yaraan 22 waddan wuxuu isku tilmaamaa habkan.<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|date=9 August 2012|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|access-date=4 September 2013|website=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project}}</ref> == Tasawufka == === Suufiyada === {{Main|Suufiyada}} {{See also|Xiriirka Salafiga iyo Suufiga}} [[File:Mevlana Konya.jpg|thumb|Wareegga Suufiga ee Dhismaha Qabriga Suufiga ee Rumi ee Konya, Turkey.]] Suufiyada (Carabi: تصوف), waa hab ka mid ah Tasawufka Islaamka oo raadiya in lagu helo khibrad shakhsi ah oo toos ah ee Eebbe. Culimadii hore ee Suufiyadu waxay ku tilmaameen tasawufka "cilmiga ujeeddadiisu tahay sixidda wadnaha iyo ka jeedinta dhammaan wixii kale ee aan Eebbe ahayn", iyada oo loo marayo "awoodda caqliga iyo sharafta" oo laga joojiyo in lagu tababaro. Ahmad ibn Ajiba wuxuu ku tilmaamay tasawufka "ku laabashada dhaqanka, bilowgiisuna yahay aqoon, dhexdiisuna tahay wax-qabad [aqoontaas ku saabsan], dhammaadkiisuna yahay hadiya [ka timaada Allah]." Ma aha qayb ka mid ah Islaamka, taabacsanaha ayaana ka tirsan mhabada kala duwan ee Muslinka. Ismaaciiliya, oo barashadeedu ku aasaasan tahay Gnosticism iyo Neoplatonism iyadoo ay barbar socdaan madhabaha Illuminationist iyo Isfahan ee falsafadda Islaamka, waxay samaysay fasiraado tasawuf ah oo Islaamka ah. Hasan al-Basri, oo ahaa Suufigii hore oo inta badan loo arko mid ka mid ah Suufiyadii ugu horreysay, wuxuu adkeeyay cabsida ka timaada guuldarrada Eebbe ee adkaysiga. Taa beddekeeda, Suufiyadii dambe ee waaweynayd, sida Mansur Al-Hallaj iyo Jalaluddin Rumi, waxay adkeeyeen diinta ku aasaasan jacyada loo qabo Eebbe. Jacyadaas waxay sidoo kale saameyn ku lahaayeen fanka, iyadoo Rumi uu weli yahay mid ka mid ah gabayaaga ugu iibka badan Ameerika. [[File:Sema ceremony many.jpg|thumb|Suufiyada ee Turkey.]]Suufiyadu waxay u arkaan tasawufka qayb aan ka go'in Islaamka. Suufiyadii dhaqanka ahayd, sida Bayazid Bastami, Jalaluddin Rumi, Haji Bektash Veli, Junaid Baghdadi, iyo Al-Ghazali, waxay u doodeen in Suufiyadu ku aasaasan tahay usoolka Islaamka iyo barashooyinka nabiga. Taariikhyahan Nile Green wuxuu u dooday in Islaamka qarniyadii dhexe uu ahaa wax yar ama ka badan Suufiyada. Taabacsanaha dhaqdhaqaaqa Sunnada ee dib-u-soocida ee loo yaqaano Salafiyada waxay u arkeen dhaqannada jacyada ee caanka ah, sida weyneynta awliyada Suufiga, inay yihiin cusbooneysiin ka timaada diintii hore. Salafiyiintu inta badan waxay weerareen Suufiyada, taas oo keentay xumaanshaha xiriirka Suufiga iyo Salafiga. Ururrada Suufiga waxay samayskaan dariiqooyin ku xeeran macallin (wali) oo raaca xiriir ruuxi ah oo dib u raaca Muxammad. Suufiyadu waxay kaqaateen door muhiim ah samaynta bulshooyinka Muslinka iyaga oo loo marayo dhaqdhaqaaqyada baahinta iyo waxbarashada. Dhaqdhaqaaqa Ahle Sunnat ama Barelvi ee uu saameeyay Tasawufku wuxuu sheegtaa in ka badan 200 milyan oo taabacsane ku leeyahay Koonfurta Aasiya. Suufiyadu waxay muhiim ku tahay Aasiyada Dhexe, iyo sidoo kale waddamada Afrika sida Tuniisiya, Aljeeriya, Marooko, Senejaal, Chaad iyo Nayjar. == Sharciga iyo Fiqhiga == === Shariicada === {{Main|Shariicada|Fiqhiga}} {{See also|Mantiqa ee Falsafadda Islaamka#Sharciga Islaamka iyo Cilmiga Tawxiidka}} [[File:Madhhab Map3.png|thumb|Madhabaha sharciga Islaamka ee Dunida Muslinka.]] Shariicada waa tan ka kooban sharciga diinta Islaamka. Doonista ah in la tilmaamo oo lagu ogaado sharciyada hab dhammaystiran oo is-waafaqsan waxay keentay horumarinta aragtida sharciga, oo loo yaqaano fiqhi. Taa beddekeeda, bidco waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu tilmaamo cusbooneysiinta sharciga ka baxsan ee arrimaha diinta. Dhabbooyinka kala duwan, ee loo yaqaano usoolka fiqhiga, ayaa horumaray oo madhabka sharciga ee ka soo baxa dhabbo ku xeeran waxaa loo yaqaanaa madhab. Is-waafaqidda raacda go'aannada khabiir diimeed ama madhab waxaa loo yaqaanaa taqliid. Shuruudda ghayr muqallid waxay u tilmaamaysaa kuwa aan isticmaalin taqliidka iyo, sii dheeraanteeda, aan lahayn madhab. Dhaqanka shakhsigu ku fasirayo sharciga caqliga xor ah waxaa loo yaqaanaa ijtixaad. Kuwa fasira shariicada waxaa loo yaqaanaa muftiyo oo ra'yigooda sharciga ah waxaa loo yaqaanaa fatwo. [[File:'Abd_Allah_ibn_Shaykh_Murshid_al-Katib_-_Sa'di_and_a_Dervish_Go_to_Settle_their_Quarrel_Before_a_Judge_-_Walters_W618106B_-_Cropped.jpg|thumb|Gabayaaga Saadi Shirazi iyo darwiish waxay u socdaan inay khilaafkooda ku dhameeyaan xakim hortiis, farta qarnigii 16aad oo ka timaada Iiraan.]] Ilaaha koowaad ee Shariicadu waa Qur'aanka iyo Sunnada. Ilaa saddexaad oo caani ah waa qiyaas (caqli analoji ah) oo loo isticmaalo dhibcooyinka sharciga ah ee aan si toos ah loogu faahfaahin Qur'aanka ama Sunnada. Isku-barbardhigga ayaa la raadiyaa si loo helo illah, ama sababta halkan ku jirta, oo ah sababta ka dambeysa xukunkii hore. Tusaale ahaan, reebitaanka gaarka ah ee khamriga waxaa ka soo baxaya reebitaanka guud ee alkoolka maadaama ay wadaagayaan sababta shaqaynaysa ee loo gartay inay tahay dabeecadda ma zeexisa ee dhammaan cabitaannada alkoolka ah. Madhabka Saahiriga wuxuu adkeeyay saafinimada tooska ah oo sidaas darteed wuxuu diaday qiyaaska. Is-afgaradka ra'yiga waa ijmaac, iyadoo ikhtilaafku u tilmaamayo khilaafka culimada. Xukunnadu waxay ficillada u kala saaraan mid ka mid ah shan qaybood oo loo yaqaano axkaam: farad, mustaxab, mubaah, makruuh, iyo xaraam. Xilliga casriga ah, sharciyada dambiyada ee ku aasaasan shariicada waxaa inta badan beddelay sharciyo ka yimid moodellada Yurub. Cilmiga dib-u-soocida ee Tanzimat ee Qarnigii 19aad ee Dowladdii Cusmaaniyiinta wuxuu keenay koodka madaniga ee Mecelle wuxuuna ka dhigan yahay dadaalkii ugu horreeyay ee lagu koodiyeeyo shariicada. Iyadoo Dastuurada badanka states-ka Muslinku u badan yihiin ay ku jiraan tilmaamo ku saabsan shariicada, xeerarkeeda dhaqanka ah waxaa inta badan lagu reebay oo keliya sharciyada heerka shakhsiga (famlida). Hay'adaha sharciga ah oo koodiyeeyay sharciyaddan waxay raadiyeen inay casriyeeyaan iyagoon ka tageyn aasaaskooda fiqhiga dhaqanka ah. Dib-u-soocida Islaamka ee qarnigii 20aad ee dambe waxay keentay baaqyo ka yimid dhaqdhaqaaqyada Islaamiyiinta oo ku saabsan fulinta dhammaystiran ee shariicada. Doorka shariicadu wuxuu noqday mowduuc lagu tartamo dunida oo dhan. Waxaa jira doodaha socda oo ku saabsan in shariicadu ay la waafaqsan tahay foomamka cilmaani ee xukuumadda, xuquuqda aadanaha, xorriyadda fekerka, iyo xuquuqda dumarka darteed meelaha ay ka mid yihiin faafreebka iyo doonaanta. == Bulshada == === Shakhsiyaadka diinta === {{Main|Culumada}} [[File:Maqamat_hariri.jpg|thumb|254x254px|Culimada ku sugan maktabadda Cabbaasiyiinta, Maqamat al-Hariri. Farta uu qray Yahyá al-Wasiti, Baqdaad, 1237 AD.]] Islaamku maleho wadaado ah macnaha sacerdotalism, sida baaddariyada oo kale oo dhex-dhexaadiya Eebbe iyo dadka. Imaam (Carabi: إمام) waa cinwaanka diinta oo loo isticmaalo in lagu tilmaamo booska hoggaaminta Islaamka, inta badan marka loo eego samaynta adeegga cibaadada Islaamka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Imam|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/imam|access-date=15 January 2023|website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Fasiraadda diinta waxaa hoggaamiya culumada (Carabi: علماء), oo ah shuruud loo isticmaalo in lagu tilmaamo kooxda culimada Muslinka ah ee helay tababarka barashada Islaamka. Caalimka xadiiska waxaa loo yaqaanaa muxaddith, caalimka fiqhiga waxaa loo yaqaanaa faqeeh (Carabi: فقيه), qaanuun-yaqaanka u qalma inuu soo saaro ra'yiga sharciga ah ama fatwooyinka waxaa loo yaqaanaa mufti, qadi-yuna waa xakim Islaam ah. Cinwaannada sharafta leh ee la siiyo culimada waxaa ka mid ah sheekh, mulla iyo mawlawi. Muslinka qaar ka mid ah waxay sidoo kale weyneeyaan awliyada u xiran karaamooyinka (Carabi: كرامات).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Radtke |first1=B. |last2=Lory |first2=P. |last3=Zarcone |first3=Th. |last4=DeWeese |first4=D. |last5=Gaborieau |first5=M. |last6=Denny |first6=F. M. |last7=Aubin |first7=F. |last8=Hunwick |first8=J. O. |last9=Mchugh |first9=N. |title=Walī |orig-year=1993 |year=2012 |editor1-last=Bearman |editor1-first=P. J. |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-link=Thierry Bianquis |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-first=C. E. |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor4-first=E. J. |editor4-link=Emeri Johannes van Donzel |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-first=W. P. |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=2nd |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill Publishers |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1335 |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4}}</ref> === Maamulka === {{See also|Siyaasadda iyo Islaamka|Dhaqaalaha Islaamka|Qaanuunka ciidanka ee Islaamka|Tasaamuxa|Jihaadka}} [[File:Ali and Aisha at the Battle of the Camel.jpg|thumb|Xaasidii Muxammad, Caasha, oo la dagaallamaysa Cali.]] Fiqhiga dhaqaalaha Islaamka dhexdiisa, kaydsiga hantida si xad-dhaaf ah waa lagu necbyahay, sidaas darteedna dhaqanka maalgashiga monobooliga ah waa laga hoos eegaa.<ref name="Iqbal2010">{{cite book | last1 = Iqbal | first1 = Zamir | last2 = Mirakhor | first2 = Abbas | last3 = Krichenne | first3 = Noureddine | last4 = Askari | first4 = Hossein | title = The Stability of Islamic Finance: Creating a Resilient Financial Environment | location = Singapore | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | year = 2010 | language = en | isbn = 978-0-470-82518-1 | p = 75}}</ref> Dadaallada lagu waafajinayo shariicada waxay keeneen horumarinta bangiyada Islaamka. Islaamku wuxuu reebaa ribada, oo inta badan loo turjumo faa'iido si aan caddaalad ahayn ku timaada ganacsiga, waxaana inta badan loo isticmaalaa in lagu tilmaamo faa'iidada ribada.<ref>{{harvc |c=Riba |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online |year=n.d. |last1= Schacht|first1=Joseph}}</ref> Taa beddekeeda, bangiyada Islaamku waxay iskaashi la sameeyaan amaanadaha, iyagoo labaduba wadaagaya faa'iidada iyo qasaaraha ka soo baxa mashruuca. Shuruud kale waa ka fogaanshaha hubaal-la'aanta, oo loo arko saqajaan (khumaar), bangiyada Islaamkuna dhaqan ahaan waxay ka fogaadaan aaladaha la soocay sida mustaqbalka ama doorashooyinka, taas oo taariikhiyan ka ilaalisay hoos u dhaca suuqyada.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Foster|first=John |date=1 December 2009|title=How Islamic finance missed heavenly chance|work=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8388644.stm|access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Domat|first=Chloe|date=20 October 2020|title=What Is Islamic Finance And How Does It Work?|work=Global Finance magazine|url=https://www.gfmag.com/topics/blogs/islamic-finance-faq-what-islamic-finance-and-how-does-it-work|access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref> Khulafadii Raashidiinta iyo Dowladdii Umawiyiinta waxay ku lug lahaayeen qaybinta sadaqada ee ka timaada qasnadda dowladda, oo loo yaqaano Bayt al-maal, ka hor inta aysan noqon dadaal shakhsi ah meelaha sannadkii 720. Khaliifkii ugu horreeyay, Abu Bakar, wuxuu u qaybiyay sakada sida tusaalooyinkii ugu horreeyay ee dakhliga ugu yar ee la dammaanad qaado, iyadoo muwaaddin kasta uu helayay 10 illaa 20 dirham sannadkiiba.<ref>{{cite web |last=Merchant, Brian |date=14 November 2013 |title=Guaranteeing a Minimum Income Has Been a Utopian Dream for Centuries |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/guaranteeing-a-minimum-income-has-been-a-utopian-dream-for-centuries/ |access-date=3 June 2019 |website=VICE}}</ref> Waagii maamulkii khaliifkii labaad ee Cumar, taageerada carruurta ayaa la soo bandhigay, kuwa da'da ah iyo kuwa nafedana waxay xaq u lahaayeen mushaar,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Al-Buraey |first=Muhammad |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=lT8OAAAAQAAJ|page=}} |title=Administrative Development: An Islamic Perspective |publisher=KPI |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-7103-0059-1 |pages=252–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Akgündüz |first1=Ahmed |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=EnT_zhqEe5cC|page=539}} |title=Ottoman History: Misperceptions and Truths |last2=Öztürk |first2=Said |publisher=IUR Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-90-90-26108-9 |pages=539– |access-date=7 October 2014}}</ref> iyadoo khaliifkii Umawiyiinta ee Cumar II uu u qoondeeyay adeego dhagool kasta iyo labadii qafis ee xanuunsan oo dhan.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Al-Jawzi|first1=Ibn |url=|title=The Biography and Virtues of Omar Bin Abd al-Aziz – The Ascetic Caliph |publisher=IUR Press |year=2001 |isbn= |page=130 }}</ref> [[File:Saladin the Victorious.jpg|thumb|Salaxaddiin Guuleystaha, uu qray Gustave Doré.]] Jihaad wuxuu macnehiisu yahay "dadaal ama ilaa qabasho [dhabada Eebbe]", macnehiisa ugu ballaaranina waa "awoodda, dadaalka, ama awoodda ugu dambeysa oo lagu bixiyo la dagaallanka shay laga xumaado". Shiicadu gaar ahaan waxay adkeeyaan "jihaadka weyn" oo ah dadaalka lagu gaarayo wanaajinta nafta ee ruuxiga ah iyadoo "jihaadka yar" loo tilmaamo dagaalka. Marka loo isticmaalo sidaas oo keliya, jihaadka inta badan waxaa loo fahmaa foomkiisa ciidanka. Jihaadku waa foomka keliya ee dagaalka ee loo oggol yahay sharciga Islaamka, waxaana lagu dhawaaqi karaa ka dhan ah ujeedooyinka aan sharciyaysnayn, argagixisada, kooxaha dambiyada, reebleyaasha, murtadiinta, iyo hoggaamiyeyaasha ama dowladaha dhibta Muslinka. Badanka Muslinka maanta waxay u fasiraan Jihaadka oo keliya foom دفاع ah oo dagaalka ah. Jihaadku wuxuu oo keliya noqdaa waajib shakhsi ah kuwa la siiyay awoodda. Dadka kale oo dhan, tani waxay dhacdaa oo keliya marka ay jirto diyaargarow guud. Badanka Shiicada Isnaashariyada, jihaadka weerarka ah waxaa oo keliya lagu dhawaaqi karaa hoggaamiye Eebbe uu doortay oo ee bulshada Muslinka ah, sidaas darteedna, wuu hakad ku jiraa tan iyo gaabinta Muxammad al-Mahdi ee sannadkii 868 CE. === Nolosha maanta iyo tan aabbanimada/qoyska === {{See also|Edabta (Islaamka)|Cuntada reebban ee Islaamka|Islaamka iyo carruurta|Guurka Islaamka|Dumarka Islaamka|Guurka badan ee Islaamka}} [[File:Salat Eid al-Fitr, Tehran (113344343).jpg|thumb|Haweenay Iiraani ah oo xiran astaan Islaami ah (Xijaab).]] Cilmiga edabta ee maalinlaha ah wuxuu ku jiraa qaybta edabta, ama hab-dhaqanka. Cuntooyinka si gaar ah loo reebay waxaa ka mid ah hเนื้อ Doofaarka, dhiigga iyo bakhtiga. Caafimaadka waxaa loo arkaa ammaan ka timaada Eebbe, waxyaabaha maaddada ah ee maaddada maanka dooriya, sida cabitaannada alkoolka ah, waa kuwo reebban.<ref>{{cite book|author=Fahd Salem Bahammam|title=Food and Dress in Islam: An explanation of matters relating to food and drink and dress in Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CRojJ7lnb18C&pg=PP1|publisher=Modern Guide|isbn=978-1-909322-99-8|page=1}}</ref> Dhammaan hเนื้อ waa inay ka timaadaa xayawaan geed-daaq ah oo loo qashay magaca Eebbe oo uu qashay Muslin, Yuhuudi, ama Christian, marka laga reebo ugaarta uu qofku ugaarsaday ama kaluumaysay maankiisa.<ref>{{harvp|Curtis|2005|p=164}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|p=111}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |c=Slaughter |first=Ersilia |last=Francesca |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref> Garaha inta badan waxaa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa ragga sida shay dabiici ah<ref>{{Cite news |last=De Sondy |first=Amanullah |date=28 January 2016|title=The relationship between Muslim men and their beards is a tangled one|work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jan/28/muslim-men-beards-facial-hair-islam |access-date=7 March 2022}}</ref> iyo isbeddellada jirka, sida peenijka joogtada ah (sawirka jidhka), inta badan waa reebban iyadoo laga baqayo inay kharribaan ubaahda u go'an.{{efn|Muslinka qaar ka mid ah Shiinaha waagii boqortooyada waxay ka horyimaadeen xiridda cagaha gabdhaha sababtaas oo kale darteed.}} <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.learnreligions.com/tattoos-in-islam-2004393|title=Are Muslims Allowed to Get Tattoos? |website=|access-date=7 March 2022 }}</ref> Xariirta iyo dahabka waa reebban yihiin ragga Islaamka dhexdiisa si loo dhowro xaaladda miyir-qabka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Glassé |first1=Cyril |title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=AltaMira Press |page=158 |language=en|year=2001}}</ref> Haya, oo inta badan loo turjumo "xishood", mararka qaar waxaa loo tilmaamaa dabeecadda hoose ee Islaamka<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zine |first1=Jasmin |last2=Babana-Hampton |first2=Safoi |last3=Mazid |first3=Nergis |last4=Bullock |first4=Katherine |last5=Chishti |first5=Maliha |title=American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 19:4 |publisher=International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) |page=59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JM4DwAAQBAJ&q=haya+islam&pg=PA59 |access-date=4 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> wuxuuna hagaa badanka nolosha maalinlaha ah ee Muslinka. Tusaale ahaan, dharka Islaamka dhexdiisa wuxuu adkeeyaa heerka xishoodka, oo ay ku jirto xijaabka haweenka. Sidoo kale, nadaafadda shakhsiga ah waa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa shuruudo gaar ah.<ref>{{cite web |last=Esposito |first=John |title=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e4 |access-date=3 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114153249/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e4 |archive-date=14 November 2016}}</ref> [[File:Muslim Couple (cropped).jpg|thumb|Saddex laba oo Muslin ah oo ka socda Indoneesiya.]] Guurka Islaamka dhexdiisa, ninka arooska ah waxaa lagu leeyahay inuu bixiyo meherka aroosadda (mahar).<ref>{{harvp|Waines|2003|pp=93–96}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|p=339}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|1998|p=79}}</ref> Qoysaska badankood ee dunida Islaamka waxay leeyihiin hal xaas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Newby |first=Gordon D. |url=https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00newb |title=A concise encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=Oneworld |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-85168-295-9 |location=Oxford |page=141}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed Hossein |url=https://archive.org/details/islamreligionhis00nasr_0/page/68 |title=Islam : religion, history, and civilization |publisher=HarperOne |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-06-050714-5 |location=New York |page=68}}</ref> Ragga Muslinka ah waxaa loo oggol yahay inay sameeyaan guurka badan waxayna yeelan karaan illaa afar xaas oo isku mar ah. Waxbarashada Islaamku waxay si adag uga baqaysaa inay adkayso in haddii ninku uusan dammaanad qaadi karin taageerada maaliyadeed iyo ta ruuxiga ah oo siman xaasaskiisa mid kasta, waxaa la dhiirri-geliyaa inuu guursado hal haweenay oo keliya. Sabab lagu tilmaamay guurka badan ayaa ah inay ninka u oggolaato inuu siiyo ilaalin maaliyadeed haween badan, oo laga yaabo inaysan helin taageero kale (tusaale, carrooyinka). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xaaska ugu horreysa waxay shuruud ku xiri kartaa heshiiska guurka in ninku uusan guursan karin haweenay kale inta ay guursan yihiin.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ratno Lukito|title=Legal Pluralism in Indonesia: Bridging the Unbridgeable|page=81|publisher=Routledge}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.islamweb.net/ver2/fatwa/ShowFatwa.php?lang=A&Id=18444&Option=FatwaId |title=IslamWeb |publisher=IslamWeb |date=7 February 2002 |access-date=13 September 2011}}</ref> Waxaa sidoo kale jira kala duwanaansho dhaqameed oo aroosyo ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Gai |url=https://archive.org/details/rememberinggodre0000eato |title=Remembering God: Reflections on Islam |publisher=The Islamic Texts Society |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-946621-84-2 |location=Cambridge |pages=92–93}}</ref> Polyandry, oo ah dhaqan ay haweenaydu ku guursato laba ama ka badan oo ragg ah, waa ku reebban Islaamka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Can't a Woman have 2 Husbands? |url=http://www.14publications.com/question-and-answer/why-cant-a-woman-have-2-husbands/ |access-date=27 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223012707/http://www.14publications.com/question-and-answer/why-cant-a-woman-have-2-husbands/ |archive-date=23 December 2015 |website=14 Publications}}</ref> [[File:عکس های مراسم ترتیل خوانی یا جزء خوانی یا قرائت قرآن در ایام ماه رمضان در حرم فاطمه معصومه در شهر قم 20.jpg|thumb|Gabdhaha Muslinka ah oo baranaya Qur'aanka lagu dul dhigay rehalada xilliga Ramadaanka ee Qom, Iiraan.]] Aadada dhalashada ubadka ka dib, adhaanka waxaa lagu dhawaaqaa dhegta midig. Maalinta todobaad, xafladda caqiiqada ayaa la sameeyaa, oo xayawaan lagu qalo oo hantiisa loo qaybiyo masaakiinta. Madaxa ubadka waa la xiiraa, oo lacag la eg miisaanka dhagaha waxaa loo deeqaa masaakiinta. Gudniinka raga, oo loo yaqaano khitaan, inta badan waa lagu dhaqmaa dunida Muslinka.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2014 |title=Khitān |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/khitan-Islam |access-date=27 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127165754/https://www.britannica.com/topic/khitan-Islam |archive-date=27 January 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |date=January 2017 |title=Reported Male Circumcision Practices in a Muslim-Majority Setting |journal=BioMed Research International |publisher=Hindawi Publishing Corporation |volume=2017 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1155/2017/4957348 |pmc=5282422 |pmid=28194416 |doi-access=free |author1-last=Anwer |author1-first=Abdul Wahid |author2-last=Samad |author2-first=Lubna |author3-last=Baig-Ansari |author3-first=Naila |author4-last=Iftikhar |author4-first=Sundus}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 August 2009 |title=Islam: Circumcision of boys |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/malecircumcision.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112170938/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/malecircumcision.shtml |archive-date=12 November 2012 |access-date=27 May 2020 |work=Religion & ethics—Islam |publisher=Bbc.co.uk}}</ref> Xaq-dhowridda iyo addeecidda waalidiinta, iyo daryeelidooda gaar ahaan markay da'da yihiin waa waajib diini ah. Muslinka dhimanaya waxaa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa inuu dhawaaqo Shahaadada si ay u noqoto hadalkiisa ugu dambeeya.<ref>{{Cite book| isbn = 9783643900678| title =Changing European Death Ways| location = Austria| year = 2013| last1=Mathijssen| first1=Brenda|last2=Venhorst|first2=Claudia|last3=Venbrux|first3=Eric|last4=Quartier|first4=Thomas| url =| page = 265 |publisher=Lit }}</ref> Xaq-dhowridda kii dhintay iyo ka qaybgalka jinaasooyinka ee bulshada dhexdeeda waxaa loo arkaa mid ka mid ah ficillada wanaagsan. Caadooyinka aasidda Islaamka, aasidda waxaa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa si dhakhso ah oo ugu macquulsan, inta badan 24 saac dhexdeeda. Meydka waa la dhaqaa, marka laga reebo shuhadada, oo ay dhaqaan kuwo labka ah oo isku jinsi ah waxaana lagu duubaa dhar aan adkayn oo loo yaqaano kafan. Salaadda jinaasada oo loo yaqaano Salat al-Janazah ayaa la tukadaa. Qaylada ama ooyinta weyn ee baroorgaaga ah waa laga fogaadaa. Sanduuqyada aaska inta badan la ma doorbido oo qabrida inta badan calaamad maleho, xata boqorada. === Farshaxanka, saamaynta, iyo dhaqanka === {{Main|Dhaqanka Islaamka}} {{See also|Farshaxanka Islaamka|Dhismaha Islaamka|Suugaanta Islaamka|Islaamka iyo kubbadda cagta|Muslinka Dhaqanka}} [[File:Chinese-style minaret of the Great Mosque 2023.jpg|thumb|Minaaradda qaabka Shiinaha ee Masaajidka Weyn ee Xi'an, oo ka mid ah masaajidda ugu ee Shiinaha ee la dhisay 742 AD.]] Erayga "dhaqanka Islaamka" waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu tilmaamo dhinacyada dhaqanka ee u gaarka ah diinta, sida ciidaha iyo dharka. Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa si dood ku jirto oo loogu tilmaamo dhinacyada dhaqanka ee dadka Muslinka ah ee dhaqanka ah.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Melikian |first=Souren |author-link=Souren Melikian |date=4 November 2011 |title='Islamic' Culture: A Groundless Myth |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/05/arts/05iht-rartmelikian05.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=25 November 2013}}</ref> Ugudambeyntii, "ilbaxnimada Islaamka" waxay sidoo kale u tilmaami kartaa dhinacyada dhaqanka isku-dhafka ah ee Khilafaadkii hore, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa aan Muslinka ahayn, mararka ka mid ahna loo yaqaano "Islaamiga".<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Wiley| isbn = 9781405155144| title =Islamicate Cosmopolitan Spirit | location = United Kingdom| year = 2021| last=Lawrence| first=Bruce| url =| page = xii| quote = }}</ref> Farshaxanka Islaamku wuxuu ka kooban yahay farshaxanka muuqaalka ah oo ay ku jiraan ilo kala duwan sida dhismaha, farta qurxoon, sawirka, iyo dhoobada, iyo kuwo kale.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ettinghausen |first1=Richard |first2=Oleg |last2=Grabar |first3=Marilyn |last3=Jenkins-Madina |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780300088670/page/3 |title=Islamic Art and Architecture 650-1250 |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-300-08869-8 |edition=2nd |page=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Suarez|first=Michael F.|title=The Oxford companion to the book|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|isbn=9780198606536|location=Oxford and New York|pages=331ff|chapter=38 The History of the Book in the Muslim World|oclc=50238944}}</ref> Iyadoo sameynta sawirrada noolaha inta badan ka laga fogaado oo u xiran sharciyada ka dhanka ah sanam-caabudidda, shuruuddan waxaa u fasiray ilo kala duwan culimo kala duwan iyo xilliyo taariikhi ah oo kala duwan. [[File:Masjid Menara Kudus.jpg|thumb|Masaajidka Menara Kudus ee qarnigii 16aad ee Indoneesiya, oo muujinaya saamaynta Hindiya.]] Xaddidaaddan waxaa loo isticmaalay in lagu fashilo badnaanta farta qurxoon, joomatariya isku-dhafka ah, iyo qaababka sida ilaha muhiimka ah ee dhaqanka farshaxanka Islaamka.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Salim Ayduz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=or-6BwAAQBAJ&q=islamic+art+idolatry+geometry&pg=PA263 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam |last2=Ibrahim Kalin |last3=Caner Dagli |date=2014 |page=263|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-981257-8 |quote=Figural representation is virtually unused in Islamic art because of Islam's strong antagonism of idolatry. It was important for Muslim scholars and artists to find a style of art that represented the Islamic ideals of unity (''tawhid'') and order without figural representation. Geometric patterns perfectly suited this goal.}}</ref> Waxaa sii dheer, sawirka Muxammad waa arrin dood ka jirto dhexdeeda Muslinka.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=860736| title = An Indian Picture of Muhammad and His Companions | author = T. W. Arnold| journal = The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs | author-link = T. W. Arnold| date = June 1919| volume = 34| issue = 195 | publisher = The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs, Vol. 34, No. 195. | pages = 249–252}}</ref> Dhismaha Islaamka dhexdiisa, dhaqanka kala duwan wuxuu muujinayaa saamayn sida dhismaha Islaamka ee Waqooyiga Afrika iyo Isbaanishka sida Masaajidka Weyn ee Kairouan oo ka kooban tiirar marmar iyo borfiri ah oo ka yimid dhismayaashii Roomaanka iyo Bizantiinta,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Isichei |first=Elizabeth Allo |url={{Google books|LgnhYDozENgC|page=PA175|keywords=mosque%20kairouan%20roman columns|text=mosque+kairouan+roman+columns|plainurl=yes}} |title=A history of African societies to 1870 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-521-45599-2 |location=Cambridge |pages=175 |access-date=6 August 2010}}</ref> iyadoo masaajidda Indoneesiya inta badan leeyihiin saqafyo heerarka badan leh oo ka yimid qaabka dhaladka ah ee Jafa.<ref>{{cite book |first=Gunawan |last=Tjahjono |title=Indonesian Heritage-Architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/architecture00indo/page/88 |year=1998 |publisher=Archipelago Press |location=Singapore |isbn=981-3018-30-5 |pages=88–89 }}</ref> Taariikhda Islaamku waa taariikhda dayaxa oo ka bilaabanta Hijrada 622 CE, oo ah taariikh oo la sheegay inuu doortay Khaliif Cumar maadaama ay ahayd meel isbeddel muhiim ah u ahayd Muxammad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Muslim-calendar|title=Islamic calendar|website=www.britannica.com|date=|access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref> Maalmaha barakaysan ee Islaamku waxay ku beegan yihiin taariikho go'an oo ee taariikhda dayaxa, taas oo macnaheedu yahay inay dhacaan xilliyo kala duwan sannado kala duwan oo ee taariikhda Miilaadiga. Ciidaha ugu muhiimsan Islaamka waa Ciidul Fitri (Carabi: عيد الفطر) ee 1-da Shawaal, oo calaamad u ah dhammaadka bisha soomanaanta ee Ramadaan, iyo Ciidul Adxa (Carabi: عيد الأضحى) ee 10-ka Dhul-Hijjah, oo ku beegan dhammaadka Xajka.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher =Oxford University Press| isbn =9780195165203| title =The Islamic World: Past and Present| year = 2004| last=Esposito| first=John| pages = 75–76 |ref=none}}</ref><ref name="www.britannica.com-2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pillars-of-Islam|title=Pillars of Islam &#124; Islamic Beliefs & Practices &#124; Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|date=3 May 2023|access-date=16 December 2021|archive-date=5 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905102524/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pillars-of-Islam|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslinka Dhaqanka waa shakhsiyaad aan cibaadaysaneyn oo wali lagu aqoonsado Islaamka iyadoo laga duulayo asalka qoyska, dhiirrigelinta shakhsiga ah, ama deegaanka bulshada iyo dhaqanka ee ay ku doorteen inay ku koran.<ref>{{cite book|first1= Cara|last1= Aitchison|author1-link= Cara Aitchison|first2= Peter E.|last2= Hopkins|author3-link= Mei-Po Kwan|author3= Mei-Po Kwan|title= Geographies of Muslim Identities: Diaspora, Gender and Belonging|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DRnthQxB8lYC&pg=PA147|access-date= 30 June 2013|year= 2007|publisher= Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn= 978-1-4094-8747-0|pages=147}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Islamic Counselling: An Introduction to theory and practice|first=G. Hussein|last= Rassool|year= 2015| isbn=9781317441250| page =10|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o_QsCgAAQBAJ&dq=Muslims+who+are+religiously+unobservant,+secular+or+irreligious+individuals+who+still+identify+with+the+Muslim&pg=PA10|quote=The label 'Cultural Muslim' is used in the literature to describe those Muslims who are religiously unobservant, secular or irreligious individuals who still identify with the Muslim culture due to family background, personal experiences, or the social and cultural environment in which they grew up... For Cultural Muslim the declaration of faith is superficial and has no effect of their religious practices.}}</ref> == Dhaqdhaqaaqyada Islaamiyiinta == {{Main|Islaamiga}} {{See also|Islaamiga dalka u gaarka ah}} Islaamiga waa taxane dhaqdhaqaaqyo diineed iyo siyaasadeed ah oo aaminsan in Islaamku yahay inuu saamaynta ku yeesho nidaamyada siyaasadda; kuwo ugu muhiimsan waxaa ka mid ah Dhaqdhaqaaqa Khilaafada, Soo-nolaynta Islaamka, Dimoqraadiyadda Islaamka, Dhaqdhaqaaqa Deobandi, Dhaqdhaqaaqa Salafiga, iyo kuwo kale.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Islamism |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/islamism |website=Cambridge dictionary}}</ref> Taageerayaashiisu waxay aaminsan yihiin in Islaamku dabiici ahaan yahay siyaasad, nidaamka siyaasad ee Islaamkuna wuxuu ka sarreeyaa hanti-wadaagga, dimoqraadiyadda xorta ah, hanti-goosadka, iyo dookhadaha kale ee lagu gaarayo bulsho caddaalad ah oo guulaystay.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cox |first=Caroline |date=June 2003 |title=The 'West', Islam and Islamism |url=https://civitas.org.uk/pdf/cs29.pdf |access-date=28 November 2024 |website=Civitas: Institute for the Study of Civil Society}}</ref> U doodayaasha Islaamiga, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan "al-Islamiyyun", inta badan waxay ku xiran yihiin hay'adaha Islaamka ama dhaqdhaqaaqyada abaabulka bulshada,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Islamism |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012444 |access-date=25 August 2023 |website=Oxford Reference|archive-date=25 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825061146/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012444 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyagoo adkaynaya fulinta shariicada, midnimada siyaasadeed ee pan-Islaamka,<ref name="eikmeier-2007">{{cite journal |last1=Eikmeier |first1=Dale |title=Qutbism: An Ideology of Islamic-Fascism |journal=The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters |date=2007 |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=85–97 |doi=10.55540/0031-1723.2340|doi-access=free }}</ref> iyo abuurista dowlado Islaam ah.<ref>Soage, Ana Belén. "Introduction to Political Islam." Religion Compass 3.5 (2009): 887–96.</ref> == Saamaynta diimaha kale == Haddii dhaqdhaqaaqyada sida Druze,<ref>{{Cite book |last=De McLaurin |first=Ronald |url=https://archive.org/details/politicalroleofm0000unse |title=The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East |publisher=Michigan University Press |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-03-052596-4 |page=114 |quote=Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles, the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hunter |first=Shireen |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsofislami0000unse |title=The Politics of Islamic Revivalism: Diversity and Unity: Center for Strategic and International Studies (Washington, D.C.), Georgetown University. Center for Strategic and International Studies |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-253-34549-3 |page=33 |quote=Druze – An offshoot of Shi'ism; its members are not considered Muslims by orthodox Muslims.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=R. Williams |first=Victoria |title=Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival [4 volumes] |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-4408-6118-5 |page=318 |quote=As Druze is a nonritualistic religion without requirements to pray, fast, make pilgrimages, or observe days of rest, the Druze are not considered an Islamic people by Sunni Muslims.}}</ref> Berghouata iyo Ha-Mim, ay ka soo baxeen Islaamka ama ay la wadaageen rumayntooda gaarka ah Islaamka, iyo haddii mid kastaa yahay diin gooni ah ama firqad ka mid ah Islaamka waa aragtiyo dood ku jiraan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=D. Grafton |first=David |title=Piety, Politics, and Power: Lutherans Encountering Islam in the Middle East |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-63087-718-7 |page=14 |quote=In addition, there are several quasi-Muslim sects, in that, although they follow many of the beliefs and practices of orthodox Islam, the majority of Sunnis consider them heretical. These would be the Ahmadiyya, Druze, Ibadi, and the Yazidis.}}</ref> Caqiidada Druze waxay sii kala qaybisay Ismaaciiliyada maadaama ay horumarisay caqiidooyinkeeda gaarka ah, waxayna ugu dambeyntii ka sootagday Ismaaciiliyada iyo Islaamka labadaba; kuwan waxaa ka mid ah rumaynta in Imaamka Al-Xaakim bi-Amr Allaah uu ahaa Ilaah jisoobay.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Poonawala |first=Ismail K. |date=July–September 1999 |title=Review: ''The Fatimids and Their Traditions of Learning'' by Heinz Halm |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |publisher=American Oriental Society |volume=119 |issue=3 |page=542 |doi=10.2307/605981 |issn=0003-0279 |jstor=605981 |lccn=12032032 |oclc=47785421}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Bryer | first = David R. W. | title = The Origins of the Druze Religion (Fortsetzung) | journal = Der Islam | year = 1975 | volume = 52 | issue = 2 | pages = 239–262 | doi = 10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 | s2cid = 162363556 | url = https://doi.org/10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 | issn = 1613-0928 | ref = {{harvid|Bryer|1975b}} | url-access = subscription }}</ref> Yazdânism waxaa loo arkaa isku-dhafan ka mid ah rumaynta dhaladka ee Kurdiida iyo caqiidada Suufiyada Islaamka ee loo soo bandhigay Kurdistan ee Sheekh Cadi ibn Musafir ee qarnigii 12aad.<ref>{{cite book |last=Foltz |first=Richard |title=Religions of Iran: From Prehistory to the Present |date=7 November 2013 |isbn=978-1-78074-307-3 |page=219 |chapter=Two Kurdish Sects: The Yezidis and the Yaresan |publisher=Oneworld Publications |chapter-url= |chapter-url-access=}}</ref> Bábism waxay ka soo bilaabatay Shiicada Isnaashariyada ee martay Siyyid 'Ali Muhammad i-Shirazi al-Bab iyadoo mid ka mid ah taageerayaashiisa Mirza Husayn 'Ali Nuri Baha'u'llah uu aasaasay Caqiidada Baha'i.<ref>{{cite web |last=House of Justice |first=Universal |title=One Common Faith |url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/bic/OCF/ocf-8.html |access-date=1 April 2017 |website=reference.bahai.org}}</ref> Yarsanism,<ref name="Z. Mir-Hosseini 1994, p.267">{{cite journal |last=Mir-Hosseini |first=Z. |date=1994 |title=Inner Truth and Outer History: The Two Worlds of the Ahl-e Haqq of Kurdistan |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=26 |pages=267–268}}</ref> Din-i Ilahi,{{sfnp|Roychoudhury|1941|page=306}} iyo Ali-Illahism<ref>{{Cite book |last=Layard |first=Austen Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-SQe_sNtIaMC&q=ali%2520illahism&pg=PA216 |title=Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon: With Travels in Armenia, Kurdistan and the Desert: Being the Result of a Second Expedition Undertaken for the Trustees of the British Museum |date=2010-08-31 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108016773 |page=216 |language=en}}</ref> waxaa loo arkaa kuwo ka sootagay Islaamka. Sikhism, oo uu aasaasay Guru Nanak oo ku sugan Punjab qarnigii 15aad ee dambe, waxaa saameeyay Islaamku.<ref>{{cite book |last=Elsberg |first=Constance |date=2003 |title=Graceful Women |publisher=University of Tennessee Press |isbn=978-1-57233-214-0 |pages=27–28}}</ref> == Dhaleeceynta == {{Main|Dhaleeceynta Islaamka}} {{see also|Dhaleeceynta Muxammad|Dhaleeceynta Qur'aanka}} [[File:Jacques Courtois - Battle between Christians and Muslims.jpg|thumb|Dagaalkii ka dhex dhacay Muslinka iyo Masiixiyiinta xilligii Dagaalladii Saliibiyada, oo uu sameeyay Jacques Courtois.]] Dhaleeceynta Islaamku waxay jirtay tan iyo heeraradeedii ugu horreeyay. Dhaleeceyntii hore waxay ka timid qoraayaal Yahuud ah, sida Ibn Kammuna, iyo qoraayaal Masiixi ah, oo kuwo badan oo ka mid ah ay u arkayeen Islaamka bidco Masiixi ah ama nooc sanam-caabudid ah, iyagood inta badan ku fashilayay terms apocalyptic ah.{{sfnp|Fahlbusch et al|2001|p=[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=yaecVMhMWaEC|page=759}} 759]}} Qoraayaasha Masiixiyiinta ahi waxay dhaleeceeyeen sharraxaadaha laab-lakacsan ee Islaamku ka bixiyo jannada. Qarnigii sagaalaad aqoonyahankii Muslinka ahaa ee Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari wuxuu u dooday sharraxaadda Qur'aanka ee jannada iyadoo sheegaysa in Baybalku sidoo kale tilmaamayso fikradahaas, sida cabbidda khamriga ee jannada dhexdeeda oo ku jirta Injiilka Matayos. Caalimkii Masiixiga ahaa ee qarnigii 4aad Augustine ee Hippo caqiidooyinkiisu waxay keeneen diidmo baahsan oo ku saabsan raaxada jidhka ee nolosha iyo aakhiro dhexdeeda labadaba.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Christian Lange |title=Paradise and Hell in Islamic Traditions |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-521-50637-3 |pages=18–20}}</ref> Sawirro aflaadaad ah oo ka dhan ah Muxammad, oo ka soo bilaabmay sawirraddii hore ee qarnigii 7aad ee Kaniisadda Ortodokska Bari ee Boqortooyada Bizantiinta,<ref>Reeves, Minou, and P. J. Stewart. 2003. ''Muhammad in Europe: A Thousand Years of Western Myth-Making''. NYU Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8147-7564-6}}. p. 93–96.</ref> waxay ka muuqdaan gabayga qarnigii 14aad ee Divine Comedy oo uu qaray Dante Alighieri. Halkan, Muxammad waxaa lagu muujiyay goobta sideedaad ee jahannamada, iyadoo la joogo Cali. Dante ma eedayno Islaamka guud ahaan laakiin wuxuu eedaynayaa Muxammad kala qaybin, maadaama uu aasaasay diin kale Masiixiyadda ka dib.<ref name="Stone">Stone, G. 2006. ''Dante's Pluralism and the Islamic Philosophy of Religion''. Springer Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1-4039-8309-1}}. p. 53–54.</ref> Dhaleeceynaha kale waxay diiradda saaraan la-dhaqanka shakhsiyaadka ee gudaha waddamada casriga ah ee Muslinku ku badan yahay, oo ay ku jiraan arrimo ku saabsan xuquuqda aadanaha, goorta ay si dhow u la xiriirto fulinta sharciga Islaamka.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Yohanan|last1=Friedmann|year=2003|title=Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/tolerancecoercio00frie|url-access=limited|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/tolerancecoercio00frie/page/n31 18], 35|isbn=978-0-521-02699-4}}</ref> Sidoo kale, isbeddellada dhowaan ee dhaqammada kala duwan ka dib, kartida loo malaynayo inay leeyihiin soo-galootiga Muslinka ah ee Galbeedka si ay u la qabsadaan waa la dhaleeceeyay oo waxaa loo eedeeyay asalka Islaamka kuwo ka mid ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Modood |first=Tariq |url=https://archive.org/details/multiculturalism00modo |title=Multiculturalism, Muslims and Citizenship: A European Approach |date=6 April 2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-35515-5 |edition=1st |page=[https://archive.org/details/multiculturalism00modo/page/n43 29] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Ugu dambeyntii cilmi-baaris{{what|date=April 2026}} waxay heshay in diindhaqameedka Islaamka oo sarreeya uu la xiriiro xagjirinimada Islaamka oo sarreysa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kamenowski |first1=Maria |last2=Manzoni |first2=Patrik |last3=Haymoz |first3=Sandrine |last4=Isenhardt |first4=Anna |last5=Jacot |first5=Cédric |last6=Baier |first6=Dirk |date=2021-06-17 |title=Religion as an influencing factor of right-wing, left-wing and Islamist extremism. Findings of a Swiss youth study |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=6 |article-number=e0252851 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0252851 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=8211158 |pmid=34138885 |bibcode=2021PLoSO..1652851K }}</ref> === Ilaha === {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Imad-ad-Dean |title=Signs in the heavens |volume=2 |publisher=Amana Publications |year=2006 |isbn=1-59008-040-8}} * {{cite book |last=Arnold|first=Thomas |title=The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith.|volume= |publisher= |year=1896 |isbn=}} * {{Cite book |last=Bennett |first=Clinton |title=Interpreting the Qur'an: a guide for the uninitiated |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8264-9944-8 |page=101 |author-link=Clinton Bennett}} * {{cite book |last=Blankinship |first=K. |year=2008 |chapter=The early creed |editor=T. 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|last=Peacock|first=A.C.S.|title=Islam, Literature and Society in Mongol Anatolia|date=2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume= |page=|doi= 10.1017/9781108582124|isbn=978-1-108-58212-4|s2cid=211657444}} * {{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |url=https://archive.org/details/islamguideforjew00fepe |title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-691-11553-5}} * {{Cite report |date=October 2009 |title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population |publisher=Pew Research Center |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2009/10/Muslimpopulation.pdf |access-date=25 May 2020 |ref={{sfnref|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009}} }} [https://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/ Overview]. * {{Cite book |last=Rippin |first=Andrew |url=https://archive.org/details/muslimstheirreli0000ripp |title=Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices |publisher=Routledge |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-415-21781-1 |edition=2nd |author-link=Andrew Rippin}} * {{cite book |last=Roychoudhury |first=Makhanlal |year=1941 |title=The Din-i Ilahi, or, The Religion of Akbar |publisher=University of Calcutta |oclc=3312929 |url=https://archive.org/details/diniilahiorthere031361mbp |via=Internet Archive}} * {{cite journal |last=Serjeant |first=R.B. |date=1978 |title=Sunnah Jami'ah, pacts with the Yathrib Jews, and the Tahrim of Yathrib |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |volume=41 |pages=1–42 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00057761 |s2cid=161485671 }} * {{Cite book |last=Sachedina |first=Abdulaziz |title=The Just Ruler in Shi'ite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence |publisher=Oxford University Press US |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-511915-2 |author-link=Abdulaziz Sachedina}} * {{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Jane I. |author-link=Jane Idleman Smith |title=The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-515649-2}} * {{Cite book |editor-last=Stefon |editor-first=Matt |title=Islamic Beliefs and Practices |publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-61530-060-0 |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last1=Ṭabāṭabāʼī |first1=Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn |title=Shi'ite Islam |translator-last=Nasr |translator-first=Seyyed Hossein |publisher=SUNY Press |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-87395-272-9 |author-link=Allameh Tabatabaei}} * {{Cite book |last=Teece |first=Geoff |url=https://archive.org/details/islam0000teec_a5d6 |title=Religion in Focus: Islam |publisher=Franklin Watts Ltd |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7496-4796-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Trimingham |first=John Spencer |title=The Sufi Orders in Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-512058-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Colin |title=Islam: the Basics |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-34106-6 |location=London}} * {{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Bryan S. |title=Weber and Islam |publisher=Routledge |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-415-17458-9 |location=London}} * {{Cite book |last=Waines |first=David |title=An Introduction to Islam |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-521-53906-7}} * {{Cite book |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |title=The Formative Period of Islamic Thought |publisher=University Press Edinburgh |year=1973 |isbn=978-0-85224-245-2 |author-link=William Montgomery Watt}} * {{Cite book |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadprophets00watt |title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1974 |isbn=978-0-19-881078-0 |edition=New |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Weiss |first=Bernard G. |title=Studies in Islamic Legal Theory |publisher=Brill Academic publishers |year=2002 |isbn=978-90-04-12066-2 |location=Boston |author-link=Bernard G. Weiss}} {{Refend}} === Qaamuusyo iyo encyclopedias === {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{harvc |last1=Gardet|first1=L.|last2=Jomier|first2=J.|year=2012|c=Islām |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0387}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |ref={{harvid|Fahlbusch et al|2001}} |editor-last=Fahlbusch |editor-first=Erwin |display-editors=etal |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=yaecVMhMWaEC}} |title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=2001 |isbn=978-90-04-11695-5 |volume=2}} * {{cite encyclopedia |year=1913–1936 |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |editor1-last=Houtsma |editor1-first=M.T. |editor1-link=Martijn Theodoor Houtsma |editor2-first=T.W. |editor2-last=Arnold |editor2-link=Thomas Walker Arnold |editor3-first=R. |editor3-last=Basset |editor4-first=R. |editor4-last=Hartmann |edition=1st |place=Leiden |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-08265-6 |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam (1st ed.)|1913–1936}}}} * {{cite encyclopedia |year=2012 |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P.J. |issn=1573-3912 |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |edition=2nd |place=Leiden |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4 |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)|2012}}}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P.J. |issn=1573-3912 |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|n.d.}} |date=n.d. |url=https://brill.com/view/package/eio?language=en |url-access=subscription}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2004 |title=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World |series=Macmillan Reference Books |publisher=Thomson-Gale |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofis0001unse |editor-last=Martin |editor-first=Richard C. |isbn=978-0-02-865603-8}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |date=n.d. |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |editor-link=Jane Dammen McAuliffe}} * {{cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān |volume=2 |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=2002}} * {{cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān |volume=3 |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=2003}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals |publisher=Routledge |editor-last=Salamone |editor-first=Frank |edition=1st |isbn=978-0-415-94180-8 |series=Routledge Encyclopedias of Religion and Society |volume=6 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre00sala |jstor=j.ctt1jd94wq |year=2004}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2003 |title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=AltaMira Press |url=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas |editor-last=Glassé |editor-first=Cyril |series=Revised Edition of the Concise Encyclopedia of Islam |isbn=978-0-7591-0190-6 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-19-512558-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00bada |url-access=registration}} {{doi|10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001}} – via Oxford Reference. * {{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |year=2004 |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |place=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975726-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2006 |title=The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia |publisher=Routledge |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=isDgI0-0Ip4C|page=}} |editor-last=Leaman |editor-first=Oliver |isbn=978-0-415-32639-1}} {{Refend}} == Akhrin dheeraad ah == {{Refbegin}} * Abdul-Haqq, Abdiyah Akbar (1980). ''Sharing Your Faith with a Muslim''. Minneapolis: Bethany House Publishers. ''N.B''. Presents the genuine doctrines and concepts of Islam and of the Holy Qur'an, and this religion's affinities with Christianity and its Sacred Scriptures, in order to "dialogue" on the basis of what both faiths really teach. {{ISBN|0-87123-553-6}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism |publisher=SAGE; Cato Institute |location=Thousand Oaks, CA |last=Ahmad |first=Imad-ad-Dean |title=Islam |author-link=Imad-ad-Dean Ahmad |editor-last=Hamowy |editor-first=Ronald |editor-link=Ronald Hamowy |pages=256–258 |doi=10.4135/9781412965811.n155 |isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4 |lccn=2008009151 |oclc=750831024 |url={{Google books|yxNgXs3TkJYC|plainurl=yes}}}} * {{Cite book |last=Akyol |first=Mustafa |url=https://archive.org/details/islamwithoutextr0000akyo |title=Islam Without Extremes |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-393-07086-6 |edition=1st |author-link=Mustafa Akyol}} * {{Cite book |last=Arberry |first=A.J. |url=https://archive.org/details/koraninterpreted00ajar |title=The Koran Interpreted: A Translation |publisher=Touchstone |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-684-82507-6 |edition=1st |author-link=A. J. Arberry}} * Cragg, Kenneth (1975). ''The House of Islam'', in ''The Religious Life of Man Series''. Second ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company 1975. xiii, 145 p. {{ISBN|0-8221-0139-4}}. * {{Cite book |last=Hafez |first=Sherine |title=An Islam of Her Own: Reconsidering Religion and Secularism in Women's Islamic Movements |year=2011 |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=9780814773055 |url=https://opensquare.nyupress.org/books/9780814790724/}} * {{Cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Muhammad Muhsin |title=Noble Quran |last2=Al-Hilali Khan |last3=Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications |year=1999 |isbn=978-9960-740-79-9 |edition=1st |author-link=Muhammad Muhsin Khan}} * Khanbaghi, A, (2006). ''The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran''. I. B. Tauris. * Khavari, Farid A. (1990). ''Oil and Islam: the Ticking Bomb''. First ed. Malibu, Calif.: Roundtable Publications. viii, 277 p., ill. with maps and charts. {{ISBN|0-915677-55-5}}. * {{Cite book |title=The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-965-224-040-8 |editor-last=Kramer |editor-first=Martin |editor-link=Martin Kramer}} * {{Cite book |last=Kuban |first=Dogan |title=Muslim Religious Architecture |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=1974 |isbn=978-90-04-03813-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/islamwest00lewi_0 |title=Islam and the West |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-19-509061-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/culturesinconfli0000lewi |title=Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Age of Discovery |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-19-510283-3 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Mubarkpuri |first=Saifur-Rahman |title=The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Prophet |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-59144-071-0}} * {{Cite book |last=Najeebabadi |first=Akbar Shah |title=History of Islam |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-59144-034-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Sayilgan |first=Salih |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/god-evil-and-suffering-in-islam/C4C89591ADAAF25F104D517C4F4634B3 |title=God, Evil, and Suffering in Islam |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2023 |isbn=9781009377294}} * {{Cite book |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |url=https://www.giffordlectures.org/books/deciphering-signs-god-phenomenological-approach-islam |title=Deciphering the Signs of God: A Phenomenological Approach to Islam |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-7914-1982-3 |author-link=Annemarie Schimmel |access-date=31 January 2019 |archive-date=22 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422154518/https://www.giffordlectures.org/books/deciphering-signs-god-phenomenological-approach-islam |url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book |last=Schuon |first=Frithjof |title=Understanding Islam |publisher=Allen & Unwin |year=1963 |isbn=978-0941532242 |edition=3rd |author-link=Frithjof Schuon}} * {{Cite book |last=Stoddard |first=Lothrop |title=The New World of Islam |publisher=Chapman & Hall |year=1922 |url=https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/24107}} * {{Cite book |last=Walker |first=Benjamin |title=Foundations of Islam: The Making of a World Faith |publisher=Peter Owen Publishers |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-7206-1038-3 |author-link=Benjamin Walker (author)}} {{Refend}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Library resources box}} * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam "Islam"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/index.shtml Religion & Ethics – Islam] Maqaallo hordhac u ah Islaamka oo ka socda BBC ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} oawov3jllh3fdmji90y7vvmug3z6q7z 307315 307294 2026-09-06T17:32:15Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 6 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260906sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 307315 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox religion | native_name = {{lang|ar|{{Script|Arab|الإسلام}}}}<br/>{{transliteration|ar|al-Islām}} | image = The Kaaba during Hajj - edited.jpg | caption = [[Kacbada]] ee ku taal [[Masjidka Xaramka]] ee [[Makka]], [[Sacuudi Carabiya]], oo ah [[Holiest sites in islam|goobta Islaamka ee ugu barakeysan]] | type = | main_classification = [[Abrahamic religions|Ibraahimi ah]] | scripture = {{Plainlist| * [[Quraan]] * Sunnada: [[Xadiis]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The saheeh Sunnah is wahy (Revelation) from Allah |url=https://islamqa.info/en/answers/77243/the-saheeh-sunnah-is-wahy-(revelation)-from-allah |website=islamqa.info |access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref> * Tafsiirka: [[Tafsiir]]<ref>Mir, Mustansir. (1995). "Tafsīr". In John L. Esposito. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref> }} | theology = [[Tawhid|Kkudnimada Alle]] | law = [[Sharia]] | philosophy = [[Falsafada Islaamka]] | area = [[Islam by country|Adduunka oo dhan]]<ref name="Global Islam" /> | language = [[Classical Arabic|Carabiga Quraanka]] | territory = [[Islamic world]] | founder = [[Maxamed]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Welch |first1=Alford T. |last2=Moussalli |first2=Ahmad S. |last3=Newby |first3=Gordon D. |date=2009 |entry=Muḥammad |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |editor-first=John L. |editor-last=Esposito |publisher=Oxford University Press |entry-url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211050118/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550 |archive-date=11 February 2017 }}</ref> | founded_date = {{circa|610 C.D.}} | founded_place = [[Jabal al-Nour]]<!-- Beginnings are understood to be where Muhammad is said to have received his first ever revelation, which was inside a cave in this mountain --> | number_of_followers = {{est.}} 2 bilyan<ref name="pew2010–2020" /> {{increase}} (oo si gaar ah loogu yeero [[Muslimiin]], halka si wadajir ah loogu yeero {{transliteration|ar|[[Ummah]]}}) | separations = {{Plainlist| * [[Ali-Illahism]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-SQe_sNtIaMC&q=ali%2520illahism&pg=PA216|title=Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon: With Travels in Armenia, Kurdistan and the Desert: Being the Result of a Second Expedition Undertaken for the Trustees of the British Museum|last=Layard|first=Austen Henry|date=2010-08-31|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108016773|page=216|language=en}}</ref> * [[Druze faith]]<ref>{{cite book |title=The Oxford Handbook of American Islam |first=Yvonne |last=Yazbeck Haddad |year=2014 |isbn=9780199862634 |page=142|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> * [[Baháʼí Faith]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Van der Vyer |first=J. D. |year=1996 |title=Religious human rights in global perspective: religious perspectives |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |isbn=90-411-0176-4 |page=449 |url=https://archive.org/details/religioushumanri0000unse |url-access=registration}}</ref> }} }} {{Sidebar with collapsible lists | name = religion sidebar | pretitle = Qayb ka mid ah taxane ku saabsan | pretitlestyle = padding-top:0.8em; | titlestyle = padding-bottom:0.5em; | title = [[Diin]] | listtitlestyle = background:transparent; text-align:center; font-size:100%; | centered list titles = yes | image = [[File:Icon-religion.svg|200px|class=skin-invert]] | imagestyle = padding-bottom:1em; | listclass = hlist | liststyle = padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em; padding-bottom:0.25em; font-size: 11px; | expanded = {{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}} |} | abovestyle = padding:0.5em 2em 0.5em; display:block; background-color: #efefef; | above = {{startflatlist}} * [[Outline of religion|Dulucda]] * [[Index of religion-related articles|Liisaska]] * [[:Category:Religion|Qeybta]] * [[:Category:Indexes of religion topics|Tusaha]] * [[History of religion|Taariikhda diinta]] * [[Portal:Religion|Bogga]] {{endflatlist}} | list1name = religions | list1title = Diimaha | list1titlestyle = padding-top:0.5em; | list1 = {{Sidebar |child |bodystyle={{subsidebar bodystyle}} |navbar=off | heading1 = [[Abrahamic religions|Diimaha Ibraahimiyeed]] | content1style = padding-top:0.2em; | content1 = * [[Judaism|Yuudaanismka]] * [[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]] * [[Islam|Islaamka]] * [[Alawism|Calawiisimka]] * [[Alevism|Alewiisimka]] * [[Azalism|Azaliisimka]]/[[Bábism|Baabiisimka]] * [[Baháʼí Faith|Diinta Bahaa'iga]] * [[Druze Faith|Diinta Duruusta]] * [[Mormonism|Mormooniyadda]] * [[Mandaeism|Mandeiisimka]] * [[Manichaeism|Maniikiisimka]] * [[Rastafari|Rastafariyiinta]] * [[Samaritanism|Samaritaniisimka]] | heading2 = [[Iranian religions|Diimaha Iiraaniga]] | content2style = padding-top:0.2em; | content2 = * [[Yazidism|Yasiidiisimka]] * [[Yarsanism|Yarsaniisimka]] * [[Zoroastrianism|Soroostiriyanka]] | heading3 = [[Indian religions|Diimaha Hindiya]] | content3style = padding-top:0.2em; | content3 = * [[Hinduism|Hinduugga]] * [[Buddhism|Buudhisimka]] * [[Jainism|Jeyniisimka]] * [[Sikhism| Sikhiisimka]] * [[Bon|Yungdrung Bon]] | heading4 = [[East Asian religions|Diimaha Bariga Aasiya]] | content4style = padding-top:0em; | content4 = * [[Taoism|Taowaysimka]] * [[Confucianism|Konfushiyanishka]] * [[Shinto|Shinto]] * [[Tian|Tian]] * [[Shangdi|Shangdi]] * [[Hongjun Laozu|Hongjun Laozu]] }} | list2name = schools | list2title = Dugsiyada Fikirka | list2titlestyle = border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em; | list2 = * [[Acosmism|Aakosmisimka]] * [[Agnosticism|Agnostisismka]] * [[Animism|Animisimka]] * [[Antireligion|Diin-diidka]] * [[Apatheism|Apatheisimka]] * [[Atheism|Aqoonsi la'aanta Ilaah / Ateyismka]] * [[Creationism|Abuuristaaniyadda]] * [[Dharma|Dharmismka]] * [[Deism|Deiisimka]] * [[Divine command theory|Aragt Dardaaran Ilaahay]] * [[Dualism in cosmology|Labo-jirnimada]] * [[Western esotericism|Sir-doonka Reer Galbeedka]] * [[Elite religion|Diinta dadka sare]] * [[Exclusivism|Gaar-yeelidda]] * [[Existentialism|Jiritaaniyadda]] ** [[Atheistic existentialism|ateyste]] ** [[Christian existentialism|masiixi]] * [[Feminist theology|Falsafada dumarka]] * [[Fideism|Caqiido-ku-tiirsiga]] * [[Folk religion|Diinta dadweynaha]] * [[Fundamentalism|Aasaas-ku-dhagidda]] * [[Gnosticism|Gnostisismka]] * [[Henotheism|Henotheiisimka]] * [[Hermeticism|Hermetiisimka]] * [[Humanism|Aadmiga-jecleyska]] ** [[Christian humanism|masiixi]] ** [[Religious humanism|diimeed]] ** [[Secular humanism|cilmiyeed]] * [[Ietsism|Ietsismka]] * [[Theological noncognitivism|Ignostisismka]] * [[Inclusivism|Wadajir-yeelidda]] * [[Kathenotheism|Kathenotheiisimka]] * [[Lived religion|Diinta la nool yahay]] * [[Monism|Kow-jirnimada]] * [[Monotheism|Kkudnimada Alle]] * [[Mysticism|Suufiyadda / Sir-raadinta]] * [[Naturalism (philosophy)|Dabiiciyadda]] ** [[Humanistic naturalism|aadmiga]] ** [[Metaphysical naturalism|milyawiga]] ** [[Religious naturalism|diimeed]] * [[New Age|Cаманkii Cusub]] * [[Nonduality (spirituality)|Laba-mid-la'aanta]] * [[Nontheism|Ilaah-la'aanta]] * [[Omnism|Omnisimka]] * [[Pandeism|Pandeiisimka]] * [[Panentheism|Panenteiisimka]] * [[Pantheism|Panteiisimka]] * [[Perennial philosophy|Falsafadda weligeed ah]] * [[Polytheism|Shirkiga / Ilaahyo badan]] * [[Process theology|Falsafadda socodka]] * [[Shendao shejiao|Shendao shejiao]] * [[Spiritualism (beliefs)|Rux-raadinta]] * [[Shamanism|Shaamanismka]] * [[East Asian religions|Taowayga]] * [[Theism|Ilaah-rumaynta]] * [[Transcendentalism|Sare-u-kacaaniyadda]] * [[Transtheism|Transtheiisimka]] * [[Unitarianism|Mowqifka kow-jirka]] | list3name = concepts | list3title = Fikradaha | list3titlestyle = border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em; | list3 = * [[Afterlife|Aakhiro]] * [[Anthropopathism|Sifaadka bini'aadmiga ee Ilaah]] * [[Apophatic theology|Apophatismka]] * [[Aseity|Iskii-jitaanshaha]] * [[Religious belief|Aaminsanaanta Diinta]] * [[Brahman|Brahman]] * [[Cataphatic theology|Cataphatismka]] * [[Cult|Kooxda diimeed]] * [[Demiurge|Demiurge]] * [[Divine simplicity|Fududeynta Ilaahay]] * [[Eschatology|Qiyaamaha iyo Aakhiro]] * [[Enlightenment in Buddhism|Iftiintinka]] * [[Eternity#God and eternity|Weligiis-jitaanshaha]] * [[Euthyphro dilemma|Muran-weydiintii Euthyphro]] * [[Existence of God|Jiritaanka Ilaahay]] * [[Faith|Iimaan]] * [[Form of the Good|Qaabka Wanaagga]] * [[Gender of God|Jinsiga Ilaahay]] * [[Gnosis|Gnosis]] * [[Holy Spirit|Ruuxa Quduuska ah]] * [[Intelligent design|Naqshadda caqli-gal ah]] * [[Moksha|Xorreynta]] * [[Misotheism|Ilaah-nacaybka]] * [[Miracle|Mucjiso]] * [[Names of God|Magacyada Ilaahay]] * [[New religious movement|Dhaqdhaqaaqa diimeed ee cusub]] * [[Omnibenevolence|Naxariista-buuxda]] * [[Omnipotence|Awoodda-oo-dhan]] * [[Omnipresence|Meel-kasta-joogidda]] * [[Omniscience|Cilmiga-oo-dhan]] * [[Pandeism|Pandeistiga]] * [[Personal god|Ilaah shakhsi ah]] * [[Prayer|Dugsi / Baryo]] * [[Problem of evil|Dhibaatada xumaanta]] * [[Process theology|Falsafadda socodka]] * [[Belief#Religion|Aaminsanaanta diimeed]] * [[Problem of religious language|Luqadda diinta]] * [[Reincarnation|Soo-noqoshada nolosha (Reincarnation)]] * [[Faith|Iimaanka diimeed]] * [[Revelation|Waxyi]] * [[Religious text|Qoraallada diinta]] * [[Soul|Nafta]] * [[Summum bonum|Wanaagga ugu sarreeya]] * [[Tawhid|Kkudnimada Alle]] * [[Theological veto|Diidmada diinta]] * [[Transcendence (religion)|Sare-u-baxa diimeed]] * [[Trinity|Saddex-midnimada]] * [[Creator deity|Ugu sarreeyaha / Abuuraha]] * [[Unmoved mover|Dhaqaajiye aan la dhaqaajin]] * [[Vitalism|Ruuxda nolosha]] * [[Worship|Caabudaad]] | list4name = figures | list4title = Hoggaamiyeyaasha Aasaasaya | list4titlestyle = border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em; | list4= *[[Ciise]] ([[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]]) *[[Maxamed]] ([[Islam|Islaamka]]) *[[Ibraahim]] ([[Judaism|Yuudaanismka]]) *[[Siddhartha Gautama]] ([[Buddhism|Buudhisimka]]) *[[Guru Nanak]] ([[Sikhism|Sikhiisimka]]) *[[Mahavira]] ([[Jainism|Jeyniisimka]]) *[[Zoroaster]] ([[Zoroastrianism|Soroostiriyanka]]) *[[Hamza ibn Ali]] ([[Druze|Duruusta]]) *[[Laozi]] ([[Taoism|Taowayga]]) *[[Confucius]] ([[Confucianism|Konfushiyanishka]]) * [[Baháʼu'lláh]] ([[Baháʼí Faith|Diinta Bahaa'iga]]) | belowclass = plainlist | belowstyle = text-align:center;font-weight:normal; padding:1em 1em 1em; | below = Kani waa [[:Category:Philosophy and thinking sidebar templates|farac]] ka mid ah [[philosophy|falsafadda]]. Si aad u baarto mowduucyada la xiriira, fadlan booqo [[:Category:Religion_and_belief_navigational_boxes|hage-tusaha]]. }} '''Islaamku'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|z|l|ɑː|m|,_|ˈ|ɪ|z|l|æ|m}} {{respell|IZ|la(h)m}};<ref>{{cite Cambridge Dictionaries |Islam}}</ref> {{langx|ar|{{Script|Arab|الإسلام|al-Islām}}|al-Islām}}, {{IPA|ar|alʔisˈlaːm|IPA}}, {{lit|hordhaca [ee la xiriira [[ogaanshaha doonista Ilaahay]]]}}}} waa diin [[Abrahamic|Ibraahimi ah]] oo ku saleysan [[Quraan|Quraanka]] iyo [[Sunnah|barashada]] [[Maxamed|Maxamed]]. Diintan [[monotheistic|kwdnimada Alle]] waxay leedahay qiyaastii [[Islam by country|2 bilyan oo raacsan adduunka oo dhan]], oo lagu magacaabo [[Muslims|Muslimiin]]. Islaamku waa [[Major religious groups|diinta labaad ee ugu weyn adduunka]], marka laga reebo [[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]]. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin inay jirto [[Fitra|iimaan asal ah]] oo la soo waxyooday marar badan iyadoo la sii marinayo [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|rusul iyo nabiyo hore]], oo ay ku jiraan [[Adam in Islam|Aadam]], [[Noah in Islam|Nux]], [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Muuse]], iyo [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]], waxayna rumeysan yihiin in Islaamku yahay nooca caalamiga ah ee dhameystiran ee [[faith|iimaankan]]. [[File:Birmingham Quran manuscript full.jpg|thumb|Labo [[Folio|bog]] oo ka mid ah [[Birmingham Quran manuscript|Qoraalka Gacanta ee Quraanka ee Birmingham]], oo lagu qoray [[Hijazi script|xarfaha Xijaasiga]] ee [[parchment|harag]] taariikhdiisu tahay int u dhaxaysa 568–645 C.D., iyadoo ku beegan xilligii nolosha Maxamed.]] Muslimiintu waxay u arkaan Quraanka inuu yahay hadalka dhabta ah ee [[God in Islam|Ilaahay]] iyo waxyigii ugu dambeeyay ee aan wax laga beddelin. Dhinaca Quraanka, Muslimiintu waxay sidoo kale rumeysan yihiin [[Islamic holy books|kutubtii hore ee la soo waxyooday]], sida [[Torah in Islam|''Towraad'']] ([[Torah]]), ''[[Psalms in Islam|Sabuur]]'' ([[Psalms]]), iyo [[Gospel in Islam|''Injiil'']] ([[Gospel]]). Waxay rumeysan yihiin in [[Muhammad in Islam|Maxamed]] yahay [[Seal of the Prophets|nabiga ugu weyn uguna dambeeya]] ee [[God|Ilaahay]], kaasoo diinta la soo dhameystiray, oo aan ka dib imanayn nabigii cusub ama sharcigii samada ahayn. Barashada iyo tusaalooyinka caadiga ah ee Maxamed, oo loogu yeero [[Sunnah]], oo lagu diiwaangeliyay xaqiiqooyin loogu yeero [[Hadith|Xadiis]], ayaa bixiya tusaale dastuuri ah oo loogu talagalay Muslimiinta. Islaamku wuxuu ku saleysan yahay rumaysashada kow-nimada iyo kelinimada Ilaahay ({{Transliteration|ar|[[tawhid]]}}), iyo rumaysashada [[afterlife|aakhiro]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[akhirah]]}}) oo ay ku jirto [[Judgement Day in Islam|Maalinta Qiyaame]]—halkaas oo kuwa suubban lagu abaalmarin doono jannada ({{Transliteration|ar|[[jannah]]}}) kuwa xunneydna lagu ciqaabi doono naarta ({{Transliteration|ar|[[jahannam]]}}). [[Five Pillars of Islam|Shanta Arкан ee Islaamka]], oo loo arko inay yihiin cibaadooyin [[Fard|waajib ah]], waa shahaadada diinta ({{Transliteration|ar|[[shahada]]}}), salaadaha maalinlaha ah ({{Transliteration|ar|[[salah]]}}), sakada ({{Transliteration|ar|[[zakat]]}}), soonka bisha [[Ramadan]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[sawm]]}}), iyo [[pilgrimage|xajka]] loo aado [[Mecca|Makka]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[hajj]]}}). Sharciga Islaamka ({{Transliteration|ar|[[sharia]]}}), wuxuu taabanayaa ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan dhinacyada nolosha, laga bilaabo [[Islamic banking and finance|bangiyada iyo maaliyadda]] iyo [[Zakat|gar-gaarka]] ilaa [[Gender roles in Islam|doorka ragga]] iyo [[Women in Islam|doorka dumarka]] iyo [[Islamic ethics#Environmentalism|deegaanka]]. Labada [[Islamic holidays|ci둡 diimeed]] ee ugu waaweyn waa Ciidul Fitri iyo Ciidul Adxa. Saddexda [[holiest sites in Islam|goobood ee ugu barakeysan]] waa [[Masjid al-Haram|Masjidka Xaramka]] ee [[Mecca|Makka]], [[Prophet's Mosque|Masjidka Nabiga]] ee [[Medina|Madiina]], iyo [[Al-Aqsa|Dhismaha Masjidka Al-Aqsa]] ee [[Jerusalem|Quddus]]. Islaamku wuxuu ka soo aasaasay Makka qiyaastii 610 C.D. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in tani ay tahay xilligii [[Muhammad's first revelation|Maxamed uu helay waxyigiisii ugu horreeyay]]. Waqtigii uu geeriyooday, inta badan [[Arabian Peninsula|Jaziiradda Carabta]] way [[Conversion to Islam|isu rogtay Islaamka]]. Islaamku wuxuu si dhakhso ah ugu fiday wixii ka dambeeyay Carabta iyadoo hoos imaneysa [[Rashidun Caliphate|Khulaafadii Raashidiyiinta]] iyo [[Umayyad Caliphate|Khulaafadii Umawiyiinta]]. Labada [[Islamic schools and branches|laamood ee ugu waaweyn Islaamka]] waa [[Sunni Islam|Sunniyada]] (87–90%) iyo [[Shia Islam|Shiicada]] (10–13%).{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=1|ps=. "Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims."}} Muslimiinta Sunniga iyo Shiicada ah ayaa wada noqda ku dhawaad ​​guud ahaan dadweynaha Muslimka ah ee adduunka, iyadoo qiyaasuhu ka bilaabmaan qiyaastii 1.7–1.8 bilyan oo Sunni ah ilaa 285–300 milyan oo Shiico ah adduunka oo dhan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=|first=|date=2009-10-07|title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/|access-date=2026-09-01|website=Pew Research Center|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Shia Muslim Population – Islamic Research and Information Center (IRIC)|url=https://iric.org/world-shia-muslim-population/|access-date=2026-09-01|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Project on Shi’ism and Global Affairs|url=https://shiism.hds.harvard.edu/|url-status=live|website=Harvard University}}</ref> Inkasta oo [[Shia–Sunni relations|khilaafka Shiicada iyo Sunniga]] uu asal ahaan ka soo bilowday is-afgaranwaa ku saabsan [[succession to Muhammad|dhaxalkii Maxamed]], waxay kor u qaadeen cabbir ballaaran, labada [[Schools of Islamic theology|dhinaca caqiidada]] iyo [[Fiqh|fiqhigaa]]. Ururinta xadiiska suuban ee Sunniga waxay ka kooban tahay [[Kutub al-Sittah|Lixda Kitaab]], halka ururinta xadiiska Shiicada ay ka kooban tahay [[The Four Books|Afrta Kitaab]]. Muslimiintu waxay ka yihiin inta badan dadweynaha 53 dal.<ref name="pew2010–2020">{{cite web |date=June 9, 2025 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020. Muslims grew fastest; Christians lagged behind global population increase |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]}} *{{cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett |author2=Marcin Stonawski |author3=Yunping Tong |author4=Stephanie Kramer |author5=Anne Shi |author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf |access-date=2025-06-10 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Qiyaastii 12% Muslimiinta adduunka waxay ku nool yihiin [[Islam in Indonesia|Indoonisiya]], oo ah dalka ugu dadka badan ee Muslimiinta ah; {{#expr: 100 * 480/1570 round 0}}% waxay ku nool yihiin [[Islam in South Asia|Kooniyada Aasiya]]; 20% waxay ku nool yihiin [[MENA#Religion|Bariga Dhexe iyo Waqooyiga Afrika]]; iyo 15% waxay ku nool yihiin [[Religion in Sub-Saharan Africa|Afrika ka hooseysa Saharada]]. Muslimiinta sidoo kale waxaa laga helaa [[Islam in the Americas|Ameerikaanka]], [[Islam in China|Shiinaha]], iyo [[Islam in Europe|Yurub]]. Muslimiintu waa [[Muslim population growth|kooxda diimeed ee ugu koraysa adduunka]], taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay [[fertility rate| heerka dhalmada oo sarreeya]] iyo qaab-dhismeedka da'da yar marka loo eego diimaha diimaha kale ee waaweyn.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lipka |first=Michael |last2=Hackett |first2=Conrad |date=2017-04-06 |title=Why Muslims are the world’s fastest-growing religious group |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |access-date=2026-09-01 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> Islaamka waxaa la saadaalinayaa inuu noqdo diinta ugu weyn adduunka dhammaadka qarniga 21-aad, isagoo ka sarre marinaya Masiixiyadda.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lipka |first1=Michael |last2=Hackett |first2=Conrad |date=April 6, 2017 |title=Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US |archive-date=14 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514123559/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="pew2015">{{cite report |author=[[Pew Forum|The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life]] |title=The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010–2050 |url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211090450/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf |archive-date=2020-12-11 |date=2015-04-02 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref><!--Do NOT add citations to the lead, except for material likely to be challenged, per [[MOS:LEADCITE]] ([[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section#Citations)]]. Move unneeded citations to the body.--> == Asalka ereyga{{anchor|Etymology}}<!-- Linked from many articles. If changing the section title, please let this anchor remain unchanged -->== {{See also|Muslims#Etymology}} Luqadda Carabiga, ''Islaam'' ({{langx|ar|إسلام|lit=hordhaca [ee la xiriira Ilaahay]}})<ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of Islam {{!}} Dictionary.com |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=www.dictionary.com |language=en |archive-date=9 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509110220/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Haywood |first=John |title=Historical Atlas of the Medieval World (AD 600 - 1492) |publisher=Barnes & Noble, Inc. |year=2002 |isbn=0-7607-1975-6 |edition=1st |location=Spain |pages=3.13 |language=en}}</ref> waa magaca fal-galeedka [[wikt:أسلم#Arabic|Foomka IV]] ee ka soo jeeda falka {{lang|ar|سلم}} ({{transliteration|ar|salama}}), ka soo jeeda [[Semitic root|xididka saddex-xarafle ah]] {{lang|ar|س-ل-م}} ({{transliteration|ar|[[Š-L-M|S-L-M]]}}), kaas oo sameeya fasal weyn oo erayo ah oo badankood la xiriira fikradaha dhiibin-hoosaadka, badbaadada, iyo nabadgelyada.<ref name="Lane-Lexicon-4">{{cite book |last=Lane |first=Edward William |author-link=Edward William Lane |title=An Arabic-English Lexicon |volume=4 |chapter=Siin |url=http://www.studyquran.co.uk/20_SIIN.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907230044/http://www.studyquran.co.uk/20_SIIN.htm |archive-date=2011-09-07 |via=[[The Study Quran|StudyQuran]] |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> Macnaha diimeed, waxay tilmaamaysaa u dhiibashada buuxda ee doonista [[God|Ilaahay]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=Barnard |last2=Churchill |first2=Buntzie Ellis |url=https://archive.org/details/islamreligionpeo00lewi |title=Islam: The Religion and The People |publisher=Wharton School Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-13-223085-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/islamreligionpeo00lewi/page/8 8]}}</ref> Ereyga ''[[Muslims|Muslim]]'' ({{lang|ar|مُسْلِم}}), oo ah erayga loogu talagalay qofka raaca Islaamka,<ref name="Lexico-Muslim">{{cite dictionary |title=Muslim |url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/muslim |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913192608/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/muslim |archive-date=2019-09-13 |dictionary=[[Lexico]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2020 |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref> waa [[Participle|falka firfircoon]] ee isla nooca falka, oo macneheedu yahay "dhiibtiye (Ilaahay)" ama "qof u hoggaansamaya (Ilaahay)". Si kastaba ha ahaatee, khabiirka [[Quranic studies|barashada Quraanka]] [[Mohsen Goudarzi]] wuxuu ku dooday in Quraanka ereyga ''[[dīn]]'' uu ka dhigan yahay "[[worship|cibaado]]", ''islām'' uu ka dhigan yahay "[[monotheism|kwdnimada]]" iyo ''muslim'' uu ka dhigan yahay "muwaahid / qof kelinimada Alle rumeeyay".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudarzi |first=Mohsen |date=2023-08-01 |title=Worship (dīn), Monotheism (islām), and the Qurʾān's Cultic Decalogue |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006/html |journal=Journal of the International Qur'anic Studies Association |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=30–71 |doi=10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006 |issn=2474-8420|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Gudaha [[Hadith of Gabriel|Xadiiska Jibriil]], ''Islaam'' waxaa lagu soo bandhigay inuu yahay hal qayb oo ka mid ah saddaxleey oo ay ku jirto {{transliteration|ar|[[Iman (Islam)|imān]]}} (iimaan), iyo {{transliteration|ar|[[Ihsan|ihsān]]}} (fududeyn / ixsaan).{{sfnp|Esposito|2000|pp=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00john/page/76 76–77]}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahmutćehajić |first=Rusmir |url=https://archive.org/details/mosqueheartsubmi00mahm |title=The mosque: the heart of submission |publisher=[[Fordham University Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8232-2584-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/mosqueheartsubmi00mahm/page/n104 84] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Islaamka laftiisa ayaa taariikh ahaan loogu yeeri jiray [[Mohammedan|''Mohammedanism'' (Maxamediyad)]] gudaha [[English-speaking world|dunida Ingiriiska ku hadasha]]. Eraygan wuxuu ka baxay isticmaalka waxaana mararka qaarkood la sheegaa inuu yahay [[Religious offence|dhaawac diimeed]], maadaama uu tilmaamayo in bini'aadam, halkii uu ka noqon lahaa Ilaahay, uu yahay kan udub-dhexaadka u ah diinta Muslimiinta.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Oxford University Press| last = Gibb| first = Sir Hamilton| title = Mohammedanism: an historical survey|isbn=9780195002454| year = 1969| page=1 | quote=Modern Muslims dislike the terms Mohammedan and Mohammedanism, which seem to them to carry the implication of worship of Mohammed, as Christian and Christianity imply the worship of Christ.}}</ref> == Tiirarka iimaanka == {{Main|Aqidah|Iman (Islam)|l2 = Iman}} [[caqiidada]] Islaamku (''[[aqidah]]'') waxay u baahan tahay rumaysashada lix tiir: Ilaahay, malaa'igta, waxyiga, nabiyada, [[Day of Resurrection|Maalinta Qiyaamaha]], iyo qadarinta masiirka.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sourcebook of the World's Religions: An Interfaith Guide to Religion and Spirituality|publisher=New World Library|pages=68–9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbSPOoQfu0IC&pg=PA68|editor-first=Joel|editor-last=Beversluis|year=2011|isbn=9781577313328|access-date=15 January 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228022948/https://books.google.com/books?id=dbSPOoQfu0IC&pg=PA68#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> === Ilaahay === [[File:Istanbul,_Hagia_Sophia,_Allah.jpg|thumb|[[calligraphy|Qoraal gacmeedka]] qarnigii 19-aad oo muujinaya magaca [[Allah|Alle]] ee ku yaal [[Hagia Sophia]], [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]].]] {{Main|God in Islam}} Fikradda udub-dhexaadka u ah Islaamka waa ''[[Tawhid|tawḥīd]]'' ({{langx|ar|توحيد|link=no}}), oo ah kelinimada Ilaahay. Badanaa waxaa loo arkaa inay tahay ''monotheism sax ah'', laakiin sidoo kale waa [[panentheism|panentheistic]] ku dhex leh barashada suufiga Islaamka.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/tawhid |title=Tawhid |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107041300/https://www.britannica.com/topic/tawhid |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Gimaret|first=D.|year=2012|c=Tawḥīd |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7454}}</ref> Ilaahay waxaa loo arkaa mid aan la barbar dhigi karin oo aan lahayn tiro dad ah sida ku jirta [[Christian Trinity|Saddex-midnimada Masiixiga]], oo tiro u nisbeynta Ilaahay ama sifooyinka Ilaahay oo loo nisbeeyo dad kale waxaa loo arkaa shirk, oo lagu magacaabo [[Shirk (Islam)|''shirk'']]. Sidaas darteed, Muslimiintu ma aha [[iconodule]]s mana u nisbeeyaan qaabab Ilaahay. Ilaahay halkaas waxaa lagu sifeeyaa oo loogu yeeraa dhowr [[Names of God in Islam|magac ama sifooyin]], kan ugu caansan waa ''Ar-Rahmān'' ({{lang|ar|الرحمان}}) oo macneheedu yahay "Naxariis-guud", iyo ''Ar-Rahīm'' ({{lang|ar|الرحيم}}) oo macneheedu yahay "Naxariis-gaar ah" kuwaas oo laga baryo bilowga inta badan Suuradaha Quraanka.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ali |first1=Kecia |title=Islam : the key concepts |date=2008 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |last2=Leaman |first2=Oliver |isbn=978-0-415-39638-7 |location=London |oclc=123136939}}</ref>{{sfnp|Campo|2009|p=34|loc="Allah"}} Magaca tooska ah ee Carabiga ee Ilaahay, ''[[Allāh]]'' (الله), oo ah eray aan lahayn [[plural|wadar]] ama [[gender|jinsi]], ayaa sidoo kale si caadi ah loogu isticmaalaa luqadaha kale ee Muslimiinta iyo Masiixiyiinta iyo Yuhuuda Carabiga ku hadla si ay ugu tixraacaan Ilaahay, halka ''{{transliteration|ar|ISO|[[ʾilāh]]}}'' ({{lang|ar|إله}}) uu yahay eray loo isticmaalo ilaah ama ilaah guud ahaan.<ref>{{cite web |title=God |url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |access-date=18 December 2010 |website=Islam: Empire of Faith |publisher=[[PBS]] |archive-date=27 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327034958/http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Islaamku wuxuu barayaa in abuurista wax kasta oo ku jira [[universe|caalamka]] la keenay iyada oo la raacayo amarka Ilaahay sida lagu muujiyay erayada, "[[Be, and it is|Aabo, oo wuu noqdaa]],"<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|2|117|b=yl}}</ref> iyo in [[Meaning of life|ujeeddada jiritaanka]] ay tahay in la caabudo Ilaahay.<ref>Leeming, David. 2005. ''The Oxford Companion to World Mythology''. Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-195-15669-0}}. p. 209.</ref> Waxaa loo arkaa ilaah shakhsi ah oo wax dhexdhexaadin ah, sida [[clergy|wadaaddada]], looma baahna si loo gaaro xiriir lala yeesho Ilaahay. Wacyigelinta Ilaahay waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[taqwa]]. === Malaa'igta === [[File:Rashid al-Din Tabib - Jami al-Tawarikh, f.45v detail - c. 1306-15.png|thumb|Maxamed oo helaya [[Muhammad's first revelation|waxyigiisii ugu horreeyay]] oo uga imaanaya malaa'igta [[Gabriel]], oo ka socda qoraal gacmeedka [[Jami' al-tawarikh|Jami' al-Tawarikh]] ee uu qoray [[Rashid al-Din Hamadani|Rashid-al-Din Hamadani]], lagu daabacay [[Tabriz]], [[Iran]], 1307 C.D.]] {{Main|Angels in Islam}} Malaa'igta (keligood: {{langx|ar|ملك|link=no}}, ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|malak}}'') waa makhluuqaad lagu sifeeyay Quraanka{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=23}} iyo xadiiska.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=79}} Waxaa lagu sifeeyay inay u abuuran yihiin inay caabudaan Ilaahay iyo inay sidoo kale ka shaqeeyaan waajibaadyo kale oo gaar ah sida gudbinta [[revelation|waxyiga]] ee ka yimid Ilaahay, diiwaangelinta ficilada qof kasta, iyo qaadashada [[soul|nafta]] qofka waqtiga dhimashada. Waxaa lagu sifeeyay inay si kala duwan uga abuurmeen 'iftiin' ([[Nūr (Islam)|''nūr'']])<ref name="Encyclopedia-Nur">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Nūr |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/nur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423085030/https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/nur |archive-date=2022-04-23 |encyclopedia=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |via=[[Encyclopedia.com]] |language=en |access-date=2026-03-20}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|last1=Hartner, W.|last2=Tj Boer |year=2012 |c=Nūr |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0874}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Elias |first=Jamal J. |year=2003|c=Light |in=McAuliffe}} {{doi|10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00261}}</ref> ama 'dab' (''nār'').<ref>{{harvc |last=Campo |first=Juan E. |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/nar |c=Nar |in=Martin |year=2004}}. – via [[Encyclopedia.com]].</ref><ref>{{harvc|last=Fahd, T. |year=2012 |c=Nār |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0846}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Toelle |first=Heidi |year=2002 |c=Fire |in=McAuliffe}} {{doi|10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00156}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|McAuliffe|2003|p=45}}</ref> Malaa'igta Islaamka waxaa badanaa lagu matalaa [[Anthropomorphism|qaabab bini'aadamnimo]] oo ay ku jiraan sawirro [[supernatural|cajiib ah]], sida baalal, oo ah kuwa aad u waaweyn ama xidhan dhar janno.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|pp=97–99}}<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=26–28}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Webb |first=Gisela |c=Angel |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|last1=MacDonald, D. B.|last2=Madelung, W. |year=2012 |c=Malāʾika |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}}{{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0642}}</ref> Sifooyinka caadiga ah ee malaa'igta waxaa ka mid ah inaysan lahayn baahiyo jir iyo rabitaanno, sida cunidda iyo cabidda.{{sfnp|Çakmak|2017|p=140}} Qaarkood, sida [[Gabriel|Jibriil]] iyo [[Michael (archangel)|Miikaa'il]], ayaa magacyadooda lagu xusay Quraanka. Malaa'igtu waxay door muhiim ah ka ciyaaraan suugaanta ku saabsan [[Isra and Mi'raj|Mi'raajka]], halkaas oo Maxamed uu kula kulmo dhowr malaa'igood intii uu ku jirsaday safarkiisa samada.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=79}} Malaa'ig dheeraad ah ayaa badanaa lagu muujiyay [[Islamic eschatology|qiyaamaha]], [[Kalam|cilmiga kalaamka]] iyo [[Islamic philosophy|falsafada Islaamka]].{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=22}} === Kitaabyada === [[File:Quran rzabasi1.JPG|thumb|Qoraal gacmeed [[Quran|Quraan]] ah oo qarnigii 9-aad ah oo saaran [[Rehal (book rest)|rehal]], oo ah kursiga kitaabka qudduuska ah, oo lagu hayo [[Reza Abbasi Museum]] ee [[Tehran]], [[Iran]].]] {{Main|Islamic holy books|Quran|Wahy}} {{See also|History of the Quran}} Kitaabka quduuska ah ee ugu sarreeya Islaamka waa [[Quran|Quraanka]]. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in aayaadka Quraanka uu Maxamed u soo waxyooday Ilaahay, iyada oo la sii marinayo [[archangel|malaa'igta]] Jibriil, marar badan inta u dhaxaysa 610 C.D.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Watt |first=William Montgomery |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC&pg=PA5 |title=Islam and the Integration of Society |date=2003 |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |isbn=978-0-415-17587-6 |pages=5 |access-date=15 June 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228022949/https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo 632, sanadkii uu geeriyooday Maxamed.{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=17–18, 21}} Intii uu Maxamed noolaa, waxyiyadan waxaa qoray [[Muhammad's companions|saxaabtiisa]], inkastoo habka ugu muhiimsan ee gudbinta uu ahaa af ahaan iyada oo la adeegsanayo [[Hafiz (Quran)|xifdinta]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Al Faruqi |first1=Lois Ibsen |author-link=Lois Lamya al-Faruqi |year=1987 |title=The Cantillation of the Qur'an |journal=[[Society for Asian Music|Asian Music]] |issue=Autumn – Winter 1987 |pages=3–4}}</ref> Quraanku wuxuu u qaybsamaa 114 suuradood (''[[sūrah]]'') oo ka kooban wadarta guud ee 6,236 aayadood (''[[ayah|āyāt]]''). Suuradaha hore ee taariikh ahaan, ee lagaga soo waxyooday [[Mecca|Makka]], waxay inta badan khuseeyaan arrimaha ruuxiga ah, halka suuradaha dambe ee [[Medina|Madiina]] ay ka hadlaan arrimo bulsho iyo sharci oo khuseeya bulshada Muslimka ah. Qareennada Muslimiintu waxay la tashadaan xadiiska ('warka'), ama diiwaanka qoran ee nolosha Maxamed, si ay labadaba u taageeraan Quraanka oo ay uga caawiyaan tafsiirkiisa. Sayniska faallooyinka iyo tafsiirka Quraanka waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[tafsir]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/tafsir |title=Tafsīr |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019035210/https://www.britannica.com/topic/tafsir |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=79–81}} Marka laga reebo muhiimadiisa diimeed, Quraanka waxaa loo aqoonsan yahay si weyn inuu yahay shaqada ugu fiican [[Arabic literature|suugaanta Carabiga]],<ref>{{cite book|first=Alan|last=Jones|location=London|publisher=[[Charles E. Tuttle Company]]|year=1994|page=1|title=The Koran|quote="Its outstanding literary merit should also be noted: it is by far, the finest work of Arabic prose in existence."|isbn=1842126091}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Arthur|last=Arberry|title=The Koran Interpreted|location=London|publisher=[[Allen & Unwin]]|year=1956|quote="It may be affirmed that within the literature of the Arabs, wide and fecund as it is both in poetry and in elevated prose, there is nothing to compare with it."|page=191|isbn=0684825074}}</ref> wuxuuna saameeyay fanka iyo luqadda Carabiga.<ref>Kadi, Wadad, and Mustansir Mir. "Literature and the Quran." In ''[[Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān|Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an]]'' 3. pp. 213, 216.</ref> Islaamku sidoo kale wuxuu qabaa in Ilaahay uu soo diray waxyiyo, oo la yiraahdo ''[[wahy]]'', oo loo soo diray nabiyo kala duwan marar badan taariikhda oo dhan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Islaamku wuxuu barayaa in qaybo ka mid ah kitaabadii hore ee la soo waxyooday, sida [[Torah in Islam|''Towraad'']] ([[Torah]]) iyo [[Gospel in Islam|''Injiil'']] ([[Gospel in Islam|Injiil]]), ay noqdeen kuwo [[tahrif|la leexiyay]]—ha ahaato tafsiirka, qoraalka, ama labadaba,<ref name="harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5">{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5}}</ref><ref name="harvp|Peters|2003|p=9">{{harvp|Peters|2003|p=9}}</ref><ref name="610CE">{{harvc|c=Muhammad|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|last2=Welch|first2=A.T.|last1=Buhl|first1=F.}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Tahrif |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d. |author=[[Hava Lazarus-Yafeh]]}}</ref> halka Quraanka ({{Lit|Akhrinta}}) loo arko hadalka ugu dambeeya, ee dhabta ah ee aan wax laga beddelin ee Ilaahay.<ref name="Ringgren">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ringgren |first=Helmer |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Quran |title=Qurʾān |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=5 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505001543/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/487666/Quran |url-status=live }} "The word ''Quran'' was invented and first used in the Quran itself. There are [[Quran#Etymology and meaning|two different theories]] about this term and its formation."</ref><ref>{{harvp|Teece|2003|pp=12–13}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Turner|2006|p=42}}</ref>{{sfnp|Bennett|2010|p=101}} === Nabiyada === {{Main|Prophets and messengers in Islam|Sunnah|Hadith}} [[File:Medieval Persian manuscript Muhammad leads Abraham Moses Jesus.jpg|thumb|[[Persian miniature|Miniakiyada Faarisiga]] ee qarnigii 15-aad oo muujinaysa [[Muhammad in Islam|Maxamed]] oo hoggaaminaya [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Muuse]], [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]] iyo [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|nabiyo kale]] salaadda.<ref>{{cite web |title=BnF. Département des Manuscrits. Supplément turc 190 |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/view3if/ga/ark:/12148/btv1b8427195m/f16 |publisher=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] |access-date=7 September 2023 |archive-date=9 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909130407/https://gallica.bnf.fr/view3if/ga/ark:/12148/btv1b8427195m/f16 |url-status=live }}</ref>]] Nabiyada (Carabi: {{langx|ar|أنبياء|label=none|translit=anbiyāʾ}}) waxaa la rumeysan yahay inay doorteen Ilaahay si ay u wacdhiyaan fariin ilaahi ah. Qaar ka mid ah nabiyadan ayaa sidoo kale keena kitaab cusub waxaana loogu yeeraa "rasuul" ({{langx|ar| رسول&lrm;|label=none|translit=rasūl}}).<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|p=225}}</ref> Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in nabiyadu ay yihiin bini'aadam oo aan ahayn ilaahyo. Dhammaan nabiyadu waxaa la sheegaa inay wacdiyiyeen fariintii asaasiga ahayd ee Islaamka - u dhiibashada doonista Ilaahay - oo ay u direen quruumihii hore, tan ayaana la sheegay inay sabab u tahay isku mid ahaanshaha badan ee u dhexeeya diimaha. Quraanku wuxuu sheegayaa magacyada tiro badan oo ah shakhsiyaadka loo tixgeliyo [[prophets in Islam|nabiyada Islaamka]], oo ay ku jiraan [[Adam in Islam|Aadam]], [[Noah in Islam|Nux]], [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Muuse]], [[David in Islam|Daa'uud]] iyo [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]], iyo kuwo kale.<ref name="Schimmel">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |author-link=Annemarie Schimmel |title=Islam |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504201633/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/295507/Islam |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Reeves |first=J. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC |title=Bible and Qurʼān: Essays in scriptural intertextuality |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2004 |isbn=90-04-12726-7 |location=[[Leiden]] |page=177 |access-date=21 August 2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164019/https://books.google.com/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC |url-status=live }}</ref> Sheekooyinka la xiriira nabiyada ee ka baxsan xisaabaadka Quraanka waxaa lagu ururiyaa oo lagu baaraa ''[[Qisas Al-Anbiya|Qisas al-Anbiya]]'' (Sheekooyinka Nabiyada). Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in Ilaahay uu soo diray Maxamed inuu noqdo nabiga ugu dambeeya ("[[Seal of the prophets|khaatumul anbiyo]]") si uu u gaarsiiyo fariinta dhameystiran ee Islaamka.<ref name="Esposito-Islam">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Esposito |first=John L. |author-link=John Esposito |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |title=Islam |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012298 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110124812/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012298 |archive-date=2021-01-10 |quote=Profession of Faith...affirms Islam's absolute monotheism and acceptance of Muḥammad as the messenger of Allah, the last and final prophet. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Peters-Allah">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Peters |first=F. E. |author-link=Francis Edward Peters |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |title=Allāh |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095403960 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926053837/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095403960 |archive-date=2020-09-26 |quote=[T]he Muslims' understanding of Allāh is based...on the Qurʿān's public witness. Allāh is Unique, the Creator, Sovereign, and Judge of mankind. It is Allāh who directs the universe through his direct action on nature and who has guided human history through his prophets, Abraham, with whom he made his covenant, Moses/Moosa, Jesus/Eesa, and Muḥammad, through all of whom he founded his chosen communities, the 'Peoples of the Book.' |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Islaamka dhexdiisa, tusaalaha "caadiga ah" ee nolosha Maxamed waxaa lagu magacaabaa ''[[sunnah]]'' (oo macneheedu yahay "jidka la maray"). Muslimiinta waxaa lagu dhiirrigelinayaa inay ku daydaan dabeecadaha akhlaaqda ee Maxamed noloshooda maalinlaha ah, sunnadana waxaa loo arkaa mid muhiim u ah hagidda tafsiirka Quraanka.<ref>{{harvp|Martin|2004|p=666}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Hadith|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|author=J. Robson}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Sunna|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|author=D.W. Brown}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Goldman |first=Elizabeth |title=Believers: Spiritual Leaders of the World |date=1995 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-508240-1 |location=Oxford |page=63}}</ref> Tusaalahan waxaa lagu ilaaliyaa dhaqamo loo yaqaan xadiis, oo ah xisaabaadka erayadiisa, ficilladiisa, iyo sifooyinka shakhsi ahaaneed. [[Hadith qudsi|Xadiiska Qudsi]] waa qayb hoose oo ka tirsan xadiiska, oo loo arko inuu yahay erayada dhabta ah ee Ilaahay ee uu soo xigtay Maxamed oo aan ahayn qayb ka tirsan Quraanka. Xadiisku wuxuu ka kooban yahay laba shay: silsiladda sheekeeyayaasha, oo loo yaqaanno [[Hadith studies#Traditional importance of the sanad|''sanad'']], iyo ereyada dhabta ah, oo loo yaqaanno [[Hadith studies|''matn'']]. Waxaa jira habab kala duwan oo lagu kala saaro xaqiiqda xadiisyada, iyadoo cabbirka darajada ee badanaa la isticmaalo uu yahay "saxiix" ama "sax ah" ({{langx|ar|صحيح|links=no|translit=[[Authentic hadith|ṣaḥīḥ]]|label=none}}); "xasan" ({{langx|ar|حسن|links=no|label=none|translit=[[Hasan (hadith)|ḥasan]]}}); ama "daciif" ({{langx|ar|ضعيف|label=none|translit=[[Da'if|ḍaʻīf]]}}), iyo kuwo kale. [[Kutub al-Sittah]] waa ururinta lix kitaab, oo loo arko inay yihiin warbixinnada ugu suuban ee [[Sunni Islam|Sunniyada]]. Waxaa ka mid ah [[Sahih al-Bukhari]], oo ay Sunnidu badanaa u arkaan mid ka mid ah [[Hadith terminology#Terminology relating to the authenticity of a hadith|ilaha ugu suuban]] ka dib Quraanka.<ref>[[Aisha Abd al-Rahman|al-Rahman, Aisha Abd]], ed. 1990. [[Introduction to the Science of Hadith|Muqaddimah Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ]]. Cairo: Dar al-Ma'arif, 1990. pp. 160–69</ref> Il kale oo caan ka ah xadiisyada waa [[The Four Books|Afrta Kitaab]], oo ay Shiicadu u arkaan tixraaca xadiiska ee ugu suuban.<ref name="Awliyai-Four-Books">{{cite book |last=Awliya'i |first=Mustafa |title=Outlines of the Development of the Science of Hadith |volume=1 |chapter=The Four Books |url=https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol1-n12-3/outlines-development-science-hadith-dr-mustafa-awliyai/part-1#four-books |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912144702/https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol1-n12-3/outlines-development-science-hadith-dr-mustafa-awliyai/part-1#four-books |archive-date=2017-09-12 |translator-last=Qara'i |translator-first=A. Q. |via=Al-Islam.org |access-date=2020-05-24 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Rizvi-Four-Books">{{cite book |last=Rizvi |first=Sayyid Sa'eed Akhtar |author-link=Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi |title=The Qur'an and Hadith |location=Tanzania |publisher=Bilal Muslim Mission |chapter=The Hadith §The Four Books (Al-Kutubu'l-Arb'ah) |url=https://www.al-islam.org/quran-and-hadith-allamah-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/chapter-4-hadith#four-books-al-kutubul-arbah |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912191319/https://www.al-islam.org/quran-and-hadith-allamah-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/chapter-4-hadith#four-books-al-kutubul-arbah |archive-date=2017-09-12 |via=Al-Islam.org |access-date=2020-05-24 |language=en}}</ref> === Soo-noqoshada iyo xukunka === [[File:Chester Beatty T 414 fol 129r Muhammad al-Mehdi.png|thumb|Matxaf qarnigii 16-aad ee [[Muhammad al-Mahdi|Maxamed al-Mahdi]]. [[Mahdi|Mahdiga]] waxaa la rumeysan yahay inuu soo muuqan doono ka hor [[Eschatology|Waqtiga Dhamaadka]] si uu u soo celiyo cadaaladda oo uu uga adkaado dulmiga iyadoo la kaashanaya [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]] ([[Jesus]]).]] {{Main|Islamic eschatology}} Rumaysashada "Maalinta Qiyaame" ama ''[[Qiyamah|Yawm al-Qiyāmah]]'' ({{langx|ar|يوم القيامة|link=no}}) ayaa sidoo kale muhiim u ah Muslimiinta. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in waqtiga Qiyaamaha uu hore u qadaray Ilaahay, laakiin uusan aqoon bini'aadamku. Quraanka iyo xadiiska, iyo sidoo kale faallooyinka [[Ulama|culimada]], waxay qeexayaan imtixaannada iyo [[Great Tribulation|dhibaatooyinka]] ka horreeya iyo inta uu socdo Qiyaamaha. Quraanka wuxuu xoogga saarayaa [[universal resurrection|soo-noqoshada jirka]], taasoo ah mid ka duwan fahamkii [[pre-Islamic Arabia|Carabtii hore]] ee dhimashada.<ref>{{harvp|Glassé|2003|loc="Resurrection"|pp=382–383}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)|2012|loc="Avicenna"}}. {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_DUM_0467}}: "Ibn Sīnā, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Sīnā is known in the West as 'Avicenna'."</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Qiyama |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d. |author=Gardet, L.}}</ref> Maalinta Qiyaame, Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in dhammaan bini'aadamka lagu xukumi doono falalkooda wanaagsan iyo kuwa xun waxaana loo gudbin doonaa [[Jannah|Janno]] ama [[Jahannam|Naar]].<ref>{{cite web |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |editor-link=John Esposito |title=Eschatology |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e588 |url-access=subscription |work=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Islam]] |via=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |access-date=18 April 2017 |archive-date=13 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100913062714/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e588 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Quraanku wuxuu ku jira [[Surat al-Zalzalah]] wuxuu tan ku sifeeyaa: "Haddaba qofkii sameeya culays atoore oo wanaag ah wuu arki doonaa. Qofkii se sameeya culays atoore oo xumaan ah wuu arki doonaa." Quraanku [[Islamic views of sin|wuxuu qorayaa dunuub badan]] oo qof ku xukumi kara naar. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Quraanku wuxuu caddeynayaa in Ilaahay uu cafiyi doono dunuubta kuwa toobad keena haddii uu doono. Falalka wanaagsan, sida sadaqada, salaadda, iyo naxariista xayawaannada{{sfnp|Esposito|2011|p=130}} waxaa lagu abaalmarin doonaa gelitaanka jannada. Muslimiintu waxay u arkaan jannada meel ay ka buuxaan farxad iyo barako, iyadoo tixraacyada Quraanku ay qeexayaan sifooyinkeeda. Dhaqamada suufiga ah ee Islaamka waxay dhigayaan raaxooyinkan jannada xiriir la leh wacyigelin xamaasad leh oo ku saabsan Ilaahay.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2006|p=89}}; ''Encyclopedia of Islam and Muslim World'', p. 565</ref><ref>{{harvc |c=Garden |first=Asma |last=Afsaruddin |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Paradise|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> ''Yawm al-Qiyāmah'' sidoo kale waxaa Quraanka loogu aqoonsaday ''Yawm ad-Dīn'' ({{lang|ar|يوم الدين}} "Maalinta Diinta");<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|1|4|b=y}};</ref> ''as-Sāʿah'' ({{lang|ar|الساعة}} "Saacadda Dambe");<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|6|31|b=y}};</ref> iyo ''[[Al-Qaria|al-Qāriʿah]]'' ({{lang|ar|القارعة}} "Qaylisaada").<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|101|1|b=y}}</ref> === Qadarka === {{Main|Predestination in Islam}} Qaar ka mid ah Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin qadarka ilaahay, ({{langx|ar|القضاء والقدر}}, ''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|al-qadāʾ wa l-qadar}}'') in arrin kasta uu qaddaray Ilaahay.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.freeweb.hu/etymological/AEDweb.htm |date=2002 |title=Andras Rajki's A. E. D. (Arabic Etymological Dictionary) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208204654/http://www.freeweb.hu/etymological/AEDweb.htm |archive-date=8 December 2011 |access-date=13 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Cohen-Mor|2001|p=4}}: "The idea of predestination is reinforced by the frequent mention of events 'being written' or 'being in a book' before they happen": Say: "Nothing will happen to us except what Allah has decreed for us..."</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Karamustafa |first=Ahmet T. |c=Fate |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}: The verb ''qadara'' literally means "to measure, to determine". Here it is used to mean that "God measures and orders his creation".</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Gardet|first=L.|year=2012|c=al-Ḳaḍāʾ Wa 'l-Ḳadar |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0407}}</ref> [[Mu'tazilism|Mu'tasiladu]] iyo qaar ka mid ah Shiicada Muslimiinta ah ma rumeysna fikraddan.<ref>[[#AGI1978|Guillaume, ''Islam'', 1978]]: p.131-2</ref><ref>[[#AGI1978|Guillaume, ''Islam'', 1978]]: p.132</ref><ref>''Need of Religion'', by Sayyid [[Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi]], p. 14.</ref><ref>''Muslims'', by S. H. M. Rizvi, Shibani Roy, B. B. Dutta, p. 20.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shirazi |first1=Naser Makarem |title=The Justice of God |publisher=Al-Islam.org |url=https://www.al-islam.org/justice-god-naser-makarem-shirazi/issue-predestination-and-free-will |access-date=14 June 2022 |chapter=The Issue of Predestination and Free Will|date=12 May 2015 }}</ref><ref>''Islamic Beliefs, Practices, and Cultures'', by Marshall Cavendish Corporation, p. 137.</ref> Badanaa, rumaysashadan masiirka ilaahay waxaa lagu muujiyaa erayga ''[[Inshallah]]'', ({{langx|ar|إن شاء الله}}, {{transliteration|ar|haddii Alle jiro}}) marka laga hadlayo dhacdooyinka mustaqbalka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Muslim beliefs – Al-Qadr |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z43pfcw/revision/4 |access-date=13 November 2020 |publisher=BBC |work=Bitesize – GCSE – Edexcel |archive-date=15 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115112558/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z43pfcw/revision/4 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Ficilada cibaadada == {{Main|Five Pillars of Islam|Ibadah}} Waxaa jira shan ficil oo cibaado ah oo loo arko inay yihiin [[fard|waajibaad]]–Shahaadada, salaadaha shanta ah ee maalinlaha ah, [[Zakat|sakada]], [[fasting during Ramadan|soonta bisha Ramadaan]], iyo xajka [[Hajj|Hajka]]—oo si wadajir ah loogu yaqaano "Tiirarka Islaamka" (''Arkān al-Islām''). Intaa waxaa dheer, Muslimiintu waxay sidoo kale sameeyaan ficilo kale oo ikhtiyaari ah oo dhiirrigel leh laakiin aan loo arkin inay yihiin waajibaad.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=ZAROUG|first=ABDULLAHI HASSAN|date=1985|title=THE CONCEPT OF PERMISSION, SUPEREROGATORY ACTS AND ASETICISM &#91;sic&#93; IN ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20847307|journal=Islamic Studies|volume=24|issue=2|pages=167–180|jstor=20847307|issn=0578-8072|access-date=7 January 2023|archive-date=7 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207140013/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20847307|url-status=live}}</ref> === Shahaadada === [[File:Silver Rupee Akbar.jpg|thumb|right|Lacag qalinkii qarnigii 16-aad ee [[Akbar|Akbarkii Weyn]], Boqorkii [[Mughal Empire|Mugalka]], [[India]], oo lagu qoray [[Shahada|Shahaadada]].]] {{Main|Shahada}} [[shahada]]h{{sfnp|Nasr|2003|pp=3, 39, 85, 270–272}} waa [[oath|dhaar]] lagu caddaynayo rumaysashada Islaamka. Qoraalka la ballaariyay waa "{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʾašhadu ʾal-lā ʾilāha ʾillā-llāhu wa ʾašhadu ʾanna muħammadan rasūlu-llāh}}" ({{langx|ar|أشهد أن لا إله إلا الله وأشهد أن محمداً رسول الله|label=none}}), ama, "Waxaan qirayaa inuusan jirin [[deity|ilaah]] aan ahayn [[God in Islam|Ilaahay]] waxaanuna qirayaa in Maxamed yahay rasuulkii Ilaahay."<ref name="Mohammad-1985">{{cite journal |last=Mohammad |first=Noor |date=1985 |title=The Doctrine of Jihad: An Introduction |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-law-and-religion_1985_3_2/page/381 |journal=[[Journal of Law and Religion]] |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=381–397 |doi=10.2307/1051034 |jstor=1051034 |publisher=Journal of Law and Religion, Inc. |language=en}}</ref> Islaamka waxaa mararka qaarkood lagu doodaa inuu leeyahay caqiido aad u fudud iyadoo shahaadadu ay tahay saldhigga diinta ka hartay. Aan-Muslimiinta raba inay [[Conversion to Islam|soo islaamaan]] waxaa looga baahan yahay inay ku dhawaaqaan shahaadada hortooda markhaatiyaal.<ref>{{harvc |last=Kasim |first=Husain |year=2004 |c=Islam |pp=195–197 |in=Salamone}}</ref><ref name="Galonnier-2021">{{cite book |last=Galonnier |first=Juliette |editor-last=van Nieuwkerk |editor-first=Karin |title=Moving In and Out of Islam |chapter=Moving In or Moving Toward? Reconceptualizing Conversion to Islam as a Liminal Process |location=New York |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2021 |pages=44–66 |doi=10.7560/317471-003 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7560/317471-003/html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023001/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7560/317471-003/html |archive-date=2023-12-28 |language=en}}</ref> === Salaadda === [[File:Prayer in Cairo 1865.jpg|thumb|[[Muslims|Muslimiin]] tukanaya ([[salah]]) gudaha [[Egypt]] waxaa alifay [[Jean-Léon Gérôme]], 1865.]] {{Main|Salah}} {{See also|Mosque|Jumu'ah}} Salaadda Islaamka waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[salah|as-salaad]] ({{langx|ar|الصلاة|link=no}}), ama erayga [[Persian language|Faarisiga]] ee ah "Namaz." Waxaa loo arkaa xiriir shakhsi ah oo lala leeyahay Ilaahay, waxayna ka kooban tahay ku celcelinta qaybo la yiraahdo [[rakat|rakco]] oo ay ku jiraan [[Ruku|rukooc]] iyo [[Sujud|sujuud]] loo sujuudayo Ilaahay. Waxaa jira shan salaadood oo la cayimay maalintii oo dhan kuwaas oo loo arko waajibaad. Salaadaha waxaa lagu akhriyaa luqadda Carabiga waxaana lagu fuliyaa [[Qibla|dhanka]] [[Kaaba|Kacbada]]. Ficilku sidoo kale wuxuu u baahan yahay xaalad nadiif ah oo diimeed oo lagu gaaro hababka [[wudu|weysada]] ama, xaaladaha qaarkood, qubays buuxa oo [[ghusl|qubays ah]].<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=18, 19}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Hedayetullah|2006|pp=53–55}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Kobeisy|2004|pp=22–34}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Momen|1987|p=178}}</ref> [[mosque|Masaajidka]], oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano masjid ama namazgah, waa [[places of worship|goob cibaado]] oo loogu talagalay Muslimiinta. Inkasta oo ujeeddada ugu weyn ee masaajidku ay tahay inuu u adeego meel salaadeed, sidoo kale waa xarun bulsho oo muhiim u ah [[ummah|bulshada Muslimka ah]]. Tusaale ahaan, [[Prophet's Mosque|Masjidka Nabiga]] ee [[Medina|Madiina]], wuxuu sidoo kale u adeegi jiray hoy ay degaan dadka saboolka ah.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Mattson |first=Ingrid |year=2006 |title=Women, Islam, and Mosques |pages=615–629 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America |series=Volume 2, Part VII. Islam |editor1=R. S. Keller |name-list-style=and |editor2=R. R. Ruether |place=Bloomington and Indianapolis |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |isbn=978-0-253-34687-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC&pg=PA615 |access-date=2 October 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023019/https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC&pg=PA615#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Minaret|Minaarooyinku]] waa munaarooyin loo isticmaalo in lagu yeero [[adhan|aanka]], kaas oo ah yeedhid afka ah oo lagu calaamadinayo waqtiga salaadda.<ref name="Pedersen-Masjid-2010">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Pedersen |first1=Johannes |last2=Hillenbrand |first2=Robert |last3=Burton-Page |first3=John |author-link3=John Burton-Page |title=Masd̲j̲id |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam |edition=2nd |location=Leiden |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2010 |doi=10.1163/9789004206106_eifo_COM_0694 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/mosque |title=Mosque |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928065350/https://www.britannica.com/topic/mosque |url-status=live }}</ref> === Sakada === [[File:Slot at the Zaouia Moulay Idriss II 1.jpg|thumb|Meel lagu bixiyo sakada oo ku taal [[Zawiya of Moulay Idris II]] ee [[Fez, Morocco]].]] {{Main|Zakat}} {{See also|Sadaqah}} [[Zakat|Sakada]] ([[Arabic language|Carabi]]: {{langx|ar|زكاة|translit=zakāh|label=none}}), waa nooc ka mid ah [[Alms|Sadaqada]] oo lagu garto bixinta qayb go'an (2.5% sanadkii)<ref name="Ahmed-Gianci-2005">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Ahmed |first1=Medani |last2=Gianci |first2=Sebastian |title=Zakat |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Taxation and Tax Policy |editor1-last=Cordes |editor1-first=Joseph J. |editor2-last=Ebel |editor2-first=Robert D. |editor3-last=Gravelle |editor3-first=Jane |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Urban Institute Press |year=2005 |page=479 |isbn=978-0877667520 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m66_BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA479 |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026}}</ref> ee [[Financial capital|hantida la ururiyay]] ay bixiyaan kuwa awoodda u leh si ay u caawiyaan dadka saboolka ah ama baahan, sida xoraynta maxaabiista, kuwa [[bonded labor|dayn ku jira]], ama safarka ku ah, iyo kuwa loo shaqaaleysiiyo ururinta sakada. Waxay u shaqaysaa sidii nooc ka mid ah [[welfare spending|gar-gaar bulsheed]] oo ka jira bulshooyinka Muslimka ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ariff |first=Mohamed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NP4ZL0TJ9s4C&pg=PA55 |title=The Islamic Voluntary Sector in Southeast Asia: Islam and the Economic Development of Southeast Asia |publisher=[[Institute of Southeast Asian Studies]] |year=1991 |isbn=978-981-3016-07-1 |pages=55– |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023007/https://books.google.com/books?id=NP4ZL0TJ9s4C&&pg=PA55 |url-status=live }}</ref> Waxaa loo arkaa waajibaad diimeed oo ay dadka ladani ku leeyihiin kuwa baahan sababtoo ah hantidooda waxaa loo arkaa ammaan ka timid nimcada Ilaahay,<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2010|p=109–110}}: This is not regarded as charity because it is not really voluntary but instead is owed, by those who have received their wealth as a trust from God's bounty, to the poor.</ref> waxaana loo arkaa daahirinta hantida dheeraadka ah ee qofka.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = RoutledgeCurzon| isbn = 9780415297967| title =Major World Religions: From Their Origins to the Present.| location = United Kingdom| year = 2003| last=Ridgeon| first=Lloyd| url = | page = 258|quote=Aside from its function of purifying believers' wealth, the payment of zakat may have contributed in no small way to the economic welfare of the Muslim community in Mecca.}}</ref> Wadarta guud ee sanadlaha ah ee lagu bixiyo sakada ayaa ah 15 jeer ka badan deeqaha gargaarka bini'aadamnimada ee adduunka, iyadoo la adeegsanayo qiyaaso taxaddar leh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 June 2012 |title=A faith-based aid revolution in the Muslim world |work=[[The New Humanitarian]] |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/95564/analysis-faith-based-aid-revolution-muslim-world |access-date=27 August 2023 |archive-date=14 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114014900/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/95564/analysis-faith-based-aid-revolution-muslim-world |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sadaqah|Sadaqadu]], si ka duwan Sakada, waa sadaqo ikhtiyaari ah oo aad loo dhiirrigeliyo.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Said |first=Abdul Aziz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4bs7g0O4eLYC&pg=PA145 |title=Contemporary Islam: Dynamic, Not Static |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-77011-8 |page=145 |display-authors=etal |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023121/https://books.google.com/books?id=4bs7g0O4eLYC&pg=PA145 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnp|Stefon|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef/page/72 72]}} [[Waqf|Waaqfeku]] waa [[charitable trust|kalsooni samafal]] oo joogto ah, taas oo maalgelisa isbitaallada iyo dugsiyada bulshooyinka Muslimka ah.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hudson |first=A. |title=Equity and Trusts |year=2003 |edition=3rd |page=32 |location=London |publisher=Cavendish Publishing |isbn=1-85941-729-9}}</ref> === Soonta === [[File:Iftar for Ramadhan.jpg|thumb|Munaasabadda afurka, oo loo yaqaan ''[[Iftar]]'', waxaa dhaqan ahaan lagu bixiyaa [[date (fruits)|timir]].]] {{Main|Fasting in Islam}} {{See also|Fasting during Ramadan}} Islaamka dhexdiisa, soonta ([[Arabic language|Carabi]]: {{langx|ar|صوم|translit=ṣawm|label=none}}) waxay mamnuucaysaa cuntada iyo cabitaanka, iyo sidoo kale noocyada kale ee isticmaalka, sida [[Smoking in Islam|sigaar-cabista]], waxaana la fuliyaa laga bilaabo waaberiga ilaa qorrax-dhaca. Inta lagu jiro bisha [[Ramadan]], waxaa loo arkaa waajibaad saaran Muslimiinta inay soomaan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramadan |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramadan |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009215438/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramadan |url-status=live }}</ref> Soontu waxay dhiirrigelisaa dareen u dhowaanshaha Ilaahay iyadoo qofku is celinayo dartii Ilaahay wixii kale ee bannaan iyo in laga fikiro kuwa baahan. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa jira maalmo kale, sida [[Day of Arafah|Maalinta Carafo]], marka soontu ay tahay ikhtiyaari.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher =Tughra Books | isbn = 9781597846110| title = Fasting In Islam And The Month Of Ramadan| location = United States| year =2006 | last=Ramadanali| url = |page=51 | quote = }}</ref> === Xajka === {{Main|Hajj|Umrah}} {{See also|Holiest sites in Islam}} [[File:A packed house - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|thumb|Xujeyda intii lagu jiray xilli [[Hajj|Hajka]] ee [[Masjid al-Haram]] ee [[Mecca|Makka]], [[Saudi Arabia|Sacuudi Carabiya]], [[Holiest sites in islam|goobta Islaamka ee ugu barakeysan]].]] [[pilgrimage|Xajka]] Islaamka, ee loo yaqaan {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ḥajj}} ({{langx|ar|حج|link=no}}), waa in la qabtaa ugu yaraan hal mar nolosha qof kasta oo Muslim ah oo awood u leh inta lagu jiro [[Islamic calendar|bisha Islaamka]] ee [[Dhu al-Hijjah]]. Caadooyinka Hajku waxay inta badan ku daydaan sheekada qoyska [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naik |first=Dr Zakir |author-link=Zakir Naik |date=7 January 2025 |title=What Are the Pillars of Islam? |url=https://islampidia.org/en/what-are-the-pillars-of-islam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115054332/https://islampidia.org/en/what-are-the-pillars-of-islam/ |archive-date=2025-11-15 |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Islampidia |language=en-AU}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Five Pillars of Islam |url=https://localhost:5000/learn/educators/curriculum-resources/art-of-the-islamic-world/unit-one/the-five-pillars-of-islam |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026}}</ref> [[Mecca|Makka]], xujeydu waxay toddobo jeer ku wareegaan [[Kaaba|Kacbada]], oo ay Muslimiintu rumeysan yihiin inuu dhisay Ibraahim meel cibaado ah, waxayna toddobo jeer u dhexeeyaan buuraha [[Safa and Marwa|Safa iyo Marwa]], iyagoo xusuusanaya tallaabooyinkii xaaska Ibraahim, [[Hagar]], oo u raadinaysay biyo ilmahaheedii [[Ishmael in Islam|Ismaaciil]] ee lamadegaanka ka hor intaan Makka is rogay degmo.<ref>{{harvp|Goldschmidt|Davidson|2005|p=48}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Farah|1994|pp=145–147}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Hajj |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> Xajku sidoo kale wuxuu ku lug leeyahay in la qaato maalin duco iyo cibaado ah oo ka dhacda bannaanada [[Mount Arafat|Carafo]] iyo sidoo kale [[Stoning_of_the_Devil|tuurista shaydaanka]] si calaamadaysan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F.E. |title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians |date=2009 |isbn=978-1-4008-2548-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HYJ2c9E9IM8C&pg=PA19 |page=20 |publisher=Princeton University Press |access-date=7 October 2014 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023112/https://books.google.com/books?id=HYJ2c9E9IM8C&pg=PA19#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Dhammaan ragga Muslimiinta ah waxay xidhaan laba maro oo cad oo fudud oo aan tol lahayn oo loo yaqaan [[Ihram clothing|ixraam]], kuwaas oo loogu talagalay inay keenaan isku xirnaan jiilal iyo sinnaan ka dhexaysa xujeyda inkasta oo ay jiraan fasal ama asal.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cornell |first=Vincent J. |title=Voices of Islam: Voices of tradition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g5LNUS0ciAAC&pg=PA29 |access-date=26 August 2012 |year=2007 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-98733-6 |page=29}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Glassé|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC&pg=PA207 207]}}</ref> Nooc kale oo xaj ah, [[Umrah|Umrada]], waa ikhtiyaari waxaana la qaban karaa wakhti kasta oo sanadka ka mid ah. Goobaha kale ee xajka Islaamka waa [[Medina|Madiina]], halkaas oo Maxamed uu ku geeriyooday, iyo sidoo kale [[Jerusalem|Quddus]], oo ah magaalo ay ku yaalliin nabiyo badan oo Islaam ah waana goobta [[Al-Aqsa|Al-Aqsa]], taas oo ahayd jihadii salaadda ka hor Makka.<ref>{{cite book|author=Michigan Consortium for Medieval and Early Modern Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p44kAQAAMAAJ|title=The Meeting of Two Worlds: Cultural Exchange Between East and West During the Period of the Crusades|publisher=Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University|year=1986|isbn=0918720583|editor1=Goss, V. P.|volume=21|page=208|editor2=Bornstein, C. V.|access-date=15 January 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023032/https://books.google.com/books?id=p44kAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Trofimov-2008">{{cite book |last=Trofimov |first=Yaroslav |author-link=Yaroslav Trofimov |title=The Siege of Mecca: The 1979 Uprising at Islam's Holiest Shrine |location=New York |publisher=[[Knopf]] |date=2008 |page=79 |isbn=978-0-307-47290-8 |language=en}}</ref> === Ficilada cibaadada ee kale === {{See also|Quran#Recitation|Dua|Dhikr}} [[File:Men reading the Koran in Umayyad Mosque, Damascus, Syria.jpg|thumb|Rag Muslimiin ah oo akhrinaya Quraanka gudaha [[Umayyad Mosque|Masjidka Umawiyiinta]] ee [[Damascus]], [[Syria]].]] Muslimiintu waxay akhriyaan oo xifdiyaan Quraanka oo dhan ama qaybo ka mid ah si ay u noqdaan camal wanaagsan. [[Tajwid|Tajwiidku]] wuxuu tilmaamayaa xeerar taxane ah oo loogu talagalay [[elocution|akhriska saxda ah]] ee Quraanka.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = | isbn = | title = Foundation of Tajweed| location = | year = 2013|edition=2| last=Aboo Yahyaa| url = | page = 1 | quote = }}</ref> Muslimiin badan ayaa akhriya Quraanka oo dhan inta lagu jiro bisha Ramadaan.{{sfnp|Stefon|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef/page/42 42–43]}} Qofka xifdiyay Quraanka oo dhan waxaa loo yaqaanaa Xaafid ("xifdiyey"), xadiisyaduna waxay xusayaan in shakhsiyaadkani ay awood u yeelan doonaan inay shafeecaan dadka kale Maalinta Qiyaamaha.{{sfnp|Nigosian|2004|p=[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=my7hnALd_NkC|page=70}} 70]}} Baryada Ilaahay, oo Carabiga lagu yiraahdo {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|duʿāʾ}} ({{langx|ar|دعاء}}&nbsp;{{IPA|ar|dʊˈʕæːʔ|IPA}}) waxay leedahay anshaxeedii gaarka ahaa sida [[Raising hands in dua|gacmaha oo la taago]] sidii iyadoo la baryayo.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Brill| isbn = 9789004335523| title = The Quṣṣāṣ of Early Islam| location = Netherlands| year = 2016| last=Armstrong| first=Lyall| url = | page = 184| quote = }}</ref> Xuska Ilaahay ({{langx|ar|ذكر|translit=Dhikr'|label=none}}) wuxuu tilmaamayaa erayada lagu celceliyo ee tixraacaya Ilaahay. Sida caadiga ah, tan waxaa ka mid ah Tahmiid, oo lagu dhawaaqayo [[Alhamdulillah|ammaan oo dhan waxaa leh Ilaahay]] ({{langx|ar|الحمد لله|translit=al-Ḥamdu lillāh|label=none}}) inta lagu jiro salaadda ama marka la dareemayo mahadnaq, [[Tasbih|Tasbiix]], oo lagu dhawaaqayo weyneynta Ilaahay inta lagu jiro salaadda ama marka la cajabo shay oo la dhaho '[[Basmala|bismillaah]]' ka hor intaan la bilaabin ficil sida cuntada.<ref>{{Cite web|title=alhamdulillah |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/alhamdulillah|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227042540/https://www.lexico.com/definition/alhamdulillah|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 27, 2020|access-date=2021-10-16|website=Lexico}}</ref> == Taariikhda == {{Main|History of Islam}} {{For timeline|Timeline of the history of Islam}} {{See also|List of Muslim empires and dynasties}}{{multiple image | align = center | direction = horizontal | total_width = 600 | image1 = Masjid Nabawi The Prophet's Mosque, Madina.jpg | image2 = Jerusalem DomeoftheRock J65 (cropped).JPG | footer = Bidix: [[Prophet's Mosque|Masjidka Nabiga]] ee [[Medina|Madiina]], Sacuudi Carabiya, waa [[holiest sites in islam|goobta labaad ee ugu barakeysan]] ee Islaamka. Maxamed laftiisa ayaa ku lug lahaa dhismaha masjidka, iyo [[Green Dome|Qubbadiisa Cagaaran]] waa halka lagu aasay. Midig: [[Al-Aqsa|Dhismaha Masjidka Al-Aqsa]] ee [[Jerusalem|Quddus]] waa goobta saddexaad ee ugu barakeysan ee Islaamka, halkaas oo Maxamed uu uga kacay samada intii uu socday [[Isra' and Mi'raj|Isra' iyo Mi'raaj]]. Goobtu waxay ahayd jihadii hore ee salaadda ([[qibla]]), halkaas oo Muslimiintu ay horay ugu tukan jireen ka hor intaan jihada loo beddelin [[Kaaba|Kacbada]] ee [[Mecca|Makka]] ka dib waxyi soo gaaray Maxamed. | caption1 = | caption2 = }} === Maxamed iyo bilowgii Islaamka (570–632) === {{Main|Muhammad|Muhammad in Islam}} {{for timeline|Timeline of early Islamic history}} {{Further|Muhammad in Mecca|Early social changes under Islam|First Islamic state}} [[File:Hira_Cave.jpg|thumb|[[Jabal al-Nour]] u dhow [[Mecca|Makka]], halkaas oo Maxamed uu ka helay [[Muhammad's first revelation|waxyigiisii ugu horreeyay]] ee ku jiray godka Xira.]] Sida ku xusan dhaqanka Islaamka, Maxamed wuxuu ku dhashay [[Mecca|Makka]] sannadkii 570 [[Common Era|C.D.]] wuxuuna noqday agoon caruurnimadiisii. Isagoo ku koray ganacsade ahaan, wuxuu noqday mid loo yaqaan "[[Amin (name)|amin (mid la isku halayn karo)]]" ({{langx|ar|الامين}}) waxaana la doonayay inuu noqdo garsoore dhexdhexaad ah. Intuu ka dib guursaday shaqaalihiisii, haweeneydii ganacsatada ahayd ee [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadiija]].{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=6}} Sannadkii 610 C.D., isagoo dhibsaday hoos u dhaca akhlaaqda iyo shirkiga ka jiray Makka isla markaana raadinaya gooni-isu-taag iyo fikir ruuxi ah, Maxamed wuxuu u baxay Godka Xira ee buurta [[Jabal al-Nour]], oo u dhow Makka. Wuxuu ahaa intii uu ku sugnaa godka halkaas oo la sheegay inuu [[Muhammad's first revelation|helay waxyigii ugu horreeyay]] ee [[Quran|Quraanka]] oo uga yimid malaa'igta [[Gabriel|Jibriil]].<ref name="610CE" /> Dhacdadii bixitaankii Maxamed ee godka iyo waxyigii xigay waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[Night of Power|Leylatul Qadr]] waxaana loo arkaa dhacdo muhiim ah taariikhda Islaamka. Intii lagu guda jiray 22-kii sano ee ka dambeeyay nolosha, laga bilaabo da'da 40 wixii ka dambeeyay, Maxamed wuxuu sii waday helitaanka waxyiga Ilaahay, isagoo noqday kii ugu dambeeyay ama [[Seal of the prophets|nabigii ugu dambeeyay]] ee loo diray bini'aadamka.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Muhammad |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> [[File:Siyer-i_Nebi_151b.jpg|thumb|Maxamed oo la muujiyay waji daboolan oo jooga [[Kaaba|Kacbada]] laga soo qaatay [[Siyer-i Nebi]], {{Circa|1595}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ottomans : religious painting |url=http://www.ee.bilkent.edu.tr/~history/ottoman33.html |access-date=1 May 2016}}</ref>]] Inta lagu jiro xilligan, [[Muhammad in Mecca|halka uu joogay Makka, Maxamed]] wuxuu ku wacdiyay marka hore si qarsoodi ah ka dibna si cad, isagoo ka baryaya dhegaystayaashiisa inay ka tagaan [[Arab polytheism|shirkiga]] oo ay caabudaan hal Ilaah. Qaar ka mid ah [[Early Muslims|Muslimiintii ugu horreysay ee soo islaamtay]] waxay ahaayeen dumar, saboolka, ajaanibta, iyo addoommada sida mu'adinkii ugu horreeyay [[Bilal ibn Rabah|Bilaal bin Rabaax]].<ref>Rabah, Bilal B. ''[[Encyclopedia of Islam]].''</ref> Dadka waaweyn ee Makka waxay dareemeen in Maxamed uu [[Early social changes under Islam|khalday nidaamkooda bulsho]] isagoo ka wacdiyaya hal Ilaah oo siinaya fikrado laga shakiyo saboolka iyo addoommada sababtoo ah waxay faa'iida ka helayeen xajka sanamyada Kacbada.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ünal |first=Ali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DyuqdDIjaswC&pg=PA1323 |title=The Qurʼan with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English |publisher=Tughra Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-59784-000-2 |pages=1323– |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024048/https://books.google.com/books?id=DyuqdDIjaswC&pg=PA1323#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|p=36}}</ref> Ka dib 12 sano oo ah [[Persecution of Muslims by Meccans|dhibaataynta Muslimiinta ay u geysanayeen dadkii Makka]], Maxamed iyo [[Companions of the Prophet|sahabbadiisii]] waxay sameeyeen [[Hegira|Hijradii]] 622 ee magaalada Yathrib (magaalada Madiina ee maanta). Wuxuu halkaas ka Aasaasay [[First Islamic state|Dowladdii Islaamiga ahayd ee ugu horreysay]] oo ay la socdaan Muslimiintii Madiina (''[[Ansar (Islam)|Ansaarta]]'') iyo muhaajiriintii Makka (''[[Muhajirun|Muhaajiriinta]]''). [[Constitution of Medina|Dastuurkii Madiina]] waxaa saxiixay dhammaan qabiilooyinkii Madiina. Tani waxay aasaastay xorriyadda diinta iyo xorriyadda isticmaalka sharcigooda u gaarka ah ee ka dhex jiray bulshooyinka Muslimka ah iyo kuwa aan Muslimka ahayn hammi ah in Madiina laga difaaco khataraha dibadda.{{sfnp|Serjeant|1978|p=4}} Ciidamadii Makka iyo xulafadoodii waxay guuldarro ka soo gaartay Muslimiinta [[Battle of Badr|Dagaalkii Badar]] 624 ka dibna waxay dagaalameen dagaal aan la isla ogayn oo ka dhacay [[Battle of Uhud|Dagaalkii Uxud]]<ref>{{Citation |last=Peter Crawford |title=The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-oHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |page=83 |publisher=Pen & Sword Books Limited |isbn=9781473828650 |date=2013-07-16 |access-date=5 August 2022 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023957/https://books.google.com/books?id=d-oHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |url-status=live }}.</ref> ka hor intaanay ku guuldarraysan inay hareereeyaan Madiina [[Battle of the Trench|Dagaalkii Khandaq]] (Maarso–Abriil 627). Sannadkii 628, [[Treaty of al-Hudaybiya|Heshiiskii Xudeybiya]] ayaa la kala saxiixday Makka iyo Muslimiinta, laakiin waxaajabiyay Makka laba sano ka dib. Markii qabiilo badan ay islaameen, jidadkii ganacsiga ee Makka waxaa gooyay Muslimiinta.<ref>{{harvp|Peters|2003|pp=78–79, 194}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|pp=23–28}}</ref> Markaatay ahayd 629 Maxamed wuxuu ku guuleystay [[conquest of Mecca|furashadii Makka]] ee aan dhiiggu ku daadan, iyo waqtigii uu geeriyooday 632 (da'da 62) wuxuu midaysiiyay qabiilooyinkii Carabta]] hal qaran oo diimeed. === Islaamkii Hore (632–750) === {{Further|Succession to Muhammad|Early Muslim conquests}} {{See also|Ghadir Khumm|Saqifa|Canonization of Islamic scripture}} [[File:Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg|thumb|Expansion of the Caliphate{{legend|#a1584e|Muhammad, 622–632}}{{legend|#ef9070|Khulafo Al-Raashidiin, 632–661}}{{legend|#fad07d|Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750}}]] Nabi Maxamed wuxuu geeriyooday sanadkii 632 waxaana khulafadii ugu horreysay ee loo yaqaan Khulafo – Abu Bakr, Cumar, Cuthmaan, Cali iyo marmar Xasan bin Cali<ref>{{Cite book| last1 = Melchert| first1 = Christopher| date = 2020| contribution = The Rightly Guided Caliphs: The Range of Views Preserved in Ḥadīth| editor1-last = al-Sarhan| editor1-first = Saud| title = Political Quietism in Islam: Sunni and Shi'i Practice and Thought| location = London and New York| publisher = I.B. Tauris| isbn = 978-1-83860-765-4| pages = 70–71| contribution-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=96TDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA63| access-date = 17 February 2022| url-status = live}}</ref> – looga yaqaan Islaamka Sunniga ah ''al-khulafā' ar-rāshidūn'' ("Khulafadii Hagaysa").{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=40}} Qaar kamid ah qabiilooyinka ayaa Islaamka ka tagay oo ka inkiiray madax sheegtay in ay yihiin nebiyo cusub balse Abu Bakr wuxuu ku jebiyey dagaalladii Riddada.<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|p=57}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Hourani|2002|p=22}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=32}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Madelung|1996|p=43}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Ṭabāṭabāʼī|1979|pp=30–50}}</ref> Bulshooyinka maxalliga ah ee Yuhuudda iyo Nasaarada asaliga ah, ee loo haystay dad laga tirada badan yahay oo diinaysan loona culeysiyay canshuuraha, ayaa inta badan ka caawiyey Muslimiinta inay qabsadaan dhulkooda,{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=38}} taasoo keentay in khilaafaddu ay si degdeg ah ugu ballaarato boqortooyooyinkii Saasaniyiinta iyo Biisantiinta.<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|p=74}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=J. Kuiper |first=Matthew |title=Da'wa: A Global History of Islamic Missionary Thought and Practice |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2021 |isbn=9781351510721 |page=85}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lapidus |first=Ira M. |title=A History of Islamic Societies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-521-51430-9 |pages=60–61 |author-link=Ira M. Lapidus}}</ref> Cuthmaan waxaa la doortay 644 waxaana dilkiisii uu kiciyey in Cali loo doorto Khaliifkii xigay. Dagaalkii Sifeyn ee Koowaad, xaaskii Nebiga, Caashaa, waxay soo saartay ciidan ka soo horjeeda Cali, iyada oo isku dayaysa inay u aarto dhimashadii Cuthmaan, balse waa lagu jabiyey Dagaalkii Geela. Cali wuxuu isku dayay inuu xilka ka qaado guddoomiyihii Suuriya, Mucaawiya, kaas oo loo arkayay musuqmaasuq. Mucaawiya ayaa markaas dagaal ku dhawaaqay Cali waana lagu jabiyey Dagaalkii Sifeyn. Go'aanka Cali ee ahaa inuu dhex-dhexaadin sameeyo ayaa ka caraysiiyey Khawaarijta, oo ahayd koox xagjir ah, kuwaas oo qabay in aan la dagaallamin qof dembiile ah awgeed, Cali uu isna noqday dembiile. Khawaarijtu way caasiyoobeen waxaana lagu jebiyey Dagaalkii Nahrawan balse nin Khawaariji ah ayaa gadaal ka dilay Cali. Wiilkiii Cali, Xasan bin Cali, ayaa loo doortay Khaliif wuxuuna saxiixay heshiis nabadeed si looga fogaado dagaal kale, isaga oo xilka uga degay Mucaawiya si uusan Mucaawiya u soo magacaabin qof beddela.{{sfnp|Holt|Lewis|1977|pp=67–72}} [[File:Almuñécar, statue of Abd al-Rahman I.jpg|thumb|Taallo ay leedahay Cabduraxmaan I oo ku taal Almuñécar, Isbayn. Islaamku wuxuu gaaray Galbeedka Yurub 711 AD, markii Ṭariiq bin Siyaad uu galay Jasiiradda Iberia. Sanadkii 756, Cabduraxmaan wuxuu aasaasay Imaaradda Cordoba, isagoo ka aasaasay dowlad Islaami ah oo madaxbannaan al-Andalus.]] Mucaawiya wuxuu bilaabay Saldanaddii Umawiyiinta isagoo u magacaabay wiilkiisii Yaziid inay isku xigaan, taasoo dhalisay Dagaalkii Sifeyn ee Labaad. Intii uu socday Dagaalkii Karbala, Xuseen bin Cali, wiilka labaad ee Cali iyo awowgii nebiga, waxaa si arxan darro ah u dilay ciidamadii Yaziid; dhacdadii waxaa sannad walba xusaa Muslimiinta Shiicada ah ilaa maanta. Sunniga, oo uu hoggaaminayo Ibn al-Zubayr oo kasoo horjeeda khilaafad dhaxal ah, ayaa lagaga adkaaday Go'doomintii Makka. Khilaafyadan hoggaanka ayaa keenay inuu dhasho khilaafka Sunni-Shiicada,{{sfnp|Waines|2003|p=46}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harney |first=John |date=3 January 2016 |title=How Do Sunni and Shia Islam Differ? |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/04/world/middleeast/q-and-a-how-do-sunni-and-shia-islam-differ.html |access-date=4 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyadoo Shiicadu ay aaminsan tahay in hoggaanku uu leeyahay qoyskii Nebiga (Ahl al-bayt).{{sfnp|Waines|2003|p=46}} Hoggaankii Abu Bakr wuxuu kormeeray bilowgii ururinta Qur'aanka. Khaliifkii Cumar bin Cabdicasiis wuxuu dhisay guddigii, Todobadii Fuqaha ee Madiina,{{sfnp|Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar Ibn Kathīr|2012|p=505}}<ref>''Umar Ibn Abdul Aziz'' By Imam Abu Muhammad Abdullah ibn Abdul Hakam died 214 AH 829 C.E. Publisher Zam Zam Publishers Karachi, pp. 54–59</ref> waxaana Malik bin Anas uu qoray mid ka mid ah buugagii ugu horreeyay ee ku saabsan fiiqhiga Islaamka, ''Muwatta'', oo ahayd is-afgarad ku saabsan aragtida culimadaas.{{sfnp|Coulson|1964|p=103}}<ref>{{Cite book |editor-last1=Houtsma |editor-first1=M.T. |editor-last2=Wensinck |editor-first2=A.J. |editor-last3=Lévi-Provençal |editor-first3=E. |editor-last4=Gibb |editor-first4=H.A.R. |editor-last5=Heffening |editor-first5=W. |series=Volume V: L—Moriscos |title=E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936 |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=1993 |edition=reprint |isbn=978-90-04-09791-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Va6oSxzojzoC |pages=207– |access-date=19 September 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor=Moshe Sharon |title=Studies in Islamic History and Civilization: In Honour of Professor David Ayalon |year=1986 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789652640147 |page=264 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0_wUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA264 |access-date=20 June 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Khawaarijtu waxay aaminsanaayeen in uusan jirin dhexdhexaad la tanaasuli karo oo u dhexeeya wanaagga iyo xumaanta, iyo in muslim kasta oo gala dembi weyn uu noqonayo gaal. Erayga "Khawaarij" waxaa sidoo kale loo adeegsaday in lagu tilmaamo ISIS.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mamouri|first=Ali|date=8 January 2015|title=Who are the Kharijites and what do they have to do with IS?|work=Al-monitor|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2015/01/islamic-state-kjarijites-continuation.html|access-date=6 March 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Murji'ah waxay barayeen in dadka toosan lagu xukumi karo Eebbe kaligii. Sidaa darteed, dembiilayaasha waxaa loo arki karaa inay marin habaabeen, laakiin aan lagu tilmaamin gaalo.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|p=43}} Dabeecaddan ayaa timid inay ku guulaysato caqiidada Islaamka ee ugu weyn.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}}[[File:BalianofIbelin1490.jpg|thumb|Saliibiyiinta oo ku wareejinaya Qudus Muslimiinta sanadkii 1187 AD.]] Saldanaddii Umawiyiintu waxay qabsatay Maqrib, Jasiiradda Iberia, Gallia Narbonensis iyo Sindh.<ref>{{cite book |first=Donald |last=Puchala |title=Theory and History in International Relations |page=137 |publisher=Routledge |year=2003}}</ref> Duullaamadii Islaamka ee hore waxaa lagu tilmaamay imperialism Islaami ah.<ref name="n050">{{cite journal | last=Wright | first=Craig S | title=Arab Colonialism and the Roots of the Golden Age of Islam | journal=SSRN Electronic Journal | date=2022 | issn=1556-5068 | doi=10.2139/ssrn.4020040 | url=https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4020040 | access-date=2026-04-24 | page=}}</ref> Umawiyiintu waxay la halgamayeen l'aynaansho sharci ah waxayna ku tiirsanaayeen ciidan aad loo taageero.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=45}} Maaddaama canshuurta Jizya ay ahayd canshuur ay bixiyaan kuwa aan muslimka ahayn oo ka reebayay adeegga ciidanka, Umawiyiintu waxay diideen inay aqoonsadaan islaam-gelitaanka kuwa aan Carabta ahayn, maadaama ay yaraynaysay dakhliga.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}} Iyadoo Khilaafadii Raashidiintu ay adkaysay adduunyo la'aanta, iyadoo Cumar uu xitaa dalbanayo in la tiriyo hantida sarkaal kasta,<ref>{{cite book |first1=Ahmad Ibn Jabir|last1=Al-Biladhuri |first2=Philip|last2=Hitti|title=Kitab Futuhu'l-Buldan|page=219 |publisher=AMS Press |year=1969}}</ref> raaxada Umawiyiinta ayaa dhalisay qancin la'aan dadka diinta ku adag.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}} Khawaarijtu waxay hoggaamiyeen Kacdoonkii Berber, taasoo horseeday dowladaha ugu horreeya ee Islaamka oo ka madax bannaan Khilaafada. Kacdoonkii Cabbasiyiinta, kuwa aan Carabta ahayn ee soo islaamay (Mawla), qabiilooyinkii Carabta ee ay Umawiyiintu meesha ka saareen, iyo qaar ka mid ah Shiicada ayaa midoobay oo riday Umawiyiinta, iyaga oo bilaabay Cabbasiyiinta oo caalami ah sanadkii 750.{{sfnp|Lewis|1993|pp=71–83}} === Axdigii Dahabiga Ahaa ee Islaamka (786–1258) === {{Further|Hadith studies|Islamic philosophy}} {{See also|Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe|Turco-Persian tradition}} [[File:Al-Risalah_al-Dhahabiah.JPG|thumb|Bog ka mid ah Al-Risala al-Dhahabiyya ee Imam Ali al-Rida (809 AD), oo ah tii ugu qiimaha badnayd ee shaqooyinka Islaamka ee Sayniska Caafimaadka. Waxaa ku jira qaybo saynis sida Anatomiya, Histoloji, Fisioloji, Kimistari iyo Patoloji intii sayniska caafimaadku uu wali ahaa mid bilow ah.]] Al-Shafi'i wuxuu dejiyay hab lagu xaqiijiyo isku-halaynta xadiiska.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|p=86}} Waagii hore ee Ablaasiyiinta, aqoonyahanno sida Muhammad al-Bukhari iyo Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj waxay soo ururiyeen guryaha waaweyn ee xadiiska Ahlusunna, halka aqoonyahanno sida Al-Kulayni iyo Ibn Babawayh ay soo ururiyeen guryaha waaweyn ee xadiiska Shiicada. Astaamaha afar-madhab ee Ahlusunna—Hanafi, Hanbali, Maliki, iyo Shafi'i—waxaa lagu tiiriyay dhulalka fundamentiinta ee Abū Ḥanīfa, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Malik ibn Anas iyo al-Shafi'i. Taa beddelkeeda, dhulalka fundamentiinta ee Ja'far al-Sadiq waxay dhiseen Fiqhiga Ja'fari. Qarnigii 9aad, Al-Tabari wuxuu dhameystiray qafiskii ugu horreeyay ee Tafsiirka Quraanka, Tafsir al-Tabari, oo noqday mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu xigashada badan Ahlusunna Islaamka. Doobab ka mid ah Muslinka waxay ka fekereen ka-sallamaaynta nolosha duniyeed waxayna xoogga saareen saboolnimada, is-hoosaysiinta, iyo fogaanta dambiga ee ku basada diidmada rabitaanka jidhka. Zuhuudka sida Hasan al-Basri waxay dhiirrigeliyeen dhaqdhaqaaq dib u zhugnaaday tasawwuf ama Sufi.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|pp=90, 91}} Waqtigan, dhibaatooyinka fiqiga, gaar ahaan doorashada xorta ah, waxay ahaayeen kuwo si adag loo maareeyay, iyadoo Hasan al-Basri uu qabay in kasta oo Eebbe uu og yahay waxa dadku sameynayaan, wanaagga iyo xintu ay ka yimaadaan isticmaalka qaldan ee doorashada xorta ah iyo Ibliiska.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|pp=38-39}}{{efn|"Hasan al-Basri waxaa inta badan loo tixgeliyaa mid ka mid ah dadkii ugu horreeyay ee diaday asalka malaa'igta ee ibliiska, isagoo ku doodaya in dhicitaankiisu yahay natiijada doorashadiisa xorta ah, oo ma ahan go'aanka Eebbe. Hasan al-Basri wuxuu sidoo kale ku dooday in malaa'igtu aysan awoodin dambiga ama khaladaadka oo ay ka sharaf badan yihiin aadanaha iyo xata cabsida nabiyada. Shiicada iyo Sunnida hore waxay ka soo horjeedeen ra'yigiisa.<ref>Omar Hamdan ''Studien zur Kanonisierung des Korantextes: al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrīs Beiträge zur Geschichte des Korans'' Otto Harrassowitz Verlag 2006 {{ISBN|978-3447053495}} pp. 291–292 (German)</ref>}} Falsafada Caqliga Giriiga waxay dhiirrigelisay dugsi feker oo loo yaqaan Mu'tazila, oo si ka muuqata u dooday fikradda doorashada xorta ah ee uu bilaabay Wasil ibn Ata.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|p=50}} Khaliif al-Mamun wuxuu ka dhigay caqiido rasmi ah wuxuuna si aan guul lahayn ugu doortay inuu ku qasbo booskan dadka intiisa badan.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=88}} Khaliif Al-Mu'tasim wuxuu sameeyay Mihna, iyadoo Ahmad ibn Hanbal oo ilaalinaayay dhaqanka uu si muuqata u diaday inuu waafaqo fikradda Mu'tazila ee ah in Quraanku yahay ku dhacay halkii uu ka ahaan lahaa mid weligeed ah, taas oo ka dhigtay in la jilciyo oo lagu hayo qol madow muddo ku dhow soddon bilood.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doi |first=Abdur Rahman |title=Shariah: The Islamic Law |location=London |publisher=Ta-Ha Publishers |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-907461-38-8 |page=110}}</ref> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dugsiyada kale ee Kalam—Māturīdism oo uu aasaasay Abu Mansur al-Maturidi iyo Ash'ari oo uu aasaasay Al-Ash'ari—waxay ahaayeen kuwo si ballaaran loo qaatay. Falsafadyahannada sida Al-Farabi, Avicenna iyo Averroes waxay isku deyeyeen inay waafajiyaan fikradaha Aristotle iyo fundamentiinta Islaamka, iyagoo u dhow Iskolastikada Kiristanka ee Yuubka iyo shaqada Maimonides ee Yuhuudda, halka kuwo kale sida Al-Ghazali ay ka soo horjeedeen habkan oo ugu dambeyntii guuleysteen.<ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=160}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Waines|2003|pp=126–127}}</ref> [[File:Al-Idrisi's_world_map.JPG|thumb|Tabula Rogeriana (1154 AD) ee al-Idrisi, oo ah mid ka mid ah khariidadaha dunida ee ugu horumarsanaa qarniyadii dhexe, oo la sameeyay Axdigii Dahabiga Ahaa ee Islaamka.]] Axdigan inta badan waxaa loo yaqaan Axdigii Dahabiga Ahaa ee Islaamka.<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|pp=80, 92, 105}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|pp=661–663}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=56}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lewis|1993|p=84}}</ref><ref name="harvp|Gardet|Jomier|2012">{{harvp|Gardet|Jomier|2012}}</ref> Guulaha sayniska Islaamku waxay samaysteen qaybo badan oo maadooyin ah sida caafimaadka, xisaabta, astronomiga, iyo beeraha iyo sidoo kale fisigiska, dhaqaalaha, injineernimada iyo optigga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=King |first=David A. |year=1983 |title=The Astronomy of the Mamluks |journal=Isis |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=531–55 |doi=10.1086/353360 |s2cid=144315162 | issn=0021-1753}}</ref><ref name="Hassan-1996">{{cite book |last=Hassan |first=Ahmad Y. |author-link=Ahmad Y. al-Hassan |title=Islam and the Challenge of Modernity |chapter=Factors Behind the Decline of Islamic Science After the Sixteenth Century |editor-last=Al-Attas |editor-first=S. S. |editor-link=Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas |location=Kuala Lumpur |publisher=International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization |year=1996 |pages=351–399 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ854295.pdf|title=Contributions of Islamic scholars to the scientific enterprise|access-date=13 December 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The greatest scientific advances from the Muslim world|website=TheGuardian.com|date=February 2010|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/feb/01/islamic-science|access-date=13 December 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Avicenna wuxuu ahaa horyaal ku saabsan caafimaadka tijaabada ah,<ref>Jacquart, Danielle (2008). "Islamic Pharmacology in the Middle Ages: Theories and Substances". European Review (Cambridge University Press) 16: 219–227.</ref><ref>David W. Tschanz, MSPH, PhD (August 2003). "Arab Roots of European Medicine", Heart Views 4 (2).</ref> oo The Canon of Medicine waxaa loo isticmaalay qoraal caafimaad oo heer sare ah ee dunida Islaamka iyo Yurub qarniyo. Rhazes wuxuu ahaa kii ugu horreeyay ee aqoonsaday cudurrada furfuraa iyo jadeecada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/alrazi.aspx|title=Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi (Rhazes) (c. 865-925)|publisher=sciencemuseum.org.uk|access-date=31 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Cisbitaallada dadweynaha ee waqtigaas waxay bixiyeen shahaadooyinka ugu horreeya ee caafimaadka si loogu ogolaado dhakhaatiirta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alatas |first=Syed Farid |year=2006 |title=From Jami'ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue |url=https://zenodo.org/record/29439 |journal=Current Sociology |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=112–132 |doi=10.1177/0011392106058837 |s2cid=144509355 |access-date=12 September 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Imamuddin |first=S.M. |title=Muslim Spain 711–1492 AD |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=1981 |isbn=978-90-04-06131-6 |page=169}}</ref> Ibn al-Haytham waxaa loo tixgeliyaa aabaha habka sayniska ee casriga ah iyadoo inta badan loo sheego "saynisyahankii ugu horreeyay ee runta ah ee dunida", gaar ahaan shaqadiisa optigga.<ref>{{cite journal |author-link=Gerald J. Toomer|first=G. J. |last=Toomer |jstor=228328 |title=Review Work: Matthias Schramm (1963) ''Ibn Al-Haythams Weg zur Physik'' |journal=Isis |volume=55 |issue=4 |date=Dec 1964 |page=464 |quote=Schramm sums up [Ibn Al-Haytham's] achievement in the development of scientific method.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Al-Khalili |first=Jim |date=4 January 2009 |title=The 'first true scientist' |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7810846.stm |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gorini |first=Rosanna |date=October 2003 |title=Al-Haytham the man of experience. First steps in the science of vision |journal=Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=53–55 |url=http://www.ishim.net/ishimj/4/10.pdf |access-date=25 September 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> Injineernimada, walaalaha Banū Mūsā aaladdooda turumbada tooska ah waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay ahaan lahayd mashinkii ugu horreeyay ee la barnamijayn karo.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Koetsier |first1=Teun |title=On the prehistory of programmable machines: musical automata, looms, calculators |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_mechanism-and-machine-theory_2001-05_36_5/page/589 |journal=Mechanism and Machine Theory |date=May 2001 |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=589–603 |doi=10.1016/S0094-114X(01)00005-2 }}</ref> Xisaabta Islaamka, fikradda algorithm waxaa lagu magacaabay Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, oo loo tixgeliyo aasaasaha aljabra, oo lagu magacaabay buugiisa al-jabr, halka kuwo kale ay soo saareen fikradda shaqada (function).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Katz |first1=Victor J. |author1-link=Victor J. Katz |last2=Barton |first2=Bill |title=Stages in the History of Algebra with Implications for Teaching |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_educational-studies-in-mathematics_2007-10_66_2/page/185 |journal=Educational Studies in Mathematics |date=18 September 2007 |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=185–201 |doi=10.1007/s10649-006-9023-7 |s2cid=120363574 }}</ref> Dowladda waxay siin jirtay saynisyahannada mushahar u dhigma mushaharka ciyaartoyda xirfadleyda ah ee maanta.<ref>{{harvp|Ahmed|2006|pp=23, 42, 84}}</ref> Guinness World Records wuxuu u aqoonsan yahay Jaamacadda Al Karaouine, oo la aasaasay 859, inay tahay jaamacadda ugu qadiimsan ee bixisa shahaadooyinka dunida.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Young |first=Mark |url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessbookofwo1998newy |title=The Guinness Book of Records |year=1998 |page=242 |publisher=Bantam |isbn=978-0-553-57895-9}}</ref> Dad badan oo aan Muslin ahayn, sida Kiristanka, Yuhuudda iyo Saabi'iinta,<ref name="Brague 2009">{{cite book|title=The Legend of the Middle Ages: Philosophical Explorations of Medieval Christianity, Judaism, and Islam|first=Rémi |last=Brague|year= 2009| isbn=9780226070803| page =164|publisher=University of Chicago Press|quote=Neither were there any Muslims among the Ninth-Century translators. Almost all of them were Christians of various Eastern denominations: Jacobites, Melchites, and, above all, Nestorians... A few others were Sabians.}}</ref> waxay guntadeen ilbaxnimada Islaamka qaybo meelaha ah,<ref name="Hill-1993">{{cite book |last=Hill |first=Donald |author-link=Donald Routledge Hill |title=Islamic Science and Engineering |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=1993 |page=4 |isbn=0-7486-0455-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Brague-Assyrians">{{cite web |last=Brague |first=Rémi |author-link=Rémi Brague |title=Assyrians contributions to the Islamic civilization |url=http://www.christiansofiraq.com/assyriancontributionstotheislamiccivilization.htm |website=Christians of Iraq |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> iyo machadka loo yaqaan Bayt al-Hikma wuxuu u shaqaaleysiiyay aqoonyahanno Kiristan iyo Faarisi ah si ay ugu turjumaan shaqooyinka luqadda Carabiga iyo si ay u soosaaraan aqoon cusub.<ref name="Meri-Bacharach-2006">{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Meri |editor-first1=Josef W. |editor-link1=Josef W. Meri |editor-last2=Bacharach |editor-first2=Jere L. |editor-link2=Jere L. Bacharach |title=Hadith |encyclopedia=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia |volume=1 |location=New York |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2006 |page=304 |isbn=978-0415966917 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MypbfKdMePIC&pg=PA304 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Saliba-1994">{{cite book |last=Saliba |first=George |author-link=George Saliba |title=A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam |location=New York |publisher=New York University Press |year=1994 |pages=245, 250, 256–57 |isbn=0-8147-8023-7 |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Cheshm manuscript.jpg|thumb|Anatomiya ee isha oo uu samaystay Hunayn ibn Ishaq, oo mas'uul ka ahaa turjumida Bayt al-Hikma waagii Boqortooyada Ablaasiyiinta, 1200 AD.]]Askartu waxay ka go'een boqortooyadii Ablaasiyiinta waxayna dhiseen khilaafadooda propriyada ah, sida Tulunids oo 868 ku tirsanaa Masar<ref>{{cite book|last=Holt|first=Peter Malcolm|author-link=Peter Holt (historian)|title=The Crusader States and Their Neighbours, 1098–1291|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0qLHVGgH7AC&pg=PA8|year=2004|publisher=Pearson Longman|isbn=978-0-582-36931-3|page=6|access-date=2 February 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> iyo boqortooyada Ghaznavid oo 977 ku tirsanaa Aasiyada Dhexe.<ref>{{cite book |title=Islamic Central Asia: an anthology of historical sources |editor-first1=Scott Cameron |editor-last1=Levi |editor-first2=Ron |editor-last2=Sela |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2010 |page=83}}</ref> Qaybsanaantan waxay keentay Qarnigii Shiicada, oo u dhaxeeyay 945 iyo 1055, oo la arkay kor u kaca dhaqdhaqaaqa Isma'ili Shiicada. Koox Isma'ili ah, boqortooyada Fatimid, waxay gacanta ku dhigeen Waqooyiga Afrika qarnigii 10aad<ref>Neue Fischer Weltgeschichte "Islamisierung in Zentralasien bis zur Mongolenzeit" Band 10: Zentralasien, 2012, p. 191 (German)</ref> iyo koox kale oo Isma'ili ah, Qarmatians, waxay boobeen Makka waxayna xadeen Hajar al-Aswad, oo ah dhagaxa ku dhex jira Kacbada, dib-u-jabayntooda aan guulaysan.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Glubb |first=John Bagot |title=Mecca (Saudi Arabia) |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mecca#ref887188 |access-date=18 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live }}</ref> Koox kale oo Isma'ili ah, boqortooyada Buyid, waxay qabsadeen Baqdaad waxayna ka dhigeen Ablaasiyiinta boqortooyo magac ah oo kaliya. Boqortooyada Seljuk ee Ahlusunna waxay u dhaqaaqday inay mar kale adkayso Islaamka Ahlusunna iyagoo faafinayay ra'yiyada aqoonyahanada waqtigaas, gaar ahaan dhisidda machadyada waxbarashada ee loo yaqaan Nizamiyyas, oo la xiriira al-Ghazali iyo Saadi Shirazi.<ref>Andreas Graeser ''Zenon von Kition: Positionen u. Probleme'' Walter de Gruyter 1975 {{ISBN|978-3-11-004673-1}} p. 260</ref> Faaftada dunida Muslinka waxay sii socotay iyadoo ergooyinka diinta ay u badaleen Volga Bulgaria Islaamka. Sultanada Delhi waxay gaadhay gudaha qaarad-hoosaadka Hindiya oo kuwo badan ayaa u badalay Islaamka,{{sfnp|Arnold|1896|pp=227–228}} gaar ahaan Hinduga heerka hoose ee faracoodu ka kooban yahay inta badan Muslinka Hindiya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-36220329|title=Why are many Indian Muslims seen as untouchable?|publisher=BBCnews|date=10 May 2016|access-date=6 October 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Ganacsigu wuxuu keenay Muslin badan oo Shiinaha ah, halkaas oo ay si buuxda u xukumi jireen warshadaha soo dejinta iyo ka deerinta ee boqortooyada Song.<ref>{{cite web |title=Islam in China |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/china_1.shtml |access-date=10 August 2011 |publisher=BBC |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslinka waxaa loo qortay maamulayaal la doortay oo heer sare ah boqortooyada Yuan.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lipman|first=Jonathan Newman|title=Familiar Strangers, a history of Muslims in Northwest China|location=Seattle, WA|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-295-97644-0|page=33}}</ref> === Casrigii Ka-horreeyay Casriga Cusub (1258 – Qarnigii 18aad) === {{Further|Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam}} [[File:GhazanConversionToIslam.JPG|thumb|Muuqaal qarnigii 14aad ee Ghazan, oo ahaa boqorkii 7aad ee Ilkhanate ee Boqortooyada Mongol, oo Islaamay.]] Pobalka ganacsiga Muslinka iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa tariiqooyinka Sufida dhiigooda,{{sfnp|Arnold|1896|pp=125–258}} Islaamku wuxuu ku faafay dhulal cusub<ref>{{cite web |title=The Spread of Islam |url=http://www.yale.edu/yup/pdf/cim6.pdf |access-date=2 November 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslinkuna waxay la dhex-galeen dhaqammo cusub. Hoos kaga jirtay Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta, Islaamku wuxuu ku faafay Koonfur-bari Yuuroop.<ref>{{cite web |date=6 May 2008 |title=Ottoman Empire |publisher=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1801?_hi=41&_pos=3 |access-date=26 August 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Islaamidda inta badan waxay lahayd heer sinkretisam ah,<ref>{{Cite book |title=Islamic and European Expansion |publisher=Temple University Press |year=1993 |editor-last=Adas |editor-first=Michael |location=Philadelphia |page=25}}</ref> sida uu muujinayo muuqaalka Muhammad ee suugaanta dadweynaha ee Hinduga.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Metcalf |first=Barbara |title=Islam in South Asia in Practice |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2009 |page=104}}</ref> Turkida Muslinka ah waxay ku dareen walxaha caqiidada Shamanisamka Turkida Islaamka.{{efn|"Sannadaha dhow, fikradda sinkretisamka waa la dhuftay. Maaddaama ay maqan tahay awood lagu go'aamiyo ama lagu tixgeliyo caqiidada Ortodokska ee ku saabsan Islaamka, aqoonyahannada qaarkood waxay ku doodayaan inaysan jirin caqiidooyinka la qresheeyay, oo kaliya ee la amray habka, Islaamka ka hor qarnigii 16aad.{{sfnp|Peacock|2019|p=20–22}}}}{{sfnp|Çakmak|2017|pp=1425–1429}} Muslinka ku jira Boqortooyada Ming ee Shiinaha oo ka soo jeeda soo-galootigii hore waa la la-dhex-galay, mararka qaar shuruuc ku dhiirrigelisa dhex-galka,<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Farmer|editor1-first=Edward L.|title=Zhu Yuanzhang and Early Ming Legislation: The Reordering of Chinese Society Following the Era of Mongol Rule|date=1995|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004103910|page=82|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TCIjZ7l6TX8C&pg=PA82|access-date=19 February 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> iyagoo qaatay magacyada Shiinaha iyo dhaqanka halka Nanjing uu noqday xarun muhiim ah ee barashada Islaamka.<ref>Israeli, Raphael (2002). ''Islam in China''. p. 292. Lexington Books. {{ISBN|0-7391-0375-X}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dillon |first=Michael |year=1999 |title=China's Muslim Hui Community |publisher=Curzon |url=https://archive.org/details/chinasmuslimhuic00dill |isbn=978-0-7007-1026-3 |page=37 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Ndhex-galka dhaqanka wuxuu ahaay mid muuqda iyadoo la yaraysay saamaynta Carabta ka dib burburintii Mongol ee Khilafadii Ablaasiyiinta.<ref>{{harvp|Bulliet|2005|p=497}}</ref> Khanates-ka Mongol ee Muslinka ah ee ku jira Iiraan iyo Aasiyada Dhexe waxay ka faa'iideysteen kordhinta helitaanka dhaqammada ee Bariga Aasiya oo hoos jirtay xukunkii Mongol sidaas darteed waxay u horumareen oo ay u samaysteen si ka duwan saamaynta Carabta, sida Dib-u-dhalashadii Timurid oo hoos jirtay boqortooyada Timurid.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Subtelny |first=Maria Eva |date=November 1988 |title=Socioeconomic Bases of Cultural Patronage under the Later Timurids |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/socioeconomic-bases-of-cultural-patronage-under-the-later-timurids/2A0F3018EE155F23FC4A7F5F25D7DE6D |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=479–505 |doi=10.1017/S0020743800053861 |s2cid=162411014 |access-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201–1274) wuxuu soo bandhigay qaabka xisaabta oo ka dib loo dooday inuu qaatay Copernicus isagoo aan waxba ka badalin qaabkiisa heliocentric-ka,<ref>{{cite web|date=1999|title=Nasir al-Din al-Tusi|publisher=University of St Andrews|url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Tusi_Nasir/|access-date=27 August 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> iyo qiyaasta pi ee Jamshīd al-Kāshī ma aysan dhaafin 180 sano.<ref>{{cite web |date=1999 |title=Ghiyath al-Din Jamshid Mas'ud al-Kashi |publisher=University of St Andrews |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Kashi/ |access-date=29 December 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg|thumb|Mehmed II oo galaya Constantinople.]] Ka dib markii la soo bandhigay hubka baaruda, dawlado waaweyn oo dhawaan xabbada lahaa oo Muslin ah ayaa ku bashqaday boqortooyoyinka baaruda, kuwaas oo hore u kala qaybsanaay dhulal kala duwan. Khilafada waxaa sheegtay boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta ee Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta iyadoo sheegashadooda la adkeeyay 1517 markii Selim I uu noqday taliyaha Makka iyo Madiina.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Drews |first=Robert |url=https://my.vanderbilt.edu/robertdrews/publications/ |title=Coursebook: Judaism, Christianity and Islam, to the Beginnings of Modern Civilization |date=August 2011 |publisher=Vanderbilt University |chapter=Chapter Thirty – "The Ottoman Empire, Judaism, and Eastern Europe to 1648" |chapter-url=https://my.vanderbilt.edu/robertdrews/files/2014/01/Chapter-Thirty.-The-Ottoman-Empire-Judaism-and-Eastern-Europe-to-1648.pdf |access-date=21 April 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Boqortooyada Shiicada ee Safavid waxay ku korortay awoodda 1501 ka dibna waxay qabsatay dhammaan Iiraan.<ref>Peter B. Golden: An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples; In: Osman Karatay, Ankara 2002, p. 321</ref> Koonfurta Aasiya, Babur wuxuu aasaasay Boqortooyada Mughal.<ref>{{citation|last=Gilbert|first=Marc Jason|title=South Asia in World History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1dhKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA75|year=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-066137-3|pages=75|access-date=15 January 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> Diinta dawladaha ku dhex-jira ee boqortooyoyinka baaruda waxay saamaysay dhaqanka diimeed ee dadkooda ku dhex-jira. Wada-noolaanshaha u dhexeeya taliyayaasha Cusmaaniyiinta iyo Sufinimada wuxuu si adag u saameeyay xukunkii Islaamka ee Cusmaaniyiinta tan iyo bilowgii. Tariiqada Mevlevi iyo Bektashis waxay lahaayeen xiriir dhow oo ay la lahaayeen sultannada,<ref>Ga ́bor A ́goston, Bruce Alan Masters ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire'' Infobase Publishing 2010 {{ISBN|978-1-4381-1025-7}} p. 540</ref> maaddaama noocyada Sufi-suufiyada ah iyo kuwo kale oo sinkretik ah ee Islaamka ay u horumareen si muuqata.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Algar |first=Ayla Esen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fc69BhBDjhwC&q=ottomans+sufism |title=The Dervish Lodge: Architecture, Art, and Sufism in Ottoman Turkey |page=15 |date=1 January 1992 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-07060-8 |access-date=29 April 2020 |via=Google Books |url-status=live }}</ref> Badanaa qasabka dhex-galka Safavid ee Iiraan ee Islaamka Shiicada ee Labada-iyo-tobanlaha ee Boqortooyada Safavid wuxuu xaqiijiyay xukunkii dambe ee Labada-iyo-tobanlaha dhexdiisa Islaamka Shiicada. Soo-galootiga Faarisiga ah ee Koonfurta Aasiya, maaddaama ay ahaayeen maamulayaal saamayntooda leh iyo milkiilayaal dhul, waxay caawiyeen faafinta Islaamka Shiicada, iyagoo dhisay qaar ka mid ah dadka ugu waaweyn ee Shiicada ee ka baxsan Iiraan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/conversion-iii|title=CONVERSION To Imami Shiʿism in India|publisher=Iranica Online|language=English|access-date=6 October 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Nader Shah, oo riday Safavids, wuxuu isku deyey inuu wanaajiyo xiriirka Ahlusunna ee Cusmaaniyiinta iyadoo la faafinayo dhex-galka Islaamka Shiicada ee Labada-iyo-tobanlaha dhexdiisa Islaamka Ahlusunna sida madhabka shanaad, oo loo yaqaan Ja'farism,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Nadir Shah and the Ja 'fari Madhhab Reconsidered |first=Ernest |last=Tucker |journal=Iranian Studies |volume=27 |issue=1–4 |date=1994 |pages=163–179 |doi=10.1080/00210869408701825 |jstor=4310891}}</ref> oo ku dhiirran waayay inuu helo aqoonsi ka soo baxa Cusmaaniyiinta.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Nāder Shāh |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/nader-shah |date=29 March 2006 |first=Ernest |last=Tucker |access-date=9 March 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Casrigii Casriga Ahaa (Qarniyadii 18aad–20aad) === [[File:Portrait Caliph Abdulmecid II.jpg|thumb|Sawirka Khaliifkii ugu dambeeyay Abdülmecid II, ee Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta, 1923.]] Horey qarnigii 14aad, Ibn Taymiyya wuxuu dhiirrigeliyay qaab daahir ah oo Islaamka ah, isagoo diaday hababka falsafada si uu u doorbido fiqhiga fudud,<ref name="ReferenceA">Mary Hawkesworth, Maurice Kogan ''Encyclopedia of Government and Politics: 2-volume set'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-1-136-91332-7}} pp. 270–271</ref> wuxuuna ugu baaqay in loo furo albaabada ijtihadka halkii indho la'aan loogu dayan lahaa aqoonyahannada.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=150}} Wuxuu ugu baaqay jihad ka dhan ah kuwa uu u tixgeliyay gaalo,{{Refn|group=note|Richard Gauvain ''Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-0-7103-1356-0}} p. 6}} laakiin qoraalladiisu waxay lahaayeen oo kaliya doorkii ugu yaraa intii uu babacayay.{{Refn|group=note|Spevack, Aaron (2014). The Archetypal Sunni Scholar: Law, Theology, and Mysticism in the Synthesis of al-Bajuri. SUNY Press. pp. 129–130.}} Qarnigii 18aad ee Carabiya, Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, oo ay saameeyeen shaqooyinka Ibn Taymiyya iyo Ibn al-Qayyim, wuxuu aasaasay dhaqdhaqaaq loo yaqaan Wahhabism si loo laabto waxa uu u arkay Islaamka aan la badalin.<ref>Donald Quataert ''The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922'' Cambridge University Press 2005 {{ISBN|978-0-521-83910-5}} p. 50</ref> Wuxuu cambaareeyay caadooyinka badan ee maxalliga ah ee Islaamka, sida bisitaynta qabriga Muhammad ama Imamyada Shiicada, maaddaama ay yihiin bidco cusub iyo dambi<ref name="ReferenceE">Ga ́bor A ́goston, Bruce Alan Masters ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire'' Infobase Publishing 2010 {{ISBN|978-1-4381-1025-7}} p. 260</ref> wuxuuna burburiyay dhagaxyada iyo geedaha xurmada leh, goobaha Sufida, Qabuuraha al-Baqi, qabuuraha Muhammad iyo asxaabtiisa iyo Qabriga Imam Husayn, oo ah goob muhiim ah oo loo bisiteeyo Shiicada.{{Refn|group=note|Graves desecrated in Mizdah, Libya Herald, 2013}}{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=146}} Wuxuu dhisay isbahaysi uu la leeyahay qoyska Saud, oo marka la joogo 1920-yadii ay dhammaystireen qabsashadooda dhulka noqon doona Sacuudi Carabiya.<ref name="Musa-2022">{{Cite thesis |title=The Emergence of a Scholar from a Garrison Society: A contextual analysis of Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhāb's doctrine in the light of the Qur'ān and Hadīth |url=https://repository.uwtsd.ac.uk/id/eprint/2096/ |publisher=University of Wales Trinity Saint David |date=2022-08-23 |degree=masters |language=en |first=Shahajada Md |last=Musa |access-date=19 December 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Nicolas Laos ''The Metaphysics of World Order: A Synthesis of Philosophy, Theology, and Politics'' Wipf and Stock Publishers 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-4982-0102-5}} p. 177</ref> Ma Wanfu iyo Ma Debao waxay dhiirrigeliyeen dhaqdhaqaaqa salafida qarnigii 19aad sida Sailaifengye ee Shiinaha ka dib markii ay ka soo laabteen Makka laakiin ugu dambeyntii waxaa dhibay oo lagu qasbay inay dhuuntaan kooxaha Sufida.<ref>{{cite book|first=Barry M.|last=Rubin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wEih57-GWQQC&pg=PA79|page=79|title=Guide to Islamist Movements|year=2000|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=0-7656-1747-1|access-date=28 June 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> Kooxaha kale waxay isku deyeyeen inay dib u habayn ku samayso Sufinimada halkii ay ka diadi lahaayeen, iyagoo Senusiyya iyo Muhammad Ahmad ay labadooduba dagaallameen oo ay dhiseen dawlado ku kala yaalla Liibiya iyo Sudaan.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=147}} Hindiya, Shah Waliullah Dehlawi wuxuu isku deyey qaab dib u heshiisiin ah oo ka dhan ah Sufinimada wuxuuna saameeyay dhaqdhaqaaqa Deobandi.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=149}} Jawaab ka dhan ah dhaqdhaqaaqa Deobandi, dhaqdhaqaaqa Barelwi waxaa loo aasaasay sida dhaqdhaqaaq dadweyne, iyadoo la difaacaayay Sufinimada caanka ah oo la dib u habaynayay dhaqankeeda.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robert L. Canfield |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3JhKNSk8tQC&pg=PAPA131 |title=Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52291-5 |pages=131– |access-date=1 December 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sanyal |first=Usha |date=23 July 1998 |title=Generational Changes in the Leadership of the Ahl-e Sunnat Movement in North India during the twentieth Century |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/generational-changes-in-the-leadership-of-the-ahle-sunnat-movement-in-north-india-during-the-twentieth-century/8AAAC4CFEFC4F4084731C3964A5CAE84 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=635–656 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X98003059 |via=Cambridge Core |access-date=23 February 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[File:Interior of Al Aqsa Mosque Jerusalem. 1900-1910 (id.22715311).jpg|thumb|Sannadkii 1969 Dabka Masjidka Al-Aqsa, oo sidoo cuali burburiyay Minbarkii Saladin, wuxuu keenay ver-xaasidnimo taabtay dunida Muslinka wuxuuna ahaa kicin muhiim ah oo loo aasaasay Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka.]] Dunida Muslinka waxay guud ahaan ku jirtay hoos u dhac siyaasadeed markii ay bilaabatay 1800-yadii, gaar ahaan marka la barbardhigo awoodaha Yuuroop ee aan Muslinka ahayn. Horey, qarnigii 15aad, Reconquista waxay ku guuleysatay inay dhameeyo joogitaanka Muslinka ee Iberia. Marka la joogo qarnigii 19aad, British East India Company waxay si rasmi ah u qabsatay boqortooyada Mughal ee Hindiya.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|pp=358, 378–380, 624}} Sida jawaab ka dhan ah Imperialisamka Reer Galbeedka, aqoonyahanno badan waxay isku deyeyeen inay dib u habayn ku samayso Islaamka.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Buzpinar |first=Ş. Tufan |date=March 2007 |title=Celal Nuri's Concepts of Westernization and Religion |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_middle-eastern-studies_2007-03_43_2/page/247 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=247–258 |doi=10.1080/00263200601114091 |jstor=4284539|s2cid=144461915 }}</ref> Casriyeynta Islaamka, oo markii hore loo bixiyay aqoonyahannada Reer Galbeedka sida Salafiyya, waxay soo dhoweysay qiimayaasha casriga ah iyo machadyada sida demokaraasiyada iyadoo la raacaayo qoraallada diinta. Hogaamiyayaasha muhiimka ah ee dhaqdhaqaaqa waxaa ka mid ah Muhammad 'Abduh iyo Jamal al-Din al-Afghani.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lauziere|first=Henri|title=The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-231-17550-0|location=New York, Chichester, West Sussex|pages=231–232}}</ref> Abul A'la Maududi wuxuu caawiyay saamaynta Islaamka siyaasadeed ee casriga ah.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 January 2014 |title=Political Islam: A movement in motion |work=Economist Magazine |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/erasmus/2014/01/political-islam |access-date=1 January 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Wilfred Cantwell |title=Islam in Modern History |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1957 |isbn=0-691-03030-8 |page=233 |author-link=Wilfred Cantwell Smith}}</ref> Sida ku dhow qaanuunka casriga ah, shariicada markii ugu horreysay ayaa qayb ahaan loo qoray shaqo ahaan sannadkii 1869 ku dhex-jirtay koodka Mecelle ee Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta. Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta waxay dissilftay ka dib Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Dunida, Khilafadii Cusmaaniyiinta waa la joojiyay 1924<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 June – 5 July 2000 |title=New Turkey |work=Al-Ahram Weekly |issue=488 |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2000/488/chrncls.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=16 May 2010 }}</ref> iyo Khilafadii Sharifian ee ka dib waxay u dhacday si doob ah,<ref>{{Cite web |last1=الوطن |first1=جريدة |last2=webmaster |date=2020-05-05 |title="مملكة الحجاز".. وقــصـــة الـغــزو المـســلّـــح |url=https://www.al-watan.com/article/230610/NEWS/%C2%AB%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%C2%BB-%D9%88%D9%82%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B5%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%80%D8%BA%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B2%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%80%D8%B3%D9%80%D9%80%D9%84%D9%91%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%AD |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=جريدة الوطن |language=ar |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bani Issa |first=Mohammad Saleh |date=2023-11-01 |title=Factors of stability and sustainable development in Jordan in its first centenary 1921–2021 (an analytical descriptive study) |journal=Heliyon |volume=9 |issue=11 |article-number=e20993 |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20993 |issn=2405-8440 |doi-access=free|pmid=37928029 |pmc=10623165 |bibcode=2023Heliy...920993B }}</ref> sidaas darteed iyadoo ka tagaysa Islaamka oo aan lahayn Khaliif.<ref name="والخلفاء-2023">{{Cite book |last=والخلفاء |first=قصص الخلافة الإسلامية |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r-5EAAAQBAJ |title=قصص الخلافة الإسلامية والخلفاء |date=2023-03-31 |publisher=Austin Macauley Publishers |isbn=978-1-3984-9251-6 |language=en |access-date=26 December 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref> Taageerayaasha Mideynta Islaamka waxay isku deyeyeen inay mideeyaan Muslinka waxayna tartan la galeen awoodaha qarannimada ee korayay, sida Pan-Arabisamka.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doran |first=Michael |title=Pan-Arabism before Nasser: Egyptian power politics and the Palestine question |date=1999 |publisher=Oxford university press |isbn=978-0-19-512361-6 |series=Studies in Middle Eastern history |location=New York Oxford}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Landau |first=Yaʿaqov M. |title=The politics of Pan-Islam: ideology and organization |date=1994 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-827709-5 |edition=[Rev. and updated] paperback (with additions and corr.) |location=Oxford}}</ref> Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka (OIC), oo ka kooban waddamada Muslinka ah, waxaa la aasaasay 1969 ka dib gubiddii Masjidka Al-Aqsa ee Qudus.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 December 2010 |title=Organization of the Islamic Conference |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/country_profiles/1555062.stm |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Xiriirka la la leeyahay waddamada warshadaha leh wuxuu keenay dadka Muslinka ah dhulal cusub iyada oo loo marayo u-guuritaanka dhaqaalaha. Muslin badan ayaa u guuray sida shaqaale heshiis ku jooga (u badan oo ka yimid Hindiya iyo Indoneesiya) Karibiyaanka, iyagoo dhisay dadka ugu waaweyn ee Muslinka ah inta la joogo boqolkiiba ee Ameerika.<ref>{{sfnp|Haddad|Smith|2002|p=271}}</ref> U-guuritaanka ka yimid Siiriya iyo Lubnaan wuxuu ku soo kordhiyay dadka Muslinka ah ee Laatiin Ameerika.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zabel|first=Darcy|title=Arabs in the Americas: Interdisciplinary Essays on the Arab Diaspora|publisher=Peter Lang|year=2006|isbn=9780820481111|location=Austria|page=5}}</ref> Natiijadii magaalooyinka iyo kordhinta ganacsiga ee Afrika ka hooseysa Saxara waxay keentay Muslinka inay degaan dhulal cusub oo ay faafiyaan diintooda, iyadoo lagu qiyaasay inay laba-laabatay dadkeeda Muslinka ah u dhaxeysa 1869 iyo 1914.<ref>{{harvp|Bulliet|2005|p=722}}</ref> === Casrigii ee Horumarsanaa (Qarnigii 20aad–Ilaa Hada) === [[File:13. Session of the Islamic Summit Conference.jpg|thumb|Hoggaamiyeyaasha dalalka Islaamka intii uu socday kalfadhigii 2016 ee Shirka Iskaashiga Islaamka ee Istambul, Turkiga. Trikiiba saddex sano, OIC waxay isku brings dhammaan hoggaamiyeyaasha Muslinka.|upright=1.35]] Aabbayaashii casriyeynta Islaamka waxay saameeyeen dhaqdhaqaaqyada siyaasadda Islaamka sida Ikhwaanul Muslimeen iyo xisbiyada la xiriira ee dunida Carabta,<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 August 2011 |title=Are secular forces being squeezed out of Arab Spring? |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14447820 |access-date=10 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Slackman |first=Michael |date=23 December 2008 |title=Jordanian students rebel, embracing conservative Islam |work=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/24/world/middleeast/24jordan.html |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> kuwaas oo si wanaagsan uga dhex muuqday doorashooyinkii ka dambeeyay Guudkii Carabta,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kirkpatrick |first=David D. |date=3 December 2011 |title=Egypt's vote puts emphasis on split over religious rule |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/04/world/middleeast/egypts-vote-propels-islamic-law-into-spotlight.html |access-date=8 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jamaat-e-Islami ee Koonfurta Aasiya iyo Xisbiga Caddaaladda iyo Horumarinta (AK Party), oo si kemokaraasi ah xukuma Turkiga tobanaan sano. Iiraan, Kacdoonkii Iiraan wuxuu beddelay boqortooyadii laimaaniyadda ee Reer Galbeedku taageerayay iyadoo la dhisay Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah. Kuwa kale sida Sayyid Rashid Rida waxay ka go'een casriyeeyayaasha Islaamka<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lauziere|first=Henri|title=The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-231-17550-0|location=New York, Chichester, West Sussex|page=237|quote="Prior to the fall of the Ottoman Empire, leading reformers who happened to be Salafi in creed were surprisingly open-minded: although they adhered to neo-Hanbali theology. However, the aftermath of the First World War and the expansion of European colonialism paved the way for a series of shifts in thought and attitude. The experiences of Rida offer many examples... he turned against the Shi'is who dared, with reason, to express doubts about the Saudi-Wahhabi project... . Shi'is were not the only victims: Rida and his associates showed their readiness to turn against fellow Salafis who questioned some of the Wahhabis' religious interpretations."}}</ref> waxayna ka hortageen soo dhowaynta waxa uu u arkayay saamaynta Reer Galbeedka.<ref>{{Cite book|last=G. Rabil|first=Robert|title=Salafism in Lebanon: From Apoliticism to Transnational Jihadism|publisher=Georgetown University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-1-62616-116-0|location=Washington DC, US|pages=32–33|quote="Western colonialists established in these countries political orders... that, even though not professing enmity to Islam and its institutions, left no role for Islam in society. This caused a crisis among Muslim reformists, who felt betrayed not only by the West but also by those nationalists, many of whom were brought to power by the West... Nothing reflects this crisis more than the ideological transformation of Rashid Rida (1865–1935)... He also revived the works of Ibn Taymiyah by publishing his writings and promoting his ideas. Subsequently, taking note of the cataclysmic events brought about by Western policies in the Muslim world and shocked by the abolition of the caliphate, he transformed into a Muslim intellectual mostly concerned about protecting Muslim culture, identity, and politics from Western influence. He supported a theory that essentially emphasized the necessity of an Islamic state in which the scholars of Islam would have a leading role... Rida was a forerunner of Islamist thought. He apparently intended to provide a theoretical platform for a modern Islamic state. His ideas were later incorporated into the works of Islamic scholars. Significantly, his ideas influenced none other than Hassan al-Bannah, founder of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt... The Muslim Brethren have taken up Rida's Islamic fundamentalism, a right-wing radical movement founded in 1928,.."}}</ref> Kooxda ISIS waxay xitaa isku deyday inay dib u samayso diinaarkii dahabka ahaa ee casriga ahaa si uu u noqdo pambakooda lacagta. Halka kuwii ka go'ay ay qaarkood ahaayeen kuwa ka gaabsada siyaasadda, kuwo kale waxay rumechsanaayeen dhibaataynta kuwa ka soo horjeeda, xitaa Muslinka kale.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/14/isis-gold-silver-copper-islamic-dinar-coins |title=Isis to mint own Islamic dinar coins in gold, silver and copper |work=The Guardian |date=21 November 2014 |access-date=31 July 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ka hortagga dhaqdhaqaaqyada siyaasadda Islaamka, qarnigii 20aad ee Turkiga, ciidanku waxay sameeyeen afgembiyo si ay xukuumadaha Islaamiga ah uga tuuraan xukanka, sidoo kale xijabka ayaa si sharci ah loo xaddiday, sida ay sidoo kale ka dhacday Tuniisiya.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 April 2011 |title=Huge rally for Turkish secularism |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6604643.stm |access-date=6 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Saleh |first=Heba |date=15 October 2011 |title=Tunisia moves against headscarves |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6053380.stm |access-date=6 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Dhulalka kale, awoodda diinta ayaa la maamulay iyada oo hadda loo arko puppeto oo ay dawladdu maamusho. Tusaale ahaan, Sacuudi Carabiya, dawladdu waxay keligeed maamushay aqoonta diinta<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 June 2007 |title=Laying down the law: Islam's authority deficit |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/international/2007/06/28/islams-authority-deficit |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo Masar, dawladdu waxay qarameysay Jaamacadda Al-Azhar, oo hore u ahayd igo madax-bannaan oo xaddida awoodda dawladda.<ref>{{cite book| title = The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought| last1 = Bowering | first1 = Gerhard | last2=Mirza |first2=Mahan |last3=Crone |first3=Patricia| year = 2013 | publisher = Princeton University Press | page=59| isbn = 9780691134840 }}</ref> Salafiyada waxaa dhaqaale lagu siiyay Bariga Dhexe sababtoo ah ka gaabsashadeeda siyaasadda.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 October 2008 |title=Ultraconservative Islam on rise in Mideast |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna27256187 |access-date=24 September 2013 |publisher=MSNBC |url-status=live }}</ref> Sacuudi Carabiya waxay ololayso ka dhan ah dhaqdhaqaaqyada Islaamiga ah ee kacdoonka ah ee Bariga Dhexe, iyadoo ka soo horjeedda Iiraan.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Almukhtar |first1=Sarah |last2=Peçanha |first2=Sergio |last3=Wallace |first3=Tim |date=5 January 2016 |title=Behind Stark Political Divisions, a More Complex Map of Sunnis and Shiites |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/01/04/world/middleeast/sunni-shiite-map-middle-east-iran-saudi-arabia.html |access-date=6 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Tiro yar oo Muslin ah oo ka soo jeeda qowmiyadaha kala duwan ayaa loo dhibay sida koox diimeed.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thames |first1=Knox |title=Why the Persecution of Muslims Should Be on Biden's Agenda |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/muslims-islam-china-india-myanmar-persecution-repression-biden-human-rights/ |work=Foreign Policy Magazine |date=6 January 2021 |language=English |access-date=5 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Tan waxaa sameeyay xoogagga shuuciga ah sida Khmer Rouge, kuwaas oo u arkayay inay yihiin armigooda koowaad ee la cirbootinayo maaddaama dhaqankooda diimeed uu ka dhigay kuwa ka dhex muuqda dadka kale,<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Perrin |first=Andrew |date=10 October 2003 |title=Weakness in numbers |magazine=Time |url=https://time.com/archive/6894001/weakness-in-numbers/ |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}</ref> Xisbiga Shuuciga Shiinaha ee Xinjiang<ref>{{cite web |last1=Beydoun |first1=Khaled A. |title=For China, Islam is a 'mental illness' that needs to be 'cured' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/china-islam-mental-illness-cured-181127135358356.html |publisher=Al Jazeera |language=English |access-date=5 February 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo xoogagga qarannimada sida intii uu socday xasuuqii Bosniya.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mojzes |first=Paul |title=Balkan Genocides: Holocaust and Ethnic Cleansing in the Twentieth Century |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4422-0663-2|page=178}}</ref> Ciidanka Miyanmaar ee Tatmadaw oo bartilmaameedsanayay Muslinka Rohingya waxaa loogu yeeray dambi ka dhan ah aadamnimada ay sameeyeen Qaraamada Midoobay iyo Amnesty International,<ref>{{cite news |author=Oliver Holmes |date=19 December 2016 |title=Myanmar's Rohingya campaign 'may be crime against humanity' |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/19/myanmars-rohingya-campaign-may-be-against-humanity |url-status=live |access-date=5 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=19 December 2016|title=Rohingya abuse may be crimes against humanity: Amnesty|website=Al Jazeera|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/19/rohingya-abuse-may-be-crimes-against-humanity-amnesty/|access-date=2023-02-21|url-status=live}}</ref> halka Xafiiska Qaraamada Midoobay ee Wakiilka Sare ee Xaqiiqo-raadinta uu ka helay xasuuq, sifeyn qowmiyadeed, iyo dambiyo kale oo ka dhan ah aadamnimada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/MyanmarFFM/Pages/ReportoftheMyanmarFFM.aspx|title=Report of Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar |date=27 August 2018|website=ohchr.org|access-date=14 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Horumarka isgaarsiinta dunida wuxuu teshay faafinta ballaaran ee aqoonta diinta. Qaadashada xijabka waxay noqotay mid ka sii badan<ref>{{Cite news |last=Slackman |first=Michael |date=28 January 2007 |title=In Egypt, a new battle begins over the veil |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/weekinreview/28slackman.html |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo aqoonyahanno badan oo Muslin ah waxay si kordhayay isku deyayaan inay ka soocaan caqiidooyinka diinta Islaamka iyo dhaqammada caadiga ah.{{sfnp|Nigosian|2004|p=41}} Kooxaha kale dhexdiisa, helitaanka macluumaadka wuxuu keenay kordhinta wacdiyayaasha "televangelist" ee caanka ah, sida Amr Khaled, kuwaas oo kula tartama culumada caadiga ah gaaritaankooda oo ay ka dhigeen awoodda diinta mid aan hal xarun ku dhuftayn.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=263}} Sharraxaadaha "gaarka ah" ee Islaamka<ref>V. Šisler: ''The Internet and the Construction of Islamic Knowledge in Europe'' p. 212</ref> waxay si muuqata u dhex-galaan Muslinka Liberaalka ah oo isku deyaya inay waafajiyaan dhaqammada diinta iyo xukunkii laimaaniyadda ee casriga ah,{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=118–119, 179}}{{sfnp|Rippin|2001|p=288}} hab ka mid ah kuwa ay dhaleeceeyeen qaarkood oo ku saabsan waafaqsanaantiisa.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Adams, Charles J.|editor1-last=Esposito|editor1-first=John L.|title=Voices of Resurgent Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/voicesofresurgen00hcen|url-access=registration|date=1983|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/voicesofresurgen00hcen/page/113 113–4] |chapter=Maududi and the Islamic State|quote=[Maududi believed that] when religion is relegated to the personal realm, men inevitably give way to their bestial impulses and perpetrate evil upon one another. In fact it is precisely because they wish to escape the restraints of morality and the divine guidance that men espouse secularism.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Meisami|first=Sayeh|date=2013|title='Abdolkarim Soroush |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0034.xml|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-12 |website=Oxford Bibliographies|language=en}}</ref> Sidoo kale, laimaaniyaddu waxaa loo arkaa fikrad shisheeye oo ay ku soo impose gareeyeen qabsadayaashii oo ay adkeeyeen maamulayaasha ka dambeeyay gumeysiga,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Secularism, State Neutrality, and Islam|author=Abdullah Saeed|encyclopedia=The Oxford Handbook of Secularism|editor1=Phil Zuckerman|editor2=John R. Shook |url=http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/abstract/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199988457-e-12|year=2017|page=188 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.013.12|isbn=978-0-19-998845-7|access-date=7 August 2023|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref> oo inta badan loo fahmo inay u dhiganto ka-horjeedda diinta.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Nader Hashemi|title=Secularism|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0714|access-date=7 August 2023|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref> == Tirada Dadka == {{Main|Dunida Muslinka|Ummah}} {{See also|Islaamka waddan ahaan|Koraanka dadka Muslinka ah}} [[File:2020+ Proportion of people in world religions.svg |thumb|Boqolkiiba inta qof ee diimaha dunida. Muslinku waxay ka yihiin dhawaan 25.6% dadka dunida, taas oo ah tiro yar oo ka hooseysa Masiixiyiinta.<ref name=Pew_20250609>{{cite web |last1=Hackett |first1=Conrad |last2=Stonawski |first2=Marcin |last3=Tong |first3=Yunping |last4=Kramer |first4=Stephanie |last5=Shi |first5=Anne |last6=Fahmy |first6=Dalia |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |publisher=Pew Research Center |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260222070137/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |archive-date=22 February 2026 |date=9 June 2025 |url-status=live |quote=Source: Pew Research Center estimates based on more than 2,700 censuses and surveys. "How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020"}}</ref>]] Marka la joogo 2020, dhawaan 25.6% dadka dunida, ama dhawaan 2&nbsp;bilyan oo qof, waa Muslin.<ref name="pewresearch.orgReligion">{{Cite web |title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/interactives/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |date=21 December 2022 |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128120036/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/interactives/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="www.pewresearch.org-2022">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2022 |title=Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project - Research and data from Pew Research Center |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205195540/https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |archive-date=5 February 2023 |access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/|title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population|date=27 January 2011|access-date=26 October 2022|archive-date=30 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930233955/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/08/09/muslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world/ | title=Muslims and Islam: Key findings in the U.S. and around the world | date=9 August 2017 | access-date=19 December 2022 | archive-date=8 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108121140/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/08/09/muslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Pew-Growth-2017">{{cite web |last1=Lipka |first1=Michael |last2=Hackett |first2=Conrad |author-link2=Conrad Hackett |title=Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514123559/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |archive-date=2019-05-14 |website=Fact Tank |publisher=Pew Research Center |date=2017-04-06 |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> Sannadkii 1900, qiyaastani waxay ahayd 12.3%,<ref name="Barrett-2001">{{cite book |last1=Barrett |first1=David B. |last2=Kurian |first2=George T. |last3=Johnson |first3=Todd M. |title=World Christian Encyclopedia: A Comparative Survey of Churches and Religions in the Modern World |volume=1: The World by Countries: Religionists, Churches, Ministries |edition=2nd |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |page=4 |isbn=978-0195079630 |language=en}}</ref> sannadkii 1990 waxay ahayd 19.9%<ref name="Pew Research Center-2011">{{Cite report |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |publisher=Pew Research Center |access-date=27 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209094904/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=9 February 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> iyada oo saadaalintu ay muujinayso in heerku noqon doono 29.7% marka la joogo 2050.{{rp|8}} Ugu kooban uturjumaadda Pew ee 2020 waxay heshay in dadka Muslinka ah ee dunidu ay ahaayeen kooxda diimeed ee ugu koraanka badnayd tobankii sano, inta badan sababtoo ah Muslinku waxay u janjeeraan inay ku yar yihiin da'da oo ay leeyihiin heer dhalmo oo sarreeya—laba walxood oo muhiim ah oo kexeeya koraanka caadiga ah ee dadka.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett|author2=Marcin Stonawski|author3=Yunping Tong|author4=Stephanie Kramer|author5=Anne Shi|author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf|access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Pew Research Center |page=9|quote=Increases in the global Muslim population are largely due to Muslims having a relatively young age structure and high fertility rate, two characteristics that result in natural population growth.}}</ref>{{rp|9}} Sida ku xuso qiyaasta dadka ee 2020, 65% dadka Muslinka ah waxay ku dhex jiraan toban waddan, iyada oo dadka ugu waaweyni ay ku nool yihiin Indoneesiya, Bakistaan, Hindiya, Bangaladeesh, Nayjeeriya, Masar, Iiraan, Turkiga, Sudaan, iyo Aljeeriya, marka loo eego sida ay u kala hooseeyaan. Indoneesiya waxay xarun u tahay ka badan 230,000,000 oo Muslin ah, Bakistaan ka badan 220,000,000, Hindiya ka badan 210,000,000, Bangaladeesh ka badan 150,000,000, Nayjeeriya ka badan 110,000,000, Masar ka badan 100,000,000, Iiraan iyo Turkiga midkiiba ka badan 80,000,000, iyo Sudaan iyo Aljeeriya midkiiba ka badan 40,000,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/muslim-population-change/|title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020: 3. Muslim population change|date=9 June 2025|access-date=12 February 2026|website=Pew Research Center}}</ref>[[File:Islam percent population in each nation World Map Muslim data by Pew Research.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Boqolkiiba Muslinka ee dunida waddan ahaan.<ref name="pew2015" />]]Sida ku xuso warbixin ay soo saartay CNN, "Islaamku wuxuu soo jiitay dad soo Islaamay oo ka soo jeeda dhammaan heerarka nolosha, gaar ahaan Ameerikanka ka soo jeeda Afrika".<ref>{{cite news |title=Fast-growing Islam winning converts in Western world |publisher=CNN |url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9704/14/egypt.islam/ |access-date=6 May 2016 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015114027/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9704/14/egypt.islam/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ingiriiska, dhawaan 6,000 oo qof ayaa soo Islaama sannad walba, iyada oo sida ku xuso maqaal ku jira British Muslims Monthly Survey, badanka dadka cusub ee soo Islaama ee Ingiriiska ay ahaayeen dumarka.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/bmms/2000/06June00.asp#Women%20convert |title=British Muslims Monthly Survey for June 2000, Vol. VIII, No. 6 |at=Women convert |access-date=2020-09-28 |archive-date=2008-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214160750/http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/bmms/2000/06June00.asp#Women%20convert |url-status=live}}</ref> Sida ku xuso The Huffington Post, "ilaaliyayaashu waxay qiyaasayaan in illaa 20,000 oo Ameerikan ah ay soo Islaamaan sannad walba", badankoodu ay yihiin dumarka iyo Muslinka Ameerikanka ka soo jeeda Afrika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-08-24 |title=Conversion To Islam One Result Of Post-9/11 Curiosity |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/post-911-islam-converts_n_935572 |access-date=2020-11-26 |website=HuffPost |language=en |archive-date=2021-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111201117/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/post-911-islam-converts_n_935572 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author-first=Julie |author-last=Bindel |author-link=Julie Bindel |title=Why do Western Women Convert? |url=http://standpointmag.co.uk/features-may-10-why-do-western-women-convert-julie-bindel-islam-female-conversion |access-date=8 May 2016 |work=Standpoint |date=26 April 2010 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006102003/http://standpointmag.co.uk/features-may-10-why-do-western-women-convert-julie-bindel-islam-female-conversion |url-status=live}}</ref> Sidoo kale boqolkiiba iyo tirada guud ahaan, Islaamku waa kooxda diimeed ee ugu koraanka badan dunida, iyadoo la saadaalinayo inay noqoto ta ugu weyn dunida dhamaadka qarniga 21aad, iyadoo ka badanaysa Masiixiyada. Waxaa lagu qiyaasay in marka la joogo 2050, tirada Muslinka ay u dhowaan doonto tirada Masiixiyiinta ee dunida, "sababtoo ah da'da yar iyo heerka dhalmo ee sarreeya ee Muslinka marka loo barbardhigo kooxaha kale ee diimaha."{{rp|70}} === Xituunta Pew Research === Dhawaan 49 waddan ayaa ah kuwo dadka ugu badan ee ku nooli ay Muslin yihiin,{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=11}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ba-Yunus |first1=Ilyas |title=Muslims in the United States |last2=Kone, Kassim |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2006 |page=[https://archive.org/details/muslimsunitedsta00bayu/page/n186 172] |url=https://archive.org/details/muslimsunitedsta00bayu |url-access=registration |isbn=978-0-313-32825-1}}</ref><ref name="Pew-Landscape-2012">{{cite report |author=The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life |title=The Global Religious Landscape: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Major Religious Groups as of 2010 |url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323215026/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf |archive-date=2018-03-23 |date=December 2012 |publisher=Pew Research Center |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=7 March 2018 |title=Islam in Russia |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2018/3/7/islam-in-russia/ |access-date=15 June 2021 |website=Al Jazeera |publisher=Anadolu News Agency |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024349/https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/features/2018/3/7/islam-in-russia |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Book review: Russia's Muslim Heartlands reveals diverse population |date=21 April 2018 |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/book-review-russia-s-muslim-heartlands-reveals-diverse-population-1.723230 |work=The National |access-date=13 January 2019 |archive-date=14 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114210257/https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/book-review-russia-s-muslim-heartlands-reveals-diverse-population-1.723230 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyada oo 62% Muslinka dunidu ay ku nool yihiin Aasiya, halka 683 milyan oo taabacsan ay ku nool yihiin Indoneesiya, Bakistaan, Hindiya, iyo Bangaladeesh keligood.<ref name="Pew-Projections-2050">{{cite web |title=10 Countries With the Largest Muslim Populations, 2010 and 2050 |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/muslims/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables74/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207115222/http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/muslims/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables74/ |archive-date=2017-02-07 |website=Pew Research Center |publisher=Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life |date=2015-04-02 |type=Projections table |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Secrets of Islam |url=https://www.usnews.com/usnews/graphics/religion/islams_global_reach.htm |access-date=24 September 2013 |website=U.S. News & World Report |archive-date=22 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122200555/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/graphics/religion/islams_global_reach.htm |url-status=live }} Information provided by the International Population Center, Department of Geography, San Diego State University (2005).</ref>{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|pp=15, 17}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pechilis |first1=Karen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C |title=South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today |last2=Raj |first2=Selva J. |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-44851-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C&pg=PA193 193] |access-date=3 May 2019 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024331/https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslinka Carabta ah waxay samayeeyaan kooxda qowmiyadeed ee ugu weyn Muslinka dhexdeeda ee dunida,<ref name="Nydell-2005">{{cite book |last=Nydell |first=Margaret Kleffner |title=Understanding Arabs: A Guide for Modern Times |edition=4th |location=Yarmouth, Maine |publisher=Intercultural Press |year=2005 |pages=xxiii, 14 |isbn=978-1931930253 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNoiieefqAcC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024737/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNoiieefqAcC |archive-date=2023-12-28 |language=en}}</ref> waxaa ku xiga Bangaaliyiinta<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Eaton|editor=Barbara D. Metcalf|title=Islam in South Asia in Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pR0LzVCpfw8C|date=8 September 2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-3138-8|page=275|chapter=Forest Clearing and the Growth of Islam in Bengal}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=haGORCJRlOUC&pg=PA50 |title=The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics |author1=Meghna Guhathakurta |author2=Willem van Schendel |page=50 |date=30 April 2013 |publisher=Duke University Press |access-date=7 November 2016 |isbn=978-0822353188 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707092408/https://books.google.com/books?id=haGORCJRlOUC&pg=PA50 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo Bunjaabiinta.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Rajmohan|title=Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten|year=2013|page=1|publisher=Aleph Book Company|location=New Delhi, India, Urbana, Illinois|isbn=978-93-83064-41-0}}.</ref> Qiyaasaha badankood waxay muujinayaan in Shiinaha ay ku nool yihiin dhawaan 20 illaa 30 milyan oo Muslin ah (1.5% illaa 2% dadka waddanka).<ref>{{cite web |work=The World Factbook |title=Explore All Countries – China |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/ |access-date=15 September 2009 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |archive-date=13 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213122152/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=China (includes Hong Kong, Macau, and Tibet) |website=Archived Content |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm |access-date=24 September 2013 |publisher=U.S. Department of State |archive-date=10 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710075050/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Islaamka ka jira Yurub waa diinta labaad ee ugu weyn Masiixiyadda ka dib waddamo badan dhexdeeda, iyada oo heerarka koraanka ay inta badan ku yimaadaan soogalootiga iyo heerka dhalmo ee sarreeya ee Muslinka ee 2005,<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 December 2005 |title=Muslims in Europe: Country guide |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4385768.stm |access-date=1 April 2010 |archive-date=29 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929213440/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4385768.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> taas oo samaynaysay 4.9% dhammaan dadka Yurub ee 2016.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/11/29/5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe/|title=5 facts about the Muslim population in Europe|date=November 29, 2017|work=Pew Research Center|first=Conrad|last=Hackett|access-date=17 January 2023|archive-date=5 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105202657/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/11/29/5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sida ku xuso Xituunta Pew Research, soo Islaamidda ma laha saameyn weyn oo saafi ah oo ku saabsan koraanka dadka Muslinka ah maadaama "tirada dadka ku soo Islaama diinta ay u dhowdahay inay la mid tahay tirada Muslinka ah ee ka baxda diinta."<ref>{{Cite report |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |section=Conversion |date=27 January 2011 |publisher=Pew Research Center |section-url=https://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-related-factors/#conversion |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |quote=there is no substantial net gain or loss in the number of Muslims through conversion globally; the number of people who become Muslims through conversion seems to be roughly equal to the number of Muslims who leave the faith |access-date=12 May 2020 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211126/http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bagse, Islaamku wuxuu ka helayaa faa'iido yar oo ah 3 milyan oo qof marka loo eego isbeddelka diimaha u dhexeya 2010 iyo 2050, inta badan ka timaada Afrika Sub-Sahara (2.9 milyan).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf|title=Cumulative Change Due to Religious Switching, 2010–2050, p.43|access-date=4 May 2016|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150429153811/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf|archive-date=29 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/|title=The Changing Global Religious Landscape|work=Pew Research Center|date=5 April 2017|access-date=17 December 2022|archive-date=18 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218030628/https://www.pewforum.org/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sida ku xuso uturjumaadda Pew ee 2020, dhawaan 1% dadka waaweyn ee ku soo koray Muslimnimada ayaa ka baxa diinta, halka boqolkiiba la mid ah —dhawaan 1%— ay ka soo Islaamaan diimaha kale, taas oo keenta heer hoose oo isbeddel diimeed ah oo soo gala ama ka baxa Islaamka.<ref name="pew2029">{{Cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett|author2=Marcin Stonawski|author3=Yunping Tong|author4=Stephanie Kramer|author5=Anne Shi|author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf|access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US|page=39|quote=Muslims and Hindus have been the least likely to gain or lose adherents from religious switching. About one in every 100 adults raised Muslim (or Hindu) has left their childhood religion, and a similar number from a different religious category have switched into Islam (or Hinduism).}}</ref> Mutaaniqada Islaamka ka baxday waxay u janjeeraan inay u wareegaan diin kale halkii ay ka noqon lahaayeen kuwo aan diin lahayn. == Qaybaha Waaweyn == {{Main|Xiriirka Shiicada iyo Sunnada|Qadiir Khum|Saqiifa|Ciidul Qadiir}} === Matalaadda Qadiir Khum iyo Saqiifa === [[File:Chronology of Ancient Nations, f.162r miniature.jpg|thumb|Magacaabiddii Cali uu Muxammad ku magacaabay Qadiir Khum, 1307 AD fardawsa Ilkhanid.]] Tukhtaan muhiim ah ayaa ka dhacay 632 ee Qadiir Khum, halkaas oo Muxammad, obo yar ka hor dhimashadiisa, uu gacanta ku qabtay Cali, oo ahaa ina-adeerkii iyo seedigii, uu ka jeediyay khudbad uu ku yiri "Kii aan ahay ''mowlahiisa'', Cali waa ''mowlahiisa''."<ref>{{cite book |title=The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam |author-first=Maria Massi |author-last=Dakake |year=2007 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9780791470336 |author-link=Maria Massi Dakake}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Veccia Vaglieri|first=L.|date=2012|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/*-SIM_2439|section=G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm|publisher=Brill|access-date=July 14, 2023|isbn=9789004161214|archive-date=14 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714174420/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/*-SIM_2439|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfnp|Campo|2009|pp=257–258}} Ereyga mowla wuxuu leeyahay macnayaal kala duwan oo ku xiran xaaladda, oo ay ku jiraan sayid, ilaaliye, xulafo, taageere, iyo mid awood leh. Shiicada dhexdeeda, waxaa loo fahmaa magacaabidda rasmiga ah ee Muxammad uu Cali uga dhigay beddelkiisa. Sunnadu sidoo kale waxay aqbashaa in tukhtaankii Qadiir Khum uu dhacay iyadoo Muxammad uu yiri hadalkaas ku saabsan Cali. Bagse, uma tarjumaan hadalka inuu yahay magacaabidda Cali ee beddelka Muxammad. Muslinka Sunnada ah waxay u tarjumaan ereyga mowla xaaladdan inuu u muuqdo saaxiib dhow, taageere, ama mid mudan daacadnimo iyo kalsooni. Sidaas darteed, waxay u arkaan bayaanka inuu yahay caddayn ah xushmadda Muxammad uu u hayay Cali, iyagoo hoos u dhigaya muhiimadda tukhtaanka. Kalfadhigii Saqiifa wuxuu dhacay obo yar ka dib dhimashadii Muxammad ee 632, halkaas oo Abu Bakar looga doortay beddelkiisa oo uu ku noqday Khaliifkii koowaad. Saqiifa waxay ka mid tahay tukhtaannada ugu muranka badan Islaamka, sababtoo ah ka saarida tiro badan oo ka mid ah Saxaabada Muxammad, oo ay ku jiraan Ahlul Bayt iyo gaar ahaan Cali. Cali iyo tiro badan oo ka mid ah qoyska Muxammad waxay weli ku jireen aasitaanka nabiga markii uu tukhtaanku dhacayay.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Foody |first=Kathleen |date=September 2015 |title=Interiorizing Islam: Religious Experience and State Oversight in the Islamic Republic of Iran |editor-last=Jain |editor-first=Andrea R. |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=599–623 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/lfv029 |doi-access=free |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Academy of Religion |eissn=1477-4585 |issn=0002-7189 |jstor=24488178 |lccn=sc76000837 |oclc=1479270 |quote=For Shiʿi Muslims, Muhammad not only designated Ali as his friend, but appointed him as his successor—as the "lord" or "master" of the new Muslim community. Ali and his descendants would become known as the Imams, divinely guided leaders of the Shiʿi communities, sinless, and granted special insight into the Qurʾanic text. The theology of the Imams that developed over the next several centuries made little distinction between the authority of the Imams to politically lead the Muslim community and their spiritual prowess; quite to the contrary, their right to political leadership was grounded in their special spiritual insight. While in theory, the only just ruler of the Muslim community was the Imam, the Imams were politically marginal after the first generation. In practice, Shiʿi Muslims negotiated varied approaches to both interpretative authority over Islamic texts and governance of the community, both during the lifetimes of the Imams themselves and even more so following the disappearance of the twelfth and final Imam in the ninth century.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Foody |first=Kathleen |date=September 2015 |editor-last=Jain |editor-first=Andrea R. |title=Interiorizing Islam: Religious Experience and State Oversight in the Islamic Republic of Iran |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Academy of Religion |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=599–623 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/lfv029 |issn=0002-7189 |eissn=1477-4585 |jstor=24488178 |lccn=sc76000837 |oclc=1479270 |quote=For Shiʿi Muslims, Muhammad not only designated Ali as his friend, but appointed him as his successor—as the "lord" or "master" of the new Muslim community. Ali and his descendants would become known as the Imams, divinely guided leaders of the Shiʿi communities, sinless, and granted special insight into the Qurʾanic text. The theology of the Imams that developed over the next several centuries made little distinction between the authority of the Imams to politically lead the Muslim community and their spiritual prowess; quite to the contrary, their right to political leadership was grounded in their special spiritual insight. While in theory, the only just ruler of the Muslim community was the Imam, the Imams were politically marginal after the first generation. In practice, Shiʿi Muslims negotiated varied approaches to both interpretative authority over Islamic texts and governance of the community, both during the lifetimes of the Imams themselves and even more so following the disappearance of the twelfth and final Imam in the ninth century. |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Amir-Moezzi |author-first=Mohammad Ali |title=Ghadīr Khumm |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=Third |editor1-first=Kate |editor1-last=Fleet |editor2-first=Gudrun |editor2-last=Krämer |editor3-first=Denis |editor3-last=Matringe |editor4-first=John |editor4-last=Nawas |editor5-first=Devin J. |editor5-last=Stewart |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419 |year=2014 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419 |isbn=9789004269613 |author-link=Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Muslinka Sunnada ah waxay qabaan in Muxammad uu u daayay doorashada beddelkiisa bulshada, sidaas darteedna waxay u arkaan doorashadii Abu Bakar ee saxaabada inay ahayd mid sharci ah. Muslinka Shiicada ah waxay adkaynayaan in Cali hore loogu magacaabay beddelka Muxammad ee tukhtaankii Qadiir Khum, sidaas darteedna waxay u arkaan tukhtaannadii Saqiifa inay ahaayeen kuwo dhaafay xaqiisii beddelka. Dhibaatada beddelka waxay noqotay sababtii ugu horreysay ee qeybsanaanta Muslinka oo keentay soo bixitaanka labada qaybood ee waaweyn ee Islaamka, Sunna iyo Shiica. === Islaamka Sunnada ah === {{Main|Islaamka Sunnada ah}} [[File:Khalili Collection Islamic Art mss 0311 fol 190b-191a.jpg|thumb|Faraq-qoraal ah oo [[Saxiix al-Bukhari]] ah oo ka soo jeeda qarnigii 14aad, ururintii ugu horreysay ee [[xadiis]] ee [[Kutub al-Sittah|Lixda Buug]] ee [[Islaamka Sunnada ah]].]] Islaamka Sunnada ah waa qaybta ugu weyn ee Islaamka iyada oo ah mhabka diimeed ee ugu weyn dunida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of religious populations {{!}} Largest Religions, Smallest Religions, Lists, Data, & Overview {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/List-of-religious-populations|access-date=2025-07-24|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sunni |title=Sunni |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=17 September 2021 |archive-date=30 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430101807/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/574006/Sunnite |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Sunni Islam |editor-first=John L. |editor-last=Esposito |encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2014 |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2280 |access-date=10 January 2010 |archive-date=5 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005013247/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2280 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Denny-2010">{{cite book |last=Denny |first=Frederick |author-link=Frederick M. Denny |title=Sunni Islam: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |page=3 |isbn=978-0199804153 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D5_N97bAiJ0C&pg=PA3 |quote=Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community, and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority (85 to 90%) of that community. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lawson |first1=Russell M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_krEEAAAQBAJ&dq=islam+based+on+the+teachings+of+muhammad&pg=PA419 |title=Science in the Ancient World: From Antiquity through the Middle Ages |date=23 September 2021 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-4408-7353-9 |page=419 |language=en}}</ref> Ereygu waa gaabinta weedha "''Ahl as-Sunnah wa al-Jama'ah''", oo macnaheedu yahay "dadka [[Sunnah|sunnada]] (dhaqankii Muxammad) iyo jamacaadka".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Ahl as-Sunnah |encyclopedia=Islam Ansiklopedisi |publisher=Turkish Diyanet Foundation |location=Istanbul |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ehl-i-sunnet |last=Yavuz |first=Yusuf Şevki |date=1994 |volume=10 |pages=525–530 |lang=tr |access-date=28 December 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228114411/https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ehl-i-sunnet |url-status=live }}</ref> Islaamka Sunnada ah mararka qaarkood waxaa loo yaqaanaa "Islaamka Ortodokska ah",<ref>{{cite book |author1=John Richard Thackrah |title=Dictionary of Terrorism |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1135165956 |edition=2, revised |page=252}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Status of Women Under Islamic Law and Modern Islamic Legislation |date=2009 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9004172739 |editor1-last=Nasir |editor1-first=Jamal J. |edition=revised |page=11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=George W. Braswell |title=What You Need to Know about Islam & Muslims |date=2000 |publisher=B&H Publishing Group |isbn=978-0805418293 |edition=illustrated |page=62}}</ref> ingawa aqoonyahanada qaar ay u arkaan inaysan habboonayn, iyada oo Sunni-nimada ka baxsan ay dad badan u arki karaan fahan xumaan.<ref>An Introduction to the Hadith. John Burton. Published by Edinburgh University Press. 1996. p. 201. Cite: "Sunni: Of or pertaining ''sunna'', especially the ''Sunna'' of the Prophet. Used in conscious opposition to Shi'a, Shi'í. There being no ecclesia or centralized magisterium, the translation 'orthodox' is inappropriate. To the Muslim 'unorthodox' implies heretical, ''mubtadi'', from ''bid'a'', the contrary of ''sunna'' and so 'innovation'."</ref> Sunnadu waxay adkaynaysaa in Muxammad uusan magacaabin beddel, wuxuuna u dhaafay doorashada beddelkiisa bulshada, sidaas darteedna waxay u arkaan doorashadii Abu Bakar ee Saqiifa inay ahayd mid sharci ah. Muslinka Sunnada ah waxay inta badan u noqdaan lixda buug ee xadiiska ee waaweyn arrimaha sharciga, iyagoo u raaca mid ka mid ah afar madhabood ee fiqhiga: [[Hanafi school|Xanafi]], [[Hanbali school|Xanbali]], [[Maliki school|Maaliki]], [[Shafi'i school|Shaafi'i]].<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|pp=275, 306}}</ref> Cilmiga tawxiidka ee athariga ah waa madhab Sunni ah oo feker ah, oo uu si weyn ugu doodi jiray Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780–855 CE), oo lagu garto u noqoshada fahanka qoraalka ah ee Qur'aanka iyo sunnada, aמונה ah in Qur'aanku yahay mid aan la abuurin oo weligeed ah, iyo ka soo horjeeda cilmiga caqliga, ee loo yaqano kalam, marka loo eego arrimaha diinta iyo anshaxa.<ref>Hadi Enayat ''Islam and Secularism in Post-Colonial Thought: A Cartography of Asadian Genealogies'' Springer Publishing, 30 June 2017 {{ISBN|978-3-319-52611-9}} p.48</ref> Maaturidiyada, oo uu aasaasay Abu Mansur al-Maturidi (853–944 CE), waxay leedahay qoraalka la soo dejiyay looma baahna anshaxa asaasiga ah iyada oo wanaagga iyo xawliga lagu fahmi karo caqliga keligiis,<ref>Rico Isaacs, Alessandro Frigerio ''Theorizing Central Asian Politics: The State, Ideology and Power'' Springer Publishing 2018 {{ISBN|978-3-319-97355-5}} p. 108</ref> laakiin dadku waxay u noqdaan waxyiga arrimaha ka baxsan fahanka bahaamka. Ash'ariyada, oo uu aasaasay Al-Ashʿarī (c. 874–936), waxay leedahay anshaxu wuxuu ka imaan karaa oo keliya waxyiga rabbaaniga ah laakiin waxay aqbashaa caqliga arrimaha fasiraadda waxayna isku dartaa hababka Mu'tazilada iyo fikradaha athariga.<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|1999|p=280}}</ref> Salafiyadu waa doonis dib u cusboonaysiin ah oo u dooda u noqoshada dhaqankii qgeneration-kii ugu horreeyay ee Muslinka. Qarnigii 18aad, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab wuxuu kexeeyay dhaqdhaqaaq Salafi ah, oo dadka ka baxsan ay u yaqaanaan Wahaabiya, waddanka maanta loo yaqano Sacuudi Carabiya.<ref>Richard Gauvain ''Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-0-7103-1356-0}} page 8</ref> Dhaqdhaqaaq la mid ah oo loo yaqano Ahl al-Hadith ayaa sidoo kale hoos u dhigay dhaqanka sharciga Sunniga ah ee qarniyada jiray, iyagoo door biday inay si toos ah u raacaan Qur'aanka iyo Xadiiska. Dhaqdhaqaaqa Sunniga ah ee Nurcu waxaa aasaasay Said Nursi (1877–1960); wuxuu isku darayaa qaybo ka mid ah Tasawufka iyo sayniska.<ref name="Svante E. Cornell p. 283">Svante E. Cornell ''Azerbaijan Since Independence'' M.E. Sharpe {{ISBN| 9780765630049}} p. 283</ref><ref>Robert W. Hefner ''Shariʻa Politics: Islamic Law and Society in the Modern World'' Indiana University Press 2011 {{ISBN|978-0-253-22310-4}} p. 170</ref> === Islaamka Shiicada ah === {{Main|Islaamka Shiicada ah}} [[File:Folio from a Nahj al-Balagha.gif|thumb|Warqad gacan-qoraal ah oo ka timaada Nahj al-Balagha, ee taariikhdeedu tahay 1149 AD. Nahj al-Balagha waa ururin khudbado, waraaqo, iyo hadallo ah oo uu leeyahay Cali. Waxaa loo arkaa inay ka mid tahay kuwa ugu muhiimsan ee suugaanta Carabiga iyada oo ka joogta meel sare Islaamka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda.]] Islaamka Shiicada ah waa qaybta labaad ee ugu weyn Islaamka iyo mid ka mid oo ka mid ah mhabada diimeed ee ugu waaweyn dunida.<ref>{{cite web |title=Field Listing :: Religions |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706231326/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |archive-date=6 July 2010 |access-date=25 October 2010 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |quote=Sunni Islam accounts for over 75% of the world's Muslim population." ... "Shia Islam represents 10–15% of Muslims worldwide.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sunni |url=https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/sunni |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614103622/https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/sunni |archive-date=14 June 2020 |access-date=24 May 2020 |publisher=Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs |quote=Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam, comprising about 85% of the world's over 1.5 billion Muslims.}}</ref>{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=1|ps=. "Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims."}} Ereygu waa gaabinta weedha "''Shīʿat ʿAlī''", oo macnaheedu yahay "xisbigii Cali". Muslinka Shiicada ah waxay adkaynayaan in Muxammad uu magacaabay ina-adeerkii iyo seedigii, Cali, inuu noqdo beddelkiisa.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shii|title=Shiʿi|last=Newman|first=Andrew J.|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=28 December 2021|archive-date=20 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720054917/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shii|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2004 |title=Sunni Islam |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa |publisher=MacMillan Reference |editor-last=Philip Mattar |edition=2nd |author1=Tayeb El-Hibri|author2=Maysam J. al Faruqi}}</ref> Cali waxaa ku xigay silsilad Imaamyo ah oo Ilaah magacaabay oo ka soo jeeda qoyska Muxammad ([[Ahl al-Bayt|Ahlul Bayt]]). Mhabka ugu weyn ee Islaamka Shiicada ah, Shiicada Laba-iyo-Tobanka ah, waxay aqoonsan yihiin Laba-iyo-Tobanka Imaam inay yihiin hoggaamiyeyaasha Ilaah magacaabay, iyadoo ka bilaabanaysa Cali keligiis oo ku dheehanaysa Mahdiga, oo la rumeysan yahay inuu ku jiro qoyanaanta loona fadhiyo inuu dib u soo laabto Dhamaadka Sannadaha si uu u aasaaso caddaalad oo uu caawin doono Ciise. Islaamka Shiicada ah wuxuu muhiimad gaar ah siiyaa Ahlul Bayt (qoyska Muxammad), kuwaas oo Muslinka Shiicada ah ay u arkaan inay leeyihiin awood diimeed iyo ruhani ah oo Ilaah siiyay. Qur'aanka, teachings-ka Muxammad (Sunnah), iyo Imaamyada waxay samayeeyaan asaaska ugu muhiimsan ee fekerka diimeed iyo fiqhiga Shiicada. Muslinka Shiicada ah waxaa kexeeya madhabka Jacfariyada ee fiqhiga.<ref>{{Cite book |author1=John Corrigan|author2=Frederick Denny|author3=Martin S Jaffee|author4=Carlos Eire |year=2011 |title=Jews, Christians, Muslims: A Comparative Introduction to Monotheistic Religions |publisher= Cambridge University Press |id=978-0205026340 }}</ref> Ururinta ugu muhiimsan ee xadiiska ee Islaamka Shiicada ah waa Afarta Buug ee Sharciga ah, oo loo yaqano Kitab al-Kafi, Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih, Tahdhib al-Ahkam, iyo Al-Istibsar. Islaamka Shiicada ah wuxuu ka kooban yahay dhowr qaybood, ta ugu weyn oo ugu muhiimsan waxay tahay Shiicada Laba-iyo-Tobanka ah, oo ay ku xigaan qaybaha yar ee Ismaaciiliyad iyo Saydiyad.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social and Military History |editor-first1=Spencer C. |editor-last1=Tucker |editor2=Priscilla Mary Roberts |year=2008 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-842-2 |page=917 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC&pg=PA917 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024726/https://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC&pg=PA917 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Iraq Effect: The Middle East After the Iraq War |first=Frederic M. |last=Wehrey |year=2010 |publisher=Rand Corporation |isbn=978-0-8330-4788-5 |page=91 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-3LAlfW7DIC&pg=PA91 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024742/https://books.google.com/books?id=i-3LAlfW7DIC&pg=PA91#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Newman|first=Andrew J.|author-link=Andrew J. Newman|title=Twelver Shiism: Unity and Diversity in the Life of Islam, 632 to 1722|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-7833-4|chapter=Introduction|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ&pg=PP18|page=2|access-date=13 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501201413/https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ|archive-date=1 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Dagaalkii Karbala, oo uu awoowe u ahaa Nabiga oo ahaa Imaamka saddexaad ee Shiicada, Xuseen ibn Cali, si xun loogu dilay oo madaxa looga jaray iyada oo la dilay badanka xubnaha qoyskiisa, wuxuu siiyay Caliyinta aqoonsi diimeed oo u gaar ah wuxuuna ka qaatay door muhiim ah zhuraalka iyo adkaynta ta noqotay Islaamka Shiicada ah. Wuxuu ka joogaa meel dhexe taariikhda Shiicada, dhaqanka, iyo cilmiga tawxiidka, iyadoo inta badan lagu xuso suugaanta Islaamka. Waa mid ka mid ah waqtiyada ugu murugada badan, muhiimka ah, ee lagu garto taariikhda Islaamka. Dhismaha Imaam Cali ee Najafe, Dhismaha Imaam Xuseen ee Karbala, iyo Dhismaha Imaam Riza ee Mashxad waa saddexda meelood ee ugu xurmada badan ka dib Masjid al-Xaraam ee Makka, Masjid al-Nabawi ee Madiina, iyo Masjid al-Aqsa ee Qudus.<ref name="Sardeg2">{{cite web |last=Escobar |first=Pepe |date=May 24, 2002 |title=Knocking on heaven's door |url=http://www.atimes.com/c-asia/DE24Ag04.html |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020603155002/http://atimes.com/c-asia/DE24Ag04.html |archive-date=June 3, 2002 |access-date=2006-11-12 |work=Asia Times Online |quote=our sixth imam, Imam Sadeg, says that we have five definitive holy places... first is Mecca... second is Medina... third belongs to our first imam of Shia, Ali, which is in Najaf. The fourth belongs to our third imam, Hussein, in Kerbala. The last one belongs to the daughter of our seventh imam and sister of our eighth imam, who is called Fatemah, and will be buried in Qom. |department=Central Asia/Russia}}</ref> Laba-iyo-Tobanka Imaam sidoo xushmad lagu hayaa Islaamka Sunnada ah dhexdeeda iyagoo ah xubno ka mid ah qoyska Nabiga Muxammad iyo shakhsiyaad muhiim ah oo ku jira taariikhda Islaamka, iyadoo Sunnadu ay booqdaan dhismooyinkooda xushmad darteed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Iraqi delegation from the Sunni Endowment visited the Holy Shrine of Imam Ali (PBUH).|url=https://www.alarbaeen.ir/en/news/an-iraqi-delegation-from-the-sunni-endowment-visited-the-holy-shrine-of-imam-ali-pbuh|access-date=2026-02-16|website=www.alarbaeen.ir}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Waziri|first=Adam Isa|date=2022-11-21|title=Sunni Professors, Scholars From Pakistan Visit Imam Husain's Holy Shrine in Karbala » Education Monitor News|url=https://educationmonitornews.com/sunni-professors-scholars-from-pakistan-visit-imam-husains-holy-shrine-in-karbala/|access-date=2026-02-16|website=Education Monitor News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Arooj|date=2024-02-01|title=Sunni scholars from Turkey express happiness upon visiting holy shrine of Imam Hussein|url=https://shiawaves.com/english/uncategorized/100914-sunni-scholars-from-turkey-express-happiness-upon-visiting-holy-shrine-of-imam-hussein/|access-date=2026-02-16|website=Shia Waves|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-16|title=Iraqi Sunni Friday prayer leaders visit Imam Reza (AS) holy shrine|url=https://en.hawzahnews.com/news/358808/Iraqi-Sunni-Friday-prayer-leaders-visit-Imam-Reza-AS-holy-shrine|access-date=2026-02-16|website=Hawzah News Agency|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=English Pakistani Sunnis Visit Imam Reza Shrine|url=https://www.shiachat.com/forum/topic/235051393-english-pakistani-sunnis-visit-imam-reza-shrine/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617090149/https://www.shiachat.com/forum/topic/235051393-english-pakistani-sunnis-visit-imam-reza-shrine/|archive-date=2025-06-17|access-date=2026-02-16|website=ShiaChat.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-14|title=Sunni Cleric: Imam Reza Shrine a Center for Unifying Muslims|url=https://en.abna24.com/news/664698/Sunni-Cleric-Imam-Reza-Shrine-a-Center-for-Unifying-Muslims|access-date=2026-02-17|website=ABNA English|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Imam Reza (A.S.) Is the Symbol of Unity among Islamic Sects.|url=https://www.alarbaeen.ir/en/news/imam-reza-as-is-the-symbol-of-unity-among-islamic-sects|access-date=2026-02-17|website=www.alarbaeen.ir}}</ref> {{multiple image | align = center | image1 = ImamAliShrine2026.jpg | width1 = 217 | alt1 = | caption1 = Dhismaha Imaam Cali ee Najafe, Ciraaq, waxaa loo arkaa Muslinka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda inuu yahay meesha ugu xurmada badan Islaamka ka dib Makka, Madiina iyo Qudus. | image2 = حرم الامام الحسين.jpg | width2 = 218 | alt2 = | caption2 = Dhismaha Imaam Xuseen ee Karbala, Ciraaq, waa meel aad u xurmo badan Islaamka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda. | width3 = 315 | alt3 = | footer = | image3 = ImamReza(A).jpg | caption3 = Dhismaha Imaam Riza ee Mashxad, Iiraan, waa masjidhka ugu weyn dunida iyadoo ka mid ah meelaha ugu xurmada badan Islaamka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda. }} ===== Cibaadiyada ===== {{Main|Muhakkima|Cibaadiyada|Khawaarijta}} Cibaadiyada waa madhab u gaar ah Islaamka waxaana inta badan loo arkaa qaybta saddexaad ee mhabada Islaamka, oo barbar taagan Islaamka Sunnada ah iyo Islaamka Shiicada ah. Xididdadeedu waxay dib u raacaan go'itaankii Khawaarijta ee ka go'een Cali, oo ahaa ina-adeerkii iyo seedigii nabiga Muxammad oo ahaa Imaamkii ugu horreeyay ee Shiicada iyo khaliifkii afaraad ee Khulafo al-Raashidiinta ee Sunnadu. Waxaaba jirta in Cibaadiyiinta casriga ah ay inta badan diadaan in aqiidadooda lagu tilmaamo Khawaarij. Cibaadiyada waxay soo baxday qarniyadii ugu horreeyay ee Islaamka iyadoo ka timaada khilaafaadkii siyaasadeed iyo kuwa tawxiidka ee ku xeernaa Fitnada Koowaad. Dhaqanku wuxuu taariikhiyan u xiran yahay dhaqdhaqaaqii hore ee Muhakkima. Cibaadiyiintu way ka tiro yar yihiin labada mhab ee ugu waaweyn Islaamka, Sunnadu iyo Shiicada. Cibaadiyada waxay weli tahay mid aan si fican u baran dadka ka baxsan, iyadoo ay ku jiraan kuwo aan Muslin ahayn iyo Muslinka Sunnada iyo Shiicada ah. [[File:Islam branches and schools.png|centre|Dulmar guud oo ku saabsan qaybaha waaweyn iyo mhabada Islaamka]] ===== Qaybaha ===== * Dhaqdhaqaaqa Axmadiyada waxaa lagu aasaasay Hindiya ee Ingiriisku xukumayay 1889 oo uu aasaasay Mirza Ghulam Ahmad oo ka soo jeeda Qadian, oo sheegtay inuu yahay Masiiyadii la ballanqaaday ("Soo laabashada Labaad ee Ciise"), Mahdiga Muslinku dhowrayaan sidoo kale prophet yar oo raaca nabiga Islaamka Muxammad. Waxaa jira fikrado iyo barashooyin kala duwan oo u gaar ah Axmadiyiinta marka loo eego badanka Muslinka kale, kuwaas oo ay ku jiraan fasiraadda cinwaanka Qur'aanka ee Khatam an-Nabiyyin iyo fasiraadda Soo laabashada Labaad ee Masiiyada. deviations-kan loo arko inay ka bixisay fekerka Islaamka ee caadiga ah waxay keeneen in badanka Muslinka ay u arkaan kuwo ka baxay diinta iyo khilaafyada lagu hayo Axmadiyiinta waddamo kala duwan dhexdeeda, gaar ahaan Bakistaan, halkaas oo si rasmi ah looga dhaqangaliyay inaysan Muslin ahayn oo ay dhaqangalisay Xukuumadda Bakistaan. Taabacsanaha Dhaqdhaqaaqa Axmadiyada ee Islaamka waxay u qeybsamaan laba kooxood: ta koowaad oo ah Bulshada Muslinka ee Axmadiyada, oo maanta ah kooxda ugu weyn, iyo Dhaqdhaqaaqa Axmadiyada ee Laahore ee Fafinta Islaamka. * Calawiyada waa dhaqan Islaam oo doonis leh oo maxalli ah, oo taabacsaneedu ay raacaan barashooyinka qarsoon (bāṭenī) ee Cali iyo Haji Bektash Veli. Calawiyada waa isku dharraaq ka mid ah fikradaha dhaqanka ee Turkiga ee qarnigii 14aad, iyadoo leh xididdo ka imaan kara Tengrism iyo Animism oo barbar socda fikradaha Shiicada iyo Tasawufka. Waxaa la qiyaasay inay jiraan 10 milyan illaa ka badan 20 milyan (~0.5–1% dhammaan Muslinka) oo Calawiyiin ah dunida oo dhan. * Qur'aaniyuuntu waa dhaqdhaqaaq diimeed ee Islaamka oo ku aasaasan aqiidada ah in sharciga Islaamka iyo xaqiijintu ay tahay oo keliya inay ka timaado Qur'aanka oo aysan ka imaanin sunnada ama Xadiiska, iyadoo Qur'aaniyuuntu ay si muuqata uga kala duwan yihiin habka loo raaco shanta tiro ee Islaamka. Dhaqdhaqaaqu wuxuu soo baxay qarnigii 19aad wixii ka dambeeyay, iyadoo fekerayaal sida Syed Ahmad Khan, Abdullah Chakralawi iyo Ghulam Ahmed Perwez ee Hindiya ay su'aal ka keeneen dhaqanka xadiiska. Ejipt, Muhammad Tawfiq Sidqi wuxuu ku qaray maqaalka ''Islaamku waa Qur'aanka keligiis'' majaladda ''Al-Manār'', isagoo u doodayay awoodda keligeed ee Qur'aanka. Qur'aaniyiin muhiim ah oo qarnigii 20aad ee dambe wuxuu ahaa Rashad Khalifa, oo ahaa biokimiko Masri-Ameerikan ah oo sheegtay inuu helay fure tiro oo ku jira Qur'aanka, wuxuuna aasaasay ururka Qur'aaniyiinta ee United Submitters International. * Mu'tazilada waxay ahayd madhab hore oo cilmiga tawxiidka Islaamka oo lagu garto isticmaalka caqliga, gaar ahaan marka loo eego labada ilo ee ugu horreeya Islaamka, Qur'aanka iyo xadiiska. Madhabtu waxay ku aasaasantaa shanta usool ee waaweyn: tawxiidka, caddaalada rabbaaniga ah, hubaasha ballanqaadyada iyo digniinaha rabbaaniga ah, meel dhexe oo marka loo eego heerka duniyeed ee duntayda waaweyn, iyo waajibka amarrada wanaagsan iyo ka hortaga xumaanta. Ka dib Sunnadu, Mu'taziladu waxay diadeen aragtida dhaqanka ah ee ah in Qur'aanku yahay hadalka aan la abuurin ee Ilaah, waxayna halkaas ka qabteen in Qur'aanku yahay waxyi la abuuray, si loo adkeeyo koodnimada kheyraatka ee Ilaah. Iyagoo adkaynaya isticmaalka caqliga, waxay u doodeen in dookha xorta ah ee bahaamka uu u oggolaado shakhsiyaadka inay doorataan wanaagga ama xumaanta, taas oo ka dhigaysa kuwo mas'uul ka ah eedooda. Bagse saameynta Mu'taziladu waxay hoos u dhacday dhibaatada bulshada iyo siyaasadeed ee ka timaada Sunnadu darteed, reebitaankooda caqliga wuxuu weli yahay mid muhiim ah fekerka casriga ah ee Islaamka. === Muslimiinta aan kooxna ka tirsanayn === {{Main|Non-denominational Muslim}} Muslimiinta aan kooxna ka tirsanayn waa eegmo guud oo loo isticmaalo ama ay isticmaalaan Muslimiinta aan ka tirsanayn ama aan isku tilmaamin mhab gaar ah oo Islaam ah.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Benakis |first=Theodoros |date=13 January 2014 |title=Islamophoobia in Europe! |work=New Europe |location=Brussels |url=http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |url-status=dead |access-date=20 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131145036/http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |archive-date=31 January 2016 |quote=Anyone who has travelled to Central Asia knows of the non-denominational Muslims—those who are neither Shiites nor Sounites, but who accept Islam as a religion generally.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Kenneth |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=jQGZBAAAQBAJ|page=29}} |title=Unthinkable: Iran, the Bomb, and American Strategy |date=2014 |isbn=978-1-4767-3393-7 |page=29 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |quote=Although many Iranian hardliners are Shi'a chauvinists, Khomeini's ideology saw the revolution as pan-Islamist, and therefore embracing Sunni, Shi'a, Sufi, and other, more nondenominational Muslims}}</ref> Sahanadii ugu dambeeyay waxay ku warramayaan in qayb weyn oo ka mid ah Muslimiinta ka mid ah kuwa ku nool qaybo ka mid ah dunida ay isku tilmaamaan oo keliya Muslim, inkasta oo ay yar tahay falanqaynta la daabacay ee ku saabsan sababaha ka dambeeya jawaabtan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burns |first=Robert |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=akWUGyN7fwEC|page=55}} |title=Christianity, Islam, and the West |date=2011 |isbn=978-0-7618-5560-6 |page=55 |publisher=University Press of America |quote=40 per cent called themselves "just a Muslim" according to the Council of American-Islamic relations}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tatari |first=Eren |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=x_4QBQAAQBAJ|page=111}} |title=Muslims in British Local Government: Representing Minority Interests in Hackney, Newham and Tower Hamlets |date=2014 |isbn=978-90-04-27226-2 |page=111 |publisher=BRILL |quote=Nineteen said that they are Sunni Muslims, six said they are just Muslim without specifying a sect, two said they are Ahmadi, and two said their families are Alevi}}</ref> Pew Research waxay ku warramaysaa in jawaab-bixiyeyaasha isku tilmaama oo keliya Muslim ay yihiin inta ugu badan ee Muslimiinta ee toddoba waddan (iyo tiro sare saddex kale dhexdeeda), iyadoo heerka ugu sarreeya uu yahay Kasakhstan oo ah 74%. Ugu yaraan mid ka mid ah shan kasta oo Muslim ah ee ugu yaraan 22 waddan wuxuu isku tilmaamaa habkan.<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|date=9 August 2012|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|access-date=4 September 2013|website=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project}}</ref> == Tasawufka == === Suufiyada === {{Main|Suufiyada}} {{See also|Xiriirka Salafiga iyo Suufiga}} [[File:Mevlana Konya.jpg|thumb|Wareegga Suufiga ee Dhismaha Qabriga Suufiga ee Rumi ee Konya, Turkey.]] Suufiyada (Carabi: تصوف), waa hab ka mid ah Tasawufka Islaamka oo raadiya in lagu helo khibrad shakhsi ah oo toos ah ee Eebbe. Culimadii hore ee Suufiyadu waxay ku tilmaameen tasawufka "cilmiga ujeeddadiisu tahay sixidda wadnaha iyo ka jeedinta dhammaan wixii kale ee aan Eebbe ahayn", iyada oo loo marayo "awoodda caqliga iyo sharafta" oo laga joojiyo in lagu tababaro. Ahmad ibn Ajiba wuxuu ku tilmaamay tasawufka "ku laabashada dhaqanka, bilowgiisuna yahay aqoon, dhexdiisuna tahay wax-qabad [aqoontaas ku saabsan], dhammaadkiisuna yahay hadiya [ka timaada Allah]." Ma aha qayb ka mid ah Islaamka, taabacsanaha ayaana ka tirsan mhabada kala duwan ee Muslinka. Ismaaciiliya, oo barashadeedu ku aasaasan tahay Gnosticism iyo Neoplatonism iyadoo ay barbar socdaan madhabaha Illuminationist iyo Isfahan ee falsafadda Islaamka, waxay samaysay fasiraado tasawuf ah oo Islaamka ah. Hasan al-Basri, oo ahaa Suufigii hore oo inta badan loo arko mid ka mid ah Suufiyadii ugu horreysay, wuxuu adkeeyay cabsida ka timaada guuldarrada Eebbe ee adkaysiga. Taa beddekeeda, Suufiyadii dambe ee waaweynayd, sida Mansur Al-Hallaj iyo Jalaluddin Rumi, waxay adkeeyeen diinta ku aasaasan jacyada loo qabo Eebbe. Jacyadaas waxay sidoo kale saameyn ku lahaayeen fanka, iyadoo Rumi uu weli yahay mid ka mid ah gabayaaga ugu iibka badan Ameerika. [[File:Sema ceremony many.jpg|thumb|Suufiyada ee Turkey.]]Suufiyadu waxay u arkaan tasawufka qayb aan ka go'in Islaamka. Suufiyadii dhaqanka ahayd, sida Bayazid Bastami, Jalaluddin Rumi, Haji Bektash Veli, Junaid Baghdadi, iyo Al-Ghazali, waxay u doodeen in Suufiyadu ku aasaasan tahay usoolka Islaamka iyo barashooyinka nabiga. Taariikhyahan Nile Green wuxuu u dooday in Islaamka qarniyadii dhexe uu ahaa wax yar ama ka badan Suufiyada. Taabacsanaha dhaqdhaqaaqa Sunnada ee dib-u-soocida ee loo yaqaano Salafiyada waxay u arkeen dhaqannada jacyada ee caanka ah, sida weyneynta awliyada Suufiga, inay yihiin cusbooneysiin ka timaada diintii hore. Salafiyiintu inta badan waxay weerareen Suufiyada, taas oo keentay xumaanshaha xiriirka Suufiga iyo Salafiga. Ururrada Suufiga waxay samayskaan dariiqooyin ku xeeran macallin (wali) oo raaca xiriir ruuxi ah oo dib u raaca Muxammad. Suufiyadu waxay kaqaateen door muhiim ah samaynta bulshooyinka Muslinka iyaga oo loo marayo dhaqdhaqaaqyada baahinta iyo waxbarashada. Dhaqdhaqaaqa Ahle Sunnat ama Barelvi ee uu saameeyay Tasawufku wuxuu sheegtaa in ka badan 200 milyan oo taabacsane ku leeyahay Koonfurta Aasiya. Suufiyadu waxay muhiim ku tahay Aasiyada Dhexe, iyo sidoo kale waddamada Afrika sida Tuniisiya, Aljeeriya, Marooko, Senejaal, Chaad iyo Nayjar. == Sharciga iyo Fiqhiga == === Shariicada === {{Main|Shariicada|Fiqhiga}} {{See also|Mantiqa ee Falsafadda Islaamka#Sharciga Islaamka iyo Cilmiga Tawxiidka}} [[File:Madhhab Map3.png|thumb|Madhabaha sharciga Islaamka ee Dunida Muslinka.]] Shariicada waa tan ka kooban sharciga diinta Islaamka. Doonista ah in la tilmaamo oo lagu ogaado sharciyada hab dhammaystiran oo is-waafaqsan waxay keentay horumarinta aragtida sharciga, oo loo yaqaano fiqhi. Taa beddekeeda, bidco waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu tilmaamo cusbooneysiinta sharciga ka baxsan ee arrimaha diinta. Dhabbooyinka kala duwan, ee loo yaqaano usoolka fiqhiga, ayaa horumaray oo madhabka sharciga ee ka soo baxa dhabbo ku xeeran waxaa loo yaqaanaa madhab. Is-waafaqidda raacda go'aannada khabiir diimeed ama madhab waxaa loo yaqaanaa taqliid. Shuruudda ghayr muqallid waxay u tilmaamaysaa kuwa aan isticmaalin taqliidka iyo, sii dheeraanteeda, aan lahayn madhab. Dhaqanka shakhsigu ku fasirayo sharciga caqliga xor ah waxaa loo yaqaanaa ijtixaad. Kuwa fasira shariicada waxaa loo yaqaanaa muftiyo oo ra'yigooda sharciga ah waxaa loo yaqaanaa fatwo. [[File:'Abd_Allah_ibn_Shaykh_Murshid_al-Katib_-_Sa'di_and_a_Dervish_Go_to_Settle_their_Quarrel_Before_a_Judge_-_Walters_W618106B_-_Cropped.jpg|thumb|Gabayaaga Saadi Shirazi iyo darwiish waxay u socdaan inay khilaafkooda ku dhameeyaan xakim hortiis, farta qarnigii 16aad oo ka timaada Iiraan.]] Ilaaha koowaad ee Shariicadu waa Qur'aanka iyo Sunnada. Ilaa saddexaad oo caani ah waa qiyaas (caqli analoji ah) oo loo isticmaalo dhibcooyinka sharciga ah ee aan si toos ah loogu faahfaahin Qur'aanka ama Sunnada. Isku-barbardhigga ayaa la raadiyaa si loo helo illah, ama sababta halkan ku jirta, oo ah sababta ka dambeysa xukunkii hore. Tusaale ahaan, reebitaanka gaarka ah ee khamriga waxaa ka soo baxaya reebitaanka guud ee alkoolka maadaama ay wadaagayaan sababta shaqaynaysa ee loo gartay inay tahay dabeecadda ma zeexisa ee dhammaan cabitaannada alkoolka ah. Madhabka Saahiriga wuxuu adkeeyay saafinimada tooska ah oo sidaas darteed wuxuu diaday qiyaaska. Is-afgaradka ra'yiga waa ijmaac, iyadoo ikhtilaafku u tilmaamayo khilaafka culimada. Xukunnadu waxay ficillada u kala saaraan mid ka mid ah shan qaybood oo loo yaqaano axkaam: farad, mustaxab, mubaah, makruuh, iyo xaraam. Xilliga casriga ah, sharciyada dambiyada ee ku aasaasan shariicada waxaa inta badan beddelay sharciyo ka yimid moodellada Yurub. Cilmiga dib-u-soocida ee Tanzimat ee Qarnigii 19aad ee Dowladdii Cusmaaniyiinta wuxuu keenay koodka madaniga ee Mecelle wuxuuna ka dhigan yahay dadaalkii ugu horreeyay ee lagu koodiyeeyo shariicada. Iyadoo Dastuurada badanka states-ka Muslinku u badan yihiin ay ku jiraan tilmaamo ku saabsan shariicada, xeerarkeeda dhaqanka ah waxaa inta badan lagu reebay oo keliya sharciyada heerka shakhsiga (famlida). Hay'adaha sharciga ah oo koodiyeeyay sharciyaddan waxay raadiyeen inay casriyeeyaan iyagoon ka tageyn aasaaskooda fiqhiga dhaqanka ah. Dib-u-soocida Islaamka ee qarnigii 20aad ee dambe waxay keentay baaqyo ka yimid dhaqdhaqaaqyada Islaamiyiinta oo ku saabsan fulinta dhammaystiran ee shariicada. Doorka shariicadu wuxuu noqday mowduuc lagu tartamo dunida oo dhan. Waxaa jira doodaha socda oo ku saabsan in shariicadu ay la waafaqsan tahay foomamka cilmaani ee xukuumadda, xuquuqda aadanaha, xorriyadda fekerka, iyo xuquuqda dumarka darteed meelaha ay ka mid yihiin faafreebka iyo doonaanta. == Bulshada == === Shakhsiyaadka diinta === {{Main|Culumada}} [[File:Maqamat_hariri.jpg|thumb|254x254px|Culimada ku sugan maktabadda Cabbaasiyiinta, Maqamat al-Hariri. Farta uu qray Yahyá al-Wasiti, Baqdaad, 1237 AD.]] Islaamku maleho wadaado ah macnaha sacerdotalism, sida baaddariyada oo kale oo dhex-dhexaadiya Eebbe iyo dadka. Imaam (Carabi: إمام) waa cinwaanka diinta oo loo isticmaalo in lagu tilmaamo booska hoggaaminta Islaamka, inta badan marka loo eego samaynta adeegga cibaadada Islaamka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Imam|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/imam|access-date=15 January 2023|website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Fasiraadda diinta waxaa hoggaamiya culumada (Carabi: علماء), oo ah shuruud loo isticmaalo in lagu tilmaamo kooxda culimada Muslinka ah ee helay tababarka barashada Islaamka. Caalimka xadiiska waxaa loo yaqaanaa muxaddith, caalimka fiqhiga waxaa loo yaqaanaa faqeeh (Carabi: فقيه), qaanuun-yaqaanka u qalma inuu soo saaro ra'yiga sharciga ah ama fatwooyinka waxaa loo yaqaanaa mufti, qadi-yuna waa xakim Islaam ah. Cinwaannada sharafta leh ee la siiyo culimada waxaa ka mid ah sheekh, mulla iyo mawlawi. Muslinka qaar ka mid ah waxay sidoo kale weyneeyaan awliyada u xiran karaamooyinka (Carabi: كرامات).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Radtke |first1=B. |last2=Lory |first2=P. |last3=Zarcone |first3=Th. |last4=DeWeese |first4=D. |last5=Gaborieau |first5=M. |last6=Denny |first6=F. M. |last7=Aubin |first7=F. |last8=Hunwick |first8=J. O. |last9=Mchugh |first9=N. |title=Walī |orig-year=1993 |year=2012 |editor1-last=Bearman |editor1-first=P. J. |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-link=Thierry Bianquis |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-first=C. E. |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor4-first=E. J. |editor4-link=Emeri Johannes van Donzel |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-first=W. P. |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=2nd |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill Publishers |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1335 |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4}}</ref> === Maamulka === {{See also|Siyaasadda iyo Islaamka|Dhaqaalaha Islaamka|Qaanuunka ciidanka ee Islaamka|Tasaamuxa|Jihaadka}} [[File:Ali and Aisha at the Battle of the Camel.jpg|thumb|Xaasidii Muxammad, Caasha, oo la dagaallamaysa Cali.]] Fiqhiga dhaqaalaha Islaamka dhexdiisa, kaydsiga hantida si xad-dhaaf ah waa lagu necbyahay, sidaas darteedna dhaqanka maalgashiga monobooliga ah waa laga hoos eegaa.<ref name="Iqbal2010">{{cite book | last1 = Iqbal | first1 = Zamir | last2 = Mirakhor | first2 = Abbas | last3 = Krichenne | first3 = Noureddine | last4 = Askari | first4 = Hossein | title = The Stability of Islamic Finance: Creating a Resilient Financial Environment | location = Singapore | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | year = 2010 | language = en | isbn = 978-0-470-82518-1 | p = 75}}</ref> Dadaallada lagu waafajinayo shariicada waxay keeneen horumarinta bangiyada Islaamka. Islaamku wuxuu reebaa ribada, oo inta badan loo turjumo faa'iido si aan caddaalad ahayn ku timaada ganacsiga, waxaana inta badan loo isticmaalaa in lagu tilmaamo faa'iidada ribada.<ref>{{harvc |c=Riba |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online |year=n.d. |last1= Schacht|first1=Joseph}}</ref> Taa beddekeeda, bangiyada Islaamku waxay iskaashi la sameeyaan amaanadaha, iyagoo labaduba wadaagaya faa'iidada iyo qasaaraha ka soo baxa mashruuca. Shuruud kale waa ka fogaanshaha hubaal-la'aanta, oo loo arko saqajaan (khumaar), bangiyada Islaamkuna dhaqan ahaan waxay ka fogaadaan aaladaha la soocay sida mustaqbalka ama doorashooyinka, taas oo taariikhiyan ka ilaalisay hoos u dhaca suuqyada.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Foster|first=John |date=1 December 2009|title=How Islamic finance missed heavenly chance|work=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8388644.stm|access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Domat|first=Chloe|date=20 October 2020|title=What Is Islamic Finance And How Does It Work?|work=Global Finance magazine|url=https://www.gfmag.com/topics/blogs/islamic-finance-faq-what-islamic-finance-and-how-does-it-work|access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref> Khulafadii Raashidiinta iyo Dowladdii Umawiyiinta waxay ku lug lahaayeen qaybinta sadaqada ee ka timaada qasnadda dowladda, oo loo yaqaano Bayt al-maal, ka hor inta aysan noqon dadaal shakhsi ah meelaha sannadkii 720. Khaliifkii ugu horreeyay, Abu Bakar, wuxuu u qaybiyay sakada sida tusaalooyinkii ugu horreeyay ee dakhliga ugu yar ee la dammaanad qaado, iyadoo muwaaddin kasta uu helayay 10 illaa 20 dirham sannadkiiba.<ref>{{cite web |last=Merchant, Brian |date=14 November 2013 |title=Guaranteeing a Minimum Income Has Been a Utopian Dream for Centuries |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/guaranteeing-a-minimum-income-has-been-a-utopian-dream-for-centuries/ |access-date=3 June 2019 |website=VICE}}</ref> Waagii maamulkii khaliifkii labaad ee Cumar, taageerada carruurta ayaa la soo bandhigay, kuwa da'da ah iyo kuwa nafedana waxay xaq u lahaayeen mushaar,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Al-Buraey |first=Muhammad |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=lT8OAAAAQAAJ|page=}} |title=Administrative Development: An Islamic Perspective |publisher=KPI |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-7103-0059-1 |pages=252–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Akgündüz |first1=Ahmed |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=EnT_zhqEe5cC|page=539}} |title=Ottoman History: Misperceptions and Truths |last2=Öztürk |first2=Said |publisher=IUR Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-90-90-26108-9 |pages=539– |access-date=7 October 2014}}</ref> iyadoo khaliifkii Umawiyiinta ee Cumar II uu u qoondeeyay adeego dhagool kasta iyo labadii qafis ee xanuunsan oo dhan.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Al-Jawzi|first1=Ibn |url=|title=The Biography and Virtues of Omar Bin Abd al-Aziz – The Ascetic Caliph |publisher=IUR Press |year=2001 |isbn= |page=130 }}</ref> [[File:Saladin the Victorious.jpg|thumb|Salaxaddiin Guuleystaha, uu qray Gustave Doré.]] Jihaad wuxuu macnehiisu yahay "dadaal ama ilaa qabasho [dhabada Eebbe]", macnehiisa ugu ballaaranina waa "awoodda, dadaalka, ama awoodda ugu dambeysa oo lagu bixiyo la dagaallanka shay laga xumaado". Shiicadu gaar ahaan waxay adkeeyaan "jihaadka weyn" oo ah dadaalka lagu gaarayo wanaajinta nafta ee ruuxiga ah iyadoo "jihaadka yar" loo tilmaamo dagaalka. Marka loo isticmaalo sidaas oo keliya, jihaadka inta badan waxaa loo fahmaa foomkiisa ciidanka. Jihaadku waa foomka keliya ee dagaalka ee loo oggol yahay sharciga Islaamka, waxaana lagu dhawaaqi karaa ka dhan ah ujeedooyinka aan sharciyaysnayn, argagixisada, kooxaha dambiyada, reebleyaasha, murtadiinta, iyo hoggaamiyeyaasha ama dowladaha dhibta Muslinka. Badanka Muslinka maanta waxay u fasiraan Jihaadka oo keliya foom دفاع ah oo dagaalka ah. Jihaadku wuxuu oo keliya noqdaa waajib shakhsi ah kuwa la siiyay awoodda. Dadka kale oo dhan, tani waxay dhacdaa oo keliya marka ay jirto diyaargarow guud. Badanka Shiicada Isnaashariyada, jihaadka weerarka ah waxaa oo keliya lagu dhawaaqi karaa hoggaamiye Eebbe uu doortay oo ee bulshada Muslinka ah, sidaas darteedna, wuu hakad ku jiraa tan iyo gaabinta Muxammad al-Mahdi ee sannadkii 868 CE. === Nolosha maanta iyo tan aabbanimada/qoyska === {{See also|Edabta (Islaamka)|Cuntada reebban ee Islaamka|Islaamka iyo carruurta|Guurka Islaamka|Dumarka Islaamka|Guurka badan ee Islaamka}} [[File:Salat Eid al-Fitr, Tehran (113344343).jpg|thumb|Haweenay Iiraani ah oo xiran astaan Islaami ah (Xijaab).]] Cilmiga edabta ee maalinlaha ah wuxuu ku jiraa qaybta edabta, ama hab-dhaqanka. Cuntooyinka si gaar ah loo reebay waxaa ka mid ah hเนื้อ Doofaarka, dhiigga iyo bakhtiga. Caafimaadka waxaa loo arkaa ammaan ka timaada Eebbe, waxyaabaha maaddada ah ee maaddada maanka dooriya, sida cabitaannada alkoolka ah, waa kuwo reebban.<ref>{{cite book|author=Fahd Salem Bahammam|title=Food and Dress in Islam: An explanation of matters relating to food and drink and dress in Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CRojJ7lnb18C&pg=PP1|publisher=Modern Guide|isbn=978-1-909322-99-8|page=1}}</ref> Dhammaan hเนื้อ waa inay ka timaadaa xayawaan geed-daaq ah oo loo qashay magaca Eebbe oo uu qashay Muslin, Yuhuudi, ama Christian, marka laga reebo ugaarta uu qofku ugaarsaday ama kaluumaysay maankiisa.<ref>{{harvp|Curtis|2005|p=164}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|p=111}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |c=Slaughter |first=Ersilia |last=Francesca |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref> Garaha inta badan waxaa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa ragga sida shay dabiici ah<ref>{{Cite news |last=De Sondy |first=Amanullah |date=28 January 2016|title=The relationship between Muslim men and their beards is a tangled one|work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jan/28/muslim-men-beards-facial-hair-islam |access-date=7 March 2022}}</ref> iyo isbeddellada jirka, sida peenijka joogtada ah (sawirka jidhka), inta badan waa reebban iyadoo laga baqayo inay kharribaan ubaahda u go'an.{{efn|Muslinka qaar ka mid ah Shiinaha waagii boqortooyada waxay ka horyimaadeen xiridda cagaha gabdhaha sababtaas oo kale darteed.}} <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.learnreligions.com/tattoos-in-islam-2004393|title=Are Muslims Allowed to Get Tattoos? |website=|access-date=7 March 2022 }}</ref> Xariirta iyo dahabka waa reebban yihiin ragga Islaamka dhexdiisa si loo dhowro xaaladda miyir-qabka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Glassé |first1=Cyril |title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=AltaMira Press |page=158 |language=en|year=2001}}</ref> Haya, oo inta badan loo turjumo "xishood", mararka qaar waxaa loo tilmaamaa dabeecadda hoose ee Islaamka<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zine |first1=Jasmin |last2=Babana-Hampton |first2=Safoi |last3=Mazid |first3=Nergis |last4=Bullock |first4=Katherine |last5=Chishti |first5=Maliha |title=American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 19:4 |publisher=International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) |page=59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JM4DwAAQBAJ&q=haya+islam&pg=PA59 |access-date=4 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> wuxuuna hagaa badanka nolosha maalinlaha ah ee Muslinka. Tusaale ahaan, dharka Islaamka dhexdiisa wuxuu adkeeyaa heerka xishoodka, oo ay ku jirto xijaabka haweenka. Sidoo kale, nadaafadda shakhsiga ah waa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa shuruudo gaar ah.<ref>{{cite web |last=Esposito |first=John |title=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e4 |access-date=3 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114153249/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e4 |archive-date=14 November 2016}}</ref> [[File:Muslim Couple (cropped).jpg|thumb|Saddex laba oo Muslin ah oo ka socda Indoneesiya.]] Guurka Islaamka dhexdiisa, ninka arooska ah waxaa lagu leeyahay inuu bixiyo meherka aroosadda (mahar).<ref>{{harvp|Waines|2003|pp=93–96}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|p=339}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|1998|p=79}}</ref> Qoysaska badankood ee dunida Islaamka waxay leeyihiin hal xaas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Newby |first=Gordon D. |url=https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00newb |title=A concise encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=Oneworld |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-85168-295-9 |location=Oxford |page=141}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed Hossein |url=https://archive.org/details/islamreligionhis00nasr_0/page/68 |title=Islam : religion, history, and civilization |publisher=HarperOne |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-06-050714-5 |location=New York |page=68}}</ref> Ragga Muslinka ah waxaa loo oggol yahay inay sameeyaan guurka badan waxayna yeelan karaan illaa afar xaas oo isku mar ah. Waxbarashada Islaamku waxay si adag uga baqaysaa inay adkayso in haddii ninku uusan dammaanad qaadi karin taageerada maaliyadeed iyo ta ruuxiga ah oo siman xaasaskiisa mid kasta, waxaa la dhiirri-geliyaa inuu guursado hal haweenay oo keliya. Sabab lagu tilmaamay guurka badan ayaa ah inay ninka u oggolaato inuu siiyo ilaalin maaliyadeed haween badan, oo laga yaabo inaysan helin taageero kale (tusaale, carrooyinka). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xaaska ugu horreysa waxay shuruud ku xiri kartaa heshiiska guurka in ninku uusan guursan karin haweenay kale inta ay guursan yihiin.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ratno Lukito|title=Legal Pluralism in Indonesia: Bridging the Unbridgeable|page=81|publisher=Routledge}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.islamweb.net/ver2/fatwa/ShowFatwa.php?lang=A&Id=18444&Option=FatwaId |title=IslamWeb |publisher=IslamWeb |date=7 February 2002 |access-date=13 September 2011}}</ref> Waxaa sidoo kale jira kala duwanaansho dhaqameed oo aroosyo ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Gai |url=https://archive.org/details/rememberinggodre0000eato |title=Remembering God: Reflections on Islam |publisher=The Islamic Texts Society |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-946621-84-2 |location=Cambridge |pages=92–93}}</ref> Polyandry, oo ah dhaqan ay haweenaydu ku guursato laba ama ka badan oo ragg ah, waa ku reebban Islaamka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Can't a Woman have 2 Husbands? |url=http://www.14publications.com/question-and-answer/why-cant-a-woman-have-2-husbands/ |access-date=27 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223012707/http://www.14publications.com/question-and-answer/why-cant-a-woman-have-2-husbands/ |archive-date=23 December 2015 |website=14 Publications}}</ref> [[File:عکس های مراسم ترتیل خوانی یا جزء خوانی یا قرائت قرآن در ایام ماه رمضان در حرم فاطمه معصومه در شهر قم 20.jpg|thumb|Gabdhaha Muslinka ah oo baranaya Qur'aanka lagu dul dhigay rehalada xilliga Ramadaanka ee Qom, Iiraan.]] Aadada dhalashada ubadka ka dib, adhaanka waxaa lagu dhawaaqaa dhegta midig. Maalinta todobaad, xafladda caqiiqada ayaa la sameeyaa, oo xayawaan lagu qalo oo hantiisa loo qaybiyo masaakiinta. Madaxa ubadka waa la xiiraa, oo lacag la eg miisaanka dhagaha waxaa loo deeqaa masaakiinta. Gudniinka raga, oo loo yaqaano khitaan, inta badan waa lagu dhaqmaa dunida Muslinka.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2014 |title=Khitān |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/khitan-Islam |access-date=27 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127165754/https://www.britannica.com/topic/khitan-Islam |archive-date=27 January 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |date=January 2017 |title=Reported Male Circumcision Practices in a Muslim-Majority Setting |journal=BioMed Research International |publisher=Hindawi Publishing Corporation |volume=2017 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1155/2017/4957348 |pmc=5282422 |pmid=28194416 |doi-access=free |author1-last=Anwer |author1-first=Abdul Wahid |author2-last=Samad |author2-first=Lubna |author3-last=Baig-Ansari |author3-first=Naila |author4-last=Iftikhar |author4-first=Sundus}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 August 2009 |title=Islam: Circumcision of boys |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/malecircumcision.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112170938/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/malecircumcision.shtml |archive-date=12 November 2012 |access-date=27 May 2020 |work=Religion & ethics—Islam |publisher=Bbc.co.uk}}</ref> Xaq-dhowridda iyo addeecidda waalidiinta, iyo daryeelidooda gaar ahaan markay da'da yihiin waa waajib diini ah. Muslinka dhimanaya waxaa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa inuu dhawaaqo Shahaadada si ay u noqoto hadalkiisa ugu dambeeya.<ref>{{Cite book| isbn = 9783643900678| title =Changing European Death Ways| location = Austria| year = 2013| last1=Mathijssen| first1=Brenda|last2=Venhorst|first2=Claudia|last3=Venbrux|first3=Eric|last4=Quartier|first4=Thomas| url =| page = 265 |publisher=Lit }}</ref> Xaq-dhowridda kii dhintay iyo ka qaybgalka jinaasooyinka ee bulshada dhexdeeda waxaa loo arkaa mid ka mid ah ficillada wanaagsan. Caadooyinka aasidda Islaamka, aasidda waxaa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa si dhakhso ah oo ugu macquulsan, inta badan 24 saac dhexdeeda. Meydka waa la dhaqaa, marka laga reebo shuhadada, oo ay dhaqaan kuwo labka ah oo isku jinsi ah waxaana lagu duubaa dhar aan adkayn oo loo yaqaano kafan. Salaadda jinaasada oo loo yaqaano Salat al-Janazah ayaa la tukadaa. Qaylada ama ooyinta weyn ee baroorgaaga ah waa laga fogaadaa. Sanduuqyada aaska inta badan la ma doorbido oo qabrida inta badan calaamad maleho, xata boqorada. === Farshaxanka, saamaynta, iyo dhaqanka === {{Main|Dhaqanka Islaamka}} {{See also|Farshaxanka Islaamka|Dhismaha Islaamka|Suugaanta Islaamka|Islaamka iyo kubbadda cagta|Muslinka Dhaqanka}} [[File:Chinese-style minaret of the Great Mosque 2023.jpg|thumb|Minaaradda qaabka Shiinaha ee Masaajidka Weyn ee Xi'an, oo ka mid ah masaajidda ugu ee Shiinaha ee la dhisay 742 AD.]] Erayga "dhaqanka Islaamka" waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu tilmaamo dhinacyada dhaqanka ee u gaarka ah diinta, sida ciidaha iyo dharka. Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa si dood ku jirto oo loogu tilmaamo dhinacyada dhaqanka ee dadka Muslinka ah ee dhaqanka ah.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Melikian |first=Souren |author-link=Souren Melikian |date=4 November 2011 |title='Islamic' Culture: A Groundless Myth |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/05/arts/05iht-rartmelikian05.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=25 November 2013}}</ref> Ugudambeyntii, "ilbaxnimada Islaamka" waxay sidoo kale u tilmaami kartaa dhinacyada dhaqanka isku-dhafka ah ee Khilafaadkii hore, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa aan Muslinka ahayn, mararka ka mid ahna loo yaqaano "Islaamiga".<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Wiley| isbn = 9781405155144| title =Islamicate Cosmopolitan Spirit | location = United Kingdom| year = 2021| last=Lawrence| first=Bruce| url =| page = xii| quote = }}</ref> Farshaxanka Islaamku wuxuu ka kooban yahay farshaxanka muuqaalka ah oo ay ku jiraan ilo kala duwan sida dhismaha, farta qurxoon, sawirka, iyo dhoobada, iyo kuwo kale.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ettinghausen |first1=Richard |first2=Oleg |last2=Grabar |first3=Marilyn |last3=Jenkins-Madina |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780300088670/page/3 |title=Islamic Art and Architecture 650-1250 |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-300-08869-8 |edition=2nd |page=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Suarez|first=Michael F.|title=The Oxford companion to the book|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|isbn=9780198606536|location=Oxford and New York|pages=331ff|chapter=38 The History of the Book in the Muslim World|oclc=50238944}}</ref> Iyadoo sameynta sawirrada noolaha inta badan ka laga fogaado oo u xiran sharciyada ka dhanka ah sanam-caabudidda, shuruuddan waxaa u fasiray ilo kala duwan culimo kala duwan iyo xilliyo taariikhi ah oo kala duwan. [[File:Masjid Menara Kudus.jpg|thumb|Masaajidka Menara Kudus ee qarnigii 16aad ee Indoneesiya, oo muujinaya saamaynta Hindiya.]] Xaddidaaddan waxaa loo isticmaalay in lagu fashilo badnaanta farta qurxoon, joomatariya isku-dhafka ah, iyo qaababka sida ilaha muhiimka ah ee dhaqanka farshaxanka Islaamka.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Salim Ayduz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=or-6BwAAQBAJ&q=islamic+art+idolatry+geometry&pg=PA263 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam |last2=Ibrahim Kalin |last3=Caner Dagli |date=2014 |page=263|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-981257-8 |quote=Figural representation is virtually unused in Islamic art because of Islam's strong antagonism of idolatry. It was important for Muslim scholars and artists to find a style of art that represented the Islamic ideals of unity (''tawhid'') and order without figural representation. Geometric patterns perfectly suited this goal.}}</ref> Waxaa sii dheer, sawirka Muxammad waa arrin dood ka jirto dhexdeeda Muslinka.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=860736| title = An Indian Picture of Muhammad and His Companions | author = T. W. Arnold| journal = The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs | author-link = T. W. Arnold| date = June 1919| volume = 34| issue = 195 | publisher = The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs, Vol. 34, No. 195. | pages = 249–252}}</ref> Dhismaha Islaamka dhexdiisa, dhaqanka kala duwan wuxuu muujinayaa saamayn sida dhismaha Islaamka ee Waqooyiga Afrika iyo Isbaanishka sida Masaajidka Weyn ee Kairouan oo ka kooban tiirar marmar iyo borfiri ah oo ka yimid dhismayaashii Roomaanka iyo Bizantiinta,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Isichei |first=Elizabeth Allo |url={{Google books|LgnhYDozENgC|page=PA175|keywords=mosque%20kairouan%20roman columns|text=mosque+kairouan+roman+columns|plainurl=yes}} |title=A history of African societies to 1870 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-521-45599-2 |location=Cambridge |pages=175 |access-date=6 August 2010}}</ref> iyadoo masaajidda Indoneesiya inta badan leeyihiin saqafyo heerarka badan leh oo ka yimid qaabka dhaladka ah ee Jafa.<ref>{{cite book |first=Gunawan |last=Tjahjono |title=Indonesian Heritage-Architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/architecture00indo/page/88 |year=1998 |publisher=Archipelago Press |location=Singapore |isbn=981-3018-30-5 |pages=88–89 }}</ref> Taariikhda Islaamku waa taariikhda dayaxa oo ka bilaabanta Hijrada 622 CE, oo ah taariikh oo la sheegay inuu doortay Khaliif Cumar maadaama ay ahayd meel isbeddel muhiim ah u ahayd Muxammad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Muslim-calendar|title=Islamic calendar|website=www.britannica.com|date=|access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref> Maalmaha barakaysan ee Islaamku waxay ku beegan yihiin taariikho go'an oo ee taariikhda dayaxa, taas oo macnaheedu yahay inay dhacaan xilliyo kala duwan sannado kala duwan oo ee taariikhda Miilaadiga. Ciidaha ugu muhiimsan Islaamka waa Ciidul Fitri (Carabi: عيد الفطر) ee 1-da Shawaal, oo calaamad u ah dhammaadka bisha soomanaanta ee Ramadaan, iyo Ciidul Adxa (Carabi: عيد الأضحى) ee 10-ka Dhul-Hijjah, oo ku beegan dhammaadka Xajka.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher =Oxford University Press| isbn =9780195165203| title =The Islamic World: Past and Present| year = 2004| last=Esposito| first=John| pages = 75–76 |ref=none}}</ref><ref name="www.britannica.com-2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pillars-of-Islam|title=Pillars of Islam &#124; Islamic Beliefs & Practices &#124; Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|date=3 May 2023|access-date=16 December 2021|archive-date=5 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905102524/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pillars-of-Islam|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslinka Dhaqanka waa shakhsiyaad aan cibaadaysaneyn oo wali lagu aqoonsado Islaamka iyadoo laga duulayo asalka qoyska, dhiirrigelinta shakhsiga ah, ama deegaanka bulshada iyo dhaqanka ee ay ku doorteen inay ku koran.<ref>{{cite book|first1= Cara|last1= Aitchison|author1-link= Cara Aitchison|first2= Peter E.|last2= Hopkins|author3-link= Mei-Po Kwan|author3= Mei-Po Kwan|title= Geographies of Muslim Identities: Diaspora, Gender and Belonging|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DRnthQxB8lYC&pg=PA147|access-date= 30 June 2013|year= 2007|publisher= Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn= 978-1-4094-8747-0|pages=147}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Islamic Counselling: An Introduction to theory and practice|first=G. Hussein|last= Rassool|year= 2015| isbn=9781317441250| page =10|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o_QsCgAAQBAJ&dq=Muslims+who+are+religiously+unobservant,+secular+or+irreligious+individuals+who+still+identify+with+the+Muslim&pg=PA10|quote=The label 'Cultural Muslim' is used in the literature to describe those Muslims who are religiously unobservant, secular or irreligious individuals who still identify with the Muslim culture due to family background, personal experiences, or the social and cultural environment in which they grew up... For Cultural Muslim the declaration of faith is superficial and has no effect of their religious practices.}}</ref> == Dhaqdhaqaaqyada Islaamiyiinta == {{Main|Islaamiga}} {{See also|Islaamiga dalka u gaarka ah}} Islaamiga waa taxane dhaqdhaqaaqyo diineed iyo siyaasadeed ah oo aaminsan in Islaamku yahay inuu saamaynta ku yeesho nidaamyada siyaasadda; kuwo ugu muhiimsan waxaa ka mid ah Dhaqdhaqaaqa Khilaafada, Soo-nolaynta Islaamka, Dimoqraadiyadda Islaamka, Dhaqdhaqaaqa Deobandi, Dhaqdhaqaaqa Salafiga, iyo kuwo kale.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Islamism |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/islamism |website=Cambridge dictionary}}</ref> Taageerayaashiisu waxay aaminsan yihiin in Islaamku dabiici ahaan yahay siyaasad, nidaamka siyaasad ee Islaamkuna wuxuu ka sarreeyaa hanti-wadaagga, dimoqraadiyadda xorta ah, hanti-goosadka, iyo dookhadaha kale ee lagu gaarayo bulsho caddaalad ah oo guulaystay.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cox |first=Caroline |date=June 2003 |title=The 'West', Islam and Islamism |url=https://civitas.org.uk/pdf/cs29.pdf |access-date=28 November 2024 |website=Civitas: Institute for the Study of Civil Society}}</ref> U doodayaasha Islaamiga, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan "al-Islamiyyun", inta badan waxay ku xiran yihiin hay'adaha Islaamka ama dhaqdhaqaaqyada abaabulka bulshada,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Islamism |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012444 |access-date=25 August 2023 |website=Oxford Reference|archive-date=25 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825061146/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012444 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyagoo adkaynaya fulinta shariicada, midnimada siyaasadeed ee pan-Islaamka,<ref name="eikmeier-2007">{{cite journal |last1=Eikmeier |first1=Dale |title=Qutbism: An Ideology of Islamic-Fascism |journal=The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters |date=2007 |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=85–97 |doi=10.55540/0031-1723.2340|doi-access=free }}</ref> iyo abuurista dowlado Islaam ah.<ref>Soage, Ana Belén. "Introduction to Political Islam." Religion Compass 3.5 (2009): 887–96.</ref> == Saamaynta diimaha kale == Haddii dhaqdhaqaaqyada sida Druze,<ref>{{Cite book |last=De McLaurin |first=Ronald |url=https://archive.org/details/politicalroleofm0000unse |title=The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East |publisher=Michigan University Press |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-03-052596-4 |page=114 |quote=Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles, the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hunter |first=Shireen |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsofislami0000unse |title=The Politics of Islamic Revivalism: Diversity and Unity: Center for Strategic and International Studies (Washington, D.C.), Georgetown University. Center for Strategic and International Studies |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-253-34549-3 |page=33 |quote=Druze – An offshoot of Shi'ism; its members are not considered Muslims by orthodox Muslims.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=R. Williams |first=Victoria |title=Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival [4 volumes] |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-4408-6118-5 |page=318 |quote=As Druze is a nonritualistic religion without requirements to pray, fast, make pilgrimages, or observe days of rest, the Druze are not considered an Islamic people by Sunni Muslims.}}</ref> Berghouata iyo Ha-Mim, ay ka soo baxeen Islaamka ama ay la wadaageen rumayntooda gaarka ah Islaamka, iyo haddii mid kastaa yahay diin gooni ah ama firqad ka mid ah Islaamka waa aragtiyo dood ku jiraan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=D. Grafton |first=David |title=Piety, Politics, and Power: Lutherans Encountering Islam in the Middle East |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-63087-718-7 |page=14 |quote=In addition, there are several quasi-Muslim sects, in that, although they follow many of the beliefs and practices of orthodox Islam, the majority of Sunnis consider them heretical. These would be the Ahmadiyya, Druze, Ibadi, and the Yazidis.}}</ref> Caqiidada Druze waxay sii kala qaybisay Ismaaciiliyada maadaama ay horumarisay caqiidooyinkeeda gaarka ah, waxayna ugu dambeyntii ka sootagday Ismaaciiliyada iyo Islaamka labadaba; kuwan waxaa ka mid ah rumaynta in Imaamka Al-Xaakim bi-Amr Allaah uu ahaa Ilaah jisoobay.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Poonawala |first=Ismail K. |date=July–September 1999 |title=Review: ''The Fatimids and Their Traditions of Learning'' by Heinz Halm |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-oriental-society_july-september-1999_119_3/page/542 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |publisher=American Oriental Society |volume=119 |issue=3 |page=542 |doi=10.2307/605981 |issn=0003-0279 |jstor=605981 |lccn=12032032 |oclc=47785421}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Bryer | first = David R. W. | title = The Origins of the Druze Religion (Fortsetzung) | journal = Der Islam | year = 1975 | volume = 52 | issue = 2 | pages = 239–262 | doi = 10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 | s2cid = 162363556 | url = https://doi.org/10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 | issn = 1613-0928 | ref = {{harvid|Bryer|1975b}} | url-access = subscription }}</ref> Yazdânism waxaa loo arkaa isku-dhafan ka mid ah rumaynta dhaladka ee Kurdiida iyo caqiidada Suufiyada Islaamka ee loo soo bandhigay Kurdistan ee Sheekh Cadi ibn Musafir ee qarnigii 12aad.<ref>{{cite book |last=Foltz |first=Richard |title=Religions of Iran: From Prehistory to the Present |date=7 November 2013 |isbn=978-1-78074-307-3 |page=219 |chapter=Two Kurdish Sects: The Yezidis and the Yaresan |publisher=Oneworld Publications |chapter-url= |chapter-url-access=}}</ref> Bábism waxay ka soo bilaabatay Shiicada Isnaashariyada ee martay Siyyid 'Ali Muhammad i-Shirazi al-Bab iyadoo mid ka mid ah taageerayaashiisa Mirza Husayn 'Ali Nuri Baha'u'llah uu aasaasay Caqiidada Baha'i.<ref>{{cite web |last=House of Justice |first=Universal |title=One Common Faith |url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/bic/OCF/ocf-8.html |access-date=1 April 2017 |website=reference.bahai.org}}</ref> Yarsanism,<ref name="Z. Mir-Hosseini 1994, p.267">{{cite journal |last=Mir-Hosseini |first=Z. |date=1994 |title=Inner Truth and Outer History: The Two Worlds of the Ahl-e Haqq of Kurdistan |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-middle-east-studies_1994-04_26_2/page/267 |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=26 |pages=267–268}}</ref> Din-i Ilahi,{{sfnp|Roychoudhury|1941|page=306}} iyo Ali-Illahism<ref>{{Cite book |last=Layard |first=Austen Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-SQe_sNtIaMC&q=ali%2520illahism&pg=PA216 |title=Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon: With Travels in Armenia, Kurdistan and the Desert: Being the Result of a Second Expedition Undertaken for the Trustees of the British Museum |date=2010-08-31 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108016773 |page=216 |language=en}}</ref> waxaa loo arkaa kuwo ka sootagay Islaamka. Sikhism, oo uu aasaasay Guru Nanak oo ku sugan Punjab qarnigii 15aad ee dambe, waxaa saameeyay Islaamku.<ref>{{cite book |last=Elsberg |first=Constance |date=2003 |title=Graceful Women |publisher=University of Tennessee Press |isbn=978-1-57233-214-0 |pages=27–28}}</ref> == Dhaleeceynta == {{Main|Dhaleeceynta Islaamka}} {{see also|Dhaleeceynta Muxammad|Dhaleeceynta Qur'aanka}} [[File:Jacques Courtois - Battle between Christians and Muslims.jpg|thumb|Dagaalkii ka dhex dhacay Muslinka iyo Masiixiyiinta xilligii Dagaalladii Saliibiyada, oo uu sameeyay Jacques Courtois.]] Dhaleeceynta Islaamku waxay jirtay tan iyo heeraradeedii ugu horreeyay. Dhaleeceyntii hore waxay ka timid qoraayaal Yahuud ah, sida Ibn Kammuna, iyo qoraayaal Masiixi ah, oo kuwo badan oo ka mid ah ay u arkayeen Islaamka bidco Masiixi ah ama nooc sanam-caabudid ah, iyagood inta badan ku fashilayay terms apocalyptic ah.{{sfnp|Fahlbusch et al|2001|p=[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=yaecVMhMWaEC|page=759}} 759]}} Qoraayaasha Masiixiyiinta ahi waxay dhaleeceeyeen sharraxaadaha laab-lakacsan ee Islaamku ka bixiyo jannada. Qarnigii sagaalaad aqoonyahankii Muslinka ahaa ee Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari wuxuu u dooday sharraxaadda Qur'aanka ee jannada iyadoo sheegaysa in Baybalku sidoo kale tilmaamayso fikradahaas, sida cabbidda khamriga ee jannada dhexdeeda oo ku jirta Injiilka Matayos. Caalimkii Masiixiga ahaa ee qarnigii 4aad Augustine ee Hippo caqiidooyinkiisu waxay keeneen diidmo baahsan oo ku saabsan raaxada jidhka ee nolosha iyo aakhiro dhexdeeda labadaba.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Christian Lange |title=Paradise and Hell in Islamic Traditions |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-521-50637-3 |pages=18–20}}</ref> Sawirro aflaadaad ah oo ka dhan ah Muxammad, oo ka soo bilaabmay sawirraddii hore ee qarnigii 7aad ee Kaniisadda Ortodokska Bari ee Boqortooyada Bizantiinta,<ref>Reeves, Minou, and P. J. Stewart. 2003. ''Muhammad in Europe: A Thousand Years of Western Myth-Making''. NYU Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8147-7564-6}}. p. 93–96.</ref> waxay ka muuqdaan gabayga qarnigii 14aad ee Divine Comedy oo uu qaray Dante Alighieri. Halkan, Muxammad waxaa lagu muujiyay goobta sideedaad ee jahannamada, iyadoo la joogo Cali. Dante ma eedayno Islaamka guud ahaan laakiin wuxuu eedaynayaa Muxammad kala qaybin, maadaama uu aasaasay diin kale Masiixiyadda ka dib.<ref name="Stone">Stone, G. 2006. ''Dante's Pluralism and the Islamic Philosophy of Religion''. Springer Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1-4039-8309-1}}. p. 53–54.</ref> Dhaleeceynaha kale waxay diiradda saaraan la-dhaqanka shakhsiyaadka ee gudaha waddamada casriga ah ee Muslinku ku badan yahay, oo ay ku jiraan arrimo ku saabsan xuquuqda aadanaha, goorta ay si dhow u la xiriirto fulinta sharciga Islaamka.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Yohanan|last1=Friedmann|year=2003|title=Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/tolerancecoercio00frie|url-access=limited|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/tolerancecoercio00frie/page/n31 18], 35|isbn=978-0-521-02699-4}}</ref> Sidoo kale, isbeddellada dhowaan ee dhaqammada kala duwan ka dib, kartida loo malaynayo inay leeyihiin soo-galootiga Muslinka ah ee Galbeedka si ay u la qabsadaan waa la dhaleeceeyay oo waxaa loo eedeeyay asalka Islaamka kuwo ka mid ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Modood |first=Tariq |url=https://archive.org/details/multiculturalism00modo |title=Multiculturalism, Muslims and Citizenship: A European Approach |date=6 April 2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-35515-5 |edition=1st |page=[https://archive.org/details/multiculturalism00modo/page/n43 29] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Ugu dambeyntii cilmi-baaris{{what|date=April 2026}} waxay heshay in diindhaqameedka Islaamka oo sarreeya uu la xiriiro xagjirinimada Islaamka oo sarreysa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kamenowski |first1=Maria |last2=Manzoni |first2=Patrik |last3=Haymoz |first3=Sandrine |last4=Isenhardt |first4=Anna |last5=Jacot |first5=Cédric |last6=Baier |first6=Dirk |date=2021-06-17 |title=Religion as an influencing factor of right-wing, left-wing and Islamist extremism. Findings of a Swiss youth study |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=6 |article-number=e0252851 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0252851 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=8211158 |pmid=34138885 |bibcode=2021PLoSO..1652851K }}</ref> === Ilaha === {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Imad-ad-Dean |title=Signs in the heavens |volume=2 |publisher=Amana Publications |year=2006 |isbn=1-59008-040-8}} * {{cite book |last=Arnold|first=Thomas |title=The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith.|volume= |publisher= |year=1896 |isbn=}} * {{Cite book |last=Bennett |first=Clinton |title=Interpreting the Qur'an: a guide for the uninitiated |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8264-9944-8 |page=101 |author-link=Clinton Bennett}} * {{cite book |last=Blankinship |first=K. |year=2008 |chapter=The early creed |editor=T. 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|last2=Hinnells |first2=John R. |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-27408-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Momen |first=Moojan |title=An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-300-03531-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyed Hossein |author-link=Seyyed Hossein Nasr |year=2003 |title=The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity}} * {{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyed Muhammad |url=https://archive.org/details/ourreligions00shar |title=Our Religions: The Seven World Religions Introduced by Preeminent Scholars from Each Tradition (Chapter 7) |publisher=HarperCollins |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-06-067700-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Nigosian |first=Solomon Alexander |title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-253-21627-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Peacock|first=A.C.S.|title=Islam, Literature and Society in Mongol Anatolia|date=2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume= |page=|doi= 10.1017/9781108582124|isbn=978-1-108-58212-4|s2cid=211657444}} * {{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F. 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Montgomery |title=The Formative Period of Islamic Thought |publisher=University Press Edinburgh |year=1973 |isbn=978-0-85224-245-2 |author-link=William Montgomery Watt}} * {{Cite book |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadprophets00watt |title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1974 |isbn=978-0-19-881078-0 |edition=New |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Weiss |first=Bernard G. |title=Studies in Islamic Legal Theory |publisher=Brill Academic publishers |year=2002 |isbn=978-90-04-12066-2 |location=Boston |author-link=Bernard G. Weiss}} {{Refend}} === Qaamuusyo iyo encyclopedias === {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{harvc |last1=Gardet|first1=L.|last2=Jomier|first2=J.|year=2012|c=Islām |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0387}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |ref={{harvid|Fahlbusch et al|2001}} |editor-last=Fahlbusch |editor-first=Erwin |display-editors=etal |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=yaecVMhMWaEC}} |title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=2001 |isbn=978-90-04-11695-5 |volume=2}} * {{cite encyclopedia |year=1913–1936 |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |editor1-last=Houtsma |editor1-first=M.T. |editor1-link=Martijn Theodoor Houtsma |editor2-first=T.W. |editor2-last=Arnold |editor2-link=Thomas Walker Arnold |editor3-first=R. |editor3-last=Basset |editor4-first=R. |editor4-last=Hartmann |edition=1st |place=Leiden |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-08265-6 |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam (1st ed.)|1913–1936}}}} * {{cite encyclopedia |year=2012 |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P.J. |issn=1573-3912 |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |edition=2nd |place=Leiden |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4 |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)|2012}}}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P.J. |issn=1573-3912 |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|n.d.}} |date=n.d. |url=https://brill.com/view/package/eio?language=en |url-access=subscription}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2004 |title=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World |series=Macmillan Reference Books |publisher=Thomson-Gale |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofis0001unse |editor-last=Martin |editor-first=Richard C. |isbn=978-0-02-865603-8}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |date=n.d. |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |editor-link=Jane Dammen McAuliffe}} * {{cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān |volume=2 |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=2002}} * {{cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān |volume=3 |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=2003}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals |publisher=Routledge |editor-last=Salamone |editor-first=Frank |edition=1st |isbn=978-0-415-94180-8 |series=Routledge Encyclopedias of Religion and Society |volume=6 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre00sala |jstor=j.ctt1jd94wq |year=2004}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2003 |title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=AltaMira Press |url=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas |editor-last=Glassé |editor-first=Cyril |series=Revised Edition of the Concise Encyclopedia of Islam |isbn=978-0-7591-0190-6 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-19-512558-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00bada |url-access=registration}} {{doi|10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001}} – via Oxford Reference. * {{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |year=2004 |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |place=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975726-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2006 |title=The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia |publisher=Routledge |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=isDgI0-0Ip4C|page=}} |editor-last=Leaman |editor-first=Oliver |isbn=978-0-415-32639-1}} {{Refend}} == Akhrin dheeraad ah == {{Refbegin}} * Abdul-Haqq, Abdiyah Akbar (1980). ''Sharing Your Faith with a Muslim''. Minneapolis: Bethany House Publishers. ''N.B''. Presents the genuine doctrines and concepts of Islam and of the Holy Qur'an, and this religion's affinities with Christianity and its Sacred Scriptures, in order to "dialogue" on the basis of what both faiths really teach. {{ISBN|0-87123-553-6}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism |publisher=SAGE; Cato Institute |location=Thousand Oaks, CA |last=Ahmad |first=Imad-ad-Dean |title=Islam |author-link=Imad-ad-Dean Ahmad |editor-last=Hamowy |editor-first=Ronald |editor-link=Ronald Hamowy |pages=256–258 |doi=10.4135/9781412965811.n155 |isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4 |lccn=2008009151 |oclc=750831024 |url={{Google books|yxNgXs3TkJYC|plainurl=yes}}}} * {{Cite book |last=Akyol |first=Mustafa |url=https://archive.org/details/islamwithoutextr0000akyo |title=Islam Without Extremes |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-393-07086-6 |edition=1st |author-link=Mustafa Akyol}} * {{Cite book |last=Arberry |first=A.J. |url=https://archive.org/details/koraninterpreted00ajar |title=The Koran Interpreted: A Translation |publisher=Touchstone |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-684-82507-6 |edition=1st |author-link=A. J. Arberry}} * Cragg, Kenneth (1975). ''The House of Islam'', in ''The Religious Life of Man Series''. Second ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company 1975. xiii, 145 p. {{ISBN|0-8221-0139-4}}. * {{Cite book |last=Hafez |first=Sherine |title=An Islam of Her Own: Reconsidering Religion and Secularism in Women's Islamic Movements |year=2011 |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=9780814773055 |url=https://opensquare.nyupress.org/books/9780814790724/}} * {{Cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Muhammad Muhsin |title=Noble Quran |last2=Al-Hilali Khan |last3=Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications |year=1999 |isbn=978-9960-740-79-9 |edition=1st |author-link=Muhammad Muhsin Khan}} * Khanbaghi, A, (2006). ''The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran''. I. B. Tauris. * Khavari, Farid A. (1990). ''Oil and Islam: the Ticking Bomb''. First ed. Malibu, Calif.: Roundtable Publications. viii, 277 p., ill. with maps and charts. {{ISBN|0-915677-55-5}}. * {{Cite book |title=The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-965-224-040-8 |editor-last=Kramer |editor-first=Martin |editor-link=Martin Kramer}} * {{Cite book |last=Kuban |first=Dogan |title=Muslim Religious Architecture |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=1974 |isbn=978-90-04-03813-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/islamwest00lewi_0 |title=Islam and the West |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-19-509061-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/culturesinconfli0000lewi |title=Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Age of Discovery |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-19-510283-3 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Mubarkpuri |first=Saifur-Rahman |title=The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Prophet |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-59144-071-0}} * {{Cite book |last=Najeebabadi |first=Akbar Shah |title=History of Islam |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-59144-034-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Sayilgan |first=Salih |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/god-evil-and-suffering-in-islam/C4C89591ADAAF25F104D517C4F4634B3 |title=God, Evil, and Suffering in Islam |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2023 |isbn=9781009377294}} * {{Cite book |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |url=https://www.giffordlectures.org/books/deciphering-signs-god-phenomenological-approach-islam |title=Deciphering the Signs of God: A Phenomenological Approach to Islam |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-7914-1982-3 |author-link=Annemarie Schimmel |access-date=31 January 2019 |archive-date=22 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422154518/https://www.giffordlectures.org/books/deciphering-signs-god-phenomenological-approach-islam |url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book |last=Schuon |first=Frithjof |title=Understanding Islam |publisher=Allen & Unwin |year=1963 |isbn=978-0941532242 |edition=3rd |author-link=Frithjof Schuon}} * {{Cite book |last=Stoddard |first=Lothrop |title=The New World of Islam |publisher=Chapman & Hall |year=1922 |url=https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/24107}} * {{Cite book |last=Walker |first=Benjamin |title=Foundations of Islam: The Making of a World Faith |publisher=Peter Owen Publishers |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-7206-1038-3 |author-link=Benjamin Walker (author)}} {{Refend}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Library resources box}} * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam "Islam"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/index.shtml Religion & Ethics – Islam] Maqaallo hordhac u ah Islaamka oo ka socda BBC ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} ou5hqxs4k1s4kzqrdsa023txomufzws 307318 307315 2026-09-06T20:17:20Z Isma4l 41797 /* Bulshada */ 307318 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox religion | native_name = {{lang|ar|{{Script|Arab|الإسلام}}}}<br/>{{transliteration|ar|al-Islām}} | image = The Kaaba during Hajj - edited.jpg | caption = [[Kacbada]] ee ku taal [[Masjidka Xaramka]] ee [[Makka]], [[Sacuudi Carabiya]], oo ah [[Holiest sites in islam|goobta Islaamka ee ugu barakeysan]] | type = | main_classification = [[Abrahamic religions|Ibraahimi ah]] | scripture = {{Plainlist| * [[Quraan]] * Sunnada: [[Xadiis]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The saheeh Sunnah is wahy (Revelation) from Allah |url=https://islamqa.info/en/answers/77243/the-saheeh-sunnah-is-wahy-(revelation)-from-allah |website=islamqa.info |access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref> * Tafsiirka: [[Tafsiir]]<ref>Mir, Mustansir. (1995). "Tafsīr". In John L. Esposito. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref> }} | theology = [[Tawhid|Kkudnimada Alle]] | law = [[Sharia]] | philosophy = [[Falsafada Islaamka]] | area = [[Islam by country|Adduunka oo dhan]]<ref name="Global Islam" /> | language = [[Classical Arabic|Carabiga Quraanka]] | territory = [[Islamic world]] | founder = [[Maxamed]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Welch |first1=Alford T. |last2=Moussalli |first2=Ahmad S. |last3=Newby |first3=Gordon D. |date=2009 |entry=Muḥammad |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |editor-first=John L. |editor-last=Esposito |publisher=Oxford University Press |entry-url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211050118/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550 |archive-date=11 February 2017 }}</ref> | founded_date = {{circa|610 C.D.}} | founded_place = [[Jabal al-Nour]]<!-- Beginnings are understood to be where Muhammad is said to have received his first ever revelation, which was inside a cave in this mountain --> | number_of_followers = {{est.}} 2 bilyan<ref name="pew2010–2020" /> {{increase}} (oo si gaar ah loogu yeero [[Muslimiin]], halka si wadajir ah loogu yeero {{transliteration|ar|[[Ummah]]}}) | separations = {{Plainlist| * [[Ali-Illahism]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-SQe_sNtIaMC&q=ali%2520illahism&pg=PA216|title=Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon: With Travels in Armenia, Kurdistan and the Desert: Being the Result of a Second Expedition Undertaken for the Trustees of the British Museum|last=Layard|first=Austen Henry|date=2010-08-31|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108016773|page=216|language=en}}</ref> * [[Druze faith]]<ref>{{cite book |title=The Oxford Handbook of American Islam |first=Yvonne |last=Yazbeck Haddad |year=2014 |isbn=9780199862634 |page=142|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> * [[Baháʼí Faith]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Van der Vyer |first=J. D. |year=1996 |title=Religious human rights in global perspective: religious perspectives |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |isbn=90-411-0176-4 |page=449 |url=https://archive.org/details/religioushumanri0000unse |url-access=registration}}</ref> }} }} {{Sidebar with collapsible lists | name = religion sidebar | pretitle = Qayb ka mid ah taxane ku saabsan | pretitlestyle = padding-top:0.8em; | titlestyle = padding-bottom:0.5em; | title = [[Diin]] | listtitlestyle = background:transparent; text-align:center; font-size:100%; | centered list titles = yes | image = [[File:Icon-religion.svg|200px|class=skin-invert]] | imagestyle = padding-bottom:1em; | listclass = hlist | liststyle = padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em; padding-bottom:0.25em; font-size: 11px; | expanded = {{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}} |} | abovestyle = padding:0.5em 2em 0.5em; display:block; background-color: #efefef; | above = {{startflatlist}} * [[Outline of religion|Dulucda]] * [[Index of religion-related articles|Liisaska]] * [[:Category:Religion|Qeybta]] * [[:Category:Indexes of religion topics|Tusaha]] * [[History of religion|Taariikhda diinta]] * [[Portal:Religion|Bogga]] {{endflatlist}} | list1name = religions | list1title = Diimaha | list1titlestyle = padding-top:0.5em; | list1 = {{Sidebar |child |bodystyle={{subsidebar bodystyle}} |navbar=off | heading1 = [[Abrahamic religions|Diimaha Ibraahimiyeed]] | content1style = padding-top:0.2em; | content1 = * [[Judaism|Yuudaanismka]] * [[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]] * [[Islam|Islaamka]] * [[Alawism|Calawiisimka]] * [[Alevism|Alewiisimka]] * [[Azalism|Azaliisimka]]/[[Bábism|Baabiisimka]] * [[Baháʼí Faith|Diinta Bahaa'iga]] * [[Druze Faith|Diinta Duruusta]] * [[Mormonism|Mormooniyadda]] * [[Mandaeism|Mandeiisimka]] * [[Manichaeism|Maniikiisimka]] * [[Rastafari|Rastafariyiinta]] * [[Samaritanism|Samaritaniisimka]] | heading2 = [[Iranian religions|Diimaha Iiraaniga]] | content2style = padding-top:0.2em; | content2 = * [[Yazidism|Yasiidiisimka]] * [[Yarsanism|Yarsaniisimka]] * [[Zoroastrianism|Soroostiriyanka]] | heading3 = [[Indian religions|Diimaha Hindiya]] | content3style = padding-top:0.2em; | content3 = * [[Hinduism|Hinduugga]] * [[Buddhism|Buudhisimka]] * [[Jainism|Jeyniisimka]] * [[Sikhism| Sikhiisimka]] * [[Bon|Yungdrung Bon]] | heading4 = [[East Asian religions|Diimaha Bariga Aasiya]] | content4style = padding-top:0em; | content4 = * [[Taoism|Taowaysimka]] * [[Confucianism|Konfushiyanishka]] * [[Shinto|Shinto]] * [[Tian|Tian]] * [[Shangdi|Shangdi]] * [[Hongjun Laozu|Hongjun Laozu]] }} | list2name = schools | list2title = Dugsiyada Fikirka | list2titlestyle = border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em; | list2 = * [[Acosmism|Aakosmisimka]] * [[Agnosticism|Agnostisismka]] * [[Animism|Animisimka]] * [[Antireligion|Diin-diidka]] * [[Apatheism|Apatheisimka]] * [[Atheism|Aqoonsi la'aanta Ilaah / Ateyismka]] * [[Creationism|Abuuristaaniyadda]] * [[Dharma|Dharmismka]] * [[Deism|Deiisimka]] * [[Divine command theory|Aragt Dardaaran Ilaahay]] * [[Dualism in cosmology|Labo-jirnimada]] * [[Western esotericism|Sir-doonka Reer Galbeedka]] * [[Elite religion|Diinta dadka sare]] * [[Exclusivism|Gaar-yeelidda]] * [[Existentialism|Jiritaaniyadda]] ** [[Atheistic existentialism|ateyste]] ** [[Christian existentialism|masiixi]] * [[Feminist theology|Falsafada dumarka]] * [[Fideism|Caqiido-ku-tiirsiga]] * [[Folk religion|Diinta dadweynaha]] * [[Fundamentalism|Aasaas-ku-dhagidda]] * [[Gnosticism|Gnostisismka]] * [[Henotheism|Henotheiisimka]] * [[Hermeticism|Hermetiisimka]] * [[Humanism|Aadmiga-jecleyska]] ** [[Christian humanism|masiixi]] ** [[Religious humanism|diimeed]] ** [[Secular humanism|cilmiyeed]] * [[Ietsism|Ietsismka]] * [[Theological noncognitivism|Ignostisismka]] * [[Inclusivism|Wadajir-yeelidda]] * [[Kathenotheism|Kathenotheiisimka]] * [[Lived religion|Diinta la nool yahay]] * [[Monism|Kow-jirnimada]] * [[Monotheism|Kkudnimada Alle]] * [[Mysticism|Suufiyadda / Sir-raadinta]] * [[Naturalism (philosophy)|Dabiiciyadda]] ** [[Humanistic naturalism|aadmiga]] ** [[Metaphysical naturalism|milyawiga]] ** [[Religious naturalism|diimeed]] * [[New Age|Cаманkii Cusub]] * [[Nonduality (spirituality)|Laba-mid-la'aanta]] * [[Nontheism|Ilaah-la'aanta]] * [[Omnism|Omnisimka]] * [[Pandeism|Pandeiisimka]] * [[Panentheism|Panenteiisimka]] * [[Pantheism|Panteiisimka]] * [[Perennial philosophy|Falsafadda weligeed ah]] * [[Polytheism|Shirkiga / Ilaahyo badan]] * [[Process theology|Falsafadda socodka]] * [[Shendao shejiao|Shendao shejiao]] * [[Spiritualism (beliefs)|Rux-raadinta]] * [[Shamanism|Shaamanismka]] * [[East Asian religions|Taowayga]] * [[Theism|Ilaah-rumaynta]] * [[Transcendentalism|Sare-u-kacaaniyadda]] * [[Transtheism|Transtheiisimka]] * [[Unitarianism|Mowqifka kow-jirka]] | list3name = concepts | list3title = Fikradaha | list3titlestyle = border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em; | list3 = * [[Afterlife|Aakhiro]] * [[Anthropopathism|Sifaadka bini'aadmiga ee Ilaah]] * [[Apophatic theology|Apophatismka]] * [[Aseity|Iskii-jitaanshaha]] * [[Religious belief|Aaminsanaanta Diinta]] * [[Brahman|Brahman]] * [[Cataphatic theology|Cataphatismka]] * [[Cult|Kooxda diimeed]] * [[Demiurge|Demiurge]] * [[Divine simplicity|Fududeynta Ilaahay]] * [[Eschatology|Qiyaamaha iyo Aakhiro]] * [[Enlightenment in Buddhism|Iftiintinka]] * [[Eternity#God and eternity|Weligiis-jitaanshaha]] * [[Euthyphro dilemma|Muran-weydiintii Euthyphro]] * [[Existence of God|Jiritaanka Ilaahay]] * [[Faith|Iimaan]] * [[Form of the Good|Qaabka Wanaagga]] * [[Gender of God|Jinsiga Ilaahay]] * [[Gnosis|Gnosis]] * [[Holy Spirit|Ruuxa Quduuska ah]] * [[Intelligent design|Naqshadda caqli-gal ah]] * [[Moksha|Xorreynta]] * [[Misotheism|Ilaah-nacaybka]] * [[Miracle|Mucjiso]] * [[Names of God|Magacyada Ilaahay]] * [[New religious movement|Dhaqdhaqaaqa diimeed ee cusub]] * [[Omnibenevolence|Naxariista-buuxda]] * [[Omnipotence|Awoodda-oo-dhan]] * [[Omnipresence|Meel-kasta-joogidda]] * [[Omniscience|Cilmiga-oo-dhan]] * [[Pandeism|Pandeistiga]] * [[Personal god|Ilaah shakhsi ah]] * [[Prayer|Dugsi / Baryo]] * [[Problem of evil|Dhibaatada xumaanta]] * [[Process theology|Falsafadda socodka]] * [[Belief#Religion|Aaminsanaanta diimeed]] * [[Problem of religious language|Luqadda diinta]] * [[Reincarnation|Soo-noqoshada nolosha (Reincarnation)]] * [[Faith|Iimaanka diimeed]] * [[Revelation|Waxyi]] * [[Religious text|Qoraallada diinta]] * [[Soul|Nafta]] * [[Summum bonum|Wanaagga ugu sarreeya]] * [[Tawhid|Kkudnimada Alle]] * [[Theological veto|Diidmada diinta]] * [[Transcendence (religion)|Sare-u-baxa diimeed]] * [[Trinity|Saddex-midnimada]] * [[Creator deity|Ugu sarreeyaha / Abuuraha]] * [[Unmoved mover|Dhaqaajiye aan la dhaqaajin]] * [[Vitalism|Ruuxda nolosha]] * [[Worship|Caabudaad]] | list4name = figures | list4title = Hoggaamiyeyaasha Aasaasaya | list4titlestyle = border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em; | list4= *[[Ciise]] ([[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]]) *[[Maxamed]] ([[Islam|Islaamka]]) *[[Ibraahim]] ([[Judaism|Yuudaanismka]]) *[[Siddhartha Gautama]] ([[Buddhism|Buudhisimka]]) *[[Guru Nanak]] ([[Sikhism|Sikhiisimka]]) *[[Mahavira]] ([[Jainism|Jeyniisimka]]) *[[Zoroaster]] ([[Zoroastrianism|Soroostiriyanka]]) *[[Hamza ibn Ali]] ([[Druze|Duruusta]]) *[[Laozi]] ([[Taoism|Taowayga]]) *[[Confucius]] ([[Confucianism|Konfushiyanishka]]) * [[Baháʼu'lláh]] ([[Baháʼí Faith|Diinta Bahaa'iga]]) | belowclass = plainlist | belowstyle = text-align:center;font-weight:normal; padding:1em 1em 1em; | below = Kani waa [[:Category:Philosophy and thinking sidebar templates|farac]] ka mid ah [[philosophy|falsafadda]]. Si aad u baarto mowduucyada la xiriira, fadlan booqo [[:Category:Religion_and_belief_navigational_boxes|hage-tusaha]]. }} '''Islaamku'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|z|l|ɑː|m|,_|ˈ|ɪ|z|l|æ|m}} {{respell|IZ|la(h)m}};<ref>{{cite Cambridge Dictionaries |Islam}}</ref> {{langx|ar|{{Script|Arab|الإسلام|al-Islām}}|al-Islām}}, {{IPA|ar|alʔisˈlaːm|IPA}}, {{lit|hordhaca [ee la xiriira [[ogaanshaha doonista Ilaahay]]]}}}} waa diin [[Abrahamic|Ibraahimi ah]] oo ku saleysan [[Quraan|Quraanka]] iyo [[Sunnah|barashada]] [[Maxamed|Maxamed]]. Diintan [[monotheistic|kwdnimada Alle]] waxay leedahay qiyaastii [[Islam by country|2 bilyan oo raacsan adduunka oo dhan]], oo lagu magacaabo [[Muslims|Muslimiin]]. Islaamku waa [[Major religious groups|diinta labaad ee ugu weyn adduunka]], marka laga reebo [[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]]. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin inay jirto [[Fitra|iimaan asal ah]] oo la soo waxyooday marar badan iyadoo la sii marinayo [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|rusul iyo nabiyo hore]], oo ay ku jiraan [[Adam in Islam|Aadam]], [[Noah in Islam|Nux]], [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Muuse]], iyo [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]], waxayna rumeysan yihiin in Islaamku yahay nooca caalamiga ah ee dhameystiran ee [[faith|iimaankan]]. [[File:Birmingham Quran manuscript full.jpg|thumb|Labo [[Folio|bog]] oo ka mid ah [[Birmingham Quran manuscript|Qoraalka Gacanta ee Quraanka ee Birmingham]], oo lagu qoray [[Hijazi script|xarfaha Xijaasiga]] ee [[parchment|harag]] taariikhdiisu tahay int u dhaxaysa 568–645 C.D., iyadoo ku beegan xilligii nolosha Maxamed.]] Muslimiintu waxay u arkaan Quraanka inuu yahay hadalka dhabta ah ee [[God in Islam|Ilaahay]] iyo waxyigii ugu dambeeyay ee aan wax laga beddelin. Dhinaca Quraanka, Muslimiintu waxay sidoo kale rumeysan yihiin [[Islamic holy books|kutubtii hore ee la soo waxyooday]], sida [[Torah in Islam|''Towraad'']] ([[Torah]]), ''[[Psalms in Islam|Sabuur]]'' ([[Psalms]]), iyo [[Gospel in Islam|''Injiil'']] ([[Gospel]]). Waxay rumeysan yihiin in [[Muhammad in Islam|Maxamed]] yahay [[Seal of the Prophets|nabiga ugu weyn uguna dambeeya]] ee [[God|Ilaahay]], kaasoo diinta la soo dhameystiray, oo aan ka dib imanayn nabigii cusub ama sharcigii samada ahayn. Barashada iyo tusaalooyinka caadiga ah ee Maxamed, oo loogu yeero [[Sunnah]], oo lagu diiwaangeliyay xaqiiqooyin loogu yeero [[Hadith|Xadiis]], ayaa bixiya tusaale dastuuri ah oo loogu talagalay Muslimiinta. Islaamku wuxuu ku saleysan yahay rumaysashada kow-nimada iyo kelinimada Ilaahay ({{Transliteration|ar|[[tawhid]]}}), iyo rumaysashada [[afterlife|aakhiro]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[akhirah]]}}) oo ay ku jirto [[Judgement Day in Islam|Maalinta Qiyaame]]—halkaas oo kuwa suubban lagu abaalmarin doono jannada ({{Transliteration|ar|[[jannah]]}}) kuwa xunneydna lagu ciqaabi doono naarta ({{Transliteration|ar|[[jahannam]]}}). [[Five Pillars of Islam|Shanta Arкан ee Islaamka]], oo loo arko inay yihiin cibaadooyin [[Fard|waajib ah]], waa shahaadada diinta ({{Transliteration|ar|[[shahada]]}}), salaadaha maalinlaha ah ({{Transliteration|ar|[[salah]]}}), sakada ({{Transliteration|ar|[[zakat]]}}), soonka bisha [[Ramadan]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[sawm]]}}), iyo [[pilgrimage|xajka]] loo aado [[Mecca|Makka]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[hajj]]}}). Sharciga Islaamka ({{Transliteration|ar|[[sharia]]}}), wuxuu taabanayaa ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan dhinacyada nolosha, laga bilaabo [[Islamic banking and finance|bangiyada iyo maaliyadda]] iyo [[Zakat|gar-gaarka]] ilaa [[Gender roles in Islam|doorka ragga]] iyo [[Women in Islam|doorka dumarka]] iyo [[Islamic ethics#Environmentalism|deegaanka]]. Labada [[Islamic holidays|ci둡 diimeed]] ee ugu waaweyn waa Ciidul Fitri iyo Ciidul Adxa. Saddexda [[holiest sites in Islam|goobood ee ugu barakeysan]] waa [[Masjid al-Haram|Masjidka Xaramka]] ee [[Mecca|Makka]], [[Prophet's Mosque|Masjidka Nabiga]] ee [[Medina|Madiina]], iyo [[Al-Aqsa|Dhismaha Masjidka Al-Aqsa]] ee [[Jerusalem|Quddus]]. Islaamku wuxuu ka soo aasaasay Makka qiyaastii 610 C.D. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in tani ay tahay xilligii [[Muhammad's first revelation|Maxamed uu helay waxyigiisii ugu horreeyay]]. Waqtigii uu geeriyooday, inta badan [[Arabian Peninsula|Jaziiradda Carabta]] way [[Conversion to Islam|isu rogtay Islaamka]]. Islaamku wuxuu si dhakhso ah ugu fiday wixii ka dambeeyay Carabta iyadoo hoos imaneysa [[Rashidun Caliphate|Khulaafadii Raashidiyiinta]] iyo [[Umayyad Caliphate|Khulaafadii Umawiyiinta]]. Labada [[Islamic schools and branches|laamood ee ugu waaweyn Islaamka]] waa [[Sunni Islam|Sunniyada]] (87–90%) iyo [[Shia Islam|Shiicada]] (10–13%).{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=1|ps=. "Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims."}} Muslimiinta Sunniga iyo Shiicada ah ayaa wada noqda ku dhawaad ​​guud ahaan dadweynaha Muslimka ah ee adduunka, iyadoo qiyaasuhu ka bilaabmaan qiyaastii 1.7–1.8 bilyan oo Sunni ah ilaa 285–300 milyan oo Shiico ah adduunka oo dhan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=|first=|date=2009-10-07|title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/|access-date=2026-09-01|website=Pew Research Center|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Shia Muslim Population – Islamic Research and Information Center (IRIC)|url=https://iric.org/world-shia-muslim-population/|access-date=2026-09-01|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Project on Shi’ism and Global Affairs|url=https://shiism.hds.harvard.edu/|url-status=live|website=Harvard University}}</ref> Inkasta oo [[Shia–Sunni relations|khilaafka Shiicada iyo Sunniga]] uu asal ahaan ka soo bilowday is-afgaranwaa ku saabsan [[succession to Muhammad|dhaxalkii Maxamed]], waxay kor u qaadeen cabbir ballaaran, labada [[Schools of Islamic theology|dhinaca caqiidada]] iyo [[Fiqh|fiqhigaa]]. Ururinta xadiiska suuban ee Sunniga waxay ka kooban tahay [[Kutub al-Sittah|Lixda Kitaab]], halka ururinta xadiiska Shiicada ay ka kooban tahay [[The Four Books|Afrta Kitaab]]. Muslimiintu waxay ka yihiin inta badan dadweynaha 53 dal.<ref name="pew2010–2020">{{cite web |date=June 9, 2025 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020. Muslims grew fastest; Christians lagged behind global population increase |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]}} *{{cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett |author2=Marcin Stonawski |author3=Yunping Tong |author4=Stephanie Kramer |author5=Anne Shi |author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf |access-date=2025-06-10 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Qiyaastii 12% Muslimiinta adduunka waxay ku nool yihiin [[Islam in Indonesia|Indoonisiya]], oo ah dalka ugu dadka badan ee Muslimiinta ah; {{#expr: 100 * 480/1570 round 0}}% waxay ku nool yihiin [[Islam in South Asia|Kooniyada Aasiya]]; 20% waxay ku nool yihiin [[MENA#Religion|Bariga Dhexe iyo Waqooyiga Afrika]]; iyo 15% waxay ku nool yihiin [[Religion in Sub-Saharan Africa|Afrika ka hooseysa Saharada]]. Muslimiinta sidoo kale waxaa laga helaa [[Islam in the Americas|Ameerikaanka]], [[Islam in China|Shiinaha]], iyo [[Islam in Europe|Yurub]]. Muslimiintu waa [[Muslim population growth|kooxda diimeed ee ugu koraysa adduunka]], taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay [[fertility rate| heerka dhalmada oo sarreeya]] iyo qaab-dhismeedka da'da yar marka loo eego diimaha diimaha kale ee waaweyn.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lipka |first=Michael |last2=Hackett |first2=Conrad |date=2017-04-06 |title=Why Muslims are the world’s fastest-growing religious group |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |access-date=2026-09-01 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> Islaamka waxaa la saadaalinayaa inuu noqdo diinta ugu weyn adduunka dhammaadka qarniga 21-aad, isagoo ka sarre marinaya Masiixiyadda.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lipka |first1=Michael |last2=Hackett |first2=Conrad |date=April 6, 2017 |title=Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US |archive-date=14 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514123559/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="pew2015">{{cite report |author=[[Pew Forum|The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life]] |title=The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010–2050 |url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211090450/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf |archive-date=2020-12-11 |date=2015-04-02 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref><!--Do NOT add citations to the lead, except for material likely to be challenged, per [[MOS:LEADCITE]] ([[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section#Citations)]]. Move unneeded citations to the body.--> == Asalka ereyga{{anchor|Etymology}}<!-- Linked from many articles. If changing the section title, please let this anchor remain unchanged -->== {{See also|Muslims#Etymology}} Luqadda Carabiga, ''Islaam'' ({{langx|ar|إسلام|lit=hordhaca [ee la xiriira Ilaahay]}})<ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of Islam {{!}} Dictionary.com |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=www.dictionary.com |language=en |archive-date=9 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509110220/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Haywood |first=John |title=Historical Atlas of the Medieval World (AD 600 - 1492) |publisher=Barnes & Noble, Inc. |year=2002 |isbn=0-7607-1975-6 |edition=1st |location=Spain |pages=3.13 |language=en}}</ref> waa magaca fal-galeedka [[wikt:أسلم#Arabic|Foomka IV]] ee ka soo jeeda falka {{lang|ar|سلم}} ({{transliteration|ar|salama}}), ka soo jeeda [[Semitic root|xididka saddex-xarafle ah]] {{lang|ar|س-ل-م}} ({{transliteration|ar|[[Š-L-M|S-L-M]]}}), kaas oo sameeya fasal weyn oo erayo ah oo badankood la xiriira fikradaha dhiibin-hoosaadka, badbaadada, iyo nabadgelyada.<ref name="Lane-Lexicon-4">{{cite book |last=Lane |first=Edward William |author-link=Edward William Lane |title=An Arabic-English Lexicon |volume=4 |chapter=Siin |url=http://www.studyquran.co.uk/20_SIIN.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907230044/http://www.studyquran.co.uk/20_SIIN.htm |archive-date=2011-09-07 |via=[[The Study Quran|StudyQuran]] |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> Macnaha diimeed, waxay tilmaamaysaa u dhiibashada buuxda ee doonista [[God|Ilaahay]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=Barnard |last2=Churchill |first2=Buntzie Ellis |url=https://archive.org/details/islamreligionpeo00lewi |title=Islam: The Religion and The People |publisher=Wharton School Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-13-223085-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/islamreligionpeo00lewi/page/8 8]}}</ref> Ereyga ''[[Muslims|Muslim]]'' ({{lang|ar|مُسْلِم}}), oo ah erayga loogu talagalay qofka raaca Islaamka,<ref name="Lexico-Muslim">{{cite dictionary |title=Muslim |url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/muslim |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913192608/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/muslim |archive-date=2019-09-13 |dictionary=[[Lexico]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2020 |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref> waa [[Participle|falka firfircoon]] ee isla nooca falka, oo macneheedu yahay "dhiibtiye (Ilaahay)" ama "qof u hoggaansamaya (Ilaahay)". Si kastaba ha ahaatee, khabiirka [[Quranic studies|barashada Quraanka]] [[Mohsen Goudarzi]] wuxuu ku dooday in Quraanka ereyga ''[[dīn]]'' uu ka dhigan yahay "[[worship|cibaado]]", ''islām'' uu ka dhigan yahay "[[monotheism|kwdnimada]]" iyo ''muslim'' uu ka dhigan yahay "muwaahid / qof kelinimada Alle rumeeyay".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudarzi |first=Mohsen |date=2023-08-01 |title=Worship (dīn), Monotheism (islām), and the Qurʾān's Cultic Decalogue |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006/html |journal=Journal of the International Qur'anic Studies Association |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=30–71 |doi=10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006 |issn=2474-8420|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Gudaha [[Hadith of Gabriel|Xadiiska Jibriil]], ''Islaam'' waxaa lagu soo bandhigay inuu yahay hal qayb oo ka mid ah saddaxleey oo ay ku jirto {{transliteration|ar|[[Iman (Islam)|imān]]}} (iimaan), iyo {{transliteration|ar|[[Ihsan|ihsān]]}} (fududeyn / ixsaan).{{sfnp|Esposito|2000|pp=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00john/page/76 76–77]}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahmutćehajić |first=Rusmir |url=https://archive.org/details/mosqueheartsubmi00mahm |title=The mosque: the heart of submission |publisher=[[Fordham University Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8232-2584-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/mosqueheartsubmi00mahm/page/n104 84] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Islaamka laftiisa ayaa taariikh ahaan loogu yeeri jiray [[Mohammedan|''Mohammedanism'' (Maxamediyad)]] gudaha [[English-speaking world|dunida Ingiriiska ku hadasha]]. Eraygan wuxuu ka baxay isticmaalka waxaana mararka qaarkood la sheegaa inuu yahay [[Religious offence|dhaawac diimeed]], maadaama uu tilmaamayo in bini'aadam, halkii uu ka noqon lahaa Ilaahay, uu yahay kan udub-dhexaadka u ah diinta Muslimiinta.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Oxford University Press| last = Gibb| first = Sir Hamilton| title = Mohammedanism: an historical survey|isbn=9780195002454| year = 1969| page=1 | quote=Modern Muslims dislike the terms Mohammedan and Mohammedanism, which seem to them to carry the implication of worship of Mohammed, as Christian and Christianity imply the worship of Christ.}}</ref> == Tiirarka iimaanka == {{Main|Aqidah|Iman (Islam)|l2 = Iman}} [[caqiidada]] Islaamku (''[[aqidah]]'') waxay u baahan tahay rumaysashada lix tiir: Ilaahay, malaa'igta, waxyiga, nabiyada, [[Day of Resurrection|Maalinta Qiyaamaha]], iyo qadarinta masiirka.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sourcebook of the World's Religions: An Interfaith Guide to Religion and Spirituality|publisher=New World Library|pages=68–9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbSPOoQfu0IC&pg=PA68|editor-first=Joel|editor-last=Beversluis|year=2011|isbn=9781577313328|access-date=15 January 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228022948/https://books.google.com/books?id=dbSPOoQfu0IC&pg=PA68#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> === Ilaahay === [[File:Istanbul,_Hagia_Sophia,_Allah.jpg|thumb|[[calligraphy|Qoraal gacmeedka]] qarnigii 19-aad oo muujinaya magaca [[Allah|Alle]] ee ku yaal [[Hagia Sophia]], [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]].]] {{Main|God in Islam}} Fikradda udub-dhexaadka u ah Islaamka waa ''[[Tawhid|tawḥīd]]'' ({{langx|ar|توحيد|link=no}}), oo ah kelinimada Ilaahay. Badanaa waxaa loo arkaa inay tahay ''monotheism sax ah'', laakiin sidoo kale waa [[panentheism|panentheistic]] ku dhex leh barashada suufiga Islaamka.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/tawhid |title=Tawhid |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107041300/https://www.britannica.com/topic/tawhid |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Gimaret|first=D.|year=2012|c=Tawḥīd |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7454}}</ref> Ilaahay waxaa loo arkaa mid aan la barbar dhigi karin oo aan lahayn tiro dad ah sida ku jirta [[Christian Trinity|Saddex-midnimada Masiixiga]], oo tiro u nisbeynta Ilaahay ama sifooyinka Ilaahay oo loo nisbeeyo dad kale waxaa loo arkaa shirk, oo lagu magacaabo [[Shirk (Islam)|''shirk'']]. Sidaas darteed, Muslimiintu ma aha [[iconodule]]s mana u nisbeeyaan qaabab Ilaahay. Ilaahay halkaas waxaa lagu sifeeyaa oo loogu yeeraa dhowr [[Names of God in Islam|magac ama sifooyin]], kan ugu caansan waa ''Ar-Rahmān'' ({{lang|ar|الرحمان}}) oo macneheedu yahay "Naxariis-guud", iyo ''Ar-Rahīm'' ({{lang|ar|الرحيم}}) oo macneheedu yahay "Naxariis-gaar ah" kuwaas oo laga baryo bilowga inta badan Suuradaha Quraanka.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ali |first1=Kecia |title=Islam : the key concepts |date=2008 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |last2=Leaman |first2=Oliver |isbn=978-0-415-39638-7 |location=London |oclc=123136939}}</ref>{{sfnp|Campo|2009|p=34|loc="Allah"}} Magaca tooska ah ee Carabiga ee Ilaahay, ''[[Allāh]]'' (الله), oo ah eray aan lahayn [[plural|wadar]] ama [[gender|jinsi]], ayaa sidoo kale si caadi ah loogu isticmaalaa luqadaha kale ee Muslimiinta iyo Masiixiyiinta iyo Yuhuuda Carabiga ku hadla si ay ugu tixraacaan Ilaahay, halka ''{{transliteration|ar|ISO|[[ʾilāh]]}}'' ({{lang|ar|إله}}) uu yahay eray loo isticmaalo ilaah ama ilaah guud ahaan.<ref>{{cite web |title=God |url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |access-date=18 December 2010 |website=Islam: Empire of Faith |publisher=[[PBS]] |archive-date=27 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327034958/http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Islaamku wuxuu barayaa in abuurista wax kasta oo ku jira [[universe|caalamka]] la keenay iyada oo la raacayo amarka Ilaahay sida lagu muujiyay erayada, "[[Be, and it is|Aabo, oo wuu noqdaa]],"<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|2|117|b=yl}}</ref> iyo in [[Meaning of life|ujeeddada jiritaanka]] ay tahay in la caabudo Ilaahay.<ref>Leeming, David. 2005. ''The Oxford Companion to World Mythology''. Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-195-15669-0}}. p. 209.</ref> Waxaa loo arkaa ilaah shakhsi ah oo wax dhexdhexaadin ah, sida [[clergy|wadaaddada]], looma baahna si loo gaaro xiriir lala yeesho Ilaahay. Wacyigelinta Ilaahay waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[taqwa]]. === Malaa'igta === [[File:Rashid al-Din Tabib - Jami al-Tawarikh, f.45v detail - c. 1306-15.png|thumb|Maxamed oo helaya [[Muhammad's first revelation|waxyigiisii ugu horreeyay]] oo uga imaanaya malaa'igta [[Gabriel]], oo ka socda qoraal gacmeedka [[Jami' al-tawarikh|Jami' al-Tawarikh]] ee uu qoray [[Rashid al-Din Hamadani|Rashid-al-Din Hamadani]], lagu daabacay [[Tabriz]], [[Iran]], 1307 C.D.]] {{Main|Angels in Islam}} Malaa'igta (keligood: {{langx|ar|ملك|link=no}}, ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|malak}}'') waa makhluuqaad lagu sifeeyay Quraanka{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=23}} iyo xadiiska.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=79}} Waxaa lagu sifeeyay inay u abuuran yihiin inay caabudaan Ilaahay iyo inay sidoo kale ka shaqeeyaan waajibaadyo kale oo gaar ah sida gudbinta [[revelation|waxyiga]] ee ka yimid Ilaahay, diiwaangelinta ficilada qof kasta, iyo qaadashada [[soul|nafta]] qofka waqtiga dhimashada. Waxaa lagu sifeeyay inay si kala duwan uga abuurmeen 'iftiin' ([[Nūr (Islam)|''nūr'']])<ref name="Encyclopedia-Nur">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Nūr |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/nur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423085030/https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/nur |archive-date=2022-04-23 |encyclopedia=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |via=[[Encyclopedia.com]] |language=en |access-date=2026-03-20}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|last1=Hartner, W.|last2=Tj Boer |year=2012 |c=Nūr |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0874}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Elias |first=Jamal J. |year=2003|c=Light |in=McAuliffe}} {{doi|10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00261}}</ref> ama 'dab' (''nār'').<ref>{{harvc |last=Campo |first=Juan E. |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/nar |c=Nar |in=Martin |year=2004}}. – via [[Encyclopedia.com]].</ref><ref>{{harvc|last=Fahd, T. |year=2012 |c=Nār |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0846}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Toelle |first=Heidi |year=2002 |c=Fire |in=McAuliffe}} {{doi|10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00156}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|McAuliffe|2003|p=45}}</ref> Malaa'igta Islaamka waxaa badanaa lagu matalaa [[Anthropomorphism|qaabab bini'aadamnimo]] oo ay ku jiraan sawirro [[supernatural|cajiib ah]], sida baalal, oo ah kuwa aad u waaweyn ama xidhan dhar janno.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|pp=97–99}}<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=26–28}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Webb |first=Gisela |c=Angel |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|last1=MacDonald, D. B.|last2=Madelung, W. |year=2012 |c=Malāʾika |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}}{{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0642}}</ref> Sifooyinka caadiga ah ee malaa'igta waxaa ka mid ah inaysan lahayn baahiyo jir iyo rabitaanno, sida cunidda iyo cabidda.{{sfnp|Çakmak|2017|p=140}} Qaarkood, sida [[Gabriel|Jibriil]] iyo [[Michael (archangel)|Miikaa'il]], ayaa magacyadooda lagu xusay Quraanka. Malaa'igtu waxay door muhiim ah ka ciyaaraan suugaanta ku saabsan [[Isra and Mi'raj|Mi'raajka]], halkaas oo Maxamed uu kula kulmo dhowr malaa'igood intii uu ku jirsaday safarkiisa samada.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=79}} Malaa'ig dheeraad ah ayaa badanaa lagu muujiyay [[Islamic eschatology|qiyaamaha]], [[Kalam|cilmiga kalaamka]] iyo [[Islamic philosophy|falsafada Islaamka]].{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=22}} === Kitaabyada === [[File:Quran rzabasi1.JPG|thumb|Qoraal gacmeed [[Quran|Quraan]] ah oo qarnigii 9-aad ah oo saaran [[Rehal (book rest)|rehal]], oo ah kursiga kitaabka qudduuska ah, oo lagu hayo [[Reza Abbasi Museum]] ee [[Tehran]], [[Iran]].]] {{Main|Islamic holy books|Quran|Wahy}} {{See also|History of the Quran}} Kitaabka quduuska ah ee ugu sarreeya Islaamka waa [[Quran|Quraanka]]. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in aayaadka Quraanka uu Maxamed u soo waxyooday Ilaahay, iyada oo la sii marinayo [[archangel|malaa'igta]] Jibriil, marar badan inta u dhaxaysa 610 C.D.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Watt |first=William Montgomery |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC&pg=PA5 |title=Islam and the Integration of Society |date=2003 |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |isbn=978-0-415-17587-6 |pages=5 |access-date=15 June 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228022949/https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo 632, sanadkii uu geeriyooday Maxamed.{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=17–18, 21}} Intii uu Maxamed noolaa, waxyiyadan waxaa qoray [[Muhammad's companions|saxaabtiisa]], inkastoo habka ugu muhiimsan ee gudbinta uu ahaa af ahaan iyada oo la adeegsanayo [[Hafiz (Quran)|xifdinta]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Al Faruqi |first1=Lois Ibsen |author-link=Lois Lamya al-Faruqi |year=1987 |title=The Cantillation of the Qur'an |journal=[[Society for Asian Music|Asian Music]] |issue=Autumn – Winter 1987 |pages=3–4}}</ref> Quraanku wuxuu u qaybsamaa 114 suuradood (''[[sūrah]]'') oo ka kooban wadarta guud ee 6,236 aayadood (''[[ayah|āyāt]]''). Suuradaha hore ee taariikh ahaan, ee lagaga soo waxyooday [[Mecca|Makka]], waxay inta badan khuseeyaan arrimaha ruuxiga ah, halka suuradaha dambe ee [[Medina|Madiina]] ay ka hadlaan arrimo bulsho iyo sharci oo khuseeya bulshada Muslimka ah. Qareennada Muslimiintu waxay la tashadaan xadiiska ('warka'), ama diiwaanka qoran ee nolosha Maxamed, si ay labadaba u taageeraan Quraanka oo ay uga caawiyaan tafsiirkiisa. Sayniska faallooyinka iyo tafsiirka Quraanka waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[tafsir]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/tafsir |title=Tafsīr |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019035210/https://www.britannica.com/topic/tafsir |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=79–81}} Marka laga reebo muhiimadiisa diimeed, Quraanka waxaa loo aqoonsan yahay si weyn inuu yahay shaqada ugu fiican [[Arabic literature|suugaanta Carabiga]],<ref>{{cite book|first=Alan|last=Jones|location=London|publisher=[[Charles E. Tuttle Company]]|year=1994|page=1|title=The Koran|quote="Its outstanding literary merit should also be noted: it is by far, the finest work of Arabic prose in existence."|isbn=1842126091}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Arthur|last=Arberry|title=The Koran Interpreted|location=London|publisher=[[Allen & Unwin]]|year=1956|quote="It may be affirmed that within the literature of the Arabs, wide and fecund as it is both in poetry and in elevated prose, there is nothing to compare with it."|page=191|isbn=0684825074}}</ref> wuxuuna saameeyay fanka iyo luqadda Carabiga.<ref>Kadi, Wadad, and Mustansir Mir. "Literature and the Quran." In ''[[Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān|Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an]]'' 3. pp. 213, 216.</ref> Islaamku sidoo kale wuxuu qabaa in Ilaahay uu soo diray waxyiyo, oo la yiraahdo ''[[wahy]]'', oo loo soo diray nabiyo kala duwan marar badan taariikhda oo dhan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Islaamku wuxuu barayaa in qaybo ka mid ah kitaabadii hore ee la soo waxyooday, sida [[Torah in Islam|''Towraad'']] ([[Torah]]) iyo [[Gospel in Islam|''Injiil'']] ([[Gospel in Islam|Injiil]]), ay noqdeen kuwo [[tahrif|la leexiyay]]—ha ahaato tafsiirka, qoraalka, ama labadaba,<ref name="harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5">{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5}}</ref><ref name="harvp|Peters|2003|p=9">{{harvp|Peters|2003|p=9}}</ref><ref name="610CE">{{harvc|c=Muhammad|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|last2=Welch|first2=A.T.|last1=Buhl|first1=F.}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Tahrif |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d. |author=[[Hava Lazarus-Yafeh]]}}</ref> halka Quraanka ({{Lit|Akhrinta}}) loo arko hadalka ugu dambeeya, ee dhabta ah ee aan wax laga beddelin ee Ilaahay.<ref name="Ringgren">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ringgren |first=Helmer |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Quran |title=Qurʾān |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=5 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505001543/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/487666/Quran |url-status=live }} "The word ''Quran'' was invented and first used in the Quran itself. There are [[Quran#Etymology and meaning|two different theories]] about this term and its formation."</ref><ref>{{harvp|Teece|2003|pp=12–13}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Turner|2006|p=42}}</ref>{{sfnp|Bennett|2010|p=101}} === Nabiyada === {{Main|Prophets and messengers in Islam|Sunnah|Hadith}} [[File:Medieval Persian manuscript Muhammad leads Abraham Moses Jesus.jpg|thumb|[[Persian miniature|Miniakiyada Faarisiga]] ee qarnigii 15-aad oo muujinaysa [[Muhammad in Islam|Maxamed]] oo hoggaaminaya [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Muuse]], [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]] iyo [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|nabiyo kale]] salaadda.<ref>{{cite web |title=BnF. Département des Manuscrits. Supplément turc 190 |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/view3if/ga/ark:/12148/btv1b8427195m/f16 |publisher=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] |access-date=7 September 2023 |archive-date=9 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909130407/https://gallica.bnf.fr/view3if/ga/ark:/12148/btv1b8427195m/f16 |url-status=live }}</ref>]] Nabiyada (Carabi: {{langx|ar|أنبياء|label=none|translit=anbiyāʾ}}) waxaa la rumeysan yahay inay doorteen Ilaahay si ay u wacdhiyaan fariin ilaahi ah. Qaar ka mid ah nabiyadan ayaa sidoo kale keena kitaab cusub waxaana loogu yeeraa "rasuul" ({{langx|ar| رسول&lrm;|label=none|translit=rasūl}}).<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|p=225}}</ref> Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in nabiyadu ay yihiin bini'aadam oo aan ahayn ilaahyo. Dhammaan nabiyadu waxaa la sheegaa inay wacdiyiyeen fariintii asaasiga ahayd ee Islaamka - u dhiibashada doonista Ilaahay - oo ay u direen quruumihii hore, tan ayaana la sheegay inay sabab u tahay isku mid ahaanshaha badan ee u dhexeeya diimaha. Quraanku wuxuu sheegayaa magacyada tiro badan oo ah shakhsiyaadka loo tixgeliyo [[prophets in Islam|nabiyada Islaamka]], oo ay ku jiraan [[Adam in Islam|Aadam]], [[Noah in Islam|Nux]], [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Muuse]], [[David in Islam|Daa'uud]] iyo [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]], iyo kuwo kale.<ref name="Schimmel">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |author-link=Annemarie Schimmel |title=Islam |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504201633/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/295507/Islam |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Reeves |first=J. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC |title=Bible and Qurʼān: Essays in scriptural intertextuality |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2004 |isbn=90-04-12726-7 |location=[[Leiden]] |page=177 |access-date=21 August 2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164019/https://books.google.com/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC |url-status=live }}</ref> Sheekooyinka la xiriira nabiyada ee ka baxsan xisaabaadka Quraanka waxaa lagu ururiyaa oo lagu baaraa ''[[Qisas Al-Anbiya|Qisas al-Anbiya]]'' (Sheekooyinka Nabiyada). Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in Ilaahay uu soo diray Maxamed inuu noqdo nabiga ugu dambeeya ("[[Seal of the prophets|khaatumul anbiyo]]") si uu u gaarsiiyo fariinta dhameystiran ee Islaamka.<ref name="Esposito-Islam">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Esposito |first=John L. |author-link=John Esposito |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |title=Islam |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012298 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110124812/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012298 |archive-date=2021-01-10 |quote=Profession of Faith...affirms Islam's absolute monotheism and acceptance of Muḥammad as the messenger of Allah, the last and final prophet. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Peters-Allah">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Peters |first=F. E. |author-link=Francis Edward Peters |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |title=Allāh |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095403960 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926053837/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095403960 |archive-date=2020-09-26 |quote=[T]he Muslims' understanding of Allāh is based...on the Qurʿān's public witness. Allāh is Unique, the Creator, Sovereign, and Judge of mankind. It is Allāh who directs the universe through his direct action on nature and who has guided human history through his prophets, Abraham, with whom he made his covenant, Moses/Moosa, Jesus/Eesa, and Muḥammad, through all of whom he founded his chosen communities, the 'Peoples of the Book.' |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Islaamka dhexdiisa, tusaalaha "caadiga ah" ee nolosha Maxamed waxaa lagu magacaabaa ''[[sunnah]]'' (oo macneheedu yahay "jidka la maray"). Muslimiinta waxaa lagu dhiirrigelinayaa inay ku daydaan dabeecadaha akhlaaqda ee Maxamed noloshooda maalinlaha ah, sunnadana waxaa loo arkaa mid muhiim u ah hagidda tafsiirka Quraanka.<ref>{{harvp|Martin|2004|p=666}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Hadith|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|author=J. Robson}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Sunna|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|author=D.W. Brown}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Goldman |first=Elizabeth |title=Believers: Spiritual Leaders of the World |date=1995 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-508240-1 |location=Oxford |page=63}}</ref> Tusaalahan waxaa lagu ilaaliyaa dhaqamo loo yaqaan xadiis, oo ah xisaabaadka erayadiisa, ficilladiisa, iyo sifooyinka shakhsi ahaaneed. [[Hadith qudsi|Xadiiska Qudsi]] waa qayb hoose oo ka tirsan xadiiska, oo loo arko inuu yahay erayada dhabta ah ee Ilaahay ee uu soo xigtay Maxamed oo aan ahayn qayb ka tirsan Quraanka. Xadiisku wuxuu ka kooban yahay laba shay: silsiladda sheekeeyayaasha, oo loo yaqaanno [[Hadith studies#Traditional importance of the sanad|''sanad'']], iyo ereyada dhabta ah, oo loo yaqaanno [[Hadith studies|''matn'']]. Waxaa jira habab kala duwan oo lagu kala saaro xaqiiqda xadiisyada, iyadoo cabbirka darajada ee badanaa la isticmaalo uu yahay "saxiix" ama "sax ah" ({{langx|ar|صحيح|links=no|translit=[[Authentic hadith|ṣaḥīḥ]]|label=none}}); "xasan" ({{langx|ar|حسن|links=no|label=none|translit=[[Hasan (hadith)|ḥasan]]}}); ama "daciif" ({{langx|ar|ضعيف|label=none|translit=[[Da'if|ḍaʻīf]]}}), iyo kuwo kale. [[Kutub al-Sittah]] waa ururinta lix kitaab, oo loo arko inay yihiin warbixinnada ugu suuban ee [[Sunni Islam|Sunniyada]]. Waxaa ka mid ah [[Sahih al-Bukhari]], oo ay Sunnidu badanaa u arkaan mid ka mid ah [[Hadith terminology#Terminology relating to the authenticity of a hadith|ilaha ugu suuban]] ka dib Quraanka.<ref>[[Aisha Abd al-Rahman|al-Rahman, Aisha Abd]], ed. 1990. [[Introduction to the Science of Hadith|Muqaddimah Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ]]. Cairo: Dar al-Ma'arif, 1990. pp. 160–69</ref> Il kale oo caan ka ah xadiisyada waa [[The Four Books|Afrta Kitaab]], oo ay Shiicadu u arkaan tixraaca xadiiska ee ugu suuban.<ref name="Awliyai-Four-Books">{{cite book |last=Awliya'i |first=Mustafa |title=Outlines of the Development of the Science of Hadith |volume=1 |chapter=The Four Books |url=https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol1-n12-3/outlines-development-science-hadith-dr-mustafa-awliyai/part-1#four-books |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912144702/https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol1-n12-3/outlines-development-science-hadith-dr-mustafa-awliyai/part-1#four-books |archive-date=2017-09-12 |translator-last=Qara'i |translator-first=A. Q. |via=Al-Islam.org |access-date=2020-05-24 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Rizvi-Four-Books">{{cite book |last=Rizvi |first=Sayyid Sa'eed Akhtar |author-link=Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi |title=The Qur'an and Hadith |location=Tanzania |publisher=Bilal Muslim Mission |chapter=The Hadith §The Four Books (Al-Kutubu'l-Arb'ah) |url=https://www.al-islam.org/quran-and-hadith-allamah-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/chapter-4-hadith#four-books-al-kutubul-arbah |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912191319/https://www.al-islam.org/quran-and-hadith-allamah-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/chapter-4-hadith#four-books-al-kutubul-arbah |archive-date=2017-09-12 |via=Al-Islam.org |access-date=2020-05-24 |language=en}}</ref> === Soo-noqoshada iyo xukunka === [[File:Chester Beatty T 414 fol 129r Muhammad al-Mehdi.png|thumb|Matxaf qarnigii 16-aad ee [[Muhammad al-Mahdi|Maxamed al-Mahdi]]. [[Mahdi|Mahdiga]] waxaa la rumeysan yahay inuu soo muuqan doono ka hor [[Eschatology|Waqtiga Dhamaadka]] si uu u soo celiyo cadaaladda oo uu uga adkaado dulmiga iyadoo la kaashanaya [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]] ([[Jesus]]).]] {{Main|Islamic eschatology}} Rumaysashada "Maalinta Qiyaame" ama ''[[Qiyamah|Yawm al-Qiyāmah]]'' ({{langx|ar|يوم القيامة|link=no}}) ayaa sidoo kale muhiim u ah Muslimiinta. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in waqtiga Qiyaamaha uu hore u qadaray Ilaahay, laakiin uusan aqoon bini'aadamku. Quraanka iyo xadiiska, iyo sidoo kale faallooyinka [[Ulama|culimada]], waxay qeexayaan imtixaannada iyo [[Great Tribulation|dhibaatooyinka]] ka horreeya iyo inta uu socdo Qiyaamaha. Quraanka wuxuu xoogga saarayaa [[universal resurrection|soo-noqoshada jirka]], taasoo ah mid ka duwan fahamkii [[pre-Islamic Arabia|Carabtii hore]] ee dhimashada.<ref>{{harvp|Glassé|2003|loc="Resurrection"|pp=382–383}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)|2012|loc="Avicenna"}}. {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_DUM_0467}}: "Ibn Sīnā, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Sīnā is known in the West as 'Avicenna'."</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Qiyama |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d. |author=Gardet, L.}}</ref> Maalinta Qiyaame, Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in dhammaan bini'aadamka lagu xukumi doono falalkooda wanaagsan iyo kuwa xun waxaana loo gudbin doonaa [[Jannah|Janno]] ama [[Jahannam|Naar]].<ref>{{cite web |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |editor-link=John Esposito |title=Eschatology |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e588 |url-access=subscription |work=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Islam]] |via=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |access-date=18 April 2017 |archive-date=13 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100913062714/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e588 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Quraanku wuxuu ku jira [[Surat al-Zalzalah]] wuxuu tan ku sifeeyaa: "Haddaba qofkii sameeya culays atoore oo wanaag ah wuu arki doonaa. Qofkii se sameeya culays atoore oo xumaan ah wuu arki doonaa." Quraanku [[Islamic views of sin|wuxuu qorayaa dunuub badan]] oo qof ku xukumi kara naar. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Quraanku wuxuu caddeynayaa in Ilaahay uu cafiyi doono dunuubta kuwa toobad keena haddii uu doono. Falalka wanaagsan, sida sadaqada, salaadda, iyo naxariista xayawaannada{{sfnp|Esposito|2011|p=130}} waxaa lagu abaalmarin doonaa gelitaanka jannada. Muslimiintu waxay u arkaan jannada meel ay ka buuxaan farxad iyo barako, iyadoo tixraacyada Quraanku ay qeexayaan sifooyinkeeda. Dhaqamada suufiga ah ee Islaamka waxay dhigayaan raaxooyinkan jannada xiriir la leh wacyigelin xamaasad leh oo ku saabsan Ilaahay.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2006|p=89}}; ''Encyclopedia of Islam and Muslim World'', p. 565</ref><ref>{{harvc |c=Garden |first=Asma |last=Afsaruddin |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Paradise|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> ''Yawm al-Qiyāmah'' sidoo kale waxaa Quraanka loogu aqoonsaday ''Yawm ad-Dīn'' ({{lang|ar|يوم الدين}} "Maalinta Diinta");<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|1|4|b=y}};</ref> ''as-Sāʿah'' ({{lang|ar|الساعة}} "Saacadda Dambe");<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|6|31|b=y}};</ref> iyo ''[[Al-Qaria|al-Qāriʿah]]'' ({{lang|ar|القارعة}} "Qaylisaada").<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|101|1|b=y}}</ref> === Qadarka === {{Main|Predestination in Islam}} Qaar ka mid ah Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin qadarka ilaahay, ({{langx|ar|القضاء والقدر}}, ''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|al-qadāʾ wa l-qadar}}'') in arrin kasta uu qaddaray Ilaahay.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.freeweb.hu/etymological/AEDweb.htm |date=2002 |title=Andras Rajki's A. E. D. (Arabic Etymological Dictionary) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208204654/http://www.freeweb.hu/etymological/AEDweb.htm |archive-date=8 December 2011 |access-date=13 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Cohen-Mor|2001|p=4}}: "The idea of predestination is reinforced by the frequent mention of events 'being written' or 'being in a book' before they happen": Say: "Nothing will happen to us except what Allah has decreed for us..."</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Karamustafa |first=Ahmet T. |c=Fate |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}: The verb ''qadara'' literally means "to measure, to determine". Here it is used to mean that "God measures and orders his creation".</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Gardet|first=L.|year=2012|c=al-Ḳaḍāʾ Wa 'l-Ḳadar |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0407}}</ref> [[Mu'tazilism|Mu'tasiladu]] iyo qaar ka mid ah Shiicada Muslimiinta ah ma rumeysna fikraddan.<ref>[[#AGI1978|Guillaume, ''Islam'', 1978]]: p.131-2</ref><ref>[[#AGI1978|Guillaume, ''Islam'', 1978]]: p.132</ref><ref>''Need of Religion'', by Sayyid [[Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi]], p. 14.</ref><ref>''Muslims'', by S. H. M. Rizvi, Shibani Roy, B. B. Dutta, p. 20.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shirazi |first1=Naser Makarem |title=The Justice of God |publisher=Al-Islam.org |url=https://www.al-islam.org/justice-god-naser-makarem-shirazi/issue-predestination-and-free-will |access-date=14 June 2022 |chapter=The Issue of Predestination and Free Will|date=12 May 2015 }}</ref><ref>''Islamic Beliefs, Practices, and Cultures'', by Marshall Cavendish Corporation, p. 137.</ref> Badanaa, rumaysashadan masiirka ilaahay waxaa lagu muujiyaa erayga ''[[Inshallah]]'', ({{langx|ar|إن شاء الله}}, {{transliteration|ar|haddii Alle jiro}}) marka laga hadlayo dhacdooyinka mustaqbalka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Muslim beliefs – Al-Qadr |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z43pfcw/revision/4 |access-date=13 November 2020 |publisher=BBC |work=Bitesize – GCSE – Edexcel |archive-date=15 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115112558/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z43pfcw/revision/4 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Ficilada cibaadada == {{Main|Five Pillars of Islam|Ibadah}} Waxaa jira shan ficil oo cibaado ah oo loo arko inay yihiin [[fard|waajibaad]]–Shahaadada, salaadaha shanta ah ee maalinlaha ah, [[Zakat|sakada]], [[fasting during Ramadan|soonta bisha Ramadaan]], iyo xajka [[Hajj|Hajka]]—oo si wadajir ah loogu yaqaano "Tiirarka Islaamka" (''Arkān al-Islām''). Intaa waxaa dheer, Muslimiintu waxay sidoo kale sameeyaan ficilo kale oo ikhtiyaari ah oo dhiirrigel leh laakiin aan loo arkin inay yihiin waajibaad.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=ZAROUG|first=ABDULLAHI HASSAN|date=1985|title=THE CONCEPT OF PERMISSION, SUPEREROGATORY ACTS AND ASETICISM &#91;sic&#93; IN ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20847307|journal=Islamic Studies|volume=24|issue=2|pages=167–180|jstor=20847307|issn=0578-8072|access-date=7 January 2023|archive-date=7 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207140013/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20847307|url-status=live}}</ref> === Shahaadada === [[File:Silver Rupee Akbar.jpg|thumb|right|Lacag qalinkii qarnigii 16-aad ee [[Akbar|Akbarkii Weyn]], Boqorkii [[Mughal Empire|Mugalka]], [[India]], oo lagu qoray [[Shahada|Shahaadada]].]] {{Main|Shahada}} [[shahada]]h{{sfnp|Nasr|2003|pp=3, 39, 85, 270–272}} waa [[oath|dhaar]] lagu caddaynayo rumaysashada Islaamka. Qoraalka la ballaariyay waa "{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʾašhadu ʾal-lā ʾilāha ʾillā-llāhu wa ʾašhadu ʾanna muħammadan rasūlu-llāh}}" ({{langx|ar|أشهد أن لا إله إلا الله وأشهد أن محمداً رسول الله|label=none}}), ama, "Waxaan qirayaa inuusan jirin [[deity|ilaah]] aan ahayn [[God in Islam|Ilaahay]] waxaanuna qirayaa in Maxamed yahay rasuulkii Ilaahay."<ref name="Mohammad-1985">{{cite journal |last=Mohammad |first=Noor |date=1985 |title=The Doctrine of Jihad: An Introduction |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-law-and-religion_1985_3_2/page/381 |journal=[[Journal of Law and Religion]] |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=381–397 |doi=10.2307/1051034 |jstor=1051034 |publisher=Journal of Law and Religion, Inc. |language=en}}</ref> Islaamka waxaa mararka qaarkood lagu doodaa inuu leeyahay caqiido aad u fudud iyadoo shahaadadu ay tahay saldhigga diinta ka hartay. Aan-Muslimiinta raba inay [[Conversion to Islam|soo islaamaan]] waxaa looga baahan yahay inay ku dhawaaqaan shahaadada hortooda markhaatiyaal.<ref>{{harvc |last=Kasim |first=Husain |year=2004 |c=Islam |pp=195–197 |in=Salamone}}</ref><ref name="Galonnier-2021">{{cite book |last=Galonnier |first=Juliette |editor-last=van Nieuwkerk |editor-first=Karin |title=Moving In and Out of Islam |chapter=Moving In or Moving Toward? Reconceptualizing Conversion to Islam as a Liminal Process |location=New York |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2021 |pages=44–66 |doi=10.7560/317471-003 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7560/317471-003/html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023001/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7560/317471-003/html |archive-date=2023-12-28 |language=en}}</ref> === Salaadda === [[File:Prayer in Cairo 1865.jpg|thumb|[[Muslims|Muslimiin]] tukanaya ([[salah]]) gudaha [[Egypt]] waxaa alifay [[Jean-Léon Gérôme]], 1865.]] {{Main|Salah}} {{See also|Mosque|Jumu'ah}} Salaadda Islaamka waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[salah|as-salaad]] ({{langx|ar|الصلاة|link=no}}), ama erayga [[Persian language|Faarisiga]] ee ah "Namaz." Waxaa loo arkaa xiriir shakhsi ah oo lala leeyahay Ilaahay, waxayna ka kooban tahay ku celcelinta qaybo la yiraahdo [[rakat|rakco]] oo ay ku jiraan [[Ruku|rukooc]] iyo [[Sujud|sujuud]] loo sujuudayo Ilaahay. Waxaa jira shan salaadood oo la cayimay maalintii oo dhan kuwaas oo loo arko waajibaad. Salaadaha waxaa lagu akhriyaa luqadda Carabiga waxaana lagu fuliyaa [[Qibla|dhanka]] [[Kaaba|Kacbada]]. Ficilku sidoo kale wuxuu u baahan yahay xaalad nadiif ah oo diimeed oo lagu gaaro hababka [[wudu|weysada]] ama, xaaladaha qaarkood, qubays buuxa oo [[ghusl|qubays ah]].<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=18, 19}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Hedayetullah|2006|pp=53–55}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Kobeisy|2004|pp=22–34}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Momen|1987|p=178}}</ref> [[mosque|Masaajidka]], oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano masjid ama namazgah, waa [[places of worship|goob cibaado]] oo loogu talagalay Muslimiinta. Inkasta oo ujeeddada ugu weyn ee masaajidku ay tahay inuu u adeego meel salaadeed, sidoo kale waa xarun bulsho oo muhiim u ah [[ummah|bulshada Muslimka ah]]. Tusaale ahaan, [[Prophet's Mosque|Masjidka Nabiga]] ee [[Medina|Madiina]], wuxuu sidoo kale u adeegi jiray hoy ay degaan dadka saboolka ah.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Mattson |first=Ingrid |year=2006 |title=Women, Islam, and Mosques |pages=615–629 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America |series=Volume 2, Part VII. Islam |editor1=R. S. Keller |name-list-style=and |editor2=R. R. Ruether |place=Bloomington and Indianapolis |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |isbn=978-0-253-34687-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC&pg=PA615 |access-date=2 October 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023019/https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC&pg=PA615#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Minaret|Minaarooyinku]] waa munaarooyin loo isticmaalo in lagu yeero [[adhan|aanka]], kaas oo ah yeedhid afka ah oo lagu calaamadinayo waqtiga salaadda.<ref name="Pedersen-Masjid-2010">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Pedersen |first1=Johannes |last2=Hillenbrand |first2=Robert |last3=Burton-Page |first3=John |author-link3=John Burton-Page |title=Masd̲j̲id |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam |edition=2nd |location=Leiden |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2010 |doi=10.1163/9789004206106_eifo_COM_0694 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/mosque |title=Mosque |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928065350/https://www.britannica.com/topic/mosque |url-status=live }}</ref> === Sakada === [[File:Slot at the Zaouia Moulay Idriss II 1.jpg|thumb|Meel lagu bixiyo sakada oo ku taal [[Zawiya of Moulay Idris II]] ee [[Fez, Morocco]].]] {{Main|Zakat}} {{See also|Sadaqah}} [[Zakat|Sakada]] ([[Arabic language|Carabi]]: {{langx|ar|زكاة|translit=zakāh|label=none}}), waa nooc ka mid ah [[Alms|Sadaqada]] oo lagu garto bixinta qayb go'an (2.5% sanadkii)<ref name="Ahmed-Gianci-2005">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Ahmed |first1=Medani |last2=Gianci |first2=Sebastian |title=Zakat |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Taxation and Tax Policy |editor1-last=Cordes |editor1-first=Joseph J. |editor2-last=Ebel |editor2-first=Robert D. |editor3-last=Gravelle |editor3-first=Jane |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Urban Institute Press |year=2005 |page=479 |isbn=978-0877667520 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m66_BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA479 |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026}}</ref> ee [[Financial capital|hantida la ururiyay]] ay bixiyaan kuwa awoodda u leh si ay u caawiyaan dadka saboolka ah ama baahan, sida xoraynta maxaabiista, kuwa [[bonded labor|dayn ku jira]], ama safarka ku ah, iyo kuwa loo shaqaaleysiiyo ururinta sakada. Waxay u shaqaysaa sidii nooc ka mid ah [[welfare spending|gar-gaar bulsheed]] oo ka jira bulshooyinka Muslimka ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ariff |first=Mohamed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NP4ZL0TJ9s4C&pg=PA55 |title=The Islamic Voluntary Sector in Southeast Asia: Islam and the Economic Development of Southeast Asia |publisher=[[Institute of Southeast Asian Studies]] |year=1991 |isbn=978-981-3016-07-1 |pages=55– |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023007/https://books.google.com/books?id=NP4ZL0TJ9s4C&&pg=PA55 |url-status=live }}</ref> Waxaa loo arkaa waajibaad diimeed oo ay dadka ladani ku leeyihiin kuwa baahan sababtoo ah hantidooda waxaa loo arkaa ammaan ka timid nimcada Ilaahay,<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2010|p=109–110}}: This is not regarded as charity because it is not really voluntary but instead is owed, by those who have received their wealth as a trust from God's bounty, to the poor.</ref> waxaana loo arkaa daahirinta hantida dheeraadka ah ee qofka.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = RoutledgeCurzon| isbn = 9780415297967| title =Major World Religions: From Their Origins to the Present.| location = United Kingdom| year = 2003| last=Ridgeon| first=Lloyd| url = | page = 258|quote=Aside from its function of purifying believers' wealth, the payment of zakat may have contributed in no small way to the economic welfare of the Muslim community in Mecca.}}</ref> Wadarta guud ee sanadlaha ah ee lagu bixiyo sakada ayaa ah 15 jeer ka badan deeqaha gargaarka bini'aadamnimada ee adduunka, iyadoo la adeegsanayo qiyaaso taxaddar leh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 June 2012 |title=A faith-based aid revolution in the Muslim world |work=[[The New Humanitarian]] |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/95564/analysis-faith-based-aid-revolution-muslim-world |access-date=27 August 2023 |archive-date=14 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114014900/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/95564/analysis-faith-based-aid-revolution-muslim-world |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sadaqah|Sadaqadu]], si ka duwan Sakada, waa sadaqo ikhtiyaari ah oo aad loo dhiirrigeliyo.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Said |first=Abdul Aziz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4bs7g0O4eLYC&pg=PA145 |title=Contemporary Islam: Dynamic, Not Static |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-77011-8 |page=145 |display-authors=etal |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023121/https://books.google.com/books?id=4bs7g0O4eLYC&pg=PA145 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnp|Stefon|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef/page/72 72]}} [[Waqf|Waaqfeku]] waa [[charitable trust|kalsooni samafal]] oo joogto ah, taas oo maalgelisa isbitaallada iyo dugsiyada bulshooyinka Muslimka ah.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hudson |first=A. |title=Equity and Trusts |year=2003 |edition=3rd |page=32 |location=London |publisher=Cavendish Publishing |isbn=1-85941-729-9}}</ref> === Soonta === [[File:Iftar for Ramadhan.jpg|thumb|Munaasabadda afurka, oo loo yaqaan ''[[Iftar]]'', waxaa dhaqan ahaan lagu bixiyaa [[date (fruits)|timir]].]] {{Main|Fasting in Islam}} {{See also|Fasting during Ramadan}} Islaamka dhexdiisa, soonta ([[Arabic language|Carabi]]: {{langx|ar|صوم|translit=ṣawm|label=none}}) waxay mamnuucaysaa cuntada iyo cabitaanka, iyo sidoo kale noocyada kale ee isticmaalka, sida [[Smoking in Islam|sigaar-cabista]], waxaana la fuliyaa laga bilaabo waaberiga ilaa qorrax-dhaca. Inta lagu jiro bisha [[Ramadan]], waxaa loo arkaa waajibaad saaran Muslimiinta inay soomaan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramadan |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramadan |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009215438/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramadan |url-status=live }}</ref> Soontu waxay dhiirrigelisaa dareen u dhowaanshaha Ilaahay iyadoo qofku is celinayo dartii Ilaahay wixii kale ee bannaan iyo in laga fikiro kuwa baahan. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa jira maalmo kale, sida [[Day of Arafah|Maalinta Carafo]], marka soontu ay tahay ikhtiyaari.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher =Tughra Books | isbn = 9781597846110| title = Fasting In Islam And The Month Of Ramadan| location = United States| year =2006 | last=Ramadanali| url = |page=51 | quote = }}</ref> === Xajka === {{Main|Hajj|Umrah}} {{See also|Holiest sites in Islam}} [[File:A packed house - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|thumb|Xujeyda intii lagu jiray xilli [[Hajj|Hajka]] ee [[Masjid al-Haram]] ee [[Mecca|Makka]], [[Saudi Arabia|Sacuudi Carabiya]], [[Holiest sites in islam|goobta Islaamka ee ugu barakeysan]].]] [[pilgrimage|Xajka]] Islaamka, ee loo yaqaan {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ḥajj}} ({{langx|ar|حج|link=no}}), waa in la qabtaa ugu yaraan hal mar nolosha qof kasta oo Muslim ah oo awood u leh inta lagu jiro [[Islamic calendar|bisha Islaamka]] ee [[Dhu al-Hijjah]]. Caadooyinka Hajku waxay inta badan ku daydaan sheekada qoyska [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naik |first=Dr Zakir |author-link=Zakir Naik |date=7 January 2025 |title=What Are the Pillars of Islam? |url=https://islampidia.org/en/what-are-the-pillars-of-islam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115054332/https://islampidia.org/en/what-are-the-pillars-of-islam/ |archive-date=2025-11-15 |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Islampidia |language=en-AU}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Five Pillars of Islam |url=https://localhost:5000/learn/educators/curriculum-resources/art-of-the-islamic-world/unit-one/the-five-pillars-of-islam |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026}}</ref> [[Mecca|Makka]], xujeydu waxay toddobo jeer ku wareegaan [[Kaaba|Kacbada]], oo ay Muslimiintu rumeysan yihiin inuu dhisay Ibraahim meel cibaado ah, waxayna toddobo jeer u dhexeeyaan buuraha [[Safa and Marwa|Safa iyo Marwa]], iyagoo xusuusanaya tallaabooyinkii xaaska Ibraahim, [[Hagar]], oo u raadinaysay biyo ilmahaheedii [[Ishmael in Islam|Ismaaciil]] ee lamadegaanka ka hor intaan Makka is rogay degmo.<ref>{{harvp|Goldschmidt|Davidson|2005|p=48}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Farah|1994|pp=145–147}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Hajj |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> Xajku sidoo kale wuxuu ku lug leeyahay in la qaato maalin duco iyo cibaado ah oo ka dhacda bannaanada [[Mount Arafat|Carafo]] iyo sidoo kale [[Stoning_of_the_Devil|tuurista shaydaanka]] si calaamadaysan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F.E. |title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians |date=2009 |isbn=978-1-4008-2548-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HYJ2c9E9IM8C&pg=PA19 |page=20 |publisher=Princeton University Press |access-date=7 October 2014 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023112/https://books.google.com/books?id=HYJ2c9E9IM8C&pg=PA19#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Dhammaan ragga Muslimiinta ah waxay xidhaan laba maro oo cad oo fudud oo aan tol lahayn oo loo yaqaan [[Ihram clothing|ixraam]], kuwaas oo loogu talagalay inay keenaan isku xirnaan jiilal iyo sinnaan ka dhexaysa xujeyda inkasta oo ay jiraan fasal ama asal.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cornell |first=Vincent J. |title=Voices of Islam: Voices of tradition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g5LNUS0ciAAC&pg=PA29 |access-date=26 August 2012 |year=2007 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-98733-6 |page=29}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Glassé|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC&pg=PA207 207]}}</ref> Nooc kale oo xaj ah, [[Umrah|Umrada]], waa ikhtiyaari waxaana la qaban karaa wakhti kasta oo sanadka ka mid ah. Goobaha kale ee xajka Islaamka waa [[Medina|Madiina]], halkaas oo Maxamed uu ku geeriyooday, iyo sidoo kale [[Jerusalem|Quddus]], oo ah magaalo ay ku yaalliin nabiyo badan oo Islaam ah waana goobta [[Al-Aqsa|Al-Aqsa]], taas oo ahayd jihadii salaadda ka hor Makka.<ref>{{cite book|author=Michigan Consortium for Medieval and Early Modern Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p44kAQAAMAAJ|title=The Meeting of Two Worlds: Cultural Exchange Between East and West During the Period of the Crusades|publisher=Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University|year=1986|isbn=0918720583|editor1=Goss, V. P.|volume=21|page=208|editor2=Bornstein, C. V.|access-date=15 January 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023032/https://books.google.com/books?id=p44kAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Trofimov-2008">{{cite book |last=Trofimov |first=Yaroslav |author-link=Yaroslav Trofimov |title=The Siege of Mecca: The 1979 Uprising at Islam's Holiest Shrine |location=New York |publisher=[[Knopf]] |date=2008 |page=79 |isbn=978-0-307-47290-8 |language=en}}</ref> === Ficilada cibaadada ee kale === {{See also|Quran#Recitation|Dua|Dhikr}} [[File:Men reading the Koran in Umayyad Mosque, Damascus, Syria.jpg|thumb|Rag Muslimiin ah oo akhrinaya Quraanka gudaha [[Umayyad Mosque|Masjidka Umawiyiinta]] ee [[Damascus]], [[Syria]].]] Muslimiintu waxay akhriyaan oo xifdiyaan Quraanka oo dhan ama qaybo ka mid ah si ay u noqdaan camal wanaagsan. [[Tajwid|Tajwiidku]] wuxuu tilmaamayaa xeerar taxane ah oo loogu talagalay [[elocution|akhriska saxda ah]] ee Quraanka.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = | isbn = | title = Foundation of Tajweed| location = | year = 2013|edition=2| last=Aboo Yahyaa| url = | page = 1 | quote = }}</ref> Muslimiin badan ayaa akhriya Quraanka oo dhan inta lagu jiro bisha Ramadaan.{{sfnp|Stefon|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef/page/42 42–43]}} Qofka xifdiyay Quraanka oo dhan waxaa loo yaqaanaa Xaafid ("xifdiyey"), xadiisyaduna waxay xusayaan in shakhsiyaadkani ay awood u yeelan doonaan inay shafeecaan dadka kale Maalinta Qiyaamaha.{{sfnp|Nigosian|2004|p=[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=my7hnALd_NkC|page=70}} 70]}} Baryada Ilaahay, oo Carabiga lagu yiraahdo {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|duʿāʾ}} ({{langx|ar|دعاء}}&nbsp;{{IPA|ar|dʊˈʕæːʔ|IPA}}) waxay leedahay anshaxeedii gaarka ahaa sida [[Raising hands in dua|gacmaha oo la taago]] sidii iyadoo la baryayo.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Brill| isbn = 9789004335523| title = The Quṣṣāṣ of Early Islam| location = Netherlands| year = 2016| last=Armstrong| first=Lyall| url = | page = 184| quote = }}</ref> Xuska Ilaahay ({{langx|ar|ذكر|translit=Dhikr'|label=none}}) wuxuu tilmaamayaa erayada lagu celceliyo ee tixraacaya Ilaahay. Sida caadiga ah, tan waxaa ka mid ah Tahmiid, oo lagu dhawaaqayo [[Alhamdulillah|ammaan oo dhan waxaa leh Ilaahay]] ({{langx|ar|الحمد لله|translit=al-Ḥamdu lillāh|label=none}}) inta lagu jiro salaadda ama marka la dareemayo mahadnaq, [[Tasbih|Tasbiix]], oo lagu dhawaaqayo weyneynta Ilaahay inta lagu jiro salaadda ama marka la cajabo shay oo la dhaho '[[Basmala|bismillaah]]' ka hor intaan la bilaabin ficil sida cuntada.<ref>{{Cite web|title=alhamdulillah |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/alhamdulillah|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227042540/https://www.lexico.com/definition/alhamdulillah|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 27, 2020|access-date=2021-10-16|website=Lexico}}</ref> == Taariikhda == {{Main|History of Islam}} {{For timeline|Timeline of the history of Islam}} {{See also|List of Muslim empires and dynasties}}{{multiple image | align = center | direction = horizontal | total_width = 600 | image1 = Masjid Nabawi The Prophet's Mosque, Madina.jpg | image2 = Jerusalem DomeoftheRock J65 (cropped).JPG | footer = Bidix: [[Prophet's Mosque|Masjidka Nabiga]] ee [[Medina|Madiina]], Sacuudi Carabiya, waa [[holiest sites in islam|goobta labaad ee ugu barakeysan]] ee Islaamka. Maxamed laftiisa ayaa ku lug lahaa dhismaha masjidka, iyo [[Green Dome|Qubbadiisa Cagaaran]] waa halka lagu aasay. Midig: [[Al-Aqsa|Dhismaha Masjidka Al-Aqsa]] ee [[Jerusalem|Quddus]] waa goobta saddexaad ee ugu barakeysan ee Islaamka, halkaas oo Maxamed uu uga kacay samada intii uu socday [[Isra' and Mi'raj|Isra' iyo Mi'raaj]]. Goobtu waxay ahayd jihadii hore ee salaadda ([[qibla]]), halkaas oo Muslimiintu ay horay ugu tukan jireen ka hor intaan jihada loo beddelin [[Kaaba|Kacbada]] ee [[Mecca|Makka]] ka dib waxyi soo gaaray Maxamed. | caption1 = | caption2 = }} === Maxamed iyo bilowgii Islaamka (570–632) === {{Main|Muhammad|Muhammad in Islam}} {{for timeline|Timeline of early Islamic history}} {{Further|Muhammad in Mecca|Early social changes under Islam|First Islamic state}} [[File:Hira_Cave.jpg|thumb|[[Jabal al-Nour]] u dhow [[Mecca|Makka]], halkaas oo Maxamed uu ka helay [[Muhammad's first revelation|waxyigiisii ugu horreeyay]] ee ku jiray godka Xira.]] Sida ku xusan dhaqanka Islaamka, Maxamed wuxuu ku dhashay [[Mecca|Makka]] sannadkii 570 [[Common Era|C.D.]] wuxuuna noqday agoon caruurnimadiisii. Isagoo ku koray ganacsade ahaan, wuxuu noqday mid loo yaqaan "[[Amin (name)|amin (mid la isku halayn karo)]]" ({{langx|ar|الامين}}) waxaana la doonayay inuu noqdo garsoore dhexdhexaad ah. Intuu ka dib guursaday shaqaalihiisii, haweeneydii ganacsatada ahayd ee [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadiija]].{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=6}} Sannadkii 610 C.D., isagoo dhibsaday hoos u dhaca akhlaaqda iyo shirkiga ka jiray Makka isla markaana raadinaya gooni-isu-taag iyo fikir ruuxi ah, Maxamed wuxuu u baxay Godka Xira ee buurta [[Jabal al-Nour]], oo u dhow Makka. Wuxuu ahaa intii uu ku sugnaa godka halkaas oo la sheegay inuu [[Muhammad's first revelation|helay waxyigii ugu horreeyay]] ee [[Quran|Quraanka]] oo uga yimid malaa'igta [[Gabriel|Jibriil]].<ref name="610CE" /> Dhacdadii bixitaankii Maxamed ee godka iyo waxyigii xigay waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[Night of Power|Leylatul Qadr]] waxaana loo arkaa dhacdo muhiim ah taariikhda Islaamka. Intii lagu guda jiray 22-kii sano ee ka dambeeyay nolosha, laga bilaabo da'da 40 wixii ka dambeeyay, Maxamed wuxuu sii waday helitaanka waxyiga Ilaahay, isagoo noqday kii ugu dambeeyay ama [[Seal of the prophets|nabigii ugu dambeeyay]] ee loo diray bini'aadamka.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Muhammad |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> [[File:Siyer-i_Nebi_151b.jpg|thumb|Maxamed oo la muujiyay waji daboolan oo jooga [[Kaaba|Kacbada]] laga soo qaatay [[Siyer-i Nebi]], {{Circa|1595}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ottomans : religious painting |url=http://www.ee.bilkent.edu.tr/~history/ottoman33.html |access-date=1 May 2016}}</ref>]] Inta lagu jiro xilligan, [[Muhammad in Mecca|halka uu joogay Makka, Maxamed]] wuxuu ku wacdiyay marka hore si qarsoodi ah ka dibna si cad, isagoo ka baryaya dhegaystayaashiisa inay ka tagaan [[Arab polytheism|shirkiga]] oo ay caabudaan hal Ilaah. Qaar ka mid ah [[Early Muslims|Muslimiintii ugu horreysay ee soo islaamtay]] waxay ahaayeen dumar, saboolka, ajaanibta, iyo addoommada sida mu'adinkii ugu horreeyay [[Bilal ibn Rabah|Bilaal bin Rabaax]].<ref>Rabah, Bilal B. ''[[Encyclopedia of Islam]].''</ref> Dadka waaweyn ee Makka waxay dareemeen in Maxamed uu [[Early social changes under Islam|khalday nidaamkooda bulsho]] isagoo ka wacdiyaya hal Ilaah oo siinaya fikrado laga shakiyo saboolka iyo addoommada sababtoo ah waxay faa'iida ka helayeen xajka sanamyada Kacbada.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ünal |first=Ali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DyuqdDIjaswC&pg=PA1323 |title=The Qurʼan with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English |publisher=Tughra Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-59784-000-2 |pages=1323– |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024048/https://books.google.com/books?id=DyuqdDIjaswC&pg=PA1323#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|p=36}}</ref> Ka dib 12 sano oo ah [[Persecution of Muslims by Meccans|dhibaataynta Muslimiinta ay u geysanayeen dadkii Makka]], Maxamed iyo [[Companions of the Prophet|sahabbadiisii]] waxay sameeyeen [[Hegira|Hijradii]] 622 ee magaalada Yathrib (magaalada Madiina ee maanta). Wuxuu halkaas ka Aasaasay [[First Islamic state|Dowladdii Islaamiga ahayd ee ugu horreysay]] oo ay la socdaan Muslimiintii Madiina (''[[Ansar (Islam)|Ansaarta]]'') iyo muhaajiriintii Makka (''[[Muhajirun|Muhaajiriinta]]''). [[Constitution of Medina|Dastuurkii Madiina]] waxaa saxiixay dhammaan qabiilooyinkii Madiina. Tani waxay aasaastay xorriyadda diinta iyo xorriyadda isticmaalka sharcigooda u gaarka ah ee ka dhex jiray bulshooyinka Muslimka ah iyo kuwa aan Muslimka ahayn hammi ah in Madiina laga difaaco khataraha dibadda.{{sfnp|Serjeant|1978|p=4}} Ciidamadii Makka iyo xulafadoodii waxay guuldarro ka soo gaartay Muslimiinta [[Battle of Badr|Dagaalkii Badar]] 624 ka dibna waxay dagaalameen dagaal aan la isla ogayn oo ka dhacay [[Battle of Uhud|Dagaalkii Uxud]]<ref>{{Citation |last=Peter Crawford |title=The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-oHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |page=83 |publisher=Pen & Sword Books Limited |isbn=9781473828650 |date=2013-07-16 |access-date=5 August 2022 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023957/https://books.google.com/books?id=d-oHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |url-status=live }}.</ref> ka hor intaanay ku guuldarraysan inay hareereeyaan Madiina [[Battle of the Trench|Dagaalkii Khandaq]] (Maarso–Abriil 627). Sannadkii 628, [[Treaty of al-Hudaybiya|Heshiiskii Xudeybiya]] ayaa la kala saxiixday Makka iyo Muslimiinta, laakiin waxaajabiyay Makka laba sano ka dib. Markii qabiilo badan ay islaameen, jidadkii ganacsiga ee Makka waxaa gooyay Muslimiinta.<ref>{{harvp|Peters|2003|pp=78–79, 194}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|pp=23–28}}</ref> Markaatay ahayd 629 Maxamed wuxuu ku guuleystay [[conquest of Mecca|furashadii Makka]] ee aan dhiiggu ku daadan, iyo waqtigii uu geeriyooday 632 (da'da 62) wuxuu midaysiiyay qabiilooyinkii Carabta]] hal qaran oo diimeed. === Islaamkii Hore (632–750) === {{Further|Succession to Muhammad|Early Muslim conquests}} {{See also|Ghadir Khumm|Saqifa|Canonization of Islamic scripture}} [[File:Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg|thumb|Expansion of the Caliphate{{legend|#a1584e|Muhammad, 622–632}}{{legend|#ef9070|Khulafo Al-Raashidiin, 632–661}}{{legend|#fad07d|Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750}}]] Nabi Maxamed wuxuu geeriyooday sanadkii 632 waxaana khulafadii ugu horreysay ee loo yaqaan Khulafo – Abu Bakr, Cumar, Cuthmaan, Cali iyo marmar Xasan bin Cali<ref>{{Cite book| last1 = Melchert| first1 = Christopher| date = 2020| contribution = The Rightly Guided Caliphs: The Range of Views Preserved in Ḥadīth| editor1-last = al-Sarhan| editor1-first = Saud| title = Political Quietism in Islam: Sunni and Shi'i Practice and Thought| location = London and New York| publisher = I.B. Tauris| isbn = 978-1-83860-765-4| pages = 70–71| contribution-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=96TDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA63| access-date = 17 February 2022| url-status = live}}</ref> – looga yaqaan Islaamka Sunniga ah ''al-khulafā' ar-rāshidūn'' ("Khulafadii Hagaysa").{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=40}} Qaar kamid ah qabiilooyinka ayaa Islaamka ka tagay oo ka inkiiray madax sheegtay in ay yihiin nebiyo cusub balse Abu Bakr wuxuu ku jebiyey dagaalladii Riddada.<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|p=57}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Hourani|2002|p=22}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=32}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Madelung|1996|p=43}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Ṭabāṭabāʼī|1979|pp=30–50}}</ref> Bulshooyinka maxalliga ah ee Yuhuudda iyo Nasaarada asaliga ah, ee loo haystay dad laga tirada badan yahay oo diinaysan loona culeysiyay canshuuraha, ayaa inta badan ka caawiyey Muslimiinta inay qabsadaan dhulkooda,{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=38}} taasoo keentay in khilaafaddu ay si degdeg ah ugu ballaarato boqortooyooyinkii Saasaniyiinta iyo Biisantiinta.<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|p=74}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=J. Kuiper |first=Matthew |title=Da'wa: A Global History of Islamic Missionary Thought and Practice |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2021 |isbn=9781351510721 |page=85}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lapidus |first=Ira M. |title=A History of Islamic Societies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-521-51430-9 |pages=60–61 |author-link=Ira M. Lapidus}}</ref> Cuthmaan waxaa la doortay 644 waxaana dilkiisii uu kiciyey in Cali loo doorto Khaliifkii xigay. Dagaalkii Sifeyn ee Koowaad, xaaskii Nebiga, Caashaa, waxay soo saartay ciidan ka soo horjeeda Cali, iyada oo isku dayaysa inay u aarto dhimashadii Cuthmaan, balse waa lagu jabiyey Dagaalkii Geela. Cali wuxuu isku dayay inuu xilka ka qaado guddoomiyihii Suuriya, Mucaawiya, kaas oo loo arkayay musuqmaasuq. Mucaawiya ayaa markaas dagaal ku dhawaaqay Cali waana lagu jabiyey Dagaalkii Sifeyn. Go'aanka Cali ee ahaa inuu dhex-dhexaadin sameeyo ayaa ka caraysiiyey Khawaarijta, oo ahayd koox xagjir ah, kuwaas oo qabay in aan la dagaallamin qof dembiile ah awgeed, Cali uu isna noqday dembiile. Khawaarijtu way caasiyoobeen waxaana lagu jebiyey Dagaalkii Nahrawan balse nin Khawaariji ah ayaa gadaal ka dilay Cali. Wiilkiii Cali, Xasan bin Cali, ayaa loo doortay Khaliif wuxuuna saxiixay heshiis nabadeed si looga fogaado dagaal kale, isaga oo xilka uga degay Mucaawiya si uusan Mucaawiya u soo magacaabin qof beddela.{{sfnp|Holt|Lewis|1977|pp=67–72}} [[File:Almuñécar, statue of Abd al-Rahman I.jpg|thumb|Taallo ay leedahay Cabduraxmaan I oo ku taal Almuñécar, Isbayn. Islaamku wuxuu gaaray Galbeedka Yurub 711 AD, markii Ṭariiq bin Siyaad uu galay Jasiiradda Iberia. Sanadkii 756, Cabduraxmaan wuxuu aasaasay Imaaradda Cordoba, isagoo ka aasaasay dowlad Islaami ah oo madaxbannaan al-Andalus.]] Mucaawiya wuxuu bilaabay Saldanaddii Umawiyiinta isagoo u magacaabay wiilkiisii Yaziid inay isku xigaan, taasoo dhalisay Dagaalkii Sifeyn ee Labaad. Intii uu socday Dagaalkii Karbala, Xuseen bin Cali, wiilka labaad ee Cali iyo awowgii nebiga, waxaa si arxan darro ah u dilay ciidamadii Yaziid; dhacdadii waxaa sannad walba xusaa Muslimiinta Shiicada ah ilaa maanta. Sunniga, oo uu hoggaaminayo Ibn al-Zubayr oo kasoo horjeeda khilaafad dhaxal ah, ayaa lagaga adkaaday Go'doomintii Makka. Khilaafyadan hoggaanka ayaa keenay inuu dhasho khilaafka Sunni-Shiicada,{{sfnp|Waines|2003|p=46}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harney |first=John |date=3 January 2016 |title=How Do Sunni and Shia Islam Differ? |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/04/world/middleeast/q-and-a-how-do-sunni-and-shia-islam-differ.html |access-date=4 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyadoo Shiicadu ay aaminsan tahay in hoggaanku uu leeyahay qoyskii Nebiga (Ahl al-bayt).{{sfnp|Waines|2003|p=46}} Hoggaankii Abu Bakr wuxuu kormeeray bilowgii ururinta Qur'aanka. Khaliifkii Cumar bin Cabdicasiis wuxuu dhisay guddigii, Todobadii Fuqaha ee Madiina,{{sfnp|Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar Ibn Kathīr|2012|p=505}}<ref>''Umar Ibn Abdul Aziz'' By Imam Abu Muhammad Abdullah ibn Abdul Hakam died 214 AH 829 C.E. Publisher Zam Zam Publishers Karachi, pp. 54–59</ref> waxaana Malik bin Anas uu qoray mid ka mid ah buugagii ugu horreeyay ee ku saabsan fiiqhiga Islaamka, ''Muwatta'', oo ahayd is-afgarad ku saabsan aragtida culimadaas.{{sfnp|Coulson|1964|p=103}}<ref>{{Cite book |editor-last1=Houtsma |editor-first1=M.T. |editor-last2=Wensinck |editor-first2=A.J. |editor-last3=Lévi-Provençal |editor-first3=E. |editor-last4=Gibb |editor-first4=H.A.R. |editor-last5=Heffening |editor-first5=W. |series=Volume V: L—Moriscos |title=E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936 |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=1993 |edition=reprint |isbn=978-90-04-09791-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Va6oSxzojzoC |pages=207– |access-date=19 September 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor=Moshe Sharon |title=Studies in Islamic History and Civilization: In Honour of Professor David Ayalon |year=1986 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789652640147 |page=264 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0_wUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA264 |access-date=20 June 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Khawaarijtu waxay aaminsanaayeen in uusan jirin dhexdhexaad la tanaasuli karo oo u dhexeeya wanaagga iyo xumaanta, iyo in muslim kasta oo gala dembi weyn uu noqonayo gaal. Erayga "Khawaarij" waxaa sidoo kale loo adeegsaday in lagu tilmaamo ISIS.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mamouri|first=Ali|date=8 January 2015|title=Who are the Kharijites and what do they have to do with IS?|work=Al-monitor|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2015/01/islamic-state-kjarijites-continuation.html|access-date=6 March 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Murji'ah waxay barayeen in dadka toosan lagu xukumi karo Eebbe kaligii. Sidaa darteed, dembiilayaasha waxaa loo arki karaa inay marin habaabeen, laakiin aan lagu tilmaamin gaalo.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|p=43}} Dabeecaddan ayaa timid inay ku guulaysato caqiidada Islaamka ee ugu weyn.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}}[[File:BalianofIbelin1490.jpg|thumb|Saliibiyiinta oo ku wareejinaya Qudus Muslimiinta sanadkii 1187 AD.]] Saldanaddii Umawiyiintu waxay qabsatay Maqrib, Jasiiradda Iberia, Gallia Narbonensis iyo Sindh.<ref>{{cite book |first=Donald |last=Puchala |title=Theory and History in International Relations |page=137 |publisher=Routledge |year=2003}}</ref> Duullaamadii Islaamka ee hore waxaa lagu tilmaamay imperialism Islaami ah.<ref name="n050">{{cite journal | last=Wright | first=Craig S | title=Arab Colonialism and the Roots of the Golden Age of Islam | journal=SSRN Electronic Journal | date=2022 | issn=1556-5068 | doi=10.2139/ssrn.4020040 | url=https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4020040 | access-date=2026-04-24 | page=}}</ref> Umawiyiintu waxay la halgamayeen l'aynaansho sharci ah waxayna ku tiirsanaayeen ciidan aad loo taageero.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=45}} Maaddaama canshuurta Jizya ay ahayd canshuur ay bixiyaan kuwa aan muslimka ahayn oo ka reebayay adeegga ciidanka, Umawiyiintu waxay diideen inay aqoonsadaan islaam-gelitaanka kuwa aan Carabta ahayn, maadaama ay yaraynaysay dakhliga.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}} Iyadoo Khilaafadii Raashidiintu ay adkaysay adduunyo la'aanta, iyadoo Cumar uu xitaa dalbanayo in la tiriyo hantida sarkaal kasta,<ref>{{cite book |first1=Ahmad Ibn Jabir|last1=Al-Biladhuri |first2=Philip|last2=Hitti|title=Kitab Futuhu'l-Buldan|page=219 |publisher=AMS Press |year=1969}}</ref> raaxada Umawiyiinta ayaa dhalisay qancin la'aan dadka diinta ku adag.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}} Khawaarijtu waxay hoggaamiyeen Kacdoonkii Berber, taasoo horseeday dowladaha ugu horreeya ee Islaamka oo ka madax bannaan Khilaafada. Kacdoonkii Cabbasiyiinta, kuwa aan Carabta ahayn ee soo islaamay (Mawla), qabiilooyinkii Carabta ee ay Umawiyiintu meesha ka saareen, iyo qaar ka mid ah Shiicada ayaa midoobay oo riday Umawiyiinta, iyaga oo bilaabay Cabbasiyiinta oo caalami ah sanadkii 750.{{sfnp|Lewis|1993|pp=71–83}} === Axdigii Dahabiga Ahaa ee Islaamka (786–1258) === {{Further|Hadith studies|Islamic philosophy}} {{See also|Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe|Turco-Persian tradition}} [[File:Al-Risalah_al-Dhahabiah.JPG|thumb|Bog ka mid ah Al-Risala al-Dhahabiyya ee Imam Ali al-Rida (809 AD), oo ah tii ugu qiimaha badnayd ee shaqooyinka Islaamka ee Sayniska Caafimaadka. Waxaa ku jira qaybo saynis sida Anatomiya, Histoloji, Fisioloji, Kimistari iyo Patoloji intii sayniska caafimaadku uu wali ahaa mid bilow ah.]] Al-Shafi'i wuxuu dejiyay hab lagu xaqiijiyo isku-halaynta xadiiska.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|p=86}} Waagii hore ee Ablaasiyiinta, aqoonyahanno sida Muhammad al-Bukhari iyo Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj waxay soo ururiyeen guryaha waaweyn ee xadiiska Ahlusunna, halka aqoonyahanno sida Al-Kulayni iyo Ibn Babawayh ay soo ururiyeen guryaha waaweyn ee xadiiska Shiicada. Astaamaha afar-madhab ee Ahlusunna—Hanafi, Hanbali, Maliki, iyo Shafi'i—waxaa lagu tiiriyay dhulalka fundamentiinta ee Abū Ḥanīfa, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Malik ibn Anas iyo al-Shafi'i. Taa beddelkeeda, dhulalka fundamentiinta ee Ja'far al-Sadiq waxay dhiseen Fiqhiga Ja'fari. Qarnigii 9aad, Al-Tabari wuxuu dhameystiray qafiskii ugu horreeyay ee Tafsiirka Quraanka, Tafsir al-Tabari, oo noqday mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu xigashada badan Ahlusunna Islaamka. Doobab ka mid ah Muslinka waxay ka fekereen ka-sallamaaynta nolosha duniyeed waxayna xoogga saareen saboolnimada, is-hoosaysiinta, iyo fogaanta dambiga ee ku basada diidmada rabitaanka jidhka. Zuhuudka sida Hasan al-Basri waxay dhiirrigeliyeen dhaqdhaqaaq dib u zhugnaaday tasawwuf ama Sufi.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|pp=90, 91}} Waqtigan, dhibaatooyinka fiqiga, gaar ahaan doorashada xorta ah, waxay ahaayeen kuwo si adag loo maareeyay, iyadoo Hasan al-Basri uu qabay in kasta oo Eebbe uu og yahay waxa dadku sameynayaan, wanaagga iyo xintu ay ka yimaadaan isticmaalka qaldan ee doorashada xorta ah iyo Ibliiska.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|pp=38-39}}{{efn|"Hasan al-Basri waxaa inta badan loo tixgeliyaa mid ka mid ah dadkii ugu horreeyay ee diaday asalka malaa'igta ee ibliiska, isagoo ku doodaya in dhicitaankiisu yahay natiijada doorashadiisa xorta ah, oo ma ahan go'aanka Eebbe. Hasan al-Basri wuxuu sidoo kale ku dooday in malaa'igtu aysan awoodin dambiga ama khaladaadka oo ay ka sharaf badan yihiin aadanaha iyo xata cabsida nabiyada. Shiicada iyo Sunnida hore waxay ka soo horjeedeen ra'yigiisa.<ref>Omar Hamdan ''Studien zur Kanonisierung des Korantextes: al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrīs Beiträge zur Geschichte des Korans'' Otto Harrassowitz Verlag 2006 {{ISBN|978-3447053495}} pp. 291–292 (German)</ref>}} Falsafada Caqliga Giriiga waxay dhiirrigelisay dugsi feker oo loo yaqaan Mu'tazila, oo si ka muuqata u dooday fikradda doorashada xorta ah ee uu bilaabay Wasil ibn Ata.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|p=50}} Khaliif al-Mamun wuxuu ka dhigay caqiido rasmi ah wuxuuna si aan guul lahayn ugu doortay inuu ku qasbo booskan dadka intiisa badan.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=88}} Khaliif Al-Mu'tasim wuxuu sameeyay Mihna, iyadoo Ahmad ibn Hanbal oo ilaalinaayay dhaqanka uu si muuqata u diaday inuu waafaqo fikradda Mu'tazila ee ah in Quraanku yahay ku dhacay halkii uu ka ahaan lahaa mid weligeed ah, taas oo ka dhigtay in la jilciyo oo lagu hayo qol madow muddo ku dhow soddon bilood.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doi |first=Abdur Rahman |title=Shariah: The Islamic Law |location=London |publisher=Ta-Ha Publishers |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-907461-38-8 |page=110}}</ref> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dugsiyada kale ee Kalam—Māturīdism oo uu aasaasay Abu Mansur al-Maturidi iyo Ash'ari oo uu aasaasay Al-Ash'ari—waxay ahaayeen kuwo si ballaaran loo qaatay. Falsafadyahannada sida Al-Farabi, Avicenna iyo Averroes waxay isku deyeyeen inay waafajiyaan fikradaha Aristotle iyo fundamentiinta Islaamka, iyagoo u dhow Iskolastikada Kiristanka ee Yuubka iyo shaqada Maimonides ee Yuhuudda, halka kuwo kale sida Al-Ghazali ay ka soo horjeedeen habkan oo ugu dambeyntii guuleysteen.<ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=160}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Waines|2003|pp=126–127}}</ref> [[File:Al-Idrisi's_world_map.JPG|thumb|Tabula Rogeriana (1154 AD) ee al-Idrisi, oo ah mid ka mid ah khariidadaha dunida ee ugu horumarsanaa qarniyadii dhexe, oo la sameeyay Axdigii Dahabiga Ahaa ee Islaamka.]] Axdigan inta badan waxaa loo yaqaan Axdigii Dahabiga Ahaa ee Islaamka.<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|pp=80, 92, 105}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|pp=661–663}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=56}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lewis|1993|p=84}}</ref><ref name="harvp|Gardet|Jomier|2012">{{harvp|Gardet|Jomier|2012}}</ref> Guulaha sayniska Islaamku waxay samaysteen qaybo badan oo maadooyin ah sida caafimaadka, xisaabta, astronomiga, iyo beeraha iyo sidoo kale fisigiska, dhaqaalaha, injineernimada iyo optigga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=King |first=David A. |year=1983 |title=The Astronomy of the Mamluks |journal=Isis |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=531–55 |doi=10.1086/353360 |s2cid=144315162 | issn=0021-1753}}</ref><ref name="Hassan-1996">{{cite book |last=Hassan |first=Ahmad Y. |author-link=Ahmad Y. al-Hassan |title=Islam and the Challenge of Modernity |chapter=Factors Behind the Decline of Islamic Science After the Sixteenth Century |editor-last=Al-Attas |editor-first=S. S. |editor-link=Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas |location=Kuala Lumpur |publisher=International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization |year=1996 |pages=351–399 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ854295.pdf|title=Contributions of Islamic scholars to the scientific enterprise|access-date=13 December 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The greatest scientific advances from the Muslim world|website=TheGuardian.com|date=February 2010|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/feb/01/islamic-science|access-date=13 December 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Avicenna wuxuu ahaa horyaal ku saabsan caafimaadka tijaabada ah,<ref>Jacquart, Danielle (2008). "Islamic Pharmacology in the Middle Ages: Theories and Substances". European Review (Cambridge University Press) 16: 219–227.</ref><ref>David W. Tschanz, MSPH, PhD (August 2003). "Arab Roots of European Medicine", Heart Views 4 (2).</ref> oo The Canon of Medicine waxaa loo isticmaalay qoraal caafimaad oo heer sare ah ee dunida Islaamka iyo Yurub qarniyo. Rhazes wuxuu ahaa kii ugu horreeyay ee aqoonsaday cudurrada furfuraa iyo jadeecada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/alrazi.aspx|title=Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi (Rhazes) (c. 865-925)|publisher=sciencemuseum.org.uk|access-date=31 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Cisbitaallada dadweynaha ee waqtigaas waxay bixiyeen shahaadooyinka ugu horreeya ee caafimaadka si loogu ogolaado dhakhaatiirta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alatas |first=Syed Farid |year=2006 |title=From Jami'ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue |url=https://zenodo.org/record/29439 |journal=Current Sociology |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=112–132 |doi=10.1177/0011392106058837 |s2cid=144509355 |access-date=12 September 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Imamuddin |first=S.M. |title=Muslim Spain 711–1492 AD |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=1981 |isbn=978-90-04-06131-6 |page=169}}</ref> Ibn al-Haytham waxaa loo tixgeliyaa aabaha habka sayniska ee casriga ah iyadoo inta badan loo sheego "saynisyahankii ugu horreeyay ee runta ah ee dunida", gaar ahaan shaqadiisa optigga.<ref>{{cite journal |author-link=Gerald J. Toomer|first=G. J. |last=Toomer |jstor=228328 |title=Review Work: Matthias Schramm (1963) ''Ibn Al-Haythams Weg zur Physik'' |journal=Isis |volume=55 |issue=4 |date=Dec 1964 |page=464 |quote=Schramm sums up [Ibn Al-Haytham's] achievement in the development of scientific method.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Al-Khalili |first=Jim |date=4 January 2009 |title=The 'first true scientist' |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7810846.stm |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gorini |first=Rosanna |date=October 2003 |title=Al-Haytham the man of experience. First steps in the science of vision |journal=Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=53–55 |url=http://www.ishim.net/ishimj/4/10.pdf |access-date=25 September 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> Injineernimada, walaalaha Banū Mūsā aaladdooda turumbada tooska ah waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay ahaan lahayd mashinkii ugu horreeyay ee la barnamijayn karo.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Koetsier |first1=Teun |title=On the prehistory of programmable machines: musical automata, looms, calculators |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_mechanism-and-machine-theory_2001-05_36_5/page/589 |journal=Mechanism and Machine Theory |date=May 2001 |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=589–603 |doi=10.1016/S0094-114X(01)00005-2 }}</ref> Xisaabta Islaamka, fikradda algorithm waxaa lagu magacaabay Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, oo loo tixgeliyo aasaasaha aljabra, oo lagu magacaabay buugiisa al-jabr, halka kuwo kale ay soo saareen fikradda shaqada (function).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Katz |first1=Victor J. |author1-link=Victor J. Katz |last2=Barton |first2=Bill |title=Stages in the History of Algebra with Implications for Teaching |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_educational-studies-in-mathematics_2007-10_66_2/page/185 |journal=Educational Studies in Mathematics |date=18 September 2007 |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=185–201 |doi=10.1007/s10649-006-9023-7 |s2cid=120363574 }}</ref> Dowladda waxay siin jirtay saynisyahannada mushahar u dhigma mushaharka ciyaartoyda xirfadleyda ah ee maanta.<ref>{{harvp|Ahmed|2006|pp=23, 42, 84}}</ref> Guinness World Records wuxuu u aqoonsan yahay Jaamacadda Al Karaouine, oo la aasaasay 859, inay tahay jaamacadda ugu qadiimsan ee bixisa shahaadooyinka dunida.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Young |first=Mark |url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessbookofwo1998newy |title=The Guinness Book of Records |year=1998 |page=242 |publisher=Bantam |isbn=978-0-553-57895-9}}</ref> Dad badan oo aan Muslin ahayn, sida Kiristanka, Yuhuudda iyo Saabi'iinta,<ref name="Brague 2009">{{cite book|title=The Legend of the Middle Ages: Philosophical Explorations of Medieval Christianity, Judaism, and Islam|first=Rémi |last=Brague|year= 2009| isbn=9780226070803| page =164|publisher=University of Chicago Press|quote=Neither were there any Muslims among the Ninth-Century translators. Almost all of them were Christians of various Eastern denominations: Jacobites, Melchites, and, above all, Nestorians... A few others were Sabians.}}</ref> waxay guntadeen ilbaxnimada Islaamka qaybo meelaha ah,<ref name="Hill-1993">{{cite book |last=Hill |first=Donald |author-link=Donald Routledge Hill |title=Islamic Science and Engineering |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=1993 |page=4 |isbn=0-7486-0455-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Brague-Assyrians">{{cite web |last=Brague |first=Rémi |author-link=Rémi Brague |title=Assyrians contributions to the Islamic civilization |url=http://www.christiansofiraq.com/assyriancontributionstotheislamiccivilization.htm |website=Christians of Iraq |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> iyo machadka loo yaqaan Bayt al-Hikma wuxuu u shaqaaleysiiyay aqoonyahanno Kiristan iyo Faarisi ah si ay ugu turjumaan shaqooyinka luqadda Carabiga iyo si ay u soosaaraan aqoon cusub.<ref name="Meri-Bacharach-2006">{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Meri |editor-first1=Josef W. |editor-link1=Josef W. Meri |editor-last2=Bacharach |editor-first2=Jere L. |editor-link2=Jere L. Bacharach |title=Hadith |encyclopedia=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia |volume=1 |location=New York |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2006 |page=304 |isbn=978-0415966917 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MypbfKdMePIC&pg=PA304 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Saliba-1994">{{cite book |last=Saliba |first=George |author-link=George Saliba |title=A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam |location=New York |publisher=New York University Press |year=1994 |pages=245, 250, 256–57 |isbn=0-8147-8023-7 |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Cheshm manuscript.jpg|thumb|Anatomiya ee isha oo uu samaystay Hunayn ibn Ishaq, oo mas'uul ka ahaa turjumida Bayt al-Hikma waagii Boqortooyada Ablaasiyiinta, 1200 AD.]]Askartu waxay ka go'een boqortooyadii Ablaasiyiinta waxayna dhiseen khilaafadooda propriyada ah, sida Tulunids oo 868 ku tirsanaa Masar<ref>{{cite book|last=Holt|first=Peter Malcolm|author-link=Peter Holt (historian)|title=The Crusader States and Their Neighbours, 1098–1291|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0qLHVGgH7AC&pg=PA8|year=2004|publisher=Pearson Longman|isbn=978-0-582-36931-3|page=6|access-date=2 February 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> iyo boqortooyada Ghaznavid oo 977 ku tirsanaa Aasiyada Dhexe.<ref>{{cite book |title=Islamic Central Asia: an anthology of historical sources |editor-first1=Scott Cameron |editor-last1=Levi |editor-first2=Ron |editor-last2=Sela |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2010 |page=83}}</ref> Qaybsanaantan waxay keentay Qarnigii Shiicada, oo u dhaxeeyay 945 iyo 1055, oo la arkay kor u kaca dhaqdhaqaaqa Isma'ili Shiicada. Koox Isma'ili ah, boqortooyada Fatimid, waxay gacanta ku dhigeen Waqooyiga Afrika qarnigii 10aad<ref>Neue Fischer Weltgeschichte "Islamisierung in Zentralasien bis zur Mongolenzeit" Band 10: Zentralasien, 2012, p. 191 (German)</ref> iyo koox kale oo Isma'ili ah, Qarmatians, waxay boobeen Makka waxayna xadeen Hajar al-Aswad, oo ah dhagaxa ku dhex jira Kacbada, dib-u-jabayntooda aan guulaysan.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Glubb |first=John Bagot |title=Mecca (Saudi Arabia) |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mecca#ref887188 |access-date=18 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live }}</ref> Koox kale oo Isma'ili ah, boqortooyada Buyid, waxay qabsadeen Baqdaad waxayna ka dhigeen Ablaasiyiinta boqortooyo magac ah oo kaliya. Boqortooyada Seljuk ee Ahlusunna waxay u dhaqaaqday inay mar kale adkayso Islaamka Ahlusunna iyagoo faafinayay ra'yiyada aqoonyahanada waqtigaas, gaar ahaan dhisidda machadyada waxbarashada ee loo yaqaan Nizamiyyas, oo la xiriira al-Ghazali iyo Saadi Shirazi.<ref>Andreas Graeser ''Zenon von Kition: Positionen u. Probleme'' Walter de Gruyter 1975 {{ISBN|978-3-11-004673-1}} p. 260</ref> Faaftada dunida Muslinka waxay sii socotay iyadoo ergooyinka diinta ay u badaleen Volga Bulgaria Islaamka. Sultanada Delhi waxay gaadhay gudaha qaarad-hoosaadka Hindiya oo kuwo badan ayaa u badalay Islaamka,{{sfnp|Arnold|1896|pp=227–228}} gaar ahaan Hinduga heerka hoose ee faracoodu ka kooban yahay inta badan Muslinka Hindiya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-36220329|title=Why are many Indian Muslims seen as untouchable?|publisher=BBCnews|date=10 May 2016|access-date=6 October 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Ganacsigu wuxuu keenay Muslin badan oo Shiinaha ah, halkaas oo ay si buuxda u xukumi jireen warshadaha soo dejinta iyo ka deerinta ee boqortooyada Song.<ref>{{cite web |title=Islam in China |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/china_1.shtml |access-date=10 August 2011 |publisher=BBC |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslinka waxaa loo qortay maamulayaal la doortay oo heer sare ah boqortooyada Yuan.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lipman|first=Jonathan Newman|title=Familiar Strangers, a history of Muslims in Northwest China|location=Seattle, WA|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-295-97644-0|page=33}}</ref> === Casrigii Ka-horreeyay Casriga Cusub (1258 – Qarnigii 18aad) === {{Further|Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam}} [[File:GhazanConversionToIslam.JPG|thumb|Muuqaal qarnigii 14aad ee Ghazan, oo ahaa boqorkii 7aad ee Ilkhanate ee Boqortooyada Mongol, oo Islaamay.]] Pobalka ganacsiga Muslinka iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa tariiqooyinka Sufida dhiigooda,{{sfnp|Arnold|1896|pp=125–258}} Islaamku wuxuu ku faafay dhulal cusub<ref>{{cite web |title=The Spread of Islam |url=http://www.yale.edu/yup/pdf/cim6.pdf |access-date=2 November 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslinkuna waxay la dhex-galeen dhaqammo cusub. Hoos kaga jirtay Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta, Islaamku wuxuu ku faafay Koonfur-bari Yuuroop.<ref>{{cite web |date=6 May 2008 |title=Ottoman Empire |publisher=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1801?_hi=41&_pos=3 |access-date=26 August 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Islaamidda inta badan waxay lahayd heer sinkretisam ah,<ref>{{Cite book |title=Islamic and European Expansion |publisher=Temple University Press |year=1993 |editor-last=Adas |editor-first=Michael |location=Philadelphia |page=25}}</ref> sida uu muujinayo muuqaalka Muhammad ee suugaanta dadweynaha ee Hinduga.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Metcalf |first=Barbara |title=Islam in South Asia in Practice |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2009 |page=104}}</ref> Turkida Muslinka ah waxay ku dareen walxaha caqiidada Shamanisamka Turkida Islaamka.{{efn|"Sannadaha dhow, fikradda sinkretisamka waa la dhuftay. Maaddaama ay maqan tahay awood lagu go'aamiyo ama lagu tixgeliyo caqiidada Ortodokska ee ku saabsan Islaamka, aqoonyahannada qaarkood waxay ku doodayaan inaysan jirin caqiidooyinka la qresheeyay, oo kaliya ee la amray habka, Islaamka ka hor qarnigii 16aad.{{sfnp|Peacock|2019|p=20–22}}}}{{sfnp|Çakmak|2017|pp=1425–1429}} Muslinka ku jira Boqortooyada Ming ee Shiinaha oo ka soo jeeda soo-galootigii hore waa la la-dhex-galay, mararka qaar shuruuc ku dhiirrigelisa dhex-galka,<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Farmer|editor1-first=Edward L.|title=Zhu Yuanzhang and Early Ming Legislation: The Reordering of Chinese Society Following the Era of Mongol Rule|date=1995|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004103910|page=82|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TCIjZ7l6TX8C&pg=PA82|access-date=19 February 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> iyagoo qaatay magacyada Shiinaha iyo dhaqanka halka Nanjing uu noqday xarun muhiim ah ee barashada Islaamka.<ref>Israeli, Raphael (2002). ''Islam in China''. p. 292. Lexington Books. {{ISBN|0-7391-0375-X}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dillon |first=Michael |year=1999 |title=China's Muslim Hui Community |publisher=Curzon |url=https://archive.org/details/chinasmuslimhuic00dill |isbn=978-0-7007-1026-3 |page=37 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Ndhex-galka dhaqanka wuxuu ahaay mid muuqda iyadoo la yaraysay saamaynta Carabta ka dib burburintii Mongol ee Khilafadii Ablaasiyiinta.<ref>{{harvp|Bulliet|2005|p=497}}</ref> Khanates-ka Mongol ee Muslinka ah ee ku jira Iiraan iyo Aasiyada Dhexe waxay ka faa'iideysteen kordhinta helitaanka dhaqammada ee Bariga Aasiya oo hoos jirtay xukunkii Mongol sidaas darteed waxay u horumareen oo ay u samaysteen si ka duwan saamaynta Carabta, sida Dib-u-dhalashadii Timurid oo hoos jirtay boqortooyada Timurid.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Subtelny |first=Maria Eva |date=November 1988 |title=Socioeconomic Bases of Cultural Patronage under the Later Timurids |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/socioeconomic-bases-of-cultural-patronage-under-the-later-timurids/2A0F3018EE155F23FC4A7F5F25D7DE6D |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=479–505 |doi=10.1017/S0020743800053861 |s2cid=162411014 |access-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201–1274) wuxuu soo bandhigay qaabka xisaabta oo ka dib loo dooday inuu qaatay Copernicus isagoo aan waxba ka badalin qaabkiisa heliocentric-ka,<ref>{{cite web|date=1999|title=Nasir al-Din al-Tusi|publisher=University of St Andrews|url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Tusi_Nasir/|access-date=27 August 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> iyo qiyaasta pi ee Jamshīd al-Kāshī ma aysan dhaafin 180 sano.<ref>{{cite web |date=1999 |title=Ghiyath al-Din Jamshid Mas'ud al-Kashi |publisher=University of St Andrews |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Kashi/ |access-date=29 December 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg|thumb|Mehmed II oo galaya Constantinople.]] Ka dib markii la soo bandhigay hubka baaruda, dawlado waaweyn oo dhawaan xabbada lahaa oo Muslin ah ayaa ku bashqaday boqortooyoyinka baaruda, kuwaas oo hore u kala qaybsanaay dhulal kala duwan. Khilafada waxaa sheegtay boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta ee Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta iyadoo sheegashadooda la adkeeyay 1517 markii Selim I uu noqday taliyaha Makka iyo Madiina.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Drews |first=Robert |url=https://my.vanderbilt.edu/robertdrews/publications/ |title=Coursebook: Judaism, Christianity and Islam, to the Beginnings of Modern Civilization |date=August 2011 |publisher=Vanderbilt University |chapter=Chapter Thirty – "The Ottoman Empire, Judaism, and Eastern Europe to 1648" |chapter-url=https://my.vanderbilt.edu/robertdrews/files/2014/01/Chapter-Thirty.-The-Ottoman-Empire-Judaism-and-Eastern-Europe-to-1648.pdf |access-date=21 April 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Boqortooyada Shiicada ee Safavid waxay ku korortay awoodda 1501 ka dibna waxay qabsatay dhammaan Iiraan.<ref>Peter B. Golden: An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples; In: Osman Karatay, Ankara 2002, p. 321</ref> Koonfurta Aasiya, Babur wuxuu aasaasay Boqortooyada Mughal.<ref>{{citation|last=Gilbert|first=Marc Jason|title=South Asia in World History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1dhKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA75|year=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-066137-3|pages=75|access-date=15 January 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> Diinta dawladaha ku dhex-jira ee boqortooyoyinka baaruda waxay saamaysay dhaqanka diimeed ee dadkooda ku dhex-jira. Wada-noolaanshaha u dhexeeya taliyayaasha Cusmaaniyiinta iyo Sufinimada wuxuu si adag u saameeyay xukunkii Islaamka ee Cusmaaniyiinta tan iyo bilowgii. Tariiqada Mevlevi iyo Bektashis waxay lahaayeen xiriir dhow oo ay la lahaayeen sultannada,<ref>Ga ́bor A ́goston, Bruce Alan Masters ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire'' Infobase Publishing 2010 {{ISBN|978-1-4381-1025-7}} p. 540</ref> maaddaama noocyada Sufi-suufiyada ah iyo kuwo kale oo sinkretik ah ee Islaamka ay u horumareen si muuqata.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Algar |first=Ayla Esen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fc69BhBDjhwC&q=ottomans+sufism |title=The Dervish Lodge: Architecture, Art, and Sufism in Ottoman Turkey |page=15 |date=1 January 1992 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-07060-8 |access-date=29 April 2020 |via=Google Books |url-status=live }}</ref> Badanaa qasabka dhex-galka Safavid ee Iiraan ee Islaamka Shiicada ee Labada-iyo-tobanlaha ee Boqortooyada Safavid wuxuu xaqiijiyay xukunkii dambe ee Labada-iyo-tobanlaha dhexdiisa Islaamka Shiicada. Soo-galootiga Faarisiga ah ee Koonfurta Aasiya, maaddaama ay ahaayeen maamulayaal saamayntooda leh iyo milkiilayaal dhul, waxay caawiyeen faafinta Islaamka Shiicada, iyagoo dhisay qaar ka mid ah dadka ugu waaweyn ee Shiicada ee ka baxsan Iiraan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/conversion-iii|title=CONVERSION To Imami Shiʿism in India|publisher=Iranica Online|language=English|access-date=6 October 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Nader Shah, oo riday Safavids, wuxuu isku deyey inuu wanaajiyo xiriirka Ahlusunna ee Cusmaaniyiinta iyadoo la faafinayo dhex-galka Islaamka Shiicada ee Labada-iyo-tobanlaha dhexdiisa Islaamka Ahlusunna sida madhabka shanaad, oo loo yaqaan Ja'farism,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Nadir Shah and the Ja 'fari Madhhab Reconsidered |first=Ernest |last=Tucker |journal=Iranian Studies |volume=27 |issue=1–4 |date=1994 |pages=163–179 |doi=10.1080/00210869408701825 |jstor=4310891}}</ref> oo ku dhiirran waayay inuu helo aqoonsi ka soo baxa Cusmaaniyiinta.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Nāder Shāh |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/nader-shah |date=29 March 2006 |first=Ernest |last=Tucker |access-date=9 March 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Casrigii Casriga Ahaa (Qarniyadii 18aad–20aad) === [[File:Portrait Caliph Abdulmecid II.jpg|thumb|Sawirka Khaliifkii ugu dambeeyay Abdülmecid II, ee Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta, 1923.]] Horey qarnigii 14aad, Ibn Taymiyya wuxuu dhiirrigeliyay qaab daahir ah oo Islaamka ah, isagoo diaday hababka falsafada si uu u doorbido fiqhiga fudud,<ref name="ReferenceA">Mary Hawkesworth, Maurice Kogan ''Encyclopedia of Government and Politics: 2-volume set'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-1-136-91332-7}} pp. 270–271</ref> wuxuuna ugu baaqay in loo furo albaabada ijtihadka halkii indho la'aan loogu dayan lahaa aqoonyahannada.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=150}} Wuxuu ugu baaqay jihad ka dhan ah kuwa uu u tixgeliyay gaalo,{{Refn|group=note|Richard Gauvain ''Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-0-7103-1356-0}} p. 6}} laakiin qoraalladiisu waxay lahaayeen oo kaliya doorkii ugu yaraa intii uu babacayay.{{Refn|group=note|Spevack, Aaron (2014). The Archetypal Sunni Scholar: Law, Theology, and Mysticism in the Synthesis of al-Bajuri. SUNY Press. pp. 129–130.}} Qarnigii 18aad ee Carabiya, Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, oo ay saameeyeen shaqooyinka Ibn Taymiyya iyo Ibn al-Qayyim, wuxuu aasaasay dhaqdhaqaaq loo yaqaan Wahhabism si loo laabto waxa uu u arkay Islaamka aan la badalin.<ref>Donald Quataert ''The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922'' Cambridge University Press 2005 {{ISBN|978-0-521-83910-5}} p. 50</ref> Wuxuu cambaareeyay caadooyinka badan ee maxalliga ah ee Islaamka, sida bisitaynta qabriga Muhammad ama Imamyada Shiicada, maaddaama ay yihiin bidco cusub iyo dambi<ref name="ReferenceE">Ga ́bor A ́goston, Bruce Alan Masters ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire'' Infobase Publishing 2010 {{ISBN|978-1-4381-1025-7}} p. 260</ref> wuxuuna burburiyay dhagaxyada iyo geedaha xurmada leh, goobaha Sufida, Qabuuraha al-Baqi, qabuuraha Muhammad iyo asxaabtiisa iyo Qabriga Imam Husayn, oo ah goob muhiim ah oo loo bisiteeyo Shiicada.{{Refn|group=note|Graves desecrated in Mizdah, Libya Herald, 2013}}{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=146}} Wuxuu dhisay isbahaysi uu la leeyahay qoyska Saud, oo marka la joogo 1920-yadii ay dhammaystireen qabsashadooda dhulka noqon doona Sacuudi Carabiya.<ref name="Musa-2022">{{Cite thesis |title=The Emergence of a Scholar from a Garrison Society: A contextual analysis of Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhāb's doctrine in the light of the Qur'ān and Hadīth |url=https://repository.uwtsd.ac.uk/id/eprint/2096/ |publisher=University of Wales Trinity Saint David |date=2022-08-23 |degree=masters |language=en |first=Shahajada Md |last=Musa |access-date=19 December 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Nicolas Laos ''The Metaphysics of World Order: A Synthesis of Philosophy, Theology, and Politics'' Wipf and Stock Publishers 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-4982-0102-5}} p. 177</ref> Ma Wanfu iyo Ma Debao waxay dhiirrigeliyeen dhaqdhaqaaqa salafida qarnigii 19aad sida Sailaifengye ee Shiinaha ka dib markii ay ka soo laabteen Makka laakiin ugu dambeyntii waxaa dhibay oo lagu qasbay inay dhuuntaan kooxaha Sufida.<ref>{{cite book|first=Barry M.|last=Rubin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wEih57-GWQQC&pg=PA79|page=79|title=Guide to Islamist Movements|year=2000|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=0-7656-1747-1|access-date=28 June 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> Kooxaha kale waxay isku deyeyeen inay dib u habayn ku samayso Sufinimada halkii ay ka diadi lahaayeen, iyagoo Senusiyya iyo Muhammad Ahmad ay labadooduba dagaallameen oo ay dhiseen dawlado ku kala yaalla Liibiya iyo Sudaan.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=147}} Hindiya, Shah Waliullah Dehlawi wuxuu isku deyey qaab dib u heshiisiin ah oo ka dhan ah Sufinimada wuxuuna saameeyay dhaqdhaqaaqa Deobandi.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=149}} Jawaab ka dhan ah dhaqdhaqaaqa Deobandi, dhaqdhaqaaqa Barelwi waxaa loo aasaasay sida dhaqdhaqaaq dadweyne, iyadoo la difaacaayay Sufinimada caanka ah oo la dib u habaynayay dhaqankeeda.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robert L. Canfield |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3JhKNSk8tQC&pg=PAPA131 |title=Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52291-5 |pages=131– |access-date=1 December 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sanyal |first=Usha |date=23 July 1998 |title=Generational Changes in the Leadership of the Ahl-e Sunnat Movement in North India during the twentieth Century |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/generational-changes-in-the-leadership-of-the-ahle-sunnat-movement-in-north-india-during-the-twentieth-century/8AAAC4CFEFC4F4084731C3964A5CAE84 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=635–656 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X98003059 |via=Cambridge Core |access-date=23 February 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[File:Interior of Al Aqsa Mosque Jerusalem. 1900-1910 (id.22715311).jpg|thumb|Sannadkii 1969 Dabka Masjidka Al-Aqsa, oo sidoo cuali burburiyay Minbarkii Saladin, wuxuu keenay ver-xaasidnimo taabtay dunida Muslinka wuxuuna ahaa kicin muhiim ah oo loo aasaasay Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka.]] Dunida Muslinka waxay guud ahaan ku jirtay hoos u dhac siyaasadeed markii ay bilaabatay 1800-yadii, gaar ahaan marka la barbardhigo awoodaha Yuuroop ee aan Muslinka ahayn. Horey, qarnigii 15aad, Reconquista waxay ku guuleysatay inay dhameeyo joogitaanka Muslinka ee Iberia. Marka la joogo qarnigii 19aad, British East India Company waxay si rasmi ah u qabsatay boqortooyada Mughal ee Hindiya.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|pp=358, 378–380, 624}} Sida jawaab ka dhan ah Imperialisamka Reer Galbeedka, aqoonyahanno badan waxay isku deyeyeen inay dib u habayn ku samayso Islaamka.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Buzpinar |first=Ş. Tufan |date=March 2007 |title=Celal Nuri's Concepts of Westernization and Religion |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_middle-eastern-studies_2007-03_43_2/page/247 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=247–258 |doi=10.1080/00263200601114091 |jstor=4284539|s2cid=144461915 }}</ref> Casriyeynta Islaamka, oo markii hore loo bixiyay aqoonyahannada Reer Galbeedka sida Salafiyya, waxay soo dhoweysay qiimayaasha casriga ah iyo machadyada sida demokaraasiyada iyadoo la raacaayo qoraallada diinta. Hogaamiyayaasha muhiimka ah ee dhaqdhaqaaqa waxaa ka mid ah Muhammad 'Abduh iyo Jamal al-Din al-Afghani.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lauziere|first=Henri|title=The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-231-17550-0|location=New York, Chichester, West Sussex|pages=231–232}}</ref> Abul A'la Maududi wuxuu caawiyay saamaynta Islaamka siyaasadeed ee casriga ah.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 January 2014 |title=Political Islam: A movement in motion |work=Economist Magazine |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/erasmus/2014/01/political-islam |access-date=1 January 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Wilfred Cantwell |title=Islam in Modern History |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1957 |isbn=0-691-03030-8 |page=233 |author-link=Wilfred Cantwell Smith}}</ref> Sida ku dhow qaanuunka casriga ah, shariicada markii ugu horreysay ayaa qayb ahaan loo qoray shaqo ahaan sannadkii 1869 ku dhex-jirtay koodka Mecelle ee Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta. Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta waxay dissilftay ka dib Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Dunida, Khilafadii Cusmaaniyiinta waa la joojiyay 1924<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 June – 5 July 2000 |title=New Turkey |work=Al-Ahram Weekly |issue=488 |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2000/488/chrncls.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=16 May 2010 }}</ref> iyo Khilafadii Sharifian ee ka dib waxay u dhacday si doob ah,<ref>{{Cite web |last1=الوطن |first1=جريدة |last2=webmaster |date=2020-05-05 |title="مملكة الحجاز".. وقــصـــة الـغــزو المـســلّـــح |url=https://www.al-watan.com/article/230610/NEWS/%C2%AB%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%C2%BB-%D9%88%D9%82%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B5%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%80%D8%BA%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B2%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%80%D8%B3%D9%80%D9%80%D9%84%D9%91%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%AD |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=جريدة الوطن |language=ar |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bani Issa |first=Mohammad Saleh |date=2023-11-01 |title=Factors of stability and sustainable development in Jordan in its first centenary 1921–2021 (an analytical descriptive study) |journal=Heliyon |volume=9 |issue=11 |article-number=e20993 |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20993 |issn=2405-8440 |doi-access=free|pmid=37928029 |pmc=10623165 |bibcode=2023Heliy...920993B }}</ref> sidaas darteed iyadoo ka tagaysa Islaamka oo aan lahayn Khaliif.<ref name="والخلفاء-2023">{{Cite book |last=والخلفاء |first=قصص الخلافة الإسلامية |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r-5EAAAQBAJ |title=قصص الخلافة الإسلامية والخلفاء |date=2023-03-31 |publisher=Austin Macauley Publishers |isbn=978-1-3984-9251-6 |language=en |access-date=26 December 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref> Taageerayaasha Mideynta Islaamka waxay isku deyeyeen inay mideeyaan Muslinka waxayna tartan la galeen awoodaha qarannimada ee korayay, sida Pan-Arabisamka.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doran |first=Michael |title=Pan-Arabism before Nasser: Egyptian power politics and the Palestine question |date=1999 |publisher=Oxford university press |isbn=978-0-19-512361-6 |series=Studies in Middle Eastern history |location=New York Oxford}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Landau |first=Yaʿaqov M. |title=The politics of Pan-Islam: ideology and organization |date=1994 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-827709-5 |edition=[Rev. and updated] paperback (with additions and corr.) |location=Oxford}}</ref> Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka (OIC), oo ka kooban waddamada Muslinka ah, waxaa la aasaasay 1969 ka dib gubiddii Masjidka Al-Aqsa ee Qudus.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 December 2010 |title=Organization of the Islamic Conference |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/country_profiles/1555062.stm |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Xiriirka la la leeyahay waddamada warshadaha leh wuxuu keenay dadka Muslinka ah dhulal cusub iyada oo loo marayo u-guuritaanka dhaqaalaha. Muslin badan ayaa u guuray sida shaqaale heshiis ku jooga (u badan oo ka yimid Hindiya iyo Indoneesiya) Karibiyaanka, iyagoo dhisay dadka ugu waaweyn ee Muslinka ah inta la joogo boqolkiiba ee Ameerika.<ref>{{sfnp|Haddad|Smith|2002|p=271}}</ref> U-guuritaanka ka yimid Siiriya iyo Lubnaan wuxuu ku soo kordhiyay dadka Muslinka ah ee Laatiin Ameerika.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zabel|first=Darcy|title=Arabs in the Americas: Interdisciplinary Essays on the Arab Diaspora|publisher=Peter Lang|year=2006|isbn=9780820481111|location=Austria|page=5}}</ref> Natiijadii magaalooyinka iyo kordhinta ganacsiga ee Afrika ka hooseysa Saxara waxay keentay Muslinka inay degaan dhulal cusub oo ay faafiyaan diintooda, iyadoo lagu qiyaasay inay laba-laabatay dadkeeda Muslinka ah u dhaxeysa 1869 iyo 1914.<ref>{{harvp|Bulliet|2005|p=722}}</ref> === Casrigii ee Horumarsanaa (Qarnigii 20aad–Ilaa Hada) === [[File:13. Session of the Islamic Summit Conference.jpg|thumb|Hoggaamiyeyaasha dalalka Islaamka intii uu socday kalfadhigii 2016 ee Shirka Iskaashiga Islaamka ee Istambul, Turkiga. Trikiiba saddex sano, OIC waxay isku brings dhammaan hoggaamiyeyaasha Muslinka.|upright=1.35]] Aabbayaashii casriyeynta Islaamka waxay saameeyeen dhaqdhaqaaqyada siyaasadda Islaamka sida Ikhwaanul Muslimeen iyo xisbiyada la xiriira ee dunida Carabta,<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 August 2011 |title=Are secular forces being squeezed out of Arab Spring? |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14447820 |access-date=10 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Slackman |first=Michael |date=23 December 2008 |title=Jordanian students rebel, embracing conservative Islam |work=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/24/world/middleeast/24jordan.html |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> kuwaas oo si wanaagsan uga dhex muuqday doorashooyinkii ka dambeeyay Guudkii Carabta,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kirkpatrick |first=David D. |date=3 December 2011 |title=Egypt's vote puts emphasis on split over religious rule |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/04/world/middleeast/egypts-vote-propels-islamic-law-into-spotlight.html |access-date=8 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jamaat-e-Islami ee Koonfurta Aasiya iyo Xisbiga Caddaaladda iyo Horumarinta (AK Party), oo si kemokaraasi ah xukuma Turkiga tobanaan sano. Iiraan, Kacdoonkii Iiraan wuxuu beddelay boqortooyadii laimaaniyadda ee Reer Galbeedku taageerayay iyadoo la dhisay Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah. Kuwa kale sida Sayyid Rashid Rida waxay ka go'een casriyeeyayaasha Islaamka<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lauziere|first=Henri|title=The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-231-17550-0|location=New York, Chichester, West Sussex|page=237|quote="Prior to the fall of the Ottoman Empire, leading reformers who happened to be Salafi in creed were surprisingly open-minded: although they adhered to neo-Hanbali theology. However, the aftermath of the First World War and the expansion of European colonialism paved the way for a series of shifts in thought and attitude. The experiences of Rida offer many examples... he turned against the Shi'is who dared, with reason, to express doubts about the Saudi-Wahhabi project... . Shi'is were not the only victims: Rida and his associates showed their readiness to turn against fellow Salafis who questioned some of the Wahhabis' religious interpretations."}}</ref> waxayna ka hortageen soo dhowaynta waxa uu u arkayay saamaynta Reer Galbeedka.<ref>{{Cite book|last=G. Rabil|first=Robert|title=Salafism in Lebanon: From Apoliticism to Transnational Jihadism|publisher=Georgetown University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-1-62616-116-0|location=Washington DC, US|pages=32–33|quote="Western colonialists established in these countries political orders... that, even though not professing enmity to Islam and its institutions, left no role for Islam in society. This caused a crisis among Muslim reformists, who felt betrayed not only by the West but also by those nationalists, many of whom were brought to power by the West... Nothing reflects this crisis more than the ideological transformation of Rashid Rida (1865–1935)... He also revived the works of Ibn Taymiyah by publishing his writings and promoting his ideas. Subsequently, taking note of the cataclysmic events brought about by Western policies in the Muslim world and shocked by the abolition of the caliphate, he transformed into a Muslim intellectual mostly concerned about protecting Muslim culture, identity, and politics from Western influence. He supported a theory that essentially emphasized the necessity of an Islamic state in which the scholars of Islam would have a leading role... Rida was a forerunner of Islamist thought. He apparently intended to provide a theoretical platform for a modern Islamic state. His ideas were later incorporated into the works of Islamic scholars. Significantly, his ideas influenced none other than Hassan al-Bannah, founder of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt... The Muslim Brethren have taken up Rida's Islamic fundamentalism, a right-wing radical movement founded in 1928,.."}}</ref> Kooxda ISIS waxay xitaa isku deyday inay dib u samayso diinaarkii dahabka ahaa ee casriga ahaa si uu u noqdo pambakooda lacagta. Halka kuwii ka go'ay ay qaarkood ahaayeen kuwa ka gaabsada siyaasadda, kuwo kale waxay rumechsanaayeen dhibaataynta kuwa ka soo horjeeda, xitaa Muslinka kale.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/14/isis-gold-silver-copper-islamic-dinar-coins |title=Isis to mint own Islamic dinar coins in gold, silver and copper |work=The Guardian |date=21 November 2014 |access-date=31 July 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ka hortagga dhaqdhaqaaqyada siyaasadda Islaamka, qarnigii 20aad ee Turkiga, ciidanku waxay sameeyeen afgembiyo si ay xukuumadaha Islaamiga ah uga tuuraan xukanka, sidoo kale xijabka ayaa si sharci ah loo xaddiday, sida ay sidoo kale ka dhacday Tuniisiya.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 April 2011 |title=Huge rally for Turkish secularism |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6604643.stm |access-date=6 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Saleh |first=Heba |date=15 October 2011 |title=Tunisia moves against headscarves |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6053380.stm |access-date=6 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Dhulalka kale, awoodda diinta ayaa la maamulay iyada oo hadda loo arko puppeto oo ay dawladdu maamusho. Tusaale ahaan, Sacuudi Carabiya, dawladdu waxay keligeed maamushay aqoonta diinta<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 June 2007 |title=Laying down the law: Islam's authority deficit |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/international/2007/06/28/islams-authority-deficit |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo Masar, dawladdu waxay qarameysay Jaamacadda Al-Azhar, oo hore u ahayd igo madax-bannaan oo xaddida awoodda dawladda.<ref>{{cite book| title = The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought| last1 = Bowering | first1 = Gerhard | last2=Mirza |first2=Mahan |last3=Crone |first3=Patricia| year = 2013 | publisher = Princeton University Press | page=59| isbn = 9780691134840 }}</ref> Salafiyada waxaa dhaqaale lagu siiyay Bariga Dhexe sababtoo ah ka gaabsashadeeda siyaasadda.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 October 2008 |title=Ultraconservative Islam on rise in Mideast |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna27256187 |access-date=24 September 2013 |publisher=MSNBC |url-status=live }}</ref> Sacuudi Carabiya waxay ololayso ka dhan ah dhaqdhaqaaqyada Islaamiga ah ee kacdoonka ah ee Bariga Dhexe, iyadoo ka soo horjeedda Iiraan.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Almukhtar |first1=Sarah |last2=Peçanha |first2=Sergio |last3=Wallace |first3=Tim |date=5 January 2016 |title=Behind Stark Political Divisions, a More Complex Map of Sunnis and Shiites |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/01/04/world/middleeast/sunni-shiite-map-middle-east-iran-saudi-arabia.html |access-date=6 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Tiro yar oo Muslin ah oo ka soo jeeda qowmiyadaha kala duwan ayaa loo dhibay sida koox diimeed.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thames |first1=Knox |title=Why the Persecution of Muslims Should Be on Biden's Agenda |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/muslims-islam-china-india-myanmar-persecution-repression-biden-human-rights/ |work=Foreign Policy Magazine |date=6 January 2021 |language=English |access-date=5 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Tan waxaa sameeyay xoogagga shuuciga ah sida Khmer Rouge, kuwaas oo u arkayay inay yihiin armigooda koowaad ee la cirbootinayo maaddaama dhaqankooda diimeed uu ka dhigay kuwa ka dhex muuqda dadka kale,<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Perrin |first=Andrew |date=10 October 2003 |title=Weakness in numbers |magazine=Time |url=https://time.com/archive/6894001/weakness-in-numbers/ |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}</ref> Xisbiga Shuuciga Shiinaha ee Xinjiang<ref>{{cite web |last1=Beydoun |first1=Khaled A. |title=For China, Islam is a 'mental illness' that needs to be 'cured' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/china-islam-mental-illness-cured-181127135358356.html |publisher=Al Jazeera |language=English |access-date=5 February 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo xoogagga qarannimada sida intii uu socday xasuuqii Bosniya.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mojzes |first=Paul |title=Balkan Genocides: Holocaust and Ethnic Cleansing in the Twentieth Century |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4422-0663-2|page=178}}</ref> Ciidanka Miyanmaar ee Tatmadaw oo bartilmaameedsanayay Muslinka Rohingya waxaa loogu yeeray dambi ka dhan ah aadamnimada ay sameeyeen Qaraamada Midoobay iyo Amnesty International,<ref>{{cite news |author=Oliver Holmes |date=19 December 2016 |title=Myanmar's Rohingya campaign 'may be crime against humanity' |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/19/myanmars-rohingya-campaign-may-be-against-humanity |url-status=live |access-date=5 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=19 December 2016|title=Rohingya abuse may be crimes against humanity: Amnesty|website=Al Jazeera|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/19/rohingya-abuse-may-be-crimes-against-humanity-amnesty/|access-date=2023-02-21|url-status=live}}</ref> halka Xafiiska Qaraamada Midoobay ee Wakiilka Sare ee Xaqiiqo-raadinta uu ka helay xasuuq, sifeyn qowmiyadeed, iyo dambiyo kale oo ka dhan ah aadamnimada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/MyanmarFFM/Pages/ReportoftheMyanmarFFM.aspx|title=Report of Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar |date=27 August 2018|website=ohchr.org|access-date=14 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Horumarka isgaarsiinta dunida wuxuu teshay faafinta ballaaran ee aqoonta diinta. Qaadashada xijabka waxay noqotay mid ka sii badan<ref>{{Cite news |last=Slackman |first=Michael |date=28 January 2007 |title=In Egypt, a new battle begins over the veil |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/weekinreview/28slackman.html |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo aqoonyahanno badan oo Muslin ah waxay si kordhayay isku deyayaan inay ka soocaan caqiidooyinka diinta Islaamka iyo dhaqammada caadiga ah.{{sfnp|Nigosian|2004|p=41}} Kooxaha kale dhexdiisa, helitaanka macluumaadka wuxuu keenay kordhinta wacdiyayaasha "televangelist" ee caanka ah, sida Amr Khaled, kuwaas oo kula tartama culumada caadiga ah gaaritaankooda oo ay ka dhigeen awoodda diinta mid aan hal xarun ku dhuftayn.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=263}} Sharraxaadaha "gaarka ah" ee Islaamka<ref>V. Šisler: ''The Internet and the Construction of Islamic Knowledge in Europe'' p. 212</ref> waxay si muuqata u dhex-galaan Muslinka Liberaalka ah oo isku deyaya inay waafajiyaan dhaqammada diinta iyo xukunkii laimaaniyadda ee casriga ah,{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=118–119, 179}}{{sfnp|Rippin|2001|p=288}} hab ka mid ah kuwa ay dhaleeceeyeen qaarkood oo ku saabsan waafaqsanaantiisa.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Adams, Charles J.|editor1-last=Esposito|editor1-first=John L.|title=Voices of Resurgent Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/voicesofresurgen00hcen|url-access=registration|date=1983|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/voicesofresurgen00hcen/page/113 113–4] |chapter=Maududi and the Islamic State|quote=[Maududi believed that] when religion is relegated to the personal realm, men inevitably give way to their bestial impulses and perpetrate evil upon one another. In fact it is precisely because they wish to escape the restraints of morality and the divine guidance that men espouse secularism.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Meisami|first=Sayeh|date=2013|title='Abdolkarim Soroush |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0034.xml|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-12 |website=Oxford Bibliographies|language=en}}</ref> Sidoo kale, laimaaniyaddu waxaa loo arkaa fikrad shisheeye oo ay ku soo impose gareeyeen qabsadayaashii oo ay adkeeyeen maamulayaasha ka dambeeyay gumeysiga,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Secularism, State Neutrality, and Islam|author=Abdullah Saeed|encyclopedia=The Oxford Handbook of Secularism|editor1=Phil Zuckerman|editor2=John R. Shook |url=http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/abstract/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199988457-e-12|year=2017|page=188 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.013.12|isbn=978-0-19-998845-7|access-date=7 August 2023|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref> oo inta badan loo fahmo inay u dhiganto ka-horjeedda diinta.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Nader Hashemi|title=Secularism|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0714|access-date=7 August 2023|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref> == Tirada Dadka == {{Main|Dunida Muslinka|Ummah}} {{See also|Islaamka waddan ahaan|Koraanka dadka Muslinka ah}} [[File:2020+ Proportion of people in world religions.svg |thumb|Boqolkiiba inta qof ee diimaha dunida. Muslinku waxay ka yihiin dhawaan 25.6% dadka dunida, taas oo ah tiro yar oo ka hooseysa Masiixiyiinta.<ref name=Pew_20250609>{{cite web |last1=Hackett |first1=Conrad |last2=Stonawski |first2=Marcin |last3=Tong |first3=Yunping |last4=Kramer |first4=Stephanie |last5=Shi |first5=Anne |last6=Fahmy |first6=Dalia |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |publisher=Pew Research Center |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260222070137/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |archive-date=22 February 2026 |date=9 June 2025 |url-status=live |quote=Source: Pew Research Center estimates based on more than 2,700 censuses and surveys. "How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020"}}</ref>]] Marka la joogo 2020, dhawaan 25.6% dadka dunida, ama dhawaan 2&nbsp;bilyan oo qof, waa Muslin.<ref name="pewresearch.orgReligion">{{Cite web |title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/interactives/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |date=21 December 2022 |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128120036/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/interactives/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="www.pewresearch.org-2022">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2022 |title=Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project - Research and data from Pew Research Center |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205195540/https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |archive-date=5 February 2023 |access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/|title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population|date=27 January 2011|access-date=26 October 2022|archive-date=30 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930233955/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/08/09/muslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world/ | title=Muslims and Islam: Key findings in the U.S. and around the world | date=9 August 2017 | access-date=19 December 2022 | archive-date=8 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108121140/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/08/09/muslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Pew-Growth-2017">{{cite web |last1=Lipka |first1=Michael |last2=Hackett |first2=Conrad |author-link2=Conrad Hackett |title=Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514123559/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |archive-date=2019-05-14 |website=Fact Tank |publisher=Pew Research Center |date=2017-04-06 |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> Sannadkii 1900, qiyaastani waxay ahayd 12.3%,<ref name="Barrett-2001">{{cite book |last1=Barrett |first1=David B. |last2=Kurian |first2=George T. |last3=Johnson |first3=Todd M. |title=World Christian Encyclopedia: A Comparative Survey of Churches and Religions in the Modern World |volume=1: The World by Countries: Religionists, Churches, Ministries |edition=2nd |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |page=4 |isbn=978-0195079630 |language=en}}</ref> sannadkii 1990 waxay ahayd 19.9%<ref name="Pew Research Center-2011">{{Cite report |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |publisher=Pew Research Center |access-date=27 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209094904/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=9 February 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> iyada oo saadaalintu ay muujinayso in heerku noqon doono 29.7% marka la joogo 2050.{{rp|8}} Ugu kooban uturjumaadda Pew ee 2020 waxay heshay in dadka Muslinka ah ee dunidu ay ahaayeen kooxda diimeed ee ugu koraanka badnayd tobankii sano, inta badan sababtoo ah Muslinku waxay u janjeeraan inay ku yar yihiin da'da oo ay leeyihiin heer dhalmo oo sarreeya—laba walxood oo muhiim ah oo kexeeya koraanka caadiga ah ee dadka.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett|author2=Marcin Stonawski|author3=Yunping Tong|author4=Stephanie Kramer|author5=Anne Shi|author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf|access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Pew Research Center |page=9|quote=Increases in the global Muslim population are largely due to Muslims having a relatively young age structure and high fertility rate, two characteristics that result in natural population growth.}}</ref>{{rp|9}} Sida ku xuso qiyaasta dadka ee 2020, 65% dadka Muslinka ah waxay ku dhex jiraan toban waddan, iyada oo dadka ugu waaweyni ay ku nool yihiin Indoneesiya, Bakistaan, Hindiya, Bangaladeesh, Nayjeeriya, Masar, Iiraan, Turkiga, Sudaan, iyo Aljeeriya, marka loo eego sida ay u kala hooseeyaan. Indoneesiya waxay xarun u tahay ka badan 230,000,000 oo Muslin ah, Bakistaan ka badan 220,000,000, Hindiya ka badan 210,000,000, Bangaladeesh ka badan 150,000,000, Nayjeeriya ka badan 110,000,000, Masar ka badan 100,000,000, Iiraan iyo Turkiga midkiiba ka badan 80,000,000, iyo Sudaan iyo Aljeeriya midkiiba ka badan 40,000,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/muslim-population-change/|title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020: 3. Muslim population change|date=9 June 2025|access-date=12 February 2026|website=Pew Research Center}}</ref>[[File:Islam percent population in each nation World Map Muslim data by Pew Research.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Boqolkiiba Muslinka ee dunida waddan ahaan.<ref name="pew2015" />]]Sida ku xuso warbixin ay soo saartay CNN, "Islaamku wuxuu soo jiitay dad soo Islaamay oo ka soo jeeda dhammaan heerarka nolosha, gaar ahaan Ameerikanka ka soo jeeda Afrika".<ref>{{cite news |title=Fast-growing Islam winning converts in Western world |publisher=CNN |url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9704/14/egypt.islam/ |access-date=6 May 2016 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015114027/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9704/14/egypt.islam/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ingiriiska, dhawaan 6,000 oo qof ayaa soo Islaama sannad walba, iyada oo sida ku xuso maqaal ku jira British Muslims Monthly Survey, badanka dadka cusub ee soo Islaama ee Ingiriiska ay ahaayeen dumarka.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/bmms/2000/06June00.asp#Women%20convert |title=British Muslims Monthly Survey for June 2000, Vol. VIII, No. 6 |at=Women convert |access-date=2020-09-28 |archive-date=2008-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214160750/http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/bmms/2000/06June00.asp#Women%20convert |url-status=live}}</ref> Sida ku xuso The Huffington Post, "ilaaliyayaashu waxay qiyaasayaan in illaa 20,000 oo Ameerikan ah ay soo Islaamaan sannad walba", badankoodu ay yihiin dumarka iyo Muslinka Ameerikanka ka soo jeeda Afrika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-08-24 |title=Conversion To Islam One Result Of Post-9/11 Curiosity |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/post-911-islam-converts_n_935572 |access-date=2020-11-26 |website=HuffPost |language=en |archive-date=2021-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111201117/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/post-911-islam-converts_n_935572 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author-first=Julie |author-last=Bindel |author-link=Julie Bindel |title=Why do Western Women Convert? |url=http://standpointmag.co.uk/features-may-10-why-do-western-women-convert-julie-bindel-islam-female-conversion |access-date=8 May 2016 |work=Standpoint |date=26 April 2010 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006102003/http://standpointmag.co.uk/features-may-10-why-do-western-women-convert-julie-bindel-islam-female-conversion |url-status=live}}</ref> Sidoo kale boqolkiiba iyo tirada guud ahaan, Islaamku waa kooxda diimeed ee ugu koraanka badan dunida, iyadoo la saadaalinayo inay noqoto ta ugu weyn dunida dhamaadka qarniga 21aad, iyadoo ka badanaysa Masiixiyada. Waxaa lagu qiyaasay in marka la joogo 2050, tirada Muslinka ay u dhowaan doonto tirada Masiixiyiinta ee dunida, "sababtoo ah da'da yar iyo heerka dhalmo ee sarreeya ee Muslinka marka loo barbardhigo kooxaha kale ee diimaha."{{rp|70}} === Xituunta Pew Research === Dhawaan 49 waddan ayaa ah kuwo dadka ugu badan ee ku nooli ay Muslin yihiin,{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=11}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ba-Yunus |first1=Ilyas |title=Muslims in the United States |last2=Kone, Kassim |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2006 |page=[https://archive.org/details/muslimsunitedsta00bayu/page/n186 172] |url=https://archive.org/details/muslimsunitedsta00bayu |url-access=registration |isbn=978-0-313-32825-1}}</ref><ref name="Pew-Landscape-2012">{{cite report |author=The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life |title=The Global Religious Landscape: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Major Religious Groups as of 2010 |url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323215026/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf |archive-date=2018-03-23 |date=December 2012 |publisher=Pew Research Center |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=7 March 2018 |title=Islam in Russia |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2018/3/7/islam-in-russia/ |access-date=15 June 2021 |website=Al Jazeera |publisher=Anadolu News Agency |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024349/https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/features/2018/3/7/islam-in-russia |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Book review: Russia's Muslim Heartlands reveals diverse population |date=21 April 2018 |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/book-review-russia-s-muslim-heartlands-reveals-diverse-population-1.723230 |work=The National |access-date=13 January 2019 |archive-date=14 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114210257/https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/book-review-russia-s-muslim-heartlands-reveals-diverse-population-1.723230 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyada oo 62% Muslinka dunidu ay ku nool yihiin Aasiya, halka 683 milyan oo taabacsan ay ku nool yihiin Indoneesiya, Bakistaan, Hindiya, iyo Bangaladeesh keligood.<ref name="Pew-Projections-2050">{{cite web |title=10 Countries With the Largest Muslim Populations, 2010 and 2050 |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/muslims/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables74/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207115222/http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/muslims/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables74/ |archive-date=2017-02-07 |website=Pew Research Center |publisher=Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life |date=2015-04-02 |type=Projections table |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Secrets of Islam |url=https://www.usnews.com/usnews/graphics/religion/islams_global_reach.htm |access-date=24 September 2013 |website=U.S. News & World Report |archive-date=22 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122200555/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/graphics/religion/islams_global_reach.htm |url-status=live }} Information provided by the International Population Center, Department of Geography, San Diego State University (2005).</ref>{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|pp=15, 17}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pechilis |first1=Karen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C |title=South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today |last2=Raj |first2=Selva J. |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-44851-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C&pg=PA193 193] |access-date=3 May 2019 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024331/https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslinka Carabta ah waxay samayeeyaan kooxda qowmiyadeed ee ugu weyn Muslinka dhexdeeda ee dunida,<ref name="Nydell-2005">{{cite book |last=Nydell |first=Margaret Kleffner |title=Understanding Arabs: A Guide for Modern Times |edition=4th |location=Yarmouth, Maine |publisher=Intercultural Press |year=2005 |pages=xxiii, 14 |isbn=978-1931930253 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNoiieefqAcC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024737/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNoiieefqAcC |archive-date=2023-12-28 |language=en}}</ref> waxaa ku xiga Bangaaliyiinta<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Eaton|editor=Barbara D. Metcalf|title=Islam in South Asia in Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pR0LzVCpfw8C|date=8 September 2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-3138-8|page=275|chapter=Forest Clearing and the Growth of Islam in Bengal}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=haGORCJRlOUC&pg=PA50 |title=The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics |author1=Meghna Guhathakurta |author2=Willem van Schendel |page=50 |date=30 April 2013 |publisher=Duke University Press |access-date=7 November 2016 |isbn=978-0822353188 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707092408/https://books.google.com/books?id=haGORCJRlOUC&pg=PA50 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo Bunjaabiinta.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Rajmohan|title=Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten|year=2013|page=1|publisher=Aleph Book Company|location=New Delhi, India, Urbana, Illinois|isbn=978-93-83064-41-0}}.</ref> Qiyaasaha badankood waxay muujinayaan in Shiinaha ay ku nool yihiin dhawaan 20 illaa 30 milyan oo Muslin ah (1.5% illaa 2% dadka waddanka).<ref>{{cite web |work=The World Factbook |title=Explore All Countries – China |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/ |access-date=15 September 2009 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |archive-date=13 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213122152/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=China (includes Hong Kong, Macau, and Tibet) |website=Archived Content |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm |access-date=24 September 2013 |publisher=U.S. Department of State |archive-date=10 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710075050/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Islaamka ka jira Yurub waa diinta labaad ee ugu weyn Masiixiyadda ka dib waddamo badan dhexdeeda, iyada oo heerarka koraanka ay inta badan ku yimaadaan soogalootiga iyo heerka dhalmo ee sarreeya ee Muslinka ee 2005,<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 December 2005 |title=Muslims in Europe: Country guide |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4385768.stm |access-date=1 April 2010 |archive-date=29 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929213440/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4385768.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> taas oo samaynaysay 4.9% dhammaan dadka Yurub ee 2016.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/11/29/5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe/|title=5 facts about the Muslim population in Europe|date=November 29, 2017|work=Pew Research Center|first=Conrad|last=Hackett|access-date=17 January 2023|archive-date=5 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105202657/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/11/29/5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sida ku xuso Xituunta Pew Research, soo Islaamidda ma laha saameyn weyn oo saafi ah oo ku saabsan koraanka dadka Muslinka ah maadaama "tirada dadka ku soo Islaama diinta ay u dhowdahay inay la mid tahay tirada Muslinka ah ee ka baxda diinta."<ref>{{Cite report |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |section=Conversion |date=27 January 2011 |publisher=Pew Research Center |section-url=https://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-related-factors/#conversion |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |quote=there is no substantial net gain or loss in the number of Muslims through conversion globally; the number of people who become Muslims through conversion seems to be roughly equal to the number of Muslims who leave the faith |access-date=12 May 2020 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211126/http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bagse, Islaamku wuxuu ka helayaa faa'iido yar oo ah 3 milyan oo qof marka loo eego isbeddelka diimaha u dhexeya 2010 iyo 2050, inta badan ka timaada Afrika Sub-Sahara (2.9 milyan).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf|title=Cumulative Change Due to Religious Switching, 2010–2050, p.43|access-date=4 May 2016|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150429153811/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf|archive-date=29 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/|title=The Changing Global Religious Landscape|work=Pew Research Center|date=5 April 2017|access-date=17 December 2022|archive-date=18 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218030628/https://www.pewforum.org/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sida ku xuso uturjumaadda Pew ee 2020, dhawaan 1% dadka waaweyn ee ku soo koray Muslimnimada ayaa ka baxa diinta, halka boqolkiiba la mid ah —dhawaan 1%— ay ka soo Islaamaan diimaha kale, taas oo keenta heer hoose oo isbeddel diimeed ah oo soo gala ama ka baxa Islaamka.<ref name="pew2029">{{Cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett|author2=Marcin Stonawski|author3=Yunping Tong|author4=Stephanie Kramer|author5=Anne Shi|author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf|access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US|page=39|quote=Muslims and Hindus have been the least likely to gain or lose adherents from religious switching. About one in every 100 adults raised Muslim (or Hindu) has left their childhood religion, and a similar number from a different religious category have switched into Islam (or Hinduism).}}</ref> Mutaaniqada Islaamka ka baxday waxay u janjeeraan inay u wareegaan diin kale halkii ay ka noqon lahaayeen kuwo aan diin lahayn. == Qaybaha Waaweyn == {{Main|Xiriirka Shiicada iyo Sunnada|Qadiir Khum|Saqiifa|Ciidul Qadiir}} === Matalaadda Qadiir Khum iyo Saqiifa === [[File:Chronology of Ancient Nations, f.162r miniature.jpg|thumb|Magacaabiddii Cali uu Muxammad ku magacaabay Qadiir Khum, 1307 AD fardawsa Ilkhanid.]] Tukhtaan muhiim ah ayaa ka dhacay 632 ee Qadiir Khum, halkaas oo Muxammad, obo yar ka hor dhimashadiisa, uu gacanta ku qabtay Cali, oo ahaa ina-adeerkii iyo seedigii, uu ka jeediyay khudbad uu ku yiri "Kii aan ahay ''mowlahiisa'', Cali waa ''mowlahiisa''."<ref>{{cite book |title=The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam |author-first=Maria Massi |author-last=Dakake |year=2007 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9780791470336 |author-link=Maria Massi Dakake}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Veccia Vaglieri|first=L.|date=2012|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/*-SIM_2439|section=G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm|publisher=Brill|access-date=July 14, 2023|isbn=9789004161214|archive-date=14 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714174420/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/*-SIM_2439|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfnp|Campo|2009|pp=257–258}} Ereyga mowla wuxuu leeyahay macnayaal kala duwan oo ku xiran xaaladda, oo ay ku jiraan sayid, ilaaliye, xulafo, taageere, iyo mid awood leh. Shiicada dhexdeeda, waxaa loo fahmaa magacaabidda rasmiga ah ee Muxammad uu Cali uga dhigay beddelkiisa. Sunnadu sidoo kale waxay aqbashaa in tukhtaankii Qadiir Khum uu dhacay iyadoo Muxammad uu yiri hadalkaas ku saabsan Cali. Bagse, uma tarjumaan hadalka inuu yahay magacaabidda Cali ee beddelka Muxammad. Muslinka Sunnada ah waxay u tarjumaan ereyga mowla xaaladdan inuu u muuqdo saaxiib dhow, taageere, ama mid mudan daacadnimo iyo kalsooni. Sidaas darteed, waxay u arkaan bayaanka inuu yahay caddayn ah xushmadda Muxammad uu u hayay Cali, iyagoo hoos u dhigaya muhiimadda tukhtaanka. Kalfadhigii Saqiifa wuxuu dhacay obo yar ka dib dhimashadii Muxammad ee 632, halkaas oo Abu Bakar looga doortay beddelkiisa oo uu ku noqday Khaliifkii koowaad. Saqiifa waxay ka mid tahay tukhtaannada ugu muranka badan Islaamka, sababtoo ah ka saarida tiro badan oo ka mid ah Saxaabada Muxammad, oo ay ku jiraan Ahlul Bayt iyo gaar ahaan Cali. Cali iyo tiro badan oo ka mid ah qoyska Muxammad waxay weli ku jireen aasitaanka nabiga markii uu tukhtaanku dhacayay.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Foody |first=Kathleen |date=September 2015 |title=Interiorizing Islam: Religious Experience and State Oversight in the Islamic Republic of Iran |editor-last=Jain |editor-first=Andrea R. |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=599–623 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/lfv029 |doi-access=free |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Academy of Religion |eissn=1477-4585 |issn=0002-7189 |jstor=24488178 |lccn=sc76000837 |oclc=1479270 |quote=For Shiʿi Muslims, Muhammad not only designated Ali as his friend, but appointed him as his successor—as the "lord" or "master" of the new Muslim community. Ali and his descendants would become known as the Imams, divinely guided leaders of the Shiʿi communities, sinless, and granted special insight into the Qurʾanic text. The theology of the Imams that developed over the next several centuries made little distinction between the authority of the Imams to politically lead the Muslim community and their spiritual prowess; quite to the contrary, their right to political leadership was grounded in their special spiritual insight. While in theory, the only just ruler of the Muslim community was the Imam, the Imams were politically marginal after the first generation. In practice, Shiʿi Muslims negotiated varied approaches to both interpretative authority over Islamic texts and governance of the community, both during the lifetimes of the Imams themselves and even more so following the disappearance of the twelfth and final Imam in the ninth century.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Foody |first=Kathleen |date=September 2015 |editor-last=Jain |editor-first=Andrea R. |title=Interiorizing Islam: Religious Experience and State Oversight in the Islamic Republic of Iran |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Academy of Religion |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=599–623 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/lfv029 |issn=0002-7189 |eissn=1477-4585 |jstor=24488178 |lccn=sc76000837 |oclc=1479270 |quote=For Shiʿi Muslims, Muhammad not only designated Ali as his friend, but appointed him as his successor—as the "lord" or "master" of the new Muslim community. Ali and his descendants would become known as the Imams, divinely guided leaders of the Shiʿi communities, sinless, and granted special insight into the Qurʾanic text. The theology of the Imams that developed over the next several centuries made little distinction between the authority of the Imams to politically lead the Muslim community and their spiritual prowess; quite to the contrary, their right to political leadership was grounded in their special spiritual insight. While in theory, the only just ruler of the Muslim community was the Imam, the Imams were politically marginal after the first generation. In practice, Shiʿi Muslims negotiated varied approaches to both interpretative authority over Islamic texts and governance of the community, both during the lifetimes of the Imams themselves and even more so following the disappearance of the twelfth and final Imam in the ninth century. |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Amir-Moezzi |author-first=Mohammad Ali |title=Ghadīr Khumm |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=Third |editor1-first=Kate |editor1-last=Fleet |editor2-first=Gudrun |editor2-last=Krämer |editor3-first=Denis |editor3-last=Matringe |editor4-first=John |editor4-last=Nawas |editor5-first=Devin J. |editor5-last=Stewart |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419 |year=2014 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419 |isbn=9789004269613 |author-link=Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Muslinka Sunnada ah waxay qabaan in Muxammad uu u daayay doorashada beddelkiisa bulshada, sidaas darteedna waxay u arkaan doorashadii Abu Bakar ee saxaabada inay ahayd mid sharci ah. Muslinka Shiicada ah waxay adkaynayaan in Cali hore loogu magacaabay beddelka Muxammad ee tukhtaankii Qadiir Khum, sidaas darteedna waxay u arkaan tukhtaannadii Saqiifa inay ahaayeen kuwo dhaafay xaqiisii beddelka. Dhibaatada beddelka waxay noqotay sababtii ugu horreysay ee qeybsanaanta Muslinka oo keentay soo bixitaanka labada qaybood ee waaweyn ee Islaamka, Sunna iyo Shiica. === Islaamka Sunnada ah === {{Main|Islaamka Sunnada ah}} [[File:Khalili Collection Islamic Art mss 0311 fol 190b-191a.jpg|thumb|Faraq-qoraal ah oo [[Saxiix al-Bukhari]] ah oo ka soo jeeda qarnigii 14aad, ururintii ugu horreysay ee [[xadiis]] ee [[Kutub al-Sittah|Lixda Buug]] ee [[Islaamka Sunnada ah]].]] Islaamka Sunnada ah waa qaybta ugu weyn ee Islaamka iyada oo ah mhabka diimeed ee ugu weyn dunida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of religious populations {{!}} Largest Religions, Smallest Religions, Lists, Data, & Overview {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/List-of-religious-populations|access-date=2025-07-24|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sunni |title=Sunni |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=17 September 2021 |archive-date=30 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430101807/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/574006/Sunnite |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Sunni Islam |editor-first=John L. |editor-last=Esposito |encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2014 |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2280 |access-date=10 January 2010 |archive-date=5 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005013247/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2280 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Denny-2010">{{cite book |last=Denny |first=Frederick |author-link=Frederick M. Denny |title=Sunni Islam: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |page=3 |isbn=978-0199804153 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D5_N97bAiJ0C&pg=PA3 |quote=Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community, and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority (85 to 90%) of that community. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lawson |first1=Russell M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_krEEAAAQBAJ&dq=islam+based+on+the+teachings+of+muhammad&pg=PA419 |title=Science in the Ancient World: From Antiquity through the Middle Ages |date=23 September 2021 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-4408-7353-9 |page=419 |language=en}}</ref> Ereygu waa gaabinta weedha "''Ahl as-Sunnah wa al-Jama'ah''", oo macnaheedu yahay "dadka [[Sunnah|sunnada]] (dhaqankii Muxammad) iyo jamacaadka".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Ahl as-Sunnah |encyclopedia=Islam Ansiklopedisi |publisher=Turkish Diyanet Foundation |location=Istanbul |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ehl-i-sunnet |last=Yavuz |first=Yusuf Şevki |date=1994 |volume=10 |pages=525–530 |lang=tr |access-date=28 December 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228114411/https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ehl-i-sunnet |url-status=live }}</ref> Islaamka Sunnada ah mararka qaarkood waxaa loo yaqaanaa "Islaamka Ortodokska ah",<ref>{{cite book |author1=John Richard Thackrah |title=Dictionary of Terrorism |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1135165956 |edition=2, revised |page=252}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Status of Women Under Islamic Law and Modern Islamic Legislation |date=2009 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9004172739 |editor1-last=Nasir |editor1-first=Jamal J. |edition=revised |page=11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=George W. Braswell |title=What You Need to Know about Islam & Muslims |date=2000 |publisher=B&H Publishing Group |isbn=978-0805418293 |edition=illustrated |page=62}}</ref> ingawa aqoonyahanada qaar ay u arkaan inaysan habboonayn, iyada oo Sunni-nimada ka baxsan ay dad badan u arki karaan fahan xumaan.<ref>An Introduction to the Hadith. John Burton. Published by Edinburgh University Press. 1996. p. 201. Cite: "Sunni: Of or pertaining ''sunna'', especially the ''Sunna'' of the Prophet. Used in conscious opposition to Shi'a, Shi'í. There being no ecclesia or centralized magisterium, the translation 'orthodox' is inappropriate. To the Muslim 'unorthodox' implies heretical, ''mubtadi'', from ''bid'a'', the contrary of ''sunna'' and so 'innovation'."</ref> Sunnadu waxay adkaynaysaa in Muxammad uusan magacaabin beddel, wuxuuna u dhaafay doorashada beddelkiisa bulshada, sidaas darteedna waxay u arkaan doorashadii Abu Bakar ee Saqiifa inay ahayd mid sharci ah. Muslinka Sunnada ah waxay inta badan u noqdaan lixda buug ee xadiiska ee waaweyn arrimaha sharciga, iyagoo u raaca mid ka mid ah afar madhabood ee fiqhiga: [[Hanafi school|Xanafi]], [[Hanbali school|Xanbali]], [[Maliki school|Maaliki]], [[Shafi'i school|Shaafi'i]].<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|pp=275, 306}}</ref> Cilmiga tawxiidka ee athariga ah waa madhab Sunni ah oo feker ah, oo uu si weyn ugu doodi jiray Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780–855 CE), oo lagu garto u noqoshada fahanka qoraalka ah ee Qur'aanka iyo sunnada, aמונה ah in Qur'aanku yahay mid aan la abuurin oo weligeed ah, iyo ka soo horjeeda cilmiga caqliga, ee loo yaqano kalam, marka loo eego arrimaha diinta iyo anshaxa.<ref>Hadi Enayat ''Islam and Secularism in Post-Colonial Thought: A Cartography of Asadian Genealogies'' Springer Publishing, 30 June 2017 {{ISBN|978-3-319-52611-9}} p.48</ref> Maaturidiyada, oo uu aasaasay Abu Mansur al-Maturidi (853–944 CE), waxay leedahay qoraalka la soo dejiyay looma baahna anshaxa asaasiga ah iyada oo wanaagga iyo xawliga lagu fahmi karo caqliga keligiis,<ref>Rico Isaacs, Alessandro Frigerio ''Theorizing Central Asian Politics: The State, Ideology and Power'' Springer Publishing 2018 {{ISBN|978-3-319-97355-5}} p. 108</ref> laakiin dadku waxay u noqdaan waxyiga arrimaha ka baxsan fahanka bahaamka. Ash'ariyada, oo uu aasaasay Al-Ashʿarī (c. 874–936), waxay leedahay anshaxu wuxuu ka imaan karaa oo keliya waxyiga rabbaaniga ah laakiin waxay aqbashaa caqliga arrimaha fasiraadda waxayna isku dartaa hababka Mu'tazilada iyo fikradaha athariga.<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|1999|p=280}}</ref> Salafiyadu waa doonis dib u cusboonaysiin ah oo u dooda u noqoshada dhaqankii qgeneration-kii ugu horreeyay ee Muslinka. Qarnigii 18aad, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab wuxuu kexeeyay dhaqdhaqaaq Salafi ah, oo dadka ka baxsan ay u yaqaanaan Wahaabiya, waddanka maanta loo yaqano Sacuudi Carabiya.<ref>Richard Gauvain ''Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-0-7103-1356-0}} page 8</ref> Dhaqdhaqaaq la mid ah oo loo yaqano Ahl al-Hadith ayaa sidoo kale hoos u dhigay dhaqanka sharciga Sunniga ah ee qarniyada jiray, iyagoo door biday inay si toos ah u raacaan Qur'aanka iyo Xadiiska. Dhaqdhaqaaqa Sunniga ah ee Nurcu waxaa aasaasay Said Nursi (1877–1960); wuxuu isku darayaa qaybo ka mid ah Tasawufka iyo sayniska.<ref name="Svante E. Cornell p. 283">Svante E. Cornell ''Azerbaijan Since Independence'' M.E. Sharpe {{ISBN| 9780765630049}} p. 283</ref><ref>Robert W. Hefner ''Shariʻa Politics: Islamic Law and Society in the Modern World'' Indiana University Press 2011 {{ISBN|978-0-253-22310-4}} p. 170</ref> === Islaamka Shiicada ah === {{Main|Islaamka Shiicada ah}} [[File:Folio from a Nahj al-Balagha.gif|thumb|Warqad gacan-qoraal ah oo ka timaada Nahj al-Balagha, ee taariikhdeedu tahay 1149 AD. Nahj al-Balagha waa ururin khudbado, waraaqo, iyo hadallo ah oo uu leeyahay Cali. Waxaa loo arkaa inay ka mid tahay kuwa ugu muhiimsan ee suugaanta Carabiga iyada oo ka joogta meel sare Islaamka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda.]] Islaamka Shiicada ah waa qaybta labaad ee ugu weyn Islaamka iyo mid ka mid oo ka mid ah mhabada diimeed ee ugu waaweyn dunida.<ref>{{cite web |title=Field Listing :: Religions |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706231326/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |archive-date=6 July 2010 |access-date=25 October 2010 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |quote=Sunni Islam accounts for over 75% of the world's Muslim population." ... "Shia Islam represents 10–15% of Muslims worldwide.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sunni |url=https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/sunni |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614103622/https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/sunni |archive-date=14 June 2020 |access-date=24 May 2020 |publisher=Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs |quote=Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam, comprising about 85% of the world's over 1.5 billion Muslims.}}</ref>{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=1|ps=. "Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims."}} Ereygu waa gaabinta weedha "''Shīʿat ʿAlī''", oo macnaheedu yahay "xisbigii Cali". Muslinka Shiicada ah waxay adkaynayaan in Muxammad uu magacaabay ina-adeerkii iyo seedigii, Cali, inuu noqdo beddelkiisa.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shii|title=Shiʿi|last=Newman|first=Andrew J.|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=28 December 2021|archive-date=20 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720054917/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shii|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2004 |title=Sunni Islam |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa |publisher=MacMillan Reference |editor-last=Philip Mattar |edition=2nd |author1=Tayeb El-Hibri|author2=Maysam J. al Faruqi}}</ref> Cali waxaa ku xigay silsilad Imaamyo ah oo Ilaah magacaabay oo ka soo jeeda qoyska Muxammad ([[Ahl al-Bayt|Ahlul Bayt]]). Mhabka ugu weyn ee Islaamka Shiicada ah, Shiicada Laba-iyo-Tobanka ah, waxay aqoonsan yihiin Laba-iyo-Tobanka Imaam inay yihiin hoggaamiyeyaasha Ilaah magacaabay, iyadoo ka bilaabanaysa Cali keligiis oo ku dheehanaysa Mahdiga, oo la rumeysan yahay inuu ku jiro qoyanaanta loona fadhiyo inuu dib u soo laabto Dhamaadka Sannadaha si uu u aasaaso caddaalad oo uu caawin doono Ciise. Islaamka Shiicada ah wuxuu muhiimad gaar ah siiyaa Ahlul Bayt (qoyska Muxammad), kuwaas oo Muslinka Shiicada ah ay u arkaan inay leeyihiin awood diimeed iyo ruhani ah oo Ilaah siiyay. Qur'aanka, teachings-ka Muxammad (Sunnah), iyo Imaamyada waxay samayeeyaan asaaska ugu muhiimsan ee fekerka diimeed iyo fiqhiga Shiicada. Muslinka Shiicada ah waxaa kexeeya madhabka Jacfariyada ee fiqhiga.<ref>{{Cite book |author1=John Corrigan|author2=Frederick Denny|author3=Martin S Jaffee|author4=Carlos Eire |year=2011 |title=Jews, Christians, Muslims: A Comparative Introduction to Monotheistic Religions |publisher= Cambridge University Press |id=978-0205026340 }}</ref> Ururinta ugu muhiimsan ee xadiiska ee Islaamka Shiicada ah waa Afarta Buug ee Sharciga ah, oo loo yaqano Kitab al-Kafi, Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih, Tahdhib al-Ahkam, iyo Al-Istibsar. Islaamka Shiicada ah wuxuu ka kooban yahay dhowr qaybood, ta ugu weyn oo ugu muhiimsan waxay tahay Shiicada Laba-iyo-Tobanka ah, oo ay ku xigaan qaybaha yar ee Ismaaciiliyad iyo Saydiyad.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social and Military History |editor-first1=Spencer C. |editor-last1=Tucker |editor2=Priscilla Mary Roberts |year=2008 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-842-2 |page=917 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC&pg=PA917 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024726/https://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC&pg=PA917 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Iraq Effect: The Middle East After the Iraq War |first=Frederic M. |last=Wehrey |year=2010 |publisher=Rand Corporation |isbn=978-0-8330-4788-5 |page=91 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-3LAlfW7DIC&pg=PA91 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024742/https://books.google.com/books?id=i-3LAlfW7DIC&pg=PA91#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Newman|first=Andrew J.|author-link=Andrew J. Newman|title=Twelver Shiism: Unity and Diversity in the Life of Islam, 632 to 1722|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-7833-4|chapter=Introduction|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ&pg=PP18|page=2|access-date=13 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501201413/https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ|archive-date=1 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Dagaalkii Karbala, oo uu awoowe u ahaa Nabiga oo ahaa Imaamka saddexaad ee Shiicada, Xuseen ibn Cali, si xun loogu dilay oo madaxa looga jaray iyada oo la dilay badanka xubnaha qoyskiisa, wuxuu siiyay Caliyinta aqoonsi diimeed oo u gaar ah wuxuuna ka qaatay door muhiim ah zhuraalka iyo adkaynta ta noqotay Islaamka Shiicada ah. Wuxuu ka joogaa meel dhexe taariikhda Shiicada, dhaqanka, iyo cilmiga tawxiidka, iyadoo inta badan lagu xuso suugaanta Islaamka. Waa mid ka mid ah waqtiyada ugu murugada badan, muhiimka ah, ee lagu garto taariikhda Islaamka. Dhismaha Imaam Cali ee Najafe, Dhismaha Imaam Xuseen ee Karbala, iyo Dhismaha Imaam Riza ee Mashxad waa saddexda meelood ee ugu xurmada badan ka dib Masjid al-Xaraam ee Makka, Masjid al-Nabawi ee Madiina, iyo Masjid al-Aqsa ee Qudus.<ref name="Sardeg2">{{cite web |last=Escobar |first=Pepe |date=May 24, 2002 |title=Knocking on heaven's door |url=http://www.atimes.com/c-asia/DE24Ag04.html |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020603155002/http://atimes.com/c-asia/DE24Ag04.html |archive-date=June 3, 2002 |access-date=2006-11-12 |work=Asia Times Online |quote=our sixth imam, Imam Sadeg, says that we have five definitive holy places... first is Mecca... second is Medina... third belongs to our first imam of Shia, Ali, which is in Najaf. The fourth belongs to our third imam, Hussein, in Kerbala. The last one belongs to the daughter of our seventh imam and sister of our eighth imam, who is called Fatemah, and will be buried in Qom. |department=Central Asia/Russia}}</ref> Laba-iyo-Tobanka Imaam sidoo xushmad lagu hayaa Islaamka Sunnada ah dhexdeeda iyagoo ah xubno ka mid ah qoyska Nabiga Muxammad iyo shakhsiyaad muhiim ah oo ku jira taariikhda Islaamka, iyadoo Sunnadu ay booqdaan dhismooyinkooda xushmad darteed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Iraqi delegation from the Sunni Endowment visited the Holy Shrine of Imam Ali (PBUH).|url=https://www.alarbaeen.ir/en/news/an-iraqi-delegation-from-the-sunni-endowment-visited-the-holy-shrine-of-imam-ali-pbuh|access-date=2026-02-16|website=www.alarbaeen.ir}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Waziri|first=Adam Isa|date=2022-11-21|title=Sunni Professors, Scholars From Pakistan Visit Imam Husain's Holy Shrine in Karbala » Education Monitor News|url=https://educationmonitornews.com/sunni-professors-scholars-from-pakistan-visit-imam-husains-holy-shrine-in-karbala/|access-date=2026-02-16|website=Education Monitor News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Arooj|date=2024-02-01|title=Sunni scholars from Turkey express happiness upon visiting holy shrine of Imam Hussein|url=https://shiawaves.com/english/uncategorized/100914-sunni-scholars-from-turkey-express-happiness-upon-visiting-holy-shrine-of-imam-hussein/|access-date=2026-02-16|website=Shia Waves|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-16|title=Iraqi Sunni Friday prayer leaders visit Imam Reza (AS) holy shrine|url=https://en.hawzahnews.com/news/358808/Iraqi-Sunni-Friday-prayer-leaders-visit-Imam-Reza-AS-holy-shrine|access-date=2026-02-16|website=Hawzah News Agency|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=English Pakistani Sunnis Visit Imam Reza Shrine|url=https://www.shiachat.com/forum/topic/235051393-english-pakistani-sunnis-visit-imam-reza-shrine/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617090149/https://www.shiachat.com/forum/topic/235051393-english-pakistani-sunnis-visit-imam-reza-shrine/|archive-date=2025-06-17|access-date=2026-02-16|website=ShiaChat.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-14|title=Sunni Cleric: Imam Reza Shrine a Center for Unifying Muslims|url=https://en.abna24.com/news/664698/Sunni-Cleric-Imam-Reza-Shrine-a-Center-for-Unifying-Muslims|access-date=2026-02-17|website=ABNA English|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Imam Reza (A.S.) Is the Symbol of Unity among Islamic Sects.|url=https://www.alarbaeen.ir/en/news/imam-reza-as-is-the-symbol-of-unity-among-islamic-sects|access-date=2026-02-17|website=www.alarbaeen.ir}}</ref> {{multiple image | align = center | image1 = ImamAliShrine2026.jpg | width1 = 217 | alt1 = | caption1 = Dhismaha Imaam Cali ee Najafe, Ciraaq, waxaa loo arkaa Muslinka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda inuu yahay meesha ugu xurmada badan Islaamka ka dib Makka, Madiina iyo Qudus. | image2 = حرم الامام الحسين.jpg | width2 = 218 | alt2 = | caption2 = Dhismaha Imaam Xuseen ee Karbala, Ciraaq, waa meel aad u xurmo badan Islaamka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda. | width3 = 315 | alt3 = | footer = | image3 = ImamReza(A).jpg | caption3 = Dhismaha Imaam Riza ee Mashxad, Iiraan, waa masjidhka ugu weyn dunida iyadoo ka mid ah meelaha ugu xurmada badan Islaamka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda. }} ===== Cibaadiyada ===== {{Main|Muhakkima|Cibaadiyada|Khawaarijta}} Cibaadiyada waa madhab u gaar ah Islaamka waxaana inta badan loo arkaa qaybta saddexaad ee mhabada Islaamka, oo barbar taagan Islaamka Sunnada ah iyo Islaamka Shiicada ah. Xididdadeedu waxay dib u raacaan go'itaankii Khawaarijta ee ka go'een Cali, oo ahaa ina-adeerkii iyo seedigii nabiga Muxammad oo ahaa Imaamkii ugu horreeyay ee Shiicada iyo khaliifkii afaraad ee Khulafo al-Raashidiinta ee Sunnadu. Waxaaba jirta in Cibaadiyiinta casriga ah ay inta badan diadaan in aqiidadooda lagu tilmaamo Khawaarij. Cibaadiyada waxay soo baxday qarniyadii ugu horreeyay ee Islaamka iyadoo ka timaada khilaafaadkii siyaasadeed iyo kuwa tawxiidka ee ku xeernaa Fitnada Koowaad. Dhaqanku wuxuu taariikhiyan u xiran yahay dhaqdhaqaaqii hore ee Muhakkima. Cibaadiyiintu way ka tiro yar yihiin labada mhab ee ugu waaweyn Islaamka, Sunnadu iyo Shiicada. Cibaadiyada waxay weli tahay mid aan si fican u baran dadka ka baxsan, iyadoo ay ku jiraan kuwo aan Muslin ahayn iyo Muslinka Sunnada iyo Shiicada ah. [[File:Islam branches and schools.png|centre|Dulmar guud oo ku saabsan qaybaha waaweyn iyo mhabada Islaamka]] ===== Qaybaha ===== * Dhaqdhaqaaqa Axmadiyada waxaa lagu aasaasay Hindiya ee Ingiriisku xukumayay 1889 oo uu aasaasay Mirza Ghulam Ahmad oo ka soo jeeda Qadian, oo sheegtay inuu yahay Masiiyadii la ballanqaaday ("Soo laabashada Labaad ee Ciise"), Mahdiga Muslinku dhowrayaan sidoo kale prophet yar oo raaca nabiga Islaamka Muxammad. Waxaa jira fikrado iyo barashooyin kala duwan oo u gaar ah Axmadiyiinta marka loo eego badanka Muslinka kale, kuwaas oo ay ku jiraan fasiraadda cinwaanka Qur'aanka ee Khatam an-Nabiyyin iyo fasiraadda Soo laabashada Labaad ee Masiiyada. deviations-kan loo arko inay ka bixisay fekerka Islaamka ee caadiga ah waxay keeneen in badanka Muslinka ay u arkaan kuwo ka baxay diinta iyo khilaafyada lagu hayo Axmadiyiinta waddamo kala duwan dhexdeeda, gaar ahaan Bakistaan, halkaas oo si rasmi ah looga dhaqangaliyay inaysan Muslin ahayn oo ay dhaqangalisay Xukuumadda Bakistaan. Taabacsanaha Dhaqdhaqaaqa Axmadiyada ee Islaamka waxay u qeybsamaan laba kooxood: ta koowaad oo ah Bulshada Muslinka ee Axmadiyada, oo maanta ah kooxda ugu weyn, iyo Dhaqdhaqaaqa Axmadiyada ee Laahore ee Fafinta Islaamka. * Calawiyada waa dhaqan Islaam oo doonis leh oo maxalli ah, oo taabacsaneedu ay raacaan barashooyinka qarsoon (bāṭenī) ee Cali iyo Haji Bektash Veli. Calawiyada waa isku dharraaq ka mid ah fikradaha dhaqanka ee Turkiga ee qarnigii 14aad, iyadoo leh xididdo ka imaan kara Tengrism iyo Animism oo barbar socda fikradaha Shiicada iyo Tasawufka. Waxaa la qiyaasay inay jiraan 10 milyan illaa ka badan 20 milyan (~0.5–1% dhammaan Muslinka) oo Calawiyiin ah dunida oo dhan. * Qur'aaniyuuntu waa dhaqdhaqaaq diimeed ee Islaamka oo ku aasaasan aqiidada ah in sharciga Islaamka iyo xaqiijintu ay tahay oo keliya inay ka timaado Qur'aanka oo aysan ka imaanin sunnada ama Xadiiska, iyadoo Qur'aaniyuuntu ay si muuqata uga kala duwan yihiin habka loo raaco shanta tiro ee Islaamka. Dhaqdhaqaaqu wuxuu soo baxay qarnigii 19aad wixii ka dambeeyay, iyadoo fekerayaal sida Syed Ahmad Khan, Abdullah Chakralawi iyo Ghulam Ahmed Perwez ee Hindiya ay su'aal ka keeneen dhaqanka xadiiska. Ejipt, Muhammad Tawfiq Sidqi wuxuu ku qaray maqaalka ''Islaamku waa Qur'aanka keligiis'' majaladda ''Al-Manār'', isagoo u doodayay awoodda keligeed ee Qur'aanka. Qur'aaniyiin muhiim ah oo qarnigii 20aad ee dambe wuxuu ahaa Rashad Khalifa, oo ahaa biokimiko Masri-Ameerikan ah oo sheegtay inuu helay fure tiro oo ku jira Qur'aanka, wuxuuna aasaasay ururka Qur'aaniyiinta ee United Submitters International. * Mu'tazilada waxay ahayd madhab hore oo cilmiga tawxiidka Islaamka oo lagu garto isticmaalka caqliga, gaar ahaan marka loo eego labada ilo ee ugu horreeya Islaamka, Qur'aanka iyo xadiiska. Madhabtu waxay ku aasaasantaa shanta usool ee waaweyn: tawxiidka, caddaalada rabbaaniga ah, hubaasha ballanqaadyada iyo digniinaha rabbaaniga ah, meel dhexe oo marka loo eego heerka duniyeed ee duntayda waaweyn, iyo waajibka amarrada wanaagsan iyo ka hortaga xumaanta. Ka dib Sunnadu, Mu'taziladu waxay diadeen aragtida dhaqanka ah ee ah in Qur'aanku yahay hadalka aan la abuurin ee Ilaah, waxayna halkaas ka qabteen in Qur'aanku yahay waxyi la abuuray, si loo adkeeyo koodnimada kheyraatka ee Ilaah. Iyagoo adkaynaya isticmaalka caqliga, waxay u doodeen in dookha xorta ah ee bahaamka uu u oggolaado shakhsiyaadka inay doorataan wanaagga ama xumaanta, taas oo ka dhigaysa kuwo mas'uul ka ah eedooda. Bagse saameynta Mu'taziladu waxay hoos u dhacday dhibaatada bulshada iyo siyaasadeed ee ka timaada Sunnadu darteed, reebitaankooda caqliga wuxuu weli yahay mid muhiim ah fekerka casriga ah ee Islaamka. === Muslimiinta aan kooxna ka tirsanayn === {{Main|Non-denominational Muslim}} Muslimiinta aan kooxna ka tirsanayn waa eegmo guud oo loo isticmaalo ama ay isticmaalaan Muslimiinta aan ka tirsanayn ama aan isku tilmaamin mhab gaar ah oo Islaam ah.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Benakis |first=Theodoros |date=13 January 2014 |title=Islamophoobia in Europe! |work=New Europe |location=Brussels |url=http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |url-status=dead |access-date=20 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131145036/http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |archive-date=31 January 2016 |quote=Anyone who has travelled to Central Asia knows of the non-denominational Muslims—those who are neither Shiites nor Sounites, but who accept Islam as a religion generally.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Kenneth |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=jQGZBAAAQBAJ|page=29}} |title=Unthinkable: Iran, the Bomb, and American Strategy |date=2014 |isbn=978-1-4767-3393-7 |page=29 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |quote=Although many Iranian hardliners are Shi'a chauvinists, Khomeini's ideology saw the revolution as pan-Islamist, and therefore embracing Sunni, Shi'a, Sufi, and other, more nondenominational Muslims}}</ref> Sahanadii ugu dambeeyay waxay ku warramayaan in qayb weyn oo ka mid ah Muslimiinta ka mid ah kuwa ku nool qaybo ka mid ah dunida ay isku tilmaamaan oo keliya Muslim, inkasta oo ay yar tahay falanqaynta la daabacay ee ku saabsan sababaha ka dambeeya jawaabtan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burns |first=Robert |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=akWUGyN7fwEC|page=55}} |title=Christianity, Islam, and the West |date=2011 |isbn=978-0-7618-5560-6 |page=55 |publisher=University Press of America |quote=40 per cent called themselves "just a Muslim" according to the Council of American-Islamic relations}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tatari |first=Eren |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=x_4QBQAAQBAJ|page=111}} |title=Muslims in British Local Government: Representing Minority Interests in Hackney, Newham and Tower Hamlets |date=2014 |isbn=978-90-04-27226-2 |page=111 |publisher=BRILL |quote=Nineteen said that they are Sunni Muslims, six said they are just Muslim without specifying a sect, two said they are Ahmadi, and two said their families are Alevi}}</ref> Pew Research waxay ku warramaysaa in jawaab-bixiyeyaasha isku tilmaama oo keliya Muslim ay yihiin inta ugu badan ee Muslimiinta ee toddoba waddan (iyo tiro sare saddex kale dhexdeeda), iyadoo heerka ugu sarreeya uu yahay Kasakhstan oo ah 74%. Ugu yaraan mid ka mid ah shan kasta oo Muslim ah ee ugu yaraan 22 waddan wuxuu isku tilmaamaa habkan.<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|date=9 August 2012|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|access-date=4 September 2013|website=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project}}</ref> == Tasawufka == === Suufiyada === {{Main|Suufiyada}} {{See also|Xiriirka Salafiga iyo Suufiga}} [[File:Mevlana Konya.jpg|thumb|Wareegga Suufiga ee Dhismaha Qabriga Suufiga ee Rumi ee Konya, Turkey.]] Suufiyada (Carabi: تصوف), waa hab ka mid ah Tasawufka Islaamka oo raadiya in lagu helo khibrad shakhsi ah oo toos ah ee Eebbe. Culimadii hore ee Suufiyadu waxay ku tilmaameen tasawufka "cilmiga ujeeddadiisu tahay sixidda wadnaha iyo ka jeedinta dhammaan wixii kale ee aan Eebbe ahayn", iyada oo loo marayo "awoodda caqliga iyo sharafta" oo laga joojiyo in lagu tababaro. Ahmad ibn Ajiba wuxuu ku tilmaamay tasawufka "ku laabashada dhaqanka, bilowgiisuna yahay aqoon, dhexdiisuna tahay wax-qabad [aqoontaas ku saabsan], dhammaadkiisuna yahay hadiya [ka timaada Allah]." Ma aha qayb ka mid ah Islaamka, taabacsanaha ayaana ka tirsan mhabada kala duwan ee Muslinka. Ismaaciiliya, oo barashadeedu ku aasaasan tahay Gnosticism iyo Neoplatonism iyadoo ay barbar socdaan madhabaha Illuminationist iyo Isfahan ee falsafadda Islaamka, waxay samaysay fasiraado tasawuf ah oo Islaamka ah. Hasan al-Basri, oo ahaa Suufigii hore oo inta badan loo arko mid ka mid ah Suufiyadii ugu horreysay, wuxuu adkeeyay cabsida ka timaada guuldarrada Eebbe ee adkaysiga. Taa beddekeeda, Suufiyadii dambe ee waaweynayd, sida Mansur Al-Hallaj iyo Jalaluddin Rumi, waxay adkeeyeen diinta ku aasaasan jacyada loo qabo Eebbe. Jacyadaas waxay sidoo kale saameyn ku lahaayeen fanka, iyadoo Rumi uu weli yahay mid ka mid ah gabayaaga ugu iibka badan Ameerika. [[File:Sema ceremony many.jpg|thumb|Suufiyada ee Turkey.]]Suufiyadu waxay u arkaan tasawufka qayb aan ka go'in Islaamka. Suufiyadii dhaqanka ahayd, sida Bayazid Bastami, Jalaluddin Rumi, Haji Bektash Veli, Junaid Baghdadi, iyo Al-Ghazali, waxay u doodeen in Suufiyadu ku aasaasan tahay usoolka Islaamka iyo barashooyinka nabiga. Taariikhyahan Nile Green wuxuu u dooday in Islaamka qarniyadii dhexe uu ahaa wax yar ama ka badan Suufiyada. Taabacsanaha dhaqdhaqaaqa Sunnada ee dib-u-soocida ee loo yaqaano Salafiyada waxay u arkeen dhaqannada jacyada ee caanka ah, sida weyneynta awliyada Suufiga, inay yihiin cusbooneysiin ka timaada diintii hore. Salafiyiintu inta badan waxay weerareen Suufiyada, taas oo keentay xumaanshaha xiriirka Suufiga iyo Salafiga. Ururrada Suufiga waxay samayskaan dariiqooyin ku xeeran macallin (wali) oo raaca xiriir ruuxi ah oo dib u raaca Muxammad. Suufiyadu waxay kaqaateen door muhiim ah samaynta bulshooyinka Muslinka iyaga oo loo marayo dhaqdhaqaaqyada baahinta iyo waxbarashada. Dhaqdhaqaaqa Ahle Sunnat ama Barelvi ee uu saameeyay Tasawufku wuxuu sheegtaa in ka badan 200 milyan oo taabacsane ku leeyahay Koonfurta Aasiya. Suufiyadu waxay muhiim ku tahay Aasiyada Dhexe, iyo sidoo kale waddamada Afrika sida Tuniisiya, Aljeeriya, Marooko, Senejaal, Chaad iyo Nayjar. == Sharciga iyo Fiqhiga == === Shariicada === {{Main|Shariicada|Fiqhiga}} {{See also|Mantiqa ee Falsafadda Islaamka#Sharciga Islaamka iyo Cilmiga Tawxiidka}} [[File:Madhhab Map3.png|thumb|Madhabaha sharciga Islaamka ee Dunida Muslinka.]] Shariicada waa tan ka kooban sharciga diinta Islaamka. Doonista ah in la tilmaamo oo lagu ogaado sharciyada hab dhammaystiran oo is-waafaqsan waxay keentay horumarinta aragtida sharciga, oo loo yaqaano fiqhi. Taa beddekeeda, bidco waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu tilmaamo cusbooneysiinta sharciga ka baxsan ee arrimaha diinta. Dhabbooyinka kala duwan, ee loo yaqaano usoolka fiqhiga, ayaa horumaray oo madhabka sharciga ee ka soo baxa dhabbo ku xeeran waxaa loo yaqaanaa madhab. Is-waafaqidda raacda go'aannada khabiir diimeed ama madhab waxaa loo yaqaanaa taqliid. Shuruudda ghayr muqallid waxay u tilmaamaysaa kuwa aan isticmaalin taqliidka iyo, sii dheeraanteeda, aan lahayn madhab. Dhaqanka shakhsigu ku fasirayo sharciga caqliga xor ah waxaa loo yaqaanaa ijtixaad. Kuwa fasira shariicada waxaa loo yaqaanaa muftiyo oo ra'yigooda sharciga ah waxaa loo yaqaanaa fatwo. [[File:'Abd_Allah_ibn_Shaykh_Murshid_al-Katib_-_Sa'di_and_a_Dervish_Go_to_Settle_their_Quarrel_Before_a_Judge_-_Walters_W618106B_-_Cropped.jpg|thumb|Gabayaaga Saadi Shirazi iyo darwiish waxay u socdaan inay khilaafkooda ku dhameeyaan xakim hortiis, farta qarnigii 16aad oo ka timaada Iiraan.]] Ilaaha koowaad ee Shariicadu waa Qur'aanka iyo Sunnada. Ilaa saddexaad oo caani ah waa qiyaas (caqli analoji ah) oo loo isticmaalo dhibcooyinka sharciga ah ee aan si toos ah loogu faahfaahin Qur'aanka ama Sunnada. Isku-barbardhigga ayaa la raadiyaa si loo helo illah, ama sababta halkan ku jirta, oo ah sababta ka dambeysa xukunkii hore. Tusaale ahaan, reebitaanka gaarka ah ee khamriga waxaa ka soo baxaya reebitaanka guud ee alkoolka maadaama ay wadaagayaan sababta shaqaynaysa ee loo gartay inay tahay dabeecadda ma zeexisa ee dhammaan cabitaannada alkoolka ah. Madhabka Saahiriga wuxuu adkeeyay saafinimada tooska ah oo sidaas darteed wuxuu diaday qiyaaska. Is-afgaradka ra'yiga waa ijmaac, iyadoo ikhtilaafku u tilmaamayo khilaafka culimada. Xukunnadu waxay ficillada u kala saaraan mid ka mid ah shan qaybood oo loo yaqaano axkaam: farad, mustaxab, mubaah, makruuh, iyo xaraam. Xilliga casriga ah, sharciyada dambiyada ee ku aasaasan shariicada waxaa inta badan beddelay sharciyo ka yimid moodellada Yurub. Cilmiga dib-u-soocida ee Tanzimat ee Qarnigii 19aad ee Dowladdii Cusmaaniyiinta wuxuu keenay koodka madaniga ee Mecelle wuxuuna ka dhigan yahay dadaalkii ugu horreeyay ee lagu koodiyeeyo shariicada. Iyadoo Dastuurada badanka states-ka Muslinku u badan yihiin ay ku jiraan tilmaamo ku saabsan shariicada, xeerarkeeda dhaqanka ah waxaa inta badan lagu reebay oo keliya sharciyada heerka shakhsiga (famlida). Hay'adaha sharciga ah oo koodiyeeyay sharciyaddan waxay raadiyeen inay casriyeeyaan iyagoon ka tageyn aasaaskooda fiqhiga dhaqanka ah. Dib-u-soocida Islaamka ee qarnigii 20aad ee dambe waxay keentay baaqyo ka yimid dhaqdhaqaaqyada Islaamiyiinta oo ku saabsan fulinta dhammaystiran ee shariicada. Doorka shariicadu wuxuu noqday mowduuc lagu tartamo dunida oo dhan. Waxaa jira doodaha socda oo ku saabsan in shariicadu ay la waafaqsan tahay foomamka cilmaani ee xukuumadda, xuquuqda aadanaha, xorriyadda fekerka, iyo xuquuqda dumarka darteed meelaha ay ka mid yihiin faafreebka iyo doonaanta. == Bulshada == === Shakhsiyaadka diinta === {{Main|Culumada}} [[File:Maqamat_hariri.jpg|thumb|254x254px|Culimada ku sugan maktabadda Cabbaasiyiinta, Maqamat al-Hariri. Farta uu qray Yahyá al-Wasiti, Baqdaad, 1237 AD.]] Islaamku maleho wadaado ah macnaha sacerdotalism, sida baaddariyada oo kale oo dhex-dhexaadiya Eebbe iyo dadka. Imaam (Carabi: إمام) waa cinwaanka diinta oo loo isticmaalo in lagu tilmaamo booska hoggaaminta Islaamka, inta badan marka loo eego samaynta adeegga cibaadada Islaamka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Imam|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/imam|access-date=15 January 2023|website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Fasiraadda diinta waxaa hoggaamiya culumada (Carabi: علماء), oo ah shuruud loo isticmaalo in lagu tilmaamo kooxda culimada Muslinka ah ee helay tababarka barashada Islaamka. Caalimka xadiiska waxaa loo yaqaanaa muxaddith, caalimka fiqhiga waxaa loo yaqaanaa faqeeh (Carabi: فقيه), qaanuun-yaqaanka u qalma inuu soo saaro ra'yiga sharciga ah ama fatwooyinka waxaa loo yaqaanaa mufti, qadi-yuna waa xakim Islaam ah. Cinwaannada sharafta leh ee la siiyo culimada waxaa ka mid ah sheekh, mulla iyo mawlawi. Muslinka qaar ka mid ah waxay sidoo kale weyneeyaan awliyada u xiran karaamooyinka (Carabi: كرامات).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Radtke |first1=B. |last2=Lory |first2=P. |last3=Zarcone |first3=Th. |last4=DeWeese |first4=D. |last5=Gaborieau |first5=M. |last6=Denny |first6=F. M. |last7=Aubin |first7=F. |last8=Hunwick |first8=J. O. |last9=Mchugh |first9=N. |title=Walī |orig-year=1993 |year=2012 |editor1-last=Bearman |editor1-first=P. J. |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-link=Thierry Bianquis |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-first=C. E. |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor4-first=E. J. |editor4-link=Emeri Johannes van Donzel |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-first=W. P. |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=2nd |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill Publishers |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1335 |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4}}</ref> === Maamulka === {{See also|Siyaasadda iyo Islaamka|Dhaqaalaha Islaamka|Qaanuunka ciidanka ee Islaamka|Tasaamuxa|Jihaadka}} [[File:Ali and Aisha at the Battle of the Camel.jpg|thumb|Xaasidii Muxammad, Caasha, oo la dagaallamaysa Cali.]] Fiqhiga dhaqaalaha Islaamka dhexdiisa, kaydsiga hantida si xad-dhaaf ah waa lagu necbyahay, sidaas darteedna dhaqanka maalgashiga monobooliga ah waa laga hoos eegaa.<ref name="Iqbal2010">{{cite book | last1 = Iqbal | first1 = Zamir | last2 = Mirakhor | first2 = Abbas | last3 = Krichenne | first3 = Noureddine | last4 = Askari | first4 = Hossein | title = The Stability of Islamic Finance: Creating a Resilient Financial Environment | location = Singapore | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | year = 2010 | language = en | isbn = 978-0-470-82518-1 | p = 75}}</ref> Dadaallada lagu waafajinayo shariicada waxay keeneen horumarinta bangiyada Islaamka. Islaamku wuxuu reebaa ribada, oo inta badan loo turjumo faa'iido si aan caddaalad ahayn ku timaada ganacsiga, waxaana inta badan loo isticmaalaa in lagu tilmaamo faa'iidada ribada.<ref>{{harvc |c=Riba |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online |year=n.d. |last1= Schacht|first1=Joseph}}</ref> Taa beddekeeda, bangiyada Islaamku waxay iskaashi la sameeyaan amaanadaha, iyagoo labaduba wadaagaya faa'iidada iyo qasaaraha ka soo baxa mashruuca. Shuruud kale waa ka fogaanshaha hubaal-la'aanta, oo loo arko saqajaan (khumaar), bangiyada Islaamkuna dhaqan ahaan waxay ka fogaadaan aaladaha la soocay sida mustaqbalka ama doorashooyinka, taas oo taariikhiyan ka ilaalisay hoos u dhaca suuqyada.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Foster|first=John |date=1 December 2009|title=How Islamic finance missed heavenly chance|work=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8388644.stm|access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Domat|first=Chloe|date=20 October 2020|title=What Is Islamic Finance And How Does It Work?|work=Global Finance magazine|url=https://www.gfmag.com/topics/blogs/islamic-finance-faq-what-islamic-finance-and-how-does-it-work|access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref> Khulafadii Raashidiinta iyo Dowladdii Umawiyiinta waxay ku lug lahaayeen qaybinta sadaqada ee ka timaada qasnadda dowladda, oo loo yaqaano Bayt al-maal, ka hor inta aysan noqon dadaal shakhsi ah meelaha sannadkii 720. Khaliifkii ugu horreeyay, Abu Bakar, wuxuu u qaybiyay sakada sida tusaalooyinkii ugu horreeyay ee dakhliga ugu yar ee la dammaanad qaado, iyadoo muwaaddin kasta uu helayay 10 illaa 20 dirham sannadkiiba.<ref>{{cite web |last=Merchant, Brian |date=14 November 2013 |title=Guaranteeing a Minimum Income Has Been a Utopian Dream for Centuries |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/guaranteeing-a-minimum-income-has-been-a-utopian-dream-for-centuries/ |access-date=3 June 2019 |website=VICE}}</ref> Waagii maamulkii khaliifkii labaad ee Cumar, taageerada carruurta ayaa la soo bandhigay, kuwa da'da ah iyo kuwa nafedana waxay xaq u lahaayeen mushaar,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Al-Buraey |first=Muhammad |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=lT8OAAAAQAAJ|page=}} |title=Administrative Development: An Islamic Perspective |publisher=KPI |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-7103-0059-1 |pages=252–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Akgündüz |first1=Ahmed |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=EnT_zhqEe5cC|page=539}} |title=Ottoman History: Misperceptions and Truths |last2=Öztürk |first2=Said |publisher=IUR Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-90-90-26108-9 |pages=539– |access-date=7 October 2014}}</ref> iyadoo khaliifkii Umawiyiinta ee Cumar II uu u qoondeeyay adeego dhagool kasta iyo labadii qafis ee xanuunsan oo dhan.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Al-Jawzi|first1=Ibn |url=|title=The Biography and Virtues of Omar Bin Abd al-Aziz – The Ascetic Caliph |publisher=IUR Press |year=2001 |isbn= |page=130 }}</ref> [[File:Saladin the Victorious.jpg|thumb|Salaxaddiin Guuleystaha, uu qray Gustave Doré.]] Jihaad wuxuu macnehiisu yahay "dadaal ama ilaa qabasho [dhabada Eebbe]", macnehiisa ugu ballaaranina waa "awoodda, dadaalka, ama awoodda ugu dambeysa oo lagu bixiyo la dagaallanka shay laga xumaado". Shiicadu gaar ahaan waxay adkeeyaan "jihaadka weyn" oo ah dadaalka lagu gaarayo wanaajinta nafta ee ruuxiga ah iyadoo "jihaadka yar" loo tilmaamo dagaalka. Marka loo isticmaalo sidaas oo keliya, jihaadka inta badan waxaa loo fahmaa foomkiisa ciidanka. Jihaadku waa foomka keliya ee dagaalka ee loo oggol yahay sharciga Islaamka, waxaana lagu dhawaaqi karaa ka dhan ah ujeedooyinka aan sharciyaysnayn, argagixisada, kooxaha dambiyada, reebleyaasha, murtadiinta, iyo hoggaamiyeyaasha ama dowladaha dhibta Muslinka. Badanka Muslinka maanta waxay u fasiraan Jihaadka oo keliya foom دفاع ah oo dagaalka ah. Jihaadku wuxuu oo keliya noqdaa waajib shakhsi ah kuwa la siiyay awoodda. Dadka kale oo dhan, tani waxay dhacdaa oo keliya marka ay jirto diyaargarow guud. Badanka Shiicada Isnaashariyada, jihaadka weerarka ah waxaa oo keliya lagu dhawaaqi karaa hoggaamiye Eebbe uu doortay oo ee bulshada Muslinka ah, sidaas darteedna, wuu hakad ku jiraa tan iyo gaabinta Muxammad al-Mahdi ee sannadkii 868 CE. === Nolosha maanta iyo tan aabbanimada/qoyska === {{See also|Edabta (Islaamka)|Cuntada reebban ee Islaamka|Islaamka iyo carruurta|Guurka Islaamka|Dumarka Islaamka|Guurka badan ee Islaamka}} [[File:Salat Eid al-Fitr, Tehran (113344343).jpg|thumb|Haweenay Iiraani ah oo xiran astaan Islaami ah (Xijaab).]] Cilmiga edabta ee maalinlaha ah wuxuu ku jiraa qaybta edabta, ama hab-dhaqanka. Cuntooyinka si gaar ah loo reebay waxaa ka mid ah hเนื้อ Doofaarka, dhiigga iyo bakhtiga. Caafimaadka waxaa loo arkaa ammaan ka timaada Eebbe, waxyaabaha maaddada ah ee maaddada maanka dooriya, sida cabitaannada alkoolka ah, waa kuwo reebban.<ref>{{cite book|author=Fahd Salem Bahammam|title=Food and Dress in Islam: An explanation of matters relating to food and drink and dress in Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CRojJ7lnb18C&pg=PP1|publisher=Modern Guide|isbn=978-1-909322-99-8|page=1}}</ref> Dhammaan hเนื้อ waa inay ka timaadaa xayawaan geed-daaq ah oo loo qashay magaca Eebbe oo uu qashay Muslin, Yuhuudi, ama Christian, marka laga reebo ugaarta uu qofku ugaarsaday ama kaluumaysay maankiisa.<ref>{{harvp|Curtis|2005|p=164}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|p=111}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |c=Slaughter |first=Ersilia |last=Francesca |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref> Garaha inta badan waxaa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa ragga sida shay dabiici ah<ref>{{Cite news |last=De Sondy |first=Amanullah |date=28 January 2016|title=The relationship between Muslim men and their beards is a tangled one|work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jan/28/muslim-men-beards-facial-hair-islam |access-date=7 March 2022}}</ref> iyo isbeddellada jirka, sida peenijka joogtada ah (sawirka jidhka), inta badan waa reebban iyadoo laga baqayo inay kharribaan ubaahda u go'an.{{efn|Muslinka qaar ka mid ah Shiinaha waagii boqortooyada waxay ka horyimaadeen xiridda cagaha gabdhaha sababtaas oo kale darteed.}} <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.learnreligions.com/tattoos-in-islam-2004393|title=Are Muslims Allowed to Get Tattoos? |website=|access-date=7 March 2022 }}</ref> Xariirta iyo dahabka waa reebban yihiin ragga Islaamka dhexdiisa si loo dhowro xaaladda miyir-qabka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Glassé |first1=Cyril |title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=AltaMira Press |page=158 |language=en|year=2001}}</ref> Haya, oo inta badan loo turjumo "xishood", mararka qaar waxaa loo tilmaamaa dabeecadda hoose ee Islaamka<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zine |first1=Jasmin |last2=Babana-Hampton |first2=Safoi |last3=Mazid |first3=Nergis |last4=Bullock |first4=Katherine |last5=Chishti |first5=Maliha |title=American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 19:4 |publisher=International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) |page=59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JM4DwAAQBAJ&q=haya+islam&pg=PA59 |access-date=4 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> wuxuuna hagaa badanka nolosha maalinlaha ah ee Muslinka. Tusaale ahaan, dharka Islaamka dhexdiisa wuxuu adkeeyaa heerka xishoodka, oo ay ku jirto xijaabka haweenka. Sidoo kale, nadaafadda shakhsiga ah waa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa shuruudo gaar ah.<ref>{{cite web |last=Esposito |first=John |title=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e4 |access-date=3 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114153249/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e4 |archive-date=14 November 2016}}</ref> [[File:Muslim Couple (cropped).jpg|thumb|Saddex laba oo Muslin ah oo ka socda Indoneesiya.]] Guurka Islaamka dhexdiisa, ninka arooska ah waxaa lagu leeyahay inuu bixiyo meherka aroosadda (mahar).<ref>{{harvp|Waines|2003|pp=93–96}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|p=339}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|1998|p=79}}</ref> Qoysaska badankood ee dunida Islaamka waxay leeyihiin hal xaas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Newby |first=Gordon D. |url=https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00newb |title=A concise encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=Oneworld |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-85168-295-9 |location=Oxford |page=141}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed Hossein |url=https://archive.org/details/islamreligionhis00nasr_0/page/68 |title=Islam : religion, history, and civilization |publisher=HarperOne |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-06-050714-5 |location=New York |page=68}}</ref> Ragga Muslinka ah waxaa loo oggol yahay inay sameeyaan guurka badan waxayna yeelan karaan illaa afar xaas oo isku mar ah. Waxbarashada Islaamku waxay si adag uga baqaysaa inay adkayso in haddii ninku uusan dammaanad qaadi karin taageerada maaliyadeed iyo ta ruuxiga ah oo siman xaasaskiisa mid kasta, waxaa la dhiirri-geliyaa inuu guursado hal haweenay oo keliya. Sabab lagu tilmaamay guurka badan ayaa ah inay ninka u oggolaato inuu siiyo ilaalin maaliyadeed haween badan, oo laga yaabo inaysan helin taageero kale (tusaale, carrooyinka). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xaaska ugu horreysa waxay shuruud ku xiri kartaa heshiiska guurka in ninku uusan guursan karin haweenay kale inta ay guursan yihiin.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ratno Lukito|title=Legal Pluralism in Indonesia: Bridging the Unbridgeable|page=81|publisher=Routledge}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.islamweb.net/ver2/fatwa/ShowFatwa.php?lang=A&Id=18444&Option=FatwaId |title=IslamWeb |publisher=IslamWeb |date=7 February 2002 |access-date=13 September 2011}}</ref> Waxaa sidoo kale jira kala duwanaansho dhaqameed oo aroosyo ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Gai |url=https://archive.org/details/rememberinggodre0000eato |title=Remembering God: Reflections on Islam |publisher=The Islamic Texts Society |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-946621-84-2 |location=Cambridge |pages=92–93}}</ref> Polyandry, oo ah dhaqan ay haweenaydu ku guursato laba ama ka badan oo ragg ah, waa ku reebban Islaamka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Can't a Woman have 2 Husbands? |url=http://www.14publications.com/question-and-answer/why-cant-a-woman-have-2-husbands/ |access-date=27 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223012707/http://www.14publications.com/question-and-answer/why-cant-a-woman-have-2-husbands/ |archive-date=23 December 2015 |website=14 Publications}}</ref> [[File:عکس های مراسم ترتیل خوانی یا جزء خوانی یا قرائت قرآن در ایام ماه رمضان در حرم فاطمه معصومه در شهر قم 20.jpg|thumb|Gabdhaha Muslinka ah oo baranaya Qur'aanka lagu dul dhigay rehalada xilliga Ramadaanka ee Qom, Iiraan.]] Aadada dhalashada ubadka ka dib, adhaanka waxaa lagu dhawaaqaa dhegta midig. Maalinta todobaad, xafladda caqiiqada ayaa la sameeyaa, oo xayawaan lagu qalo oo hantiisa loo qaybiyo masaakiinta. Madaxa ubadka waa la xiiraa, oo lacag la eg miisaanka dhagaha waxaa loo deeqaa masaakiinta. Gudniinka raga, oo loo yaqaano khitaan, inta badan waa lagu dhaqmaa dunida Muslinka.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2014 |title=Khitān |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/khitan-Islam |access-date=27 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127165754/https://www.britannica.com/topic/khitan-Islam |archive-date=27 January 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |date=January 2017 |title=Reported Male Circumcision Practices in a Muslim-Majority Setting |journal=BioMed Research International |publisher=Hindawi Publishing Corporation |volume=2017 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1155/2017/4957348 |pmc=5282422 |pmid=28194416 |doi-access=free |author1-last=Anwer |author1-first=Abdul Wahid |author2-last=Samad |author2-first=Lubna |author3-last=Baig-Ansari |author3-first=Naila |author4-last=Iftikhar |author4-first=Sundus}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 August 2009 |title=Islam: Circumcision of boys |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/malecircumcision.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112170938/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/malecircumcision.shtml |archive-date=12 November 2012 |access-date=27 May 2020 |work=Religion & ethics—Islam |publisher=Bbc.co.uk}}</ref> Xaq-dhowridda iyo addeecidda waalidiinta, iyo daryeelidooda gaar ahaan markay da'da yihiin waa waajib diini ah. Muslinka dhimanaya waxaa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa inuu dhawaaqo Shahaadada si ay u noqoto hadalkiisa ugu dambeeya.<ref>{{Cite book| isbn = 9783643900678| title =Changing European Death Ways| location = Austria| year = 2013| last1=Mathijssen| first1=Brenda|last2=Venhorst|first2=Claudia|last3=Venbrux|first3=Eric|last4=Quartier|first4=Thomas| url =| page = 265 |publisher=Lit }}</ref> Xaq-dhowridda kii dhintay iyo ka qaybgalka jinaasooyinka ee bulshada dhexdeeda waxaa loo arkaa mid ka mid ah ficillada wanaagsan. Caadooyinka aasidda Islaamka, aasidda waxaa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa si dhakhso ah oo ugu macquulsan, inta badan 24 saac dhexdeeda. Meydka waa la dhaqaa, marka laga reebo shuhadada, oo ay dhaqaan kuwo labka ah oo isku jinsi ah waxaana lagu duubaa dhar aan adkayn oo loo yaqaano kafan. Salaadda jinaasada oo loo yaqaano Salat al-Janazah ayaa la tukadaa. Qaylada ama ooyinta weyn ee baroorgaaga ah waa laga fogaadaa. Sanduuqyada aaska inta badan la ma doorbido oo qabrida inta badan calaamad maleho, xata boqorada. === Farshaxanka, saamaynta, iyo dhaqanka === {{Main|Dhaqanka Islaamka}} {{See also|Farshaxanka Islaamka|Dhismaha Islaamka|Suugaanta Islaamka|Islaamka iyo kubbadda cagta|Muslinka Dhaqanka}} [[File:Chinese-style minaret of the Great Mosque 2023.jpg|thumb|Minaaradda qaabka Shiinaha ee Masaajidka Weyn ee Xi'an, oo ka mid ah masaajidda ugu ee Shiinaha ee la dhisay 742 AD.]] Erayga "dhaqanka Islaamka" waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu tilmaamo dhinacyada dhaqanka ee u gaarka ah diinta, sida ciidaha iyo dharka. Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa si dood ku jirto oo loogu tilmaamo dhinacyada dhaqanka ee dadka Muslinka ah ee dhaqanka ah.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Melikian |first=Souren |author-link=Souren Melikian |date=4 November 2011 |title='Islamic' Culture: A Groundless Myth |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/05/arts/05iht-rartmelikian05.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=25 November 2013}}</ref> Ugudambeyntii, "ilbaxnimada Islaamka" waxay sidoo kale u tilmaami kartaa dhinacyada dhaqanka isku-dhafka ah ee Khilafaadkii hore, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa aan Muslinka ahayn, mararka ka mid ahna loo yaqaano "Islaamiga".<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Wiley| isbn = 9781405155144| title =Islamicate Cosmopolitan Spirit | location = United Kingdom| year = 2021| last=Lawrence| first=Bruce| url =| page = xii| quote = }}</ref> Farshaxanka Islaamku wuxuu ka kooban yahay farshaxanka muuqaalka ah oo ay ku jiraan ilo kala duwan sida dhismaha, farta qurxoon, sawirka, iyo dhoobada, iyo kuwo kale.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ettinghausen |first1=Richard |first2=Oleg |last2=Grabar |first3=Marilyn |last3=Jenkins-Madina |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780300088670/page/3 |title=Islamic Art and Architecture 650-1250 |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-300-08869-8 |edition=2nd |page=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Suarez|first=Michael F.|title=The Oxford companion to the book|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|isbn=9780198606536|location=Oxford and New York|pages=331ff|chapter=38 The History of the Book in the Muslim World|oclc=50238944}}</ref> Iyadoo sameynta sawirrada noolaha inta badan ka laga fogaado oo u xiran sharciyada ka dhanka ah sanam-caabudidda, shuruuddan waxaa u fasiray ilo kala duwan culimo kala duwan iyo xilliyo taariikhi ah oo kala duwan. [[File:Masjid Menara Kudus.jpg|thumb|Masaajidka Menara Kudus ee qarnigii 16aad ee Indoneesiya, oo muujinaya saamaynta Hindiya.]] Xaddidaaddan waxaa loo isticmaalay in lagu fashilo badnaanta farta qurxoon, joomatariya isku-dhafka ah, iyo qaababka sida ilaha muhiimka ah ee dhaqanka farshaxanka Islaamka.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Salim Ayduz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=or-6BwAAQBAJ&q=islamic+art+idolatry+geometry&pg=PA263 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam |last2=Ibrahim Kalin |last3=Caner Dagli |date=2014 |page=263|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-981257-8 |quote=Figural representation is virtually unused in Islamic art because of Islam's strong antagonism of idolatry. It was important for Muslim scholars and artists to find a style of art that represented the Islamic ideals of unity (''tawhid'') and order without figural representation. Geometric patterns perfectly suited this goal.}}</ref> Waxaa sii dheer, sawirka Muxammad waa arrin dood ka jirto dhexdeeda Muslinka.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=860736| title = An Indian Picture of Muhammad and His Companions | author = T. W. Arnold| journal = The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs | author-link = T. W. Arnold| date = June 1919| volume = 34| issue = 195 | publisher = The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs, Vol. 34, No. 195. | pages = 249–252}}</ref> Dhismaha Islaamka dhexdiisa, dhaqanka kala duwan wuxuu muujinayaa saamayn sida dhismaha Islaamka ee Waqooyiga Afrika iyo Isbaanishka sida Masaajidka Weyn ee Kairouan oo ka kooban tiirar marmar iyo borfiri ah oo ka yimid dhismayaashii Roomaanka iyo Bizantiinta,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Isichei |first=Elizabeth Allo |url={{Google books|LgnhYDozENgC|page=PA175|keywords=mosque%20kairouan%20roman columns|text=mosque+kairouan+roman+columns|plainurl=yes}} |title=A history of African societies to 1870 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-521-45599-2 |location=Cambridge |pages=175 |access-date=6 August 2010}}</ref> iyadoo masaajidda Indoneesiya inta badan leeyihiin saqafyo heerarka badan leh oo ka yimid qaabka dhaladka ah ee Jafa.<ref>{{cite book |first=Gunawan |last=Tjahjono |title=Indonesian Heritage-Architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/architecture00indo/page/88 |year=1998 |publisher=Archipelago Press |location=Singapore |isbn=981-3018-30-5 |pages=88–89 }}</ref> Taariikhda Islaamku waa taariikhda dayaxa oo ka bilaabanta Hijrada 622 CE, oo ah taariikh oo la sheegay inuu doortay Khaliif Cumar maadaama ay ahayd meel isbeddel muhiim ah u ahayd Muxammad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Muslim-calendar|title=Islamic calendar|website=www.britannica.com|date=|access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref> Maalmaha barakaysan ee Islaamku waxay ku beegan yihiin taariikho go'an oo ee taariikhda dayaxa, taas oo macnaheedu yahay inay dhacaan xilliyo kala duwan sannado kala duwan oo ee taariikhda Miilaadiga. Ciidaha ugu muhiimsan Islaamka waa Ciidul Fitri (Carabi: عيد الفطر) ee 1-da Shawaal, oo calaamad u ah dhammaadka bisha soomanaanta ee Ramadaan, iyo Ciidul Adxa (Carabi: عيد الأضحى) ee 10-ka Dhul-Hijjah, oo ku beegan dhammaadka Xajka.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher =Oxford University Press| isbn =9780195165203| title =The Islamic World: Past and Present| year = 2004| last=Esposito| first=John| pages = 75–76 |ref=none}}</ref><ref name="www.britannica.com-2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pillars-of-Islam|title=Pillars of Islam &#124; Islamic Beliefs & Practices &#124; Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|date=3 May 2023|access-date=16 December 2021|archive-date=5 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905102524/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pillars-of-Islam|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslinka Dhaqanka waa shakhsiyaad aan cibaadaysaneyn oo wali lagu aqoonsado Islaamka iyadoo laga duulayo asalka qoyska, dhiirrigelinta shakhsiga ah, ama deegaanka bulshada iyo dhaqanka ee ay ku doorteen inay ku koran.<ref>{{cite book|first1= Cara|last1= Aitchison|author1-link= Cara Aitchison|first2= Peter E.|last2= Hopkins|author3-link= Mei-Po Kwan|author3= Mei-Po Kwan|title= Geographies of Muslim Identities: Diaspora, Gender and Belonging|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DRnthQxB8lYC&pg=PA147|access-date= 30 June 2013|year= 2007|publisher= Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn= 978-1-4094-8747-0|pages=147}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Islamic Counselling: An Introduction to theory and practice|first=G. Hussein|last= Rassool|year= 2015| isbn=9781317441250| page =10|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o_QsCgAAQBAJ&dq=Muslims+who+are+religiously+unobservant,+secular+or+irreligious+individuals+who+still+identify+with+the+Muslim&pg=PA10|quote=The label 'Cultural Muslim' is used in the literature to describe those Muslims who are religiously unobservant, secular or irreligious individuals who still identify with the Muslim culture due to family background, personal experiences, or the social and cultural environment in which they grew up... For Cultural Muslim the declaration of faith is superficial and has no effect of their religious practices.}}</ref> === Siyaasada=== [[File:Scotusnfrieze.jpeg|thumb|Muxammad oo lagu muujiyay Adolph Alexander Weinman ee Dhismaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Mareykanka ee Washington, DC isagoo wada seef iyo Qur'aan.]] Qayb badan oo ka mid ah qarnigii 20aad, aqoonsiga Islaamka iyo maamulka Islaamka ee arrimaha siyaasadda ayaa kordhay horraantii qarnigii 21aad. Siyaasadda Islaamka waa fasiraadda Islaamka oo loo arko il ka mid ah aqoonsiga iyo wax-qabadka siyaasadeed.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|last1=Voll|first1=John O.|last2=Sonn|first2=Tamara|title=Political Islam|url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/id/obo-9780195390155-0063|journal=Oxford Bibliographies Online Datasets|year=2009|language=en|doi=10.1093/obo/9780195390155-0063|access-date=2017-05-26|archive-date=2020-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223165247/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0063.xml|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Waxay u doodaysaa dhisidda dawladda iyo bulshada sida ku cad (fahamka u doodayaasha) mabaadi'da Islaamka, halkaas oo Islaamku u shaqeeyo il ka mid ah jagooyinka iyo fikradaha siyaasadeed.<ref name=":02">Krämer, Gudrun. "Political Islam." In Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World. Vol. 6. Edited by Richard C. Martin, 536–540. New York: Macmillan, 2004. [http://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/political-islam via Encyclopedia.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713072425/https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/political-islam|date=2018-07-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=March|first1=Andrew F.|title=Political Islam: Theory|journal=Annual Review of Political Science|date=2015|volume=18|issue=1|pages=103–123|doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-082112-141250|doi-access=free}}</ref> Siyaasadda Islaamka waxaa muriyaal ka dhex jira iyo kuwa ka baxsan tacliinta guud ahaan ugu adeegsadaan si isku mid ah ereyga Islaamiyadda,<ref name=":13" /> waxaana loo haystaa inuu yahay cunsur siyaasadeed oo ka mid ah Soo-reenka Islaamka oo bilaabmay qarnigii 20aad,<ref name=":13" /> halkii uu ka ahaan lahaa oo kaliya nooc kasta oo wax-qabad siyaasadeed oo ay sameeyaan Muslimiintu. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa sidoo kale jirey dadaallo cusub oo lagu kala saarayo Islaamiyadda oo ah dhaqdhaqaaqyo siyaasadeed oo ku basada diinta iyo siyaasadda Islaamka oo ah faham qaran oo casri ah oo ku saabsan Islaamka oo ay wadaagaan jilayaasha cilmaaniga ah iyo kuwa Islaamiga ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jocelyne Cesari|year=2018|title=What Is Political Islam|url=https://www.rienner.com/title/What_Is_Political_Islam|access-date=2023-01-01|website=www.rienner.com|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|isbn=978-1-62637-692-2|archive-date=2023-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106160415/https://www.rienner.com/title/What_Is_Political_Islam|url-status=live}}</ref> Kooxaha dhowr ah oo ku yaala Bariga Dhexe ayaa u kaftamay inay fikradaha casriynta ku xiraan faragelinta boqortooyadii gumaadkeedii. Wadamada Muslimka ah ee dhowr ah, gaar ahaan Masar iyo Bakistaan, dhaqdhaqaaqyo siyaasadeed oo lid ku ah oo u janjeera dhanka diinta ayaa salka ku dhigtay. Sababaha waa kuwo dhinacyo badan leh. Burburkii Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta wuxuu ahaa dhacdo baaxad weyn oo dhalisay gariirro badan. Gobolku wuxuu la kulmay jahwareer sannado badan maadaama waddamada Carabtu ay hoos tageen saamaynta dhaqanka iyo guulaystayaasha waddamada Yurub. Dhanka cadaadiska dhaqanka oo kordhayay Muslimiintu waxay adkeeyeen aqoonsigooda qaran iyo dhaxalkooda dhaqan, kooxaha qaar waxay ugafeen dhinacyada diinta. Masar dhexdeeda daciifnimada Muslimiinta waxaa lagu eedeeyay u kuปฏิบัตitaanka liidata ee qoraallada diinta. Sida ku cad Hassan al-Banna, dhaqanka Yurub wuxuu ahaa mid maaddiyad ku dhisan, anshax xumo ah oo ku batay ku-tagri-falka heerarka bulshada iyo ribada. == Dhaqdhaqaaqyada Islaamiyiinta == {{Main|Islaamiga}} {{See also|Islaamiga dalka u gaarka ah}} Islaamiga waa taxane dhaqdhaqaaqyo diineed iyo siyaasadeed ah oo aaminsan in Islaamku yahay inuu saamaynta ku yeesho nidaamyada siyaasadda; kuwo ugu muhiimsan waxaa ka mid ah Dhaqdhaqaaqa Khilaafada, Soo-nolaynta Islaamka, Dimoqraadiyadda Islaamka, Dhaqdhaqaaqa Deobandi, Dhaqdhaqaaqa Salafiga, iyo kuwo kale.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Islamism |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/islamism |website=Cambridge dictionary}}</ref> Taageerayaashiisu waxay aaminsan yihiin in Islaamku dabiici ahaan yahay siyaasad, nidaamka siyaasad ee Islaamkuna wuxuu ka sarreeyaa hanti-wadaagga, dimoqraadiyadda xorta ah, hanti-goosadka, iyo dookhadaha kale ee lagu gaarayo bulsho caddaalad ah oo guulaystay.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cox |first=Caroline |date=June 2003 |title=The 'West', Islam and Islamism |url=https://civitas.org.uk/pdf/cs29.pdf |access-date=28 November 2024 |website=Civitas: Institute for the Study of Civil Society}}</ref> U doodayaasha Islaamiga, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan "al-Islamiyyun", inta badan waxay ku xiran yihiin hay'adaha Islaamka ama dhaqdhaqaaqyada abaabulka bulshada,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Islamism |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012444 |access-date=25 August 2023 |website=Oxford Reference|archive-date=25 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825061146/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012444 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyagoo adkaynaya fulinta shariicada, midnimada siyaasadeed ee pan-Islaamka,<ref name="eikmeier-2007">{{cite journal |last1=Eikmeier |first1=Dale |title=Qutbism: An Ideology of Islamic-Fascism |journal=The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters |date=2007 |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=85–97 |doi=10.55540/0031-1723.2340|doi-access=free }}</ref> iyo abuurista dowlado Islaam ah.<ref>Soage, Ana Belén. "Introduction to Political Islam." Religion Compass 3.5 (2009): 887–96.</ref> == Saamaynta diimaha kale == Haddii dhaqdhaqaaqyada sida Druze,<ref>{{Cite book |last=De McLaurin |first=Ronald |url=https://archive.org/details/politicalroleofm0000unse |title=The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East |publisher=Michigan University Press |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-03-052596-4 |page=114 |quote=Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles, the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hunter |first=Shireen |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsofislami0000unse |title=The Politics of Islamic Revivalism: Diversity and Unity: Center for Strategic and International Studies (Washington, D.C.), Georgetown University. Center for Strategic and International Studies |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-253-34549-3 |page=33 |quote=Druze – An offshoot of Shi'ism; its members are not considered Muslims by orthodox Muslims.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=R. Williams |first=Victoria |title=Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival [4 volumes] |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-4408-6118-5 |page=318 |quote=As Druze is a nonritualistic religion without requirements to pray, fast, make pilgrimages, or observe days of rest, the Druze are not considered an Islamic people by Sunni Muslims.}}</ref> Berghouata iyo Ha-Mim, ay ka soo baxeen Islaamka ama ay la wadaageen rumayntooda gaarka ah Islaamka, iyo haddii mid kastaa yahay diin gooni ah ama firqad ka mid ah Islaamka waa aragtiyo dood ku jiraan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=D. Grafton |first=David |title=Piety, Politics, and Power: Lutherans Encountering Islam in the Middle East |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-63087-718-7 |page=14 |quote=In addition, there are several quasi-Muslim sects, in that, although they follow many of the beliefs and practices of orthodox Islam, the majority of Sunnis consider them heretical. These would be the Ahmadiyya, Druze, Ibadi, and the Yazidis.}}</ref> Caqiidada Druze waxay sii kala qaybisay Ismaaciiliyada maadaama ay horumarisay caqiidooyinkeeda gaarka ah, waxayna ugu dambeyntii ka sootagday Ismaaciiliyada iyo Islaamka labadaba; kuwan waxaa ka mid ah rumaynta in Imaamka Al-Xaakim bi-Amr Allaah uu ahaa Ilaah jisoobay.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Poonawala |first=Ismail K. |date=July–September 1999 |title=Review: ''The Fatimids and Their Traditions of Learning'' by Heinz Halm |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-oriental-society_july-september-1999_119_3/page/542 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |publisher=American Oriental Society |volume=119 |issue=3 |page=542 |doi=10.2307/605981 |issn=0003-0279 |jstor=605981 |lccn=12032032 |oclc=47785421}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Bryer | first = David R. W. | title = The Origins of the Druze Religion (Fortsetzung) | journal = Der Islam | year = 1975 | volume = 52 | issue = 2 | pages = 239–262 | doi = 10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 | s2cid = 162363556 | url = https://doi.org/10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 | issn = 1613-0928 | ref = {{harvid|Bryer|1975b}} | url-access = subscription }}</ref> Yazdânism waxaa loo arkaa isku-dhafan ka mid ah rumaynta dhaladka ee Kurdiida iyo caqiidada Suufiyada Islaamka ee loo soo bandhigay Kurdistan ee Sheekh Cadi ibn Musafir ee qarnigii 12aad.<ref>{{cite book |last=Foltz |first=Richard |title=Religions of Iran: From Prehistory to the Present |date=7 November 2013 |isbn=978-1-78074-307-3 |page=219 |chapter=Two Kurdish Sects: The Yezidis and the Yaresan |publisher=Oneworld Publications |chapter-url= |chapter-url-access=}}</ref> Bábism waxay ka soo bilaabatay Shiicada Isnaashariyada ee martay Siyyid 'Ali Muhammad i-Shirazi al-Bab iyadoo mid ka mid ah taageerayaashiisa Mirza Husayn 'Ali Nuri Baha'u'llah uu aasaasay Caqiidada Baha'i.<ref>{{cite web |last=House of Justice |first=Universal |title=One Common Faith |url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/bic/OCF/ocf-8.html |access-date=1 April 2017 |website=reference.bahai.org}}</ref> Yarsanism,<ref name="Z. Mir-Hosseini 1994, p.267">{{cite journal |last=Mir-Hosseini |first=Z. |date=1994 |title=Inner Truth and Outer History: The Two Worlds of the Ahl-e Haqq of Kurdistan |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-middle-east-studies_1994-04_26_2/page/267 |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=26 |pages=267–268}}</ref> Din-i Ilahi,{{sfnp|Roychoudhury|1941|page=306}} iyo Ali-Illahism<ref>{{Cite book |last=Layard |first=Austen Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-SQe_sNtIaMC&q=ali%2520illahism&pg=PA216 |title=Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon: With Travels in Armenia, Kurdistan and the Desert: Being the Result of a Second Expedition Undertaken for the Trustees of the British Museum |date=2010-08-31 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108016773 |page=216 |language=en}}</ref> waxaa loo arkaa kuwo ka sootagay Islaamka. Sikhism, oo uu aasaasay Guru Nanak oo ku sugan Punjab qarnigii 15aad ee dambe, waxaa saameeyay Islaamku.<ref>{{cite book |last=Elsberg |first=Constance |date=2003 |title=Graceful Women |publisher=University of Tennessee Press |isbn=978-1-57233-214-0 |pages=27–28}}</ref> == Dhaleeceynta == {{Main|Dhaleeceynta Islaamka}} {{see also|Dhaleeceynta Muxammad|Dhaleeceynta Qur'aanka}} [[File:Jacques Courtois - Battle between Christians and Muslims.jpg|thumb|Dagaalkii ka dhex dhacay Muslinka iyo Masiixiyiinta xilligii Dagaalladii Saliibiyada, oo uu sameeyay Jacques Courtois.]] Dhaleeceynta Islaamku waxay jirtay tan iyo heeraradeedii ugu horreeyay. Dhaleeceyntii hore waxay ka timid qoraayaal Yahuud ah, sida Ibn Kammuna, iyo qoraayaal Masiixi ah, oo kuwo badan oo ka mid ah ay u arkayeen Islaamka bidco Masiixi ah ama nooc sanam-caabudid ah, iyagood inta badan ku fashilayay terms apocalyptic ah.{{sfnp|Fahlbusch et al|2001|p=[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=yaecVMhMWaEC|page=759}} 759]}} Qoraayaasha Masiixiyiinta ahi waxay dhaleeceeyeen sharraxaadaha laab-lakacsan ee Islaamku ka bixiyo jannada. Qarnigii sagaalaad aqoonyahankii Muslinka ahaa ee Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari wuxuu u dooday sharraxaadda Qur'aanka ee jannada iyadoo sheegaysa in Baybalku sidoo kale tilmaamayso fikradahaas, sida cabbidda khamriga ee jannada dhexdeeda oo ku jirta Injiilka Matayos. Caalimkii Masiixiga ahaa ee qarnigii 4aad Augustine ee Hippo caqiidooyinkiisu waxay keeneen diidmo baahsan oo ku saabsan raaxada jidhka ee nolosha iyo aakhiro dhexdeeda labadaba.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Christian Lange |title=Paradise and Hell in Islamic Traditions |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-521-50637-3 |pages=18–20}}</ref> Sawirro aflaadaad ah oo ka dhan ah Muxammad, oo ka soo bilaabmay sawirraddii hore ee qarnigii 7aad ee Kaniisadda Ortodokska Bari ee Boqortooyada Bizantiinta,<ref>Reeves, Minou, and P. J. Stewart. 2003. ''Muhammad in Europe: A Thousand Years of Western Myth-Making''. NYU Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8147-7564-6}}. p. 93–96.</ref> waxay ka muuqdaan gabayga qarnigii 14aad ee Divine Comedy oo uu qaray Dante Alighieri. Halkan, Muxammad waxaa lagu muujiyay goobta sideedaad ee jahannamada, iyadoo la joogo Cali. Dante ma eedayno Islaamka guud ahaan laakiin wuxuu eedaynayaa Muxammad kala qaybin, maadaama uu aasaasay diin kale Masiixiyadda ka dib.<ref name="Stone">Stone, G. 2006. ''Dante's Pluralism and the Islamic Philosophy of Religion''. Springer Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1-4039-8309-1}}. p. 53–54.</ref> Dhaleeceynaha kale waxay diiradda saaraan la-dhaqanka shakhsiyaadka ee gudaha waddamada casriga ah ee Muslinku ku badan yahay, oo ay ku jiraan arrimo ku saabsan xuquuqda aadanaha, goorta ay si dhow u la xiriirto fulinta sharciga Islaamka.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Yohanan|last1=Friedmann|year=2003|title=Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/tolerancecoercio00frie|url-access=limited|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/tolerancecoercio00frie/page/n31 18], 35|isbn=978-0-521-02699-4}}</ref> Sidoo kale, isbeddellada dhowaan ee dhaqammada kala duwan ka dib, kartida loo malaynayo inay leeyihiin soo-galootiga Muslinka ah ee Galbeedka si ay u la qabsadaan waa la dhaleeceeyay oo waxaa loo eedeeyay asalka Islaamka kuwo ka mid ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Modood |first=Tariq |url=https://archive.org/details/multiculturalism00modo |title=Multiculturalism, Muslims and Citizenship: A European Approach |date=6 April 2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-35515-5 |edition=1st |page=[https://archive.org/details/multiculturalism00modo/page/n43 29] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Ugu dambeyntii cilmi-baaris{{what|date=April 2026}} waxay heshay in diindhaqameedka Islaamka oo sarreeya uu la xiriiro xagjirinimada Islaamka oo sarreysa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kamenowski |first1=Maria |last2=Manzoni |first2=Patrik |last3=Haymoz |first3=Sandrine |last4=Isenhardt |first4=Anna |last5=Jacot |first5=Cédric |last6=Baier |first6=Dirk |date=2021-06-17 |title=Religion as an influencing factor of right-wing, left-wing and Islamist extremism. Findings of a Swiss youth study |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=6 |article-number=e0252851 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0252851 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=8211158 |pmid=34138885 |bibcode=2021PLoSO..1652851K }}</ref> === Ilaha === {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Imad-ad-Dean |title=Signs in the heavens |volume=2 |publisher=Amana Publications |year=2006 |isbn=1-59008-040-8}} * {{cite book |last=Arnold|first=Thomas |title=The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith.|volume= |publisher= |year=1896 |isbn=}} * {{Cite book |last=Bennett |first=Clinton |title=Interpreting the Qur'an: a guide for the uninitiated |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8264-9944-8 |page=101 |author-link=Clinton Bennett}} * {{cite book |last=Blankinship |first=K. |year=2008 |chapter=The early creed |editor=T. 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* {{Cite book |editor-last1=Holt |editor-first1=P.M. |editor-last2=Lambton |editor-first2=Ann K.S. |editor-last3=Lewis |editor-first3=Bernard |title=The Cambridge History of Islam |volume=1A |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-521-21946-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory00holt_798 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last1=Hourani |first1=Albert |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofarabpeo0122hour_06BYS |title=A History of the Arab Peoples |publisher=Belknap Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-674-01017-8 |author-link=Albert Hourani}} * {{cite book |title=The Caliphate of Banu Umayyah the first Phase, Ibn Katheer, Taken from Al-Bidayah wan-Nihayah |author=Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar Ibn Kathīr |isbn=978-603-500-080-2 |translator=Yoosuf Al-Hajj Ahmad |place=Riyadh |publisher=Maktaba Dar-us-Salam |year=2012}} * {{Cite book |last=Kobeisy |first=Ahmed Nezar |title=Counseling American Muslims: Understanding the Faith and Helping the People |publisher=Praeger Publishers |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-313-32472-7}} * {{Cite book |last=Kramer |first=Martin |title=Shi'Ism, Resistance, and Revolution |publisher=Westview Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-8133-0453-3}} * {{Cite book |last=Lapidus |first=Ira |title=A History of Islamic Societies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-521-77933-3 |edition=2nd}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |title=The Jews of Islam |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-7102-0462-2 |author-link=Bernard Lewis}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |title=The Arabs in History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-19-285258-8 |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/middleeastbriefh0000lewi |title=The Middle East |publisher=Scribner |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-684-83280-7 |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/islaminhistory00bern |title=Islam in History: Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East |publisher=Open Court Publishing Company |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8126-9518-2 |edition=2nd |author-mask=1 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/whatwentwrongcl00lewi |title=What Went Wrong?: The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East |publisher=Harper Perennial |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-06-051605-5 |edition=reprint |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/crisisofislam00bern |title=The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror |publisher=Random House, Inc., New York |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8129-6785-2 |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Madelung |first=Wilferd |title=The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-521-64696-3 |author-link=Wilferd Madelung}} * {{Cite book |last1=Malik |first1=Jamal |title=Sufism in the West |last2=Hinnells |first2=John R. |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-27408-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Momen |first=Moojan |title=An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-300-03531-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyed Hossein |author-link=Seyyed Hossein Nasr |year=2003 |title=The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity}} * {{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyed Muhammad |url=https://archive.org/details/ourreligions00shar |title=Our Religions: The Seven World Religions Introduced by Preeminent Scholars from Each Tradition (Chapter 7) |publisher=HarperCollins |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-06-067700-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Nigosian |first=Solomon Alexander |title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-253-21627-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Peacock|first=A.C.S.|title=Islam, Literature and Society in Mongol Anatolia|date=2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume= |page=|doi= 10.1017/9781108582124|isbn=978-1-108-58212-4|s2cid=211657444}} * {{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |url=https://archive.org/details/islamguideforjew00fepe |title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-691-11553-5}} * {{Cite report |date=October 2009 |title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population |publisher=Pew Research Center |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2009/10/Muslimpopulation.pdf |access-date=25 May 2020 |ref={{sfnref|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009}} }} [https://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/ Overview]. * {{Cite book |last=Rippin |first=Andrew |url=https://archive.org/details/muslimstheirreli0000ripp |title=Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices |publisher=Routledge |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-415-21781-1 |edition=2nd |author-link=Andrew Rippin}} * {{cite book |last=Roychoudhury |first=Makhanlal |year=1941 |title=The Din-i Ilahi, or, The Religion of Akbar |publisher=University of Calcutta |oclc=3312929 |url=https://archive.org/details/diniilahiorthere031361mbp |via=Internet Archive}} * {{cite journal |last=Serjeant |first=R.B. |date=1978 |title=Sunnah Jami'ah, pacts with the Yathrib Jews, and the Tahrim of Yathrib |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |volume=41 |pages=1–42 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00057761 |s2cid=161485671 }} * {{Cite book |last=Sachedina |first=Abdulaziz |title=The Just Ruler in Shi'ite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence |publisher=Oxford University Press US |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-511915-2 |author-link=Abdulaziz Sachedina}} * {{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Jane I. |author-link=Jane Idleman Smith |title=The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-515649-2}} * {{Cite book |editor-last=Stefon |editor-first=Matt |title=Islamic Beliefs and Practices |publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-61530-060-0 |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last1=Ṭabāṭabāʼī |first1=Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn |title=Shi'ite Islam |translator-last=Nasr |translator-first=Seyyed Hossein |publisher=SUNY Press |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-87395-272-9 |author-link=Allameh Tabatabaei}} * {{Cite book |last=Teece |first=Geoff |url=https://archive.org/details/islam0000teec_a5d6 |title=Religion in Focus: Islam |publisher=Franklin Watts Ltd |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7496-4796-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Trimingham |first=John Spencer |title=The Sufi Orders in Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-512058-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Colin |title=Islam: the Basics |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-34106-6 |location=London}} * {{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Bryan S. |title=Weber and Islam |publisher=Routledge |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-415-17458-9 |location=London}} * {{Cite book |last=Waines |first=David |title=An Introduction to Islam |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-521-53906-7}} * {{Cite book |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |title=The Formative Period of Islamic Thought |publisher=University Press Edinburgh |year=1973 |isbn=978-0-85224-245-2 |author-link=William Montgomery Watt}} * {{Cite book |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadprophets00watt |title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1974 |isbn=978-0-19-881078-0 |edition=New |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Weiss |first=Bernard G. |title=Studies in Islamic Legal Theory |publisher=Brill Academic publishers |year=2002 |isbn=978-90-04-12066-2 |location=Boston |author-link=Bernard G. Weiss}} {{Refend}} === Qaamuusyo iyo encyclopedias === {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{harvc |last1=Gardet|first1=L.|last2=Jomier|first2=J.|year=2012|c=Islām |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0387}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |ref={{harvid|Fahlbusch et al|2001}} |editor-last=Fahlbusch |editor-first=Erwin |display-editors=etal |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=yaecVMhMWaEC}} |title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=2001 |isbn=978-90-04-11695-5 |volume=2}} * {{cite encyclopedia |year=1913–1936 |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |editor1-last=Houtsma |editor1-first=M.T. |editor1-link=Martijn Theodoor Houtsma |editor2-first=T.W. |editor2-last=Arnold |editor2-link=Thomas Walker Arnold |editor3-first=R. |editor3-last=Basset |editor4-first=R. |editor4-last=Hartmann |edition=1st |place=Leiden |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-08265-6 |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam (1st ed.)|1913–1936}}}} * {{cite encyclopedia |year=2012 |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P.J. |issn=1573-3912 |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |edition=2nd |place=Leiden |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4 |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)|2012}}}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P.J. |issn=1573-3912 |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|n.d.}} |date=n.d. |url=https://brill.com/view/package/eio?language=en |url-access=subscription}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2004 |title=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World |series=Macmillan Reference Books |publisher=Thomson-Gale |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofis0001unse |editor-last=Martin |editor-first=Richard C. |isbn=978-0-02-865603-8}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |date=n.d. |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |editor-link=Jane Dammen McAuliffe}} * {{cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān |volume=2 |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=2002}} * {{cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān |volume=3 |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=2003}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals |publisher=Routledge |editor-last=Salamone |editor-first=Frank |edition=1st |isbn=978-0-415-94180-8 |series=Routledge Encyclopedias of Religion and Society |volume=6 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre00sala |jstor=j.ctt1jd94wq |year=2004}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2003 |title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=AltaMira Press |url=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas |editor-last=Glassé |editor-first=Cyril |series=Revised Edition of the Concise Encyclopedia of Islam |isbn=978-0-7591-0190-6 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-19-512558-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00bada |url-access=registration}} {{doi|10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001}} – via Oxford Reference. * {{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |year=2004 |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |place=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975726-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2006 |title=The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia |publisher=Routledge |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=isDgI0-0Ip4C|page=}} |editor-last=Leaman |editor-first=Oliver |isbn=978-0-415-32639-1}} {{Refend}} == Akhrin dheeraad ah == {{Refbegin}} * Abdul-Haqq, Abdiyah Akbar (1980). ''Sharing Your Faith with a Muslim''. Minneapolis: Bethany House Publishers. ''N.B''. Presents the genuine doctrines and concepts of Islam and of the Holy Qur'an, and this religion's affinities with Christianity and its Sacred Scriptures, in order to "dialogue" on the basis of what both faiths really teach. {{ISBN|0-87123-553-6}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism |publisher=SAGE; Cato Institute |location=Thousand Oaks, CA |last=Ahmad |first=Imad-ad-Dean |title=Islam |author-link=Imad-ad-Dean Ahmad |editor-last=Hamowy |editor-first=Ronald |editor-link=Ronald Hamowy |pages=256–258 |doi=10.4135/9781412965811.n155 |isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4 |lccn=2008009151 |oclc=750831024 |url={{Google books|yxNgXs3TkJYC|plainurl=yes}}}} * {{Cite book |last=Akyol |first=Mustafa |url=https://archive.org/details/islamwithoutextr0000akyo |title=Islam Without Extremes |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-393-07086-6 |edition=1st |author-link=Mustafa Akyol}} * {{Cite book |last=Arberry |first=A.J. |url=https://archive.org/details/koraninterpreted00ajar |title=The Koran Interpreted: A Translation |publisher=Touchstone |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-684-82507-6 |edition=1st |author-link=A. J. Arberry}} * Cragg, Kenneth (1975). ''The House of Islam'', in ''The Religious Life of Man Series''. Second ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company 1975. xiii, 145 p. {{ISBN|0-8221-0139-4}}. * {{Cite book |last=Hafez |first=Sherine |title=An Islam of Her Own: Reconsidering Religion and Secularism in Women's Islamic Movements |year=2011 |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=9780814773055 |url=https://opensquare.nyupress.org/books/9780814790724/}} * {{Cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Muhammad Muhsin |title=Noble Quran |last2=Al-Hilali Khan |last3=Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications |year=1999 |isbn=978-9960-740-79-9 |edition=1st |author-link=Muhammad Muhsin Khan}} * Khanbaghi, A, (2006). ''The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran''. I. B. Tauris. * Khavari, Farid A. (1990). ''Oil and Islam: the Ticking Bomb''. First ed. Malibu, Calif.: Roundtable Publications. viii, 277 p., ill. with maps and charts. {{ISBN|0-915677-55-5}}. * {{Cite book |title=The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-965-224-040-8 |editor-last=Kramer |editor-first=Martin |editor-link=Martin Kramer}} * {{Cite book |last=Kuban |first=Dogan |title=Muslim Religious Architecture |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=1974 |isbn=978-90-04-03813-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/islamwest00lewi_0 |title=Islam and the West |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-19-509061-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/culturesinconfli0000lewi |title=Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Age of Discovery |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-19-510283-3 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Mubarkpuri |first=Saifur-Rahman |title=The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Prophet |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-59144-071-0}} * {{Cite book |last=Najeebabadi |first=Akbar Shah |title=History of Islam |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-59144-034-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Sayilgan |first=Salih |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/god-evil-and-suffering-in-islam/C4C89591ADAAF25F104D517C4F4634B3 |title=God, Evil, and Suffering in Islam |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2023 |isbn=9781009377294}} * {{Cite book |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |url=https://www.giffordlectures.org/books/deciphering-signs-god-phenomenological-approach-islam |title=Deciphering the Signs of God: A Phenomenological Approach to Islam |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-7914-1982-3 |author-link=Annemarie Schimmel |access-date=31 January 2019 |archive-date=22 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422154518/https://www.giffordlectures.org/books/deciphering-signs-god-phenomenological-approach-islam |url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book |last=Schuon |first=Frithjof |title=Understanding Islam |publisher=Allen & Unwin |year=1963 |isbn=978-0941532242 |edition=3rd |author-link=Frithjof Schuon}} * {{Cite book |last=Stoddard |first=Lothrop |title=The New World of Islam |publisher=Chapman & Hall |year=1922 |url=https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/24107}} * {{Cite book |last=Walker |first=Benjamin |title=Foundations of Islam: The Making of a World Faith |publisher=Peter Owen Publishers |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-7206-1038-3 |author-link=Benjamin Walker (author)}} {{Refend}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Library resources box}} * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam "Islam"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/index.shtml Religion & Ethics – Islam] Maqaallo hordhac u ah Islaamka oo ka socda BBC ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} rd45hd99hfob66rgay6h2e9o2cfw36m 307319 307318 2026-09-06T20:34:46Z Isma4l 41797 /* Bulshada */ 307319 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox religion | native_name = {{lang|ar|{{Script|Arab|الإسلام}}}}<br/>{{transliteration|ar|al-Islām}} | image = The Kaaba during Hajj - edited.jpg | caption = [[Kacbada]] ee ku taal [[Masjidka Xaramka]] ee [[Makka]], [[Sacuudi Carabiya]], oo ah [[Holiest sites in islam|goobta Islaamka ee ugu barakeysan]] | type = | main_classification = [[Abrahamic religions|Ibraahimi ah]] | scripture = {{Plainlist| * [[Quraan]] * Sunnada: [[Xadiis]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The saheeh Sunnah is wahy (Revelation) from Allah |url=https://islamqa.info/en/answers/77243/the-saheeh-sunnah-is-wahy-(revelation)-from-allah |website=islamqa.info |access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref> * Tafsiirka: [[Tafsiir]]<ref>Mir, Mustansir. (1995). "Tafsīr". In John L. Esposito. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref> }} | theology = [[Tawhid|Kkudnimada Alle]] | law = [[Sharia]] | philosophy = [[Falsafada Islaamka]] | area = [[Islam by country|Adduunka oo dhan]]<ref name="Global Islam" /> | language = [[Classical Arabic|Carabiga Quraanka]] | territory = [[Islamic world]] | founder = [[Maxamed]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Welch |first1=Alford T. |last2=Moussalli |first2=Ahmad S. |last3=Newby |first3=Gordon D. |date=2009 |entry=Muḥammad |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |editor-first=John L. |editor-last=Esposito |publisher=Oxford University Press |entry-url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211050118/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550 |archive-date=11 February 2017 }}</ref> | founded_date = {{circa|610 C.D.}} | founded_place = [[Jabal al-Nour]]<!-- Beginnings are understood to be where Muhammad is said to have received his first ever revelation, which was inside a cave in this mountain --> | number_of_followers = {{est.}} 2 bilyan<ref name="pew2010–2020" /> {{increase}} (oo si gaar ah loogu yeero [[Muslimiin]], halka si wadajir ah loogu yeero {{transliteration|ar|[[Ummah]]}}) | separations = {{Plainlist| * [[Ali-Illahism]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-SQe_sNtIaMC&q=ali%2520illahism&pg=PA216|title=Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon: With Travels in Armenia, Kurdistan and the Desert: Being the Result of a Second Expedition Undertaken for the Trustees of the British Museum|last=Layard|first=Austen Henry|date=2010-08-31|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108016773|page=216|language=en}}</ref> * [[Druze faith]]<ref>{{cite book |title=The Oxford Handbook of American Islam |first=Yvonne |last=Yazbeck Haddad |year=2014 |isbn=9780199862634 |page=142|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> * [[Baháʼí Faith]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Van der Vyer |first=J. D. |year=1996 |title=Religious human rights in global perspective: religious perspectives |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |isbn=90-411-0176-4 |page=449 |url=https://archive.org/details/religioushumanri0000unse |url-access=registration}}</ref> }} }} {{Sidebar with collapsible lists | name = religion sidebar | pretitle = Qayb ka mid ah taxane ku saabsan | pretitlestyle = padding-top:0.8em; | titlestyle = padding-bottom:0.5em; | title = [[Diin]] | listtitlestyle = background:transparent; text-align:center; font-size:100%; | centered list titles = yes | image = [[File:Icon-religion.svg|200px|class=skin-invert]] | imagestyle = padding-bottom:1em; | listclass = hlist | liststyle = padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em; padding-bottom:0.25em; font-size: 11px; | expanded = {{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}} |} | abovestyle = padding:0.5em 2em 0.5em; display:block; background-color: #efefef; | above = {{startflatlist}} * [[Outline of religion|Dulucda]] * [[Index of religion-related articles|Liisaska]] * [[:Category:Religion|Qeybta]] * [[:Category:Indexes of religion topics|Tusaha]] * [[History of religion|Taariikhda diinta]] * [[Portal:Religion|Bogga]] {{endflatlist}} | list1name = religions | list1title = Diimaha | list1titlestyle = padding-top:0.5em; | list1 = {{Sidebar |child |bodystyle={{subsidebar bodystyle}} |navbar=off | heading1 = [[Abrahamic religions|Diimaha Ibraahimiyeed]] | content1style = padding-top:0.2em; | content1 = * [[Judaism|Yuudaanismka]] * [[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]] * [[Islam|Islaamka]] * [[Alawism|Calawiisimka]] * [[Alevism|Alewiisimka]] * [[Azalism|Azaliisimka]]/[[Bábism|Baabiisimka]] * [[Baháʼí Faith|Diinta Bahaa'iga]] * [[Druze Faith|Diinta Duruusta]] * [[Mormonism|Mormooniyadda]] * [[Mandaeism|Mandeiisimka]] * [[Manichaeism|Maniikiisimka]] * [[Rastafari|Rastafariyiinta]] * [[Samaritanism|Samaritaniisimka]] | heading2 = [[Iranian religions|Diimaha Iiraaniga]] | content2style = padding-top:0.2em; | content2 = * [[Yazidism|Yasiidiisimka]] * [[Yarsanism|Yarsaniisimka]] * [[Zoroastrianism|Soroostiriyanka]] | heading3 = [[Indian religions|Diimaha Hindiya]] | content3style = padding-top:0.2em; | content3 = * [[Hinduism|Hinduugga]] * [[Buddhism|Buudhisimka]] * [[Jainism|Jeyniisimka]] * [[Sikhism| Sikhiisimka]] * [[Bon|Yungdrung Bon]] | heading4 = [[East Asian religions|Diimaha Bariga Aasiya]] | content4style = padding-top:0em; | content4 = * [[Taoism|Taowaysimka]] * [[Confucianism|Konfushiyanishka]] * [[Shinto|Shinto]] * [[Tian|Tian]] * [[Shangdi|Shangdi]] * [[Hongjun Laozu|Hongjun Laozu]] }} | list2name = schools | list2title = Dugsiyada Fikirka | list2titlestyle = border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em; | list2 = * [[Acosmism|Aakosmisimka]] * [[Agnosticism|Agnostisismka]] * [[Animism|Animisimka]] * [[Antireligion|Diin-diidka]] * [[Apatheism|Apatheisimka]] * [[Atheism|Aqoonsi la'aanta Ilaah / Ateyismka]] * [[Creationism|Abuuristaaniyadda]] * [[Dharma|Dharmismka]] * [[Deism|Deiisimka]] * [[Divine command theory|Aragt Dardaaran Ilaahay]] * [[Dualism in cosmology|Labo-jirnimada]] * [[Western esotericism|Sir-doonka Reer Galbeedka]] * [[Elite religion|Diinta dadka sare]] * [[Exclusivism|Gaar-yeelidda]] * [[Existentialism|Jiritaaniyadda]] ** [[Atheistic existentialism|ateyste]] ** [[Christian existentialism|masiixi]] * [[Feminist theology|Falsafada dumarka]] * [[Fideism|Caqiido-ku-tiirsiga]] * [[Folk religion|Diinta dadweynaha]] * [[Fundamentalism|Aasaas-ku-dhagidda]] * [[Gnosticism|Gnostisismka]] * [[Henotheism|Henotheiisimka]] * [[Hermeticism|Hermetiisimka]] * [[Humanism|Aadmiga-jecleyska]] ** [[Christian humanism|masiixi]] ** [[Religious humanism|diimeed]] ** [[Secular humanism|cilmiyeed]] * [[Ietsism|Ietsismka]] * [[Theological noncognitivism|Ignostisismka]] * [[Inclusivism|Wadajir-yeelidda]] * [[Kathenotheism|Kathenotheiisimka]] * [[Lived religion|Diinta la nool yahay]] * [[Monism|Kow-jirnimada]] * [[Monotheism|Kkudnimada Alle]] * [[Mysticism|Suufiyadda / Sir-raadinta]] * [[Naturalism (philosophy)|Dabiiciyadda]] ** [[Humanistic naturalism|aadmiga]] ** [[Metaphysical naturalism|milyawiga]] ** [[Religious naturalism|diimeed]] * [[New Age|Cаманkii Cusub]] * [[Nonduality (spirituality)|Laba-mid-la'aanta]] * [[Nontheism|Ilaah-la'aanta]] * [[Omnism|Omnisimka]] * [[Pandeism|Pandeiisimka]] * [[Panentheism|Panenteiisimka]] * [[Pantheism|Panteiisimka]] * [[Perennial philosophy|Falsafadda weligeed ah]] * [[Polytheism|Shirkiga / Ilaahyo badan]] * [[Process theology|Falsafadda socodka]] * [[Shendao shejiao|Shendao shejiao]] * [[Spiritualism (beliefs)|Rux-raadinta]] * [[Shamanism|Shaamanismka]] * [[East Asian religions|Taowayga]] * [[Theism|Ilaah-rumaynta]] * [[Transcendentalism|Sare-u-kacaaniyadda]] * [[Transtheism|Transtheiisimka]] * [[Unitarianism|Mowqifka kow-jirka]] | list3name = concepts | list3title = Fikradaha | list3titlestyle = border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em; | list3 = * [[Afterlife|Aakhiro]] * [[Anthropopathism|Sifaadka bini'aadmiga ee Ilaah]] * [[Apophatic theology|Apophatismka]] * [[Aseity|Iskii-jitaanshaha]] * [[Religious belief|Aaminsanaanta Diinta]] * [[Brahman|Brahman]] * [[Cataphatic theology|Cataphatismka]] * [[Cult|Kooxda diimeed]] * [[Demiurge|Demiurge]] * [[Divine simplicity|Fududeynta Ilaahay]] * [[Eschatology|Qiyaamaha iyo Aakhiro]] * [[Enlightenment in Buddhism|Iftiintinka]] * [[Eternity#God and eternity|Weligiis-jitaanshaha]] * [[Euthyphro dilemma|Muran-weydiintii Euthyphro]] * [[Existence of God|Jiritaanka Ilaahay]] * [[Faith|Iimaan]] * [[Form of the Good|Qaabka Wanaagga]] * [[Gender of God|Jinsiga Ilaahay]] * [[Gnosis|Gnosis]] * [[Holy Spirit|Ruuxa Quduuska ah]] * [[Intelligent design|Naqshadda caqli-gal ah]] * [[Moksha|Xorreynta]] * [[Misotheism|Ilaah-nacaybka]] * [[Miracle|Mucjiso]] * [[Names of God|Magacyada Ilaahay]] * [[New religious movement|Dhaqdhaqaaqa diimeed ee cusub]] * [[Omnibenevolence|Naxariista-buuxda]] * [[Omnipotence|Awoodda-oo-dhan]] * [[Omnipresence|Meel-kasta-joogidda]] * [[Omniscience|Cilmiga-oo-dhan]] * [[Pandeism|Pandeistiga]] * [[Personal god|Ilaah shakhsi ah]] * [[Prayer|Dugsi / Baryo]] * [[Problem of evil|Dhibaatada xumaanta]] * [[Process theology|Falsafadda socodka]] * [[Belief#Religion|Aaminsanaanta diimeed]] * [[Problem of religious language|Luqadda diinta]] * [[Reincarnation|Soo-noqoshada nolosha (Reincarnation)]] * [[Faith|Iimaanka diimeed]] * [[Revelation|Waxyi]] * [[Religious text|Qoraallada diinta]] * [[Soul|Nafta]] * [[Summum bonum|Wanaagga ugu sarreeya]] * [[Tawhid|Kkudnimada Alle]] * [[Theological veto|Diidmada diinta]] * [[Transcendence (religion)|Sare-u-baxa diimeed]] * [[Trinity|Saddex-midnimada]] * [[Creator deity|Ugu sarreeyaha / Abuuraha]] * [[Unmoved mover|Dhaqaajiye aan la dhaqaajin]] * [[Vitalism|Ruuxda nolosha]] * [[Worship|Caabudaad]] | list4name = figures | list4title = Hoggaamiyeyaasha Aasaasaya | list4titlestyle = border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em; | list4= *[[Ciise]] ([[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]]) *[[Maxamed]] ([[Islam|Islaamka]]) *[[Ibraahim]] ([[Judaism|Yuudaanismka]]) *[[Siddhartha Gautama]] ([[Buddhism|Buudhisimka]]) *[[Guru Nanak]] ([[Sikhism|Sikhiisimka]]) *[[Mahavira]] ([[Jainism|Jeyniisimka]]) *[[Zoroaster]] ([[Zoroastrianism|Soroostiriyanka]]) *[[Hamza ibn Ali]] ([[Druze|Duruusta]]) *[[Laozi]] ([[Taoism|Taowayga]]) *[[Confucius]] ([[Confucianism|Konfushiyanishka]]) * [[Baháʼu'lláh]] ([[Baháʼí Faith|Diinta Bahaa'iga]]) | belowclass = plainlist | belowstyle = text-align:center;font-weight:normal; padding:1em 1em 1em; | below = Kani waa [[:Category:Philosophy and thinking sidebar templates|farac]] ka mid ah [[philosophy|falsafadda]]. Si aad u baarto mowduucyada la xiriira, fadlan booqo [[:Category:Religion_and_belief_navigational_boxes|hage-tusaha]]. }} '''Islaamku'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|z|l|ɑː|m|,_|ˈ|ɪ|z|l|æ|m}} {{respell|IZ|la(h)m}};<ref>{{cite Cambridge Dictionaries |Islam}}</ref> {{langx|ar|{{Script|Arab|الإسلام|al-Islām}}|al-Islām}}, {{IPA|ar|alʔisˈlaːm|IPA}}, {{lit|hordhaca [ee la xiriira [[ogaanshaha doonista Ilaahay]]]}}}} waa diin [[Abrahamic|Ibraahimi ah]] oo ku saleysan [[Quraan|Quraanka]] iyo [[Sunnah|barashada]] [[Maxamed|Maxamed]]. Diintan [[monotheistic|kwdnimada Alle]] waxay leedahay qiyaastii [[Islam by country|2 bilyan oo raacsan adduunka oo dhan]], oo lagu magacaabo [[Muslims|Muslimiin]]. Islaamku waa [[Major religious groups|diinta labaad ee ugu weyn adduunka]], marka laga reebo [[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]]. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin inay jirto [[Fitra|iimaan asal ah]] oo la soo waxyooday marar badan iyadoo la sii marinayo [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|rusul iyo nabiyo hore]], oo ay ku jiraan [[Adam in Islam|Aadam]], [[Noah in Islam|Nux]], [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Muuse]], iyo [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]], waxayna rumeysan yihiin in Islaamku yahay nooca caalamiga ah ee dhameystiran ee [[faith|iimaankan]]. [[File:Birmingham Quran manuscript full.jpg|thumb|Labo [[Folio|bog]] oo ka mid ah [[Birmingham Quran manuscript|Qoraalka Gacanta ee Quraanka ee Birmingham]], oo lagu qoray [[Hijazi script|xarfaha Xijaasiga]] ee [[parchment|harag]] taariikhdiisu tahay int u dhaxaysa 568–645 C.D., iyadoo ku beegan xilligii nolosha Maxamed.]] Muslimiintu waxay u arkaan Quraanka inuu yahay hadalka dhabta ah ee [[God in Islam|Ilaahay]] iyo waxyigii ugu dambeeyay ee aan wax laga beddelin. Dhinaca Quraanka, Muslimiintu waxay sidoo kale rumeysan yihiin [[Islamic holy books|kutubtii hore ee la soo waxyooday]], sida [[Torah in Islam|''Towraad'']] ([[Torah]]), ''[[Psalms in Islam|Sabuur]]'' ([[Psalms]]), iyo [[Gospel in Islam|''Injiil'']] ([[Gospel]]). Waxay rumeysan yihiin in [[Muhammad in Islam|Maxamed]] yahay [[Seal of the Prophets|nabiga ugu weyn uguna dambeeya]] ee [[God|Ilaahay]], kaasoo diinta la soo dhameystiray, oo aan ka dib imanayn nabigii cusub ama sharcigii samada ahayn. Barashada iyo tusaalooyinka caadiga ah ee Maxamed, oo loogu yeero [[Sunnah]], oo lagu diiwaangeliyay xaqiiqooyin loogu yeero [[Hadith|Xadiis]], ayaa bixiya tusaale dastuuri ah oo loogu talagalay Muslimiinta. Islaamku wuxuu ku saleysan yahay rumaysashada kow-nimada iyo kelinimada Ilaahay ({{Transliteration|ar|[[tawhid]]}}), iyo rumaysashada [[afterlife|aakhiro]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[akhirah]]}}) oo ay ku jirto [[Judgement Day in Islam|Maalinta Qiyaame]]—halkaas oo kuwa suubban lagu abaalmarin doono jannada ({{Transliteration|ar|[[jannah]]}}) kuwa xunneydna lagu ciqaabi doono naarta ({{Transliteration|ar|[[jahannam]]}}). [[Five Pillars of Islam|Shanta Arкан ee Islaamka]], oo loo arko inay yihiin cibaadooyin [[Fard|waajib ah]], waa shahaadada diinta ({{Transliteration|ar|[[shahada]]}}), salaadaha maalinlaha ah ({{Transliteration|ar|[[salah]]}}), sakada ({{Transliteration|ar|[[zakat]]}}), soonka bisha [[Ramadan]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[sawm]]}}), iyo [[pilgrimage|xajka]] loo aado [[Mecca|Makka]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[hajj]]}}). Sharciga Islaamka ({{Transliteration|ar|[[sharia]]}}), wuxuu taabanayaa ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan dhinacyada nolosha, laga bilaabo [[Islamic banking and finance|bangiyada iyo maaliyadda]] iyo [[Zakat|gar-gaarka]] ilaa [[Gender roles in Islam|doorka ragga]] iyo [[Women in Islam|doorka dumarka]] iyo [[Islamic ethics#Environmentalism|deegaanka]]. Labada [[Islamic holidays|ci둡 diimeed]] ee ugu waaweyn waa Ciidul Fitri iyo Ciidul Adxa. Saddexda [[holiest sites in Islam|goobood ee ugu barakeysan]] waa [[Masjid al-Haram|Masjidka Xaramka]] ee [[Mecca|Makka]], [[Prophet's Mosque|Masjidka Nabiga]] ee [[Medina|Madiina]], iyo [[Al-Aqsa|Dhismaha Masjidka Al-Aqsa]] ee [[Jerusalem|Quddus]]. Islaamku wuxuu ka soo aasaasay Makka qiyaastii 610 C.D. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in tani ay tahay xilligii [[Muhammad's first revelation|Maxamed uu helay waxyigiisii ugu horreeyay]]. Waqtigii uu geeriyooday, inta badan [[Arabian Peninsula|Jaziiradda Carabta]] way [[Conversion to Islam|isu rogtay Islaamka]]. Islaamku wuxuu si dhakhso ah ugu fiday wixii ka dambeeyay Carabta iyadoo hoos imaneysa [[Rashidun Caliphate|Khulaafadii Raashidiyiinta]] iyo [[Umayyad Caliphate|Khulaafadii Umawiyiinta]]. Labada [[Islamic schools and branches|laamood ee ugu waaweyn Islaamka]] waa [[Sunni Islam|Sunniyada]] (87–90%) iyo [[Shia Islam|Shiicada]] (10–13%).{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=1|ps=. "Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims."}} Muslimiinta Sunniga iyo Shiicada ah ayaa wada noqda ku dhawaad ​​guud ahaan dadweynaha Muslimka ah ee adduunka, iyadoo qiyaasuhu ka bilaabmaan qiyaastii 1.7–1.8 bilyan oo Sunni ah ilaa 285–300 milyan oo Shiico ah adduunka oo dhan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=|first=|date=2009-10-07|title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/|access-date=2026-09-01|website=Pew Research Center|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Shia Muslim Population – Islamic Research and Information Center (IRIC)|url=https://iric.org/world-shia-muslim-population/|access-date=2026-09-01|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Project on Shi’ism and Global Affairs|url=https://shiism.hds.harvard.edu/|url-status=live|website=Harvard University}}</ref> Inkasta oo [[Shia–Sunni relations|khilaafka Shiicada iyo Sunniga]] uu asal ahaan ka soo bilowday is-afgaranwaa ku saabsan [[succession to Muhammad|dhaxalkii Maxamed]], waxay kor u qaadeen cabbir ballaaran, labada [[Schools of Islamic theology|dhinaca caqiidada]] iyo [[Fiqh|fiqhigaa]]. Ururinta xadiiska suuban ee Sunniga waxay ka kooban tahay [[Kutub al-Sittah|Lixda Kitaab]], halka ururinta xadiiska Shiicada ay ka kooban tahay [[The Four Books|Afrta Kitaab]]. Muslimiintu waxay ka yihiin inta badan dadweynaha 53 dal.<ref name="pew2010–2020">{{cite web |date=June 9, 2025 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020. Muslims grew fastest; Christians lagged behind global population increase |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]}} *{{cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett |author2=Marcin Stonawski |author3=Yunping Tong |author4=Stephanie Kramer |author5=Anne Shi |author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf |access-date=2025-06-10 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Qiyaastii 12% Muslimiinta adduunka waxay ku nool yihiin [[Islam in Indonesia|Indoonisiya]], oo ah dalka ugu dadka badan ee Muslimiinta ah; {{#expr: 100 * 480/1570 round 0}}% waxay ku nool yihiin [[Islam in South Asia|Kooniyada Aasiya]]; 20% waxay ku nool yihiin [[MENA#Religion|Bariga Dhexe iyo Waqooyiga Afrika]]; iyo 15% waxay ku nool yihiin [[Religion in Sub-Saharan Africa|Afrika ka hooseysa Saharada]]. Muslimiinta sidoo kale waxaa laga helaa [[Islam in the Americas|Ameerikaanka]], [[Islam in China|Shiinaha]], iyo [[Islam in Europe|Yurub]]. Muslimiintu waa [[Muslim population growth|kooxda diimeed ee ugu koraysa adduunka]], taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay [[fertility rate| heerka dhalmada oo sarreeya]] iyo qaab-dhismeedka da'da yar marka loo eego diimaha diimaha kale ee waaweyn.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lipka |first=Michael |last2=Hackett |first2=Conrad |date=2017-04-06 |title=Why Muslims are the world’s fastest-growing religious group |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |access-date=2026-09-01 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> Islaamka waxaa la saadaalinayaa inuu noqdo diinta ugu weyn adduunka dhammaadka qarniga 21-aad, isagoo ka sarre marinaya Masiixiyadda.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lipka |first1=Michael |last2=Hackett |first2=Conrad |date=April 6, 2017 |title=Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US |archive-date=14 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514123559/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="pew2015">{{cite report |author=[[Pew Forum|The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life]] |title=The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010–2050 |url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211090450/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf |archive-date=2020-12-11 |date=2015-04-02 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref><!--Do NOT add citations to the lead, except for material likely to be challenged, per [[MOS:LEADCITE]] ([[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section#Citations)]]. Move unneeded citations to the body.--> == Asalka ereyga{{anchor|Etymology}}<!-- Linked from many articles. If changing the section title, please let this anchor remain unchanged -->== {{See also|Muslims#Etymology}} Luqadda Carabiga, ''Islaam'' ({{langx|ar|إسلام|lit=hordhaca [ee la xiriira Ilaahay]}})<ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of Islam {{!}} Dictionary.com |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=www.dictionary.com |language=en |archive-date=9 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509110220/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Haywood |first=John |title=Historical Atlas of the Medieval World (AD 600 - 1492) |publisher=Barnes & Noble, Inc. |year=2002 |isbn=0-7607-1975-6 |edition=1st |location=Spain |pages=3.13 |language=en}}</ref> waa magaca fal-galeedka [[wikt:أسلم#Arabic|Foomka IV]] ee ka soo jeeda falka {{lang|ar|سلم}} ({{transliteration|ar|salama}}), ka soo jeeda [[Semitic root|xididka saddex-xarafle ah]] {{lang|ar|س-ل-م}} ({{transliteration|ar|[[Š-L-M|S-L-M]]}}), kaas oo sameeya fasal weyn oo erayo ah oo badankood la xiriira fikradaha dhiibin-hoosaadka, badbaadada, iyo nabadgelyada.<ref name="Lane-Lexicon-4">{{cite book |last=Lane |first=Edward William |author-link=Edward William Lane |title=An Arabic-English Lexicon |volume=4 |chapter=Siin |url=http://www.studyquran.co.uk/20_SIIN.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907230044/http://www.studyquran.co.uk/20_SIIN.htm |archive-date=2011-09-07 |via=[[The Study Quran|StudyQuran]] |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> Macnaha diimeed, waxay tilmaamaysaa u dhiibashada buuxda ee doonista [[God|Ilaahay]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=Barnard |last2=Churchill |first2=Buntzie Ellis |url=https://archive.org/details/islamreligionpeo00lewi |title=Islam: The Religion and The People |publisher=Wharton School Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-13-223085-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/islamreligionpeo00lewi/page/8 8]}}</ref> Ereyga ''[[Muslims|Muslim]]'' ({{lang|ar|مُسْلِم}}), oo ah erayga loogu talagalay qofka raaca Islaamka,<ref name="Lexico-Muslim">{{cite dictionary |title=Muslim |url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/muslim |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913192608/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/muslim |archive-date=2019-09-13 |dictionary=[[Lexico]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2020 |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref> waa [[Participle|falka firfircoon]] ee isla nooca falka, oo macneheedu yahay "dhiibtiye (Ilaahay)" ama "qof u hoggaansamaya (Ilaahay)". Si kastaba ha ahaatee, khabiirka [[Quranic studies|barashada Quraanka]] [[Mohsen Goudarzi]] wuxuu ku dooday in Quraanka ereyga ''[[dīn]]'' uu ka dhigan yahay "[[worship|cibaado]]", ''islām'' uu ka dhigan yahay "[[monotheism|kwdnimada]]" iyo ''muslim'' uu ka dhigan yahay "muwaahid / qof kelinimada Alle rumeeyay".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudarzi |first=Mohsen |date=2023-08-01 |title=Worship (dīn), Monotheism (islām), and the Qurʾān's Cultic Decalogue |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006/html |journal=Journal of the International Qur'anic Studies Association |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=30–71 |doi=10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006 |issn=2474-8420|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Gudaha [[Hadith of Gabriel|Xadiiska Jibriil]], ''Islaam'' waxaa lagu soo bandhigay inuu yahay hal qayb oo ka mid ah saddaxleey oo ay ku jirto {{transliteration|ar|[[Iman (Islam)|imān]]}} (iimaan), iyo {{transliteration|ar|[[Ihsan|ihsān]]}} (fududeyn / ixsaan).{{sfnp|Esposito|2000|pp=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00john/page/76 76–77]}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahmutćehajić |first=Rusmir |url=https://archive.org/details/mosqueheartsubmi00mahm |title=The mosque: the heart of submission |publisher=[[Fordham University Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8232-2584-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/mosqueheartsubmi00mahm/page/n104 84] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Islaamka laftiisa ayaa taariikh ahaan loogu yeeri jiray [[Mohammedan|''Mohammedanism'' (Maxamediyad)]] gudaha [[English-speaking world|dunida Ingiriiska ku hadasha]]. Eraygan wuxuu ka baxay isticmaalka waxaana mararka qaarkood la sheegaa inuu yahay [[Religious offence|dhaawac diimeed]], maadaama uu tilmaamayo in bini'aadam, halkii uu ka noqon lahaa Ilaahay, uu yahay kan udub-dhexaadka u ah diinta Muslimiinta.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Oxford University Press| last = Gibb| first = Sir Hamilton| title = Mohammedanism: an historical survey|isbn=9780195002454| year = 1969| page=1 | quote=Modern Muslims dislike the terms Mohammedan and Mohammedanism, which seem to them to carry the implication of worship of Mohammed, as Christian and Christianity imply the worship of Christ.}}</ref> == Tiirarka iimaanka == {{Main|Aqidah|Iman (Islam)|l2 = Iman}} [[caqiidada]] Islaamku (''[[aqidah]]'') waxay u baahan tahay rumaysashada lix tiir: Ilaahay, malaa'igta, waxyiga, nabiyada, [[Day of Resurrection|Maalinta Qiyaamaha]], iyo qadarinta masiirka.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sourcebook of the World's Religions: An Interfaith Guide to Religion and Spirituality|publisher=New World Library|pages=68–9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbSPOoQfu0IC&pg=PA68|editor-first=Joel|editor-last=Beversluis|year=2011|isbn=9781577313328|access-date=15 January 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228022948/https://books.google.com/books?id=dbSPOoQfu0IC&pg=PA68#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> === Ilaahay === [[File:Istanbul,_Hagia_Sophia,_Allah.jpg|thumb|[[calligraphy|Qoraal gacmeedka]] qarnigii 19-aad oo muujinaya magaca [[Allah|Alle]] ee ku yaal [[Hagia Sophia]], [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]].]] {{Main|God in Islam}} Fikradda udub-dhexaadka u ah Islaamka waa ''[[Tawhid|tawḥīd]]'' ({{langx|ar|توحيد|link=no}}), oo ah kelinimada Ilaahay. Badanaa waxaa loo arkaa inay tahay ''monotheism sax ah'', laakiin sidoo kale waa [[panentheism|panentheistic]] ku dhex leh barashada suufiga Islaamka.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/tawhid |title=Tawhid |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107041300/https://www.britannica.com/topic/tawhid |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Gimaret|first=D.|year=2012|c=Tawḥīd |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7454}}</ref> Ilaahay waxaa loo arkaa mid aan la barbar dhigi karin oo aan lahayn tiro dad ah sida ku jirta [[Christian Trinity|Saddex-midnimada Masiixiga]], oo tiro u nisbeynta Ilaahay ama sifooyinka Ilaahay oo loo nisbeeyo dad kale waxaa loo arkaa shirk, oo lagu magacaabo [[Shirk (Islam)|''shirk'']]. Sidaas darteed, Muslimiintu ma aha [[iconodule]]s mana u nisbeeyaan qaabab Ilaahay. Ilaahay halkaas waxaa lagu sifeeyaa oo loogu yeeraa dhowr [[Names of God in Islam|magac ama sifooyin]], kan ugu caansan waa ''Ar-Rahmān'' ({{lang|ar|الرحمان}}) oo macneheedu yahay "Naxariis-guud", iyo ''Ar-Rahīm'' ({{lang|ar|الرحيم}}) oo macneheedu yahay "Naxariis-gaar ah" kuwaas oo laga baryo bilowga inta badan Suuradaha Quraanka.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ali |first1=Kecia |title=Islam : the key concepts |date=2008 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |last2=Leaman |first2=Oliver |isbn=978-0-415-39638-7 |location=London |oclc=123136939}}</ref>{{sfnp|Campo|2009|p=34|loc="Allah"}} Magaca tooska ah ee Carabiga ee Ilaahay, ''[[Allāh]]'' (الله), oo ah eray aan lahayn [[plural|wadar]] ama [[gender|jinsi]], ayaa sidoo kale si caadi ah loogu isticmaalaa luqadaha kale ee Muslimiinta iyo Masiixiyiinta iyo Yuhuuda Carabiga ku hadla si ay ugu tixraacaan Ilaahay, halka ''{{transliteration|ar|ISO|[[ʾilāh]]}}'' ({{lang|ar|إله}}) uu yahay eray loo isticmaalo ilaah ama ilaah guud ahaan.<ref>{{cite web |title=God |url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |access-date=18 December 2010 |website=Islam: Empire of Faith |publisher=[[PBS]] |archive-date=27 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327034958/http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Islaamku wuxuu barayaa in abuurista wax kasta oo ku jira [[universe|caalamka]] la keenay iyada oo la raacayo amarka Ilaahay sida lagu muujiyay erayada, "[[Be, and it is|Aabo, oo wuu noqdaa]],"<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|2|117|b=yl}}</ref> iyo in [[Meaning of life|ujeeddada jiritaanka]] ay tahay in la caabudo Ilaahay.<ref>Leeming, David. 2005. ''The Oxford Companion to World Mythology''. Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-195-15669-0}}. p. 209.</ref> Waxaa loo arkaa ilaah shakhsi ah oo wax dhexdhexaadin ah, sida [[clergy|wadaaddada]], looma baahna si loo gaaro xiriir lala yeesho Ilaahay. Wacyigelinta Ilaahay waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[taqwa]]. === Malaa'igta === [[File:Rashid al-Din Tabib - Jami al-Tawarikh, f.45v detail - c. 1306-15.png|thumb|Maxamed oo helaya [[Muhammad's first revelation|waxyigiisii ugu horreeyay]] oo uga imaanaya malaa'igta [[Gabriel]], oo ka socda qoraal gacmeedka [[Jami' al-tawarikh|Jami' al-Tawarikh]] ee uu qoray [[Rashid al-Din Hamadani|Rashid-al-Din Hamadani]], lagu daabacay [[Tabriz]], [[Iran]], 1307 C.D.]] {{Main|Angels in Islam}} Malaa'igta (keligood: {{langx|ar|ملك|link=no}}, ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|malak}}'') waa makhluuqaad lagu sifeeyay Quraanka{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=23}} iyo xadiiska.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=79}} Waxaa lagu sifeeyay inay u abuuran yihiin inay caabudaan Ilaahay iyo inay sidoo kale ka shaqeeyaan waajibaadyo kale oo gaar ah sida gudbinta [[revelation|waxyiga]] ee ka yimid Ilaahay, diiwaangelinta ficilada qof kasta, iyo qaadashada [[soul|nafta]] qofka waqtiga dhimashada. Waxaa lagu sifeeyay inay si kala duwan uga abuurmeen 'iftiin' ([[Nūr (Islam)|''nūr'']])<ref name="Encyclopedia-Nur">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Nūr |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/nur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423085030/https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/nur |archive-date=2022-04-23 |encyclopedia=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |via=[[Encyclopedia.com]] |language=en |access-date=2026-03-20}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|last1=Hartner, W.|last2=Tj Boer |year=2012 |c=Nūr |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0874}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Elias |first=Jamal J. |year=2003|c=Light |in=McAuliffe}} {{doi|10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00261}}</ref> ama 'dab' (''nār'').<ref>{{harvc |last=Campo |first=Juan E. |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/nar |c=Nar |in=Martin |year=2004}}. – via [[Encyclopedia.com]].</ref><ref>{{harvc|last=Fahd, T. |year=2012 |c=Nār |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0846}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Toelle |first=Heidi |year=2002 |c=Fire |in=McAuliffe}} {{doi|10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00156}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|McAuliffe|2003|p=45}}</ref> Malaa'igta Islaamka waxaa badanaa lagu matalaa [[Anthropomorphism|qaabab bini'aadamnimo]] oo ay ku jiraan sawirro [[supernatural|cajiib ah]], sida baalal, oo ah kuwa aad u waaweyn ama xidhan dhar janno.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|pp=97–99}}<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=26–28}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Webb |first=Gisela |c=Angel |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|last1=MacDonald, D. B.|last2=Madelung, W. |year=2012 |c=Malāʾika |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}}{{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0642}}</ref> Sifooyinka caadiga ah ee malaa'igta waxaa ka mid ah inaysan lahayn baahiyo jir iyo rabitaanno, sida cunidda iyo cabidda.{{sfnp|Çakmak|2017|p=140}} Qaarkood, sida [[Gabriel|Jibriil]] iyo [[Michael (archangel)|Miikaa'il]], ayaa magacyadooda lagu xusay Quraanka. Malaa'igtu waxay door muhiim ah ka ciyaaraan suugaanta ku saabsan [[Isra and Mi'raj|Mi'raajka]], halkaas oo Maxamed uu kula kulmo dhowr malaa'igood intii uu ku jirsaday safarkiisa samada.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=79}} Malaa'ig dheeraad ah ayaa badanaa lagu muujiyay [[Islamic eschatology|qiyaamaha]], [[Kalam|cilmiga kalaamka]] iyo [[Islamic philosophy|falsafada Islaamka]].{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=22}} === Kitaabyada === [[File:Quran rzabasi1.JPG|thumb|Qoraal gacmeed [[Quran|Quraan]] ah oo qarnigii 9-aad ah oo saaran [[Rehal (book rest)|rehal]], oo ah kursiga kitaabka qudduuska ah, oo lagu hayo [[Reza Abbasi Museum]] ee [[Tehran]], [[Iran]].]] {{Main|Islamic holy books|Quran|Wahy}} {{See also|History of the Quran}} Kitaabka quduuska ah ee ugu sarreeya Islaamka waa [[Quran|Quraanka]]. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in aayaadka Quraanka uu Maxamed u soo waxyooday Ilaahay, iyada oo la sii marinayo [[archangel|malaa'igta]] Jibriil, marar badan inta u dhaxaysa 610 C.D.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Watt |first=William Montgomery |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC&pg=PA5 |title=Islam and the Integration of Society |date=2003 |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |isbn=978-0-415-17587-6 |pages=5 |access-date=15 June 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228022949/https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo 632, sanadkii uu geeriyooday Maxamed.{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=17–18, 21}} Intii uu Maxamed noolaa, waxyiyadan waxaa qoray [[Muhammad's companions|saxaabtiisa]], inkastoo habka ugu muhiimsan ee gudbinta uu ahaa af ahaan iyada oo la adeegsanayo [[Hafiz (Quran)|xifdinta]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Al Faruqi |first1=Lois Ibsen |author-link=Lois Lamya al-Faruqi |year=1987 |title=The Cantillation of the Qur'an |journal=[[Society for Asian Music|Asian Music]] |issue=Autumn – Winter 1987 |pages=3–4}}</ref> Quraanku wuxuu u qaybsamaa 114 suuradood (''[[sūrah]]'') oo ka kooban wadarta guud ee 6,236 aayadood (''[[ayah|āyāt]]''). Suuradaha hore ee taariikh ahaan, ee lagaga soo waxyooday [[Mecca|Makka]], waxay inta badan khuseeyaan arrimaha ruuxiga ah, halka suuradaha dambe ee [[Medina|Madiina]] ay ka hadlaan arrimo bulsho iyo sharci oo khuseeya bulshada Muslimka ah. Qareennada Muslimiintu waxay la tashadaan xadiiska ('warka'), ama diiwaanka qoran ee nolosha Maxamed, si ay labadaba u taageeraan Quraanka oo ay uga caawiyaan tafsiirkiisa. Sayniska faallooyinka iyo tafsiirka Quraanka waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[tafsir]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/tafsir |title=Tafsīr |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019035210/https://www.britannica.com/topic/tafsir |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=79–81}} Marka laga reebo muhiimadiisa diimeed, Quraanka waxaa loo aqoonsan yahay si weyn inuu yahay shaqada ugu fiican [[Arabic literature|suugaanta Carabiga]],<ref>{{cite book|first=Alan|last=Jones|location=London|publisher=[[Charles E. Tuttle Company]]|year=1994|page=1|title=The Koran|quote="Its outstanding literary merit should also be noted: it is by far, the finest work of Arabic prose in existence."|isbn=1842126091}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Arthur|last=Arberry|title=The Koran Interpreted|location=London|publisher=[[Allen & Unwin]]|year=1956|quote="It may be affirmed that within the literature of the Arabs, wide and fecund as it is both in poetry and in elevated prose, there is nothing to compare with it."|page=191|isbn=0684825074}}</ref> wuxuuna saameeyay fanka iyo luqadda Carabiga.<ref>Kadi, Wadad, and Mustansir Mir. "Literature and the Quran." In ''[[Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān|Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an]]'' 3. pp. 213, 216.</ref> Islaamku sidoo kale wuxuu qabaa in Ilaahay uu soo diray waxyiyo, oo la yiraahdo ''[[wahy]]'', oo loo soo diray nabiyo kala duwan marar badan taariikhda oo dhan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Islaamku wuxuu barayaa in qaybo ka mid ah kitaabadii hore ee la soo waxyooday, sida [[Torah in Islam|''Towraad'']] ([[Torah]]) iyo [[Gospel in Islam|''Injiil'']] ([[Gospel in Islam|Injiil]]), ay noqdeen kuwo [[tahrif|la leexiyay]]—ha ahaato tafsiirka, qoraalka, ama labadaba,<ref name="harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5">{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5}}</ref><ref name="harvp|Peters|2003|p=9">{{harvp|Peters|2003|p=9}}</ref><ref name="610CE">{{harvc|c=Muhammad|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|last2=Welch|first2=A.T.|last1=Buhl|first1=F.}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Tahrif |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d. |author=[[Hava Lazarus-Yafeh]]}}</ref> halka Quraanka ({{Lit|Akhrinta}}) loo arko hadalka ugu dambeeya, ee dhabta ah ee aan wax laga beddelin ee Ilaahay.<ref name="Ringgren">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ringgren |first=Helmer |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Quran |title=Qurʾān |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=5 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505001543/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/487666/Quran |url-status=live }} "The word ''Quran'' was invented and first used in the Quran itself. There are [[Quran#Etymology and meaning|two different theories]] about this term and its formation."</ref><ref>{{harvp|Teece|2003|pp=12–13}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Turner|2006|p=42}}</ref>{{sfnp|Bennett|2010|p=101}} === Nabiyada === {{Main|Prophets and messengers in Islam|Sunnah|Hadith}} [[File:Medieval Persian manuscript Muhammad leads Abraham Moses Jesus.jpg|thumb|[[Persian miniature|Miniakiyada Faarisiga]] ee qarnigii 15-aad oo muujinaysa [[Muhammad in Islam|Maxamed]] oo hoggaaminaya [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Muuse]], [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]] iyo [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|nabiyo kale]] salaadda.<ref>{{cite web |title=BnF. Département des Manuscrits. Supplément turc 190 |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/view3if/ga/ark:/12148/btv1b8427195m/f16 |publisher=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] |access-date=7 September 2023 |archive-date=9 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909130407/https://gallica.bnf.fr/view3if/ga/ark:/12148/btv1b8427195m/f16 |url-status=live }}</ref>]] Nabiyada (Carabi: {{langx|ar|أنبياء|label=none|translit=anbiyāʾ}}) waxaa la rumeysan yahay inay doorteen Ilaahay si ay u wacdhiyaan fariin ilaahi ah. Qaar ka mid ah nabiyadan ayaa sidoo kale keena kitaab cusub waxaana loogu yeeraa "rasuul" ({{langx|ar| رسول&lrm;|label=none|translit=rasūl}}).<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|p=225}}</ref> Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in nabiyadu ay yihiin bini'aadam oo aan ahayn ilaahyo. Dhammaan nabiyadu waxaa la sheegaa inay wacdiyiyeen fariintii asaasiga ahayd ee Islaamka - u dhiibashada doonista Ilaahay - oo ay u direen quruumihii hore, tan ayaana la sheegay inay sabab u tahay isku mid ahaanshaha badan ee u dhexeeya diimaha. Quraanku wuxuu sheegayaa magacyada tiro badan oo ah shakhsiyaadka loo tixgeliyo [[prophets in Islam|nabiyada Islaamka]], oo ay ku jiraan [[Adam in Islam|Aadam]], [[Noah in Islam|Nux]], [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Muuse]], [[David in Islam|Daa'uud]] iyo [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]], iyo kuwo kale.<ref name="Schimmel">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |author-link=Annemarie Schimmel |title=Islam |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504201633/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/295507/Islam |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Reeves |first=J. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC |title=Bible and Qurʼān: Essays in scriptural intertextuality |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2004 |isbn=90-04-12726-7 |location=[[Leiden]] |page=177 |access-date=21 August 2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164019/https://books.google.com/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC |url-status=live }}</ref> Sheekooyinka la xiriira nabiyada ee ka baxsan xisaabaadka Quraanka waxaa lagu ururiyaa oo lagu baaraa ''[[Qisas Al-Anbiya|Qisas al-Anbiya]]'' (Sheekooyinka Nabiyada). Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in Ilaahay uu soo diray Maxamed inuu noqdo nabiga ugu dambeeya ("[[Seal of the prophets|khaatumul anbiyo]]") si uu u gaarsiiyo fariinta dhameystiran ee Islaamka.<ref name="Esposito-Islam">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Esposito |first=John L. |author-link=John Esposito |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |title=Islam |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012298 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110124812/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012298 |archive-date=2021-01-10 |quote=Profession of Faith...affirms Islam's absolute monotheism and acceptance of Muḥammad as the messenger of Allah, the last and final prophet. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Peters-Allah">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Peters |first=F. E. |author-link=Francis Edward Peters |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |title=Allāh |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095403960 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926053837/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095403960 |archive-date=2020-09-26 |quote=[T]he Muslims' understanding of Allāh is based...on the Qurʿān's public witness. Allāh is Unique, the Creator, Sovereign, and Judge of mankind. It is Allāh who directs the universe through his direct action on nature and who has guided human history through his prophets, Abraham, with whom he made his covenant, Moses/Moosa, Jesus/Eesa, and Muḥammad, through all of whom he founded his chosen communities, the 'Peoples of the Book.' |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Islaamka dhexdiisa, tusaalaha "caadiga ah" ee nolosha Maxamed waxaa lagu magacaabaa ''[[sunnah]]'' (oo macneheedu yahay "jidka la maray"). Muslimiinta waxaa lagu dhiirrigelinayaa inay ku daydaan dabeecadaha akhlaaqda ee Maxamed noloshooda maalinlaha ah, sunnadana waxaa loo arkaa mid muhiim u ah hagidda tafsiirka Quraanka.<ref>{{harvp|Martin|2004|p=666}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Hadith|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|author=J. Robson}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Sunna|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|author=D.W. Brown}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Goldman |first=Elizabeth |title=Believers: Spiritual Leaders of the World |date=1995 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-508240-1 |location=Oxford |page=63}}</ref> Tusaalahan waxaa lagu ilaaliyaa dhaqamo loo yaqaan xadiis, oo ah xisaabaadka erayadiisa, ficilladiisa, iyo sifooyinka shakhsi ahaaneed. [[Hadith qudsi|Xadiiska Qudsi]] waa qayb hoose oo ka tirsan xadiiska, oo loo arko inuu yahay erayada dhabta ah ee Ilaahay ee uu soo xigtay Maxamed oo aan ahayn qayb ka tirsan Quraanka. Xadiisku wuxuu ka kooban yahay laba shay: silsiladda sheekeeyayaasha, oo loo yaqaanno [[Hadith studies#Traditional importance of the sanad|''sanad'']], iyo ereyada dhabta ah, oo loo yaqaanno [[Hadith studies|''matn'']]. Waxaa jira habab kala duwan oo lagu kala saaro xaqiiqda xadiisyada, iyadoo cabbirka darajada ee badanaa la isticmaalo uu yahay "saxiix" ama "sax ah" ({{langx|ar|صحيح|links=no|translit=[[Authentic hadith|ṣaḥīḥ]]|label=none}}); "xasan" ({{langx|ar|حسن|links=no|label=none|translit=[[Hasan (hadith)|ḥasan]]}}); ama "daciif" ({{langx|ar|ضعيف|label=none|translit=[[Da'if|ḍaʻīf]]}}), iyo kuwo kale. [[Kutub al-Sittah]] waa ururinta lix kitaab, oo loo arko inay yihiin warbixinnada ugu suuban ee [[Sunni Islam|Sunniyada]]. Waxaa ka mid ah [[Sahih al-Bukhari]], oo ay Sunnidu badanaa u arkaan mid ka mid ah [[Hadith terminology#Terminology relating to the authenticity of a hadith|ilaha ugu suuban]] ka dib Quraanka.<ref>[[Aisha Abd al-Rahman|al-Rahman, Aisha Abd]], ed. 1990. [[Introduction to the Science of Hadith|Muqaddimah Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ]]. Cairo: Dar al-Ma'arif, 1990. pp. 160–69</ref> Il kale oo caan ka ah xadiisyada waa [[The Four Books|Afrta Kitaab]], oo ay Shiicadu u arkaan tixraaca xadiiska ee ugu suuban.<ref name="Awliyai-Four-Books">{{cite book |last=Awliya'i |first=Mustafa |title=Outlines of the Development of the Science of Hadith |volume=1 |chapter=The Four Books |url=https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol1-n12-3/outlines-development-science-hadith-dr-mustafa-awliyai/part-1#four-books |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912144702/https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol1-n12-3/outlines-development-science-hadith-dr-mustafa-awliyai/part-1#four-books |archive-date=2017-09-12 |translator-last=Qara'i |translator-first=A. Q. |via=Al-Islam.org |access-date=2020-05-24 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Rizvi-Four-Books">{{cite book |last=Rizvi |first=Sayyid Sa'eed Akhtar |author-link=Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi |title=The Qur'an and Hadith |location=Tanzania |publisher=Bilal Muslim Mission |chapter=The Hadith §The Four Books (Al-Kutubu'l-Arb'ah) |url=https://www.al-islam.org/quran-and-hadith-allamah-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/chapter-4-hadith#four-books-al-kutubul-arbah |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912191319/https://www.al-islam.org/quran-and-hadith-allamah-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/chapter-4-hadith#four-books-al-kutubul-arbah |archive-date=2017-09-12 |via=Al-Islam.org |access-date=2020-05-24 |language=en}}</ref> === Soo-noqoshada iyo xukunka === [[File:Chester Beatty T 414 fol 129r Muhammad al-Mehdi.png|thumb|Matxaf qarnigii 16-aad ee [[Muhammad al-Mahdi|Maxamed al-Mahdi]]. [[Mahdi|Mahdiga]] waxaa la rumeysan yahay inuu soo muuqan doono ka hor [[Eschatology|Waqtiga Dhamaadka]] si uu u soo celiyo cadaaladda oo uu uga adkaado dulmiga iyadoo la kaashanaya [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]] ([[Jesus]]).]] {{Main|Islamic eschatology}} Rumaysashada "Maalinta Qiyaame" ama ''[[Qiyamah|Yawm al-Qiyāmah]]'' ({{langx|ar|يوم القيامة|link=no}}) ayaa sidoo kale muhiim u ah Muslimiinta. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in waqtiga Qiyaamaha uu hore u qadaray Ilaahay, laakiin uusan aqoon bini'aadamku. Quraanka iyo xadiiska, iyo sidoo kale faallooyinka [[Ulama|culimada]], waxay qeexayaan imtixaannada iyo [[Great Tribulation|dhibaatooyinka]] ka horreeya iyo inta uu socdo Qiyaamaha. Quraanka wuxuu xoogga saarayaa [[universal resurrection|soo-noqoshada jirka]], taasoo ah mid ka duwan fahamkii [[pre-Islamic Arabia|Carabtii hore]] ee dhimashada.<ref>{{harvp|Glassé|2003|loc="Resurrection"|pp=382–383}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)|2012|loc="Avicenna"}}. {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_DUM_0467}}: "Ibn Sīnā, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Sīnā is known in the West as 'Avicenna'."</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Qiyama |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d. |author=Gardet, L.}}</ref> Maalinta Qiyaame, Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in dhammaan bini'aadamka lagu xukumi doono falalkooda wanaagsan iyo kuwa xun waxaana loo gudbin doonaa [[Jannah|Janno]] ama [[Jahannam|Naar]].<ref>{{cite web |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |editor-link=John Esposito |title=Eschatology |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e588 |url-access=subscription |work=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Islam]] |via=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |access-date=18 April 2017 |archive-date=13 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100913062714/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e588 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Quraanku wuxuu ku jira [[Surat al-Zalzalah]] wuxuu tan ku sifeeyaa: "Haddaba qofkii sameeya culays atoore oo wanaag ah wuu arki doonaa. Qofkii se sameeya culays atoore oo xumaan ah wuu arki doonaa." Quraanku [[Islamic views of sin|wuxuu qorayaa dunuub badan]] oo qof ku xukumi kara naar. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Quraanku wuxuu caddeynayaa in Ilaahay uu cafiyi doono dunuubta kuwa toobad keena haddii uu doono. Falalka wanaagsan, sida sadaqada, salaadda, iyo naxariista xayawaannada{{sfnp|Esposito|2011|p=130}} waxaa lagu abaalmarin doonaa gelitaanka jannada. Muslimiintu waxay u arkaan jannada meel ay ka buuxaan farxad iyo barako, iyadoo tixraacyada Quraanku ay qeexayaan sifooyinkeeda. Dhaqamada suufiga ah ee Islaamka waxay dhigayaan raaxooyinkan jannada xiriir la leh wacyigelin xamaasad leh oo ku saabsan Ilaahay.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2006|p=89}}; ''Encyclopedia of Islam and Muslim World'', p. 565</ref><ref>{{harvc |c=Garden |first=Asma |last=Afsaruddin |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Paradise|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> ''Yawm al-Qiyāmah'' sidoo kale waxaa Quraanka loogu aqoonsaday ''Yawm ad-Dīn'' ({{lang|ar|يوم الدين}} "Maalinta Diinta");<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|1|4|b=y}};</ref> ''as-Sāʿah'' ({{lang|ar|الساعة}} "Saacadda Dambe");<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|6|31|b=y}};</ref> iyo ''[[Al-Qaria|al-Qāriʿah]]'' ({{lang|ar|القارعة}} "Qaylisaada").<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|101|1|b=y}}</ref> === Qadarka === {{Main|Predestination in Islam}} Qaar ka mid ah Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin qadarka ilaahay, ({{langx|ar|القضاء والقدر}}, ''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|al-qadāʾ wa l-qadar}}'') in arrin kasta uu qaddaray Ilaahay.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.freeweb.hu/etymological/AEDweb.htm |date=2002 |title=Andras Rajki's A. E. D. (Arabic Etymological Dictionary) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208204654/http://www.freeweb.hu/etymological/AEDweb.htm |archive-date=8 December 2011 |access-date=13 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Cohen-Mor|2001|p=4}}: "The idea of predestination is reinforced by the frequent mention of events 'being written' or 'being in a book' before they happen": Say: "Nothing will happen to us except what Allah has decreed for us..."</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Karamustafa |first=Ahmet T. |c=Fate |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}: The verb ''qadara'' literally means "to measure, to determine". Here it is used to mean that "God measures and orders his creation".</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Gardet|first=L.|year=2012|c=al-Ḳaḍāʾ Wa 'l-Ḳadar |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0407}}</ref> [[Mu'tazilism|Mu'tasiladu]] iyo qaar ka mid ah Shiicada Muslimiinta ah ma rumeysna fikraddan.<ref>[[#AGI1978|Guillaume, ''Islam'', 1978]]: p.131-2</ref><ref>[[#AGI1978|Guillaume, ''Islam'', 1978]]: p.132</ref><ref>''Need of Religion'', by Sayyid [[Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi]], p. 14.</ref><ref>''Muslims'', by S. H. M. Rizvi, Shibani Roy, B. B. Dutta, p. 20.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shirazi |first1=Naser Makarem |title=The Justice of God |publisher=Al-Islam.org |url=https://www.al-islam.org/justice-god-naser-makarem-shirazi/issue-predestination-and-free-will |access-date=14 June 2022 |chapter=The Issue of Predestination and Free Will|date=12 May 2015 }}</ref><ref>''Islamic Beliefs, Practices, and Cultures'', by Marshall Cavendish Corporation, p. 137.</ref> Badanaa, rumaysashadan masiirka ilaahay waxaa lagu muujiyaa erayga ''[[Inshallah]]'', ({{langx|ar|إن شاء الله}}, {{transliteration|ar|haddii Alle jiro}}) marka laga hadlayo dhacdooyinka mustaqbalka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Muslim beliefs – Al-Qadr |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z43pfcw/revision/4 |access-date=13 November 2020 |publisher=BBC |work=Bitesize – GCSE – Edexcel |archive-date=15 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115112558/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z43pfcw/revision/4 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Ficilada cibaadada == {{Main|Five Pillars of Islam|Ibadah}} Waxaa jira shan ficil oo cibaado ah oo loo arko inay yihiin [[fard|waajibaad]]–Shahaadada, salaadaha shanta ah ee maalinlaha ah, [[Zakat|sakada]], [[fasting during Ramadan|soonta bisha Ramadaan]], iyo xajka [[Hajj|Hajka]]—oo si wadajir ah loogu yaqaano "Tiirarka Islaamka" (''Arkān al-Islām''). Intaa waxaa dheer, Muslimiintu waxay sidoo kale sameeyaan ficilo kale oo ikhtiyaari ah oo dhiirrigel leh laakiin aan loo arkin inay yihiin waajibaad.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=ZAROUG|first=ABDULLAHI HASSAN|date=1985|title=THE CONCEPT OF PERMISSION, SUPEREROGATORY ACTS AND ASETICISM &#91;sic&#93; IN ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20847307|journal=Islamic Studies|volume=24|issue=2|pages=167–180|jstor=20847307|issn=0578-8072|access-date=7 January 2023|archive-date=7 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207140013/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20847307|url-status=live}}</ref> === Shahaadada === [[File:Silver Rupee Akbar.jpg|thumb|right|Lacag qalinkii qarnigii 16-aad ee [[Akbar|Akbarkii Weyn]], Boqorkii [[Mughal Empire|Mugalka]], [[India]], oo lagu qoray [[Shahada|Shahaadada]].]] {{Main|Shahada}} [[shahada]]h{{sfnp|Nasr|2003|pp=3, 39, 85, 270–272}} waa [[oath|dhaar]] lagu caddaynayo rumaysashada Islaamka. Qoraalka la ballaariyay waa "{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʾašhadu ʾal-lā ʾilāha ʾillā-llāhu wa ʾašhadu ʾanna muħammadan rasūlu-llāh}}" ({{langx|ar|أشهد أن لا إله إلا الله وأشهد أن محمداً رسول الله|label=none}}), ama, "Waxaan qirayaa inuusan jirin [[deity|ilaah]] aan ahayn [[God in Islam|Ilaahay]] waxaanuna qirayaa in Maxamed yahay rasuulkii Ilaahay."<ref name="Mohammad-1985">{{cite journal |last=Mohammad |first=Noor |date=1985 |title=The Doctrine of Jihad: An Introduction |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-law-and-religion_1985_3_2/page/381 |journal=[[Journal of Law and Religion]] |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=381–397 |doi=10.2307/1051034 |jstor=1051034 |publisher=Journal of Law and Religion, Inc. |language=en}}</ref> Islaamka waxaa mararka qaarkood lagu doodaa inuu leeyahay caqiido aad u fudud iyadoo shahaadadu ay tahay saldhigga diinta ka hartay. Aan-Muslimiinta raba inay [[Conversion to Islam|soo islaamaan]] waxaa looga baahan yahay inay ku dhawaaqaan shahaadada hortooda markhaatiyaal.<ref>{{harvc |last=Kasim |first=Husain |year=2004 |c=Islam |pp=195–197 |in=Salamone}}</ref><ref name="Galonnier-2021">{{cite book |last=Galonnier |first=Juliette |editor-last=van Nieuwkerk |editor-first=Karin |title=Moving In and Out of Islam |chapter=Moving In or Moving Toward? Reconceptualizing Conversion to Islam as a Liminal Process |location=New York |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2021 |pages=44–66 |doi=10.7560/317471-003 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7560/317471-003/html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023001/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7560/317471-003/html |archive-date=2023-12-28 |language=en}}</ref> === Salaadda === [[File:Prayer in Cairo 1865.jpg|thumb|[[Muslims|Muslimiin]] tukanaya ([[salah]]) gudaha [[Egypt]] waxaa alifay [[Jean-Léon Gérôme]], 1865.]] {{Main|Salah}} {{See also|Mosque|Jumu'ah}} Salaadda Islaamka waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[salah|as-salaad]] ({{langx|ar|الصلاة|link=no}}), ama erayga [[Persian language|Faarisiga]] ee ah "Namaz." Waxaa loo arkaa xiriir shakhsi ah oo lala leeyahay Ilaahay, waxayna ka kooban tahay ku celcelinta qaybo la yiraahdo [[rakat|rakco]] oo ay ku jiraan [[Ruku|rukooc]] iyo [[Sujud|sujuud]] loo sujuudayo Ilaahay. Waxaa jira shan salaadood oo la cayimay maalintii oo dhan kuwaas oo loo arko waajibaad. Salaadaha waxaa lagu akhriyaa luqadda Carabiga waxaana lagu fuliyaa [[Qibla|dhanka]] [[Kaaba|Kacbada]]. Ficilku sidoo kale wuxuu u baahan yahay xaalad nadiif ah oo diimeed oo lagu gaaro hababka [[wudu|weysada]] ama, xaaladaha qaarkood, qubays buuxa oo [[ghusl|qubays ah]].<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=18, 19}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Hedayetullah|2006|pp=53–55}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Kobeisy|2004|pp=22–34}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Momen|1987|p=178}}</ref> [[mosque|Masaajidka]], oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano masjid ama namazgah, waa [[places of worship|goob cibaado]] oo loogu talagalay Muslimiinta. Inkasta oo ujeeddada ugu weyn ee masaajidku ay tahay inuu u adeego meel salaadeed, sidoo kale waa xarun bulsho oo muhiim u ah [[ummah|bulshada Muslimka ah]]. Tusaale ahaan, [[Prophet's Mosque|Masjidka Nabiga]] ee [[Medina|Madiina]], wuxuu sidoo kale u adeegi jiray hoy ay degaan dadka saboolka ah.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Mattson |first=Ingrid |year=2006 |title=Women, Islam, and Mosques |pages=615–629 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America |series=Volume 2, Part VII. Islam |editor1=R. S. Keller |name-list-style=and |editor2=R. R. Ruether |place=Bloomington and Indianapolis |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |isbn=978-0-253-34687-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC&pg=PA615 |access-date=2 October 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023019/https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC&pg=PA615#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Minaret|Minaarooyinku]] waa munaarooyin loo isticmaalo in lagu yeero [[adhan|aanka]], kaas oo ah yeedhid afka ah oo lagu calaamadinayo waqtiga salaadda.<ref name="Pedersen-Masjid-2010">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Pedersen |first1=Johannes |last2=Hillenbrand |first2=Robert |last3=Burton-Page |first3=John |author-link3=John Burton-Page |title=Masd̲j̲id |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam |edition=2nd |location=Leiden |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2010 |doi=10.1163/9789004206106_eifo_COM_0694 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/mosque |title=Mosque |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928065350/https://www.britannica.com/topic/mosque |url-status=live }}</ref> === Sakada === [[File:Slot at the Zaouia Moulay Idriss II 1.jpg|thumb|Meel lagu bixiyo sakada oo ku taal [[Zawiya of Moulay Idris II]] ee [[Fez, Morocco]].]] {{Main|Zakat}} {{See also|Sadaqah}} [[Zakat|Sakada]] ([[Arabic language|Carabi]]: {{langx|ar|زكاة|translit=zakāh|label=none}}), waa nooc ka mid ah [[Alms|Sadaqada]] oo lagu garto bixinta qayb go'an (2.5% sanadkii)<ref name="Ahmed-Gianci-2005">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Ahmed |first1=Medani |last2=Gianci |first2=Sebastian |title=Zakat |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Taxation and Tax Policy |editor1-last=Cordes |editor1-first=Joseph J. |editor2-last=Ebel |editor2-first=Robert D. |editor3-last=Gravelle |editor3-first=Jane |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Urban Institute Press |year=2005 |page=479 |isbn=978-0877667520 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m66_BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA479 |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026}}</ref> ee [[Financial capital|hantida la ururiyay]] ay bixiyaan kuwa awoodda u leh si ay u caawiyaan dadka saboolka ah ama baahan, sida xoraynta maxaabiista, kuwa [[bonded labor|dayn ku jira]], ama safarka ku ah, iyo kuwa loo shaqaaleysiiyo ururinta sakada. Waxay u shaqaysaa sidii nooc ka mid ah [[welfare spending|gar-gaar bulsheed]] oo ka jira bulshooyinka Muslimka ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ariff |first=Mohamed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NP4ZL0TJ9s4C&pg=PA55 |title=The Islamic Voluntary Sector in Southeast Asia: Islam and the Economic Development of Southeast Asia |publisher=[[Institute of Southeast Asian Studies]] |year=1991 |isbn=978-981-3016-07-1 |pages=55– |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023007/https://books.google.com/books?id=NP4ZL0TJ9s4C&&pg=PA55 |url-status=live }}</ref> Waxaa loo arkaa waajibaad diimeed oo ay dadka ladani ku leeyihiin kuwa baahan sababtoo ah hantidooda waxaa loo arkaa ammaan ka timid nimcada Ilaahay,<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2010|p=109–110}}: This is not regarded as charity because it is not really voluntary but instead is owed, by those who have received their wealth as a trust from God's bounty, to the poor.</ref> waxaana loo arkaa daahirinta hantida dheeraadka ah ee qofka.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = RoutledgeCurzon| isbn = 9780415297967| title =Major World Religions: From Their Origins to the Present.| location = United Kingdom| year = 2003| last=Ridgeon| first=Lloyd| url = | page = 258|quote=Aside from its function of purifying believers' wealth, the payment of zakat may have contributed in no small way to the economic welfare of the Muslim community in Mecca.}}</ref> Wadarta guud ee sanadlaha ah ee lagu bixiyo sakada ayaa ah 15 jeer ka badan deeqaha gargaarka bini'aadamnimada ee adduunka, iyadoo la adeegsanayo qiyaaso taxaddar leh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 June 2012 |title=A faith-based aid revolution in the Muslim world |work=[[The New Humanitarian]] |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/95564/analysis-faith-based-aid-revolution-muslim-world |access-date=27 August 2023 |archive-date=14 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114014900/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/95564/analysis-faith-based-aid-revolution-muslim-world |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sadaqah|Sadaqadu]], si ka duwan Sakada, waa sadaqo ikhtiyaari ah oo aad loo dhiirrigeliyo.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Said |first=Abdul Aziz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4bs7g0O4eLYC&pg=PA145 |title=Contemporary Islam: Dynamic, Not Static |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-77011-8 |page=145 |display-authors=etal |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023121/https://books.google.com/books?id=4bs7g0O4eLYC&pg=PA145 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnp|Stefon|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef/page/72 72]}} [[Waqf|Waaqfeku]] waa [[charitable trust|kalsooni samafal]] oo joogto ah, taas oo maalgelisa isbitaallada iyo dugsiyada bulshooyinka Muslimka ah.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hudson |first=A. |title=Equity and Trusts |year=2003 |edition=3rd |page=32 |location=London |publisher=Cavendish Publishing |isbn=1-85941-729-9}}</ref> === Soonta === [[File:Iftar for Ramadhan.jpg|thumb|Munaasabadda afurka, oo loo yaqaan ''[[Iftar]]'', waxaa dhaqan ahaan lagu bixiyaa [[date (fruits)|timir]].]] {{Main|Fasting in Islam}} {{See also|Fasting during Ramadan}} Islaamka dhexdiisa, soonta ([[Arabic language|Carabi]]: {{langx|ar|صوم|translit=ṣawm|label=none}}) waxay mamnuucaysaa cuntada iyo cabitaanka, iyo sidoo kale noocyada kale ee isticmaalka, sida [[Smoking in Islam|sigaar-cabista]], waxaana la fuliyaa laga bilaabo waaberiga ilaa qorrax-dhaca. Inta lagu jiro bisha [[Ramadan]], waxaa loo arkaa waajibaad saaran Muslimiinta inay soomaan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramadan |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramadan |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009215438/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramadan |url-status=live }}</ref> Soontu waxay dhiirrigelisaa dareen u dhowaanshaha Ilaahay iyadoo qofku is celinayo dartii Ilaahay wixii kale ee bannaan iyo in laga fikiro kuwa baahan. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa jira maalmo kale, sida [[Day of Arafah|Maalinta Carafo]], marka soontu ay tahay ikhtiyaari.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher =Tughra Books | isbn = 9781597846110| title = Fasting In Islam And The Month Of Ramadan| location = United States| year =2006 | last=Ramadanali| url = |page=51 | quote = }}</ref> === Xajka === {{Main|Hajj|Umrah}} {{See also|Holiest sites in Islam}} [[File:A packed house - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|thumb|Xujeyda intii lagu jiray xilli [[Hajj|Hajka]] ee [[Masjid al-Haram]] ee [[Mecca|Makka]], [[Saudi Arabia|Sacuudi Carabiya]], [[Holiest sites in islam|goobta Islaamka ee ugu barakeysan]].]] [[pilgrimage|Xajka]] Islaamka, ee loo yaqaan {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ḥajj}} ({{langx|ar|حج|link=no}}), waa in la qabtaa ugu yaraan hal mar nolosha qof kasta oo Muslim ah oo awood u leh inta lagu jiro [[Islamic calendar|bisha Islaamka]] ee [[Dhu al-Hijjah]]. Caadooyinka Hajku waxay inta badan ku daydaan sheekada qoyska [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naik |first=Dr Zakir |author-link=Zakir Naik |date=7 January 2025 |title=What Are the Pillars of Islam? |url=https://islampidia.org/en/what-are-the-pillars-of-islam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115054332/https://islampidia.org/en/what-are-the-pillars-of-islam/ |archive-date=2025-11-15 |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Islampidia |language=en-AU}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Five Pillars of Islam |url=https://localhost:5000/learn/educators/curriculum-resources/art-of-the-islamic-world/unit-one/the-five-pillars-of-islam |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026}}</ref> [[Mecca|Makka]], xujeydu waxay toddobo jeer ku wareegaan [[Kaaba|Kacbada]], oo ay Muslimiintu rumeysan yihiin inuu dhisay Ibraahim meel cibaado ah, waxayna toddobo jeer u dhexeeyaan buuraha [[Safa and Marwa|Safa iyo Marwa]], iyagoo xusuusanaya tallaabooyinkii xaaska Ibraahim, [[Hagar]], oo u raadinaysay biyo ilmahaheedii [[Ishmael in Islam|Ismaaciil]] ee lamadegaanka ka hor intaan Makka is rogay degmo.<ref>{{harvp|Goldschmidt|Davidson|2005|p=48}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Farah|1994|pp=145–147}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Hajj |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> Xajku sidoo kale wuxuu ku lug leeyahay in la qaato maalin duco iyo cibaado ah oo ka dhacda bannaanada [[Mount Arafat|Carafo]] iyo sidoo kale [[Stoning_of_the_Devil|tuurista shaydaanka]] si calaamadaysan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F.E. |title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians |date=2009 |isbn=978-1-4008-2548-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HYJ2c9E9IM8C&pg=PA19 |page=20 |publisher=Princeton University Press |access-date=7 October 2014 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023112/https://books.google.com/books?id=HYJ2c9E9IM8C&pg=PA19#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Dhammaan ragga Muslimiinta ah waxay xidhaan laba maro oo cad oo fudud oo aan tol lahayn oo loo yaqaan [[Ihram clothing|ixraam]], kuwaas oo loogu talagalay inay keenaan isku xirnaan jiilal iyo sinnaan ka dhexaysa xujeyda inkasta oo ay jiraan fasal ama asal.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cornell |first=Vincent J. |title=Voices of Islam: Voices of tradition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g5LNUS0ciAAC&pg=PA29 |access-date=26 August 2012 |year=2007 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-98733-6 |page=29}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Glassé|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC&pg=PA207 207]}}</ref> Nooc kale oo xaj ah, [[Umrah|Umrada]], waa ikhtiyaari waxaana la qaban karaa wakhti kasta oo sanadka ka mid ah. Goobaha kale ee xajka Islaamka waa [[Medina|Madiina]], halkaas oo Maxamed uu ku geeriyooday, iyo sidoo kale [[Jerusalem|Quddus]], oo ah magaalo ay ku yaalliin nabiyo badan oo Islaam ah waana goobta [[Al-Aqsa|Al-Aqsa]], taas oo ahayd jihadii salaadda ka hor Makka.<ref>{{cite book|author=Michigan Consortium for Medieval and Early Modern Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p44kAQAAMAAJ|title=The Meeting of Two Worlds: Cultural Exchange Between East and West During the Period of the Crusades|publisher=Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University|year=1986|isbn=0918720583|editor1=Goss, V. P.|volume=21|page=208|editor2=Bornstein, C. V.|access-date=15 January 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023032/https://books.google.com/books?id=p44kAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Trofimov-2008">{{cite book |last=Trofimov |first=Yaroslav |author-link=Yaroslav Trofimov |title=The Siege of Mecca: The 1979 Uprising at Islam's Holiest Shrine |location=New York |publisher=[[Knopf]] |date=2008 |page=79 |isbn=978-0-307-47290-8 |language=en}}</ref> === Ficilada cibaadada ee kale === {{See also|Quran#Recitation|Dua|Dhikr}} [[File:Men reading the Koran in Umayyad Mosque, Damascus, Syria.jpg|thumb|Rag Muslimiin ah oo akhrinaya Quraanka gudaha [[Umayyad Mosque|Masjidka Umawiyiinta]] ee [[Damascus]], [[Syria]].]] Muslimiintu waxay akhriyaan oo xifdiyaan Quraanka oo dhan ama qaybo ka mid ah si ay u noqdaan camal wanaagsan. [[Tajwid|Tajwiidku]] wuxuu tilmaamayaa xeerar taxane ah oo loogu talagalay [[elocution|akhriska saxda ah]] ee Quraanka.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = | isbn = | title = Foundation of Tajweed| location = | year = 2013|edition=2| last=Aboo Yahyaa| url = | page = 1 | quote = }}</ref> Muslimiin badan ayaa akhriya Quraanka oo dhan inta lagu jiro bisha Ramadaan.{{sfnp|Stefon|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef/page/42 42–43]}} Qofka xifdiyay Quraanka oo dhan waxaa loo yaqaanaa Xaafid ("xifdiyey"), xadiisyaduna waxay xusayaan in shakhsiyaadkani ay awood u yeelan doonaan inay shafeecaan dadka kale Maalinta Qiyaamaha.{{sfnp|Nigosian|2004|p=[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=my7hnALd_NkC|page=70}} 70]}} Baryada Ilaahay, oo Carabiga lagu yiraahdo {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|duʿāʾ}} ({{langx|ar|دعاء}}&nbsp;{{IPA|ar|dʊˈʕæːʔ|IPA}}) waxay leedahay anshaxeedii gaarka ahaa sida [[Raising hands in dua|gacmaha oo la taago]] sidii iyadoo la baryayo.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Brill| isbn = 9789004335523| title = The Quṣṣāṣ of Early Islam| location = Netherlands| year = 2016| last=Armstrong| first=Lyall| url = | page = 184| quote = }}</ref> Xuska Ilaahay ({{langx|ar|ذكر|translit=Dhikr'|label=none}}) wuxuu tilmaamayaa erayada lagu celceliyo ee tixraacaya Ilaahay. Sida caadiga ah, tan waxaa ka mid ah Tahmiid, oo lagu dhawaaqayo [[Alhamdulillah|ammaan oo dhan waxaa leh Ilaahay]] ({{langx|ar|الحمد لله|translit=al-Ḥamdu lillāh|label=none}}) inta lagu jiro salaadda ama marka la dareemayo mahadnaq, [[Tasbih|Tasbiix]], oo lagu dhawaaqayo weyneynta Ilaahay inta lagu jiro salaadda ama marka la cajabo shay oo la dhaho '[[Basmala|bismillaah]]' ka hor intaan la bilaabin ficil sida cuntada.<ref>{{Cite web|title=alhamdulillah |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/alhamdulillah|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227042540/https://www.lexico.com/definition/alhamdulillah|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 27, 2020|access-date=2021-10-16|website=Lexico}}</ref> == Taariikhda == {{Main|History of Islam}} {{For timeline|Timeline of the history of Islam}} {{See also|List of Muslim empires and dynasties}}{{multiple image | align = center | direction = horizontal | total_width = 600 | image1 = Masjid Nabawi The Prophet's Mosque, Madina.jpg | image2 = Jerusalem DomeoftheRock J65 (cropped).JPG | footer = Bidix: [[Prophet's Mosque|Masjidka Nabiga]] ee [[Medina|Madiina]], Sacuudi Carabiya, waa [[holiest sites in islam|goobta labaad ee ugu barakeysan]] ee Islaamka. Maxamed laftiisa ayaa ku lug lahaa dhismaha masjidka, iyo [[Green Dome|Qubbadiisa Cagaaran]] waa halka lagu aasay. Midig: [[Al-Aqsa|Dhismaha Masjidka Al-Aqsa]] ee [[Jerusalem|Quddus]] waa goobta saddexaad ee ugu barakeysan ee Islaamka, halkaas oo Maxamed uu uga kacay samada intii uu socday [[Isra' and Mi'raj|Isra' iyo Mi'raaj]]. Goobtu waxay ahayd jihadii hore ee salaadda ([[qibla]]), halkaas oo Muslimiintu ay horay ugu tukan jireen ka hor intaan jihada loo beddelin [[Kaaba|Kacbada]] ee [[Mecca|Makka]] ka dib waxyi soo gaaray Maxamed. | caption1 = | caption2 = }} === Maxamed iyo bilowgii Islaamka (570–632) === {{Main|Muhammad|Muhammad in Islam}} {{for timeline|Timeline of early Islamic history}} {{Further|Muhammad in Mecca|Early social changes under Islam|First Islamic state}} [[File:Hira_Cave.jpg|thumb|[[Jabal al-Nour]] u dhow [[Mecca|Makka]], halkaas oo Maxamed uu ka helay [[Muhammad's first revelation|waxyigiisii ugu horreeyay]] ee ku jiray godka Xira.]] Sida ku xusan dhaqanka Islaamka, Maxamed wuxuu ku dhashay [[Mecca|Makka]] sannadkii 570 [[Common Era|C.D.]] wuxuuna noqday agoon caruurnimadiisii. Isagoo ku koray ganacsade ahaan, wuxuu noqday mid loo yaqaan "[[Amin (name)|amin (mid la isku halayn karo)]]" ({{langx|ar|الامين}}) waxaana la doonayay inuu noqdo garsoore dhexdhexaad ah. Intuu ka dib guursaday shaqaalihiisii, haweeneydii ganacsatada ahayd ee [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadiija]].{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=6}} Sannadkii 610 C.D., isagoo dhibsaday hoos u dhaca akhlaaqda iyo shirkiga ka jiray Makka isla markaana raadinaya gooni-isu-taag iyo fikir ruuxi ah, Maxamed wuxuu u baxay Godka Xira ee buurta [[Jabal al-Nour]], oo u dhow Makka. Wuxuu ahaa intii uu ku sugnaa godka halkaas oo la sheegay inuu [[Muhammad's first revelation|helay waxyigii ugu horreeyay]] ee [[Quran|Quraanka]] oo uga yimid malaa'igta [[Gabriel|Jibriil]].<ref name="610CE" /> Dhacdadii bixitaankii Maxamed ee godka iyo waxyigii xigay waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[Night of Power|Leylatul Qadr]] waxaana loo arkaa dhacdo muhiim ah taariikhda Islaamka. Intii lagu guda jiray 22-kii sano ee ka dambeeyay nolosha, laga bilaabo da'da 40 wixii ka dambeeyay, Maxamed wuxuu sii waday helitaanka waxyiga Ilaahay, isagoo noqday kii ugu dambeeyay ama [[Seal of the prophets|nabigii ugu dambeeyay]] ee loo diray bini'aadamka.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Muhammad |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> [[File:Siyer-i_Nebi_151b.jpg|thumb|Maxamed oo la muujiyay waji daboolan oo jooga [[Kaaba|Kacbada]] laga soo qaatay [[Siyer-i Nebi]], {{Circa|1595}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ottomans : religious painting |url=http://www.ee.bilkent.edu.tr/~history/ottoman33.html |access-date=1 May 2016}}</ref>]] Inta lagu jiro xilligan, [[Muhammad in Mecca|halka uu joogay Makka, Maxamed]] wuxuu ku wacdiyay marka hore si qarsoodi ah ka dibna si cad, isagoo ka baryaya dhegaystayaashiisa inay ka tagaan [[Arab polytheism|shirkiga]] oo ay caabudaan hal Ilaah. Qaar ka mid ah [[Early Muslims|Muslimiintii ugu horreysay ee soo islaamtay]] waxay ahaayeen dumar, saboolka, ajaanibta, iyo addoommada sida mu'adinkii ugu horreeyay [[Bilal ibn Rabah|Bilaal bin Rabaax]].<ref>Rabah, Bilal B. ''[[Encyclopedia of Islam]].''</ref> Dadka waaweyn ee Makka waxay dareemeen in Maxamed uu [[Early social changes under Islam|khalday nidaamkooda bulsho]] isagoo ka wacdiyaya hal Ilaah oo siinaya fikrado laga shakiyo saboolka iyo addoommada sababtoo ah waxay faa'iida ka helayeen xajka sanamyada Kacbada.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ünal |first=Ali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DyuqdDIjaswC&pg=PA1323 |title=The Qurʼan with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English |publisher=Tughra Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-59784-000-2 |pages=1323– |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024048/https://books.google.com/books?id=DyuqdDIjaswC&pg=PA1323#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|p=36}}</ref> Ka dib 12 sano oo ah [[Persecution of Muslims by Meccans|dhibaataynta Muslimiinta ay u geysanayeen dadkii Makka]], Maxamed iyo [[Companions of the Prophet|sahabbadiisii]] waxay sameeyeen [[Hegira|Hijradii]] 622 ee magaalada Yathrib (magaalada Madiina ee maanta). Wuxuu halkaas ka Aasaasay [[First Islamic state|Dowladdii Islaamiga ahayd ee ugu horreysay]] oo ay la socdaan Muslimiintii Madiina (''[[Ansar (Islam)|Ansaarta]]'') iyo muhaajiriintii Makka (''[[Muhajirun|Muhaajiriinta]]''). [[Constitution of Medina|Dastuurkii Madiina]] waxaa saxiixay dhammaan qabiilooyinkii Madiina. Tani waxay aasaastay xorriyadda diinta iyo xorriyadda isticmaalka sharcigooda u gaarka ah ee ka dhex jiray bulshooyinka Muslimka ah iyo kuwa aan Muslimka ahayn hammi ah in Madiina laga difaaco khataraha dibadda.{{sfnp|Serjeant|1978|p=4}} Ciidamadii Makka iyo xulafadoodii waxay guuldarro ka soo gaartay Muslimiinta [[Battle of Badr|Dagaalkii Badar]] 624 ka dibna waxay dagaalameen dagaal aan la isla ogayn oo ka dhacay [[Battle of Uhud|Dagaalkii Uxud]]<ref>{{Citation |last=Peter Crawford |title=The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-oHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |page=83 |publisher=Pen & Sword Books Limited |isbn=9781473828650 |date=2013-07-16 |access-date=5 August 2022 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023957/https://books.google.com/books?id=d-oHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |url-status=live }}.</ref> ka hor intaanay ku guuldarraysan inay hareereeyaan Madiina [[Battle of the Trench|Dagaalkii Khandaq]] (Maarso–Abriil 627). Sannadkii 628, [[Treaty of al-Hudaybiya|Heshiiskii Xudeybiya]] ayaa la kala saxiixday Makka iyo Muslimiinta, laakiin waxaajabiyay Makka laba sano ka dib. Markii qabiilo badan ay islaameen, jidadkii ganacsiga ee Makka waxaa gooyay Muslimiinta.<ref>{{harvp|Peters|2003|pp=78–79, 194}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|pp=23–28}}</ref> Markaatay ahayd 629 Maxamed wuxuu ku guuleystay [[conquest of Mecca|furashadii Makka]] ee aan dhiiggu ku daadan, iyo waqtigii uu geeriyooday 632 (da'da 62) wuxuu midaysiiyay qabiilooyinkii Carabta]] hal qaran oo diimeed. === Islaamkii Hore (632–750) === {{Further|Succession to Muhammad|Early Muslim conquests}} {{See also|Ghadir Khumm|Saqifa|Canonization of Islamic scripture}} [[File:Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg|thumb|Expansion of the Caliphate{{legend|#a1584e|Muhammad, 622–632}}{{legend|#ef9070|Khulafo Al-Raashidiin, 632–661}}{{legend|#fad07d|Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750}}]] Nabi Maxamed wuxuu geeriyooday sanadkii 632 waxaana khulafadii ugu horreysay ee loo yaqaan Khulafo – Abu Bakr, Cumar, Cuthmaan, Cali iyo marmar Xasan bin Cali<ref>{{Cite book| last1 = Melchert| first1 = Christopher| date = 2020| contribution = The Rightly Guided Caliphs: The Range of Views Preserved in Ḥadīth| editor1-last = al-Sarhan| editor1-first = Saud| title = Political Quietism in Islam: Sunni and Shi'i Practice and Thought| location = London and New York| publisher = I.B. Tauris| isbn = 978-1-83860-765-4| pages = 70–71| contribution-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=96TDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA63| access-date = 17 February 2022| url-status = live}}</ref> – looga yaqaan Islaamka Sunniga ah ''al-khulafā' ar-rāshidūn'' ("Khulafadii Hagaysa").{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=40}} Qaar kamid ah qabiilooyinka ayaa Islaamka ka tagay oo ka inkiiray madax sheegtay in ay yihiin nebiyo cusub balse Abu Bakr wuxuu ku jebiyey dagaalladii Riddada.<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|p=57}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Hourani|2002|p=22}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=32}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Madelung|1996|p=43}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Ṭabāṭabāʼī|1979|pp=30–50}}</ref> Bulshooyinka maxalliga ah ee Yuhuudda iyo Nasaarada asaliga ah, ee loo haystay dad laga tirada badan yahay oo diinaysan loona culeysiyay canshuuraha, ayaa inta badan ka caawiyey Muslimiinta inay qabsadaan dhulkooda,{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=38}} taasoo keentay in khilaafaddu ay si degdeg ah ugu ballaarato boqortooyooyinkii Saasaniyiinta iyo Biisantiinta.<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|p=74}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=J. Kuiper |first=Matthew |title=Da'wa: A Global History of Islamic Missionary Thought and Practice |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2021 |isbn=9781351510721 |page=85}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lapidus |first=Ira M. |title=A History of Islamic Societies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-521-51430-9 |pages=60–61 |author-link=Ira M. Lapidus}}</ref> Cuthmaan waxaa la doortay 644 waxaana dilkiisii uu kiciyey in Cali loo doorto Khaliifkii xigay. Dagaalkii Sifeyn ee Koowaad, xaaskii Nebiga, Caashaa, waxay soo saartay ciidan ka soo horjeeda Cali, iyada oo isku dayaysa inay u aarto dhimashadii Cuthmaan, balse waa lagu jabiyey Dagaalkii Geela. Cali wuxuu isku dayay inuu xilka ka qaado guddoomiyihii Suuriya, Mucaawiya, kaas oo loo arkayay musuqmaasuq. Mucaawiya ayaa markaas dagaal ku dhawaaqay Cali waana lagu jabiyey Dagaalkii Sifeyn. Go'aanka Cali ee ahaa inuu dhex-dhexaadin sameeyo ayaa ka caraysiiyey Khawaarijta, oo ahayd koox xagjir ah, kuwaas oo qabay in aan la dagaallamin qof dembiile ah awgeed, Cali uu isna noqday dembiile. Khawaarijtu way caasiyoobeen waxaana lagu jebiyey Dagaalkii Nahrawan balse nin Khawaariji ah ayaa gadaal ka dilay Cali. Wiilkiii Cali, Xasan bin Cali, ayaa loo doortay Khaliif wuxuuna saxiixay heshiis nabadeed si looga fogaado dagaal kale, isaga oo xilka uga degay Mucaawiya si uusan Mucaawiya u soo magacaabin qof beddela.{{sfnp|Holt|Lewis|1977|pp=67–72}} [[File:Almuñécar, statue of Abd al-Rahman I.jpg|thumb|Taallo ay leedahay Cabduraxmaan I oo ku taal Almuñécar, Isbayn. Islaamku wuxuu gaaray Galbeedka Yurub 711 AD, markii Ṭariiq bin Siyaad uu galay Jasiiradda Iberia. Sanadkii 756, Cabduraxmaan wuxuu aasaasay Imaaradda Cordoba, isagoo ka aasaasay dowlad Islaami ah oo madaxbannaan al-Andalus.]] Mucaawiya wuxuu bilaabay Saldanaddii Umawiyiinta isagoo u magacaabay wiilkiisii Yaziid inay isku xigaan, taasoo dhalisay Dagaalkii Sifeyn ee Labaad. Intii uu socday Dagaalkii Karbala, Xuseen bin Cali, wiilka labaad ee Cali iyo awowgii nebiga, waxaa si arxan darro ah u dilay ciidamadii Yaziid; dhacdadii waxaa sannad walba xusaa Muslimiinta Shiicada ah ilaa maanta. Sunniga, oo uu hoggaaminayo Ibn al-Zubayr oo kasoo horjeeda khilaafad dhaxal ah, ayaa lagaga adkaaday Go'doomintii Makka. Khilaafyadan hoggaanka ayaa keenay inuu dhasho khilaafka Sunni-Shiicada,{{sfnp|Waines|2003|p=46}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harney |first=John |date=3 January 2016 |title=How Do Sunni and Shia Islam Differ? |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/04/world/middleeast/q-and-a-how-do-sunni-and-shia-islam-differ.html |access-date=4 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyadoo Shiicadu ay aaminsan tahay in hoggaanku uu leeyahay qoyskii Nebiga (Ahl al-bayt).{{sfnp|Waines|2003|p=46}} Hoggaankii Abu Bakr wuxuu kormeeray bilowgii ururinta Qur'aanka. Khaliifkii Cumar bin Cabdicasiis wuxuu dhisay guddigii, Todobadii Fuqaha ee Madiina,{{sfnp|Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar Ibn Kathīr|2012|p=505}}<ref>''Umar Ibn Abdul Aziz'' By Imam Abu Muhammad Abdullah ibn Abdul Hakam died 214 AH 829 C.E. Publisher Zam Zam Publishers Karachi, pp. 54–59</ref> waxaana Malik bin Anas uu qoray mid ka mid ah buugagii ugu horreeyay ee ku saabsan fiiqhiga Islaamka, ''Muwatta'', oo ahayd is-afgarad ku saabsan aragtida culimadaas.{{sfnp|Coulson|1964|p=103}}<ref>{{Cite book |editor-last1=Houtsma |editor-first1=M.T. |editor-last2=Wensinck |editor-first2=A.J. |editor-last3=Lévi-Provençal |editor-first3=E. |editor-last4=Gibb |editor-first4=H.A.R. |editor-last5=Heffening |editor-first5=W. |series=Volume V: L—Moriscos |title=E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936 |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=1993 |edition=reprint |isbn=978-90-04-09791-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Va6oSxzojzoC |pages=207– |access-date=19 September 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor=Moshe Sharon |title=Studies in Islamic History and Civilization: In Honour of Professor David Ayalon |year=1986 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789652640147 |page=264 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0_wUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA264 |access-date=20 June 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Khawaarijtu waxay aaminsanaayeen in uusan jirin dhexdhexaad la tanaasuli karo oo u dhexeeya wanaagga iyo xumaanta, iyo in muslim kasta oo gala dembi weyn uu noqonayo gaal. Erayga "Khawaarij" waxaa sidoo kale loo adeegsaday in lagu tilmaamo ISIS.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mamouri|first=Ali|date=8 January 2015|title=Who are the Kharijites and what do they have to do with IS?|work=Al-monitor|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2015/01/islamic-state-kjarijites-continuation.html|access-date=6 March 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Murji'ah waxay barayeen in dadka toosan lagu xukumi karo Eebbe kaligii. Sidaa darteed, dembiilayaasha waxaa loo arki karaa inay marin habaabeen, laakiin aan lagu tilmaamin gaalo.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|p=43}} Dabeecaddan ayaa timid inay ku guulaysato caqiidada Islaamka ee ugu weyn.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}}[[File:BalianofIbelin1490.jpg|thumb|Saliibiyiinta oo ku wareejinaya Qudus Muslimiinta sanadkii 1187 AD.]] Saldanaddii Umawiyiintu waxay qabsatay Maqrib, Jasiiradda Iberia, Gallia Narbonensis iyo Sindh.<ref>{{cite book |first=Donald |last=Puchala |title=Theory and History in International Relations |page=137 |publisher=Routledge |year=2003}}</ref> Duullaamadii Islaamka ee hore waxaa lagu tilmaamay imperialism Islaami ah.<ref name="n050">{{cite journal | last=Wright | first=Craig S | title=Arab Colonialism and the Roots of the Golden Age of Islam | journal=SSRN Electronic Journal | date=2022 | issn=1556-5068 | doi=10.2139/ssrn.4020040 | url=https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4020040 | access-date=2026-04-24 | page=}}</ref> Umawiyiintu waxay la halgamayeen l'aynaansho sharci ah waxayna ku tiirsanaayeen ciidan aad loo taageero.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=45}} Maaddaama canshuurta Jizya ay ahayd canshuur ay bixiyaan kuwa aan muslimka ahayn oo ka reebayay adeegga ciidanka, Umawiyiintu waxay diideen inay aqoonsadaan islaam-gelitaanka kuwa aan Carabta ahayn, maadaama ay yaraynaysay dakhliga.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}} Iyadoo Khilaafadii Raashidiintu ay adkaysay adduunyo la'aanta, iyadoo Cumar uu xitaa dalbanayo in la tiriyo hantida sarkaal kasta,<ref>{{cite book |first1=Ahmad Ibn Jabir|last1=Al-Biladhuri |first2=Philip|last2=Hitti|title=Kitab Futuhu'l-Buldan|page=219 |publisher=AMS Press |year=1969}}</ref> raaxada Umawiyiinta ayaa dhalisay qancin la'aan dadka diinta ku adag.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}} Khawaarijtu waxay hoggaamiyeen Kacdoonkii Berber, taasoo horseeday dowladaha ugu horreeya ee Islaamka oo ka madax bannaan Khilaafada. Kacdoonkii Cabbasiyiinta, kuwa aan Carabta ahayn ee soo islaamay (Mawla), qabiilooyinkii Carabta ee ay Umawiyiintu meesha ka saareen, iyo qaar ka mid ah Shiicada ayaa midoobay oo riday Umawiyiinta, iyaga oo bilaabay Cabbasiyiinta oo caalami ah sanadkii 750.{{sfnp|Lewis|1993|pp=71–83}} === Axdigii Dahabiga Ahaa ee Islaamka (786–1258) === {{Further|Hadith studies|Islamic philosophy}} {{See also|Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe|Turco-Persian tradition}} [[File:Al-Risalah_al-Dhahabiah.JPG|thumb|Bog ka mid ah Al-Risala al-Dhahabiyya ee Imam Ali al-Rida (809 AD), oo ah tii ugu qiimaha badnayd ee shaqooyinka Islaamka ee Sayniska Caafimaadka. Waxaa ku jira qaybo saynis sida Anatomiya, Histoloji, Fisioloji, Kimistari iyo Patoloji intii sayniska caafimaadku uu wali ahaa mid bilow ah.]] Al-Shafi'i wuxuu dejiyay hab lagu xaqiijiyo isku-halaynta xadiiska.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|p=86}} Waagii hore ee Ablaasiyiinta, aqoonyahanno sida Muhammad al-Bukhari iyo Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj waxay soo ururiyeen guryaha waaweyn ee xadiiska Ahlusunna, halka aqoonyahanno sida Al-Kulayni iyo Ibn Babawayh ay soo ururiyeen guryaha waaweyn ee xadiiska Shiicada. Astaamaha afar-madhab ee Ahlusunna—Hanafi, Hanbali, Maliki, iyo Shafi'i—waxaa lagu tiiriyay dhulalka fundamentiinta ee Abū Ḥanīfa, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Malik ibn Anas iyo al-Shafi'i. Taa beddelkeeda, dhulalka fundamentiinta ee Ja'far al-Sadiq waxay dhiseen Fiqhiga Ja'fari. Qarnigii 9aad, Al-Tabari wuxuu dhameystiray qafiskii ugu horreeyay ee Tafsiirka Quraanka, Tafsir al-Tabari, oo noqday mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu xigashada badan Ahlusunna Islaamka. Doobab ka mid ah Muslinka waxay ka fekereen ka-sallamaaynta nolosha duniyeed waxayna xoogga saareen saboolnimada, is-hoosaysiinta, iyo fogaanta dambiga ee ku basada diidmada rabitaanka jidhka. Zuhuudka sida Hasan al-Basri waxay dhiirrigeliyeen dhaqdhaqaaq dib u zhugnaaday tasawwuf ama Sufi.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|pp=90, 91}} Waqtigan, dhibaatooyinka fiqiga, gaar ahaan doorashada xorta ah, waxay ahaayeen kuwo si adag loo maareeyay, iyadoo Hasan al-Basri uu qabay in kasta oo Eebbe uu og yahay waxa dadku sameynayaan, wanaagga iyo xintu ay ka yimaadaan isticmaalka qaldan ee doorashada xorta ah iyo Ibliiska.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|pp=38-39}}{{efn|"Hasan al-Basri waxaa inta badan loo tixgeliyaa mid ka mid ah dadkii ugu horreeyay ee diaday asalka malaa'igta ee ibliiska, isagoo ku doodaya in dhicitaankiisu yahay natiijada doorashadiisa xorta ah, oo ma ahan go'aanka Eebbe. Hasan al-Basri wuxuu sidoo kale ku dooday in malaa'igtu aysan awoodin dambiga ama khaladaadka oo ay ka sharaf badan yihiin aadanaha iyo xata cabsida nabiyada. Shiicada iyo Sunnida hore waxay ka soo horjeedeen ra'yigiisa.<ref>Omar Hamdan ''Studien zur Kanonisierung des Korantextes: al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrīs Beiträge zur Geschichte des Korans'' Otto Harrassowitz Verlag 2006 {{ISBN|978-3447053495}} pp. 291–292 (German)</ref>}} Falsafada Caqliga Giriiga waxay dhiirrigelisay dugsi feker oo loo yaqaan Mu'tazila, oo si ka muuqata u dooday fikradda doorashada xorta ah ee uu bilaabay Wasil ibn Ata.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|p=50}} Khaliif al-Mamun wuxuu ka dhigay caqiido rasmi ah wuxuuna si aan guul lahayn ugu doortay inuu ku qasbo booskan dadka intiisa badan.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=88}} Khaliif Al-Mu'tasim wuxuu sameeyay Mihna, iyadoo Ahmad ibn Hanbal oo ilaalinaayay dhaqanka uu si muuqata u diaday inuu waafaqo fikradda Mu'tazila ee ah in Quraanku yahay ku dhacay halkii uu ka ahaan lahaa mid weligeed ah, taas oo ka dhigtay in la jilciyo oo lagu hayo qol madow muddo ku dhow soddon bilood.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doi |first=Abdur Rahman |title=Shariah: The Islamic Law |location=London |publisher=Ta-Ha Publishers |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-907461-38-8 |page=110}}</ref> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dugsiyada kale ee Kalam—Māturīdism oo uu aasaasay Abu Mansur al-Maturidi iyo Ash'ari oo uu aasaasay Al-Ash'ari—waxay ahaayeen kuwo si ballaaran loo qaatay. Falsafadyahannada sida Al-Farabi, Avicenna iyo Averroes waxay isku deyeyeen inay waafajiyaan fikradaha Aristotle iyo fundamentiinta Islaamka, iyagoo u dhow Iskolastikada Kiristanka ee Yuubka iyo shaqada Maimonides ee Yuhuudda, halka kuwo kale sida Al-Ghazali ay ka soo horjeedeen habkan oo ugu dambeyntii guuleysteen.<ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=160}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Waines|2003|pp=126–127}}</ref> [[File:Al-Idrisi's_world_map.JPG|thumb|Tabula Rogeriana (1154 AD) ee al-Idrisi, oo ah mid ka mid ah khariidadaha dunida ee ugu horumarsanaa qarniyadii dhexe, oo la sameeyay Axdigii Dahabiga Ahaa ee Islaamka.]] Axdigan inta badan waxaa loo yaqaan Axdigii Dahabiga Ahaa ee Islaamka.<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|pp=80, 92, 105}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|pp=661–663}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=56}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lewis|1993|p=84}}</ref><ref name="harvp|Gardet|Jomier|2012">{{harvp|Gardet|Jomier|2012}}</ref> Guulaha sayniska Islaamku waxay samaysteen qaybo badan oo maadooyin ah sida caafimaadka, xisaabta, astronomiga, iyo beeraha iyo sidoo kale fisigiska, dhaqaalaha, injineernimada iyo optigga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=King |first=David A. |year=1983 |title=The Astronomy of the Mamluks |journal=Isis |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=531–55 |doi=10.1086/353360 |s2cid=144315162 | issn=0021-1753}}</ref><ref name="Hassan-1996">{{cite book |last=Hassan |first=Ahmad Y. |author-link=Ahmad Y. al-Hassan |title=Islam and the Challenge of Modernity |chapter=Factors Behind the Decline of Islamic Science After the Sixteenth Century |editor-last=Al-Attas |editor-first=S. S. |editor-link=Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas |location=Kuala Lumpur |publisher=International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization |year=1996 |pages=351–399 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ854295.pdf|title=Contributions of Islamic scholars to the scientific enterprise|access-date=13 December 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The greatest scientific advances from the Muslim world|website=TheGuardian.com|date=February 2010|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/feb/01/islamic-science|access-date=13 December 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Avicenna wuxuu ahaa horyaal ku saabsan caafimaadka tijaabada ah,<ref>Jacquart, Danielle (2008). "Islamic Pharmacology in the Middle Ages: Theories and Substances". European Review (Cambridge University Press) 16: 219–227.</ref><ref>David W. Tschanz, MSPH, PhD (August 2003). "Arab Roots of European Medicine", Heart Views 4 (2).</ref> oo The Canon of Medicine waxaa loo isticmaalay qoraal caafimaad oo heer sare ah ee dunida Islaamka iyo Yurub qarniyo. Rhazes wuxuu ahaa kii ugu horreeyay ee aqoonsaday cudurrada furfuraa iyo jadeecada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/alrazi.aspx|title=Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi (Rhazes) (c. 865-925)|publisher=sciencemuseum.org.uk|access-date=31 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Cisbitaallada dadweynaha ee waqtigaas waxay bixiyeen shahaadooyinka ugu horreeya ee caafimaadka si loogu ogolaado dhakhaatiirta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alatas |first=Syed Farid |year=2006 |title=From Jami'ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue |url=https://zenodo.org/record/29439 |journal=Current Sociology |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=112–132 |doi=10.1177/0011392106058837 |s2cid=144509355 |access-date=12 September 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Imamuddin |first=S.M. |title=Muslim Spain 711–1492 AD |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=1981 |isbn=978-90-04-06131-6 |page=169}}</ref> Ibn al-Haytham waxaa loo tixgeliyaa aabaha habka sayniska ee casriga ah iyadoo inta badan loo sheego "saynisyahankii ugu horreeyay ee runta ah ee dunida", gaar ahaan shaqadiisa optigga.<ref>{{cite journal |author-link=Gerald J. Toomer|first=G. J. |last=Toomer |jstor=228328 |title=Review Work: Matthias Schramm (1963) ''Ibn Al-Haythams Weg zur Physik'' |journal=Isis |volume=55 |issue=4 |date=Dec 1964 |page=464 |quote=Schramm sums up [Ibn Al-Haytham's] achievement in the development of scientific method.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Al-Khalili |first=Jim |date=4 January 2009 |title=The 'first true scientist' |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7810846.stm |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gorini |first=Rosanna |date=October 2003 |title=Al-Haytham the man of experience. First steps in the science of vision |journal=Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=53–55 |url=http://www.ishim.net/ishimj/4/10.pdf |access-date=25 September 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> Injineernimada, walaalaha Banū Mūsā aaladdooda turumbada tooska ah waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay ahaan lahayd mashinkii ugu horreeyay ee la barnamijayn karo.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Koetsier |first1=Teun |title=On the prehistory of programmable machines: musical automata, looms, calculators |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_mechanism-and-machine-theory_2001-05_36_5/page/589 |journal=Mechanism and Machine Theory |date=May 2001 |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=589–603 |doi=10.1016/S0094-114X(01)00005-2 }}</ref> Xisaabta Islaamka, fikradda algorithm waxaa lagu magacaabay Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, oo loo tixgeliyo aasaasaha aljabra, oo lagu magacaabay buugiisa al-jabr, halka kuwo kale ay soo saareen fikradda shaqada (function).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Katz |first1=Victor J. |author1-link=Victor J. Katz |last2=Barton |first2=Bill |title=Stages in the History of Algebra with Implications for Teaching |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_educational-studies-in-mathematics_2007-10_66_2/page/185 |journal=Educational Studies in Mathematics |date=18 September 2007 |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=185–201 |doi=10.1007/s10649-006-9023-7 |s2cid=120363574 }}</ref> Dowladda waxay siin jirtay saynisyahannada mushahar u dhigma mushaharka ciyaartoyda xirfadleyda ah ee maanta.<ref>{{harvp|Ahmed|2006|pp=23, 42, 84}}</ref> Guinness World Records wuxuu u aqoonsan yahay Jaamacadda Al Karaouine, oo la aasaasay 859, inay tahay jaamacadda ugu qadiimsan ee bixisa shahaadooyinka dunida.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Young |first=Mark |url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessbookofwo1998newy |title=The Guinness Book of Records |year=1998 |page=242 |publisher=Bantam |isbn=978-0-553-57895-9}}</ref> Dad badan oo aan Muslin ahayn, sida Kiristanka, Yuhuudda iyo Saabi'iinta,<ref name="Brague 2009">{{cite book|title=The Legend of the Middle Ages: Philosophical Explorations of Medieval Christianity, Judaism, and Islam|first=Rémi |last=Brague|year= 2009| isbn=9780226070803| page =164|publisher=University of Chicago Press|quote=Neither were there any Muslims among the Ninth-Century translators. Almost all of them were Christians of various Eastern denominations: Jacobites, Melchites, and, above all, Nestorians... A few others were Sabians.}}</ref> waxay guntadeen ilbaxnimada Islaamka qaybo meelaha ah,<ref name="Hill-1993">{{cite book |last=Hill |first=Donald |author-link=Donald Routledge Hill |title=Islamic Science and Engineering |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=1993 |page=4 |isbn=0-7486-0455-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Brague-Assyrians">{{cite web |last=Brague |first=Rémi |author-link=Rémi Brague |title=Assyrians contributions to the Islamic civilization |url=http://www.christiansofiraq.com/assyriancontributionstotheislamiccivilization.htm |website=Christians of Iraq |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> iyo machadka loo yaqaan Bayt al-Hikma wuxuu u shaqaaleysiiyay aqoonyahanno Kiristan iyo Faarisi ah si ay ugu turjumaan shaqooyinka luqadda Carabiga iyo si ay u soosaaraan aqoon cusub.<ref name="Meri-Bacharach-2006">{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Meri |editor-first1=Josef W. |editor-link1=Josef W. Meri |editor-last2=Bacharach |editor-first2=Jere L. |editor-link2=Jere L. Bacharach |title=Hadith |encyclopedia=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia |volume=1 |location=New York |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2006 |page=304 |isbn=978-0415966917 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MypbfKdMePIC&pg=PA304 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Saliba-1994">{{cite book |last=Saliba |first=George |author-link=George Saliba |title=A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam |location=New York |publisher=New York University Press |year=1994 |pages=245, 250, 256–57 |isbn=0-8147-8023-7 |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Cheshm manuscript.jpg|thumb|Anatomiya ee isha oo uu samaystay Hunayn ibn Ishaq, oo mas'uul ka ahaa turjumida Bayt al-Hikma waagii Boqortooyada Ablaasiyiinta, 1200 AD.]]Askartu waxay ka go'een boqortooyadii Ablaasiyiinta waxayna dhiseen khilaafadooda propriyada ah, sida Tulunids oo 868 ku tirsanaa Masar<ref>{{cite book|last=Holt|first=Peter Malcolm|author-link=Peter Holt (historian)|title=The Crusader States and Their Neighbours, 1098–1291|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0qLHVGgH7AC&pg=PA8|year=2004|publisher=Pearson Longman|isbn=978-0-582-36931-3|page=6|access-date=2 February 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> iyo boqortooyada Ghaznavid oo 977 ku tirsanaa Aasiyada Dhexe.<ref>{{cite book |title=Islamic Central Asia: an anthology of historical sources |editor-first1=Scott Cameron |editor-last1=Levi |editor-first2=Ron |editor-last2=Sela |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2010 |page=83}}</ref> Qaybsanaantan waxay keentay Qarnigii Shiicada, oo u dhaxeeyay 945 iyo 1055, oo la arkay kor u kaca dhaqdhaqaaqa Isma'ili Shiicada. Koox Isma'ili ah, boqortooyada Fatimid, waxay gacanta ku dhigeen Waqooyiga Afrika qarnigii 10aad<ref>Neue Fischer Weltgeschichte "Islamisierung in Zentralasien bis zur Mongolenzeit" Band 10: Zentralasien, 2012, p. 191 (German)</ref> iyo koox kale oo Isma'ili ah, Qarmatians, waxay boobeen Makka waxayna xadeen Hajar al-Aswad, oo ah dhagaxa ku dhex jira Kacbada, dib-u-jabayntooda aan guulaysan.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Glubb |first=John Bagot |title=Mecca (Saudi Arabia) |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mecca#ref887188 |access-date=18 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live }}</ref> Koox kale oo Isma'ili ah, boqortooyada Buyid, waxay qabsadeen Baqdaad waxayna ka dhigeen Ablaasiyiinta boqortooyo magac ah oo kaliya. Boqortooyada Seljuk ee Ahlusunna waxay u dhaqaaqday inay mar kale adkayso Islaamka Ahlusunna iyagoo faafinayay ra'yiyada aqoonyahanada waqtigaas, gaar ahaan dhisidda machadyada waxbarashada ee loo yaqaan Nizamiyyas, oo la xiriira al-Ghazali iyo Saadi Shirazi.<ref>Andreas Graeser ''Zenon von Kition: Positionen u. Probleme'' Walter de Gruyter 1975 {{ISBN|978-3-11-004673-1}} p. 260</ref> Faaftada dunida Muslinka waxay sii socotay iyadoo ergooyinka diinta ay u badaleen Volga Bulgaria Islaamka. Sultanada Delhi waxay gaadhay gudaha qaarad-hoosaadka Hindiya oo kuwo badan ayaa u badalay Islaamka,{{sfnp|Arnold|1896|pp=227–228}} gaar ahaan Hinduga heerka hoose ee faracoodu ka kooban yahay inta badan Muslinka Hindiya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-36220329|title=Why are many Indian Muslims seen as untouchable?|publisher=BBCnews|date=10 May 2016|access-date=6 October 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Ganacsigu wuxuu keenay Muslin badan oo Shiinaha ah, halkaas oo ay si buuxda u xukumi jireen warshadaha soo dejinta iyo ka deerinta ee boqortooyada Song.<ref>{{cite web |title=Islam in China |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/china_1.shtml |access-date=10 August 2011 |publisher=BBC |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslinka waxaa loo qortay maamulayaal la doortay oo heer sare ah boqortooyada Yuan.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lipman|first=Jonathan Newman|title=Familiar Strangers, a history of Muslims in Northwest China|location=Seattle, WA|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-295-97644-0|page=33}}</ref> === Casrigii Ka-horreeyay Casriga Cusub (1258 – Qarnigii 18aad) === {{Further|Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam}} [[File:GhazanConversionToIslam.JPG|thumb|Muuqaal qarnigii 14aad ee Ghazan, oo ahaa boqorkii 7aad ee Ilkhanate ee Boqortooyada Mongol, oo Islaamay.]] Pobalka ganacsiga Muslinka iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa tariiqooyinka Sufida dhiigooda,{{sfnp|Arnold|1896|pp=125–258}} Islaamku wuxuu ku faafay dhulal cusub<ref>{{cite web |title=The Spread of Islam |url=http://www.yale.edu/yup/pdf/cim6.pdf |access-date=2 November 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslinkuna waxay la dhex-galeen dhaqammo cusub. Hoos kaga jirtay Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta, Islaamku wuxuu ku faafay Koonfur-bari Yuuroop.<ref>{{cite web |date=6 May 2008 |title=Ottoman Empire |publisher=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1801?_hi=41&_pos=3 |access-date=26 August 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Islaamidda inta badan waxay lahayd heer sinkretisam ah,<ref>{{Cite book |title=Islamic and European Expansion |publisher=Temple University Press |year=1993 |editor-last=Adas |editor-first=Michael |location=Philadelphia |page=25}}</ref> sida uu muujinayo muuqaalka Muhammad ee suugaanta dadweynaha ee Hinduga.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Metcalf |first=Barbara |title=Islam in South Asia in Practice |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2009 |page=104}}</ref> Turkida Muslinka ah waxay ku dareen walxaha caqiidada Shamanisamka Turkida Islaamka.{{efn|"Sannadaha dhow, fikradda sinkretisamka waa la dhuftay. Maaddaama ay maqan tahay awood lagu go'aamiyo ama lagu tixgeliyo caqiidada Ortodokska ee ku saabsan Islaamka, aqoonyahannada qaarkood waxay ku doodayaan inaysan jirin caqiidooyinka la qresheeyay, oo kaliya ee la amray habka, Islaamka ka hor qarnigii 16aad.{{sfnp|Peacock|2019|p=20–22}}}}{{sfnp|Çakmak|2017|pp=1425–1429}} Muslinka ku jira Boqortooyada Ming ee Shiinaha oo ka soo jeeda soo-galootigii hore waa la la-dhex-galay, mararka qaar shuruuc ku dhiirrigelisa dhex-galka,<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Farmer|editor1-first=Edward L.|title=Zhu Yuanzhang and Early Ming Legislation: The Reordering of Chinese Society Following the Era of Mongol Rule|date=1995|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004103910|page=82|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TCIjZ7l6TX8C&pg=PA82|access-date=19 February 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> iyagoo qaatay magacyada Shiinaha iyo dhaqanka halka Nanjing uu noqday xarun muhiim ah ee barashada Islaamka.<ref>Israeli, Raphael (2002). ''Islam in China''. p. 292. Lexington Books. {{ISBN|0-7391-0375-X}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dillon |first=Michael |year=1999 |title=China's Muslim Hui Community |publisher=Curzon |url=https://archive.org/details/chinasmuslimhuic00dill |isbn=978-0-7007-1026-3 |page=37 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Ndhex-galka dhaqanka wuxuu ahaay mid muuqda iyadoo la yaraysay saamaynta Carabta ka dib burburintii Mongol ee Khilafadii Ablaasiyiinta.<ref>{{harvp|Bulliet|2005|p=497}}</ref> Khanates-ka Mongol ee Muslinka ah ee ku jira Iiraan iyo Aasiyada Dhexe waxay ka faa'iideysteen kordhinta helitaanka dhaqammada ee Bariga Aasiya oo hoos jirtay xukunkii Mongol sidaas darteed waxay u horumareen oo ay u samaysteen si ka duwan saamaynta Carabta, sida Dib-u-dhalashadii Timurid oo hoos jirtay boqortooyada Timurid.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Subtelny |first=Maria Eva |date=November 1988 |title=Socioeconomic Bases of Cultural Patronage under the Later Timurids |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/socioeconomic-bases-of-cultural-patronage-under-the-later-timurids/2A0F3018EE155F23FC4A7F5F25D7DE6D |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=479–505 |doi=10.1017/S0020743800053861 |s2cid=162411014 |access-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201–1274) wuxuu soo bandhigay qaabka xisaabta oo ka dib loo dooday inuu qaatay Copernicus isagoo aan waxba ka badalin qaabkiisa heliocentric-ka,<ref>{{cite web|date=1999|title=Nasir al-Din al-Tusi|publisher=University of St Andrews|url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Tusi_Nasir/|access-date=27 August 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> iyo qiyaasta pi ee Jamshīd al-Kāshī ma aysan dhaafin 180 sano.<ref>{{cite web |date=1999 |title=Ghiyath al-Din Jamshid Mas'ud al-Kashi |publisher=University of St Andrews |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Kashi/ |access-date=29 December 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg|thumb|Mehmed II oo galaya Constantinople.]] Ka dib markii la soo bandhigay hubka baaruda, dawlado waaweyn oo dhawaan xabbada lahaa oo Muslin ah ayaa ku bashqaday boqortooyoyinka baaruda, kuwaas oo hore u kala qaybsanaay dhulal kala duwan. Khilafada waxaa sheegtay boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta ee Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta iyadoo sheegashadooda la adkeeyay 1517 markii Selim I uu noqday taliyaha Makka iyo Madiina.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Drews |first=Robert |url=https://my.vanderbilt.edu/robertdrews/publications/ |title=Coursebook: Judaism, Christianity and Islam, to the Beginnings of Modern Civilization |date=August 2011 |publisher=Vanderbilt University |chapter=Chapter Thirty – "The Ottoman Empire, Judaism, and Eastern Europe to 1648" |chapter-url=https://my.vanderbilt.edu/robertdrews/files/2014/01/Chapter-Thirty.-The-Ottoman-Empire-Judaism-and-Eastern-Europe-to-1648.pdf |access-date=21 April 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Boqortooyada Shiicada ee Safavid waxay ku korortay awoodda 1501 ka dibna waxay qabsatay dhammaan Iiraan.<ref>Peter B. Golden: An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples; In: Osman Karatay, Ankara 2002, p. 321</ref> Koonfurta Aasiya, Babur wuxuu aasaasay Boqortooyada Mughal.<ref>{{citation|last=Gilbert|first=Marc Jason|title=South Asia in World History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1dhKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA75|year=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-066137-3|pages=75|access-date=15 January 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> Diinta dawladaha ku dhex-jira ee boqortooyoyinka baaruda waxay saamaysay dhaqanka diimeed ee dadkooda ku dhex-jira. Wada-noolaanshaha u dhexeeya taliyayaasha Cusmaaniyiinta iyo Sufinimada wuxuu si adag u saameeyay xukunkii Islaamka ee Cusmaaniyiinta tan iyo bilowgii. Tariiqada Mevlevi iyo Bektashis waxay lahaayeen xiriir dhow oo ay la lahaayeen sultannada,<ref>Ga ́bor A ́goston, Bruce Alan Masters ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire'' Infobase Publishing 2010 {{ISBN|978-1-4381-1025-7}} p. 540</ref> maaddaama noocyada Sufi-suufiyada ah iyo kuwo kale oo sinkretik ah ee Islaamka ay u horumareen si muuqata.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Algar |first=Ayla Esen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fc69BhBDjhwC&q=ottomans+sufism |title=The Dervish Lodge: Architecture, Art, and Sufism in Ottoman Turkey |page=15 |date=1 January 1992 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-07060-8 |access-date=29 April 2020 |via=Google Books |url-status=live }}</ref> Badanaa qasabka dhex-galka Safavid ee Iiraan ee Islaamka Shiicada ee Labada-iyo-tobanlaha ee Boqortooyada Safavid wuxuu xaqiijiyay xukunkii dambe ee Labada-iyo-tobanlaha dhexdiisa Islaamka Shiicada. Soo-galootiga Faarisiga ah ee Koonfurta Aasiya, maaddaama ay ahaayeen maamulayaal saamayntooda leh iyo milkiilayaal dhul, waxay caawiyeen faafinta Islaamka Shiicada, iyagoo dhisay qaar ka mid ah dadka ugu waaweyn ee Shiicada ee ka baxsan Iiraan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/conversion-iii|title=CONVERSION To Imami Shiʿism in India|publisher=Iranica Online|language=English|access-date=6 October 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Nader Shah, oo riday Safavids, wuxuu isku deyey inuu wanaajiyo xiriirka Ahlusunna ee Cusmaaniyiinta iyadoo la faafinayo dhex-galka Islaamka Shiicada ee Labada-iyo-tobanlaha dhexdiisa Islaamka Ahlusunna sida madhabka shanaad, oo loo yaqaan Ja'farism,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Nadir Shah and the Ja 'fari Madhhab Reconsidered |first=Ernest |last=Tucker |journal=Iranian Studies |volume=27 |issue=1–4 |date=1994 |pages=163–179 |doi=10.1080/00210869408701825 |jstor=4310891}}</ref> oo ku dhiirran waayay inuu helo aqoonsi ka soo baxa Cusmaaniyiinta.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Nāder Shāh |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/nader-shah |date=29 March 2006 |first=Ernest |last=Tucker |access-date=9 March 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Casrigii Casriga Ahaa (Qarniyadii 18aad–20aad) === [[File:Portrait Caliph Abdulmecid II.jpg|thumb|Sawirka Khaliifkii ugu dambeeyay Abdülmecid II, ee Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta, 1923.]] Horey qarnigii 14aad, Ibn Taymiyya wuxuu dhiirrigeliyay qaab daahir ah oo Islaamka ah, isagoo diaday hababka falsafada si uu u doorbido fiqhiga fudud,<ref name="ReferenceA">Mary Hawkesworth, Maurice Kogan ''Encyclopedia of Government and Politics: 2-volume set'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-1-136-91332-7}} pp. 270–271</ref> wuxuuna ugu baaqay in loo furo albaabada ijtihadka halkii indho la'aan loogu dayan lahaa aqoonyahannada.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=150}} Wuxuu ugu baaqay jihad ka dhan ah kuwa uu u tixgeliyay gaalo,{{Refn|group=note|Richard Gauvain ''Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-0-7103-1356-0}} p. 6}} laakiin qoraalladiisu waxay lahaayeen oo kaliya doorkii ugu yaraa intii uu babacayay.{{Refn|group=note|Spevack, Aaron (2014). The Archetypal Sunni Scholar: Law, Theology, and Mysticism in the Synthesis of al-Bajuri. SUNY Press. pp. 129–130.}} Qarnigii 18aad ee Carabiya, Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, oo ay saameeyeen shaqooyinka Ibn Taymiyya iyo Ibn al-Qayyim, wuxuu aasaasay dhaqdhaqaaq loo yaqaan Wahhabism si loo laabto waxa uu u arkay Islaamka aan la badalin.<ref>Donald Quataert ''The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922'' Cambridge University Press 2005 {{ISBN|978-0-521-83910-5}} p. 50</ref> Wuxuu cambaareeyay caadooyinka badan ee maxalliga ah ee Islaamka, sida bisitaynta qabriga Muhammad ama Imamyada Shiicada, maaddaama ay yihiin bidco cusub iyo dambi<ref name="ReferenceE">Ga ́bor A ́goston, Bruce Alan Masters ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire'' Infobase Publishing 2010 {{ISBN|978-1-4381-1025-7}} p. 260</ref> wuxuuna burburiyay dhagaxyada iyo geedaha xurmada leh, goobaha Sufida, Qabuuraha al-Baqi, qabuuraha Muhammad iyo asxaabtiisa iyo Qabriga Imam Husayn, oo ah goob muhiim ah oo loo bisiteeyo Shiicada.{{Refn|group=note|Graves desecrated in Mizdah, Libya Herald, 2013}}{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=146}} Wuxuu dhisay isbahaysi uu la leeyahay qoyska Saud, oo marka la joogo 1920-yadii ay dhammaystireen qabsashadooda dhulka noqon doona Sacuudi Carabiya.<ref name="Musa-2022">{{Cite thesis |title=The Emergence of a Scholar from a Garrison Society: A contextual analysis of Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhāb's doctrine in the light of the Qur'ān and Hadīth |url=https://repository.uwtsd.ac.uk/id/eprint/2096/ |publisher=University of Wales Trinity Saint David |date=2022-08-23 |degree=masters |language=en |first=Shahajada Md |last=Musa |access-date=19 December 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Nicolas Laos ''The Metaphysics of World Order: A Synthesis of Philosophy, Theology, and Politics'' Wipf and Stock Publishers 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-4982-0102-5}} p. 177</ref> Ma Wanfu iyo Ma Debao waxay dhiirrigeliyeen dhaqdhaqaaqa salafida qarnigii 19aad sida Sailaifengye ee Shiinaha ka dib markii ay ka soo laabteen Makka laakiin ugu dambeyntii waxaa dhibay oo lagu qasbay inay dhuuntaan kooxaha Sufida.<ref>{{cite book|first=Barry M.|last=Rubin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wEih57-GWQQC&pg=PA79|page=79|title=Guide to Islamist Movements|year=2000|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=0-7656-1747-1|access-date=28 June 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> Kooxaha kale waxay isku deyeyeen inay dib u habayn ku samayso Sufinimada halkii ay ka diadi lahaayeen, iyagoo Senusiyya iyo Muhammad Ahmad ay labadooduba dagaallameen oo ay dhiseen dawlado ku kala yaalla Liibiya iyo Sudaan.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=147}} Hindiya, Shah Waliullah Dehlawi wuxuu isku deyey qaab dib u heshiisiin ah oo ka dhan ah Sufinimada wuxuuna saameeyay dhaqdhaqaaqa Deobandi.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=149}} Jawaab ka dhan ah dhaqdhaqaaqa Deobandi, dhaqdhaqaaqa Barelwi waxaa loo aasaasay sida dhaqdhaqaaq dadweyne, iyadoo la difaacaayay Sufinimada caanka ah oo la dib u habaynayay dhaqankeeda.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robert L. Canfield |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3JhKNSk8tQC&pg=PAPA131 |title=Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52291-5 |pages=131– |access-date=1 December 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sanyal |first=Usha |date=23 July 1998 |title=Generational Changes in the Leadership of the Ahl-e Sunnat Movement in North India during the twentieth Century |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/generational-changes-in-the-leadership-of-the-ahle-sunnat-movement-in-north-india-during-the-twentieth-century/8AAAC4CFEFC4F4084731C3964A5CAE84 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=635–656 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X98003059 |via=Cambridge Core |access-date=23 February 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[File:Interior of Al Aqsa Mosque Jerusalem. 1900-1910 (id.22715311).jpg|thumb|Sannadkii 1969 Dabka Masjidka Al-Aqsa, oo sidoo cuali burburiyay Minbarkii Saladin, wuxuu keenay ver-xaasidnimo taabtay dunida Muslinka wuxuuna ahaa kicin muhiim ah oo loo aasaasay Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka.]] Dunida Muslinka waxay guud ahaan ku jirtay hoos u dhac siyaasadeed markii ay bilaabatay 1800-yadii, gaar ahaan marka la barbardhigo awoodaha Yuuroop ee aan Muslinka ahayn. Horey, qarnigii 15aad, Reconquista waxay ku guuleysatay inay dhameeyo joogitaanka Muslinka ee Iberia. Marka la joogo qarnigii 19aad, British East India Company waxay si rasmi ah u qabsatay boqortooyada Mughal ee Hindiya.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|pp=358, 378–380, 624}} Sida jawaab ka dhan ah Imperialisamka Reer Galbeedka, aqoonyahanno badan waxay isku deyeyeen inay dib u habayn ku samayso Islaamka.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Buzpinar |first=Ş. Tufan |date=March 2007 |title=Celal Nuri's Concepts of Westernization and Religion |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_middle-eastern-studies_2007-03_43_2/page/247 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=247–258 |doi=10.1080/00263200601114091 |jstor=4284539|s2cid=144461915 }}</ref> Casriyeynta Islaamka, oo markii hore loo bixiyay aqoonyahannada Reer Galbeedka sida Salafiyya, waxay soo dhoweysay qiimayaasha casriga ah iyo machadyada sida demokaraasiyada iyadoo la raacaayo qoraallada diinta. Hogaamiyayaasha muhiimka ah ee dhaqdhaqaaqa waxaa ka mid ah Muhammad 'Abduh iyo Jamal al-Din al-Afghani.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lauziere|first=Henri|title=The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-231-17550-0|location=New York, Chichester, West Sussex|pages=231–232}}</ref> Abul A'la Maududi wuxuu caawiyay saamaynta Islaamka siyaasadeed ee casriga ah.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 January 2014 |title=Political Islam: A movement in motion |work=Economist Magazine |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/erasmus/2014/01/political-islam |access-date=1 January 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Wilfred Cantwell |title=Islam in Modern History |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1957 |isbn=0-691-03030-8 |page=233 |author-link=Wilfred Cantwell Smith}}</ref> Sida ku dhow qaanuunka casriga ah, shariicada markii ugu horreysay ayaa qayb ahaan loo qoray shaqo ahaan sannadkii 1869 ku dhex-jirtay koodka Mecelle ee Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta. Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta waxay dissilftay ka dib Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Dunida, Khilafadii Cusmaaniyiinta waa la joojiyay 1924<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 June – 5 July 2000 |title=New Turkey |work=Al-Ahram Weekly |issue=488 |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2000/488/chrncls.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=16 May 2010 }}</ref> iyo Khilafadii Sharifian ee ka dib waxay u dhacday si doob ah,<ref>{{Cite web |last1=الوطن |first1=جريدة |last2=webmaster |date=2020-05-05 |title="مملكة الحجاز".. وقــصـــة الـغــزو المـســلّـــح |url=https://www.al-watan.com/article/230610/NEWS/%C2%AB%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%C2%BB-%D9%88%D9%82%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B5%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%80%D8%BA%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B2%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%80%D8%B3%D9%80%D9%80%D9%84%D9%91%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%AD |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=جريدة الوطن |language=ar |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bani Issa |first=Mohammad Saleh |date=2023-11-01 |title=Factors of stability and sustainable development in Jordan in its first centenary 1921–2021 (an analytical descriptive study) |journal=Heliyon |volume=9 |issue=11 |article-number=e20993 |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20993 |issn=2405-8440 |doi-access=free|pmid=37928029 |pmc=10623165 |bibcode=2023Heliy...920993B }}</ref> sidaas darteed iyadoo ka tagaysa Islaamka oo aan lahayn Khaliif.<ref name="والخلفاء-2023">{{Cite book |last=والخلفاء |first=قصص الخلافة الإسلامية |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r-5EAAAQBAJ |title=قصص الخلافة الإسلامية والخلفاء |date=2023-03-31 |publisher=Austin Macauley Publishers |isbn=978-1-3984-9251-6 |language=en |access-date=26 December 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref> Taageerayaasha Mideynta Islaamka waxay isku deyeyeen inay mideeyaan Muslinka waxayna tartan la galeen awoodaha qarannimada ee korayay, sida Pan-Arabisamka.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doran |first=Michael |title=Pan-Arabism before Nasser: Egyptian power politics and the Palestine question |date=1999 |publisher=Oxford university press |isbn=978-0-19-512361-6 |series=Studies in Middle Eastern history |location=New York Oxford}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Landau |first=Yaʿaqov M. |title=The politics of Pan-Islam: ideology and organization |date=1994 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-827709-5 |edition=[Rev. and updated] paperback (with additions and corr.) |location=Oxford}}</ref> Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka (OIC), oo ka kooban waddamada Muslinka ah, waxaa la aasaasay 1969 ka dib gubiddii Masjidka Al-Aqsa ee Qudus.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 December 2010 |title=Organization of the Islamic Conference |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/country_profiles/1555062.stm |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Xiriirka la la leeyahay waddamada warshadaha leh wuxuu keenay dadka Muslinka ah dhulal cusub iyada oo loo marayo u-guuritaanka dhaqaalaha. Muslin badan ayaa u guuray sida shaqaale heshiis ku jooga (u badan oo ka yimid Hindiya iyo Indoneesiya) Karibiyaanka, iyagoo dhisay dadka ugu waaweyn ee Muslinka ah inta la joogo boqolkiiba ee Ameerika.<ref>{{sfnp|Haddad|Smith|2002|p=271}}</ref> U-guuritaanka ka yimid Siiriya iyo Lubnaan wuxuu ku soo kordhiyay dadka Muslinka ah ee Laatiin Ameerika.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zabel|first=Darcy|title=Arabs in the Americas: Interdisciplinary Essays on the Arab Diaspora|publisher=Peter Lang|year=2006|isbn=9780820481111|location=Austria|page=5}}</ref> Natiijadii magaalooyinka iyo kordhinta ganacsiga ee Afrika ka hooseysa Saxara waxay keentay Muslinka inay degaan dhulal cusub oo ay faafiyaan diintooda, iyadoo lagu qiyaasay inay laba-laabatay dadkeeda Muslinka ah u dhaxeysa 1869 iyo 1914.<ref>{{harvp|Bulliet|2005|p=722}}</ref> === Casrigii ee Horumarsanaa (Qarnigii 20aad–Ilaa Hada) === [[File:13. Session of the Islamic Summit Conference.jpg|thumb|Hoggaamiyeyaasha dalalka Islaamka intii uu socday kalfadhigii 2016 ee Shirka Iskaashiga Islaamka ee Istambul, Turkiga. Trikiiba saddex sano, OIC waxay isku brings dhammaan hoggaamiyeyaasha Muslinka.|upright=1.35]] Aabbayaashii casriyeynta Islaamka waxay saameeyeen dhaqdhaqaaqyada siyaasadda Islaamka sida Ikhwaanul Muslimeen iyo xisbiyada la xiriira ee dunida Carabta,<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 August 2011 |title=Are secular forces being squeezed out of Arab Spring? |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14447820 |access-date=10 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Slackman |first=Michael |date=23 December 2008 |title=Jordanian students rebel, embracing conservative Islam |work=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/24/world/middleeast/24jordan.html |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> kuwaas oo si wanaagsan uga dhex muuqday doorashooyinkii ka dambeeyay Guudkii Carabta,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kirkpatrick |first=David D. |date=3 December 2011 |title=Egypt's vote puts emphasis on split over religious rule |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/04/world/middleeast/egypts-vote-propels-islamic-law-into-spotlight.html |access-date=8 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jamaat-e-Islami ee Koonfurta Aasiya iyo Xisbiga Caddaaladda iyo Horumarinta (AK Party), oo si kemokaraasi ah xukuma Turkiga tobanaan sano. Iiraan, Kacdoonkii Iiraan wuxuu beddelay boqortooyadii laimaaniyadda ee Reer Galbeedku taageerayay iyadoo la dhisay Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah. Kuwa kale sida Sayyid Rashid Rida waxay ka go'een casriyeeyayaasha Islaamka<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lauziere|first=Henri|title=The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-231-17550-0|location=New York, Chichester, West Sussex|page=237|quote="Prior to the fall of the Ottoman Empire, leading reformers who happened to be Salafi in creed were surprisingly open-minded: although they adhered to neo-Hanbali theology. However, the aftermath of the First World War and the expansion of European colonialism paved the way for a series of shifts in thought and attitude. The experiences of Rida offer many examples... he turned against the Shi'is who dared, with reason, to express doubts about the Saudi-Wahhabi project... . Shi'is were not the only victims: Rida and his associates showed their readiness to turn against fellow Salafis who questioned some of the Wahhabis' religious interpretations."}}</ref> waxayna ka hortageen soo dhowaynta waxa uu u arkayay saamaynta Reer Galbeedka.<ref>{{Cite book|last=G. Rabil|first=Robert|title=Salafism in Lebanon: From Apoliticism to Transnational Jihadism|publisher=Georgetown University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-1-62616-116-0|location=Washington DC, US|pages=32–33|quote="Western colonialists established in these countries political orders... that, even though not professing enmity to Islam and its institutions, left no role for Islam in society. This caused a crisis among Muslim reformists, who felt betrayed not only by the West but also by those nationalists, many of whom were brought to power by the West... Nothing reflects this crisis more than the ideological transformation of Rashid Rida (1865–1935)... He also revived the works of Ibn Taymiyah by publishing his writings and promoting his ideas. Subsequently, taking note of the cataclysmic events brought about by Western policies in the Muslim world and shocked by the abolition of the caliphate, he transformed into a Muslim intellectual mostly concerned about protecting Muslim culture, identity, and politics from Western influence. He supported a theory that essentially emphasized the necessity of an Islamic state in which the scholars of Islam would have a leading role... Rida was a forerunner of Islamist thought. He apparently intended to provide a theoretical platform for a modern Islamic state. His ideas were later incorporated into the works of Islamic scholars. Significantly, his ideas influenced none other than Hassan al-Bannah, founder of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt... The Muslim Brethren have taken up Rida's Islamic fundamentalism, a right-wing radical movement founded in 1928,.."}}</ref> Kooxda ISIS waxay xitaa isku deyday inay dib u samayso diinaarkii dahabka ahaa ee casriga ahaa si uu u noqdo pambakooda lacagta. Halka kuwii ka go'ay ay qaarkood ahaayeen kuwa ka gaabsada siyaasadda, kuwo kale waxay rumechsanaayeen dhibaataynta kuwa ka soo horjeeda, xitaa Muslinka kale.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/14/isis-gold-silver-copper-islamic-dinar-coins |title=Isis to mint own Islamic dinar coins in gold, silver and copper |work=The Guardian |date=21 November 2014 |access-date=31 July 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ka hortagga dhaqdhaqaaqyada siyaasadda Islaamka, qarnigii 20aad ee Turkiga, ciidanku waxay sameeyeen afgembiyo si ay xukuumadaha Islaamiga ah uga tuuraan xukanka, sidoo kale xijabka ayaa si sharci ah loo xaddiday, sida ay sidoo kale ka dhacday Tuniisiya.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 April 2011 |title=Huge rally for Turkish secularism |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6604643.stm |access-date=6 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Saleh |first=Heba |date=15 October 2011 |title=Tunisia moves against headscarves |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6053380.stm |access-date=6 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Dhulalka kale, awoodda diinta ayaa la maamulay iyada oo hadda loo arko puppeto oo ay dawladdu maamusho. Tusaale ahaan, Sacuudi Carabiya, dawladdu waxay keligeed maamushay aqoonta diinta<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 June 2007 |title=Laying down the law: Islam's authority deficit |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/international/2007/06/28/islams-authority-deficit |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo Masar, dawladdu waxay qarameysay Jaamacadda Al-Azhar, oo hore u ahayd igo madax-bannaan oo xaddida awoodda dawladda.<ref>{{cite book| title = The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought| last1 = Bowering | first1 = Gerhard | last2=Mirza |first2=Mahan |last3=Crone |first3=Patricia| year = 2013 | publisher = Princeton University Press | page=59| isbn = 9780691134840 }}</ref> Salafiyada waxaa dhaqaale lagu siiyay Bariga Dhexe sababtoo ah ka gaabsashadeeda siyaasadda.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 October 2008 |title=Ultraconservative Islam on rise in Mideast |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna27256187 |access-date=24 September 2013 |publisher=MSNBC |url-status=live }}</ref> Sacuudi Carabiya waxay ololayso ka dhan ah dhaqdhaqaaqyada Islaamiga ah ee kacdoonka ah ee Bariga Dhexe, iyadoo ka soo horjeedda Iiraan.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Almukhtar |first1=Sarah |last2=Peçanha |first2=Sergio |last3=Wallace |first3=Tim |date=5 January 2016 |title=Behind Stark Political Divisions, a More Complex Map of Sunnis and Shiites |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/01/04/world/middleeast/sunni-shiite-map-middle-east-iran-saudi-arabia.html |access-date=6 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Tiro yar oo Muslin ah oo ka soo jeeda qowmiyadaha kala duwan ayaa loo dhibay sida koox diimeed.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thames |first1=Knox |title=Why the Persecution of Muslims Should Be on Biden's Agenda |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/muslims-islam-china-india-myanmar-persecution-repression-biden-human-rights/ |work=Foreign Policy Magazine |date=6 January 2021 |language=English |access-date=5 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Tan waxaa sameeyay xoogagga shuuciga ah sida Khmer Rouge, kuwaas oo u arkayay inay yihiin armigooda koowaad ee la cirbootinayo maaddaama dhaqankooda diimeed uu ka dhigay kuwa ka dhex muuqda dadka kale,<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Perrin |first=Andrew |date=10 October 2003 |title=Weakness in numbers |magazine=Time |url=https://time.com/archive/6894001/weakness-in-numbers/ |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}</ref> Xisbiga Shuuciga Shiinaha ee Xinjiang<ref>{{cite web |last1=Beydoun |first1=Khaled A. |title=For China, Islam is a 'mental illness' that needs to be 'cured' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/china-islam-mental-illness-cured-181127135358356.html |publisher=Al Jazeera |language=English |access-date=5 February 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo xoogagga qarannimada sida intii uu socday xasuuqii Bosniya.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mojzes |first=Paul |title=Balkan Genocides: Holocaust and Ethnic Cleansing in the Twentieth Century |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4422-0663-2|page=178}}</ref> Ciidanka Miyanmaar ee Tatmadaw oo bartilmaameedsanayay Muslinka Rohingya waxaa loogu yeeray dambi ka dhan ah aadamnimada ay sameeyeen Qaraamada Midoobay iyo Amnesty International,<ref>{{cite news |author=Oliver Holmes |date=19 December 2016 |title=Myanmar's Rohingya campaign 'may be crime against humanity' |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/19/myanmars-rohingya-campaign-may-be-against-humanity |url-status=live |access-date=5 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=19 December 2016|title=Rohingya abuse may be crimes against humanity: Amnesty|website=Al Jazeera|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/19/rohingya-abuse-may-be-crimes-against-humanity-amnesty/|access-date=2023-02-21|url-status=live}}</ref> halka Xafiiska Qaraamada Midoobay ee Wakiilka Sare ee Xaqiiqo-raadinta uu ka helay xasuuq, sifeyn qowmiyadeed, iyo dambiyo kale oo ka dhan ah aadamnimada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/MyanmarFFM/Pages/ReportoftheMyanmarFFM.aspx|title=Report of Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar |date=27 August 2018|website=ohchr.org|access-date=14 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Horumarka isgaarsiinta dunida wuxuu teshay faafinta ballaaran ee aqoonta diinta. Qaadashada xijabka waxay noqotay mid ka sii badan<ref>{{Cite news |last=Slackman |first=Michael |date=28 January 2007 |title=In Egypt, a new battle begins over the veil |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/weekinreview/28slackman.html |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo aqoonyahanno badan oo Muslin ah waxay si kordhayay isku deyayaan inay ka soocaan caqiidooyinka diinta Islaamka iyo dhaqammada caadiga ah.{{sfnp|Nigosian|2004|p=41}} Kooxaha kale dhexdiisa, helitaanka macluumaadka wuxuu keenay kordhinta wacdiyayaasha "televangelist" ee caanka ah, sida Amr Khaled, kuwaas oo kula tartama culumada caadiga ah gaaritaankooda oo ay ka dhigeen awoodda diinta mid aan hal xarun ku dhuftayn.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=263}} Sharraxaadaha "gaarka ah" ee Islaamka<ref>V. Šisler: ''The Internet and the Construction of Islamic Knowledge in Europe'' p. 212</ref> waxay si muuqata u dhex-galaan Muslinka Liberaalka ah oo isku deyaya inay waafajiyaan dhaqammada diinta iyo xukunkii laimaaniyadda ee casriga ah,{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=118–119, 179}}{{sfnp|Rippin|2001|p=288}} hab ka mid ah kuwa ay dhaleeceeyeen qaarkood oo ku saabsan waafaqsanaantiisa.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Adams, Charles J.|editor1-last=Esposito|editor1-first=John L.|title=Voices of Resurgent Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/voicesofresurgen00hcen|url-access=registration|date=1983|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/voicesofresurgen00hcen/page/113 113–4] |chapter=Maududi and the Islamic State|quote=[Maududi believed that] when religion is relegated to the personal realm, men inevitably give way to their bestial impulses and perpetrate evil upon one another. In fact it is precisely because they wish to escape the restraints of morality and the divine guidance that men espouse secularism.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Meisami|first=Sayeh|date=2013|title='Abdolkarim Soroush |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0034.xml|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-12 |website=Oxford Bibliographies|language=en}}</ref> Sidoo kale, laimaaniyaddu waxaa loo arkaa fikrad shisheeye oo ay ku soo impose gareeyeen qabsadayaashii oo ay adkeeyeen maamulayaasha ka dambeeyay gumeysiga,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Secularism, State Neutrality, and Islam|author=Abdullah Saeed|encyclopedia=The Oxford Handbook of Secularism|editor1=Phil Zuckerman|editor2=John R. Shook |url=http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/abstract/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199988457-e-12|year=2017|page=188 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.013.12|isbn=978-0-19-998845-7|access-date=7 August 2023|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref> oo inta badan loo fahmo inay u dhiganto ka-horjeedda diinta.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Nader Hashemi|title=Secularism|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0714|access-date=7 August 2023|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref> == Tirada Dadka == {{Main|Dunida Muslinka|Ummah}} {{See also|Islaamka waddan ahaan|Koraanka dadka Muslinka ah}} [[File:2020+ Proportion of people in world religions.svg |thumb|Boqolkiiba inta qof ee diimaha dunida. Muslinku waxay ka yihiin dhawaan 25.6% dadka dunida, taas oo ah tiro yar oo ka hooseysa Masiixiyiinta.<ref name=Pew_20250609>{{cite web |last1=Hackett |first1=Conrad |last2=Stonawski |first2=Marcin |last3=Tong |first3=Yunping |last4=Kramer |first4=Stephanie |last5=Shi |first5=Anne |last6=Fahmy |first6=Dalia |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |publisher=Pew Research Center |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260222070137/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |archive-date=22 February 2026 |date=9 June 2025 |url-status=live |quote=Source: Pew Research Center estimates based on more than 2,700 censuses and surveys. "How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020"}}</ref>]] Marka la joogo 2020, dhawaan 25.6% dadka dunida, ama dhawaan 2&nbsp;bilyan oo qof, waa Muslin.<ref name="pewresearch.orgReligion">{{Cite web |title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/interactives/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |date=21 December 2022 |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128120036/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/interactives/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="www.pewresearch.org-2022">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2022 |title=Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project - Research and data from Pew Research Center |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205195540/https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |archive-date=5 February 2023 |access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/|title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population|date=27 January 2011|access-date=26 October 2022|archive-date=30 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930233955/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/08/09/muslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world/ | title=Muslims and Islam: Key findings in the U.S. and around the world | date=9 August 2017 | access-date=19 December 2022 | archive-date=8 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108121140/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/08/09/muslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Pew-Growth-2017">{{cite web |last1=Lipka |first1=Michael |last2=Hackett |first2=Conrad |author-link2=Conrad Hackett |title=Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514123559/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |archive-date=2019-05-14 |website=Fact Tank |publisher=Pew Research Center |date=2017-04-06 |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> Sannadkii 1900, qiyaastani waxay ahayd 12.3%,<ref name="Barrett-2001">{{cite book |last1=Barrett |first1=David B. |last2=Kurian |first2=George T. |last3=Johnson |first3=Todd M. |title=World Christian Encyclopedia: A Comparative Survey of Churches and Religions in the Modern World |volume=1: The World by Countries: Religionists, Churches, Ministries |edition=2nd |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |page=4 |isbn=978-0195079630 |language=en}}</ref> sannadkii 1990 waxay ahayd 19.9%<ref name="Pew Research Center-2011">{{Cite report |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |publisher=Pew Research Center |access-date=27 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209094904/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=9 February 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> iyada oo saadaalintu ay muujinayso in heerku noqon doono 29.7% marka la joogo 2050.{{rp|8}} Ugu kooban uturjumaadda Pew ee 2020 waxay heshay in dadka Muslinka ah ee dunidu ay ahaayeen kooxda diimeed ee ugu koraanka badnayd tobankii sano, inta badan sababtoo ah Muslinku waxay u janjeeraan inay ku yar yihiin da'da oo ay leeyihiin heer dhalmo oo sarreeya—laba walxood oo muhiim ah oo kexeeya koraanka caadiga ah ee dadka.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett|author2=Marcin Stonawski|author3=Yunping Tong|author4=Stephanie Kramer|author5=Anne Shi|author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf|access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Pew Research Center |page=9|quote=Increases in the global Muslim population are largely due to Muslims having a relatively young age structure and high fertility rate, two characteristics that result in natural population growth.}}</ref>{{rp|9}} Sida ku xuso qiyaasta dadka ee 2020, 65% dadka Muslinka ah waxay ku dhex jiraan toban waddan, iyada oo dadka ugu waaweyni ay ku nool yihiin Indoneesiya, Bakistaan, Hindiya, Bangaladeesh, Nayjeeriya, Masar, Iiraan, Turkiga, Sudaan, iyo Aljeeriya, marka loo eego sida ay u kala hooseeyaan. Indoneesiya waxay xarun u tahay ka badan 230,000,000 oo Muslin ah, Bakistaan ka badan 220,000,000, Hindiya ka badan 210,000,000, Bangaladeesh ka badan 150,000,000, Nayjeeriya ka badan 110,000,000, Masar ka badan 100,000,000, Iiraan iyo Turkiga midkiiba ka badan 80,000,000, iyo Sudaan iyo Aljeeriya midkiiba ka badan 40,000,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/muslim-population-change/|title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020: 3. Muslim population change|date=9 June 2025|access-date=12 February 2026|website=Pew Research Center}}</ref>[[File:Islam percent population in each nation World Map Muslim data by Pew Research.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Boqolkiiba Muslinka ee dunida waddan ahaan.<ref name="pew2015" />]]Sida ku xuso warbixin ay soo saartay CNN, "Islaamku wuxuu soo jiitay dad soo Islaamay oo ka soo jeeda dhammaan heerarka nolosha, gaar ahaan Ameerikanka ka soo jeeda Afrika".<ref>{{cite news |title=Fast-growing Islam winning converts in Western world |publisher=CNN |url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9704/14/egypt.islam/ |access-date=6 May 2016 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015114027/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9704/14/egypt.islam/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ingiriiska, dhawaan 6,000 oo qof ayaa soo Islaama sannad walba, iyada oo sida ku xuso maqaal ku jira British Muslims Monthly Survey, badanka dadka cusub ee soo Islaama ee Ingiriiska ay ahaayeen dumarka.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/bmms/2000/06June00.asp#Women%20convert |title=British Muslims Monthly Survey for June 2000, Vol. VIII, No. 6 |at=Women convert |access-date=2020-09-28 |archive-date=2008-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214160750/http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/bmms/2000/06June00.asp#Women%20convert |url-status=live}}</ref> Sida ku xuso The Huffington Post, "ilaaliyayaashu waxay qiyaasayaan in illaa 20,000 oo Ameerikan ah ay soo Islaamaan sannad walba", badankoodu ay yihiin dumarka iyo Muslinka Ameerikanka ka soo jeeda Afrika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-08-24 |title=Conversion To Islam One Result Of Post-9/11 Curiosity |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/post-911-islam-converts_n_935572 |access-date=2020-11-26 |website=HuffPost |language=en |archive-date=2021-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111201117/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/post-911-islam-converts_n_935572 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author-first=Julie |author-last=Bindel |author-link=Julie Bindel |title=Why do Western Women Convert? |url=http://standpointmag.co.uk/features-may-10-why-do-western-women-convert-julie-bindel-islam-female-conversion |access-date=8 May 2016 |work=Standpoint |date=26 April 2010 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006102003/http://standpointmag.co.uk/features-may-10-why-do-western-women-convert-julie-bindel-islam-female-conversion |url-status=live}}</ref> Sidoo kale boqolkiiba iyo tirada guud ahaan, Islaamku waa kooxda diimeed ee ugu koraanka badan dunida, iyadoo la saadaalinayo inay noqoto ta ugu weyn dunida dhamaadka qarniga 21aad, iyadoo ka badanaysa Masiixiyada. Waxaa lagu qiyaasay in marka la joogo 2050, tirada Muslinka ay u dhowaan doonto tirada Masiixiyiinta ee dunida, "sababtoo ah da'da yar iyo heerka dhalmo ee sarreeya ee Muslinka marka loo barbardhigo kooxaha kale ee diimaha."{{rp|70}} === Xituunta Pew Research === Dhawaan 49 waddan ayaa ah kuwo dadka ugu badan ee ku nooli ay Muslin yihiin,{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=11}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ba-Yunus |first1=Ilyas |title=Muslims in the United States |last2=Kone, Kassim |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2006 |page=[https://archive.org/details/muslimsunitedsta00bayu/page/n186 172] |url=https://archive.org/details/muslimsunitedsta00bayu |url-access=registration |isbn=978-0-313-32825-1}}</ref><ref name="Pew-Landscape-2012">{{cite report |author=The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life |title=The Global Religious Landscape: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Major Religious Groups as of 2010 |url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323215026/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf |archive-date=2018-03-23 |date=December 2012 |publisher=Pew Research Center |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=7 March 2018 |title=Islam in Russia |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2018/3/7/islam-in-russia/ |access-date=15 June 2021 |website=Al Jazeera |publisher=Anadolu News Agency |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024349/https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/features/2018/3/7/islam-in-russia |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Book review: Russia's Muslim Heartlands reveals diverse population |date=21 April 2018 |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/book-review-russia-s-muslim-heartlands-reveals-diverse-population-1.723230 |work=The National |access-date=13 January 2019 |archive-date=14 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114210257/https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/book-review-russia-s-muslim-heartlands-reveals-diverse-population-1.723230 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyada oo 62% Muslinka dunidu ay ku nool yihiin Aasiya, halka 683 milyan oo taabacsan ay ku nool yihiin Indoneesiya, Bakistaan, Hindiya, iyo Bangaladeesh keligood.<ref name="Pew-Projections-2050">{{cite web |title=10 Countries With the Largest Muslim Populations, 2010 and 2050 |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/muslims/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables74/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207115222/http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/muslims/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables74/ |archive-date=2017-02-07 |website=Pew Research Center |publisher=Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life |date=2015-04-02 |type=Projections table |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Secrets of Islam |url=https://www.usnews.com/usnews/graphics/religion/islams_global_reach.htm |access-date=24 September 2013 |website=U.S. News & World Report |archive-date=22 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122200555/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/graphics/religion/islams_global_reach.htm |url-status=live }} Information provided by the International Population Center, Department of Geography, San Diego State University (2005).</ref>{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|pp=15, 17}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pechilis |first1=Karen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C |title=South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today |last2=Raj |first2=Selva J. |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-44851-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C&pg=PA193 193] |access-date=3 May 2019 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024331/https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslinka Carabta ah waxay samayeeyaan kooxda qowmiyadeed ee ugu weyn Muslinka dhexdeeda ee dunida,<ref name="Nydell-2005">{{cite book |last=Nydell |first=Margaret Kleffner |title=Understanding Arabs: A Guide for Modern Times |edition=4th |location=Yarmouth, Maine |publisher=Intercultural Press |year=2005 |pages=xxiii, 14 |isbn=978-1931930253 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNoiieefqAcC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024737/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNoiieefqAcC |archive-date=2023-12-28 |language=en}}</ref> waxaa ku xiga Bangaaliyiinta<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Eaton|editor=Barbara D. Metcalf|title=Islam in South Asia in Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pR0LzVCpfw8C|date=8 September 2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-3138-8|page=275|chapter=Forest Clearing and the Growth of Islam in Bengal}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=haGORCJRlOUC&pg=PA50 |title=The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics |author1=Meghna Guhathakurta |author2=Willem van Schendel |page=50 |date=30 April 2013 |publisher=Duke University Press |access-date=7 November 2016 |isbn=978-0822353188 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707092408/https://books.google.com/books?id=haGORCJRlOUC&pg=PA50 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo Bunjaabiinta.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Rajmohan|title=Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten|year=2013|page=1|publisher=Aleph Book Company|location=New Delhi, India, Urbana, Illinois|isbn=978-93-83064-41-0}}.</ref> Qiyaasaha badankood waxay muujinayaan in Shiinaha ay ku nool yihiin dhawaan 20 illaa 30 milyan oo Muslin ah (1.5% illaa 2% dadka waddanka).<ref>{{cite web |work=The World Factbook |title=Explore All Countries – China |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/ |access-date=15 September 2009 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |archive-date=13 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213122152/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=China (includes Hong Kong, Macau, and Tibet) |website=Archived Content |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm |access-date=24 September 2013 |publisher=U.S. Department of State |archive-date=10 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710075050/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Islaamka ka jira Yurub waa diinta labaad ee ugu weyn Masiixiyadda ka dib waddamo badan dhexdeeda, iyada oo heerarka koraanka ay inta badan ku yimaadaan soogalootiga iyo heerka dhalmo ee sarreeya ee Muslinka ee 2005,<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 December 2005 |title=Muslims in Europe: Country guide |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4385768.stm |access-date=1 April 2010 |archive-date=29 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929213440/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4385768.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> taas oo samaynaysay 4.9% dhammaan dadka Yurub ee 2016.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/11/29/5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe/|title=5 facts about the Muslim population in Europe|date=November 29, 2017|work=Pew Research Center|first=Conrad|last=Hackett|access-date=17 January 2023|archive-date=5 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105202657/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/11/29/5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sida ku xuso Xituunta Pew Research, soo Islaamidda ma laha saameyn weyn oo saafi ah oo ku saabsan koraanka dadka Muslinka ah maadaama "tirada dadka ku soo Islaama diinta ay u dhowdahay inay la mid tahay tirada Muslinka ah ee ka baxda diinta."<ref>{{Cite report |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |section=Conversion |date=27 January 2011 |publisher=Pew Research Center |section-url=https://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-related-factors/#conversion |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |quote=there is no substantial net gain or loss in the number of Muslims through conversion globally; the number of people who become Muslims through conversion seems to be roughly equal to the number of Muslims who leave the faith |access-date=12 May 2020 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211126/http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bagse, Islaamku wuxuu ka helayaa faa'iido yar oo ah 3 milyan oo qof marka loo eego isbeddelka diimaha u dhexeya 2010 iyo 2050, inta badan ka timaada Afrika Sub-Sahara (2.9 milyan).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf|title=Cumulative Change Due to Religious Switching, 2010–2050, p.43|access-date=4 May 2016|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150429153811/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf|archive-date=29 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/|title=The Changing Global Religious Landscape|work=Pew Research Center|date=5 April 2017|access-date=17 December 2022|archive-date=18 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218030628/https://www.pewforum.org/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sida ku xuso uturjumaadda Pew ee 2020, dhawaan 1% dadka waaweyn ee ku soo koray Muslimnimada ayaa ka baxa diinta, halka boqolkiiba la mid ah —dhawaan 1%— ay ka soo Islaamaan diimaha kale, taas oo keenta heer hoose oo isbeddel diimeed ah oo soo gala ama ka baxa Islaamka.<ref name="pew2029">{{Cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett|author2=Marcin Stonawski|author3=Yunping Tong|author4=Stephanie Kramer|author5=Anne Shi|author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf|access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US|page=39|quote=Muslims and Hindus have been the least likely to gain or lose adherents from religious switching. About one in every 100 adults raised Muslim (or Hindu) has left their childhood religion, and a similar number from a different religious category have switched into Islam (or Hinduism).}}</ref> Mutaaniqada Islaamka ka baxday waxay u janjeeraan inay u wareegaan diin kale halkii ay ka noqon lahaayeen kuwo aan diin lahayn. == Qaybaha Waaweyn == {{Main|Xiriirka Shiicada iyo Sunnada|Qadiir Khum|Saqiifa|Ciidul Qadiir}} === Matalaadda Qadiir Khum iyo Saqiifa === [[File:Chronology of Ancient Nations, f.162r miniature.jpg|thumb|Magacaabiddii Cali uu Muxammad ku magacaabay Qadiir Khum, 1307 AD fardawsa Ilkhanid.]] Tukhtaan muhiim ah ayaa ka dhacay 632 ee Qadiir Khum, halkaas oo Muxammad, obo yar ka hor dhimashadiisa, uu gacanta ku qabtay Cali, oo ahaa ina-adeerkii iyo seedigii, uu ka jeediyay khudbad uu ku yiri "Kii aan ahay ''mowlahiisa'', Cali waa ''mowlahiisa''."<ref>{{cite book |title=The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam |author-first=Maria Massi |author-last=Dakake |year=2007 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9780791470336 |author-link=Maria Massi Dakake}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Veccia Vaglieri|first=L.|date=2012|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/*-SIM_2439|section=G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm|publisher=Brill|access-date=July 14, 2023|isbn=9789004161214|archive-date=14 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714174420/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/*-SIM_2439|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfnp|Campo|2009|pp=257–258}} Ereyga mowla wuxuu leeyahay macnayaal kala duwan oo ku xiran xaaladda, oo ay ku jiraan sayid, ilaaliye, xulafo, taageere, iyo mid awood leh. Shiicada dhexdeeda, waxaa loo fahmaa magacaabidda rasmiga ah ee Muxammad uu Cali uga dhigay beddelkiisa. Sunnadu sidoo kale waxay aqbashaa in tukhtaankii Qadiir Khum uu dhacay iyadoo Muxammad uu yiri hadalkaas ku saabsan Cali. Bagse, uma tarjumaan hadalka inuu yahay magacaabidda Cali ee beddelka Muxammad. Muslinka Sunnada ah waxay u tarjumaan ereyga mowla xaaladdan inuu u muuqdo saaxiib dhow, taageere, ama mid mudan daacadnimo iyo kalsooni. Sidaas darteed, waxay u arkaan bayaanka inuu yahay caddayn ah xushmadda Muxammad uu u hayay Cali, iyagoo hoos u dhigaya muhiimadda tukhtaanka. Kalfadhigii Saqiifa wuxuu dhacay obo yar ka dib dhimashadii Muxammad ee 632, halkaas oo Abu Bakar looga doortay beddelkiisa oo uu ku noqday Khaliifkii koowaad. Saqiifa waxay ka mid tahay tukhtaannada ugu muranka badan Islaamka, sababtoo ah ka saarida tiro badan oo ka mid ah Saxaabada Muxammad, oo ay ku jiraan Ahlul Bayt iyo gaar ahaan Cali. Cali iyo tiro badan oo ka mid ah qoyska Muxammad waxay weli ku jireen aasitaanka nabiga markii uu tukhtaanku dhacayay.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Foody |first=Kathleen |date=September 2015 |title=Interiorizing Islam: Religious Experience and State Oversight in the Islamic Republic of Iran |editor-last=Jain |editor-first=Andrea R. |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=599–623 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/lfv029 |doi-access=free |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Academy of Religion |eissn=1477-4585 |issn=0002-7189 |jstor=24488178 |lccn=sc76000837 |oclc=1479270 |quote=For Shiʿi Muslims, Muhammad not only designated Ali as his friend, but appointed him as his successor—as the "lord" or "master" of the new Muslim community. Ali and his descendants would become known as the Imams, divinely guided leaders of the Shiʿi communities, sinless, and granted special insight into the Qurʾanic text. The theology of the Imams that developed over the next several centuries made little distinction between the authority of the Imams to politically lead the Muslim community and their spiritual prowess; quite to the contrary, their right to political leadership was grounded in their special spiritual insight. While in theory, the only just ruler of the Muslim community was the Imam, the Imams were politically marginal after the first generation. In practice, Shiʿi Muslims negotiated varied approaches to both interpretative authority over Islamic texts and governance of the community, both during the lifetimes of the Imams themselves and even more so following the disappearance of the twelfth and final Imam in the ninth century.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Foody |first=Kathleen |date=September 2015 |editor-last=Jain |editor-first=Andrea R. |title=Interiorizing Islam: Religious Experience and State Oversight in the Islamic Republic of Iran |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Academy of Religion |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=599–623 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/lfv029 |issn=0002-7189 |eissn=1477-4585 |jstor=24488178 |lccn=sc76000837 |oclc=1479270 |quote=For Shiʿi Muslims, Muhammad not only designated Ali as his friend, but appointed him as his successor—as the "lord" or "master" of the new Muslim community. Ali and his descendants would become known as the Imams, divinely guided leaders of the Shiʿi communities, sinless, and granted special insight into the Qurʾanic text. The theology of the Imams that developed over the next several centuries made little distinction between the authority of the Imams to politically lead the Muslim community and their spiritual prowess; quite to the contrary, their right to political leadership was grounded in their special spiritual insight. While in theory, the only just ruler of the Muslim community was the Imam, the Imams were politically marginal after the first generation. In practice, Shiʿi Muslims negotiated varied approaches to both interpretative authority over Islamic texts and governance of the community, both during the lifetimes of the Imams themselves and even more so following the disappearance of the twelfth and final Imam in the ninth century. |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Amir-Moezzi |author-first=Mohammad Ali |title=Ghadīr Khumm |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=Third |editor1-first=Kate |editor1-last=Fleet |editor2-first=Gudrun |editor2-last=Krämer |editor3-first=Denis |editor3-last=Matringe |editor4-first=John |editor4-last=Nawas |editor5-first=Devin J. |editor5-last=Stewart |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419 |year=2014 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419 |isbn=9789004269613 |author-link=Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Muslinka Sunnada ah waxay qabaan in Muxammad uu u daayay doorashada beddelkiisa bulshada, sidaas darteedna waxay u arkaan doorashadii Abu Bakar ee saxaabada inay ahayd mid sharci ah. Muslinka Shiicada ah waxay adkaynayaan in Cali hore loogu magacaabay beddelka Muxammad ee tukhtaankii Qadiir Khum, sidaas darteedna waxay u arkaan tukhtaannadii Saqiifa inay ahaayeen kuwo dhaafay xaqiisii beddelka. Dhibaatada beddelka waxay noqotay sababtii ugu horreysay ee qeybsanaanta Muslinka oo keentay soo bixitaanka labada qaybood ee waaweyn ee Islaamka, Sunna iyo Shiica. === Islaamka Sunnada ah === {{Main|Islaamka Sunnada ah}} [[File:Khalili Collection Islamic Art mss 0311 fol 190b-191a.jpg|thumb|Faraq-qoraal ah oo [[Saxiix al-Bukhari]] ah oo ka soo jeeda qarnigii 14aad, ururintii ugu horreysay ee [[xadiis]] ee [[Kutub al-Sittah|Lixda Buug]] ee [[Islaamka Sunnada ah]].]] Islaamka Sunnada ah waa qaybta ugu weyn ee Islaamka iyada oo ah mhabka diimeed ee ugu weyn dunida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of religious populations {{!}} Largest Religions, Smallest Religions, Lists, Data, & Overview {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/List-of-religious-populations|access-date=2025-07-24|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sunni |title=Sunni |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=17 September 2021 |archive-date=30 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430101807/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/574006/Sunnite |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Sunni Islam |editor-first=John L. |editor-last=Esposito |encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2014 |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2280 |access-date=10 January 2010 |archive-date=5 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005013247/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2280 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Denny-2010">{{cite book |last=Denny |first=Frederick |author-link=Frederick M. Denny |title=Sunni Islam: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |page=3 |isbn=978-0199804153 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D5_N97bAiJ0C&pg=PA3 |quote=Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community, and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority (85 to 90%) of that community. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lawson |first1=Russell M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_krEEAAAQBAJ&dq=islam+based+on+the+teachings+of+muhammad&pg=PA419 |title=Science in the Ancient World: From Antiquity through the Middle Ages |date=23 September 2021 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-4408-7353-9 |page=419 |language=en}}</ref> Ereygu waa gaabinta weedha "''Ahl as-Sunnah wa al-Jama'ah''", oo macnaheedu yahay "dadka [[Sunnah|sunnada]] (dhaqankii Muxammad) iyo jamacaadka".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Ahl as-Sunnah |encyclopedia=Islam Ansiklopedisi |publisher=Turkish Diyanet Foundation |location=Istanbul |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ehl-i-sunnet |last=Yavuz |first=Yusuf Şevki |date=1994 |volume=10 |pages=525–530 |lang=tr |access-date=28 December 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228114411/https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ehl-i-sunnet |url-status=live }}</ref> Islaamka Sunnada ah mararka qaarkood waxaa loo yaqaanaa "Islaamka Ortodokska ah",<ref>{{cite book |author1=John Richard Thackrah |title=Dictionary of Terrorism |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1135165956 |edition=2, revised |page=252}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Status of Women Under Islamic Law and Modern Islamic Legislation |date=2009 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9004172739 |editor1-last=Nasir |editor1-first=Jamal J. |edition=revised |page=11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=George W. Braswell |title=What You Need to Know about Islam & Muslims |date=2000 |publisher=B&H Publishing Group |isbn=978-0805418293 |edition=illustrated |page=62}}</ref> ingawa aqoonyahanada qaar ay u arkaan inaysan habboonayn, iyada oo Sunni-nimada ka baxsan ay dad badan u arki karaan fahan xumaan.<ref>An Introduction to the Hadith. John Burton. Published by Edinburgh University Press. 1996. p. 201. Cite: "Sunni: Of or pertaining ''sunna'', especially the ''Sunna'' of the Prophet. Used in conscious opposition to Shi'a, Shi'í. There being no ecclesia or centralized magisterium, the translation 'orthodox' is inappropriate. To the Muslim 'unorthodox' implies heretical, ''mubtadi'', from ''bid'a'', the contrary of ''sunna'' and so 'innovation'."</ref> Sunnadu waxay adkaynaysaa in Muxammad uusan magacaabin beddel, wuxuuna u dhaafay doorashada beddelkiisa bulshada, sidaas darteedna waxay u arkaan doorashadii Abu Bakar ee Saqiifa inay ahayd mid sharci ah. Muslinka Sunnada ah waxay inta badan u noqdaan lixda buug ee xadiiska ee waaweyn arrimaha sharciga, iyagoo u raaca mid ka mid ah afar madhabood ee fiqhiga: [[Hanafi school|Xanafi]], [[Hanbali school|Xanbali]], [[Maliki school|Maaliki]], [[Shafi'i school|Shaafi'i]].<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|pp=275, 306}}</ref> Cilmiga tawxiidka ee athariga ah waa madhab Sunni ah oo feker ah, oo uu si weyn ugu doodi jiray Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780–855 CE), oo lagu garto u noqoshada fahanka qoraalka ah ee Qur'aanka iyo sunnada, aמונה ah in Qur'aanku yahay mid aan la abuurin oo weligeed ah, iyo ka soo horjeeda cilmiga caqliga, ee loo yaqano kalam, marka loo eego arrimaha diinta iyo anshaxa.<ref>Hadi Enayat ''Islam and Secularism in Post-Colonial Thought: A Cartography of Asadian Genealogies'' Springer Publishing, 30 June 2017 {{ISBN|978-3-319-52611-9}} p.48</ref> Maaturidiyada, oo uu aasaasay Abu Mansur al-Maturidi (853–944 CE), waxay leedahay qoraalka la soo dejiyay looma baahna anshaxa asaasiga ah iyada oo wanaagga iyo xawliga lagu fahmi karo caqliga keligiis,<ref>Rico Isaacs, Alessandro Frigerio ''Theorizing Central Asian Politics: The State, Ideology and Power'' Springer Publishing 2018 {{ISBN|978-3-319-97355-5}} p. 108</ref> laakiin dadku waxay u noqdaan waxyiga arrimaha ka baxsan fahanka bahaamka. Ash'ariyada, oo uu aasaasay Al-Ashʿarī (c. 874–936), waxay leedahay anshaxu wuxuu ka imaan karaa oo keliya waxyiga rabbaaniga ah laakiin waxay aqbashaa caqliga arrimaha fasiraadda waxayna isku dartaa hababka Mu'tazilada iyo fikradaha athariga.<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|1999|p=280}}</ref> Salafiyadu waa doonis dib u cusboonaysiin ah oo u dooda u noqoshada dhaqankii qgeneration-kii ugu horreeyay ee Muslinka. Qarnigii 18aad, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab wuxuu kexeeyay dhaqdhaqaaq Salafi ah, oo dadka ka baxsan ay u yaqaanaan Wahaabiya, waddanka maanta loo yaqano Sacuudi Carabiya.<ref>Richard Gauvain ''Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-0-7103-1356-0}} page 8</ref> Dhaqdhaqaaq la mid ah oo loo yaqano Ahl al-Hadith ayaa sidoo kale hoos u dhigay dhaqanka sharciga Sunniga ah ee qarniyada jiray, iyagoo door biday inay si toos ah u raacaan Qur'aanka iyo Xadiiska. Dhaqdhaqaaqa Sunniga ah ee Nurcu waxaa aasaasay Said Nursi (1877–1960); wuxuu isku darayaa qaybo ka mid ah Tasawufka iyo sayniska.<ref name="Svante E. Cornell p. 283">Svante E. Cornell ''Azerbaijan Since Independence'' M.E. Sharpe {{ISBN| 9780765630049}} p. 283</ref><ref>Robert W. Hefner ''Shariʻa Politics: Islamic Law and Society in the Modern World'' Indiana University Press 2011 {{ISBN|978-0-253-22310-4}} p. 170</ref> === Islaamka Shiicada ah === {{Main|Islaamka Shiicada ah}} [[File:Folio from a Nahj al-Balagha.gif|thumb|Warqad gacan-qoraal ah oo ka timaada Nahj al-Balagha, ee taariikhdeedu tahay 1149 AD. Nahj al-Balagha waa ururin khudbado, waraaqo, iyo hadallo ah oo uu leeyahay Cali. Waxaa loo arkaa inay ka mid tahay kuwa ugu muhiimsan ee suugaanta Carabiga iyada oo ka joogta meel sare Islaamka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda.]] Islaamka Shiicada ah waa qaybta labaad ee ugu weyn Islaamka iyo mid ka mid oo ka mid ah mhabada diimeed ee ugu waaweyn dunida.<ref>{{cite web |title=Field Listing :: Religions |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706231326/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |archive-date=6 July 2010 |access-date=25 October 2010 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |quote=Sunni Islam accounts for over 75% of the world's Muslim population." ... "Shia Islam represents 10–15% of Muslims worldwide.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sunni |url=https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/sunni |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614103622/https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/sunni |archive-date=14 June 2020 |access-date=24 May 2020 |publisher=Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs |quote=Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam, comprising about 85% of the world's over 1.5 billion Muslims.}}</ref>{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=1|ps=. "Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims."}} Ereygu waa gaabinta weedha "''Shīʿat ʿAlī''", oo macnaheedu yahay "xisbigii Cali". Muslinka Shiicada ah waxay adkaynayaan in Muxammad uu magacaabay ina-adeerkii iyo seedigii, Cali, inuu noqdo beddelkiisa.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shii|title=Shiʿi|last=Newman|first=Andrew J.|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=28 December 2021|archive-date=20 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720054917/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shii|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2004 |title=Sunni Islam |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa |publisher=MacMillan Reference |editor-last=Philip Mattar |edition=2nd |author1=Tayeb El-Hibri|author2=Maysam J. al Faruqi}}</ref> Cali waxaa ku xigay silsilad Imaamyo ah oo Ilaah magacaabay oo ka soo jeeda qoyska Muxammad ([[Ahl al-Bayt|Ahlul Bayt]]). Mhabka ugu weyn ee Islaamka Shiicada ah, Shiicada Laba-iyo-Tobanka ah, waxay aqoonsan yihiin Laba-iyo-Tobanka Imaam inay yihiin hoggaamiyeyaasha Ilaah magacaabay, iyadoo ka bilaabanaysa Cali keligiis oo ku dheehanaysa Mahdiga, oo la rumeysan yahay inuu ku jiro qoyanaanta loona fadhiyo inuu dib u soo laabto Dhamaadka Sannadaha si uu u aasaaso caddaalad oo uu caawin doono Ciise. Islaamka Shiicada ah wuxuu muhiimad gaar ah siiyaa Ahlul Bayt (qoyska Muxammad), kuwaas oo Muslinka Shiicada ah ay u arkaan inay leeyihiin awood diimeed iyo ruhani ah oo Ilaah siiyay. Qur'aanka, teachings-ka Muxammad (Sunnah), iyo Imaamyada waxay samayeeyaan asaaska ugu muhiimsan ee fekerka diimeed iyo fiqhiga Shiicada. Muslinka Shiicada ah waxaa kexeeya madhabka Jacfariyada ee fiqhiga.<ref>{{Cite book |author1=John Corrigan|author2=Frederick Denny|author3=Martin S Jaffee|author4=Carlos Eire |year=2011 |title=Jews, Christians, Muslims: A Comparative Introduction to Monotheistic Religions |publisher= Cambridge University Press |id=978-0205026340 }}</ref> Ururinta ugu muhiimsan ee xadiiska ee Islaamka Shiicada ah waa Afarta Buug ee Sharciga ah, oo loo yaqano Kitab al-Kafi, Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih, Tahdhib al-Ahkam, iyo Al-Istibsar. Islaamka Shiicada ah wuxuu ka kooban yahay dhowr qaybood, ta ugu weyn oo ugu muhiimsan waxay tahay Shiicada Laba-iyo-Tobanka ah, oo ay ku xigaan qaybaha yar ee Ismaaciiliyad iyo Saydiyad.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social and Military History |editor-first1=Spencer C. |editor-last1=Tucker |editor2=Priscilla Mary Roberts |year=2008 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-842-2 |page=917 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC&pg=PA917 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024726/https://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC&pg=PA917 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Iraq Effect: The Middle East After the Iraq War |first=Frederic M. |last=Wehrey |year=2010 |publisher=Rand Corporation |isbn=978-0-8330-4788-5 |page=91 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-3LAlfW7DIC&pg=PA91 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024742/https://books.google.com/books?id=i-3LAlfW7DIC&pg=PA91#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Newman|first=Andrew J.|author-link=Andrew J. Newman|title=Twelver Shiism: Unity and Diversity in the Life of Islam, 632 to 1722|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-7833-4|chapter=Introduction|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ&pg=PP18|page=2|access-date=13 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501201413/https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ|archive-date=1 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Dagaalkii Karbala, oo uu awoowe u ahaa Nabiga oo ahaa Imaamka saddexaad ee Shiicada, Xuseen ibn Cali, si xun loogu dilay oo madaxa looga jaray iyada oo la dilay badanka xubnaha qoyskiisa, wuxuu siiyay Caliyinta aqoonsi diimeed oo u gaar ah wuxuuna ka qaatay door muhiim ah zhuraalka iyo adkaynta ta noqotay Islaamka Shiicada ah. Wuxuu ka joogaa meel dhexe taariikhda Shiicada, dhaqanka, iyo cilmiga tawxiidka, iyadoo inta badan lagu xuso suugaanta Islaamka. Waa mid ka mid ah waqtiyada ugu murugada badan, muhiimka ah, ee lagu garto taariikhda Islaamka. Dhismaha Imaam Cali ee Najafe, Dhismaha Imaam Xuseen ee Karbala, iyo Dhismaha Imaam Riza ee Mashxad waa saddexda meelood ee ugu xurmada badan ka dib Masjid al-Xaraam ee Makka, Masjid al-Nabawi ee Madiina, iyo Masjid al-Aqsa ee Qudus.<ref name="Sardeg2">{{cite web |last=Escobar |first=Pepe |date=May 24, 2002 |title=Knocking on heaven's door |url=http://www.atimes.com/c-asia/DE24Ag04.html |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020603155002/http://atimes.com/c-asia/DE24Ag04.html |archive-date=June 3, 2002 |access-date=2006-11-12 |work=Asia Times Online |quote=our sixth imam, Imam Sadeg, says that we have five definitive holy places... first is Mecca... second is Medina... third belongs to our first imam of Shia, Ali, which is in Najaf. The fourth belongs to our third imam, Hussein, in Kerbala. The last one belongs to the daughter of our seventh imam and sister of our eighth imam, who is called Fatemah, and will be buried in Qom. |department=Central Asia/Russia}}</ref> Laba-iyo-Tobanka Imaam sidoo xushmad lagu hayaa Islaamka Sunnada ah dhexdeeda iyagoo ah xubno ka mid ah qoyska Nabiga Muxammad iyo shakhsiyaad muhiim ah oo ku jira taariikhda Islaamka, iyadoo Sunnadu ay booqdaan dhismooyinkooda xushmad darteed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Iraqi delegation from the Sunni Endowment visited the Holy Shrine of Imam Ali (PBUH).|url=https://www.alarbaeen.ir/en/news/an-iraqi-delegation-from-the-sunni-endowment-visited-the-holy-shrine-of-imam-ali-pbuh|access-date=2026-02-16|website=www.alarbaeen.ir}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Waziri|first=Adam Isa|date=2022-11-21|title=Sunni Professors, Scholars From Pakistan Visit Imam Husain's Holy Shrine in Karbala » Education Monitor News|url=https://educationmonitornews.com/sunni-professors-scholars-from-pakistan-visit-imam-husains-holy-shrine-in-karbala/|access-date=2026-02-16|website=Education Monitor News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Arooj|date=2024-02-01|title=Sunni scholars from Turkey express happiness upon visiting holy shrine of Imam Hussein|url=https://shiawaves.com/english/uncategorized/100914-sunni-scholars-from-turkey-express-happiness-upon-visiting-holy-shrine-of-imam-hussein/|access-date=2026-02-16|website=Shia Waves|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-16|title=Iraqi Sunni Friday prayer leaders visit Imam Reza (AS) holy shrine|url=https://en.hawzahnews.com/news/358808/Iraqi-Sunni-Friday-prayer-leaders-visit-Imam-Reza-AS-holy-shrine|access-date=2026-02-16|website=Hawzah News Agency|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=English Pakistani Sunnis Visit Imam Reza Shrine|url=https://www.shiachat.com/forum/topic/235051393-english-pakistani-sunnis-visit-imam-reza-shrine/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617090149/https://www.shiachat.com/forum/topic/235051393-english-pakistani-sunnis-visit-imam-reza-shrine/|archive-date=2025-06-17|access-date=2026-02-16|website=ShiaChat.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-14|title=Sunni Cleric: Imam Reza Shrine a Center for Unifying Muslims|url=https://en.abna24.com/news/664698/Sunni-Cleric-Imam-Reza-Shrine-a-Center-for-Unifying-Muslims|access-date=2026-02-17|website=ABNA English|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Imam Reza (A.S.) Is the Symbol of Unity among Islamic Sects.|url=https://www.alarbaeen.ir/en/news/imam-reza-as-is-the-symbol-of-unity-among-islamic-sects|access-date=2026-02-17|website=www.alarbaeen.ir}}</ref> {{multiple image | align = center | image1 = ImamAliShrine2026.jpg | width1 = 217 | alt1 = | caption1 = Dhismaha Imaam Cali ee Najafe, Ciraaq, waxaa loo arkaa Muslinka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda inuu yahay meesha ugu xurmada badan Islaamka ka dib Makka, Madiina iyo Qudus. | image2 = حرم الامام الحسين.jpg | width2 = 218 | alt2 = | caption2 = Dhismaha Imaam Xuseen ee Karbala, Ciraaq, waa meel aad u xurmo badan Islaamka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda. | width3 = 315 | alt3 = | footer = | image3 = ImamReza(A).jpg | caption3 = Dhismaha Imaam Riza ee Mashxad, Iiraan, waa masjidhka ugu weyn dunida iyadoo ka mid ah meelaha ugu xurmada badan Islaamka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda. }} ===== Cibaadiyada ===== {{Main|Muhakkima|Cibaadiyada|Khawaarijta}} Cibaadiyada waa madhab u gaar ah Islaamka waxaana inta badan loo arkaa qaybta saddexaad ee mhabada Islaamka, oo barbar taagan Islaamka Sunnada ah iyo Islaamka Shiicada ah. Xididdadeedu waxay dib u raacaan go'itaankii Khawaarijta ee ka go'een Cali, oo ahaa ina-adeerkii iyo seedigii nabiga Muxammad oo ahaa Imaamkii ugu horreeyay ee Shiicada iyo khaliifkii afaraad ee Khulafo al-Raashidiinta ee Sunnadu. Waxaaba jirta in Cibaadiyiinta casriga ah ay inta badan diadaan in aqiidadooda lagu tilmaamo Khawaarij. Cibaadiyada waxay soo baxday qarniyadii ugu horreeyay ee Islaamka iyadoo ka timaada khilaafaadkii siyaasadeed iyo kuwa tawxiidka ee ku xeernaa Fitnada Koowaad. Dhaqanku wuxuu taariikhiyan u xiran yahay dhaqdhaqaaqii hore ee Muhakkima. Cibaadiyiintu way ka tiro yar yihiin labada mhab ee ugu waaweyn Islaamka, Sunnadu iyo Shiicada. Cibaadiyada waxay weli tahay mid aan si fican u baran dadka ka baxsan, iyadoo ay ku jiraan kuwo aan Muslin ahayn iyo Muslinka Sunnada iyo Shiicada ah. [[File:Islam branches and schools.png|centre|Dulmar guud oo ku saabsan qaybaha waaweyn iyo mhabada Islaamka]] ===== Qaybaha ===== * Dhaqdhaqaaqa Axmadiyada waxaa lagu aasaasay Hindiya ee Ingiriisku xukumayay 1889 oo uu aasaasay Mirza Ghulam Ahmad oo ka soo jeeda Qadian, oo sheegtay inuu yahay Masiiyadii la ballanqaaday ("Soo laabashada Labaad ee Ciise"), Mahdiga Muslinku dhowrayaan sidoo kale prophet yar oo raaca nabiga Islaamka Muxammad. Waxaa jira fikrado iyo barashooyin kala duwan oo u gaar ah Axmadiyiinta marka loo eego badanka Muslinka kale, kuwaas oo ay ku jiraan fasiraadda cinwaanka Qur'aanka ee Khatam an-Nabiyyin iyo fasiraadda Soo laabashada Labaad ee Masiiyada. deviations-kan loo arko inay ka bixisay fekerka Islaamka ee caadiga ah waxay keeneen in badanka Muslinka ay u arkaan kuwo ka baxay diinta iyo khilaafyada lagu hayo Axmadiyiinta waddamo kala duwan dhexdeeda, gaar ahaan Bakistaan, halkaas oo si rasmi ah looga dhaqangaliyay inaysan Muslin ahayn oo ay dhaqangalisay Xukuumadda Bakistaan. Taabacsanaha Dhaqdhaqaaqa Axmadiyada ee Islaamka waxay u qeybsamaan laba kooxood: ta koowaad oo ah Bulshada Muslinka ee Axmadiyada, oo maanta ah kooxda ugu weyn, iyo Dhaqdhaqaaqa Axmadiyada ee Laahore ee Fafinta Islaamka. * Calawiyada waa dhaqan Islaam oo doonis leh oo maxalli ah, oo taabacsaneedu ay raacaan barashooyinka qarsoon (bāṭenī) ee Cali iyo Haji Bektash Veli. Calawiyada waa isku dharraaq ka mid ah fikradaha dhaqanka ee Turkiga ee qarnigii 14aad, iyadoo leh xididdo ka imaan kara Tengrism iyo Animism oo barbar socda fikradaha Shiicada iyo Tasawufka. Waxaa la qiyaasay inay jiraan 10 milyan illaa ka badan 20 milyan (~0.5–1% dhammaan Muslinka) oo Calawiyiin ah dunida oo dhan. * Qur'aaniyuuntu waa dhaqdhaqaaq diimeed ee Islaamka oo ku aasaasan aqiidada ah in sharciga Islaamka iyo xaqiijintu ay tahay oo keliya inay ka timaado Qur'aanka oo aysan ka imaanin sunnada ama Xadiiska, iyadoo Qur'aaniyuuntu ay si muuqata uga kala duwan yihiin habka loo raaco shanta tiro ee Islaamka. Dhaqdhaqaaqu wuxuu soo baxay qarnigii 19aad wixii ka dambeeyay, iyadoo fekerayaal sida Syed Ahmad Khan, Abdullah Chakralawi iyo Ghulam Ahmed Perwez ee Hindiya ay su'aal ka keeneen dhaqanka xadiiska. Ejipt, Muhammad Tawfiq Sidqi wuxuu ku qaray maqaalka ''Islaamku waa Qur'aanka keligiis'' majaladda ''Al-Manār'', isagoo u doodayay awoodda keligeed ee Qur'aanka. Qur'aaniyiin muhiim ah oo qarnigii 20aad ee dambe wuxuu ahaa Rashad Khalifa, oo ahaa biokimiko Masri-Ameerikan ah oo sheegtay inuu helay fure tiro oo ku jira Qur'aanka, wuxuuna aasaasay ururka Qur'aaniyiinta ee United Submitters International. * Mu'tazilada waxay ahayd madhab hore oo cilmiga tawxiidka Islaamka oo lagu garto isticmaalka caqliga, gaar ahaan marka loo eego labada ilo ee ugu horreeya Islaamka, Qur'aanka iyo xadiiska. Madhabtu waxay ku aasaasantaa shanta usool ee waaweyn: tawxiidka, caddaalada rabbaaniga ah, hubaasha ballanqaadyada iyo digniinaha rabbaaniga ah, meel dhexe oo marka loo eego heerka duniyeed ee duntayda waaweyn, iyo waajibka amarrada wanaagsan iyo ka hortaga xumaanta. Ka dib Sunnadu, Mu'taziladu waxay diadeen aragtida dhaqanka ah ee ah in Qur'aanku yahay hadalka aan la abuurin ee Ilaah, waxayna halkaas ka qabteen in Qur'aanku yahay waxyi la abuuray, si loo adkeeyo koodnimada kheyraatka ee Ilaah. Iyagoo adkaynaya isticmaalka caqliga, waxay u doodeen in dookha xorta ah ee bahaamka uu u oggolaado shakhsiyaadka inay doorataan wanaagga ama xumaanta, taas oo ka dhigaysa kuwo mas'uul ka ah eedooda. Bagse saameynta Mu'taziladu waxay hoos u dhacday dhibaatada bulshada iyo siyaasadeed ee ka timaada Sunnadu darteed, reebitaankooda caqliga wuxuu weli yahay mid muhiim ah fekerka casriga ah ee Islaamka. === Muslimiinta aan kooxna ka tirsanayn === {{Main|Non-denominational Muslim}} Muslimiinta aan kooxna ka tirsanayn waa eegmo guud oo loo isticmaalo ama ay isticmaalaan Muslimiinta aan ka tirsanayn ama aan isku tilmaamin mhab gaar ah oo Islaam ah.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Benakis |first=Theodoros |date=13 January 2014 |title=Islamophoobia in Europe! |work=New Europe |location=Brussels |url=http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |url-status=dead |access-date=20 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131145036/http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |archive-date=31 January 2016 |quote=Anyone who has travelled to Central Asia knows of the non-denominational Muslims—those who are neither Shiites nor Sounites, but who accept Islam as a religion generally.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Kenneth |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=jQGZBAAAQBAJ|page=29}} |title=Unthinkable: Iran, the Bomb, and American Strategy |date=2014 |isbn=978-1-4767-3393-7 |page=29 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |quote=Although many Iranian hardliners are Shi'a chauvinists, Khomeini's ideology saw the revolution as pan-Islamist, and therefore embracing Sunni, Shi'a, Sufi, and other, more nondenominational Muslims}}</ref> Sahanadii ugu dambeeyay waxay ku warramayaan in qayb weyn oo ka mid ah Muslimiinta ka mid ah kuwa ku nool qaybo ka mid ah dunida ay isku tilmaamaan oo keliya Muslim, inkasta oo ay yar tahay falanqaynta la daabacay ee ku saabsan sababaha ka dambeeya jawaabtan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burns |first=Robert |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=akWUGyN7fwEC|page=55}} |title=Christianity, Islam, and the West |date=2011 |isbn=978-0-7618-5560-6 |page=55 |publisher=University Press of America |quote=40 per cent called themselves "just a Muslim" according to the Council of American-Islamic relations}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tatari |first=Eren |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=x_4QBQAAQBAJ|page=111}} |title=Muslims in British Local Government: Representing Minority Interests in Hackney, Newham and Tower Hamlets |date=2014 |isbn=978-90-04-27226-2 |page=111 |publisher=BRILL |quote=Nineteen said that they are Sunni Muslims, six said they are just Muslim without specifying a sect, two said they are Ahmadi, and two said their families are Alevi}}</ref> Pew Research waxay ku warramaysaa in jawaab-bixiyeyaasha isku tilmaama oo keliya Muslim ay yihiin inta ugu badan ee Muslimiinta ee toddoba waddan (iyo tiro sare saddex kale dhexdeeda), iyadoo heerka ugu sarreeya uu yahay Kasakhstan oo ah 74%. Ugu yaraan mid ka mid ah shan kasta oo Muslim ah ee ugu yaraan 22 waddan wuxuu isku tilmaamaa habkan.<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|date=9 August 2012|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|access-date=4 September 2013|website=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project}}</ref> == Tasawufka == === Suufiyada === {{Main|Suufiyada}} {{See also|Xiriirka Salafiga iyo Suufiga}} [[File:Mevlana Konya.jpg|thumb|Wareegga Suufiga ee Dhismaha Qabriga Suufiga ee Rumi ee Konya, Turkey.]] Suufiyada (Carabi: تصوف), waa hab ka mid ah Tasawufka Islaamka oo raadiya in lagu helo khibrad shakhsi ah oo toos ah ee Eebbe. Culimadii hore ee Suufiyadu waxay ku tilmaameen tasawufka "cilmiga ujeeddadiisu tahay sixidda wadnaha iyo ka jeedinta dhammaan wixii kale ee aan Eebbe ahayn", iyada oo loo marayo "awoodda caqliga iyo sharafta" oo laga joojiyo in lagu tababaro. Ahmad ibn Ajiba wuxuu ku tilmaamay tasawufka "ku laabashada dhaqanka, bilowgiisuna yahay aqoon, dhexdiisuna tahay wax-qabad [aqoontaas ku saabsan], dhammaadkiisuna yahay hadiya [ka timaada Allah]." Ma aha qayb ka mid ah Islaamka, taabacsanaha ayaana ka tirsan mhabada kala duwan ee Muslinka. Ismaaciiliya, oo barashadeedu ku aasaasan tahay Gnosticism iyo Neoplatonism iyadoo ay barbar socdaan madhabaha Illuminationist iyo Isfahan ee falsafadda Islaamka, waxay samaysay fasiraado tasawuf ah oo Islaamka ah. Hasan al-Basri, oo ahaa Suufigii hore oo inta badan loo arko mid ka mid ah Suufiyadii ugu horreysay, wuxuu adkeeyay cabsida ka timaada guuldarrada Eebbe ee adkaysiga. Taa beddekeeda, Suufiyadii dambe ee waaweynayd, sida Mansur Al-Hallaj iyo Jalaluddin Rumi, waxay adkeeyeen diinta ku aasaasan jacyada loo qabo Eebbe. Jacyadaas waxay sidoo kale saameyn ku lahaayeen fanka, iyadoo Rumi uu weli yahay mid ka mid ah gabayaaga ugu iibka badan Ameerika. [[File:Sema ceremony many.jpg|thumb|Suufiyada ee Turkey.]]Suufiyadu waxay u arkaan tasawufka qayb aan ka go'in Islaamka. Suufiyadii dhaqanka ahayd, sida Bayazid Bastami, Jalaluddin Rumi, Haji Bektash Veli, Junaid Baghdadi, iyo Al-Ghazali, waxay u doodeen in Suufiyadu ku aasaasan tahay usoolka Islaamka iyo barashooyinka nabiga. Taariikhyahan Nile Green wuxuu u dooday in Islaamka qarniyadii dhexe uu ahaa wax yar ama ka badan Suufiyada. Taabacsanaha dhaqdhaqaaqa Sunnada ee dib-u-soocida ee loo yaqaano Salafiyada waxay u arkeen dhaqannada jacyada ee caanka ah, sida weyneynta awliyada Suufiga, inay yihiin cusbooneysiin ka timaada diintii hore. Salafiyiintu inta badan waxay weerareen Suufiyada, taas oo keentay xumaanshaha xiriirka Suufiga iyo Salafiga. Ururrada Suufiga waxay samayskaan dariiqooyin ku xeeran macallin (wali) oo raaca xiriir ruuxi ah oo dib u raaca Muxammad. Suufiyadu waxay kaqaateen door muhiim ah samaynta bulshooyinka Muslinka iyaga oo loo marayo dhaqdhaqaaqyada baahinta iyo waxbarashada. Dhaqdhaqaaqa Ahle Sunnat ama Barelvi ee uu saameeyay Tasawufku wuxuu sheegtaa in ka badan 200 milyan oo taabacsane ku leeyahay Koonfurta Aasiya. Suufiyadu waxay muhiim ku tahay Aasiyada Dhexe, iyo sidoo kale waddamada Afrika sida Tuniisiya, Aljeeriya, Marooko, Senejaal, Chaad iyo Nayjar. == Sharciga iyo Fiqhiga == === Shariicada === {{Main|Shariicada|Fiqhiga}} {{See also|Mantiqa ee Falsafadda Islaamka#Sharciga Islaamka iyo Cilmiga Tawxiidka}} [[File:Madhhab Map3.png|thumb|Madhabaha sharciga Islaamka ee Dunida Muslinka.]] Shariicada waa tan ka kooban sharciga diinta Islaamka. Doonista ah in la tilmaamo oo lagu ogaado sharciyada hab dhammaystiran oo is-waafaqsan waxay keentay horumarinta aragtida sharciga, oo loo yaqaano fiqhi. Taa beddekeeda, bidco waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu tilmaamo cusbooneysiinta sharciga ka baxsan ee arrimaha diinta. Dhabbooyinka kala duwan, ee loo yaqaano usoolka fiqhiga, ayaa horumaray oo madhabka sharciga ee ka soo baxa dhabbo ku xeeran waxaa loo yaqaanaa madhab. Is-waafaqidda raacda go'aannada khabiir diimeed ama madhab waxaa loo yaqaanaa taqliid. Shuruudda ghayr muqallid waxay u tilmaamaysaa kuwa aan isticmaalin taqliidka iyo, sii dheeraanteeda, aan lahayn madhab. Dhaqanka shakhsigu ku fasirayo sharciga caqliga xor ah waxaa loo yaqaanaa ijtixaad. Kuwa fasira shariicada waxaa loo yaqaanaa muftiyo oo ra'yigooda sharciga ah waxaa loo yaqaanaa fatwo. [[File:'Abd_Allah_ibn_Shaykh_Murshid_al-Katib_-_Sa'di_and_a_Dervish_Go_to_Settle_their_Quarrel_Before_a_Judge_-_Walters_W618106B_-_Cropped.jpg|thumb|Gabayaaga Saadi Shirazi iyo darwiish waxay u socdaan inay khilaafkooda ku dhameeyaan xakim hortiis, farta qarnigii 16aad oo ka timaada Iiraan.]] Ilaaha koowaad ee Shariicadu waa Qur'aanka iyo Sunnada. Ilaa saddexaad oo caani ah waa qiyaas (caqli analoji ah) oo loo isticmaalo dhibcooyinka sharciga ah ee aan si toos ah loogu faahfaahin Qur'aanka ama Sunnada. Isku-barbardhigga ayaa la raadiyaa si loo helo illah, ama sababta halkan ku jirta, oo ah sababta ka dambeysa xukunkii hore. Tusaale ahaan, reebitaanka gaarka ah ee khamriga waxaa ka soo baxaya reebitaanka guud ee alkoolka maadaama ay wadaagayaan sababta shaqaynaysa ee loo gartay inay tahay dabeecadda ma zeexisa ee dhammaan cabitaannada alkoolka ah. Madhabka Saahiriga wuxuu adkeeyay saafinimada tooska ah oo sidaas darteed wuxuu diaday qiyaaska. Is-afgaradka ra'yiga waa ijmaac, iyadoo ikhtilaafku u tilmaamayo khilaafka culimada. Xukunnadu waxay ficillada u kala saaraan mid ka mid ah shan qaybood oo loo yaqaano axkaam: farad, mustaxab, mubaah, makruuh, iyo xaraam. Xilliga casriga ah, sharciyada dambiyada ee ku aasaasan shariicada waxaa inta badan beddelay sharciyo ka yimid moodellada Yurub. Cilmiga dib-u-soocida ee Tanzimat ee Qarnigii 19aad ee Dowladdii Cusmaaniyiinta wuxuu keenay koodka madaniga ee Mecelle wuxuuna ka dhigan yahay dadaalkii ugu horreeyay ee lagu koodiyeeyo shariicada. Iyadoo Dastuurada badanka states-ka Muslinku u badan yihiin ay ku jiraan tilmaamo ku saabsan shariicada, xeerarkeeda dhaqanka ah waxaa inta badan lagu reebay oo keliya sharciyada heerka shakhsiga (famlida). Hay'adaha sharciga ah oo koodiyeeyay sharciyaddan waxay raadiyeen inay casriyeeyaan iyagoon ka tageyn aasaaskooda fiqhiga dhaqanka ah. Dib-u-soocida Islaamka ee qarnigii 20aad ee dambe waxay keentay baaqyo ka yimid dhaqdhaqaaqyada Islaamiyiinta oo ku saabsan fulinta dhammaystiran ee shariicada. Doorka shariicadu wuxuu noqday mowduuc lagu tartamo dunida oo dhan. Waxaa jira doodaha socda oo ku saabsan in shariicadu ay la waafaqsan tahay foomamka cilmaani ee xukuumadda, xuquuqda aadanaha, xorriyadda fekerka, iyo xuquuqda dumarka darteed meelaha ay ka mid yihiin faafreebka iyo doonaanta. == Bulshada == === Shakhsiyaadka diinta === {{Main|Culumada}} [[File:Maqamat_hariri.jpg|thumb|254x254px|Culimada ku sugan maktabadda Cabbaasiyiinta, Maqamat al-Hariri. Farta uu qray Yahyá al-Wasiti, Baqdaad, 1237 AD.]] Islaamku maleho wadaado ah macnaha sacerdotalism, sida baaddariyada oo kale oo dhex-dhexaadiya Eebbe iyo dadka. Imaam (Carabi: إمام) waa cinwaanka diinta oo loo isticmaalo in lagu tilmaamo booska hoggaaminta Islaamka, inta badan marka loo eego samaynta adeegga cibaadada Islaamka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Imam|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/imam|access-date=15 January 2023|website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Fasiraadda diinta waxaa hoggaamiya culumada (Carabi: علماء), oo ah shuruud loo isticmaalo in lagu tilmaamo kooxda culimada Muslinka ah ee helay tababarka barashada Islaamka. Caalimka xadiiska waxaa loo yaqaanaa muxaddith, caalimka fiqhiga waxaa loo yaqaanaa faqeeh (Carabi: فقيه), qaanuun-yaqaanka u qalma inuu soo saaro ra'yiga sharciga ah ama fatwooyinka waxaa loo yaqaanaa mufti, qadi-yuna waa xakim Islaam ah. Cinwaannada sharafta leh ee la siiyo culimada waxaa ka mid ah sheekh, mulla iyo mawlawi. Muslinka qaar ka mid ah waxay sidoo kale weyneeyaan awliyada u xiran karaamooyinka (Carabi: كرامات).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Radtke |first1=B. |last2=Lory |first2=P. |last3=Zarcone |first3=Th. |last4=DeWeese |first4=D. |last5=Gaborieau |first5=M. |last6=Denny |first6=F. M. |last7=Aubin |first7=F. |last8=Hunwick |first8=J. O. |last9=Mchugh |first9=N. |title=Walī |orig-year=1993 |year=2012 |editor1-last=Bearman |editor1-first=P. J. |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-link=Thierry Bianquis |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-first=C. E. |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor4-first=E. J. |editor4-link=Emeri Johannes van Donzel |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-first=W. P. |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=2nd |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill Publishers |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1335 |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4}}</ref> === Maamulka === {{See also|Siyaasadda iyo Islaamka|Dhaqaalaha Islaamka|Qaanuunka ciidanka ee Islaamka|Tasaamuxa|Jihaadka}} [[File:Ali and Aisha at the Battle of the Camel.jpg|thumb|Xaasidii Muxammad, Caasha, oo la dagaallamaysa Cali.]] Fiqhiga dhaqaalaha Islaamka dhexdiisa, kaydsiga hantida si xad-dhaaf ah waa lagu necbyahay, sidaas darteedna dhaqanka maalgashiga monobooliga ah waa laga hoos eegaa.<ref name="Iqbal2010">{{cite book | last1 = Iqbal | first1 = Zamir | last2 = Mirakhor | first2 = Abbas | last3 = Krichenne | first3 = Noureddine | last4 = Askari | first4 = Hossein | title = The Stability of Islamic Finance: Creating a Resilient Financial Environment | location = Singapore | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | year = 2010 | language = en | isbn = 978-0-470-82518-1 | p = 75}}</ref> Dadaallada lagu waafajinayo shariicada waxay keeneen horumarinta bangiyada Islaamka. Islaamku wuxuu reebaa ribada, oo inta badan loo turjumo faa'iido si aan caddaalad ahayn ku timaada ganacsiga, waxaana inta badan loo isticmaalaa in lagu tilmaamo faa'iidada ribada.<ref>{{harvc |c=Riba |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online |year=n.d. |last1= Schacht|first1=Joseph}}</ref> Taa beddekeeda, bangiyada Islaamku waxay iskaashi la sameeyaan amaanadaha, iyagoo labaduba wadaagaya faa'iidada iyo qasaaraha ka soo baxa mashruuca. Shuruud kale waa ka fogaanshaha hubaal-la'aanta, oo loo arko saqajaan (khumaar), bangiyada Islaamkuna dhaqan ahaan waxay ka fogaadaan aaladaha la soocay sida mustaqbalka ama doorashooyinka, taas oo taariikhiyan ka ilaalisay hoos u dhaca suuqyada.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Foster|first=John |date=1 December 2009|title=How Islamic finance missed heavenly chance|work=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8388644.stm|access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Domat|first=Chloe|date=20 October 2020|title=What Is Islamic Finance And How Does It Work?|work=Global Finance magazine|url=https://www.gfmag.com/topics/blogs/islamic-finance-faq-what-islamic-finance-and-how-does-it-work|access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref> Khulafadii Raashidiinta iyo Dowladdii Umawiyiinta waxay ku lug lahaayeen qaybinta sadaqada ee ka timaada qasnadda dowladda, oo loo yaqaano Bayt al-maal, ka hor inta aysan noqon dadaal shakhsi ah meelaha sannadkii 720. Khaliifkii ugu horreeyay, Abu Bakar, wuxuu u qaybiyay sakada sida tusaalooyinkii ugu horreeyay ee dakhliga ugu yar ee la dammaanad qaado, iyadoo muwaaddin kasta uu helayay 10 illaa 20 dirham sannadkiiba.<ref>{{cite web |last=Merchant, Brian |date=14 November 2013 |title=Guaranteeing a Minimum Income Has Been a Utopian Dream for Centuries |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/guaranteeing-a-minimum-income-has-been-a-utopian-dream-for-centuries/ |access-date=3 June 2019 |website=VICE}}</ref> Waagii maamulkii khaliifkii labaad ee Cumar, taageerada carruurta ayaa la soo bandhigay, kuwa da'da ah iyo kuwa nafedana waxay xaq u lahaayeen mushaar,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Al-Buraey |first=Muhammad |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=lT8OAAAAQAAJ|page=}} |title=Administrative Development: An Islamic Perspective |publisher=KPI |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-7103-0059-1 |pages=252–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Akgündüz |first1=Ahmed |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=EnT_zhqEe5cC|page=539}} |title=Ottoman History: Misperceptions and Truths |last2=Öztürk |first2=Said |publisher=IUR Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-90-90-26108-9 |pages=539– |access-date=7 October 2014}}</ref> iyadoo khaliifkii Umawiyiinta ee Cumar II uu u qoondeeyay adeego dhagool kasta iyo labadii qafis ee xanuunsan oo dhan.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Al-Jawzi|first1=Ibn |url=|title=The Biography and Virtues of Omar Bin Abd al-Aziz – The Ascetic Caliph |publisher=IUR Press |year=2001 |isbn= |page=130 }}</ref> [[File:Saladin the Victorious.jpg|thumb|Salaxaddiin Guuleystaha, uu qray Gustave Doré.]] Jihaad wuxuu macnehiisu yahay "dadaal ama ilaa qabasho [dhabada Eebbe]", macnehiisa ugu ballaaranina waa "awoodda, dadaalka, ama awoodda ugu dambeysa oo lagu bixiyo la dagaallanka shay laga xumaado". Shiicadu gaar ahaan waxay adkeeyaan "jihaadka weyn" oo ah dadaalka lagu gaarayo wanaajinta nafta ee ruuxiga ah iyadoo "jihaadka yar" loo tilmaamo dagaalka. Marka loo isticmaalo sidaas oo keliya, jihaadka inta badan waxaa loo fahmaa foomkiisa ciidanka. Jihaadku waa foomka keliya ee dagaalka ee loo oggol yahay sharciga Islaamka, waxaana lagu dhawaaqi karaa ka dhan ah ujeedooyinka aan sharciyaysnayn, argagixisada, kooxaha dambiyada, reebleyaasha, murtadiinta, iyo hoggaamiyeyaasha ama dowladaha dhibta Muslinka. Badanka Muslinka maanta waxay u fasiraan Jihaadka oo keliya foom دفاع ah oo dagaalka ah. Jihaadku wuxuu oo keliya noqdaa waajib shakhsi ah kuwa la siiyay awoodda. Dadka kale oo dhan, tani waxay dhacdaa oo keliya marka ay jirto diyaargarow guud. Badanka Shiicada Isnaashariyada, jihaadka weerarka ah waxaa oo keliya lagu dhawaaqi karaa hoggaamiye Eebbe uu doortay oo ee bulshada Muslinka ah, sidaas darteedna, wuu hakad ku jiraa tan iyo gaabinta Muxammad al-Mahdi ee sannadkii 868 CE. === Nolosha maanta iyo tan aabbanimada/qoyska === {{See also|Edabta (Islaamka)|Cuntada reebban ee Islaamka|Islaamka iyo carruurta|Guurka Islaamka|Dumarka Islaamka|Guurka badan ee Islaamka}} [[File:Salat Eid al-Fitr, Tehran (113344343).jpg|thumb|Haweenay Iiraani ah oo xiran astaan Islaami ah (Xijaab).]] Cilmiga edabta ee maalinlaha ah wuxuu ku jiraa qaybta edabta, ama hab-dhaqanka. Cuntooyinka si gaar ah loo reebay waxaa ka mid ah hเนื้อ Doofaarka, dhiigga iyo bakhtiga. Caafimaadka waxaa loo arkaa ammaan ka timaada Eebbe, waxyaabaha maaddada ah ee maaddada maanka dooriya, sida cabitaannada alkoolka ah, waa kuwo reebban.<ref>{{cite book|author=Fahd Salem Bahammam|title=Food and Dress in Islam: An explanation of matters relating to food and drink and dress in Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CRojJ7lnb18C&pg=PP1|publisher=Modern Guide|isbn=978-1-909322-99-8|page=1}}</ref> Dhammaan hเนื้อ waa inay ka timaadaa xayawaan geed-daaq ah oo loo qashay magaca Eebbe oo uu qashay Muslin, Yuhuudi, ama Christian, marka laga reebo ugaarta uu qofku ugaarsaday ama kaluumaysay maankiisa.<ref>{{harvp|Curtis|2005|p=164}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|p=111}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |c=Slaughter |first=Ersilia |last=Francesca |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref> Garaha inta badan waxaa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa ragga sida shay dabiici ah<ref>{{Cite news |last=De Sondy |first=Amanullah |date=28 January 2016|title=The relationship between Muslim men and their beards is a tangled one|work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jan/28/muslim-men-beards-facial-hair-islam |access-date=7 March 2022}}</ref> iyo isbeddellada jirka, sida peenijka joogtada ah (sawirka jidhka), inta badan waa reebban iyadoo laga baqayo inay kharribaan ubaahda u go'an.{{efn|Muslinka qaar ka mid ah Shiinaha waagii boqortooyada waxay ka horyimaadeen xiridda cagaha gabdhaha sababtaas oo kale darteed.}} <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.learnreligions.com/tattoos-in-islam-2004393|title=Are Muslims Allowed to Get Tattoos? |website=|access-date=7 March 2022 }}</ref> Xariirta iyo dahabka waa reebban yihiin ragga Islaamka dhexdiisa si loo dhowro xaaladda miyir-qabka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Glassé |first1=Cyril |title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=AltaMira Press |page=158 |language=en|year=2001}}</ref> Haya, oo inta badan loo turjumo "xishood", mararka qaar waxaa loo tilmaamaa dabeecadda hoose ee Islaamka<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zine |first1=Jasmin |last2=Babana-Hampton |first2=Safoi |last3=Mazid |first3=Nergis |last4=Bullock |first4=Katherine |last5=Chishti |first5=Maliha |title=American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 19:4 |publisher=International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) |page=59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JM4DwAAQBAJ&q=haya+islam&pg=PA59 |access-date=4 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> wuxuuna hagaa badanka nolosha maalinlaha ah ee Muslinka. Tusaale ahaan, dharka Islaamka dhexdiisa wuxuu adkeeyaa heerka xishoodka, oo ay ku jirto xijaabka haweenka. Sidoo kale, nadaafadda shakhsiga ah waa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa shuruudo gaar ah.<ref>{{cite web |last=Esposito |first=John |title=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e4 |access-date=3 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114153249/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e4 |archive-date=14 November 2016}}</ref> [[File:Muslim Couple (cropped).jpg|thumb|Saddex laba oo Muslin ah oo ka socda Indoneesiya.]] Guurka Islaamka dhexdiisa, ninka arooska ah waxaa lagu leeyahay inuu bixiyo meherka aroosadda (mahar).<ref>{{harvp|Waines|2003|pp=93–96}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|p=339}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|1998|p=79}}</ref> Qoysaska badankood ee dunida Islaamka waxay leeyihiin hal xaas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Newby |first=Gordon D. |url=https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00newb |title=A concise encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=Oneworld |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-85168-295-9 |location=Oxford |page=141}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed Hossein |url=https://archive.org/details/islamreligionhis00nasr_0/page/68 |title=Islam : religion, history, and civilization |publisher=HarperOne |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-06-050714-5 |location=New York |page=68}}</ref> Ragga Muslinka ah waxaa loo oggol yahay inay sameeyaan guurka badan waxayna yeelan karaan illaa afar xaas oo isku mar ah. Waxbarashada Islaamku waxay si adag uga baqaysaa inay adkayso in haddii ninku uusan dammaanad qaadi karin taageerada maaliyadeed iyo ta ruuxiga ah oo siman xaasaskiisa mid kasta, waxaa la dhiirri-geliyaa inuu guursado hal haweenay oo keliya. Sabab lagu tilmaamay guurka badan ayaa ah inay ninka u oggolaato inuu siiyo ilaalin maaliyadeed haween badan, oo laga yaabo inaysan helin taageero kale (tusaale, carrooyinka). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xaaska ugu horreysa waxay shuruud ku xiri kartaa heshiiska guurka in ninku uusan guursan karin haweenay kale inta ay guursan yihiin.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ratno Lukito|title=Legal Pluralism in Indonesia: Bridging the Unbridgeable|page=81|publisher=Routledge}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.islamweb.net/ver2/fatwa/ShowFatwa.php?lang=A&Id=18444&Option=FatwaId |title=IslamWeb |publisher=IslamWeb |date=7 February 2002 |access-date=13 September 2011}}</ref> Waxaa sidoo kale jira kala duwanaansho dhaqameed oo aroosyo ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Gai |url=https://archive.org/details/rememberinggodre0000eato |title=Remembering God: Reflections on Islam |publisher=The Islamic Texts Society |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-946621-84-2 |location=Cambridge |pages=92–93}}</ref> Polyandry, oo ah dhaqan ay haweenaydu ku guursato laba ama ka badan oo ragg ah, waa ku reebban Islaamka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Can't a Woman have 2 Husbands? |url=http://www.14publications.com/question-and-answer/why-cant-a-woman-have-2-husbands/ |access-date=27 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223012707/http://www.14publications.com/question-and-answer/why-cant-a-woman-have-2-husbands/ |archive-date=23 December 2015 |website=14 Publications}}</ref> [[File:عکس های مراسم ترتیل خوانی یا جزء خوانی یا قرائت قرآن در ایام ماه رمضان در حرم فاطمه معصومه در شهر قم 20.jpg|thumb|Gabdhaha Muslinka ah oo baranaya Qur'aanka lagu dul dhigay rehalada xilliga Ramadaanka ee Qom, Iiraan.]] Aadada dhalashada ubadka ka dib, adhaanka waxaa lagu dhawaaqaa dhegta midig. Maalinta todobaad, xafladda caqiiqada ayaa la sameeyaa, oo xayawaan lagu qalo oo hantiisa loo qaybiyo masaakiinta. Madaxa ubadka waa la xiiraa, oo lacag la eg miisaanka dhagaha waxaa loo deeqaa masaakiinta. Gudniinka raga, oo loo yaqaano khitaan, inta badan waa lagu dhaqmaa dunida Muslinka.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2014 |title=Khitān |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/khitan-Islam |access-date=27 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127165754/https://www.britannica.com/topic/khitan-Islam |archive-date=27 January 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |date=January 2017 |title=Reported Male Circumcision Practices in a Muslim-Majority Setting |journal=BioMed Research International |publisher=Hindawi Publishing Corporation |volume=2017 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1155/2017/4957348 |pmc=5282422 |pmid=28194416 |doi-access=free |author1-last=Anwer |author1-first=Abdul Wahid |author2-last=Samad |author2-first=Lubna |author3-last=Baig-Ansari |author3-first=Naila |author4-last=Iftikhar |author4-first=Sundus}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 August 2009 |title=Islam: Circumcision of boys |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/malecircumcision.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112170938/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/malecircumcision.shtml |archive-date=12 November 2012 |access-date=27 May 2020 |work=Religion & ethics—Islam |publisher=Bbc.co.uk}}</ref> Xaq-dhowridda iyo addeecidda waalidiinta, iyo daryeelidooda gaar ahaan markay da'da yihiin waa waajib diini ah. Muslinka dhimanaya waxaa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa inuu dhawaaqo Shahaadada si ay u noqoto hadalkiisa ugu dambeeya.<ref>{{Cite book| isbn = 9783643900678| title =Changing European Death Ways| location = Austria| year = 2013| last1=Mathijssen| first1=Brenda|last2=Venhorst|first2=Claudia|last3=Venbrux|first3=Eric|last4=Quartier|first4=Thomas| url =| page = 265 |publisher=Lit }}</ref> Xaq-dhowridda kii dhintay iyo ka qaybgalka jinaasooyinka ee bulshada dhexdeeda waxaa loo arkaa mid ka mid ah ficillada wanaagsan. Caadooyinka aasidda Islaamka, aasidda waxaa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa si dhakhso ah oo ugu macquulsan, inta badan 24 saac dhexdeeda. Meydka waa la dhaqaa, marka laga reebo shuhadada, oo ay dhaqaan kuwo labka ah oo isku jinsi ah waxaana lagu duubaa dhar aan adkayn oo loo yaqaano kafan. Salaadda jinaasada oo loo yaqaano Salat al-Janazah ayaa la tukadaa. Qaylada ama ooyinta weyn ee baroorgaaga ah waa laga fogaadaa. Sanduuqyada aaska inta badan la ma doorbido oo qabrida inta badan calaamad maleho, xata boqorada. === Dhaqanka === {{Main|Dhaqanka Islaamka}} {{See also|Farshaxanka Islaamka|Dhismaha Islaamka|Suugaanta Islaamka|Islaamka iyo kubbadda cagta|Muslinka Dhaqanka}} [[File:Chinese-style minaret of the Great Mosque 2023.jpg|thumb|Minaaradda qaabka Shiinaha ee Masaajidka Weyn ee Xi'an, oo ka mid ah masaajidda ugu ee Shiinaha ee la dhisay 742 AD.]] Erayga "dhaqanka Islaamka" waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu tilmaamo dhinacyada dhaqanka ee u gaarka ah diinta, sida ciidaha iyo dharka. Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa si dood ku jirto oo loogu tilmaamo dhinacyada dhaqanka ee dadka Muslinka ah ee dhaqanka ah.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Melikian |first=Souren |author-link=Souren Melikian |date=4 November 2011 |title='Islamic' Culture: A Groundless Myth |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/05/arts/05iht-rartmelikian05.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=25 November 2013}}</ref> Ugudambeyntii, "ilbaxnimada Islaamka" waxay sidoo kale u tilmaami kartaa dhinacyada dhaqanka isku-dhafka ah ee Khilafaadkii hore, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa aan Muslinka ahayn, mararka ka mid ahna loo yaqaano "Islaamiga".<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Wiley| isbn = 9781405155144| title =Islamicate Cosmopolitan Spirit | location = United Kingdom| year = 2021| last=Lawrence| first=Bruce| url =| page = xii| quote = }}</ref> Farshaxanka Islaamku wuxuu ka kooban yahay farshaxanka muuqaalka ah oo ay ku jiraan ilo kala duwan sida dhismaha, farta qurxoon, sawirka, iyo dhoobada, iyo kuwo kale.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ettinghausen |first1=Richard |first2=Oleg |last2=Grabar |first3=Marilyn |last3=Jenkins-Madina |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780300088670/page/3 |title=Islamic Art and Architecture 650-1250 |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-300-08869-8 |edition=2nd |page=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Suarez|first=Michael F.|title=The Oxford companion to the book|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|isbn=9780198606536|location=Oxford and New York|pages=331ff|chapter=38 The History of the Book in the Muslim World|oclc=50238944}}</ref> Iyadoo sameynta sawirrada noolaha inta badan ka laga fogaado oo u xiran sharciyada ka dhanka ah sanam-caabudidda, shuruuddan waxaa u fasiray ilo kala duwan culimo kala duwan iyo xilliyo taariikhi ah oo kala duwan. [[File:Masjid Menara Kudus.jpg|thumb|Masaajidka Menara Kudus ee qarnigii 16aad ee Indoneesiya, oo muujinaya saamaynta Hindiya.]] Xaddidaaddan waxaa loo isticmaalay in lagu fashilo badnaanta farta qurxoon, joomatariya isku-dhafka ah, iyo qaababka sida ilaha muhiimka ah ee dhaqanka farshaxanka Islaamka.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Salim Ayduz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=or-6BwAAQBAJ&q=islamic+art+idolatry+geometry&pg=PA263 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam |last2=Ibrahim Kalin |last3=Caner Dagli |date=2014 |page=263|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-981257-8 |quote=Figural representation is virtually unused in Islamic art because of Islam's strong antagonism of idolatry. It was important for Muslim scholars and artists to find a style of art that represented the Islamic ideals of unity (''tawhid'') and order without figural representation. Geometric patterns perfectly suited this goal.}}</ref> Waxaa sii dheer, sawirka Muxammad waa arrin dood ka jirto dhexdeeda Muslinka.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=860736| title = An Indian Picture of Muhammad and His Companions | author = T. W. Arnold| journal = The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs | author-link = T. W. Arnold| date = June 1919| volume = 34| issue = 195 | publisher = The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs, Vol. 34, No. 195. | pages = 249–252}}</ref> Dhismaha Islaamka dhexdiisa, dhaqanka kala duwan wuxuu muujinayaa saamayn sida dhismaha Islaamka ee Waqooyiga Afrika iyo Isbaanishka sida Masaajidka Weyn ee Kairouan oo ka kooban tiirar marmar iyo borfiri ah oo ka yimid dhismayaashii Roomaanka iyo Bizantiinta,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Isichei |first=Elizabeth Allo |url={{Google books|LgnhYDozENgC|page=PA175|keywords=mosque%20kairouan%20roman columns|text=mosque+kairouan+roman+columns|plainurl=yes}} |title=A history of African societies to 1870 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-521-45599-2 |location=Cambridge |pages=175 |access-date=6 August 2010}}</ref> iyadoo masaajidda Indoneesiya inta badan leeyihiin saqafyo heerarka badan leh oo ka yimid qaabka dhaladka ah ee Jafa.<ref>{{cite book |first=Gunawan |last=Tjahjono |title=Indonesian Heritage-Architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/architecture00indo/page/88 |year=1998 |publisher=Archipelago Press |location=Singapore |isbn=981-3018-30-5 |pages=88–89 }}</ref> Taariikhda Islaamku waa taariikhda dayaxa oo ka bilaabanta Hijrada 622 CE, oo ah taariikh oo la sheegay inuu doortay Khaliif Cumar maadaama ay ahayd meel isbeddel muhiim ah u ahayd Muxammad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Muslim-calendar|title=Islamic calendar|website=www.britannica.com|date=|access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref> Maalmaha barakaysan ee Islaamku waxay ku beegan yihiin taariikho go'an oo ee taariikhda dayaxa, taas oo macnaheedu yahay inay dhacaan xilliyo kala duwan sannado kala duwan oo ee taariikhda Miilaadiga. Ciidaha ugu muhiimsan Islaamka waa Ciidul Fitri (Carabi: عيد الفطر) ee 1-da Shawaal, oo calaamad u ah dhammaadka bisha soomanaanta ee Ramadaan, iyo Ciidul Adxa (Carabi: عيد الأضحى) ee 10-ka Dhul-Hijjah, oo ku beegan dhammaadka Xajka.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher =Oxford University Press| isbn =9780195165203| title =The Islamic World: Past and Present| year = 2004| last=Esposito| first=John| pages = 75–76 |ref=none}}</ref><ref name="www.britannica.com-2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pillars-of-Islam|title=Pillars of Islam &#124; Islamic Beliefs & Practices &#124; Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|date=3 May 2023|access-date=16 December 2021|archive-date=5 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905102524/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pillars-of-Islam|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslinka Dhaqanka waa shakhsiyaad aan cibaadaysaneyn oo wali lagu aqoonsado Islaamka iyadoo laga duulayo asalka qoyska, dhiirrigelinta shakhsiga ah, ama deegaanka bulshada iyo dhaqanka ee ay ku doorteen inay ku koran.<ref>{{cite book|first1= Cara|last1= Aitchison|author1-link= Cara Aitchison|first2= Peter E.|last2= Hopkins|author3-link= Mei-Po Kwan|author3= Mei-Po Kwan|title= Geographies of Muslim Identities: Diaspora, Gender and Belonging|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DRnthQxB8lYC&pg=PA147|access-date= 30 June 2013|year= 2007|publisher= Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn= 978-1-4094-8747-0|pages=147}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Islamic Counselling: An Introduction to theory and practice|first=G. Hussein|last= Rassool|year= 2015| isbn=9781317441250| page =10|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o_QsCgAAQBAJ&dq=Muslims+who+are+religiously+unobservant,+secular+or+irreligious+individuals+who+still+identify+with+the+Muslim&pg=PA10|quote=The label 'Cultural Muslim' is used in the literature to describe those Muslims who are religiously unobservant, secular or irreligious individuals who still identify with the Muslim culture due to family background, personal experiences, or the social and cultural environment in which they grew up... For Cultural Muslim the declaration of faith is superficial and has no effect of their religious practices.}}</ref> === Siyaasada=== [[File:Scotusnfrieze.jpeg|thumb|Muxammad oo lagu muujiyay Adolph Alexander Weinman ee Dhismaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Mareykanka ee Washington, DC isagoo wada seef iyo Qur'aan.]] Qayb badan oo ka mid ah qarnigii 20aad, aqoonsiga Islaamka iyo maamulka Islaamka ee arrimaha siyaasadda ayaa kordhay horraantii qarnigii 21aad. Siyaasadda Islaamka waa fasiraadda Islaamka oo loo arko il ka mid ah aqoonsiga iyo wax-qabadka siyaasadeed.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|last1=Voll|first1=John O.|last2=Sonn|first2=Tamara|title=Political Islam|url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/id/obo-9780195390155-0063|journal=Oxford Bibliographies Online Datasets|year=2009|language=en|doi=10.1093/obo/9780195390155-0063|access-date=2017-05-26|archive-date=2020-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223165247/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0063.xml|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Waxay u doodaysaa dhisidda dawladda iyo bulshada sida ku cad (fahamka u doodayaasha) mabaadi'da Islaamka, halkaas oo Islaamku u shaqeeyo il ka mid ah jagooyinka iyo fikradaha siyaasadeed.<ref name=":02">Krämer, Gudrun. "Political Islam." In Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World. Vol. 6. Edited by Richard C. Martin, 536–540. New York: Macmillan, 2004. [http://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/political-islam via Encyclopedia.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713072425/https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/political-islam|date=2018-07-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=March|first1=Andrew F.|title=Political Islam: Theory|journal=Annual Review of Political Science|date=2015|volume=18|issue=1|pages=103–123|doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-082112-141250|doi-access=free}}</ref> Siyaasadda Islaamka waxaa muriyaal ka dhex jira iyo kuwa ka baxsan tacliinta guud ahaan ugu adeegsadaan si isku mid ah ereyga Islaamiyadda,<ref name=":13" /> waxaana loo haystaa inuu yahay cunsur siyaasadeed oo ka mid ah Soo-reenka Islaamka oo bilaabmay qarnigii 20aad,<ref name=":13" /> halkii uu ka ahaan lahaa oo kaliya nooc kasta oo wax-qabad siyaasadeed oo ay sameeyaan Muslimiintu. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa sidoo kale jirey dadaallo cusub oo lagu kala saarayo Islaamiyadda oo ah dhaqdhaqaaqyo siyaasadeed oo ku basada diinta iyo siyaasadda Islaamka oo ah faham qaran oo casri ah oo ku saabsan Islaamka oo ay wadaagaan jilayaasha cilmaaniga ah iyo kuwa Islaamiga ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jocelyne Cesari|year=2018|title=What Is Political Islam|url=https://www.rienner.com/title/What_Is_Political_Islam|access-date=2023-01-01|website=www.rienner.com|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|isbn=978-1-62637-692-2|archive-date=2023-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106160415/https://www.rienner.com/title/What_Is_Political_Islam|url-status=live}}</ref> Kooxaha dhowr ah oo ku yaala Bariga Dhexe ayaa u kaftamay inay fikradaha casriynta ku xiraan faragelinta boqortooyadii gumaadkeedii. Wadamada Muslimka ah ee dhowr ah, gaar ahaan Masar iyo Bakistaan, dhaqdhaqaaqyo siyaasadeed oo lid ku ah oo u janjeera dhanka diinta ayaa salka ku dhigtay. Sababaha waa kuwo dhinacyo badan leh. Burburkii Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta wuxuu ahaa dhacdo baaxad weyn oo dhalisay gariirro badan. Gobolku wuxuu la kulmay jahwareer sannado badan maadaama waddamada Carabtu ay hoos tageen saamaynta dhaqanka iyo guulaystayaasha waddamada Yurub. Dhanka cadaadiska dhaqanka oo kordhayay Muslimiintu waxay adkeeyeen aqoonsigooda qaran iyo dhaxalkooda dhaqan, kooxaha qaar waxay ugafeen dhinacyada diinta. Masar dhexdeeda daciifnimada Muslimiinta waxaa lagu eedeeyay u kuปฏิบัตitaanka liidata ee qoraallada diinta. Sida ku cad Hassan al-Banna, dhaqanka Yurub wuxuu ahaa mid maaddiyad ku dhisan, anshax xumo ah oo ku batay ku-tagri-falka heerarka bulshada iyo ribada. == Dhaqdhaqaaqyada Islaamiyiinta == {{Main|Islaamiga}} {{See also|Islaamiga dalka u gaarka ah}} Islaamiga waa taxane dhaqdhaqaaqyo diineed iyo siyaasadeed ah oo aaminsan in Islaamku yahay inuu saamaynta ku yeesho nidaamyada siyaasadda; kuwo ugu muhiimsan waxaa ka mid ah Dhaqdhaqaaqa Khilaafada, Soo-nolaynta Islaamka, Dimoqraadiyadda Islaamka, Dhaqdhaqaaqa Deobandi, Dhaqdhaqaaqa Salafiga, iyo kuwo kale.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Islamism |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/islamism |website=Cambridge dictionary}}</ref> Taageerayaashiisu waxay aaminsan yihiin in Islaamku dabiici ahaan yahay siyaasad, nidaamka siyaasad ee Islaamkuna wuxuu ka sarreeyaa hanti-wadaagga, dimoqraadiyadda xorta ah, hanti-goosadka, iyo dookhadaha kale ee lagu gaarayo bulsho caddaalad ah oo guulaystay.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cox |first=Caroline |date=June 2003 |title=The 'West', Islam and Islamism |url=https://civitas.org.uk/pdf/cs29.pdf |access-date=28 November 2024 |website=Civitas: Institute for the Study of Civil Society}}</ref> U doodayaasha Islaamiga, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan "al-Islamiyyun", inta badan waxay ku xiran yihiin hay'adaha Islaamka ama dhaqdhaqaaqyada abaabulka bulshada,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Islamism |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012444 |access-date=25 August 2023 |website=Oxford Reference|archive-date=25 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825061146/https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012444 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyagoo adkaynaya fulinta shariicada, midnimada siyaasadeed ee pan-Islaamka,<ref name="eikmeier-2007">{{cite journal |last1=Eikmeier |first1=Dale |title=Qutbism: An Ideology of Islamic-Fascism |journal=The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters |date=2007 |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=85–97 |doi=10.55540/0031-1723.2340|doi-access=free }}</ref> iyo abuurista dowlado Islaam ah.<ref>Soage, Ana Belén. "Introduction to Political Islam." Religion Compass 3.5 (2009): 887–96.</ref> == Saamaynta diimaha kale == Haddii dhaqdhaqaaqyada sida Druze,<ref>{{Cite book |last=De McLaurin |first=Ronald |url=https://archive.org/details/politicalroleofm0000unse |title=The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East |publisher=Michigan University Press |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-03-052596-4 |page=114 |quote=Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles, the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hunter |first=Shireen |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsofislami0000unse |title=The Politics of Islamic Revivalism: Diversity and Unity: Center for Strategic and International Studies (Washington, D.C.), Georgetown University. Center for Strategic and International Studies |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-253-34549-3 |page=33 |quote=Druze – An offshoot of Shi'ism; its members are not considered Muslims by orthodox Muslims.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=R. Williams |first=Victoria |title=Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival [4 volumes] |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-4408-6118-5 |page=318 |quote=As Druze is a nonritualistic religion without requirements to pray, fast, make pilgrimages, or observe days of rest, the Druze are not considered an Islamic people by Sunni Muslims.}}</ref> Berghouata iyo Ha-Mim, ay ka soo baxeen Islaamka ama ay la wadaageen rumayntooda gaarka ah Islaamka, iyo haddii mid kastaa yahay diin gooni ah ama firqad ka mid ah Islaamka waa aragtiyo dood ku jiraan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=D. Grafton |first=David |title=Piety, Politics, and Power: Lutherans Encountering Islam in the Middle East |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-63087-718-7 |page=14 |quote=In addition, there are several quasi-Muslim sects, in that, although they follow many of the beliefs and practices of orthodox Islam, the majority of Sunnis consider them heretical. These would be the Ahmadiyya, Druze, Ibadi, and the Yazidis.}}</ref> Caqiidada Druze waxay sii kala qaybisay Ismaaciiliyada maadaama ay horumarisay caqiidooyinkeeda gaarka ah, waxayna ugu dambeyntii ka sootagday Ismaaciiliyada iyo Islaamka labadaba; kuwan waxaa ka mid ah rumaynta in Imaamka Al-Xaakim bi-Amr Allaah uu ahaa Ilaah jisoobay.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Poonawala |first=Ismail K. |date=July–September 1999 |title=Review: ''The Fatimids and Their Traditions of Learning'' by Heinz Halm |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-oriental-society_july-september-1999_119_3/page/542 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |publisher=American Oriental Society |volume=119 |issue=3 |page=542 |doi=10.2307/605981 |issn=0003-0279 |jstor=605981 |lccn=12032032 |oclc=47785421}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Bryer | first = David R. W. | title = The Origins of the Druze Religion (Fortsetzung) | journal = Der Islam | year = 1975 | volume = 52 | issue = 2 | pages = 239–262 | doi = 10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 | s2cid = 162363556 | url = https://doi.org/10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 | issn = 1613-0928 | ref = {{harvid|Bryer|1975b}} | url-access = subscription }}</ref> Yazdânism waxaa loo arkaa isku-dhafan ka mid ah rumaynta dhaladka ee Kurdiida iyo caqiidada Suufiyada Islaamka ee loo soo bandhigay Kurdistan ee Sheekh Cadi ibn Musafir ee qarnigii 12aad.<ref>{{cite book |last=Foltz |first=Richard |title=Religions of Iran: From Prehistory to the Present |date=7 November 2013 |isbn=978-1-78074-307-3 |page=219 |chapter=Two Kurdish Sects: The Yezidis and the Yaresan |publisher=Oneworld Publications |chapter-url= |chapter-url-access=}}</ref> Bábism waxay ka soo bilaabatay Shiicada Isnaashariyada ee martay Siyyid 'Ali Muhammad i-Shirazi al-Bab iyadoo mid ka mid ah taageerayaashiisa Mirza Husayn 'Ali Nuri Baha'u'llah uu aasaasay Caqiidada Baha'i.<ref>{{cite web |last=House of Justice |first=Universal |title=One Common Faith |url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/bic/OCF/ocf-8.html |access-date=1 April 2017 |website=reference.bahai.org}}</ref> Yarsanism,<ref name="Z. Mir-Hosseini 1994, p.267">{{cite journal |last=Mir-Hosseini |first=Z. |date=1994 |title=Inner Truth and Outer History: The Two Worlds of the Ahl-e Haqq of Kurdistan |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-middle-east-studies_1994-04_26_2/page/267 |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=26 |pages=267–268}}</ref> Din-i Ilahi,{{sfnp|Roychoudhury|1941|page=306}} iyo Ali-Illahism<ref>{{Cite book |last=Layard |first=Austen Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-SQe_sNtIaMC&q=ali%2520illahism&pg=PA216 |title=Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon: With Travels in Armenia, Kurdistan and the Desert: Being the Result of a Second Expedition Undertaken for the Trustees of the British Museum |date=2010-08-31 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108016773 |page=216 |language=en}}</ref> waxaa loo arkaa kuwo ka sootagay Islaamka. Sikhism, oo uu aasaasay Guru Nanak oo ku sugan Punjab qarnigii 15aad ee dambe, waxaa saameeyay Islaamku.<ref>{{cite book |last=Elsberg |first=Constance |date=2003 |title=Graceful Women |publisher=University of Tennessee Press |isbn=978-1-57233-214-0 |pages=27–28}}</ref> == Dhaleeceynta == {{Main|Dhaleeceynta Islaamka}} {{see also|Dhaleeceynta Muxammad|Dhaleeceynta Qur'aanka}} [[File:Jacques Courtois - Battle between Christians and Muslims.jpg|thumb|Dagaalkii ka dhex dhacay Muslinka iyo Masiixiyiinta xilligii Dagaalladii Saliibiyada, oo uu sameeyay Jacques Courtois.]] Dhaleeceynta Islaamku waxay jirtay tan iyo heeraradeedii ugu horreeyay. Dhaleeceyntii hore waxay ka timid qoraayaal Yahuud ah, sida Ibn Kammuna, iyo qoraayaal Masiixi ah, oo kuwo badan oo ka mid ah ay u arkayeen Islaamka bidco Masiixi ah ama nooc sanam-caabudid ah, iyagood inta badan ku fashilayay terms apocalyptic ah.{{sfnp|Fahlbusch et al|2001|p=[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=yaecVMhMWaEC|page=759}} 759]}} Qoraayaasha Masiixiyiinta ahi waxay dhaleeceeyeen sharraxaadaha laab-lakacsan ee Islaamku ka bixiyo jannada. Qarnigii sagaalaad aqoonyahankii Muslinka ahaa ee Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari wuxuu u dooday sharraxaadda Qur'aanka ee jannada iyadoo sheegaysa in Baybalku sidoo kale tilmaamayso fikradahaas, sida cabbidda khamriga ee jannada dhexdeeda oo ku jirta Injiilka Matayos. Caalimkii Masiixiga ahaa ee qarnigii 4aad Augustine ee Hippo caqiidooyinkiisu waxay keeneen diidmo baahsan oo ku saabsan raaxada jidhka ee nolosha iyo aakhiro dhexdeeda labadaba.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Christian Lange |title=Paradise and Hell in Islamic Traditions |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-521-50637-3 |pages=18–20}}</ref> Sawirro aflaadaad ah oo ka dhan ah Muxammad, oo ka soo bilaabmay sawirraddii hore ee qarnigii 7aad ee Kaniisadda Ortodokska Bari ee Boqortooyada Bizantiinta,<ref>Reeves, Minou, and P. J. Stewart. 2003. ''Muhammad in Europe: A Thousand Years of Western Myth-Making''. NYU Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8147-7564-6}}. p. 93–96.</ref> waxay ka muuqdaan gabayga qarnigii 14aad ee Divine Comedy oo uu qaray Dante Alighieri. Halkan, Muxammad waxaa lagu muujiyay goobta sideedaad ee jahannamada, iyadoo la joogo Cali. Dante ma eedayno Islaamka guud ahaan laakiin wuxuu eedaynayaa Muxammad kala qaybin, maadaama uu aasaasay diin kale Masiixiyadda ka dib.<ref name="Stone">Stone, G. 2006. ''Dante's Pluralism and the Islamic Philosophy of Religion''. Springer Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1-4039-8309-1}}. p. 53–54.</ref> Dhaleeceynaha kale waxay diiradda saaraan la-dhaqanka shakhsiyaadka ee gudaha waddamada casriga ah ee Muslinku ku badan yahay, oo ay ku jiraan arrimo ku saabsan xuquuqda aadanaha, goorta ay si dhow u la xiriirto fulinta sharciga Islaamka.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Yohanan|last1=Friedmann|year=2003|title=Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/tolerancecoercio00frie|url-access=limited|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/tolerancecoercio00frie/page/n31 18], 35|isbn=978-0-521-02699-4}}</ref> Sidoo kale, isbeddellada dhowaan ee dhaqammada kala duwan ka dib, kartida loo malaynayo inay leeyihiin soo-galootiga Muslinka ah ee Galbeedka si ay u la qabsadaan waa la dhaleeceeyay oo waxaa loo eedeeyay asalka Islaamka kuwo ka mid ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Modood |first=Tariq |url=https://archive.org/details/multiculturalism00modo |title=Multiculturalism, Muslims and Citizenship: A European Approach |date=6 April 2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-35515-5 |edition=1st |page=[https://archive.org/details/multiculturalism00modo/page/n43 29] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Ugu dambeyntii cilmi-baaris{{what|date=April 2026}} waxay heshay in diindhaqameedka Islaamka oo sarreeya uu la xiriiro xagjirinimada Islaamka oo sarreysa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kamenowski |first1=Maria |last2=Manzoni |first2=Patrik |last3=Haymoz |first3=Sandrine |last4=Isenhardt |first4=Anna |last5=Jacot |first5=Cédric |last6=Baier |first6=Dirk |date=2021-06-17 |title=Religion as an influencing factor of right-wing, left-wing and Islamist extremism. Findings of a Swiss youth study |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=6 |article-number=e0252851 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0252851 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=8211158 |pmid=34138885 |bibcode=2021PLoSO..1652851K }}</ref> === Ilaha === {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Imad-ad-Dean |title=Signs in the heavens |volume=2 |publisher=Amana Publications |year=2006 |isbn=1-59008-040-8}} * {{cite book |last=Arnold|first=Thomas |title=The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith.|volume= |publisher= |year=1896 |isbn=}} * {{Cite book |last=Bennett |first=Clinton |title=Interpreting the Qur'an: a guide for the uninitiated |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8264-9944-8 |page=101 |author-link=Clinton Bennett}} * {{cite book |last=Blankinship |first=K. |year=2008 |chapter=The early creed |editor=T. 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Montgomery |title=The Formative Period of Islamic Thought |publisher=University Press Edinburgh |year=1973 |isbn=978-0-85224-245-2 |author-link=William Montgomery Watt}} * {{Cite book |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadprophets00watt |title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1974 |isbn=978-0-19-881078-0 |edition=New |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Weiss |first=Bernard G. |title=Studies in Islamic Legal Theory |publisher=Brill Academic publishers |year=2002 |isbn=978-90-04-12066-2 |location=Boston |author-link=Bernard G. Weiss}} {{Refend}} === Qaamuusyo iyo encyclopedias === {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{harvc |last1=Gardet|first1=L.|last2=Jomier|first2=J.|year=2012|c=Islām |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0387}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |ref={{harvid|Fahlbusch et al|2001}} |editor-last=Fahlbusch |editor-first=Erwin |display-editors=etal |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=yaecVMhMWaEC}} |title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=2001 |isbn=978-90-04-11695-5 |volume=2}} * {{cite encyclopedia |year=1913–1936 |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |editor1-last=Houtsma |editor1-first=M.T. |editor1-link=Martijn Theodoor Houtsma |editor2-first=T.W. |editor2-last=Arnold |editor2-link=Thomas Walker Arnold |editor3-first=R. |editor3-last=Basset |editor4-first=R. |editor4-last=Hartmann |edition=1st |place=Leiden |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-08265-6 |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam (1st ed.)|1913–1936}}}} * {{cite encyclopedia |year=2012 |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P.J. |issn=1573-3912 |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |edition=2nd |place=Leiden |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4 |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)|2012}}}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P.J. |issn=1573-3912 |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|n.d.}} |date=n.d. |url=https://brill.com/view/package/eio?language=en |url-access=subscription}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2004 |title=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World |series=Macmillan Reference Books |publisher=Thomson-Gale |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofis0001unse |editor-last=Martin |editor-first=Richard C. |isbn=978-0-02-865603-8}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |date=n.d. |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |editor-link=Jane Dammen McAuliffe}} * {{cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān |volume=2 |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=2002}} * {{cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān |volume=3 |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=2003}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals |publisher=Routledge |editor-last=Salamone |editor-first=Frank |edition=1st |isbn=978-0-415-94180-8 |series=Routledge Encyclopedias of Religion and Society |volume=6 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre00sala |jstor=j.ctt1jd94wq |year=2004}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2003 |title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=AltaMira Press |url=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas |editor-last=Glassé |editor-first=Cyril |series=Revised Edition of the Concise Encyclopedia of Islam |isbn=978-0-7591-0190-6 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-19-512558-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00bada |url-access=registration}} {{doi|10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001}} – via Oxford Reference. * {{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |year=2004 |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |place=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975726-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2006 |title=The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia |publisher=Routledge |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=isDgI0-0Ip4C|page=}} |editor-last=Leaman |editor-first=Oliver |isbn=978-0-415-32639-1}} {{Refend}} == Akhrin dheeraad ah == {{Refbegin}} * Abdul-Haqq, Abdiyah Akbar (1980). ''Sharing Your Faith with a Muslim''. Minneapolis: Bethany House Publishers. ''N.B''. Presents the genuine doctrines and concepts of Islam and of the Holy Qur'an, and this religion's affinities with Christianity and its Sacred Scriptures, in order to "dialogue" on the basis of what both faiths really teach. {{ISBN|0-87123-553-6}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism |publisher=SAGE; Cato Institute |location=Thousand Oaks, CA |last=Ahmad |first=Imad-ad-Dean |title=Islam |author-link=Imad-ad-Dean Ahmad |editor-last=Hamowy |editor-first=Ronald |editor-link=Ronald Hamowy |pages=256–258 |doi=10.4135/9781412965811.n155 |isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4 |lccn=2008009151 |oclc=750831024 |url={{Google books|yxNgXs3TkJYC|plainurl=yes}}}} * {{Cite book |last=Akyol |first=Mustafa |url=https://archive.org/details/islamwithoutextr0000akyo |title=Islam Without Extremes |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-393-07086-6 |edition=1st |author-link=Mustafa Akyol}} * {{Cite book |last=Arberry |first=A.J. |url=https://archive.org/details/koraninterpreted00ajar |title=The Koran Interpreted: A Translation |publisher=Touchstone |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-684-82507-6 |edition=1st |author-link=A. J. Arberry}} * Cragg, Kenneth (1975). ''The House of Islam'', in ''The Religious Life of Man Series''. Second ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company 1975. xiii, 145 p. {{ISBN|0-8221-0139-4}}. * {{Cite book |last=Hafez |first=Sherine |title=An Islam of Her Own: Reconsidering Religion and Secularism in Women's Islamic Movements |year=2011 |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=9780814773055 |url=https://opensquare.nyupress.org/books/9780814790724/}} * {{Cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Muhammad Muhsin |title=Noble Quran |last2=Al-Hilali Khan |last3=Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications |year=1999 |isbn=978-9960-740-79-9 |edition=1st |author-link=Muhammad Muhsin Khan}} * Khanbaghi, A, (2006). ''The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran''. I. B. Tauris. * Khavari, Farid A. (1990). ''Oil and Islam: the Ticking Bomb''. First ed. Malibu, Calif.: Roundtable Publications. viii, 277 p., ill. with maps and charts. {{ISBN|0-915677-55-5}}. * {{Cite book |title=The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-965-224-040-8 |editor-last=Kramer |editor-first=Martin |editor-link=Martin Kramer}} * {{Cite book |last=Kuban |first=Dogan |title=Muslim Religious Architecture |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=1974 |isbn=978-90-04-03813-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/islamwest00lewi_0 |title=Islam and the West |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-19-509061-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/culturesinconfli0000lewi |title=Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Age of Discovery |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-19-510283-3 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Mubarkpuri |first=Saifur-Rahman |title=The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Prophet |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-59144-071-0}} * {{Cite book |last=Najeebabadi |first=Akbar Shah |title=History of Islam |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-59144-034-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Sayilgan |first=Salih |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/god-evil-and-suffering-in-islam/C4C89591ADAAF25F104D517C4F4634B3 |title=God, Evil, and Suffering in Islam |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2023 |isbn=9781009377294}} * {{Cite book |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |url=https://www.giffordlectures.org/books/deciphering-signs-god-phenomenological-approach-islam |title=Deciphering the Signs of God: A Phenomenological Approach to Islam |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-7914-1982-3 |author-link=Annemarie Schimmel |access-date=31 January 2019 |archive-date=22 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422154518/https://www.giffordlectures.org/books/deciphering-signs-god-phenomenological-approach-islam |url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book |last=Schuon |first=Frithjof |title=Understanding Islam |publisher=Allen & Unwin |year=1963 |isbn=978-0941532242 |edition=3rd |author-link=Frithjof Schuon}} * {{Cite book |last=Stoddard |first=Lothrop |title=The New World of Islam |publisher=Chapman & Hall |year=1922 |url=https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/24107}} * {{Cite book |last=Walker |first=Benjamin |title=Foundations of Islam: The Making of a World Faith |publisher=Peter Owen Publishers |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-7206-1038-3 |author-link=Benjamin Walker (author)}} {{Refend}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Library resources box}} * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam "Islam"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/index.shtml Religion & Ethics – Islam] Maqaallo hordhac u ah Islaamka oo ka socda BBC ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} hm2k2zti0p8zg6w7gehjija4npx0iab 307320 307319 2026-09-06T20:43:04Z Isma4l 41797 /* Sugaanta */ 307320 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox religion | native_name = {{lang|ar|{{Script|Arab|الإسلام}}}}<br/>{{transliteration|ar|al-Islām}} | image = The Kaaba during Hajj - edited.jpg | caption = [[Kacbada]] ee ku taal [[Masjidka Xaramka]] ee [[Makka]], [[Sacuudi Carabiya]], oo ah [[Holiest sites in islam|goobta Islaamka ee ugu barakeysan]] | type = | main_classification = [[Abrahamic religions|Ibraahimi ah]] | scripture = {{Plainlist| * [[Quraan]] * Sunnada: [[Xadiis]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The saheeh Sunnah is wahy (Revelation) from Allah |url=https://islamqa.info/en/answers/77243/the-saheeh-sunnah-is-wahy-(revelation)-from-allah |website=islamqa.info |access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref> * Tafsiirka: [[Tafsiir]]<ref>Mir, Mustansir. (1995). "Tafsīr". In John L. Esposito. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref> }} | theology = [[Tawhid|Kkudnimada Alle]] | law = [[Sharia]] | philosophy = [[Falsafada Islaamka]] | area = [[Islam by country|Adduunka oo dhan]]<ref name="Global Islam" /> | language = [[Classical Arabic|Carabiga Quraanka]] | territory = [[Islamic world]] | founder = [[Maxamed]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Welch |first1=Alford T. |last2=Moussalli |first2=Ahmad S. |last3=Newby |first3=Gordon D. |date=2009 |entry=Muḥammad |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |editor-first=John L. |editor-last=Esposito |publisher=Oxford University Press |entry-url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211050118/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550 |archive-date=11 February 2017 }}</ref> | founded_date = {{circa|610 C.D.}} | founded_place = [[Jabal al-Nour]]<!-- Beginnings are understood to be where Muhammad is said to have received his first ever revelation, which was inside a cave in this mountain --> | number_of_followers = {{est.}} 2 bilyan<ref name="pew2010–2020" /> {{increase}} (oo si gaar ah loogu yeero [[Muslimiin]], halka si wadajir ah loogu yeero {{transliteration|ar|[[Ummah]]}}) | separations = {{Plainlist| * [[Ali-Illahism]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-SQe_sNtIaMC&q=ali%2520illahism&pg=PA216|title=Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon: With Travels in Armenia, Kurdistan and the Desert: Being the Result of a Second Expedition Undertaken for the Trustees of the British Museum|last=Layard|first=Austen Henry|date=2010-08-31|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108016773|page=216|language=en}}</ref> * [[Druze faith]]<ref>{{cite book |title=The Oxford Handbook of American Islam |first=Yvonne |last=Yazbeck Haddad |year=2014 |isbn=9780199862634 |page=142|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> * [[Baháʼí Faith]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Van der Vyer |first=J. D. |year=1996 |title=Religious human rights in global perspective: religious perspectives |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |isbn=90-411-0176-4 |page=449 |url=https://archive.org/details/religioushumanri0000unse |url-access=registration}}</ref> }} }} {{Sidebar with collapsible lists | name = religion sidebar | pretitle = Qayb ka mid ah taxane ku saabsan | pretitlestyle = padding-top:0.8em; | titlestyle = padding-bottom:0.5em; | title = [[Diin]] | listtitlestyle = background:transparent; text-align:center; font-size:100%; | centered list titles = yes | image = [[File:Icon-religion.svg|200px|class=skin-invert]] | imagestyle = padding-bottom:1em; | listclass = hlist | liststyle = padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em; padding-bottom:0.25em; font-size: 11px; | expanded = {{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}} |} | abovestyle = padding:0.5em 2em 0.5em; display:block; background-color: #efefef; | above = {{startflatlist}} * [[Outline of religion|Dulucda]] * [[Index of religion-related articles|Liisaska]] * [[:Category:Religion|Qeybta]] * [[:Category:Indexes of religion topics|Tusaha]] * [[History of religion|Taariikhda diinta]] * [[Portal:Religion|Bogga]] {{endflatlist}} | list1name = religions | list1title = Diimaha | list1titlestyle = padding-top:0.5em; | list1 = {{Sidebar |child |bodystyle={{subsidebar bodystyle}} |navbar=off | heading1 = [[Abrahamic religions|Diimaha Ibraahimiyeed]] | content1style = padding-top:0.2em; | content1 = * [[Judaism|Yuudaanismka]] * [[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]] * [[Islam|Islaamka]] * [[Alawism|Calawiisimka]] * [[Alevism|Alewiisimka]] * [[Azalism|Azaliisimka]]/[[Bábism|Baabiisimka]] * [[Baháʼí Faith|Diinta Bahaa'iga]] * [[Druze Faith|Diinta Duruusta]] * [[Mormonism|Mormooniyadda]] * [[Mandaeism|Mandeiisimka]] * [[Manichaeism|Maniikiisimka]] * [[Rastafari|Rastafariyiinta]] * [[Samaritanism|Samaritaniisimka]] | heading2 = [[Iranian religions|Diimaha Iiraaniga]] | content2style = padding-top:0.2em; | content2 = * [[Yazidism|Yasiidiisimka]] * [[Yarsanism|Yarsaniisimka]] * [[Zoroastrianism|Soroostiriyanka]] | heading3 = [[Indian religions|Diimaha Hindiya]] | content3style = padding-top:0.2em; | content3 = * [[Hinduism|Hinduugga]] * [[Buddhism|Buudhisimka]] * [[Jainism|Jeyniisimka]] * [[Sikhism| Sikhiisimka]] * [[Bon|Yungdrung Bon]] | heading4 = [[East Asian religions|Diimaha Bariga Aasiya]] | content4style = padding-top:0em; | content4 = * [[Taoism|Taowaysimka]] * [[Confucianism|Konfushiyanishka]] * [[Shinto|Shinto]] * [[Tian|Tian]] * [[Shangdi|Shangdi]] * [[Hongjun Laozu|Hongjun Laozu]] }} | list2name = schools | list2title = Dugsiyada Fikirka | list2titlestyle = border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em; | list2 = * [[Acosmism|Aakosmisimka]] * [[Agnosticism|Agnostisismka]] * [[Animism|Animisimka]] * [[Antireligion|Diin-diidka]] * [[Apatheism|Apatheisimka]] * [[Atheism|Aqoonsi la'aanta Ilaah / Ateyismka]] * [[Creationism|Abuuristaaniyadda]] * [[Dharma|Dharmismka]] * [[Deism|Deiisimka]] * [[Divine command theory|Aragt Dardaaran Ilaahay]] * [[Dualism in cosmology|Labo-jirnimada]] * [[Western esotericism|Sir-doonka Reer Galbeedka]] * [[Elite religion|Diinta dadka sare]] * [[Exclusivism|Gaar-yeelidda]] * [[Existentialism|Jiritaaniyadda]] ** [[Atheistic existentialism|ateyste]] ** [[Christian existentialism|masiixi]] * [[Feminist theology|Falsafada dumarka]] * [[Fideism|Caqiido-ku-tiirsiga]] * [[Folk religion|Diinta dadweynaha]] * [[Fundamentalism|Aasaas-ku-dhagidda]] * [[Gnosticism|Gnostisismka]] * [[Henotheism|Henotheiisimka]] * [[Hermeticism|Hermetiisimka]] * [[Humanism|Aadmiga-jecleyska]] ** [[Christian humanism|masiixi]] ** [[Religious humanism|diimeed]] ** [[Secular humanism|cilmiyeed]] * [[Ietsism|Ietsismka]] * [[Theological noncognitivism|Ignostisismka]] * [[Inclusivism|Wadajir-yeelidda]] * [[Kathenotheism|Kathenotheiisimka]] * [[Lived religion|Diinta la nool yahay]] * [[Monism|Kow-jirnimada]] * [[Monotheism|Kkudnimada Alle]] * [[Mysticism|Suufiyadda / Sir-raadinta]] * [[Naturalism (philosophy)|Dabiiciyadda]] ** [[Humanistic naturalism|aadmiga]] ** [[Metaphysical naturalism|milyawiga]] ** [[Religious naturalism|diimeed]] * [[New Age|Cаманkii Cusub]] * [[Nonduality (spirituality)|Laba-mid-la'aanta]] * [[Nontheism|Ilaah-la'aanta]] * [[Omnism|Omnisimka]] * [[Pandeism|Pandeiisimka]] * [[Panentheism|Panenteiisimka]] * [[Pantheism|Panteiisimka]] * [[Perennial philosophy|Falsafadda weligeed ah]] * [[Polytheism|Shirkiga / Ilaahyo badan]] * [[Process theology|Falsafadda socodka]] * [[Shendao shejiao|Shendao shejiao]] * [[Spiritualism (beliefs)|Rux-raadinta]] * [[Shamanism|Shaamanismka]] * [[East Asian religions|Taowayga]] * [[Theism|Ilaah-rumaynta]] * [[Transcendentalism|Sare-u-kacaaniyadda]] * [[Transtheism|Transtheiisimka]] * [[Unitarianism|Mowqifka kow-jirka]] | list3name = concepts | list3title = Fikradaha | list3titlestyle = border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em; | list3 = * [[Afterlife|Aakhiro]] * [[Anthropopathism|Sifaadka bini'aadmiga ee Ilaah]] * [[Apophatic theology|Apophatismka]] * [[Aseity|Iskii-jitaanshaha]] * [[Religious belief|Aaminsanaanta Diinta]] * [[Brahman|Brahman]] * [[Cataphatic theology|Cataphatismka]] * [[Cult|Kooxda diimeed]] * [[Demiurge|Demiurge]] * [[Divine simplicity|Fududeynta Ilaahay]] * [[Eschatology|Qiyaamaha iyo Aakhiro]] * [[Enlightenment in Buddhism|Iftiintinka]] * [[Eternity#God and eternity|Weligiis-jitaanshaha]] * [[Euthyphro dilemma|Muran-weydiintii Euthyphro]] * [[Existence of God|Jiritaanka Ilaahay]] * [[Faith|Iimaan]] * [[Form of the Good|Qaabka Wanaagga]] * [[Gender of God|Jinsiga Ilaahay]] * [[Gnosis|Gnosis]] * [[Holy Spirit|Ruuxa Quduuska ah]] * [[Intelligent design|Naqshadda caqli-gal ah]] * [[Moksha|Xorreynta]] * [[Misotheism|Ilaah-nacaybka]] * [[Miracle|Mucjiso]] * [[Names of God|Magacyada Ilaahay]] * [[New religious movement|Dhaqdhaqaaqa diimeed ee cusub]] * [[Omnibenevolence|Naxariista-buuxda]] * [[Omnipotence|Awoodda-oo-dhan]] * [[Omnipresence|Meel-kasta-joogidda]] * [[Omniscience|Cilmiga-oo-dhan]] * [[Pandeism|Pandeistiga]] * [[Personal god|Ilaah shakhsi ah]] * [[Prayer|Dugsi / Baryo]] * [[Problem of evil|Dhibaatada xumaanta]] * [[Process theology|Falsafadda socodka]] * [[Belief#Religion|Aaminsanaanta diimeed]] * [[Problem of religious language|Luqadda diinta]] * [[Reincarnation|Soo-noqoshada nolosha (Reincarnation)]] * [[Faith|Iimaanka diimeed]] * [[Revelation|Waxyi]] * [[Religious text|Qoraallada diinta]] * [[Soul|Nafta]] * [[Summum bonum|Wanaagga ugu sarreeya]] * [[Tawhid|Kkudnimada Alle]] * [[Theological veto|Diidmada diinta]] * [[Transcendence (religion)|Sare-u-baxa diimeed]] * [[Trinity|Saddex-midnimada]] * [[Creator deity|Ugu sarreeyaha / Abuuraha]] * [[Unmoved mover|Dhaqaajiye aan la dhaqaajin]] * [[Vitalism|Ruuxda nolosha]] * [[Worship|Caabudaad]] | list4name = figures | list4title = Hoggaamiyeyaasha Aasaasaya | list4titlestyle = border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em; | list4= *[[Ciise]] ([[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]]) *[[Maxamed]] ([[Islam|Islaamka]]) *[[Ibraahim]] ([[Judaism|Yuudaanismka]]) *[[Siddhartha Gautama]] ([[Buddhism|Buudhisimka]]) *[[Guru Nanak]] ([[Sikhism|Sikhiisimka]]) *[[Mahavira]] ([[Jainism|Jeyniisimka]]) *[[Zoroaster]] ([[Zoroastrianism|Soroostiriyanka]]) *[[Hamza ibn Ali]] ([[Druze|Duruusta]]) *[[Laozi]] ([[Taoism|Taowayga]]) *[[Confucius]] ([[Confucianism|Konfushiyanishka]]) * [[Baháʼu'lláh]] ([[Baháʼí Faith|Diinta Bahaa'iga]]) | belowclass = plainlist | belowstyle = text-align:center;font-weight:normal; padding:1em 1em 1em; | below = Kani waa [[:Category:Philosophy and thinking sidebar templates|farac]] ka mid ah [[philosophy|falsafadda]]. Si aad u baarto mowduucyada la xiriira, fadlan booqo [[:Category:Religion_and_belief_navigational_boxes|hage-tusaha]]. }} '''Islaamku'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|z|l|ɑː|m|,_|ˈ|ɪ|z|l|æ|m}} {{respell|IZ|la(h)m}};<ref>{{cite Cambridge Dictionaries |Islam}}</ref> {{langx|ar|{{Script|Arab|الإسلام|al-Islām}}|al-Islām}}, {{IPA|ar|alʔisˈlaːm|IPA}}, {{lit|hordhaca [ee la xiriira [[ogaanshaha doonista Ilaahay]]]}}}} waa diin [[Abrahamic|Ibraahimi ah]] oo ku saleysan [[Quraan|Quraanka]] iyo [[Sunnah|barashada]] [[Maxamed|Maxamed]]. Diintan [[monotheistic|kwdnimada Alle]] waxay leedahay qiyaastii [[Islam by country|2 bilyan oo raacsan adduunka oo dhan]], oo lagu magacaabo [[Muslims|Muslimiin]]. Islaamku waa [[Major religious groups|diinta labaad ee ugu weyn adduunka]], marka laga reebo [[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]]. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin inay jirto [[Fitra|iimaan asal ah]] oo la soo waxyooday marar badan iyadoo la sii marinayo [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|rusul iyo nabiyo hore]], oo ay ku jiraan [[Adam in Islam|Aadam]], [[Noah in Islam|Nux]], [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Muuse]], iyo [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]], waxayna rumeysan yihiin in Islaamku yahay nooca caalamiga ah ee dhameystiran ee [[faith|iimaankan]]. [[File:Birmingham Quran manuscript full.jpg|thumb|Labo [[Folio|bog]] oo ka mid ah [[Birmingham Quran manuscript|Qoraalka Gacanta ee Quraanka ee Birmingham]], oo lagu qoray [[Hijazi script|xarfaha Xijaasiga]] ee [[parchment|harag]] taariikhdiisu tahay int u dhaxaysa 568–645 C.D., iyadoo ku beegan xilligii nolosha Maxamed.]] Muslimiintu waxay u arkaan Quraanka inuu yahay hadalka dhabta ah ee [[God in Islam|Ilaahay]] iyo waxyigii ugu dambeeyay ee aan wax laga beddelin. Dhinaca Quraanka, Muslimiintu waxay sidoo kale rumeysan yihiin [[Islamic holy books|kutubtii hore ee la soo waxyooday]], sida [[Torah in Islam|''Towraad'']] ([[Torah]]), ''[[Psalms in Islam|Sabuur]]'' ([[Psalms]]), iyo [[Gospel in Islam|''Injiil'']] ([[Gospel]]). Waxay rumeysan yihiin in [[Muhammad in Islam|Maxamed]] yahay [[Seal of the Prophets|nabiga ugu weyn uguna dambeeya]] ee [[God|Ilaahay]], kaasoo diinta la soo dhameystiray, oo aan ka dib imanayn nabigii cusub ama sharcigii samada ahayn. Barashada iyo tusaalooyinka caadiga ah ee Maxamed, oo loogu yeero [[Sunnah]], oo lagu diiwaangeliyay xaqiiqooyin loogu yeero [[Hadith|Xadiis]], ayaa bixiya tusaale dastuuri ah oo loogu talagalay Muslimiinta. Islaamku wuxuu ku saleysan yahay rumaysashada kow-nimada iyo kelinimada Ilaahay ({{Transliteration|ar|[[tawhid]]}}), iyo rumaysashada [[afterlife|aakhiro]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[akhirah]]}}) oo ay ku jirto [[Judgement Day in Islam|Maalinta Qiyaame]]—halkaas oo kuwa suubban lagu abaalmarin doono jannada ({{Transliteration|ar|[[jannah]]}}) kuwa xunneydna lagu ciqaabi doono naarta ({{Transliteration|ar|[[jahannam]]}}). [[Five Pillars of Islam|Shanta Arкан ee Islaamka]], oo loo arko inay yihiin cibaadooyin [[Fard|waajib ah]], waa shahaadada diinta ({{Transliteration|ar|[[shahada]]}}), salaadaha maalinlaha ah ({{Transliteration|ar|[[salah]]}}), sakada ({{Transliteration|ar|[[zakat]]}}), soonka bisha [[Ramadan]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[sawm]]}}), iyo [[pilgrimage|xajka]] loo aado [[Mecca|Makka]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[hajj]]}}). Sharciga Islaamka ({{Transliteration|ar|[[sharia]]}}), wuxuu taabanayaa ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan dhinacyada nolosha, laga bilaabo [[Islamic banking and finance|bangiyada iyo maaliyadda]] iyo [[Zakat|gar-gaarka]] ilaa [[Gender roles in Islam|doorka ragga]] iyo [[Women in Islam|doorka dumarka]] iyo [[Islamic ethics#Environmentalism|deegaanka]]. Labada [[Islamic holidays|ci둡 diimeed]] ee ugu waaweyn waa Ciidul Fitri iyo Ciidul Adxa. Saddexda [[holiest sites in Islam|goobood ee ugu barakeysan]] waa [[Masjid al-Haram|Masjidka Xaramka]] ee [[Mecca|Makka]], [[Prophet's Mosque|Masjidka Nabiga]] ee [[Medina|Madiina]], iyo [[Al-Aqsa|Dhismaha Masjidka Al-Aqsa]] ee [[Jerusalem|Quddus]]. Islaamku wuxuu ka soo aasaasay Makka qiyaastii 610 C.D. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in tani ay tahay xilligii [[Muhammad's first revelation|Maxamed uu helay waxyigiisii ugu horreeyay]]. Waqtigii uu geeriyooday, inta badan [[Arabian Peninsula|Jaziiradda Carabta]] way [[Conversion to Islam|isu rogtay Islaamka]]. Islaamku wuxuu si dhakhso ah ugu fiday wixii ka dambeeyay Carabta iyadoo hoos imaneysa [[Rashidun Caliphate|Khulaafadii Raashidiyiinta]] iyo [[Umayyad Caliphate|Khulaafadii Umawiyiinta]]. Labada [[Islamic schools and branches|laamood ee ugu waaweyn Islaamka]] waa [[Sunni Islam|Sunniyada]] (87–90%) iyo [[Shia Islam|Shiicada]] (10–13%).{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=1|ps=. "Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims."}} Muslimiinta Sunniga iyo Shiicada ah ayaa wada noqda ku dhawaad ​​guud ahaan dadweynaha Muslimka ah ee adduunka, iyadoo qiyaasuhu ka bilaabmaan qiyaastii 1.7–1.8 bilyan oo Sunni ah ilaa 285–300 milyan oo Shiico ah adduunka oo dhan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=|first=|date=2009-10-07|title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/|access-date=2026-09-01|website=Pew Research Center|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Shia Muslim Population – Islamic Research and Information Center (IRIC)|url=https://iric.org/world-shia-muslim-population/|access-date=2026-09-01|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Project on Shi’ism and Global Affairs|url=https://shiism.hds.harvard.edu/|url-status=live|website=Harvard University}}</ref> Inkasta oo [[Shia–Sunni relations|khilaafka Shiicada iyo Sunniga]] uu asal ahaan ka soo bilowday is-afgaranwaa ku saabsan [[succession to Muhammad|dhaxalkii Maxamed]], waxay kor u qaadeen cabbir ballaaran, labada [[Schools of Islamic theology|dhinaca caqiidada]] iyo [[Fiqh|fiqhigaa]]. Ururinta xadiiska suuban ee Sunniga waxay ka kooban tahay [[Kutub al-Sittah|Lixda Kitaab]], halka ururinta xadiiska Shiicada ay ka kooban tahay [[The Four Books|Afrta Kitaab]]. Muslimiintu waxay ka yihiin inta badan dadweynaha 53 dal.<ref name="pew2010–2020">{{cite web |date=June 9, 2025 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020. Muslims grew fastest; Christians lagged behind global population increase |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]}} *{{cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett |author2=Marcin Stonawski |author3=Yunping Tong |author4=Stephanie Kramer |author5=Anne Shi |author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf |access-date=2025-06-10 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Qiyaastii 12% Muslimiinta adduunka waxay ku nool yihiin [[Islam in Indonesia|Indoonisiya]], oo ah dalka ugu dadka badan ee Muslimiinta ah; {{#expr: 100 * 480/1570 round 0}}% waxay ku nool yihiin [[Islam in South Asia|Kooniyada Aasiya]]; 20% waxay ku nool yihiin [[MENA#Religion|Bariga Dhexe iyo Waqooyiga Afrika]]; iyo 15% waxay ku nool yihiin [[Religion in Sub-Saharan Africa|Afrika ka hooseysa Saharada]]. Muslimiinta sidoo kale waxaa laga helaa [[Islam in the Americas|Ameerikaanka]], [[Islam in China|Shiinaha]], iyo [[Islam in Europe|Yurub]]. Muslimiintu waa [[Muslim population growth|kooxda diimeed ee ugu koraysa adduunka]], taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay [[fertility rate| heerka dhalmada oo sarreeya]] iyo qaab-dhismeedka da'da yar marka loo eego diimaha diimaha kale ee waaweyn.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lipka |first=Michael |last2=Hackett |first2=Conrad |date=2017-04-06 |title=Why Muslims are the world’s fastest-growing religious group |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |access-date=2026-09-01 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> Islaamka waxaa la saadaalinayaa inuu noqdo diinta ugu weyn adduunka dhammaadka qarniga 21-aad, isagoo ka sarre marinaya Masiixiyadda.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lipka |first1=Michael |last2=Hackett |first2=Conrad |date=April 6, 2017 |title=Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US |archive-date=14 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514123559/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="pew2015">{{cite report |author=[[Pew Forum|The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life]] |title=The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010–2050 |url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211090450/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf |archive-date=2020-12-11 |date=2015-04-02 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref><!--Do NOT add citations to the lead, except for material likely to be challenged, per [[MOS:LEADCITE]] ([[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section#Citations)]]. Move unneeded citations to the body.--> == Asalka ereyga{{anchor|Etymology}}<!-- Linked from many articles. If changing the section title, please let this anchor remain unchanged -->== {{See also|Muslims#Etymology}} Luqadda Carabiga, ''Islaam'' ({{langx|ar|إسلام|lit=hordhaca [ee la xiriira Ilaahay]}})<ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of Islam {{!}} Dictionary.com |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=www.dictionary.com |language=en |archive-date=9 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509110220/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Haywood |first=John |title=Historical Atlas of the Medieval World (AD 600 - 1492) |publisher=Barnes & Noble, Inc. |year=2002 |isbn=0-7607-1975-6 |edition=1st |location=Spain |pages=3.13 |language=en}}</ref> waa magaca fal-galeedka [[wikt:أسلم#Arabic|Foomka IV]] ee ka soo jeeda falka {{lang|ar|سلم}} ({{transliteration|ar|salama}}), ka soo jeeda [[Semitic root|xididka saddex-xarafle ah]] {{lang|ar|س-ل-م}} ({{transliteration|ar|[[Š-L-M|S-L-M]]}}), kaas oo sameeya fasal weyn oo erayo ah oo badankood la xiriira fikradaha dhiibin-hoosaadka, badbaadada, iyo nabadgelyada.<ref name="Lane-Lexicon-4">{{cite book |last=Lane |first=Edward William |author-link=Edward William Lane |title=An Arabic-English Lexicon |volume=4 |chapter=Siin |url=http://www.studyquran.co.uk/20_SIIN.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907230044/http://www.studyquran.co.uk/20_SIIN.htm |archive-date=2011-09-07 |via=[[The Study Quran|StudyQuran]] |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> Macnaha diimeed, waxay tilmaamaysaa u dhiibashada buuxda ee doonista [[God|Ilaahay]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=Barnard |last2=Churchill |first2=Buntzie Ellis |url=https://archive.org/details/islamreligionpeo00lewi |title=Islam: The Religion and The People |publisher=Wharton School Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-13-223085-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/islamreligionpeo00lewi/page/8 8]}}</ref> Ereyga ''[[Muslims|Muslim]]'' ({{lang|ar|مُسْلِم}}), oo ah erayga loogu talagalay qofka raaca Islaamka,<ref name="Lexico-Muslim">{{cite dictionary |title=Muslim |url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/muslim |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913192608/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/muslim |archive-date=2019-09-13 |dictionary=[[Lexico]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2020 |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref> waa [[Participle|falka firfircoon]] ee isla nooca falka, oo macneheedu yahay "dhiibtiye (Ilaahay)" ama "qof u hoggaansamaya (Ilaahay)". Si kastaba ha ahaatee, khabiirka [[Quranic studies|barashada Quraanka]] [[Mohsen Goudarzi]] wuxuu ku dooday in Quraanka ereyga ''[[dīn]]'' uu ka dhigan yahay "[[worship|cibaado]]", ''islām'' uu ka dhigan yahay "[[monotheism|kwdnimada]]" iyo ''muslim'' uu ka dhigan yahay "muwaahid / qof kelinimada Alle rumeeyay".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudarzi |first=Mohsen |date=2023-08-01 |title=Worship (dīn), Monotheism (islām), and the Qurʾān's Cultic Decalogue |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006/html |journal=Journal of the International Qur'anic Studies Association |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=30–71 |doi=10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006 |issn=2474-8420|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Gudaha [[Hadith of Gabriel|Xadiiska Jibriil]], ''Islaam'' waxaa lagu soo bandhigay inuu yahay hal qayb oo ka mid ah saddaxleey oo ay ku jirto {{transliteration|ar|[[Iman (Islam)|imān]]}} (iimaan), iyo {{transliteration|ar|[[Ihsan|ihsān]]}} (fududeyn / ixsaan).{{sfnp|Esposito|2000|pp=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00john/page/76 76–77]}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahmutćehajić |first=Rusmir |url=https://archive.org/details/mosqueheartsubmi00mahm |title=The mosque: the heart of submission |publisher=[[Fordham University Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8232-2584-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/mosqueheartsubmi00mahm/page/n104 84] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Islaamka laftiisa ayaa taariikh ahaan loogu yeeri jiray [[Mohammedan|''Mohammedanism'' (Maxamediyad)]] gudaha [[English-speaking world|dunida Ingiriiska ku hadasha]]. Eraygan wuxuu ka baxay isticmaalka waxaana mararka qaarkood la sheegaa inuu yahay [[Religious offence|dhaawac diimeed]], maadaama uu tilmaamayo in bini'aadam, halkii uu ka noqon lahaa Ilaahay, uu yahay kan udub-dhexaadka u ah diinta Muslimiinta.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Oxford University Press| last = Gibb| first = Sir Hamilton| title = Mohammedanism: an historical survey|isbn=9780195002454| year = 1969| page=1 | quote=Modern Muslims dislike the terms Mohammedan and Mohammedanism, which seem to them to carry the implication of worship of Mohammed, as Christian and Christianity imply the worship of Christ.}}</ref> == Tiirarka iimaanka == {{Main|Aqidah|Iman (Islam)|l2 = Iman}} [[caqiidada]] Islaamku (''[[aqidah]]'') waxay u baahan tahay rumaysashada lix tiir: Ilaahay, malaa'igta, waxyiga, nabiyada, [[Day of Resurrection|Maalinta Qiyaamaha]], iyo qadarinta masiirka.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sourcebook of the World's Religions: An Interfaith Guide to Religion and Spirituality|publisher=New World Library|pages=68–9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbSPOoQfu0IC&pg=PA68|editor-first=Joel|editor-last=Beversluis|year=2011|isbn=9781577313328|access-date=15 January 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228022948/https://books.google.com/books?id=dbSPOoQfu0IC&pg=PA68#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> === Ilaahay === [[File:Istanbul,_Hagia_Sophia,_Allah.jpg|thumb|[[calligraphy|Qoraal gacmeedka]] qarnigii 19-aad oo muujinaya magaca [[Allah|Alle]] ee ku yaal [[Hagia Sophia]], [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]].]] {{Main|God in Islam}} Fikradda udub-dhexaadka u ah Islaamka waa ''[[Tawhid|tawḥīd]]'' ({{langx|ar|توحيد|link=no}}), oo ah kelinimada Ilaahay. Badanaa waxaa loo arkaa inay tahay ''monotheism sax ah'', laakiin sidoo kale waa [[panentheism|panentheistic]] ku dhex leh barashada suufiga Islaamka.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/tawhid |title=Tawhid |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107041300/https://www.britannica.com/topic/tawhid |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Gimaret|first=D.|year=2012|c=Tawḥīd |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7454}}</ref> Ilaahay waxaa loo arkaa mid aan la barbar dhigi karin oo aan lahayn tiro dad ah sida ku jirta [[Christian Trinity|Saddex-midnimada Masiixiga]], oo tiro u nisbeynta Ilaahay ama sifooyinka Ilaahay oo loo nisbeeyo dad kale waxaa loo arkaa shirk, oo lagu magacaabo [[Shirk (Islam)|''shirk'']]. Sidaas darteed, Muslimiintu ma aha [[iconodule]]s mana u nisbeeyaan qaabab Ilaahay. Ilaahay halkaas waxaa lagu sifeeyaa oo loogu yeeraa dhowr [[Names of God in Islam|magac ama sifooyin]], kan ugu caansan waa ''Ar-Rahmān'' ({{lang|ar|الرحمان}}) oo macneheedu yahay "Naxariis-guud", iyo ''Ar-Rahīm'' ({{lang|ar|الرحيم}}) oo macneheedu yahay "Naxariis-gaar ah" kuwaas oo laga baryo bilowga inta badan Suuradaha Quraanka.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ali |first1=Kecia |title=Islam : the key concepts |date=2008 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |last2=Leaman |first2=Oliver |isbn=978-0-415-39638-7 |location=London |oclc=123136939}}</ref>{{sfnp|Campo|2009|p=34|loc="Allah"}} Magaca tooska ah ee Carabiga ee Ilaahay, ''[[Allāh]]'' (الله), oo ah eray aan lahayn [[plural|wadar]] ama [[gender|jinsi]], ayaa sidoo kale si caadi ah loogu isticmaalaa luqadaha kale ee Muslimiinta iyo Masiixiyiinta iyo Yuhuuda Carabiga ku hadla si ay ugu tixraacaan Ilaahay, halka ''{{transliteration|ar|ISO|[[ʾilāh]]}}'' ({{lang|ar|إله}}) uu yahay eray loo isticmaalo ilaah ama ilaah guud ahaan.<ref>{{cite web |title=God |url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |access-date=18 December 2010 |website=Islam: Empire of Faith |publisher=[[PBS]] |archive-date=27 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327034958/http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Islaamku wuxuu barayaa in abuurista wax kasta oo ku jira [[universe|caalamka]] la keenay iyada oo la raacayo amarka Ilaahay sida lagu muujiyay erayada, "[[Be, and it is|Aabo, oo wuu noqdaa]],"<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|2|117|b=yl}}</ref> iyo in [[Meaning of life|ujeeddada jiritaanka]] ay tahay in la caabudo Ilaahay.<ref>Leeming, David. 2005. ''The Oxford Companion to World Mythology''. Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-195-15669-0}}. p. 209.</ref> Waxaa loo arkaa ilaah shakhsi ah oo wax dhexdhexaadin ah, sida [[clergy|wadaaddada]], looma baahna si loo gaaro xiriir lala yeesho Ilaahay. Wacyigelinta Ilaahay waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[taqwa]]. === Malaa'igta === [[File:Rashid al-Din Tabib - Jami al-Tawarikh, f.45v detail - c. 1306-15.png|thumb|Maxamed oo helaya [[Muhammad's first revelation|waxyigiisii ugu horreeyay]] oo uga imaanaya malaa'igta [[Gabriel]], oo ka socda qoraal gacmeedka [[Jami' al-tawarikh|Jami' al-Tawarikh]] ee uu qoray [[Rashid al-Din Hamadani|Rashid-al-Din Hamadani]], lagu daabacay [[Tabriz]], [[Iran]], 1307 C.D.]] {{Main|Angels in Islam}} Malaa'igta (keligood: {{langx|ar|ملك|link=no}}, ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|malak}}'') waa makhluuqaad lagu sifeeyay Quraanka{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=23}} iyo xadiiska.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=79}} Waxaa lagu sifeeyay inay u abuuran yihiin inay caabudaan Ilaahay iyo inay sidoo kale ka shaqeeyaan waajibaadyo kale oo gaar ah sida gudbinta [[revelation|waxyiga]] ee ka yimid Ilaahay, diiwaangelinta ficilada qof kasta, iyo qaadashada [[soul|nafta]] qofka waqtiga dhimashada. Waxaa lagu sifeeyay inay si kala duwan uga abuurmeen 'iftiin' ([[Nūr (Islam)|''nūr'']])<ref name="Encyclopedia-Nur">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Nūr |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/nur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423085030/https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/nur |archive-date=2022-04-23 |encyclopedia=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |via=[[Encyclopedia.com]] |language=en |access-date=2026-03-20}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|last1=Hartner, W.|last2=Tj Boer |year=2012 |c=Nūr |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0874}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Elias |first=Jamal J. |year=2003|c=Light |in=McAuliffe}} {{doi|10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00261}}</ref> ama 'dab' (''nār'').<ref>{{harvc |last=Campo |first=Juan E. |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/nar |c=Nar |in=Martin |year=2004}}. – via [[Encyclopedia.com]].</ref><ref>{{harvc|last=Fahd, T. |year=2012 |c=Nār |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0846}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Toelle |first=Heidi |year=2002 |c=Fire |in=McAuliffe}} {{doi|10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00156}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|McAuliffe|2003|p=45}}</ref> Malaa'igta Islaamka waxaa badanaa lagu matalaa [[Anthropomorphism|qaabab bini'aadamnimo]] oo ay ku jiraan sawirro [[supernatural|cajiib ah]], sida baalal, oo ah kuwa aad u waaweyn ama xidhan dhar janno.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|pp=97–99}}<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=26–28}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Webb |first=Gisela |c=Angel |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|last1=MacDonald, D. B.|last2=Madelung, W. |year=2012 |c=Malāʾika |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}}{{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0642}}</ref> Sifooyinka caadiga ah ee malaa'igta waxaa ka mid ah inaysan lahayn baahiyo jir iyo rabitaanno, sida cunidda iyo cabidda.{{sfnp|Çakmak|2017|p=140}} Qaarkood, sida [[Gabriel|Jibriil]] iyo [[Michael (archangel)|Miikaa'il]], ayaa magacyadooda lagu xusay Quraanka. Malaa'igtu waxay door muhiim ah ka ciyaaraan suugaanta ku saabsan [[Isra and Mi'raj|Mi'raajka]], halkaas oo Maxamed uu kula kulmo dhowr malaa'igood intii uu ku jirsaday safarkiisa samada.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=79}} Malaa'ig dheeraad ah ayaa badanaa lagu muujiyay [[Islamic eschatology|qiyaamaha]], [[Kalam|cilmiga kalaamka]] iyo [[Islamic philosophy|falsafada Islaamka]].{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=22}} === Kitaabyada === [[File:Quran rzabasi1.JPG|thumb|Qoraal gacmeed [[Quran|Quraan]] ah oo qarnigii 9-aad ah oo saaran [[Rehal (book rest)|rehal]], oo ah kursiga kitaabka qudduuska ah, oo lagu hayo [[Reza Abbasi Museum]] ee [[Tehran]], [[Iran]].]] {{Main|Islamic holy books|Quran|Wahy}} {{See also|History of the Quran}} Kitaabka quduuska ah ee ugu sarreeya Islaamka waa [[Quran|Quraanka]]. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in aayaadka Quraanka uu Maxamed u soo waxyooday Ilaahay, iyada oo la sii marinayo [[archangel|malaa'igta]] Jibriil, marar badan inta u dhaxaysa 610 C.D.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Watt |first=William Montgomery |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC&pg=PA5 |title=Islam and the Integration of Society |date=2003 |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |isbn=978-0-415-17587-6 |pages=5 |access-date=15 June 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228022949/https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo 632, sanadkii uu geeriyooday Maxamed.{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=17–18, 21}} Intii uu Maxamed noolaa, waxyiyadan waxaa qoray [[Muhammad's companions|saxaabtiisa]], inkastoo habka ugu muhiimsan ee gudbinta uu ahaa af ahaan iyada oo la adeegsanayo [[Hafiz (Quran)|xifdinta]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Al Faruqi |first1=Lois Ibsen |author-link=Lois Lamya al-Faruqi |year=1987 |title=The Cantillation of the Qur'an |journal=[[Society for Asian Music|Asian Music]] |issue=Autumn – Winter 1987 |pages=3–4}}</ref> Quraanku wuxuu u qaybsamaa 114 suuradood (''[[sūrah]]'') oo ka kooban wadarta guud ee 6,236 aayadood (''[[ayah|āyāt]]''). Suuradaha hore ee taariikh ahaan, ee lagaga soo waxyooday [[Mecca|Makka]], waxay inta badan khuseeyaan arrimaha ruuxiga ah, halka suuradaha dambe ee [[Medina|Madiina]] ay ka hadlaan arrimo bulsho iyo sharci oo khuseeya bulshada Muslimka ah. Qareennada Muslimiintu waxay la tashadaan xadiiska ('warka'), ama diiwaanka qoran ee nolosha Maxamed, si ay labadaba u taageeraan Quraanka oo ay uga caawiyaan tafsiirkiisa. Sayniska faallooyinka iyo tafsiirka Quraanka waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[tafsir]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/tafsir |title=Tafsīr |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019035210/https://www.britannica.com/topic/tafsir |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=79–81}} Marka laga reebo muhiimadiisa diimeed, Quraanka waxaa loo aqoonsan yahay si weyn inuu yahay shaqada ugu fiican [[Arabic literature|suugaanta Carabiga]],<ref>{{cite book|first=Alan|last=Jones|location=London|publisher=[[Charles E. Tuttle Company]]|year=1994|page=1|title=The Koran|quote="Its outstanding literary merit should also be noted: it is by far, the finest work of Arabic prose in existence."|isbn=1842126091}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Arthur|last=Arberry|title=The Koran Interpreted|location=London|publisher=[[Allen & Unwin]]|year=1956|quote="It may be affirmed that within the literature of the Arabs, wide and fecund as it is both in poetry and in elevated prose, there is nothing to compare with it."|page=191|isbn=0684825074}}</ref> wuxuuna saameeyay fanka iyo luqadda Carabiga.<ref>Kadi, Wadad, and Mustansir Mir. "Literature and the Quran." In ''[[Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān|Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an]]'' 3. pp. 213, 216.</ref> Islaamku sidoo kale wuxuu qabaa in Ilaahay uu soo diray waxyiyo, oo la yiraahdo ''[[wahy]]'', oo loo soo diray nabiyo kala duwan marar badan taariikhda oo dhan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Islaamku wuxuu barayaa in qaybo ka mid ah kitaabadii hore ee la soo waxyooday, sida [[Torah in Islam|''Towraad'']] ([[Torah]]) iyo [[Gospel in Islam|''Injiil'']] ([[Gospel in Islam|Injiil]]), ay noqdeen kuwo [[tahrif|la leexiyay]]—ha ahaato tafsiirka, qoraalka, ama labadaba,<ref name="harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5">{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5}}</ref><ref name="harvp|Peters|2003|p=9">{{harvp|Peters|2003|p=9}}</ref><ref name="610CE">{{harvc|c=Muhammad|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|last2=Welch|first2=A.T.|last1=Buhl|first1=F.}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Tahrif |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d. |author=[[Hava Lazarus-Yafeh]]}}</ref> halka Quraanka ({{Lit|Akhrinta}}) loo arko hadalka ugu dambeeya, ee dhabta ah ee aan wax laga beddelin ee Ilaahay.<ref name="Ringgren">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ringgren |first=Helmer |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Quran |title=Qurʾān |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=5 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505001543/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/487666/Quran |url-status=live }} "The word ''Quran'' was invented and first used in the Quran itself. There are [[Quran#Etymology and meaning|two different theories]] about this term and its formation."</ref><ref>{{harvp|Teece|2003|pp=12–13}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Turner|2006|p=42}}</ref>{{sfnp|Bennett|2010|p=101}} === Nabiyada === {{Main|Prophets and messengers in Islam|Sunnah|Hadith}} [[File:Medieval Persian manuscript Muhammad leads Abraham Moses Jesus.jpg|thumb|[[Persian miniature|Miniakiyada Faarisiga]] ee qarnigii 15-aad oo muujinaysa [[Muhammad in Islam|Maxamed]] oo hoggaaminaya [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Muuse]], [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]] iyo [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|nabiyo kale]] salaadda.<ref>{{cite web |title=BnF. Département des Manuscrits. Supplément turc 190 |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/view3if/ga/ark:/12148/btv1b8427195m/f16 |publisher=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] |access-date=7 September 2023 |archive-date=9 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909130407/https://gallica.bnf.fr/view3if/ga/ark:/12148/btv1b8427195m/f16 |url-status=live }}</ref>]] Nabiyada (Carabi: {{langx|ar|أنبياء|label=none|translit=anbiyāʾ}}) waxaa la rumeysan yahay inay doorteen Ilaahay si ay u wacdhiyaan fariin ilaahi ah. Qaar ka mid ah nabiyadan ayaa sidoo kale keena kitaab cusub waxaana loogu yeeraa "rasuul" ({{langx|ar| رسول&lrm;|label=none|translit=rasūl}}).<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|p=225}}</ref> Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in nabiyadu ay yihiin bini'aadam oo aan ahayn ilaahyo. Dhammaan nabiyadu waxaa la sheegaa inay wacdiyiyeen fariintii asaasiga ahayd ee Islaamka - u dhiibashada doonista Ilaahay - oo ay u direen quruumihii hore, tan ayaana la sheegay inay sabab u tahay isku mid ahaanshaha badan ee u dhexeeya diimaha. Quraanku wuxuu sheegayaa magacyada tiro badan oo ah shakhsiyaadka loo tixgeliyo [[prophets in Islam|nabiyada Islaamka]], oo ay ku jiraan [[Adam in Islam|Aadam]], [[Noah in Islam|Nux]], [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Muuse]], [[David in Islam|Daa'uud]] iyo [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]], iyo kuwo kale.<ref name="Schimmel">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |author-link=Annemarie Schimmel |title=Islam |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504201633/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/295507/Islam |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Reeves |first=J. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC |title=Bible and Qurʼān: Essays in scriptural intertextuality |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2004 |isbn=90-04-12726-7 |location=[[Leiden]] |page=177 |access-date=21 August 2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164019/https://books.google.com/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC |url-status=live }}</ref> Sheekooyinka la xiriira nabiyada ee ka baxsan xisaabaadka Quraanka waxaa lagu ururiyaa oo lagu baaraa ''[[Qisas Al-Anbiya|Qisas al-Anbiya]]'' (Sheekooyinka Nabiyada). Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in Ilaahay uu soo diray Maxamed inuu noqdo nabiga ugu dambeeya ("[[Seal of the prophets|khaatumul anbiyo]]") si uu u gaarsiiyo fariinta dhameystiran ee Islaamka.<ref name="Esposito-Islam">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Esposito |first=John L. |author-link=John Esposito |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |title=Islam |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012298 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110124812/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012298 |archive-date=2021-01-10 |quote=Profession of Faith...affirms Islam's absolute monotheism and acceptance of Muḥammad as the messenger of Allah, the last and final prophet. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Peters-Allah">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Peters |first=F. E. |author-link=Francis Edward Peters |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |title=Allāh |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095403960 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926053837/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095403960 |archive-date=2020-09-26 |quote=[T]he Muslims' understanding of Allāh is based...on the Qurʿān's public witness. Allāh is Unique, the Creator, Sovereign, and Judge of mankind. It is Allāh who directs the universe through his direct action on nature and who has guided human history through his prophets, Abraham, with whom he made his covenant, Moses/Moosa, Jesus/Eesa, and Muḥammad, through all of whom he founded his chosen communities, the 'Peoples of the Book.' |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Islaamka dhexdiisa, tusaalaha "caadiga ah" ee nolosha Maxamed waxaa lagu magacaabaa ''[[sunnah]]'' (oo macneheedu yahay "jidka la maray"). Muslimiinta waxaa lagu dhiirrigelinayaa inay ku daydaan dabeecadaha akhlaaqda ee Maxamed noloshooda maalinlaha ah, sunnadana waxaa loo arkaa mid muhiim u ah hagidda tafsiirka Quraanka.<ref>{{harvp|Martin|2004|p=666}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Hadith|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|author=J. Robson}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Sunna|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|author=D.W. Brown}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Goldman |first=Elizabeth |title=Believers: Spiritual Leaders of the World |date=1995 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-508240-1 |location=Oxford |page=63}}</ref> Tusaalahan waxaa lagu ilaaliyaa dhaqamo loo yaqaan xadiis, oo ah xisaabaadka erayadiisa, ficilladiisa, iyo sifooyinka shakhsi ahaaneed. [[Hadith qudsi|Xadiiska Qudsi]] waa qayb hoose oo ka tirsan xadiiska, oo loo arko inuu yahay erayada dhabta ah ee Ilaahay ee uu soo xigtay Maxamed oo aan ahayn qayb ka tirsan Quraanka. Xadiisku wuxuu ka kooban yahay laba shay: silsiladda sheekeeyayaasha, oo loo yaqaanno [[Hadith studies#Traditional importance of the sanad|''sanad'']], iyo ereyada dhabta ah, oo loo yaqaanno [[Hadith studies|''matn'']]. Waxaa jira habab kala duwan oo lagu kala saaro xaqiiqda xadiisyada, iyadoo cabbirka darajada ee badanaa la isticmaalo uu yahay "saxiix" ama "sax ah" ({{langx|ar|صحيح|links=no|translit=[[Authentic hadith|ṣaḥīḥ]]|label=none}}); "xasan" ({{langx|ar|حسن|links=no|label=none|translit=[[Hasan (hadith)|ḥasan]]}}); ama "daciif" ({{langx|ar|ضعيف|label=none|translit=[[Da'if|ḍaʻīf]]}}), iyo kuwo kale. [[Kutub al-Sittah]] waa ururinta lix kitaab, oo loo arko inay yihiin warbixinnada ugu suuban ee [[Sunni Islam|Sunniyada]]. Waxaa ka mid ah [[Sahih al-Bukhari]], oo ay Sunnidu badanaa u arkaan mid ka mid ah [[Hadith terminology#Terminology relating to the authenticity of a hadith|ilaha ugu suuban]] ka dib Quraanka.<ref>[[Aisha Abd al-Rahman|al-Rahman, Aisha Abd]], ed. 1990. [[Introduction to the Science of Hadith|Muqaddimah Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ]]. Cairo: Dar al-Ma'arif, 1990. pp. 160–69</ref> Il kale oo caan ka ah xadiisyada waa [[The Four Books|Afrta Kitaab]], oo ay Shiicadu u arkaan tixraaca xadiiska ee ugu suuban.<ref name="Awliyai-Four-Books">{{cite book |last=Awliya'i |first=Mustafa |title=Outlines of the Development of the Science of Hadith |volume=1 |chapter=The Four Books |url=https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol1-n12-3/outlines-development-science-hadith-dr-mustafa-awliyai/part-1#four-books |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912144702/https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol1-n12-3/outlines-development-science-hadith-dr-mustafa-awliyai/part-1#four-books |archive-date=2017-09-12 |translator-last=Qara'i |translator-first=A. Q. |via=Al-Islam.org |access-date=2020-05-24 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Rizvi-Four-Books">{{cite book |last=Rizvi |first=Sayyid Sa'eed Akhtar |author-link=Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi |title=The Qur'an and Hadith |location=Tanzania |publisher=Bilal Muslim Mission |chapter=The Hadith §The Four Books (Al-Kutubu'l-Arb'ah) |url=https://www.al-islam.org/quran-and-hadith-allamah-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/chapter-4-hadith#four-books-al-kutubul-arbah |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912191319/https://www.al-islam.org/quran-and-hadith-allamah-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/chapter-4-hadith#four-books-al-kutubul-arbah |archive-date=2017-09-12 |via=Al-Islam.org |access-date=2020-05-24 |language=en}}</ref> === Soo-noqoshada iyo xukunka === [[File:Chester Beatty T 414 fol 129r Muhammad al-Mehdi.png|thumb|Matxaf qarnigii 16-aad ee [[Muhammad al-Mahdi|Maxamed al-Mahdi]]. [[Mahdi|Mahdiga]] waxaa la rumeysan yahay inuu soo muuqan doono ka hor [[Eschatology|Waqtiga Dhamaadka]] si uu u soo celiyo cadaaladda oo uu uga adkaado dulmiga iyadoo la kaashanaya [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]] ([[Jesus]]).]] {{Main|Islamic eschatology}} Rumaysashada "Maalinta Qiyaame" ama ''[[Qiyamah|Yawm al-Qiyāmah]]'' ({{langx|ar|يوم القيامة|link=no}}) ayaa sidoo kale muhiim u ah Muslimiinta. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in waqtiga Qiyaamaha uu hore u qadaray Ilaahay, laakiin uusan aqoon bini'aadamku. Quraanka iyo xadiiska, iyo sidoo kale faallooyinka [[Ulama|culimada]], waxay qeexayaan imtixaannada iyo [[Great Tribulation|dhibaatooyinka]] ka horreeya iyo inta uu socdo Qiyaamaha. Quraanka wuxuu xoogga saarayaa [[universal resurrection|soo-noqoshada jirka]], taasoo ah mid ka duwan fahamkii [[pre-Islamic Arabia|Carabtii hore]] ee dhimashada.<ref>{{harvp|Glassé|2003|loc="Resurrection"|pp=382–383}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)|2012|loc="Avicenna"}}. {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_DUM_0467}}: "Ibn Sīnā, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Sīnā is known in the West as 'Avicenna'."</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Qiyama |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d. |author=Gardet, L.}}</ref> Maalinta Qiyaame, Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in dhammaan bini'aadamka lagu xukumi doono falalkooda wanaagsan iyo kuwa xun waxaana loo gudbin doonaa [[Jannah|Janno]] ama [[Jahannam|Naar]].<ref>{{cite web |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |editor-link=John Esposito |title=Eschatology |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e588 |url-access=subscription |work=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Islam]] |via=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |access-date=18 April 2017 |archive-date=13 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100913062714/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e588 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Quraanku wuxuu ku jira [[Surat al-Zalzalah]] wuxuu tan ku sifeeyaa: "Haddaba qofkii sameeya culays atoore oo wanaag ah wuu arki doonaa. Qofkii se sameeya culays atoore oo xumaan ah wuu arki doonaa." Quraanku [[Islamic views of sin|wuxuu qorayaa dunuub badan]] oo qof ku xukumi kara naar. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Quraanku wuxuu caddeynayaa in Ilaahay uu cafiyi doono dunuubta kuwa toobad keena haddii uu doono. Falalka wanaagsan, sida sadaqada, salaadda, iyo naxariista xayawaannada{{sfnp|Esposito|2011|p=130}} waxaa lagu abaalmarin doonaa gelitaanka jannada. Muslimiintu waxay u arkaan jannada meel ay ka buuxaan farxad iyo barako, iyadoo tixraacyada Quraanku ay qeexayaan sifooyinkeeda. Dhaqamada suufiga ah ee Islaamka waxay dhigayaan raaxooyinkan jannada xiriir la leh wacyigelin xamaasad leh oo ku saabsan Ilaahay.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2006|p=89}}; ''Encyclopedia of Islam and Muslim World'', p. 565</ref><ref>{{harvc |c=Garden |first=Asma |last=Afsaruddin |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Paradise|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> ''Yawm al-Qiyāmah'' sidoo kale waxaa Quraanka loogu aqoonsaday ''Yawm ad-Dīn'' ({{lang|ar|يوم الدين}} "Maalinta Diinta");<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|1|4|b=y}};</ref> ''as-Sāʿah'' ({{lang|ar|الساعة}} "Saacadda Dambe");<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|6|31|b=y}};</ref> iyo ''[[Al-Qaria|al-Qāriʿah]]'' ({{lang|ar|القارعة}} "Qaylisaada").<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|101|1|b=y}}</ref> === Qadarka === {{Main|Predestination in Islam}} Qaar ka mid ah Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin qadarka ilaahay, ({{langx|ar|القضاء والقدر}}, ''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|al-qadāʾ wa l-qadar}}'') in arrin kasta uu qaddaray Ilaahay.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.freeweb.hu/etymological/AEDweb.htm |date=2002 |title=Andras Rajki's A. E. D. (Arabic Etymological Dictionary) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208204654/http://www.freeweb.hu/etymological/AEDweb.htm |archive-date=8 December 2011 |access-date=13 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Cohen-Mor|2001|p=4}}: "The idea of predestination is reinforced by the frequent mention of events 'being written' or 'being in a book' before they happen": Say: "Nothing will happen to us except what Allah has decreed for us..."</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Karamustafa |first=Ahmet T. |c=Fate |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}: The verb ''qadara'' literally means "to measure, to determine". Here it is used to mean that "God measures and orders his creation".</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Gardet|first=L.|year=2012|c=al-Ḳaḍāʾ Wa 'l-Ḳadar |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0407}}</ref> [[Mu'tazilism|Mu'tasiladu]] iyo qaar ka mid ah Shiicada Muslimiinta ah ma rumeysna fikraddan.<ref>[[#AGI1978|Guillaume, ''Islam'', 1978]]: p.131-2</ref><ref>[[#AGI1978|Guillaume, ''Islam'', 1978]]: p.132</ref><ref>''Need of Religion'', by Sayyid [[Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi]], p. 14.</ref><ref>''Muslims'', by S. H. M. Rizvi, Shibani Roy, B. B. Dutta, p. 20.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shirazi |first1=Naser Makarem |title=The Justice of God |publisher=Al-Islam.org |url=https://www.al-islam.org/justice-god-naser-makarem-shirazi/issue-predestination-and-free-will |access-date=14 June 2022 |chapter=The Issue of Predestination and Free Will|date=12 May 2015 }}</ref><ref>''Islamic Beliefs, Practices, and Cultures'', by Marshall Cavendish Corporation, p. 137.</ref> Badanaa, rumaysashadan masiirka ilaahay waxaa lagu muujiyaa erayga ''[[Inshallah]]'', ({{langx|ar|إن شاء الله}}, {{transliteration|ar|haddii Alle jiro}}) marka laga hadlayo dhacdooyinka mustaqbalka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Muslim beliefs – Al-Qadr |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z43pfcw/revision/4 |access-date=13 November 2020 |publisher=BBC |work=Bitesize – GCSE – Edexcel |archive-date=15 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115112558/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z43pfcw/revision/4 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Ficilada cibaadada == {{Main|Five Pillars of Islam|Ibadah}} Waxaa jira shan ficil oo cibaado ah oo loo arko inay yihiin [[fard|waajibaad]]–Shahaadada, salaadaha shanta ah ee maalinlaha ah, [[Zakat|sakada]], [[fasting during Ramadan|soonta bisha Ramadaan]], iyo xajka [[Hajj|Hajka]]—oo si wadajir ah loogu yaqaano "Tiirarka Islaamka" (''Arkān al-Islām''). Intaa waxaa dheer, Muslimiintu waxay sidoo kale sameeyaan ficilo kale oo ikhtiyaari ah oo dhiirrigel leh laakiin aan loo arkin inay yihiin waajibaad.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=ZAROUG|first=ABDULLAHI HASSAN|date=1985|title=THE CONCEPT OF PERMISSION, SUPEREROGATORY ACTS AND ASETICISM &#91;sic&#93; IN ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20847307|journal=Islamic Studies|volume=24|issue=2|pages=167–180|jstor=20847307|issn=0578-8072|access-date=7 January 2023|archive-date=7 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207140013/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20847307|url-status=live}}</ref> === Shahaadada === [[File:Silver Rupee Akbar.jpg|thumb|right|Lacag qalinkii qarnigii 16-aad ee [[Akbar|Akbarkii Weyn]], Boqorkii [[Mughal Empire|Mugalka]], [[India]], oo lagu qoray [[Shahada|Shahaadada]].]] {{Main|Shahada}} [[shahada]]h{{sfnp|Nasr|2003|pp=3, 39, 85, 270–272}} waa [[oath|dhaar]] lagu caddaynayo rumaysashada Islaamka. Qoraalka la ballaariyay waa "{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʾašhadu ʾal-lā ʾilāha ʾillā-llāhu wa ʾašhadu ʾanna muħammadan rasūlu-llāh}}" ({{langx|ar|أشهد أن لا إله إلا الله وأشهد أن محمداً رسول الله|label=none}}), ama, "Waxaan qirayaa inuusan jirin [[deity|ilaah]] aan ahayn [[God in Islam|Ilaahay]] waxaanuna qirayaa in Maxamed yahay rasuulkii Ilaahay."<ref name="Mohammad-1985">{{cite journal |last=Mohammad |first=Noor |date=1985 |title=The Doctrine of Jihad: An Introduction |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-law-and-religion_1985_3_2/page/381 |journal=[[Journal of Law and Religion]] |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=381–397 |doi=10.2307/1051034 |jstor=1051034 |publisher=Journal of Law and Religion, Inc. |language=en}}</ref> Islaamka waxaa mararka qaarkood lagu doodaa inuu leeyahay caqiido aad u fudud iyadoo shahaadadu ay tahay saldhigga diinta ka hartay. Aan-Muslimiinta raba inay [[Conversion to Islam|soo islaamaan]] waxaa looga baahan yahay inay ku dhawaaqaan shahaadada hortooda markhaatiyaal.<ref>{{harvc |last=Kasim |first=Husain |year=2004 |c=Islam |pp=195–197 |in=Salamone}}</ref><ref name="Galonnier-2021">{{cite book |last=Galonnier |first=Juliette |editor-last=van Nieuwkerk |editor-first=Karin |title=Moving In and Out of Islam |chapter=Moving In or Moving Toward? Reconceptualizing Conversion to Islam as a Liminal Process |location=New York |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2021 |pages=44–66 |doi=10.7560/317471-003 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7560/317471-003/html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023001/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7560/317471-003/html |archive-date=2023-12-28 |language=en}}</ref> === Salaadda === [[File:Prayer in Cairo 1865.jpg|thumb|[[Muslims|Muslimiin]] tukanaya ([[salah]]) gudaha [[Egypt]] waxaa alifay [[Jean-Léon Gérôme]], 1865.]] {{Main|Salah}} {{See also|Mosque|Jumu'ah}} Salaadda Islaamka waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[salah|as-salaad]] ({{langx|ar|الصلاة|link=no}}), ama erayga [[Persian language|Faarisiga]] ee ah "Namaz." Waxaa loo arkaa xiriir shakhsi ah oo lala leeyahay Ilaahay, waxayna ka kooban tahay ku celcelinta qaybo la yiraahdo [[rakat|rakco]] oo ay ku jiraan [[Ruku|rukooc]] iyo [[Sujud|sujuud]] loo sujuudayo Ilaahay. Waxaa jira shan salaadood oo la cayimay maalintii oo dhan kuwaas oo loo arko waajibaad. Salaadaha waxaa lagu akhriyaa luqadda Carabiga waxaana lagu fuliyaa [[Qibla|dhanka]] [[Kaaba|Kacbada]]. Ficilku sidoo kale wuxuu u baahan yahay xaalad nadiif ah oo diimeed oo lagu gaaro hababka [[wudu|weysada]] ama, xaaladaha qaarkood, qubays buuxa oo [[ghusl|qubays ah]].<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=18, 19}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Hedayetullah|2006|pp=53–55}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Kobeisy|2004|pp=22–34}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Momen|1987|p=178}}</ref> [[mosque|Masaajidka]], oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano masjid ama namazgah, waa [[places of worship|goob cibaado]] oo loogu talagalay Muslimiinta. Inkasta oo ujeeddada ugu weyn ee masaajidku ay tahay inuu u adeego meel salaadeed, sidoo kale waa xarun bulsho oo muhiim u ah [[ummah|bulshada Muslimka ah]]. Tusaale ahaan, [[Prophet's Mosque|Masjidka Nabiga]] ee [[Medina|Madiina]], wuxuu sidoo kale u adeegi jiray hoy ay degaan dadka saboolka ah.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Mattson |first=Ingrid |year=2006 |title=Women, Islam, and Mosques |pages=615–629 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America |series=Volume 2, Part VII. Islam |editor1=R. S. Keller |name-list-style=and |editor2=R. R. Ruether |place=Bloomington and Indianapolis |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |isbn=978-0-253-34687-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC&pg=PA615 |access-date=2 October 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023019/https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC&pg=PA615#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Minaret|Minaarooyinku]] waa munaarooyin loo isticmaalo in lagu yeero [[adhan|aanka]], kaas oo ah yeedhid afka ah oo lagu calaamadinayo waqtiga salaadda.<ref name="Pedersen-Masjid-2010">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Pedersen |first1=Johannes |last2=Hillenbrand |first2=Robert |last3=Burton-Page |first3=John |author-link3=John Burton-Page |title=Masd̲j̲id |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam |edition=2nd |location=Leiden |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2010 |doi=10.1163/9789004206106_eifo_COM_0694 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/mosque |title=Mosque |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928065350/https://www.britannica.com/topic/mosque |url-status=live }}</ref> === Sakada === [[File:Slot at the Zaouia Moulay Idriss II 1.jpg|thumb|Meel lagu bixiyo sakada oo ku taal [[Zawiya of Moulay Idris II]] ee [[Fez, Morocco]].]] {{Main|Zakat}} {{See also|Sadaqah}} [[Zakat|Sakada]] ([[Arabic language|Carabi]]: {{langx|ar|زكاة|translit=zakāh|label=none}}), waa nooc ka mid ah [[Alms|Sadaqada]] oo lagu garto bixinta qayb go'an (2.5% sanadkii)<ref name="Ahmed-Gianci-2005">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Ahmed |first1=Medani |last2=Gianci |first2=Sebastian |title=Zakat |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Taxation and Tax Policy |editor1-last=Cordes |editor1-first=Joseph J. |editor2-last=Ebel |editor2-first=Robert D. |editor3-last=Gravelle |editor3-first=Jane |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Urban Institute Press |year=2005 |page=479 |isbn=978-0877667520 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m66_BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA479 |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026}}</ref> ee [[Financial capital|hantida la ururiyay]] ay bixiyaan kuwa awoodda u leh si ay u caawiyaan dadka saboolka ah ama baahan, sida xoraynta maxaabiista, kuwa [[bonded labor|dayn ku jira]], ama safarka ku ah, iyo kuwa loo shaqaaleysiiyo ururinta sakada. Waxay u shaqaysaa sidii nooc ka mid ah [[welfare spending|gar-gaar bulsheed]] oo ka jira bulshooyinka Muslimka ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ariff |first=Mohamed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NP4ZL0TJ9s4C&pg=PA55 |title=The Islamic Voluntary Sector in Southeast Asia: Islam and the Economic Development of Southeast Asia |publisher=[[Institute of Southeast Asian Studies]] |year=1991 |isbn=978-981-3016-07-1 |pages=55– |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023007/https://books.google.com/books?id=NP4ZL0TJ9s4C&&pg=PA55 |url-status=live }}</ref> Waxaa loo arkaa waajibaad diimeed oo ay dadka ladani ku leeyihiin kuwa baahan sababtoo ah hantidooda waxaa loo arkaa ammaan ka timid nimcada Ilaahay,<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2010|p=109–110}}: This is not regarded as charity because it is not really voluntary but instead is owed, by those who have received their wealth as a trust from God's bounty, to the poor.</ref> waxaana loo arkaa daahirinta hantida dheeraadka ah ee qofka.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = RoutledgeCurzon| isbn = 9780415297967| title =Major World Religions: From Their Origins to the Present.| location = United Kingdom| year = 2003| last=Ridgeon| first=Lloyd| url = | page = 258|quote=Aside from its function of purifying believers' wealth, the payment of zakat may have contributed in no small way to the economic welfare of the Muslim community in Mecca.}}</ref> Wadarta guud ee sanadlaha ah ee lagu bixiyo sakada ayaa ah 15 jeer ka badan deeqaha gargaarka bini'aadamnimada ee adduunka, iyadoo la adeegsanayo qiyaaso taxaddar leh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 June 2012 |title=A faith-based aid revolution in the Muslim world |work=[[The New Humanitarian]] |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/95564/analysis-faith-based-aid-revolution-muslim-world |access-date=27 August 2023 |archive-date=14 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114014900/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/95564/analysis-faith-based-aid-revolution-muslim-world |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sadaqah|Sadaqadu]], si ka duwan Sakada, waa sadaqo ikhtiyaari ah oo aad loo dhiirrigeliyo.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Said |first=Abdul Aziz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4bs7g0O4eLYC&pg=PA145 |title=Contemporary Islam: Dynamic, Not Static |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-77011-8 |page=145 |display-authors=etal |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023121/https://books.google.com/books?id=4bs7g0O4eLYC&pg=PA145 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnp|Stefon|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef/page/72 72]}} [[Waqf|Waaqfeku]] waa [[charitable trust|kalsooni samafal]] oo joogto ah, taas oo maalgelisa isbitaallada iyo dugsiyada bulshooyinka Muslimka ah.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hudson |first=A. |title=Equity and Trusts |year=2003 |edition=3rd |page=32 |location=London |publisher=Cavendish Publishing |isbn=1-85941-729-9}}</ref> === Soonta === [[File:Iftar for Ramadhan.jpg|thumb|Munaasabadda afurka, oo loo yaqaan ''[[Iftar]]'', waxaa dhaqan ahaan lagu bixiyaa [[date (fruits)|timir]].]] {{Main|Fasting in Islam}} {{See also|Fasting during Ramadan}} Islaamka dhexdiisa, soonta ([[Arabic language|Carabi]]: {{langx|ar|صوم|translit=ṣawm|label=none}}) waxay mamnuucaysaa cuntada iyo cabitaanka, iyo sidoo kale noocyada kale ee isticmaalka, sida [[Smoking in Islam|sigaar-cabista]], waxaana la fuliyaa laga bilaabo waaberiga ilaa qorrax-dhaca. Inta lagu jiro bisha [[Ramadan]], waxaa loo arkaa waajibaad saaran Muslimiinta inay soomaan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramadan |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramadan |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009215438/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramadan |url-status=live }}</ref> Soontu waxay dhiirrigelisaa dareen u dhowaanshaha Ilaahay iyadoo qofku is celinayo dartii Ilaahay wixii kale ee bannaan iyo in laga fikiro kuwa baahan. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa jira maalmo kale, sida [[Day of Arafah|Maalinta Carafo]], marka soontu ay tahay ikhtiyaari.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher =Tughra Books | isbn = 9781597846110| title = Fasting In Islam And The Month Of Ramadan| location = United States| year =2006 | last=Ramadanali| url = |page=51 | quote = }}</ref> === Xajka === {{Main|Hajj|Umrah}} {{See also|Holiest sites in Islam}} [[File:A packed house - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|thumb|Xujeyda intii lagu jiray xilli [[Hajj|Hajka]] ee [[Masjid al-Haram]] ee [[Mecca|Makka]], [[Saudi Arabia|Sacuudi Carabiya]], [[Holiest sites in islam|goobta Islaamka ee ugu barakeysan]].]] [[pilgrimage|Xajka]] Islaamka, ee loo yaqaan {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ḥajj}} ({{langx|ar|حج|link=no}}), waa in la qabtaa ugu yaraan hal mar nolosha qof kasta oo Muslim ah oo awood u leh inta lagu jiro [[Islamic calendar|bisha Islaamka]] ee [[Dhu al-Hijjah]]. Caadooyinka Hajku waxay inta badan ku daydaan sheekada qoyska [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naik |first=Dr Zakir |author-link=Zakir Naik |date=7 January 2025 |title=What Are the Pillars of Islam? |url=https://islampidia.org/en/what-are-the-pillars-of-islam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115054332/https://islampidia.org/en/what-are-the-pillars-of-islam/ |archive-date=2025-11-15 |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Islampidia |language=en-AU}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Five Pillars of Islam |url=https://localhost:5000/learn/educators/curriculum-resources/art-of-the-islamic-world/unit-one/the-five-pillars-of-islam |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026}}</ref> [[Mecca|Makka]], xujeydu waxay toddobo jeer ku wareegaan [[Kaaba|Kacbada]], oo ay Muslimiintu rumeysan yihiin inuu dhisay Ibraahim meel cibaado ah, waxayna toddobo jeer u dhexeeyaan buuraha [[Safa and Marwa|Safa iyo Marwa]], iyagoo xusuusanaya tallaabooyinkii xaaska Ibraahim, [[Hagar]], oo u raadinaysay biyo ilmahaheedii [[Ishmael in Islam|Ismaaciil]] ee lamadegaanka ka hor intaan Makka is rogay degmo.<ref>{{harvp|Goldschmidt|Davidson|2005|p=48}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Farah|1994|pp=145–147}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Hajj |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> Xajku sidoo kale wuxuu ku lug leeyahay in la qaato maalin duco iyo cibaado ah oo ka dhacda bannaanada [[Mount Arafat|Carafo]] iyo sidoo kale [[Stoning_of_the_Devil|tuurista shaydaanka]] si calaamadaysan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F.E. |title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians |date=2009 |isbn=978-1-4008-2548-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HYJ2c9E9IM8C&pg=PA19 |page=20 |publisher=Princeton University Press |access-date=7 October 2014 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023112/https://books.google.com/books?id=HYJ2c9E9IM8C&pg=PA19#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Dhammaan ragga Muslimiinta ah waxay xidhaan laba maro oo cad oo fudud oo aan tol lahayn oo loo yaqaan [[Ihram clothing|ixraam]], kuwaas oo loogu talagalay inay keenaan isku xirnaan jiilal iyo sinnaan ka dhexaysa xujeyda inkasta oo ay jiraan fasal ama asal.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cornell |first=Vincent J. |title=Voices of Islam: Voices of tradition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g5LNUS0ciAAC&pg=PA29 |access-date=26 August 2012 |year=2007 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-98733-6 |page=29}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Glassé|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC&pg=PA207 207]}}</ref> Nooc kale oo xaj ah, [[Umrah|Umrada]], waa ikhtiyaari waxaana la qaban karaa wakhti kasta oo sanadka ka mid ah. Goobaha kale ee xajka Islaamka waa [[Medina|Madiina]], halkaas oo Maxamed uu ku geeriyooday, iyo sidoo kale [[Jerusalem|Quddus]], oo ah magaalo ay ku yaalliin nabiyo badan oo Islaam ah waana goobta [[Al-Aqsa|Al-Aqsa]], taas oo ahayd jihadii salaadda ka hor Makka.<ref>{{cite book|author=Michigan Consortium for Medieval and Early Modern Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p44kAQAAMAAJ|title=The Meeting of Two Worlds: Cultural Exchange Between East and West During the Period of the Crusades|publisher=Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University|year=1986|isbn=0918720583|editor1=Goss, V. P.|volume=21|page=208|editor2=Bornstein, C. V.|access-date=15 January 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023032/https://books.google.com/books?id=p44kAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Trofimov-2008">{{cite book |last=Trofimov |first=Yaroslav |author-link=Yaroslav Trofimov |title=The Siege of Mecca: The 1979 Uprising at Islam's Holiest Shrine |location=New York |publisher=[[Knopf]] |date=2008 |page=79 |isbn=978-0-307-47290-8 |language=en}}</ref> === Ficilada cibaadada ee kale === {{See also|Quran#Recitation|Dua|Dhikr}} [[File:Men reading the Koran in Umayyad Mosque, Damascus, Syria.jpg|thumb|Rag Muslimiin ah oo akhrinaya Quraanka gudaha [[Umayyad Mosque|Masjidka Umawiyiinta]] ee [[Damascus]], [[Syria]].]] Muslimiintu waxay akhriyaan oo xifdiyaan Quraanka oo dhan ama qaybo ka mid ah si ay u noqdaan camal wanaagsan. [[Tajwid|Tajwiidku]] wuxuu tilmaamayaa xeerar taxane ah oo loogu talagalay [[elocution|akhriska saxda ah]] ee Quraanka.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = | isbn = | title = Foundation of Tajweed| location = | year = 2013|edition=2| last=Aboo Yahyaa| url = | page = 1 | quote = }}</ref> Muslimiin badan ayaa akhriya Quraanka oo dhan inta lagu jiro bisha Ramadaan.{{sfnp|Stefon|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef/page/42 42–43]}} Qofka xifdiyay Quraanka oo dhan waxaa loo yaqaanaa Xaafid ("xifdiyey"), xadiisyaduna waxay xusayaan in shakhsiyaadkani ay awood u yeelan doonaan inay shafeecaan dadka kale Maalinta Qiyaamaha.{{sfnp|Nigosian|2004|p=[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=my7hnALd_NkC|page=70}} 70]}} Baryada Ilaahay, oo Carabiga lagu yiraahdo {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|duʿāʾ}} ({{langx|ar|دعاء}}&nbsp;{{IPA|ar|dʊˈʕæːʔ|IPA}}) waxay leedahay anshaxeedii gaarka ahaa sida [[Raising hands in dua|gacmaha oo la taago]] sidii iyadoo la baryayo.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Brill| isbn = 9789004335523| title = The Quṣṣāṣ of Early Islam| location = Netherlands| year = 2016| last=Armstrong| first=Lyall| url = | page = 184| quote = }}</ref> Xuska Ilaahay ({{langx|ar|ذكر|translit=Dhikr'|label=none}}) wuxuu tilmaamayaa erayada lagu celceliyo ee tixraacaya Ilaahay. Sida caadiga ah, tan waxaa ka mid ah Tahmiid, oo lagu dhawaaqayo [[Alhamdulillah|ammaan oo dhan waxaa leh Ilaahay]] ({{langx|ar|الحمد لله|translit=al-Ḥamdu lillāh|label=none}}) inta lagu jiro salaadda ama marka la dareemayo mahadnaq, [[Tasbih|Tasbiix]], oo lagu dhawaaqayo weyneynta Ilaahay inta lagu jiro salaadda ama marka la cajabo shay oo la dhaho '[[Basmala|bismillaah]]' ka hor intaan la bilaabin ficil sida cuntada.<ref>{{Cite web|title=alhamdulillah |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/alhamdulillah|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227042540/https://www.lexico.com/definition/alhamdulillah|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 27, 2020|access-date=2021-10-16|website=Lexico}}</ref> == Taariikhda == {{Main|History of Islam}} {{For timeline|Timeline of the history of Islam}} {{See also|List of Muslim empires and dynasties}}{{multiple image | align = center | direction = horizontal | total_width = 600 | image1 = Masjid Nabawi The Prophet's Mosque, Madina.jpg | image2 = Jerusalem DomeoftheRock J65 (cropped).JPG | footer = Bidix: [[Prophet's Mosque|Masjidka Nabiga]] ee [[Medina|Madiina]], Sacuudi Carabiya, waa [[holiest sites in islam|goobta labaad ee ugu barakeysan]] ee Islaamka. Maxamed laftiisa ayaa ku lug lahaa dhismaha masjidka, iyo [[Green Dome|Qubbadiisa Cagaaran]] waa halka lagu aasay. Midig: [[Al-Aqsa|Dhismaha Masjidka Al-Aqsa]] ee [[Jerusalem|Quddus]] waa goobta saddexaad ee ugu barakeysan ee Islaamka, halkaas oo Maxamed uu uga kacay samada intii uu socday [[Isra' and Mi'raj|Isra' iyo Mi'raaj]]. Goobtu waxay ahayd jihadii hore ee salaadda ([[qibla]]), halkaas oo Muslimiintu ay horay ugu tukan jireen ka hor intaan jihada loo beddelin [[Kaaba|Kacbada]] ee [[Mecca|Makka]] ka dib waxyi soo gaaray Maxamed. | caption1 = | caption2 = }} === Maxamed iyo bilowgii Islaamka (570–632) === {{Main|Muhammad|Muhammad in Islam}} {{for timeline|Timeline of early Islamic history}} {{Further|Muhammad in Mecca|Early social changes under Islam|First Islamic state}} [[File:Hira_Cave.jpg|thumb|[[Jabal al-Nour]] u dhow [[Mecca|Makka]], halkaas oo Maxamed uu ka helay [[Muhammad's first revelation|waxyigiisii ugu horreeyay]] ee ku jiray godka Xira.]] Sida ku xusan dhaqanka Islaamka, Maxamed wuxuu ku dhashay [[Mecca|Makka]] sannadkii 570 [[Common Era|C.D.]] wuxuuna noqday agoon caruurnimadiisii. Isagoo ku koray ganacsade ahaan, wuxuu noqday mid loo yaqaan "[[Amin (name)|amin (mid la isku halayn karo)]]" ({{langx|ar|الامين}}) waxaana la doonayay inuu noqdo garsoore dhexdhexaad ah. Intuu ka dib guursaday shaqaalihiisii, haweeneydii ganacsatada ahayd ee [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadiija]].{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=6}} Sannadkii 610 C.D., isagoo dhibsaday hoos u dhaca akhlaaqda iyo shirkiga ka jiray Makka isla markaana raadinaya gooni-isu-taag iyo fikir ruuxi ah, Maxamed wuxuu u baxay Godka Xira ee buurta [[Jabal al-Nour]], oo u dhow Makka. Wuxuu ahaa intii uu ku sugnaa godka halkaas oo la sheegay inuu [[Muhammad's first revelation|helay waxyigii ugu horreeyay]] ee [[Quran|Quraanka]] oo uga yimid malaa'igta [[Gabriel|Jibriil]].<ref name="610CE" /> Dhacdadii bixitaankii Maxamed ee godka iyo waxyigii xigay waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[Night of Power|Leylatul Qadr]] waxaana loo arkaa dhacdo muhiim ah taariikhda Islaamka. Intii lagu guda jiray 22-kii sano ee ka dambeeyay nolosha, laga bilaabo da'da 40 wixii ka dambeeyay, Maxamed wuxuu sii waday helitaanka waxyiga Ilaahay, isagoo noqday kii ugu dambeeyay ama [[Seal of the prophets|nabigii ugu dambeeyay]] ee loo diray bini'aadamka.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Muhammad |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> [[File:Siyer-i_Nebi_151b.jpg|thumb|Maxamed oo la muujiyay waji daboolan oo jooga [[Kaaba|Kacbada]] laga soo qaatay [[Siyer-i Nebi]], {{Circa|1595}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ottomans : religious painting |url=http://www.ee.bilkent.edu.tr/~history/ottoman33.html |access-date=1 May 2016}}</ref>]] Inta lagu jiro xilligan, [[Muhammad in Mecca|halka uu joogay Makka, Maxamed]] wuxuu ku wacdiyay marka hore si qarsoodi ah ka dibna si cad, isagoo ka baryaya dhegaystayaashiisa inay ka tagaan [[Arab polytheism|shirkiga]] oo ay caabudaan hal Ilaah. Qaar ka mid ah [[Early Muslims|Muslimiintii ugu horreysay ee soo islaamtay]] waxay ahaayeen dumar, saboolka, ajaanibta, iyo addoommada sida mu'adinkii ugu horreeyay [[Bilal ibn Rabah|Bilaal bin Rabaax]].<ref>Rabah, Bilal B. ''[[Encyclopedia of Islam]].''</ref> Dadka waaweyn ee Makka waxay dareemeen in Maxamed uu [[Early social changes under Islam|khalday nidaamkooda bulsho]] isagoo ka wacdiyaya hal Ilaah oo siinaya fikrado laga shakiyo saboolka iyo addoommada sababtoo ah waxay faa'iida ka helayeen xajka sanamyada Kacbada.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ünal |first=Ali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DyuqdDIjaswC&pg=PA1323 |title=The Qurʼan with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English |publisher=Tughra Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-59784-000-2 |pages=1323– |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024048/https://books.google.com/books?id=DyuqdDIjaswC&pg=PA1323#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|p=36}}</ref> Ka dib 12 sano oo ah [[Persecution of Muslims by Meccans|dhibaataynta Muslimiinta ay u geysanayeen dadkii Makka]], Maxamed iyo [[Companions of the Prophet|sahabbadiisii]] waxay sameeyeen [[Hegira|Hijradii]] 622 ee magaalada Yathrib (magaalada Madiina ee maanta). Wuxuu halkaas ka Aasaasay [[First Islamic state|Dowladdii Islaamiga ahayd ee ugu horreysay]] oo ay la socdaan Muslimiintii Madiina (''[[Ansar (Islam)|Ansaarta]]'') iyo muhaajiriintii Makka (''[[Muhajirun|Muhaajiriinta]]''). [[Constitution of Medina|Dastuurkii Madiina]] waxaa saxiixay dhammaan qabiilooyinkii Madiina. Tani waxay aasaastay xorriyadda diinta iyo xorriyadda isticmaalka sharcigooda u gaarka ah ee ka dhex jiray bulshooyinka Muslimka ah iyo kuwa aan Muslimka ahayn hammi ah in Madiina laga difaaco khataraha dibadda.{{sfnp|Serjeant|1978|p=4}} Ciidamadii Makka iyo xulafadoodii waxay guuldarro ka soo gaartay Muslimiinta [[Battle of Badr|Dagaalkii Badar]] 624 ka dibna waxay dagaalameen dagaal aan la isla ogayn oo ka dhacay [[Battle of Uhud|Dagaalkii Uxud]]<ref>{{Citation |last=Peter Crawford |title=The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-oHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |page=83 |publisher=Pen & Sword Books Limited |isbn=9781473828650 |date=2013-07-16 |access-date=5 August 2022 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023957/https://books.google.com/books?id=d-oHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |url-status=live }}.</ref> ka hor intaanay ku guuldarraysan inay hareereeyaan Madiina [[Battle of the Trench|Dagaalkii Khandaq]] (Maarso–Abriil 627). Sannadkii 628, [[Treaty of al-Hudaybiya|Heshiiskii Xudeybiya]] ayaa la kala saxiixday Makka iyo Muslimiinta, laakiin waxaajabiyay Makka laba sano ka dib. Markii qabiilo badan ay islaameen, jidadkii ganacsiga ee Makka waxaa gooyay Muslimiinta.<ref>{{harvp|Peters|2003|pp=78–79, 194}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|pp=23–28}}</ref> Markaatay ahayd 629 Maxamed wuxuu ku guuleystay [[conquest of Mecca|furashadii Makka]] ee aan dhiiggu ku daadan, iyo waqtigii uu geeriyooday 632 (da'da 62) wuxuu midaysiiyay qabiilooyinkii Carabta]] hal qaran oo diimeed. === Islaamkii Hore (632–750) === {{Further|Succession to Muhammad|Early Muslim conquests}} {{See also|Ghadir Khumm|Saqifa|Canonization of Islamic scripture}} [[File:Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg|thumb|Expansion of the Caliphate{{legend|#a1584e|Muhammad, 622–632}}{{legend|#ef9070|Khulafo Al-Raashidiin, 632–661}}{{legend|#fad07d|Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750}}]] Nabi Maxamed wuxuu geeriyooday sanadkii 632 waxaana khulafadii ugu horreysay ee loo yaqaan Khulafo – Abu Bakr, Cumar, Cuthmaan, Cali iyo marmar Xasan bin Cali<ref>{{Cite book| last1 = Melchert| first1 = Christopher| date = 2020| contribution = The Rightly Guided Caliphs: The Range of Views Preserved in Ḥadīth| editor1-last = al-Sarhan| editor1-first = Saud| title = Political Quietism in Islam: Sunni and Shi'i Practice and Thought| location = London and New York| publisher = I.B. Tauris| isbn = 978-1-83860-765-4| pages = 70–71| contribution-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=96TDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA63| access-date = 17 February 2022| url-status = live}}</ref> – looga yaqaan Islaamka Sunniga ah ''al-khulafā' ar-rāshidūn'' ("Khulafadii Hagaysa").{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=40}} Qaar kamid ah qabiilooyinka ayaa Islaamka ka tagay oo ka inkiiray madax sheegtay in ay yihiin nebiyo cusub balse Abu Bakr wuxuu ku jebiyey dagaalladii Riddada.<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|p=57}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Hourani|2002|p=22}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=32}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Madelung|1996|p=43}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Ṭabāṭabāʼī|1979|pp=30–50}}</ref> Bulshooyinka maxalliga ah ee Yuhuudda iyo Nasaarada asaliga ah, ee loo haystay dad laga tirada badan yahay oo diinaysan loona culeysiyay canshuuraha, ayaa inta badan ka caawiyey Muslimiinta inay qabsadaan dhulkooda,{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=38}} taasoo keentay in khilaafaddu ay si degdeg ah ugu ballaarato boqortooyooyinkii Saasaniyiinta iyo Biisantiinta.<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|p=74}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=J. Kuiper |first=Matthew |title=Da'wa: A Global History of Islamic Missionary Thought and Practice |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2021 |isbn=9781351510721 |page=85}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lapidus |first=Ira M. |title=A History of Islamic Societies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-521-51430-9 |pages=60–61 |author-link=Ira M. Lapidus}}</ref> Cuthmaan waxaa la doortay 644 waxaana dilkiisii uu kiciyey in Cali loo doorto Khaliifkii xigay. Dagaalkii Sifeyn ee Koowaad, xaaskii Nebiga, Caashaa, waxay soo saartay ciidan ka soo horjeeda Cali, iyada oo isku dayaysa inay u aarto dhimashadii Cuthmaan, balse waa lagu jabiyey Dagaalkii Geela. Cali wuxuu isku dayay inuu xilka ka qaado guddoomiyihii Suuriya, Mucaawiya, kaas oo loo arkayay musuqmaasuq. Mucaawiya ayaa markaas dagaal ku dhawaaqay Cali waana lagu jabiyey Dagaalkii Sifeyn. Go'aanka Cali ee ahaa inuu dhex-dhexaadin sameeyo ayaa ka caraysiiyey Khawaarijta, oo ahayd koox xagjir ah, kuwaas oo qabay in aan la dagaallamin qof dembiile ah awgeed, Cali uu isna noqday dembiile. Khawaarijtu way caasiyoobeen waxaana lagu jebiyey Dagaalkii Nahrawan balse nin Khawaariji ah ayaa gadaal ka dilay Cali. Wiilkiii Cali, Xasan bin Cali, ayaa loo doortay Khaliif wuxuuna saxiixay heshiis nabadeed si looga fogaado dagaal kale, isaga oo xilka uga degay Mucaawiya si uusan Mucaawiya u soo magacaabin qof beddela.{{sfnp|Holt|Lewis|1977|pp=67–72}} [[File:Almuñécar, statue of Abd al-Rahman I.jpg|thumb|Taallo ay leedahay Cabduraxmaan I oo ku taal Almuñécar, Isbayn. Islaamku wuxuu gaaray Galbeedka Yurub 711 AD, markii Ṭariiq bin Siyaad uu galay Jasiiradda Iberia. Sanadkii 756, Cabduraxmaan wuxuu aasaasay Imaaradda Cordoba, isagoo ka aasaasay dowlad Islaami ah oo madaxbannaan al-Andalus.]] Mucaawiya wuxuu bilaabay Saldanaddii Umawiyiinta isagoo u magacaabay wiilkiisii Yaziid inay isku xigaan, taasoo dhalisay Dagaalkii Sifeyn ee Labaad. Intii uu socday Dagaalkii Karbala, Xuseen bin Cali, wiilka labaad ee Cali iyo awowgii nebiga, waxaa si arxan darro ah u dilay ciidamadii Yaziid; dhacdadii waxaa sannad walba xusaa Muslimiinta Shiicada ah ilaa maanta. Sunniga, oo uu hoggaaminayo Ibn al-Zubayr oo kasoo horjeeda khilaafad dhaxal ah, ayaa lagaga adkaaday Go'doomintii Makka. Khilaafyadan hoggaanka ayaa keenay inuu dhasho khilaafka Sunni-Shiicada,{{sfnp|Waines|2003|p=46}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harney |first=John |date=3 January 2016 |title=How Do Sunni and Shia Islam Differ? |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/04/world/middleeast/q-and-a-how-do-sunni-and-shia-islam-differ.html |access-date=4 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyadoo Shiicadu ay aaminsan tahay in hoggaanku uu leeyahay qoyskii Nebiga (Ahl al-bayt).{{sfnp|Waines|2003|p=46}} Hoggaankii Abu Bakr wuxuu kormeeray bilowgii ururinta Qur'aanka. Khaliifkii Cumar bin Cabdicasiis wuxuu dhisay guddigii, Todobadii Fuqaha ee Madiina,{{sfnp|Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar Ibn Kathīr|2012|p=505}}<ref>''Umar Ibn Abdul Aziz'' By Imam Abu Muhammad Abdullah ibn Abdul Hakam died 214 AH 829 C.E. Publisher Zam Zam Publishers Karachi, pp. 54–59</ref> waxaana Malik bin Anas uu qoray mid ka mid ah buugagii ugu horreeyay ee ku saabsan fiiqhiga Islaamka, ''Muwatta'', oo ahayd is-afgarad ku saabsan aragtida culimadaas.{{sfnp|Coulson|1964|p=103}}<ref>{{Cite book |editor-last1=Houtsma |editor-first1=M.T. |editor-last2=Wensinck |editor-first2=A.J. |editor-last3=Lévi-Provençal |editor-first3=E. |editor-last4=Gibb |editor-first4=H.A.R. |editor-last5=Heffening |editor-first5=W. |series=Volume V: L—Moriscos |title=E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936 |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=1993 |edition=reprint |isbn=978-90-04-09791-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Va6oSxzojzoC |pages=207– |access-date=19 September 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor=Moshe Sharon |title=Studies in Islamic History and Civilization: In Honour of Professor David Ayalon |year=1986 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789652640147 |page=264 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0_wUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA264 |access-date=20 June 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Khawaarijtu waxay aaminsanaayeen in uusan jirin dhexdhexaad la tanaasuli karo oo u dhexeeya wanaagga iyo xumaanta, iyo in muslim kasta oo gala dembi weyn uu noqonayo gaal. Erayga "Khawaarij" waxaa sidoo kale loo adeegsaday in lagu tilmaamo ISIS.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mamouri|first=Ali|date=8 January 2015|title=Who are the Kharijites and what do they have to do with IS?|work=Al-monitor|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2015/01/islamic-state-kjarijites-continuation.html|access-date=6 March 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Murji'ah waxay barayeen in dadka toosan lagu xukumi karo Eebbe kaligii. Sidaa darteed, dembiilayaasha waxaa loo arki karaa inay marin habaabeen, laakiin aan lagu tilmaamin gaalo.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|p=43}} Dabeecaddan ayaa timid inay ku guulaysato caqiidada Islaamka ee ugu weyn.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}}[[File:BalianofIbelin1490.jpg|thumb|Saliibiyiinta oo ku wareejinaya Qudus Muslimiinta sanadkii 1187 AD.]] Saldanaddii Umawiyiintu waxay qabsatay Maqrib, Jasiiradda Iberia, Gallia Narbonensis iyo Sindh.<ref>{{cite book |first=Donald |last=Puchala |title=Theory and History in International Relations |page=137 |publisher=Routledge |year=2003}}</ref> Duullaamadii Islaamka ee hore waxaa lagu tilmaamay imperialism Islaami ah.<ref name="n050">{{cite journal | last=Wright | first=Craig S | title=Arab Colonialism and the Roots of the Golden Age of Islam | journal=SSRN Electronic Journal | date=2022 | issn=1556-5068 | doi=10.2139/ssrn.4020040 | url=https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4020040 | access-date=2026-04-24 | page=}}</ref> Umawiyiintu waxay la halgamayeen l'aynaansho sharci ah waxayna ku tiirsanaayeen ciidan aad loo taageero.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=45}} Maaddaama canshuurta Jizya ay ahayd canshuur ay bixiyaan kuwa aan muslimka ahayn oo ka reebayay adeegga ciidanka, Umawiyiintu waxay diideen inay aqoonsadaan islaam-gelitaanka kuwa aan Carabta ahayn, maadaama ay yaraynaysay dakhliga.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}} Iyadoo Khilaafadii Raashidiintu ay adkaysay adduunyo la'aanta, iyadoo Cumar uu xitaa dalbanayo in la tiriyo hantida sarkaal kasta,<ref>{{cite book |first1=Ahmad Ibn Jabir|last1=Al-Biladhuri |first2=Philip|last2=Hitti|title=Kitab Futuhu'l-Buldan|page=219 |publisher=AMS Press |year=1969}}</ref> raaxada Umawiyiinta ayaa dhalisay qancin la'aan dadka diinta ku adag.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}} Khawaarijtu waxay hoggaamiyeen Kacdoonkii Berber, taasoo horseeday dowladaha ugu horreeya ee Islaamka oo ka madax bannaan Khilaafada. Kacdoonkii Cabbasiyiinta, kuwa aan Carabta ahayn ee soo islaamay (Mawla), qabiilooyinkii Carabta ee ay Umawiyiintu meesha ka saareen, iyo qaar ka mid ah Shiicada ayaa midoobay oo riday Umawiyiinta, iyaga oo bilaabay Cabbasiyiinta oo caalami ah sanadkii 750.{{sfnp|Lewis|1993|pp=71–83}} === Axdigii Dahabiga Ahaa ee Islaamka (786–1258) === {{Further|Hadith studies|Islamic philosophy}} {{See also|Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe|Turco-Persian tradition}} [[File:Al-Risalah_al-Dhahabiah.JPG|thumb|Bog ka mid ah Al-Risala al-Dhahabiyya ee Imam Ali al-Rida (809 AD), oo ah tii ugu qiimaha badnayd ee shaqooyinka Islaamka ee Sayniska Caafimaadka. Waxaa ku jira qaybo saynis sida Anatomiya, Histoloji, Fisioloji, Kimistari iyo Patoloji intii sayniska caafimaadku uu wali ahaa mid bilow ah.]] Al-Shafi'i wuxuu dejiyay hab lagu xaqiijiyo isku-halaynta xadiiska.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|p=86}} Waagii hore ee Ablaasiyiinta, aqoonyahanno sida Muhammad al-Bukhari iyo Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj waxay soo ururiyeen guryaha waaweyn ee xadiiska Ahlusunna, halka aqoonyahanno sida Al-Kulayni iyo Ibn Babawayh ay soo ururiyeen guryaha waaweyn ee xadiiska Shiicada. Astaamaha afar-madhab ee Ahlusunna—Hanafi, Hanbali, Maliki, iyo Shafi'i—waxaa lagu tiiriyay dhulalka fundamentiinta ee Abū Ḥanīfa, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Malik ibn Anas iyo al-Shafi'i. Taa beddelkeeda, dhulalka fundamentiinta ee Ja'far al-Sadiq waxay dhiseen Fiqhiga Ja'fari. Qarnigii 9aad, Al-Tabari wuxuu dhameystiray qafiskii ugu horreeyay ee Tafsiirka Quraanka, Tafsir al-Tabari, oo noqday mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu xigashada badan Ahlusunna Islaamka. Doobab ka mid ah Muslinka waxay ka fekereen ka-sallamaaynta nolosha duniyeed waxayna xoogga saareen saboolnimada, is-hoosaysiinta, iyo fogaanta dambiga ee ku basada diidmada rabitaanka jidhka. Zuhuudka sida Hasan al-Basri waxay dhiirrigeliyeen dhaqdhaqaaq dib u zhugnaaday tasawwuf ama Sufi.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|pp=90, 91}} Waqtigan, dhibaatooyinka fiqiga, gaar ahaan doorashada xorta ah, waxay ahaayeen kuwo si adag loo maareeyay, iyadoo Hasan al-Basri uu qabay in kasta oo Eebbe uu og yahay waxa dadku sameynayaan, wanaagga iyo xintu ay ka yimaadaan isticmaalka qaldan ee doorashada xorta ah iyo Ibliiska.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|pp=38-39}}{{efn|"Hasan al-Basri waxaa inta badan loo tixgeliyaa mid ka mid ah dadkii ugu horreeyay ee diaday asalka malaa'igta ee ibliiska, isagoo ku doodaya in dhicitaankiisu yahay natiijada doorashadiisa xorta ah, oo ma ahan go'aanka Eebbe. Hasan al-Basri wuxuu sidoo kale ku dooday in malaa'igtu aysan awoodin dambiga ama khaladaadka oo ay ka sharaf badan yihiin aadanaha iyo xata cabsida nabiyada. Shiicada iyo Sunnida hore waxay ka soo horjeedeen ra'yigiisa.<ref>Omar Hamdan ''Studien zur Kanonisierung des Korantextes: al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrīs Beiträge zur Geschichte des Korans'' Otto Harrassowitz Verlag 2006 {{ISBN|978-3447053495}} pp. 291–292 (German)</ref>}} Falsafada Caqliga Giriiga waxay dhiirrigelisay dugsi feker oo loo yaqaan Mu'tazila, oo si ka muuqata u dooday fikradda doorashada xorta ah ee uu bilaabay Wasil ibn Ata.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|p=50}} Khaliif al-Mamun wuxuu ka dhigay caqiido rasmi ah wuxuuna si aan guul lahayn ugu doortay inuu ku qasbo booskan dadka intiisa badan.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=88}} Khaliif Al-Mu'tasim wuxuu sameeyay Mihna, iyadoo Ahmad ibn Hanbal oo ilaalinaayay dhaqanka uu si muuqata u diaday inuu waafaqo fikradda Mu'tazila ee ah in Quraanku yahay ku dhacay halkii uu ka ahaan lahaa mid weligeed ah, taas oo ka dhigtay in la jilciyo oo lagu hayo qol madow muddo ku dhow soddon bilood.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doi |first=Abdur Rahman |title=Shariah: The Islamic Law |location=London |publisher=Ta-Ha Publishers |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-907461-38-8 |page=110}}</ref> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dugsiyada kale ee Kalam—Māturīdism oo uu aasaasay Abu Mansur al-Maturidi iyo Ash'ari oo uu aasaasay Al-Ash'ari—waxay ahaayeen kuwo si ballaaran loo qaatay. Falsafadyahannada sida Al-Farabi, Avicenna iyo Averroes waxay isku deyeyeen inay waafajiyaan fikradaha Aristotle iyo fundamentiinta Islaamka, iyagoo u dhow Iskolastikada Kiristanka ee Yuubka iyo shaqada Maimonides ee Yuhuudda, halka kuwo kale sida Al-Ghazali ay ka soo horjeedeen habkan oo ugu dambeyntii guuleysteen.<ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=160}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Waines|2003|pp=126–127}}</ref> [[File:Al-Idrisi's_world_map.JPG|thumb|Tabula Rogeriana (1154 AD) ee al-Idrisi, oo ah mid ka mid ah khariidadaha dunida ee ugu horumarsanaa qarniyadii dhexe, oo la sameeyay Axdigii Dahabiga Ahaa ee Islaamka.]] Axdigan inta badan waxaa loo yaqaan Axdigii Dahabiga Ahaa ee Islaamka.<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|pp=80, 92, 105}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|pp=661–663}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=56}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lewis|1993|p=84}}</ref><ref name="harvp|Gardet|Jomier|2012">{{harvp|Gardet|Jomier|2012}}</ref> Guulaha sayniska Islaamku waxay samaysteen qaybo badan oo maadooyin ah sida caafimaadka, xisaabta, astronomiga, iyo beeraha iyo sidoo kale fisigiska, dhaqaalaha, injineernimada iyo optigga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=King |first=David A. |year=1983 |title=The Astronomy of the Mamluks |journal=Isis |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=531–55 |doi=10.1086/353360 |s2cid=144315162 | issn=0021-1753}}</ref><ref name="Hassan-1996">{{cite book |last=Hassan |first=Ahmad Y. |author-link=Ahmad Y. al-Hassan |title=Islam and the Challenge of Modernity |chapter=Factors Behind the Decline of Islamic Science After the Sixteenth Century |editor-last=Al-Attas |editor-first=S. S. |editor-link=Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas |location=Kuala Lumpur |publisher=International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization |year=1996 |pages=351–399 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ854295.pdf|title=Contributions of Islamic scholars to the scientific enterprise|access-date=13 December 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The greatest scientific advances from the Muslim world|website=TheGuardian.com|date=February 2010|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/feb/01/islamic-science|access-date=13 December 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Avicenna wuxuu ahaa horyaal ku saabsan caafimaadka tijaabada ah,<ref>Jacquart, Danielle (2008). "Islamic Pharmacology in the Middle Ages: Theories and Substances". European Review (Cambridge University Press) 16: 219–227.</ref><ref>David W. Tschanz, MSPH, PhD (August 2003). "Arab Roots of European Medicine", Heart Views 4 (2).</ref> oo The Canon of Medicine waxaa loo isticmaalay qoraal caafimaad oo heer sare ah ee dunida Islaamka iyo Yurub qarniyo. Rhazes wuxuu ahaa kii ugu horreeyay ee aqoonsaday cudurrada furfuraa iyo jadeecada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/alrazi.aspx|title=Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi (Rhazes) (c. 865-925)|publisher=sciencemuseum.org.uk|access-date=31 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Cisbitaallada dadweynaha ee waqtigaas waxay bixiyeen shahaadooyinka ugu horreeya ee caafimaadka si loogu ogolaado dhakhaatiirta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alatas |first=Syed Farid |year=2006 |title=From Jami'ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue |url=https://zenodo.org/record/29439 |journal=Current Sociology |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=112–132 |doi=10.1177/0011392106058837 |s2cid=144509355 |access-date=12 September 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Imamuddin |first=S.M. |title=Muslim Spain 711–1492 AD |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=1981 |isbn=978-90-04-06131-6 |page=169}}</ref> Ibn al-Haytham waxaa loo tixgeliyaa aabaha habka sayniska ee casriga ah iyadoo inta badan loo sheego "saynisyahankii ugu horreeyay ee runta ah ee dunida", gaar ahaan shaqadiisa optigga.<ref>{{cite journal |author-link=Gerald J. Toomer|first=G. J. |last=Toomer |jstor=228328 |title=Review Work: Matthias Schramm (1963) ''Ibn Al-Haythams Weg zur Physik'' |journal=Isis |volume=55 |issue=4 |date=Dec 1964 |page=464 |quote=Schramm sums up [Ibn Al-Haytham's] achievement in the development of scientific method.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Al-Khalili |first=Jim |date=4 January 2009 |title=The 'first true scientist' |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7810846.stm |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gorini |first=Rosanna |date=October 2003 |title=Al-Haytham the man of experience. First steps in the science of vision |journal=Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=53–55 |url=http://www.ishim.net/ishimj/4/10.pdf |access-date=25 September 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> Injineernimada, walaalaha Banū Mūsā aaladdooda turumbada tooska ah waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay ahaan lahayd mashinkii ugu horreeyay ee la barnamijayn karo.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Koetsier |first1=Teun |title=On the prehistory of programmable machines: musical automata, looms, calculators |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_mechanism-and-machine-theory_2001-05_36_5/page/589 |journal=Mechanism and Machine Theory |date=May 2001 |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=589–603 |doi=10.1016/S0094-114X(01)00005-2 }}</ref> Xisaabta Islaamka, fikradda algorithm waxaa lagu magacaabay Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, oo loo tixgeliyo aasaasaha aljabra, oo lagu magacaabay buugiisa al-jabr, halka kuwo kale ay soo saareen fikradda shaqada (function).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Katz |first1=Victor J. |author1-link=Victor J. Katz |last2=Barton |first2=Bill |title=Stages in the History of Algebra with Implications for Teaching |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_educational-studies-in-mathematics_2007-10_66_2/page/185 |journal=Educational Studies in Mathematics |date=18 September 2007 |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=185–201 |doi=10.1007/s10649-006-9023-7 |s2cid=120363574 }}</ref> Dowladda waxay siin jirtay saynisyahannada mushahar u dhigma mushaharka ciyaartoyda xirfadleyda ah ee maanta.<ref>{{harvp|Ahmed|2006|pp=23, 42, 84}}</ref> Guinness World Records wuxuu u aqoonsan yahay Jaamacadda Al Karaouine, oo la aasaasay 859, inay tahay jaamacadda ugu qadiimsan ee bixisa shahaadooyinka dunida.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Young |first=Mark |url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessbookofwo1998newy |title=The Guinness Book of Records |year=1998 |page=242 |publisher=Bantam |isbn=978-0-553-57895-9}}</ref> Dad badan oo aan Muslin ahayn, sida Kiristanka, Yuhuudda iyo Saabi'iinta,<ref name="Brague 2009">{{cite book|title=The Legend of the Middle Ages: Philosophical Explorations of Medieval Christianity, Judaism, and Islam|first=Rémi |last=Brague|year= 2009| isbn=9780226070803| page =164|publisher=University of Chicago Press|quote=Neither were there any Muslims among the Ninth-Century translators. Almost all of them were Christians of various Eastern denominations: Jacobites, Melchites, and, above all, Nestorians... A few others were Sabians.}}</ref> waxay guntadeen ilbaxnimada Islaamka qaybo meelaha ah,<ref name="Hill-1993">{{cite book |last=Hill |first=Donald |author-link=Donald Routledge Hill |title=Islamic Science and Engineering |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=1993 |page=4 |isbn=0-7486-0455-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Brague-Assyrians">{{cite web |last=Brague |first=Rémi |author-link=Rémi Brague |title=Assyrians contributions to the Islamic civilization |url=http://www.christiansofiraq.com/assyriancontributionstotheislamiccivilization.htm |website=Christians of Iraq |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> iyo machadka loo yaqaan Bayt al-Hikma wuxuu u shaqaaleysiiyay aqoonyahanno Kiristan iyo Faarisi ah si ay ugu turjumaan shaqooyinka luqadda Carabiga iyo si ay u soosaaraan aqoon cusub.<ref name="Meri-Bacharach-2006">{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Meri |editor-first1=Josef W. |editor-link1=Josef W. Meri |editor-last2=Bacharach |editor-first2=Jere L. |editor-link2=Jere L. Bacharach |title=Hadith |encyclopedia=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia |volume=1 |location=New York |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2006 |page=304 |isbn=978-0415966917 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MypbfKdMePIC&pg=PA304 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Saliba-1994">{{cite book |last=Saliba |first=George |author-link=George Saliba |title=A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam |location=New York |publisher=New York University Press |year=1994 |pages=245, 250, 256–57 |isbn=0-8147-8023-7 |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Cheshm manuscript.jpg|thumb|Anatomiya ee isha oo uu samaystay Hunayn ibn Ishaq, oo mas'uul ka ahaa turjumida Bayt al-Hikma waagii Boqortooyada Ablaasiyiinta, 1200 AD.]]Askartu waxay ka go'een boqortooyadii Ablaasiyiinta waxayna dhiseen khilaafadooda propriyada ah, sida Tulunids oo 868 ku tirsanaa Masar<ref>{{cite book|last=Holt|first=Peter Malcolm|author-link=Peter Holt (historian)|title=The Crusader States and Their Neighbours, 1098–1291|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0qLHVGgH7AC&pg=PA8|year=2004|publisher=Pearson Longman|isbn=978-0-582-36931-3|page=6|access-date=2 February 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> iyo boqortooyada Ghaznavid oo 977 ku tirsanaa Aasiyada Dhexe.<ref>{{cite book |title=Islamic Central Asia: an anthology of historical sources |editor-first1=Scott Cameron |editor-last1=Levi |editor-first2=Ron |editor-last2=Sela |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2010 |page=83}}</ref> Qaybsanaantan waxay keentay Qarnigii Shiicada, oo u dhaxeeyay 945 iyo 1055, oo la arkay kor u kaca dhaqdhaqaaqa Isma'ili Shiicada. Koox Isma'ili ah, boqortooyada Fatimid, waxay gacanta ku dhigeen Waqooyiga Afrika qarnigii 10aad<ref>Neue Fischer Weltgeschichte "Islamisierung in Zentralasien bis zur Mongolenzeit" Band 10: Zentralasien, 2012, p. 191 (German)</ref> iyo koox kale oo Isma'ili ah, Qarmatians, waxay boobeen Makka waxayna xadeen Hajar al-Aswad, oo ah dhagaxa ku dhex jira Kacbada, dib-u-jabayntooda aan guulaysan.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Glubb |first=John Bagot |title=Mecca (Saudi Arabia) |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mecca#ref887188 |access-date=18 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live }}</ref> Koox kale oo Isma'ili ah, boqortooyada Buyid, waxay qabsadeen Baqdaad waxayna ka dhigeen Ablaasiyiinta boqortooyo magac ah oo kaliya. Boqortooyada Seljuk ee Ahlusunna waxay u dhaqaaqday inay mar kale adkayso Islaamka Ahlusunna iyagoo faafinayay ra'yiyada aqoonyahanada waqtigaas, gaar ahaan dhisidda machadyada waxbarashada ee loo yaqaan Nizamiyyas, oo la xiriira al-Ghazali iyo Saadi Shirazi.<ref>Andreas Graeser ''Zenon von Kition: Positionen u. Probleme'' Walter de Gruyter 1975 {{ISBN|978-3-11-004673-1}} p. 260</ref> Faaftada dunida Muslinka waxay sii socotay iyadoo ergooyinka diinta ay u badaleen Volga Bulgaria Islaamka. Sultanada Delhi waxay gaadhay gudaha qaarad-hoosaadka Hindiya oo kuwo badan ayaa u badalay Islaamka,{{sfnp|Arnold|1896|pp=227–228}} gaar ahaan Hinduga heerka hoose ee faracoodu ka kooban yahay inta badan Muslinka Hindiya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-36220329|title=Why are many Indian Muslims seen as untouchable?|publisher=BBCnews|date=10 May 2016|access-date=6 October 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Ganacsigu wuxuu keenay Muslin badan oo Shiinaha ah, halkaas oo ay si buuxda u xukumi jireen warshadaha soo dejinta iyo ka deerinta ee boqortooyada Song.<ref>{{cite web |title=Islam in China |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/china_1.shtml |access-date=10 August 2011 |publisher=BBC |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslinka waxaa loo qortay maamulayaal la doortay oo heer sare ah boqortooyada Yuan.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lipman|first=Jonathan Newman|title=Familiar Strangers, a history of Muslims in Northwest China|location=Seattle, WA|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-295-97644-0|page=33}}</ref> === Casrigii Ka-horreeyay Casriga Cusub (1258 – Qarnigii 18aad) === {{Further|Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam}} [[File:GhazanConversionToIslam.JPG|thumb|Muuqaal qarnigii 14aad ee Ghazan, oo ahaa boqorkii 7aad ee Ilkhanate ee Boqortooyada Mongol, oo Islaamay.]] Pobalka ganacsiga Muslinka iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa tariiqooyinka Sufida dhiigooda,{{sfnp|Arnold|1896|pp=125–258}} Islaamku wuxuu ku faafay dhulal cusub<ref>{{cite web |title=The Spread of Islam |url=http://www.yale.edu/yup/pdf/cim6.pdf |access-date=2 November 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslinkuna waxay la dhex-galeen dhaqammo cusub. Hoos kaga jirtay Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta, Islaamku wuxuu ku faafay Koonfur-bari Yuuroop.<ref>{{cite web |date=6 May 2008 |title=Ottoman Empire |publisher=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1801?_hi=41&_pos=3 |access-date=26 August 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Islaamidda inta badan waxay lahayd heer sinkretisam ah,<ref>{{Cite book |title=Islamic and European Expansion |publisher=Temple University Press |year=1993 |editor-last=Adas |editor-first=Michael |location=Philadelphia |page=25}}</ref> sida uu muujinayo muuqaalka Muhammad ee suugaanta dadweynaha ee Hinduga.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Metcalf |first=Barbara |title=Islam in South Asia in Practice |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2009 |page=104}}</ref> Turkida Muslinka ah waxay ku dareen walxaha caqiidada Shamanisamka Turkida Islaamka.{{efn|"Sannadaha dhow, fikradda sinkretisamka waa la dhuftay. Maaddaama ay maqan tahay awood lagu go'aamiyo ama lagu tixgeliyo caqiidada Ortodokska ee ku saabsan Islaamka, aqoonyahannada qaarkood waxay ku doodayaan inaysan jirin caqiidooyinka la qresheeyay, oo kaliya ee la amray habka, Islaamka ka hor qarnigii 16aad.{{sfnp|Peacock|2019|p=20–22}}}}{{sfnp|Çakmak|2017|pp=1425–1429}} Muslinka ku jira Boqortooyada Ming ee Shiinaha oo ka soo jeeda soo-galootigii hore waa la la-dhex-galay, mararka qaar shuruuc ku dhiirrigelisa dhex-galka,<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Farmer|editor1-first=Edward L.|title=Zhu Yuanzhang and Early Ming Legislation: The Reordering of Chinese Society Following the Era of Mongol Rule|date=1995|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004103910|page=82|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TCIjZ7l6TX8C&pg=PA82|access-date=19 February 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> iyagoo qaatay magacyada Shiinaha iyo dhaqanka halka Nanjing uu noqday xarun muhiim ah ee barashada Islaamka.<ref>Israeli, Raphael (2002). ''Islam in China''. p. 292. Lexington Books. {{ISBN|0-7391-0375-X}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dillon |first=Michael |year=1999 |title=China's Muslim Hui Community |publisher=Curzon |url=https://archive.org/details/chinasmuslimhuic00dill |isbn=978-0-7007-1026-3 |page=37 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Ndhex-galka dhaqanka wuxuu ahaay mid muuqda iyadoo la yaraysay saamaynta Carabta ka dib burburintii Mongol ee Khilafadii Ablaasiyiinta.<ref>{{harvp|Bulliet|2005|p=497}}</ref> Khanates-ka Mongol ee Muslinka ah ee ku jira Iiraan iyo Aasiyada Dhexe waxay ka faa'iideysteen kordhinta helitaanka dhaqammada ee Bariga Aasiya oo hoos jirtay xukunkii Mongol sidaas darteed waxay u horumareen oo ay u samaysteen si ka duwan saamaynta Carabta, sida Dib-u-dhalashadii Timurid oo hoos jirtay boqortooyada Timurid.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Subtelny |first=Maria Eva |date=November 1988 |title=Socioeconomic Bases of Cultural Patronage under the Later Timurids |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/socioeconomic-bases-of-cultural-patronage-under-the-later-timurids/2A0F3018EE155F23FC4A7F5F25D7DE6D |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=479–505 |doi=10.1017/S0020743800053861 |s2cid=162411014 |access-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201–1274) wuxuu soo bandhigay qaabka xisaabta oo ka dib loo dooday inuu qaatay Copernicus isagoo aan waxba ka badalin qaabkiisa heliocentric-ka,<ref>{{cite web|date=1999|title=Nasir al-Din al-Tusi|publisher=University of St Andrews|url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Tusi_Nasir/|access-date=27 August 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> iyo qiyaasta pi ee Jamshīd al-Kāshī ma aysan dhaafin 180 sano.<ref>{{cite web |date=1999 |title=Ghiyath al-Din Jamshid Mas'ud al-Kashi |publisher=University of St Andrews |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Kashi/ |access-date=29 December 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg|thumb|Mehmed II oo galaya Constantinople.]] Ka dib markii la soo bandhigay hubka baaruda, dawlado waaweyn oo dhawaan xabbada lahaa oo Muslin ah ayaa ku bashqaday boqortooyoyinka baaruda, kuwaas oo hore u kala qaybsanaay dhulal kala duwan. Khilafada waxaa sheegtay boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta ee Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta iyadoo sheegashadooda la adkeeyay 1517 markii Selim I uu noqday taliyaha Makka iyo Madiina.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Drews |first=Robert |url=https://my.vanderbilt.edu/robertdrews/publications/ |title=Coursebook: Judaism, Christianity and Islam, to the Beginnings of Modern Civilization |date=August 2011 |publisher=Vanderbilt University |chapter=Chapter Thirty – "The Ottoman Empire, Judaism, and Eastern Europe to 1648" |chapter-url=https://my.vanderbilt.edu/robertdrews/files/2014/01/Chapter-Thirty.-The-Ottoman-Empire-Judaism-and-Eastern-Europe-to-1648.pdf |access-date=21 April 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Boqortooyada Shiicada ee Safavid waxay ku korortay awoodda 1501 ka dibna waxay qabsatay dhammaan Iiraan.<ref>Peter B. Golden: An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples; In: Osman Karatay, Ankara 2002, p. 321</ref> Koonfurta Aasiya, Babur wuxuu aasaasay Boqortooyada Mughal.<ref>{{citation|last=Gilbert|first=Marc Jason|title=South Asia in World History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1dhKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA75|year=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-066137-3|pages=75|access-date=15 January 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> Diinta dawladaha ku dhex-jira ee boqortooyoyinka baaruda waxay saamaysay dhaqanka diimeed ee dadkooda ku dhex-jira. Wada-noolaanshaha u dhexeeya taliyayaasha Cusmaaniyiinta iyo Sufinimada wuxuu si adag u saameeyay xukunkii Islaamka ee Cusmaaniyiinta tan iyo bilowgii. Tariiqada Mevlevi iyo Bektashis waxay lahaayeen xiriir dhow oo ay la lahaayeen sultannada,<ref>Ga ́bor A ́goston, Bruce Alan Masters ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire'' Infobase Publishing 2010 {{ISBN|978-1-4381-1025-7}} p. 540</ref> maaddaama noocyada Sufi-suufiyada ah iyo kuwo kale oo sinkretik ah ee Islaamka ay u horumareen si muuqata.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Algar |first=Ayla Esen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fc69BhBDjhwC&q=ottomans+sufism |title=The Dervish Lodge: Architecture, Art, and Sufism in Ottoman Turkey |page=15 |date=1 January 1992 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-07060-8 |access-date=29 April 2020 |via=Google Books |url-status=live }}</ref> Badanaa qasabka dhex-galka Safavid ee Iiraan ee Islaamka Shiicada ee Labada-iyo-tobanlaha ee Boqortooyada Safavid wuxuu xaqiijiyay xukunkii dambe ee Labada-iyo-tobanlaha dhexdiisa Islaamka Shiicada. Soo-galootiga Faarisiga ah ee Koonfurta Aasiya, maaddaama ay ahaayeen maamulayaal saamayntooda leh iyo milkiilayaal dhul, waxay caawiyeen faafinta Islaamka Shiicada, iyagoo dhisay qaar ka mid ah dadka ugu waaweyn ee Shiicada ee ka baxsan Iiraan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/conversion-iii|title=CONVERSION To Imami Shiʿism in India|publisher=Iranica Online|language=English|access-date=6 October 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Nader Shah, oo riday Safavids, wuxuu isku deyey inuu wanaajiyo xiriirka Ahlusunna ee Cusmaaniyiinta iyadoo la faafinayo dhex-galka Islaamka Shiicada ee Labada-iyo-tobanlaha dhexdiisa Islaamka Ahlusunna sida madhabka shanaad, oo loo yaqaan Ja'farism,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Nadir Shah and the Ja 'fari Madhhab Reconsidered |first=Ernest |last=Tucker |journal=Iranian Studies |volume=27 |issue=1–4 |date=1994 |pages=163–179 |doi=10.1080/00210869408701825 |jstor=4310891}}</ref> oo ku dhiirran waayay inuu helo aqoonsi ka soo baxa Cusmaaniyiinta.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Nāder Shāh |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/nader-shah |date=29 March 2006 |first=Ernest |last=Tucker |access-date=9 March 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Casrigii Casriga Ahaa (Qarniyadii 18aad–20aad) === [[File:Portrait Caliph Abdulmecid II.jpg|thumb|Sawirka Khaliifkii ugu dambeeyay Abdülmecid II, ee Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta, 1923.]] Horey qarnigii 14aad, Ibn Taymiyya wuxuu dhiirrigeliyay qaab daahir ah oo Islaamka ah, isagoo diaday hababka falsafada si uu u doorbido fiqhiga fudud,<ref name="ReferenceA">Mary Hawkesworth, Maurice Kogan ''Encyclopedia of Government and Politics: 2-volume set'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-1-136-91332-7}} pp. 270–271</ref> wuxuuna ugu baaqay in loo furo albaabada ijtihadka halkii indho la'aan loogu dayan lahaa aqoonyahannada.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=150}} Wuxuu ugu baaqay jihad ka dhan ah kuwa uu u tixgeliyay gaalo,{{Refn|group=note|Richard Gauvain ''Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-0-7103-1356-0}} p. 6}} laakiin qoraalladiisu waxay lahaayeen oo kaliya doorkii ugu yaraa intii uu babacayay.{{Refn|group=note|Spevack, Aaron (2014). The Archetypal Sunni Scholar: Law, Theology, and Mysticism in the Synthesis of al-Bajuri. SUNY Press. pp. 129–130.}} Qarnigii 18aad ee Carabiya, Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, oo ay saameeyeen shaqooyinka Ibn Taymiyya iyo Ibn al-Qayyim, wuxuu aasaasay dhaqdhaqaaq loo yaqaan Wahhabism si loo laabto waxa uu u arkay Islaamka aan la badalin.<ref>Donald Quataert ''The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922'' Cambridge University Press 2005 {{ISBN|978-0-521-83910-5}} p. 50</ref> Wuxuu cambaareeyay caadooyinka badan ee maxalliga ah ee Islaamka, sida bisitaynta qabriga Muhammad ama Imamyada Shiicada, maaddaama ay yihiin bidco cusub iyo dambi<ref name="ReferenceE">Ga ́bor A ́goston, Bruce Alan Masters ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire'' Infobase Publishing 2010 {{ISBN|978-1-4381-1025-7}} p. 260</ref> wuxuuna burburiyay dhagaxyada iyo geedaha xurmada leh, goobaha Sufida, Qabuuraha al-Baqi, qabuuraha Muhammad iyo asxaabtiisa iyo Qabriga Imam Husayn, oo ah goob muhiim ah oo loo bisiteeyo Shiicada.{{Refn|group=note|Graves desecrated in Mizdah, Libya Herald, 2013}}{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=146}} Wuxuu dhisay isbahaysi uu la leeyahay qoyska Saud, oo marka la joogo 1920-yadii ay dhammaystireen qabsashadooda dhulka noqon doona Sacuudi Carabiya.<ref name="Musa-2022">{{Cite thesis |title=The Emergence of a Scholar from a Garrison Society: A contextual analysis of Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhāb's doctrine in the light of the Qur'ān and Hadīth |url=https://repository.uwtsd.ac.uk/id/eprint/2096/ |publisher=University of Wales Trinity Saint David |date=2022-08-23 |degree=masters |language=en |first=Shahajada Md |last=Musa |access-date=19 December 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Nicolas Laos ''The Metaphysics of World Order: A Synthesis of Philosophy, Theology, and Politics'' Wipf and Stock Publishers 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-4982-0102-5}} p. 177</ref> Ma Wanfu iyo Ma Debao waxay dhiirrigeliyeen dhaqdhaqaaqa salafida qarnigii 19aad sida Sailaifengye ee Shiinaha ka dib markii ay ka soo laabteen Makka laakiin ugu dambeyntii waxaa dhibay oo lagu qasbay inay dhuuntaan kooxaha Sufida.<ref>{{cite book|first=Barry M.|last=Rubin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wEih57-GWQQC&pg=PA79|page=79|title=Guide to Islamist Movements|year=2000|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=0-7656-1747-1|access-date=28 June 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> Kooxaha kale waxay isku deyeyeen inay dib u habayn ku samayso Sufinimada halkii ay ka diadi lahaayeen, iyagoo Senusiyya iyo Muhammad Ahmad ay labadooduba dagaallameen oo ay dhiseen dawlado ku kala yaalla Liibiya iyo Sudaan.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=147}} Hindiya, Shah Waliullah Dehlawi wuxuu isku deyey qaab dib u heshiisiin ah oo ka dhan ah Sufinimada wuxuuna saameeyay dhaqdhaqaaqa Deobandi.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=149}} Jawaab ka dhan ah dhaqdhaqaaqa Deobandi, dhaqdhaqaaqa Barelwi waxaa loo aasaasay sida dhaqdhaqaaq dadweyne, iyadoo la difaacaayay Sufinimada caanka ah oo la dib u habaynayay dhaqankeeda.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robert L. Canfield |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3JhKNSk8tQC&pg=PAPA131 |title=Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52291-5 |pages=131– |access-date=1 December 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sanyal |first=Usha |date=23 July 1998 |title=Generational Changes in the Leadership of the Ahl-e Sunnat Movement in North India during the twentieth Century |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/generational-changes-in-the-leadership-of-the-ahle-sunnat-movement-in-north-india-during-the-twentieth-century/8AAAC4CFEFC4F4084731C3964A5CAE84 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=635–656 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X98003059 |via=Cambridge Core |access-date=23 February 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[File:Interior of Al Aqsa Mosque Jerusalem. 1900-1910 (id.22715311).jpg|thumb|Sannadkii 1969 Dabka Masjidka Al-Aqsa, oo sidoo cuali burburiyay Minbarkii Saladin, wuxuu keenay ver-xaasidnimo taabtay dunida Muslinka wuxuuna ahaa kicin muhiim ah oo loo aasaasay Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka.]] Dunida Muslinka waxay guud ahaan ku jirtay hoos u dhac siyaasadeed markii ay bilaabatay 1800-yadii, gaar ahaan marka la barbardhigo awoodaha Yuuroop ee aan Muslinka ahayn. Horey, qarnigii 15aad, Reconquista waxay ku guuleysatay inay dhameeyo joogitaanka Muslinka ee Iberia. Marka la joogo qarnigii 19aad, British East India Company waxay si rasmi ah u qabsatay boqortooyada Mughal ee Hindiya.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|pp=358, 378–380, 624}} Sida jawaab ka dhan ah Imperialisamka Reer Galbeedka, aqoonyahanno badan waxay isku deyeyeen inay dib u habayn ku samayso Islaamka.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Buzpinar |first=Ş. Tufan |date=March 2007 |title=Celal Nuri's Concepts of Westernization and Religion |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_middle-eastern-studies_2007-03_43_2/page/247 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=247–258 |doi=10.1080/00263200601114091 |jstor=4284539|s2cid=144461915 }}</ref> Casriyeynta Islaamka, oo markii hore loo bixiyay aqoonyahannada Reer Galbeedka sida Salafiyya, waxay soo dhoweysay qiimayaasha casriga ah iyo machadyada sida demokaraasiyada iyadoo la raacaayo qoraallada diinta. Hogaamiyayaasha muhiimka ah ee dhaqdhaqaaqa waxaa ka mid ah Muhammad 'Abduh iyo Jamal al-Din al-Afghani.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lauziere|first=Henri|title=The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-231-17550-0|location=New York, Chichester, West Sussex|pages=231–232}}</ref> Abul A'la Maududi wuxuu caawiyay saamaynta Islaamka siyaasadeed ee casriga ah.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 January 2014 |title=Political Islam: A movement in motion |work=Economist Magazine |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/erasmus/2014/01/political-islam |access-date=1 January 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Wilfred Cantwell |title=Islam in Modern History |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1957 |isbn=0-691-03030-8 |page=233 |author-link=Wilfred Cantwell Smith}}</ref> Sida ku dhow qaanuunka casriga ah, shariicada markii ugu horreysay ayaa qayb ahaan loo qoray shaqo ahaan sannadkii 1869 ku dhex-jirtay koodka Mecelle ee Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta. Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta waxay dissilftay ka dib Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Dunida, Khilafadii Cusmaaniyiinta waa la joojiyay 1924<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 June – 5 July 2000 |title=New Turkey |work=Al-Ahram Weekly |issue=488 |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2000/488/chrncls.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=16 May 2010 }}</ref> iyo Khilafadii Sharifian ee ka dib waxay u dhacday si doob ah,<ref>{{Cite web |last1=الوطن |first1=جريدة |last2=webmaster |date=2020-05-05 |title="مملكة الحجاز".. وقــصـــة الـغــزو المـســلّـــح |url=https://www.al-watan.com/article/230610/NEWS/%C2%AB%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%C2%BB-%D9%88%D9%82%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B5%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%80%D8%BA%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B2%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%80%D8%B3%D9%80%D9%80%D9%84%D9%91%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%AD |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=جريدة الوطن |language=ar |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bani Issa |first=Mohammad Saleh |date=2023-11-01 |title=Factors of stability and sustainable development in Jordan in its first centenary 1921–2021 (an analytical descriptive study) |journal=Heliyon |volume=9 |issue=11 |article-number=e20993 |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20993 |issn=2405-8440 |doi-access=free|pmid=37928029 |pmc=10623165 |bibcode=2023Heliy...920993B }}</ref> sidaas darteed iyadoo ka tagaysa Islaamka oo aan lahayn Khaliif.<ref name="والخلفاء-2023">{{Cite book |last=والخلفاء |first=قصص الخلافة الإسلامية |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r-5EAAAQBAJ |title=قصص الخلافة الإسلامية والخلفاء |date=2023-03-31 |publisher=Austin Macauley Publishers |isbn=978-1-3984-9251-6 |language=en |access-date=26 December 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref> Taageerayaasha Mideynta Islaamka waxay isku deyeyeen inay mideeyaan Muslinka waxayna tartan la galeen awoodaha qarannimada ee korayay, sida Pan-Arabisamka.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doran |first=Michael |title=Pan-Arabism before Nasser: Egyptian power politics and the Palestine question |date=1999 |publisher=Oxford university press |isbn=978-0-19-512361-6 |series=Studies in Middle Eastern history |location=New York Oxford}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Landau |first=Yaʿaqov M. |title=The politics of Pan-Islam: ideology and organization |date=1994 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-827709-5 |edition=[Rev. and updated] paperback (with additions and corr.) |location=Oxford}}</ref> Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka (OIC), oo ka kooban waddamada Muslinka ah, waxaa la aasaasay 1969 ka dib gubiddii Masjidka Al-Aqsa ee Qudus.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 December 2010 |title=Organization of the Islamic Conference |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/country_profiles/1555062.stm |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Xiriirka la la leeyahay waddamada warshadaha leh wuxuu keenay dadka Muslinka ah dhulal cusub iyada oo loo marayo u-guuritaanka dhaqaalaha. Muslin badan ayaa u guuray sida shaqaale heshiis ku jooga (u badan oo ka yimid Hindiya iyo Indoneesiya) Karibiyaanka, iyagoo dhisay dadka ugu waaweyn ee Muslinka ah inta la joogo boqolkiiba ee Ameerika.<ref>{{sfnp|Haddad|Smith|2002|p=271}}</ref> U-guuritaanka ka yimid Siiriya iyo Lubnaan wuxuu ku soo kordhiyay dadka Muslinka ah ee Laatiin Ameerika.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zabel|first=Darcy|title=Arabs in the Americas: Interdisciplinary Essays on the Arab Diaspora|publisher=Peter Lang|year=2006|isbn=9780820481111|location=Austria|page=5}}</ref> Natiijadii magaalooyinka iyo kordhinta ganacsiga ee Afrika ka hooseysa Saxara waxay keentay Muslinka inay degaan dhulal cusub oo ay faafiyaan diintooda, iyadoo lagu qiyaasay inay laba-laabatay dadkeeda Muslinka ah u dhaxeysa 1869 iyo 1914.<ref>{{harvp|Bulliet|2005|p=722}}</ref> === Casrigii ee Horumarsanaa (Qarnigii 20aad–Ilaa Hada) === [[File:13. Session of the Islamic Summit Conference.jpg|thumb|Hoggaamiyeyaasha dalalka Islaamka intii uu socday kalfadhigii 2016 ee Shirka Iskaashiga Islaamka ee Istambul, Turkiga. Trikiiba saddex sano, OIC waxay isku brings dhammaan hoggaamiyeyaasha Muslinka.|upright=1.35]] Aabbayaashii casriyeynta Islaamka waxay saameeyeen dhaqdhaqaaqyada siyaasadda Islaamka sida Ikhwaanul Muslimeen iyo xisbiyada la xiriira ee dunida Carabta,<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 August 2011 |title=Are secular forces being squeezed out of Arab Spring? |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14447820 |access-date=10 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Slackman |first=Michael |date=23 December 2008 |title=Jordanian students rebel, embracing conservative Islam |work=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/24/world/middleeast/24jordan.html |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> kuwaas oo si wanaagsan uga dhex muuqday doorashooyinkii ka dambeeyay Guudkii Carabta,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kirkpatrick |first=David D. |date=3 December 2011 |title=Egypt's vote puts emphasis on split over religious rule |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/04/world/middleeast/egypts-vote-propels-islamic-law-into-spotlight.html |access-date=8 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jamaat-e-Islami ee Koonfurta Aasiya iyo Xisbiga Caddaaladda iyo Horumarinta (AK Party), oo si kemokaraasi ah xukuma Turkiga tobanaan sano. Iiraan, Kacdoonkii Iiraan wuxuu beddelay boqortooyadii laimaaniyadda ee Reer Galbeedku taageerayay iyadoo la dhisay Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah. Kuwa kale sida Sayyid Rashid Rida waxay ka go'een casriyeeyayaasha Islaamka<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lauziere|first=Henri|title=The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-231-17550-0|location=New York, Chichester, West Sussex|page=237|quote="Prior to the fall of the Ottoman Empire, leading reformers who happened to be Salafi in creed were surprisingly open-minded: although they adhered to neo-Hanbali theology. However, the aftermath of the First World War and the expansion of European colonialism paved the way for a series of shifts in thought and attitude. The experiences of Rida offer many examples... he turned against the Shi'is who dared, with reason, to express doubts about the Saudi-Wahhabi project... . Shi'is were not the only victims: Rida and his associates showed their readiness to turn against fellow Salafis who questioned some of the Wahhabis' religious interpretations."}}</ref> waxayna ka hortageen soo dhowaynta waxa uu u arkayay saamaynta Reer Galbeedka.<ref>{{Cite book|last=G. Rabil|first=Robert|title=Salafism in Lebanon: From Apoliticism to Transnational Jihadism|publisher=Georgetown University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-1-62616-116-0|location=Washington DC, US|pages=32–33|quote="Western colonialists established in these countries political orders... that, even though not professing enmity to Islam and its institutions, left no role for Islam in society. This caused a crisis among Muslim reformists, who felt betrayed not only by the West but also by those nationalists, many of whom were brought to power by the West... Nothing reflects this crisis more than the ideological transformation of Rashid Rida (1865–1935)... He also revived the works of Ibn Taymiyah by publishing his writings and promoting his ideas. Subsequently, taking note of the cataclysmic events brought about by Western policies in the Muslim world and shocked by the abolition of the caliphate, he transformed into a Muslim intellectual mostly concerned about protecting Muslim culture, identity, and politics from Western influence. He supported a theory that essentially emphasized the necessity of an Islamic state in which the scholars of Islam would have a leading role... Rida was a forerunner of Islamist thought. He apparently intended to provide a theoretical platform for a modern Islamic state. His ideas were later incorporated into the works of Islamic scholars. Significantly, his ideas influenced none other than Hassan al-Bannah, founder of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt... The Muslim Brethren have taken up Rida's Islamic fundamentalism, a right-wing radical movement founded in 1928,.."}}</ref> Kooxda ISIS waxay xitaa isku deyday inay dib u samayso diinaarkii dahabka ahaa ee casriga ahaa si uu u noqdo pambakooda lacagta. Halka kuwii ka go'ay ay qaarkood ahaayeen kuwa ka gaabsada siyaasadda, kuwo kale waxay rumechsanaayeen dhibaataynta kuwa ka soo horjeeda, xitaa Muslinka kale.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/14/isis-gold-silver-copper-islamic-dinar-coins |title=Isis to mint own Islamic dinar coins in gold, silver and copper |work=The Guardian |date=21 November 2014 |access-date=31 July 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ka hortagga dhaqdhaqaaqyada siyaasadda Islaamka, qarnigii 20aad ee Turkiga, ciidanku waxay sameeyeen afgembiyo si ay xukuumadaha Islaamiga ah uga tuuraan xukanka, sidoo kale xijabka ayaa si sharci ah loo xaddiday, sida ay sidoo kale ka dhacday Tuniisiya.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 April 2011 |title=Huge rally for Turkish secularism |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6604643.stm |access-date=6 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Saleh |first=Heba |date=15 October 2011 |title=Tunisia moves against headscarves |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6053380.stm |access-date=6 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Dhulalka kale, awoodda diinta ayaa la maamulay iyada oo hadda loo arko puppeto oo ay dawladdu maamusho. Tusaale ahaan, Sacuudi Carabiya, dawladdu waxay keligeed maamushay aqoonta diinta<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 June 2007 |title=Laying down the law: Islam's authority deficit |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/international/2007/06/28/islams-authority-deficit |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo Masar, dawladdu waxay qarameysay Jaamacadda Al-Azhar, oo hore u ahayd igo madax-bannaan oo xaddida awoodda dawladda.<ref>{{cite book| title = The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought| last1 = Bowering | first1 = Gerhard | last2=Mirza |first2=Mahan |last3=Crone |first3=Patricia| year = 2013 | publisher = Princeton University Press | page=59| isbn = 9780691134840 }}</ref> Salafiyada waxaa dhaqaale lagu siiyay Bariga Dhexe sababtoo ah ka gaabsashadeeda siyaasadda.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 October 2008 |title=Ultraconservative Islam on rise in Mideast |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna27256187 |access-date=24 September 2013 |publisher=MSNBC |url-status=live }}</ref> Sacuudi Carabiya waxay ololayso ka dhan ah dhaqdhaqaaqyada Islaamiga ah ee kacdoonka ah ee Bariga Dhexe, iyadoo ka soo horjeedda Iiraan.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Almukhtar |first1=Sarah |last2=Peçanha |first2=Sergio |last3=Wallace |first3=Tim |date=5 January 2016 |title=Behind Stark Political Divisions, a More Complex Map of Sunnis and Shiites |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/01/04/world/middleeast/sunni-shiite-map-middle-east-iran-saudi-arabia.html |access-date=6 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Tiro yar oo Muslin ah oo ka soo jeeda qowmiyadaha kala duwan ayaa loo dhibay sida koox diimeed.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thames |first1=Knox |title=Why the Persecution of Muslims Should Be on Biden's Agenda |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/muslims-islam-china-india-myanmar-persecution-repression-biden-human-rights/ |work=Foreign Policy Magazine |date=6 January 2021 |language=English |access-date=5 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Tan waxaa sameeyay xoogagga shuuciga ah sida Khmer Rouge, kuwaas oo u arkayay inay yihiin armigooda koowaad ee la cirbootinayo maaddaama dhaqankooda diimeed uu ka dhigay kuwa ka dhex muuqda dadka kale,<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Perrin |first=Andrew |date=10 October 2003 |title=Weakness in numbers |magazine=Time |url=https://time.com/archive/6894001/weakness-in-numbers/ |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}</ref> Xisbiga Shuuciga Shiinaha ee Xinjiang<ref>{{cite web |last1=Beydoun |first1=Khaled A. |title=For China, Islam is a 'mental illness' that needs to be 'cured' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/china-islam-mental-illness-cured-181127135358356.html |publisher=Al Jazeera |language=English |access-date=5 February 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo xoogagga qarannimada sida intii uu socday xasuuqii Bosniya.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mojzes |first=Paul |title=Balkan Genocides: Holocaust and Ethnic Cleansing in the Twentieth Century |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4422-0663-2|page=178}}</ref> Ciidanka Miyanmaar ee Tatmadaw oo bartilmaameedsanayay Muslinka Rohingya waxaa loogu yeeray dambi ka dhan ah aadamnimada ay sameeyeen Qaraamada Midoobay iyo Amnesty International,<ref>{{cite news |author=Oliver Holmes |date=19 December 2016 |title=Myanmar's Rohingya campaign 'may be crime against humanity' |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/19/myanmars-rohingya-campaign-may-be-against-humanity |url-status=live |access-date=5 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=19 December 2016|title=Rohingya abuse may be crimes against humanity: Amnesty|website=Al Jazeera|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/19/rohingya-abuse-may-be-crimes-against-humanity-amnesty/|access-date=2023-02-21|url-status=live}}</ref> halka Xafiiska Qaraamada Midoobay ee Wakiilka Sare ee Xaqiiqo-raadinta uu ka helay xasuuq, sifeyn qowmiyadeed, iyo dambiyo kale oo ka dhan ah aadamnimada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/MyanmarFFM/Pages/ReportoftheMyanmarFFM.aspx|title=Report of Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar |date=27 August 2018|website=ohchr.org|access-date=14 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Horumarka isgaarsiinta dunida wuxuu teshay faafinta ballaaran ee aqoonta diinta. Qaadashada xijabka waxay noqotay mid ka sii badan<ref>{{Cite news |last=Slackman |first=Michael |date=28 January 2007 |title=In Egypt, a new battle begins over the veil |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/weekinreview/28slackman.html |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo aqoonyahanno badan oo Muslin ah waxay si kordhayay isku deyayaan inay ka soocaan caqiidooyinka diinta Islaamka iyo dhaqammada caadiga ah.{{sfnp|Nigosian|2004|p=41}} Kooxaha kale dhexdiisa, helitaanka macluumaadka wuxuu keenay kordhinta wacdiyayaasha "televangelist" ee caanka ah, sida Amr Khaled, kuwaas oo kula tartama culumada caadiga ah gaaritaankooda oo ay ka dhigeen awoodda diinta mid aan hal xarun ku dhuftayn.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=263}} Sharraxaadaha "gaarka ah" ee Islaamka<ref>V. Šisler: ''The Internet and the Construction of Islamic Knowledge in Europe'' p. 212</ref> waxay si muuqata u dhex-galaan Muslinka Liberaalka ah oo isku deyaya inay waafajiyaan dhaqammada diinta iyo xukunkii laimaaniyadda ee casriga ah,{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=118–119, 179}}{{sfnp|Rippin|2001|p=288}} hab ka mid ah kuwa ay dhaleeceeyeen qaarkood oo ku saabsan waafaqsanaantiisa.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Adams, Charles J.|editor1-last=Esposito|editor1-first=John L.|title=Voices of Resurgent Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/voicesofresurgen00hcen|url-access=registration|date=1983|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/voicesofresurgen00hcen/page/113 113–4] |chapter=Maududi and the Islamic State|quote=[Maududi believed that] when religion is relegated to the personal realm, men inevitably give way to their bestial impulses and perpetrate evil upon one another. In fact it is precisely because they wish to escape the restraints of morality and the divine guidance that men espouse secularism.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Meisami|first=Sayeh|date=2013|title='Abdolkarim Soroush |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0034.xml|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-12 |website=Oxford Bibliographies|language=en}}</ref> Sidoo kale, laimaaniyaddu waxaa loo arkaa fikrad shisheeye oo ay ku soo impose gareeyeen qabsadayaashii oo ay adkeeyeen maamulayaasha ka dambeeyay gumeysiga,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Secularism, State Neutrality, and Islam|author=Abdullah Saeed|encyclopedia=The Oxford Handbook of Secularism|editor1=Phil Zuckerman|editor2=John R. Shook |url=http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/abstract/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199988457-e-12|year=2017|page=188 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.013.12|isbn=978-0-19-998845-7|access-date=7 August 2023|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref> oo inta badan loo fahmo inay u dhiganto ka-horjeedda diinta.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Nader Hashemi|title=Secularism|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0714|access-date=7 August 2023|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref> == Tirada Dadka == {{Main|Dunida Muslinka|Ummah}} {{See also|Islaamka waddan ahaan|Koraanka dadka Muslinka ah}} [[File:2020+ Proportion of people in world religions.svg |thumb|Boqolkiiba inta qof ee diimaha dunida. Muslinku waxay ka yihiin dhawaan 25.6% dadka dunida, taas oo ah tiro yar oo ka hooseysa Masiixiyiinta.<ref name=Pew_20250609>{{cite web |last1=Hackett |first1=Conrad |last2=Stonawski |first2=Marcin |last3=Tong |first3=Yunping |last4=Kramer |first4=Stephanie |last5=Shi |first5=Anne |last6=Fahmy |first6=Dalia |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |publisher=Pew Research Center |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260222070137/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |archive-date=22 February 2026 |date=9 June 2025 |url-status=live |quote=Source: Pew Research Center estimates based on more than 2,700 censuses and surveys. "How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020"}}</ref>]] Marka la joogo 2020, dhawaan 25.6% dadka dunida, ama dhawaan 2&nbsp;bilyan oo qof, waa Muslin.<ref name="pewresearch.orgReligion">{{Cite web |title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/interactives/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |date=21 December 2022 |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128120036/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/interactives/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="www.pewresearch.org-2022">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2022 |title=Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project - Research and data from Pew Research Center |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205195540/https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |archive-date=5 February 2023 |access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/|title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population|date=27 January 2011|access-date=26 October 2022|archive-date=30 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930233955/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/08/09/muslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world/ | title=Muslims and Islam: Key findings in the U.S. and around the world | date=9 August 2017 | access-date=19 December 2022 | archive-date=8 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108121140/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/08/09/muslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Pew-Growth-2017">{{cite web |last1=Lipka |first1=Michael |last2=Hackett |first2=Conrad |author-link2=Conrad Hackett |title=Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514123559/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |archive-date=2019-05-14 |website=Fact Tank |publisher=Pew Research Center |date=2017-04-06 |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> Sannadkii 1900, qiyaastani waxay ahayd 12.3%,<ref name="Barrett-2001">{{cite book |last1=Barrett |first1=David B. |last2=Kurian |first2=George T. |last3=Johnson |first3=Todd M. |title=World Christian Encyclopedia: A Comparative Survey of Churches and Religions in the Modern World |volume=1: The World by Countries: Religionists, Churches, Ministries |edition=2nd |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |page=4 |isbn=978-0195079630 |language=en}}</ref> sannadkii 1990 waxay ahayd 19.9%<ref name="Pew Research Center-2011">{{Cite report |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |publisher=Pew Research Center |access-date=27 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209094904/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=9 February 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> iyada oo saadaalintu ay muujinayso in heerku noqon doono 29.7% marka la joogo 2050.{{rp|8}} Ugu kooban uturjumaadda Pew ee 2020 waxay heshay in dadka Muslinka ah ee dunidu ay ahaayeen kooxda diimeed ee ugu koraanka badnayd tobankii sano, inta badan sababtoo ah Muslinku waxay u janjeeraan inay ku yar yihiin da'da oo ay leeyihiin heer dhalmo oo sarreeya—laba walxood oo muhiim ah oo kexeeya koraanka caadiga ah ee dadka.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett|author2=Marcin Stonawski|author3=Yunping Tong|author4=Stephanie Kramer|author5=Anne Shi|author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf|access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Pew Research Center |page=9|quote=Increases in the global Muslim population are largely due to Muslims having a relatively young age structure and high fertility rate, two characteristics that result in natural population growth.}}</ref>{{rp|9}} Sida ku xuso qiyaasta dadka ee 2020, 65% dadka Muslinka ah waxay ku dhex jiraan toban waddan, iyada oo dadka ugu waaweyni ay ku nool yihiin Indoneesiya, Bakistaan, Hindiya, Bangaladeesh, Nayjeeriya, Masar, Iiraan, Turkiga, Sudaan, iyo Aljeeriya, marka loo eego sida ay u kala hooseeyaan. Indoneesiya waxay xarun u tahay ka badan 230,000,000 oo Muslin ah, Bakistaan ka badan 220,000,000, Hindiya ka badan 210,000,000, Bangaladeesh ka badan 150,000,000, Nayjeeriya ka badan 110,000,000, Masar ka badan 100,000,000, Iiraan iyo Turkiga midkiiba ka badan 80,000,000, iyo Sudaan iyo Aljeeriya midkiiba ka badan 40,000,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/muslim-population-change/|title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020: 3. Muslim population change|date=9 June 2025|access-date=12 February 2026|website=Pew Research Center}}</ref>[[File:Islam percent population in each nation World Map Muslim data by Pew Research.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Boqolkiiba Muslinka ee dunida waddan ahaan.<ref name="pew2015" />]]Sida ku xuso warbixin ay soo saartay CNN, "Islaamku wuxuu soo jiitay dad soo Islaamay oo ka soo jeeda dhammaan heerarka nolosha, gaar ahaan Ameerikanka ka soo jeeda Afrika".<ref>{{cite news |title=Fast-growing Islam winning converts in Western world |publisher=CNN |url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9704/14/egypt.islam/ |access-date=6 May 2016 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015114027/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9704/14/egypt.islam/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ingiriiska, dhawaan 6,000 oo qof ayaa soo Islaama sannad walba, iyada oo sida ku xuso maqaal ku jira British Muslims Monthly Survey, badanka dadka cusub ee soo Islaama ee Ingiriiska ay ahaayeen dumarka.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/bmms/2000/06June00.asp#Women%20convert |title=British Muslims Monthly Survey for June 2000, Vol. VIII, No. 6 |at=Women convert |access-date=2020-09-28 |archive-date=2008-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214160750/http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/bmms/2000/06June00.asp#Women%20convert |url-status=live}}</ref> Sida ku xuso The Huffington Post, "ilaaliyayaashu waxay qiyaasayaan in illaa 20,000 oo Ameerikan ah ay soo Islaamaan sannad walba", badankoodu ay yihiin dumarka iyo Muslinka Ameerikanka ka soo jeeda Afrika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-08-24 |title=Conversion To Islam One Result Of Post-9/11 Curiosity |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/post-911-islam-converts_n_935572 |access-date=2020-11-26 |website=HuffPost |language=en |archive-date=2021-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111201117/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/post-911-islam-converts_n_935572 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author-first=Julie |author-last=Bindel |author-link=Julie Bindel |title=Why do Western Women Convert? |url=http://standpointmag.co.uk/features-may-10-why-do-western-women-convert-julie-bindel-islam-female-conversion |access-date=8 May 2016 |work=Standpoint |date=26 April 2010 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006102003/http://standpointmag.co.uk/features-may-10-why-do-western-women-convert-julie-bindel-islam-female-conversion |url-status=live}}</ref> Sidoo kale boqolkiiba iyo tirada guud ahaan, Islaamku waa kooxda diimeed ee ugu koraanka badan dunida, iyadoo la saadaalinayo inay noqoto ta ugu weyn dunida dhamaadka qarniga 21aad, iyadoo ka badanaysa Masiixiyada. Waxaa lagu qiyaasay in marka la joogo 2050, tirada Muslinka ay u dhowaan doonto tirada Masiixiyiinta ee dunida, "sababtoo ah da'da yar iyo heerka dhalmo ee sarreeya ee Muslinka marka loo barbardhigo kooxaha kale ee diimaha."{{rp|70}} === Xituunta Pew Research === Dhawaan 49 waddan ayaa ah kuwo dadka ugu badan ee ku nooli ay Muslin yihiin,{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=11}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ba-Yunus |first1=Ilyas |title=Muslims in the United States |last2=Kone, Kassim |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2006 |page=[https://archive.org/details/muslimsunitedsta00bayu/page/n186 172] |url=https://archive.org/details/muslimsunitedsta00bayu |url-access=registration |isbn=978-0-313-32825-1}}</ref><ref name="Pew-Landscape-2012">{{cite report |author=The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life |title=The Global Religious Landscape: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Major Religious Groups as of 2010 |url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323215026/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf |archive-date=2018-03-23 |date=December 2012 |publisher=Pew Research Center |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=7 March 2018 |title=Islam in Russia |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2018/3/7/islam-in-russia/ |access-date=15 June 2021 |website=Al Jazeera |publisher=Anadolu News Agency |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024349/https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/features/2018/3/7/islam-in-russia |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Book review: Russia's Muslim Heartlands reveals diverse population |date=21 April 2018 |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/book-review-russia-s-muslim-heartlands-reveals-diverse-population-1.723230 |work=The National |access-date=13 January 2019 |archive-date=14 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114210257/https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/book-review-russia-s-muslim-heartlands-reveals-diverse-population-1.723230 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyada oo 62% Muslinka dunidu ay ku nool yihiin Aasiya, halka 683 milyan oo taabacsan ay ku nool yihiin Indoneesiya, Bakistaan, Hindiya, iyo Bangaladeesh keligood.<ref name="Pew-Projections-2050">{{cite web |title=10 Countries With the Largest Muslim Populations, 2010 and 2050 |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/muslims/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables74/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207115222/http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/muslims/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables74/ |archive-date=2017-02-07 |website=Pew Research Center |publisher=Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life |date=2015-04-02 |type=Projections table |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Secrets of Islam |url=https://www.usnews.com/usnews/graphics/religion/islams_global_reach.htm |access-date=24 September 2013 |website=U.S. News & World Report |archive-date=22 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122200555/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/graphics/religion/islams_global_reach.htm |url-status=live }} Information provided by the International Population Center, Department of Geography, San Diego State University (2005).</ref>{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|pp=15, 17}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pechilis |first1=Karen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C |title=South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today |last2=Raj |first2=Selva J. |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-44851-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C&pg=PA193 193] |access-date=3 May 2019 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024331/https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslinka Carabta ah waxay samayeeyaan kooxda qowmiyadeed ee ugu weyn Muslinka dhexdeeda ee dunida,<ref name="Nydell-2005">{{cite book |last=Nydell |first=Margaret Kleffner |title=Understanding Arabs: A Guide for Modern Times |edition=4th |location=Yarmouth, Maine |publisher=Intercultural Press |year=2005 |pages=xxiii, 14 |isbn=978-1931930253 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNoiieefqAcC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024737/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNoiieefqAcC |archive-date=2023-12-28 |language=en}}</ref> waxaa ku xiga Bangaaliyiinta<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Eaton|editor=Barbara D. Metcalf|title=Islam in South Asia in Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pR0LzVCpfw8C|date=8 September 2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-3138-8|page=275|chapter=Forest Clearing and the Growth of Islam in Bengal}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=haGORCJRlOUC&pg=PA50 |title=The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics |author1=Meghna Guhathakurta |author2=Willem van Schendel |page=50 |date=30 April 2013 |publisher=Duke University Press |access-date=7 November 2016 |isbn=978-0822353188 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707092408/https://books.google.com/books?id=haGORCJRlOUC&pg=PA50 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo Bunjaabiinta.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Rajmohan|title=Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten|year=2013|page=1|publisher=Aleph Book Company|location=New Delhi, India, Urbana, Illinois|isbn=978-93-83064-41-0}}.</ref> Qiyaasaha badankood waxay muujinayaan in Shiinaha ay ku nool yihiin dhawaan 20 illaa 30 milyan oo Muslin ah (1.5% illaa 2% dadka waddanka).<ref>{{cite web |work=The World Factbook |title=Explore All Countries – China |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/ |access-date=15 September 2009 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |archive-date=13 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213122152/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=China (includes Hong Kong, Macau, and Tibet) |website=Archived Content |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm |access-date=24 September 2013 |publisher=U.S. Department of State |archive-date=10 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710075050/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Islaamka ka jira Yurub waa diinta labaad ee ugu weyn Masiixiyadda ka dib waddamo badan dhexdeeda, iyada oo heerarka koraanka ay inta badan ku yimaadaan soogalootiga iyo heerka dhalmo ee sarreeya ee Muslinka ee 2005,<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 December 2005 |title=Muslims in Europe: Country guide |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4385768.stm |access-date=1 April 2010 |archive-date=29 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929213440/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4385768.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> taas oo samaynaysay 4.9% dhammaan dadka Yurub ee 2016.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/11/29/5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe/|title=5 facts about the Muslim population in Europe|date=November 29, 2017|work=Pew Research Center|first=Conrad|last=Hackett|access-date=17 January 2023|archive-date=5 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105202657/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/11/29/5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sida ku xuso Xituunta Pew Research, soo Islaamidda ma laha saameyn weyn oo saafi ah oo ku saabsan koraanka dadka Muslinka ah maadaama "tirada dadka ku soo Islaama diinta ay u dhowdahay inay la mid tahay tirada Muslinka ah ee ka baxda diinta."<ref>{{Cite report |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |section=Conversion |date=27 January 2011 |publisher=Pew Research Center |section-url=https://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-related-factors/#conversion |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |quote=there is no substantial net gain or loss in the number of Muslims through conversion globally; the number of people who become Muslims through conversion seems to be roughly equal to the number of Muslims who leave the faith |access-date=12 May 2020 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211126/http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bagse, Islaamku wuxuu ka helayaa faa'iido yar oo ah 3 milyan oo qof marka loo eego isbeddelka diimaha u dhexeya 2010 iyo 2050, inta badan ka timaada Afrika Sub-Sahara (2.9 milyan).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf|title=Cumulative Change Due to Religious Switching, 2010–2050, p.43|access-date=4 May 2016|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150429153811/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf|archive-date=29 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/|title=The Changing Global Religious Landscape|work=Pew Research Center|date=5 April 2017|access-date=17 December 2022|archive-date=18 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218030628/https://www.pewforum.org/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sida ku xuso uturjumaadda Pew ee 2020, dhawaan 1% dadka waaweyn ee ku soo koray Muslimnimada ayaa ka baxa diinta, halka boqolkiiba la mid ah —dhawaan 1%— ay ka soo Islaamaan diimaha kale, taas oo keenta heer hoose oo isbeddel diimeed ah oo soo gala ama ka baxa Islaamka.<ref name="pew2029">{{Cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett|author2=Marcin Stonawski|author3=Yunping Tong|author4=Stephanie Kramer|author5=Anne Shi|author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf|access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US|page=39|quote=Muslims and Hindus have been the least likely to gain or lose adherents from religious switching. About one in every 100 adults raised Muslim (or Hindu) has left their childhood religion, and a similar number from a different religious category have switched into Islam (or Hinduism).}}</ref> Mutaaniqada Islaamka ka baxday waxay u janjeeraan inay u wareegaan diin kale halkii ay ka noqon lahaayeen kuwo aan diin lahayn. == Qaybaha Waaweyn == {{Main|Xiriirka Shiicada iyo Sunnada|Qadiir Khum|Saqiifa|Ciidul Qadiir}} === Matalaadda Qadiir Khum iyo Saqiifa === [[File:Chronology of Ancient Nations, f.162r miniature.jpg|thumb|Magacaabiddii Cali uu Muxammad ku magacaabay Qadiir Khum, 1307 AD fardawsa Ilkhanid.]] Tukhtaan muhiim ah ayaa ka dhacay 632 ee Qadiir Khum, halkaas oo Muxammad, obo yar ka hor dhimashadiisa, uu gacanta ku qabtay Cali, oo ahaa ina-adeerkii iyo seedigii, uu ka jeediyay khudbad uu ku yiri "Kii aan ahay ''mowlahiisa'', Cali waa ''mowlahiisa''."<ref>{{cite book |title=The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam |author-first=Maria Massi |author-last=Dakake |year=2007 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9780791470336 |author-link=Maria Massi Dakake}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Veccia Vaglieri|first=L.|date=2012|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/*-SIM_2439|section=G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm|publisher=Brill|access-date=July 14, 2023|isbn=9789004161214|archive-date=14 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714174420/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/*-SIM_2439|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfnp|Campo|2009|pp=257–258}} Ereyga mowla wuxuu leeyahay macnayaal kala duwan oo ku xiran xaaladda, oo ay ku jiraan sayid, ilaaliye, xulafo, taageere, iyo mid awood leh. Shiicada dhexdeeda, waxaa loo fahmaa magacaabidda rasmiga ah ee Muxammad uu Cali uga dhigay beddelkiisa. Sunnadu sidoo kale waxay aqbashaa in tukhtaankii Qadiir Khum uu dhacay iyadoo Muxammad uu yiri hadalkaas ku saabsan Cali. Bagse, uma tarjumaan hadalka inuu yahay magacaabidda Cali ee beddelka Muxammad. Muslinka Sunnada ah waxay u tarjumaan ereyga mowla xaaladdan inuu u muuqdo saaxiib dhow, taageere, ama mid mudan daacadnimo iyo kalsooni. Sidaas darteed, waxay u arkaan bayaanka inuu yahay caddayn ah xushmadda Muxammad uu u hayay Cali, iyagoo hoos u dhigaya muhiimadda tukhtaanka. Kalfadhigii Saqiifa wuxuu dhacay obo yar ka dib dhimashadii Muxammad ee 632, halkaas oo Abu Bakar looga doortay beddelkiisa oo uu ku noqday Khaliifkii koowaad. Saqiifa waxay ka mid tahay tukhtaannada ugu muranka badan Islaamka, sababtoo ah ka saarida tiro badan oo ka mid ah Saxaabada Muxammad, oo ay ku jiraan Ahlul Bayt iyo gaar ahaan Cali. Cali iyo tiro badan oo ka mid ah qoyska Muxammad waxay weli ku jireen aasitaanka nabiga markii uu tukhtaanku dhacayay.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Foody |first=Kathleen |date=September 2015 |title=Interiorizing Islam: Religious Experience and State Oversight in the Islamic Republic of Iran |editor-last=Jain |editor-first=Andrea R. |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=599–623 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/lfv029 |doi-access=free |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Academy of Religion |eissn=1477-4585 |issn=0002-7189 |jstor=24488178 |lccn=sc76000837 |oclc=1479270 |quote=For Shiʿi Muslims, Muhammad not only designated Ali as his friend, but appointed him as his successor—as the "lord" or "master" of the new Muslim community. Ali and his descendants would become known as the Imams, divinely guided leaders of the Shiʿi communities, sinless, and granted special insight into the Qurʾanic text. The theology of the Imams that developed over the next several centuries made little distinction between the authority of the Imams to politically lead the Muslim community and their spiritual prowess; quite to the contrary, their right to political leadership was grounded in their special spiritual insight. While in theory, the only just ruler of the Muslim community was the Imam, the Imams were politically marginal after the first generation. In practice, Shiʿi Muslims negotiated varied approaches to both interpretative authority over Islamic texts and governance of the community, both during the lifetimes of the Imams themselves and even more so following the disappearance of the twelfth and final Imam in the ninth century.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Foody |first=Kathleen |date=September 2015 |editor-last=Jain |editor-first=Andrea R. |title=Interiorizing Islam: Religious Experience and State Oversight in the Islamic Republic of Iran |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Academy of Religion |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=599–623 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/lfv029 |issn=0002-7189 |eissn=1477-4585 |jstor=24488178 |lccn=sc76000837 |oclc=1479270 |quote=For Shiʿi Muslims, Muhammad not only designated Ali as his friend, but appointed him as his successor—as the "lord" or "master" of the new Muslim community. Ali and his descendants would become known as the Imams, divinely guided leaders of the Shiʿi communities, sinless, and granted special insight into the Qurʾanic text. The theology of the Imams that developed over the next several centuries made little distinction between the authority of the Imams to politically lead the Muslim community and their spiritual prowess; quite to the contrary, their right to political leadership was grounded in their special spiritual insight. While in theory, the only just ruler of the Muslim community was the Imam, the Imams were politically marginal after the first generation. In practice, Shiʿi Muslims negotiated varied approaches to both interpretative authority over Islamic texts and governance of the community, both during the lifetimes of the Imams themselves and even more so following the disappearance of the twelfth and final Imam in the ninth century. |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Amir-Moezzi |author-first=Mohammad Ali |title=Ghadīr Khumm |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=Third |editor1-first=Kate |editor1-last=Fleet |editor2-first=Gudrun |editor2-last=Krämer |editor3-first=Denis |editor3-last=Matringe |editor4-first=John |editor4-last=Nawas |editor5-first=Devin J. |editor5-last=Stewart |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419 |year=2014 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419 |isbn=9789004269613 |author-link=Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Muslinka Sunnada ah waxay qabaan in Muxammad uu u daayay doorashada beddelkiisa bulshada, sidaas darteedna waxay u arkaan doorashadii Abu Bakar ee saxaabada inay ahayd mid sharci ah. Muslinka Shiicada ah waxay adkaynayaan in Cali hore loogu magacaabay beddelka Muxammad ee tukhtaankii Qadiir Khum, sidaas darteedna waxay u arkaan tukhtaannadii Saqiifa inay ahaayeen kuwo dhaafay xaqiisii beddelka. Dhibaatada beddelka waxay noqotay sababtii ugu horreysay ee qeybsanaanta Muslinka oo keentay soo bixitaanka labada qaybood ee waaweyn ee Islaamka, Sunna iyo Shiica. === Islaamka Sunnada ah === {{Main|Islaamka Sunnada ah}} [[File:Khalili Collection Islamic Art mss 0311 fol 190b-191a.jpg|thumb|Faraq-qoraal ah oo [[Saxiix al-Bukhari]] ah oo ka soo jeeda qarnigii 14aad, ururintii ugu horreysay ee [[xadiis]] ee [[Kutub al-Sittah|Lixda Buug]] ee [[Islaamka Sunnada ah]].]] Islaamka Sunnada ah waa qaybta ugu weyn ee Islaamka iyada oo ah mhabka diimeed ee ugu weyn dunida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of religious populations {{!}} Largest Religions, Smallest Religions, Lists, Data, & Overview {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/List-of-religious-populations|access-date=2025-07-24|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sunni |title=Sunni |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=17 September 2021 |archive-date=30 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430101807/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/574006/Sunnite |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Sunni Islam |editor-first=John L. |editor-last=Esposito |encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2014 |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2280 |access-date=10 January 2010 |archive-date=5 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005013247/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2280 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Denny-2010">{{cite book |last=Denny |first=Frederick |author-link=Frederick M. Denny |title=Sunni Islam: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |page=3 |isbn=978-0199804153 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D5_N97bAiJ0C&pg=PA3 |quote=Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community, and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority (85 to 90%) of that community. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lawson |first1=Russell M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_krEEAAAQBAJ&dq=islam+based+on+the+teachings+of+muhammad&pg=PA419 |title=Science in the Ancient World: From Antiquity through the Middle Ages |date=23 September 2021 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-4408-7353-9 |page=419 |language=en}}</ref> Ereygu waa gaabinta weedha "''Ahl as-Sunnah wa al-Jama'ah''", oo macnaheedu yahay "dadka [[Sunnah|sunnada]] (dhaqankii Muxammad) iyo jamacaadka".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Ahl as-Sunnah |encyclopedia=Islam Ansiklopedisi |publisher=Turkish Diyanet Foundation |location=Istanbul |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ehl-i-sunnet |last=Yavuz |first=Yusuf Şevki |date=1994 |volume=10 |pages=525–530 |lang=tr |access-date=28 December 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228114411/https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ehl-i-sunnet |url-status=live }}</ref> Islaamka Sunnada ah mararka qaarkood waxaa loo yaqaanaa "Islaamka Ortodokska ah",<ref>{{cite book |author1=John Richard Thackrah |title=Dictionary of Terrorism |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1135165956 |edition=2, revised |page=252}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Status of Women Under Islamic Law and Modern Islamic Legislation |date=2009 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9004172739 |editor1-last=Nasir |editor1-first=Jamal J. |edition=revised |page=11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=George W. Braswell |title=What You Need to Know about Islam & Muslims |date=2000 |publisher=B&H Publishing Group |isbn=978-0805418293 |edition=illustrated |page=62}}</ref> ingawa aqoonyahanada qaar ay u arkaan inaysan habboonayn, iyada oo Sunni-nimada ka baxsan ay dad badan u arki karaan fahan xumaan.<ref>An Introduction to the Hadith. John Burton. Published by Edinburgh University Press. 1996. p. 201. Cite: "Sunni: Of or pertaining ''sunna'', especially the ''Sunna'' of the Prophet. Used in conscious opposition to Shi'a, Shi'í. There being no ecclesia or centralized magisterium, the translation 'orthodox' is inappropriate. To the Muslim 'unorthodox' implies heretical, ''mubtadi'', from ''bid'a'', the contrary of ''sunna'' and so 'innovation'."</ref> Sunnadu waxay adkaynaysaa in Muxammad uusan magacaabin beddel, wuxuuna u dhaafay doorashada beddelkiisa bulshada, sidaas darteedna waxay u arkaan doorashadii Abu Bakar ee Saqiifa inay ahayd mid sharci ah. Muslinka Sunnada ah waxay inta badan u noqdaan lixda buug ee xadiiska ee waaweyn arrimaha sharciga, iyagoo u raaca mid ka mid ah afar madhabood ee fiqhiga: [[Hanafi school|Xanafi]], [[Hanbali school|Xanbali]], [[Maliki school|Maaliki]], [[Shafi'i school|Shaafi'i]].<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|pp=275, 306}}</ref> Cilmiga tawxiidka ee athariga ah waa madhab Sunni ah oo feker ah, oo uu si weyn ugu doodi jiray Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780–855 CE), oo lagu garto u noqoshada fahanka qoraalka ah ee Qur'aanka iyo sunnada, aמונה ah in Qur'aanku yahay mid aan la abuurin oo weligeed ah, iyo ka soo horjeeda cilmiga caqliga, ee loo yaqano kalam, marka loo eego arrimaha diinta iyo anshaxa.<ref>Hadi Enayat ''Islam and Secularism in Post-Colonial Thought: A Cartography of Asadian Genealogies'' Springer Publishing, 30 June 2017 {{ISBN|978-3-319-52611-9}} p.48</ref> Maaturidiyada, oo uu aasaasay Abu Mansur al-Maturidi (853–944 CE), waxay leedahay qoraalka la soo dejiyay looma baahna anshaxa asaasiga ah iyada oo wanaagga iyo xawliga lagu fahmi karo caqliga keligiis,<ref>Rico Isaacs, Alessandro Frigerio ''Theorizing Central Asian Politics: The State, Ideology and Power'' Springer Publishing 2018 {{ISBN|978-3-319-97355-5}} p. 108</ref> laakiin dadku waxay u noqdaan waxyiga arrimaha ka baxsan fahanka bahaamka. Ash'ariyada, oo uu aasaasay Al-Ashʿarī (c. 874–936), waxay leedahay anshaxu wuxuu ka imaan karaa oo keliya waxyiga rabbaaniga ah laakiin waxay aqbashaa caqliga arrimaha fasiraadda waxayna isku dartaa hababka Mu'tazilada iyo fikradaha athariga.<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|1999|p=280}}</ref> Salafiyadu waa doonis dib u cusboonaysiin ah oo u dooda u noqoshada dhaqankii qgeneration-kii ugu horreeyay ee Muslinka. Qarnigii 18aad, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab wuxuu kexeeyay dhaqdhaqaaq Salafi ah, oo dadka ka baxsan ay u yaqaanaan Wahaabiya, waddanka maanta loo yaqano Sacuudi Carabiya.<ref>Richard Gauvain ''Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-0-7103-1356-0}} page 8</ref> Dhaqdhaqaaq la mid ah oo loo yaqano Ahl al-Hadith ayaa sidoo kale hoos u dhigay dhaqanka sharciga Sunniga ah ee qarniyada jiray, iyagoo door biday inay si toos ah u raacaan Qur'aanka iyo Xadiiska. Dhaqdhaqaaqa Sunniga ah ee Nurcu waxaa aasaasay Said Nursi (1877–1960); wuxuu isku darayaa qaybo ka mid ah Tasawufka iyo sayniska.<ref name="Svante E. Cornell p. 283">Svante E. Cornell ''Azerbaijan Since Independence'' M.E. Sharpe {{ISBN| 9780765630049}} p. 283</ref><ref>Robert W. Hefner ''Shariʻa Politics: Islamic Law and Society in the Modern World'' Indiana University Press 2011 {{ISBN|978-0-253-22310-4}} p. 170</ref> === Islaamka Shiicada ah === {{Main|Islaamka Shiicada ah}} [[File:Folio from a Nahj al-Balagha.gif|thumb|Warqad gacan-qoraal ah oo ka timaada Nahj al-Balagha, ee taariikhdeedu tahay 1149 AD. Nahj al-Balagha waa ururin khudbado, waraaqo, iyo hadallo ah oo uu leeyahay Cali. Waxaa loo arkaa inay ka mid tahay kuwa ugu muhiimsan ee suugaanta Carabiga iyada oo ka joogta meel sare Islaamka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda.]] Islaamka Shiicada ah waa qaybta labaad ee ugu weyn Islaamka iyo mid ka mid oo ka mid ah mhabada diimeed ee ugu waaweyn dunida.<ref>{{cite web |title=Field Listing :: Religions |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706231326/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |archive-date=6 July 2010 |access-date=25 October 2010 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |quote=Sunni Islam accounts for over 75% of the world's Muslim population." ... "Shia Islam represents 10–15% of Muslims worldwide.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sunni |url=https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/sunni |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614103622/https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/sunni |archive-date=14 June 2020 |access-date=24 May 2020 |publisher=Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs |quote=Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam, comprising about 85% of the world's over 1.5 billion Muslims.}}</ref>{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=1|ps=. "Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims."}} Ereygu waa gaabinta weedha "''Shīʿat ʿAlī''", oo macnaheedu yahay "xisbigii Cali". Muslinka Shiicada ah waxay adkaynayaan in Muxammad uu magacaabay ina-adeerkii iyo seedigii, Cali, inuu noqdo beddelkiisa.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shii|title=Shiʿi|last=Newman|first=Andrew J.|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=28 December 2021|archive-date=20 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720054917/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shii|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2004 |title=Sunni Islam |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa |publisher=MacMillan Reference |editor-last=Philip Mattar |edition=2nd |author1=Tayeb El-Hibri|author2=Maysam J. al Faruqi}}</ref> Cali waxaa ku xigay silsilad Imaamyo ah oo Ilaah magacaabay oo ka soo jeeda qoyska Muxammad ([[Ahl al-Bayt|Ahlul Bayt]]). Mhabka ugu weyn ee Islaamka Shiicada ah, Shiicada Laba-iyo-Tobanka ah, waxay aqoonsan yihiin Laba-iyo-Tobanka Imaam inay yihiin hoggaamiyeyaasha Ilaah magacaabay, iyadoo ka bilaabanaysa Cali keligiis oo ku dheehanaysa Mahdiga, oo la rumeysan yahay inuu ku jiro qoyanaanta loona fadhiyo inuu dib u soo laabto Dhamaadka Sannadaha si uu u aasaaso caddaalad oo uu caawin doono Ciise. Islaamka Shiicada ah wuxuu muhiimad gaar ah siiyaa Ahlul Bayt (qoyska Muxammad), kuwaas oo Muslinka Shiicada ah ay u arkaan inay leeyihiin awood diimeed iyo ruhani ah oo Ilaah siiyay. Qur'aanka, teachings-ka Muxammad (Sunnah), iyo Imaamyada waxay samayeeyaan asaaska ugu muhiimsan ee fekerka diimeed iyo fiqhiga Shiicada. Muslinka Shiicada ah waxaa kexeeya madhabka Jacfariyada ee fiqhiga.<ref>{{Cite book |author1=John Corrigan|author2=Frederick Denny|author3=Martin S Jaffee|author4=Carlos Eire |year=2011 |title=Jews, Christians, Muslims: A Comparative Introduction to Monotheistic Religions |publisher= Cambridge University Press |id=978-0205026340 }}</ref> Ururinta ugu muhiimsan ee xadiiska ee Islaamka Shiicada ah waa Afarta Buug ee Sharciga ah, oo loo yaqano Kitab al-Kafi, Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih, Tahdhib al-Ahkam, iyo Al-Istibsar. Islaamka Shiicada ah wuxuu ka kooban yahay dhowr qaybood, ta ugu weyn oo ugu muhiimsan waxay tahay Shiicada Laba-iyo-Tobanka ah, oo ay ku xigaan qaybaha yar ee Ismaaciiliyad iyo Saydiyad.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social and Military History |editor-first1=Spencer C. |editor-last1=Tucker |editor2=Priscilla Mary Roberts |year=2008 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-842-2 |page=917 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC&pg=PA917 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024726/https://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC&pg=PA917 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Iraq Effect: The Middle East After the Iraq War |first=Frederic M. |last=Wehrey |year=2010 |publisher=Rand Corporation |isbn=978-0-8330-4788-5 |page=91 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-3LAlfW7DIC&pg=PA91 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024742/https://books.google.com/books?id=i-3LAlfW7DIC&pg=PA91#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Newman|first=Andrew J.|author-link=Andrew J. Newman|title=Twelver Shiism: Unity and Diversity in the Life of Islam, 632 to 1722|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-7833-4|chapter=Introduction|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ&pg=PP18|page=2|access-date=13 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501201413/https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ|archive-date=1 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Dagaalkii Karbala, oo uu awoowe u ahaa Nabiga oo ahaa Imaamka saddexaad ee Shiicada, Xuseen ibn Cali, si xun loogu dilay oo madaxa looga jaray iyada oo la dilay badanka xubnaha qoyskiisa, wuxuu siiyay Caliyinta aqoonsi diimeed oo u gaar ah wuxuuna ka qaatay door muhiim ah zhuraalka iyo adkaynta ta noqotay Islaamka Shiicada ah. Wuxuu ka joogaa meel dhexe taariikhda Shiicada, dhaqanka, iyo cilmiga tawxiidka, iyadoo inta badan lagu xuso suugaanta Islaamka. Waa mid ka mid ah waqtiyada ugu murugada badan, muhiimka ah, ee lagu garto taariikhda Islaamka. Dhismaha Imaam Cali ee Najafe, Dhismaha Imaam Xuseen ee Karbala, iyo Dhismaha Imaam Riza ee Mashxad waa saddexda meelood ee ugu xurmada badan ka dib Masjid al-Xaraam ee Makka, Masjid al-Nabawi ee Madiina, iyo Masjid al-Aqsa ee Qudus.<ref name="Sardeg2">{{cite web |last=Escobar |first=Pepe |date=May 24, 2002 |title=Knocking on heaven's door |url=http://www.atimes.com/c-asia/DE24Ag04.html |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020603155002/http://atimes.com/c-asia/DE24Ag04.html |archive-date=June 3, 2002 |access-date=2006-11-12 |work=Asia Times Online |quote=our sixth imam, Imam Sadeg, says that we have five definitive holy places... first is Mecca... second is Medina... third belongs to our first imam of Shia, Ali, which is in Najaf. The fourth belongs to our third imam, Hussein, in Kerbala. The last one belongs to the daughter of our seventh imam and sister of our eighth imam, who is called Fatemah, and will be buried in Qom. |department=Central Asia/Russia}}</ref> Laba-iyo-Tobanka Imaam sidoo xushmad lagu hayaa Islaamka Sunnada ah dhexdeeda iyagoo ah xubno ka mid ah qoyska Nabiga Muxammad iyo shakhsiyaad muhiim ah oo ku jira taariikhda Islaamka, iyadoo Sunnadu ay booqdaan dhismooyinkooda xushmad darteed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Iraqi delegation from the Sunni Endowment visited the Holy Shrine of Imam Ali (PBUH).|url=https://www.alarbaeen.ir/en/news/an-iraqi-delegation-from-the-sunni-endowment-visited-the-holy-shrine-of-imam-ali-pbuh|access-date=2026-02-16|website=www.alarbaeen.ir}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Waziri|first=Adam Isa|date=2022-11-21|title=Sunni Professors, Scholars From Pakistan Visit Imam Husain's Holy Shrine in Karbala » Education Monitor News|url=https://educationmonitornews.com/sunni-professors-scholars-from-pakistan-visit-imam-husains-holy-shrine-in-karbala/|access-date=2026-02-16|website=Education Monitor News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Arooj|date=2024-02-01|title=Sunni scholars from Turkey express happiness upon visiting holy shrine of Imam Hussein|url=https://shiawaves.com/english/uncategorized/100914-sunni-scholars-from-turkey-express-happiness-upon-visiting-holy-shrine-of-imam-hussein/|access-date=2026-02-16|website=Shia Waves|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-16|title=Iraqi Sunni Friday prayer leaders visit Imam Reza (AS) holy shrine|url=https://en.hawzahnews.com/news/358808/Iraqi-Sunni-Friday-prayer-leaders-visit-Imam-Reza-AS-holy-shrine|access-date=2026-02-16|website=Hawzah News Agency|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=English Pakistani Sunnis Visit Imam Reza Shrine|url=https://www.shiachat.com/forum/topic/235051393-english-pakistani-sunnis-visit-imam-reza-shrine/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617090149/https://www.shiachat.com/forum/topic/235051393-english-pakistani-sunnis-visit-imam-reza-shrine/|archive-date=2025-06-17|access-date=2026-02-16|website=ShiaChat.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-14|title=Sunni Cleric: Imam Reza Shrine a Center for Unifying Muslims|url=https://en.abna24.com/news/664698/Sunni-Cleric-Imam-Reza-Shrine-a-Center-for-Unifying-Muslims|access-date=2026-02-17|website=ABNA English|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Imam Reza (A.S.) Is the Symbol of Unity among Islamic Sects.|url=https://www.alarbaeen.ir/en/news/imam-reza-as-is-the-symbol-of-unity-among-islamic-sects|access-date=2026-02-17|website=www.alarbaeen.ir}}</ref> {{multiple image | align = center | image1 = ImamAliShrine2026.jpg | width1 = 217 | alt1 = | caption1 = Dhismaha Imaam Cali ee Najafe, Ciraaq, waxaa loo arkaa Muslinka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda inuu yahay meesha ugu xurmada badan Islaamka ka dib Makka, Madiina iyo Qudus. | image2 = حرم الامام الحسين.jpg | width2 = 218 | alt2 = | caption2 = Dhismaha Imaam Xuseen ee Karbala, Ciraaq, waa meel aad u xurmo badan Islaamka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda. | width3 = 315 | alt3 = | footer = | image3 = ImamReza(A).jpg | caption3 = Dhismaha Imaam Riza ee Mashxad, Iiraan, waa masjidhka ugu weyn dunida iyadoo ka mid ah meelaha ugu xurmada badan Islaamka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda. }} ===== Cibaadiyada ===== {{Main|Muhakkima|Cibaadiyada|Khawaarijta}} Cibaadiyada waa madhab u gaar ah Islaamka waxaana inta badan loo arkaa qaybta saddexaad ee mhabada Islaamka, oo barbar taagan Islaamka Sunnada ah iyo Islaamka Shiicada ah. Xididdadeedu waxay dib u raacaan go'itaankii Khawaarijta ee ka go'een Cali, oo ahaa ina-adeerkii iyo seedigii nabiga Muxammad oo ahaa Imaamkii ugu horreeyay ee Shiicada iyo khaliifkii afaraad ee Khulafo al-Raashidiinta ee Sunnadu. Waxaaba jirta in Cibaadiyiinta casriga ah ay inta badan diadaan in aqiidadooda lagu tilmaamo Khawaarij. Cibaadiyada waxay soo baxday qarniyadii ugu horreeyay ee Islaamka iyadoo ka timaada khilaafaadkii siyaasadeed iyo kuwa tawxiidka ee ku xeernaa Fitnada Koowaad. Dhaqanku wuxuu taariikhiyan u xiran yahay dhaqdhaqaaqii hore ee Muhakkima. Cibaadiyiintu way ka tiro yar yihiin labada mhab ee ugu waaweyn Islaamka, Sunnadu iyo Shiicada. Cibaadiyada waxay weli tahay mid aan si fican u baran dadka ka baxsan, iyadoo ay ku jiraan kuwo aan Muslin ahayn iyo Muslinka Sunnada iyo Shiicada ah. [[File:Islam branches and schools.png|centre|Dulmar guud oo ku saabsan qaybaha waaweyn iyo mhabada Islaamka]] ===== Qaybaha ===== * Dhaqdhaqaaqa Axmadiyada waxaa lagu aasaasay Hindiya ee Ingiriisku xukumayay 1889 oo uu aasaasay Mirza Ghulam Ahmad oo ka soo jeeda Qadian, oo sheegtay inuu yahay Masiiyadii la ballanqaaday ("Soo laabashada Labaad ee Ciise"), Mahdiga Muslinku dhowrayaan sidoo kale prophet yar oo raaca nabiga Islaamka Muxammad. Waxaa jira fikrado iyo barashooyin kala duwan oo u gaar ah Axmadiyiinta marka loo eego badanka Muslinka kale, kuwaas oo ay ku jiraan fasiraadda cinwaanka Qur'aanka ee Khatam an-Nabiyyin iyo fasiraadda Soo laabashada Labaad ee Masiiyada. deviations-kan loo arko inay ka bixisay fekerka Islaamka ee caadiga ah waxay keeneen in badanka Muslinka ay u arkaan kuwo ka baxay diinta iyo khilaafyada lagu hayo Axmadiyiinta waddamo kala duwan dhexdeeda, gaar ahaan Bakistaan, halkaas oo si rasmi ah looga dhaqangaliyay inaysan Muslin ahayn oo ay dhaqangalisay Xukuumadda Bakistaan. Taabacsanaha Dhaqdhaqaaqa Axmadiyada ee Islaamka waxay u qeybsamaan laba kooxood: ta koowaad oo ah Bulshada Muslinka ee Axmadiyada, oo maanta ah kooxda ugu weyn, iyo Dhaqdhaqaaqa Axmadiyada ee Laahore ee Fafinta Islaamka. * Calawiyada waa dhaqan Islaam oo doonis leh oo maxalli ah, oo taabacsaneedu ay raacaan barashooyinka qarsoon (bāṭenī) ee Cali iyo Haji Bektash Veli. Calawiyada waa isku dharraaq ka mid ah fikradaha dhaqanka ee Turkiga ee qarnigii 14aad, iyadoo leh xididdo ka imaan kara Tengrism iyo Animism oo barbar socda fikradaha Shiicada iyo Tasawufka. Waxaa la qiyaasay inay jiraan 10 milyan illaa ka badan 20 milyan (~0.5–1% dhammaan Muslinka) oo Calawiyiin ah dunida oo dhan. * Qur'aaniyuuntu waa dhaqdhaqaaq diimeed ee Islaamka oo ku aasaasan aqiidada ah in sharciga Islaamka iyo xaqiijintu ay tahay oo keliya inay ka timaado Qur'aanka oo aysan ka imaanin sunnada ama Xadiiska, iyadoo Qur'aaniyuuntu ay si muuqata uga kala duwan yihiin habka loo raaco shanta tiro ee Islaamka. Dhaqdhaqaaqu wuxuu soo baxay qarnigii 19aad wixii ka dambeeyay, iyadoo fekerayaal sida Syed Ahmad Khan, Abdullah Chakralawi iyo Ghulam Ahmed Perwez ee Hindiya ay su'aal ka keeneen dhaqanka xadiiska. Ejipt, Muhammad Tawfiq Sidqi wuxuu ku qaray maqaalka ''Islaamku waa Qur'aanka keligiis'' majaladda ''Al-Manār'', isagoo u doodayay awoodda keligeed ee Qur'aanka. Qur'aaniyiin muhiim ah oo qarnigii 20aad ee dambe wuxuu ahaa Rashad Khalifa, oo ahaa biokimiko Masri-Ameerikan ah oo sheegtay inuu helay fure tiro oo ku jira Qur'aanka, wuxuuna aasaasay ururka Qur'aaniyiinta ee United Submitters International. * Mu'tazilada waxay ahayd madhab hore oo cilmiga tawxiidka Islaamka oo lagu garto isticmaalka caqliga, gaar ahaan marka loo eego labada ilo ee ugu horreeya Islaamka, Qur'aanka iyo xadiiska. Madhabtu waxay ku aasaasantaa shanta usool ee waaweyn: tawxiidka, caddaalada rabbaaniga ah, hubaasha ballanqaadyada iyo digniinaha rabbaaniga ah, meel dhexe oo marka loo eego heerka duniyeed ee duntayda waaweyn, iyo waajibka amarrada wanaagsan iyo ka hortaga xumaanta. Ka dib Sunnadu, Mu'taziladu waxay diadeen aragtida dhaqanka ah ee ah in Qur'aanku yahay hadalka aan la abuurin ee Ilaah, waxayna halkaas ka qabteen in Qur'aanku yahay waxyi la abuuray, si loo adkeeyo koodnimada kheyraatka ee Ilaah. Iyagoo adkaynaya isticmaalka caqliga, waxay u doodeen in dookha xorta ah ee bahaamka uu u oggolaado shakhsiyaadka inay doorataan wanaagga ama xumaanta, taas oo ka dhigaysa kuwo mas'uul ka ah eedooda. Bagse saameynta Mu'taziladu waxay hoos u dhacday dhibaatada bulshada iyo siyaasadeed ee ka timaada Sunnadu darteed, reebitaankooda caqliga wuxuu weli yahay mid muhiim ah fekerka casriga ah ee Islaamka. === Muslimiinta aan kooxna ka tirsanayn === {{Main|Non-denominational Muslim}} Muslimiinta aan kooxna ka tirsanayn waa eegmo guud oo loo isticmaalo ama ay isticmaalaan Muslimiinta aan ka tirsanayn ama aan isku tilmaamin mhab gaar ah oo Islaam ah.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Benakis |first=Theodoros |date=13 January 2014 |title=Islamophoobia in Europe! |work=New Europe |location=Brussels |url=http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |url-status=dead |access-date=20 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131145036/http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |archive-date=31 January 2016 |quote=Anyone who has travelled to Central Asia knows of the non-denominational Muslims—those who are neither Shiites nor Sounites, but who accept Islam as a religion generally.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Kenneth |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=jQGZBAAAQBAJ|page=29}} |title=Unthinkable: Iran, the Bomb, and American Strategy |date=2014 |isbn=978-1-4767-3393-7 |page=29 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |quote=Although many Iranian hardliners are Shi'a chauvinists, Khomeini's ideology saw the revolution as pan-Islamist, and therefore embracing Sunni, Shi'a, Sufi, and other, more nondenominational Muslims}}</ref> Sahanadii ugu dambeeyay waxay ku warramayaan in qayb weyn oo ka mid ah Muslimiinta ka mid ah kuwa ku nool qaybo ka mid ah dunida ay isku tilmaamaan oo keliya Muslim, inkasta oo ay yar tahay falanqaynta la daabacay ee ku saabsan sababaha ka dambeeya jawaabtan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burns |first=Robert |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=akWUGyN7fwEC|page=55}} |title=Christianity, Islam, and the West |date=2011 |isbn=978-0-7618-5560-6 |page=55 |publisher=University Press of America |quote=40 per cent called themselves "just a Muslim" according to the Council of American-Islamic relations}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tatari |first=Eren |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=x_4QBQAAQBAJ|page=111}} |title=Muslims in British Local Government: Representing Minority Interests in Hackney, Newham and Tower Hamlets |date=2014 |isbn=978-90-04-27226-2 |page=111 |publisher=BRILL |quote=Nineteen said that they are Sunni Muslims, six said they are just Muslim without specifying a sect, two said they are Ahmadi, and two said their families are Alevi}}</ref> Pew Research waxay ku warramaysaa in jawaab-bixiyeyaasha isku tilmaama oo keliya Muslim ay yihiin inta ugu badan ee Muslimiinta ee toddoba waddan (iyo tiro sare saddex kale dhexdeeda), iyadoo heerka ugu sarreeya uu yahay Kasakhstan oo ah 74%. Ugu yaraan mid ka mid ah shan kasta oo Muslim ah ee ugu yaraan 22 waddan wuxuu isku tilmaamaa habkan.<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|date=9 August 2012|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|access-date=4 September 2013|website=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project}}</ref> == Tasawufka == === Suufiyada === {{Main|Suufiyada}} {{See also|Xiriirka Salafiga iyo Suufiga}} [[File:Mevlana Konya.jpg|thumb|Wareegga Suufiga ee Dhismaha Qabriga Suufiga ee Rumi ee Konya, Turkey.]] Suufiyada (Carabi: تصوف), waa hab ka mid ah Tasawufka Islaamka oo raadiya in lagu helo khibrad shakhsi ah oo toos ah ee Eebbe. Culimadii hore ee Suufiyadu waxay ku tilmaameen tasawufka "cilmiga ujeeddadiisu tahay sixidda wadnaha iyo ka jeedinta dhammaan wixii kale ee aan Eebbe ahayn", iyada oo loo marayo "awoodda caqliga iyo sharafta" oo laga joojiyo in lagu tababaro. Ahmad ibn Ajiba wuxuu ku tilmaamay tasawufka "ku laabashada dhaqanka, bilowgiisuna yahay aqoon, dhexdiisuna tahay wax-qabad [aqoontaas ku saabsan], dhammaadkiisuna yahay hadiya [ka timaada Allah]." Ma aha qayb ka mid ah Islaamka, taabacsanaha ayaana ka tirsan mhabada kala duwan ee Muslinka. Ismaaciiliya, oo barashadeedu ku aasaasan tahay Gnosticism iyo Neoplatonism iyadoo ay barbar socdaan madhabaha Illuminationist iyo Isfahan ee falsafadda Islaamka, waxay samaysay fasiraado tasawuf ah oo Islaamka ah. Hasan al-Basri, oo ahaa Suufigii hore oo inta badan loo arko mid ka mid ah Suufiyadii ugu horreysay, wuxuu adkeeyay cabsida ka timaada guuldarrada Eebbe ee adkaysiga. Taa beddekeeda, Suufiyadii dambe ee waaweynayd, sida Mansur Al-Hallaj iyo Jalaluddin Rumi, waxay adkeeyeen diinta ku aasaasan jacyada loo qabo Eebbe. Jacyadaas waxay sidoo kale saameyn ku lahaayeen fanka, iyadoo Rumi uu weli yahay mid ka mid ah gabayaaga ugu iibka badan Ameerika. [[File:Sema ceremony many.jpg|thumb|Suufiyada ee Turkey.]]Suufiyadu waxay u arkaan tasawufka qayb aan ka go'in Islaamka. Suufiyadii dhaqanka ahayd, sida Bayazid Bastami, Jalaluddin Rumi, Haji Bektash Veli, Junaid Baghdadi, iyo Al-Ghazali, waxay u doodeen in Suufiyadu ku aasaasan tahay usoolka Islaamka iyo barashooyinka nabiga. Taariikhyahan Nile Green wuxuu u dooday in Islaamka qarniyadii dhexe uu ahaa wax yar ama ka badan Suufiyada. Taabacsanaha dhaqdhaqaaqa Sunnada ee dib-u-soocida ee loo yaqaano Salafiyada waxay u arkeen dhaqannada jacyada ee caanka ah, sida weyneynta awliyada Suufiga, inay yihiin cusbooneysiin ka timaada diintii hore. Salafiyiintu inta badan waxay weerareen Suufiyada, taas oo keentay xumaanshaha xiriirka Suufiga iyo Salafiga. Ururrada Suufiga waxay samayskaan dariiqooyin ku xeeran macallin (wali) oo raaca xiriir ruuxi ah oo dib u raaca Muxammad. Suufiyadu waxay kaqaateen door muhiim ah samaynta bulshooyinka Muslinka iyaga oo loo marayo dhaqdhaqaaqyada baahinta iyo waxbarashada. Dhaqdhaqaaqa Ahle Sunnat ama Barelvi ee uu saameeyay Tasawufku wuxuu sheegtaa in ka badan 200 milyan oo taabacsane ku leeyahay Koonfurta Aasiya. Suufiyadu waxay muhiim ku tahay Aasiyada Dhexe, iyo sidoo kale waddamada Afrika sida Tuniisiya, Aljeeriya, Marooko, Senejaal, Chaad iyo Nayjar. == Sharciga iyo Fiqhiga == === Shariicada === {{Main|Shariicada|Fiqhiga}} {{See also|Mantiqa ee Falsafadda Islaamka#Sharciga Islaamka iyo Cilmiga Tawxiidka}} [[File:Madhhab Map3.png|thumb|Madhabaha sharciga Islaamka ee Dunida Muslinka.]] Shariicada waa tan ka kooban sharciga diinta Islaamka. Doonista ah in la tilmaamo oo lagu ogaado sharciyada hab dhammaystiran oo is-waafaqsan waxay keentay horumarinta aragtida sharciga, oo loo yaqaano fiqhi. Taa beddekeeda, bidco waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu tilmaamo cusbooneysiinta sharciga ka baxsan ee arrimaha diinta. Dhabbooyinka kala duwan, ee loo yaqaano usoolka fiqhiga, ayaa horumaray oo madhabka sharciga ee ka soo baxa dhabbo ku xeeran waxaa loo yaqaanaa madhab. Is-waafaqidda raacda go'aannada khabiir diimeed ama madhab waxaa loo yaqaanaa taqliid. Shuruudda ghayr muqallid waxay u tilmaamaysaa kuwa aan isticmaalin taqliidka iyo, sii dheeraanteeda, aan lahayn madhab. Dhaqanka shakhsigu ku fasirayo sharciga caqliga xor ah waxaa loo yaqaanaa ijtixaad. Kuwa fasira shariicada waxaa loo yaqaanaa muftiyo oo ra'yigooda sharciga ah waxaa loo yaqaanaa fatwo. [[File:'Abd_Allah_ibn_Shaykh_Murshid_al-Katib_-_Sa'di_and_a_Dervish_Go_to_Settle_their_Quarrel_Before_a_Judge_-_Walters_W618106B_-_Cropped.jpg|thumb|Gabayaaga Saadi Shirazi iyo darwiish waxay u socdaan inay khilaafkooda ku dhameeyaan xakim hortiis, farta qarnigii 16aad oo ka timaada Iiraan.]] Ilaaha koowaad ee Shariicadu waa Qur'aanka iyo Sunnada. Ilaa saddexaad oo caani ah waa qiyaas (caqli analoji ah) oo loo isticmaalo dhibcooyinka sharciga ah ee aan si toos ah loogu faahfaahin Qur'aanka ama Sunnada. Isku-barbardhigga ayaa la raadiyaa si loo helo illah, ama sababta halkan ku jirta, oo ah sababta ka dambeysa xukunkii hore. Tusaale ahaan, reebitaanka gaarka ah ee khamriga waxaa ka soo baxaya reebitaanka guud ee alkoolka maadaama ay wadaagayaan sababta shaqaynaysa ee loo gartay inay tahay dabeecadda ma zeexisa ee dhammaan cabitaannada alkoolka ah. Madhabka Saahiriga wuxuu adkeeyay saafinimada tooska ah oo sidaas darteed wuxuu diaday qiyaaska. Is-afgaradka ra'yiga waa ijmaac, iyadoo ikhtilaafku u tilmaamayo khilaafka culimada. Xukunnadu waxay ficillada u kala saaraan mid ka mid ah shan qaybood oo loo yaqaano axkaam: farad, mustaxab, mubaah, makruuh, iyo xaraam. Xilliga casriga ah, sharciyada dambiyada ee ku aasaasan shariicada waxaa inta badan beddelay sharciyo ka yimid moodellada Yurub. Cilmiga dib-u-soocida ee Tanzimat ee Qarnigii 19aad ee Dowladdii Cusmaaniyiinta wuxuu keenay koodka madaniga ee Mecelle wuxuuna ka dhigan yahay dadaalkii ugu horreeyay ee lagu koodiyeeyo shariicada. Iyadoo Dastuurada badanka states-ka Muslinku u badan yihiin ay ku jiraan tilmaamo ku saabsan shariicada, xeerarkeeda dhaqanka ah waxaa inta badan lagu reebay oo keliya sharciyada heerka shakhsiga (famlida). Hay'adaha sharciga ah oo koodiyeeyay sharciyaddan waxay raadiyeen inay casriyeeyaan iyagoon ka tageyn aasaaskooda fiqhiga dhaqanka ah. Dib-u-soocida Islaamka ee qarnigii 20aad ee dambe waxay keentay baaqyo ka yimid dhaqdhaqaaqyada Islaamiyiinta oo ku saabsan fulinta dhammaystiran ee shariicada. Doorka shariicadu wuxuu noqday mowduuc lagu tartamo dunida oo dhan. Waxaa jira doodaha socda oo ku saabsan in shariicadu ay la waafaqsan tahay foomamka cilmaani ee xukuumadda, xuquuqda aadanaha, xorriyadda fekerka, iyo xuquuqda dumarka darteed meelaha ay ka mid yihiin faafreebka iyo doonaanta. == Bulshada == === Shakhsiyaadka diinta === {{Main|Culumada}} [[File:Maqamat_hariri.jpg|thumb|254x254px|Culimada ku sugan maktabadda Cabbaasiyiinta, Maqamat al-Hariri. Farta uu qray Yahyá al-Wasiti, Baqdaad, 1237 AD.]] Islaamku maleho wadaado ah macnaha sacerdotalism, sida baaddariyada oo kale oo dhex-dhexaadiya Eebbe iyo dadka. Imaam (Carabi: إمام) waa cinwaanka diinta oo loo isticmaalo in lagu tilmaamo booska hoggaaminta Islaamka, inta badan marka loo eego samaynta adeegga cibaadada Islaamka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Imam|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/imam|access-date=15 January 2023|website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Fasiraadda diinta waxaa hoggaamiya culumada (Carabi: علماء), oo ah shuruud loo isticmaalo in lagu tilmaamo kooxda culimada Muslinka ah ee helay tababarka barashada Islaamka. Caalimka xadiiska waxaa loo yaqaanaa muxaddith, caalimka fiqhiga waxaa loo yaqaanaa faqeeh (Carabi: فقيه), qaanuun-yaqaanka u qalma inuu soo saaro ra'yiga sharciga ah ama fatwooyinka waxaa loo yaqaanaa mufti, qadi-yuna waa xakim Islaam ah. Cinwaannada sharafta leh ee la siiyo culimada waxaa ka mid ah sheekh, mulla iyo mawlawi. Muslinka qaar ka mid ah waxay sidoo kale weyneeyaan awliyada u xiran karaamooyinka (Carabi: كرامات).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Radtke |first1=B. |last2=Lory |first2=P. |last3=Zarcone |first3=Th. |last4=DeWeese |first4=D. |last5=Gaborieau |first5=M. |last6=Denny |first6=F. M. |last7=Aubin |first7=F. |last8=Hunwick |first8=J. O. |last9=Mchugh |first9=N. |title=Walī |orig-year=1993 |year=2012 |editor1-last=Bearman |editor1-first=P. J. |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-link=Thierry Bianquis |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-first=C. E. |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor4-first=E. J. |editor4-link=Emeri Johannes van Donzel |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-first=W. P. |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=2nd |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill Publishers |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1335 |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4}}</ref> === Maamulka === {{See also|Siyaasadda iyo Islaamka|Dhaqaalaha Islaamka|Qaanuunka ciidanka ee Islaamka|Tasaamuxa|Jihaadka}} [[File:Ali and Aisha at the Battle of the Camel.jpg|thumb|Xaasidii Muxammad, Caasha, oo la dagaallamaysa Cali.]] Fiqhiga dhaqaalaha Islaamka dhexdiisa, kaydsiga hantida si xad-dhaaf ah waa lagu necbyahay, sidaas darteedna dhaqanka maalgashiga monobooliga ah waa laga hoos eegaa.<ref name="Iqbal2010">{{cite book | last1 = Iqbal | first1 = Zamir | last2 = Mirakhor | first2 = Abbas | last3 = Krichenne | first3 = Noureddine | last4 = Askari | first4 = Hossein | title = The Stability of Islamic Finance: Creating a Resilient Financial Environment | location = Singapore | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | year = 2010 | language = en | isbn = 978-0-470-82518-1 | p = 75}}</ref> Dadaallada lagu waafajinayo shariicada waxay keeneen horumarinta bangiyada Islaamka. Islaamku wuxuu reebaa ribada, oo inta badan loo turjumo faa'iido si aan caddaalad ahayn ku timaada ganacsiga, waxaana inta badan loo isticmaalaa in lagu tilmaamo faa'iidada ribada.<ref>{{harvc |c=Riba |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online |year=n.d. |last1= Schacht|first1=Joseph}}</ref> Taa beddekeeda, bangiyada Islaamku waxay iskaashi la sameeyaan amaanadaha, iyagoo labaduba wadaagaya faa'iidada iyo qasaaraha ka soo baxa mashruuca. Shuruud kale waa ka fogaanshaha hubaal-la'aanta, oo loo arko saqajaan (khumaar), bangiyada Islaamkuna dhaqan ahaan waxay ka fogaadaan aaladaha la soocay sida mustaqbalka ama doorashooyinka, taas oo taariikhiyan ka ilaalisay hoos u dhaca suuqyada.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Foster|first=John |date=1 December 2009|title=How Islamic finance missed heavenly chance|work=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8388644.stm|access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Domat|first=Chloe|date=20 October 2020|title=What Is Islamic Finance And How Does It Work?|work=Global Finance magazine|url=https://www.gfmag.com/topics/blogs/islamic-finance-faq-what-islamic-finance-and-how-does-it-work|access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref> Khulafadii Raashidiinta iyo Dowladdii Umawiyiinta waxay ku lug lahaayeen qaybinta sadaqada ee ka timaada qasnadda dowladda, oo loo yaqaano Bayt al-maal, ka hor inta aysan noqon dadaal shakhsi ah meelaha sannadkii 720. Khaliifkii ugu horreeyay, Abu Bakar, wuxuu u qaybiyay sakada sida tusaalooyinkii ugu horreeyay ee dakhliga ugu yar ee la dammaanad qaado, iyadoo muwaaddin kasta uu helayay 10 illaa 20 dirham sannadkiiba.<ref>{{cite web |last=Merchant, Brian |date=14 November 2013 |title=Guaranteeing a Minimum Income Has Been a Utopian Dream for Centuries |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/guaranteeing-a-minimum-income-has-been-a-utopian-dream-for-centuries/ |access-date=3 June 2019 |website=VICE}}</ref> Waagii maamulkii khaliifkii labaad ee Cumar, taageerada carruurta ayaa la soo bandhigay, kuwa da'da ah iyo kuwa nafedana waxay xaq u lahaayeen mushaar,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Al-Buraey |first=Muhammad |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=lT8OAAAAQAAJ|page=}} |title=Administrative Development: An Islamic Perspective |publisher=KPI |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-7103-0059-1 |pages=252–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Akgündüz |first1=Ahmed |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=EnT_zhqEe5cC|page=539}} |title=Ottoman History: Misperceptions and Truths |last2=Öztürk |first2=Said |publisher=IUR Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-90-90-26108-9 |pages=539– |access-date=7 October 2014}}</ref> iyadoo khaliifkii Umawiyiinta ee Cumar II uu u qoondeeyay adeego dhagool kasta iyo labadii qafis ee xanuunsan oo dhan.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Al-Jawzi|first1=Ibn |url=|title=The Biography and Virtues of Omar Bin Abd al-Aziz – The Ascetic Caliph |publisher=IUR Press |year=2001 |isbn= |page=130 }}</ref> [[File:Saladin the Victorious.jpg|thumb|Salaxaddiin Guuleystaha, uu qray Gustave Doré.]] Jihaad wuxuu macnehiisu yahay "dadaal ama ilaa qabasho [dhabada Eebbe]", macnehiisa ugu ballaaranina waa "awoodda, dadaalka, ama awoodda ugu dambeysa oo lagu bixiyo la dagaallanka shay laga xumaado". Shiicadu gaar ahaan waxay adkeeyaan "jihaadka weyn" oo ah dadaalka lagu gaarayo wanaajinta nafta ee ruuxiga ah iyadoo "jihaadka yar" loo tilmaamo dagaalka. Marka loo isticmaalo sidaas oo keliya, jihaadka inta badan waxaa loo fahmaa foomkiisa ciidanka. Jihaadku waa foomka keliya ee dagaalka ee loo oggol yahay sharciga Islaamka, waxaana lagu dhawaaqi karaa ka dhan ah ujeedooyinka aan sharciyaysnayn, argagixisada, kooxaha dambiyada, reebleyaasha, murtadiinta, iyo hoggaamiyeyaasha ama dowladaha dhibta Muslinka. Badanka Muslinka maanta waxay u fasiraan Jihaadka oo keliya foom دفاع ah oo dagaalka ah. Jihaadku wuxuu oo keliya noqdaa waajib shakhsi ah kuwa la siiyay awoodda. Dadka kale oo dhan, tani waxay dhacdaa oo keliya marka ay jirto diyaargarow guud. Badanka Shiicada Isnaashariyada, jihaadka weerarka ah waxaa oo keliya lagu dhawaaqi karaa hoggaamiye Eebbe uu doortay oo ee bulshada Muslinka ah, sidaas darteedna, wuu hakad ku jiraa tan iyo gaabinta Muxammad al-Mahdi ee sannadkii 868 CE. === Nolosha maanta iyo tan aabbanimada/qoyska === {{See also|Edabta (Islaamka)|Cuntada reebban ee Islaamka|Islaamka iyo carruurta|Guurka Islaamka|Dumarka Islaamka|Guurka badan ee Islaamka}} [[File:Salat Eid al-Fitr, Tehran (113344343).jpg|thumb|Haweenay Iiraani ah oo xiran astaan Islaami ah (Xijaab).]] Cilmiga edabta ee maalinlaha ah wuxuu ku jiraa qaybta edabta, ama hab-dhaqanka. Cuntooyinka si gaar ah loo reebay waxaa ka mid ah hเนื้อ Doofaarka, dhiigga iyo bakhtiga. Caafimaadka waxaa loo arkaa ammaan ka timaada Eebbe, waxyaabaha maaddada ah ee maaddada maanka dooriya, sida cabitaannada alkoolka ah, waa kuwo reebban.<ref>{{cite book|author=Fahd Salem Bahammam|title=Food and Dress in Islam: An explanation of matters relating to food and drink and dress in Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CRojJ7lnb18C&pg=PP1|publisher=Modern Guide|isbn=978-1-909322-99-8|page=1}}</ref> Dhammaan hเนื้อ waa inay ka timaadaa xayawaan geed-daaq ah oo loo qashay magaca Eebbe oo uu qashay Muslin, Yuhuudi, ama Christian, marka laga reebo ugaarta uu qofku ugaarsaday ama kaluumaysay maankiisa.<ref>{{harvp|Curtis|2005|p=164}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|p=111}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |c=Slaughter |first=Ersilia |last=Francesca |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref> Garaha inta badan waxaa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa ragga sida shay dabiici ah<ref>{{Cite news |last=De Sondy |first=Amanullah |date=28 January 2016|title=The relationship between Muslim men and their beards is a tangled one|work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jan/28/muslim-men-beards-facial-hair-islam |access-date=7 March 2022}}</ref> iyo isbeddellada jirka, sida peenijka joogtada ah (sawirka jidhka), inta badan waa reebban iyadoo laga baqayo inay kharribaan ubaahda u go'an.{{efn|Muslinka qaar ka mid ah Shiinaha waagii boqortooyada waxay ka horyimaadeen xiridda cagaha gabdhaha sababtaas oo kale darteed.}} <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.learnreligions.com/tattoos-in-islam-2004393|title=Are Muslims Allowed to Get Tattoos? |website=|access-date=7 March 2022 }}</ref> Xariirta iyo dahabka waa reebban yihiin ragga Islaamka dhexdiisa si loo dhowro xaaladda miyir-qabka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Glassé |first1=Cyril |title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=AltaMira Press |page=158 |language=en|year=2001}}</ref> Haya, oo inta badan loo turjumo "xishood", mararka qaar waxaa loo tilmaamaa dabeecadda hoose ee Islaamka<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zine |first1=Jasmin |last2=Babana-Hampton |first2=Safoi |last3=Mazid |first3=Nergis |last4=Bullock |first4=Katherine |last5=Chishti |first5=Maliha |title=American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 19:4 |publisher=International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) |page=59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JM4DwAAQBAJ&q=haya+islam&pg=PA59 |access-date=4 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> wuxuuna hagaa badanka nolosha maalinlaha ah ee Muslinka. Tusaale ahaan, dharka Islaamka dhexdiisa wuxuu adkeeyaa heerka xishoodka, oo ay ku jirto xijaabka haweenka. Sidoo kale, nadaafadda shakhsiga ah waa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa shuruudo gaar ah.<ref>{{cite web |last=Esposito |first=John |title=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e4 |access-date=3 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114153249/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e4 |archive-date=14 November 2016}}</ref> [[File:Muslim Couple (cropped).jpg|thumb|Saddex laba oo Muslin ah oo ka socda Indoneesiya.]] Guurka Islaamka dhexdiisa, ninka arooska ah waxaa lagu leeyahay inuu bixiyo meherka aroosadda (mahar).<ref>{{harvp|Waines|2003|pp=93–96}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|p=339}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|1998|p=79}}</ref> Qoysaska badankood ee dunida Islaamka waxay leeyihiin hal xaas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Newby |first=Gordon D. |url=https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00newb |title=A concise encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=Oneworld |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-85168-295-9 |location=Oxford |page=141}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed Hossein |url=https://archive.org/details/islamreligionhis00nasr_0/page/68 |title=Islam : religion, history, and civilization |publisher=HarperOne |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-06-050714-5 |location=New York |page=68}}</ref> Ragga Muslinka ah waxaa loo oggol yahay inay sameeyaan guurka badan waxayna yeelan karaan illaa afar xaas oo isku mar ah. Waxbarashada Islaamku waxay si adag uga baqaysaa inay adkayso in haddii ninku uusan dammaanad qaadi karin taageerada maaliyadeed iyo ta ruuxiga ah oo siman xaasaskiisa mid kasta, waxaa la dhiirri-geliyaa inuu guursado hal haweenay oo keliya. Sabab lagu tilmaamay guurka badan ayaa ah inay ninka u oggolaato inuu siiyo ilaalin maaliyadeed haween badan, oo laga yaabo inaysan helin taageero kale (tusaale, carrooyinka). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xaaska ugu horreysa waxay shuruud ku xiri kartaa heshiiska guurka in ninku uusan guursan karin haweenay kale inta ay guursan yihiin.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ratno Lukito|title=Legal Pluralism in Indonesia: Bridging the Unbridgeable|page=81|publisher=Routledge}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.islamweb.net/ver2/fatwa/ShowFatwa.php?lang=A&Id=18444&Option=FatwaId |title=IslamWeb |publisher=IslamWeb |date=7 February 2002 |access-date=13 September 2011}}</ref> Waxaa sidoo kale jira kala duwanaansho dhaqameed oo aroosyo ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Gai |url=https://archive.org/details/rememberinggodre0000eato |title=Remembering God: Reflections on Islam |publisher=The Islamic Texts Society |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-946621-84-2 |location=Cambridge |pages=92–93}}</ref> Polyandry, oo ah dhaqan ay haweenaydu ku guursato laba ama ka badan oo ragg ah, waa ku reebban Islaamka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Can't a Woman have 2 Husbands? |url=http://www.14publications.com/question-and-answer/why-cant-a-woman-have-2-husbands/ |access-date=27 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223012707/http://www.14publications.com/question-and-answer/why-cant-a-woman-have-2-husbands/ |archive-date=23 December 2015 |website=14 Publications}}</ref> [[File:عکس های مراسم ترتیل خوانی یا جزء خوانی یا قرائت قرآن در ایام ماه رمضان در حرم فاطمه معصومه در شهر قم 20.jpg|thumb|Gabdhaha Muslinka ah oo baranaya Qur'aanka lagu dul dhigay rehalada xilliga Ramadaanka ee Qom, Iiraan.]] Aadada dhalashada ubadka ka dib, adhaanka waxaa lagu dhawaaqaa dhegta midig. Maalinta todobaad, xafladda caqiiqada ayaa la sameeyaa, oo xayawaan lagu qalo oo hantiisa loo qaybiyo masaakiinta. Madaxa ubadka waa la xiiraa, oo lacag la eg miisaanka dhagaha waxaa loo deeqaa masaakiinta. Gudniinka raga, oo loo yaqaano khitaan, inta badan waa lagu dhaqmaa dunida Muslinka.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2014 |title=Khitān |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/khitan-Islam |access-date=27 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127165754/https://www.britannica.com/topic/khitan-Islam |archive-date=27 January 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |date=January 2017 |title=Reported Male Circumcision Practices in a Muslim-Majority Setting |journal=BioMed Research International |publisher=Hindawi Publishing Corporation |volume=2017 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1155/2017/4957348 |pmc=5282422 |pmid=28194416 |doi-access=free |author1-last=Anwer |author1-first=Abdul Wahid |author2-last=Samad |author2-first=Lubna |author3-last=Baig-Ansari |author3-first=Naila |author4-last=Iftikhar |author4-first=Sundus}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 August 2009 |title=Islam: Circumcision of boys |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/malecircumcision.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112170938/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/malecircumcision.shtml |archive-date=12 November 2012 |access-date=27 May 2020 |work=Religion & ethics—Islam |publisher=Bbc.co.uk}}</ref> Xaq-dhowridda iyo addeecidda waalidiinta, iyo daryeelidooda gaar ahaan markay da'da yihiin waa waajib diini ah. Muslinka dhimanaya waxaa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa inuu dhawaaqo Shahaadada si ay u noqoto hadalkiisa ugu dambeeya.<ref>{{Cite book| isbn = 9783643900678| title =Changing European Death Ways| location = Austria| year = 2013| last1=Mathijssen| first1=Brenda|last2=Venhorst|first2=Claudia|last3=Venbrux|first3=Eric|last4=Quartier|first4=Thomas| url =| page = 265 |publisher=Lit }}</ref> Xaq-dhowridda kii dhintay iyo ka qaybgalka jinaasooyinka ee bulshada dhexdeeda waxaa loo arkaa mid ka mid ah ficillada wanaagsan. Caadooyinka aasidda Islaamka, aasidda waxaa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa si dhakhso ah oo ugu macquulsan, inta badan 24 saac dhexdeeda. Meydka waa la dhaqaa, marka laga reebo shuhadada, oo ay dhaqaan kuwo labka ah oo isku jinsi ah waxaana lagu duubaa dhar aan adkayn oo loo yaqaano kafan. Salaadda jinaasada oo loo yaqaano Salat al-Janazah ayaa la tukadaa. Qaylada ama ooyinta weyn ee baroorgaaga ah waa laga fogaadaa. Sanduuqyada aaska inta badan la ma doorbido oo qabrida inta badan calaamad maleho, xata boqorada. === Dhaqanka === {{Main|Dhaqanka Islaamka}} {{See also|Farshaxanka Islaamka|Dhismaha Islaamka|Suugaanta Islaamka|Islaamka iyo kubbadda cagta|Muslinka Dhaqanka}} [[File:Chinese-style minaret of the Great Mosque 2023.jpg|thumb|Minaaradda qaabka Shiinaha ee Masaajidka Weyn ee Xi'an, oo ka mid ah masaajidda ugu ee Shiinaha ee la dhisay 742 AD.]] Erayga "dhaqanka Islaamka" waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu tilmaamo dhinacyada dhaqanka ee u gaarka ah diinta, sida ciidaha iyo dharka. Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa si dood ku jirto oo loogu tilmaamo dhinacyada dhaqanka ee dadka Muslinka ah ee dhaqanka ah.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Melikian |first=Souren |author-link=Souren Melikian |date=4 November 2011 |title='Islamic' Culture: A Groundless Myth |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/05/arts/05iht-rartmelikian05.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=25 November 2013}}</ref> Ugudambeyntii, "ilbaxnimada Islaamka" waxay sidoo kale u tilmaami kartaa dhinacyada dhaqanka isku-dhafka ah ee Khilafaadkii hore, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa aan Muslinka ahayn, mararka ka mid ahna loo yaqaano "Islaamiga".<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Wiley| isbn = 9781405155144| title =Islamicate Cosmopolitan Spirit | location = United Kingdom| year = 2021| last=Lawrence| first=Bruce| url =| page = xii| quote = }}</ref> Farshaxanka Islaamku wuxuu ka kooban yahay farshaxanka muuqaalka ah oo ay ku jiraan ilo kala duwan sida dhismaha, farta qurxoon, sawirka, iyo dhoobada, iyo kuwo kale.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ettinghausen |first1=Richard |first2=Oleg |last2=Grabar |first3=Marilyn |last3=Jenkins-Madina |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780300088670/page/3 |title=Islamic Art and Architecture 650-1250 |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-300-08869-8 |edition=2nd |page=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Suarez|first=Michael F.|title=The Oxford companion to the book|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|isbn=9780198606536|location=Oxford and New York|pages=331ff|chapter=38 The History of the Book in the Muslim World|oclc=50238944}}</ref> Iyadoo sameynta sawirrada noolaha inta badan ka laga fogaado oo u xiran sharciyada ka dhanka ah sanam-caabudidda, shuruuddan waxaa u fasiray ilo kala duwan culimo kala duwan iyo xilliyo taariikhi ah oo kala duwan. [[File:Masjid Menara Kudus.jpg|thumb|Masaajidka Menara Kudus ee qarnigii 16aad ee Indoneesiya, oo muujinaya saamaynta Hindiya.]] Xaddidaaddan waxaa loo isticmaalay in lagu fashilo badnaanta farta qurxoon, joomatariya isku-dhafka ah, iyo qaababka sida ilaha muhiimka ah ee dhaqanka farshaxanka Islaamka.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Salim Ayduz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=or-6BwAAQBAJ&q=islamic+art+idolatry+geometry&pg=PA263 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam |last2=Ibrahim Kalin |last3=Caner Dagli |date=2014 |page=263|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-981257-8 |quote=Figural representation is virtually unused in Islamic art because of Islam's strong antagonism of idolatry. It was important for Muslim scholars and artists to find a style of art that represented the Islamic ideals of unity (''tawhid'') and order without figural representation. Geometric patterns perfectly suited this goal.}}</ref> Waxaa sii dheer, sawirka Muxammad waa arrin dood ka jirto dhexdeeda Muslinka.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=860736| title = An Indian Picture of Muhammad and His Companions | author = T. W. Arnold| journal = The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs | author-link = T. W. Arnold| date = June 1919| volume = 34| issue = 195 | publisher = The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs, Vol. 34, No. 195. | pages = 249–252}}</ref> Dhismaha Islaamka dhexdiisa, dhaqanka kala duwan wuxuu muujinayaa saamayn sida dhismaha Islaamka ee Waqooyiga Afrika iyo Isbaanishka sida Masaajidka Weyn ee Kairouan oo ka kooban tiirar marmar iyo borfiri ah oo ka yimid dhismayaashii Roomaanka iyo Bizantiinta,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Isichei |first=Elizabeth Allo |url={{Google books|LgnhYDozENgC|page=PA175|keywords=mosque%20kairouan%20roman columns|text=mosque+kairouan+roman+columns|plainurl=yes}} |title=A history of African societies to 1870 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-521-45599-2 |location=Cambridge |pages=175 |access-date=6 August 2010}}</ref> iyadoo masaajidda Indoneesiya inta badan leeyihiin saqafyo heerarka badan leh oo ka yimid qaabka dhaladka ah ee Jafa.<ref>{{cite book |first=Gunawan |last=Tjahjono |title=Indonesian Heritage-Architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/architecture00indo/page/88 |year=1998 |publisher=Archipelago Press |location=Singapore |isbn=981-3018-30-5 |pages=88–89 }}</ref> Taariikhda Islaamku waa taariikhda dayaxa oo ka bilaabanta Hijrada 622 CE, oo ah taariikh oo la sheegay inuu doortay Khaliif Cumar maadaama ay ahayd meel isbeddel muhiim ah u ahayd Muxammad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Muslim-calendar|title=Islamic calendar|website=www.britannica.com|date=|access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref> Maalmaha barakaysan ee Islaamku waxay ku beegan yihiin taariikho go'an oo ee taariikhda dayaxa, taas oo macnaheedu yahay inay dhacaan xilliyo kala duwan sannado kala duwan oo ee taariikhda Miilaadiga. Ciidaha ugu muhiimsan Islaamka waa Ciidul Fitri (Carabi: عيد الفطر) ee 1-da Shawaal, oo calaamad u ah dhammaadka bisha soomanaanta ee Ramadaan, iyo Ciidul Adxa (Carabi: عيد الأضحى) ee 10-ka Dhul-Hijjah, oo ku beegan dhammaadka Xajka.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher =Oxford University Press| isbn =9780195165203| title =The Islamic World: Past and Present| year = 2004| last=Esposito| first=John| pages = 75–76 |ref=none}}</ref><ref name="www.britannica.com-2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pillars-of-Islam|title=Pillars of Islam &#124; Islamic Beliefs & Practices &#124; Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|date=3 May 2023|access-date=16 December 2021|archive-date=5 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905102524/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pillars-of-Islam|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslinka Dhaqanka waa shakhsiyaad aan cibaadaysaneyn oo wali lagu aqoonsado Islaamka iyadoo laga duulayo asalka qoyska, dhiirrigelinta shakhsiga ah, ama deegaanka bulshada iyo dhaqanka ee ay ku doorteen inay ku koran.<ref>{{cite book|first1= Cara|last1= Aitchison|author1-link= Cara Aitchison|first2= Peter E.|last2= Hopkins|author3-link= Mei-Po Kwan|author3= Mei-Po Kwan|title= Geographies of Muslim Identities: Diaspora, Gender and Belonging|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DRnthQxB8lYC&pg=PA147|access-date= 30 June 2013|year= 2007|publisher= Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn= 978-1-4094-8747-0|pages=147}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Islamic Counselling: An Introduction to theory and practice|first=G. Hussein|last= Rassool|year= 2015| isbn=9781317441250| page =10|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o_QsCgAAQBAJ&dq=Muslims+who+are+religiously+unobservant,+secular+or+irreligious+individuals+who+still+identify+with+the+Muslim&pg=PA10|quote=The label 'Cultural Muslim' is used in the literature to describe those Muslims who are religiously unobservant, secular or irreligious individuals who still identify with the Muslim culture due to family background, personal experiences, or the social and cultural environment in which they grew up... For Cultural Muslim the declaration of faith is superficial and has no effect of their religious practices.}}</ref> === Siyaasada=== [[File:Scotusnfrieze.jpeg|thumb|Muxammad oo lagu muujiyay Adolph Alexander Weinman ee Dhismaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Mareykanka ee Washington, DC isagoo wada seef iyo Qur'aan.]] Qayb badan oo ka mid ah qarnigii 20aad, aqoonsiga Islaamka iyo maamulka Islaamka ee arrimaha siyaasadda ayaa kordhay horraantii qarnigii 21aad. Siyaasadda Islaamka waa fasiraadda Islaamka oo loo arko il ka mid ah aqoonsiga iyo wax-qabadka siyaasadeed.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|last1=Voll|first1=John O.|last2=Sonn|first2=Tamara|title=Political Islam|url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/id/obo-9780195390155-0063|journal=Oxford Bibliographies Online Datasets|year=2009|language=en|doi=10.1093/obo/9780195390155-0063|access-date=2017-05-26|archive-date=2020-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223165247/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0063.xml|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Waxay u doodaysaa dhisidda dawladda iyo bulshada sida ku cad (fahamka u doodayaasha) mabaadi'da Islaamka, halkaas oo Islaamku u shaqeeyo il ka mid ah jagooyinka iyo fikradaha siyaasadeed.<ref name=":02">Krämer, Gudrun. "Political Islam." In Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World. Vol. 6. Edited by Richard C. Martin, 536–540. New York: Macmillan, 2004. [http://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/political-islam via Encyclopedia.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713072425/https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/political-islam|date=2018-07-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=March|first1=Andrew F.|title=Political Islam: Theory|journal=Annual Review of Political Science|date=2015|volume=18|issue=1|pages=103–123|doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-082112-141250|doi-access=free}}</ref> Siyaasadda Islaamka waxaa muriyaal ka dhex jira iyo kuwa ka baxsan tacliinta guud ahaan ugu adeegsadaan si isku mid ah ereyga Islaamiyadda,<ref name=":13" /> waxaana loo haystaa inuu yahay cunsur siyaasadeed oo ka mid ah Soo-reenka Islaamka oo bilaabmay qarnigii 20aad,<ref name=":13" /> halkii uu ka ahaan lahaa oo kaliya nooc kasta oo wax-qabad siyaasadeed oo ay sameeyaan Muslimiintu. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa sidoo kale jirey dadaallo cusub oo lagu kala saarayo Islaamiyadda oo ah dhaqdhaqaaqyo siyaasadeed oo ku basada diinta iyo siyaasadda Islaamka oo ah faham qaran oo casri ah oo ku saabsan Islaamka oo ay wadaagaan jilayaasha cilmaaniga ah iyo kuwa Islaamiga ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jocelyne Cesari|year=2018|title=What Is Political Islam|url=https://www.rienner.com/title/What_Is_Political_Islam|access-date=2023-01-01|website=www.rienner.com|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|isbn=978-1-62637-692-2|archive-date=2023-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106160415/https://www.rienner.com/title/What_Is_Political_Islam|url-status=live}}</ref> Kooxaha dhowr ah oo ku yaala Bariga Dhexe ayaa u kaftamay inay fikradaha casriynta ku xiraan faragelinta boqortooyadii gumaadkeedii. Wadamada Muslimka ah ee dhowr ah, gaar ahaan Masar iyo Bakistaan, dhaqdhaqaaqyo siyaasadeed oo lid ku ah oo u janjeera dhanka diinta ayaa salka ku dhigtay. Sababaha waa kuwo dhinacyo badan leh. Burburkii Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta wuxuu ahaa dhacdo baaxad weyn oo dhalisay gariirro badan. Gobolku wuxuu la kulmay jahwareer sannado badan maadaama waddamada Carabtu ay hoos tageen saamaynta dhaqanka iyo guulaystayaasha waddamada Yurub. Dhanka cadaadiska dhaqanka oo kordhayay Muslimiintu waxay adkeeyeen aqoonsigooda qaran iyo dhaxalkooda dhaqan, kooxaha qaar waxay ugafeen dhinacyada diinta. Masar dhexdeeda daciifnimada Muslimiinta waxaa lagu eedeeyay u kuปฏิบัตitaanka liidata ee qoraallada diinta. Sida ku cad Hassan al-Banna, dhaqanka Yurub wuxuu ahaa mid maaddiyad ku dhisan, anshax xumo ah oo ku batay ku-tagri-falka heerarka bulshada iyo ribada. === Sugaanta === {{Main|Islaamiga}} {{multiple image | align = center | direction = horizontal | total_width = 600 | image1 = Saadi Tomb.jpg | image2 = Hafez 880714 095.jpg | footer = Qabuuraha Saadi, Hafez iyo Ferdowsi, saddexda abwaan ee ugu caansan Muslimiinta, oo dhammaantood ku yaalla Iran. | caption1 = | caption2 = | image3 = Tomb-of-Ferdowsi آرامگاه-فردوسی Davoud-Davoudi 1.jpg }} Shaqada ugu caansan ee khayaaliga ah ee ka timi dunida Islaamka waa Kumaan iyo Hal Habeen, oo ah ururin sheekooyin hoose/folklore oo ka soo jeeda Sanskriit, Faarisi, iyo ka dib fables Carab ah. Fikradda waxaa saameeyay nooc ka horreeyay Islaamka oo Faarisi ah oo loo yaqaannay Hezār Afsān (Kumaan Sheeko) oo ku tiirsanaa walxaha Hindida ee gaarka ah.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Marzolph|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam|title=Arabian Nights|year=2007|publisher=Brill|volume=I|location=Leiden}}</ref> Waxay gaadhay foomkeeda ugu dambeeyay qarnigii 14aad; tirada iyo nooca sheekooyinku waxay ku kala duwanaayeen farta gacanta mid ka mid ah mid kale.<ref name="arabianNights">Grant & Clute, p. 51</ref> Shaqadan waxay saameyn weyn ku lahayd Galbeedka tan iyo markii loo turjumay qarnigii 18aad, markii ugu horreysay oo uu turjumay Antoine Galland.<ref>L. Sprague de Camp, Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers: The Makers of Heroic Fantasy, p. 10 {{ISBN|0-87054-076-9}}</ref> Ku-dayasho ayaa lagu qray, gaar ahaan Faransiiska.<ref name="arabianNights2">Grant & Clute, p 52</ref> Jilayaal kala duwan oo ka socda epik-kan ayaa iyaguna noqday calaamado dhaqameed ee dhaqanka Galbeedka, sida Aladdiin, Sindibad Nawaakhida iyo Cali Baba. Tusaale ka mid ah tixda Carabiga iyo tixda Faarisiga oo ku saabsan jacaylka waa Layla iyo Majnuun, oo dib u dhaceysa xilligii Umawiyiinta ee qarnigii 7aad. Waa sheeko naxdin leh oo ku saabsan jacayl aan dhimanayn. Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, oo ah epik-ka qaranka ee Iran-ta Weyn, waa dib-u-sheegid khayaali iyo geesinimo leh oo ku saabsan taariikhda Faarisiga. Amir Arsalan wuxuu sidoo kale ahaa sheeko khayaali ah oo caan ah oo Faarisi ah. Ibn Tufayl (Abubacer) iyo Ibn al-Nafis waxay ahaayeen hormuudka riwaayadda falsafadda. Ibn Tufail wuxuu qray riwaayaddii ugu horreysay ee Carabi ah Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus) iyadoo cavab u ah Al-Ghazali's The Incoherence of the Philosophers, ka dibna Ibn al-Nafis wuxuu sidoo kale qray riwaayad Theologus Autodidactus iyadoo cavab u ah Ibn Tufail's Philosophus Autodidactus. Labada sheeko waxay lahaayeen jilayaal waaweyn (Hayy ee Philosophus Autodidactus iyo Kamil ee Theologus Autodidactus) oo ahaa carruur is-baray oo duurka ku voolaa oo ku noolaa go'doon kuyeel/jasiirad saxara ah, labaduba waxay ahaayeen tusaalayaasha ugu horreeyay ee sheeko jasiirad saxara ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, halka Hayy uu ku nool yahay kaligiis xoolaha jasiiradda saxarada ah inta ka dhiman sheekada Philosophus Autodidactus, sheekada Kamil waxay ka dhib badan tahay jasiiradda saxarada ah ee Theologus Autodidactus, iyadoo u ekaanaysa sheekadii ugu horreysay oo la ogaaday oo ah koreera/hanaqaad oo ugu dambeyntii noqonaysa tusaalaha ugu horreeya ee riwaayadda sayniska khayaaliga ah.<ref>Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), "Ibn Al-Nafis as a philosopher", Symposium on Ibn al-Nafis, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait (Cf. [http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html Ibn al-Nafis As a Philosopher] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206072116/http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html|date=6 February 2008}}, Encyclopedia of Islamic World).</ref><ref>Nahyan A. G. Fancy (2006), "[http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11292006-152615 Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (d. 1288)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404020329/http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11292006-152615/|date=4 April 2015}}", pp. 95–101, Electronic Theses and Dissertations, University of Notre Dame.</ref> Theologus Autodidactus,<ref>Muhammad b. Abd al-Malik Ibn Tufayl. [https://books.google.com/books?id=yFAR_G7HM3QC Philosophus autodidactus, sive Epistola Abi Jaafar ebn Tophail de Hai ebn Yokdhan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004180638/https://books.google.com/books?id=yFAR_G7HM3QC |date=4 October 2015 }}: in qua ostenditur, quomodo ex inferiorum contemplatione ad superiorum notitiam ratio humana ascendere possit. E Theatro Sheldoniano, excudebat Joannes Owens, 1700.</ref><ref>Ala-al-din abu Al-Hassan Ali ibn Abi-Hazm al-Qarshi al-Dimashqi. The Theologus autodidactus of Ibn al-Nafīs. Clarendon P., 1968</ref> oo uu qray aqoonyahanka Carabi Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288),<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sFCuoqykV9QC&q=ibn+al+nafis+first+science+fiction+novel&pg=PA236|title=The Cambridge Companion to Utopian Literature|first=Gregory|last=Claeys|date=5 August 2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139828420|via=Google Books}}</ref> wuxuu ka shaqeeyaa walxaha sayniska khayaaliga ah sida abuurista iskood u samaysanta, falanqaynta mustaqbalka, dhamaadka dunida iyo qiyaamaha, soo-tegga/sarakicidda, iyo nolosha ka dib. Halkii uu ka siin lahaa sharraxaad mucjiso ama khayaali ah dhacdooyinkan, Ibn al-Nafis wuxuu isku dayay inuu sharraxo walxaha sheekada iyada oo loo marayo aqoonta sayniska ee bijoolajiga, astronomy-ga, cosmology-ga iyo meelaha/juqraafiga oo lagu yaqaannay xilligiisa. Khayaaliga Ibn al-Nafis wuxuu sharraxay baridda diinta Islaamka iyada oo loo marayo sayniska iyo falsafadda Islaamka.<ref name="Roubi">Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), "Ibn Al-Nafis as a philosopher", Symposium on Ibn al Nafis, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait (Cf. [http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html Ibnul-Nafees As a Philosopher] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206072116/http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html|date=6 February 2008}}, Encyclopedia of Islamic World).</ref> Turjumaadaha Ibn Tufail's Philosophus Autodidactus waxay ka muuqdeen Laatiin (1671), Inqiriisi (1708), Jarmal, iyo Dutch. Turjumaadahan luqadaha Yurub waxay ka dib saameyn ku yeesheen Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe<ref>Cyril Glasse (2001), New Encyclopaedia of Islam, p. 202, Rowman Altamira, {{ISBN|0-7591-0190-6}}.</ref> iyo Robert Boyle's The Aspiring Naturalist.<ref name="Toomer-222">G. J. Toomer (1996), Eastern Wisedome and Learning: The Study of Arabic in Seventeenth-Century England, p. 222, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-820291-1}}.</ref> === Falsafadda === [[File:Persian Scholar pavilion in Viena UN (Rhazes&Khayyam).jpg|thumb|Scholars Pavilion waa taallo ay Iran ugu deeqday Xafiiska Qaramada Midoobay ee Vienna. Sannadlaha aqoonyahannadii Muslimka ahaa ee qarniyadii dhexe, Omar Khayyam, Al-Biruni, Rhazes iyo Avicenna ayaa ku dhex jira dhismaha.]] Astaamaha ugu caansan ee lagu qeexo falsafadda Islaamka waa "qaabka falsafadda ee lagu dhex abuuray qaabdhismeedka dhaqanka Islaamka."<ref name="RoutledgeEoP">[http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/H057 "Islamic Philosophy"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606082214/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/islamic-philosophy;jsessionid=B31B033F077DD5E68E09CC9D35C02105|date=6 June 2022}}, Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy (1998)</ref> Falsafadda Islaamka, qeexidtan laguma xidho arrimo diimeed oo keliya, mana aha mid ay Muslimiinta oo keliya curiyeen.<ref name="RoutledgeEoP" /> Aqoonyahanka Faarisiiga ah ee Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (980–1037) wuxuu lahaa ka badan 450 buug oo loo tiriyo. Qoraalladiisu waxay ku saabsanaayeen maadooyin kala duwan, gaar ahaan falsafadda iyo daawada. Buuggiisa daawada ee The Canon of Medicine waxaa loo adeegsaday sida buugga heerka sare ah ee jaamacadaha Yurub ee qarniyo badan. Wuxuu sidoo kale qray The Book of Healing, oo ah encyclopediya saynis iyo falsafad saameyn leh.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Ibn Sina [Avicenna]|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ibn-sina/|encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|date=2024|quote=The Cure...had momentous consequences...his philosophical system dominated intellectual history in both Shi’ite and most of Sunni Islam}}</ref> Shakhsiyad kale oo ka tirsan Casrigii Dahabiga ahaa ee Islaamka, Avicenna, wuxuu sidoo kale sameeyay dugsigiisa falsafadda ee Avicennism, oo saameyn ku lahaa dhulka Islaamka iyo kan Masiixiga dhexdiisa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Saliba|first=George|author-link=George Saliba|date=1994|title=A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam|pages=245, 250, 256–257|publisher=New York University Press|isbn=0-8147-8023-7}}</ref> Falsafad kale oo saameyn ku lahaa falsafadda casriga ah wuxuu ahaa Ibn Tufail. Riwaayaddiisii falsafadda ahayd, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, oo loo turjumay Laatiin siday tahay Philosophus Autodidactus sannadkii 1671, waxay horumarisay mawduucyada empiricism, tabula rasa, dabiicadda iyo korinta, xaaladda suurtogalnimada, materialism,<ref>Dominique Urvoy, "The Rationality of Everyday Life: The Andalusian Tradition? (Aropos of Hayy's First Experiences)", in Lawrence I. Conrad (1996), The World of Ibn Tufayl: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Ḥayy Ibn Yaqẓān, pp. 38–46, Brill Publishers, {{ISBN|90-04-09300-1}}.</ref> iyo Molyneux's problem.<ref>Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik Ibn Tufail and Léon Gauthier (1981), Risalat Hayy ibn Yaqzan, p. 5, Editions de la Méditerranée.</ref> Aqoonyahannada iyo qoraayaasha Yurub ee uu saameeyay riwaayaddan waxaa ka mid ah John Locke,<ref>Russell (1994), pp. 224–39</ref> Gottfried Leibniz,<ref name="Wainwright">Martin Wainwright, [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/mar/22/featuresreviews.guardianreview1 Desert island scripts], The Guardian, 22 March 2003.</ref> Melchisédech Thévenot, John Wallis, Christiaan Huygens,<ref>Russell (1994) p. 227</ref> George Keith, Robert Barclay, Quakers,<ref>Russell (1994), p. 247</ref> iyo Samuel Hartlib.<ref name="Toomer-2222">G. J. Toomer (1996), Eastern Wisedome and Learning: The Study of Arabic in Seventeenth-Century England, p. 222, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-820291-1}}.</ref> Falsafada Islaamku waxay sii waday horumarka falsafadda ilaa qarnigii 17aad, markii Mulla Sadra uu sameeyay dugsigiisa Transcendent theosophy oo uu horumaray fikradda existentialism-ka.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mulla Sadra's Transcendent Philosophy|first=Muhammad|last=Kamal|year=2006|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-5271-7|pages=9, 39|oclc=224496901}}</ref> Falsafado kale oo saameyn lahaa oo Muslimiin ah waxaa ka mid ah Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), oo ah hormuudka phenomenology iyo falsafadda sayniska iyo dhaleeceeyaha dabiiciga ah ee Aristotelian iyo fikradda Aristotle ee goobta (topos); Al-Biruni, dhaleeceeye dabiiciga ah ee Aristotelian; Ibn al-Nafis, hormuudka riwaayadda falsafadda; Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi, aasaasaha falsafadda Illuminationist; Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, dhaleeceeye mantiqa Aristotelian iyo hormuudka mantiqa inductive-ka; iyo Ibn Khaldun, oo ah hormuudka falsafadda taariikhda.<ref name="Akhtar">S.R.W. Akhtar (1997). "The Islamic Concept of Knowledge", Al-Tawhid: A Quarterly Journal of Islamic Thought & Culture 12 (3). https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol-12-no3/islamic-concept-knowledge-sayyid-wahid-akhtar</ref> === Sayniska iyo tiknoolajiyada === [[File:Statue of Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi in Urgench.jpg|thumb|Taallada Al-Khwarizmi ee Urgench, Uzbekistan.]] Ibn al-Haytham waxaa sidoo xaqiiqo ah loo arkaa aabbaha optics-ka, gaar ahaan cadeyntiisa empirik-ka ah ee aragtida intromission-ka ee iftiinka. Jim Al-Khalili wuxuu sheegay 2009 in Ibn al-Haytham 'loogu yeero inta badan "saynisyahankii ugu horreeyay ee dhabta ah ee dunida".'<ref>{{cite news |last=Al-Khalili|first=Jim|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7810846.stm|title=BBC News|date=4 January 2009|access-date=11 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426041228/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7810846.stm|archive-date=26 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Al-Khwarizmi wuxuu alifay nidaamyada log base-ka ee maanta loo adeecsado, wuxuu sidoo kale ka qaybqaatay theorems ee trigonometry iyo sidoo kale limits.<ref>Plofker, Kim (2009), Mathematics in India: 500 BCE–1800 CE, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|0-691-12067-6}}.</ref> Waxbarashooyinkii ugu dambeeyay waxay muujinayaan inay u badan tahay in fannaaniintii Muslimka ahayd ee Qarniyadii Dhexe ay ogaayeen geometriyada quasicrystal ee decagonal ah ee sare ee la helay kala bar millennium ka dib 1970-yadii iyo 1980-yadii ee Galbeedka, ayna u adeegsadeen shaqada tiled-ka ee dhismaha.<ref>Peter J. Lu, [http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2007/03.01/99-tiles.html Harvard's Office of News and Public Affairs] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314012002/http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2007/03.01/99-tiles.html|date=14 March 2007}}</ref> Dhaqaatiirta Muslimiinta ah waxay ka qaybqaateen sahanka daawada, oo ay ku jiraan anatomy iyo physiology: sida shaqadii Faarisiiga ahayd ee qarnigii 15aad ee uu sameeyay Mansur ibn Muhammad ibn al-Faqih Ilyas ee loo yaqaan Tashrih al-badan (Anatomy-ga jirka) oo ku jireen sawirro guud oo ku saabsan habka jirka, dareemayaasha iyo habka wareegga dhiigga; ama shaqadii dhakhtarkii Masar Ibn al-Nafis, oo soo bandhigay aragtida wareegga dhiigga ee sambabada. Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Abulcasis) wuxuu ka qaybqaatay edbinta qalliinka daawada buuggiisa Kitab al-Tasrif ("Buugga Tanaasulaadka"), oo ah encyclopediya daawa oo ka dib loo turjumay Laatiin oo loo adeegsaday iskoolada daawada ee Yurub iyo Muslimiinta ee qarniyo badan. Horumaro kale oo daawo ah waxay ka tulmeen dhinacyada pharmacology iyo pharmacy.<ref>Turner, H. (1997) pp. 136–38</ref> Saynisyahannada ugu caansan ee ka mid ah dunida Islaamka ee qarniyadii dhexe waxaa ka mid ah Jābir ibn Hayyān, al-Farabi, Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi, Ibn al-Haytham, Al-Biruni, Avicenna, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, iyo Ibn Khaldun. Tiknoolajiyada dhexdeeda, dunida Islaamka waxay warqad-sameynta ka qaadatay Shiinaha.<ref name="Lucas">Adam Robert Lucas (2005), "Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe", Technology and Culture 46 (1), pp. 1–30 [10].</ref> Aqoonta baaruudda waxaa sidoo kale ka soo muuqatay Shiinaha iyada oo loo marayo waddamada badankooda Islaamka ah.<ref>Arming the Periphery. Emrys Chew, 2012. p. 1823.</ref> Horumar ayaa lagu sameeyay waraabinta iyo beeraha, iyadoo la adeegsanayo tiknoolajiyad cusub sida mishiinka dabaysha. Dalagyada sida lowska/almond iyo miraha sitrus waxaa loo keenay Yurub iyadoo loo marayo al-Andalus, oo beerashada sonkorta ayaa si tartiib-tartiib ah ay ugu ku-daydeen Yurubiyanku. Ganacsatada Carabta waxay maamuleen ganacsiga Badweynta Hindiya ilaa imaatinka Boortaqiisku ee qarnigii 16aad. Hormuz wuxuu ahaa xarun muhiim ah oo ganacsigan ah. Waxaa sidoo kale ka jirey shabakad cufan oo waddooyinka ganacsiga ee Badda Dhexe, oo ay waddamada aqlabiyadda Muslimka ah ku ganacsan jireen kesooda iyo awoodaha Yurub sida Venice, Genoa iyo Catalonia (sido kale eeg: Indo-Mediterranean). Jidka Xariirta oo ka tallaabaya Aasiyada Dhexe wuxuu marayay dawlado Islaam ah oo u dhexeya Shiinaha iyo Yurub. Soo-bixidda boqortooyooyinka dhaqaale ee waaweyn oo leh kheyraad tiknoolajiyadeed ka dib qabsashadii Timur (Tamerlane) iyo soo-reenka Timurid Renaissance waxaa ka mid ah Boqortooyada Mali iyo Saltanaddii Bengal gaar ahaan, oo ah qaran ganacsi oo caalami ah oo dunida ku yaal, oo Yurubiyanku ku describe gareeyeen "waddanka ugu hodansan ee lagu ganacsado".<ref>Nanda, J. N (2005). Bengal: the unique state. Concept Publishing Company. p. 10. 2005. {{ISBN|978-81-8069-149-2}}. Bengal [...] was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with.</ref> Iinjineerada Muslimiinta ee dunida Islaamka waxay sameeyeen isticmaalo warshadeed oo cusub oo hydropower ah, iyo isticmaalo warshadeed oo hore oo ah tidal power iyo wind power.<ref>Ahmad Y. al-Hassan (1976). Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering, pp. 34–35. Institute for the History of Arabic Science, University of Aleppo.</ref> Isticmaalka warshadeed ee watermills ee dunida Islaamka wuxuu dib u dhacaa qarnigii 7aad, halka water mills-ka leh giraangiraha jiifa iyo kuwa taagan oo dhan loo adeegsanayay si weyn tan iyo ugu yaraan qarnigii 9aad. Mashiinno warshadeed oo kala duwan ayaa lagu adeegsanayay dunida Islaamka, oo ay ku jiraan fulling mills, gristmills, paper mills, hullers, sawmills, ship mills, stamp mills, steel mills, sugar mills, tide mills iyo windmills. Markii ay gaadhay qarnigii 11aad, gobol kasta oo ka mid ah dunida Islaamka wuxuu lahaa mashiinnadan warshadeed oo shaqaynaya, kuwo ka billowda al-Andalus iyo Waqooyiga Afrika ilaa Bariga Dhexe iyo Aasiyada Dhexe.<ref name="Lucas" /> Iinjineerada Muslimiinta waxay sidoo kale alifeen crankshafts iyo water turbines, waxay adeegsadeen gears ee mashiinnada iyo mashiinnada biyaha kor u qaada, waxayna hormuud u ahaayeen isticmaalka dam-yada sida il ka mid ah awoodda biyaha, oo loo adeegsaday in lagu siiyo awood dheeraad ah watermills iyo mashiinnada biyaha kor u qaada.<ref name="Hassan">Ahmad Y. al-Hassan, Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part II: Transmission Of Islamic Engineering</ref> Horumaradan waxay suurtogal ka dhigeen in shaqooyinka warshadeed oo hore loogu kexayn jiray shaqaale hanto ama gacanta xilliyadii hore ay noqdaan kuwo la mishiineeyay oo lagu kexo mashiinno beddelkeeda dunidii Islaamka ee qarniyadii dhexe. Wareejinta tiknoolajiyadan oo loo wareejiyay Yurubtii qarniyadii dhexe waxay saameyn ku lahayd Industrial Revolution-ka, gaar ahaan ka soo jeeda proto-industrialised Mughal Bengal iyo Tipu Sultan's Kingdom, iyadoo loo marayo qabsashadii East India Company. === Aqsanta === [[File:Taj Mahal (Edited).jpeg|thumb|Taj Mahal ee India waxaa loo arkaa masterpiece si caalami ah loo bogsho oo ka tirsan World's Heritage, iyo mid ka mid ah Seven Wonders of the World.]] {{excerpt|Islamic architecture|only=paragraphs}} == Saamaynta diimaha kale == Haddii dhaqdhaqaaqyada sida Druze,<ref>{{Cite book |last=De McLaurin |first=Ronald |url=https://archive.org/details/politicalroleofm0000unse |title=The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East |publisher=Michigan University Press |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-03-052596-4 |page=114 |quote=Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles, the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hunter |first=Shireen |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsofislami0000unse |title=The Politics of Islamic Revivalism: Diversity and Unity: Center for Strategic and International Studies (Washington, D.C.), Georgetown University. Center for Strategic and International Studies |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-253-34549-3 |page=33 |quote=Druze – An offshoot of Shi'ism; its members are not considered Muslims by orthodox Muslims.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=R. Williams |first=Victoria |title=Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival [4 volumes] |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-4408-6118-5 |page=318 |quote=As Druze is a nonritualistic religion without requirements to pray, fast, make pilgrimages, or observe days of rest, the Druze are not considered an Islamic people by Sunni Muslims.}}</ref> Berghouata iyo Ha-Mim, ay ka soo baxeen Islaamka ama ay la wadaageen rumayntooda gaarka ah Islaamka, iyo haddii mid kastaa yahay diin gooni ah ama firqad ka mid ah Islaamka waa aragtiyo dood ku jiraan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=D. Grafton |first=David |title=Piety, Politics, and Power: Lutherans Encountering Islam in the Middle East |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-63087-718-7 |page=14 |quote=In addition, there are several quasi-Muslim sects, in that, although they follow many of the beliefs and practices of orthodox Islam, the majority of Sunnis consider them heretical. These would be the Ahmadiyya, Druze, Ibadi, and the Yazidis.}}</ref> Caqiidada Druze waxay sii kala qaybisay Ismaaciiliyada maadaama ay horumarisay caqiidooyinkeeda gaarka ah, waxayna ugu dambeyntii ka sootagday Ismaaciiliyada iyo Islaamka labadaba; kuwan waxaa ka mid ah rumaynta in Imaamka Al-Xaakim bi-Amr Allaah uu ahaa Ilaah jisoobay.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Poonawala |first=Ismail K. |date=July–September 1999 |title=Review: ''The Fatimids and Their Traditions of Learning'' by Heinz Halm |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-oriental-society_july-september-1999_119_3/page/542 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |publisher=American Oriental Society |volume=119 |issue=3 |page=542 |doi=10.2307/605981 |issn=0003-0279 |jstor=605981 |lccn=12032032 |oclc=47785421}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Bryer | first = David R. W. | title = The Origins of the Druze Religion (Fortsetzung) | journal = Der Islam | year = 1975 | volume = 52 | issue = 2 | pages = 239–262 | doi = 10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 | s2cid = 162363556 | url = https://doi.org/10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 | issn = 1613-0928 | ref = {{harvid|Bryer|1975b}} | url-access = subscription }}</ref> Yazdânism waxaa loo arkaa isku-dhafan ka mid ah rumaynta dhaladka ee Kurdiida iyo caqiidada Suufiyada Islaamka ee loo soo bandhigay Kurdistan ee Sheekh Cadi ibn Musafir ee qarnigii 12aad.<ref>{{cite book |last=Foltz |first=Richard |title=Religions of Iran: From Prehistory to the Present |date=7 November 2013 |isbn=978-1-78074-307-3 |page=219 |chapter=Two Kurdish Sects: The Yezidis and the Yaresan |publisher=Oneworld Publications |chapter-url= |chapter-url-access=}}</ref> Bábism waxay ka soo bilaabatay Shiicada Isnaashariyada ee martay Siyyid 'Ali Muhammad i-Shirazi al-Bab iyadoo mid ka mid ah taageerayaashiisa Mirza Husayn 'Ali Nuri Baha'u'llah uu aasaasay Caqiidada Baha'i.<ref>{{cite web |last=House of Justice |first=Universal |title=One Common Faith |url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/bic/OCF/ocf-8.html |access-date=1 April 2017 |website=reference.bahai.org}}</ref> Yarsanism,<ref name="Z. Mir-Hosseini 1994, p.267">{{cite journal |last=Mir-Hosseini |first=Z. |date=1994 |title=Inner Truth and Outer History: The Two Worlds of the Ahl-e Haqq of Kurdistan |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-middle-east-studies_1994-04_26_2/page/267 |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=26 |pages=267–268}}</ref> Din-i Ilahi,{{sfnp|Roychoudhury|1941|page=306}} iyo Ali-Illahism<ref>{{Cite book |last=Layard |first=Austen Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-SQe_sNtIaMC&q=ali%2520illahism&pg=PA216 |title=Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon: With Travels in Armenia, Kurdistan and the Desert: Being the Result of a Second Expedition Undertaken for the Trustees of the British Museum |date=2010-08-31 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108016773 |page=216 |language=en}}</ref> waxaa loo arkaa kuwo ka sootagay Islaamka. Sikhism, oo uu aasaasay Guru Nanak oo ku sugan Punjab qarnigii 15aad ee dambe, waxaa saameeyay Islaamku.<ref>{{cite book |last=Elsberg |first=Constance |date=2003 |title=Graceful Women |publisher=University of Tennessee Press |isbn=978-1-57233-214-0 |pages=27–28}}</ref> == Dhaleeceynta == {{Main|Dhaleeceynta Islaamka}} {{see also|Dhaleeceynta Muxammad|Dhaleeceynta Qur'aanka}} [[File:Jacques Courtois - Battle between Christians and Muslims.jpg|thumb|Dagaalkii ka dhex dhacay Muslinka iyo Masiixiyiinta xilligii Dagaalladii Saliibiyada, oo uu sameeyay Jacques Courtois.]] Dhaleeceynta Islaamku waxay jirtay tan iyo heeraradeedii ugu horreeyay. Dhaleeceyntii hore waxay ka timid qoraayaal Yahuud ah, sida Ibn Kammuna, iyo qoraayaal Masiixi ah, oo kuwo badan oo ka mid ah ay u arkayeen Islaamka bidco Masiixi ah ama nooc sanam-caabudid ah, iyagood inta badan ku fashilayay terms apocalyptic ah.{{sfnp|Fahlbusch et al|2001|p=[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=yaecVMhMWaEC|page=759}} 759]}} Qoraayaasha Masiixiyiinta ahi waxay dhaleeceeyeen sharraxaadaha laab-lakacsan ee Islaamku ka bixiyo jannada. Qarnigii sagaalaad aqoonyahankii Muslinka ahaa ee Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari wuxuu u dooday sharraxaadda Qur'aanka ee jannada iyadoo sheegaysa in Baybalku sidoo kale tilmaamayso fikradahaas, sida cabbidda khamriga ee jannada dhexdeeda oo ku jirta Injiilka Matayos. Caalimkii Masiixiga ahaa ee qarnigii 4aad Augustine ee Hippo caqiidooyinkiisu waxay keeneen diidmo baahsan oo ku saabsan raaxada jidhka ee nolosha iyo aakhiro dhexdeeda labadaba.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Christian Lange |title=Paradise and Hell in Islamic Traditions |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-521-50637-3 |pages=18–20}}</ref> Sawirro aflaadaad ah oo ka dhan ah Muxammad, oo ka soo bilaabmay sawirraddii hore ee qarnigii 7aad ee Kaniisadda Ortodokska Bari ee Boqortooyada Bizantiinta,<ref>Reeves, Minou, and P. J. Stewart. 2003. ''Muhammad in Europe: A Thousand Years of Western Myth-Making''. NYU Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8147-7564-6}}. p. 93–96.</ref> waxay ka muuqdaan gabayga qarnigii 14aad ee Divine Comedy oo uu qaray Dante Alighieri. Halkan, Muxammad waxaa lagu muujiyay goobta sideedaad ee jahannamada, iyadoo la joogo Cali. Dante ma eedayno Islaamka guud ahaan laakiin wuxuu eedaynayaa Muxammad kala qaybin, maadaama uu aasaasay diin kale Masiixiyadda ka dib.<ref name="Stone">Stone, G. 2006. ''Dante's Pluralism and the Islamic Philosophy of Religion''. Springer Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1-4039-8309-1}}. p. 53–54.</ref> Dhaleeceynaha kale waxay diiradda saaraan la-dhaqanka shakhsiyaadka ee gudaha waddamada casriga ah ee Muslinku ku badan yahay, oo ay ku jiraan arrimo ku saabsan xuquuqda aadanaha, goorta ay si dhow u la xiriirto fulinta sharciga Islaamka.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Yohanan|last1=Friedmann|year=2003|title=Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/tolerancecoercio00frie|url-access=limited|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/tolerancecoercio00frie/page/n31 18], 35|isbn=978-0-521-02699-4}}</ref> Sidoo kale, isbeddellada dhowaan ee dhaqammada kala duwan ka dib, kartida loo malaynayo inay leeyihiin soo-galootiga Muslinka ah ee Galbeedka si ay u la qabsadaan waa la dhaleeceeyay oo waxaa loo eedeeyay asalka Islaamka kuwo ka mid ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Modood |first=Tariq |url=https://archive.org/details/multiculturalism00modo |title=Multiculturalism, Muslims and Citizenship: A European Approach |date=6 April 2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-35515-5 |edition=1st |page=[https://archive.org/details/multiculturalism00modo/page/n43 29] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Ugu dambeyntii cilmi-baaris{{what|date=April 2026}} waxay heshay in diindhaqameedka Islaamka oo sarreeya uu la xiriiro xagjirinimada Islaamka oo sarreysa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kamenowski |first1=Maria |last2=Manzoni |first2=Patrik |last3=Haymoz |first3=Sandrine |last4=Isenhardt |first4=Anna |last5=Jacot |first5=Cédric |last6=Baier |first6=Dirk |date=2021-06-17 |title=Religion as an influencing factor of right-wing, left-wing and Islamist extremism. Findings of a Swiss youth study |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=6 |article-number=e0252851 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0252851 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=8211158 |pmid=34138885 |bibcode=2021PLoSO..1652851K }}</ref> === Ilaha === {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Imad-ad-Dean |title=Signs in the heavens |volume=2 |publisher=Amana Publications |year=2006 |isbn=1-59008-040-8}} * {{cite book |last=Arnold|first=Thomas |title=The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith.|volume= |publisher= |year=1896 |isbn=}} * {{Cite book |last=Bennett |first=Clinton |title=Interpreting the Qur'an: a guide for the uninitiated |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8264-9944-8 |page=101 |author-link=Clinton Bennett}} * {{cite book |last=Blankinship |first=K. |year=2008 |chapter=The early creed |editor=T. Winter |title=The Cambridge Companion to Classical Islamic Theology |series=Cambridge Companions to Religion |pages=33–54 |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/CCOL9780521780582.003|isbn=978-0-521-78058-2 }} * {{Cite book |last=Brockopp |first=Jonathan E. |title=Islamic Ethics of Life: abortion, war and euthanasia |publisher=University of South Carolina Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-57003-471-8}} *{{Cite book|last=Bulliet|first=Richard| publisher = Houghton Mifflin| isbn = 0-618-42770-8| title = The Earth and Its Peoples | location = Boston| year = 2005| url = | page = | quote = }} * {{Cite book |last=Burge|first=Stephen|year=2015|title=Angels in Islam: Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti's al-Haba'ik fi akhbar al-mala'ik |place=London |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-50473-0}} * {{cite book |last=Çakmak |first=Cenap |title=Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopedia |series=4 volumes |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-61069-217-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Campo |first=Juan E. |title=Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8160-5454-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC}} * {{Cite book |last=Chittick |first=William C |title=Sufism: A Beginner's Guide |year=2008 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-78074-052-2 |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=LI0kjBlXS5UC}} |access-date=17 January 2015}} * {{Cite book |last=Cohen-Mor |first=Dalya |title=A Matter of Fate: The Concept of Fate in the Arab World as Reflected in Modern Arabic Literature |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-513398-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Curtis |first=Patricia A. |url=https://archive.org/details/guidetofoodlawsr0000curt |title=A Guide to Food Laws and Regulations |publisher=Blackwell Publishing Professional |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8138-1946-4 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/islamstraightpat0000espo |title=Islam: The Straight Path |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-511234-4 |edition=3rd |author-link=John Esposito}} * {{Cite book |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |title=The Oxford History of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-19-510799-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00john |editor-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |title=The Oxford History of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-19-510799-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00john |editor-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/unholywarterrori0000espo |title=Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002a |isbn=978-0-19-516886-0 |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |title=What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002b |isbn=978-0-19-515713-0 |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/islamstraightpat0001espo |title=Islam: The Straight Path |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-19-518266-8 |edition=Revised 3rd |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |title=Islam: The Straight Path |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-539600-3 |edition=4th |author-mask=1}} * {{cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |year=2011 |title=What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam |edition=2nd |place=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-979413-3 |author-mask=1}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20080204031050/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/Public/book_wenkai.html Lay summary] * {{Cite book |last1=Esposito |first1=John |url=https://archive.org/details/muslimsonamerica00yvon |title=Muslims on the Americanization Path? |last2=Haddad |first2=Yvonne Yazbeck |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-19-513526-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Farah |first=Caesar |title=Islam: Beliefs and Observances |publisher=Barron's Educational Series |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-8120-1853-0 |edition=5th |author-link=Caesar E. 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* {{Cite book |editor-last1=Holt |editor-first1=P.M. |editor-last2=Lambton |editor-first2=Ann K.S. |editor-last3=Lewis |editor-first3=Bernard |title=The Cambridge History of Islam |volume=1A |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-521-21946-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory00holt_798 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last1=Hourani |first1=Albert |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofarabpeo0122hour_06BYS |title=A History of the Arab Peoples |publisher=Belknap Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-674-01017-8 |author-link=Albert Hourani}} * {{cite book |title=The Caliphate of Banu Umayyah the first Phase, Ibn Katheer, Taken from Al-Bidayah wan-Nihayah |author=Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar Ibn Kathīr |isbn=978-603-500-080-2 |translator=Yoosuf Al-Hajj Ahmad |place=Riyadh |publisher=Maktaba Dar-us-Salam |year=2012}} * {{Cite book |last=Kobeisy |first=Ahmed Nezar |title=Counseling American Muslims: Understanding the Faith and Helping the People |publisher=Praeger Publishers |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-313-32472-7}} * {{Cite book |last=Kramer |first=Martin |title=Shi'Ism, Resistance, and Revolution |publisher=Westview Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-8133-0453-3}} * {{Cite book |last=Lapidus |first=Ira |title=A History of Islamic Societies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-521-77933-3 |edition=2nd}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |title=The Jews of Islam |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-7102-0462-2 |author-link=Bernard Lewis}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |title=The Arabs in History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-19-285258-8 |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/middleeastbriefh0000lewi |title=The Middle East |publisher=Scribner |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-684-83280-7 |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/islaminhistory00bern |title=Islam in History: Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East |publisher=Open Court Publishing Company |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8126-9518-2 |edition=2nd |author-mask=1 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/whatwentwrongcl00lewi |title=What Went Wrong?: The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East |publisher=Harper Perennial |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-06-051605-5 |edition=reprint |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/crisisofislam00bern |title=The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror |publisher=Random House, Inc., New York |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8129-6785-2 |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Madelung |first=Wilferd |title=The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-521-64696-3 |author-link=Wilferd Madelung}} * {{Cite book |last1=Malik |first1=Jamal |title=Sufism in the West |last2=Hinnells |first2=John R. |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-27408-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Momen |first=Moojan |title=An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-300-03531-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyed Hossein |author-link=Seyyed Hossein Nasr |year=2003 |title=The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity}} * {{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyed Muhammad |url=https://archive.org/details/ourreligions00shar |title=Our Religions: The Seven World Religions Introduced by Preeminent Scholars from Each Tradition (Chapter 7) |publisher=HarperCollins |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-06-067700-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Nigosian |first=Solomon Alexander |title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-253-21627-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Peacock|first=A.C.S.|title=Islam, Literature and Society in Mongol Anatolia|date=2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume= |page=|doi= 10.1017/9781108582124|isbn=978-1-108-58212-4|s2cid=211657444}} * {{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |url=https://archive.org/details/islamguideforjew00fepe |title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-691-11553-5}} * {{Cite report |date=October 2009 |title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population |publisher=Pew Research Center |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2009/10/Muslimpopulation.pdf |access-date=25 May 2020 |ref={{sfnref|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009}} }} [https://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/ Overview]. * {{Cite book |last=Rippin |first=Andrew |url=https://archive.org/details/muslimstheirreli0000ripp |title=Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices |publisher=Routledge |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-415-21781-1 |edition=2nd |author-link=Andrew Rippin}} * {{cite book |last=Roychoudhury |first=Makhanlal |year=1941 |title=The Din-i Ilahi, or, The Religion of Akbar |publisher=University of Calcutta |oclc=3312929 |url=https://archive.org/details/diniilahiorthere031361mbp |via=Internet Archive}} * {{cite journal |last=Serjeant |first=R.B. |date=1978 |title=Sunnah Jami'ah, pacts with the Yathrib Jews, and the Tahrim of Yathrib |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |volume=41 |pages=1–42 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00057761 |s2cid=161485671 }} * {{Cite book |last=Sachedina |first=Abdulaziz |title=The Just Ruler in Shi'ite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence |publisher=Oxford University Press US |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-511915-2 |author-link=Abdulaziz Sachedina}} * {{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Jane I. |author-link=Jane Idleman Smith |title=The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-515649-2}} * {{Cite book |editor-last=Stefon |editor-first=Matt |title=Islamic Beliefs and Practices |publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-61530-060-0 |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last1=Ṭabāṭabāʼī |first1=Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn |title=Shi'ite Islam |translator-last=Nasr |translator-first=Seyyed Hossein |publisher=SUNY Press |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-87395-272-9 |author-link=Allameh Tabatabaei}} * {{Cite book |last=Teece |first=Geoff |url=https://archive.org/details/islam0000teec_a5d6 |title=Religion in Focus: Islam |publisher=Franklin Watts Ltd |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7496-4796-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Trimingham |first=John Spencer |title=The Sufi Orders in Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-512058-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Colin |title=Islam: the Basics |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-34106-6 |location=London}} * {{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Bryan S. |title=Weber and Islam |publisher=Routledge |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-415-17458-9 |location=London}} * {{Cite book |last=Waines |first=David |title=An Introduction to Islam |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-521-53906-7}} * {{Cite book |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |title=The Formative Period of Islamic Thought |publisher=University Press Edinburgh |year=1973 |isbn=978-0-85224-245-2 |author-link=William Montgomery Watt}} * {{Cite book |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadprophets00watt |title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1974 |isbn=978-0-19-881078-0 |edition=New |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Weiss |first=Bernard G. |title=Studies in Islamic Legal Theory |publisher=Brill Academic publishers |year=2002 |isbn=978-90-04-12066-2 |location=Boston |author-link=Bernard G. Weiss}} {{Refend}} === Qaamuusyo iyo encyclopedias === {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{harvc |last1=Gardet|first1=L.|last2=Jomier|first2=J.|year=2012|c=Islām |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0387}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |ref={{harvid|Fahlbusch et al|2001}} |editor-last=Fahlbusch |editor-first=Erwin |display-editors=etal |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=yaecVMhMWaEC}} |title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=2001 |isbn=978-90-04-11695-5 |volume=2}} * {{cite encyclopedia |year=1913–1936 |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |editor1-last=Houtsma |editor1-first=M.T. |editor1-link=Martijn Theodoor Houtsma |editor2-first=T.W. |editor2-last=Arnold |editor2-link=Thomas Walker Arnold |editor3-first=R. |editor3-last=Basset |editor4-first=R. |editor4-last=Hartmann |edition=1st |place=Leiden |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-08265-6 |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam (1st ed.)|1913–1936}}}} * {{cite encyclopedia |year=2012 |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P.J. |issn=1573-3912 |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |edition=2nd |place=Leiden |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4 |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)|2012}}}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P.J. |issn=1573-3912 |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|n.d.}} |date=n.d. |url=https://brill.com/view/package/eio?language=en |url-access=subscription}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2004 |title=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World |series=Macmillan Reference Books |publisher=Thomson-Gale |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofis0001unse |editor-last=Martin |editor-first=Richard C. |isbn=978-0-02-865603-8}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |date=n.d. |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |editor-link=Jane Dammen McAuliffe}} * {{cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān |volume=2 |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=2002}} * {{cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān |volume=3 |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=2003}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals |publisher=Routledge |editor-last=Salamone |editor-first=Frank |edition=1st |isbn=978-0-415-94180-8 |series=Routledge Encyclopedias of Religion and Society |volume=6 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre00sala |jstor=j.ctt1jd94wq |year=2004}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2003 |title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=AltaMira Press |url=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas |editor-last=Glassé |editor-first=Cyril |series=Revised Edition of the Concise Encyclopedia of Islam |isbn=978-0-7591-0190-6 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-19-512558-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00bada |url-access=registration}} {{doi|10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001}} – via Oxford Reference. * {{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |year=2004 |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |place=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975726-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2006 |title=The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia |publisher=Routledge |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=isDgI0-0Ip4C|page=}} |editor-last=Leaman |editor-first=Oliver |isbn=978-0-415-32639-1}} {{Refend}} == Akhrin dheeraad ah == {{Refbegin}} * Abdul-Haqq, Abdiyah Akbar (1980). ''Sharing Your Faith with a Muslim''. Minneapolis: Bethany House Publishers. ''N.B''. Presents the genuine doctrines and concepts of Islam and of the Holy Qur'an, and this religion's affinities with Christianity and its Sacred Scriptures, in order to "dialogue" on the basis of what both faiths really teach. {{ISBN|0-87123-553-6}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism |publisher=SAGE; Cato Institute |location=Thousand Oaks, CA |last=Ahmad |first=Imad-ad-Dean |title=Islam |author-link=Imad-ad-Dean Ahmad |editor-last=Hamowy |editor-first=Ronald |editor-link=Ronald Hamowy |pages=256–258 |doi=10.4135/9781412965811.n155 |isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4 |lccn=2008009151 |oclc=750831024 |url={{Google books|yxNgXs3TkJYC|plainurl=yes}}}} * {{Cite book |last=Akyol |first=Mustafa |url=https://archive.org/details/islamwithoutextr0000akyo |title=Islam Without Extremes |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-393-07086-6 |edition=1st |author-link=Mustafa Akyol}} * {{Cite book |last=Arberry |first=A.J. |url=https://archive.org/details/koraninterpreted00ajar |title=The Koran Interpreted: A Translation |publisher=Touchstone |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-684-82507-6 |edition=1st |author-link=A. J. Arberry}} * Cragg, Kenneth (1975). ''The House of Islam'', in ''The Religious Life of Man Series''. Second ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company 1975. xiii, 145 p. {{ISBN|0-8221-0139-4}}. * {{Cite book |last=Hafez |first=Sherine |title=An Islam of Her Own: Reconsidering Religion and Secularism in Women's Islamic Movements |year=2011 |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=9780814773055 |url=https://opensquare.nyupress.org/books/9780814790724/}} * {{Cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Muhammad Muhsin |title=Noble Quran |last2=Al-Hilali Khan |last3=Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications |year=1999 |isbn=978-9960-740-79-9 |edition=1st |author-link=Muhammad Muhsin Khan}} * Khanbaghi, A, (2006). ''The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran''. I. B. Tauris. * Khavari, Farid A. (1990). ''Oil and Islam: the Ticking Bomb''. First ed. Malibu, Calif.: Roundtable Publications. viii, 277 p., ill. with maps and charts. {{ISBN|0-915677-55-5}}. * {{Cite book |title=The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-965-224-040-8 |editor-last=Kramer |editor-first=Martin |editor-link=Martin Kramer}} * {{Cite book |last=Kuban |first=Dogan |title=Muslim Religious Architecture |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=1974 |isbn=978-90-04-03813-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/islamwest00lewi_0 |title=Islam and the West |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-19-509061-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/culturesinconfli0000lewi |title=Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Age of Discovery |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-19-510283-3 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Mubarkpuri |first=Saifur-Rahman |title=The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Prophet |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-59144-071-0}} * {{Cite book |last=Najeebabadi |first=Akbar Shah |title=History of Islam |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-59144-034-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Sayilgan |first=Salih |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/god-evil-and-suffering-in-islam/C4C89591ADAAF25F104D517C4F4634B3 |title=God, Evil, and Suffering in Islam |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2023 |isbn=9781009377294}} * {{Cite book |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |url=https://www.giffordlectures.org/books/deciphering-signs-god-phenomenological-approach-islam |title=Deciphering the Signs of God: A Phenomenological Approach to Islam |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-7914-1982-3 |author-link=Annemarie Schimmel |access-date=31 January 2019 |archive-date=22 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422154518/https://www.giffordlectures.org/books/deciphering-signs-god-phenomenological-approach-islam |url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book |last=Schuon |first=Frithjof |title=Understanding Islam |publisher=Allen & Unwin |year=1963 |isbn=978-0941532242 |edition=3rd |author-link=Frithjof Schuon}} * {{Cite book |last=Stoddard |first=Lothrop |title=The New World of Islam |publisher=Chapman & Hall |year=1922 |url=https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/24107}} * {{Cite book |last=Walker |first=Benjamin |title=Foundations of Islam: The Making of a World Faith |publisher=Peter Owen Publishers |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-7206-1038-3 |author-link=Benjamin Walker (author)}} {{Refend}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Library resources box}} * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam "Islam"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/index.shtml Religion & Ethics – Islam] Maqaallo hordhac u ah Islaamka oo ka socda BBC ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} 0g1oq9qag1uu1c8c2zc6ofcc24o22ik 307321 307320 2026-09-06T20:46:37Z Isma4l 41797 /* Saamaynta diimaha kale, iyo Islaamiga */ 307321 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox religion | native_name = {{lang|ar|{{Script|Arab|الإسلام}}}}<br/>{{transliteration|ar|al-Islām}} | image = The Kaaba during Hajj - edited.jpg | caption = [[Kacbada]] ee ku taal [[Masjidka Xaramka]] ee [[Makka]], [[Sacuudi Carabiya]], oo ah [[Holiest sites in islam|goobta Islaamka ee ugu barakeysan]] | type = | main_classification = [[Abrahamic religions|Ibraahimi ah]] | scripture = {{Plainlist| * [[Quraan]] * Sunnada: [[Xadiis]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The saheeh Sunnah is wahy (Revelation) from Allah |url=https://islamqa.info/en/answers/77243/the-saheeh-sunnah-is-wahy-(revelation)-from-allah |website=islamqa.info |access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref> * Tafsiirka: [[Tafsiir]]<ref>Mir, Mustansir. (1995). "Tafsīr". In John L. Esposito. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref> }} | theology = [[Tawhid|Kkudnimada Alle]] | law = [[Sharia]] | philosophy = [[Falsafada Islaamka]] | area = [[Islam by country|Adduunka oo dhan]]<ref name="Global Islam" /> | language = [[Classical Arabic|Carabiga Quraanka]] | territory = [[Islamic world]] | founder = [[Maxamed]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Welch |first1=Alford T. |last2=Moussalli |first2=Ahmad S. |last3=Newby |first3=Gordon D. |date=2009 |entry=Muḥammad |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |editor-first=John L. |editor-last=Esposito |publisher=Oxford University Press |entry-url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211050118/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550 |archive-date=11 February 2017 }}</ref> | founded_date = {{circa|610 C.D.}} | founded_place = [[Jabal al-Nour]]<!-- Beginnings are understood to be where Muhammad is said to have received his first ever revelation, which was inside a cave in this mountain --> | number_of_followers = {{est.}} 2 bilyan<ref name="pew2010–2020" /> {{increase}} (oo si gaar ah loogu yeero [[Muslimiin]], halka si wadajir ah loogu yeero {{transliteration|ar|[[Ummah]]}}) | separations = {{Plainlist| * [[Ali-Illahism]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-SQe_sNtIaMC&q=ali%2520illahism&pg=PA216|title=Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon: With Travels in Armenia, Kurdistan and the Desert: Being the Result of a Second Expedition Undertaken for the Trustees of the British Museum|last=Layard|first=Austen Henry|date=2010-08-31|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108016773|page=216|language=en}}</ref> * [[Druze faith]]<ref>{{cite book |title=The Oxford Handbook of American Islam |first=Yvonne |last=Yazbeck Haddad |year=2014 |isbn=9780199862634 |page=142|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> * [[Baháʼí Faith]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Van der Vyer |first=J. D. |year=1996 |title=Religious human rights in global perspective: religious perspectives |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |isbn=90-411-0176-4 |page=449 |url=https://archive.org/details/religioushumanri0000unse |url-access=registration}}</ref> }} }} {{Sidebar with collapsible lists | name = religion sidebar | pretitle = Qayb ka mid ah taxane ku saabsan | pretitlestyle = padding-top:0.8em; | titlestyle = padding-bottom:0.5em; | title = [[Diin]] | listtitlestyle = background:transparent; text-align:center; font-size:100%; | centered list titles = yes | image = [[File:Icon-religion.svg|200px|class=skin-invert]] | imagestyle = padding-bottom:1em; | listclass = hlist | liststyle = padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em; padding-bottom:0.25em; font-size: 11px; | expanded = {{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}} |} | abovestyle = padding:0.5em 2em 0.5em; display:block; background-color: #efefef; | above = {{startflatlist}} * [[Outline of religion|Dulucda]] * [[Index of religion-related articles|Liisaska]] * [[:Category:Religion|Qeybta]] * [[:Category:Indexes of religion topics|Tusaha]] * [[History of religion|Taariikhda diinta]] * [[Portal:Religion|Bogga]] {{endflatlist}} | list1name = religions | list1title = Diimaha | list1titlestyle = padding-top:0.5em; | list1 = {{Sidebar |child |bodystyle={{subsidebar bodystyle}} |navbar=off | heading1 = [[Abrahamic religions|Diimaha Ibraahimiyeed]] | content1style = padding-top:0.2em; | content1 = * [[Judaism|Yuudaanismka]] * [[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]] * [[Islam|Islaamka]] * [[Alawism|Calawiisimka]] * [[Alevism|Alewiisimka]] * [[Azalism|Azaliisimka]]/[[Bábism|Baabiisimka]] * [[Baháʼí Faith|Diinta Bahaa'iga]] * [[Druze Faith|Diinta Duruusta]] * [[Mormonism|Mormooniyadda]] * [[Mandaeism|Mandeiisimka]] * [[Manichaeism|Maniikiisimka]] * [[Rastafari|Rastafariyiinta]] * [[Samaritanism|Samaritaniisimka]] | heading2 = [[Iranian religions|Diimaha Iiraaniga]] | content2style = padding-top:0.2em; | content2 = * [[Yazidism|Yasiidiisimka]] * [[Yarsanism|Yarsaniisimka]] * [[Zoroastrianism|Soroostiriyanka]] | heading3 = [[Indian religions|Diimaha Hindiya]] | content3style = padding-top:0.2em; | content3 = * [[Hinduism|Hinduugga]] * [[Buddhism|Buudhisimka]] * [[Jainism|Jeyniisimka]] * [[Sikhism| Sikhiisimka]] * [[Bon|Yungdrung Bon]] | heading4 = [[East Asian religions|Diimaha Bariga Aasiya]] | content4style = padding-top:0em; | content4 = * [[Taoism|Taowaysimka]] * [[Confucianism|Konfushiyanishka]] * [[Shinto|Shinto]] * [[Tian|Tian]] * [[Shangdi|Shangdi]] * [[Hongjun Laozu|Hongjun Laozu]] }} | list2name = schools | list2title = Dugsiyada Fikirka | list2titlestyle = border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em; | list2 = * [[Acosmism|Aakosmisimka]] * [[Agnosticism|Agnostisismka]] * [[Animism|Animisimka]] * [[Antireligion|Diin-diidka]] * [[Apatheism|Apatheisimka]] * [[Atheism|Aqoonsi la'aanta Ilaah / Ateyismka]] * [[Creationism|Abuuristaaniyadda]] * [[Dharma|Dharmismka]] * [[Deism|Deiisimka]] * [[Divine command theory|Aragt Dardaaran Ilaahay]] * [[Dualism in cosmology|Labo-jirnimada]] * [[Western esotericism|Sir-doonka Reer Galbeedka]] * [[Elite religion|Diinta dadka sare]] * [[Exclusivism|Gaar-yeelidda]] * [[Existentialism|Jiritaaniyadda]] ** [[Atheistic existentialism|ateyste]] ** [[Christian existentialism|masiixi]] * [[Feminist theology|Falsafada dumarka]] * [[Fideism|Caqiido-ku-tiirsiga]] * [[Folk religion|Diinta dadweynaha]] * [[Fundamentalism|Aasaas-ku-dhagidda]] * [[Gnosticism|Gnostisismka]] * [[Henotheism|Henotheiisimka]] * [[Hermeticism|Hermetiisimka]] * [[Humanism|Aadmiga-jecleyska]] ** [[Christian humanism|masiixi]] ** [[Religious humanism|diimeed]] ** [[Secular humanism|cilmiyeed]] * [[Ietsism|Ietsismka]] * [[Theological noncognitivism|Ignostisismka]] * [[Inclusivism|Wadajir-yeelidda]] * [[Kathenotheism|Kathenotheiisimka]] * [[Lived religion|Diinta la nool yahay]] * [[Monism|Kow-jirnimada]] * [[Monotheism|Kkudnimada Alle]] * [[Mysticism|Suufiyadda / Sir-raadinta]] * [[Naturalism (philosophy)|Dabiiciyadda]] ** [[Humanistic naturalism|aadmiga]] ** [[Metaphysical naturalism|milyawiga]] ** [[Religious naturalism|diimeed]] * [[New Age|Cаманkii Cusub]] * [[Nonduality (spirituality)|Laba-mid-la'aanta]] * [[Nontheism|Ilaah-la'aanta]] * [[Omnism|Omnisimka]] * [[Pandeism|Pandeiisimka]] * [[Panentheism|Panenteiisimka]] * [[Pantheism|Panteiisimka]] * [[Perennial philosophy|Falsafadda weligeed ah]] * [[Polytheism|Shirkiga / Ilaahyo badan]] * [[Process theology|Falsafadda socodka]] * [[Shendao shejiao|Shendao shejiao]] * [[Spiritualism (beliefs)|Rux-raadinta]] * [[Shamanism|Shaamanismka]] * [[East Asian religions|Taowayga]] * [[Theism|Ilaah-rumaynta]] * [[Transcendentalism|Sare-u-kacaaniyadda]] * [[Transtheism|Transtheiisimka]] * [[Unitarianism|Mowqifka kow-jirka]] | list3name = concepts | list3title = Fikradaha | list3titlestyle = border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em; | list3 = * [[Afterlife|Aakhiro]] * [[Anthropopathism|Sifaadka bini'aadmiga ee Ilaah]] * [[Apophatic theology|Apophatismka]] * [[Aseity|Iskii-jitaanshaha]] * [[Religious belief|Aaminsanaanta Diinta]] * [[Brahman|Brahman]] * [[Cataphatic theology|Cataphatismka]] * [[Cult|Kooxda diimeed]] * [[Demiurge|Demiurge]] * [[Divine simplicity|Fududeynta Ilaahay]] * [[Eschatology|Qiyaamaha iyo Aakhiro]] * [[Enlightenment in Buddhism|Iftiintinka]] * [[Eternity#God and eternity|Weligiis-jitaanshaha]] * [[Euthyphro dilemma|Muran-weydiintii Euthyphro]] * [[Existence of God|Jiritaanka Ilaahay]] * [[Faith|Iimaan]] * [[Form of the Good|Qaabka Wanaagga]] * [[Gender of God|Jinsiga Ilaahay]] * [[Gnosis|Gnosis]] * [[Holy Spirit|Ruuxa Quduuska ah]] * [[Intelligent design|Naqshadda caqli-gal ah]] * [[Moksha|Xorreynta]] * [[Misotheism|Ilaah-nacaybka]] * [[Miracle|Mucjiso]] * [[Names of God|Magacyada Ilaahay]] * [[New religious movement|Dhaqdhaqaaqa diimeed ee cusub]] * [[Omnibenevolence|Naxariista-buuxda]] * [[Omnipotence|Awoodda-oo-dhan]] * [[Omnipresence|Meel-kasta-joogidda]] * [[Omniscience|Cilmiga-oo-dhan]] * [[Pandeism|Pandeistiga]] * [[Personal god|Ilaah shakhsi ah]] * [[Prayer|Dugsi / Baryo]] * [[Problem of evil|Dhibaatada xumaanta]] * [[Process theology|Falsafadda socodka]] * [[Belief#Religion|Aaminsanaanta diimeed]] * [[Problem of religious language|Luqadda diinta]] * [[Reincarnation|Soo-noqoshada nolosha (Reincarnation)]] * [[Faith|Iimaanka diimeed]] * [[Revelation|Waxyi]] * [[Religious text|Qoraallada diinta]] * [[Soul|Nafta]] * [[Summum bonum|Wanaagga ugu sarreeya]] * [[Tawhid|Kkudnimada Alle]] * [[Theological veto|Diidmada diinta]] * [[Transcendence (religion)|Sare-u-baxa diimeed]] * [[Trinity|Saddex-midnimada]] * [[Creator deity|Ugu sarreeyaha / Abuuraha]] * [[Unmoved mover|Dhaqaajiye aan la dhaqaajin]] * [[Vitalism|Ruuxda nolosha]] * [[Worship|Caabudaad]] | list4name = figures | list4title = Hoggaamiyeyaasha Aasaasaya | list4titlestyle = border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em; | list4= *[[Ciise]] ([[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]]) *[[Maxamed]] ([[Islam|Islaamka]]) *[[Ibraahim]] ([[Judaism|Yuudaanismka]]) *[[Siddhartha Gautama]] ([[Buddhism|Buudhisimka]]) *[[Guru Nanak]] ([[Sikhism|Sikhiisimka]]) *[[Mahavira]] ([[Jainism|Jeyniisimka]]) *[[Zoroaster]] ([[Zoroastrianism|Soroostiriyanka]]) *[[Hamza ibn Ali]] ([[Druze|Duruusta]]) *[[Laozi]] ([[Taoism|Taowayga]]) *[[Confucius]] ([[Confucianism|Konfushiyanishka]]) * [[Baháʼu'lláh]] ([[Baháʼí Faith|Diinta Bahaa'iga]]) | belowclass = plainlist | belowstyle = text-align:center;font-weight:normal; padding:1em 1em 1em; | below = Kani waa [[:Category:Philosophy and thinking sidebar templates|farac]] ka mid ah [[philosophy|falsafadda]]. Si aad u baarto mowduucyada la xiriira, fadlan booqo [[:Category:Religion_and_belief_navigational_boxes|hage-tusaha]]. }} '''Islaamku'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|z|l|ɑː|m|,_|ˈ|ɪ|z|l|æ|m}} {{respell|IZ|la(h)m}};<ref>{{cite Cambridge Dictionaries |Islam}}</ref> {{langx|ar|{{Script|Arab|الإسلام|al-Islām}}|al-Islām}}, {{IPA|ar|alʔisˈlaːm|IPA}}, {{lit|hordhaca [ee la xiriira [[ogaanshaha doonista Ilaahay]]]}}}} waa diin [[Abrahamic|Ibraahimi ah]] oo ku saleysan [[Quraan|Quraanka]] iyo [[Sunnah|barashada]] [[Maxamed|Maxamed]]. Diintan [[monotheistic|kwdnimada Alle]] waxay leedahay qiyaastii [[Islam by country|2 bilyan oo raacsan adduunka oo dhan]], oo lagu magacaabo [[Muslims|Muslimiin]]. Islaamku waa [[Major religious groups|diinta labaad ee ugu weyn adduunka]], marka laga reebo [[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]]. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin inay jirto [[Fitra|iimaan asal ah]] oo la soo waxyooday marar badan iyadoo la sii marinayo [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|rusul iyo nabiyo hore]], oo ay ku jiraan [[Adam in Islam|Aadam]], [[Noah in Islam|Nux]], [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Muuse]], iyo [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]], waxayna rumeysan yihiin in Islaamku yahay nooca caalamiga ah ee dhameystiran ee [[faith|iimaankan]]. [[File:Birmingham Quran manuscript full.jpg|thumb|Labo [[Folio|bog]] oo ka mid ah [[Birmingham Quran manuscript|Qoraalka Gacanta ee Quraanka ee Birmingham]], oo lagu qoray [[Hijazi script|xarfaha Xijaasiga]] ee [[parchment|harag]] taariikhdiisu tahay int u dhaxaysa 568–645 C.D., iyadoo ku beegan xilligii nolosha Maxamed.]] Muslimiintu waxay u arkaan Quraanka inuu yahay hadalka dhabta ah ee [[God in Islam|Ilaahay]] iyo waxyigii ugu dambeeyay ee aan wax laga beddelin. Dhinaca Quraanka, Muslimiintu waxay sidoo kale rumeysan yihiin [[Islamic holy books|kutubtii hore ee la soo waxyooday]], sida [[Torah in Islam|''Towraad'']] ([[Torah]]), ''[[Psalms in Islam|Sabuur]]'' ([[Psalms]]), iyo [[Gospel in Islam|''Injiil'']] ([[Gospel]]). Waxay rumeysan yihiin in [[Muhammad in Islam|Maxamed]] yahay [[Seal of the Prophets|nabiga ugu weyn uguna dambeeya]] ee [[God|Ilaahay]], kaasoo diinta la soo dhameystiray, oo aan ka dib imanayn nabigii cusub ama sharcigii samada ahayn. Barashada iyo tusaalooyinka caadiga ah ee Maxamed, oo loogu yeero [[Sunnah]], oo lagu diiwaangeliyay xaqiiqooyin loogu yeero [[Hadith|Xadiis]], ayaa bixiya tusaale dastuuri ah oo loogu talagalay Muslimiinta. Islaamku wuxuu ku saleysan yahay rumaysashada kow-nimada iyo kelinimada Ilaahay ({{Transliteration|ar|[[tawhid]]}}), iyo rumaysashada [[afterlife|aakhiro]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[akhirah]]}}) oo ay ku jirto [[Judgement Day in Islam|Maalinta Qiyaame]]—halkaas oo kuwa suubban lagu abaalmarin doono jannada ({{Transliteration|ar|[[jannah]]}}) kuwa xunneydna lagu ciqaabi doono naarta ({{Transliteration|ar|[[jahannam]]}}). [[Five Pillars of Islam|Shanta Arкан ee Islaamka]], oo loo arko inay yihiin cibaadooyin [[Fard|waajib ah]], waa shahaadada diinta ({{Transliteration|ar|[[shahada]]}}), salaadaha maalinlaha ah ({{Transliteration|ar|[[salah]]}}), sakada ({{Transliteration|ar|[[zakat]]}}), soonka bisha [[Ramadan]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[sawm]]}}), iyo [[pilgrimage|xajka]] loo aado [[Mecca|Makka]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[hajj]]}}). Sharciga Islaamka ({{Transliteration|ar|[[sharia]]}}), wuxuu taabanayaa ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan dhinacyada nolosha, laga bilaabo [[Islamic banking and finance|bangiyada iyo maaliyadda]] iyo [[Zakat|gar-gaarka]] ilaa [[Gender roles in Islam|doorka ragga]] iyo [[Women in Islam|doorka dumarka]] iyo [[Islamic ethics#Environmentalism|deegaanka]]. Labada [[Islamic holidays|ci둡 diimeed]] ee ugu waaweyn waa Ciidul Fitri iyo Ciidul Adxa. Saddexda [[holiest sites in Islam|goobood ee ugu barakeysan]] waa [[Masjid al-Haram|Masjidka Xaramka]] ee [[Mecca|Makka]], [[Prophet's Mosque|Masjidka Nabiga]] ee [[Medina|Madiina]], iyo [[Al-Aqsa|Dhismaha Masjidka Al-Aqsa]] ee [[Jerusalem|Quddus]]. Islaamku wuxuu ka soo aasaasay Makka qiyaastii 610 C.D. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in tani ay tahay xilligii [[Muhammad's first revelation|Maxamed uu helay waxyigiisii ugu horreeyay]]. Waqtigii uu geeriyooday, inta badan [[Arabian Peninsula|Jaziiradda Carabta]] way [[Conversion to Islam|isu rogtay Islaamka]]. Islaamku wuxuu si dhakhso ah ugu fiday wixii ka dambeeyay Carabta iyadoo hoos imaneysa [[Rashidun Caliphate|Khulaafadii Raashidiyiinta]] iyo [[Umayyad Caliphate|Khulaafadii Umawiyiinta]]. Labada [[Islamic schools and branches|laamood ee ugu waaweyn Islaamka]] waa [[Sunni Islam|Sunniyada]] (87–90%) iyo [[Shia Islam|Shiicada]] (10–13%).{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=1|ps=. "Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims."}} Muslimiinta Sunniga iyo Shiicada ah ayaa wada noqda ku dhawaad ​​guud ahaan dadweynaha Muslimka ah ee adduunka, iyadoo qiyaasuhu ka bilaabmaan qiyaastii 1.7–1.8 bilyan oo Sunni ah ilaa 285–300 milyan oo Shiico ah adduunka oo dhan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=|first=|date=2009-10-07|title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/|access-date=2026-09-01|website=Pew Research Center|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Shia Muslim Population – Islamic Research and Information Center (IRIC)|url=https://iric.org/world-shia-muslim-population/|access-date=2026-09-01|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Project on Shi’ism and Global Affairs|url=https://shiism.hds.harvard.edu/|url-status=live|website=Harvard University}}</ref> Inkasta oo [[Shia–Sunni relations|khilaafka Shiicada iyo Sunniga]] uu asal ahaan ka soo bilowday is-afgaranwaa ku saabsan [[succession to Muhammad|dhaxalkii Maxamed]], waxay kor u qaadeen cabbir ballaaran, labada [[Schools of Islamic theology|dhinaca caqiidada]] iyo [[Fiqh|fiqhigaa]]. Ururinta xadiiska suuban ee Sunniga waxay ka kooban tahay [[Kutub al-Sittah|Lixda Kitaab]], halka ururinta xadiiska Shiicada ay ka kooban tahay [[The Four Books|Afrta Kitaab]]. Muslimiintu waxay ka yihiin inta badan dadweynaha 53 dal.<ref name="pew2010–2020">{{cite web |date=June 9, 2025 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020. Muslims grew fastest; Christians lagged behind global population increase |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]}} *{{cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett |author2=Marcin Stonawski |author3=Yunping Tong |author4=Stephanie Kramer |author5=Anne Shi |author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf |access-date=2025-06-10 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Qiyaastii 12% Muslimiinta adduunka waxay ku nool yihiin [[Islam in Indonesia|Indoonisiya]], oo ah dalka ugu dadka badan ee Muslimiinta ah; {{#expr: 100 * 480/1570 round 0}}% waxay ku nool yihiin [[Islam in South Asia|Kooniyada Aasiya]]; 20% waxay ku nool yihiin [[MENA#Religion|Bariga Dhexe iyo Waqooyiga Afrika]]; iyo 15% waxay ku nool yihiin [[Religion in Sub-Saharan Africa|Afrika ka hooseysa Saharada]]. Muslimiinta sidoo kale waxaa laga helaa [[Islam in the Americas|Ameerikaanka]], [[Islam in China|Shiinaha]], iyo [[Islam in Europe|Yurub]]. Muslimiintu waa [[Muslim population growth|kooxda diimeed ee ugu koraysa adduunka]], taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay [[fertility rate| heerka dhalmada oo sarreeya]] iyo qaab-dhismeedka da'da yar marka loo eego diimaha diimaha kale ee waaweyn.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lipka |first=Michael |last2=Hackett |first2=Conrad |date=2017-04-06 |title=Why Muslims are the world’s fastest-growing religious group |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |access-date=2026-09-01 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> Islaamka waxaa la saadaalinayaa inuu noqdo diinta ugu weyn adduunka dhammaadka qarniga 21-aad, isagoo ka sarre marinaya Masiixiyadda.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lipka |first1=Michael |last2=Hackett |first2=Conrad |date=April 6, 2017 |title=Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US |archive-date=14 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514123559/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="pew2015">{{cite report |author=[[Pew Forum|The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life]] |title=The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010–2050 |url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211090450/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf |archive-date=2020-12-11 |date=2015-04-02 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref><!--Do NOT add citations to the lead, except for material likely to be challenged, per [[MOS:LEADCITE]] ([[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section#Citations)]]. Move unneeded citations to the body.--> == Asalka ereyga{{anchor|Etymology}}<!-- Linked from many articles. If changing the section title, please let this anchor remain unchanged -->== {{See also|Muslims#Etymology}} Luqadda Carabiga, ''Islaam'' ({{langx|ar|إسلام|lit=hordhaca [ee la xiriira Ilaahay]}})<ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of Islam {{!}} Dictionary.com |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=www.dictionary.com |language=en |archive-date=9 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509110220/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Haywood |first=John |title=Historical Atlas of the Medieval World (AD 600 - 1492) |publisher=Barnes & Noble, Inc. |year=2002 |isbn=0-7607-1975-6 |edition=1st |location=Spain |pages=3.13 |language=en}}</ref> waa magaca fal-galeedka [[wikt:أسلم#Arabic|Foomka IV]] ee ka soo jeeda falka {{lang|ar|سلم}} ({{transliteration|ar|salama}}), ka soo jeeda [[Semitic root|xididka saddex-xarafle ah]] {{lang|ar|س-ل-م}} ({{transliteration|ar|[[Š-L-M|S-L-M]]}}), kaas oo sameeya fasal weyn oo erayo ah oo badankood la xiriira fikradaha dhiibin-hoosaadka, badbaadada, iyo nabadgelyada.<ref name="Lane-Lexicon-4">{{cite book |last=Lane |first=Edward William |author-link=Edward William Lane |title=An Arabic-English Lexicon |volume=4 |chapter=Siin |url=http://www.studyquran.co.uk/20_SIIN.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907230044/http://www.studyquran.co.uk/20_SIIN.htm |archive-date=2011-09-07 |via=[[The Study Quran|StudyQuran]] |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> Macnaha diimeed, waxay tilmaamaysaa u dhiibashada buuxda ee doonista [[God|Ilaahay]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=Barnard |last2=Churchill |first2=Buntzie Ellis |url=https://archive.org/details/islamreligionpeo00lewi |title=Islam: The Religion and The People |publisher=Wharton School Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-13-223085-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/islamreligionpeo00lewi/page/8 8]}}</ref> Ereyga ''[[Muslims|Muslim]]'' ({{lang|ar|مُسْلِم}}), oo ah erayga loogu talagalay qofka raaca Islaamka,<ref name="Lexico-Muslim">{{cite dictionary |title=Muslim |url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/muslim |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913192608/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/muslim |archive-date=2019-09-13 |dictionary=[[Lexico]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2020 |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref> waa [[Participle|falka firfircoon]] ee isla nooca falka, oo macneheedu yahay "dhiibtiye (Ilaahay)" ama "qof u hoggaansamaya (Ilaahay)". Si kastaba ha ahaatee, khabiirka [[Quranic studies|barashada Quraanka]] [[Mohsen Goudarzi]] wuxuu ku dooday in Quraanka ereyga ''[[dīn]]'' uu ka dhigan yahay "[[worship|cibaado]]", ''islām'' uu ka dhigan yahay "[[monotheism|kwdnimada]]" iyo ''muslim'' uu ka dhigan yahay "muwaahid / qof kelinimada Alle rumeeyay".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudarzi |first=Mohsen |date=2023-08-01 |title=Worship (dīn), Monotheism (islām), and the Qurʾān's Cultic Decalogue |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006/html |journal=Journal of the International Qur'anic Studies Association |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=30–71 |doi=10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006 |issn=2474-8420|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Gudaha [[Hadith of Gabriel|Xadiiska Jibriil]], ''Islaam'' waxaa lagu soo bandhigay inuu yahay hal qayb oo ka mid ah saddaxleey oo ay ku jirto {{transliteration|ar|[[Iman (Islam)|imān]]}} (iimaan), iyo {{transliteration|ar|[[Ihsan|ihsān]]}} (fududeyn / ixsaan).{{sfnp|Esposito|2000|pp=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00john/page/76 76–77]}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahmutćehajić |first=Rusmir |url=https://archive.org/details/mosqueheartsubmi00mahm |title=The mosque: the heart of submission |publisher=[[Fordham University Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8232-2584-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/mosqueheartsubmi00mahm/page/n104 84] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Islaamka laftiisa ayaa taariikh ahaan loogu yeeri jiray [[Mohammedan|''Mohammedanism'' (Maxamediyad)]] gudaha [[English-speaking world|dunida Ingiriiska ku hadasha]]. Eraygan wuxuu ka baxay isticmaalka waxaana mararka qaarkood la sheegaa inuu yahay [[Religious offence|dhaawac diimeed]], maadaama uu tilmaamayo in bini'aadam, halkii uu ka noqon lahaa Ilaahay, uu yahay kan udub-dhexaadka u ah diinta Muslimiinta.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Oxford University Press| last = Gibb| first = Sir Hamilton| title = Mohammedanism: an historical survey|isbn=9780195002454| year = 1969| page=1 | quote=Modern Muslims dislike the terms Mohammedan and Mohammedanism, which seem to them to carry the implication of worship of Mohammed, as Christian and Christianity imply the worship of Christ.}}</ref> == Tiirarka iimaanka == {{Main|Aqidah|Iman (Islam)|l2 = Iman}} [[caqiidada]] Islaamku (''[[aqidah]]'') waxay u baahan tahay rumaysashada lix tiir: Ilaahay, malaa'igta, waxyiga, nabiyada, [[Day of Resurrection|Maalinta Qiyaamaha]], iyo qadarinta masiirka.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sourcebook of the World's Religions: An Interfaith Guide to Religion and Spirituality|publisher=New World Library|pages=68–9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbSPOoQfu0IC&pg=PA68|editor-first=Joel|editor-last=Beversluis|year=2011|isbn=9781577313328|access-date=15 January 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228022948/https://books.google.com/books?id=dbSPOoQfu0IC&pg=PA68#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> === Ilaahay === [[File:Istanbul,_Hagia_Sophia,_Allah.jpg|thumb|[[calligraphy|Qoraal gacmeedka]] qarnigii 19-aad oo muujinaya magaca [[Allah|Alle]] ee ku yaal [[Hagia Sophia]], [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]].]] {{Main|God in Islam}} Fikradda udub-dhexaadka u ah Islaamka waa ''[[Tawhid|tawḥīd]]'' ({{langx|ar|توحيد|link=no}}), oo ah kelinimada Ilaahay. Badanaa waxaa loo arkaa inay tahay ''monotheism sax ah'', laakiin sidoo kale waa [[panentheism|panentheistic]] ku dhex leh barashada suufiga Islaamka.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/tawhid |title=Tawhid |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107041300/https://www.britannica.com/topic/tawhid |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Gimaret|first=D.|year=2012|c=Tawḥīd |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7454}}</ref> Ilaahay waxaa loo arkaa mid aan la barbar dhigi karin oo aan lahayn tiro dad ah sida ku jirta [[Christian Trinity|Saddex-midnimada Masiixiga]], oo tiro u nisbeynta Ilaahay ama sifooyinka Ilaahay oo loo nisbeeyo dad kale waxaa loo arkaa shirk, oo lagu magacaabo [[Shirk (Islam)|''shirk'']]. Sidaas darteed, Muslimiintu ma aha [[iconodule]]s mana u nisbeeyaan qaabab Ilaahay. Ilaahay halkaas waxaa lagu sifeeyaa oo loogu yeeraa dhowr [[Names of God in Islam|magac ama sifooyin]], kan ugu caansan waa ''Ar-Rahmān'' ({{lang|ar|الرحمان}}) oo macneheedu yahay "Naxariis-guud", iyo ''Ar-Rahīm'' ({{lang|ar|الرحيم}}) oo macneheedu yahay "Naxariis-gaar ah" kuwaas oo laga baryo bilowga inta badan Suuradaha Quraanka.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ali |first1=Kecia |title=Islam : the key concepts |date=2008 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |last2=Leaman |first2=Oliver |isbn=978-0-415-39638-7 |location=London |oclc=123136939}}</ref>{{sfnp|Campo|2009|p=34|loc="Allah"}} Magaca tooska ah ee Carabiga ee Ilaahay, ''[[Allāh]]'' (الله), oo ah eray aan lahayn [[plural|wadar]] ama [[gender|jinsi]], ayaa sidoo kale si caadi ah loogu isticmaalaa luqadaha kale ee Muslimiinta iyo Masiixiyiinta iyo Yuhuuda Carabiga ku hadla si ay ugu tixraacaan Ilaahay, halka ''{{transliteration|ar|ISO|[[ʾilāh]]}}'' ({{lang|ar|إله}}) uu yahay eray loo isticmaalo ilaah ama ilaah guud ahaan.<ref>{{cite web |title=God |url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |access-date=18 December 2010 |website=Islam: Empire of Faith |publisher=[[PBS]] |archive-date=27 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327034958/http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Islaamku wuxuu barayaa in abuurista wax kasta oo ku jira [[universe|caalamka]] la keenay iyada oo la raacayo amarka Ilaahay sida lagu muujiyay erayada, "[[Be, and it is|Aabo, oo wuu noqdaa]],"<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|2|117|b=yl}}</ref> iyo in [[Meaning of life|ujeeddada jiritaanka]] ay tahay in la caabudo Ilaahay.<ref>Leeming, David. 2005. ''The Oxford Companion to World Mythology''. Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-195-15669-0}}. p. 209.</ref> Waxaa loo arkaa ilaah shakhsi ah oo wax dhexdhexaadin ah, sida [[clergy|wadaaddada]], looma baahna si loo gaaro xiriir lala yeesho Ilaahay. Wacyigelinta Ilaahay waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[taqwa]]. === Malaa'igta === [[File:Rashid al-Din Tabib - Jami al-Tawarikh, f.45v detail - c. 1306-15.png|thumb|Maxamed oo helaya [[Muhammad's first revelation|waxyigiisii ugu horreeyay]] oo uga imaanaya malaa'igta [[Gabriel]], oo ka socda qoraal gacmeedka [[Jami' al-tawarikh|Jami' al-Tawarikh]] ee uu qoray [[Rashid al-Din Hamadani|Rashid-al-Din Hamadani]], lagu daabacay [[Tabriz]], [[Iran]], 1307 C.D.]] {{Main|Angels in Islam}} Malaa'igta (keligood: {{langx|ar|ملك|link=no}}, ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|malak}}'') waa makhluuqaad lagu sifeeyay Quraanka{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=23}} iyo xadiiska.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=79}} Waxaa lagu sifeeyay inay u abuuran yihiin inay caabudaan Ilaahay iyo inay sidoo kale ka shaqeeyaan waajibaadyo kale oo gaar ah sida gudbinta [[revelation|waxyiga]] ee ka yimid Ilaahay, diiwaangelinta ficilada qof kasta, iyo qaadashada [[soul|nafta]] qofka waqtiga dhimashada. Waxaa lagu sifeeyay inay si kala duwan uga abuurmeen 'iftiin' ([[Nūr (Islam)|''nūr'']])<ref name="Encyclopedia-Nur">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Nūr |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/nur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423085030/https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/nur |archive-date=2022-04-23 |encyclopedia=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |via=[[Encyclopedia.com]] |language=en |access-date=2026-03-20}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|last1=Hartner, W.|last2=Tj Boer |year=2012 |c=Nūr |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0874}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Elias |first=Jamal J. |year=2003|c=Light |in=McAuliffe}} {{doi|10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00261}}</ref> ama 'dab' (''nār'').<ref>{{harvc |last=Campo |first=Juan E. |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/nar |c=Nar |in=Martin |year=2004}}. – via [[Encyclopedia.com]].</ref><ref>{{harvc|last=Fahd, T. |year=2012 |c=Nār |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0846}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Toelle |first=Heidi |year=2002 |c=Fire |in=McAuliffe}} {{doi|10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00156}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|McAuliffe|2003|p=45}}</ref> Malaa'igta Islaamka waxaa badanaa lagu matalaa [[Anthropomorphism|qaabab bini'aadamnimo]] oo ay ku jiraan sawirro [[supernatural|cajiib ah]], sida baalal, oo ah kuwa aad u waaweyn ama xidhan dhar janno.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|pp=97–99}}<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=26–28}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Webb |first=Gisela |c=Angel |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|last1=MacDonald, D. B.|last2=Madelung, W. |year=2012 |c=Malāʾika |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}}{{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0642}}</ref> Sifooyinka caadiga ah ee malaa'igta waxaa ka mid ah inaysan lahayn baahiyo jir iyo rabitaanno, sida cunidda iyo cabidda.{{sfnp|Çakmak|2017|p=140}} Qaarkood, sida [[Gabriel|Jibriil]] iyo [[Michael (archangel)|Miikaa'il]], ayaa magacyadooda lagu xusay Quraanka. Malaa'igtu waxay door muhiim ah ka ciyaaraan suugaanta ku saabsan [[Isra and Mi'raj|Mi'raajka]], halkaas oo Maxamed uu kula kulmo dhowr malaa'igood intii uu ku jirsaday safarkiisa samada.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=79}} Malaa'ig dheeraad ah ayaa badanaa lagu muujiyay [[Islamic eschatology|qiyaamaha]], [[Kalam|cilmiga kalaamka]] iyo [[Islamic philosophy|falsafada Islaamka]].{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=22}} === Kitaabyada === [[File:Quran rzabasi1.JPG|thumb|Qoraal gacmeed [[Quran|Quraan]] ah oo qarnigii 9-aad ah oo saaran [[Rehal (book rest)|rehal]], oo ah kursiga kitaabka qudduuska ah, oo lagu hayo [[Reza Abbasi Museum]] ee [[Tehran]], [[Iran]].]] {{Main|Islamic holy books|Quran|Wahy}} {{See also|History of the Quran}} Kitaabka quduuska ah ee ugu sarreeya Islaamka waa [[Quran|Quraanka]]. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in aayaadka Quraanka uu Maxamed u soo waxyooday Ilaahay, iyada oo la sii marinayo [[archangel|malaa'igta]] Jibriil, marar badan inta u dhaxaysa 610 C.D.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Watt |first=William Montgomery |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC&pg=PA5 |title=Islam and the Integration of Society |date=2003 |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |isbn=978-0-415-17587-6 |pages=5 |access-date=15 June 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228022949/https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo 632, sanadkii uu geeriyooday Maxamed.{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=17–18, 21}} Intii uu Maxamed noolaa, waxyiyadan waxaa qoray [[Muhammad's companions|saxaabtiisa]], inkastoo habka ugu muhiimsan ee gudbinta uu ahaa af ahaan iyada oo la adeegsanayo [[Hafiz (Quran)|xifdinta]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Al Faruqi |first1=Lois Ibsen |author-link=Lois Lamya al-Faruqi |year=1987 |title=The Cantillation of the Qur'an |journal=[[Society for Asian Music|Asian Music]] |issue=Autumn – Winter 1987 |pages=3–4}}</ref> Quraanku wuxuu u qaybsamaa 114 suuradood (''[[sūrah]]'') oo ka kooban wadarta guud ee 6,236 aayadood (''[[ayah|āyāt]]''). Suuradaha hore ee taariikh ahaan, ee lagaga soo waxyooday [[Mecca|Makka]], waxay inta badan khuseeyaan arrimaha ruuxiga ah, halka suuradaha dambe ee [[Medina|Madiina]] ay ka hadlaan arrimo bulsho iyo sharci oo khuseeya bulshada Muslimka ah. Qareennada Muslimiintu waxay la tashadaan xadiiska ('warka'), ama diiwaanka qoran ee nolosha Maxamed, si ay labadaba u taageeraan Quraanka oo ay uga caawiyaan tafsiirkiisa. Sayniska faallooyinka iyo tafsiirka Quraanka waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[tafsir]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/tafsir |title=Tafsīr |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019035210/https://www.britannica.com/topic/tafsir |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=79–81}} Marka laga reebo muhiimadiisa diimeed, Quraanka waxaa loo aqoonsan yahay si weyn inuu yahay shaqada ugu fiican [[Arabic literature|suugaanta Carabiga]],<ref>{{cite book|first=Alan|last=Jones|location=London|publisher=[[Charles E. Tuttle Company]]|year=1994|page=1|title=The Koran|quote="Its outstanding literary merit should also be noted: it is by far, the finest work of Arabic prose in existence."|isbn=1842126091}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Arthur|last=Arberry|title=The Koran Interpreted|location=London|publisher=[[Allen & Unwin]]|year=1956|quote="It may be affirmed that within the literature of the Arabs, wide and fecund as it is both in poetry and in elevated prose, there is nothing to compare with it."|page=191|isbn=0684825074}}</ref> wuxuuna saameeyay fanka iyo luqadda Carabiga.<ref>Kadi, Wadad, and Mustansir Mir. "Literature and the Quran." In ''[[Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān|Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an]]'' 3. pp. 213, 216.</ref> Islaamku sidoo kale wuxuu qabaa in Ilaahay uu soo diray waxyiyo, oo la yiraahdo ''[[wahy]]'', oo loo soo diray nabiyo kala duwan marar badan taariikhda oo dhan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Islaamku wuxuu barayaa in qaybo ka mid ah kitaabadii hore ee la soo waxyooday, sida [[Torah in Islam|''Towraad'']] ([[Torah]]) iyo [[Gospel in Islam|''Injiil'']] ([[Gospel in Islam|Injiil]]), ay noqdeen kuwo [[tahrif|la leexiyay]]—ha ahaato tafsiirka, qoraalka, ama labadaba,<ref name="harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5">{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5}}</ref><ref name="harvp|Peters|2003|p=9">{{harvp|Peters|2003|p=9}}</ref><ref name="610CE">{{harvc|c=Muhammad|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|last2=Welch|first2=A.T.|last1=Buhl|first1=F.}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Tahrif |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d. |author=[[Hava Lazarus-Yafeh]]}}</ref> halka Quraanka ({{Lit|Akhrinta}}) loo arko hadalka ugu dambeeya, ee dhabta ah ee aan wax laga beddelin ee Ilaahay.<ref name="Ringgren">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ringgren |first=Helmer |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Quran |title=Qurʾān |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=5 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505001543/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/487666/Quran |url-status=live }} "The word ''Quran'' was invented and first used in the Quran itself. There are [[Quran#Etymology and meaning|two different theories]] about this term and its formation."</ref><ref>{{harvp|Teece|2003|pp=12–13}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Turner|2006|p=42}}</ref>{{sfnp|Bennett|2010|p=101}} === Nabiyada === {{Main|Prophets and messengers in Islam|Sunnah|Hadith}} [[File:Medieval Persian manuscript Muhammad leads Abraham Moses Jesus.jpg|thumb|[[Persian miniature|Miniakiyada Faarisiga]] ee qarnigii 15-aad oo muujinaysa [[Muhammad in Islam|Maxamed]] oo hoggaaminaya [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Muuse]], [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]] iyo [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|nabiyo kale]] salaadda.<ref>{{cite web |title=BnF. Département des Manuscrits. Supplément turc 190 |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/view3if/ga/ark:/12148/btv1b8427195m/f16 |publisher=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] |access-date=7 September 2023 |archive-date=9 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909130407/https://gallica.bnf.fr/view3if/ga/ark:/12148/btv1b8427195m/f16 |url-status=live }}</ref>]] Nabiyada (Carabi: {{langx|ar|أنبياء|label=none|translit=anbiyāʾ}}) waxaa la rumeysan yahay inay doorteen Ilaahay si ay u wacdhiyaan fariin ilaahi ah. Qaar ka mid ah nabiyadan ayaa sidoo kale keena kitaab cusub waxaana loogu yeeraa "rasuul" ({{langx|ar| رسول&lrm;|label=none|translit=rasūl}}).<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|p=225}}</ref> Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in nabiyadu ay yihiin bini'aadam oo aan ahayn ilaahyo. Dhammaan nabiyadu waxaa la sheegaa inay wacdiyiyeen fariintii asaasiga ahayd ee Islaamka - u dhiibashada doonista Ilaahay - oo ay u direen quruumihii hore, tan ayaana la sheegay inay sabab u tahay isku mid ahaanshaha badan ee u dhexeeya diimaha. Quraanku wuxuu sheegayaa magacyada tiro badan oo ah shakhsiyaadka loo tixgeliyo [[prophets in Islam|nabiyada Islaamka]], oo ay ku jiraan [[Adam in Islam|Aadam]], [[Noah in Islam|Nux]], [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Muuse]], [[David in Islam|Daa'uud]] iyo [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]], iyo kuwo kale.<ref name="Schimmel">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |author-link=Annemarie Schimmel |title=Islam |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504201633/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/295507/Islam |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Reeves |first=J. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC |title=Bible and Qurʼān: Essays in scriptural intertextuality |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2004 |isbn=90-04-12726-7 |location=[[Leiden]] |page=177 |access-date=21 August 2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164019/https://books.google.com/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC |url-status=live }}</ref> Sheekooyinka la xiriira nabiyada ee ka baxsan xisaabaadka Quraanka waxaa lagu ururiyaa oo lagu baaraa ''[[Qisas Al-Anbiya|Qisas al-Anbiya]]'' (Sheekooyinka Nabiyada). Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in Ilaahay uu soo diray Maxamed inuu noqdo nabiga ugu dambeeya ("[[Seal of the prophets|khaatumul anbiyo]]") si uu u gaarsiiyo fariinta dhameystiran ee Islaamka.<ref name="Esposito-Islam">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Esposito |first=John L. |author-link=John Esposito |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |title=Islam |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012298 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110124812/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012298 |archive-date=2021-01-10 |quote=Profession of Faith...affirms Islam's absolute monotheism and acceptance of Muḥammad as the messenger of Allah, the last and final prophet. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Peters-Allah">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Peters |first=F. E. |author-link=Francis Edward Peters |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |title=Allāh |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095403960 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926053837/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095403960 |archive-date=2020-09-26 |quote=[T]he Muslims' understanding of Allāh is based...on the Qurʿān's public witness. Allāh is Unique, the Creator, Sovereign, and Judge of mankind. It is Allāh who directs the universe through his direct action on nature and who has guided human history through his prophets, Abraham, with whom he made his covenant, Moses/Moosa, Jesus/Eesa, and Muḥammad, through all of whom he founded his chosen communities, the 'Peoples of the Book.' |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Islaamka dhexdiisa, tusaalaha "caadiga ah" ee nolosha Maxamed waxaa lagu magacaabaa ''[[sunnah]]'' (oo macneheedu yahay "jidka la maray"). Muslimiinta waxaa lagu dhiirrigelinayaa inay ku daydaan dabeecadaha akhlaaqda ee Maxamed noloshooda maalinlaha ah, sunnadana waxaa loo arkaa mid muhiim u ah hagidda tafsiirka Quraanka.<ref>{{harvp|Martin|2004|p=666}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Hadith|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|author=J. Robson}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Sunna|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|author=D.W. Brown}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Goldman |first=Elizabeth |title=Believers: Spiritual Leaders of the World |date=1995 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-508240-1 |location=Oxford |page=63}}</ref> Tusaalahan waxaa lagu ilaaliyaa dhaqamo loo yaqaan xadiis, oo ah xisaabaadka erayadiisa, ficilladiisa, iyo sifooyinka shakhsi ahaaneed. [[Hadith qudsi|Xadiiska Qudsi]] waa qayb hoose oo ka tirsan xadiiska, oo loo arko inuu yahay erayada dhabta ah ee Ilaahay ee uu soo xigtay Maxamed oo aan ahayn qayb ka tirsan Quraanka. Xadiisku wuxuu ka kooban yahay laba shay: silsiladda sheekeeyayaasha, oo loo yaqaanno [[Hadith studies#Traditional importance of the sanad|''sanad'']], iyo ereyada dhabta ah, oo loo yaqaanno [[Hadith studies|''matn'']]. Waxaa jira habab kala duwan oo lagu kala saaro xaqiiqda xadiisyada, iyadoo cabbirka darajada ee badanaa la isticmaalo uu yahay "saxiix" ama "sax ah" ({{langx|ar|صحيح|links=no|translit=[[Authentic hadith|ṣaḥīḥ]]|label=none}}); "xasan" ({{langx|ar|حسن|links=no|label=none|translit=[[Hasan (hadith)|ḥasan]]}}); ama "daciif" ({{langx|ar|ضعيف|label=none|translit=[[Da'if|ḍaʻīf]]}}), iyo kuwo kale. [[Kutub al-Sittah]] waa ururinta lix kitaab, oo loo arko inay yihiin warbixinnada ugu suuban ee [[Sunni Islam|Sunniyada]]. Waxaa ka mid ah [[Sahih al-Bukhari]], oo ay Sunnidu badanaa u arkaan mid ka mid ah [[Hadith terminology#Terminology relating to the authenticity of a hadith|ilaha ugu suuban]] ka dib Quraanka.<ref>[[Aisha Abd al-Rahman|al-Rahman, Aisha Abd]], ed. 1990. [[Introduction to the Science of Hadith|Muqaddimah Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ]]. Cairo: Dar al-Ma'arif, 1990. pp. 160–69</ref> Il kale oo caan ka ah xadiisyada waa [[The Four Books|Afrta Kitaab]], oo ay Shiicadu u arkaan tixraaca xadiiska ee ugu suuban.<ref name="Awliyai-Four-Books">{{cite book |last=Awliya'i |first=Mustafa |title=Outlines of the Development of the Science of Hadith |volume=1 |chapter=The Four Books |url=https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol1-n12-3/outlines-development-science-hadith-dr-mustafa-awliyai/part-1#four-books |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912144702/https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol1-n12-3/outlines-development-science-hadith-dr-mustafa-awliyai/part-1#four-books |archive-date=2017-09-12 |translator-last=Qara'i |translator-first=A. Q. |via=Al-Islam.org |access-date=2020-05-24 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Rizvi-Four-Books">{{cite book |last=Rizvi |first=Sayyid Sa'eed Akhtar |author-link=Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi |title=The Qur'an and Hadith |location=Tanzania |publisher=Bilal Muslim Mission |chapter=The Hadith §The Four Books (Al-Kutubu'l-Arb'ah) |url=https://www.al-islam.org/quran-and-hadith-allamah-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/chapter-4-hadith#four-books-al-kutubul-arbah |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912191319/https://www.al-islam.org/quran-and-hadith-allamah-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/chapter-4-hadith#four-books-al-kutubul-arbah |archive-date=2017-09-12 |via=Al-Islam.org |access-date=2020-05-24 |language=en}}</ref> === Soo-noqoshada iyo xukunka === [[File:Chester Beatty T 414 fol 129r Muhammad al-Mehdi.png|thumb|Matxaf qarnigii 16-aad ee [[Muhammad al-Mahdi|Maxamed al-Mahdi]]. [[Mahdi|Mahdiga]] waxaa la rumeysan yahay inuu soo muuqan doono ka hor [[Eschatology|Waqtiga Dhamaadka]] si uu u soo celiyo cadaaladda oo uu uga adkaado dulmiga iyadoo la kaashanaya [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]] ([[Jesus]]).]] {{Main|Islamic eschatology}} Rumaysashada "Maalinta Qiyaame" ama ''[[Qiyamah|Yawm al-Qiyāmah]]'' ({{langx|ar|يوم القيامة|link=no}}) ayaa sidoo kale muhiim u ah Muslimiinta. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in waqtiga Qiyaamaha uu hore u qadaray Ilaahay, laakiin uusan aqoon bini'aadamku. Quraanka iyo xadiiska, iyo sidoo kale faallooyinka [[Ulama|culimada]], waxay qeexayaan imtixaannada iyo [[Great Tribulation|dhibaatooyinka]] ka horreeya iyo inta uu socdo Qiyaamaha. Quraanka wuxuu xoogga saarayaa [[universal resurrection|soo-noqoshada jirka]], taasoo ah mid ka duwan fahamkii [[pre-Islamic Arabia|Carabtii hore]] ee dhimashada.<ref>{{harvp|Glassé|2003|loc="Resurrection"|pp=382–383}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)|2012|loc="Avicenna"}}. {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_DUM_0467}}: "Ibn Sīnā, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Sīnā is known in the West as 'Avicenna'."</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Qiyama |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d. |author=Gardet, L.}}</ref> Maalinta Qiyaame, Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in dhammaan bini'aadamka lagu xukumi doono falalkooda wanaagsan iyo kuwa xun waxaana loo gudbin doonaa [[Jannah|Janno]] ama [[Jahannam|Naar]].<ref>{{cite web |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |editor-link=John Esposito |title=Eschatology |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e588 |url-access=subscription |work=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Islam]] |via=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |access-date=18 April 2017 |archive-date=13 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100913062714/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e588 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Quraanku wuxuu ku jira [[Surat al-Zalzalah]] wuxuu tan ku sifeeyaa: "Haddaba qofkii sameeya culays atoore oo wanaag ah wuu arki doonaa. Qofkii se sameeya culays atoore oo xumaan ah wuu arki doonaa." Quraanku [[Islamic views of sin|wuxuu qorayaa dunuub badan]] oo qof ku xukumi kara naar. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Quraanku wuxuu caddeynayaa in Ilaahay uu cafiyi doono dunuubta kuwa toobad keena haddii uu doono. Falalka wanaagsan, sida sadaqada, salaadda, iyo naxariista xayawaannada{{sfnp|Esposito|2011|p=130}} waxaa lagu abaalmarin doonaa gelitaanka jannada. Muslimiintu waxay u arkaan jannada meel ay ka buuxaan farxad iyo barako, iyadoo tixraacyada Quraanku ay qeexayaan sifooyinkeeda. Dhaqamada suufiga ah ee Islaamka waxay dhigayaan raaxooyinkan jannada xiriir la leh wacyigelin xamaasad leh oo ku saabsan Ilaahay.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2006|p=89}}; ''Encyclopedia of Islam and Muslim World'', p. 565</ref><ref>{{harvc |c=Garden |first=Asma |last=Afsaruddin |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Paradise|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> ''Yawm al-Qiyāmah'' sidoo kale waxaa Quraanka loogu aqoonsaday ''Yawm ad-Dīn'' ({{lang|ar|يوم الدين}} "Maalinta Diinta");<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|1|4|b=y}};</ref> ''as-Sāʿah'' ({{lang|ar|الساعة}} "Saacadda Dambe");<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|6|31|b=y}};</ref> iyo ''[[Al-Qaria|al-Qāriʿah]]'' ({{lang|ar|القارعة}} "Qaylisaada").<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|101|1|b=y}}</ref> === Qadarka === {{Main|Predestination in Islam}} Qaar ka mid ah Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin qadarka ilaahay, ({{langx|ar|القضاء والقدر}}, ''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|al-qadāʾ wa l-qadar}}'') in arrin kasta uu qaddaray Ilaahay.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.freeweb.hu/etymological/AEDweb.htm |date=2002 |title=Andras Rajki's A. E. D. (Arabic Etymological Dictionary) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208204654/http://www.freeweb.hu/etymological/AEDweb.htm |archive-date=8 December 2011 |access-date=13 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Cohen-Mor|2001|p=4}}: "The idea of predestination is reinforced by the frequent mention of events 'being written' or 'being in a book' before they happen": Say: "Nothing will happen to us except what Allah has decreed for us..."</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Karamustafa |first=Ahmet T. |c=Fate |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}: The verb ''qadara'' literally means "to measure, to determine". Here it is used to mean that "God measures and orders his creation".</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Gardet|first=L.|year=2012|c=al-Ḳaḍāʾ Wa 'l-Ḳadar |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0407}}</ref> [[Mu'tazilism|Mu'tasiladu]] iyo qaar ka mid ah Shiicada Muslimiinta ah ma rumeysna fikraddan.<ref>[[#AGI1978|Guillaume, ''Islam'', 1978]]: p.131-2</ref><ref>[[#AGI1978|Guillaume, ''Islam'', 1978]]: p.132</ref><ref>''Need of Religion'', by Sayyid [[Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi]], p. 14.</ref><ref>''Muslims'', by S. H. M. Rizvi, Shibani Roy, B. B. Dutta, p. 20.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shirazi |first1=Naser Makarem |title=The Justice of God |publisher=Al-Islam.org |url=https://www.al-islam.org/justice-god-naser-makarem-shirazi/issue-predestination-and-free-will |access-date=14 June 2022 |chapter=The Issue of Predestination and Free Will|date=12 May 2015 }}</ref><ref>''Islamic Beliefs, Practices, and Cultures'', by Marshall Cavendish Corporation, p. 137.</ref> Badanaa, rumaysashadan masiirka ilaahay waxaa lagu muujiyaa erayga ''[[Inshallah]]'', ({{langx|ar|إن شاء الله}}, {{transliteration|ar|haddii Alle jiro}}) marka laga hadlayo dhacdooyinka mustaqbalka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Muslim beliefs – Al-Qadr |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z43pfcw/revision/4 |access-date=13 November 2020 |publisher=BBC |work=Bitesize – GCSE – Edexcel |archive-date=15 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115112558/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z43pfcw/revision/4 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Ficilada cibaadada == {{Main|Five Pillars of Islam|Ibadah}} Waxaa jira shan ficil oo cibaado ah oo loo arko inay yihiin [[fard|waajibaad]]–Shahaadada, salaadaha shanta ah ee maalinlaha ah, [[Zakat|sakada]], [[fasting during Ramadan|soonta bisha Ramadaan]], iyo xajka [[Hajj|Hajka]]—oo si wadajir ah loogu yaqaano "Tiirarka Islaamka" (''Arkān al-Islām''). Intaa waxaa dheer, Muslimiintu waxay sidoo kale sameeyaan ficilo kale oo ikhtiyaari ah oo dhiirrigel leh laakiin aan loo arkin inay yihiin waajibaad.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=ZAROUG|first=ABDULLAHI HASSAN|date=1985|title=THE CONCEPT OF PERMISSION, SUPEREROGATORY ACTS AND ASETICISM &#91;sic&#93; IN ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20847307|journal=Islamic Studies|volume=24|issue=2|pages=167–180|jstor=20847307|issn=0578-8072|access-date=7 January 2023|archive-date=7 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207140013/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20847307|url-status=live}}</ref> === Shahaadada === [[File:Silver Rupee Akbar.jpg|thumb|right|Lacag qalinkii qarnigii 16-aad ee [[Akbar|Akbarkii Weyn]], Boqorkii [[Mughal Empire|Mugalka]], [[India]], oo lagu qoray [[Shahada|Shahaadada]].]] {{Main|Shahada}} [[shahada]]h{{sfnp|Nasr|2003|pp=3, 39, 85, 270–272}} waa [[oath|dhaar]] lagu caddaynayo rumaysashada Islaamka. Qoraalka la ballaariyay waa "{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʾašhadu ʾal-lā ʾilāha ʾillā-llāhu wa ʾašhadu ʾanna muħammadan rasūlu-llāh}}" ({{langx|ar|أشهد أن لا إله إلا الله وأشهد أن محمداً رسول الله|label=none}}), ama, "Waxaan qirayaa inuusan jirin [[deity|ilaah]] aan ahayn [[God in Islam|Ilaahay]] waxaanuna qirayaa in Maxamed yahay rasuulkii Ilaahay."<ref name="Mohammad-1985">{{cite journal |last=Mohammad |first=Noor |date=1985 |title=The Doctrine of Jihad: An Introduction |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-law-and-religion_1985_3_2/page/381 |journal=[[Journal of Law and Religion]] |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=381–397 |doi=10.2307/1051034 |jstor=1051034 |publisher=Journal of Law and Religion, Inc. |language=en}}</ref> Islaamka waxaa mararka qaarkood lagu doodaa inuu leeyahay caqiido aad u fudud iyadoo shahaadadu ay tahay saldhigga diinta ka hartay. Aan-Muslimiinta raba inay [[Conversion to Islam|soo islaamaan]] waxaa looga baahan yahay inay ku dhawaaqaan shahaadada hortooda markhaatiyaal.<ref>{{harvc |last=Kasim |first=Husain |year=2004 |c=Islam |pp=195–197 |in=Salamone}}</ref><ref name="Galonnier-2021">{{cite book |last=Galonnier |first=Juliette |editor-last=van Nieuwkerk |editor-first=Karin |title=Moving In and Out of Islam |chapter=Moving In or Moving Toward? Reconceptualizing Conversion to Islam as a Liminal Process |location=New York |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2021 |pages=44–66 |doi=10.7560/317471-003 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7560/317471-003/html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023001/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7560/317471-003/html |archive-date=2023-12-28 |language=en}}</ref> === Salaadda === [[File:Prayer in Cairo 1865.jpg|thumb|[[Muslims|Muslimiin]] tukanaya ([[salah]]) gudaha [[Egypt]] waxaa alifay [[Jean-Léon Gérôme]], 1865.]] {{Main|Salah}} {{See also|Mosque|Jumu'ah}} Salaadda Islaamka waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[salah|as-salaad]] ({{langx|ar|الصلاة|link=no}}), ama erayga [[Persian language|Faarisiga]] ee ah "Namaz." Waxaa loo arkaa xiriir shakhsi ah oo lala leeyahay Ilaahay, waxayna ka kooban tahay ku celcelinta qaybo la yiraahdo [[rakat|rakco]] oo ay ku jiraan [[Ruku|rukooc]] iyo [[Sujud|sujuud]] loo sujuudayo Ilaahay. Waxaa jira shan salaadood oo la cayimay maalintii oo dhan kuwaas oo loo arko waajibaad. Salaadaha waxaa lagu akhriyaa luqadda Carabiga waxaana lagu fuliyaa [[Qibla|dhanka]] [[Kaaba|Kacbada]]. Ficilku sidoo kale wuxuu u baahan yahay xaalad nadiif ah oo diimeed oo lagu gaaro hababka [[wudu|weysada]] ama, xaaladaha qaarkood, qubays buuxa oo [[ghusl|qubays ah]].<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=18, 19}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Hedayetullah|2006|pp=53–55}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Kobeisy|2004|pp=22–34}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Momen|1987|p=178}}</ref> [[mosque|Masaajidka]], oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano masjid ama namazgah, waa [[places of worship|goob cibaado]] oo loogu talagalay Muslimiinta. Inkasta oo ujeeddada ugu weyn ee masaajidku ay tahay inuu u adeego meel salaadeed, sidoo kale waa xarun bulsho oo muhiim u ah [[ummah|bulshada Muslimka ah]]. Tusaale ahaan, [[Prophet's Mosque|Masjidka Nabiga]] ee [[Medina|Madiina]], wuxuu sidoo kale u adeegi jiray hoy ay degaan dadka saboolka ah.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Mattson |first=Ingrid |year=2006 |title=Women, Islam, and Mosques |pages=615–629 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America |series=Volume 2, Part VII. Islam |editor1=R. S. Keller |name-list-style=and |editor2=R. R. Ruether |place=Bloomington and Indianapolis |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |isbn=978-0-253-34687-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC&pg=PA615 |access-date=2 October 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023019/https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC&pg=PA615#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Minaret|Minaarooyinku]] waa munaarooyin loo isticmaalo in lagu yeero [[adhan|aanka]], kaas oo ah yeedhid afka ah oo lagu calaamadinayo waqtiga salaadda.<ref name="Pedersen-Masjid-2010">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Pedersen |first1=Johannes |last2=Hillenbrand |first2=Robert |last3=Burton-Page |first3=John |author-link3=John Burton-Page |title=Masd̲j̲id |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam |edition=2nd |location=Leiden |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2010 |doi=10.1163/9789004206106_eifo_COM_0694 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/mosque |title=Mosque |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928065350/https://www.britannica.com/topic/mosque |url-status=live }}</ref> === Sakada === [[File:Slot at the Zaouia Moulay Idriss II 1.jpg|thumb|Meel lagu bixiyo sakada oo ku taal [[Zawiya of Moulay Idris II]] ee [[Fez, Morocco]].]] {{Main|Zakat}} {{See also|Sadaqah}} [[Zakat|Sakada]] ([[Arabic language|Carabi]]: {{langx|ar|زكاة|translit=zakāh|label=none}}), waa nooc ka mid ah [[Alms|Sadaqada]] oo lagu garto bixinta qayb go'an (2.5% sanadkii)<ref name="Ahmed-Gianci-2005">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Ahmed |first1=Medani |last2=Gianci |first2=Sebastian |title=Zakat |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Taxation and Tax Policy |editor1-last=Cordes |editor1-first=Joseph J. |editor2-last=Ebel |editor2-first=Robert D. |editor3-last=Gravelle |editor3-first=Jane |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Urban Institute Press |year=2005 |page=479 |isbn=978-0877667520 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m66_BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA479 |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026}}</ref> ee [[Financial capital|hantida la ururiyay]] ay bixiyaan kuwa awoodda u leh si ay u caawiyaan dadka saboolka ah ama baahan, sida xoraynta maxaabiista, kuwa [[bonded labor|dayn ku jira]], ama safarka ku ah, iyo kuwa loo shaqaaleysiiyo ururinta sakada. Waxay u shaqaysaa sidii nooc ka mid ah [[welfare spending|gar-gaar bulsheed]] oo ka jira bulshooyinka Muslimka ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ariff |first=Mohamed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NP4ZL0TJ9s4C&pg=PA55 |title=The Islamic Voluntary Sector in Southeast Asia: Islam and the Economic Development of Southeast Asia |publisher=[[Institute of Southeast Asian Studies]] |year=1991 |isbn=978-981-3016-07-1 |pages=55– |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023007/https://books.google.com/books?id=NP4ZL0TJ9s4C&&pg=PA55 |url-status=live }}</ref> Waxaa loo arkaa waajibaad diimeed oo ay dadka ladani ku leeyihiin kuwa baahan sababtoo ah hantidooda waxaa loo arkaa ammaan ka timid nimcada Ilaahay,<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2010|p=109–110}}: This is not regarded as charity because it is not really voluntary but instead is owed, by those who have received their wealth as a trust from God's bounty, to the poor.</ref> waxaana loo arkaa daahirinta hantida dheeraadka ah ee qofka.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = RoutledgeCurzon| isbn = 9780415297967| title =Major World Religions: From Their Origins to the Present.| location = United Kingdom| year = 2003| last=Ridgeon| first=Lloyd| url = | page = 258|quote=Aside from its function of purifying believers' wealth, the payment of zakat may have contributed in no small way to the economic welfare of the Muslim community in Mecca.}}</ref> Wadarta guud ee sanadlaha ah ee lagu bixiyo sakada ayaa ah 15 jeer ka badan deeqaha gargaarka bini'aadamnimada ee adduunka, iyadoo la adeegsanayo qiyaaso taxaddar leh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 June 2012 |title=A faith-based aid revolution in the Muslim world |work=[[The New Humanitarian]] |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/95564/analysis-faith-based-aid-revolution-muslim-world |access-date=27 August 2023 |archive-date=14 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114014900/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/95564/analysis-faith-based-aid-revolution-muslim-world |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sadaqah|Sadaqadu]], si ka duwan Sakada, waa sadaqo ikhtiyaari ah oo aad loo dhiirrigeliyo.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Said |first=Abdul Aziz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4bs7g0O4eLYC&pg=PA145 |title=Contemporary Islam: Dynamic, Not Static |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-77011-8 |page=145 |display-authors=etal |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023121/https://books.google.com/books?id=4bs7g0O4eLYC&pg=PA145 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnp|Stefon|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef/page/72 72]}} [[Waqf|Waaqfeku]] waa [[charitable trust|kalsooni samafal]] oo joogto ah, taas oo maalgelisa isbitaallada iyo dugsiyada bulshooyinka Muslimka ah.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hudson |first=A. |title=Equity and Trusts |year=2003 |edition=3rd |page=32 |location=London |publisher=Cavendish Publishing |isbn=1-85941-729-9}}</ref> === Soonta === [[File:Iftar for Ramadhan.jpg|thumb|Munaasabadda afurka, oo loo yaqaan ''[[Iftar]]'', waxaa dhaqan ahaan lagu bixiyaa [[date (fruits)|timir]].]] {{Main|Fasting in Islam}} {{See also|Fasting during Ramadan}} Islaamka dhexdiisa, soonta ([[Arabic language|Carabi]]: {{langx|ar|صوم|translit=ṣawm|label=none}}) waxay mamnuucaysaa cuntada iyo cabitaanka, iyo sidoo kale noocyada kale ee isticmaalka, sida [[Smoking in Islam|sigaar-cabista]], waxaana la fuliyaa laga bilaabo waaberiga ilaa qorrax-dhaca. Inta lagu jiro bisha [[Ramadan]], waxaa loo arkaa waajibaad saaran Muslimiinta inay soomaan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramadan |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramadan |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009215438/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramadan |url-status=live }}</ref> Soontu waxay dhiirrigelisaa dareen u dhowaanshaha Ilaahay iyadoo qofku is celinayo dartii Ilaahay wixii kale ee bannaan iyo in laga fikiro kuwa baahan. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa jira maalmo kale, sida [[Day of Arafah|Maalinta Carafo]], marka soontu ay tahay ikhtiyaari.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher =Tughra Books | isbn = 9781597846110| title = Fasting In Islam And The Month Of Ramadan| location = United States| year =2006 | last=Ramadanali| url = |page=51 | quote = }}</ref> === Xajka === {{Main|Hajj|Umrah}} {{See also|Holiest sites in Islam}} [[File:A packed house - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|thumb|Xujeyda intii lagu jiray xilli [[Hajj|Hajka]] ee [[Masjid al-Haram]] ee [[Mecca|Makka]], [[Saudi Arabia|Sacuudi Carabiya]], [[Holiest sites in islam|goobta Islaamka ee ugu barakeysan]].]] [[pilgrimage|Xajka]] Islaamka, ee loo yaqaan {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ḥajj}} ({{langx|ar|حج|link=no}}), waa in la qabtaa ugu yaraan hal mar nolosha qof kasta oo Muslim ah oo awood u leh inta lagu jiro [[Islamic calendar|bisha Islaamka]] ee [[Dhu al-Hijjah]]. Caadooyinka Hajku waxay inta badan ku daydaan sheekada qoyska [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naik |first=Dr Zakir |author-link=Zakir Naik |date=7 January 2025 |title=What Are the Pillars of Islam? |url=https://islampidia.org/en/what-are-the-pillars-of-islam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115054332/https://islampidia.org/en/what-are-the-pillars-of-islam/ |archive-date=2025-11-15 |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Islampidia |language=en-AU}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Five Pillars of Islam |url=https://localhost:5000/learn/educators/curriculum-resources/art-of-the-islamic-world/unit-one/the-five-pillars-of-islam |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026}}</ref> [[Mecca|Makka]], xujeydu waxay toddobo jeer ku wareegaan [[Kaaba|Kacbada]], oo ay Muslimiintu rumeysan yihiin inuu dhisay Ibraahim meel cibaado ah, waxayna toddobo jeer u dhexeeyaan buuraha [[Safa and Marwa|Safa iyo Marwa]], iyagoo xusuusanaya tallaabooyinkii xaaska Ibraahim, [[Hagar]], oo u raadinaysay biyo ilmahaheedii [[Ishmael in Islam|Ismaaciil]] ee lamadegaanka ka hor intaan Makka is rogay degmo.<ref>{{harvp|Goldschmidt|Davidson|2005|p=48}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Farah|1994|pp=145–147}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Hajj |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> Xajku sidoo kale wuxuu ku lug leeyahay in la qaato maalin duco iyo cibaado ah oo ka dhacda bannaanada [[Mount Arafat|Carafo]] iyo sidoo kale [[Stoning_of_the_Devil|tuurista shaydaanka]] si calaamadaysan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F.E. |title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians |date=2009 |isbn=978-1-4008-2548-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HYJ2c9E9IM8C&pg=PA19 |page=20 |publisher=Princeton University Press |access-date=7 October 2014 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023112/https://books.google.com/books?id=HYJ2c9E9IM8C&pg=PA19#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Dhammaan ragga Muslimiinta ah waxay xidhaan laba maro oo cad oo fudud oo aan tol lahayn oo loo yaqaan [[Ihram clothing|ixraam]], kuwaas oo loogu talagalay inay keenaan isku xirnaan jiilal iyo sinnaan ka dhexaysa xujeyda inkasta oo ay jiraan fasal ama asal.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cornell |first=Vincent J. |title=Voices of Islam: Voices of tradition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g5LNUS0ciAAC&pg=PA29 |access-date=26 August 2012 |year=2007 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-98733-6 |page=29}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Glassé|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC&pg=PA207 207]}}</ref> Nooc kale oo xaj ah, [[Umrah|Umrada]], waa ikhtiyaari waxaana la qaban karaa wakhti kasta oo sanadka ka mid ah. Goobaha kale ee xajka Islaamka waa [[Medina|Madiina]], halkaas oo Maxamed uu ku geeriyooday, iyo sidoo kale [[Jerusalem|Quddus]], oo ah magaalo ay ku yaalliin nabiyo badan oo Islaam ah waana goobta [[Al-Aqsa|Al-Aqsa]], taas oo ahayd jihadii salaadda ka hor Makka.<ref>{{cite book|author=Michigan Consortium for Medieval and Early Modern Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p44kAQAAMAAJ|title=The Meeting of Two Worlds: Cultural Exchange Between East and West During the Period of the Crusades|publisher=Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University|year=1986|isbn=0918720583|editor1=Goss, V. P.|volume=21|page=208|editor2=Bornstein, C. V.|access-date=15 January 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023032/https://books.google.com/books?id=p44kAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Trofimov-2008">{{cite book |last=Trofimov |first=Yaroslav |author-link=Yaroslav Trofimov |title=The Siege of Mecca: The 1979 Uprising at Islam's Holiest Shrine |location=New York |publisher=[[Knopf]] |date=2008 |page=79 |isbn=978-0-307-47290-8 |language=en}}</ref> === Ficilada cibaadada ee kale === {{See also|Quran#Recitation|Dua|Dhikr}} [[File:Men reading the Koran in Umayyad Mosque, Damascus, Syria.jpg|thumb|Rag Muslimiin ah oo akhrinaya Quraanka gudaha [[Umayyad Mosque|Masjidka Umawiyiinta]] ee [[Damascus]], [[Syria]].]] Muslimiintu waxay akhriyaan oo xifdiyaan Quraanka oo dhan ama qaybo ka mid ah si ay u noqdaan camal wanaagsan. [[Tajwid|Tajwiidku]] wuxuu tilmaamayaa xeerar taxane ah oo loogu talagalay [[elocution|akhriska saxda ah]] ee Quraanka.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = | isbn = | title = Foundation of Tajweed| location = | year = 2013|edition=2| last=Aboo Yahyaa| url = | page = 1 | quote = }}</ref> Muslimiin badan ayaa akhriya Quraanka oo dhan inta lagu jiro bisha Ramadaan.{{sfnp|Stefon|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef/page/42 42–43]}} Qofka xifdiyay Quraanka oo dhan waxaa loo yaqaanaa Xaafid ("xifdiyey"), xadiisyaduna waxay xusayaan in shakhsiyaadkani ay awood u yeelan doonaan inay shafeecaan dadka kale Maalinta Qiyaamaha.{{sfnp|Nigosian|2004|p=[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=my7hnALd_NkC|page=70}} 70]}} Baryada Ilaahay, oo Carabiga lagu yiraahdo {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|duʿāʾ}} ({{langx|ar|دعاء}}&nbsp;{{IPA|ar|dʊˈʕæːʔ|IPA}}) waxay leedahay anshaxeedii gaarka ahaa sida [[Raising hands in dua|gacmaha oo la taago]] sidii iyadoo la baryayo.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Brill| isbn = 9789004335523| title = The Quṣṣāṣ of Early Islam| location = Netherlands| year = 2016| last=Armstrong| first=Lyall| url = | page = 184| quote = }}</ref> Xuska Ilaahay ({{langx|ar|ذكر|translit=Dhikr'|label=none}}) wuxuu tilmaamayaa erayada lagu celceliyo ee tixraacaya Ilaahay. Sida caadiga ah, tan waxaa ka mid ah Tahmiid, oo lagu dhawaaqayo [[Alhamdulillah|ammaan oo dhan waxaa leh Ilaahay]] ({{langx|ar|الحمد لله|translit=al-Ḥamdu lillāh|label=none}}) inta lagu jiro salaadda ama marka la dareemayo mahadnaq, [[Tasbih|Tasbiix]], oo lagu dhawaaqayo weyneynta Ilaahay inta lagu jiro salaadda ama marka la cajabo shay oo la dhaho '[[Basmala|bismillaah]]' ka hor intaan la bilaabin ficil sida cuntada.<ref>{{Cite web|title=alhamdulillah |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/alhamdulillah|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227042540/https://www.lexico.com/definition/alhamdulillah|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 27, 2020|access-date=2021-10-16|website=Lexico}}</ref> == Taariikhda == {{Main|History of Islam}} {{For timeline|Timeline of the history of Islam}} {{See also|List of Muslim empires and dynasties}}{{multiple image | align = center | direction = horizontal | total_width = 600 | image1 = Masjid Nabawi The Prophet's Mosque, Madina.jpg | image2 = Jerusalem DomeoftheRock J65 (cropped).JPG | footer = Bidix: [[Prophet's Mosque|Masjidka Nabiga]] ee [[Medina|Madiina]], Sacuudi Carabiya, waa [[holiest sites in islam|goobta labaad ee ugu barakeysan]] ee Islaamka. Maxamed laftiisa ayaa ku lug lahaa dhismaha masjidka, iyo [[Green Dome|Qubbadiisa Cagaaran]] waa halka lagu aasay. Midig: [[Al-Aqsa|Dhismaha Masjidka Al-Aqsa]] ee [[Jerusalem|Quddus]] waa goobta saddexaad ee ugu barakeysan ee Islaamka, halkaas oo Maxamed uu uga kacay samada intii uu socday [[Isra' and Mi'raj|Isra' iyo Mi'raaj]]. Goobtu waxay ahayd jihadii hore ee salaadda ([[qibla]]), halkaas oo Muslimiintu ay horay ugu tukan jireen ka hor intaan jihada loo beddelin [[Kaaba|Kacbada]] ee [[Mecca|Makka]] ka dib waxyi soo gaaray Maxamed. | caption1 = | caption2 = }} === Maxamed iyo bilowgii Islaamka (570–632) === {{Main|Muhammad|Muhammad in Islam}} {{for timeline|Timeline of early Islamic history}} {{Further|Muhammad in Mecca|Early social changes under Islam|First Islamic state}} [[File:Hira_Cave.jpg|thumb|[[Jabal al-Nour]] u dhow [[Mecca|Makka]], halkaas oo Maxamed uu ka helay [[Muhammad's first revelation|waxyigiisii ugu horreeyay]] ee ku jiray godka Xira.]] Sida ku xusan dhaqanka Islaamka, Maxamed wuxuu ku dhashay [[Mecca|Makka]] sannadkii 570 [[Common Era|C.D.]] wuxuuna noqday agoon caruurnimadiisii. Isagoo ku koray ganacsade ahaan, wuxuu noqday mid loo yaqaan "[[Amin (name)|amin (mid la isku halayn karo)]]" ({{langx|ar|الامين}}) waxaana la doonayay inuu noqdo garsoore dhexdhexaad ah. Intuu ka dib guursaday shaqaalihiisii, haweeneydii ganacsatada ahayd ee [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadiija]].{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=6}} Sannadkii 610 C.D., isagoo dhibsaday hoos u dhaca akhlaaqda iyo shirkiga ka jiray Makka isla markaana raadinaya gooni-isu-taag iyo fikir ruuxi ah, Maxamed wuxuu u baxay Godka Xira ee buurta [[Jabal al-Nour]], oo u dhow Makka. Wuxuu ahaa intii uu ku sugnaa godka halkaas oo la sheegay inuu [[Muhammad's first revelation|helay waxyigii ugu horreeyay]] ee [[Quran|Quraanka]] oo uga yimid malaa'igta [[Gabriel|Jibriil]].<ref name="610CE" /> Dhacdadii bixitaankii Maxamed ee godka iyo waxyigii xigay waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[Night of Power|Leylatul Qadr]] waxaana loo arkaa dhacdo muhiim ah taariikhda Islaamka. Intii lagu guda jiray 22-kii sano ee ka dambeeyay nolosha, laga bilaabo da'da 40 wixii ka dambeeyay, Maxamed wuxuu sii waday helitaanka waxyiga Ilaahay, isagoo noqday kii ugu dambeeyay ama [[Seal of the prophets|nabigii ugu dambeeyay]] ee loo diray bini'aadamka.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Muhammad |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> [[File:Siyer-i_Nebi_151b.jpg|thumb|Maxamed oo la muujiyay waji daboolan oo jooga [[Kaaba|Kacbada]] laga soo qaatay [[Siyer-i Nebi]], {{Circa|1595}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ottomans : religious painting |url=http://www.ee.bilkent.edu.tr/~history/ottoman33.html |access-date=1 May 2016}}</ref>]] Inta lagu jiro xilligan, [[Muhammad in Mecca|halka uu joogay Makka, Maxamed]] wuxuu ku wacdiyay marka hore si qarsoodi ah ka dibna si cad, isagoo ka baryaya dhegaystayaashiisa inay ka tagaan [[Arab polytheism|shirkiga]] oo ay caabudaan hal Ilaah. Qaar ka mid ah [[Early Muslims|Muslimiintii ugu horreysay ee soo islaamtay]] waxay ahaayeen dumar, saboolka, ajaanibta, iyo addoommada sida mu'adinkii ugu horreeyay [[Bilal ibn Rabah|Bilaal bin Rabaax]].<ref>Rabah, Bilal B. ''[[Encyclopedia of Islam]].''</ref> Dadka waaweyn ee Makka waxay dareemeen in Maxamed uu [[Early social changes under Islam|khalday nidaamkooda bulsho]] isagoo ka wacdiyaya hal Ilaah oo siinaya fikrado laga shakiyo saboolka iyo addoommada sababtoo ah waxay faa'iida ka helayeen xajka sanamyada Kacbada.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ünal |first=Ali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DyuqdDIjaswC&pg=PA1323 |title=The Qurʼan with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English |publisher=Tughra Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-59784-000-2 |pages=1323– |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024048/https://books.google.com/books?id=DyuqdDIjaswC&pg=PA1323#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|p=36}}</ref> Ka dib 12 sano oo ah [[Persecution of Muslims by Meccans|dhibaataynta Muslimiinta ay u geysanayeen dadkii Makka]], Maxamed iyo [[Companions of the Prophet|sahabbadiisii]] waxay sameeyeen [[Hegira|Hijradii]] 622 ee magaalada Yathrib (magaalada Madiina ee maanta). Wuxuu halkaas ka Aasaasay [[First Islamic state|Dowladdii Islaamiga ahayd ee ugu horreysay]] oo ay la socdaan Muslimiintii Madiina (''[[Ansar (Islam)|Ansaarta]]'') iyo muhaajiriintii Makka (''[[Muhajirun|Muhaajiriinta]]''). [[Constitution of Medina|Dastuurkii Madiina]] waxaa saxiixay dhammaan qabiilooyinkii Madiina. Tani waxay aasaastay xorriyadda diinta iyo xorriyadda isticmaalka sharcigooda u gaarka ah ee ka dhex jiray bulshooyinka Muslimka ah iyo kuwa aan Muslimka ahayn hammi ah in Madiina laga difaaco khataraha dibadda.{{sfnp|Serjeant|1978|p=4}} Ciidamadii Makka iyo xulafadoodii waxay guuldarro ka soo gaartay Muslimiinta [[Battle of Badr|Dagaalkii Badar]] 624 ka dibna waxay dagaalameen dagaal aan la isla ogayn oo ka dhacay [[Battle of Uhud|Dagaalkii Uxud]]<ref>{{Citation |last=Peter Crawford |title=The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-oHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |page=83 |publisher=Pen & Sword Books Limited |isbn=9781473828650 |date=2013-07-16 |access-date=5 August 2022 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023957/https://books.google.com/books?id=d-oHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |url-status=live }}.</ref> ka hor intaanay ku guuldarraysan inay hareereeyaan Madiina [[Battle of the Trench|Dagaalkii Khandaq]] (Maarso–Abriil 627). Sannadkii 628, [[Treaty of al-Hudaybiya|Heshiiskii Xudeybiya]] ayaa la kala saxiixday Makka iyo Muslimiinta, laakiin waxaajabiyay Makka laba sano ka dib. Markii qabiilo badan ay islaameen, jidadkii ganacsiga ee Makka waxaa gooyay Muslimiinta.<ref>{{harvp|Peters|2003|pp=78–79, 194}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|pp=23–28}}</ref> Markaatay ahayd 629 Maxamed wuxuu ku guuleystay [[conquest of Mecca|furashadii Makka]] ee aan dhiiggu ku daadan, iyo waqtigii uu geeriyooday 632 (da'da 62) wuxuu midaysiiyay qabiilooyinkii Carabta]] hal qaran oo diimeed. === Islaamkii Hore (632–750) === {{Further|Succession to Muhammad|Early Muslim conquests}} {{See also|Ghadir Khumm|Saqifa|Canonization of Islamic scripture}} [[File:Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg|thumb|Expansion of the Caliphate{{legend|#a1584e|Muhammad, 622–632}}{{legend|#ef9070|Khulafo Al-Raashidiin, 632–661}}{{legend|#fad07d|Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750}}]] Nabi Maxamed wuxuu geeriyooday sanadkii 632 waxaana khulafadii ugu horreysay ee loo yaqaan Khulafo – Abu Bakr, Cumar, Cuthmaan, Cali iyo marmar Xasan bin Cali<ref>{{Cite book| last1 = Melchert| first1 = Christopher| date = 2020| contribution = The Rightly Guided Caliphs: The Range of Views Preserved in Ḥadīth| editor1-last = al-Sarhan| editor1-first = Saud| title = Political Quietism in Islam: Sunni and Shi'i Practice and Thought| location = London and New York| publisher = I.B. Tauris| isbn = 978-1-83860-765-4| pages = 70–71| contribution-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=96TDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA63| access-date = 17 February 2022| url-status = live}}</ref> – looga yaqaan Islaamka Sunniga ah ''al-khulafā' ar-rāshidūn'' ("Khulafadii Hagaysa").{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=40}} Qaar kamid ah qabiilooyinka ayaa Islaamka ka tagay oo ka inkiiray madax sheegtay in ay yihiin nebiyo cusub balse Abu Bakr wuxuu ku jebiyey dagaalladii Riddada.<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|p=57}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Hourani|2002|p=22}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=32}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Madelung|1996|p=43}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Ṭabāṭabāʼī|1979|pp=30–50}}</ref> Bulshooyinka maxalliga ah ee Yuhuudda iyo Nasaarada asaliga ah, ee loo haystay dad laga tirada badan yahay oo diinaysan loona culeysiyay canshuuraha, ayaa inta badan ka caawiyey Muslimiinta inay qabsadaan dhulkooda,{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=38}} taasoo keentay in khilaafaddu ay si degdeg ah ugu ballaarato boqortooyooyinkii Saasaniyiinta iyo Biisantiinta.<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|p=74}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=J. Kuiper |first=Matthew |title=Da'wa: A Global History of Islamic Missionary Thought and Practice |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2021 |isbn=9781351510721 |page=85}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lapidus |first=Ira M. |title=A History of Islamic Societies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-521-51430-9 |pages=60–61 |author-link=Ira M. Lapidus}}</ref> Cuthmaan waxaa la doortay 644 waxaana dilkiisii uu kiciyey in Cali loo doorto Khaliifkii xigay. Dagaalkii Sifeyn ee Koowaad, xaaskii Nebiga, Caashaa, waxay soo saartay ciidan ka soo horjeeda Cali, iyada oo isku dayaysa inay u aarto dhimashadii Cuthmaan, balse waa lagu jabiyey Dagaalkii Geela. Cali wuxuu isku dayay inuu xilka ka qaado guddoomiyihii Suuriya, Mucaawiya, kaas oo loo arkayay musuqmaasuq. Mucaawiya ayaa markaas dagaal ku dhawaaqay Cali waana lagu jabiyey Dagaalkii Sifeyn. Go'aanka Cali ee ahaa inuu dhex-dhexaadin sameeyo ayaa ka caraysiiyey Khawaarijta, oo ahayd koox xagjir ah, kuwaas oo qabay in aan la dagaallamin qof dembiile ah awgeed, Cali uu isna noqday dembiile. Khawaarijtu way caasiyoobeen waxaana lagu jebiyey Dagaalkii Nahrawan balse nin Khawaariji ah ayaa gadaal ka dilay Cali. Wiilkiii Cali, Xasan bin Cali, ayaa loo doortay Khaliif wuxuuna saxiixay heshiis nabadeed si looga fogaado dagaal kale, isaga oo xilka uga degay Mucaawiya si uusan Mucaawiya u soo magacaabin qof beddela.{{sfnp|Holt|Lewis|1977|pp=67–72}} [[File:Almuñécar, statue of Abd al-Rahman I.jpg|thumb|Taallo ay leedahay Cabduraxmaan I oo ku taal Almuñécar, Isbayn. Islaamku wuxuu gaaray Galbeedka Yurub 711 AD, markii Ṭariiq bin Siyaad uu galay Jasiiradda Iberia. Sanadkii 756, Cabduraxmaan wuxuu aasaasay Imaaradda Cordoba, isagoo ka aasaasay dowlad Islaami ah oo madaxbannaan al-Andalus.]] Mucaawiya wuxuu bilaabay Saldanaddii Umawiyiinta isagoo u magacaabay wiilkiisii Yaziid inay isku xigaan, taasoo dhalisay Dagaalkii Sifeyn ee Labaad. Intii uu socday Dagaalkii Karbala, Xuseen bin Cali, wiilka labaad ee Cali iyo awowgii nebiga, waxaa si arxan darro ah u dilay ciidamadii Yaziid; dhacdadii waxaa sannad walba xusaa Muslimiinta Shiicada ah ilaa maanta. Sunniga, oo uu hoggaaminayo Ibn al-Zubayr oo kasoo horjeeda khilaafad dhaxal ah, ayaa lagaga adkaaday Go'doomintii Makka. Khilaafyadan hoggaanka ayaa keenay inuu dhasho khilaafka Sunni-Shiicada,{{sfnp|Waines|2003|p=46}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harney |first=John |date=3 January 2016 |title=How Do Sunni and Shia Islam Differ? |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/04/world/middleeast/q-and-a-how-do-sunni-and-shia-islam-differ.html |access-date=4 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyadoo Shiicadu ay aaminsan tahay in hoggaanku uu leeyahay qoyskii Nebiga (Ahl al-bayt).{{sfnp|Waines|2003|p=46}} Hoggaankii Abu Bakr wuxuu kormeeray bilowgii ururinta Qur'aanka. Khaliifkii Cumar bin Cabdicasiis wuxuu dhisay guddigii, Todobadii Fuqaha ee Madiina,{{sfnp|Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar Ibn Kathīr|2012|p=505}}<ref>''Umar Ibn Abdul Aziz'' By Imam Abu Muhammad Abdullah ibn Abdul Hakam died 214 AH 829 C.E. Publisher Zam Zam Publishers Karachi, pp. 54–59</ref> waxaana Malik bin Anas uu qoray mid ka mid ah buugagii ugu horreeyay ee ku saabsan fiiqhiga Islaamka, ''Muwatta'', oo ahayd is-afgarad ku saabsan aragtida culimadaas.{{sfnp|Coulson|1964|p=103}}<ref>{{Cite book |editor-last1=Houtsma |editor-first1=M.T. |editor-last2=Wensinck |editor-first2=A.J. |editor-last3=Lévi-Provençal |editor-first3=E. |editor-last4=Gibb |editor-first4=H.A.R. |editor-last5=Heffening |editor-first5=W. |series=Volume V: L—Moriscos |title=E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936 |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=1993 |edition=reprint |isbn=978-90-04-09791-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Va6oSxzojzoC |pages=207– |access-date=19 September 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor=Moshe Sharon |title=Studies in Islamic History and Civilization: In Honour of Professor David Ayalon |year=1986 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789652640147 |page=264 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0_wUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA264 |access-date=20 June 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Khawaarijtu waxay aaminsanaayeen in uusan jirin dhexdhexaad la tanaasuli karo oo u dhexeeya wanaagga iyo xumaanta, iyo in muslim kasta oo gala dembi weyn uu noqonayo gaal. Erayga "Khawaarij" waxaa sidoo kale loo adeegsaday in lagu tilmaamo ISIS.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mamouri|first=Ali|date=8 January 2015|title=Who are the Kharijites and what do they have to do with IS?|work=Al-monitor|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2015/01/islamic-state-kjarijites-continuation.html|access-date=6 March 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Murji'ah waxay barayeen in dadka toosan lagu xukumi karo Eebbe kaligii. Sidaa darteed, dembiilayaasha waxaa loo arki karaa inay marin habaabeen, laakiin aan lagu tilmaamin gaalo.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|p=43}} Dabeecaddan ayaa timid inay ku guulaysato caqiidada Islaamka ee ugu weyn.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}}[[File:BalianofIbelin1490.jpg|thumb|Saliibiyiinta oo ku wareejinaya Qudus Muslimiinta sanadkii 1187 AD.]] Saldanaddii Umawiyiintu waxay qabsatay Maqrib, Jasiiradda Iberia, Gallia Narbonensis iyo Sindh.<ref>{{cite book |first=Donald |last=Puchala |title=Theory and History in International Relations |page=137 |publisher=Routledge |year=2003}}</ref> Duullaamadii Islaamka ee hore waxaa lagu tilmaamay imperialism Islaami ah.<ref name="n050">{{cite journal | last=Wright | first=Craig S | title=Arab Colonialism and the Roots of the Golden Age of Islam | journal=SSRN Electronic Journal | date=2022 | issn=1556-5068 | doi=10.2139/ssrn.4020040 | url=https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4020040 | access-date=2026-04-24 | page=}}</ref> Umawiyiintu waxay la halgamayeen l'aynaansho sharci ah waxayna ku tiirsanaayeen ciidan aad loo taageero.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=45}} Maaddaama canshuurta Jizya ay ahayd canshuur ay bixiyaan kuwa aan muslimka ahayn oo ka reebayay adeegga ciidanka, Umawiyiintu waxay diideen inay aqoonsadaan islaam-gelitaanka kuwa aan Carabta ahayn, maadaama ay yaraynaysay dakhliga.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}} Iyadoo Khilaafadii Raashidiintu ay adkaysay adduunyo la'aanta, iyadoo Cumar uu xitaa dalbanayo in la tiriyo hantida sarkaal kasta,<ref>{{cite book |first1=Ahmad Ibn Jabir|last1=Al-Biladhuri |first2=Philip|last2=Hitti|title=Kitab Futuhu'l-Buldan|page=219 |publisher=AMS Press |year=1969}}</ref> raaxada Umawiyiinta ayaa dhalisay qancin la'aan dadka diinta ku adag.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}} Khawaarijtu waxay hoggaamiyeen Kacdoonkii Berber, taasoo horseeday dowladaha ugu horreeya ee Islaamka oo ka madax bannaan Khilaafada. Kacdoonkii Cabbasiyiinta, kuwa aan Carabta ahayn ee soo islaamay (Mawla), qabiilooyinkii Carabta ee ay Umawiyiintu meesha ka saareen, iyo qaar ka mid ah Shiicada ayaa midoobay oo riday Umawiyiinta, iyaga oo bilaabay Cabbasiyiinta oo caalami ah sanadkii 750.{{sfnp|Lewis|1993|pp=71–83}} === Axdigii Dahabiga Ahaa ee Islaamka (786–1258) === {{Further|Hadith studies|Islamic philosophy}} {{See also|Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe|Turco-Persian tradition}} [[File:Al-Risalah_al-Dhahabiah.JPG|thumb|Bog ka mid ah Al-Risala al-Dhahabiyya ee Imam Ali al-Rida (809 AD), oo ah tii ugu qiimaha badnayd ee shaqooyinka Islaamka ee Sayniska Caafimaadka. Waxaa ku jira qaybo saynis sida Anatomiya, Histoloji, Fisioloji, Kimistari iyo Patoloji intii sayniska caafimaadku uu wali ahaa mid bilow ah.]] Al-Shafi'i wuxuu dejiyay hab lagu xaqiijiyo isku-halaynta xadiiska.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|p=86}} Waagii hore ee Ablaasiyiinta, aqoonyahanno sida Muhammad al-Bukhari iyo Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj waxay soo ururiyeen guryaha waaweyn ee xadiiska Ahlusunna, halka aqoonyahanno sida Al-Kulayni iyo Ibn Babawayh ay soo ururiyeen guryaha waaweyn ee xadiiska Shiicada. Astaamaha afar-madhab ee Ahlusunna—Hanafi, Hanbali, Maliki, iyo Shafi'i—waxaa lagu tiiriyay dhulalka fundamentiinta ee Abū Ḥanīfa, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Malik ibn Anas iyo al-Shafi'i. Taa beddelkeeda, dhulalka fundamentiinta ee Ja'far al-Sadiq waxay dhiseen Fiqhiga Ja'fari. Qarnigii 9aad, Al-Tabari wuxuu dhameystiray qafiskii ugu horreeyay ee Tafsiirka Quraanka, Tafsir al-Tabari, oo noqday mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu xigashada badan Ahlusunna Islaamka. Doobab ka mid ah Muslinka waxay ka fekereen ka-sallamaaynta nolosha duniyeed waxayna xoogga saareen saboolnimada, is-hoosaysiinta, iyo fogaanta dambiga ee ku basada diidmada rabitaanka jidhka. Zuhuudka sida Hasan al-Basri waxay dhiirrigeliyeen dhaqdhaqaaq dib u zhugnaaday tasawwuf ama Sufi.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|pp=90, 91}} Waqtigan, dhibaatooyinka fiqiga, gaar ahaan doorashada xorta ah, waxay ahaayeen kuwo si adag loo maareeyay, iyadoo Hasan al-Basri uu qabay in kasta oo Eebbe uu og yahay waxa dadku sameynayaan, wanaagga iyo xintu ay ka yimaadaan isticmaalka qaldan ee doorashada xorta ah iyo Ibliiska.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|pp=38-39}}{{efn|"Hasan al-Basri waxaa inta badan loo tixgeliyaa mid ka mid ah dadkii ugu horreeyay ee diaday asalka malaa'igta ee ibliiska, isagoo ku doodaya in dhicitaankiisu yahay natiijada doorashadiisa xorta ah, oo ma ahan go'aanka Eebbe. Hasan al-Basri wuxuu sidoo kale ku dooday in malaa'igtu aysan awoodin dambiga ama khaladaadka oo ay ka sharaf badan yihiin aadanaha iyo xata cabsida nabiyada. Shiicada iyo Sunnida hore waxay ka soo horjeedeen ra'yigiisa.<ref>Omar Hamdan ''Studien zur Kanonisierung des Korantextes: al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrīs Beiträge zur Geschichte des Korans'' Otto Harrassowitz Verlag 2006 {{ISBN|978-3447053495}} pp. 291–292 (German)</ref>}} Falsafada Caqliga Giriiga waxay dhiirrigelisay dugsi feker oo loo yaqaan Mu'tazila, oo si ka muuqata u dooday fikradda doorashada xorta ah ee uu bilaabay Wasil ibn Ata.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|p=50}} Khaliif al-Mamun wuxuu ka dhigay caqiido rasmi ah wuxuuna si aan guul lahayn ugu doortay inuu ku qasbo booskan dadka intiisa badan.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=88}} Khaliif Al-Mu'tasim wuxuu sameeyay Mihna, iyadoo Ahmad ibn Hanbal oo ilaalinaayay dhaqanka uu si muuqata u diaday inuu waafaqo fikradda Mu'tazila ee ah in Quraanku yahay ku dhacay halkii uu ka ahaan lahaa mid weligeed ah, taas oo ka dhigtay in la jilciyo oo lagu hayo qol madow muddo ku dhow soddon bilood.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doi |first=Abdur Rahman |title=Shariah: The Islamic Law |location=London |publisher=Ta-Ha Publishers |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-907461-38-8 |page=110}}</ref> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dugsiyada kale ee Kalam—Māturīdism oo uu aasaasay Abu Mansur al-Maturidi iyo Ash'ari oo uu aasaasay Al-Ash'ari—waxay ahaayeen kuwo si ballaaran loo qaatay. Falsafadyahannada sida Al-Farabi, Avicenna iyo Averroes waxay isku deyeyeen inay waafajiyaan fikradaha Aristotle iyo fundamentiinta Islaamka, iyagoo u dhow Iskolastikada Kiristanka ee Yuubka iyo shaqada Maimonides ee Yuhuudda, halka kuwo kale sida Al-Ghazali ay ka soo horjeedeen habkan oo ugu dambeyntii guuleysteen.<ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=160}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Waines|2003|pp=126–127}}</ref> [[File:Al-Idrisi's_world_map.JPG|thumb|Tabula Rogeriana (1154 AD) ee al-Idrisi, oo ah mid ka mid ah khariidadaha dunida ee ugu horumarsanaa qarniyadii dhexe, oo la sameeyay Axdigii Dahabiga Ahaa ee Islaamka.]] Axdigan inta badan waxaa loo yaqaan Axdigii Dahabiga Ahaa ee Islaamka.<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|pp=80, 92, 105}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|pp=661–663}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=56}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lewis|1993|p=84}}</ref><ref name="harvp|Gardet|Jomier|2012">{{harvp|Gardet|Jomier|2012}}</ref> Guulaha sayniska Islaamku waxay samaysteen qaybo badan oo maadooyin ah sida caafimaadka, xisaabta, astronomiga, iyo beeraha iyo sidoo kale fisigiska, dhaqaalaha, injineernimada iyo optigga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=King |first=David A. |year=1983 |title=The Astronomy of the Mamluks |journal=Isis |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=531–55 |doi=10.1086/353360 |s2cid=144315162 | issn=0021-1753}}</ref><ref name="Hassan-1996">{{cite book |last=Hassan |first=Ahmad Y. |author-link=Ahmad Y. al-Hassan |title=Islam and the Challenge of Modernity |chapter=Factors Behind the Decline of Islamic Science After the Sixteenth Century |editor-last=Al-Attas |editor-first=S. S. |editor-link=Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas |location=Kuala Lumpur |publisher=International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization |year=1996 |pages=351–399 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ854295.pdf|title=Contributions of Islamic scholars to the scientific enterprise|access-date=13 December 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The greatest scientific advances from the Muslim world|website=TheGuardian.com|date=February 2010|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/feb/01/islamic-science|access-date=13 December 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Avicenna wuxuu ahaa horyaal ku saabsan caafimaadka tijaabada ah,<ref>Jacquart, Danielle (2008). "Islamic Pharmacology in the Middle Ages: Theories and Substances". European Review (Cambridge University Press) 16: 219–227.</ref><ref>David W. Tschanz, MSPH, PhD (August 2003). "Arab Roots of European Medicine", Heart Views 4 (2).</ref> oo The Canon of Medicine waxaa loo isticmaalay qoraal caafimaad oo heer sare ah ee dunida Islaamka iyo Yurub qarniyo. Rhazes wuxuu ahaa kii ugu horreeyay ee aqoonsaday cudurrada furfuraa iyo jadeecada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/alrazi.aspx|title=Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi (Rhazes) (c. 865-925)|publisher=sciencemuseum.org.uk|access-date=31 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Cisbitaallada dadweynaha ee waqtigaas waxay bixiyeen shahaadooyinka ugu horreeya ee caafimaadka si loogu ogolaado dhakhaatiirta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alatas |first=Syed Farid |year=2006 |title=From Jami'ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue |url=https://zenodo.org/record/29439 |journal=Current Sociology |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=112–132 |doi=10.1177/0011392106058837 |s2cid=144509355 |access-date=12 September 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Imamuddin |first=S.M. |title=Muslim Spain 711–1492 AD |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=1981 |isbn=978-90-04-06131-6 |page=169}}</ref> Ibn al-Haytham waxaa loo tixgeliyaa aabaha habka sayniska ee casriga ah iyadoo inta badan loo sheego "saynisyahankii ugu horreeyay ee runta ah ee dunida", gaar ahaan shaqadiisa optigga.<ref>{{cite journal |author-link=Gerald J. Toomer|first=G. J. |last=Toomer |jstor=228328 |title=Review Work: Matthias Schramm (1963) ''Ibn Al-Haythams Weg zur Physik'' |journal=Isis |volume=55 |issue=4 |date=Dec 1964 |page=464 |quote=Schramm sums up [Ibn Al-Haytham's] achievement in the development of scientific method.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Al-Khalili |first=Jim |date=4 January 2009 |title=The 'first true scientist' |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7810846.stm |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gorini |first=Rosanna |date=October 2003 |title=Al-Haytham the man of experience. First steps in the science of vision |journal=Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=53–55 |url=http://www.ishim.net/ishimj/4/10.pdf |access-date=25 September 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> Injineernimada, walaalaha Banū Mūsā aaladdooda turumbada tooska ah waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay ahaan lahayd mashinkii ugu horreeyay ee la barnamijayn karo.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Koetsier |first1=Teun |title=On the prehistory of programmable machines: musical automata, looms, calculators |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_mechanism-and-machine-theory_2001-05_36_5/page/589 |journal=Mechanism and Machine Theory |date=May 2001 |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=589–603 |doi=10.1016/S0094-114X(01)00005-2 }}</ref> Xisaabta Islaamka, fikradda algorithm waxaa lagu magacaabay Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, oo loo tixgeliyo aasaasaha aljabra, oo lagu magacaabay buugiisa al-jabr, halka kuwo kale ay soo saareen fikradda shaqada (function).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Katz |first1=Victor J. |author1-link=Victor J. Katz |last2=Barton |first2=Bill |title=Stages in the History of Algebra with Implications for Teaching |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_educational-studies-in-mathematics_2007-10_66_2/page/185 |journal=Educational Studies in Mathematics |date=18 September 2007 |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=185–201 |doi=10.1007/s10649-006-9023-7 |s2cid=120363574 }}</ref> Dowladda waxay siin jirtay saynisyahannada mushahar u dhigma mushaharka ciyaartoyda xirfadleyda ah ee maanta.<ref>{{harvp|Ahmed|2006|pp=23, 42, 84}}</ref> Guinness World Records wuxuu u aqoonsan yahay Jaamacadda Al Karaouine, oo la aasaasay 859, inay tahay jaamacadda ugu qadiimsan ee bixisa shahaadooyinka dunida.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Young |first=Mark |url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessbookofwo1998newy |title=The Guinness Book of Records |year=1998 |page=242 |publisher=Bantam |isbn=978-0-553-57895-9}}</ref> Dad badan oo aan Muslin ahayn, sida Kiristanka, Yuhuudda iyo Saabi'iinta,<ref name="Brague 2009">{{cite book|title=The Legend of the Middle Ages: Philosophical Explorations of Medieval Christianity, Judaism, and Islam|first=Rémi |last=Brague|year= 2009| isbn=9780226070803| page =164|publisher=University of Chicago Press|quote=Neither were there any Muslims among the Ninth-Century translators. Almost all of them were Christians of various Eastern denominations: Jacobites, Melchites, and, above all, Nestorians... A few others were Sabians.}}</ref> waxay guntadeen ilbaxnimada Islaamka qaybo meelaha ah,<ref name="Hill-1993">{{cite book |last=Hill |first=Donald |author-link=Donald Routledge Hill |title=Islamic Science and Engineering |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=1993 |page=4 |isbn=0-7486-0455-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Brague-Assyrians">{{cite web |last=Brague |first=Rémi |author-link=Rémi Brague |title=Assyrians contributions to the Islamic civilization |url=http://www.christiansofiraq.com/assyriancontributionstotheislamiccivilization.htm |website=Christians of Iraq |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> iyo machadka loo yaqaan Bayt al-Hikma wuxuu u shaqaaleysiiyay aqoonyahanno Kiristan iyo Faarisi ah si ay ugu turjumaan shaqooyinka luqadda Carabiga iyo si ay u soosaaraan aqoon cusub.<ref name="Meri-Bacharach-2006">{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Meri |editor-first1=Josef W. |editor-link1=Josef W. Meri |editor-last2=Bacharach |editor-first2=Jere L. |editor-link2=Jere L. Bacharach |title=Hadith |encyclopedia=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia |volume=1 |location=New York |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2006 |page=304 |isbn=978-0415966917 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MypbfKdMePIC&pg=PA304 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Saliba-1994">{{cite book |last=Saliba |first=George |author-link=George Saliba |title=A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam |location=New York |publisher=New York University Press |year=1994 |pages=245, 250, 256–57 |isbn=0-8147-8023-7 |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Cheshm manuscript.jpg|thumb|Anatomiya ee isha oo uu samaystay Hunayn ibn Ishaq, oo mas'uul ka ahaa turjumida Bayt al-Hikma waagii Boqortooyada Ablaasiyiinta, 1200 AD.]]Askartu waxay ka go'een boqortooyadii Ablaasiyiinta waxayna dhiseen khilaafadooda propriyada ah, sida Tulunids oo 868 ku tirsanaa Masar<ref>{{cite book|last=Holt|first=Peter Malcolm|author-link=Peter Holt (historian)|title=The Crusader States and Their Neighbours, 1098–1291|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0qLHVGgH7AC&pg=PA8|year=2004|publisher=Pearson Longman|isbn=978-0-582-36931-3|page=6|access-date=2 February 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> iyo boqortooyada Ghaznavid oo 977 ku tirsanaa Aasiyada Dhexe.<ref>{{cite book |title=Islamic Central Asia: an anthology of historical sources |editor-first1=Scott Cameron |editor-last1=Levi |editor-first2=Ron |editor-last2=Sela |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2010 |page=83}}</ref> Qaybsanaantan waxay keentay Qarnigii Shiicada, oo u dhaxeeyay 945 iyo 1055, oo la arkay kor u kaca dhaqdhaqaaqa Isma'ili Shiicada. Koox Isma'ili ah, boqortooyada Fatimid, waxay gacanta ku dhigeen Waqooyiga Afrika qarnigii 10aad<ref>Neue Fischer Weltgeschichte "Islamisierung in Zentralasien bis zur Mongolenzeit" Band 10: Zentralasien, 2012, p. 191 (German)</ref> iyo koox kale oo Isma'ili ah, Qarmatians, waxay boobeen Makka waxayna xadeen Hajar al-Aswad, oo ah dhagaxa ku dhex jira Kacbada, dib-u-jabayntooda aan guulaysan.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Glubb |first=John Bagot |title=Mecca (Saudi Arabia) |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mecca#ref887188 |access-date=18 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live }}</ref> Koox kale oo Isma'ili ah, boqortooyada Buyid, waxay qabsadeen Baqdaad waxayna ka dhigeen Ablaasiyiinta boqortooyo magac ah oo kaliya. Boqortooyada Seljuk ee Ahlusunna waxay u dhaqaaqday inay mar kale adkayso Islaamka Ahlusunna iyagoo faafinayay ra'yiyada aqoonyahanada waqtigaas, gaar ahaan dhisidda machadyada waxbarashada ee loo yaqaan Nizamiyyas, oo la xiriira al-Ghazali iyo Saadi Shirazi.<ref>Andreas Graeser ''Zenon von Kition: Positionen u. Probleme'' Walter de Gruyter 1975 {{ISBN|978-3-11-004673-1}} p. 260</ref> Faaftada dunida Muslinka waxay sii socotay iyadoo ergooyinka diinta ay u badaleen Volga Bulgaria Islaamka. Sultanada Delhi waxay gaadhay gudaha qaarad-hoosaadka Hindiya oo kuwo badan ayaa u badalay Islaamka,{{sfnp|Arnold|1896|pp=227–228}} gaar ahaan Hinduga heerka hoose ee faracoodu ka kooban yahay inta badan Muslinka Hindiya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-36220329|title=Why are many Indian Muslims seen as untouchable?|publisher=BBCnews|date=10 May 2016|access-date=6 October 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Ganacsigu wuxuu keenay Muslin badan oo Shiinaha ah, halkaas oo ay si buuxda u xukumi jireen warshadaha soo dejinta iyo ka deerinta ee boqortooyada Song.<ref>{{cite web |title=Islam in China |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/china_1.shtml |access-date=10 August 2011 |publisher=BBC |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslinka waxaa loo qortay maamulayaal la doortay oo heer sare ah boqortooyada Yuan.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lipman|first=Jonathan Newman|title=Familiar Strangers, a history of Muslims in Northwest China|location=Seattle, WA|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-295-97644-0|page=33}}</ref> === Casrigii Ka-horreeyay Casriga Cusub (1258 – Qarnigii 18aad) === {{Further|Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam}} [[File:GhazanConversionToIslam.JPG|thumb|Muuqaal qarnigii 14aad ee Ghazan, oo ahaa boqorkii 7aad ee Ilkhanate ee Boqortooyada Mongol, oo Islaamay.]] Pobalka ganacsiga Muslinka iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa tariiqooyinka Sufida dhiigooda,{{sfnp|Arnold|1896|pp=125–258}} Islaamku wuxuu ku faafay dhulal cusub<ref>{{cite web |title=The Spread of Islam |url=http://www.yale.edu/yup/pdf/cim6.pdf |access-date=2 November 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslinkuna waxay la dhex-galeen dhaqammo cusub. Hoos kaga jirtay Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta, Islaamku wuxuu ku faafay Koonfur-bari Yuuroop.<ref>{{cite web |date=6 May 2008 |title=Ottoman Empire |publisher=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1801?_hi=41&_pos=3 |access-date=26 August 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Islaamidda inta badan waxay lahayd heer sinkretisam ah,<ref>{{Cite book |title=Islamic and European Expansion |publisher=Temple University Press |year=1993 |editor-last=Adas |editor-first=Michael |location=Philadelphia |page=25}}</ref> sida uu muujinayo muuqaalka Muhammad ee suugaanta dadweynaha ee Hinduga.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Metcalf |first=Barbara |title=Islam in South Asia in Practice |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2009 |page=104}}</ref> Turkida Muslinka ah waxay ku dareen walxaha caqiidada Shamanisamka Turkida Islaamka.{{efn|"Sannadaha dhow, fikradda sinkretisamka waa la dhuftay. Maaddaama ay maqan tahay awood lagu go'aamiyo ama lagu tixgeliyo caqiidada Ortodokska ee ku saabsan Islaamka, aqoonyahannada qaarkood waxay ku doodayaan inaysan jirin caqiidooyinka la qresheeyay, oo kaliya ee la amray habka, Islaamka ka hor qarnigii 16aad.{{sfnp|Peacock|2019|p=20–22}}}}{{sfnp|Çakmak|2017|pp=1425–1429}} Muslinka ku jira Boqortooyada Ming ee Shiinaha oo ka soo jeeda soo-galootigii hore waa la la-dhex-galay, mararka qaar shuruuc ku dhiirrigelisa dhex-galka,<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Farmer|editor1-first=Edward L.|title=Zhu Yuanzhang and Early Ming Legislation: The Reordering of Chinese Society Following the Era of Mongol Rule|date=1995|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004103910|page=82|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TCIjZ7l6TX8C&pg=PA82|access-date=19 February 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> iyagoo qaatay magacyada Shiinaha iyo dhaqanka halka Nanjing uu noqday xarun muhiim ah ee barashada Islaamka.<ref>Israeli, Raphael (2002). ''Islam in China''. p. 292. Lexington Books. {{ISBN|0-7391-0375-X}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dillon |first=Michael |year=1999 |title=China's Muslim Hui Community |publisher=Curzon |url=https://archive.org/details/chinasmuslimhuic00dill |isbn=978-0-7007-1026-3 |page=37 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Ndhex-galka dhaqanka wuxuu ahaay mid muuqda iyadoo la yaraysay saamaynta Carabta ka dib burburintii Mongol ee Khilafadii Ablaasiyiinta.<ref>{{harvp|Bulliet|2005|p=497}}</ref> Khanates-ka Mongol ee Muslinka ah ee ku jira Iiraan iyo Aasiyada Dhexe waxay ka faa'iideysteen kordhinta helitaanka dhaqammada ee Bariga Aasiya oo hoos jirtay xukunkii Mongol sidaas darteed waxay u horumareen oo ay u samaysteen si ka duwan saamaynta Carabta, sida Dib-u-dhalashadii Timurid oo hoos jirtay boqortooyada Timurid.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Subtelny |first=Maria Eva |date=November 1988 |title=Socioeconomic Bases of Cultural Patronage under the Later Timurids |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/socioeconomic-bases-of-cultural-patronage-under-the-later-timurids/2A0F3018EE155F23FC4A7F5F25D7DE6D |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=479–505 |doi=10.1017/S0020743800053861 |s2cid=162411014 |access-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201–1274) wuxuu soo bandhigay qaabka xisaabta oo ka dib loo dooday inuu qaatay Copernicus isagoo aan waxba ka badalin qaabkiisa heliocentric-ka,<ref>{{cite web|date=1999|title=Nasir al-Din al-Tusi|publisher=University of St Andrews|url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Tusi_Nasir/|access-date=27 August 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> iyo qiyaasta pi ee Jamshīd al-Kāshī ma aysan dhaafin 180 sano.<ref>{{cite web |date=1999 |title=Ghiyath al-Din Jamshid Mas'ud al-Kashi |publisher=University of St Andrews |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Kashi/ |access-date=29 December 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg|thumb|Mehmed II oo galaya Constantinople.]] Ka dib markii la soo bandhigay hubka baaruda, dawlado waaweyn oo dhawaan xabbada lahaa oo Muslin ah ayaa ku bashqaday boqortooyoyinka baaruda, kuwaas oo hore u kala qaybsanaay dhulal kala duwan. Khilafada waxaa sheegtay boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta ee Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta iyadoo sheegashadooda la adkeeyay 1517 markii Selim I uu noqday taliyaha Makka iyo Madiina.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Drews |first=Robert |url=https://my.vanderbilt.edu/robertdrews/publications/ |title=Coursebook: Judaism, Christianity and Islam, to the Beginnings of Modern Civilization |date=August 2011 |publisher=Vanderbilt University |chapter=Chapter Thirty – "The Ottoman Empire, Judaism, and Eastern Europe to 1648" |chapter-url=https://my.vanderbilt.edu/robertdrews/files/2014/01/Chapter-Thirty.-The-Ottoman-Empire-Judaism-and-Eastern-Europe-to-1648.pdf |access-date=21 April 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Boqortooyada Shiicada ee Safavid waxay ku korortay awoodda 1501 ka dibna waxay qabsatay dhammaan Iiraan.<ref>Peter B. Golden: An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples; In: Osman Karatay, Ankara 2002, p. 321</ref> Koonfurta Aasiya, Babur wuxuu aasaasay Boqortooyada Mughal.<ref>{{citation|last=Gilbert|first=Marc Jason|title=South Asia in World History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1dhKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA75|year=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-066137-3|pages=75|access-date=15 January 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> Diinta dawladaha ku dhex-jira ee boqortooyoyinka baaruda waxay saamaysay dhaqanka diimeed ee dadkooda ku dhex-jira. Wada-noolaanshaha u dhexeeya taliyayaasha Cusmaaniyiinta iyo Sufinimada wuxuu si adag u saameeyay xukunkii Islaamka ee Cusmaaniyiinta tan iyo bilowgii. Tariiqada Mevlevi iyo Bektashis waxay lahaayeen xiriir dhow oo ay la lahaayeen sultannada,<ref>Ga ́bor A ́goston, Bruce Alan Masters ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire'' Infobase Publishing 2010 {{ISBN|978-1-4381-1025-7}} p. 540</ref> maaddaama noocyada Sufi-suufiyada ah iyo kuwo kale oo sinkretik ah ee Islaamka ay u horumareen si muuqata.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Algar |first=Ayla Esen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fc69BhBDjhwC&q=ottomans+sufism |title=The Dervish Lodge: Architecture, Art, and Sufism in Ottoman Turkey |page=15 |date=1 January 1992 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-07060-8 |access-date=29 April 2020 |via=Google Books |url-status=live }}</ref> Badanaa qasabka dhex-galka Safavid ee Iiraan ee Islaamka Shiicada ee Labada-iyo-tobanlaha ee Boqortooyada Safavid wuxuu xaqiijiyay xukunkii dambe ee Labada-iyo-tobanlaha dhexdiisa Islaamka Shiicada. Soo-galootiga Faarisiga ah ee Koonfurta Aasiya, maaddaama ay ahaayeen maamulayaal saamayntooda leh iyo milkiilayaal dhul, waxay caawiyeen faafinta Islaamka Shiicada, iyagoo dhisay qaar ka mid ah dadka ugu waaweyn ee Shiicada ee ka baxsan Iiraan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/conversion-iii|title=CONVERSION To Imami Shiʿism in India|publisher=Iranica Online|language=English|access-date=6 October 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Nader Shah, oo riday Safavids, wuxuu isku deyey inuu wanaajiyo xiriirka Ahlusunna ee Cusmaaniyiinta iyadoo la faafinayo dhex-galka Islaamka Shiicada ee Labada-iyo-tobanlaha dhexdiisa Islaamka Ahlusunna sida madhabka shanaad, oo loo yaqaan Ja'farism,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Nadir Shah and the Ja 'fari Madhhab Reconsidered |first=Ernest |last=Tucker |journal=Iranian Studies |volume=27 |issue=1–4 |date=1994 |pages=163–179 |doi=10.1080/00210869408701825 |jstor=4310891}}</ref> oo ku dhiirran waayay inuu helo aqoonsi ka soo baxa Cusmaaniyiinta.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Nāder Shāh |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/nader-shah |date=29 March 2006 |first=Ernest |last=Tucker |access-date=9 March 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Casrigii Casriga Ahaa (Qarniyadii 18aad–20aad) === [[File:Portrait Caliph Abdulmecid II.jpg|thumb|Sawirka Khaliifkii ugu dambeeyay Abdülmecid II, ee Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta, 1923.]] Horey qarnigii 14aad, Ibn Taymiyya wuxuu dhiirrigeliyay qaab daahir ah oo Islaamka ah, isagoo diaday hababka falsafada si uu u doorbido fiqhiga fudud,<ref name="ReferenceA">Mary Hawkesworth, Maurice Kogan ''Encyclopedia of Government and Politics: 2-volume set'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-1-136-91332-7}} pp. 270–271</ref> wuxuuna ugu baaqay in loo furo albaabada ijtihadka halkii indho la'aan loogu dayan lahaa aqoonyahannada.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=150}} Wuxuu ugu baaqay jihad ka dhan ah kuwa uu u tixgeliyay gaalo,{{Refn|group=note|Richard Gauvain ''Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-0-7103-1356-0}} p. 6}} laakiin qoraalladiisu waxay lahaayeen oo kaliya doorkii ugu yaraa intii uu babacayay.{{Refn|group=note|Spevack, Aaron (2014). The Archetypal Sunni Scholar: Law, Theology, and Mysticism in the Synthesis of al-Bajuri. SUNY Press. pp. 129–130.}} Qarnigii 18aad ee Carabiya, Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, oo ay saameeyeen shaqooyinka Ibn Taymiyya iyo Ibn al-Qayyim, wuxuu aasaasay dhaqdhaqaaq loo yaqaan Wahhabism si loo laabto waxa uu u arkay Islaamka aan la badalin.<ref>Donald Quataert ''The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922'' Cambridge University Press 2005 {{ISBN|978-0-521-83910-5}} p. 50</ref> Wuxuu cambaareeyay caadooyinka badan ee maxalliga ah ee Islaamka, sida bisitaynta qabriga Muhammad ama Imamyada Shiicada, maaddaama ay yihiin bidco cusub iyo dambi<ref name="ReferenceE">Ga ́bor A ́goston, Bruce Alan Masters ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire'' Infobase Publishing 2010 {{ISBN|978-1-4381-1025-7}} p. 260</ref> wuxuuna burburiyay dhagaxyada iyo geedaha xurmada leh, goobaha Sufida, Qabuuraha al-Baqi, qabuuraha Muhammad iyo asxaabtiisa iyo Qabriga Imam Husayn, oo ah goob muhiim ah oo loo bisiteeyo Shiicada.{{Refn|group=note|Graves desecrated in Mizdah, Libya Herald, 2013}}{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=146}} Wuxuu dhisay isbahaysi uu la leeyahay qoyska Saud, oo marka la joogo 1920-yadii ay dhammaystireen qabsashadooda dhulka noqon doona Sacuudi Carabiya.<ref name="Musa-2022">{{Cite thesis |title=The Emergence of a Scholar from a Garrison Society: A contextual analysis of Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhāb's doctrine in the light of the Qur'ān and Hadīth |url=https://repository.uwtsd.ac.uk/id/eprint/2096/ |publisher=University of Wales Trinity Saint David |date=2022-08-23 |degree=masters |language=en |first=Shahajada Md |last=Musa |access-date=19 December 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Nicolas Laos ''The Metaphysics of World Order: A Synthesis of Philosophy, Theology, and Politics'' Wipf and Stock Publishers 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-4982-0102-5}} p. 177</ref> Ma Wanfu iyo Ma Debao waxay dhiirrigeliyeen dhaqdhaqaaqa salafida qarnigii 19aad sida Sailaifengye ee Shiinaha ka dib markii ay ka soo laabteen Makka laakiin ugu dambeyntii waxaa dhibay oo lagu qasbay inay dhuuntaan kooxaha Sufida.<ref>{{cite book|first=Barry M.|last=Rubin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wEih57-GWQQC&pg=PA79|page=79|title=Guide to Islamist Movements|year=2000|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=0-7656-1747-1|access-date=28 June 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> Kooxaha kale waxay isku deyeyeen inay dib u habayn ku samayso Sufinimada halkii ay ka diadi lahaayeen, iyagoo Senusiyya iyo Muhammad Ahmad ay labadooduba dagaallameen oo ay dhiseen dawlado ku kala yaalla Liibiya iyo Sudaan.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=147}} Hindiya, Shah Waliullah Dehlawi wuxuu isku deyey qaab dib u heshiisiin ah oo ka dhan ah Sufinimada wuxuuna saameeyay dhaqdhaqaaqa Deobandi.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=149}} Jawaab ka dhan ah dhaqdhaqaaqa Deobandi, dhaqdhaqaaqa Barelwi waxaa loo aasaasay sida dhaqdhaqaaq dadweyne, iyadoo la difaacaayay Sufinimada caanka ah oo la dib u habaynayay dhaqankeeda.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robert L. Canfield |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3JhKNSk8tQC&pg=PAPA131 |title=Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52291-5 |pages=131– |access-date=1 December 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sanyal |first=Usha |date=23 July 1998 |title=Generational Changes in the Leadership of the Ahl-e Sunnat Movement in North India during the twentieth Century |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/generational-changes-in-the-leadership-of-the-ahle-sunnat-movement-in-north-india-during-the-twentieth-century/8AAAC4CFEFC4F4084731C3964A5CAE84 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=635–656 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X98003059 |via=Cambridge Core |access-date=23 February 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[File:Interior of Al Aqsa Mosque Jerusalem. 1900-1910 (id.22715311).jpg|thumb|Sannadkii 1969 Dabka Masjidka Al-Aqsa, oo sidoo cuali burburiyay Minbarkii Saladin, wuxuu keenay ver-xaasidnimo taabtay dunida Muslinka wuxuuna ahaa kicin muhiim ah oo loo aasaasay Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka.]] Dunida Muslinka waxay guud ahaan ku jirtay hoos u dhac siyaasadeed markii ay bilaabatay 1800-yadii, gaar ahaan marka la barbardhigo awoodaha Yuuroop ee aan Muslinka ahayn. Horey, qarnigii 15aad, Reconquista waxay ku guuleysatay inay dhameeyo joogitaanka Muslinka ee Iberia. Marka la joogo qarnigii 19aad, British East India Company waxay si rasmi ah u qabsatay boqortooyada Mughal ee Hindiya.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|pp=358, 378–380, 624}} Sida jawaab ka dhan ah Imperialisamka Reer Galbeedka, aqoonyahanno badan waxay isku deyeyeen inay dib u habayn ku samayso Islaamka.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Buzpinar |first=Ş. Tufan |date=March 2007 |title=Celal Nuri's Concepts of Westernization and Religion |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_middle-eastern-studies_2007-03_43_2/page/247 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=247–258 |doi=10.1080/00263200601114091 |jstor=4284539|s2cid=144461915 }}</ref> Casriyeynta Islaamka, oo markii hore loo bixiyay aqoonyahannada Reer Galbeedka sida Salafiyya, waxay soo dhoweysay qiimayaasha casriga ah iyo machadyada sida demokaraasiyada iyadoo la raacaayo qoraallada diinta. Hogaamiyayaasha muhiimka ah ee dhaqdhaqaaqa waxaa ka mid ah Muhammad 'Abduh iyo Jamal al-Din al-Afghani.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lauziere|first=Henri|title=The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-231-17550-0|location=New York, Chichester, West Sussex|pages=231–232}}</ref> Abul A'la Maududi wuxuu caawiyay saamaynta Islaamka siyaasadeed ee casriga ah.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 January 2014 |title=Political Islam: A movement in motion |work=Economist Magazine |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/erasmus/2014/01/political-islam |access-date=1 January 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Wilfred Cantwell |title=Islam in Modern History |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1957 |isbn=0-691-03030-8 |page=233 |author-link=Wilfred Cantwell Smith}}</ref> Sida ku dhow qaanuunka casriga ah, shariicada markii ugu horreysay ayaa qayb ahaan loo qoray shaqo ahaan sannadkii 1869 ku dhex-jirtay koodka Mecelle ee Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta. Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta waxay dissilftay ka dib Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Dunida, Khilafadii Cusmaaniyiinta waa la joojiyay 1924<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 June – 5 July 2000 |title=New Turkey |work=Al-Ahram Weekly |issue=488 |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2000/488/chrncls.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=16 May 2010 }}</ref> iyo Khilafadii Sharifian ee ka dib waxay u dhacday si doob ah,<ref>{{Cite web |last1=الوطن |first1=جريدة |last2=webmaster |date=2020-05-05 |title="مملكة الحجاز".. وقــصـــة الـغــزو المـســلّـــح |url=https://www.al-watan.com/article/230610/NEWS/%C2%AB%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%C2%BB-%D9%88%D9%82%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B5%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%80%D8%BA%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B2%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%80%D8%B3%D9%80%D9%80%D9%84%D9%91%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%AD |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=جريدة الوطن |language=ar |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bani Issa |first=Mohammad Saleh |date=2023-11-01 |title=Factors of stability and sustainable development in Jordan in its first centenary 1921–2021 (an analytical descriptive study) |journal=Heliyon |volume=9 |issue=11 |article-number=e20993 |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20993 |issn=2405-8440 |doi-access=free|pmid=37928029 |pmc=10623165 |bibcode=2023Heliy...920993B }}</ref> sidaas darteed iyadoo ka tagaysa Islaamka oo aan lahayn Khaliif.<ref name="والخلفاء-2023">{{Cite book |last=والخلفاء |first=قصص الخلافة الإسلامية |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r-5EAAAQBAJ |title=قصص الخلافة الإسلامية والخلفاء |date=2023-03-31 |publisher=Austin Macauley Publishers |isbn=978-1-3984-9251-6 |language=en |access-date=26 December 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref> Taageerayaasha Mideynta Islaamka waxay isku deyeyeen inay mideeyaan Muslinka waxayna tartan la galeen awoodaha qarannimada ee korayay, sida Pan-Arabisamka.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doran |first=Michael |title=Pan-Arabism before Nasser: Egyptian power politics and the Palestine question |date=1999 |publisher=Oxford university press |isbn=978-0-19-512361-6 |series=Studies in Middle Eastern history |location=New York Oxford}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Landau |first=Yaʿaqov M. |title=The politics of Pan-Islam: ideology and organization |date=1994 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-827709-5 |edition=[Rev. and updated] paperback (with additions and corr.) |location=Oxford}}</ref> Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka (OIC), oo ka kooban waddamada Muslinka ah, waxaa la aasaasay 1969 ka dib gubiddii Masjidka Al-Aqsa ee Qudus.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 December 2010 |title=Organization of the Islamic Conference |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/country_profiles/1555062.stm |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Xiriirka la la leeyahay waddamada warshadaha leh wuxuu keenay dadka Muslinka ah dhulal cusub iyada oo loo marayo u-guuritaanka dhaqaalaha. Muslin badan ayaa u guuray sida shaqaale heshiis ku jooga (u badan oo ka yimid Hindiya iyo Indoneesiya) Karibiyaanka, iyagoo dhisay dadka ugu waaweyn ee Muslinka ah inta la joogo boqolkiiba ee Ameerika.<ref>{{sfnp|Haddad|Smith|2002|p=271}}</ref> U-guuritaanka ka yimid Siiriya iyo Lubnaan wuxuu ku soo kordhiyay dadka Muslinka ah ee Laatiin Ameerika.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zabel|first=Darcy|title=Arabs in the Americas: Interdisciplinary Essays on the Arab Diaspora|publisher=Peter Lang|year=2006|isbn=9780820481111|location=Austria|page=5}}</ref> Natiijadii magaalooyinka iyo kordhinta ganacsiga ee Afrika ka hooseysa Saxara waxay keentay Muslinka inay degaan dhulal cusub oo ay faafiyaan diintooda, iyadoo lagu qiyaasay inay laba-laabatay dadkeeda Muslinka ah u dhaxeysa 1869 iyo 1914.<ref>{{harvp|Bulliet|2005|p=722}}</ref> === Casrigii ee Horumarsanaa (Qarnigii 20aad–Ilaa Hada) === [[File:13. Session of the Islamic Summit Conference.jpg|thumb|Hoggaamiyeyaasha dalalka Islaamka intii uu socday kalfadhigii 2016 ee Shirka Iskaashiga Islaamka ee Istambul, Turkiga. Trikiiba saddex sano, OIC waxay isku brings dhammaan hoggaamiyeyaasha Muslinka.|upright=1.35]] Aabbayaashii casriyeynta Islaamka waxay saameeyeen dhaqdhaqaaqyada siyaasadda Islaamka sida Ikhwaanul Muslimeen iyo xisbiyada la xiriira ee dunida Carabta,<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 August 2011 |title=Are secular forces being squeezed out of Arab Spring? |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14447820 |access-date=10 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Slackman |first=Michael |date=23 December 2008 |title=Jordanian students rebel, embracing conservative Islam |work=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/24/world/middleeast/24jordan.html |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> kuwaas oo si wanaagsan uga dhex muuqday doorashooyinkii ka dambeeyay Guudkii Carabta,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kirkpatrick |first=David D. |date=3 December 2011 |title=Egypt's vote puts emphasis on split over religious rule |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/04/world/middleeast/egypts-vote-propels-islamic-law-into-spotlight.html |access-date=8 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jamaat-e-Islami ee Koonfurta Aasiya iyo Xisbiga Caddaaladda iyo Horumarinta (AK Party), oo si kemokaraasi ah xukuma Turkiga tobanaan sano. Iiraan, Kacdoonkii Iiraan wuxuu beddelay boqortooyadii laimaaniyadda ee Reer Galbeedku taageerayay iyadoo la dhisay Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah. Kuwa kale sida Sayyid Rashid Rida waxay ka go'een casriyeeyayaasha Islaamka<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lauziere|first=Henri|title=The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-231-17550-0|location=New York, Chichester, West Sussex|page=237|quote="Prior to the fall of the Ottoman Empire, leading reformers who happened to be Salafi in creed were surprisingly open-minded: although they adhered to neo-Hanbali theology. However, the aftermath of the First World War and the expansion of European colonialism paved the way for a series of shifts in thought and attitude. The experiences of Rida offer many examples... he turned against the Shi'is who dared, with reason, to express doubts about the Saudi-Wahhabi project... . Shi'is were not the only victims: Rida and his associates showed their readiness to turn against fellow Salafis who questioned some of the Wahhabis' religious interpretations."}}</ref> waxayna ka hortageen soo dhowaynta waxa uu u arkayay saamaynta Reer Galbeedka.<ref>{{Cite book|last=G. Rabil|first=Robert|title=Salafism in Lebanon: From Apoliticism to Transnational Jihadism|publisher=Georgetown University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-1-62616-116-0|location=Washington DC, US|pages=32–33|quote="Western colonialists established in these countries political orders... that, even though not professing enmity to Islam and its institutions, left no role for Islam in society. This caused a crisis among Muslim reformists, who felt betrayed not only by the West but also by those nationalists, many of whom were brought to power by the West... Nothing reflects this crisis more than the ideological transformation of Rashid Rida (1865–1935)... He also revived the works of Ibn Taymiyah by publishing his writings and promoting his ideas. Subsequently, taking note of the cataclysmic events brought about by Western policies in the Muslim world and shocked by the abolition of the caliphate, he transformed into a Muslim intellectual mostly concerned about protecting Muslim culture, identity, and politics from Western influence. He supported a theory that essentially emphasized the necessity of an Islamic state in which the scholars of Islam would have a leading role... Rida was a forerunner of Islamist thought. He apparently intended to provide a theoretical platform for a modern Islamic state. His ideas were later incorporated into the works of Islamic scholars. Significantly, his ideas influenced none other than Hassan al-Bannah, founder of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt... The Muslim Brethren have taken up Rida's Islamic fundamentalism, a right-wing radical movement founded in 1928,.."}}</ref> Kooxda ISIS waxay xitaa isku deyday inay dib u samayso diinaarkii dahabka ahaa ee casriga ahaa si uu u noqdo pambakooda lacagta. Halka kuwii ka go'ay ay qaarkood ahaayeen kuwa ka gaabsada siyaasadda, kuwo kale waxay rumechsanaayeen dhibaataynta kuwa ka soo horjeeda, xitaa Muslinka kale.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/14/isis-gold-silver-copper-islamic-dinar-coins |title=Isis to mint own Islamic dinar coins in gold, silver and copper |work=The Guardian |date=21 November 2014 |access-date=31 July 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ka hortagga dhaqdhaqaaqyada siyaasadda Islaamka, qarnigii 20aad ee Turkiga, ciidanku waxay sameeyeen afgembiyo si ay xukuumadaha Islaamiga ah uga tuuraan xukanka, sidoo kale xijabka ayaa si sharci ah loo xaddiday, sida ay sidoo kale ka dhacday Tuniisiya.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 April 2011 |title=Huge rally for Turkish secularism |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6604643.stm |access-date=6 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Saleh |first=Heba |date=15 October 2011 |title=Tunisia moves against headscarves |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6053380.stm |access-date=6 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Dhulalka kale, awoodda diinta ayaa la maamulay iyada oo hadda loo arko puppeto oo ay dawladdu maamusho. Tusaale ahaan, Sacuudi Carabiya, dawladdu waxay keligeed maamushay aqoonta diinta<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 June 2007 |title=Laying down the law: Islam's authority deficit |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/international/2007/06/28/islams-authority-deficit |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo Masar, dawladdu waxay qarameysay Jaamacadda Al-Azhar, oo hore u ahayd igo madax-bannaan oo xaddida awoodda dawladda.<ref>{{cite book| title = The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought| last1 = Bowering | first1 = Gerhard | last2=Mirza |first2=Mahan |last3=Crone |first3=Patricia| year = 2013 | publisher = Princeton University Press | page=59| isbn = 9780691134840 }}</ref> Salafiyada waxaa dhaqaale lagu siiyay Bariga Dhexe sababtoo ah ka gaabsashadeeda siyaasadda.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 October 2008 |title=Ultraconservative Islam on rise in Mideast |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna27256187 |access-date=24 September 2013 |publisher=MSNBC |url-status=live }}</ref> Sacuudi Carabiya waxay ololayso ka dhan ah dhaqdhaqaaqyada Islaamiga ah ee kacdoonka ah ee Bariga Dhexe, iyadoo ka soo horjeedda Iiraan.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Almukhtar |first1=Sarah |last2=Peçanha |first2=Sergio |last3=Wallace |first3=Tim |date=5 January 2016 |title=Behind Stark Political Divisions, a More Complex Map of Sunnis and Shiites |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/01/04/world/middleeast/sunni-shiite-map-middle-east-iran-saudi-arabia.html |access-date=6 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Tiro yar oo Muslin ah oo ka soo jeeda qowmiyadaha kala duwan ayaa loo dhibay sida koox diimeed.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thames |first1=Knox |title=Why the Persecution of Muslims Should Be on Biden's Agenda |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/muslims-islam-china-india-myanmar-persecution-repression-biden-human-rights/ |work=Foreign Policy Magazine |date=6 January 2021 |language=English |access-date=5 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Tan waxaa sameeyay xoogagga shuuciga ah sida Khmer Rouge, kuwaas oo u arkayay inay yihiin armigooda koowaad ee la cirbootinayo maaddaama dhaqankooda diimeed uu ka dhigay kuwa ka dhex muuqda dadka kale,<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Perrin |first=Andrew |date=10 October 2003 |title=Weakness in numbers |magazine=Time |url=https://time.com/archive/6894001/weakness-in-numbers/ |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}</ref> Xisbiga Shuuciga Shiinaha ee Xinjiang<ref>{{cite web |last1=Beydoun |first1=Khaled A. |title=For China, Islam is a 'mental illness' that needs to be 'cured' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/china-islam-mental-illness-cured-181127135358356.html |publisher=Al Jazeera |language=English |access-date=5 February 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo xoogagga qarannimada sida intii uu socday xasuuqii Bosniya.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mojzes |first=Paul |title=Balkan Genocides: Holocaust and Ethnic Cleansing in the Twentieth Century |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4422-0663-2|page=178}}</ref> Ciidanka Miyanmaar ee Tatmadaw oo bartilmaameedsanayay Muslinka Rohingya waxaa loogu yeeray dambi ka dhan ah aadamnimada ay sameeyeen Qaraamada Midoobay iyo Amnesty International,<ref>{{cite news |author=Oliver Holmes |date=19 December 2016 |title=Myanmar's Rohingya campaign 'may be crime against humanity' |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/19/myanmars-rohingya-campaign-may-be-against-humanity |url-status=live |access-date=5 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=19 December 2016|title=Rohingya abuse may be crimes against humanity: Amnesty|website=Al Jazeera|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/19/rohingya-abuse-may-be-crimes-against-humanity-amnesty/|access-date=2023-02-21|url-status=live}}</ref> halka Xafiiska Qaraamada Midoobay ee Wakiilka Sare ee Xaqiiqo-raadinta uu ka helay xasuuq, sifeyn qowmiyadeed, iyo dambiyo kale oo ka dhan ah aadamnimada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/MyanmarFFM/Pages/ReportoftheMyanmarFFM.aspx|title=Report of Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar |date=27 August 2018|website=ohchr.org|access-date=14 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Horumarka isgaarsiinta dunida wuxuu teshay faafinta ballaaran ee aqoonta diinta. Qaadashada xijabka waxay noqotay mid ka sii badan<ref>{{Cite news |last=Slackman |first=Michael |date=28 January 2007 |title=In Egypt, a new battle begins over the veil |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/weekinreview/28slackman.html |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo aqoonyahanno badan oo Muslin ah waxay si kordhayay isku deyayaan inay ka soocaan caqiidooyinka diinta Islaamka iyo dhaqammada caadiga ah.{{sfnp|Nigosian|2004|p=41}} Kooxaha kale dhexdiisa, helitaanka macluumaadka wuxuu keenay kordhinta wacdiyayaasha "televangelist" ee caanka ah, sida Amr Khaled, kuwaas oo kula tartama culumada caadiga ah gaaritaankooda oo ay ka dhigeen awoodda diinta mid aan hal xarun ku dhuftayn.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=263}} Sharraxaadaha "gaarka ah" ee Islaamka<ref>V. Šisler: ''The Internet and the Construction of Islamic Knowledge in Europe'' p. 212</ref> waxay si muuqata u dhex-galaan Muslinka Liberaalka ah oo isku deyaya inay waafajiyaan dhaqammada diinta iyo xukunkii laimaaniyadda ee casriga ah,{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=118–119, 179}}{{sfnp|Rippin|2001|p=288}} hab ka mid ah kuwa ay dhaleeceeyeen qaarkood oo ku saabsan waafaqsanaantiisa.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Adams, Charles J.|editor1-last=Esposito|editor1-first=John L.|title=Voices of Resurgent Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/voicesofresurgen00hcen|url-access=registration|date=1983|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/voicesofresurgen00hcen/page/113 113–4] |chapter=Maududi and the Islamic State|quote=[Maududi believed that] when religion is relegated to the personal realm, men inevitably give way to their bestial impulses and perpetrate evil upon one another. In fact it is precisely because they wish to escape the restraints of morality and the divine guidance that men espouse secularism.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Meisami|first=Sayeh|date=2013|title='Abdolkarim Soroush |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0034.xml|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-12 |website=Oxford Bibliographies|language=en}}</ref> Sidoo kale, laimaaniyaddu waxaa loo arkaa fikrad shisheeye oo ay ku soo impose gareeyeen qabsadayaashii oo ay adkeeyeen maamulayaasha ka dambeeyay gumeysiga,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Secularism, State Neutrality, and Islam|author=Abdullah Saeed|encyclopedia=The Oxford Handbook of Secularism|editor1=Phil Zuckerman|editor2=John R. Shook |url=http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/abstract/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199988457-e-12|year=2017|page=188 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.013.12|isbn=978-0-19-998845-7|access-date=7 August 2023|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref> oo inta badan loo fahmo inay u dhiganto ka-horjeedda diinta.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Nader Hashemi|title=Secularism|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0714|access-date=7 August 2023|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref> == Tirada Dadka == {{Main|Dunida Muslinka|Ummah}} {{See also|Islaamka waddan ahaan|Koraanka dadka Muslinka ah}} [[File:2020+ Proportion of people in world religions.svg |thumb|Boqolkiiba inta qof ee diimaha dunida. Muslinku waxay ka yihiin dhawaan 25.6% dadka dunida, taas oo ah tiro yar oo ka hooseysa Masiixiyiinta.<ref name=Pew_20250609>{{cite web |last1=Hackett |first1=Conrad |last2=Stonawski |first2=Marcin |last3=Tong |first3=Yunping |last4=Kramer |first4=Stephanie |last5=Shi |first5=Anne |last6=Fahmy |first6=Dalia |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |publisher=Pew Research Center |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260222070137/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |archive-date=22 February 2026 |date=9 June 2025 |url-status=live |quote=Source: Pew Research Center estimates based on more than 2,700 censuses and surveys. "How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020"}}</ref>]] Marka la joogo 2020, dhawaan 25.6% dadka dunida, ama dhawaan 2&nbsp;bilyan oo qof, waa Muslin.<ref name="pewresearch.orgReligion">{{Cite web |title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/interactives/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |date=21 December 2022 |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128120036/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/interactives/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="www.pewresearch.org-2022">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2022 |title=Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project - Research and data from Pew Research Center |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205195540/https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |archive-date=5 February 2023 |access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/|title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population|date=27 January 2011|access-date=26 October 2022|archive-date=30 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930233955/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/08/09/muslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world/ | title=Muslims and Islam: Key findings in the U.S. and around the world | date=9 August 2017 | access-date=19 December 2022 | archive-date=8 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108121140/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/08/09/muslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Pew-Growth-2017">{{cite web |last1=Lipka |first1=Michael |last2=Hackett |first2=Conrad |author-link2=Conrad Hackett |title=Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514123559/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |archive-date=2019-05-14 |website=Fact Tank |publisher=Pew Research Center |date=2017-04-06 |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> Sannadkii 1900, qiyaastani waxay ahayd 12.3%,<ref name="Barrett-2001">{{cite book |last1=Barrett |first1=David B. |last2=Kurian |first2=George T. |last3=Johnson |first3=Todd M. |title=World Christian Encyclopedia: A Comparative Survey of Churches and Religions in the Modern World |volume=1: The World by Countries: Religionists, Churches, Ministries |edition=2nd |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |page=4 |isbn=978-0195079630 |language=en}}</ref> sannadkii 1990 waxay ahayd 19.9%<ref name="Pew Research Center-2011">{{Cite report |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |publisher=Pew Research Center |access-date=27 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209094904/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=9 February 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> iyada oo saadaalintu ay muujinayso in heerku noqon doono 29.7% marka la joogo 2050.{{rp|8}} Ugu kooban uturjumaadda Pew ee 2020 waxay heshay in dadka Muslinka ah ee dunidu ay ahaayeen kooxda diimeed ee ugu koraanka badnayd tobankii sano, inta badan sababtoo ah Muslinku waxay u janjeeraan inay ku yar yihiin da'da oo ay leeyihiin heer dhalmo oo sarreeya—laba walxood oo muhiim ah oo kexeeya koraanka caadiga ah ee dadka.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett|author2=Marcin Stonawski|author3=Yunping Tong|author4=Stephanie Kramer|author5=Anne Shi|author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf|access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Pew Research Center |page=9|quote=Increases in the global Muslim population are largely due to Muslims having a relatively young age structure and high fertility rate, two characteristics that result in natural population growth.}}</ref>{{rp|9}} Sida ku xuso qiyaasta dadka ee 2020, 65% dadka Muslinka ah waxay ku dhex jiraan toban waddan, iyada oo dadka ugu waaweyni ay ku nool yihiin Indoneesiya, Bakistaan, Hindiya, Bangaladeesh, Nayjeeriya, Masar, Iiraan, Turkiga, Sudaan, iyo Aljeeriya, marka loo eego sida ay u kala hooseeyaan. Indoneesiya waxay xarun u tahay ka badan 230,000,000 oo Muslin ah, Bakistaan ka badan 220,000,000, Hindiya ka badan 210,000,000, Bangaladeesh ka badan 150,000,000, Nayjeeriya ka badan 110,000,000, Masar ka badan 100,000,000, Iiraan iyo Turkiga midkiiba ka badan 80,000,000, iyo Sudaan iyo Aljeeriya midkiiba ka badan 40,000,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/muslim-population-change/|title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020: 3. Muslim population change|date=9 June 2025|access-date=12 February 2026|website=Pew Research Center}}</ref>[[File:Islam percent population in each nation World Map Muslim data by Pew Research.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Boqolkiiba Muslinka ee dunida waddan ahaan.<ref name="pew2015" />]]Sida ku xuso warbixin ay soo saartay CNN, "Islaamku wuxuu soo jiitay dad soo Islaamay oo ka soo jeeda dhammaan heerarka nolosha, gaar ahaan Ameerikanka ka soo jeeda Afrika".<ref>{{cite news |title=Fast-growing Islam winning converts in Western world |publisher=CNN |url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9704/14/egypt.islam/ |access-date=6 May 2016 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015114027/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9704/14/egypt.islam/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ingiriiska, dhawaan 6,000 oo qof ayaa soo Islaama sannad walba, iyada oo sida ku xuso maqaal ku jira British Muslims Monthly Survey, badanka dadka cusub ee soo Islaama ee Ingiriiska ay ahaayeen dumarka.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/bmms/2000/06June00.asp#Women%20convert |title=British Muslims Monthly Survey for June 2000, Vol. VIII, No. 6 |at=Women convert |access-date=2020-09-28 |archive-date=2008-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214160750/http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/bmms/2000/06June00.asp#Women%20convert |url-status=live}}</ref> Sida ku xuso The Huffington Post, "ilaaliyayaashu waxay qiyaasayaan in illaa 20,000 oo Ameerikan ah ay soo Islaamaan sannad walba", badankoodu ay yihiin dumarka iyo Muslinka Ameerikanka ka soo jeeda Afrika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-08-24 |title=Conversion To Islam One Result Of Post-9/11 Curiosity |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/post-911-islam-converts_n_935572 |access-date=2020-11-26 |website=HuffPost |language=en |archive-date=2021-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111201117/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/post-911-islam-converts_n_935572 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author-first=Julie |author-last=Bindel |author-link=Julie Bindel |title=Why do Western Women Convert? |url=http://standpointmag.co.uk/features-may-10-why-do-western-women-convert-julie-bindel-islam-female-conversion |access-date=8 May 2016 |work=Standpoint |date=26 April 2010 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006102003/http://standpointmag.co.uk/features-may-10-why-do-western-women-convert-julie-bindel-islam-female-conversion |url-status=live}}</ref> Sidoo kale boqolkiiba iyo tirada guud ahaan, Islaamku waa kooxda diimeed ee ugu koraanka badan dunida, iyadoo la saadaalinayo inay noqoto ta ugu weyn dunida dhamaadka qarniga 21aad, iyadoo ka badanaysa Masiixiyada. Waxaa lagu qiyaasay in marka la joogo 2050, tirada Muslinka ay u dhowaan doonto tirada Masiixiyiinta ee dunida, "sababtoo ah da'da yar iyo heerka dhalmo ee sarreeya ee Muslinka marka loo barbardhigo kooxaha kale ee diimaha."{{rp|70}} === Xituunta Pew Research === Dhawaan 49 waddan ayaa ah kuwo dadka ugu badan ee ku nooli ay Muslin yihiin,{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=11}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ba-Yunus |first1=Ilyas |title=Muslims in the United States |last2=Kone, Kassim |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2006 |page=[https://archive.org/details/muslimsunitedsta00bayu/page/n186 172] |url=https://archive.org/details/muslimsunitedsta00bayu |url-access=registration |isbn=978-0-313-32825-1}}</ref><ref name="Pew-Landscape-2012">{{cite report |author=The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life |title=The Global Religious Landscape: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Major Religious Groups as of 2010 |url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323215026/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf |archive-date=2018-03-23 |date=December 2012 |publisher=Pew Research Center |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=7 March 2018 |title=Islam in Russia |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2018/3/7/islam-in-russia/ |access-date=15 June 2021 |website=Al Jazeera |publisher=Anadolu News Agency |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024349/https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/features/2018/3/7/islam-in-russia |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Book review: Russia's Muslim Heartlands reveals diverse population |date=21 April 2018 |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/book-review-russia-s-muslim-heartlands-reveals-diverse-population-1.723230 |work=The National |access-date=13 January 2019 |archive-date=14 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114210257/https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/book-review-russia-s-muslim-heartlands-reveals-diverse-population-1.723230 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyada oo 62% Muslinka dunidu ay ku nool yihiin Aasiya, halka 683 milyan oo taabacsan ay ku nool yihiin Indoneesiya, Bakistaan, Hindiya, iyo Bangaladeesh keligood.<ref name="Pew-Projections-2050">{{cite web |title=10 Countries With the Largest Muslim Populations, 2010 and 2050 |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/muslims/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables74/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207115222/http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/muslims/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables74/ |archive-date=2017-02-07 |website=Pew Research Center |publisher=Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life |date=2015-04-02 |type=Projections table |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Secrets of Islam |url=https://www.usnews.com/usnews/graphics/religion/islams_global_reach.htm |access-date=24 September 2013 |website=U.S. News & World Report |archive-date=22 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122200555/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/graphics/religion/islams_global_reach.htm |url-status=live }} Information provided by the International Population Center, Department of Geography, San Diego State University (2005).</ref>{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|pp=15, 17}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pechilis |first1=Karen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C |title=South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today |last2=Raj |first2=Selva J. |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-44851-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C&pg=PA193 193] |access-date=3 May 2019 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024331/https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslinka Carabta ah waxay samayeeyaan kooxda qowmiyadeed ee ugu weyn Muslinka dhexdeeda ee dunida,<ref name="Nydell-2005">{{cite book |last=Nydell |first=Margaret Kleffner |title=Understanding Arabs: A Guide for Modern Times |edition=4th |location=Yarmouth, Maine |publisher=Intercultural Press |year=2005 |pages=xxiii, 14 |isbn=978-1931930253 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNoiieefqAcC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024737/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNoiieefqAcC |archive-date=2023-12-28 |language=en}}</ref> waxaa ku xiga Bangaaliyiinta<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Eaton|editor=Barbara D. Metcalf|title=Islam in South Asia in Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pR0LzVCpfw8C|date=8 September 2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-3138-8|page=275|chapter=Forest Clearing and the Growth of Islam in Bengal}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=haGORCJRlOUC&pg=PA50 |title=The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics |author1=Meghna Guhathakurta |author2=Willem van Schendel |page=50 |date=30 April 2013 |publisher=Duke University Press |access-date=7 November 2016 |isbn=978-0822353188 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707092408/https://books.google.com/books?id=haGORCJRlOUC&pg=PA50 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo Bunjaabiinta.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Rajmohan|title=Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten|year=2013|page=1|publisher=Aleph Book Company|location=New Delhi, India, Urbana, Illinois|isbn=978-93-83064-41-0}}.</ref> Qiyaasaha badankood waxay muujinayaan in Shiinaha ay ku nool yihiin dhawaan 20 illaa 30 milyan oo Muslin ah (1.5% illaa 2% dadka waddanka).<ref>{{cite web |work=The World Factbook |title=Explore All Countries – China |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/ |access-date=15 September 2009 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |archive-date=13 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213122152/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=China (includes Hong Kong, Macau, and Tibet) |website=Archived Content |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm |access-date=24 September 2013 |publisher=U.S. Department of State |archive-date=10 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710075050/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Islaamka ka jira Yurub waa diinta labaad ee ugu weyn Masiixiyadda ka dib waddamo badan dhexdeeda, iyada oo heerarka koraanka ay inta badan ku yimaadaan soogalootiga iyo heerka dhalmo ee sarreeya ee Muslinka ee 2005,<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 December 2005 |title=Muslims in Europe: Country guide |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4385768.stm |access-date=1 April 2010 |archive-date=29 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929213440/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4385768.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> taas oo samaynaysay 4.9% dhammaan dadka Yurub ee 2016.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/11/29/5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe/|title=5 facts about the Muslim population in Europe|date=November 29, 2017|work=Pew Research Center|first=Conrad|last=Hackett|access-date=17 January 2023|archive-date=5 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105202657/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/11/29/5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sida ku xuso Xituunta Pew Research, soo Islaamidda ma laha saameyn weyn oo saafi ah oo ku saabsan koraanka dadka Muslinka ah maadaama "tirada dadka ku soo Islaama diinta ay u dhowdahay inay la mid tahay tirada Muslinka ah ee ka baxda diinta."<ref>{{Cite report |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |section=Conversion |date=27 January 2011 |publisher=Pew Research Center |section-url=https://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-related-factors/#conversion |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |quote=there is no substantial net gain or loss in the number of Muslims through conversion globally; the number of people who become Muslims through conversion seems to be roughly equal to the number of Muslims who leave the faith |access-date=12 May 2020 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211126/http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bagse, Islaamku wuxuu ka helayaa faa'iido yar oo ah 3 milyan oo qof marka loo eego isbeddelka diimaha u dhexeya 2010 iyo 2050, inta badan ka timaada Afrika Sub-Sahara (2.9 milyan).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf|title=Cumulative Change Due to Religious Switching, 2010–2050, p.43|access-date=4 May 2016|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150429153811/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf|archive-date=29 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/|title=The Changing Global Religious Landscape|work=Pew Research Center|date=5 April 2017|access-date=17 December 2022|archive-date=18 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218030628/https://www.pewforum.org/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sida ku xuso uturjumaadda Pew ee 2020, dhawaan 1% dadka waaweyn ee ku soo koray Muslimnimada ayaa ka baxa diinta, halka boqolkiiba la mid ah —dhawaan 1%— ay ka soo Islaamaan diimaha kale, taas oo keenta heer hoose oo isbeddel diimeed ah oo soo gala ama ka baxa Islaamka.<ref name="pew2029">{{Cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett|author2=Marcin Stonawski|author3=Yunping Tong|author4=Stephanie Kramer|author5=Anne Shi|author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf|access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US|page=39|quote=Muslims and Hindus have been the least likely to gain or lose adherents from religious switching. About one in every 100 adults raised Muslim (or Hindu) has left their childhood religion, and a similar number from a different religious category have switched into Islam (or Hinduism).}}</ref> Mutaaniqada Islaamka ka baxday waxay u janjeeraan inay u wareegaan diin kale halkii ay ka noqon lahaayeen kuwo aan diin lahayn. == Qaybaha Waaweyn == {{Main|Xiriirka Shiicada iyo Sunnada|Qadiir Khum|Saqiifa|Ciidul Qadiir}} === Matalaadda Qadiir Khum iyo Saqiifa === [[File:Chronology of Ancient Nations, f.162r miniature.jpg|thumb|Magacaabiddii Cali uu Muxammad ku magacaabay Qadiir Khum, 1307 AD fardawsa Ilkhanid.]] Tukhtaan muhiim ah ayaa ka dhacay 632 ee Qadiir Khum, halkaas oo Muxammad, obo yar ka hor dhimashadiisa, uu gacanta ku qabtay Cali, oo ahaa ina-adeerkii iyo seedigii, uu ka jeediyay khudbad uu ku yiri "Kii aan ahay ''mowlahiisa'', Cali waa ''mowlahiisa''."<ref>{{cite book |title=The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam |author-first=Maria Massi |author-last=Dakake |year=2007 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9780791470336 |author-link=Maria Massi Dakake}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Veccia Vaglieri|first=L.|date=2012|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/*-SIM_2439|section=G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm|publisher=Brill|access-date=July 14, 2023|isbn=9789004161214|archive-date=14 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714174420/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/*-SIM_2439|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfnp|Campo|2009|pp=257–258}} Ereyga mowla wuxuu leeyahay macnayaal kala duwan oo ku xiran xaaladda, oo ay ku jiraan sayid, ilaaliye, xulafo, taageere, iyo mid awood leh. Shiicada dhexdeeda, waxaa loo fahmaa magacaabidda rasmiga ah ee Muxammad uu Cali uga dhigay beddelkiisa. Sunnadu sidoo kale waxay aqbashaa in tukhtaankii Qadiir Khum uu dhacay iyadoo Muxammad uu yiri hadalkaas ku saabsan Cali. Bagse, uma tarjumaan hadalka inuu yahay magacaabidda Cali ee beddelka Muxammad. Muslinka Sunnada ah waxay u tarjumaan ereyga mowla xaaladdan inuu u muuqdo saaxiib dhow, taageere, ama mid mudan daacadnimo iyo kalsooni. Sidaas darteed, waxay u arkaan bayaanka inuu yahay caddayn ah xushmadda Muxammad uu u hayay Cali, iyagoo hoos u dhigaya muhiimadda tukhtaanka. Kalfadhigii Saqiifa wuxuu dhacay obo yar ka dib dhimashadii Muxammad ee 632, halkaas oo Abu Bakar looga doortay beddelkiisa oo uu ku noqday Khaliifkii koowaad. Saqiifa waxay ka mid tahay tukhtaannada ugu muranka badan Islaamka, sababtoo ah ka saarida tiro badan oo ka mid ah Saxaabada Muxammad, oo ay ku jiraan Ahlul Bayt iyo gaar ahaan Cali. Cali iyo tiro badan oo ka mid ah qoyska Muxammad waxay weli ku jireen aasitaanka nabiga markii uu tukhtaanku dhacayay.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Foody |first=Kathleen |date=September 2015 |title=Interiorizing Islam: Religious Experience and State Oversight in the Islamic Republic of Iran |editor-last=Jain |editor-first=Andrea R. |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=599–623 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/lfv029 |doi-access=free |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Academy of Religion |eissn=1477-4585 |issn=0002-7189 |jstor=24488178 |lccn=sc76000837 |oclc=1479270 |quote=For Shiʿi Muslims, Muhammad not only designated Ali as his friend, but appointed him as his successor—as the "lord" or "master" of the new Muslim community. Ali and his descendants would become known as the Imams, divinely guided leaders of the Shiʿi communities, sinless, and granted special insight into the Qurʾanic text. The theology of the Imams that developed over the next several centuries made little distinction between the authority of the Imams to politically lead the Muslim community and their spiritual prowess; quite to the contrary, their right to political leadership was grounded in their special spiritual insight. While in theory, the only just ruler of the Muslim community was the Imam, the Imams were politically marginal after the first generation. In practice, Shiʿi Muslims negotiated varied approaches to both interpretative authority over Islamic texts and governance of the community, both during the lifetimes of the Imams themselves and even more so following the disappearance of the twelfth and final Imam in the ninth century.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Foody |first=Kathleen |date=September 2015 |editor-last=Jain |editor-first=Andrea R. |title=Interiorizing Islam: Religious Experience and State Oversight in the Islamic Republic of Iran |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Academy of Religion |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=599–623 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/lfv029 |issn=0002-7189 |eissn=1477-4585 |jstor=24488178 |lccn=sc76000837 |oclc=1479270 |quote=For Shiʿi Muslims, Muhammad not only designated Ali as his friend, but appointed him as his successor—as the "lord" or "master" of the new Muslim community. Ali and his descendants would become known as the Imams, divinely guided leaders of the Shiʿi communities, sinless, and granted special insight into the Qurʾanic text. The theology of the Imams that developed over the next several centuries made little distinction between the authority of the Imams to politically lead the Muslim community and their spiritual prowess; quite to the contrary, their right to political leadership was grounded in their special spiritual insight. While in theory, the only just ruler of the Muslim community was the Imam, the Imams were politically marginal after the first generation. In practice, Shiʿi Muslims negotiated varied approaches to both interpretative authority over Islamic texts and governance of the community, both during the lifetimes of the Imams themselves and even more so following the disappearance of the twelfth and final Imam in the ninth century. |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Amir-Moezzi |author-first=Mohammad Ali |title=Ghadīr Khumm |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=Third |editor1-first=Kate |editor1-last=Fleet |editor2-first=Gudrun |editor2-last=Krämer |editor3-first=Denis |editor3-last=Matringe |editor4-first=John |editor4-last=Nawas |editor5-first=Devin J. |editor5-last=Stewart |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419 |year=2014 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419 |isbn=9789004269613 |author-link=Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Muslinka Sunnada ah waxay qabaan in Muxammad uu u daayay doorashada beddelkiisa bulshada, sidaas darteedna waxay u arkaan doorashadii Abu Bakar ee saxaabada inay ahayd mid sharci ah. Muslinka Shiicada ah waxay adkaynayaan in Cali hore loogu magacaabay beddelka Muxammad ee tukhtaankii Qadiir Khum, sidaas darteedna waxay u arkaan tukhtaannadii Saqiifa inay ahaayeen kuwo dhaafay xaqiisii beddelka. Dhibaatada beddelka waxay noqotay sababtii ugu horreysay ee qeybsanaanta Muslinka oo keentay soo bixitaanka labada qaybood ee waaweyn ee Islaamka, Sunna iyo Shiica. === Islaamka Sunnada ah === {{Main|Islaamka Sunnada ah}} [[File:Khalili Collection Islamic Art mss 0311 fol 190b-191a.jpg|thumb|Faraq-qoraal ah oo [[Saxiix al-Bukhari]] ah oo ka soo jeeda qarnigii 14aad, ururintii ugu horreysay ee [[xadiis]] ee [[Kutub al-Sittah|Lixda Buug]] ee [[Islaamka Sunnada ah]].]] Islaamka Sunnada ah waa qaybta ugu weyn ee Islaamka iyada oo ah mhabka diimeed ee ugu weyn dunida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of religious populations {{!}} Largest Religions, Smallest Religions, Lists, Data, & Overview {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/List-of-religious-populations|access-date=2025-07-24|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sunni |title=Sunni |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=17 September 2021 |archive-date=30 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430101807/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/574006/Sunnite |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Sunni Islam |editor-first=John L. |editor-last=Esposito |encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2014 |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2280 |access-date=10 January 2010 |archive-date=5 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005013247/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2280 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Denny-2010">{{cite book |last=Denny |first=Frederick |author-link=Frederick M. Denny |title=Sunni Islam: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |page=3 |isbn=978-0199804153 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D5_N97bAiJ0C&pg=PA3 |quote=Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community, and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority (85 to 90%) of that community. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lawson |first1=Russell M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_krEEAAAQBAJ&dq=islam+based+on+the+teachings+of+muhammad&pg=PA419 |title=Science in the Ancient World: From Antiquity through the Middle Ages |date=23 September 2021 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-4408-7353-9 |page=419 |language=en}}</ref> Ereygu waa gaabinta weedha "''Ahl as-Sunnah wa al-Jama'ah''", oo macnaheedu yahay "dadka [[Sunnah|sunnada]] (dhaqankii Muxammad) iyo jamacaadka".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Ahl as-Sunnah |encyclopedia=Islam Ansiklopedisi |publisher=Turkish Diyanet Foundation |location=Istanbul |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ehl-i-sunnet |last=Yavuz |first=Yusuf Şevki |date=1994 |volume=10 |pages=525–530 |lang=tr |access-date=28 December 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228114411/https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ehl-i-sunnet |url-status=live }}</ref> Islaamka Sunnada ah mararka qaarkood waxaa loo yaqaanaa "Islaamka Ortodokska ah",<ref>{{cite book |author1=John Richard Thackrah |title=Dictionary of Terrorism |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1135165956 |edition=2, revised |page=252}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Status of Women Under Islamic Law and Modern Islamic Legislation |date=2009 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9004172739 |editor1-last=Nasir |editor1-first=Jamal J. |edition=revised |page=11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=George W. Braswell |title=What You Need to Know about Islam & Muslims |date=2000 |publisher=B&H Publishing Group |isbn=978-0805418293 |edition=illustrated |page=62}}</ref> ingawa aqoonyahanada qaar ay u arkaan inaysan habboonayn, iyada oo Sunni-nimada ka baxsan ay dad badan u arki karaan fahan xumaan.<ref>An Introduction to the Hadith. John Burton. Published by Edinburgh University Press. 1996. p. 201. Cite: "Sunni: Of or pertaining ''sunna'', especially the ''Sunna'' of the Prophet. Used in conscious opposition to Shi'a, Shi'í. There being no ecclesia or centralized magisterium, the translation 'orthodox' is inappropriate. To the Muslim 'unorthodox' implies heretical, ''mubtadi'', from ''bid'a'', the contrary of ''sunna'' and so 'innovation'."</ref> Sunnadu waxay adkaynaysaa in Muxammad uusan magacaabin beddel, wuxuuna u dhaafay doorashada beddelkiisa bulshada, sidaas darteedna waxay u arkaan doorashadii Abu Bakar ee Saqiifa inay ahayd mid sharci ah. Muslinka Sunnada ah waxay inta badan u noqdaan lixda buug ee xadiiska ee waaweyn arrimaha sharciga, iyagoo u raaca mid ka mid ah afar madhabood ee fiqhiga: [[Hanafi school|Xanafi]], [[Hanbali school|Xanbali]], [[Maliki school|Maaliki]], [[Shafi'i school|Shaafi'i]].<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|pp=275, 306}}</ref> Cilmiga tawxiidka ee athariga ah waa madhab Sunni ah oo feker ah, oo uu si weyn ugu doodi jiray Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780–855 CE), oo lagu garto u noqoshada fahanka qoraalka ah ee Qur'aanka iyo sunnada, aמונה ah in Qur'aanku yahay mid aan la abuurin oo weligeed ah, iyo ka soo horjeeda cilmiga caqliga, ee loo yaqano kalam, marka loo eego arrimaha diinta iyo anshaxa.<ref>Hadi Enayat ''Islam and Secularism in Post-Colonial Thought: A Cartography of Asadian Genealogies'' Springer Publishing, 30 June 2017 {{ISBN|978-3-319-52611-9}} p.48</ref> Maaturidiyada, oo uu aasaasay Abu Mansur al-Maturidi (853–944 CE), waxay leedahay qoraalka la soo dejiyay looma baahna anshaxa asaasiga ah iyada oo wanaagga iyo xawliga lagu fahmi karo caqliga keligiis,<ref>Rico Isaacs, Alessandro Frigerio ''Theorizing Central Asian Politics: The State, Ideology and Power'' Springer Publishing 2018 {{ISBN|978-3-319-97355-5}} p. 108</ref> laakiin dadku waxay u noqdaan waxyiga arrimaha ka baxsan fahanka bahaamka. Ash'ariyada, oo uu aasaasay Al-Ashʿarī (c. 874–936), waxay leedahay anshaxu wuxuu ka imaan karaa oo keliya waxyiga rabbaaniga ah laakiin waxay aqbashaa caqliga arrimaha fasiraadda waxayna isku dartaa hababka Mu'tazilada iyo fikradaha athariga.<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|1999|p=280}}</ref> Salafiyadu waa doonis dib u cusboonaysiin ah oo u dooda u noqoshada dhaqankii qgeneration-kii ugu horreeyay ee Muslinka. Qarnigii 18aad, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab wuxuu kexeeyay dhaqdhaqaaq Salafi ah, oo dadka ka baxsan ay u yaqaanaan Wahaabiya, waddanka maanta loo yaqano Sacuudi Carabiya.<ref>Richard Gauvain ''Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-0-7103-1356-0}} page 8</ref> Dhaqdhaqaaq la mid ah oo loo yaqano Ahl al-Hadith ayaa sidoo kale hoos u dhigay dhaqanka sharciga Sunniga ah ee qarniyada jiray, iyagoo door biday inay si toos ah u raacaan Qur'aanka iyo Xadiiska. Dhaqdhaqaaqa Sunniga ah ee Nurcu waxaa aasaasay Said Nursi (1877–1960); wuxuu isku darayaa qaybo ka mid ah Tasawufka iyo sayniska.<ref name="Svante E. Cornell p. 283">Svante E. Cornell ''Azerbaijan Since Independence'' M.E. Sharpe {{ISBN| 9780765630049}} p. 283</ref><ref>Robert W. Hefner ''Shariʻa Politics: Islamic Law and Society in the Modern World'' Indiana University Press 2011 {{ISBN|978-0-253-22310-4}} p. 170</ref> === Islaamka Shiicada ah === {{Main|Islaamka Shiicada ah}} [[File:Folio from a Nahj al-Balagha.gif|thumb|Warqad gacan-qoraal ah oo ka timaada Nahj al-Balagha, ee taariikhdeedu tahay 1149 AD. Nahj al-Balagha waa ururin khudbado, waraaqo, iyo hadallo ah oo uu leeyahay Cali. Waxaa loo arkaa inay ka mid tahay kuwa ugu muhiimsan ee suugaanta Carabiga iyada oo ka joogta meel sare Islaamka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda.]] Islaamka Shiicada ah waa qaybta labaad ee ugu weyn Islaamka iyo mid ka mid oo ka mid ah mhabada diimeed ee ugu waaweyn dunida.<ref>{{cite web |title=Field Listing :: Religions |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706231326/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |archive-date=6 July 2010 |access-date=25 October 2010 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |quote=Sunni Islam accounts for over 75% of the world's Muslim population." ... "Shia Islam represents 10–15% of Muslims worldwide.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sunni |url=https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/sunni |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614103622/https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/sunni |archive-date=14 June 2020 |access-date=24 May 2020 |publisher=Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs |quote=Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam, comprising about 85% of the world's over 1.5 billion Muslims.}}</ref>{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=1|ps=. "Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims."}} Ereygu waa gaabinta weedha "''Shīʿat ʿAlī''", oo macnaheedu yahay "xisbigii Cali". Muslinka Shiicada ah waxay adkaynayaan in Muxammad uu magacaabay ina-adeerkii iyo seedigii, Cali, inuu noqdo beddelkiisa.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shii|title=Shiʿi|last=Newman|first=Andrew J.|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=28 December 2021|archive-date=20 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720054917/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shii|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2004 |title=Sunni Islam |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa |publisher=MacMillan Reference |editor-last=Philip Mattar |edition=2nd |author1=Tayeb El-Hibri|author2=Maysam J. al Faruqi}}</ref> Cali waxaa ku xigay silsilad Imaamyo ah oo Ilaah magacaabay oo ka soo jeeda qoyska Muxammad ([[Ahl al-Bayt|Ahlul Bayt]]). Mhabka ugu weyn ee Islaamka Shiicada ah, Shiicada Laba-iyo-Tobanka ah, waxay aqoonsan yihiin Laba-iyo-Tobanka Imaam inay yihiin hoggaamiyeyaasha Ilaah magacaabay, iyadoo ka bilaabanaysa Cali keligiis oo ku dheehanaysa Mahdiga, oo la rumeysan yahay inuu ku jiro qoyanaanta loona fadhiyo inuu dib u soo laabto Dhamaadka Sannadaha si uu u aasaaso caddaalad oo uu caawin doono Ciise. Islaamka Shiicada ah wuxuu muhiimad gaar ah siiyaa Ahlul Bayt (qoyska Muxammad), kuwaas oo Muslinka Shiicada ah ay u arkaan inay leeyihiin awood diimeed iyo ruhani ah oo Ilaah siiyay. Qur'aanka, teachings-ka Muxammad (Sunnah), iyo Imaamyada waxay samayeeyaan asaaska ugu muhiimsan ee fekerka diimeed iyo fiqhiga Shiicada. Muslinka Shiicada ah waxaa kexeeya madhabka Jacfariyada ee fiqhiga.<ref>{{Cite book |author1=John Corrigan|author2=Frederick Denny|author3=Martin S Jaffee|author4=Carlos Eire |year=2011 |title=Jews, Christians, Muslims: A Comparative Introduction to Monotheistic Religions |publisher= Cambridge University Press |id=978-0205026340 }}</ref> Ururinta ugu muhiimsan ee xadiiska ee Islaamka Shiicada ah waa Afarta Buug ee Sharciga ah, oo loo yaqano Kitab al-Kafi, Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih, Tahdhib al-Ahkam, iyo Al-Istibsar. Islaamka Shiicada ah wuxuu ka kooban yahay dhowr qaybood, ta ugu weyn oo ugu muhiimsan waxay tahay Shiicada Laba-iyo-Tobanka ah, oo ay ku xigaan qaybaha yar ee Ismaaciiliyad iyo Saydiyad.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social and Military History |editor-first1=Spencer C. |editor-last1=Tucker |editor2=Priscilla Mary Roberts |year=2008 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-842-2 |page=917 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC&pg=PA917 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024726/https://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC&pg=PA917 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Iraq Effect: The Middle East After the Iraq War |first=Frederic M. |last=Wehrey |year=2010 |publisher=Rand Corporation |isbn=978-0-8330-4788-5 |page=91 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-3LAlfW7DIC&pg=PA91 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024742/https://books.google.com/books?id=i-3LAlfW7DIC&pg=PA91#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Newman|first=Andrew J.|author-link=Andrew J. Newman|title=Twelver Shiism: Unity and Diversity in the Life of Islam, 632 to 1722|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-7833-4|chapter=Introduction|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ&pg=PP18|page=2|access-date=13 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501201413/https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ|archive-date=1 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Dagaalkii Karbala, oo uu awoowe u ahaa Nabiga oo ahaa Imaamka saddexaad ee Shiicada, Xuseen ibn Cali, si xun loogu dilay oo madaxa looga jaray iyada oo la dilay badanka xubnaha qoyskiisa, wuxuu siiyay Caliyinta aqoonsi diimeed oo u gaar ah wuxuuna ka qaatay door muhiim ah zhuraalka iyo adkaynta ta noqotay Islaamka Shiicada ah. Wuxuu ka joogaa meel dhexe taariikhda Shiicada, dhaqanka, iyo cilmiga tawxiidka, iyadoo inta badan lagu xuso suugaanta Islaamka. Waa mid ka mid ah waqtiyada ugu murugada badan, muhiimka ah, ee lagu garto taariikhda Islaamka. Dhismaha Imaam Cali ee Najafe, Dhismaha Imaam Xuseen ee Karbala, iyo Dhismaha Imaam Riza ee Mashxad waa saddexda meelood ee ugu xurmada badan ka dib Masjid al-Xaraam ee Makka, Masjid al-Nabawi ee Madiina, iyo Masjid al-Aqsa ee Qudus.<ref name="Sardeg2">{{cite web |last=Escobar |first=Pepe |date=May 24, 2002 |title=Knocking on heaven's door |url=http://www.atimes.com/c-asia/DE24Ag04.html |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020603155002/http://atimes.com/c-asia/DE24Ag04.html |archive-date=June 3, 2002 |access-date=2006-11-12 |work=Asia Times Online |quote=our sixth imam, Imam Sadeg, says that we have five definitive holy places... first is Mecca... second is Medina... third belongs to our first imam of Shia, Ali, which is in Najaf. The fourth belongs to our third imam, Hussein, in Kerbala. The last one belongs to the daughter of our seventh imam and sister of our eighth imam, who is called Fatemah, and will be buried in Qom. |department=Central Asia/Russia}}</ref> Laba-iyo-Tobanka Imaam sidoo xushmad lagu hayaa Islaamka Sunnada ah dhexdeeda iyagoo ah xubno ka mid ah qoyska Nabiga Muxammad iyo shakhsiyaad muhiim ah oo ku jira taariikhda Islaamka, iyadoo Sunnadu ay booqdaan dhismooyinkooda xushmad darteed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Iraqi delegation from the Sunni Endowment visited the Holy Shrine of Imam Ali (PBUH).|url=https://www.alarbaeen.ir/en/news/an-iraqi-delegation-from-the-sunni-endowment-visited-the-holy-shrine-of-imam-ali-pbuh|access-date=2026-02-16|website=www.alarbaeen.ir}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Waziri|first=Adam Isa|date=2022-11-21|title=Sunni Professors, Scholars From Pakistan Visit Imam Husain's Holy Shrine in Karbala » Education Monitor News|url=https://educationmonitornews.com/sunni-professors-scholars-from-pakistan-visit-imam-husains-holy-shrine-in-karbala/|access-date=2026-02-16|website=Education Monitor News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Arooj|date=2024-02-01|title=Sunni scholars from Turkey express happiness upon visiting holy shrine of Imam Hussein|url=https://shiawaves.com/english/uncategorized/100914-sunni-scholars-from-turkey-express-happiness-upon-visiting-holy-shrine-of-imam-hussein/|access-date=2026-02-16|website=Shia Waves|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-16|title=Iraqi Sunni Friday prayer leaders visit Imam Reza (AS) holy shrine|url=https://en.hawzahnews.com/news/358808/Iraqi-Sunni-Friday-prayer-leaders-visit-Imam-Reza-AS-holy-shrine|access-date=2026-02-16|website=Hawzah News Agency|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=English Pakistani Sunnis Visit Imam Reza Shrine|url=https://www.shiachat.com/forum/topic/235051393-english-pakistani-sunnis-visit-imam-reza-shrine/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617090149/https://www.shiachat.com/forum/topic/235051393-english-pakistani-sunnis-visit-imam-reza-shrine/|archive-date=2025-06-17|access-date=2026-02-16|website=ShiaChat.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-14|title=Sunni Cleric: Imam Reza Shrine a Center for Unifying Muslims|url=https://en.abna24.com/news/664698/Sunni-Cleric-Imam-Reza-Shrine-a-Center-for-Unifying-Muslims|access-date=2026-02-17|website=ABNA English|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Imam Reza (A.S.) Is the Symbol of Unity among Islamic Sects.|url=https://www.alarbaeen.ir/en/news/imam-reza-as-is-the-symbol-of-unity-among-islamic-sects|access-date=2026-02-17|website=www.alarbaeen.ir}}</ref> {{multiple image | align = center | image1 = ImamAliShrine2026.jpg | width1 = 217 | alt1 = | caption1 = Dhismaha Imaam Cali ee Najafe, Ciraaq, waxaa loo arkaa Muslinka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda inuu yahay meesha ugu xurmada badan Islaamka ka dib Makka, Madiina iyo Qudus. | image2 = حرم الامام الحسين.jpg | width2 = 218 | alt2 = | caption2 = Dhismaha Imaam Xuseen ee Karbala, Ciraaq, waa meel aad u xurmo badan Islaamka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda. | width3 = 315 | alt3 = | footer = | image3 = ImamReza(A).jpg | caption3 = Dhismaha Imaam Riza ee Mashxad, Iiraan, waa masjidhka ugu weyn dunida iyadoo ka mid ah meelaha ugu xurmada badan Islaamka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda. }} ===== Cibaadiyada ===== {{Main|Muhakkima|Cibaadiyada|Khawaarijta}} Cibaadiyada waa madhab u gaar ah Islaamka waxaana inta badan loo arkaa qaybta saddexaad ee mhabada Islaamka, oo barbar taagan Islaamka Sunnada ah iyo Islaamka Shiicada ah. Xididdadeedu waxay dib u raacaan go'itaankii Khawaarijta ee ka go'een Cali, oo ahaa ina-adeerkii iyo seedigii nabiga Muxammad oo ahaa Imaamkii ugu horreeyay ee Shiicada iyo khaliifkii afaraad ee Khulafo al-Raashidiinta ee Sunnadu. Waxaaba jirta in Cibaadiyiinta casriga ah ay inta badan diadaan in aqiidadooda lagu tilmaamo Khawaarij. Cibaadiyada waxay soo baxday qarniyadii ugu horreeyay ee Islaamka iyadoo ka timaada khilaafaadkii siyaasadeed iyo kuwa tawxiidka ee ku xeernaa Fitnada Koowaad. Dhaqanku wuxuu taariikhiyan u xiran yahay dhaqdhaqaaqii hore ee Muhakkima. Cibaadiyiintu way ka tiro yar yihiin labada mhab ee ugu waaweyn Islaamka, Sunnadu iyo Shiicada. Cibaadiyada waxay weli tahay mid aan si fican u baran dadka ka baxsan, iyadoo ay ku jiraan kuwo aan Muslin ahayn iyo Muslinka Sunnada iyo Shiicada ah. [[File:Islam branches and schools.png|centre|Dulmar guud oo ku saabsan qaybaha waaweyn iyo mhabada Islaamka]] ===== Qaybaha ===== * Dhaqdhaqaaqa Axmadiyada waxaa lagu aasaasay Hindiya ee Ingiriisku xukumayay 1889 oo uu aasaasay Mirza Ghulam Ahmad oo ka soo jeeda Qadian, oo sheegtay inuu yahay Masiiyadii la ballanqaaday ("Soo laabashada Labaad ee Ciise"), Mahdiga Muslinku dhowrayaan sidoo kale prophet yar oo raaca nabiga Islaamka Muxammad. Waxaa jira fikrado iyo barashooyin kala duwan oo u gaar ah Axmadiyiinta marka loo eego badanka Muslinka kale, kuwaas oo ay ku jiraan fasiraadda cinwaanka Qur'aanka ee Khatam an-Nabiyyin iyo fasiraadda Soo laabashada Labaad ee Masiiyada. deviations-kan loo arko inay ka bixisay fekerka Islaamka ee caadiga ah waxay keeneen in badanka Muslinka ay u arkaan kuwo ka baxay diinta iyo khilaafyada lagu hayo Axmadiyiinta waddamo kala duwan dhexdeeda, gaar ahaan Bakistaan, halkaas oo si rasmi ah looga dhaqangaliyay inaysan Muslin ahayn oo ay dhaqangalisay Xukuumadda Bakistaan. Taabacsanaha Dhaqdhaqaaqa Axmadiyada ee Islaamka waxay u qeybsamaan laba kooxood: ta koowaad oo ah Bulshada Muslinka ee Axmadiyada, oo maanta ah kooxda ugu weyn, iyo Dhaqdhaqaaqa Axmadiyada ee Laahore ee Fafinta Islaamka. * Calawiyada waa dhaqan Islaam oo doonis leh oo maxalli ah, oo taabacsaneedu ay raacaan barashooyinka qarsoon (bāṭenī) ee Cali iyo Haji Bektash Veli. Calawiyada waa isku dharraaq ka mid ah fikradaha dhaqanka ee Turkiga ee qarnigii 14aad, iyadoo leh xididdo ka imaan kara Tengrism iyo Animism oo barbar socda fikradaha Shiicada iyo Tasawufka. Waxaa la qiyaasay inay jiraan 10 milyan illaa ka badan 20 milyan (~0.5–1% dhammaan Muslinka) oo Calawiyiin ah dunida oo dhan. * Qur'aaniyuuntu waa dhaqdhaqaaq diimeed ee Islaamka oo ku aasaasan aqiidada ah in sharciga Islaamka iyo xaqiijintu ay tahay oo keliya inay ka timaado Qur'aanka oo aysan ka imaanin sunnada ama Xadiiska, iyadoo Qur'aaniyuuntu ay si muuqata uga kala duwan yihiin habka loo raaco shanta tiro ee Islaamka. Dhaqdhaqaaqu wuxuu soo baxay qarnigii 19aad wixii ka dambeeyay, iyadoo fekerayaal sida Syed Ahmad Khan, Abdullah Chakralawi iyo Ghulam Ahmed Perwez ee Hindiya ay su'aal ka keeneen dhaqanka xadiiska. Ejipt, Muhammad Tawfiq Sidqi wuxuu ku qaray maqaalka ''Islaamku waa Qur'aanka keligiis'' majaladda ''Al-Manār'', isagoo u doodayay awoodda keligeed ee Qur'aanka. Qur'aaniyiin muhiim ah oo qarnigii 20aad ee dambe wuxuu ahaa Rashad Khalifa, oo ahaa biokimiko Masri-Ameerikan ah oo sheegtay inuu helay fure tiro oo ku jira Qur'aanka, wuxuuna aasaasay ururka Qur'aaniyiinta ee United Submitters International. * Mu'tazilada waxay ahayd madhab hore oo cilmiga tawxiidka Islaamka oo lagu garto isticmaalka caqliga, gaar ahaan marka loo eego labada ilo ee ugu horreeya Islaamka, Qur'aanka iyo xadiiska. Madhabtu waxay ku aasaasantaa shanta usool ee waaweyn: tawxiidka, caddaalada rabbaaniga ah, hubaasha ballanqaadyada iyo digniinaha rabbaaniga ah, meel dhexe oo marka loo eego heerka duniyeed ee duntayda waaweyn, iyo waajibka amarrada wanaagsan iyo ka hortaga xumaanta. Ka dib Sunnadu, Mu'taziladu waxay diadeen aragtida dhaqanka ah ee ah in Qur'aanku yahay hadalka aan la abuurin ee Ilaah, waxayna halkaas ka qabteen in Qur'aanku yahay waxyi la abuuray, si loo adkeeyo koodnimada kheyraatka ee Ilaah. Iyagoo adkaynaya isticmaalka caqliga, waxay u doodeen in dookha xorta ah ee bahaamka uu u oggolaado shakhsiyaadka inay doorataan wanaagga ama xumaanta, taas oo ka dhigaysa kuwo mas'uul ka ah eedooda. Bagse saameynta Mu'taziladu waxay hoos u dhacday dhibaatada bulshada iyo siyaasadeed ee ka timaada Sunnadu darteed, reebitaankooda caqliga wuxuu weli yahay mid muhiim ah fekerka casriga ah ee Islaamka. === Muslimiinta aan kooxna ka tirsanayn === {{Main|Non-denominational Muslim}} Muslimiinta aan kooxna ka tirsanayn waa eegmo guud oo loo isticmaalo ama ay isticmaalaan Muslimiinta aan ka tirsanayn ama aan isku tilmaamin mhab gaar ah oo Islaam ah.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Benakis |first=Theodoros |date=13 January 2014 |title=Islamophoobia in Europe! |work=New Europe |location=Brussels |url=http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |url-status=dead |access-date=20 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131145036/http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |archive-date=31 January 2016 |quote=Anyone who has travelled to Central Asia knows of the non-denominational Muslims—those who are neither Shiites nor Sounites, but who accept Islam as a religion generally.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Kenneth |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=jQGZBAAAQBAJ|page=29}} |title=Unthinkable: Iran, the Bomb, and American Strategy |date=2014 |isbn=978-1-4767-3393-7 |page=29 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |quote=Although many Iranian hardliners are Shi'a chauvinists, Khomeini's ideology saw the revolution as pan-Islamist, and therefore embracing Sunni, Shi'a, Sufi, and other, more nondenominational Muslims}}</ref> Sahanadii ugu dambeeyay waxay ku warramayaan in qayb weyn oo ka mid ah Muslimiinta ka mid ah kuwa ku nool qaybo ka mid ah dunida ay isku tilmaamaan oo keliya Muslim, inkasta oo ay yar tahay falanqaynta la daabacay ee ku saabsan sababaha ka dambeeya jawaabtan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burns |first=Robert |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=akWUGyN7fwEC|page=55}} |title=Christianity, Islam, and the West |date=2011 |isbn=978-0-7618-5560-6 |page=55 |publisher=University Press of America |quote=40 per cent called themselves "just a Muslim" according to the Council of American-Islamic relations}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tatari |first=Eren |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=x_4QBQAAQBAJ|page=111}} |title=Muslims in British Local Government: Representing Minority Interests in Hackney, Newham and Tower Hamlets |date=2014 |isbn=978-90-04-27226-2 |page=111 |publisher=BRILL |quote=Nineteen said that they are Sunni Muslims, six said they are just Muslim without specifying a sect, two said they are Ahmadi, and two said their families are Alevi}}</ref> Pew Research waxay ku warramaysaa in jawaab-bixiyeyaasha isku tilmaama oo keliya Muslim ay yihiin inta ugu badan ee Muslimiinta ee toddoba waddan (iyo tiro sare saddex kale dhexdeeda), iyadoo heerka ugu sarreeya uu yahay Kasakhstan oo ah 74%. Ugu yaraan mid ka mid ah shan kasta oo Muslim ah ee ugu yaraan 22 waddan wuxuu isku tilmaamaa habkan.<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|date=9 August 2012|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|access-date=4 September 2013|website=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project}}</ref> == Tasawufka == === Suufiyada === {{Main|Suufiyada}} {{See also|Xiriirka Salafiga iyo Suufiga}} [[File:Mevlana Konya.jpg|thumb|Wareegga Suufiga ee Dhismaha Qabriga Suufiga ee Rumi ee Konya, Turkey.]] Suufiyada (Carabi: تصوف), waa hab ka mid ah Tasawufka Islaamka oo raadiya in lagu helo khibrad shakhsi ah oo toos ah ee Eebbe. Culimadii hore ee Suufiyadu waxay ku tilmaameen tasawufka "cilmiga ujeeddadiisu tahay sixidda wadnaha iyo ka jeedinta dhammaan wixii kale ee aan Eebbe ahayn", iyada oo loo marayo "awoodda caqliga iyo sharafta" oo laga joojiyo in lagu tababaro. Ahmad ibn Ajiba wuxuu ku tilmaamay tasawufka "ku laabashada dhaqanka, bilowgiisuna yahay aqoon, dhexdiisuna tahay wax-qabad [aqoontaas ku saabsan], dhammaadkiisuna yahay hadiya [ka timaada Allah]." Ma aha qayb ka mid ah Islaamka, taabacsanaha ayaana ka tirsan mhabada kala duwan ee Muslinka. Ismaaciiliya, oo barashadeedu ku aasaasan tahay Gnosticism iyo Neoplatonism iyadoo ay barbar socdaan madhabaha Illuminationist iyo Isfahan ee falsafadda Islaamka, waxay samaysay fasiraado tasawuf ah oo Islaamka ah. Hasan al-Basri, oo ahaa Suufigii hore oo inta badan loo arko mid ka mid ah Suufiyadii ugu horreysay, wuxuu adkeeyay cabsida ka timaada guuldarrada Eebbe ee adkaysiga. Taa beddekeeda, Suufiyadii dambe ee waaweynayd, sida Mansur Al-Hallaj iyo Jalaluddin Rumi, waxay adkeeyeen diinta ku aasaasan jacyada loo qabo Eebbe. Jacyadaas waxay sidoo kale saameyn ku lahaayeen fanka, iyadoo Rumi uu weli yahay mid ka mid ah gabayaaga ugu iibka badan Ameerika. [[File:Sema ceremony many.jpg|thumb|Suufiyada ee Turkey.]]Suufiyadu waxay u arkaan tasawufka qayb aan ka go'in Islaamka. Suufiyadii dhaqanka ahayd, sida Bayazid Bastami, Jalaluddin Rumi, Haji Bektash Veli, Junaid Baghdadi, iyo Al-Ghazali, waxay u doodeen in Suufiyadu ku aasaasan tahay usoolka Islaamka iyo barashooyinka nabiga. Taariikhyahan Nile Green wuxuu u dooday in Islaamka qarniyadii dhexe uu ahaa wax yar ama ka badan Suufiyada. Taabacsanaha dhaqdhaqaaqa Sunnada ee dib-u-soocida ee loo yaqaano Salafiyada waxay u arkeen dhaqannada jacyada ee caanka ah, sida weyneynta awliyada Suufiga, inay yihiin cusbooneysiin ka timaada diintii hore. Salafiyiintu inta badan waxay weerareen Suufiyada, taas oo keentay xumaanshaha xiriirka Suufiga iyo Salafiga. Ururrada Suufiga waxay samayskaan dariiqooyin ku xeeran macallin (wali) oo raaca xiriir ruuxi ah oo dib u raaca Muxammad. Suufiyadu waxay kaqaateen door muhiim ah samaynta bulshooyinka Muslinka iyaga oo loo marayo dhaqdhaqaaqyada baahinta iyo waxbarashada. Dhaqdhaqaaqa Ahle Sunnat ama Barelvi ee uu saameeyay Tasawufku wuxuu sheegtaa in ka badan 200 milyan oo taabacsane ku leeyahay Koonfurta Aasiya. Suufiyadu waxay muhiim ku tahay Aasiyada Dhexe, iyo sidoo kale waddamada Afrika sida Tuniisiya, Aljeeriya, Marooko, Senejaal, Chaad iyo Nayjar. == Sharciga iyo Fiqhiga == === Shariicada === {{Main|Shariicada|Fiqhiga}} {{See also|Mantiqa ee Falsafadda Islaamka#Sharciga Islaamka iyo Cilmiga Tawxiidka}} [[File:Madhhab Map3.png|thumb|Madhabaha sharciga Islaamka ee Dunida Muslinka.]] Shariicada waa tan ka kooban sharciga diinta Islaamka. Doonista ah in la tilmaamo oo lagu ogaado sharciyada hab dhammaystiran oo is-waafaqsan waxay keentay horumarinta aragtida sharciga, oo loo yaqaano fiqhi. Taa beddekeeda, bidco waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu tilmaamo cusbooneysiinta sharciga ka baxsan ee arrimaha diinta. Dhabbooyinka kala duwan, ee loo yaqaano usoolka fiqhiga, ayaa horumaray oo madhabka sharciga ee ka soo baxa dhabbo ku xeeran waxaa loo yaqaanaa madhab. Is-waafaqidda raacda go'aannada khabiir diimeed ama madhab waxaa loo yaqaanaa taqliid. Shuruudda ghayr muqallid waxay u tilmaamaysaa kuwa aan isticmaalin taqliidka iyo, sii dheeraanteeda, aan lahayn madhab. Dhaqanka shakhsigu ku fasirayo sharciga caqliga xor ah waxaa loo yaqaanaa ijtixaad. Kuwa fasira shariicada waxaa loo yaqaanaa muftiyo oo ra'yigooda sharciga ah waxaa loo yaqaanaa fatwo. [[File:'Abd_Allah_ibn_Shaykh_Murshid_al-Katib_-_Sa'di_and_a_Dervish_Go_to_Settle_their_Quarrel_Before_a_Judge_-_Walters_W618106B_-_Cropped.jpg|thumb|Gabayaaga Saadi Shirazi iyo darwiish waxay u socdaan inay khilaafkooda ku dhameeyaan xakim hortiis, farta qarnigii 16aad oo ka timaada Iiraan.]] Ilaaha koowaad ee Shariicadu waa Qur'aanka iyo Sunnada. Ilaa saddexaad oo caani ah waa qiyaas (caqli analoji ah) oo loo isticmaalo dhibcooyinka sharciga ah ee aan si toos ah loogu faahfaahin Qur'aanka ama Sunnada. Isku-barbardhigga ayaa la raadiyaa si loo helo illah, ama sababta halkan ku jirta, oo ah sababta ka dambeysa xukunkii hore. Tusaale ahaan, reebitaanka gaarka ah ee khamriga waxaa ka soo baxaya reebitaanka guud ee alkoolka maadaama ay wadaagayaan sababta shaqaynaysa ee loo gartay inay tahay dabeecadda ma zeexisa ee dhammaan cabitaannada alkoolka ah. Madhabka Saahiriga wuxuu adkeeyay saafinimada tooska ah oo sidaas darteed wuxuu diaday qiyaaska. Is-afgaradka ra'yiga waa ijmaac, iyadoo ikhtilaafku u tilmaamayo khilaafka culimada. Xukunnadu waxay ficillada u kala saaraan mid ka mid ah shan qaybood oo loo yaqaano axkaam: farad, mustaxab, mubaah, makruuh, iyo xaraam. Xilliga casriga ah, sharciyada dambiyada ee ku aasaasan shariicada waxaa inta badan beddelay sharciyo ka yimid moodellada Yurub. Cilmiga dib-u-soocida ee Tanzimat ee Qarnigii 19aad ee Dowladdii Cusmaaniyiinta wuxuu keenay koodka madaniga ee Mecelle wuxuuna ka dhigan yahay dadaalkii ugu horreeyay ee lagu koodiyeeyo shariicada. Iyadoo Dastuurada badanka states-ka Muslinku u badan yihiin ay ku jiraan tilmaamo ku saabsan shariicada, xeerarkeeda dhaqanka ah waxaa inta badan lagu reebay oo keliya sharciyada heerka shakhsiga (famlida). Hay'adaha sharciga ah oo koodiyeeyay sharciyaddan waxay raadiyeen inay casriyeeyaan iyagoon ka tageyn aasaaskooda fiqhiga dhaqanka ah. Dib-u-soocida Islaamka ee qarnigii 20aad ee dambe waxay keentay baaqyo ka yimid dhaqdhaqaaqyada Islaamiyiinta oo ku saabsan fulinta dhammaystiran ee shariicada. Doorka shariicadu wuxuu noqday mowduuc lagu tartamo dunida oo dhan. Waxaa jira doodaha socda oo ku saabsan in shariicadu ay la waafaqsan tahay foomamka cilmaani ee xukuumadda, xuquuqda aadanaha, xorriyadda fekerka, iyo xuquuqda dumarka darteed meelaha ay ka mid yihiin faafreebka iyo doonaanta. == Bulshada == === Shakhsiyaadka diinta === {{Main|Culumada}} [[File:Maqamat_hariri.jpg|thumb|254x254px|Culimada ku sugan maktabadda Cabbaasiyiinta, Maqamat al-Hariri. Farta uu qray Yahyá al-Wasiti, Baqdaad, 1237 AD.]] Islaamku maleho wadaado ah macnaha sacerdotalism, sida baaddariyada oo kale oo dhex-dhexaadiya Eebbe iyo dadka. Imaam (Carabi: إمام) waa cinwaanka diinta oo loo isticmaalo in lagu tilmaamo booska hoggaaminta Islaamka, inta badan marka loo eego samaynta adeegga cibaadada Islaamka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Imam|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/imam|access-date=15 January 2023|website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Fasiraadda diinta waxaa hoggaamiya culumada (Carabi: علماء), oo ah shuruud loo isticmaalo in lagu tilmaamo kooxda culimada Muslinka ah ee helay tababarka barashada Islaamka. Caalimka xadiiska waxaa loo yaqaanaa muxaddith, caalimka fiqhiga waxaa loo yaqaanaa faqeeh (Carabi: فقيه), qaanuun-yaqaanka u qalma inuu soo saaro ra'yiga sharciga ah ama fatwooyinka waxaa loo yaqaanaa mufti, qadi-yuna waa xakim Islaam ah. Cinwaannada sharafta leh ee la siiyo culimada waxaa ka mid ah sheekh, mulla iyo mawlawi. Muslinka qaar ka mid ah waxay sidoo kale weyneeyaan awliyada u xiran karaamooyinka (Carabi: كرامات).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Radtke |first1=B. |last2=Lory |first2=P. |last3=Zarcone |first3=Th. |last4=DeWeese |first4=D. |last5=Gaborieau |first5=M. |last6=Denny |first6=F. M. |last7=Aubin |first7=F. |last8=Hunwick |first8=J. O. |last9=Mchugh |first9=N. |title=Walī |orig-year=1993 |year=2012 |editor1-last=Bearman |editor1-first=P. J. |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-link=Thierry Bianquis |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-first=C. E. |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor4-first=E. J. |editor4-link=Emeri Johannes van Donzel |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-first=W. P. |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=2nd |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill Publishers |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1335 |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4}}</ref> === Maamulka === {{See also|Siyaasadda iyo Islaamka|Dhaqaalaha Islaamka|Qaanuunka ciidanka ee Islaamka|Tasaamuxa|Jihaadka}} [[File:Ali and Aisha at the Battle of the Camel.jpg|thumb|Xaasidii Muxammad, Caasha, oo la dagaallamaysa Cali.]] Fiqhiga dhaqaalaha Islaamka dhexdiisa, kaydsiga hantida si xad-dhaaf ah waa lagu necbyahay, sidaas darteedna dhaqanka maalgashiga monobooliga ah waa laga hoos eegaa.<ref name="Iqbal2010">{{cite book | last1 = Iqbal | first1 = Zamir | last2 = Mirakhor | first2 = Abbas | last3 = Krichenne | first3 = Noureddine | last4 = Askari | first4 = Hossein | title = The Stability of Islamic Finance: Creating a Resilient Financial Environment | location = Singapore | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | year = 2010 | language = en | isbn = 978-0-470-82518-1 | p = 75}}</ref> Dadaallada lagu waafajinayo shariicada waxay keeneen horumarinta bangiyada Islaamka. Islaamku wuxuu reebaa ribada, oo inta badan loo turjumo faa'iido si aan caddaalad ahayn ku timaada ganacsiga, waxaana inta badan loo isticmaalaa in lagu tilmaamo faa'iidada ribada.<ref>{{harvc |c=Riba |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online |year=n.d. |last1= Schacht|first1=Joseph}}</ref> Taa beddekeeda, bangiyada Islaamku waxay iskaashi la sameeyaan amaanadaha, iyagoo labaduba wadaagaya faa'iidada iyo qasaaraha ka soo baxa mashruuca. Shuruud kale waa ka fogaanshaha hubaal-la'aanta, oo loo arko saqajaan (khumaar), bangiyada Islaamkuna dhaqan ahaan waxay ka fogaadaan aaladaha la soocay sida mustaqbalka ama doorashooyinka, taas oo taariikhiyan ka ilaalisay hoos u dhaca suuqyada.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Foster|first=John |date=1 December 2009|title=How Islamic finance missed heavenly chance|work=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8388644.stm|access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Domat|first=Chloe|date=20 October 2020|title=What Is Islamic Finance And How Does It Work?|work=Global Finance magazine|url=https://www.gfmag.com/topics/blogs/islamic-finance-faq-what-islamic-finance-and-how-does-it-work|access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref> Khulafadii Raashidiinta iyo Dowladdii Umawiyiinta waxay ku lug lahaayeen qaybinta sadaqada ee ka timaada qasnadda dowladda, oo loo yaqaano Bayt al-maal, ka hor inta aysan noqon dadaal shakhsi ah meelaha sannadkii 720. Khaliifkii ugu horreeyay, Abu Bakar, wuxuu u qaybiyay sakada sida tusaalooyinkii ugu horreeyay ee dakhliga ugu yar ee la dammaanad qaado, iyadoo muwaaddin kasta uu helayay 10 illaa 20 dirham sannadkiiba.<ref>{{cite web |last=Merchant, Brian |date=14 November 2013 |title=Guaranteeing a Minimum Income Has Been a Utopian Dream for Centuries |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/guaranteeing-a-minimum-income-has-been-a-utopian-dream-for-centuries/ |access-date=3 June 2019 |website=VICE}}</ref> Waagii maamulkii khaliifkii labaad ee Cumar, taageerada carruurta ayaa la soo bandhigay, kuwa da'da ah iyo kuwa nafedana waxay xaq u lahaayeen mushaar,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Al-Buraey |first=Muhammad |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=lT8OAAAAQAAJ|page=}} |title=Administrative Development: An Islamic Perspective |publisher=KPI |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-7103-0059-1 |pages=252–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Akgündüz |first1=Ahmed |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=EnT_zhqEe5cC|page=539}} |title=Ottoman History: Misperceptions and Truths |last2=Öztürk |first2=Said |publisher=IUR Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-90-90-26108-9 |pages=539– |access-date=7 October 2014}}</ref> iyadoo khaliifkii Umawiyiinta ee Cumar II uu u qoondeeyay adeego dhagool kasta iyo labadii qafis ee xanuunsan oo dhan.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Al-Jawzi|first1=Ibn |url=|title=The Biography and Virtues of Omar Bin Abd al-Aziz – The Ascetic Caliph |publisher=IUR Press |year=2001 |isbn= |page=130 }}</ref> [[File:Saladin the Victorious.jpg|thumb|Salaxaddiin Guuleystaha, uu qray Gustave Doré.]] Jihaad wuxuu macnehiisu yahay "dadaal ama ilaa qabasho [dhabada Eebbe]", macnehiisa ugu ballaaranina waa "awoodda, dadaalka, ama awoodda ugu dambeysa oo lagu bixiyo la dagaallanka shay laga xumaado". Shiicadu gaar ahaan waxay adkeeyaan "jihaadka weyn" oo ah dadaalka lagu gaarayo wanaajinta nafta ee ruuxiga ah iyadoo "jihaadka yar" loo tilmaamo dagaalka. Marka loo isticmaalo sidaas oo keliya, jihaadka inta badan waxaa loo fahmaa foomkiisa ciidanka. Jihaadku waa foomka keliya ee dagaalka ee loo oggol yahay sharciga Islaamka, waxaana lagu dhawaaqi karaa ka dhan ah ujeedooyinka aan sharciyaysnayn, argagixisada, kooxaha dambiyada, reebleyaasha, murtadiinta, iyo hoggaamiyeyaasha ama dowladaha dhibta Muslinka. Badanka Muslinka maanta waxay u fasiraan Jihaadka oo keliya foom دفاع ah oo dagaalka ah. Jihaadku wuxuu oo keliya noqdaa waajib shakhsi ah kuwa la siiyay awoodda. Dadka kale oo dhan, tani waxay dhacdaa oo keliya marka ay jirto diyaargarow guud. Badanka Shiicada Isnaashariyada, jihaadka weerarka ah waxaa oo keliya lagu dhawaaqi karaa hoggaamiye Eebbe uu doortay oo ee bulshada Muslinka ah, sidaas darteedna, wuu hakad ku jiraa tan iyo gaabinta Muxammad al-Mahdi ee sannadkii 868 CE. === Nolosha maanta iyo tan aabbanimada/qoyska === {{See also|Edabta (Islaamka)|Cuntada reebban ee Islaamka|Islaamka iyo carruurta|Guurka Islaamka|Dumarka Islaamka|Guurka badan ee Islaamka}} [[File:Salat Eid al-Fitr, Tehran (113344343).jpg|thumb|Haweenay Iiraani ah oo xiran astaan Islaami ah (Xijaab).]] Cilmiga edabta ee maalinlaha ah wuxuu ku jiraa qaybta edabta, ama hab-dhaqanka. Cuntooyinka si gaar ah loo reebay waxaa ka mid ah hเนื้อ Doofaarka, dhiigga iyo bakhtiga. Caafimaadka waxaa loo arkaa ammaan ka timaada Eebbe, waxyaabaha maaddada ah ee maaddada maanka dooriya, sida cabitaannada alkoolka ah, waa kuwo reebban.<ref>{{cite book|author=Fahd Salem Bahammam|title=Food and Dress in Islam: An explanation of matters relating to food and drink and dress in Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CRojJ7lnb18C&pg=PP1|publisher=Modern Guide|isbn=978-1-909322-99-8|page=1}}</ref> Dhammaan hเนื้อ waa inay ka timaadaa xayawaan geed-daaq ah oo loo qashay magaca Eebbe oo uu qashay Muslin, Yuhuudi, ama Christian, marka laga reebo ugaarta uu qofku ugaarsaday ama kaluumaysay maankiisa.<ref>{{harvp|Curtis|2005|p=164}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|p=111}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |c=Slaughter |first=Ersilia |last=Francesca |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref> Garaha inta badan waxaa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa ragga sida shay dabiici ah<ref>{{Cite news |last=De Sondy |first=Amanullah |date=28 January 2016|title=The relationship between Muslim men and their beards is a tangled one|work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jan/28/muslim-men-beards-facial-hair-islam |access-date=7 March 2022}}</ref> iyo isbeddellada jirka, sida peenijka joogtada ah (sawirka jidhka), inta badan waa reebban iyadoo laga baqayo inay kharribaan ubaahda u go'an.{{efn|Muslinka qaar ka mid ah Shiinaha waagii boqortooyada waxay ka horyimaadeen xiridda cagaha gabdhaha sababtaas oo kale darteed.}} <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.learnreligions.com/tattoos-in-islam-2004393|title=Are Muslims Allowed to Get Tattoos? |website=|access-date=7 March 2022 }}</ref> Xariirta iyo dahabka waa reebban yihiin ragga Islaamka dhexdiisa si loo dhowro xaaladda miyir-qabka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Glassé |first1=Cyril |title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=AltaMira Press |page=158 |language=en|year=2001}}</ref> Haya, oo inta badan loo turjumo "xishood", mararka qaar waxaa loo tilmaamaa dabeecadda hoose ee Islaamka<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zine |first1=Jasmin |last2=Babana-Hampton |first2=Safoi |last3=Mazid |first3=Nergis |last4=Bullock |first4=Katherine |last5=Chishti |first5=Maliha |title=American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 19:4 |publisher=International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) |page=59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JM4DwAAQBAJ&q=haya+islam&pg=PA59 |access-date=4 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> wuxuuna hagaa badanka nolosha maalinlaha ah ee Muslinka. Tusaale ahaan, dharka Islaamka dhexdiisa wuxuu adkeeyaa heerka xishoodka, oo ay ku jirto xijaabka haweenka. Sidoo kale, nadaafadda shakhsiga ah waa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa shuruudo gaar ah.<ref>{{cite web |last=Esposito |first=John |title=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e4 |access-date=3 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114153249/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e4 |archive-date=14 November 2016}}</ref> [[File:Muslim Couple (cropped).jpg|thumb|Saddex laba oo Muslin ah oo ka socda Indoneesiya.]] Guurka Islaamka dhexdiisa, ninka arooska ah waxaa lagu leeyahay inuu bixiyo meherka aroosadda (mahar).<ref>{{harvp|Waines|2003|pp=93–96}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|p=339}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|1998|p=79}}</ref> Qoysaska badankood ee dunida Islaamka waxay leeyihiin hal xaas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Newby |first=Gordon D. |url=https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00newb |title=A concise encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=Oneworld |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-85168-295-9 |location=Oxford |page=141}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed Hossein |url=https://archive.org/details/islamreligionhis00nasr_0/page/68 |title=Islam : religion, history, and civilization |publisher=HarperOne |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-06-050714-5 |location=New York |page=68}}</ref> Ragga Muslinka ah waxaa loo oggol yahay inay sameeyaan guurka badan waxayna yeelan karaan illaa afar xaas oo isku mar ah. Waxbarashada Islaamku waxay si adag uga baqaysaa inay adkayso in haddii ninku uusan dammaanad qaadi karin taageerada maaliyadeed iyo ta ruuxiga ah oo siman xaasaskiisa mid kasta, waxaa la dhiirri-geliyaa inuu guursado hal haweenay oo keliya. Sabab lagu tilmaamay guurka badan ayaa ah inay ninka u oggolaato inuu siiyo ilaalin maaliyadeed haween badan, oo laga yaabo inaysan helin taageero kale (tusaale, carrooyinka). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xaaska ugu horreysa waxay shuruud ku xiri kartaa heshiiska guurka in ninku uusan guursan karin haweenay kale inta ay guursan yihiin.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ratno Lukito|title=Legal Pluralism in Indonesia: Bridging the Unbridgeable|page=81|publisher=Routledge}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.islamweb.net/ver2/fatwa/ShowFatwa.php?lang=A&Id=18444&Option=FatwaId |title=IslamWeb |publisher=IslamWeb |date=7 February 2002 |access-date=13 September 2011}}</ref> Waxaa sidoo kale jira kala duwanaansho dhaqameed oo aroosyo ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Gai |url=https://archive.org/details/rememberinggodre0000eato |title=Remembering God: Reflections on Islam |publisher=The Islamic Texts Society |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-946621-84-2 |location=Cambridge |pages=92–93}}</ref> Polyandry, oo ah dhaqan ay haweenaydu ku guursato laba ama ka badan oo ragg ah, waa ku reebban Islaamka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Can't a Woman have 2 Husbands? |url=http://www.14publications.com/question-and-answer/why-cant-a-woman-have-2-husbands/ |access-date=27 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223012707/http://www.14publications.com/question-and-answer/why-cant-a-woman-have-2-husbands/ |archive-date=23 December 2015 |website=14 Publications}}</ref> [[File:عکس های مراسم ترتیل خوانی یا جزء خوانی یا قرائت قرآن در ایام ماه رمضان در حرم فاطمه معصومه در شهر قم 20.jpg|thumb|Gabdhaha Muslinka ah oo baranaya Qur'aanka lagu dul dhigay rehalada xilliga Ramadaanka ee Qom, Iiraan.]] Aadada dhalashada ubadka ka dib, adhaanka waxaa lagu dhawaaqaa dhegta midig. Maalinta todobaad, xafladda caqiiqada ayaa la sameeyaa, oo xayawaan lagu qalo oo hantiisa loo qaybiyo masaakiinta. Madaxa ubadka waa la xiiraa, oo lacag la eg miisaanka dhagaha waxaa loo deeqaa masaakiinta. Gudniinka raga, oo loo yaqaano khitaan, inta badan waa lagu dhaqmaa dunida Muslinka.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2014 |title=Khitān |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/khitan-Islam |access-date=27 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127165754/https://www.britannica.com/topic/khitan-Islam |archive-date=27 January 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |date=January 2017 |title=Reported Male Circumcision Practices in a Muslim-Majority Setting |journal=BioMed Research International |publisher=Hindawi Publishing Corporation |volume=2017 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1155/2017/4957348 |pmc=5282422 |pmid=28194416 |doi-access=free |author1-last=Anwer |author1-first=Abdul Wahid |author2-last=Samad |author2-first=Lubna |author3-last=Baig-Ansari |author3-first=Naila |author4-last=Iftikhar |author4-first=Sundus}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 August 2009 |title=Islam: Circumcision of boys |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/malecircumcision.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112170938/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/malecircumcision.shtml |archive-date=12 November 2012 |access-date=27 May 2020 |work=Religion & ethics—Islam |publisher=Bbc.co.uk}}</ref> Xaq-dhowridda iyo addeecidda waalidiinta, iyo daryeelidooda gaar ahaan markay da'da yihiin waa waajib diini ah. Muslinka dhimanaya waxaa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa inuu dhawaaqo Shahaadada si ay u noqoto hadalkiisa ugu dambeeya.<ref>{{Cite book| isbn = 9783643900678| title =Changing European Death Ways| location = Austria| year = 2013| last1=Mathijssen| first1=Brenda|last2=Venhorst|first2=Claudia|last3=Venbrux|first3=Eric|last4=Quartier|first4=Thomas| url =| page = 265 |publisher=Lit }}</ref> Xaq-dhowridda kii dhintay iyo ka qaybgalka jinaasooyinka ee bulshada dhexdeeda waxaa loo arkaa mid ka mid ah ficillada wanaagsan. Caadooyinka aasidda Islaamka, aasidda waxaa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa si dhakhso ah oo ugu macquulsan, inta badan 24 saac dhexdeeda. Meydka waa la dhaqaa, marka laga reebo shuhadada, oo ay dhaqaan kuwo labka ah oo isku jinsi ah waxaana lagu duubaa dhar aan adkayn oo loo yaqaano kafan. Salaadda jinaasada oo loo yaqaano Salat al-Janazah ayaa la tukadaa. Qaylada ama ooyinta weyn ee baroorgaaga ah waa laga fogaadaa. Sanduuqyada aaska inta badan la ma doorbido oo qabrida inta badan calaamad maleho, xata boqorada. === Dhaqanka === {{Main|Dhaqanka Islaamka}} {{See also|Farshaxanka Islaamka|Dhismaha Islaamka|Suugaanta Islaamka|Islaamka iyo kubbadda cagta|Muslinka Dhaqanka}} [[File:Chinese-style minaret of the Great Mosque 2023.jpg|thumb|Minaaradda qaabka Shiinaha ee Masaajidka Weyn ee Xi'an, oo ka mid ah masaajidda ugu ee Shiinaha ee la dhisay 742 AD.]] Erayga "dhaqanka Islaamka" waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu tilmaamo dhinacyada dhaqanka ee u gaarka ah diinta, sida ciidaha iyo dharka. Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa si dood ku jirto oo loogu tilmaamo dhinacyada dhaqanka ee dadka Muslinka ah ee dhaqanka ah.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Melikian |first=Souren |author-link=Souren Melikian |date=4 November 2011 |title='Islamic' Culture: A Groundless Myth |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/05/arts/05iht-rartmelikian05.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=25 November 2013}}</ref> Ugudambeyntii, "ilbaxnimada Islaamka" waxay sidoo kale u tilmaami kartaa dhinacyada dhaqanka isku-dhafka ah ee Khilafaadkii hore, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa aan Muslinka ahayn, mararka ka mid ahna loo yaqaano "Islaamiga".<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Wiley| isbn = 9781405155144| title =Islamicate Cosmopolitan Spirit | location = United Kingdom| year = 2021| last=Lawrence| first=Bruce| url =| page = xii| quote = }}</ref> Farshaxanka Islaamku wuxuu ka kooban yahay farshaxanka muuqaalka ah oo ay ku jiraan ilo kala duwan sida dhismaha, farta qurxoon, sawirka, iyo dhoobada, iyo kuwo kale.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ettinghausen |first1=Richard |first2=Oleg |last2=Grabar |first3=Marilyn |last3=Jenkins-Madina |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780300088670/page/3 |title=Islamic Art and Architecture 650-1250 |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-300-08869-8 |edition=2nd |page=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Suarez|first=Michael F.|title=The Oxford companion to the book|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|isbn=9780198606536|location=Oxford and New York|pages=331ff|chapter=38 The History of the Book in the Muslim World|oclc=50238944}}</ref> Iyadoo sameynta sawirrada noolaha inta badan ka laga fogaado oo u xiran sharciyada ka dhanka ah sanam-caabudidda, shuruuddan waxaa u fasiray ilo kala duwan culimo kala duwan iyo xilliyo taariikhi ah oo kala duwan. [[File:Masjid Menara Kudus.jpg|thumb|Masaajidka Menara Kudus ee qarnigii 16aad ee Indoneesiya, oo muujinaya saamaynta Hindiya.]] Xaddidaaddan waxaa loo isticmaalay in lagu fashilo badnaanta farta qurxoon, joomatariya isku-dhafka ah, iyo qaababka sida ilaha muhiimka ah ee dhaqanka farshaxanka Islaamka.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Salim Ayduz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=or-6BwAAQBAJ&q=islamic+art+idolatry+geometry&pg=PA263 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam |last2=Ibrahim Kalin |last3=Caner Dagli |date=2014 |page=263|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-981257-8 |quote=Figural representation is virtually unused in Islamic art because of Islam's strong antagonism of idolatry. It was important for Muslim scholars and artists to find a style of art that represented the Islamic ideals of unity (''tawhid'') and order without figural representation. Geometric patterns perfectly suited this goal.}}</ref> Waxaa sii dheer, sawirka Muxammad waa arrin dood ka jirto dhexdeeda Muslinka.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=860736| title = An Indian Picture of Muhammad and His Companions | author = T. W. Arnold| journal = The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs | author-link = T. W. Arnold| date = June 1919| volume = 34| issue = 195 | publisher = The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs, Vol. 34, No. 195. | pages = 249–252}}</ref> Dhismaha Islaamka dhexdiisa, dhaqanka kala duwan wuxuu muujinayaa saamayn sida dhismaha Islaamka ee Waqooyiga Afrika iyo Isbaanishka sida Masaajidka Weyn ee Kairouan oo ka kooban tiirar marmar iyo borfiri ah oo ka yimid dhismayaashii Roomaanka iyo Bizantiinta,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Isichei |first=Elizabeth Allo |url={{Google books|LgnhYDozENgC|page=PA175|keywords=mosque%20kairouan%20roman columns|text=mosque+kairouan+roman+columns|plainurl=yes}} |title=A history of African societies to 1870 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-521-45599-2 |location=Cambridge |pages=175 |access-date=6 August 2010}}</ref> iyadoo masaajidda Indoneesiya inta badan leeyihiin saqafyo heerarka badan leh oo ka yimid qaabka dhaladka ah ee Jafa.<ref>{{cite book |first=Gunawan |last=Tjahjono |title=Indonesian Heritage-Architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/architecture00indo/page/88 |year=1998 |publisher=Archipelago Press |location=Singapore |isbn=981-3018-30-5 |pages=88–89 }}</ref> Taariikhda Islaamku waa taariikhda dayaxa oo ka bilaabanta Hijrada 622 CE, oo ah taariikh oo la sheegay inuu doortay Khaliif Cumar maadaama ay ahayd meel isbeddel muhiim ah u ahayd Muxammad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Muslim-calendar|title=Islamic calendar|website=www.britannica.com|date=|access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref> Maalmaha barakaysan ee Islaamku waxay ku beegan yihiin taariikho go'an oo ee taariikhda dayaxa, taas oo macnaheedu yahay inay dhacaan xilliyo kala duwan sannado kala duwan oo ee taariikhda Miilaadiga. Ciidaha ugu muhiimsan Islaamka waa Ciidul Fitri (Carabi: عيد الفطر) ee 1-da Shawaal, oo calaamad u ah dhammaadka bisha soomanaanta ee Ramadaan, iyo Ciidul Adxa (Carabi: عيد الأضحى) ee 10-ka Dhul-Hijjah, oo ku beegan dhammaadka Xajka.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher =Oxford University Press| isbn =9780195165203| title =The Islamic World: Past and Present| year = 2004| last=Esposito| first=John| pages = 75–76 |ref=none}}</ref><ref name="www.britannica.com-2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pillars-of-Islam|title=Pillars of Islam &#124; Islamic Beliefs & Practices &#124; Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|date=3 May 2023|access-date=16 December 2021|archive-date=5 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905102524/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pillars-of-Islam|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslinka Dhaqanka waa shakhsiyaad aan cibaadaysaneyn oo wali lagu aqoonsado Islaamka iyadoo laga duulayo asalka qoyska, dhiirrigelinta shakhsiga ah, ama deegaanka bulshada iyo dhaqanka ee ay ku doorteen inay ku koran.<ref>{{cite book|first1= Cara|last1= Aitchison|author1-link= Cara Aitchison|first2= Peter E.|last2= Hopkins|author3-link= Mei-Po Kwan|author3= Mei-Po Kwan|title= Geographies of Muslim Identities: Diaspora, Gender and Belonging|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DRnthQxB8lYC&pg=PA147|access-date= 30 June 2013|year= 2007|publisher= Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn= 978-1-4094-8747-0|pages=147}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Islamic Counselling: An Introduction to theory and practice|first=G. Hussein|last= Rassool|year= 2015| isbn=9781317441250| page =10|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o_QsCgAAQBAJ&dq=Muslims+who+are+religiously+unobservant,+secular+or+irreligious+individuals+who+still+identify+with+the+Muslim&pg=PA10|quote=The label 'Cultural Muslim' is used in the literature to describe those Muslims who are religiously unobservant, secular or irreligious individuals who still identify with the Muslim culture due to family background, personal experiences, or the social and cultural environment in which they grew up... For Cultural Muslim the declaration of faith is superficial and has no effect of their religious practices.}}</ref> === Siyaasada=== [[File:Scotusnfrieze.jpeg|thumb|Muxammad oo lagu muujiyay Adolph Alexander Weinman ee Dhismaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Mareykanka ee Washington, DC isagoo wada seef iyo Qur'aan.]] Qayb badan oo ka mid ah qarnigii 20aad, aqoonsiga Islaamka iyo maamulka Islaamka ee arrimaha siyaasadda ayaa kordhay horraantii qarnigii 21aad. Siyaasadda Islaamka waa fasiraadda Islaamka oo loo arko il ka mid ah aqoonsiga iyo wax-qabadka siyaasadeed.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|last1=Voll|first1=John O.|last2=Sonn|first2=Tamara|title=Political Islam|url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/id/obo-9780195390155-0063|journal=Oxford Bibliographies Online Datasets|year=2009|language=en|doi=10.1093/obo/9780195390155-0063|access-date=2017-05-26|archive-date=2020-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223165247/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0063.xml|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Waxay u doodaysaa dhisidda dawladda iyo bulshada sida ku cad (fahamka u doodayaasha) mabaadi'da Islaamka, halkaas oo Islaamku u shaqeeyo il ka mid ah jagooyinka iyo fikradaha siyaasadeed.<ref name=":02">Krämer, Gudrun. "Political Islam." In Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World. Vol. 6. Edited by Richard C. Martin, 536–540. New York: Macmillan, 2004. [http://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/political-islam via Encyclopedia.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713072425/https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/political-islam|date=2018-07-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=March|first1=Andrew F.|title=Political Islam: Theory|journal=Annual Review of Political Science|date=2015|volume=18|issue=1|pages=103–123|doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-082112-141250|doi-access=free}}</ref> Siyaasadda Islaamka waxaa muriyaal ka dhex jira iyo kuwa ka baxsan tacliinta guud ahaan ugu adeegsadaan si isku mid ah ereyga Islaamiyadda,<ref name=":13" /> waxaana loo haystaa inuu yahay cunsur siyaasadeed oo ka mid ah Soo-reenka Islaamka oo bilaabmay qarnigii 20aad,<ref name=":13" /> halkii uu ka ahaan lahaa oo kaliya nooc kasta oo wax-qabad siyaasadeed oo ay sameeyaan Muslimiintu. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa sidoo kale jirey dadaallo cusub oo lagu kala saarayo Islaamiyadda oo ah dhaqdhaqaaqyo siyaasadeed oo ku basada diinta iyo siyaasadda Islaamka oo ah faham qaran oo casri ah oo ku saabsan Islaamka oo ay wadaagaan jilayaasha cilmaaniga ah iyo kuwa Islaamiga ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jocelyne Cesari|year=2018|title=What Is Political Islam|url=https://www.rienner.com/title/What_Is_Political_Islam|access-date=2023-01-01|website=www.rienner.com|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|isbn=978-1-62637-692-2|archive-date=2023-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106160415/https://www.rienner.com/title/What_Is_Political_Islam|url-status=live}}</ref> Kooxaha dhowr ah oo ku yaala Bariga Dhexe ayaa u kaftamay inay fikradaha casriynta ku xiraan faragelinta boqortooyadii gumaadkeedii. Wadamada Muslimka ah ee dhowr ah, gaar ahaan Masar iyo Bakistaan, dhaqdhaqaaqyo siyaasadeed oo lid ku ah oo u janjeera dhanka diinta ayaa salka ku dhigtay. Sababaha waa kuwo dhinacyo badan leh. Burburkii Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta wuxuu ahaa dhacdo baaxad weyn oo dhalisay gariirro badan. Gobolku wuxuu la kulmay jahwareer sannado badan maadaama waddamada Carabtu ay hoos tageen saamaynta dhaqanka iyo guulaystayaasha waddamada Yurub. Dhanka cadaadiska dhaqanka oo kordhayay Muslimiintu waxay adkeeyeen aqoonsigooda qaran iyo dhaxalkooda dhaqan, kooxaha qaar waxay ugafeen dhinacyada diinta. Masar dhexdeeda daciifnimada Muslimiinta waxaa lagu eedeeyay u kuปฏิบัตitaanka liidata ee qoraallada diinta. Sida ku cad Hassan al-Banna, dhaqanka Yurub wuxuu ahaa mid maaddiyad ku dhisan, anshax xumo ah oo ku batay ku-tagri-falka heerarka bulshada iyo ribada. === Sugaanta === {{Main|Islaamiga}} {{multiple image | align = center | direction = horizontal | total_width = 600 | image1 = Saadi Tomb.jpg | image2 = Hafez 880714 095.jpg | footer = Qabuuraha Saadi, Hafez iyo Ferdowsi, saddexda abwaan ee ugu caansan Muslimiinta, oo dhammaantood ku yaalla Iran. | caption1 = | caption2 = | image3 = Tomb-of-Ferdowsi آرامگاه-فردوسی Davoud-Davoudi 1.jpg }} Shaqada ugu caansan ee khayaaliga ah ee ka timi dunida Islaamka waa Kumaan iyo Hal Habeen, oo ah ururin sheekooyin hoose/folklore oo ka soo jeeda Sanskriit, Faarisi, iyo ka dib fables Carab ah. Fikradda waxaa saameeyay nooc ka horreeyay Islaamka oo Faarisi ah oo loo yaqaannay Hezār Afsān (Kumaan Sheeko) oo ku tiirsanaa walxaha Hindida ee gaarka ah.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Marzolph|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam|title=Arabian Nights|year=2007|publisher=Brill|volume=I|location=Leiden}}</ref> Waxay gaadhay foomkeeda ugu dambeeyay qarnigii 14aad; tirada iyo nooca sheekooyinku waxay ku kala duwanaayeen farta gacanta mid ka mid ah mid kale.<ref name="arabianNights">Grant & Clute, p. 51</ref> Shaqadan waxay saameyn weyn ku lahayd Galbeedka tan iyo markii loo turjumay qarnigii 18aad, markii ugu horreysay oo uu turjumay Antoine Galland.<ref>L. Sprague de Camp, Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers: The Makers of Heroic Fantasy, p. 10 {{ISBN|0-87054-076-9}}</ref> Ku-dayasho ayaa lagu qray, gaar ahaan Faransiiska.<ref name="arabianNights2">Grant & Clute, p 52</ref> Jilayaal kala duwan oo ka socda epik-kan ayaa iyaguna noqday calaamado dhaqameed ee dhaqanka Galbeedka, sida Aladdiin, Sindibad Nawaakhida iyo Cali Baba. Tusaale ka mid ah tixda Carabiga iyo tixda Faarisiga oo ku saabsan jacaylka waa Layla iyo Majnuun, oo dib u dhaceysa xilligii Umawiyiinta ee qarnigii 7aad. Waa sheeko naxdin leh oo ku saabsan jacayl aan dhimanayn. Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, oo ah epik-ka qaranka ee Iran-ta Weyn, waa dib-u-sheegid khayaali iyo geesinimo leh oo ku saabsan taariikhda Faarisiga. Amir Arsalan wuxuu sidoo kale ahaa sheeko khayaali ah oo caan ah oo Faarisi ah. Ibn Tufayl (Abubacer) iyo Ibn al-Nafis waxay ahaayeen hormuudka riwaayadda falsafadda. Ibn Tufail wuxuu qray riwaayaddii ugu horreysay ee Carabi ah Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus) iyadoo cavab u ah Al-Ghazali's The Incoherence of the Philosophers, ka dibna Ibn al-Nafis wuxuu sidoo kale qray riwaayad Theologus Autodidactus iyadoo cavab u ah Ibn Tufail's Philosophus Autodidactus. Labada sheeko waxay lahaayeen jilayaal waaweyn (Hayy ee Philosophus Autodidactus iyo Kamil ee Theologus Autodidactus) oo ahaa carruur is-baray oo duurka ku voolaa oo ku noolaa go'doon kuyeel/jasiirad saxara ah, labaduba waxay ahaayeen tusaalayaasha ugu horreeyay ee sheeko jasiirad saxara ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, halka Hayy uu ku nool yahay kaligiis xoolaha jasiiradda saxarada ah inta ka dhiman sheekada Philosophus Autodidactus, sheekada Kamil waxay ka dhib badan tahay jasiiradda saxarada ah ee Theologus Autodidactus, iyadoo u ekaanaysa sheekadii ugu horreysay oo la ogaaday oo ah koreera/hanaqaad oo ugu dambeyntii noqonaysa tusaalaha ugu horreeya ee riwaayadda sayniska khayaaliga ah.<ref>Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), "Ibn Al-Nafis as a philosopher", Symposium on Ibn al-Nafis, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait (Cf. [http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html Ibn al-Nafis As a Philosopher] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206072116/http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html|date=6 February 2008}}, Encyclopedia of Islamic World).</ref><ref>Nahyan A. G. Fancy (2006), "[http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11292006-152615 Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (d. 1288)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404020329/http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11292006-152615/|date=4 April 2015}}", pp. 95–101, Electronic Theses and Dissertations, University of Notre Dame.</ref> Theologus Autodidactus,<ref>Muhammad b. Abd al-Malik Ibn Tufayl. [https://books.google.com/books?id=yFAR_G7HM3QC Philosophus autodidactus, sive Epistola Abi Jaafar ebn Tophail de Hai ebn Yokdhan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004180638/https://books.google.com/books?id=yFAR_G7HM3QC |date=4 October 2015 }}: in qua ostenditur, quomodo ex inferiorum contemplatione ad superiorum notitiam ratio humana ascendere possit. E Theatro Sheldoniano, excudebat Joannes Owens, 1700.</ref><ref>Ala-al-din abu Al-Hassan Ali ibn Abi-Hazm al-Qarshi al-Dimashqi. The Theologus autodidactus of Ibn al-Nafīs. Clarendon P., 1968</ref> oo uu qray aqoonyahanka Carabi Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288),<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sFCuoqykV9QC&q=ibn+al+nafis+first+science+fiction+novel&pg=PA236|title=The Cambridge Companion to Utopian Literature|first=Gregory|last=Claeys|date=5 August 2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139828420|via=Google Books}}</ref> wuxuu ka shaqeeyaa walxaha sayniska khayaaliga ah sida abuurista iskood u samaysanta, falanqaynta mustaqbalka, dhamaadka dunida iyo qiyaamaha, soo-tegga/sarakicidda, iyo nolosha ka dib. Halkii uu ka siin lahaa sharraxaad mucjiso ama khayaali ah dhacdooyinkan, Ibn al-Nafis wuxuu isku dayay inuu sharraxo walxaha sheekada iyada oo loo marayo aqoonta sayniska ee bijoolajiga, astronomy-ga, cosmology-ga iyo meelaha/juqraafiga oo lagu yaqaannay xilligiisa. Khayaaliga Ibn al-Nafis wuxuu sharraxay baridda diinta Islaamka iyada oo loo marayo sayniska iyo falsafadda Islaamka.<ref name="Roubi">Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), "Ibn Al-Nafis as a philosopher", Symposium on Ibn al Nafis, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait (Cf. [http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html Ibnul-Nafees As a Philosopher] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206072116/http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html|date=6 February 2008}}, Encyclopedia of Islamic World).</ref> Turjumaadaha Ibn Tufail's Philosophus Autodidactus waxay ka muuqdeen Laatiin (1671), Inqiriisi (1708), Jarmal, iyo Dutch. Turjumaadahan luqadaha Yurub waxay ka dib saameyn ku yeesheen Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe<ref>Cyril Glasse (2001), New Encyclopaedia of Islam, p. 202, Rowman Altamira, {{ISBN|0-7591-0190-6}}.</ref> iyo Robert Boyle's The Aspiring Naturalist.<ref name="Toomer-222">G. J. Toomer (1996), Eastern Wisedome and Learning: The Study of Arabic in Seventeenth-Century England, p. 222, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-820291-1}}.</ref> === Falsafadda === [[File:Persian Scholar pavilion in Viena UN (Rhazes&Khayyam).jpg|thumb|Scholars Pavilion waa taallo ay Iran ugu deeqday Xafiiska Qaramada Midoobay ee Vienna. Sannadlaha aqoonyahannadii Muslimka ahaa ee qarniyadii dhexe, Omar Khayyam, Al-Biruni, Rhazes iyo Avicenna ayaa ku dhex jira dhismaha.]] Astaamaha ugu caansan ee lagu qeexo falsafadda Islaamka waa "qaabka falsafadda ee lagu dhex abuuray qaabdhismeedka dhaqanka Islaamka."<ref name="RoutledgeEoP">[http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/H057 "Islamic Philosophy"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606082214/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/islamic-philosophy;jsessionid=B31B033F077DD5E68E09CC9D35C02105|date=6 June 2022}}, Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy (1998)</ref> Falsafadda Islaamka, qeexidtan laguma xidho arrimo diimeed oo keliya, mana aha mid ay Muslimiinta oo keliya curiyeen.<ref name="RoutledgeEoP" /> Aqoonyahanka Faarisiiga ah ee Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (980–1037) wuxuu lahaa ka badan 450 buug oo loo tiriyo. Qoraalladiisu waxay ku saabsanaayeen maadooyin kala duwan, gaar ahaan falsafadda iyo daawada. Buuggiisa daawada ee The Canon of Medicine waxaa loo adeegsaday sida buugga heerka sare ah ee jaamacadaha Yurub ee qarniyo badan. Wuxuu sidoo kale qray The Book of Healing, oo ah encyclopediya saynis iyo falsafad saameyn leh.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Ibn Sina [Avicenna]|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ibn-sina/|encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|date=2024|quote=The Cure...had momentous consequences...his philosophical system dominated intellectual history in both Shi’ite and most of Sunni Islam}}</ref> Shakhsiyad kale oo ka tirsan Casrigii Dahabiga ahaa ee Islaamka, Avicenna, wuxuu sidoo kale sameeyay dugsigiisa falsafadda ee Avicennism, oo saameyn ku lahaa dhulka Islaamka iyo kan Masiixiga dhexdiisa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Saliba|first=George|author-link=George Saliba|date=1994|title=A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam|pages=245, 250, 256–257|publisher=New York University Press|isbn=0-8147-8023-7}}</ref> Falsafad kale oo saameyn ku lahaa falsafadda casriga ah wuxuu ahaa Ibn Tufail. Riwaayaddiisii falsafadda ahayd, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, oo loo turjumay Laatiin siday tahay Philosophus Autodidactus sannadkii 1671, waxay horumarisay mawduucyada empiricism, tabula rasa, dabiicadda iyo korinta, xaaladda suurtogalnimada, materialism,<ref>Dominique Urvoy, "The Rationality of Everyday Life: The Andalusian Tradition? (Aropos of Hayy's First Experiences)", in Lawrence I. Conrad (1996), The World of Ibn Tufayl: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Ḥayy Ibn Yaqẓān, pp. 38–46, Brill Publishers, {{ISBN|90-04-09300-1}}.</ref> iyo Molyneux's problem.<ref>Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik Ibn Tufail and Léon Gauthier (1981), Risalat Hayy ibn Yaqzan, p. 5, Editions de la Méditerranée.</ref> Aqoonyahannada iyo qoraayaasha Yurub ee uu saameeyay riwaayaddan waxaa ka mid ah John Locke,<ref>Russell (1994), pp. 224–39</ref> Gottfried Leibniz,<ref name="Wainwright">Martin Wainwright, [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/mar/22/featuresreviews.guardianreview1 Desert island scripts], The Guardian, 22 March 2003.</ref> Melchisédech Thévenot, John Wallis, Christiaan Huygens,<ref>Russell (1994) p. 227</ref> George Keith, Robert Barclay, Quakers,<ref>Russell (1994), p. 247</ref> iyo Samuel Hartlib.<ref name="Toomer-2222">G. J. Toomer (1996), Eastern Wisedome and Learning: The Study of Arabic in Seventeenth-Century England, p. 222, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-820291-1}}.</ref> Falsafada Islaamku waxay sii waday horumarka falsafadda ilaa qarnigii 17aad, markii Mulla Sadra uu sameeyay dugsigiisa Transcendent theosophy oo uu horumaray fikradda existentialism-ka.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mulla Sadra's Transcendent Philosophy|first=Muhammad|last=Kamal|year=2006|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-5271-7|pages=9, 39|oclc=224496901}}</ref> Falsafado kale oo saameyn lahaa oo Muslimiin ah waxaa ka mid ah Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), oo ah hormuudka phenomenology iyo falsafadda sayniska iyo dhaleeceeyaha dabiiciga ah ee Aristotelian iyo fikradda Aristotle ee goobta (topos); Al-Biruni, dhaleeceeye dabiiciga ah ee Aristotelian; Ibn al-Nafis, hormuudka riwaayadda falsafadda; Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi, aasaasaha falsafadda Illuminationist; Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, dhaleeceeye mantiqa Aristotelian iyo hormuudka mantiqa inductive-ka; iyo Ibn Khaldun, oo ah hormuudka falsafadda taariikhda.<ref name="Akhtar">S.R.W. Akhtar (1997). "The Islamic Concept of Knowledge", Al-Tawhid: A Quarterly Journal of Islamic Thought & Culture 12 (3). https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol-12-no3/islamic-concept-knowledge-sayyid-wahid-akhtar</ref> === Sayniska iyo tiknoolajiyada === [[File:Statue of Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi in Urgench.jpg|thumb|Taallada Al-Khwarizmi ee Urgench, Uzbekistan.]] Ibn al-Haytham waxaa sidoo xaqiiqo ah loo arkaa aabbaha optics-ka, gaar ahaan cadeyntiisa empirik-ka ah ee aragtida intromission-ka ee iftiinka. Jim Al-Khalili wuxuu sheegay 2009 in Ibn al-Haytham 'loogu yeero inta badan "saynisyahankii ugu horreeyay ee dhabta ah ee dunida".'<ref>{{cite news |last=Al-Khalili|first=Jim|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7810846.stm|title=BBC News|date=4 January 2009|access-date=11 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426041228/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7810846.stm|archive-date=26 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Al-Khwarizmi wuxuu alifay nidaamyada log base-ka ee maanta loo adeecsado, wuxuu sidoo kale ka qaybqaatay theorems ee trigonometry iyo sidoo kale limits.<ref>Plofker, Kim (2009), Mathematics in India: 500 BCE–1800 CE, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|0-691-12067-6}}.</ref> Waxbarashooyinkii ugu dambeeyay waxay muujinayaan inay u badan tahay in fannaaniintii Muslimka ahayd ee Qarniyadii Dhexe ay ogaayeen geometriyada quasicrystal ee decagonal ah ee sare ee la helay kala bar millennium ka dib 1970-yadii iyo 1980-yadii ee Galbeedka, ayna u adeegsadeen shaqada tiled-ka ee dhismaha.<ref>Peter J. Lu, [http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2007/03.01/99-tiles.html Harvard's Office of News and Public Affairs] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314012002/http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2007/03.01/99-tiles.html|date=14 March 2007}}</ref> Dhaqaatiirta Muslimiinta ah waxay ka qaybqaateen sahanka daawada, oo ay ku jiraan anatomy iyo physiology: sida shaqadii Faarisiiga ahayd ee qarnigii 15aad ee uu sameeyay Mansur ibn Muhammad ibn al-Faqih Ilyas ee loo yaqaan Tashrih al-badan (Anatomy-ga jirka) oo ku jireen sawirro guud oo ku saabsan habka jirka, dareemayaasha iyo habka wareegga dhiigga; ama shaqadii dhakhtarkii Masar Ibn al-Nafis, oo soo bandhigay aragtida wareegga dhiigga ee sambabada. Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Abulcasis) wuxuu ka qaybqaatay edbinta qalliinka daawada buuggiisa Kitab al-Tasrif ("Buugga Tanaasulaadka"), oo ah encyclopediya daawa oo ka dib loo turjumay Laatiin oo loo adeegsaday iskoolada daawada ee Yurub iyo Muslimiinta ee qarniyo badan. Horumaro kale oo daawo ah waxay ka tulmeen dhinacyada pharmacology iyo pharmacy.<ref>Turner, H. (1997) pp. 136–38</ref> Saynisyahannada ugu caansan ee ka mid ah dunida Islaamka ee qarniyadii dhexe waxaa ka mid ah Jābir ibn Hayyān, al-Farabi, Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi, Ibn al-Haytham, Al-Biruni, Avicenna, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, iyo Ibn Khaldun. Tiknoolajiyada dhexdeeda, dunida Islaamka waxay warqad-sameynta ka qaadatay Shiinaha.<ref name="Lucas">Adam Robert Lucas (2005), "Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe", Technology and Culture 46 (1), pp. 1–30 [10].</ref> Aqoonta baaruudda waxaa sidoo kale ka soo muuqatay Shiinaha iyada oo loo marayo waddamada badankooda Islaamka ah.<ref>Arming the Periphery. Emrys Chew, 2012. p. 1823.</ref> Horumar ayaa lagu sameeyay waraabinta iyo beeraha, iyadoo la adeegsanayo tiknoolajiyad cusub sida mishiinka dabaysha. Dalagyada sida lowska/almond iyo miraha sitrus waxaa loo keenay Yurub iyadoo loo marayo al-Andalus, oo beerashada sonkorta ayaa si tartiib-tartiib ah ay ugu ku-daydeen Yurubiyanku. Ganacsatada Carabta waxay maamuleen ganacsiga Badweynta Hindiya ilaa imaatinka Boortaqiisku ee qarnigii 16aad. Hormuz wuxuu ahaa xarun muhiim ah oo ganacsigan ah. Waxaa sidoo kale ka jirey shabakad cufan oo waddooyinka ganacsiga ee Badda Dhexe, oo ay waddamada aqlabiyadda Muslimka ah ku ganacsan jireen kesooda iyo awoodaha Yurub sida Venice, Genoa iyo Catalonia (sido kale eeg: Indo-Mediterranean). Jidka Xariirta oo ka tallaabaya Aasiyada Dhexe wuxuu marayay dawlado Islaam ah oo u dhexeya Shiinaha iyo Yurub. Soo-bixidda boqortooyooyinka dhaqaale ee waaweyn oo leh kheyraad tiknoolajiyadeed ka dib qabsashadii Timur (Tamerlane) iyo soo-reenka Timurid Renaissance waxaa ka mid ah Boqortooyada Mali iyo Saltanaddii Bengal gaar ahaan, oo ah qaran ganacsi oo caalami ah oo dunida ku yaal, oo Yurubiyanku ku describe gareeyeen "waddanka ugu hodansan ee lagu ganacsado".<ref>Nanda, J. N (2005). Bengal: the unique state. Concept Publishing Company. p. 10. 2005. {{ISBN|978-81-8069-149-2}}. Bengal [...] was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with.</ref> Iinjineerada Muslimiinta ee dunida Islaamka waxay sameeyeen isticmaalo warshadeed oo cusub oo hydropower ah, iyo isticmaalo warshadeed oo hore oo ah tidal power iyo wind power.<ref>Ahmad Y. al-Hassan (1976). Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering, pp. 34–35. Institute for the History of Arabic Science, University of Aleppo.</ref> Isticmaalka warshadeed ee watermills ee dunida Islaamka wuxuu dib u dhacaa qarnigii 7aad, halka water mills-ka leh giraangiraha jiifa iyo kuwa taagan oo dhan loo adeegsanayay si weyn tan iyo ugu yaraan qarnigii 9aad. Mashiinno warshadeed oo kala duwan ayaa lagu adeegsanayay dunida Islaamka, oo ay ku jiraan fulling mills, gristmills, paper mills, hullers, sawmills, ship mills, stamp mills, steel mills, sugar mills, tide mills iyo windmills. Markii ay gaadhay qarnigii 11aad, gobol kasta oo ka mid ah dunida Islaamka wuxuu lahaa mashiinnadan warshadeed oo shaqaynaya, kuwo ka billowda al-Andalus iyo Waqooyiga Afrika ilaa Bariga Dhexe iyo Aasiyada Dhexe.<ref name="Lucas" /> Iinjineerada Muslimiinta waxay sidoo kale alifeen crankshafts iyo water turbines, waxay adeegsadeen gears ee mashiinnada iyo mashiinnada biyaha kor u qaada, waxayna hormuud u ahaayeen isticmaalka dam-yada sida il ka mid ah awoodda biyaha, oo loo adeegsaday in lagu siiyo awood dheeraad ah watermills iyo mashiinnada biyaha kor u qaada.<ref name="Hassan">Ahmad Y. al-Hassan, Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part II: Transmission Of Islamic Engineering</ref> Horumaradan waxay suurtogal ka dhigeen in shaqooyinka warshadeed oo hore loogu kexayn jiray shaqaale hanto ama gacanta xilliyadii hore ay noqdaan kuwo la mishiineeyay oo lagu kexo mashiinno beddelkeeda dunidii Islaamka ee qarniyadii dhexe. Wareejinta tiknoolajiyadan oo loo wareejiyay Yurubtii qarniyadii dhexe waxay saameyn ku lahayd Industrial Revolution-ka, gaar ahaan ka soo jeeda proto-industrialised Mughal Bengal iyo Tipu Sultan's Kingdom, iyadoo loo marayo qabsashadii East India Company. === Aqsanta === [[File:Taj Mahal (Edited).jpeg|thumb|Taj Mahal ee India waxaa loo arkaa masterpiece si caalami ah loo bogsho oo ka tirsan World's Heritage, iyo mid ka mid ah Seven Wonders of the World.]] {{excerpt|Islamic architecture|only=paragraphs}} == Saamaynta diimaha kale, iyo Islaamiga == {{Main|Islaamiga|Islaamiga waddan ahaan}} [[File:Mohammed2.jpg|thumb|Nabi Muxammad iyo Rahibkii Sergius, oo uu sameeyay Lucas van Leyden, 1508 AD. Waxay muujineysaa Halsooreedkii Nabi Muxammad ee ku dhex wareegi jiray Yurub.]] [[File:La.Vie.de.Mahomet Christies.jpg|thumb|403x403px|Nabi Muxammad oo haysta seef iyo bilal halka uu ku tunto dunida, iskutallaabta, iyo Tobanka Amrood. Waxaa sameeyay Humphrey Prideaux, 1699.]] {{excerpt|Islamism|only=paragraphs}} [[File:Nuremberg chronicles - Mohammed (CLIv).jpg|thumb|Nabi Muxammad oo fadhiya dhanka bidix, oo ku sawiran Nuremberg Chronicle, 1440 AD.]] Haddii dhaqdhaqaaqyada sida Druze,<ref>{{Cite book |last=De McLaurin |first=Ronald |url=https://archive.org/details/politicalroleofm0000unse |title=The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East |publisher=Michigan University Press |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-03-052596-4 |page=114 |quote=Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles, the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hunter |first=Shireen |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsofislami0000unse |title=The Politics of Islamic Revivalism: Diversity and Unity: Center for Strategic and International Studies (Washington, D.C.), Georgetown University. Center for Strategic and International Studies |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-253-34549-3 |page=33 |quote=Druze – An offshoot of Shi'ism; its members are not considered Muslims by orthodox Muslims.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=R. Williams |first=Victoria |title=Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival [4 volumes] |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-4408-6118-5 |page=318 |quote=As Druze is a nonritualistic religion without requirements to pray, fast, make pilgrimages, or observe days of rest, the Druze are not considered an Islamic people by Sunni Muslims.}}</ref> Berghouata iyo Ha-Mim, ay ka soo baxeen Islaamka ama ay la wadaageen rumayntooda gaarka ah Islaamka, iyo haddii mid kastaa yahay diin gooni ah ama firqad ka mid ah Islaamka waa aragtiyo dood ku jiraan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=D. Grafton |first=David |title=Piety, Politics, and Power: Lutherans Encountering Islam in the Middle East |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-63087-718-7 |page=14 |quote=In addition, there are several quasi-Muslim sects, in that, although they follow many of the beliefs and practices of orthodox Islam, the majority of Sunnis consider them heretical. These would be the Ahmadiyya, Druze, Ibadi, and the Yazidis.}}</ref> Caqiidada Druze waxay sii kala qaybisay Ismaaciiliyada maadaama ay horumarisay caqiidooyinkeeda gaarka ah, waxayna ugu dambeyntii ka sootagday Ismaaciiliyada iyo Islaamka labadaba; kuwan waxaa ka mid ah rumaynta in Imaamka Al-Xaakim bi-Amr Allaah uu ahaa Ilaah jisoobay.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Poonawala |first=Ismail K. |date=July–September 1999 |title=Review: ''The Fatimids and Their Traditions of Learning'' by Heinz Halm |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-oriental-society_july-september-1999_119_3/page/542 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |publisher=American Oriental Society |volume=119 |issue=3 |page=542 |doi=10.2307/605981 |issn=0003-0279 |jstor=605981 |lccn=12032032 |oclc=47785421}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Bryer | first = David R. W. | title = The Origins of the Druze Religion (Fortsetzung) | journal = Der Islam | year = 1975 | volume = 52 | issue = 2 | pages = 239–262 | doi = 10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 | s2cid = 162363556 | url = https://doi.org/10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 | issn = 1613-0928 | ref = {{harvid|Bryer|1975b}} | url-access = subscription }}</ref> Yazdânism waxaa loo arkaa isku-dhafan ka mid ah rumaynta dhaladka ee Kurdiida iyo caqiidada Suufiyada Islaamka ee loo soo bandhigay Kurdistan ee Sheekh Cadi ibn Musafir ee qarnigii 12aad.<ref>{{cite book |last=Foltz |first=Richard |title=Religions of Iran: From Prehistory to the Present |date=7 November 2013 |isbn=978-1-78074-307-3 |page=219 |chapter=Two Kurdish Sects: The Yezidis and the Yaresan |publisher=Oneworld Publications |chapter-url= |chapter-url-access=}}</ref> Bábism waxay ka soo bilaabatay Shiicada Isnaashariyada ee martay Siyyid 'Ali Muhammad i-Shirazi al-Bab iyadoo mid ka mid ah taageerayaashiisa Mirza Husayn 'Ali Nuri Baha'u'llah uu aasaasay Caqiidada Baha'i.<ref>{{cite web |last=House of Justice |first=Universal |title=One Common Faith |url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/bic/OCF/ocf-8.html |access-date=1 April 2017 |website=reference.bahai.org}}</ref> Yarsanism,<ref name="Z. Mir-Hosseini 1994, p.267">{{cite journal |last=Mir-Hosseini |first=Z. |date=1994 |title=Inner Truth and Outer History: The Two Worlds of the Ahl-e Haqq of Kurdistan |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-middle-east-studies_1994-04_26_2/page/267 |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=26 |pages=267–268}}</ref> Din-i Ilahi,{{sfnp|Roychoudhury|1941|page=306}} iyo Ali-Illahism<ref>{{Cite book |last=Layard |first=Austen Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-SQe_sNtIaMC&q=ali%2520illahism&pg=PA216 |title=Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon: With Travels in Armenia, Kurdistan and the Desert: Being the Result of a Second Expedition Undertaken for the Trustees of the British Museum |date=2010-08-31 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108016773 |page=216 |language=en}}</ref> waxaa loo arkaa kuwo ka sootagay Islaamka. Sikhism, oo uu aasaasay Guru Nanak oo ku sugan Punjab qarnigii 15aad ee dambe, waxaa saameeyay Islaamku.<ref>{{cite book |last=Elsberg |first=Constance |date=2003 |title=Graceful Women |publisher=University of Tennessee Press |isbn=978-1-57233-214-0 |pages=27–28}}</ref> == Dhaleeceynta == {{Main|Dhaleeceynta Islaamka}} {{see also|Dhaleeceynta Muxammad|Dhaleeceynta Qur'aanka}} [[File:Jacques Courtois - Battle between Christians and Muslims.jpg|thumb|Dagaalkii ka dhex dhacay Muslinka iyo Masiixiyiinta xilligii Dagaalladii Saliibiyada, oo uu sameeyay Jacques Courtois.]] Dhaleeceynta Islaamku waxay jirtay tan iyo heeraradeedii ugu horreeyay. Dhaleeceyntii hore waxay ka timid qoraayaal Yahuud ah, sida Ibn Kammuna, iyo qoraayaal Masiixi ah, oo kuwo badan oo ka mid ah ay u arkayeen Islaamka bidco Masiixi ah ama nooc sanam-caabudid ah, iyagood inta badan ku fashilayay terms apocalyptic ah.{{sfnp|Fahlbusch et al|2001|p=[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=yaecVMhMWaEC|page=759}} 759]}} Qoraayaasha Masiixiyiinta ahi waxay dhaleeceeyeen sharraxaadaha laab-lakacsan ee Islaamku ka bixiyo jannada. Qarnigii sagaalaad aqoonyahankii Muslinka ahaa ee Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari wuxuu u dooday sharraxaadda Qur'aanka ee jannada iyadoo sheegaysa in Baybalku sidoo kale tilmaamayso fikradahaas, sida cabbidda khamriga ee jannada dhexdeeda oo ku jirta Injiilka Matayos. Caalimkii Masiixiga ahaa ee qarnigii 4aad Augustine ee Hippo caqiidooyinkiisu waxay keeneen diidmo baahsan oo ku saabsan raaxada jidhka ee nolosha iyo aakhiro dhexdeeda labadaba.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Christian Lange |title=Paradise and Hell in Islamic Traditions |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-521-50637-3 |pages=18–20}}</ref> Sawirro aflaadaad ah oo ka dhan ah Muxammad, oo ka soo bilaabmay sawirraddii hore ee qarnigii 7aad ee Kaniisadda Ortodokska Bari ee Boqortooyada Bizantiinta,<ref>Reeves, Minou, and P. J. Stewart. 2003. ''Muhammad in Europe: A Thousand Years of Western Myth-Making''. NYU Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8147-7564-6}}. p. 93–96.</ref> waxay ka muuqdaan gabayga qarnigii 14aad ee Divine Comedy oo uu qaray Dante Alighieri. Halkan, Muxammad waxaa lagu muujiyay goobta sideedaad ee jahannamada, iyadoo la joogo Cali. Dante ma eedayno Islaamka guud ahaan laakiin wuxuu eedaynayaa Muxammad kala qaybin, maadaama uu aasaasay diin kale Masiixiyadda ka dib.<ref name="Stone">Stone, G. 2006. ''Dante's Pluralism and the Islamic Philosophy of Religion''. Springer Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1-4039-8309-1}}. p. 53–54.</ref> Dhaleeceynaha kale waxay diiradda saaraan la-dhaqanka shakhsiyaadka ee gudaha waddamada casriga ah ee Muslinku ku badan yahay, oo ay ku jiraan arrimo ku saabsan xuquuqda aadanaha, goorta ay si dhow u la xiriirto fulinta sharciga Islaamka.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Yohanan|last1=Friedmann|year=2003|title=Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/tolerancecoercio00frie|url-access=limited|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/tolerancecoercio00frie/page/n31 18], 35|isbn=978-0-521-02699-4}}</ref> Sidoo kale, isbeddellada dhowaan ee dhaqammada kala duwan ka dib, kartida loo malaynayo inay leeyihiin soo-galootiga Muslinka ah ee Galbeedka si ay u la qabsadaan waa la dhaleeceeyay oo waxaa loo eedeeyay asalka Islaamka kuwo ka mid ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Modood |first=Tariq |url=https://archive.org/details/multiculturalism00modo |title=Multiculturalism, Muslims and Citizenship: A European Approach |date=6 April 2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-35515-5 |edition=1st |page=[https://archive.org/details/multiculturalism00modo/page/n43 29] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Ugu dambeyntii cilmi-baaris{{what|date=April 2026}} waxay heshay in diindhaqameedka Islaamka oo sarreeya uu la xiriiro xagjirinimada Islaamka oo sarreysa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kamenowski |first1=Maria |last2=Manzoni |first2=Patrik |last3=Haymoz |first3=Sandrine |last4=Isenhardt |first4=Anna |last5=Jacot |first5=Cédric |last6=Baier |first6=Dirk |date=2021-06-17 |title=Religion as an influencing factor of right-wing, left-wing and Islamist extremism. Findings of a Swiss youth study |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=6 |article-number=e0252851 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0252851 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=8211158 |pmid=34138885 |bibcode=2021PLoSO..1652851K }}</ref> === Ilaha === {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Imad-ad-Dean |title=Signs in the heavens |volume=2 |publisher=Amana Publications |year=2006 |isbn=1-59008-040-8}} * {{cite book |last=Arnold|first=Thomas |title=The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith.|volume= |publisher= |year=1896 |isbn=}} * {{Cite book |last=Bennett |first=Clinton |title=Interpreting the Qur'an: a guide for the uninitiated |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8264-9944-8 |page=101 |author-link=Clinton Bennett}} * {{cite book |last=Blankinship |first=K. |year=2008 |chapter=The early creed |editor=T. 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|last=Peacock|first=A.C.S.|title=Islam, Literature and Society in Mongol Anatolia|date=2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume= |page=|doi= 10.1017/9781108582124|isbn=978-1-108-58212-4|s2cid=211657444}} * {{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |url=https://archive.org/details/islamguideforjew00fepe |title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-691-11553-5}} * {{Cite report |date=October 2009 |title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population |publisher=Pew Research Center |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2009/10/Muslimpopulation.pdf |access-date=25 May 2020 |ref={{sfnref|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009}} }} [https://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/ Overview]. * {{Cite book |last=Rippin |first=Andrew |url=https://archive.org/details/muslimstheirreli0000ripp |title=Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices |publisher=Routledge |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-415-21781-1 |edition=2nd |author-link=Andrew Rippin}} * {{cite book |last=Roychoudhury |first=Makhanlal |year=1941 |title=The Din-i Ilahi, or, The Religion of Akbar |publisher=University of Calcutta |oclc=3312929 |url=https://archive.org/details/diniilahiorthere031361mbp |via=Internet Archive}} * {{cite journal |last=Serjeant |first=R.B. |date=1978 |title=Sunnah Jami'ah, pacts with the Yathrib Jews, and the Tahrim of Yathrib |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |volume=41 |pages=1–42 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00057761 |s2cid=161485671 }} * {{Cite book |last=Sachedina |first=Abdulaziz |title=The Just Ruler in Shi'ite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence |publisher=Oxford University Press US |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-511915-2 |author-link=Abdulaziz Sachedina}} * {{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Jane I. |author-link=Jane Idleman Smith |title=The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-515649-2}} * {{Cite book |editor-last=Stefon |editor-first=Matt |title=Islamic Beliefs and Practices |publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-61530-060-0 |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last1=Ṭabāṭabāʼī |first1=Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn |title=Shi'ite Islam |translator-last=Nasr |translator-first=Seyyed Hossein |publisher=SUNY Press |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-87395-272-9 |author-link=Allameh Tabatabaei}} * {{Cite book |last=Teece |first=Geoff |url=https://archive.org/details/islam0000teec_a5d6 |title=Religion in Focus: Islam |publisher=Franklin Watts Ltd |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7496-4796-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Trimingham |first=John Spencer |title=The Sufi Orders in Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-512058-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Colin |title=Islam: the Basics |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-34106-6 |location=London}} * {{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Bryan S. |title=Weber and Islam |publisher=Routledge |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-415-17458-9 |location=London}} * {{Cite book |last=Waines |first=David |title=An Introduction to Islam |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-521-53906-7}} * {{Cite book |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |title=The Formative Period of Islamic Thought |publisher=University Press Edinburgh |year=1973 |isbn=978-0-85224-245-2 |author-link=William Montgomery Watt}} * {{Cite book |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadprophets00watt |title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1974 |isbn=978-0-19-881078-0 |edition=New |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Weiss |first=Bernard G. |title=Studies in Islamic Legal Theory |publisher=Brill Academic publishers |year=2002 |isbn=978-90-04-12066-2 |location=Boston |author-link=Bernard G. Weiss}} {{Refend}} === Qaamuusyo iyo encyclopedias === {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{harvc |last1=Gardet|first1=L.|last2=Jomier|first2=J.|year=2012|c=Islām |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0387}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |ref={{harvid|Fahlbusch et al|2001}} |editor-last=Fahlbusch |editor-first=Erwin |display-editors=etal |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=yaecVMhMWaEC}} |title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=2001 |isbn=978-90-04-11695-5 |volume=2}} * {{cite encyclopedia |year=1913–1936 |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |editor1-last=Houtsma |editor1-first=M.T. |editor1-link=Martijn Theodoor Houtsma |editor2-first=T.W. |editor2-last=Arnold |editor2-link=Thomas Walker Arnold |editor3-first=R. |editor3-last=Basset |editor4-first=R. |editor4-last=Hartmann |edition=1st |place=Leiden |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-08265-6 |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam (1st ed.)|1913–1936}}}} * {{cite encyclopedia |year=2012 |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P.J. |issn=1573-3912 |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |edition=2nd |place=Leiden |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4 |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)|2012}}}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P.J. |issn=1573-3912 |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|n.d.}} |date=n.d. |url=https://brill.com/view/package/eio?language=en |url-access=subscription}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2004 |title=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World |series=Macmillan Reference Books |publisher=Thomson-Gale |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofis0001unse |editor-last=Martin |editor-first=Richard C. |isbn=978-0-02-865603-8}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |date=n.d. |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |editor-link=Jane Dammen McAuliffe}} * {{cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān |volume=2 |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=2002}} * {{cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān |volume=3 |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=2003}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals |publisher=Routledge |editor-last=Salamone |editor-first=Frank |edition=1st |isbn=978-0-415-94180-8 |series=Routledge Encyclopedias of Religion and Society |volume=6 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre00sala |jstor=j.ctt1jd94wq |year=2004}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2003 |title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=AltaMira Press |url=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas |editor-last=Glassé |editor-first=Cyril |series=Revised Edition of the Concise Encyclopedia of Islam |isbn=978-0-7591-0190-6 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-19-512558-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00bada |url-access=registration}} {{doi|10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001}} – via Oxford Reference. * {{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |year=2004 |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |place=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975726-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2006 |title=The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia |publisher=Routledge |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=isDgI0-0Ip4C|page=}} |editor-last=Leaman |editor-first=Oliver |isbn=978-0-415-32639-1}} {{Refend}} == Akhrin dheeraad ah == {{Refbegin}} * Abdul-Haqq, Abdiyah Akbar (1980). ''Sharing Your Faith with a Muslim''. Minneapolis: Bethany House Publishers. ''N.B''. Presents the genuine doctrines and concepts of Islam and of the Holy Qur'an, and this religion's affinities with Christianity and its Sacred Scriptures, in order to "dialogue" on the basis of what both faiths really teach. {{ISBN|0-87123-553-6}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism |publisher=SAGE; Cato Institute |location=Thousand Oaks, CA |last=Ahmad |first=Imad-ad-Dean |title=Islam |author-link=Imad-ad-Dean Ahmad |editor-last=Hamowy |editor-first=Ronald |editor-link=Ronald Hamowy |pages=256–258 |doi=10.4135/9781412965811.n155 |isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4 |lccn=2008009151 |oclc=750831024 |url={{Google books|yxNgXs3TkJYC|plainurl=yes}}}} * {{Cite book |last=Akyol |first=Mustafa |url=https://archive.org/details/islamwithoutextr0000akyo |title=Islam Without Extremes |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-393-07086-6 |edition=1st |author-link=Mustafa Akyol}} * {{Cite book |last=Arberry |first=A.J. |url=https://archive.org/details/koraninterpreted00ajar |title=The Koran Interpreted: A Translation |publisher=Touchstone |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-684-82507-6 |edition=1st |author-link=A. J. Arberry}} * Cragg, Kenneth (1975). ''The House of Islam'', in ''The Religious Life of Man Series''. Second ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company 1975. xiii, 145 p. {{ISBN|0-8221-0139-4}}. * {{Cite book |last=Hafez |first=Sherine |title=An Islam of Her Own: Reconsidering Religion and Secularism in Women's Islamic Movements |year=2011 |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=9780814773055 |url=https://opensquare.nyupress.org/books/9780814790724/}} * {{Cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Muhammad Muhsin |title=Noble Quran |last2=Al-Hilali Khan |last3=Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications |year=1999 |isbn=978-9960-740-79-9 |edition=1st |author-link=Muhammad Muhsin Khan}} * Khanbaghi, A, (2006). ''The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran''. I. B. Tauris. * Khavari, Farid A. (1990). ''Oil and Islam: the Ticking Bomb''. First ed. Malibu, Calif.: Roundtable Publications. viii, 277 p., ill. with maps and charts. {{ISBN|0-915677-55-5}}. * {{Cite book |title=The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-965-224-040-8 |editor-last=Kramer |editor-first=Martin |editor-link=Martin Kramer}} * {{Cite book |last=Kuban |first=Dogan |title=Muslim Religious Architecture |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=1974 |isbn=978-90-04-03813-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/islamwest00lewi_0 |title=Islam and the West |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-19-509061-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/culturesinconfli0000lewi |title=Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Age of Discovery |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-19-510283-3 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Mubarkpuri |first=Saifur-Rahman |title=The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Prophet |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-59144-071-0}} * {{Cite book |last=Najeebabadi |first=Akbar Shah |title=History of Islam |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-59144-034-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Sayilgan |first=Salih |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/god-evil-and-suffering-in-islam/C4C89591ADAAF25F104D517C4F4634B3 |title=God, Evil, and Suffering in Islam |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2023 |isbn=9781009377294}} * {{Cite book |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |url=https://www.giffordlectures.org/books/deciphering-signs-god-phenomenological-approach-islam |title=Deciphering the Signs of God: A Phenomenological Approach to Islam |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-7914-1982-3 |author-link=Annemarie Schimmel |access-date=31 January 2019 |archive-date=22 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422154518/https://www.giffordlectures.org/books/deciphering-signs-god-phenomenological-approach-islam |url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book |last=Schuon |first=Frithjof |title=Understanding Islam |publisher=Allen & Unwin |year=1963 |isbn=978-0941532242 |edition=3rd |author-link=Frithjof Schuon}} * {{Cite book |last=Stoddard |first=Lothrop |title=The New World of Islam |publisher=Chapman & Hall |year=1922 |url=https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/24107}} * {{Cite book |last=Walker |first=Benjamin |title=Foundations of Islam: The Making of a World Faith |publisher=Peter Owen Publishers |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-7206-1038-3 |author-link=Benjamin Walker (author)}} {{Refend}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Library resources box}} * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam "Islam"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/index.shtml Religion & Ethics – Islam] Maqaallo hordhac u ah Islaamka oo ka socda BBC ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} dcpsgfv2ckhv648l2wn1fik1phc5p9g 307324 307321 2026-09-06T20:51:37Z Isma4l 41797 /* Saamaynta diimaha kale, iyo Islaamiga */ 307324 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox religion | native_name = {{lang|ar|{{Script|Arab|الإسلام}}}}<br/>{{transliteration|ar|al-Islām}} | image = The Kaaba during Hajj - edited.jpg | caption = [[Kacbada]] ee ku taal [[Masjidka Xaramka]] ee [[Makka]], [[Sacuudi Carabiya]], oo ah [[Holiest sites in islam|goobta Islaamka ee ugu barakeysan]] | type = | main_classification = [[Abrahamic religions|Ibraahimi ah]] | scripture = {{Plainlist| * [[Quraan]] * Sunnada: [[Xadiis]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The saheeh Sunnah is wahy (Revelation) from Allah |url=https://islamqa.info/en/answers/77243/the-saheeh-sunnah-is-wahy-(revelation)-from-allah |website=islamqa.info |access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref> * Tafsiirka: [[Tafsiir]]<ref>Mir, Mustansir. (1995). "Tafsīr". In John L. Esposito. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref> }} | theology = [[Tawhid|Kkudnimada Alle]] | law = [[Sharia]] | philosophy = [[Falsafada Islaamka]] | area = [[Islam by country|Adduunka oo dhan]]<ref name="Global Islam" /> | language = [[Classical Arabic|Carabiga Quraanka]] | territory = [[Islamic world]] | founder = [[Maxamed]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Welch |first1=Alford T. |last2=Moussalli |first2=Ahmad S. |last3=Newby |first3=Gordon D. |date=2009 |entry=Muḥammad |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |editor-first=John L. |editor-last=Esposito |publisher=Oxford University Press |entry-url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211050118/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550 |archive-date=11 February 2017 }}</ref> | founded_date = {{circa|610 C.D.}} | founded_place = [[Jabal al-Nour]]<!-- Beginnings are understood to be where Muhammad is said to have received his first ever revelation, which was inside a cave in this mountain --> | number_of_followers = {{est.}} 2 bilyan<ref name="pew2010–2020" /> {{increase}} (oo si gaar ah loogu yeero [[Muslimiin]], halka si wadajir ah loogu yeero {{transliteration|ar|[[Ummah]]}}) | separations = {{Plainlist| * [[Ali-Illahism]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-SQe_sNtIaMC&q=ali%2520illahism&pg=PA216|title=Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon: With Travels in Armenia, Kurdistan and the Desert: Being the Result of a Second Expedition Undertaken for the Trustees of the British Museum|last=Layard|first=Austen Henry|date=2010-08-31|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108016773|page=216|language=en}}</ref> * [[Druze faith]]<ref>{{cite book |title=The Oxford Handbook of American Islam |first=Yvonne |last=Yazbeck Haddad |year=2014 |isbn=9780199862634 |page=142|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> * [[Baháʼí Faith]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Van der Vyer |first=J. D. |year=1996 |title=Religious human rights in global perspective: religious perspectives |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |isbn=90-411-0176-4 |page=449 |url=https://archive.org/details/religioushumanri0000unse |url-access=registration}}</ref> }} }} {{Sidebar with collapsible lists | name = religion sidebar | pretitle = Qayb ka mid ah taxane ku saabsan | pretitlestyle = padding-top:0.8em; | titlestyle = padding-bottom:0.5em; | title = [[Diin]] | listtitlestyle = background:transparent; text-align:center; font-size:100%; | centered list titles = yes | image = [[File:Icon-religion.svg|200px|class=skin-invert]] | imagestyle = padding-bottom:1em; | listclass = hlist | liststyle = padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em; padding-bottom:0.25em; font-size: 11px; | expanded = {{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}} |} | abovestyle = padding:0.5em 2em 0.5em; display:block; background-color: #efefef; | above = {{startflatlist}} * [[Outline of religion|Dulucda]] * [[Index of religion-related articles|Liisaska]] * [[:Category:Religion|Qeybta]] * [[:Category:Indexes of religion topics|Tusaha]] * [[History of religion|Taariikhda diinta]] * [[Portal:Religion|Bogga]] {{endflatlist}} | list1name = religions | list1title = Diimaha | list1titlestyle = padding-top:0.5em; | list1 = {{Sidebar |child |bodystyle={{subsidebar bodystyle}} |navbar=off | heading1 = [[Abrahamic religions|Diimaha Ibraahimiyeed]] | content1style = padding-top:0.2em; | content1 = * [[Judaism|Yuudaanismka]] * [[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]] * [[Islam|Islaamka]] * [[Alawism|Calawiisimka]] * [[Alevism|Alewiisimka]] * [[Azalism|Azaliisimka]]/[[Bábism|Baabiisimka]] * [[Baháʼí Faith|Diinta Bahaa'iga]] * [[Druze Faith|Diinta Duruusta]] * [[Mormonism|Mormooniyadda]] * [[Mandaeism|Mandeiisimka]] * [[Manichaeism|Maniikiisimka]] * [[Rastafari|Rastafariyiinta]] * [[Samaritanism|Samaritaniisimka]] | heading2 = [[Iranian religions|Diimaha Iiraaniga]] | content2style = padding-top:0.2em; | content2 = * [[Yazidism|Yasiidiisimka]] * [[Yarsanism|Yarsaniisimka]] * [[Zoroastrianism|Soroostiriyanka]] | heading3 = [[Indian religions|Diimaha Hindiya]] | content3style = padding-top:0.2em; | content3 = * [[Hinduism|Hinduugga]] * [[Buddhism|Buudhisimka]] * [[Jainism|Jeyniisimka]] * [[Sikhism| Sikhiisimka]] * [[Bon|Yungdrung Bon]] | heading4 = [[East Asian religions|Diimaha Bariga Aasiya]] | content4style = padding-top:0em; | content4 = * [[Taoism|Taowaysimka]] * [[Confucianism|Konfushiyanishka]] * [[Shinto|Shinto]] * [[Tian|Tian]] * [[Shangdi|Shangdi]] * [[Hongjun Laozu|Hongjun Laozu]] }} | list2name = schools | list2title = Dugsiyada Fikirka | list2titlestyle = border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em; | list2 = * [[Acosmism|Aakosmisimka]] * [[Agnosticism|Agnostisismka]] * [[Animism|Animisimka]] * [[Antireligion|Diin-diidka]] * [[Apatheism|Apatheisimka]] * [[Atheism|Aqoonsi la'aanta Ilaah / Ateyismka]] * [[Creationism|Abuuristaaniyadda]] * [[Dharma|Dharmismka]] * [[Deism|Deiisimka]] * [[Divine command theory|Aragt Dardaaran Ilaahay]] * [[Dualism in cosmology|Labo-jirnimada]] * [[Western esotericism|Sir-doonka Reer Galbeedka]] * [[Elite religion|Diinta dadka sare]] * [[Exclusivism|Gaar-yeelidda]] * [[Existentialism|Jiritaaniyadda]] ** [[Atheistic existentialism|ateyste]] ** [[Christian existentialism|masiixi]] * [[Feminist theology|Falsafada dumarka]] * [[Fideism|Caqiido-ku-tiirsiga]] * [[Folk religion|Diinta dadweynaha]] * [[Fundamentalism|Aasaas-ku-dhagidda]] * [[Gnosticism|Gnostisismka]] * [[Henotheism|Henotheiisimka]] * [[Hermeticism|Hermetiisimka]] * [[Humanism|Aadmiga-jecleyska]] ** [[Christian humanism|masiixi]] ** [[Religious humanism|diimeed]] ** [[Secular humanism|cilmiyeed]] * [[Ietsism|Ietsismka]] * [[Theological noncognitivism|Ignostisismka]] * [[Inclusivism|Wadajir-yeelidda]] * [[Kathenotheism|Kathenotheiisimka]] * [[Lived religion|Diinta la nool yahay]] * [[Monism|Kow-jirnimada]] * [[Monotheism|Kkudnimada Alle]] * [[Mysticism|Suufiyadda / Sir-raadinta]] * [[Naturalism (philosophy)|Dabiiciyadda]] ** [[Humanistic naturalism|aadmiga]] ** [[Metaphysical naturalism|milyawiga]] ** [[Religious naturalism|diimeed]] * [[New Age|Cаманkii Cusub]] * [[Nonduality (spirituality)|Laba-mid-la'aanta]] * [[Nontheism|Ilaah-la'aanta]] * [[Omnism|Omnisimka]] * [[Pandeism|Pandeiisimka]] * [[Panentheism|Panenteiisimka]] * [[Pantheism|Panteiisimka]] * [[Perennial philosophy|Falsafadda weligeed ah]] * [[Polytheism|Shirkiga / Ilaahyo badan]] * [[Process theology|Falsafadda socodka]] * [[Shendao shejiao|Shendao shejiao]] * [[Spiritualism (beliefs)|Rux-raadinta]] * [[Shamanism|Shaamanismka]] * [[East Asian religions|Taowayga]] * [[Theism|Ilaah-rumaynta]] * [[Transcendentalism|Sare-u-kacaaniyadda]] * [[Transtheism|Transtheiisimka]] * [[Unitarianism|Mowqifka kow-jirka]] | list3name = concepts | list3title = Fikradaha | list3titlestyle = border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em; | list3 = * [[Afterlife|Aakhiro]] * [[Anthropopathism|Sifaadka bini'aadmiga ee Ilaah]] * [[Apophatic theology|Apophatismka]] * [[Aseity|Iskii-jitaanshaha]] * [[Religious belief|Aaminsanaanta Diinta]] * [[Brahman|Brahman]] * [[Cataphatic theology|Cataphatismka]] * [[Cult|Kooxda diimeed]] * [[Demiurge|Demiurge]] * [[Divine simplicity|Fududeynta Ilaahay]] * [[Eschatology|Qiyaamaha iyo Aakhiro]] * [[Enlightenment in Buddhism|Iftiintinka]] * [[Eternity#God and eternity|Weligiis-jitaanshaha]] * [[Euthyphro dilemma|Muran-weydiintii Euthyphro]] * [[Existence of God|Jiritaanka Ilaahay]] * [[Faith|Iimaan]] * [[Form of the Good|Qaabka Wanaagga]] * [[Gender of God|Jinsiga Ilaahay]] * [[Gnosis|Gnosis]] * [[Holy Spirit|Ruuxa Quduuska ah]] * [[Intelligent design|Naqshadda caqli-gal ah]] * [[Moksha|Xorreynta]] * [[Misotheism|Ilaah-nacaybka]] * [[Miracle|Mucjiso]] * [[Names of God|Magacyada Ilaahay]] * [[New religious movement|Dhaqdhaqaaqa diimeed ee cusub]] * [[Omnibenevolence|Naxariista-buuxda]] * [[Omnipotence|Awoodda-oo-dhan]] * [[Omnipresence|Meel-kasta-joogidda]] * [[Omniscience|Cilmiga-oo-dhan]] * [[Pandeism|Pandeistiga]] * [[Personal god|Ilaah shakhsi ah]] * [[Prayer|Dugsi / Baryo]] * [[Problem of evil|Dhibaatada xumaanta]] * [[Process theology|Falsafadda socodka]] * [[Belief#Religion|Aaminsanaanta diimeed]] * [[Problem of religious language|Luqadda diinta]] * [[Reincarnation|Soo-noqoshada nolosha (Reincarnation)]] * [[Faith|Iimaanka diimeed]] * [[Revelation|Waxyi]] * [[Religious text|Qoraallada diinta]] * [[Soul|Nafta]] * [[Summum bonum|Wanaagga ugu sarreeya]] * [[Tawhid|Kkudnimada Alle]] * [[Theological veto|Diidmada diinta]] * [[Transcendence (religion)|Sare-u-baxa diimeed]] * [[Trinity|Saddex-midnimada]] * [[Creator deity|Ugu sarreeyaha / Abuuraha]] * [[Unmoved mover|Dhaqaajiye aan la dhaqaajin]] * [[Vitalism|Ruuxda nolosha]] * [[Worship|Caabudaad]] | list4name = figures | list4title = Hoggaamiyeyaasha Aasaasaya | list4titlestyle = border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em; | list4= *[[Ciise]] ([[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]]) *[[Maxamed]] ([[Islam|Islaamka]]) *[[Ibraahim]] ([[Judaism|Yuudaanismka]]) *[[Siddhartha Gautama]] ([[Buddhism|Buudhisimka]]) *[[Guru Nanak]] ([[Sikhism|Sikhiisimka]]) *[[Mahavira]] ([[Jainism|Jeyniisimka]]) *[[Zoroaster]] ([[Zoroastrianism|Soroostiriyanka]]) *[[Hamza ibn Ali]] ([[Druze|Duruusta]]) *[[Laozi]] ([[Taoism|Taowayga]]) *[[Confucius]] ([[Confucianism|Konfushiyanishka]]) * [[Baháʼu'lláh]] ([[Baháʼí Faith|Diinta Bahaa'iga]]) | belowclass = plainlist | belowstyle = text-align:center;font-weight:normal; padding:1em 1em 1em; | below = Kani waa [[:Category:Philosophy and thinking sidebar templates|farac]] ka mid ah [[philosophy|falsafadda]]. Si aad u baarto mowduucyada la xiriira, fadlan booqo [[:Category:Religion_and_belief_navigational_boxes|hage-tusaha]]. }} '''Islaamku'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|z|l|ɑː|m|,_|ˈ|ɪ|z|l|æ|m}} {{respell|IZ|la(h)m}};<ref>{{cite Cambridge Dictionaries |Islam}}</ref> {{langx|ar|{{Script|Arab|الإسلام|al-Islām}}|al-Islām}}, {{IPA|ar|alʔisˈlaːm|IPA}}, {{lit|hordhaca [ee la xiriira [[ogaanshaha doonista Ilaahay]]]}}}} waa diin [[Abrahamic|Ibraahimi ah]] oo ku saleysan [[Quraan|Quraanka]] iyo [[Sunnah|barashada]] [[Maxamed|Maxamed]]. Diintan [[monotheistic|kwdnimada Alle]] waxay leedahay qiyaastii [[Islam by country|2 bilyan oo raacsan adduunka oo dhan]], oo lagu magacaabo [[Muslims|Muslimiin]]. Islaamku waa [[Major religious groups|diinta labaad ee ugu weyn adduunka]], marka laga reebo [[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]]. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin inay jirto [[Fitra|iimaan asal ah]] oo la soo waxyooday marar badan iyadoo la sii marinayo [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|rusul iyo nabiyo hore]], oo ay ku jiraan [[Adam in Islam|Aadam]], [[Noah in Islam|Nux]], [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Muuse]], iyo [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]], waxayna rumeysan yihiin in Islaamku yahay nooca caalamiga ah ee dhameystiran ee [[faith|iimaankan]]. [[File:Birmingham Quran manuscript full.jpg|thumb|Labo [[Folio|bog]] oo ka mid ah [[Birmingham Quran manuscript|Qoraalka Gacanta ee Quraanka ee Birmingham]], oo lagu qoray [[Hijazi script|xarfaha Xijaasiga]] ee [[parchment|harag]] taariikhdiisu tahay int u dhaxaysa 568–645 C.D., iyadoo ku beegan xilligii nolosha Maxamed.]] Muslimiintu waxay u arkaan Quraanka inuu yahay hadalka dhabta ah ee [[God in Islam|Ilaahay]] iyo waxyigii ugu dambeeyay ee aan wax laga beddelin. Dhinaca Quraanka, Muslimiintu waxay sidoo kale rumeysan yihiin [[Islamic holy books|kutubtii hore ee la soo waxyooday]], sida [[Torah in Islam|''Towraad'']] ([[Torah]]), ''[[Psalms in Islam|Sabuur]]'' ([[Psalms]]), iyo [[Gospel in Islam|''Injiil'']] ([[Gospel]]). Waxay rumeysan yihiin in [[Muhammad in Islam|Maxamed]] yahay [[Seal of the Prophets|nabiga ugu weyn uguna dambeeya]] ee [[God|Ilaahay]], kaasoo diinta la soo dhameystiray, oo aan ka dib imanayn nabigii cusub ama sharcigii samada ahayn. Barashada iyo tusaalooyinka caadiga ah ee Maxamed, oo loogu yeero [[Sunnah]], oo lagu diiwaangeliyay xaqiiqooyin loogu yeero [[Hadith|Xadiis]], ayaa bixiya tusaale dastuuri ah oo loogu talagalay Muslimiinta. Islaamku wuxuu ku saleysan yahay rumaysashada kow-nimada iyo kelinimada Ilaahay ({{Transliteration|ar|[[tawhid]]}}), iyo rumaysashada [[afterlife|aakhiro]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[akhirah]]}}) oo ay ku jirto [[Judgement Day in Islam|Maalinta Qiyaame]]—halkaas oo kuwa suubban lagu abaalmarin doono jannada ({{Transliteration|ar|[[jannah]]}}) kuwa xunneydna lagu ciqaabi doono naarta ({{Transliteration|ar|[[jahannam]]}}). [[Five Pillars of Islam|Shanta Arкан ee Islaamka]], oo loo arko inay yihiin cibaadooyin [[Fard|waajib ah]], waa shahaadada diinta ({{Transliteration|ar|[[shahada]]}}), salaadaha maalinlaha ah ({{Transliteration|ar|[[salah]]}}), sakada ({{Transliteration|ar|[[zakat]]}}), soonka bisha [[Ramadan]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[sawm]]}}), iyo [[pilgrimage|xajka]] loo aado [[Mecca|Makka]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[hajj]]}}). Sharciga Islaamka ({{Transliteration|ar|[[sharia]]}}), wuxuu taabanayaa ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan dhinacyada nolosha, laga bilaabo [[Islamic banking and finance|bangiyada iyo maaliyadda]] iyo [[Zakat|gar-gaarka]] ilaa [[Gender roles in Islam|doorka ragga]] iyo [[Women in Islam|doorka dumarka]] iyo [[Islamic ethics#Environmentalism|deegaanka]]. Labada [[Islamic holidays|ci둡 diimeed]] ee ugu waaweyn waa Ciidul Fitri iyo Ciidul Adxa. Saddexda [[holiest sites in Islam|goobood ee ugu barakeysan]] waa [[Masjid al-Haram|Masjidka Xaramka]] ee [[Mecca|Makka]], [[Prophet's Mosque|Masjidka Nabiga]] ee [[Medina|Madiina]], iyo [[Al-Aqsa|Dhismaha Masjidka Al-Aqsa]] ee [[Jerusalem|Quddus]]. Islaamku wuxuu ka soo aasaasay Makka qiyaastii 610 C.D. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in tani ay tahay xilligii [[Muhammad's first revelation|Maxamed uu helay waxyigiisii ugu horreeyay]]. Waqtigii uu geeriyooday, inta badan [[Arabian Peninsula|Jaziiradda Carabta]] way [[Conversion to Islam|isu rogtay Islaamka]]. Islaamku wuxuu si dhakhso ah ugu fiday wixii ka dambeeyay Carabta iyadoo hoos imaneysa [[Rashidun Caliphate|Khulaafadii Raashidiyiinta]] iyo [[Umayyad Caliphate|Khulaafadii Umawiyiinta]]. Labada [[Islamic schools and branches|laamood ee ugu waaweyn Islaamka]] waa [[Sunni Islam|Sunniyada]] (87–90%) iyo [[Shia Islam|Shiicada]] (10–13%).{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=1|ps=. "Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims."}} Muslimiinta Sunniga iyo Shiicada ah ayaa wada noqda ku dhawaad ​​guud ahaan dadweynaha Muslimka ah ee adduunka, iyadoo qiyaasuhu ka bilaabmaan qiyaastii 1.7–1.8 bilyan oo Sunni ah ilaa 285–300 milyan oo Shiico ah adduunka oo dhan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=|first=|date=2009-10-07|title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/|access-date=2026-09-01|website=Pew Research Center|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Shia Muslim Population – Islamic Research and Information Center (IRIC)|url=https://iric.org/world-shia-muslim-population/|access-date=2026-09-01|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Project on Shi’ism and Global Affairs|url=https://shiism.hds.harvard.edu/|url-status=live|website=Harvard University}}</ref> Inkasta oo [[Shia–Sunni relations|khilaafka Shiicada iyo Sunniga]] uu asal ahaan ka soo bilowday is-afgaranwaa ku saabsan [[succession to Muhammad|dhaxalkii Maxamed]], waxay kor u qaadeen cabbir ballaaran, labada [[Schools of Islamic theology|dhinaca caqiidada]] iyo [[Fiqh|fiqhigaa]]. Ururinta xadiiska suuban ee Sunniga waxay ka kooban tahay [[Kutub al-Sittah|Lixda Kitaab]], halka ururinta xadiiska Shiicada ay ka kooban tahay [[The Four Books|Afrta Kitaab]]. Muslimiintu waxay ka yihiin inta badan dadweynaha 53 dal.<ref name="pew2010–2020">{{cite web |date=June 9, 2025 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020. Muslims grew fastest; Christians lagged behind global population increase |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]}} *{{cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett |author2=Marcin Stonawski |author3=Yunping Tong |author4=Stephanie Kramer |author5=Anne Shi |author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf |access-date=2025-06-10 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Qiyaastii 12% Muslimiinta adduunka waxay ku nool yihiin [[Islam in Indonesia|Indoonisiya]], oo ah dalka ugu dadka badan ee Muslimiinta ah; {{#expr: 100 * 480/1570 round 0}}% waxay ku nool yihiin [[Islam in South Asia|Kooniyada Aasiya]]; 20% waxay ku nool yihiin [[MENA#Religion|Bariga Dhexe iyo Waqooyiga Afrika]]; iyo 15% waxay ku nool yihiin [[Religion in Sub-Saharan Africa|Afrika ka hooseysa Saharada]]. Muslimiinta sidoo kale waxaa laga helaa [[Islam in the Americas|Ameerikaanka]], [[Islam in China|Shiinaha]], iyo [[Islam in Europe|Yurub]]. Muslimiintu waa [[Muslim population growth|kooxda diimeed ee ugu koraysa adduunka]], taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay [[fertility rate| heerka dhalmada oo sarreeya]] iyo qaab-dhismeedka da'da yar marka loo eego diimaha diimaha kale ee waaweyn.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lipka |first=Michael |last2=Hackett |first2=Conrad |date=2017-04-06 |title=Why Muslims are the world’s fastest-growing religious group |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |access-date=2026-09-01 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> Islaamka waxaa la saadaalinayaa inuu noqdo diinta ugu weyn adduunka dhammaadka qarniga 21-aad, isagoo ka sarre marinaya Masiixiyadda.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lipka |first1=Michael |last2=Hackett |first2=Conrad |date=April 6, 2017 |title=Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US |archive-date=14 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514123559/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="pew2015">{{cite report |author=[[Pew Forum|The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life]] |title=The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010–2050 |url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211090450/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf |archive-date=2020-12-11 |date=2015-04-02 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref><!--Do NOT add citations to the lead, except for material likely to be challenged, per [[MOS:LEADCITE]] ([[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section#Citations)]]. Move unneeded citations to the body.--> == Asalka ereyga{{anchor|Etymology}}<!-- Linked from many articles. If changing the section title, please let this anchor remain unchanged -->== {{See also|Muslims#Etymology}} Luqadda Carabiga, ''Islaam'' ({{langx|ar|إسلام|lit=hordhaca [ee la xiriira Ilaahay]}})<ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of Islam {{!}} Dictionary.com |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=www.dictionary.com |language=en |archive-date=9 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509110220/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Haywood |first=John |title=Historical Atlas of the Medieval World (AD 600 - 1492) |publisher=Barnes & Noble, Inc. |year=2002 |isbn=0-7607-1975-6 |edition=1st |location=Spain |pages=3.13 |language=en}}</ref> waa magaca fal-galeedka [[wikt:أسلم#Arabic|Foomka IV]] ee ka soo jeeda falka {{lang|ar|سلم}} ({{transliteration|ar|salama}}), ka soo jeeda [[Semitic root|xididka saddex-xarafle ah]] {{lang|ar|س-ل-م}} ({{transliteration|ar|[[Š-L-M|S-L-M]]}}), kaas oo sameeya fasal weyn oo erayo ah oo badankood la xiriira fikradaha dhiibin-hoosaadka, badbaadada, iyo nabadgelyada.<ref name="Lane-Lexicon-4">{{cite book |last=Lane |first=Edward William |author-link=Edward William Lane |title=An Arabic-English Lexicon |volume=4 |chapter=Siin |url=http://www.studyquran.co.uk/20_SIIN.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907230044/http://www.studyquran.co.uk/20_SIIN.htm |archive-date=2011-09-07 |via=[[The Study Quran|StudyQuran]] |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> Macnaha diimeed, waxay tilmaamaysaa u dhiibashada buuxda ee doonista [[God|Ilaahay]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=Barnard |last2=Churchill |first2=Buntzie Ellis |url=https://archive.org/details/islamreligionpeo00lewi |title=Islam: The Religion and The People |publisher=Wharton School Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-13-223085-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/islamreligionpeo00lewi/page/8 8]}}</ref> Ereyga ''[[Muslims|Muslim]]'' ({{lang|ar|مُسْلِم}}), oo ah erayga loogu talagalay qofka raaca Islaamka,<ref name="Lexico-Muslim">{{cite dictionary |title=Muslim |url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/muslim |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913192608/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/muslim |archive-date=2019-09-13 |dictionary=[[Lexico]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2020 |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref> waa [[Participle|falka firfircoon]] ee isla nooca falka, oo macneheedu yahay "dhiibtiye (Ilaahay)" ama "qof u hoggaansamaya (Ilaahay)". Si kastaba ha ahaatee, khabiirka [[Quranic studies|barashada Quraanka]] [[Mohsen Goudarzi]] wuxuu ku dooday in Quraanka ereyga ''[[dīn]]'' uu ka dhigan yahay "[[worship|cibaado]]", ''islām'' uu ka dhigan yahay "[[monotheism|kwdnimada]]" iyo ''muslim'' uu ka dhigan yahay "muwaahid / qof kelinimada Alle rumeeyay".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudarzi |first=Mohsen |date=2023-08-01 |title=Worship (dīn), Monotheism (islām), and the Qurʾān's Cultic Decalogue |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006/html |journal=Journal of the International Qur'anic Studies Association |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=30–71 |doi=10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006 |issn=2474-8420|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Gudaha [[Hadith of Gabriel|Xadiiska Jibriil]], ''Islaam'' waxaa lagu soo bandhigay inuu yahay hal qayb oo ka mid ah saddaxleey oo ay ku jirto {{transliteration|ar|[[Iman (Islam)|imān]]}} (iimaan), iyo {{transliteration|ar|[[Ihsan|ihsān]]}} (fududeyn / ixsaan).{{sfnp|Esposito|2000|pp=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00john/page/76 76–77]}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahmutćehajić |first=Rusmir |url=https://archive.org/details/mosqueheartsubmi00mahm |title=The mosque: the heart of submission |publisher=[[Fordham University Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8232-2584-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/mosqueheartsubmi00mahm/page/n104 84] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Islaamka laftiisa ayaa taariikh ahaan loogu yeeri jiray [[Mohammedan|''Mohammedanism'' (Maxamediyad)]] gudaha [[English-speaking world|dunida Ingiriiska ku hadasha]]. Eraygan wuxuu ka baxay isticmaalka waxaana mararka qaarkood la sheegaa inuu yahay [[Religious offence|dhaawac diimeed]], maadaama uu tilmaamayo in bini'aadam, halkii uu ka noqon lahaa Ilaahay, uu yahay kan udub-dhexaadka u ah diinta Muslimiinta.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Oxford University Press| last = Gibb| first = Sir Hamilton| title = Mohammedanism: an historical survey|isbn=9780195002454| year = 1969| page=1 | quote=Modern Muslims dislike the terms Mohammedan and Mohammedanism, which seem to them to carry the implication of worship of Mohammed, as Christian and Christianity imply the worship of Christ.}}</ref> == Tiirarka iimaanka == {{Main|Aqidah|Iman (Islam)|l2 = Iman}} [[caqiidada]] Islaamku (''[[aqidah]]'') waxay u baahan tahay rumaysashada lix tiir: Ilaahay, malaa'igta, waxyiga, nabiyada, [[Day of Resurrection|Maalinta Qiyaamaha]], iyo qadarinta masiirka.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sourcebook of the World's Religions: An Interfaith Guide to Religion and Spirituality|publisher=New World Library|pages=68–9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbSPOoQfu0IC&pg=PA68|editor-first=Joel|editor-last=Beversluis|year=2011|isbn=9781577313328|access-date=15 January 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228022948/https://books.google.com/books?id=dbSPOoQfu0IC&pg=PA68#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> === Ilaahay === [[File:Istanbul,_Hagia_Sophia,_Allah.jpg|thumb|[[calligraphy|Qoraal gacmeedka]] qarnigii 19-aad oo muujinaya magaca [[Allah|Alle]] ee ku yaal [[Hagia Sophia]], [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]].]] {{Main|God in Islam}} Fikradda udub-dhexaadka u ah Islaamka waa ''[[Tawhid|tawḥīd]]'' ({{langx|ar|توحيد|link=no}}), oo ah kelinimada Ilaahay. Badanaa waxaa loo arkaa inay tahay ''monotheism sax ah'', laakiin sidoo kale waa [[panentheism|panentheistic]] ku dhex leh barashada suufiga Islaamka.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/tawhid |title=Tawhid |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107041300/https://www.britannica.com/topic/tawhid |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Gimaret|first=D.|year=2012|c=Tawḥīd |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7454}}</ref> Ilaahay waxaa loo arkaa mid aan la barbar dhigi karin oo aan lahayn tiro dad ah sida ku jirta [[Christian Trinity|Saddex-midnimada Masiixiga]], oo tiro u nisbeynta Ilaahay ama sifooyinka Ilaahay oo loo nisbeeyo dad kale waxaa loo arkaa shirk, oo lagu magacaabo [[Shirk (Islam)|''shirk'']]. Sidaas darteed, Muslimiintu ma aha [[iconodule]]s mana u nisbeeyaan qaabab Ilaahay. Ilaahay halkaas waxaa lagu sifeeyaa oo loogu yeeraa dhowr [[Names of God in Islam|magac ama sifooyin]], kan ugu caansan waa ''Ar-Rahmān'' ({{lang|ar|الرحمان}}) oo macneheedu yahay "Naxariis-guud", iyo ''Ar-Rahīm'' ({{lang|ar|الرحيم}}) oo macneheedu yahay "Naxariis-gaar ah" kuwaas oo laga baryo bilowga inta badan Suuradaha Quraanka.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ali |first1=Kecia |title=Islam : the key concepts |date=2008 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |last2=Leaman |first2=Oliver |isbn=978-0-415-39638-7 |location=London |oclc=123136939}}</ref>{{sfnp|Campo|2009|p=34|loc="Allah"}} Magaca tooska ah ee Carabiga ee Ilaahay, ''[[Allāh]]'' (الله), oo ah eray aan lahayn [[plural|wadar]] ama [[gender|jinsi]], ayaa sidoo kale si caadi ah loogu isticmaalaa luqadaha kale ee Muslimiinta iyo Masiixiyiinta iyo Yuhuuda Carabiga ku hadla si ay ugu tixraacaan Ilaahay, halka ''{{transliteration|ar|ISO|[[ʾilāh]]}}'' ({{lang|ar|إله}}) uu yahay eray loo isticmaalo ilaah ama ilaah guud ahaan.<ref>{{cite web |title=God |url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |access-date=18 December 2010 |website=Islam: Empire of Faith |publisher=[[PBS]] |archive-date=27 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327034958/http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Islaamku wuxuu barayaa in abuurista wax kasta oo ku jira [[universe|caalamka]] la keenay iyada oo la raacayo amarka Ilaahay sida lagu muujiyay erayada, "[[Be, and it is|Aabo, oo wuu noqdaa]],"<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|2|117|b=yl}}</ref> iyo in [[Meaning of life|ujeeddada jiritaanka]] ay tahay in la caabudo Ilaahay.<ref>Leeming, David. 2005. ''The Oxford Companion to World Mythology''. Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-195-15669-0}}. p. 209.</ref> Waxaa loo arkaa ilaah shakhsi ah oo wax dhexdhexaadin ah, sida [[clergy|wadaaddada]], looma baahna si loo gaaro xiriir lala yeesho Ilaahay. Wacyigelinta Ilaahay waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[taqwa]]. === Malaa'igta === [[File:Rashid al-Din Tabib - Jami al-Tawarikh, f.45v detail - c. 1306-15.png|thumb|Maxamed oo helaya [[Muhammad's first revelation|waxyigiisii ugu horreeyay]] oo uga imaanaya malaa'igta [[Gabriel]], oo ka socda qoraal gacmeedka [[Jami' al-tawarikh|Jami' al-Tawarikh]] ee uu qoray [[Rashid al-Din Hamadani|Rashid-al-Din Hamadani]], lagu daabacay [[Tabriz]], [[Iran]], 1307 C.D.]] {{Main|Angels in Islam}} Malaa'igta (keligood: {{langx|ar|ملك|link=no}}, ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|malak}}'') waa makhluuqaad lagu sifeeyay Quraanka{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=23}} iyo xadiiska.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=79}} Waxaa lagu sifeeyay inay u abuuran yihiin inay caabudaan Ilaahay iyo inay sidoo kale ka shaqeeyaan waajibaadyo kale oo gaar ah sida gudbinta [[revelation|waxyiga]] ee ka yimid Ilaahay, diiwaangelinta ficilada qof kasta, iyo qaadashada [[soul|nafta]] qofka waqtiga dhimashada. Waxaa lagu sifeeyay inay si kala duwan uga abuurmeen 'iftiin' ([[Nūr (Islam)|''nūr'']])<ref name="Encyclopedia-Nur">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Nūr |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/nur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423085030/https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/nur |archive-date=2022-04-23 |encyclopedia=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |via=[[Encyclopedia.com]] |language=en |access-date=2026-03-20}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|last1=Hartner, W.|last2=Tj Boer |year=2012 |c=Nūr |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0874}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Elias |first=Jamal J. |year=2003|c=Light |in=McAuliffe}} {{doi|10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00261}}</ref> ama 'dab' (''nār'').<ref>{{harvc |last=Campo |first=Juan E. |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/nar |c=Nar |in=Martin |year=2004}}. – via [[Encyclopedia.com]].</ref><ref>{{harvc|last=Fahd, T. |year=2012 |c=Nār |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0846}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Toelle |first=Heidi |year=2002 |c=Fire |in=McAuliffe}} {{doi|10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00156}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|McAuliffe|2003|p=45}}</ref> Malaa'igta Islaamka waxaa badanaa lagu matalaa [[Anthropomorphism|qaabab bini'aadamnimo]] oo ay ku jiraan sawirro [[supernatural|cajiib ah]], sida baalal, oo ah kuwa aad u waaweyn ama xidhan dhar janno.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|pp=97–99}}<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=26–28}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Webb |first=Gisela |c=Angel |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|last1=MacDonald, D. B.|last2=Madelung, W. |year=2012 |c=Malāʾika |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}}{{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0642}}</ref> Sifooyinka caadiga ah ee malaa'igta waxaa ka mid ah inaysan lahayn baahiyo jir iyo rabitaanno, sida cunidda iyo cabidda.{{sfnp|Çakmak|2017|p=140}} Qaarkood, sida [[Gabriel|Jibriil]] iyo [[Michael (archangel)|Miikaa'il]], ayaa magacyadooda lagu xusay Quraanka. Malaa'igtu waxay door muhiim ah ka ciyaaraan suugaanta ku saabsan [[Isra and Mi'raj|Mi'raajka]], halkaas oo Maxamed uu kula kulmo dhowr malaa'igood intii uu ku jirsaday safarkiisa samada.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=79}} Malaa'ig dheeraad ah ayaa badanaa lagu muujiyay [[Islamic eschatology|qiyaamaha]], [[Kalam|cilmiga kalaamka]] iyo [[Islamic philosophy|falsafada Islaamka]].{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=22}} === Kitaabyada === [[File:Quran rzabasi1.JPG|thumb|Qoraal gacmeed [[Quran|Quraan]] ah oo qarnigii 9-aad ah oo saaran [[Rehal (book rest)|rehal]], oo ah kursiga kitaabka qudduuska ah, oo lagu hayo [[Reza Abbasi Museum]] ee [[Tehran]], [[Iran]].]] {{Main|Islamic holy books|Quran|Wahy}} {{See also|History of the Quran}} Kitaabka quduuska ah ee ugu sarreeya Islaamka waa [[Quran|Quraanka]]. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in aayaadka Quraanka uu Maxamed u soo waxyooday Ilaahay, iyada oo la sii marinayo [[archangel|malaa'igta]] Jibriil, marar badan inta u dhaxaysa 610 C.D.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Watt |first=William Montgomery |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC&pg=PA5 |title=Islam and the Integration of Society |date=2003 |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |isbn=978-0-415-17587-6 |pages=5 |access-date=15 June 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228022949/https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo 632, sanadkii uu geeriyooday Maxamed.{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=17–18, 21}} Intii uu Maxamed noolaa, waxyiyadan waxaa qoray [[Muhammad's companions|saxaabtiisa]], inkastoo habka ugu muhiimsan ee gudbinta uu ahaa af ahaan iyada oo la adeegsanayo [[Hafiz (Quran)|xifdinta]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Al Faruqi |first1=Lois Ibsen |author-link=Lois Lamya al-Faruqi |year=1987 |title=The Cantillation of the Qur'an |journal=[[Society for Asian Music|Asian Music]] |issue=Autumn – Winter 1987 |pages=3–4}}</ref> Quraanku wuxuu u qaybsamaa 114 suuradood (''[[sūrah]]'') oo ka kooban wadarta guud ee 6,236 aayadood (''[[ayah|āyāt]]''). Suuradaha hore ee taariikh ahaan, ee lagaga soo waxyooday [[Mecca|Makka]], waxay inta badan khuseeyaan arrimaha ruuxiga ah, halka suuradaha dambe ee [[Medina|Madiina]] ay ka hadlaan arrimo bulsho iyo sharci oo khuseeya bulshada Muslimka ah. Qareennada Muslimiintu waxay la tashadaan xadiiska ('warka'), ama diiwaanka qoran ee nolosha Maxamed, si ay labadaba u taageeraan Quraanka oo ay uga caawiyaan tafsiirkiisa. Sayniska faallooyinka iyo tafsiirka Quraanka waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[tafsir]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/tafsir |title=Tafsīr |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019035210/https://www.britannica.com/topic/tafsir |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=79–81}} Marka laga reebo muhiimadiisa diimeed, Quraanka waxaa loo aqoonsan yahay si weyn inuu yahay shaqada ugu fiican [[Arabic literature|suugaanta Carabiga]],<ref>{{cite book|first=Alan|last=Jones|location=London|publisher=[[Charles E. Tuttle Company]]|year=1994|page=1|title=The Koran|quote="Its outstanding literary merit should also be noted: it is by far, the finest work of Arabic prose in existence."|isbn=1842126091}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Arthur|last=Arberry|title=The Koran Interpreted|location=London|publisher=[[Allen & Unwin]]|year=1956|quote="It may be affirmed that within the literature of the Arabs, wide and fecund as it is both in poetry and in elevated prose, there is nothing to compare with it."|page=191|isbn=0684825074}}</ref> wuxuuna saameeyay fanka iyo luqadda Carabiga.<ref>Kadi, Wadad, and Mustansir Mir. "Literature and the Quran." In ''[[Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān|Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an]]'' 3. pp. 213, 216.</ref> Islaamku sidoo kale wuxuu qabaa in Ilaahay uu soo diray waxyiyo, oo la yiraahdo ''[[wahy]]'', oo loo soo diray nabiyo kala duwan marar badan taariikhda oo dhan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Islaamku wuxuu barayaa in qaybo ka mid ah kitaabadii hore ee la soo waxyooday, sida [[Torah in Islam|''Towraad'']] ([[Torah]]) iyo [[Gospel in Islam|''Injiil'']] ([[Gospel in Islam|Injiil]]), ay noqdeen kuwo [[tahrif|la leexiyay]]—ha ahaato tafsiirka, qoraalka, ama labadaba,<ref name="harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5">{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5}}</ref><ref name="harvp|Peters|2003|p=9">{{harvp|Peters|2003|p=9}}</ref><ref name="610CE">{{harvc|c=Muhammad|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|last2=Welch|first2=A.T.|last1=Buhl|first1=F.}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Tahrif |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d. |author=[[Hava Lazarus-Yafeh]]}}</ref> halka Quraanka ({{Lit|Akhrinta}}) loo arko hadalka ugu dambeeya, ee dhabta ah ee aan wax laga beddelin ee Ilaahay.<ref name="Ringgren">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ringgren |first=Helmer |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Quran |title=Qurʾān |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=5 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505001543/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/487666/Quran |url-status=live }} "The word ''Quran'' was invented and first used in the Quran itself. There are [[Quran#Etymology and meaning|two different theories]] about this term and its formation."</ref><ref>{{harvp|Teece|2003|pp=12–13}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Turner|2006|p=42}}</ref>{{sfnp|Bennett|2010|p=101}} === Nabiyada === {{Main|Prophets and messengers in Islam|Sunnah|Hadith}} [[File:Medieval Persian manuscript Muhammad leads Abraham Moses Jesus.jpg|thumb|[[Persian miniature|Miniakiyada Faarisiga]] ee qarnigii 15-aad oo muujinaysa [[Muhammad in Islam|Maxamed]] oo hoggaaminaya [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Muuse]], [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]] iyo [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|nabiyo kale]] salaadda.<ref>{{cite web |title=BnF. Département des Manuscrits. Supplément turc 190 |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/view3if/ga/ark:/12148/btv1b8427195m/f16 |publisher=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] |access-date=7 September 2023 |archive-date=9 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909130407/https://gallica.bnf.fr/view3if/ga/ark:/12148/btv1b8427195m/f16 |url-status=live }}</ref>]] Nabiyada (Carabi: {{langx|ar|أنبياء|label=none|translit=anbiyāʾ}}) waxaa la rumeysan yahay inay doorteen Ilaahay si ay u wacdhiyaan fariin ilaahi ah. Qaar ka mid ah nabiyadan ayaa sidoo kale keena kitaab cusub waxaana loogu yeeraa "rasuul" ({{langx|ar| رسول&lrm;|label=none|translit=rasūl}}).<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|p=225}}</ref> Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in nabiyadu ay yihiin bini'aadam oo aan ahayn ilaahyo. Dhammaan nabiyadu waxaa la sheegaa inay wacdiyiyeen fariintii asaasiga ahayd ee Islaamka - u dhiibashada doonista Ilaahay - oo ay u direen quruumihii hore, tan ayaana la sheegay inay sabab u tahay isku mid ahaanshaha badan ee u dhexeeya diimaha. Quraanku wuxuu sheegayaa magacyada tiro badan oo ah shakhsiyaadka loo tixgeliyo [[prophets in Islam|nabiyada Islaamka]], oo ay ku jiraan [[Adam in Islam|Aadam]], [[Noah in Islam|Nux]], [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Muuse]], [[David in Islam|Daa'uud]] iyo [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]], iyo kuwo kale.<ref name="Schimmel">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |author-link=Annemarie Schimmel |title=Islam |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504201633/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/295507/Islam |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Reeves |first=J. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC |title=Bible and Qurʼān: Essays in scriptural intertextuality |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2004 |isbn=90-04-12726-7 |location=[[Leiden]] |page=177 |access-date=21 August 2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164019/https://books.google.com/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC |url-status=live }}</ref> Sheekooyinka la xiriira nabiyada ee ka baxsan xisaabaadka Quraanka waxaa lagu ururiyaa oo lagu baaraa ''[[Qisas Al-Anbiya|Qisas al-Anbiya]]'' (Sheekooyinka Nabiyada). Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in Ilaahay uu soo diray Maxamed inuu noqdo nabiga ugu dambeeya ("[[Seal of the prophets|khaatumul anbiyo]]") si uu u gaarsiiyo fariinta dhameystiran ee Islaamka.<ref name="Esposito-Islam">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Esposito |first=John L. |author-link=John Esposito |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |title=Islam |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012298 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110124812/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012298 |archive-date=2021-01-10 |quote=Profession of Faith...affirms Islam's absolute monotheism and acceptance of Muḥammad as the messenger of Allah, the last and final prophet. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Peters-Allah">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Peters |first=F. E. |author-link=Francis Edward Peters |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |title=Allāh |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095403960 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926053837/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095403960 |archive-date=2020-09-26 |quote=[T]he Muslims' understanding of Allāh is based...on the Qurʿān's public witness. Allāh is Unique, the Creator, Sovereign, and Judge of mankind. It is Allāh who directs the universe through his direct action on nature and who has guided human history through his prophets, Abraham, with whom he made his covenant, Moses/Moosa, Jesus/Eesa, and Muḥammad, through all of whom he founded his chosen communities, the 'Peoples of the Book.' |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Islaamka dhexdiisa, tusaalaha "caadiga ah" ee nolosha Maxamed waxaa lagu magacaabaa ''[[sunnah]]'' (oo macneheedu yahay "jidka la maray"). Muslimiinta waxaa lagu dhiirrigelinayaa inay ku daydaan dabeecadaha akhlaaqda ee Maxamed noloshooda maalinlaha ah, sunnadana waxaa loo arkaa mid muhiim u ah hagidda tafsiirka Quraanka.<ref>{{harvp|Martin|2004|p=666}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Hadith|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|author=J. Robson}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Sunna|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|author=D.W. Brown}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Goldman |first=Elizabeth |title=Believers: Spiritual Leaders of the World |date=1995 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-508240-1 |location=Oxford |page=63}}</ref> Tusaalahan waxaa lagu ilaaliyaa dhaqamo loo yaqaan xadiis, oo ah xisaabaadka erayadiisa, ficilladiisa, iyo sifooyinka shakhsi ahaaneed. [[Hadith qudsi|Xadiiska Qudsi]] waa qayb hoose oo ka tirsan xadiiska, oo loo arko inuu yahay erayada dhabta ah ee Ilaahay ee uu soo xigtay Maxamed oo aan ahayn qayb ka tirsan Quraanka. Xadiisku wuxuu ka kooban yahay laba shay: silsiladda sheekeeyayaasha, oo loo yaqaanno [[Hadith studies#Traditional importance of the sanad|''sanad'']], iyo ereyada dhabta ah, oo loo yaqaanno [[Hadith studies|''matn'']]. Waxaa jira habab kala duwan oo lagu kala saaro xaqiiqda xadiisyada, iyadoo cabbirka darajada ee badanaa la isticmaalo uu yahay "saxiix" ama "sax ah" ({{langx|ar|صحيح|links=no|translit=[[Authentic hadith|ṣaḥīḥ]]|label=none}}); "xasan" ({{langx|ar|حسن|links=no|label=none|translit=[[Hasan (hadith)|ḥasan]]}}); ama "daciif" ({{langx|ar|ضعيف|label=none|translit=[[Da'if|ḍaʻīf]]}}), iyo kuwo kale. [[Kutub al-Sittah]] waa ururinta lix kitaab, oo loo arko inay yihiin warbixinnada ugu suuban ee [[Sunni Islam|Sunniyada]]. Waxaa ka mid ah [[Sahih al-Bukhari]], oo ay Sunnidu badanaa u arkaan mid ka mid ah [[Hadith terminology#Terminology relating to the authenticity of a hadith|ilaha ugu suuban]] ka dib Quraanka.<ref>[[Aisha Abd al-Rahman|al-Rahman, Aisha Abd]], ed. 1990. [[Introduction to the Science of Hadith|Muqaddimah Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ]]. Cairo: Dar al-Ma'arif, 1990. pp. 160–69</ref> Il kale oo caan ka ah xadiisyada waa [[The Four Books|Afrta Kitaab]], oo ay Shiicadu u arkaan tixraaca xadiiska ee ugu suuban.<ref name="Awliyai-Four-Books">{{cite book |last=Awliya'i |first=Mustafa |title=Outlines of the Development of the Science of Hadith |volume=1 |chapter=The Four Books |url=https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol1-n12-3/outlines-development-science-hadith-dr-mustafa-awliyai/part-1#four-books |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912144702/https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol1-n12-3/outlines-development-science-hadith-dr-mustafa-awliyai/part-1#four-books |archive-date=2017-09-12 |translator-last=Qara'i |translator-first=A. Q. |via=Al-Islam.org |access-date=2020-05-24 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Rizvi-Four-Books">{{cite book |last=Rizvi |first=Sayyid Sa'eed Akhtar |author-link=Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi |title=The Qur'an and Hadith |location=Tanzania |publisher=Bilal Muslim Mission |chapter=The Hadith §The Four Books (Al-Kutubu'l-Arb'ah) |url=https://www.al-islam.org/quran-and-hadith-allamah-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/chapter-4-hadith#four-books-al-kutubul-arbah |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912191319/https://www.al-islam.org/quran-and-hadith-allamah-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/chapter-4-hadith#four-books-al-kutubul-arbah |archive-date=2017-09-12 |via=Al-Islam.org |access-date=2020-05-24 |language=en}}</ref> === Soo-noqoshada iyo xukunka === [[File:Chester Beatty T 414 fol 129r Muhammad al-Mehdi.png|thumb|Matxaf qarnigii 16-aad ee [[Muhammad al-Mahdi|Maxamed al-Mahdi]]. [[Mahdi|Mahdiga]] waxaa la rumeysan yahay inuu soo muuqan doono ka hor [[Eschatology|Waqtiga Dhamaadka]] si uu u soo celiyo cadaaladda oo uu uga adkaado dulmiga iyadoo la kaashanaya [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]] ([[Jesus]]).]] {{Main|Islamic eschatology}} Rumaysashada "Maalinta Qiyaame" ama ''[[Qiyamah|Yawm al-Qiyāmah]]'' ({{langx|ar|يوم القيامة|link=no}}) ayaa sidoo kale muhiim u ah Muslimiinta. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in waqtiga Qiyaamaha uu hore u qadaray Ilaahay, laakiin uusan aqoon bini'aadamku. Quraanka iyo xadiiska, iyo sidoo kale faallooyinka [[Ulama|culimada]], waxay qeexayaan imtixaannada iyo [[Great Tribulation|dhibaatooyinka]] ka horreeya iyo inta uu socdo Qiyaamaha. Quraanka wuxuu xoogga saarayaa [[universal resurrection|soo-noqoshada jirka]], taasoo ah mid ka duwan fahamkii [[pre-Islamic Arabia|Carabtii hore]] ee dhimashada.<ref>{{harvp|Glassé|2003|loc="Resurrection"|pp=382–383}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)|2012|loc="Avicenna"}}. {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_DUM_0467}}: "Ibn Sīnā, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Sīnā is known in the West as 'Avicenna'."</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Qiyama |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d. |author=Gardet, L.}}</ref> Maalinta Qiyaame, Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in dhammaan bini'aadamka lagu xukumi doono falalkooda wanaagsan iyo kuwa xun waxaana loo gudbin doonaa [[Jannah|Janno]] ama [[Jahannam|Naar]].<ref>{{cite web |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |editor-link=John Esposito |title=Eschatology |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e588 |url-access=subscription |work=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Islam]] |via=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |access-date=18 April 2017 |archive-date=13 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100913062714/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e588 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Quraanku wuxuu ku jira [[Surat al-Zalzalah]] wuxuu tan ku sifeeyaa: "Haddaba qofkii sameeya culays atoore oo wanaag ah wuu arki doonaa. Qofkii se sameeya culays atoore oo xumaan ah wuu arki doonaa." Quraanku [[Islamic views of sin|wuxuu qorayaa dunuub badan]] oo qof ku xukumi kara naar. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Quraanku wuxuu caddeynayaa in Ilaahay uu cafiyi doono dunuubta kuwa toobad keena haddii uu doono. Falalka wanaagsan, sida sadaqada, salaadda, iyo naxariista xayawaannada{{sfnp|Esposito|2011|p=130}} waxaa lagu abaalmarin doonaa gelitaanka jannada. Muslimiintu waxay u arkaan jannada meel ay ka buuxaan farxad iyo barako, iyadoo tixraacyada Quraanku ay qeexayaan sifooyinkeeda. Dhaqamada suufiga ah ee Islaamka waxay dhigayaan raaxooyinkan jannada xiriir la leh wacyigelin xamaasad leh oo ku saabsan Ilaahay.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2006|p=89}}; ''Encyclopedia of Islam and Muslim World'', p. 565</ref><ref>{{harvc |c=Garden |first=Asma |last=Afsaruddin |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Paradise|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> ''Yawm al-Qiyāmah'' sidoo kale waxaa Quraanka loogu aqoonsaday ''Yawm ad-Dīn'' ({{lang|ar|يوم الدين}} "Maalinta Diinta");<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|1|4|b=y}};</ref> ''as-Sāʿah'' ({{lang|ar|الساعة}} "Saacadda Dambe");<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|6|31|b=y}};</ref> iyo ''[[Al-Qaria|al-Qāriʿah]]'' ({{lang|ar|القارعة}} "Qaylisaada").<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|101|1|b=y}}</ref> === Qadarka === {{Main|Predestination in Islam}} Qaar ka mid ah Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin qadarka ilaahay, ({{langx|ar|القضاء والقدر}}, ''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|al-qadāʾ wa l-qadar}}'') in arrin kasta uu qaddaray Ilaahay.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.freeweb.hu/etymological/AEDweb.htm |date=2002 |title=Andras Rajki's A. E. D. (Arabic Etymological Dictionary) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208204654/http://www.freeweb.hu/etymological/AEDweb.htm |archive-date=8 December 2011 |access-date=13 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Cohen-Mor|2001|p=4}}: "The idea of predestination is reinforced by the frequent mention of events 'being written' or 'being in a book' before they happen": Say: "Nothing will happen to us except what Allah has decreed for us..."</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Karamustafa |first=Ahmet T. |c=Fate |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}: The verb ''qadara'' literally means "to measure, to determine". Here it is used to mean that "God measures and orders his creation".</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Gardet|first=L.|year=2012|c=al-Ḳaḍāʾ Wa 'l-Ḳadar |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0407}}</ref> [[Mu'tazilism|Mu'tasiladu]] iyo qaar ka mid ah Shiicada Muslimiinta ah ma rumeysna fikraddan.<ref>[[#AGI1978|Guillaume, ''Islam'', 1978]]: p.131-2</ref><ref>[[#AGI1978|Guillaume, ''Islam'', 1978]]: p.132</ref><ref>''Need of Religion'', by Sayyid [[Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi]], p. 14.</ref><ref>''Muslims'', by S. H. M. Rizvi, Shibani Roy, B. B. Dutta, p. 20.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shirazi |first1=Naser Makarem |title=The Justice of God |publisher=Al-Islam.org |url=https://www.al-islam.org/justice-god-naser-makarem-shirazi/issue-predestination-and-free-will |access-date=14 June 2022 |chapter=The Issue of Predestination and Free Will|date=12 May 2015 }}</ref><ref>''Islamic Beliefs, Practices, and Cultures'', by Marshall Cavendish Corporation, p. 137.</ref> Badanaa, rumaysashadan masiirka ilaahay waxaa lagu muujiyaa erayga ''[[Inshallah]]'', ({{langx|ar|إن شاء الله}}, {{transliteration|ar|haddii Alle jiro}}) marka laga hadlayo dhacdooyinka mustaqbalka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Muslim beliefs – Al-Qadr |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z43pfcw/revision/4 |access-date=13 November 2020 |publisher=BBC |work=Bitesize – GCSE – Edexcel |archive-date=15 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115112558/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z43pfcw/revision/4 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Ficilada cibaadada == {{Main|Five Pillars of Islam|Ibadah}} Waxaa jira shan ficil oo cibaado ah oo loo arko inay yihiin [[fard|waajibaad]]–Shahaadada, salaadaha shanta ah ee maalinlaha ah, [[Zakat|sakada]], [[fasting during Ramadan|soonta bisha Ramadaan]], iyo xajka [[Hajj|Hajka]]—oo si wadajir ah loogu yaqaano "Tiirarka Islaamka" (''Arkān al-Islām''). Intaa waxaa dheer, Muslimiintu waxay sidoo kale sameeyaan ficilo kale oo ikhtiyaari ah oo dhiirrigel leh laakiin aan loo arkin inay yihiin waajibaad.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=ZAROUG|first=ABDULLAHI HASSAN|date=1985|title=THE CONCEPT OF PERMISSION, SUPEREROGATORY ACTS AND ASETICISM &#91;sic&#93; IN ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20847307|journal=Islamic Studies|volume=24|issue=2|pages=167–180|jstor=20847307|issn=0578-8072|access-date=7 January 2023|archive-date=7 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207140013/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20847307|url-status=live}}</ref> === Shahaadada === [[File:Silver Rupee Akbar.jpg|thumb|right|Lacag qalinkii qarnigii 16-aad ee [[Akbar|Akbarkii Weyn]], Boqorkii [[Mughal Empire|Mugalka]], [[India]], oo lagu qoray [[Shahada|Shahaadada]].]] {{Main|Shahada}} [[shahada]]h{{sfnp|Nasr|2003|pp=3, 39, 85, 270–272}} waa [[oath|dhaar]] lagu caddaynayo rumaysashada Islaamka. Qoraalka la ballaariyay waa "{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʾašhadu ʾal-lā ʾilāha ʾillā-llāhu wa ʾašhadu ʾanna muħammadan rasūlu-llāh}}" ({{langx|ar|أشهد أن لا إله إلا الله وأشهد أن محمداً رسول الله|label=none}}), ama, "Waxaan qirayaa inuusan jirin [[deity|ilaah]] aan ahayn [[God in Islam|Ilaahay]] waxaanuna qirayaa in Maxamed yahay rasuulkii Ilaahay."<ref name="Mohammad-1985">{{cite journal |last=Mohammad |first=Noor |date=1985 |title=The Doctrine of Jihad: An Introduction |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-law-and-religion_1985_3_2/page/381 |journal=[[Journal of Law and Religion]] |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=381–397 |doi=10.2307/1051034 |jstor=1051034 |publisher=Journal of Law and Religion, Inc. |language=en}}</ref> Islaamka waxaa mararka qaarkood lagu doodaa inuu leeyahay caqiido aad u fudud iyadoo shahaadadu ay tahay saldhigga diinta ka hartay. Aan-Muslimiinta raba inay [[Conversion to Islam|soo islaamaan]] waxaa looga baahan yahay inay ku dhawaaqaan shahaadada hortooda markhaatiyaal.<ref>{{harvc |last=Kasim |first=Husain |year=2004 |c=Islam |pp=195–197 |in=Salamone}}</ref><ref name="Galonnier-2021">{{cite book |last=Galonnier |first=Juliette |editor-last=van Nieuwkerk |editor-first=Karin |title=Moving In and Out of Islam |chapter=Moving In or Moving Toward? Reconceptualizing Conversion to Islam as a Liminal Process |location=New York |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2021 |pages=44–66 |doi=10.7560/317471-003 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7560/317471-003/html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023001/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7560/317471-003/html |archive-date=2023-12-28 |language=en}}</ref> === Salaadda === [[File:Prayer in Cairo 1865.jpg|thumb|[[Muslims|Muslimiin]] tukanaya ([[salah]]) gudaha [[Egypt]] waxaa alifay [[Jean-Léon Gérôme]], 1865.]] {{Main|Salah}} {{See also|Mosque|Jumu'ah}} Salaadda Islaamka waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[salah|as-salaad]] ({{langx|ar|الصلاة|link=no}}), ama erayga [[Persian language|Faarisiga]] ee ah "Namaz." Waxaa loo arkaa xiriir shakhsi ah oo lala leeyahay Ilaahay, waxayna ka kooban tahay ku celcelinta qaybo la yiraahdo [[rakat|rakco]] oo ay ku jiraan [[Ruku|rukooc]] iyo [[Sujud|sujuud]] loo sujuudayo Ilaahay. Waxaa jira shan salaadood oo la cayimay maalintii oo dhan kuwaas oo loo arko waajibaad. Salaadaha waxaa lagu akhriyaa luqadda Carabiga waxaana lagu fuliyaa [[Qibla|dhanka]] [[Kaaba|Kacbada]]. Ficilku sidoo kale wuxuu u baahan yahay xaalad nadiif ah oo diimeed oo lagu gaaro hababka [[wudu|weysada]] ama, xaaladaha qaarkood, qubays buuxa oo [[ghusl|qubays ah]].<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=18, 19}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Hedayetullah|2006|pp=53–55}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Kobeisy|2004|pp=22–34}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Momen|1987|p=178}}</ref> [[mosque|Masaajidka]], oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano masjid ama namazgah, waa [[places of worship|goob cibaado]] oo loogu talagalay Muslimiinta. Inkasta oo ujeeddada ugu weyn ee masaajidku ay tahay inuu u adeego meel salaadeed, sidoo kale waa xarun bulsho oo muhiim u ah [[ummah|bulshada Muslimka ah]]. Tusaale ahaan, [[Prophet's Mosque|Masjidka Nabiga]] ee [[Medina|Madiina]], wuxuu sidoo kale u adeegi jiray hoy ay degaan dadka saboolka ah.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Mattson |first=Ingrid |year=2006 |title=Women, Islam, and Mosques |pages=615–629 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America |series=Volume 2, Part VII. Islam |editor1=R. S. Keller |name-list-style=and |editor2=R. R. Ruether |place=Bloomington and Indianapolis |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |isbn=978-0-253-34687-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC&pg=PA615 |access-date=2 October 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023019/https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC&pg=PA615#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Minaret|Minaarooyinku]] waa munaarooyin loo isticmaalo in lagu yeero [[adhan|aanka]], kaas oo ah yeedhid afka ah oo lagu calaamadinayo waqtiga salaadda.<ref name="Pedersen-Masjid-2010">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Pedersen |first1=Johannes |last2=Hillenbrand |first2=Robert |last3=Burton-Page |first3=John |author-link3=John Burton-Page |title=Masd̲j̲id |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam |edition=2nd |location=Leiden |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2010 |doi=10.1163/9789004206106_eifo_COM_0694 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/mosque |title=Mosque |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928065350/https://www.britannica.com/topic/mosque |url-status=live }}</ref> === Sakada === [[File:Slot at the Zaouia Moulay Idriss II 1.jpg|thumb|Meel lagu bixiyo sakada oo ku taal [[Zawiya of Moulay Idris II]] ee [[Fez, Morocco]].]] {{Main|Zakat}} {{See also|Sadaqah}} [[Zakat|Sakada]] ([[Arabic language|Carabi]]: {{langx|ar|زكاة|translit=zakāh|label=none}}), waa nooc ka mid ah [[Alms|Sadaqada]] oo lagu garto bixinta qayb go'an (2.5% sanadkii)<ref name="Ahmed-Gianci-2005">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Ahmed |first1=Medani |last2=Gianci |first2=Sebastian |title=Zakat |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Taxation and Tax Policy |editor1-last=Cordes |editor1-first=Joseph J. |editor2-last=Ebel |editor2-first=Robert D. |editor3-last=Gravelle |editor3-first=Jane |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Urban Institute Press |year=2005 |page=479 |isbn=978-0877667520 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m66_BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA479 |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026}}</ref> ee [[Financial capital|hantida la ururiyay]] ay bixiyaan kuwa awoodda u leh si ay u caawiyaan dadka saboolka ah ama baahan, sida xoraynta maxaabiista, kuwa [[bonded labor|dayn ku jira]], ama safarka ku ah, iyo kuwa loo shaqaaleysiiyo ururinta sakada. Waxay u shaqaysaa sidii nooc ka mid ah [[welfare spending|gar-gaar bulsheed]] oo ka jira bulshooyinka Muslimka ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ariff |first=Mohamed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NP4ZL0TJ9s4C&pg=PA55 |title=The Islamic Voluntary Sector in Southeast Asia: Islam and the Economic Development of Southeast Asia |publisher=[[Institute of Southeast Asian Studies]] |year=1991 |isbn=978-981-3016-07-1 |pages=55– |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023007/https://books.google.com/books?id=NP4ZL0TJ9s4C&&pg=PA55 |url-status=live }}</ref> Waxaa loo arkaa waajibaad diimeed oo ay dadka ladani ku leeyihiin kuwa baahan sababtoo ah hantidooda waxaa loo arkaa ammaan ka timid nimcada Ilaahay,<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2010|p=109–110}}: This is not regarded as charity because it is not really voluntary but instead is owed, by those who have received their wealth as a trust from God's bounty, to the poor.</ref> waxaana loo arkaa daahirinta hantida dheeraadka ah ee qofka.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = RoutledgeCurzon| isbn = 9780415297967| title =Major World Religions: From Their Origins to the Present.| location = United Kingdom| year = 2003| last=Ridgeon| first=Lloyd| url = | page = 258|quote=Aside from its function of purifying believers' wealth, the payment of zakat may have contributed in no small way to the economic welfare of the Muslim community in Mecca.}}</ref> Wadarta guud ee sanadlaha ah ee lagu bixiyo sakada ayaa ah 15 jeer ka badan deeqaha gargaarka bini'aadamnimada ee adduunka, iyadoo la adeegsanayo qiyaaso taxaddar leh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 June 2012 |title=A faith-based aid revolution in the Muslim world |work=[[The New Humanitarian]] |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/95564/analysis-faith-based-aid-revolution-muslim-world |access-date=27 August 2023 |archive-date=14 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114014900/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/95564/analysis-faith-based-aid-revolution-muslim-world |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sadaqah|Sadaqadu]], si ka duwan Sakada, waa sadaqo ikhtiyaari ah oo aad loo dhiirrigeliyo.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Said |first=Abdul Aziz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4bs7g0O4eLYC&pg=PA145 |title=Contemporary Islam: Dynamic, Not Static |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-77011-8 |page=145 |display-authors=etal |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023121/https://books.google.com/books?id=4bs7g0O4eLYC&pg=PA145 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnp|Stefon|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef/page/72 72]}} [[Waqf|Waaqfeku]] waa [[charitable trust|kalsooni samafal]] oo joogto ah, taas oo maalgelisa isbitaallada iyo dugsiyada bulshooyinka Muslimka ah.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hudson |first=A. |title=Equity and Trusts |year=2003 |edition=3rd |page=32 |location=London |publisher=Cavendish Publishing |isbn=1-85941-729-9}}</ref> === Soonta === [[File:Iftar for Ramadhan.jpg|thumb|Munaasabadda afurka, oo loo yaqaan ''[[Iftar]]'', waxaa dhaqan ahaan lagu bixiyaa [[date (fruits)|timir]].]] {{Main|Fasting in Islam}} {{See also|Fasting during Ramadan}} Islaamka dhexdiisa, soonta ([[Arabic language|Carabi]]: {{langx|ar|صوم|translit=ṣawm|label=none}}) waxay mamnuucaysaa cuntada iyo cabitaanka, iyo sidoo kale noocyada kale ee isticmaalka, sida [[Smoking in Islam|sigaar-cabista]], waxaana la fuliyaa laga bilaabo waaberiga ilaa qorrax-dhaca. Inta lagu jiro bisha [[Ramadan]], waxaa loo arkaa waajibaad saaran Muslimiinta inay soomaan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramadan |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramadan |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009215438/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramadan |url-status=live }}</ref> Soontu waxay dhiirrigelisaa dareen u dhowaanshaha Ilaahay iyadoo qofku is celinayo dartii Ilaahay wixii kale ee bannaan iyo in laga fikiro kuwa baahan. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa jira maalmo kale, sida [[Day of Arafah|Maalinta Carafo]], marka soontu ay tahay ikhtiyaari.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher =Tughra Books | isbn = 9781597846110| title = Fasting In Islam And The Month Of Ramadan| location = United States| year =2006 | last=Ramadanali| url = |page=51 | quote = }}</ref> === Xajka === {{Main|Hajj|Umrah}} {{See also|Holiest sites in Islam}} [[File:A packed house - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|thumb|Xujeyda intii lagu jiray xilli [[Hajj|Hajka]] ee [[Masjid al-Haram]] ee [[Mecca|Makka]], [[Saudi Arabia|Sacuudi Carabiya]], [[Holiest sites in islam|goobta Islaamka ee ugu barakeysan]].]] [[pilgrimage|Xajka]] Islaamka, ee loo yaqaan {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ḥajj}} ({{langx|ar|حج|link=no}}), waa in la qabtaa ugu yaraan hal mar nolosha qof kasta oo Muslim ah oo awood u leh inta lagu jiro [[Islamic calendar|bisha Islaamka]] ee [[Dhu al-Hijjah]]. Caadooyinka Hajku waxay inta badan ku daydaan sheekada qoyska [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naik |first=Dr Zakir |author-link=Zakir Naik |date=7 January 2025 |title=What Are the Pillars of Islam? |url=https://islampidia.org/en/what-are-the-pillars-of-islam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115054332/https://islampidia.org/en/what-are-the-pillars-of-islam/ |archive-date=2025-11-15 |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Islampidia |language=en-AU}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Five Pillars of Islam |url=https://localhost:5000/learn/educators/curriculum-resources/art-of-the-islamic-world/unit-one/the-five-pillars-of-islam |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026}}</ref> [[Mecca|Makka]], xujeydu waxay toddobo jeer ku wareegaan [[Kaaba|Kacbada]], oo ay Muslimiintu rumeysan yihiin inuu dhisay Ibraahim meel cibaado ah, waxayna toddobo jeer u dhexeeyaan buuraha [[Safa and Marwa|Safa iyo Marwa]], iyagoo xusuusanaya tallaabooyinkii xaaska Ibraahim, [[Hagar]], oo u raadinaysay biyo ilmahaheedii [[Ishmael in Islam|Ismaaciil]] ee lamadegaanka ka hor intaan Makka is rogay degmo.<ref>{{harvp|Goldschmidt|Davidson|2005|p=48}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Farah|1994|pp=145–147}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Hajj |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> Xajku sidoo kale wuxuu ku lug leeyahay in la qaato maalin duco iyo cibaado ah oo ka dhacda bannaanada [[Mount Arafat|Carafo]] iyo sidoo kale [[Stoning_of_the_Devil|tuurista shaydaanka]] si calaamadaysan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F.E. |title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians |date=2009 |isbn=978-1-4008-2548-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HYJ2c9E9IM8C&pg=PA19 |page=20 |publisher=Princeton University Press |access-date=7 October 2014 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023112/https://books.google.com/books?id=HYJ2c9E9IM8C&pg=PA19#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Dhammaan ragga Muslimiinta ah waxay xidhaan laba maro oo cad oo fudud oo aan tol lahayn oo loo yaqaan [[Ihram clothing|ixraam]], kuwaas oo loogu talagalay inay keenaan isku xirnaan jiilal iyo sinnaan ka dhexaysa xujeyda inkasta oo ay jiraan fasal ama asal.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cornell |first=Vincent J. |title=Voices of Islam: Voices of tradition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g5LNUS0ciAAC&pg=PA29 |access-date=26 August 2012 |year=2007 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-98733-6 |page=29}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Glassé|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC&pg=PA207 207]}}</ref> Nooc kale oo xaj ah, [[Umrah|Umrada]], waa ikhtiyaari waxaana la qaban karaa wakhti kasta oo sanadka ka mid ah. Goobaha kale ee xajka Islaamka waa [[Medina|Madiina]], halkaas oo Maxamed uu ku geeriyooday, iyo sidoo kale [[Jerusalem|Quddus]], oo ah magaalo ay ku yaalliin nabiyo badan oo Islaam ah waana goobta [[Al-Aqsa|Al-Aqsa]], taas oo ahayd jihadii salaadda ka hor Makka.<ref>{{cite book|author=Michigan Consortium for Medieval and Early Modern Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p44kAQAAMAAJ|title=The Meeting of Two Worlds: Cultural Exchange Between East and West During the Period of the Crusades|publisher=Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University|year=1986|isbn=0918720583|editor1=Goss, V. P.|volume=21|page=208|editor2=Bornstein, C. V.|access-date=15 January 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023032/https://books.google.com/books?id=p44kAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Trofimov-2008">{{cite book |last=Trofimov |first=Yaroslav |author-link=Yaroslav Trofimov |title=The Siege of Mecca: The 1979 Uprising at Islam's Holiest Shrine |location=New York |publisher=[[Knopf]] |date=2008 |page=79 |isbn=978-0-307-47290-8 |language=en}}</ref> === Ficilada cibaadada ee kale === {{See also|Quran#Recitation|Dua|Dhikr}} [[File:Men reading the Koran in Umayyad Mosque, Damascus, Syria.jpg|thumb|Rag Muslimiin ah oo akhrinaya Quraanka gudaha [[Umayyad Mosque|Masjidka Umawiyiinta]] ee [[Damascus]], [[Syria]].]] Muslimiintu waxay akhriyaan oo xifdiyaan Quraanka oo dhan ama qaybo ka mid ah si ay u noqdaan camal wanaagsan. [[Tajwid|Tajwiidku]] wuxuu tilmaamayaa xeerar taxane ah oo loogu talagalay [[elocution|akhriska saxda ah]] ee Quraanka.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = | isbn = | title = Foundation of Tajweed| location = | year = 2013|edition=2| last=Aboo Yahyaa| url = | page = 1 | quote = }}</ref> Muslimiin badan ayaa akhriya Quraanka oo dhan inta lagu jiro bisha Ramadaan.{{sfnp|Stefon|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef/page/42 42–43]}} Qofka xifdiyay Quraanka oo dhan waxaa loo yaqaanaa Xaafid ("xifdiyey"), xadiisyaduna waxay xusayaan in shakhsiyaadkani ay awood u yeelan doonaan inay shafeecaan dadka kale Maalinta Qiyaamaha.{{sfnp|Nigosian|2004|p=[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=my7hnALd_NkC|page=70}} 70]}} Baryada Ilaahay, oo Carabiga lagu yiraahdo {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|duʿāʾ}} ({{langx|ar|دعاء}}&nbsp;{{IPA|ar|dʊˈʕæːʔ|IPA}}) waxay leedahay anshaxeedii gaarka ahaa sida [[Raising hands in dua|gacmaha oo la taago]] sidii iyadoo la baryayo.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Brill| isbn = 9789004335523| title = The Quṣṣāṣ of Early Islam| location = Netherlands| year = 2016| last=Armstrong| first=Lyall| url = | page = 184| quote = }}</ref> Xuska Ilaahay ({{langx|ar|ذكر|translit=Dhikr'|label=none}}) wuxuu tilmaamayaa erayada lagu celceliyo ee tixraacaya Ilaahay. Sida caadiga ah, tan waxaa ka mid ah Tahmiid, oo lagu dhawaaqayo [[Alhamdulillah|ammaan oo dhan waxaa leh Ilaahay]] ({{langx|ar|الحمد لله|translit=al-Ḥamdu lillāh|label=none}}) inta lagu jiro salaadda ama marka la dareemayo mahadnaq, [[Tasbih|Tasbiix]], oo lagu dhawaaqayo weyneynta Ilaahay inta lagu jiro salaadda ama marka la cajabo shay oo la dhaho '[[Basmala|bismillaah]]' ka hor intaan la bilaabin ficil sida cuntada.<ref>{{Cite web|title=alhamdulillah |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/alhamdulillah|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227042540/https://www.lexico.com/definition/alhamdulillah|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 27, 2020|access-date=2021-10-16|website=Lexico}}</ref> == Taariikhda == {{Main|History of Islam}} {{For timeline|Timeline of the history of Islam}} {{See also|List of Muslim empires and dynasties}}{{multiple image | align = center | direction = horizontal | total_width = 600 | image1 = Masjid Nabawi The Prophet's Mosque, Madina.jpg | image2 = Jerusalem DomeoftheRock J65 (cropped).JPG | footer = Bidix: [[Prophet's Mosque|Masjidka Nabiga]] ee [[Medina|Madiina]], Sacuudi Carabiya, waa [[holiest sites in islam|goobta labaad ee ugu barakeysan]] ee Islaamka. Maxamed laftiisa ayaa ku lug lahaa dhismaha masjidka, iyo [[Green Dome|Qubbadiisa Cagaaran]] waa halka lagu aasay. Midig: [[Al-Aqsa|Dhismaha Masjidka Al-Aqsa]] ee [[Jerusalem|Quddus]] waa goobta saddexaad ee ugu barakeysan ee Islaamka, halkaas oo Maxamed uu uga kacay samada intii uu socday [[Isra' and Mi'raj|Isra' iyo Mi'raaj]]. Goobtu waxay ahayd jihadii hore ee salaadda ([[qibla]]), halkaas oo Muslimiintu ay horay ugu tukan jireen ka hor intaan jihada loo beddelin [[Kaaba|Kacbada]] ee [[Mecca|Makka]] ka dib waxyi soo gaaray Maxamed. | caption1 = | caption2 = }} === Maxamed iyo bilowgii Islaamka (570–632) === {{Main|Muhammad|Muhammad in Islam}} {{for timeline|Timeline of early Islamic history}} {{Further|Muhammad in Mecca|Early social changes under Islam|First Islamic state}} [[File:Hira_Cave.jpg|thumb|[[Jabal al-Nour]] u dhow [[Mecca|Makka]], halkaas oo Maxamed uu ka helay [[Muhammad's first revelation|waxyigiisii ugu horreeyay]] ee ku jiray godka Xira.]] Sida ku xusan dhaqanka Islaamka, Maxamed wuxuu ku dhashay [[Mecca|Makka]] sannadkii 570 [[Common Era|C.D.]] wuxuuna noqday agoon caruurnimadiisii. Isagoo ku koray ganacsade ahaan, wuxuu noqday mid loo yaqaan "[[Amin (name)|amin (mid la isku halayn karo)]]" ({{langx|ar|الامين}}) waxaana la doonayay inuu noqdo garsoore dhexdhexaad ah. Intuu ka dib guursaday shaqaalihiisii, haweeneydii ganacsatada ahayd ee [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadiija]].{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=6}} Sannadkii 610 C.D., isagoo dhibsaday hoos u dhaca akhlaaqda iyo shirkiga ka jiray Makka isla markaana raadinaya gooni-isu-taag iyo fikir ruuxi ah, Maxamed wuxuu u baxay Godka Xira ee buurta [[Jabal al-Nour]], oo u dhow Makka. Wuxuu ahaa intii uu ku sugnaa godka halkaas oo la sheegay inuu [[Muhammad's first revelation|helay waxyigii ugu horreeyay]] ee [[Quran|Quraanka]] oo uga yimid malaa'igta [[Gabriel|Jibriil]].<ref name="610CE" /> Dhacdadii bixitaankii Maxamed ee godka iyo waxyigii xigay waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[Night of Power|Leylatul Qadr]] waxaana loo arkaa dhacdo muhiim ah taariikhda Islaamka. Intii lagu guda jiray 22-kii sano ee ka dambeeyay nolosha, laga bilaabo da'da 40 wixii ka dambeeyay, Maxamed wuxuu sii waday helitaanka waxyiga Ilaahay, isagoo noqday kii ugu dambeeyay ama [[Seal of the prophets|nabigii ugu dambeeyay]] ee loo diray bini'aadamka.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Muhammad |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> [[File:Siyer-i_Nebi_151b.jpg|thumb|Maxamed oo la muujiyay waji daboolan oo jooga [[Kaaba|Kacbada]] laga soo qaatay [[Siyer-i Nebi]], {{Circa|1595}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ottomans : religious painting |url=http://www.ee.bilkent.edu.tr/~history/ottoman33.html |access-date=1 May 2016}}</ref>]] Inta lagu jiro xilligan, [[Muhammad in Mecca|halka uu joogay Makka, Maxamed]] wuxuu ku wacdiyay marka hore si qarsoodi ah ka dibna si cad, isagoo ka baryaya dhegaystayaashiisa inay ka tagaan [[Arab polytheism|shirkiga]] oo ay caabudaan hal Ilaah. Qaar ka mid ah [[Early Muslims|Muslimiintii ugu horreysay ee soo islaamtay]] waxay ahaayeen dumar, saboolka, ajaanibta, iyo addoommada sida mu'adinkii ugu horreeyay [[Bilal ibn Rabah|Bilaal bin Rabaax]].<ref>Rabah, Bilal B. ''[[Encyclopedia of Islam]].''</ref> Dadka waaweyn ee Makka waxay dareemeen in Maxamed uu [[Early social changes under Islam|khalday nidaamkooda bulsho]] isagoo ka wacdiyaya hal Ilaah oo siinaya fikrado laga shakiyo saboolka iyo addoommada sababtoo ah waxay faa'iida ka helayeen xajka sanamyada Kacbada.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ünal |first=Ali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DyuqdDIjaswC&pg=PA1323 |title=The Qurʼan with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English |publisher=Tughra Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-59784-000-2 |pages=1323– |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024048/https://books.google.com/books?id=DyuqdDIjaswC&pg=PA1323#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|p=36}}</ref> Ka dib 12 sano oo ah [[Persecution of Muslims by Meccans|dhibaataynta Muslimiinta ay u geysanayeen dadkii Makka]], Maxamed iyo [[Companions of the Prophet|sahabbadiisii]] waxay sameeyeen [[Hegira|Hijradii]] 622 ee magaalada Yathrib (magaalada Madiina ee maanta). Wuxuu halkaas ka Aasaasay [[First Islamic state|Dowladdii Islaamiga ahayd ee ugu horreysay]] oo ay la socdaan Muslimiintii Madiina (''[[Ansar (Islam)|Ansaarta]]'') iyo muhaajiriintii Makka (''[[Muhajirun|Muhaajiriinta]]''). [[Constitution of Medina|Dastuurkii Madiina]] waxaa saxiixay dhammaan qabiilooyinkii Madiina. Tani waxay aasaastay xorriyadda diinta iyo xorriyadda isticmaalka sharcigooda u gaarka ah ee ka dhex jiray bulshooyinka Muslimka ah iyo kuwa aan Muslimka ahayn hammi ah in Madiina laga difaaco khataraha dibadda.{{sfnp|Serjeant|1978|p=4}} Ciidamadii Makka iyo xulafadoodii waxay guuldarro ka soo gaartay Muslimiinta [[Battle of Badr|Dagaalkii Badar]] 624 ka dibna waxay dagaalameen dagaal aan la isla ogayn oo ka dhacay [[Battle of Uhud|Dagaalkii Uxud]]<ref>{{Citation |last=Peter Crawford |title=The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-oHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |page=83 |publisher=Pen & Sword Books Limited |isbn=9781473828650 |date=2013-07-16 |access-date=5 August 2022 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023957/https://books.google.com/books?id=d-oHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |url-status=live }}.</ref> ka hor intaanay ku guuldarraysan inay hareereeyaan Madiina [[Battle of the Trench|Dagaalkii Khandaq]] (Maarso–Abriil 627). Sannadkii 628, [[Treaty of al-Hudaybiya|Heshiiskii Xudeybiya]] ayaa la kala saxiixday Makka iyo Muslimiinta, laakiin waxaajabiyay Makka laba sano ka dib. Markii qabiilo badan ay islaameen, jidadkii ganacsiga ee Makka waxaa gooyay Muslimiinta.<ref>{{harvp|Peters|2003|pp=78–79, 194}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|pp=23–28}}</ref> Markaatay ahayd 629 Maxamed wuxuu ku guuleystay [[conquest of Mecca|furashadii Makka]] ee aan dhiiggu ku daadan, iyo waqtigii uu geeriyooday 632 (da'da 62) wuxuu midaysiiyay qabiilooyinkii Carabta]] hal qaran oo diimeed. === Islaamkii Hore (632–750) === {{Further|Succession to Muhammad|Early Muslim conquests}} {{See also|Ghadir Khumm|Saqifa|Canonization of Islamic scripture}} [[File:Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg|thumb|Expansion of the Caliphate{{legend|#a1584e|Muhammad, 622–632}}{{legend|#ef9070|Khulafo Al-Raashidiin, 632–661}}{{legend|#fad07d|Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750}}]] Nabi Maxamed wuxuu geeriyooday sanadkii 632 waxaana khulafadii ugu horreysay ee loo yaqaan Khulafo – Abu Bakr, Cumar, Cuthmaan, Cali iyo marmar Xasan bin Cali<ref>{{Cite book| last1 = Melchert| first1 = Christopher| date = 2020| contribution = The Rightly Guided Caliphs: The Range of Views Preserved in Ḥadīth| editor1-last = al-Sarhan| editor1-first = Saud| title = Political Quietism in Islam: Sunni and Shi'i Practice and Thought| location = London and New York| publisher = I.B. Tauris| isbn = 978-1-83860-765-4| pages = 70–71| contribution-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=96TDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA63| access-date = 17 February 2022| url-status = live}}</ref> – looga yaqaan Islaamka Sunniga ah ''al-khulafā' ar-rāshidūn'' ("Khulafadii Hagaysa").{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=40}} Qaar kamid ah qabiilooyinka ayaa Islaamka ka tagay oo ka inkiiray madax sheegtay in ay yihiin nebiyo cusub balse Abu Bakr wuxuu ku jebiyey dagaalladii Riddada.<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|p=57}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Hourani|2002|p=22}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=32}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Madelung|1996|p=43}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Ṭabāṭabāʼī|1979|pp=30–50}}</ref> Bulshooyinka maxalliga ah ee Yuhuudda iyo Nasaarada asaliga ah, ee loo haystay dad laga tirada badan yahay oo diinaysan loona culeysiyay canshuuraha, ayaa inta badan ka caawiyey Muslimiinta inay qabsadaan dhulkooda,{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=38}} taasoo keentay in khilaafaddu ay si degdeg ah ugu ballaarato boqortooyooyinkii Saasaniyiinta iyo Biisantiinta.<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|p=74}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=J. Kuiper |first=Matthew |title=Da'wa: A Global History of Islamic Missionary Thought and Practice |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2021 |isbn=9781351510721 |page=85}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lapidus |first=Ira M. |title=A History of Islamic Societies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-521-51430-9 |pages=60–61 |author-link=Ira M. Lapidus}}</ref> Cuthmaan waxaa la doortay 644 waxaana dilkiisii uu kiciyey in Cali loo doorto Khaliifkii xigay. Dagaalkii Sifeyn ee Koowaad, xaaskii Nebiga, Caashaa, waxay soo saartay ciidan ka soo horjeeda Cali, iyada oo isku dayaysa inay u aarto dhimashadii Cuthmaan, balse waa lagu jabiyey Dagaalkii Geela. Cali wuxuu isku dayay inuu xilka ka qaado guddoomiyihii Suuriya, Mucaawiya, kaas oo loo arkayay musuqmaasuq. Mucaawiya ayaa markaas dagaal ku dhawaaqay Cali waana lagu jabiyey Dagaalkii Sifeyn. Go'aanka Cali ee ahaa inuu dhex-dhexaadin sameeyo ayaa ka caraysiiyey Khawaarijta, oo ahayd koox xagjir ah, kuwaas oo qabay in aan la dagaallamin qof dembiile ah awgeed, Cali uu isna noqday dembiile. Khawaarijtu way caasiyoobeen waxaana lagu jebiyey Dagaalkii Nahrawan balse nin Khawaariji ah ayaa gadaal ka dilay Cali. Wiilkiii Cali, Xasan bin Cali, ayaa loo doortay Khaliif wuxuuna saxiixay heshiis nabadeed si looga fogaado dagaal kale, isaga oo xilka uga degay Mucaawiya si uusan Mucaawiya u soo magacaabin qof beddela.{{sfnp|Holt|Lewis|1977|pp=67–72}} [[File:Almuñécar, statue of Abd al-Rahman I.jpg|thumb|Taallo ay leedahay Cabduraxmaan I oo ku taal Almuñécar, Isbayn. Islaamku wuxuu gaaray Galbeedka Yurub 711 AD, markii Ṭariiq bin Siyaad uu galay Jasiiradda Iberia. Sanadkii 756, Cabduraxmaan wuxuu aasaasay Imaaradda Cordoba, isagoo ka aasaasay dowlad Islaami ah oo madaxbannaan al-Andalus.]] Mucaawiya wuxuu bilaabay Saldanaddii Umawiyiinta isagoo u magacaabay wiilkiisii Yaziid inay isku xigaan, taasoo dhalisay Dagaalkii Sifeyn ee Labaad. Intii uu socday Dagaalkii Karbala, Xuseen bin Cali, wiilka labaad ee Cali iyo awowgii nebiga, waxaa si arxan darro ah u dilay ciidamadii Yaziid; dhacdadii waxaa sannad walba xusaa Muslimiinta Shiicada ah ilaa maanta. Sunniga, oo uu hoggaaminayo Ibn al-Zubayr oo kasoo horjeeda khilaafad dhaxal ah, ayaa lagaga adkaaday Go'doomintii Makka. Khilaafyadan hoggaanka ayaa keenay inuu dhasho khilaafka Sunni-Shiicada,{{sfnp|Waines|2003|p=46}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harney |first=John |date=3 January 2016 |title=How Do Sunni and Shia Islam Differ? |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/04/world/middleeast/q-and-a-how-do-sunni-and-shia-islam-differ.html |access-date=4 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyadoo Shiicadu ay aaminsan tahay in hoggaanku uu leeyahay qoyskii Nebiga (Ahl al-bayt).{{sfnp|Waines|2003|p=46}} Hoggaankii Abu Bakr wuxuu kormeeray bilowgii ururinta Qur'aanka. Khaliifkii Cumar bin Cabdicasiis wuxuu dhisay guddigii, Todobadii Fuqaha ee Madiina,{{sfnp|Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar Ibn Kathīr|2012|p=505}}<ref>''Umar Ibn Abdul Aziz'' By Imam Abu Muhammad Abdullah ibn Abdul Hakam died 214 AH 829 C.E. Publisher Zam Zam Publishers Karachi, pp. 54–59</ref> waxaana Malik bin Anas uu qoray mid ka mid ah buugagii ugu horreeyay ee ku saabsan fiiqhiga Islaamka, ''Muwatta'', oo ahayd is-afgarad ku saabsan aragtida culimadaas.{{sfnp|Coulson|1964|p=103}}<ref>{{Cite book |editor-last1=Houtsma |editor-first1=M.T. |editor-last2=Wensinck |editor-first2=A.J. |editor-last3=Lévi-Provençal |editor-first3=E. |editor-last4=Gibb |editor-first4=H.A.R. |editor-last5=Heffening |editor-first5=W. |series=Volume V: L—Moriscos |title=E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936 |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=1993 |edition=reprint |isbn=978-90-04-09791-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Va6oSxzojzoC |pages=207– |access-date=19 September 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor=Moshe Sharon |title=Studies in Islamic History and Civilization: In Honour of Professor David Ayalon |year=1986 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789652640147 |page=264 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0_wUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA264 |access-date=20 June 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Khawaarijtu waxay aaminsanaayeen in uusan jirin dhexdhexaad la tanaasuli karo oo u dhexeeya wanaagga iyo xumaanta, iyo in muslim kasta oo gala dembi weyn uu noqonayo gaal. Erayga "Khawaarij" waxaa sidoo kale loo adeegsaday in lagu tilmaamo ISIS.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mamouri|first=Ali|date=8 January 2015|title=Who are the Kharijites and what do they have to do with IS?|work=Al-monitor|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2015/01/islamic-state-kjarijites-continuation.html|access-date=6 March 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Murji'ah waxay barayeen in dadka toosan lagu xukumi karo Eebbe kaligii. Sidaa darteed, dembiilayaasha waxaa loo arki karaa inay marin habaabeen, laakiin aan lagu tilmaamin gaalo.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|p=43}} Dabeecaddan ayaa timid inay ku guulaysato caqiidada Islaamka ee ugu weyn.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}}[[File:BalianofIbelin1490.jpg|thumb|Saliibiyiinta oo ku wareejinaya Qudus Muslimiinta sanadkii 1187 AD.]] Saldanaddii Umawiyiintu waxay qabsatay Maqrib, Jasiiradda Iberia, Gallia Narbonensis iyo Sindh.<ref>{{cite book |first=Donald |last=Puchala |title=Theory and History in International Relations |page=137 |publisher=Routledge |year=2003}}</ref> Duullaamadii Islaamka ee hore waxaa lagu tilmaamay imperialism Islaami ah.<ref name="n050">{{cite journal | last=Wright | first=Craig S | title=Arab Colonialism and the Roots of the Golden Age of Islam | journal=SSRN Electronic Journal | date=2022 | issn=1556-5068 | doi=10.2139/ssrn.4020040 | url=https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4020040 | access-date=2026-04-24 | page=}}</ref> Umawiyiintu waxay la halgamayeen l'aynaansho sharci ah waxayna ku tiirsanaayeen ciidan aad loo taageero.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=45}} Maaddaama canshuurta Jizya ay ahayd canshuur ay bixiyaan kuwa aan muslimka ahayn oo ka reebayay adeegga ciidanka, Umawiyiintu waxay diideen inay aqoonsadaan islaam-gelitaanka kuwa aan Carabta ahayn, maadaama ay yaraynaysay dakhliga.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}} Iyadoo Khilaafadii Raashidiintu ay adkaysay adduunyo la'aanta, iyadoo Cumar uu xitaa dalbanayo in la tiriyo hantida sarkaal kasta,<ref>{{cite book |first1=Ahmad Ibn Jabir|last1=Al-Biladhuri |first2=Philip|last2=Hitti|title=Kitab Futuhu'l-Buldan|page=219 |publisher=AMS Press |year=1969}}</ref> raaxada Umawiyiinta ayaa dhalisay qancin la'aan dadka diinta ku adag.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}} Khawaarijtu waxay hoggaamiyeen Kacdoonkii Berber, taasoo horseeday dowladaha ugu horreeya ee Islaamka oo ka madax bannaan Khilaafada. Kacdoonkii Cabbasiyiinta, kuwa aan Carabta ahayn ee soo islaamay (Mawla), qabiilooyinkii Carabta ee ay Umawiyiintu meesha ka saareen, iyo qaar ka mid ah Shiicada ayaa midoobay oo riday Umawiyiinta, iyaga oo bilaabay Cabbasiyiinta oo caalami ah sanadkii 750.{{sfnp|Lewis|1993|pp=71–83}} === Axdigii Dahabiga Ahaa ee Islaamka (786–1258) === {{Further|Hadith studies|Islamic philosophy}} {{See also|Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe|Turco-Persian tradition}} [[File:Al-Risalah_al-Dhahabiah.JPG|thumb|Bog ka mid ah Al-Risala al-Dhahabiyya ee Imam Ali al-Rida (809 AD), oo ah tii ugu qiimaha badnayd ee shaqooyinka Islaamka ee Sayniska Caafimaadka. Waxaa ku jira qaybo saynis sida Anatomiya, Histoloji, Fisioloji, Kimistari iyo Patoloji intii sayniska caafimaadku uu wali ahaa mid bilow ah.]] Al-Shafi'i wuxuu dejiyay hab lagu xaqiijiyo isku-halaynta xadiiska.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|p=86}} Waagii hore ee Ablaasiyiinta, aqoonyahanno sida Muhammad al-Bukhari iyo Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj waxay soo ururiyeen guryaha waaweyn ee xadiiska Ahlusunna, halka aqoonyahanno sida Al-Kulayni iyo Ibn Babawayh ay soo ururiyeen guryaha waaweyn ee xadiiska Shiicada. Astaamaha afar-madhab ee Ahlusunna—Hanafi, Hanbali, Maliki, iyo Shafi'i—waxaa lagu tiiriyay dhulalka fundamentiinta ee Abū Ḥanīfa, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Malik ibn Anas iyo al-Shafi'i. Taa beddelkeeda, dhulalka fundamentiinta ee Ja'far al-Sadiq waxay dhiseen Fiqhiga Ja'fari. Qarnigii 9aad, Al-Tabari wuxuu dhameystiray qafiskii ugu horreeyay ee Tafsiirka Quraanka, Tafsir al-Tabari, oo noqday mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu xigashada badan Ahlusunna Islaamka. Doobab ka mid ah Muslinka waxay ka fekereen ka-sallamaaynta nolosha duniyeed waxayna xoogga saareen saboolnimada, is-hoosaysiinta, iyo fogaanta dambiga ee ku basada diidmada rabitaanka jidhka. Zuhuudka sida Hasan al-Basri waxay dhiirrigeliyeen dhaqdhaqaaq dib u zhugnaaday tasawwuf ama Sufi.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|pp=90, 91}} Waqtigan, dhibaatooyinka fiqiga, gaar ahaan doorashada xorta ah, waxay ahaayeen kuwo si adag loo maareeyay, iyadoo Hasan al-Basri uu qabay in kasta oo Eebbe uu og yahay waxa dadku sameynayaan, wanaagga iyo xintu ay ka yimaadaan isticmaalka qaldan ee doorashada xorta ah iyo Ibliiska.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|pp=38-39}}{{efn|"Hasan al-Basri waxaa inta badan loo tixgeliyaa mid ka mid ah dadkii ugu horreeyay ee diaday asalka malaa'igta ee ibliiska, isagoo ku doodaya in dhicitaankiisu yahay natiijada doorashadiisa xorta ah, oo ma ahan go'aanka Eebbe. Hasan al-Basri wuxuu sidoo kale ku dooday in malaa'igtu aysan awoodin dambiga ama khaladaadka oo ay ka sharaf badan yihiin aadanaha iyo xata cabsida nabiyada. Shiicada iyo Sunnida hore waxay ka soo horjeedeen ra'yigiisa.<ref>Omar Hamdan ''Studien zur Kanonisierung des Korantextes: al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrīs Beiträge zur Geschichte des Korans'' Otto Harrassowitz Verlag 2006 {{ISBN|978-3447053495}} pp. 291–292 (German)</ref>}} Falsafada Caqliga Giriiga waxay dhiirrigelisay dugsi feker oo loo yaqaan Mu'tazila, oo si ka muuqata u dooday fikradda doorashada xorta ah ee uu bilaabay Wasil ibn Ata.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|p=50}} Khaliif al-Mamun wuxuu ka dhigay caqiido rasmi ah wuxuuna si aan guul lahayn ugu doortay inuu ku qasbo booskan dadka intiisa badan.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=88}} Khaliif Al-Mu'tasim wuxuu sameeyay Mihna, iyadoo Ahmad ibn Hanbal oo ilaalinaayay dhaqanka uu si muuqata u diaday inuu waafaqo fikradda Mu'tazila ee ah in Quraanku yahay ku dhacay halkii uu ka ahaan lahaa mid weligeed ah, taas oo ka dhigtay in la jilciyo oo lagu hayo qol madow muddo ku dhow soddon bilood.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doi |first=Abdur Rahman |title=Shariah: The Islamic Law |location=London |publisher=Ta-Ha Publishers |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-907461-38-8 |page=110}}</ref> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dugsiyada kale ee Kalam—Māturīdism oo uu aasaasay Abu Mansur al-Maturidi iyo Ash'ari oo uu aasaasay Al-Ash'ari—waxay ahaayeen kuwo si ballaaran loo qaatay. Falsafadyahannada sida Al-Farabi, Avicenna iyo Averroes waxay isku deyeyeen inay waafajiyaan fikradaha Aristotle iyo fundamentiinta Islaamka, iyagoo u dhow Iskolastikada Kiristanka ee Yuubka iyo shaqada Maimonides ee Yuhuudda, halka kuwo kale sida Al-Ghazali ay ka soo horjeedeen habkan oo ugu dambeyntii guuleysteen.<ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=160}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Waines|2003|pp=126–127}}</ref> [[File:Al-Idrisi's_world_map.JPG|thumb|Tabula Rogeriana (1154 AD) ee al-Idrisi, oo ah mid ka mid ah khariidadaha dunida ee ugu horumarsanaa qarniyadii dhexe, oo la sameeyay Axdigii Dahabiga Ahaa ee Islaamka.]] Axdigan inta badan waxaa loo yaqaan Axdigii Dahabiga Ahaa ee Islaamka.<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|pp=80, 92, 105}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|pp=661–663}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=56}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lewis|1993|p=84}}</ref><ref name="harvp|Gardet|Jomier|2012">{{harvp|Gardet|Jomier|2012}}</ref> Guulaha sayniska Islaamku waxay samaysteen qaybo badan oo maadooyin ah sida caafimaadka, xisaabta, astronomiga, iyo beeraha iyo sidoo kale fisigiska, dhaqaalaha, injineernimada iyo optigga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=King |first=David A. |year=1983 |title=The Astronomy of the Mamluks |journal=Isis |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=531–55 |doi=10.1086/353360 |s2cid=144315162 | issn=0021-1753}}</ref><ref name="Hassan-1996">{{cite book |last=Hassan |first=Ahmad Y. |author-link=Ahmad Y. al-Hassan |title=Islam and the Challenge of Modernity |chapter=Factors Behind the Decline of Islamic Science After the Sixteenth Century |editor-last=Al-Attas |editor-first=S. S. |editor-link=Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas |location=Kuala Lumpur |publisher=International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization |year=1996 |pages=351–399 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ854295.pdf|title=Contributions of Islamic scholars to the scientific enterprise|access-date=13 December 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The greatest scientific advances from the Muslim world|website=TheGuardian.com|date=February 2010|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/feb/01/islamic-science|access-date=13 December 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Avicenna wuxuu ahaa horyaal ku saabsan caafimaadka tijaabada ah,<ref>Jacquart, Danielle (2008). "Islamic Pharmacology in the Middle Ages: Theories and Substances". European Review (Cambridge University Press) 16: 219–227.</ref><ref>David W. Tschanz, MSPH, PhD (August 2003). "Arab Roots of European Medicine", Heart Views 4 (2).</ref> oo The Canon of Medicine waxaa loo isticmaalay qoraal caafimaad oo heer sare ah ee dunida Islaamka iyo Yurub qarniyo. Rhazes wuxuu ahaa kii ugu horreeyay ee aqoonsaday cudurrada furfuraa iyo jadeecada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/alrazi.aspx|title=Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi (Rhazes) (c. 865-925)|publisher=sciencemuseum.org.uk|access-date=31 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Cisbitaallada dadweynaha ee waqtigaas waxay bixiyeen shahaadooyinka ugu horreeya ee caafimaadka si loogu ogolaado dhakhaatiirta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alatas |first=Syed Farid |year=2006 |title=From Jami'ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue |url=https://zenodo.org/record/29439 |journal=Current Sociology |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=112–132 |doi=10.1177/0011392106058837 |s2cid=144509355 |access-date=12 September 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Imamuddin |first=S.M. |title=Muslim Spain 711–1492 AD |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=1981 |isbn=978-90-04-06131-6 |page=169}}</ref> Ibn al-Haytham waxaa loo tixgeliyaa aabaha habka sayniska ee casriga ah iyadoo inta badan loo sheego "saynisyahankii ugu horreeyay ee runta ah ee dunida", gaar ahaan shaqadiisa optigga.<ref>{{cite journal |author-link=Gerald J. Toomer|first=G. J. |last=Toomer |jstor=228328 |title=Review Work: Matthias Schramm (1963) ''Ibn Al-Haythams Weg zur Physik'' |journal=Isis |volume=55 |issue=4 |date=Dec 1964 |page=464 |quote=Schramm sums up [Ibn Al-Haytham's] achievement in the development of scientific method.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Al-Khalili |first=Jim |date=4 January 2009 |title=The 'first true scientist' |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7810846.stm |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gorini |first=Rosanna |date=October 2003 |title=Al-Haytham the man of experience. First steps in the science of vision |journal=Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=53–55 |url=http://www.ishim.net/ishimj/4/10.pdf |access-date=25 September 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> Injineernimada, walaalaha Banū Mūsā aaladdooda turumbada tooska ah waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay ahaan lahayd mashinkii ugu horreeyay ee la barnamijayn karo.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Koetsier |first1=Teun |title=On the prehistory of programmable machines: musical automata, looms, calculators |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_mechanism-and-machine-theory_2001-05_36_5/page/589 |journal=Mechanism and Machine Theory |date=May 2001 |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=589–603 |doi=10.1016/S0094-114X(01)00005-2 }}</ref> Xisaabta Islaamka, fikradda algorithm waxaa lagu magacaabay Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, oo loo tixgeliyo aasaasaha aljabra, oo lagu magacaabay buugiisa al-jabr, halka kuwo kale ay soo saareen fikradda shaqada (function).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Katz |first1=Victor J. |author1-link=Victor J. Katz |last2=Barton |first2=Bill |title=Stages in the History of Algebra with Implications for Teaching |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_educational-studies-in-mathematics_2007-10_66_2/page/185 |journal=Educational Studies in Mathematics |date=18 September 2007 |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=185–201 |doi=10.1007/s10649-006-9023-7 |s2cid=120363574 }}</ref> Dowladda waxay siin jirtay saynisyahannada mushahar u dhigma mushaharka ciyaartoyda xirfadleyda ah ee maanta.<ref>{{harvp|Ahmed|2006|pp=23, 42, 84}}</ref> Guinness World Records wuxuu u aqoonsan yahay Jaamacadda Al Karaouine, oo la aasaasay 859, inay tahay jaamacadda ugu qadiimsan ee bixisa shahaadooyinka dunida.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Young |first=Mark |url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessbookofwo1998newy |title=The Guinness Book of Records |year=1998 |page=242 |publisher=Bantam |isbn=978-0-553-57895-9}}</ref> Dad badan oo aan Muslin ahayn, sida Kiristanka, Yuhuudda iyo Saabi'iinta,<ref name="Brague 2009">{{cite book|title=The Legend of the Middle Ages: Philosophical Explorations of Medieval Christianity, Judaism, and Islam|first=Rémi |last=Brague|year= 2009| isbn=9780226070803| page =164|publisher=University of Chicago Press|quote=Neither were there any Muslims among the Ninth-Century translators. Almost all of them were Christians of various Eastern denominations: Jacobites, Melchites, and, above all, Nestorians... A few others were Sabians.}}</ref> waxay guntadeen ilbaxnimada Islaamka qaybo meelaha ah,<ref name="Hill-1993">{{cite book |last=Hill |first=Donald |author-link=Donald Routledge Hill |title=Islamic Science and Engineering |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=1993 |page=4 |isbn=0-7486-0455-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Brague-Assyrians">{{cite web |last=Brague |first=Rémi |author-link=Rémi Brague |title=Assyrians contributions to the Islamic civilization |url=http://www.christiansofiraq.com/assyriancontributionstotheislamiccivilization.htm |website=Christians of Iraq |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> iyo machadka loo yaqaan Bayt al-Hikma wuxuu u shaqaaleysiiyay aqoonyahanno Kiristan iyo Faarisi ah si ay ugu turjumaan shaqooyinka luqadda Carabiga iyo si ay u soosaaraan aqoon cusub.<ref name="Meri-Bacharach-2006">{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Meri |editor-first1=Josef W. |editor-link1=Josef W. Meri |editor-last2=Bacharach |editor-first2=Jere L. |editor-link2=Jere L. Bacharach |title=Hadith |encyclopedia=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia |volume=1 |location=New York |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2006 |page=304 |isbn=978-0415966917 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MypbfKdMePIC&pg=PA304 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Saliba-1994">{{cite book |last=Saliba |first=George |author-link=George Saliba |title=A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam |location=New York |publisher=New York University Press |year=1994 |pages=245, 250, 256–57 |isbn=0-8147-8023-7 |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Cheshm manuscript.jpg|thumb|Anatomiya ee isha oo uu samaystay Hunayn ibn Ishaq, oo mas'uul ka ahaa turjumida Bayt al-Hikma waagii Boqortooyada Ablaasiyiinta, 1200 AD.]]Askartu waxay ka go'een boqortooyadii Ablaasiyiinta waxayna dhiseen khilaafadooda propriyada ah, sida Tulunids oo 868 ku tirsanaa Masar<ref>{{cite book|last=Holt|first=Peter Malcolm|author-link=Peter Holt (historian)|title=The Crusader States and Their Neighbours, 1098–1291|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0qLHVGgH7AC&pg=PA8|year=2004|publisher=Pearson Longman|isbn=978-0-582-36931-3|page=6|access-date=2 February 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> iyo boqortooyada Ghaznavid oo 977 ku tirsanaa Aasiyada Dhexe.<ref>{{cite book |title=Islamic Central Asia: an anthology of historical sources |editor-first1=Scott Cameron |editor-last1=Levi |editor-first2=Ron |editor-last2=Sela |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2010 |page=83}}</ref> Qaybsanaantan waxay keentay Qarnigii Shiicada, oo u dhaxeeyay 945 iyo 1055, oo la arkay kor u kaca dhaqdhaqaaqa Isma'ili Shiicada. Koox Isma'ili ah, boqortooyada Fatimid, waxay gacanta ku dhigeen Waqooyiga Afrika qarnigii 10aad<ref>Neue Fischer Weltgeschichte "Islamisierung in Zentralasien bis zur Mongolenzeit" Band 10: Zentralasien, 2012, p. 191 (German)</ref> iyo koox kale oo Isma'ili ah, Qarmatians, waxay boobeen Makka waxayna xadeen Hajar al-Aswad, oo ah dhagaxa ku dhex jira Kacbada, dib-u-jabayntooda aan guulaysan.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Glubb |first=John Bagot |title=Mecca (Saudi Arabia) |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mecca#ref887188 |access-date=18 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live }}</ref> Koox kale oo Isma'ili ah, boqortooyada Buyid, waxay qabsadeen Baqdaad waxayna ka dhigeen Ablaasiyiinta boqortooyo magac ah oo kaliya. Boqortooyada Seljuk ee Ahlusunna waxay u dhaqaaqday inay mar kale adkayso Islaamka Ahlusunna iyagoo faafinayay ra'yiyada aqoonyahanada waqtigaas, gaar ahaan dhisidda machadyada waxbarashada ee loo yaqaan Nizamiyyas, oo la xiriira al-Ghazali iyo Saadi Shirazi.<ref>Andreas Graeser ''Zenon von Kition: Positionen u. Probleme'' Walter de Gruyter 1975 {{ISBN|978-3-11-004673-1}} p. 260</ref> Faaftada dunida Muslinka waxay sii socotay iyadoo ergooyinka diinta ay u badaleen Volga Bulgaria Islaamka. Sultanada Delhi waxay gaadhay gudaha qaarad-hoosaadka Hindiya oo kuwo badan ayaa u badalay Islaamka,{{sfnp|Arnold|1896|pp=227–228}} gaar ahaan Hinduga heerka hoose ee faracoodu ka kooban yahay inta badan Muslinka Hindiya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-36220329|title=Why are many Indian Muslims seen as untouchable?|publisher=BBCnews|date=10 May 2016|access-date=6 October 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Ganacsigu wuxuu keenay Muslin badan oo Shiinaha ah, halkaas oo ay si buuxda u xukumi jireen warshadaha soo dejinta iyo ka deerinta ee boqortooyada Song.<ref>{{cite web |title=Islam in China |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/china_1.shtml |access-date=10 August 2011 |publisher=BBC |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslinka waxaa loo qortay maamulayaal la doortay oo heer sare ah boqortooyada Yuan.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lipman|first=Jonathan Newman|title=Familiar Strangers, a history of Muslims in Northwest China|location=Seattle, WA|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-295-97644-0|page=33}}</ref> === Casrigii Ka-horreeyay Casriga Cusub (1258 – Qarnigii 18aad) === {{Further|Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam}} [[File:GhazanConversionToIslam.JPG|thumb|Muuqaal qarnigii 14aad ee Ghazan, oo ahaa boqorkii 7aad ee Ilkhanate ee Boqortooyada Mongol, oo Islaamay.]] Pobalka ganacsiga Muslinka iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa tariiqooyinka Sufida dhiigooda,{{sfnp|Arnold|1896|pp=125–258}} Islaamku wuxuu ku faafay dhulal cusub<ref>{{cite web |title=The Spread of Islam |url=http://www.yale.edu/yup/pdf/cim6.pdf |access-date=2 November 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslinkuna waxay la dhex-galeen dhaqammo cusub. Hoos kaga jirtay Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta, Islaamku wuxuu ku faafay Koonfur-bari Yuuroop.<ref>{{cite web |date=6 May 2008 |title=Ottoman Empire |publisher=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1801?_hi=41&_pos=3 |access-date=26 August 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Islaamidda inta badan waxay lahayd heer sinkretisam ah,<ref>{{Cite book |title=Islamic and European Expansion |publisher=Temple University Press |year=1993 |editor-last=Adas |editor-first=Michael |location=Philadelphia |page=25}}</ref> sida uu muujinayo muuqaalka Muhammad ee suugaanta dadweynaha ee Hinduga.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Metcalf |first=Barbara |title=Islam in South Asia in Practice |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2009 |page=104}}</ref> Turkida Muslinka ah waxay ku dareen walxaha caqiidada Shamanisamka Turkida Islaamka.{{efn|"Sannadaha dhow, fikradda sinkretisamka waa la dhuftay. Maaddaama ay maqan tahay awood lagu go'aamiyo ama lagu tixgeliyo caqiidada Ortodokska ee ku saabsan Islaamka, aqoonyahannada qaarkood waxay ku doodayaan inaysan jirin caqiidooyinka la qresheeyay, oo kaliya ee la amray habka, Islaamka ka hor qarnigii 16aad.{{sfnp|Peacock|2019|p=20–22}}}}{{sfnp|Çakmak|2017|pp=1425–1429}} Muslinka ku jira Boqortooyada Ming ee Shiinaha oo ka soo jeeda soo-galootigii hore waa la la-dhex-galay, mararka qaar shuruuc ku dhiirrigelisa dhex-galka,<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Farmer|editor1-first=Edward L.|title=Zhu Yuanzhang and Early Ming Legislation: The Reordering of Chinese Society Following the Era of Mongol Rule|date=1995|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004103910|page=82|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TCIjZ7l6TX8C&pg=PA82|access-date=19 February 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> iyagoo qaatay magacyada Shiinaha iyo dhaqanka halka Nanjing uu noqday xarun muhiim ah ee barashada Islaamka.<ref>Israeli, Raphael (2002). ''Islam in China''. p. 292. Lexington Books. {{ISBN|0-7391-0375-X}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dillon |first=Michael |year=1999 |title=China's Muslim Hui Community |publisher=Curzon |url=https://archive.org/details/chinasmuslimhuic00dill |isbn=978-0-7007-1026-3 |page=37 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Ndhex-galka dhaqanka wuxuu ahaay mid muuqda iyadoo la yaraysay saamaynta Carabta ka dib burburintii Mongol ee Khilafadii Ablaasiyiinta.<ref>{{harvp|Bulliet|2005|p=497}}</ref> Khanates-ka Mongol ee Muslinka ah ee ku jira Iiraan iyo Aasiyada Dhexe waxay ka faa'iideysteen kordhinta helitaanka dhaqammada ee Bariga Aasiya oo hoos jirtay xukunkii Mongol sidaas darteed waxay u horumareen oo ay u samaysteen si ka duwan saamaynta Carabta, sida Dib-u-dhalashadii Timurid oo hoos jirtay boqortooyada Timurid.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Subtelny |first=Maria Eva |date=November 1988 |title=Socioeconomic Bases of Cultural Patronage under the Later Timurids |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/socioeconomic-bases-of-cultural-patronage-under-the-later-timurids/2A0F3018EE155F23FC4A7F5F25D7DE6D |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=479–505 |doi=10.1017/S0020743800053861 |s2cid=162411014 |access-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201–1274) wuxuu soo bandhigay qaabka xisaabta oo ka dib loo dooday inuu qaatay Copernicus isagoo aan waxba ka badalin qaabkiisa heliocentric-ka,<ref>{{cite web|date=1999|title=Nasir al-Din al-Tusi|publisher=University of St Andrews|url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Tusi_Nasir/|access-date=27 August 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> iyo qiyaasta pi ee Jamshīd al-Kāshī ma aysan dhaafin 180 sano.<ref>{{cite web |date=1999 |title=Ghiyath al-Din Jamshid Mas'ud al-Kashi |publisher=University of St Andrews |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Kashi/ |access-date=29 December 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg|thumb|Mehmed II oo galaya Constantinople.]] Ka dib markii la soo bandhigay hubka baaruda, dawlado waaweyn oo dhawaan xabbada lahaa oo Muslin ah ayaa ku bashqaday boqortooyoyinka baaruda, kuwaas oo hore u kala qaybsanaay dhulal kala duwan. Khilafada waxaa sheegtay boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta ee Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta iyadoo sheegashadooda la adkeeyay 1517 markii Selim I uu noqday taliyaha Makka iyo Madiina.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Drews |first=Robert |url=https://my.vanderbilt.edu/robertdrews/publications/ |title=Coursebook: Judaism, Christianity and Islam, to the Beginnings of Modern Civilization |date=August 2011 |publisher=Vanderbilt University |chapter=Chapter Thirty – "The Ottoman Empire, Judaism, and Eastern Europe to 1648" |chapter-url=https://my.vanderbilt.edu/robertdrews/files/2014/01/Chapter-Thirty.-The-Ottoman-Empire-Judaism-and-Eastern-Europe-to-1648.pdf |access-date=21 April 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Boqortooyada Shiicada ee Safavid waxay ku korortay awoodda 1501 ka dibna waxay qabsatay dhammaan Iiraan.<ref>Peter B. Golden: An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples; In: Osman Karatay, Ankara 2002, p. 321</ref> Koonfurta Aasiya, Babur wuxuu aasaasay Boqortooyada Mughal.<ref>{{citation|last=Gilbert|first=Marc Jason|title=South Asia in World History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1dhKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA75|year=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-066137-3|pages=75|access-date=15 January 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> Diinta dawladaha ku dhex-jira ee boqortooyoyinka baaruda waxay saamaysay dhaqanka diimeed ee dadkooda ku dhex-jira. Wada-noolaanshaha u dhexeeya taliyayaasha Cusmaaniyiinta iyo Sufinimada wuxuu si adag u saameeyay xukunkii Islaamka ee Cusmaaniyiinta tan iyo bilowgii. Tariiqada Mevlevi iyo Bektashis waxay lahaayeen xiriir dhow oo ay la lahaayeen sultannada,<ref>Ga ́bor A ́goston, Bruce Alan Masters ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire'' Infobase Publishing 2010 {{ISBN|978-1-4381-1025-7}} p. 540</ref> maaddaama noocyada Sufi-suufiyada ah iyo kuwo kale oo sinkretik ah ee Islaamka ay u horumareen si muuqata.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Algar |first=Ayla Esen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fc69BhBDjhwC&q=ottomans+sufism |title=The Dervish Lodge: Architecture, Art, and Sufism in Ottoman Turkey |page=15 |date=1 January 1992 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-07060-8 |access-date=29 April 2020 |via=Google Books |url-status=live }}</ref> Badanaa qasabka dhex-galka Safavid ee Iiraan ee Islaamka Shiicada ee Labada-iyo-tobanlaha ee Boqortooyada Safavid wuxuu xaqiijiyay xukunkii dambe ee Labada-iyo-tobanlaha dhexdiisa Islaamka Shiicada. Soo-galootiga Faarisiga ah ee Koonfurta Aasiya, maaddaama ay ahaayeen maamulayaal saamayntooda leh iyo milkiilayaal dhul, waxay caawiyeen faafinta Islaamka Shiicada, iyagoo dhisay qaar ka mid ah dadka ugu waaweyn ee Shiicada ee ka baxsan Iiraan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/conversion-iii|title=CONVERSION To Imami Shiʿism in India|publisher=Iranica Online|language=English|access-date=6 October 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Nader Shah, oo riday Safavids, wuxuu isku deyey inuu wanaajiyo xiriirka Ahlusunna ee Cusmaaniyiinta iyadoo la faafinayo dhex-galka Islaamka Shiicada ee Labada-iyo-tobanlaha dhexdiisa Islaamka Ahlusunna sida madhabka shanaad, oo loo yaqaan Ja'farism,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Nadir Shah and the Ja 'fari Madhhab Reconsidered |first=Ernest |last=Tucker |journal=Iranian Studies |volume=27 |issue=1–4 |date=1994 |pages=163–179 |doi=10.1080/00210869408701825 |jstor=4310891}}</ref> oo ku dhiirran waayay inuu helo aqoonsi ka soo baxa Cusmaaniyiinta.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Nāder Shāh |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/nader-shah |date=29 March 2006 |first=Ernest |last=Tucker |access-date=9 March 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Casrigii Casriga Ahaa (Qarniyadii 18aad–20aad) === [[File:Portrait Caliph Abdulmecid II.jpg|thumb|Sawirka Khaliifkii ugu dambeeyay Abdülmecid II, ee Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta, 1923.]] Horey qarnigii 14aad, Ibn Taymiyya wuxuu dhiirrigeliyay qaab daahir ah oo Islaamka ah, isagoo diaday hababka falsafada si uu u doorbido fiqhiga fudud,<ref name="ReferenceA">Mary Hawkesworth, Maurice Kogan ''Encyclopedia of Government and Politics: 2-volume set'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-1-136-91332-7}} pp. 270–271</ref> wuxuuna ugu baaqay in loo furo albaabada ijtihadka halkii indho la'aan loogu dayan lahaa aqoonyahannada.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=150}} Wuxuu ugu baaqay jihad ka dhan ah kuwa uu u tixgeliyay gaalo,{{Refn|group=note|Richard Gauvain ''Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-0-7103-1356-0}} p. 6}} laakiin qoraalladiisu waxay lahaayeen oo kaliya doorkii ugu yaraa intii uu babacayay.{{Refn|group=note|Spevack, Aaron (2014). The Archetypal Sunni Scholar: Law, Theology, and Mysticism in the Synthesis of al-Bajuri. SUNY Press. pp. 129–130.}} Qarnigii 18aad ee Carabiya, Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, oo ay saameeyeen shaqooyinka Ibn Taymiyya iyo Ibn al-Qayyim, wuxuu aasaasay dhaqdhaqaaq loo yaqaan Wahhabism si loo laabto waxa uu u arkay Islaamka aan la badalin.<ref>Donald Quataert ''The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922'' Cambridge University Press 2005 {{ISBN|978-0-521-83910-5}} p. 50</ref> Wuxuu cambaareeyay caadooyinka badan ee maxalliga ah ee Islaamka, sida bisitaynta qabriga Muhammad ama Imamyada Shiicada, maaddaama ay yihiin bidco cusub iyo dambi<ref name="ReferenceE">Ga ́bor A ́goston, Bruce Alan Masters ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire'' Infobase Publishing 2010 {{ISBN|978-1-4381-1025-7}} p. 260</ref> wuxuuna burburiyay dhagaxyada iyo geedaha xurmada leh, goobaha Sufida, Qabuuraha al-Baqi, qabuuraha Muhammad iyo asxaabtiisa iyo Qabriga Imam Husayn, oo ah goob muhiim ah oo loo bisiteeyo Shiicada.{{Refn|group=note|Graves desecrated in Mizdah, Libya Herald, 2013}}{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=146}} Wuxuu dhisay isbahaysi uu la leeyahay qoyska Saud, oo marka la joogo 1920-yadii ay dhammaystireen qabsashadooda dhulka noqon doona Sacuudi Carabiya.<ref name="Musa-2022">{{Cite thesis |title=The Emergence of a Scholar from a Garrison Society: A contextual analysis of Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhāb's doctrine in the light of the Qur'ān and Hadīth |url=https://repository.uwtsd.ac.uk/id/eprint/2096/ |publisher=University of Wales Trinity Saint David |date=2022-08-23 |degree=masters |language=en |first=Shahajada Md |last=Musa |access-date=19 December 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Nicolas Laos ''The Metaphysics of World Order: A Synthesis of Philosophy, Theology, and Politics'' Wipf and Stock Publishers 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-4982-0102-5}} p. 177</ref> Ma Wanfu iyo Ma Debao waxay dhiirrigeliyeen dhaqdhaqaaqa salafida qarnigii 19aad sida Sailaifengye ee Shiinaha ka dib markii ay ka soo laabteen Makka laakiin ugu dambeyntii waxaa dhibay oo lagu qasbay inay dhuuntaan kooxaha Sufida.<ref>{{cite book|first=Barry M.|last=Rubin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wEih57-GWQQC&pg=PA79|page=79|title=Guide to Islamist Movements|year=2000|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=0-7656-1747-1|access-date=28 June 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> Kooxaha kale waxay isku deyeyeen inay dib u habayn ku samayso Sufinimada halkii ay ka diadi lahaayeen, iyagoo Senusiyya iyo Muhammad Ahmad ay labadooduba dagaallameen oo ay dhiseen dawlado ku kala yaalla Liibiya iyo Sudaan.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=147}} Hindiya, Shah Waliullah Dehlawi wuxuu isku deyey qaab dib u heshiisiin ah oo ka dhan ah Sufinimada wuxuuna saameeyay dhaqdhaqaaqa Deobandi.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=149}} Jawaab ka dhan ah dhaqdhaqaaqa Deobandi, dhaqdhaqaaqa Barelwi waxaa loo aasaasay sida dhaqdhaqaaq dadweyne, iyadoo la difaacaayay Sufinimada caanka ah oo la dib u habaynayay dhaqankeeda.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robert L. Canfield |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3JhKNSk8tQC&pg=PAPA131 |title=Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52291-5 |pages=131– |access-date=1 December 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sanyal |first=Usha |date=23 July 1998 |title=Generational Changes in the Leadership of the Ahl-e Sunnat Movement in North India during the twentieth Century |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/generational-changes-in-the-leadership-of-the-ahle-sunnat-movement-in-north-india-during-the-twentieth-century/8AAAC4CFEFC4F4084731C3964A5CAE84 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=635–656 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X98003059 |via=Cambridge Core |access-date=23 February 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[File:Interior of Al Aqsa Mosque Jerusalem. 1900-1910 (id.22715311).jpg|thumb|Sannadkii 1969 Dabka Masjidka Al-Aqsa, oo sidoo cuali burburiyay Minbarkii Saladin, wuxuu keenay ver-xaasidnimo taabtay dunida Muslinka wuxuuna ahaa kicin muhiim ah oo loo aasaasay Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka.]] Dunida Muslinka waxay guud ahaan ku jirtay hoos u dhac siyaasadeed markii ay bilaabatay 1800-yadii, gaar ahaan marka la barbardhigo awoodaha Yuuroop ee aan Muslinka ahayn. Horey, qarnigii 15aad, Reconquista waxay ku guuleysatay inay dhameeyo joogitaanka Muslinka ee Iberia. Marka la joogo qarnigii 19aad, British East India Company waxay si rasmi ah u qabsatay boqortooyada Mughal ee Hindiya.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|pp=358, 378–380, 624}} Sida jawaab ka dhan ah Imperialisamka Reer Galbeedka, aqoonyahanno badan waxay isku deyeyeen inay dib u habayn ku samayso Islaamka.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Buzpinar |first=Ş. Tufan |date=March 2007 |title=Celal Nuri's Concepts of Westernization and Religion |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_middle-eastern-studies_2007-03_43_2/page/247 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=247–258 |doi=10.1080/00263200601114091 |jstor=4284539|s2cid=144461915 }}</ref> Casriyeynta Islaamka, oo markii hore loo bixiyay aqoonyahannada Reer Galbeedka sida Salafiyya, waxay soo dhoweysay qiimayaasha casriga ah iyo machadyada sida demokaraasiyada iyadoo la raacaayo qoraallada diinta. Hogaamiyayaasha muhiimka ah ee dhaqdhaqaaqa waxaa ka mid ah Muhammad 'Abduh iyo Jamal al-Din al-Afghani.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lauziere|first=Henri|title=The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-231-17550-0|location=New York, Chichester, West Sussex|pages=231–232}}</ref> Abul A'la Maududi wuxuu caawiyay saamaynta Islaamka siyaasadeed ee casriga ah.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 January 2014 |title=Political Islam: A movement in motion |work=Economist Magazine |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/erasmus/2014/01/political-islam |access-date=1 January 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Wilfred Cantwell |title=Islam in Modern History |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1957 |isbn=0-691-03030-8 |page=233 |author-link=Wilfred Cantwell Smith}}</ref> Sida ku dhow qaanuunka casriga ah, shariicada markii ugu horreysay ayaa qayb ahaan loo qoray shaqo ahaan sannadkii 1869 ku dhex-jirtay koodka Mecelle ee Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta. Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta waxay dissilftay ka dib Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Dunida, Khilafadii Cusmaaniyiinta waa la joojiyay 1924<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 June – 5 July 2000 |title=New Turkey |work=Al-Ahram Weekly |issue=488 |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2000/488/chrncls.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=16 May 2010 }}</ref> iyo Khilafadii Sharifian ee ka dib waxay u dhacday si doob ah,<ref>{{Cite web |last1=الوطن |first1=جريدة |last2=webmaster |date=2020-05-05 |title="مملكة الحجاز".. وقــصـــة الـغــزو المـســلّـــح |url=https://www.al-watan.com/article/230610/NEWS/%C2%AB%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%C2%BB-%D9%88%D9%82%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B5%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%80%D8%BA%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B2%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%80%D8%B3%D9%80%D9%80%D9%84%D9%91%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%AD |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=جريدة الوطن |language=ar |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bani Issa |first=Mohammad Saleh |date=2023-11-01 |title=Factors of stability and sustainable development in Jordan in its first centenary 1921–2021 (an analytical descriptive study) |journal=Heliyon |volume=9 |issue=11 |article-number=e20993 |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20993 |issn=2405-8440 |doi-access=free|pmid=37928029 |pmc=10623165 |bibcode=2023Heliy...920993B }}</ref> sidaas darteed iyadoo ka tagaysa Islaamka oo aan lahayn Khaliif.<ref name="والخلفاء-2023">{{Cite book |last=والخلفاء |first=قصص الخلافة الإسلامية |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r-5EAAAQBAJ |title=قصص الخلافة الإسلامية والخلفاء |date=2023-03-31 |publisher=Austin Macauley Publishers |isbn=978-1-3984-9251-6 |language=en |access-date=26 December 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref> Taageerayaasha Mideynta Islaamka waxay isku deyeyeen inay mideeyaan Muslinka waxayna tartan la galeen awoodaha qarannimada ee korayay, sida Pan-Arabisamka.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doran |first=Michael |title=Pan-Arabism before Nasser: Egyptian power politics and the Palestine question |date=1999 |publisher=Oxford university press |isbn=978-0-19-512361-6 |series=Studies in Middle Eastern history |location=New York Oxford}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Landau |first=Yaʿaqov M. |title=The politics of Pan-Islam: ideology and organization |date=1994 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-827709-5 |edition=[Rev. and updated] paperback (with additions and corr.) |location=Oxford}}</ref> Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka (OIC), oo ka kooban waddamada Muslinka ah, waxaa la aasaasay 1969 ka dib gubiddii Masjidka Al-Aqsa ee Qudus.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 December 2010 |title=Organization of the Islamic Conference |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/country_profiles/1555062.stm |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Xiriirka la la leeyahay waddamada warshadaha leh wuxuu keenay dadka Muslinka ah dhulal cusub iyada oo loo marayo u-guuritaanka dhaqaalaha. Muslin badan ayaa u guuray sida shaqaale heshiis ku jooga (u badan oo ka yimid Hindiya iyo Indoneesiya) Karibiyaanka, iyagoo dhisay dadka ugu waaweyn ee Muslinka ah inta la joogo boqolkiiba ee Ameerika.<ref>{{sfnp|Haddad|Smith|2002|p=271}}</ref> U-guuritaanka ka yimid Siiriya iyo Lubnaan wuxuu ku soo kordhiyay dadka Muslinka ah ee Laatiin Ameerika.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zabel|first=Darcy|title=Arabs in the Americas: Interdisciplinary Essays on the Arab Diaspora|publisher=Peter Lang|year=2006|isbn=9780820481111|location=Austria|page=5}}</ref> Natiijadii magaalooyinka iyo kordhinta ganacsiga ee Afrika ka hooseysa Saxara waxay keentay Muslinka inay degaan dhulal cusub oo ay faafiyaan diintooda, iyadoo lagu qiyaasay inay laba-laabatay dadkeeda Muslinka ah u dhaxeysa 1869 iyo 1914.<ref>{{harvp|Bulliet|2005|p=722}}</ref> === Casrigii ee Horumarsanaa (Qarnigii 20aad–Ilaa Hada) === [[File:13. Session of the Islamic Summit Conference.jpg|thumb|Hoggaamiyeyaasha dalalka Islaamka intii uu socday kalfadhigii 2016 ee Shirka Iskaashiga Islaamka ee Istambul, Turkiga. Trikiiba saddex sano, OIC waxay isku brings dhammaan hoggaamiyeyaasha Muslinka.|upright=1.35]] Aabbayaashii casriyeynta Islaamka waxay saameeyeen dhaqdhaqaaqyada siyaasadda Islaamka sida Ikhwaanul Muslimeen iyo xisbiyada la xiriira ee dunida Carabta,<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 August 2011 |title=Are secular forces being squeezed out of Arab Spring? |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14447820 |access-date=10 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Slackman |first=Michael |date=23 December 2008 |title=Jordanian students rebel, embracing conservative Islam |work=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/24/world/middleeast/24jordan.html |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> kuwaas oo si wanaagsan uga dhex muuqday doorashooyinkii ka dambeeyay Guudkii Carabta,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kirkpatrick |first=David D. |date=3 December 2011 |title=Egypt's vote puts emphasis on split over religious rule |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/04/world/middleeast/egypts-vote-propels-islamic-law-into-spotlight.html |access-date=8 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jamaat-e-Islami ee Koonfurta Aasiya iyo Xisbiga Caddaaladda iyo Horumarinta (AK Party), oo si kemokaraasi ah xukuma Turkiga tobanaan sano. Iiraan, Kacdoonkii Iiraan wuxuu beddelay boqortooyadii laimaaniyadda ee Reer Galbeedku taageerayay iyadoo la dhisay Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah. Kuwa kale sida Sayyid Rashid Rida waxay ka go'een casriyeeyayaasha Islaamka<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lauziere|first=Henri|title=The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-231-17550-0|location=New York, Chichester, West Sussex|page=237|quote="Prior to the fall of the Ottoman Empire, leading reformers who happened to be Salafi in creed were surprisingly open-minded: although they adhered to neo-Hanbali theology. However, the aftermath of the First World War and the expansion of European colonialism paved the way for a series of shifts in thought and attitude. The experiences of Rida offer many examples... he turned against the Shi'is who dared, with reason, to express doubts about the Saudi-Wahhabi project... . Shi'is were not the only victims: Rida and his associates showed their readiness to turn against fellow Salafis who questioned some of the Wahhabis' religious interpretations."}}</ref> waxayna ka hortageen soo dhowaynta waxa uu u arkayay saamaynta Reer Galbeedka.<ref>{{Cite book|last=G. Rabil|first=Robert|title=Salafism in Lebanon: From Apoliticism to Transnational Jihadism|publisher=Georgetown University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-1-62616-116-0|location=Washington DC, US|pages=32–33|quote="Western colonialists established in these countries political orders... that, even though not professing enmity to Islam and its institutions, left no role for Islam in society. This caused a crisis among Muslim reformists, who felt betrayed not only by the West but also by those nationalists, many of whom were brought to power by the West... Nothing reflects this crisis more than the ideological transformation of Rashid Rida (1865–1935)... He also revived the works of Ibn Taymiyah by publishing his writings and promoting his ideas. Subsequently, taking note of the cataclysmic events brought about by Western policies in the Muslim world and shocked by the abolition of the caliphate, he transformed into a Muslim intellectual mostly concerned about protecting Muslim culture, identity, and politics from Western influence. He supported a theory that essentially emphasized the necessity of an Islamic state in which the scholars of Islam would have a leading role... Rida was a forerunner of Islamist thought. He apparently intended to provide a theoretical platform for a modern Islamic state. His ideas were later incorporated into the works of Islamic scholars. Significantly, his ideas influenced none other than Hassan al-Bannah, founder of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt... The Muslim Brethren have taken up Rida's Islamic fundamentalism, a right-wing radical movement founded in 1928,.."}}</ref> Kooxda ISIS waxay xitaa isku deyday inay dib u samayso diinaarkii dahabka ahaa ee casriga ahaa si uu u noqdo pambakooda lacagta. Halka kuwii ka go'ay ay qaarkood ahaayeen kuwa ka gaabsada siyaasadda, kuwo kale waxay rumechsanaayeen dhibaataynta kuwa ka soo horjeeda, xitaa Muslinka kale.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/14/isis-gold-silver-copper-islamic-dinar-coins |title=Isis to mint own Islamic dinar coins in gold, silver and copper |work=The Guardian |date=21 November 2014 |access-date=31 July 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ka hortagga dhaqdhaqaaqyada siyaasadda Islaamka, qarnigii 20aad ee Turkiga, ciidanku waxay sameeyeen afgembiyo si ay xukuumadaha Islaamiga ah uga tuuraan xukanka, sidoo kale xijabka ayaa si sharci ah loo xaddiday, sida ay sidoo kale ka dhacday Tuniisiya.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 April 2011 |title=Huge rally for Turkish secularism |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6604643.stm |access-date=6 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Saleh |first=Heba |date=15 October 2011 |title=Tunisia moves against headscarves |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6053380.stm |access-date=6 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Dhulalka kale, awoodda diinta ayaa la maamulay iyada oo hadda loo arko puppeto oo ay dawladdu maamusho. Tusaale ahaan, Sacuudi Carabiya, dawladdu waxay keligeed maamushay aqoonta diinta<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 June 2007 |title=Laying down the law: Islam's authority deficit |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/international/2007/06/28/islams-authority-deficit |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo Masar, dawladdu waxay qarameysay Jaamacadda Al-Azhar, oo hore u ahayd igo madax-bannaan oo xaddida awoodda dawladda.<ref>{{cite book| title = The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought| last1 = Bowering | first1 = Gerhard | last2=Mirza |first2=Mahan |last3=Crone |first3=Patricia| year = 2013 | publisher = Princeton University Press | page=59| isbn = 9780691134840 }}</ref> Salafiyada waxaa dhaqaale lagu siiyay Bariga Dhexe sababtoo ah ka gaabsashadeeda siyaasadda.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 October 2008 |title=Ultraconservative Islam on rise in Mideast |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna27256187 |access-date=24 September 2013 |publisher=MSNBC |url-status=live }}</ref> Sacuudi Carabiya waxay ololayso ka dhan ah dhaqdhaqaaqyada Islaamiga ah ee kacdoonka ah ee Bariga Dhexe, iyadoo ka soo horjeedda Iiraan.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Almukhtar |first1=Sarah |last2=Peçanha |first2=Sergio |last3=Wallace |first3=Tim |date=5 January 2016 |title=Behind Stark Political Divisions, a More Complex Map of Sunnis and Shiites |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/01/04/world/middleeast/sunni-shiite-map-middle-east-iran-saudi-arabia.html |access-date=6 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Tiro yar oo Muslin ah oo ka soo jeeda qowmiyadaha kala duwan ayaa loo dhibay sida koox diimeed.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thames |first1=Knox |title=Why the Persecution of Muslims Should Be on Biden's Agenda |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/muslims-islam-china-india-myanmar-persecution-repression-biden-human-rights/ |work=Foreign Policy Magazine |date=6 January 2021 |language=English |access-date=5 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Tan waxaa sameeyay xoogagga shuuciga ah sida Khmer Rouge, kuwaas oo u arkayay inay yihiin armigooda koowaad ee la cirbootinayo maaddaama dhaqankooda diimeed uu ka dhigay kuwa ka dhex muuqda dadka kale,<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Perrin |first=Andrew |date=10 October 2003 |title=Weakness in numbers |magazine=Time |url=https://time.com/archive/6894001/weakness-in-numbers/ |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}</ref> Xisbiga Shuuciga Shiinaha ee Xinjiang<ref>{{cite web |last1=Beydoun |first1=Khaled A. |title=For China, Islam is a 'mental illness' that needs to be 'cured' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/china-islam-mental-illness-cured-181127135358356.html |publisher=Al Jazeera |language=English |access-date=5 February 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo xoogagga qarannimada sida intii uu socday xasuuqii Bosniya.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mojzes |first=Paul |title=Balkan Genocides: Holocaust and Ethnic Cleansing in the Twentieth Century |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4422-0663-2|page=178}}</ref> Ciidanka Miyanmaar ee Tatmadaw oo bartilmaameedsanayay Muslinka Rohingya waxaa loogu yeeray dambi ka dhan ah aadamnimada ay sameeyeen Qaraamada Midoobay iyo Amnesty International,<ref>{{cite news |author=Oliver Holmes |date=19 December 2016 |title=Myanmar's Rohingya campaign 'may be crime against humanity' |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/19/myanmars-rohingya-campaign-may-be-against-humanity |url-status=live |access-date=5 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=19 December 2016|title=Rohingya abuse may be crimes against humanity: Amnesty|website=Al Jazeera|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/19/rohingya-abuse-may-be-crimes-against-humanity-amnesty/|access-date=2023-02-21|url-status=live}}</ref> halka Xafiiska Qaraamada Midoobay ee Wakiilka Sare ee Xaqiiqo-raadinta uu ka helay xasuuq, sifeyn qowmiyadeed, iyo dambiyo kale oo ka dhan ah aadamnimada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/MyanmarFFM/Pages/ReportoftheMyanmarFFM.aspx|title=Report of Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar |date=27 August 2018|website=ohchr.org|access-date=14 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Horumarka isgaarsiinta dunida wuxuu teshay faafinta ballaaran ee aqoonta diinta. Qaadashada xijabka waxay noqotay mid ka sii badan<ref>{{Cite news |last=Slackman |first=Michael |date=28 January 2007 |title=In Egypt, a new battle begins over the veil |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/weekinreview/28slackman.html |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo aqoonyahanno badan oo Muslin ah waxay si kordhayay isku deyayaan inay ka soocaan caqiidooyinka diinta Islaamka iyo dhaqammada caadiga ah.{{sfnp|Nigosian|2004|p=41}} Kooxaha kale dhexdiisa, helitaanka macluumaadka wuxuu keenay kordhinta wacdiyayaasha "televangelist" ee caanka ah, sida Amr Khaled, kuwaas oo kula tartama culumada caadiga ah gaaritaankooda oo ay ka dhigeen awoodda diinta mid aan hal xarun ku dhuftayn.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=263}} Sharraxaadaha "gaarka ah" ee Islaamka<ref>V. Šisler: ''The Internet and the Construction of Islamic Knowledge in Europe'' p. 212</ref> waxay si muuqata u dhex-galaan Muslinka Liberaalka ah oo isku deyaya inay waafajiyaan dhaqammada diinta iyo xukunkii laimaaniyadda ee casriga ah,{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=118–119, 179}}{{sfnp|Rippin|2001|p=288}} hab ka mid ah kuwa ay dhaleeceeyeen qaarkood oo ku saabsan waafaqsanaantiisa.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Adams, Charles J.|editor1-last=Esposito|editor1-first=John L.|title=Voices of Resurgent Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/voicesofresurgen00hcen|url-access=registration|date=1983|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/voicesofresurgen00hcen/page/113 113–4] |chapter=Maududi and the Islamic State|quote=[Maududi believed that] when religion is relegated to the personal realm, men inevitably give way to their bestial impulses and perpetrate evil upon one another. In fact it is precisely because they wish to escape the restraints of morality and the divine guidance that men espouse secularism.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Meisami|first=Sayeh|date=2013|title='Abdolkarim Soroush |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0034.xml|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-12 |website=Oxford Bibliographies|language=en}}</ref> Sidoo kale, laimaaniyaddu waxaa loo arkaa fikrad shisheeye oo ay ku soo impose gareeyeen qabsadayaashii oo ay adkeeyeen maamulayaasha ka dambeeyay gumeysiga,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Secularism, State Neutrality, and Islam|author=Abdullah Saeed|encyclopedia=The Oxford Handbook of Secularism|editor1=Phil Zuckerman|editor2=John R. Shook |url=http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/abstract/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199988457-e-12|year=2017|page=188 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.013.12|isbn=978-0-19-998845-7|access-date=7 August 2023|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref> oo inta badan loo fahmo inay u dhiganto ka-horjeedda diinta.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Nader Hashemi|title=Secularism|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0714|access-date=7 August 2023|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref> == Tirada Dadka == {{Main|Dunida Muslinka|Ummah}} {{See also|Islaamka waddan ahaan|Koraanka dadka Muslinka ah}} [[File:2020+ Proportion of people in world religions.svg |thumb|Boqolkiiba inta qof ee diimaha dunida. Muslinku waxay ka yihiin dhawaan 25.6% dadka dunida, taas oo ah tiro yar oo ka hooseysa Masiixiyiinta.<ref name=Pew_20250609>{{cite web |last1=Hackett |first1=Conrad |last2=Stonawski |first2=Marcin |last3=Tong |first3=Yunping |last4=Kramer |first4=Stephanie |last5=Shi |first5=Anne |last6=Fahmy |first6=Dalia |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |publisher=Pew Research Center |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260222070137/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |archive-date=22 February 2026 |date=9 June 2025 |url-status=live |quote=Source: Pew Research Center estimates based on more than 2,700 censuses and surveys. "How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020"}}</ref>]] Marka la joogo 2020, dhawaan 25.6% dadka dunida, ama dhawaan 2&nbsp;bilyan oo qof, waa Muslin.<ref name="pewresearch.orgReligion">{{Cite web |title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/interactives/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |date=21 December 2022 |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128120036/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/interactives/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="www.pewresearch.org-2022">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2022 |title=Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project - Research and data from Pew Research Center |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205195540/https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |archive-date=5 February 2023 |access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/|title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population|date=27 January 2011|access-date=26 October 2022|archive-date=30 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930233955/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/08/09/muslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world/ | title=Muslims and Islam: Key findings in the U.S. and around the world | date=9 August 2017 | access-date=19 December 2022 | archive-date=8 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108121140/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/08/09/muslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Pew-Growth-2017">{{cite web |last1=Lipka |first1=Michael |last2=Hackett |first2=Conrad |author-link2=Conrad Hackett |title=Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514123559/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |archive-date=2019-05-14 |website=Fact Tank |publisher=Pew Research Center |date=2017-04-06 |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> Sannadkii 1900, qiyaastani waxay ahayd 12.3%,<ref name="Barrett-2001">{{cite book |last1=Barrett |first1=David B. |last2=Kurian |first2=George T. |last3=Johnson |first3=Todd M. |title=World Christian Encyclopedia: A Comparative Survey of Churches and Religions in the Modern World |volume=1: The World by Countries: Religionists, Churches, Ministries |edition=2nd |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |page=4 |isbn=978-0195079630 |language=en}}</ref> sannadkii 1990 waxay ahayd 19.9%<ref name="Pew Research Center-2011">{{Cite report |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |publisher=Pew Research Center |access-date=27 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209094904/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=9 February 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> iyada oo saadaalintu ay muujinayso in heerku noqon doono 29.7% marka la joogo 2050.{{rp|8}} Ugu kooban uturjumaadda Pew ee 2020 waxay heshay in dadka Muslinka ah ee dunidu ay ahaayeen kooxda diimeed ee ugu koraanka badnayd tobankii sano, inta badan sababtoo ah Muslinku waxay u janjeeraan inay ku yar yihiin da'da oo ay leeyihiin heer dhalmo oo sarreeya—laba walxood oo muhiim ah oo kexeeya koraanka caadiga ah ee dadka.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett|author2=Marcin Stonawski|author3=Yunping Tong|author4=Stephanie Kramer|author5=Anne Shi|author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf|access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Pew Research Center |page=9|quote=Increases in the global Muslim population are largely due to Muslims having a relatively young age structure and high fertility rate, two characteristics that result in natural population growth.}}</ref>{{rp|9}} Sida ku xuso qiyaasta dadka ee 2020, 65% dadka Muslinka ah waxay ku dhex jiraan toban waddan, iyada oo dadka ugu waaweyni ay ku nool yihiin Indoneesiya, Bakistaan, Hindiya, Bangaladeesh, Nayjeeriya, Masar, Iiraan, Turkiga, Sudaan, iyo Aljeeriya, marka loo eego sida ay u kala hooseeyaan. Indoneesiya waxay xarun u tahay ka badan 230,000,000 oo Muslin ah, Bakistaan ka badan 220,000,000, Hindiya ka badan 210,000,000, Bangaladeesh ka badan 150,000,000, Nayjeeriya ka badan 110,000,000, Masar ka badan 100,000,000, Iiraan iyo Turkiga midkiiba ka badan 80,000,000, iyo Sudaan iyo Aljeeriya midkiiba ka badan 40,000,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/muslim-population-change/|title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020: 3. Muslim population change|date=9 June 2025|access-date=12 February 2026|website=Pew Research Center}}</ref>[[File:Islam percent population in each nation World Map Muslim data by Pew Research.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Boqolkiiba Muslinka ee dunida waddan ahaan.<ref name="pew2015" />]]Sida ku xuso warbixin ay soo saartay CNN, "Islaamku wuxuu soo jiitay dad soo Islaamay oo ka soo jeeda dhammaan heerarka nolosha, gaar ahaan Ameerikanka ka soo jeeda Afrika".<ref>{{cite news |title=Fast-growing Islam winning converts in Western world |publisher=CNN |url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9704/14/egypt.islam/ |access-date=6 May 2016 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015114027/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9704/14/egypt.islam/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ingiriiska, dhawaan 6,000 oo qof ayaa soo Islaama sannad walba, iyada oo sida ku xuso maqaal ku jira British Muslims Monthly Survey, badanka dadka cusub ee soo Islaama ee Ingiriiska ay ahaayeen dumarka.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/bmms/2000/06June00.asp#Women%20convert |title=British Muslims Monthly Survey for June 2000, Vol. VIII, No. 6 |at=Women convert |access-date=2020-09-28 |archive-date=2008-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214160750/http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/bmms/2000/06June00.asp#Women%20convert |url-status=live}}</ref> Sida ku xuso The Huffington Post, "ilaaliyayaashu waxay qiyaasayaan in illaa 20,000 oo Ameerikan ah ay soo Islaamaan sannad walba", badankoodu ay yihiin dumarka iyo Muslinka Ameerikanka ka soo jeeda Afrika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-08-24 |title=Conversion To Islam One Result Of Post-9/11 Curiosity |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/post-911-islam-converts_n_935572 |access-date=2020-11-26 |website=HuffPost |language=en |archive-date=2021-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111201117/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/post-911-islam-converts_n_935572 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author-first=Julie |author-last=Bindel |author-link=Julie Bindel |title=Why do Western Women Convert? |url=http://standpointmag.co.uk/features-may-10-why-do-western-women-convert-julie-bindel-islam-female-conversion |access-date=8 May 2016 |work=Standpoint |date=26 April 2010 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006102003/http://standpointmag.co.uk/features-may-10-why-do-western-women-convert-julie-bindel-islam-female-conversion |url-status=live}}</ref> Sidoo kale boqolkiiba iyo tirada guud ahaan, Islaamku waa kooxda diimeed ee ugu koraanka badan dunida, iyadoo la saadaalinayo inay noqoto ta ugu weyn dunida dhamaadka qarniga 21aad, iyadoo ka badanaysa Masiixiyada. Waxaa lagu qiyaasay in marka la joogo 2050, tirada Muslinka ay u dhowaan doonto tirada Masiixiyiinta ee dunida, "sababtoo ah da'da yar iyo heerka dhalmo ee sarreeya ee Muslinka marka loo barbardhigo kooxaha kale ee diimaha."{{rp|70}} === Xituunta Pew Research === Dhawaan 49 waddan ayaa ah kuwo dadka ugu badan ee ku nooli ay Muslin yihiin,{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=11}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ba-Yunus |first1=Ilyas |title=Muslims in the United States |last2=Kone, Kassim |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2006 |page=[https://archive.org/details/muslimsunitedsta00bayu/page/n186 172] |url=https://archive.org/details/muslimsunitedsta00bayu |url-access=registration |isbn=978-0-313-32825-1}}</ref><ref name="Pew-Landscape-2012">{{cite report |author=The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life |title=The Global Religious Landscape: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Major Religious Groups as of 2010 |url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323215026/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf |archive-date=2018-03-23 |date=December 2012 |publisher=Pew Research Center |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=7 March 2018 |title=Islam in Russia |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2018/3/7/islam-in-russia/ |access-date=15 June 2021 |website=Al Jazeera |publisher=Anadolu News Agency |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024349/https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/features/2018/3/7/islam-in-russia |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Book review: Russia's Muslim Heartlands reveals diverse population |date=21 April 2018 |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/book-review-russia-s-muslim-heartlands-reveals-diverse-population-1.723230 |work=The National |access-date=13 January 2019 |archive-date=14 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114210257/https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/book-review-russia-s-muslim-heartlands-reveals-diverse-population-1.723230 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyada oo 62% Muslinka dunidu ay ku nool yihiin Aasiya, halka 683 milyan oo taabacsan ay ku nool yihiin Indoneesiya, Bakistaan, Hindiya, iyo Bangaladeesh keligood.<ref name="Pew-Projections-2050">{{cite web |title=10 Countries With the Largest Muslim Populations, 2010 and 2050 |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/muslims/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables74/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207115222/http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/muslims/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables74/ |archive-date=2017-02-07 |website=Pew Research Center |publisher=Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life |date=2015-04-02 |type=Projections table |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Secrets of Islam |url=https://www.usnews.com/usnews/graphics/religion/islams_global_reach.htm |access-date=24 September 2013 |website=U.S. News & World Report |archive-date=22 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122200555/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/graphics/religion/islams_global_reach.htm |url-status=live }} Information provided by the International Population Center, Department of Geography, San Diego State University (2005).</ref>{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|pp=15, 17}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pechilis |first1=Karen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C |title=South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today |last2=Raj |first2=Selva J. |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-44851-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C&pg=PA193 193] |access-date=3 May 2019 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024331/https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslinka Carabta ah waxay samayeeyaan kooxda qowmiyadeed ee ugu weyn Muslinka dhexdeeda ee dunida,<ref name="Nydell-2005">{{cite book |last=Nydell |first=Margaret Kleffner |title=Understanding Arabs: A Guide for Modern Times |edition=4th |location=Yarmouth, Maine |publisher=Intercultural Press |year=2005 |pages=xxiii, 14 |isbn=978-1931930253 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNoiieefqAcC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024737/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNoiieefqAcC |archive-date=2023-12-28 |language=en}}</ref> waxaa ku xiga Bangaaliyiinta<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Eaton|editor=Barbara D. Metcalf|title=Islam in South Asia in Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pR0LzVCpfw8C|date=8 September 2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-3138-8|page=275|chapter=Forest Clearing and the Growth of Islam in Bengal}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=haGORCJRlOUC&pg=PA50 |title=The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics |author1=Meghna Guhathakurta |author2=Willem van Schendel |page=50 |date=30 April 2013 |publisher=Duke University Press |access-date=7 November 2016 |isbn=978-0822353188 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707092408/https://books.google.com/books?id=haGORCJRlOUC&pg=PA50 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo Bunjaabiinta.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Rajmohan|title=Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten|year=2013|page=1|publisher=Aleph Book Company|location=New Delhi, India, Urbana, Illinois|isbn=978-93-83064-41-0}}.</ref> Qiyaasaha badankood waxay muujinayaan in Shiinaha ay ku nool yihiin dhawaan 20 illaa 30 milyan oo Muslin ah (1.5% illaa 2% dadka waddanka).<ref>{{cite web |work=The World Factbook |title=Explore All Countries – China |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/ |access-date=15 September 2009 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |archive-date=13 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213122152/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=China (includes Hong Kong, Macau, and Tibet) |website=Archived Content |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm |access-date=24 September 2013 |publisher=U.S. Department of State |archive-date=10 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710075050/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Islaamka ka jira Yurub waa diinta labaad ee ugu weyn Masiixiyadda ka dib waddamo badan dhexdeeda, iyada oo heerarka koraanka ay inta badan ku yimaadaan soogalootiga iyo heerka dhalmo ee sarreeya ee Muslinka ee 2005,<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 December 2005 |title=Muslims in Europe: Country guide |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4385768.stm |access-date=1 April 2010 |archive-date=29 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929213440/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4385768.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> taas oo samaynaysay 4.9% dhammaan dadka Yurub ee 2016.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/11/29/5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe/|title=5 facts about the Muslim population in Europe|date=November 29, 2017|work=Pew Research Center|first=Conrad|last=Hackett|access-date=17 January 2023|archive-date=5 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105202657/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/11/29/5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sida ku xuso Xituunta Pew Research, soo Islaamidda ma laha saameyn weyn oo saafi ah oo ku saabsan koraanka dadka Muslinka ah maadaama "tirada dadka ku soo Islaama diinta ay u dhowdahay inay la mid tahay tirada Muslinka ah ee ka baxda diinta."<ref>{{Cite report |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |section=Conversion |date=27 January 2011 |publisher=Pew Research Center |section-url=https://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-related-factors/#conversion |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |quote=there is no substantial net gain or loss in the number of Muslims through conversion globally; the number of people who become Muslims through conversion seems to be roughly equal to the number of Muslims who leave the faith |access-date=12 May 2020 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211126/http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bagse, Islaamku wuxuu ka helayaa faa'iido yar oo ah 3 milyan oo qof marka loo eego isbeddelka diimaha u dhexeya 2010 iyo 2050, inta badan ka timaada Afrika Sub-Sahara (2.9 milyan).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf|title=Cumulative Change Due to Religious Switching, 2010–2050, p.43|access-date=4 May 2016|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150429153811/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf|archive-date=29 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/|title=The Changing Global Religious Landscape|work=Pew Research Center|date=5 April 2017|access-date=17 December 2022|archive-date=18 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218030628/https://www.pewforum.org/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sida ku xuso uturjumaadda Pew ee 2020, dhawaan 1% dadka waaweyn ee ku soo koray Muslimnimada ayaa ka baxa diinta, halka boqolkiiba la mid ah —dhawaan 1%— ay ka soo Islaamaan diimaha kale, taas oo keenta heer hoose oo isbeddel diimeed ah oo soo gala ama ka baxa Islaamka.<ref name="pew2029">{{Cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett|author2=Marcin Stonawski|author3=Yunping Tong|author4=Stephanie Kramer|author5=Anne Shi|author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf|access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US|page=39|quote=Muslims and Hindus have been the least likely to gain or lose adherents from religious switching. About one in every 100 adults raised Muslim (or Hindu) has left their childhood religion, and a similar number from a different religious category have switched into Islam (or Hinduism).}}</ref> Mutaaniqada Islaamka ka baxday waxay u janjeeraan inay u wareegaan diin kale halkii ay ka noqon lahaayeen kuwo aan diin lahayn. == Qaybaha Waaweyn == {{Main|Xiriirka Shiicada iyo Sunnada|Qadiir Khum|Saqiifa|Ciidul Qadiir}} === Matalaadda Qadiir Khum iyo Saqiifa === [[File:Chronology of Ancient Nations, f.162r miniature.jpg|thumb|Magacaabiddii Cali uu Muxammad ku magacaabay Qadiir Khum, 1307 AD fardawsa Ilkhanid.]] Tukhtaan muhiim ah ayaa ka dhacay 632 ee Qadiir Khum, halkaas oo Muxammad, obo yar ka hor dhimashadiisa, uu gacanta ku qabtay Cali, oo ahaa ina-adeerkii iyo seedigii, uu ka jeediyay khudbad uu ku yiri "Kii aan ahay ''mowlahiisa'', Cali waa ''mowlahiisa''."<ref>{{cite book |title=The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam |author-first=Maria Massi |author-last=Dakake |year=2007 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9780791470336 |author-link=Maria Massi Dakake}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Veccia Vaglieri|first=L.|date=2012|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/*-SIM_2439|section=G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm|publisher=Brill|access-date=July 14, 2023|isbn=9789004161214|archive-date=14 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714174420/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/*-SIM_2439|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfnp|Campo|2009|pp=257–258}} Ereyga mowla wuxuu leeyahay macnayaal kala duwan oo ku xiran xaaladda, oo ay ku jiraan sayid, ilaaliye, xulafo, taageere, iyo mid awood leh. Shiicada dhexdeeda, waxaa loo fahmaa magacaabidda rasmiga ah ee Muxammad uu Cali uga dhigay beddelkiisa. Sunnadu sidoo kale waxay aqbashaa in tukhtaankii Qadiir Khum uu dhacay iyadoo Muxammad uu yiri hadalkaas ku saabsan Cali. Bagse, uma tarjumaan hadalka inuu yahay magacaabidda Cali ee beddelka Muxammad. Muslinka Sunnada ah waxay u tarjumaan ereyga mowla xaaladdan inuu u muuqdo saaxiib dhow, taageere, ama mid mudan daacadnimo iyo kalsooni. Sidaas darteed, waxay u arkaan bayaanka inuu yahay caddayn ah xushmadda Muxammad uu u hayay Cali, iyagoo hoos u dhigaya muhiimadda tukhtaanka. Kalfadhigii Saqiifa wuxuu dhacay obo yar ka dib dhimashadii Muxammad ee 632, halkaas oo Abu Bakar looga doortay beddelkiisa oo uu ku noqday Khaliifkii koowaad. Saqiifa waxay ka mid tahay tukhtaannada ugu muranka badan Islaamka, sababtoo ah ka saarida tiro badan oo ka mid ah Saxaabada Muxammad, oo ay ku jiraan Ahlul Bayt iyo gaar ahaan Cali. Cali iyo tiro badan oo ka mid ah qoyska Muxammad waxay weli ku jireen aasitaanka nabiga markii uu tukhtaanku dhacayay.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Foody |first=Kathleen |date=September 2015 |title=Interiorizing Islam: Religious Experience and State Oversight in the Islamic Republic of Iran |editor-last=Jain |editor-first=Andrea R. |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=599–623 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/lfv029 |doi-access=free |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Academy of Religion |eissn=1477-4585 |issn=0002-7189 |jstor=24488178 |lccn=sc76000837 |oclc=1479270 |quote=For Shiʿi Muslims, Muhammad not only designated Ali as his friend, but appointed him as his successor—as the "lord" or "master" of the new Muslim community. Ali and his descendants would become known as the Imams, divinely guided leaders of the Shiʿi communities, sinless, and granted special insight into the Qurʾanic text. The theology of the Imams that developed over the next several centuries made little distinction between the authority of the Imams to politically lead the Muslim community and their spiritual prowess; quite to the contrary, their right to political leadership was grounded in their special spiritual insight. While in theory, the only just ruler of the Muslim community was the Imam, the Imams were politically marginal after the first generation. In practice, Shiʿi Muslims negotiated varied approaches to both interpretative authority over Islamic texts and governance of the community, both during the lifetimes of the Imams themselves and even more so following the disappearance of the twelfth and final Imam in the ninth century.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Foody |first=Kathleen |date=September 2015 |editor-last=Jain |editor-first=Andrea R. |title=Interiorizing Islam: Religious Experience and State Oversight in the Islamic Republic of Iran |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Academy of Religion |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=599–623 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/lfv029 |issn=0002-7189 |eissn=1477-4585 |jstor=24488178 |lccn=sc76000837 |oclc=1479270 |quote=For Shiʿi Muslims, Muhammad not only designated Ali as his friend, but appointed him as his successor—as the "lord" or "master" of the new Muslim community. Ali and his descendants would become known as the Imams, divinely guided leaders of the Shiʿi communities, sinless, and granted special insight into the Qurʾanic text. The theology of the Imams that developed over the next several centuries made little distinction between the authority of the Imams to politically lead the Muslim community and their spiritual prowess; quite to the contrary, their right to political leadership was grounded in their special spiritual insight. While in theory, the only just ruler of the Muslim community was the Imam, the Imams were politically marginal after the first generation. In practice, Shiʿi Muslims negotiated varied approaches to both interpretative authority over Islamic texts and governance of the community, both during the lifetimes of the Imams themselves and even more so following the disappearance of the twelfth and final Imam in the ninth century. |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Amir-Moezzi |author-first=Mohammad Ali |title=Ghadīr Khumm |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=Third |editor1-first=Kate |editor1-last=Fleet |editor2-first=Gudrun |editor2-last=Krämer |editor3-first=Denis |editor3-last=Matringe |editor4-first=John |editor4-last=Nawas |editor5-first=Devin J. |editor5-last=Stewart |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419 |year=2014 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419 |isbn=9789004269613 |author-link=Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Muslinka Sunnada ah waxay qabaan in Muxammad uu u daayay doorashada beddelkiisa bulshada, sidaas darteedna waxay u arkaan doorashadii Abu Bakar ee saxaabada inay ahayd mid sharci ah. Muslinka Shiicada ah waxay adkaynayaan in Cali hore loogu magacaabay beddelka Muxammad ee tukhtaankii Qadiir Khum, sidaas darteedna waxay u arkaan tukhtaannadii Saqiifa inay ahaayeen kuwo dhaafay xaqiisii beddelka. Dhibaatada beddelka waxay noqotay sababtii ugu horreysay ee qeybsanaanta Muslinka oo keentay soo bixitaanka labada qaybood ee waaweyn ee Islaamka, Sunna iyo Shiica. === Islaamka Sunnada ah === {{Main|Islaamka Sunnada ah}} [[File:Khalili Collection Islamic Art mss 0311 fol 190b-191a.jpg|thumb|Faraq-qoraal ah oo [[Saxiix al-Bukhari]] ah oo ka soo jeeda qarnigii 14aad, ururintii ugu horreysay ee [[xadiis]] ee [[Kutub al-Sittah|Lixda Buug]] ee [[Islaamka Sunnada ah]].]] Islaamka Sunnada ah waa qaybta ugu weyn ee Islaamka iyada oo ah mhabka diimeed ee ugu weyn dunida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of religious populations {{!}} Largest Religions, Smallest Religions, Lists, Data, & Overview {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/List-of-religious-populations|access-date=2025-07-24|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sunni |title=Sunni |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=17 September 2021 |archive-date=30 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430101807/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/574006/Sunnite |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Sunni Islam |editor-first=John L. |editor-last=Esposito |encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2014 |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2280 |access-date=10 January 2010 |archive-date=5 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005013247/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2280 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Denny-2010">{{cite book |last=Denny |first=Frederick |author-link=Frederick M. Denny |title=Sunni Islam: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |page=3 |isbn=978-0199804153 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D5_N97bAiJ0C&pg=PA3 |quote=Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community, and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority (85 to 90%) of that community. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lawson |first1=Russell M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_krEEAAAQBAJ&dq=islam+based+on+the+teachings+of+muhammad&pg=PA419 |title=Science in the Ancient World: From Antiquity through the Middle Ages |date=23 September 2021 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-4408-7353-9 |page=419 |language=en}}</ref> Ereygu waa gaabinta weedha "''Ahl as-Sunnah wa al-Jama'ah''", oo macnaheedu yahay "dadka [[Sunnah|sunnada]] (dhaqankii Muxammad) iyo jamacaadka".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Ahl as-Sunnah |encyclopedia=Islam Ansiklopedisi |publisher=Turkish Diyanet Foundation |location=Istanbul |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ehl-i-sunnet |last=Yavuz |first=Yusuf Şevki |date=1994 |volume=10 |pages=525–530 |lang=tr |access-date=28 December 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228114411/https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ehl-i-sunnet |url-status=live }}</ref> Islaamka Sunnada ah mararka qaarkood waxaa loo yaqaanaa "Islaamka Ortodokska ah",<ref>{{cite book |author1=John Richard Thackrah |title=Dictionary of Terrorism |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1135165956 |edition=2, revised |page=252}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Status of Women Under Islamic Law and Modern Islamic Legislation |date=2009 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9004172739 |editor1-last=Nasir |editor1-first=Jamal J. |edition=revised |page=11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=George W. Braswell |title=What You Need to Know about Islam & Muslims |date=2000 |publisher=B&H Publishing Group |isbn=978-0805418293 |edition=illustrated |page=62}}</ref> ingawa aqoonyahanada qaar ay u arkaan inaysan habboonayn, iyada oo Sunni-nimada ka baxsan ay dad badan u arki karaan fahan xumaan.<ref>An Introduction to the Hadith. John Burton. Published by Edinburgh University Press. 1996. p. 201. Cite: "Sunni: Of or pertaining ''sunna'', especially the ''Sunna'' of the Prophet. Used in conscious opposition to Shi'a, Shi'í. There being no ecclesia or centralized magisterium, the translation 'orthodox' is inappropriate. To the Muslim 'unorthodox' implies heretical, ''mubtadi'', from ''bid'a'', the contrary of ''sunna'' and so 'innovation'."</ref> Sunnadu waxay adkaynaysaa in Muxammad uusan magacaabin beddel, wuxuuna u dhaafay doorashada beddelkiisa bulshada, sidaas darteedna waxay u arkaan doorashadii Abu Bakar ee Saqiifa inay ahayd mid sharci ah. Muslinka Sunnada ah waxay inta badan u noqdaan lixda buug ee xadiiska ee waaweyn arrimaha sharciga, iyagoo u raaca mid ka mid ah afar madhabood ee fiqhiga: [[Hanafi school|Xanafi]], [[Hanbali school|Xanbali]], [[Maliki school|Maaliki]], [[Shafi'i school|Shaafi'i]].<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|pp=275, 306}}</ref> Cilmiga tawxiidka ee athariga ah waa madhab Sunni ah oo feker ah, oo uu si weyn ugu doodi jiray Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780–855 CE), oo lagu garto u noqoshada fahanka qoraalka ah ee Qur'aanka iyo sunnada, aמונה ah in Qur'aanku yahay mid aan la abuurin oo weligeed ah, iyo ka soo horjeeda cilmiga caqliga, ee loo yaqano kalam, marka loo eego arrimaha diinta iyo anshaxa.<ref>Hadi Enayat ''Islam and Secularism in Post-Colonial Thought: A Cartography of Asadian Genealogies'' Springer Publishing, 30 June 2017 {{ISBN|978-3-319-52611-9}} p.48</ref> Maaturidiyada, oo uu aasaasay Abu Mansur al-Maturidi (853–944 CE), waxay leedahay qoraalka la soo dejiyay looma baahna anshaxa asaasiga ah iyada oo wanaagga iyo xawliga lagu fahmi karo caqliga keligiis,<ref>Rico Isaacs, Alessandro Frigerio ''Theorizing Central Asian Politics: The State, Ideology and Power'' Springer Publishing 2018 {{ISBN|978-3-319-97355-5}} p. 108</ref> laakiin dadku waxay u noqdaan waxyiga arrimaha ka baxsan fahanka bahaamka. Ash'ariyada, oo uu aasaasay Al-Ashʿarī (c. 874–936), waxay leedahay anshaxu wuxuu ka imaan karaa oo keliya waxyiga rabbaaniga ah laakiin waxay aqbashaa caqliga arrimaha fasiraadda waxayna isku dartaa hababka Mu'tazilada iyo fikradaha athariga.<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|1999|p=280}}</ref> Salafiyadu waa doonis dib u cusboonaysiin ah oo u dooda u noqoshada dhaqankii qgeneration-kii ugu horreeyay ee Muslinka. Qarnigii 18aad, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab wuxuu kexeeyay dhaqdhaqaaq Salafi ah, oo dadka ka baxsan ay u yaqaanaan Wahaabiya, waddanka maanta loo yaqano Sacuudi Carabiya.<ref>Richard Gauvain ''Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-0-7103-1356-0}} page 8</ref> Dhaqdhaqaaq la mid ah oo loo yaqano Ahl al-Hadith ayaa sidoo kale hoos u dhigay dhaqanka sharciga Sunniga ah ee qarniyada jiray, iyagoo door biday inay si toos ah u raacaan Qur'aanka iyo Xadiiska. Dhaqdhaqaaqa Sunniga ah ee Nurcu waxaa aasaasay Said Nursi (1877–1960); wuxuu isku darayaa qaybo ka mid ah Tasawufka iyo sayniska.<ref name="Svante E. Cornell p. 283">Svante E. Cornell ''Azerbaijan Since Independence'' M.E. Sharpe {{ISBN| 9780765630049}} p. 283</ref><ref>Robert W. Hefner ''Shariʻa Politics: Islamic Law and Society in the Modern World'' Indiana University Press 2011 {{ISBN|978-0-253-22310-4}} p. 170</ref> === Islaamka Shiicada ah === {{Main|Islaamka Shiicada ah}} [[File:Folio from a Nahj al-Balagha.gif|thumb|Warqad gacan-qoraal ah oo ka timaada Nahj al-Balagha, ee taariikhdeedu tahay 1149 AD. Nahj al-Balagha waa ururin khudbado, waraaqo, iyo hadallo ah oo uu leeyahay Cali. Waxaa loo arkaa inay ka mid tahay kuwa ugu muhiimsan ee suugaanta Carabiga iyada oo ka joogta meel sare Islaamka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda.]] Islaamka Shiicada ah waa qaybta labaad ee ugu weyn Islaamka iyo mid ka mid oo ka mid ah mhabada diimeed ee ugu waaweyn dunida.<ref>{{cite web |title=Field Listing :: Religions |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706231326/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |archive-date=6 July 2010 |access-date=25 October 2010 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |quote=Sunni Islam accounts for over 75% of the world's Muslim population." ... "Shia Islam represents 10–15% of Muslims worldwide.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sunni |url=https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/sunni |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614103622/https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/sunni |archive-date=14 June 2020 |access-date=24 May 2020 |publisher=Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs |quote=Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam, comprising about 85% of the world's over 1.5 billion Muslims.}}</ref>{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=1|ps=. "Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims."}} Ereygu waa gaabinta weedha "''Shīʿat ʿAlī''", oo macnaheedu yahay "xisbigii Cali". Muslinka Shiicada ah waxay adkaynayaan in Muxammad uu magacaabay ina-adeerkii iyo seedigii, Cali, inuu noqdo beddelkiisa.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shii|title=Shiʿi|last=Newman|first=Andrew J.|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=28 December 2021|archive-date=20 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720054917/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shii|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2004 |title=Sunni Islam |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa |publisher=MacMillan Reference |editor-last=Philip Mattar |edition=2nd |author1=Tayeb El-Hibri|author2=Maysam J. al Faruqi}}</ref> Cali waxaa ku xigay silsilad Imaamyo ah oo Ilaah magacaabay oo ka soo jeeda qoyska Muxammad ([[Ahl al-Bayt|Ahlul Bayt]]). Mhabka ugu weyn ee Islaamka Shiicada ah, Shiicada Laba-iyo-Tobanka ah, waxay aqoonsan yihiin Laba-iyo-Tobanka Imaam inay yihiin hoggaamiyeyaasha Ilaah magacaabay, iyadoo ka bilaabanaysa Cali keligiis oo ku dheehanaysa Mahdiga, oo la rumeysan yahay inuu ku jiro qoyanaanta loona fadhiyo inuu dib u soo laabto Dhamaadka Sannadaha si uu u aasaaso caddaalad oo uu caawin doono Ciise. Islaamka Shiicada ah wuxuu muhiimad gaar ah siiyaa Ahlul Bayt (qoyska Muxammad), kuwaas oo Muslinka Shiicada ah ay u arkaan inay leeyihiin awood diimeed iyo ruhani ah oo Ilaah siiyay. Qur'aanka, teachings-ka Muxammad (Sunnah), iyo Imaamyada waxay samayeeyaan asaaska ugu muhiimsan ee fekerka diimeed iyo fiqhiga Shiicada. Muslinka Shiicada ah waxaa kexeeya madhabka Jacfariyada ee fiqhiga.<ref>{{Cite book |author1=John Corrigan|author2=Frederick Denny|author3=Martin S Jaffee|author4=Carlos Eire |year=2011 |title=Jews, Christians, Muslims: A Comparative Introduction to Monotheistic Religions |publisher= Cambridge University Press |id=978-0205026340 }}</ref> Ururinta ugu muhiimsan ee xadiiska ee Islaamka Shiicada ah waa Afarta Buug ee Sharciga ah, oo loo yaqano Kitab al-Kafi, Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih, Tahdhib al-Ahkam, iyo Al-Istibsar. Islaamka Shiicada ah wuxuu ka kooban yahay dhowr qaybood, ta ugu weyn oo ugu muhiimsan waxay tahay Shiicada Laba-iyo-Tobanka ah, oo ay ku xigaan qaybaha yar ee Ismaaciiliyad iyo Saydiyad.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social and Military History |editor-first1=Spencer C. |editor-last1=Tucker |editor2=Priscilla Mary Roberts |year=2008 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-842-2 |page=917 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC&pg=PA917 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024726/https://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC&pg=PA917 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Iraq Effect: The Middle East After the Iraq War |first=Frederic M. |last=Wehrey |year=2010 |publisher=Rand Corporation |isbn=978-0-8330-4788-5 |page=91 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-3LAlfW7DIC&pg=PA91 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024742/https://books.google.com/books?id=i-3LAlfW7DIC&pg=PA91#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Newman|first=Andrew J.|author-link=Andrew J. Newman|title=Twelver Shiism: Unity and Diversity in the Life of Islam, 632 to 1722|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-7833-4|chapter=Introduction|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ&pg=PP18|page=2|access-date=13 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501201413/https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ|archive-date=1 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Dagaalkii Karbala, oo uu awoowe u ahaa Nabiga oo ahaa Imaamka saddexaad ee Shiicada, Xuseen ibn Cali, si xun loogu dilay oo madaxa looga jaray iyada oo la dilay badanka xubnaha qoyskiisa, wuxuu siiyay Caliyinta aqoonsi diimeed oo u gaar ah wuxuuna ka qaatay door muhiim ah zhuraalka iyo adkaynta ta noqotay Islaamka Shiicada ah. Wuxuu ka joogaa meel dhexe taariikhda Shiicada, dhaqanka, iyo cilmiga tawxiidka, iyadoo inta badan lagu xuso suugaanta Islaamka. Waa mid ka mid ah waqtiyada ugu murugada badan, muhiimka ah, ee lagu garto taariikhda Islaamka. Dhismaha Imaam Cali ee Najafe, Dhismaha Imaam Xuseen ee Karbala, iyo Dhismaha Imaam Riza ee Mashxad waa saddexda meelood ee ugu xurmada badan ka dib Masjid al-Xaraam ee Makka, Masjid al-Nabawi ee Madiina, iyo Masjid al-Aqsa ee Qudus.<ref name="Sardeg2">{{cite web |last=Escobar |first=Pepe |date=May 24, 2002 |title=Knocking on heaven's door |url=http://www.atimes.com/c-asia/DE24Ag04.html |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020603155002/http://atimes.com/c-asia/DE24Ag04.html |archive-date=June 3, 2002 |access-date=2006-11-12 |work=Asia Times Online |quote=our sixth imam, Imam Sadeg, says that we have five definitive holy places... first is Mecca... second is Medina... third belongs to our first imam of Shia, Ali, which is in Najaf. The fourth belongs to our third imam, Hussein, in Kerbala. The last one belongs to the daughter of our seventh imam and sister of our eighth imam, who is called Fatemah, and will be buried in Qom. |department=Central Asia/Russia}}</ref> Laba-iyo-Tobanka Imaam sidoo xushmad lagu hayaa Islaamka Sunnada ah dhexdeeda iyagoo ah xubno ka mid ah qoyska Nabiga Muxammad iyo shakhsiyaad muhiim ah oo ku jira taariikhda Islaamka, iyadoo Sunnadu ay booqdaan dhismooyinkooda xushmad darteed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Iraqi delegation from the Sunni Endowment visited the Holy Shrine of Imam Ali (PBUH).|url=https://www.alarbaeen.ir/en/news/an-iraqi-delegation-from-the-sunni-endowment-visited-the-holy-shrine-of-imam-ali-pbuh|access-date=2026-02-16|website=www.alarbaeen.ir}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Waziri|first=Adam Isa|date=2022-11-21|title=Sunni Professors, Scholars From Pakistan Visit Imam Husain's Holy Shrine in Karbala » Education Monitor News|url=https://educationmonitornews.com/sunni-professors-scholars-from-pakistan-visit-imam-husains-holy-shrine-in-karbala/|access-date=2026-02-16|website=Education Monitor News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Arooj|date=2024-02-01|title=Sunni scholars from Turkey express happiness upon visiting holy shrine of Imam Hussein|url=https://shiawaves.com/english/uncategorized/100914-sunni-scholars-from-turkey-express-happiness-upon-visiting-holy-shrine-of-imam-hussein/|access-date=2026-02-16|website=Shia Waves|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-16|title=Iraqi Sunni Friday prayer leaders visit Imam Reza (AS) holy shrine|url=https://en.hawzahnews.com/news/358808/Iraqi-Sunni-Friday-prayer-leaders-visit-Imam-Reza-AS-holy-shrine|access-date=2026-02-16|website=Hawzah News Agency|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=English Pakistani Sunnis Visit Imam Reza Shrine|url=https://www.shiachat.com/forum/topic/235051393-english-pakistani-sunnis-visit-imam-reza-shrine/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617090149/https://www.shiachat.com/forum/topic/235051393-english-pakistani-sunnis-visit-imam-reza-shrine/|archive-date=2025-06-17|access-date=2026-02-16|website=ShiaChat.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-14|title=Sunni Cleric: Imam Reza Shrine a Center for Unifying Muslims|url=https://en.abna24.com/news/664698/Sunni-Cleric-Imam-Reza-Shrine-a-Center-for-Unifying-Muslims|access-date=2026-02-17|website=ABNA English|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Imam Reza (A.S.) Is the Symbol of Unity among Islamic Sects.|url=https://www.alarbaeen.ir/en/news/imam-reza-as-is-the-symbol-of-unity-among-islamic-sects|access-date=2026-02-17|website=www.alarbaeen.ir}}</ref> {{multiple image | align = center | image1 = ImamAliShrine2026.jpg | width1 = 217 | alt1 = | caption1 = Dhismaha Imaam Cali ee Najafe, Ciraaq, waxaa loo arkaa Muslinka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda inuu yahay meesha ugu xurmada badan Islaamka ka dib Makka, Madiina iyo Qudus. | image2 = حرم الامام الحسين.jpg | width2 = 218 | alt2 = | caption2 = Dhismaha Imaam Xuseen ee Karbala, Ciraaq, waa meel aad u xurmo badan Islaamka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda. | width3 = 315 | alt3 = | footer = | image3 = ImamReza(A).jpg | caption3 = Dhismaha Imaam Riza ee Mashxad, Iiraan, waa masjidhka ugu weyn dunida iyadoo ka mid ah meelaha ugu xurmada badan Islaamka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda. }} ===== Cibaadiyada ===== {{Main|Muhakkima|Cibaadiyada|Khawaarijta}} Cibaadiyada waa madhab u gaar ah Islaamka waxaana inta badan loo arkaa qaybta saddexaad ee mhabada Islaamka, oo barbar taagan Islaamka Sunnada ah iyo Islaamka Shiicada ah. Xididdadeedu waxay dib u raacaan go'itaankii Khawaarijta ee ka go'een Cali, oo ahaa ina-adeerkii iyo seedigii nabiga Muxammad oo ahaa Imaamkii ugu horreeyay ee Shiicada iyo khaliifkii afaraad ee Khulafo al-Raashidiinta ee Sunnadu. Waxaaba jirta in Cibaadiyiinta casriga ah ay inta badan diadaan in aqiidadooda lagu tilmaamo Khawaarij. Cibaadiyada waxay soo baxday qarniyadii ugu horreeyay ee Islaamka iyadoo ka timaada khilaafaadkii siyaasadeed iyo kuwa tawxiidka ee ku xeernaa Fitnada Koowaad. Dhaqanku wuxuu taariikhiyan u xiran yahay dhaqdhaqaaqii hore ee Muhakkima. Cibaadiyiintu way ka tiro yar yihiin labada mhab ee ugu waaweyn Islaamka, Sunnadu iyo Shiicada. Cibaadiyada waxay weli tahay mid aan si fican u baran dadka ka baxsan, iyadoo ay ku jiraan kuwo aan Muslin ahayn iyo Muslinka Sunnada iyo Shiicada ah. [[File:Islam branches and schools.png|centre|Dulmar guud oo ku saabsan qaybaha waaweyn iyo mhabada Islaamka]] ===== Qaybaha ===== * Dhaqdhaqaaqa Axmadiyada waxaa lagu aasaasay Hindiya ee Ingiriisku xukumayay 1889 oo uu aasaasay Mirza Ghulam Ahmad oo ka soo jeeda Qadian, oo sheegtay inuu yahay Masiiyadii la ballanqaaday ("Soo laabashada Labaad ee Ciise"), Mahdiga Muslinku dhowrayaan sidoo kale prophet yar oo raaca nabiga Islaamka Muxammad. Waxaa jira fikrado iyo barashooyin kala duwan oo u gaar ah Axmadiyiinta marka loo eego badanka Muslinka kale, kuwaas oo ay ku jiraan fasiraadda cinwaanka Qur'aanka ee Khatam an-Nabiyyin iyo fasiraadda Soo laabashada Labaad ee Masiiyada. deviations-kan loo arko inay ka bixisay fekerka Islaamka ee caadiga ah waxay keeneen in badanka Muslinka ay u arkaan kuwo ka baxay diinta iyo khilaafyada lagu hayo Axmadiyiinta waddamo kala duwan dhexdeeda, gaar ahaan Bakistaan, halkaas oo si rasmi ah looga dhaqangaliyay inaysan Muslin ahayn oo ay dhaqangalisay Xukuumadda Bakistaan. Taabacsanaha Dhaqdhaqaaqa Axmadiyada ee Islaamka waxay u qeybsamaan laba kooxood: ta koowaad oo ah Bulshada Muslinka ee Axmadiyada, oo maanta ah kooxda ugu weyn, iyo Dhaqdhaqaaqa Axmadiyada ee Laahore ee Fafinta Islaamka. * Calawiyada waa dhaqan Islaam oo doonis leh oo maxalli ah, oo taabacsaneedu ay raacaan barashooyinka qarsoon (bāṭenī) ee Cali iyo Haji Bektash Veli. Calawiyada waa isku dharraaq ka mid ah fikradaha dhaqanka ee Turkiga ee qarnigii 14aad, iyadoo leh xididdo ka imaan kara Tengrism iyo Animism oo barbar socda fikradaha Shiicada iyo Tasawufka. Waxaa la qiyaasay inay jiraan 10 milyan illaa ka badan 20 milyan (~0.5–1% dhammaan Muslinka) oo Calawiyiin ah dunida oo dhan. * Qur'aaniyuuntu waa dhaqdhaqaaq diimeed ee Islaamka oo ku aasaasan aqiidada ah in sharciga Islaamka iyo xaqiijintu ay tahay oo keliya inay ka timaado Qur'aanka oo aysan ka imaanin sunnada ama Xadiiska, iyadoo Qur'aaniyuuntu ay si muuqata uga kala duwan yihiin habka loo raaco shanta tiro ee Islaamka. Dhaqdhaqaaqu wuxuu soo baxay qarnigii 19aad wixii ka dambeeyay, iyadoo fekerayaal sida Syed Ahmad Khan, Abdullah Chakralawi iyo Ghulam Ahmed Perwez ee Hindiya ay su'aal ka keeneen dhaqanka xadiiska. Ejipt, Muhammad Tawfiq Sidqi wuxuu ku qaray maqaalka ''Islaamku waa Qur'aanka keligiis'' majaladda ''Al-Manār'', isagoo u doodayay awoodda keligeed ee Qur'aanka. Qur'aaniyiin muhiim ah oo qarnigii 20aad ee dambe wuxuu ahaa Rashad Khalifa, oo ahaa biokimiko Masri-Ameerikan ah oo sheegtay inuu helay fure tiro oo ku jira Qur'aanka, wuxuuna aasaasay ururka Qur'aaniyiinta ee United Submitters International. * Mu'tazilada waxay ahayd madhab hore oo cilmiga tawxiidka Islaamka oo lagu garto isticmaalka caqliga, gaar ahaan marka loo eego labada ilo ee ugu horreeya Islaamka, Qur'aanka iyo xadiiska. Madhabtu waxay ku aasaasantaa shanta usool ee waaweyn: tawxiidka, caddaalada rabbaaniga ah, hubaasha ballanqaadyada iyo digniinaha rabbaaniga ah, meel dhexe oo marka loo eego heerka duniyeed ee duntayda waaweyn, iyo waajibka amarrada wanaagsan iyo ka hortaga xumaanta. Ka dib Sunnadu, Mu'taziladu waxay diadeen aragtida dhaqanka ah ee ah in Qur'aanku yahay hadalka aan la abuurin ee Ilaah, waxayna halkaas ka qabteen in Qur'aanku yahay waxyi la abuuray, si loo adkeeyo koodnimada kheyraatka ee Ilaah. Iyagoo adkaynaya isticmaalka caqliga, waxay u doodeen in dookha xorta ah ee bahaamka uu u oggolaado shakhsiyaadka inay doorataan wanaagga ama xumaanta, taas oo ka dhigaysa kuwo mas'uul ka ah eedooda. Bagse saameynta Mu'taziladu waxay hoos u dhacday dhibaatada bulshada iyo siyaasadeed ee ka timaada Sunnadu darteed, reebitaankooda caqliga wuxuu weli yahay mid muhiim ah fekerka casriga ah ee Islaamka. === Muslimiinta aan kooxna ka tirsanayn === {{Main|Non-denominational Muslim}} Muslimiinta aan kooxna ka tirsanayn waa eegmo guud oo loo isticmaalo ama ay isticmaalaan Muslimiinta aan ka tirsanayn ama aan isku tilmaamin mhab gaar ah oo Islaam ah.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Benakis |first=Theodoros |date=13 January 2014 |title=Islamophoobia in Europe! |work=New Europe |location=Brussels |url=http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |url-status=dead |access-date=20 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131145036/http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |archive-date=31 January 2016 |quote=Anyone who has travelled to Central Asia knows of the non-denominational Muslims—those who are neither Shiites nor Sounites, but who accept Islam as a religion generally.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Kenneth |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=jQGZBAAAQBAJ|page=29}} |title=Unthinkable: Iran, the Bomb, and American Strategy |date=2014 |isbn=978-1-4767-3393-7 |page=29 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |quote=Although many Iranian hardliners are Shi'a chauvinists, Khomeini's ideology saw the revolution as pan-Islamist, and therefore embracing Sunni, Shi'a, Sufi, and other, more nondenominational Muslims}}</ref> Sahanadii ugu dambeeyay waxay ku warramayaan in qayb weyn oo ka mid ah Muslimiinta ka mid ah kuwa ku nool qaybo ka mid ah dunida ay isku tilmaamaan oo keliya Muslim, inkasta oo ay yar tahay falanqaynta la daabacay ee ku saabsan sababaha ka dambeeya jawaabtan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burns |first=Robert |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=akWUGyN7fwEC|page=55}} |title=Christianity, Islam, and the West |date=2011 |isbn=978-0-7618-5560-6 |page=55 |publisher=University Press of America |quote=40 per cent called themselves "just a Muslim" according to the Council of American-Islamic relations}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tatari |first=Eren |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=x_4QBQAAQBAJ|page=111}} |title=Muslims in British Local Government: Representing Minority Interests in Hackney, Newham and Tower Hamlets |date=2014 |isbn=978-90-04-27226-2 |page=111 |publisher=BRILL |quote=Nineteen said that they are Sunni Muslims, six said they are just Muslim without specifying a sect, two said they are Ahmadi, and two said their families are Alevi}}</ref> Pew Research waxay ku warramaysaa in jawaab-bixiyeyaasha isku tilmaama oo keliya Muslim ay yihiin inta ugu badan ee Muslimiinta ee toddoba waddan (iyo tiro sare saddex kale dhexdeeda), iyadoo heerka ugu sarreeya uu yahay Kasakhstan oo ah 74%. Ugu yaraan mid ka mid ah shan kasta oo Muslim ah ee ugu yaraan 22 waddan wuxuu isku tilmaamaa habkan.<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|date=9 August 2012|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|access-date=4 September 2013|website=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project}}</ref> == Tasawufka == === Suufiyada === {{Main|Suufiyada}} {{See also|Xiriirka Salafiga iyo Suufiga}} [[File:Mevlana Konya.jpg|thumb|Wareegga Suufiga ee Dhismaha Qabriga Suufiga ee Rumi ee Konya, Turkey.]] Suufiyada (Carabi: تصوف), waa hab ka mid ah Tasawufka Islaamka oo raadiya in lagu helo khibrad shakhsi ah oo toos ah ee Eebbe. Culimadii hore ee Suufiyadu waxay ku tilmaameen tasawufka "cilmiga ujeeddadiisu tahay sixidda wadnaha iyo ka jeedinta dhammaan wixii kale ee aan Eebbe ahayn", iyada oo loo marayo "awoodda caqliga iyo sharafta" oo laga joojiyo in lagu tababaro. Ahmad ibn Ajiba wuxuu ku tilmaamay tasawufka "ku laabashada dhaqanka, bilowgiisuna yahay aqoon, dhexdiisuna tahay wax-qabad [aqoontaas ku saabsan], dhammaadkiisuna yahay hadiya [ka timaada Allah]." Ma aha qayb ka mid ah Islaamka, taabacsanaha ayaana ka tirsan mhabada kala duwan ee Muslinka. Ismaaciiliya, oo barashadeedu ku aasaasan tahay Gnosticism iyo Neoplatonism iyadoo ay barbar socdaan madhabaha Illuminationist iyo Isfahan ee falsafadda Islaamka, waxay samaysay fasiraado tasawuf ah oo Islaamka ah. Hasan al-Basri, oo ahaa Suufigii hore oo inta badan loo arko mid ka mid ah Suufiyadii ugu horreysay, wuxuu adkeeyay cabsida ka timaada guuldarrada Eebbe ee adkaysiga. Taa beddekeeda, Suufiyadii dambe ee waaweynayd, sida Mansur Al-Hallaj iyo Jalaluddin Rumi, waxay adkeeyeen diinta ku aasaasan jacyada loo qabo Eebbe. Jacyadaas waxay sidoo kale saameyn ku lahaayeen fanka, iyadoo Rumi uu weli yahay mid ka mid ah gabayaaga ugu iibka badan Ameerika. [[File:Sema ceremony many.jpg|thumb|Suufiyada ee Turkey.]]Suufiyadu waxay u arkaan tasawufka qayb aan ka go'in Islaamka. Suufiyadii dhaqanka ahayd, sida Bayazid Bastami, Jalaluddin Rumi, Haji Bektash Veli, Junaid Baghdadi, iyo Al-Ghazali, waxay u doodeen in Suufiyadu ku aasaasan tahay usoolka Islaamka iyo barashooyinka nabiga. Taariikhyahan Nile Green wuxuu u dooday in Islaamka qarniyadii dhexe uu ahaa wax yar ama ka badan Suufiyada. Taabacsanaha dhaqdhaqaaqa Sunnada ee dib-u-soocida ee loo yaqaano Salafiyada waxay u arkeen dhaqannada jacyada ee caanka ah, sida weyneynta awliyada Suufiga, inay yihiin cusbooneysiin ka timaada diintii hore. Salafiyiintu inta badan waxay weerareen Suufiyada, taas oo keentay xumaanshaha xiriirka Suufiga iyo Salafiga. Ururrada Suufiga waxay samayskaan dariiqooyin ku xeeran macallin (wali) oo raaca xiriir ruuxi ah oo dib u raaca Muxammad. Suufiyadu waxay kaqaateen door muhiim ah samaynta bulshooyinka Muslinka iyaga oo loo marayo dhaqdhaqaaqyada baahinta iyo waxbarashada. Dhaqdhaqaaqa Ahle Sunnat ama Barelvi ee uu saameeyay Tasawufku wuxuu sheegtaa in ka badan 200 milyan oo taabacsane ku leeyahay Koonfurta Aasiya. Suufiyadu waxay muhiim ku tahay Aasiyada Dhexe, iyo sidoo kale waddamada Afrika sida Tuniisiya, Aljeeriya, Marooko, Senejaal, Chaad iyo Nayjar. == Sharciga iyo Fiqhiga == === Shariicada === {{Main|Shariicada|Fiqhiga}} {{See also|Mantiqa ee Falsafadda Islaamka#Sharciga Islaamka iyo Cilmiga Tawxiidka}} [[File:Madhhab Map3.png|thumb|Madhabaha sharciga Islaamka ee Dunida Muslinka.]] Shariicada waa tan ka kooban sharciga diinta Islaamka. Doonista ah in la tilmaamo oo lagu ogaado sharciyada hab dhammaystiran oo is-waafaqsan waxay keentay horumarinta aragtida sharciga, oo loo yaqaano fiqhi. Taa beddekeeda, bidco waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu tilmaamo cusbooneysiinta sharciga ka baxsan ee arrimaha diinta. Dhabbooyinka kala duwan, ee loo yaqaano usoolka fiqhiga, ayaa horumaray oo madhabka sharciga ee ka soo baxa dhabbo ku xeeran waxaa loo yaqaanaa madhab. Is-waafaqidda raacda go'aannada khabiir diimeed ama madhab waxaa loo yaqaanaa taqliid. Shuruudda ghayr muqallid waxay u tilmaamaysaa kuwa aan isticmaalin taqliidka iyo, sii dheeraanteeda, aan lahayn madhab. Dhaqanka shakhsigu ku fasirayo sharciga caqliga xor ah waxaa loo yaqaanaa ijtixaad. Kuwa fasira shariicada waxaa loo yaqaanaa muftiyo oo ra'yigooda sharciga ah waxaa loo yaqaanaa fatwo. [[File:'Abd_Allah_ibn_Shaykh_Murshid_al-Katib_-_Sa'di_and_a_Dervish_Go_to_Settle_their_Quarrel_Before_a_Judge_-_Walters_W618106B_-_Cropped.jpg|thumb|Gabayaaga Saadi Shirazi iyo darwiish waxay u socdaan inay khilaafkooda ku dhameeyaan xakim hortiis, farta qarnigii 16aad oo ka timaada Iiraan.]] Ilaaha koowaad ee Shariicadu waa Qur'aanka iyo Sunnada. Ilaa saddexaad oo caani ah waa qiyaas (caqli analoji ah) oo loo isticmaalo dhibcooyinka sharciga ah ee aan si toos ah loogu faahfaahin Qur'aanka ama Sunnada. Isku-barbardhigga ayaa la raadiyaa si loo helo illah, ama sababta halkan ku jirta, oo ah sababta ka dambeysa xukunkii hore. Tusaale ahaan, reebitaanka gaarka ah ee khamriga waxaa ka soo baxaya reebitaanka guud ee alkoolka maadaama ay wadaagayaan sababta shaqaynaysa ee loo gartay inay tahay dabeecadda ma zeexisa ee dhammaan cabitaannada alkoolka ah. Madhabka Saahiriga wuxuu adkeeyay saafinimada tooska ah oo sidaas darteed wuxuu diaday qiyaaska. Is-afgaradka ra'yiga waa ijmaac, iyadoo ikhtilaafku u tilmaamayo khilaafka culimada. Xukunnadu waxay ficillada u kala saaraan mid ka mid ah shan qaybood oo loo yaqaano axkaam: farad, mustaxab, mubaah, makruuh, iyo xaraam. Xilliga casriga ah, sharciyada dambiyada ee ku aasaasan shariicada waxaa inta badan beddelay sharciyo ka yimid moodellada Yurub. Cilmiga dib-u-soocida ee Tanzimat ee Qarnigii 19aad ee Dowladdii Cusmaaniyiinta wuxuu keenay koodka madaniga ee Mecelle wuxuuna ka dhigan yahay dadaalkii ugu horreeyay ee lagu koodiyeeyo shariicada. Iyadoo Dastuurada badanka states-ka Muslinku u badan yihiin ay ku jiraan tilmaamo ku saabsan shariicada, xeerarkeeda dhaqanka ah waxaa inta badan lagu reebay oo keliya sharciyada heerka shakhsiga (famlida). Hay'adaha sharciga ah oo koodiyeeyay sharciyaddan waxay raadiyeen inay casriyeeyaan iyagoon ka tageyn aasaaskooda fiqhiga dhaqanka ah. Dib-u-soocida Islaamka ee qarnigii 20aad ee dambe waxay keentay baaqyo ka yimid dhaqdhaqaaqyada Islaamiyiinta oo ku saabsan fulinta dhammaystiran ee shariicada. Doorka shariicadu wuxuu noqday mowduuc lagu tartamo dunida oo dhan. Waxaa jira doodaha socda oo ku saabsan in shariicadu ay la waafaqsan tahay foomamka cilmaani ee xukuumadda, xuquuqda aadanaha, xorriyadda fekerka, iyo xuquuqda dumarka darteed meelaha ay ka mid yihiin faafreebka iyo doonaanta. == Bulshada == === Shakhsiyaadka diinta === {{Main|Culumada}} [[File:Maqamat_hariri.jpg|thumb|254x254px|Culimada ku sugan maktabadda Cabbaasiyiinta, Maqamat al-Hariri. Farta uu qray Yahyá al-Wasiti, Baqdaad, 1237 AD.]] Islaamku maleho wadaado ah macnaha sacerdotalism, sida baaddariyada oo kale oo dhex-dhexaadiya Eebbe iyo dadka. Imaam (Carabi: إمام) waa cinwaanka diinta oo loo isticmaalo in lagu tilmaamo booska hoggaaminta Islaamka, inta badan marka loo eego samaynta adeegga cibaadada Islaamka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Imam|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/imam|access-date=15 January 2023|website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Fasiraadda diinta waxaa hoggaamiya culumada (Carabi: علماء), oo ah shuruud loo isticmaalo in lagu tilmaamo kooxda culimada Muslinka ah ee helay tababarka barashada Islaamka. Caalimka xadiiska waxaa loo yaqaanaa muxaddith, caalimka fiqhiga waxaa loo yaqaanaa faqeeh (Carabi: فقيه), qaanuun-yaqaanka u qalma inuu soo saaro ra'yiga sharciga ah ama fatwooyinka waxaa loo yaqaanaa mufti, qadi-yuna waa xakim Islaam ah. Cinwaannada sharafta leh ee la siiyo culimada waxaa ka mid ah sheekh, mulla iyo mawlawi. Muslinka qaar ka mid ah waxay sidoo kale weyneeyaan awliyada u xiran karaamooyinka (Carabi: كرامات).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Radtke |first1=B. |last2=Lory |first2=P. |last3=Zarcone |first3=Th. |last4=DeWeese |first4=D. |last5=Gaborieau |first5=M. |last6=Denny |first6=F. M. |last7=Aubin |first7=F. |last8=Hunwick |first8=J. O. |last9=Mchugh |first9=N. |title=Walī |orig-year=1993 |year=2012 |editor1-last=Bearman |editor1-first=P. J. |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-link=Thierry Bianquis |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-first=C. E. |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor4-first=E. J. |editor4-link=Emeri Johannes van Donzel |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-first=W. P. |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=2nd |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill Publishers |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1335 |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4}}</ref> === Maamulka === {{See also|Siyaasadda iyo Islaamka|Dhaqaalaha Islaamka|Qaanuunka ciidanka ee Islaamka|Tasaamuxa|Jihaadka}} [[File:Ali and Aisha at the Battle of the Camel.jpg|thumb|Xaasidii Muxammad, Caasha, oo la dagaallamaysa Cali.]] Fiqhiga dhaqaalaha Islaamka dhexdiisa, kaydsiga hantida si xad-dhaaf ah waa lagu necbyahay, sidaas darteedna dhaqanka maalgashiga monobooliga ah waa laga hoos eegaa.<ref name="Iqbal2010">{{cite book | last1 = Iqbal | first1 = Zamir | last2 = Mirakhor | first2 = Abbas | last3 = Krichenne | first3 = Noureddine | last4 = Askari | first4 = Hossein | title = The Stability of Islamic Finance: Creating a Resilient Financial Environment | location = Singapore | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | year = 2010 | language = en | isbn = 978-0-470-82518-1 | p = 75}}</ref> Dadaallada lagu waafajinayo shariicada waxay keeneen horumarinta bangiyada Islaamka. Islaamku wuxuu reebaa ribada, oo inta badan loo turjumo faa'iido si aan caddaalad ahayn ku timaada ganacsiga, waxaana inta badan loo isticmaalaa in lagu tilmaamo faa'iidada ribada.<ref>{{harvc |c=Riba |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online |year=n.d. |last1= Schacht|first1=Joseph}}</ref> Taa beddekeeda, bangiyada Islaamku waxay iskaashi la sameeyaan amaanadaha, iyagoo labaduba wadaagaya faa'iidada iyo qasaaraha ka soo baxa mashruuca. Shuruud kale waa ka fogaanshaha hubaal-la'aanta, oo loo arko saqajaan (khumaar), bangiyada Islaamkuna dhaqan ahaan waxay ka fogaadaan aaladaha la soocay sida mustaqbalka ama doorashooyinka, taas oo taariikhiyan ka ilaalisay hoos u dhaca suuqyada.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Foster|first=John |date=1 December 2009|title=How Islamic finance missed heavenly chance|work=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8388644.stm|access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Domat|first=Chloe|date=20 October 2020|title=What Is Islamic Finance And How Does It Work?|work=Global Finance magazine|url=https://www.gfmag.com/topics/blogs/islamic-finance-faq-what-islamic-finance-and-how-does-it-work|access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref> Khulafadii Raashidiinta iyo Dowladdii Umawiyiinta waxay ku lug lahaayeen qaybinta sadaqada ee ka timaada qasnadda dowladda, oo loo yaqaano Bayt al-maal, ka hor inta aysan noqon dadaal shakhsi ah meelaha sannadkii 720. Khaliifkii ugu horreeyay, Abu Bakar, wuxuu u qaybiyay sakada sida tusaalooyinkii ugu horreeyay ee dakhliga ugu yar ee la dammaanad qaado, iyadoo muwaaddin kasta uu helayay 10 illaa 20 dirham sannadkiiba.<ref>{{cite web |last=Merchant, Brian |date=14 November 2013 |title=Guaranteeing a Minimum Income Has Been a Utopian Dream for Centuries |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/guaranteeing-a-minimum-income-has-been-a-utopian-dream-for-centuries/ |access-date=3 June 2019 |website=VICE}}</ref> Waagii maamulkii khaliifkii labaad ee Cumar, taageerada carruurta ayaa la soo bandhigay, kuwa da'da ah iyo kuwa nafedana waxay xaq u lahaayeen mushaar,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Al-Buraey |first=Muhammad |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=lT8OAAAAQAAJ|page=}} |title=Administrative Development: An Islamic Perspective |publisher=KPI |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-7103-0059-1 |pages=252–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Akgündüz |first1=Ahmed |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=EnT_zhqEe5cC|page=539}} |title=Ottoman History: Misperceptions and Truths |last2=Öztürk |first2=Said |publisher=IUR Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-90-90-26108-9 |pages=539– |access-date=7 October 2014}}</ref> iyadoo khaliifkii Umawiyiinta ee Cumar II uu u qoondeeyay adeego dhagool kasta iyo labadii qafis ee xanuunsan oo dhan.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Al-Jawzi|first1=Ibn |url=|title=The Biography and Virtues of Omar Bin Abd al-Aziz – The Ascetic Caliph |publisher=IUR Press |year=2001 |isbn= |page=130 }}</ref> [[File:Saladin the Victorious.jpg|thumb|Salaxaddiin Guuleystaha, uu qray Gustave Doré.]] Jihaad wuxuu macnehiisu yahay "dadaal ama ilaa qabasho [dhabada Eebbe]", macnehiisa ugu ballaaranina waa "awoodda, dadaalka, ama awoodda ugu dambeysa oo lagu bixiyo la dagaallanka shay laga xumaado". Shiicadu gaar ahaan waxay adkeeyaan "jihaadka weyn" oo ah dadaalka lagu gaarayo wanaajinta nafta ee ruuxiga ah iyadoo "jihaadka yar" loo tilmaamo dagaalka. Marka loo isticmaalo sidaas oo keliya, jihaadka inta badan waxaa loo fahmaa foomkiisa ciidanka. Jihaadku waa foomka keliya ee dagaalka ee loo oggol yahay sharciga Islaamka, waxaana lagu dhawaaqi karaa ka dhan ah ujeedooyinka aan sharciyaysnayn, argagixisada, kooxaha dambiyada, reebleyaasha, murtadiinta, iyo hoggaamiyeyaasha ama dowladaha dhibta Muslinka. Badanka Muslinka maanta waxay u fasiraan Jihaadka oo keliya foom دفاع ah oo dagaalka ah. Jihaadku wuxuu oo keliya noqdaa waajib shakhsi ah kuwa la siiyay awoodda. Dadka kale oo dhan, tani waxay dhacdaa oo keliya marka ay jirto diyaargarow guud. Badanka Shiicada Isnaashariyada, jihaadka weerarka ah waxaa oo keliya lagu dhawaaqi karaa hoggaamiye Eebbe uu doortay oo ee bulshada Muslinka ah, sidaas darteedna, wuu hakad ku jiraa tan iyo gaabinta Muxammad al-Mahdi ee sannadkii 868 CE. === Nolosha maanta iyo tan aabbanimada/qoyska === {{See also|Edabta (Islaamka)|Cuntada reebban ee Islaamka|Islaamka iyo carruurta|Guurka Islaamka|Dumarka Islaamka|Guurka badan ee Islaamka}} [[File:Salat Eid al-Fitr, Tehran (113344343).jpg|thumb|Haweenay Iiraani ah oo xiran astaan Islaami ah (Xijaab).]] Cilmiga edabta ee maalinlaha ah wuxuu ku jiraa qaybta edabta, ama hab-dhaqanka. Cuntooyinka si gaar ah loo reebay waxaa ka mid ah hเนื้อ Doofaarka, dhiigga iyo bakhtiga. Caafimaadka waxaa loo arkaa ammaan ka timaada Eebbe, waxyaabaha maaddada ah ee maaddada maanka dooriya, sida cabitaannada alkoolka ah, waa kuwo reebban.<ref>{{cite book|author=Fahd Salem Bahammam|title=Food and Dress in Islam: An explanation of matters relating to food and drink and dress in Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CRojJ7lnb18C&pg=PP1|publisher=Modern Guide|isbn=978-1-909322-99-8|page=1}}</ref> Dhammaan hเนื้อ waa inay ka timaadaa xayawaan geed-daaq ah oo loo qashay magaca Eebbe oo uu qashay Muslin, Yuhuudi, ama Christian, marka laga reebo ugaarta uu qofku ugaarsaday ama kaluumaysay maankiisa.<ref>{{harvp|Curtis|2005|p=164}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|p=111}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |c=Slaughter |first=Ersilia |last=Francesca |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref> Garaha inta badan waxaa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa ragga sida shay dabiici ah<ref>{{Cite news |last=De Sondy |first=Amanullah |date=28 January 2016|title=The relationship between Muslim men and their beards is a tangled one|work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jan/28/muslim-men-beards-facial-hair-islam |access-date=7 March 2022}}</ref> iyo isbeddellada jirka, sida peenijka joogtada ah (sawirka jidhka), inta badan waa reebban iyadoo laga baqayo inay kharribaan ubaahda u go'an.{{efn|Muslinka qaar ka mid ah Shiinaha waagii boqortooyada waxay ka horyimaadeen xiridda cagaha gabdhaha sababtaas oo kale darteed.}} <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.learnreligions.com/tattoos-in-islam-2004393|title=Are Muslims Allowed to Get Tattoos? |website=|access-date=7 March 2022 }}</ref> Xariirta iyo dahabka waa reebban yihiin ragga Islaamka dhexdiisa si loo dhowro xaaladda miyir-qabka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Glassé |first1=Cyril |title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=AltaMira Press |page=158 |language=en|year=2001}}</ref> Haya, oo inta badan loo turjumo "xishood", mararka qaar waxaa loo tilmaamaa dabeecadda hoose ee Islaamka<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zine |first1=Jasmin |last2=Babana-Hampton |first2=Safoi |last3=Mazid |first3=Nergis |last4=Bullock |first4=Katherine |last5=Chishti |first5=Maliha |title=American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 19:4 |publisher=International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) |page=59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JM4DwAAQBAJ&q=haya+islam&pg=PA59 |access-date=4 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> wuxuuna hagaa badanka nolosha maalinlaha ah ee Muslinka. Tusaale ahaan, dharka Islaamka dhexdiisa wuxuu adkeeyaa heerka xishoodka, oo ay ku jirto xijaabka haweenka. Sidoo kale, nadaafadda shakhsiga ah waa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa shuruudo gaar ah.<ref>{{cite web |last=Esposito |first=John |title=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e4 |access-date=3 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114153249/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e4 |archive-date=14 November 2016}}</ref> [[File:Muslim Couple (cropped).jpg|thumb|Saddex laba oo Muslin ah oo ka socda Indoneesiya.]] Guurka Islaamka dhexdiisa, ninka arooska ah waxaa lagu leeyahay inuu bixiyo meherka aroosadda (mahar).<ref>{{harvp|Waines|2003|pp=93–96}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|p=339}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|1998|p=79}}</ref> Qoysaska badankood ee dunida Islaamka waxay leeyihiin hal xaas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Newby |first=Gordon D. |url=https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00newb |title=A concise encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=Oneworld |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-85168-295-9 |location=Oxford |page=141}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed Hossein |url=https://archive.org/details/islamreligionhis00nasr_0/page/68 |title=Islam : religion, history, and civilization |publisher=HarperOne |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-06-050714-5 |location=New York |page=68}}</ref> Ragga Muslinka ah waxaa loo oggol yahay inay sameeyaan guurka badan waxayna yeelan karaan illaa afar xaas oo isku mar ah. Waxbarashada Islaamku waxay si adag uga baqaysaa inay adkayso in haddii ninku uusan dammaanad qaadi karin taageerada maaliyadeed iyo ta ruuxiga ah oo siman xaasaskiisa mid kasta, waxaa la dhiirri-geliyaa inuu guursado hal haweenay oo keliya. Sabab lagu tilmaamay guurka badan ayaa ah inay ninka u oggolaato inuu siiyo ilaalin maaliyadeed haween badan, oo laga yaabo inaysan helin taageero kale (tusaale, carrooyinka). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xaaska ugu horreysa waxay shuruud ku xiri kartaa heshiiska guurka in ninku uusan guursan karin haweenay kale inta ay guursan yihiin.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ratno Lukito|title=Legal Pluralism in Indonesia: Bridging the Unbridgeable|page=81|publisher=Routledge}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.islamweb.net/ver2/fatwa/ShowFatwa.php?lang=A&Id=18444&Option=FatwaId |title=IslamWeb |publisher=IslamWeb |date=7 February 2002 |access-date=13 September 2011}}</ref> Waxaa sidoo kale jira kala duwanaansho dhaqameed oo aroosyo ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Gai |url=https://archive.org/details/rememberinggodre0000eato |title=Remembering God: Reflections on Islam |publisher=The Islamic Texts Society |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-946621-84-2 |location=Cambridge |pages=92–93}}</ref> Polyandry, oo ah dhaqan ay haweenaydu ku guursato laba ama ka badan oo ragg ah, waa ku reebban Islaamka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Can't a Woman have 2 Husbands? |url=http://www.14publications.com/question-and-answer/why-cant-a-woman-have-2-husbands/ |access-date=27 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223012707/http://www.14publications.com/question-and-answer/why-cant-a-woman-have-2-husbands/ |archive-date=23 December 2015 |website=14 Publications}}</ref> [[File:عکس های مراسم ترتیل خوانی یا جزء خوانی یا قرائت قرآن در ایام ماه رمضان در حرم فاطمه معصومه در شهر قم 20.jpg|thumb|Gabdhaha Muslinka ah oo baranaya Qur'aanka lagu dul dhigay rehalada xilliga Ramadaanka ee Qom, Iiraan.]] Aadada dhalashada ubadka ka dib, adhaanka waxaa lagu dhawaaqaa dhegta midig. Maalinta todobaad, xafladda caqiiqada ayaa la sameeyaa, oo xayawaan lagu qalo oo hantiisa loo qaybiyo masaakiinta. Madaxa ubadka waa la xiiraa, oo lacag la eg miisaanka dhagaha waxaa loo deeqaa masaakiinta. Gudniinka raga, oo loo yaqaano khitaan, inta badan waa lagu dhaqmaa dunida Muslinka.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2014 |title=Khitān |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/khitan-Islam |access-date=27 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127165754/https://www.britannica.com/topic/khitan-Islam |archive-date=27 January 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |date=January 2017 |title=Reported Male Circumcision Practices in a Muslim-Majority Setting |journal=BioMed Research International |publisher=Hindawi Publishing Corporation |volume=2017 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1155/2017/4957348 |pmc=5282422 |pmid=28194416 |doi-access=free |author1-last=Anwer |author1-first=Abdul Wahid |author2-last=Samad |author2-first=Lubna |author3-last=Baig-Ansari |author3-first=Naila |author4-last=Iftikhar |author4-first=Sundus}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 August 2009 |title=Islam: Circumcision of boys |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/malecircumcision.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112170938/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/malecircumcision.shtml |archive-date=12 November 2012 |access-date=27 May 2020 |work=Religion & ethics—Islam |publisher=Bbc.co.uk}}</ref> Xaq-dhowridda iyo addeecidda waalidiinta, iyo daryeelidooda gaar ahaan markay da'da yihiin waa waajib diini ah. Muslinka dhimanaya waxaa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa inuu dhawaaqo Shahaadada si ay u noqoto hadalkiisa ugu dambeeya.<ref>{{Cite book| isbn = 9783643900678| title =Changing European Death Ways| location = Austria| year = 2013| last1=Mathijssen| first1=Brenda|last2=Venhorst|first2=Claudia|last3=Venbrux|first3=Eric|last4=Quartier|first4=Thomas| url =| page = 265 |publisher=Lit }}</ref> Xaq-dhowridda kii dhintay iyo ka qaybgalka jinaasooyinka ee bulshada dhexdeeda waxaa loo arkaa mid ka mid ah ficillada wanaagsan. Caadooyinka aasidda Islaamka, aasidda waxaa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa si dhakhso ah oo ugu macquulsan, inta badan 24 saac dhexdeeda. Meydka waa la dhaqaa, marka laga reebo shuhadada, oo ay dhaqaan kuwo labka ah oo isku jinsi ah waxaana lagu duubaa dhar aan adkayn oo loo yaqaano kafan. Salaadda jinaasada oo loo yaqaano Salat al-Janazah ayaa la tukadaa. Qaylada ama ooyinta weyn ee baroorgaaga ah waa laga fogaadaa. Sanduuqyada aaska inta badan la ma doorbido oo qabrida inta badan calaamad maleho, xata boqorada. === Dhaqanka === {{Main|Dhaqanka Islaamka}} {{See also|Farshaxanka Islaamka|Dhismaha Islaamka|Suugaanta Islaamka|Islaamka iyo kubbadda cagta|Muslinka Dhaqanka}} [[File:Chinese-style minaret of the Great Mosque 2023.jpg|thumb|Minaaradda qaabka Shiinaha ee Masaajidka Weyn ee Xi'an, oo ka mid ah masaajidda ugu ee Shiinaha ee la dhisay 742 AD.]] Erayga "dhaqanka Islaamka" waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu tilmaamo dhinacyada dhaqanka ee u gaarka ah diinta, sida ciidaha iyo dharka. Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa si dood ku jirto oo loogu tilmaamo dhinacyada dhaqanka ee dadka Muslinka ah ee dhaqanka ah.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Melikian |first=Souren |author-link=Souren Melikian |date=4 November 2011 |title='Islamic' Culture: A Groundless Myth |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/05/arts/05iht-rartmelikian05.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=25 November 2013}}</ref> Ugudambeyntii, "ilbaxnimada Islaamka" waxay sidoo kale u tilmaami kartaa dhinacyada dhaqanka isku-dhafka ah ee Khilafaadkii hore, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa aan Muslinka ahayn, mararka ka mid ahna loo yaqaano "Islaamiga".<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Wiley| isbn = 9781405155144| title =Islamicate Cosmopolitan Spirit | location = United Kingdom| year = 2021| last=Lawrence| first=Bruce| url =| page = xii| quote = }}</ref> Farshaxanka Islaamku wuxuu ka kooban yahay farshaxanka muuqaalka ah oo ay ku jiraan ilo kala duwan sida dhismaha, farta qurxoon, sawirka, iyo dhoobada, iyo kuwo kale.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ettinghausen |first1=Richard |first2=Oleg |last2=Grabar |first3=Marilyn |last3=Jenkins-Madina |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780300088670/page/3 |title=Islamic Art and Architecture 650-1250 |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-300-08869-8 |edition=2nd |page=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Suarez|first=Michael F.|title=The Oxford companion to the book|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|isbn=9780198606536|location=Oxford and New York|pages=331ff|chapter=38 The History of the Book in the Muslim World|oclc=50238944}}</ref> Iyadoo sameynta sawirrada noolaha inta badan ka laga fogaado oo u xiran sharciyada ka dhanka ah sanam-caabudidda, shuruuddan waxaa u fasiray ilo kala duwan culimo kala duwan iyo xilliyo taariikhi ah oo kala duwan. [[File:Masjid Menara Kudus.jpg|thumb|Masaajidka Menara Kudus ee qarnigii 16aad ee Indoneesiya, oo muujinaya saamaynta Hindiya.]] Xaddidaaddan waxaa loo isticmaalay in lagu fashilo badnaanta farta qurxoon, joomatariya isku-dhafka ah, iyo qaababka sida ilaha muhiimka ah ee dhaqanka farshaxanka Islaamka.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Salim Ayduz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=or-6BwAAQBAJ&q=islamic+art+idolatry+geometry&pg=PA263 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam |last2=Ibrahim Kalin |last3=Caner Dagli |date=2014 |page=263|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-981257-8 |quote=Figural representation is virtually unused in Islamic art because of Islam's strong antagonism of idolatry. It was important for Muslim scholars and artists to find a style of art that represented the Islamic ideals of unity (''tawhid'') and order without figural representation. Geometric patterns perfectly suited this goal.}}</ref> Waxaa sii dheer, sawirka Muxammad waa arrin dood ka jirto dhexdeeda Muslinka.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=860736| title = An Indian Picture of Muhammad and His Companions | author = T. W. Arnold| journal = The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs | author-link = T. W. Arnold| date = June 1919| volume = 34| issue = 195 | publisher = The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs, Vol. 34, No. 195. | pages = 249–252}}</ref> Dhismaha Islaamka dhexdiisa, dhaqanka kala duwan wuxuu muujinayaa saamayn sida dhismaha Islaamka ee Waqooyiga Afrika iyo Isbaanishka sida Masaajidka Weyn ee Kairouan oo ka kooban tiirar marmar iyo borfiri ah oo ka yimid dhismayaashii Roomaanka iyo Bizantiinta,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Isichei |first=Elizabeth Allo |url={{Google books|LgnhYDozENgC|page=PA175|keywords=mosque%20kairouan%20roman columns|text=mosque+kairouan+roman+columns|plainurl=yes}} |title=A history of African societies to 1870 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-521-45599-2 |location=Cambridge |pages=175 |access-date=6 August 2010}}</ref> iyadoo masaajidda Indoneesiya inta badan leeyihiin saqafyo heerarka badan leh oo ka yimid qaabka dhaladka ah ee Jafa.<ref>{{cite book |first=Gunawan |last=Tjahjono |title=Indonesian Heritage-Architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/architecture00indo/page/88 |year=1998 |publisher=Archipelago Press |location=Singapore |isbn=981-3018-30-5 |pages=88–89 }}</ref> Taariikhda Islaamku waa taariikhda dayaxa oo ka bilaabanta Hijrada 622 CE, oo ah taariikh oo la sheegay inuu doortay Khaliif Cumar maadaama ay ahayd meel isbeddel muhiim ah u ahayd Muxammad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Muslim-calendar|title=Islamic calendar|website=www.britannica.com|date=|access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref> Maalmaha barakaysan ee Islaamku waxay ku beegan yihiin taariikho go'an oo ee taariikhda dayaxa, taas oo macnaheedu yahay inay dhacaan xilliyo kala duwan sannado kala duwan oo ee taariikhda Miilaadiga. Ciidaha ugu muhiimsan Islaamka waa Ciidul Fitri (Carabi: عيد الفطر) ee 1-da Shawaal, oo calaamad u ah dhammaadka bisha soomanaanta ee Ramadaan, iyo Ciidul Adxa (Carabi: عيد الأضحى) ee 10-ka Dhul-Hijjah, oo ku beegan dhammaadka Xajka.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher =Oxford University Press| isbn =9780195165203| title =The Islamic World: Past and Present| year = 2004| last=Esposito| first=John| pages = 75–76 |ref=none}}</ref><ref name="www.britannica.com-2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pillars-of-Islam|title=Pillars of Islam &#124; Islamic Beliefs & Practices &#124; Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|date=3 May 2023|access-date=16 December 2021|archive-date=5 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905102524/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pillars-of-Islam|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslinka Dhaqanka waa shakhsiyaad aan cibaadaysaneyn oo wali lagu aqoonsado Islaamka iyadoo laga duulayo asalka qoyska, dhiirrigelinta shakhsiga ah, ama deegaanka bulshada iyo dhaqanka ee ay ku doorteen inay ku koran.<ref>{{cite book|first1= Cara|last1= Aitchison|author1-link= Cara Aitchison|first2= Peter E.|last2= Hopkins|author3-link= Mei-Po Kwan|author3= Mei-Po Kwan|title= Geographies of Muslim Identities: Diaspora, Gender and Belonging|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DRnthQxB8lYC&pg=PA147|access-date= 30 June 2013|year= 2007|publisher= Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn= 978-1-4094-8747-0|pages=147}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Islamic Counselling: An Introduction to theory and practice|first=G. Hussein|last= Rassool|year= 2015| isbn=9781317441250| page =10|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o_QsCgAAQBAJ&dq=Muslims+who+are+religiously+unobservant,+secular+or+irreligious+individuals+who+still+identify+with+the+Muslim&pg=PA10|quote=The label 'Cultural Muslim' is used in the literature to describe those Muslims who are religiously unobservant, secular or irreligious individuals who still identify with the Muslim culture due to family background, personal experiences, or the social and cultural environment in which they grew up... For Cultural Muslim the declaration of faith is superficial and has no effect of their religious practices.}}</ref> === Siyaasada=== [[File:Scotusnfrieze.jpeg|thumb|Muxammad oo lagu muujiyay Adolph Alexander Weinman ee Dhismaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Mareykanka ee Washington, DC isagoo wada seef iyo Qur'aan.]] Qayb badan oo ka mid ah qarnigii 20aad, aqoonsiga Islaamka iyo maamulka Islaamka ee arrimaha siyaasadda ayaa kordhay horraantii qarnigii 21aad. Siyaasadda Islaamka waa fasiraadda Islaamka oo loo arko il ka mid ah aqoonsiga iyo wax-qabadka siyaasadeed.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|last1=Voll|first1=John O.|last2=Sonn|first2=Tamara|title=Political Islam|url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/id/obo-9780195390155-0063|journal=Oxford Bibliographies Online Datasets|year=2009|language=en|doi=10.1093/obo/9780195390155-0063|access-date=2017-05-26|archive-date=2020-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223165247/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0063.xml|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Waxay u doodaysaa dhisidda dawladda iyo bulshada sida ku cad (fahamka u doodayaasha) mabaadi'da Islaamka, halkaas oo Islaamku u shaqeeyo il ka mid ah jagooyinka iyo fikradaha siyaasadeed.<ref name=":02">Krämer, Gudrun. "Political Islam." In Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World. Vol. 6. Edited by Richard C. Martin, 536–540. New York: Macmillan, 2004. [http://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/political-islam via Encyclopedia.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713072425/https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/political-islam|date=2018-07-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=March|first1=Andrew F.|title=Political Islam: Theory|journal=Annual Review of Political Science|date=2015|volume=18|issue=1|pages=103–123|doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-082112-141250|doi-access=free}}</ref> Siyaasadda Islaamka waxaa muriyaal ka dhex jira iyo kuwa ka baxsan tacliinta guud ahaan ugu adeegsadaan si isku mid ah ereyga Islaamiyadda,<ref name=":13" /> waxaana loo haystaa inuu yahay cunsur siyaasadeed oo ka mid ah Soo-reenka Islaamka oo bilaabmay qarnigii 20aad,<ref name=":13" /> halkii uu ka ahaan lahaa oo kaliya nooc kasta oo wax-qabad siyaasadeed oo ay sameeyaan Muslimiintu. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa sidoo kale jirey dadaallo cusub oo lagu kala saarayo Islaamiyadda oo ah dhaqdhaqaaqyo siyaasadeed oo ku basada diinta iyo siyaasadda Islaamka oo ah faham qaran oo casri ah oo ku saabsan Islaamka oo ay wadaagaan jilayaasha cilmaaniga ah iyo kuwa Islaamiga ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jocelyne Cesari|year=2018|title=What Is Political Islam|url=https://www.rienner.com/title/What_Is_Political_Islam|access-date=2023-01-01|website=www.rienner.com|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|isbn=978-1-62637-692-2|archive-date=2023-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106160415/https://www.rienner.com/title/What_Is_Political_Islam|url-status=live}}</ref> Kooxaha dhowr ah oo ku yaala Bariga Dhexe ayaa u kaftamay inay fikradaha casriynta ku xiraan faragelinta boqortooyadii gumaadkeedii. Wadamada Muslimka ah ee dhowr ah, gaar ahaan Masar iyo Bakistaan, dhaqdhaqaaqyo siyaasadeed oo lid ku ah oo u janjeera dhanka diinta ayaa salka ku dhigtay. Sababaha waa kuwo dhinacyo badan leh. Burburkii Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta wuxuu ahaa dhacdo baaxad weyn oo dhalisay gariirro badan. Gobolku wuxuu la kulmay jahwareer sannado badan maadaama waddamada Carabtu ay hoos tageen saamaynta dhaqanka iyo guulaystayaasha waddamada Yurub. Dhanka cadaadiska dhaqanka oo kordhayay Muslimiintu waxay adkeeyeen aqoonsigooda qaran iyo dhaxalkooda dhaqan, kooxaha qaar waxay ugafeen dhinacyada diinta. Masar dhexdeeda daciifnimada Muslimiinta waxaa lagu eedeeyay u kuปฏิบัตitaanka liidata ee qoraallada diinta. Sida ku cad Hassan al-Banna, dhaqanka Yurub wuxuu ahaa mid maaddiyad ku dhisan, anshax xumo ah oo ku batay ku-tagri-falka heerarka bulshada iyo ribada. === Sugaanta === {{Main|Islaamiga}} {{multiple image | align = center | direction = horizontal | total_width = 600 | image1 = Saadi Tomb.jpg | image2 = Hafez 880714 095.jpg | footer = Qabuuraha Saadi, Hafez iyo Ferdowsi, saddexda abwaan ee ugu caansan Muslimiinta, oo dhammaantood ku yaalla Iran. | caption1 = | caption2 = | image3 = Tomb-of-Ferdowsi آرامگاه-فردوسی Davoud-Davoudi 1.jpg }} Shaqada ugu caansan ee khayaaliga ah ee ka timi dunida Islaamka waa Kumaan iyo Hal Habeen, oo ah ururin sheekooyin hoose/folklore oo ka soo jeeda Sanskriit, Faarisi, iyo ka dib fables Carab ah. Fikradda waxaa saameeyay nooc ka horreeyay Islaamka oo Faarisi ah oo loo yaqaannay Hezār Afsān (Kumaan Sheeko) oo ku tiirsanaa walxaha Hindida ee gaarka ah.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Marzolph|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam|title=Arabian Nights|year=2007|publisher=Brill|volume=I|location=Leiden}}</ref> Waxay gaadhay foomkeeda ugu dambeeyay qarnigii 14aad; tirada iyo nooca sheekooyinku waxay ku kala duwanaayeen farta gacanta mid ka mid ah mid kale.<ref name="arabianNights">Grant & Clute, p. 51</ref> Shaqadan waxay saameyn weyn ku lahayd Galbeedka tan iyo markii loo turjumay qarnigii 18aad, markii ugu horreysay oo uu turjumay Antoine Galland.<ref>L. Sprague de Camp, Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers: The Makers of Heroic Fantasy, p. 10 {{ISBN|0-87054-076-9}}</ref> Ku-dayasho ayaa lagu qray, gaar ahaan Faransiiska.<ref name="arabianNights2">Grant & Clute, p 52</ref> Jilayaal kala duwan oo ka socda epik-kan ayaa iyaguna noqday calaamado dhaqameed ee dhaqanka Galbeedka, sida Aladdiin, Sindibad Nawaakhida iyo Cali Baba. Tusaale ka mid ah tixda Carabiga iyo tixda Faarisiga oo ku saabsan jacaylka waa Layla iyo Majnuun, oo dib u dhaceysa xilligii Umawiyiinta ee qarnigii 7aad. Waa sheeko naxdin leh oo ku saabsan jacayl aan dhimanayn. Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, oo ah epik-ka qaranka ee Iran-ta Weyn, waa dib-u-sheegid khayaali iyo geesinimo leh oo ku saabsan taariikhda Faarisiga. Amir Arsalan wuxuu sidoo kale ahaa sheeko khayaali ah oo caan ah oo Faarisi ah. Ibn Tufayl (Abubacer) iyo Ibn al-Nafis waxay ahaayeen hormuudka riwaayadda falsafadda. Ibn Tufail wuxuu qray riwaayaddii ugu horreysay ee Carabi ah Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus) iyadoo cavab u ah Al-Ghazali's The Incoherence of the Philosophers, ka dibna Ibn al-Nafis wuxuu sidoo kale qray riwaayad Theologus Autodidactus iyadoo cavab u ah Ibn Tufail's Philosophus Autodidactus. Labada sheeko waxay lahaayeen jilayaal waaweyn (Hayy ee Philosophus Autodidactus iyo Kamil ee Theologus Autodidactus) oo ahaa carruur is-baray oo duurka ku voolaa oo ku noolaa go'doon kuyeel/jasiirad saxara ah, labaduba waxay ahaayeen tusaalayaasha ugu horreeyay ee sheeko jasiirad saxara ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, halka Hayy uu ku nool yahay kaligiis xoolaha jasiiradda saxarada ah inta ka dhiman sheekada Philosophus Autodidactus, sheekada Kamil waxay ka dhib badan tahay jasiiradda saxarada ah ee Theologus Autodidactus, iyadoo u ekaanaysa sheekadii ugu horreysay oo la ogaaday oo ah koreera/hanaqaad oo ugu dambeyntii noqonaysa tusaalaha ugu horreeya ee riwaayadda sayniska khayaaliga ah.<ref>Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), "Ibn Al-Nafis as a philosopher", Symposium on Ibn al-Nafis, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait (Cf. [http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html Ibn al-Nafis As a Philosopher] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206072116/http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html|date=6 February 2008}}, Encyclopedia of Islamic World).</ref><ref>Nahyan A. G. Fancy (2006), "[http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11292006-152615 Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (d. 1288)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404020329/http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11292006-152615/|date=4 April 2015}}", pp. 95–101, Electronic Theses and Dissertations, University of Notre Dame.</ref> Theologus Autodidactus,<ref>Muhammad b. Abd al-Malik Ibn Tufayl. [https://books.google.com/books?id=yFAR_G7HM3QC Philosophus autodidactus, sive Epistola Abi Jaafar ebn Tophail de Hai ebn Yokdhan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004180638/https://books.google.com/books?id=yFAR_G7HM3QC |date=4 October 2015 }}: in qua ostenditur, quomodo ex inferiorum contemplatione ad superiorum notitiam ratio humana ascendere possit. E Theatro Sheldoniano, excudebat Joannes Owens, 1700.</ref><ref>Ala-al-din abu Al-Hassan Ali ibn Abi-Hazm al-Qarshi al-Dimashqi. The Theologus autodidactus of Ibn al-Nafīs. Clarendon P., 1968</ref> oo uu qray aqoonyahanka Carabi Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288),<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sFCuoqykV9QC&q=ibn+al+nafis+first+science+fiction+novel&pg=PA236|title=The Cambridge Companion to Utopian Literature|first=Gregory|last=Claeys|date=5 August 2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139828420|via=Google Books}}</ref> wuxuu ka shaqeeyaa walxaha sayniska khayaaliga ah sida abuurista iskood u samaysanta, falanqaynta mustaqbalka, dhamaadka dunida iyo qiyaamaha, soo-tegga/sarakicidda, iyo nolosha ka dib. Halkii uu ka siin lahaa sharraxaad mucjiso ama khayaali ah dhacdooyinkan, Ibn al-Nafis wuxuu isku dayay inuu sharraxo walxaha sheekada iyada oo loo marayo aqoonta sayniska ee bijoolajiga, astronomy-ga, cosmology-ga iyo meelaha/juqraafiga oo lagu yaqaannay xilligiisa. Khayaaliga Ibn al-Nafis wuxuu sharraxay baridda diinta Islaamka iyada oo loo marayo sayniska iyo falsafadda Islaamka.<ref name="Roubi">Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), "Ibn Al-Nafis as a philosopher", Symposium on Ibn al Nafis, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait (Cf. [http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html Ibnul-Nafees As a Philosopher] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206072116/http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html|date=6 February 2008}}, Encyclopedia of Islamic World).</ref> Turjumaadaha Ibn Tufail's Philosophus Autodidactus waxay ka muuqdeen Laatiin (1671), Inqiriisi (1708), Jarmal, iyo Dutch. Turjumaadahan luqadaha Yurub waxay ka dib saameyn ku yeesheen Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe<ref>Cyril Glasse (2001), New Encyclopaedia of Islam, p. 202, Rowman Altamira, {{ISBN|0-7591-0190-6}}.</ref> iyo Robert Boyle's The Aspiring Naturalist.<ref name="Toomer-222">G. J. Toomer (1996), Eastern Wisedome and Learning: The Study of Arabic in Seventeenth-Century England, p. 222, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-820291-1}}.</ref> === Falsafadda === [[File:Persian Scholar pavilion in Viena UN (Rhazes&Khayyam).jpg|thumb|Scholars Pavilion waa taallo ay Iran ugu deeqday Xafiiska Qaramada Midoobay ee Vienna. Sannadlaha aqoonyahannadii Muslimka ahaa ee qarniyadii dhexe, Omar Khayyam, Al-Biruni, Rhazes iyo Avicenna ayaa ku dhex jira dhismaha.]] Astaamaha ugu caansan ee lagu qeexo falsafadda Islaamka waa "qaabka falsafadda ee lagu dhex abuuray qaabdhismeedka dhaqanka Islaamka."<ref name="RoutledgeEoP">[http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/H057 "Islamic Philosophy"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606082214/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/islamic-philosophy;jsessionid=B31B033F077DD5E68E09CC9D35C02105|date=6 June 2022}}, Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy (1998)</ref> Falsafadda Islaamka, qeexidtan laguma xidho arrimo diimeed oo keliya, mana aha mid ay Muslimiinta oo keliya curiyeen.<ref name="RoutledgeEoP" /> Aqoonyahanka Faarisiiga ah ee Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (980–1037) wuxuu lahaa ka badan 450 buug oo loo tiriyo. Qoraalladiisu waxay ku saabsanaayeen maadooyin kala duwan, gaar ahaan falsafadda iyo daawada. Buuggiisa daawada ee The Canon of Medicine waxaa loo adeegsaday sida buugga heerka sare ah ee jaamacadaha Yurub ee qarniyo badan. Wuxuu sidoo kale qray The Book of Healing, oo ah encyclopediya saynis iyo falsafad saameyn leh.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Ibn Sina [Avicenna]|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ibn-sina/|encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|date=2024|quote=The Cure...had momentous consequences...his philosophical system dominated intellectual history in both Shi’ite and most of Sunni Islam}}</ref> Shakhsiyad kale oo ka tirsan Casrigii Dahabiga ahaa ee Islaamka, Avicenna, wuxuu sidoo kale sameeyay dugsigiisa falsafadda ee Avicennism, oo saameyn ku lahaa dhulka Islaamka iyo kan Masiixiga dhexdiisa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Saliba|first=George|author-link=George Saliba|date=1994|title=A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam|pages=245, 250, 256–257|publisher=New York University Press|isbn=0-8147-8023-7}}</ref> Falsafad kale oo saameyn ku lahaa falsafadda casriga ah wuxuu ahaa Ibn Tufail. Riwaayaddiisii falsafadda ahayd, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, oo loo turjumay Laatiin siday tahay Philosophus Autodidactus sannadkii 1671, waxay horumarisay mawduucyada empiricism, tabula rasa, dabiicadda iyo korinta, xaaladda suurtogalnimada, materialism,<ref>Dominique Urvoy, "The Rationality of Everyday Life: The Andalusian Tradition? (Aropos of Hayy's First Experiences)", in Lawrence I. Conrad (1996), The World of Ibn Tufayl: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Ḥayy Ibn Yaqẓān, pp. 38–46, Brill Publishers, {{ISBN|90-04-09300-1}}.</ref> iyo Molyneux's problem.<ref>Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik Ibn Tufail and Léon Gauthier (1981), Risalat Hayy ibn Yaqzan, p. 5, Editions de la Méditerranée.</ref> Aqoonyahannada iyo qoraayaasha Yurub ee uu saameeyay riwaayaddan waxaa ka mid ah John Locke,<ref>Russell (1994), pp. 224–39</ref> Gottfried Leibniz,<ref name="Wainwright">Martin Wainwright, [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/mar/22/featuresreviews.guardianreview1 Desert island scripts], The Guardian, 22 March 2003.</ref> Melchisédech Thévenot, John Wallis, Christiaan Huygens,<ref>Russell (1994) p. 227</ref> George Keith, Robert Barclay, Quakers,<ref>Russell (1994), p. 247</ref> iyo Samuel Hartlib.<ref name="Toomer-2222">G. J. Toomer (1996), Eastern Wisedome and Learning: The Study of Arabic in Seventeenth-Century England, p. 222, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-820291-1}}.</ref> Falsafada Islaamku waxay sii waday horumarka falsafadda ilaa qarnigii 17aad, markii Mulla Sadra uu sameeyay dugsigiisa Transcendent theosophy oo uu horumaray fikradda existentialism-ka.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mulla Sadra's Transcendent Philosophy|first=Muhammad|last=Kamal|year=2006|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-5271-7|pages=9, 39|oclc=224496901}}</ref> Falsafado kale oo saameyn lahaa oo Muslimiin ah waxaa ka mid ah Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), oo ah hormuudka phenomenology iyo falsafadda sayniska iyo dhaleeceeyaha dabiiciga ah ee Aristotelian iyo fikradda Aristotle ee goobta (topos); Al-Biruni, dhaleeceeye dabiiciga ah ee Aristotelian; Ibn al-Nafis, hormuudka riwaayadda falsafadda; Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi, aasaasaha falsafadda Illuminationist; Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, dhaleeceeye mantiqa Aristotelian iyo hormuudka mantiqa inductive-ka; iyo Ibn Khaldun, oo ah hormuudka falsafadda taariikhda.<ref name="Akhtar">S.R.W. Akhtar (1997). "The Islamic Concept of Knowledge", Al-Tawhid: A Quarterly Journal of Islamic Thought & Culture 12 (3). https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol-12-no3/islamic-concept-knowledge-sayyid-wahid-akhtar</ref> === Sayniska iyo tiknoolajiyada === [[File:Statue of Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi in Urgench.jpg|thumb|Taallada Al-Khwarizmi ee Urgench, Uzbekistan.]] Ibn al-Haytham waxaa sidoo xaqiiqo ah loo arkaa aabbaha optics-ka, gaar ahaan cadeyntiisa empirik-ka ah ee aragtida intromission-ka ee iftiinka. Jim Al-Khalili wuxuu sheegay 2009 in Ibn al-Haytham 'loogu yeero inta badan "saynisyahankii ugu horreeyay ee dhabta ah ee dunida".'<ref>{{cite news |last=Al-Khalili|first=Jim|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7810846.stm|title=BBC News|date=4 January 2009|access-date=11 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426041228/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7810846.stm|archive-date=26 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Al-Khwarizmi wuxuu alifay nidaamyada log base-ka ee maanta loo adeecsado, wuxuu sidoo kale ka qaybqaatay theorems ee trigonometry iyo sidoo kale limits.<ref>Plofker, Kim (2009), Mathematics in India: 500 BCE–1800 CE, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|0-691-12067-6}}.</ref> Waxbarashooyinkii ugu dambeeyay waxay muujinayaan inay u badan tahay in fannaaniintii Muslimka ahayd ee Qarniyadii Dhexe ay ogaayeen geometriyada quasicrystal ee decagonal ah ee sare ee la helay kala bar millennium ka dib 1970-yadii iyo 1980-yadii ee Galbeedka, ayna u adeegsadeen shaqada tiled-ka ee dhismaha.<ref>Peter J. Lu, [http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2007/03.01/99-tiles.html Harvard's Office of News and Public Affairs] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314012002/http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2007/03.01/99-tiles.html|date=14 March 2007}}</ref> Dhaqaatiirta Muslimiinta ah waxay ka qaybqaateen sahanka daawada, oo ay ku jiraan anatomy iyo physiology: sida shaqadii Faarisiiga ahayd ee qarnigii 15aad ee uu sameeyay Mansur ibn Muhammad ibn al-Faqih Ilyas ee loo yaqaan Tashrih al-badan (Anatomy-ga jirka) oo ku jireen sawirro guud oo ku saabsan habka jirka, dareemayaasha iyo habka wareegga dhiigga; ama shaqadii dhakhtarkii Masar Ibn al-Nafis, oo soo bandhigay aragtida wareegga dhiigga ee sambabada. Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Abulcasis) wuxuu ka qaybqaatay edbinta qalliinka daawada buuggiisa Kitab al-Tasrif ("Buugga Tanaasulaadka"), oo ah encyclopediya daawa oo ka dib loo turjumay Laatiin oo loo adeegsaday iskoolada daawada ee Yurub iyo Muslimiinta ee qarniyo badan. Horumaro kale oo daawo ah waxay ka tulmeen dhinacyada pharmacology iyo pharmacy.<ref>Turner, H. (1997) pp. 136–38</ref> Saynisyahannada ugu caansan ee ka mid ah dunida Islaamka ee qarniyadii dhexe waxaa ka mid ah Jābir ibn Hayyān, al-Farabi, Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi, Ibn al-Haytham, Al-Biruni, Avicenna, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, iyo Ibn Khaldun. Tiknoolajiyada dhexdeeda, dunida Islaamka waxay warqad-sameynta ka qaadatay Shiinaha.<ref name="Lucas">Adam Robert Lucas (2005), "Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe", Technology and Culture 46 (1), pp. 1–30 [10].</ref> Aqoonta baaruudda waxaa sidoo kale ka soo muuqatay Shiinaha iyada oo loo marayo waddamada badankooda Islaamka ah.<ref>Arming the Periphery. Emrys Chew, 2012. p. 1823.</ref> Horumar ayaa lagu sameeyay waraabinta iyo beeraha, iyadoo la adeegsanayo tiknoolajiyad cusub sida mishiinka dabaysha. Dalagyada sida lowska/almond iyo miraha sitrus waxaa loo keenay Yurub iyadoo loo marayo al-Andalus, oo beerashada sonkorta ayaa si tartiib-tartiib ah ay ugu ku-daydeen Yurubiyanku. Ganacsatada Carabta waxay maamuleen ganacsiga Badweynta Hindiya ilaa imaatinka Boortaqiisku ee qarnigii 16aad. Hormuz wuxuu ahaa xarun muhiim ah oo ganacsigan ah. Waxaa sidoo kale ka jirey shabakad cufan oo waddooyinka ganacsiga ee Badda Dhexe, oo ay waddamada aqlabiyadda Muslimka ah ku ganacsan jireen kesooda iyo awoodaha Yurub sida Venice, Genoa iyo Catalonia (sido kale eeg: Indo-Mediterranean). Jidka Xariirta oo ka tallaabaya Aasiyada Dhexe wuxuu marayay dawlado Islaam ah oo u dhexeya Shiinaha iyo Yurub. Soo-bixidda boqortooyooyinka dhaqaale ee waaweyn oo leh kheyraad tiknoolajiyadeed ka dib qabsashadii Timur (Tamerlane) iyo soo-reenka Timurid Renaissance waxaa ka mid ah Boqortooyada Mali iyo Saltanaddii Bengal gaar ahaan, oo ah qaran ganacsi oo caalami ah oo dunida ku yaal, oo Yurubiyanku ku describe gareeyeen "waddanka ugu hodansan ee lagu ganacsado".<ref>Nanda, J. N (2005). Bengal: the unique state. Concept Publishing Company. p. 10. 2005. {{ISBN|978-81-8069-149-2}}. Bengal [...] was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with.</ref> Iinjineerada Muslimiinta ee dunida Islaamka waxay sameeyeen isticmaalo warshadeed oo cusub oo hydropower ah, iyo isticmaalo warshadeed oo hore oo ah tidal power iyo wind power.<ref>Ahmad Y. al-Hassan (1976). Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering, pp. 34–35. Institute for the History of Arabic Science, University of Aleppo.</ref> Isticmaalka warshadeed ee watermills ee dunida Islaamka wuxuu dib u dhacaa qarnigii 7aad, halka water mills-ka leh giraangiraha jiifa iyo kuwa taagan oo dhan loo adeegsanayay si weyn tan iyo ugu yaraan qarnigii 9aad. Mashiinno warshadeed oo kala duwan ayaa lagu adeegsanayay dunida Islaamka, oo ay ku jiraan fulling mills, gristmills, paper mills, hullers, sawmills, ship mills, stamp mills, steel mills, sugar mills, tide mills iyo windmills. Markii ay gaadhay qarnigii 11aad, gobol kasta oo ka mid ah dunida Islaamka wuxuu lahaa mashiinnadan warshadeed oo shaqaynaya, kuwo ka billowda al-Andalus iyo Waqooyiga Afrika ilaa Bariga Dhexe iyo Aasiyada Dhexe.<ref name="Lucas" /> Iinjineerada Muslimiinta waxay sidoo kale alifeen crankshafts iyo water turbines, waxay adeegsadeen gears ee mashiinnada iyo mashiinnada biyaha kor u qaada, waxayna hormuud u ahaayeen isticmaalka dam-yada sida il ka mid ah awoodda biyaha, oo loo adeegsaday in lagu siiyo awood dheeraad ah watermills iyo mashiinnada biyaha kor u qaada.<ref name="Hassan">Ahmad Y. al-Hassan, Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part II: Transmission Of Islamic Engineering</ref> Horumaradan waxay suurtogal ka dhigeen in shaqooyinka warshadeed oo hore loogu kexayn jiray shaqaale hanto ama gacanta xilliyadii hore ay noqdaan kuwo la mishiineeyay oo lagu kexo mashiinno beddelkeeda dunidii Islaamka ee qarniyadii dhexe. Wareejinta tiknoolajiyadan oo loo wareejiyay Yurubtii qarniyadii dhexe waxay saameyn ku lahayd Industrial Revolution-ka, gaar ahaan ka soo jeeda proto-industrialised Mughal Bengal iyo Tipu Sultan's Kingdom, iyadoo loo marayo qabsashadii East India Company. === Aqsanta === [[File:Taj Mahal (Edited).jpeg|thumb|Taj Mahal ee India waxaa loo arkaa masterpiece si caalami ah loo bogsho oo ka tirsan World's Heritage, iyo mid ka mid ah Seven Wonders of the World.]] {{excerpt|Islamic architecture|only=paragraphs}} == Saamaynta diimaha kale, iyo Islaamiga == {{Main|Islaamiga|Islaamiga waddan ahaan}} [[File:Mohammed2.jpg|thumb|Nabi Muxammad iyo Rahibkii Sergius, oo uu sameeyay Lucas van Leyden, 1508 AD. Waxay muujineysaa Halsooreedkii Nabi Muxammad ee ku dhex wareegi jiray Yurub.]] [[File:La.Vie.de.Mahomet Christies.jpg|thumb|403x403px|Nabi Muxammad oo haysta seef iyo bilal halka uu ku tunto dunida, iskutallaabta, iyo Tobanka Amrood. Waxaa sameeyay Humphrey Prideaux, 1699.]] [[File:Nuremberg chronicles - Mohammed (CLIv).jpg|thumb|Nabi Muxammad oo fadhiya dhanka bidix, oo ku sawiran Nuremberg Chronicle, 1440 AD.]] Haddii dhaqdhaqaaqyada sida Druze,<ref>{{Cite book |last=De McLaurin |first=Ronald |url=https://archive.org/details/politicalroleofm0000unse |title=The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East |publisher=Michigan University Press |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-03-052596-4 |page=114 |quote=Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles, the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hunter |first=Shireen |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsofislami0000unse |title=The Politics of Islamic Revivalism: Diversity and Unity: Center for Strategic and International Studies (Washington, D.C.), Georgetown University. Center for Strategic and International Studies |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-253-34549-3 |page=33 |quote=Druze – An offshoot of Shi'ism; its members are not considered Muslims by orthodox Muslims.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=R. Williams |first=Victoria |title=Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival [4 volumes] |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-4408-6118-5 |page=318 |quote=As Druze is a nonritualistic religion without requirements to pray, fast, make pilgrimages, or observe days of rest, the Druze are not considered an Islamic people by Sunni Muslims.}}</ref> Berghouata iyo Ha-Mim, ay ka soo baxeen Islaamka ama ay la wadaageen rumayntooda gaarka ah Islaamka, iyo haddii mid kastaa yahay diin gooni ah ama firqad ka mid ah Islaamka waa aragtiyo dood ku jiraan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=D. Grafton |first=David |title=Piety, Politics, and Power: Lutherans Encountering Islam in the Middle East |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-63087-718-7 |page=14 |quote=In addition, there are several quasi-Muslim sects, in that, although they follow many of the beliefs and practices of orthodox Islam, the majority of Sunnis consider them heretical. These would be the Ahmadiyya, Druze, Ibadi, and the Yazidis.}}</ref> Caqiidada Druze waxay sii kala qaybisay Ismaaciiliyada maadaama ay horumarisay caqiidooyinkeeda gaarka ah, waxayna ugu dambeyntii ka sootagday Ismaaciiliyada iyo Islaamka labadaba; kuwan waxaa ka mid ah rumaynta in Imaamka Al-Xaakim bi-Amr Allaah uu ahaa Ilaah jisoobay.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Poonawala |first=Ismail K. |date=July–September 1999 |title=Review: ''The Fatimids and Their Traditions of Learning'' by Heinz Halm |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-oriental-society_july-september-1999_119_3/page/542 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |publisher=American Oriental Society |volume=119 |issue=3 |page=542 |doi=10.2307/605981 |issn=0003-0279 |jstor=605981 |lccn=12032032 |oclc=47785421}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Bryer | first = David R. W. | title = The Origins of the Druze Religion (Fortsetzung) | journal = Der Islam | year = 1975 | volume = 52 | issue = 2 | pages = 239–262 | doi = 10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 | s2cid = 162363556 | url = https://doi.org/10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 | issn = 1613-0928 | ref = {{harvid|Bryer|1975b}} | url-access = subscription }}</ref> Yazdânism waxaa loo arkaa isku-dhafan ka mid ah rumaynta dhaladka ee Kurdiida iyo caqiidada Suufiyada Islaamka ee loo soo bandhigay Kurdistan ee Sheekh Cadi ibn Musafir ee qarnigii 12aad.<ref>{{cite book |last=Foltz |first=Richard |title=Religions of Iran: From Prehistory to the Present |date=7 November 2013 |isbn=978-1-78074-307-3 |page=219 |chapter=Two Kurdish Sects: The Yezidis and the Yaresan |publisher=Oneworld Publications |chapter-url= |chapter-url-access=}}</ref> Bábism waxay ka soo bilaabatay Shiicada Isnaashariyada ee martay Siyyid 'Ali Muhammad i-Shirazi al-Bab iyadoo mid ka mid ah taageerayaashiisa Mirza Husayn 'Ali Nuri Baha'u'llah uu aasaasay Caqiidada Baha'i.<ref>{{cite web |last=House of Justice |first=Universal |title=One Common Faith |url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/bic/OCF/ocf-8.html |access-date=1 April 2017 |website=reference.bahai.org}}</ref> Yarsanism,<ref name="Z. Mir-Hosseini 1994, p.267">{{cite journal |last=Mir-Hosseini |first=Z. |date=1994 |title=Inner Truth and Outer History: The Two Worlds of the Ahl-e Haqq of Kurdistan |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-middle-east-studies_1994-04_26_2/page/267 |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=26 |pages=267–268}}</ref> Din-i Ilahi,{{sfnp|Roychoudhury|1941|page=306}} iyo Ali-Illahism<ref>{{Cite book |last=Layard |first=Austen Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-SQe_sNtIaMC&q=ali%2520illahism&pg=PA216 |title=Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon: With Travels in Armenia, Kurdistan and the Desert: Being the Result of a Second Expedition Undertaken for the Trustees of the British Museum |date=2010-08-31 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108016773 |page=216 |language=en}}</ref> waxaa loo arkaa kuwo ka sootagay Islaamka. Sikhism, oo uu aasaasay Guru Nanak oo ku sugan Punjab qarnigii 15aad ee dambe, waxaa saameeyay Islaamku.<ref>{{cite book |last=Elsberg |first=Constance |date=2003 |title=Graceful Women |publisher=University of Tennessee Press |isbn=978-1-57233-214-0 |pages=27–28}}</ref> == Dhaleeceynta == {{Main|Dhaleeceynta Islaamka}} {{see also|Dhaleeceynta Muxammad|Dhaleeceynta Qur'aanka}} [[File:Jacques Courtois - Battle between Christians and Muslims.jpg|thumb|Dagaalkii ka dhex dhacay Muslinka iyo Masiixiyiinta xilligii Dagaalladii Saliibiyada, oo uu sameeyay Jacques Courtois.]] Dhaleeceynta Islaamku waxay jirtay tan iyo heeraradeedii ugu horreeyay. Dhaleeceyntii hore waxay ka timid qoraayaal Yahuud ah, sida Ibn Kammuna, iyo qoraayaal Masiixi ah, oo kuwo badan oo ka mid ah ay u arkayeen Islaamka bidco Masiixi ah ama nooc sanam-caabudid ah, iyagood inta badan ku fashilayay terms apocalyptic ah.{{sfnp|Fahlbusch et al|2001|p=[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=yaecVMhMWaEC|page=759}} 759]}} Qoraayaasha Masiixiyiinta ahi waxay dhaleeceeyeen sharraxaadaha laab-lakacsan ee Islaamku ka bixiyo jannada. Qarnigii sagaalaad aqoonyahankii Muslinka ahaa ee Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari wuxuu u dooday sharraxaadda Qur'aanka ee jannada iyadoo sheegaysa in Baybalku sidoo kale tilmaamayso fikradahaas, sida cabbidda khamriga ee jannada dhexdeeda oo ku jirta Injiilka Matayos. Caalimkii Masiixiga ahaa ee qarnigii 4aad Augustine ee Hippo caqiidooyinkiisu waxay keeneen diidmo baahsan oo ku saabsan raaxada jidhka ee nolosha iyo aakhiro dhexdeeda labadaba.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Christian Lange |title=Paradise and Hell in Islamic Traditions |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-521-50637-3 |pages=18–20}}</ref> Sawirro aflaadaad ah oo ka dhan ah Muxammad, oo ka soo bilaabmay sawirraddii hore ee qarnigii 7aad ee Kaniisadda Ortodokska Bari ee Boqortooyada Bizantiinta,<ref>Reeves, Minou, and P. J. Stewart. 2003. ''Muhammad in Europe: A Thousand Years of Western Myth-Making''. NYU Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8147-7564-6}}. p. 93–96.</ref> waxay ka muuqdaan gabayga qarnigii 14aad ee Divine Comedy oo uu qaray Dante Alighieri. Halkan, Muxammad waxaa lagu muujiyay goobta sideedaad ee jahannamada, iyadoo la joogo Cali. Dante ma eedayno Islaamka guud ahaan laakiin wuxuu eedaynayaa Muxammad kala qaybin, maadaama uu aasaasay diin kale Masiixiyadda ka dib.<ref name="Stone">Stone, G. 2006. ''Dante's Pluralism and the Islamic Philosophy of Religion''. Springer Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1-4039-8309-1}}. p. 53–54.</ref> Dhaleeceynaha kale waxay diiradda saaraan la-dhaqanka shakhsiyaadka ee gudaha waddamada casriga ah ee Muslinku ku badan yahay, oo ay ku jiraan arrimo ku saabsan xuquuqda aadanaha, goorta ay si dhow u la xiriirto fulinta sharciga Islaamka.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Yohanan|last1=Friedmann|year=2003|title=Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/tolerancecoercio00frie|url-access=limited|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/tolerancecoercio00frie/page/n31 18], 35|isbn=978-0-521-02699-4}}</ref> Sidoo kale, isbeddellada dhowaan ee dhaqammada kala duwan ka dib, kartida loo malaynayo inay leeyihiin soo-galootiga Muslinka ah ee Galbeedka si ay u la qabsadaan waa la dhaleeceeyay oo waxaa loo eedeeyay asalka Islaamka kuwo ka mid ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Modood |first=Tariq |url=https://archive.org/details/multiculturalism00modo |title=Multiculturalism, Muslims and Citizenship: A European Approach |date=6 April 2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-35515-5 |edition=1st |page=[https://archive.org/details/multiculturalism00modo/page/n43 29] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Ugu dambeyntii cilmi-baaris{{what|date=April 2026}} waxay heshay in diindhaqameedka Islaamka oo sarreeya uu la xiriiro xagjirinimada Islaamka oo sarreysa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kamenowski |first1=Maria |last2=Manzoni |first2=Patrik |last3=Haymoz |first3=Sandrine |last4=Isenhardt |first4=Anna |last5=Jacot |first5=Cédric |last6=Baier |first6=Dirk |date=2021-06-17 |title=Religion as an influencing factor of right-wing, left-wing and Islamist extremism. Findings of a Swiss youth study |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=6 |article-number=e0252851 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0252851 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=8211158 |pmid=34138885 |bibcode=2021PLoSO..1652851K }}</ref> === Ilaha === {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Imad-ad-Dean |title=Signs in the heavens |volume=2 |publisher=Amana Publications |year=2006 |isbn=1-59008-040-8}} * {{cite book |last=Arnold|first=Thomas |title=The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith.|volume= |publisher= |year=1896 |isbn=}} * {{Cite book |last=Bennett |first=Clinton |title=Interpreting the Qur'an: a guide for the uninitiated |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8264-9944-8 |page=101 |author-link=Clinton Bennett}} * {{cite book |last=Blankinship |first=K. |year=2008 |chapter=The early creed |editor=T. Winter |title=The Cambridge Companion to Classical Islamic Theology |series=Cambridge Companions to Religion |pages=33–54 |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/CCOL9780521780582.003|isbn=978-0-521-78058-2 }} * {{Cite book |last=Brockopp |first=Jonathan E. |title=Islamic Ethics of Life: abortion, war and euthanasia |publisher=University of South Carolina Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-57003-471-8}} *{{Cite book|last=Bulliet|first=Richard| publisher = Houghton Mifflin| isbn = 0-618-42770-8| title = The Earth and Its Peoples | location = Boston| year = 2005| url = | page = | quote = }} * {{Cite book |last=Burge|first=Stephen|year=2015|title=Angels in Islam: Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti's al-Haba'ik fi akhbar al-mala'ik |place=London |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-50473-0}} * {{cite book |last=Çakmak |first=Cenap |title=Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopedia |series=4 volumes |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-61069-217-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Campo |first=Juan E. |title=Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8160-5454-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC}} * {{Cite book |last=Chittick |first=William C |title=Sufism: A Beginner's Guide |year=2008 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-78074-052-2 |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=LI0kjBlXS5UC}} |access-date=17 January 2015}} * {{Cite book |last=Cohen-Mor |first=Dalya |title=A Matter of Fate: The Concept of Fate in the Arab World as Reflected in Modern Arabic Literature |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-513398-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Curtis |first=Patricia A. |url=https://archive.org/details/guidetofoodlawsr0000curt |title=A Guide to Food Laws and Regulations |publisher=Blackwell Publishing Professional |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8138-1946-4 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/islamstraightpat0000espo |title=Islam: The Straight Path |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-511234-4 |edition=3rd |author-link=John Esposito}} * {{Cite book |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |title=The Oxford History of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-19-510799-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00john |editor-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |title=The Oxford History of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-19-510799-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00john |editor-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/unholywarterrori0000espo |title=Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002a |isbn=978-0-19-516886-0 |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |title=What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002b |isbn=978-0-19-515713-0 |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/islamstraightpat0001espo |title=Islam: The Straight Path |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-19-518266-8 |edition=Revised 3rd |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |title=Islam: The Straight Path |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-539600-3 |edition=4th |author-mask=1}} * {{cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |year=2011 |title=What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam |edition=2nd |place=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-979413-3 |author-mask=1}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20080204031050/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/Public/book_wenkai.html Lay summary] * {{Cite book |last1=Esposito |first1=John |url=https://archive.org/details/muslimsonamerica00yvon |title=Muslims on the Americanization Path? |last2=Haddad |first2=Yvonne Yazbeck |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-19-513526-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Farah |first=Caesar |title=Islam: Beliefs and Observances |publisher=Barron's Educational Series |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-8120-1853-0 |edition=5th |author-link=Caesar E. 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* {{Cite book |editor-last1=Holt |editor-first1=P.M. |editor-last2=Lambton |editor-first2=Ann K.S. |editor-last3=Lewis |editor-first3=Bernard |title=The Cambridge History of Islam |volume=1A |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-521-21946-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory00holt_798 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last1=Hourani |first1=Albert |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofarabpeo0122hour_06BYS |title=A History of the Arab Peoples |publisher=Belknap Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-674-01017-8 |author-link=Albert Hourani}} * {{cite book |title=The Caliphate of Banu Umayyah the first Phase, Ibn Katheer, Taken from Al-Bidayah wan-Nihayah |author=Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar Ibn Kathīr |isbn=978-603-500-080-2 |translator=Yoosuf Al-Hajj Ahmad |place=Riyadh |publisher=Maktaba Dar-us-Salam |year=2012}} * {{Cite book |last=Kobeisy |first=Ahmed Nezar |title=Counseling American Muslims: Understanding the Faith and Helping the People |publisher=Praeger Publishers |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-313-32472-7}} * {{Cite book |last=Kramer |first=Martin |title=Shi'Ism, Resistance, and Revolution |publisher=Westview Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-8133-0453-3}} * {{Cite book |last=Lapidus |first=Ira |title=A History of Islamic Societies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-521-77933-3 |edition=2nd}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |title=The Jews of Islam |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-7102-0462-2 |author-link=Bernard Lewis}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |title=The Arabs in History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-19-285258-8 |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/middleeastbriefh0000lewi |title=The Middle East |publisher=Scribner |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-684-83280-7 |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/islaminhistory00bern |title=Islam in History: Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East |publisher=Open Court Publishing Company |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8126-9518-2 |edition=2nd |author-mask=1 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/whatwentwrongcl00lewi |title=What Went Wrong?: The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East |publisher=Harper Perennial |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-06-051605-5 |edition=reprint |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/crisisofislam00bern |title=The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror |publisher=Random House, Inc., New York |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8129-6785-2 |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Madelung |first=Wilferd |title=The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-521-64696-3 |author-link=Wilferd Madelung}} * {{Cite book |last1=Malik |first1=Jamal |title=Sufism in the West |last2=Hinnells |first2=John R. |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-27408-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Momen |first=Moojan |title=An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-300-03531-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyed Hossein |author-link=Seyyed Hossein Nasr |year=2003 |title=The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity}} * {{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyed Muhammad |url=https://archive.org/details/ourreligions00shar |title=Our Religions: The Seven World Religions Introduced by Preeminent Scholars from Each Tradition (Chapter 7) |publisher=HarperCollins |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-06-067700-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Nigosian |first=Solomon Alexander |title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-253-21627-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Peacock|first=A.C.S.|title=Islam, Literature and Society in Mongol Anatolia|date=2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume= |page=|doi= 10.1017/9781108582124|isbn=978-1-108-58212-4|s2cid=211657444}} * {{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |url=https://archive.org/details/islamguideforjew00fepe |title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-691-11553-5}} * {{Cite report |date=October 2009 |title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population |publisher=Pew Research Center |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2009/10/Muslimpopulation.pdf |access-date=25 May 2020 |ref={{sfnref|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009}} }} [https://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/ Overview]. * {{Cite book |last=Rippin |first=Andrew |url=https://archive.org/details/muslimstheirreli0000ripp |title=Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices |publisher=Routledge |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-415-21781-1 |edition=2nd |author-link=Andrew Rippin}} * {{cite book |last=Roychoudhury |first=Makhanlal |year=1941 |title=The Din-i Ilahi, or, The Religion of Akbar |publisher=University of Calcutta |oclc=3312929 |url=https://archive.org/details/diniilahiorthere031361mbp |via=Internet Archive}} * {{cite journal |last=Serjeant |first=R.B. |date=1978 |title=Sunnah Jami'ah, pacts with the Yathrib Jews, and the Tahrim of Yathrib |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |volume=41 |pages=1–42 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00057761 |s2cid=161485671 }} * {{Cite book |last=Sachedina |first=Abdulaziz |title=The Just Ruler in Shi'ite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence |publisher=Oxford University Press US |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-511915-2 |author-link=Abdulaziz Sachedina}} * {{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Jane I. |author-link=Jane Idleman Smith |title=The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-515649-2}} * {{Cite book |editor-last=Stefon |editor-first=Matt |title=Islamic Beliefs and Practices |publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-61530-060-0 |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last1=Ṭabāṭabāʼī |first1=Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn |title=Shi'ite Islam |translator-last=Nasr |translator-first=Seyyed Hossein |publisher=SUNY Press |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-87395-272-9 |author-link=Allameh Tabatabaei}} * {{Cite book |last=Teece |first=Geoff |url=https://archive.org/details/islam0000teec_a5d6 |title=Religion in Focus: Islam |publisher=Franklin Watts Ltd |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7496-4796-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Trimingham |first=John Spencer |title=The Sufi Orders in Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-512058-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Colin |title=Islam: the Basics |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-34106-6 |location=London}} * {{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Bryan S. |title=Weber and Islam |publisher=Routledge |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-415-17458-9 |location=London}} * {{Cite book |last=Waines |first=David |title=An Introduction to Islam |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-521-53906-7}} * {{Cite book |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |title=The Formative Period of Islamic Thought |publisher=University Press Edinburgh |year=1973 |isbn=978-0-85224-245-2 |author-link=William Montgomery Watt}} * {{Cite book |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadprophets00watt |title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1974 |isbn=978-0-19-881078-0 |edition=New |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Weiss |first=Bernard G. |title=Studies in Islamic Legal Theory |publisher=Brill Academic publishers |year=2002 |isbn=978-90-04-12066-2 |location=Boston |author-link=Bernard G. Weiss}} {{Refend}} === Qaamuusyo iyo encyclopedias === {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{harvc |last1=Gardet|first1=L.|last2=Jomier|first2=J.|year=2012|c=Islām |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0387}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |ref={{harvid|Fahlbusch et al|2001}} |editor-last=Fahlbusch |editor-first=Erwin |display-editors=etal |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=yaecVMhMWaEC}} |title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=2001 |isbn=978-90-04-11695-5 |volume=2}} * {{cite encyclopedia |year=1913–1936 |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |editor1-last=Houtsma |editor1-first=M.T. |editor1-link=Martijn Theodoor Houtsma |editor2-first=T.W. |editor2-last=Arnold |editor2-link=Thomas Walker Arnold |editor3-first=R. |editor3-last=Basset |editor4-first=R. |editor4-last=Hartmann |edition=1st |place=Leiden |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-08265-6 |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam (1st ed.)|1913–1936}}}} * {{cite encyclopedia |year=2012 |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P.J. |issn=1573-3912 |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |edition=2nd |place=Leiden |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4 |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)|2012}}}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P.J. |issn=1573-3912 |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|n.d.}} |date=n.d. |url=https://brill.com/view/package/eio?language=en |url-access=subscription}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2004 |title=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World |series=Macmillan Reference Books |publisher=Thomson-Gale |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofis0001unse |editor-last=Martin |editor-first=Richard C. |isbn=978-0-02-865603-8}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |date=n.d. |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |editor-link=Jane Dammen McAuliffe}} * {{cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān |volume=2 |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=2002}} * {{cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān |volume=3 |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=2003}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals |publisher=Routledge |editor-last=Salamone |editor-first=Frank |edition=1st |isbn=978-0-415-94180-8 |series=Routledge Encyclopedias of Religion and Society |volume=6 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre00sala |jstor=j.ctt1jd94wq |year=2004}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2003 |title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=AltaMira Press |url=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas |editor-last=Glassé |editor-first=Cyril |series=Revised Edition of the Concise Encyclopedia of Islam |isbn=978-0-7591-0190-6 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-19-512558-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00bada |url-access=registration}} {{doi|10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001}} – via Oxford Reference. * {{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |year=2004 |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |place=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975726-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2006 |title=The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia |publisher=Routledge |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=isDgI0-0Ip4C|page=}} |editor-last=Leaman |editor-first=Oliver |isbn=978-0-415-32639-1}} {{Refend}} == Akhrin dheeraad ah == {{Refbegin}} * Abdul-Haqq, Abdiyah Akbar (1980). ''Sharing Your Faith with a Muslim''. Minneapolis: Bethany House Publishers. ''N.B''. Presents the genuine doctrines and concepts of Islam and of the Holy Qur'an, and this religion's affinities with Christianity and its Sacred Scriptures, in order to "dialogue" on the basis of what both faiths really teach. {{ISBN|0-87123-553-6}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism |publisher=SAGE; Cato Institute |location=Thousand Oaks, CA |last=Ahmad |first=Imad-ad-Dean |title=Islam |author-link=Imad-ad-Dean Ahmad |editor-last=Hamowy |editor-first=Ronald |editor-link=Ronald Hamowy |pages=256–258 |doi=10.4135/9781412965811.n155 |isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4 |lccn=2008009151 |oclc=750831024 |url={{Google books|yxNgXs3TkJYC|plainurl=yes}}}} * {{Cite book |last=Akyol |first=Mustafa |url=https://archive.org/details/islamwithoutextr0000akyo |title=Islam Without Extremes |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-393-07086-6 |edition=1st |author-link=Mustafa Akyol}} * {{Cite book |last=Arberry |first=A.J. |url=https://archive.org/details/koraninterpreted00ajar |title=The Koran Interpreted: A Translation |publisher=Touchstone |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-684-82507-6 |edition=1st |author-link=A. J. Arberry}} * Cragg, Kenneth (1975). ''The House of Islam'', in ''The Religious Life of Man Series''. Second ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company 1975. xiii, 145 p. {{ISBN|0-8221-0139-4}}. * {{Cite book |last=Hafez |first=Sherine |title=An Islam of Her Own: Reconsidering Religion and Secularism in Women's Islamic Movements |year=2011 |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=9780814773055 |url=https://opensquare.nyupress.org/books/9780814790724/}} * {{Cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Muhammad Muhsin |title=Noble Quran |last2=Al-Hilali Khan |last3=Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications |year=1999 |isbn=978-9960-740-79-9 |edition=1st |author-link=Muhammad Muhsin Khan}} * Khanbaghi, A, (2006). ''The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran''. I. B. Tauris. * Khavari, Farid A. (1990). ''Oil and Islam: the Ticking Bomb''. First ed. Malibu, Calif.: Roundtable Publications. viii, 277 p., ill. with maps and charts. {{ISBN|0-915677-55-5}}. * {{Cite book |title=The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-965-224-040-8 |editor-last=Kramer |editor-first=Martin |editor-link=Martin Kramer}} * {{Cite book |last=Kuban |first=Dogan |title=Muslim Religious Architecture |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=1974 |isbn=978-90-04-03813-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/islamwest00lewi_0 |title=Islam and the West |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-19-509061-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/culturesinconfli0000lewi |title=Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Age of Discovery |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-19-510283-3 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Mubarkpuri |first=Saifur-Rahman |title=The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Prophet |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-59144-071-0}} * {{Cite book |last=Najeebabadi |first=Akbar Shah |title=History of Islam |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-59144-034-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Sayilgan |first=Salih |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/god-evil-and-suffering-in-islam/C4C89591ADAAF25F104D517C4F4634B3 |title=God, Evil, and Suffering in Islam |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2023 |isbn=9781009377294}} * {{Cite book |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |url=https://www.giffordlectures.org/books/deciphering-signs-god-phenomenological-approach-islam |title=Deciphering the Signs of God: A Phenomenological Approach to Islam |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-7914-1982-3 |author-link=Annemarie Schimmel |access-date=31 January 2019 |archive-date=22 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422154518/https://www.giffordlectures.org/books/deciphering-signs-god-phenomenological-approach-islam |url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book |last=Schuon |first=Frithjof |title=Understanding Islam |publisher=Allen & Unwin |year=1963 |isbn=978-0941532242 |edition=3rd |author-link=Frithjof Schuon}} * {{Cite book |last=Stoddard |first=Lothrop |title=The New World of Islam |publisher=Chapman & Hall |year=1922 |url=https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/24107}} * {{Cite book |last=Walker |first=Benjamin |title=Foundations of Islam: The Making of a World Faith |publisher=Peter Owen Publishers |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-7206-1038-3 |author-link=Benjamin Walker (author)}} {{Refend}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Library resources box}} * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam "Islam"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/index.shtml Religion & Ethics – Islam] Maqaallo hordhac u ah Islaamka oo ka socda BBC ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} 2v14tlyyebszyahku5glcalydgbguny 307325 307324 2026-09-06T20:52:38Z Isma4l 41797 /* Taariikhda */ 307325 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox religion | native_name = {{lang|ar|{{Script|Arab|الإسلام}}}}<br/>{{transliteration|ar|al-Islām}} | image = The Kaaba during Hajj - edited.jpg | caption = [[Kacbada]] ee ku taal [[Masjidka Xaramka]] ee [[Makka]], [[Sacuudi Carabiya]], oo ah [[Holiest sites in islam|goobta Islaamka ee ugu barakeysan]] | type = | main_classification = [[Abrahamic religions|Ibraahimi ah]] | scripture = {{Plainlist| * [[Quraan]] * Sunnada: [[Xadiis]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The saheeh Sunnah is wahy (Revelation) from Allah |url=https://islamqa.info/en/answers/77243/the-saheeh-sunnah-is-wahy-(revelation)-from-allah |website=islamqa.info |access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref> * Tafsiirka: [[Tafsiir]]<ref>Mir, Mustansir. (1995). "Tafsīr". In John L. Esposito. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref> }} | theology = [[Tawhid|Kkudnimada Alle]] | law = [[Sharia]] | philosophy = [[Falsafada Islaamka]] | area = [[Islam by country|Adduunka oo dhan]]<ref name="Global Islam" /> | language = [[Classical Arabic|Carabiga Quraanka]] | territory = [[Islamic world]] | founder = [[Maxamed]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Welch |first1=Alford T. |last2=Moussalli |first2=Ahmad S. |last3=Newby |first3=Gordon D. |date=2009 |entry=Muḥammad |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |editor-first=John L. |editor-last=Esposito |publisher=Oxford University Press |entry-url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211050118/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550 |archive-date=11 February 2017 }}</ref> | founded_date = {{circa|610 C.D.}} | founded_place = [[Jabal al-Nour]]<!-- Beginnings are understood to be where Muhammad is said to have received his first ever revelation, which was inside a cave in this mountain --> | number_of_followers = {{est.}} 2 bilyan<ref name="pew2010–2020" /> {{increase}} (oo si gaar ah loogu yeero [[Muslimiin]], halka si wadajir ah loogu yeero {{transliteration|ar|[[Ummah]]}}) | separations = {{Plainlist| * [[Ali-Illahism]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-SQe_sNtIaMC&q=ali%2520illahism&pg=PA216|title=Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon: With Travels in Armenia, Kurdistan and the Desert: Being the Result of a Second Expedition Undertaken for the Trustees of the British Museum|last=Layard|first=Austen Henry|date=2010-08-31|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108016773|page=216|language=en}}</ref> * [[Druze faith]]<ref>{{cite book |title=The Oxford Handbook of American Islam |first=Yvonne |last=Yazbeck Haddad |year=2014 |isbn=9780199862634 |page=142|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> * [[Baháʼí Faith]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Van der Vyer |first=J. D. |year=1996 |title=Religious human rights in global perspective: religious perspectives |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |isbn=90-411-0176-4 |page=449 |url=https://archive.org/details/religioushumanri0000unse |url-access=registration}}</ref> }} }} {{Sidebar with collapsible lists | name = religion sidebar | pretitle = Qayb ka mid ah taxane ku saabsan | pretitlestyle = padding-top:0.8em; | titlestyle = padding-bottom:0.5em; | title = [[Diin]] | listtitlestyle = background:transparent; text-align:center; font-size:100%; | centered list titles = yes | image = [[File:Icon-religion.svg|200px|class=skin-invert]] | imagestyle = padding-bottom:1em; | listclass = hlist | liststyle = padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em; padding-bottom:0.25em; font-size: 11px; | expanded = {{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}} |} | abovestyle = padding:0.5em 2em 0.5em; display:block; background-color: #efefef; | above = {{startflatlist}} * [[Outline of religion|Dulucda]] * [[Index of religion-related articles|Liisaska]] * [[:Category:Religion|Qeybta]] * [[:Category:Indexes of religion topics|Tusaha]] * [[History of religion|Taariikhda diinta]] * [[Portal:Religion|Bogga]] {{endflatlist}} | list1name = religions | list1title = Diimaha | list1titlestyle = padding-top:0.5em; | list1 = {{Sidebar |child |bodystyle={{subsidebar bodystyle}} |navbar=off | heading1 = [[Abrahamic religions|Diimaha Ibraahimiyeed]] | content1style = padding-top:0.2em; | content1 = * [[Judaism|Yuudaanismka]] * [[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]] * [[Islam|Islaamka]] * [[Alawism|Calawiisimka]] * [[Alevism|Alewiisimka]] * [[Azalism|Azaliisimka]]/[[Bábism|Baabiisimka]] * [[Baháʼí Faith|Diinta Bahaa'iga]] * [[Druze Faith|Diinta Duruusta]] * [[Mormonism|Mormooniyadda]] * [[Mandaeism|Mandeiisimka]] * [[Manichaeism|Maniikiisimka]] * [[Rastafari|Rastafariyiinta]] * [[Samaritanism|Samaritaniisimka]] | heading2 = [[Iranian religions|Diimaha Iiraaniga]] | content2style = padding-top:0.2em; | content2 = * [[Yazidism|Yasiidiisimka]] * [[Yarsanism|Yarsaniisimka]] * [[Zoroastrianism|Soroostiriyanka]] | heading3 = [[Indian religions|Diimaha Hindiya]] | content3style = padding-top:0.2em; | content3 = * [[Hinduism|Hinduugga]] * [[Buddhism|Buudhisimka]] * [[Jainism|Jeyniisimka]] * [[Sikhism| Sikhiisimka]] * [[Bon|Yungdrung Bon]] | heading4 = [[East Asian religions|Diimaha Bariga Aasiya]] | content4style = padding-top:0em; | content4 = * [[Taoism|Taowaysimka]] * [[Confucianism|Konfushiyanishka]] * [[Shinto|Shinto]] * [[Tian|Tian]] * [[Shangdi|Shangdi]] * [[Hongjun Laozu|Hongjun Laozu]] }} | list2name = schools | list2title = Dugsiyada Fikirka | list2titlestyle = border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em; | list2 = * [[Acosmism|Aakosmisimka]] * [[Agnosticism|Agnostisismka]] * [[Animism|Animisimka]] * [[Antireligion|Diin-diidka]] * [[Apatheism|Apatheisimka]] * [[Atheism|Aqoonsi la'aanta Ilaah / Ateyismka]] * [[Creationism|Abuuristaaniyadda]] * [[Dharma|Dharmismka]] * [[Deism|Deiisimka]] * [[Divine command theory|Aragt Dardaaran Ilaahay]] * [[Dualism in cosmology|Labo-jirnimada]] * [[Western esotericism|Sir-doonka Reer Galbeedka]] * [[Elite religion|Diinta dadka sare]] * [[Exclusivism|Gaar-yeelidda]] * [[Existentialism|Jiritaaniyadda]] ** [[Atheistic existentialism|ateyste]] ** [[Christian existentialism|masiixi]] * [[Feminist theology|Falsafada dumarka]] * [[Fideism|Caqiido-ku-tiirsiga]] * [[Folk religion|Diinta dadweynaha]] * [[Fundamentalism|Aasaas-ku-dhagidda]] * [[Gnosticism|Gnostisismka]] * [[Henotheism|Henotheiisimka]] * [[Hermeticism|Hermetiisimka]] * [[Humanism|Aadmiga-jecleyska]] ** [[Christian humanism|masiixi]] ** [[Religious humanism|diimeed]] ** [[Secular humanism|cilmiyeed]] * [[Ietsism|Ietsismka]] * [[Theological noncognitivism|Ignostisismka]] * [[Inclusivism|Wadajir-yeelidda]] * [[Kathenotheism|Kathenotheiisimka]] * [[Lived religion|Diinta la nool yahay]] * [[Monism|Kow-jirnimada]] * [[Monotheism|Kkudnimada Alle]] * [[Mysticism|Suufiyadda / Sir-raadinta]] * [[Naturalism (philosophy)|Dabiiciyadda]] ** [[Humanistic naturalism|aadmiga]] ** [[Metaphysical naturalism|milyawiga]] ** [[Religious naturalism|diimeed]] * [[New Age|Cаманkii Cusub]] * [[Nonduality (spirituality)|Laba-mid-la'aanta]] * [[Nontheism|Ilaah-la'aanta]] * [[Omnism|Omnisimka]] * [[Pandeism|Pandeiisimka]] * [[Panentheism|Panenteiisimka]] * [[Pantheism|Panteiisimka]] * [[Perennial philosophy|Falsafadda weligeed ah]] * [[Polytheism|Shirkiga / Ilaahyo badan]] * [[Process theology|Falsafadda socodka]] * [[Shendao shejiao|Shendao shejiao]] * [[Spiritualism (beliefs)|Rux-raadinta]] * [[Shamanism|Shaamanismka]] * [[East Asian religions|Taowayga]] * [[Theism|Ilaah-rumaynta]] * [[Transcendentalism|Sare-u-kacaaniyadda]] * [[Transtheism|Transtheiisimka]] * [[Unitarianism|Mowqifka kow-jirka]] | list3name = concepts | list3title = Fikradaha | list3titlestyle = border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em; | list3 = * [[Afterlife|Aakhiro]] * [[Anthropopathism|Sifaadka bini'aadmiga ee Ilaah]] * [[Apophatic theology|Apophatismka]] * [[Aseity|Iskii-jitaanshaha]] * [[Religious belief|Aaminsanaanta Diinta]] * [[Brahman|Brahman]] * [[Cataphatic theology|Cataphatismka]] * [[Cult|Kooxda diimeed]] * [[Demiurge|Demiurge]] * [[Divine simplicity|Fududeynta Ilaahay]] * [[Eschatology|Qiyaamaha iyo Aakhiro]] * [[Enlightenment in Buddhism|Iftiintinka]] * [[Eternity#God and eternity|Weligiis-jitaanshaha]] * [[Euthyphro dilemma|Muran-weydiintii Euthyphro]] * [[Existence of God|Jiritaanka Ilaahay]] * [[Faith|Iimaan]] * [[Form of the Good|Qaabka Wanaagga]] * [[Gender of God|Jinsiga Ilaahay]] * [[Gnosis|Gnosis]] * [[Holy Spirit|Ruuxa Quduuska ah]] * [[Intelligent design|Naqshadda caqli-gal ah]] * [[Moksha|Xorreynta]] * [[Misotheism|Ilaah-nacaybka]] * [[Miracle|Mucjiso]] * [[Names of God|Magacyada Ilaahay]] * [[New religious movement|Dhaqdhaqaaqa diimeed ee cusub]] * [[Omnibenevolence|Naxariista-buuxda]] * [[Omnipotence|Awoodda-oo-dhan]] * [[Omnipresence|Meel-kasta-joogidda]] * [[Omniscience|Cilmiga-oo-dhan]] * [[Pandeism|Pandeistiga]] * [[Personal god|Ilaah shakhsi ah]] * [[Prayer|Dugsi / Baryo]] * [[Problem of evil|Dhibaatada xumaanta]] * [[Process theology|Falsafadda socodka]] * [[Belief#Religion|Aaminsanaanta diimeed]] * [[Problem of religious language|Luqadda diinta]] * [[Reincarnation|Soo-noqoshada nolosha (Reincarnation)]] * [[Faith|Iimaanka diimeed]] * [[Revelation|Waxyi]] * [[Religious text|Qoraallada diinta]] * [[Soul|Nafta]] * [[Summum bonum|Wanaagga ugu sarreeya]] * [[Tawhid|Kkudnimada Alle]] * [[Theological veto|Diidmada diinta]] * [[Transcendence (religion)|Sare-u-baxa diimeed]] * [[Trinity|Saddex-midnimada]] * [[Creator deity|Ugu sarreeyaha / Abuuraha]] * [[Unmoved mover|Dhaqaajiye aan la dhaqaajin]] * [[Vitalism|Ruuxda nolosha]] * [[Worship|Caabudaad]] | list4name = figures | list4title = Hoggaamiyeyaasha Aasaasaya | list4titlestyle = border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em; | list4= *[[Ciise]] ([[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]]) *[[Maxamed]] ([[Islam|Islaamka]]) *[[Ibraahim]] ([[Judaism|Yuudaanismka]]) *[[Siddhartha Gautama]] ([[Buddhism|Buudhisimka]]) *[[Guru Nanak]] ([[Sikhism|Sikhiisimka]]) *[[Mahavira]] ([[Jainism|Jeyniisimka]]) *[[Zoroaster]] ([[Zoroastrianism|Soroostiriyanka]]) *[[Hamza ibn Ali]] ([[Druze|Duruusta]]) *[[Laozi]] ([[Taoism|Taowayga]]) *[[Confucius]] ([[Confucianism|Konfushiyanishka]]) * [[Baháʼu'lláh]] ([[Baháʼí Faith|Diinta Bahaa'iga]]) | belowclass = plainlist | belowstyle = text-align:center;font-weight:normal; padding:1em 1em 1em; | below = Kani waa [[:Category:Philosophy and thinking sidebar templates|farac]] ka mid ah [[philosophy|falsafadda]]. Si aad u baarto mowduucyada la xiriira, fadlan booqo [[:Category:Religion_and_belief_navigational_boxes|hage-tusaha]]. }} '''Islaamku'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|z|l|ɑː|m|,_|ˈ|ɪ|z|l|æ|m}} {{respell|IZ|la(h)m}};<ref>{{cite Cambridge Dictionaries |Islam}}</ref> {{langx|ar|{{Script|Arab|الإسلام|al-Islām}}|al-Islām}}, {{IPA|ar|alʔisˈlaːm|IPA}}, {{lit|hordhaca [ee la xiriira [[ogaanshaha doonista Ilaahay]]]}}}} waa diin [[Abrahamic|Ibraahimi ah]] oo ku saleysan [[Quraan|Quraanka]] iyo [[Sunnah|barashada]] [[Maxamed|Maxamed]]. Diintan [[monotheistic|kwdnimada Alle]] waxay leedahay qiyaastii [[Islam by country|2 bilyan oo raacsan adduunka oo dhan]], oo lagu magacaabo [[Muslims|Muslimiin]]. Islaamku waa [[Major religious groups|diinta labaad ee ugu weyn adduunka]], marka laga reebo [[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]]. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin inay jirto [[Fitra|iimaan asal ah]] oo la soo waxyooday marar badan iyadoo la sii marinayo [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|rusul iyo nabiyo hore]], oo ay ku jiraan [[Adam in Islam|Aadam]], [[Noah in Islam|Nux]], [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Muuse]], iyo [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]], waxayna rumeysan yihiin in Islaamku yahay nooca caalamiga ah ee dhameystiran ee [[faith|iimaankan]]. [[File:Birmingham Quran manuscript full.jpg|thumb|Labo [[Folio|bog]] oo ka mid ah [[Birmingham Quran manuscript|Qoraalka Gacanta ee Quraanka ee Birmingham]], oo lagu qoray [[Hijazi script|xarfaha Xijaasiga]] ee [[parchment|harag]] taariikhdiisu tahay int u dhaxaysa 568–645 C.D., iyadoo ku beegan xilligii nolosha Maxamed.]] Muslimiintu waxay u arkaan Quraanka inuu yahay hadalka dhabta ah ee [[God in Islam|Ilaahay]] iyo waxyigii ugu dambeeyay ee aan wax laga beddelin. Dhinaca Quraanka, Muslimiintu waxay sidoo kale rumeysan yihiin [[Islamic holy books|kutubtii hore ee la soo waxyooday]], sida [[Torah in Islam|''Towraad'']] ([[Torah]]), ''[[Psalms in Islam|Sabuur]]'' ([[Psalms]]), iyo [[Gospel in Islam|''Injiil'']] ([[Gospel]]). Waxay rumeysan yihiin in [[Muhammad in Islam|Maxamed]] yahay [[Seal of the Prophets|nabiga ugu weyn uguna dambeeya]] ee [[God|Ilaahay]], kaasoo diinta la soo dhameystiray, oo aan ka dib imanayn nabigii cusub ama sharcigii samada ahayn. Barashada iyo tusaalooyinka caadiga ah ee Maxamed, oo loogu yeero [[Sunnah]], oo lagu diiwaangeliyay xaqiiqooyin loogu yeero [[Hadith|Xadiis]], ayaa bixiya tusaale dastuuri ah oo loogu talagalay Muslimiinta. Islaamku wuxuu ku saleysan yahay rumaysashada kow-nimada iyo kelinimada Ilaahay ({{Transliteration|ar|[[tawhid]]}}), iyo rumaysashada [[afterlife|aakhiro]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[akhirah]]}}) oo ay ku jirto [[Judgement Day in Islam|Maalinta Qiyaame]]—halkaas oo kuwa suubban lagu abaalmarin doono jannada ({{Transliteration|ar|[[jannah]]}}) kuwa xunneydna lagu ciqaabi doono naarta ({{Transliteration|ar|[[jahannam]]}}). [[Five Pillars of Islam|Shanta Arкан ee Islaamka]], oo loo arko inay yihiin cibaadooyin [[Fard|waajib ah]], waa shahaadada diinta ({{Transliteration|ar|[[shahada]]}}), salaadaha maalinlaha ah ({{Transliteration|ar|[[salah]]}}), sakada ({{Transliteration|ar|[[zakat]]}}), soonka bisha [[Ramadan]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[sawm]]}}), iyo [[pilgrimage|xajka]] loo aado [[Mecca|Makka]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[hajj]]}}). Sharciga Islaamka ({{Transliteration|ar|[[sharia]]}}), wuxuu taabanayaa ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan dhinacyada nolosha, laga bilaabo [[Islamic banking and finance|bangiyada iyo maaliyadda]] iyo [[Zakat|gar-gaarka]] ilaa [[Gender roles in Islam|doorka ragga]] iyo [[Women in Islam|doorka dumarka]] iyo [[Islamic ethics#Environmentalism|deegaanka]]. Labada [[Islamic holidays|ci둡 diimeed]] ee ugu waaweyn waa Ciidul Fitri iyo Ciidul Adxa. Saddexda [[holiest sites in Islam|goobood ee ugu barakeysan]] waa [[Masjid al-Haram|Masjidka Xaramka]] ee [[Mecca|Makka]], [[Prophet's Mosque|Masjidka Nabiga]] ee [[Medina|Madiina]], iyo [[Al-Aqsa|Dhismaha Masjidka Al-Aqsa]] ee [[Jerusalem|Quddus]]. Islaamku wuxuu ka soo aasaasay Makka qiyaastii 610 C.D. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in tani ay tahay xilligii [[Muhammad's first revelation|Maxamed uu helay waxyigiisii ugu horreeyay]]. Waqtigii uu geeriyooday, inta badan [[Arabian Peninsula|Jaziiradda Carabta]] way [[Conversion to Islam|isu rogtay Islaamka]]. Islaamku wuxuu si dhakhso ah ugu fiday wixii ka dambeeyay Carabta iyadoo hoos imaneysa [[Rashidun Caliphate|Khulaafadii Raashidiyiinta]] iyo [[Umayyad Caliphate|Khulaafadii Umawiyiinta]]. Labada [[Islamic schools and branches|laamood ee ugu waaweyn Islaamka]] waa [[Sunni Islam|Sunniyada]] (87–90%) iyo [[Shia Islam|Shiicada]] (10–13%).{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=1|ps=. "Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims."}} Muslimiinta Sunniga iyo Shiicada ah ayaa wada noqda ku dhawaad ​​guud ahaan dadweynaha Muslimka ah ee adduunka, iyadoo qiyaasuhu ka bilaabmaan qiyaastii 1.7–1.8 bilyan oo Sunni ah ilaa 285–300 milyan oo Shiico ah adduunka oo dhan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=|first=|date=2009-10-07|title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/|access-date=2026-09-01|website=Pew Research Center|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Shia Muslim Population – Islamic Research and Information Center (IRIC)|url=https://iric.org/world-shia-muslim-population/|access-date=2026-09-01|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Project on Shi’ism and Global Affairs|url=https://shiism.hds.harvard.edu/|url-status=live|website=Harvard University}}</ref> Inkasta oo [[Shia–Sunni relations|khilaafka Shiicada iyo Sunniga]] uu asal ahaan ka soo bilowday is-afgaranwaa ku saabsan [[succession to Muhammad|dhaxalkii Maxamed]], waxay kor u qaadeen cabbir ballaaran, labada [[Schools of Islamic theology|dhinaca caqiidada]] iyo [[Fiqh|fiqhigaa]]. Ururinta xadiiska suuban ee Sunniga waxay ka kooban tahay [[Kutub al-Sittah|Lixda Kitaab]], halka ururinta xadiiska Shiicada ay ka kooban tahay [[The Four Books|Afrta Kitaab]]. Muslimiintu waxay ka yihiin inta badan dadweynaha 53 dal.<ref name="pew2010–2020">{{cite web |date=June 9, 2025 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020. Muslims grew fastest; Christians lagged behind global population increase |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]}} *{{cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett |author2=Marcin Stonawski |author3=Yunping Tong |author4=Stephanie Kramer |author5=Anne Shi |author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf |access-date=2025-06-10 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Qiyaastii 12% Muslimiinta adduunka waxay ku nool yihiin [[Islam in Indonesia|Indoonisiya]], oo ah dalka ugu dadka badan ee Muslimiinta ah; {{#expr: 100 * 480/1570 round 0}}% waxay ku nool yihiin [[Islam in South Asia|Kooniyada Aasiya]]; 20% waxay ku nool yihiin [[MENA#Religion|Bariga Dhexe iyo Waqooyiga Afrika]]; iyo 15% waxay ku nool yihiin [[Religion in Sub-Saharan Africa|Afrika ka hooseysa Saharada]]. Muslimiinta sidoo kale waxaa laga helaa [[Islam in the Americas|Ameerikaanka]], [[Islam in China|Shiinaha]], iyo [[Islam in Europe|Yurub]]. Muslimiintu waa [[Muslim population growth|kooxda diimeed ee ugu koraysa adduunka]], taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay [[fertility rate| heerka dhalmada oo sarreeya]] iyo qaab-dhismeedka da'da yar marka loo eego diimaha diimaha kale ee waaweyn.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lipka |first=Michael |last2=Hackett |first2=Conrad |date=2017-04-06 |title=Why Muslims are the world’s fastest-growing religious group |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |access-date=2026-09-01 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> Islaamka waxaa la saadaalinayaa inuu noqdo diinta ugu weyn adduunka dhammaadka qarniga 21-aad, isagoo ka sarre marinaya Masiixiyadda.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lipka |first1=Michael |last2=Hackett |first2=Conrad |date=April 6, 2017 |title=Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US |archive-date=14 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514123559/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="pew2015">{{cite report |author=[[Pew Forum|The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life]] |title=The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010–2050 |url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211090450/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf |archive-date=2020-12-11 |date=2015-04-02 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref><!--Do NOT add citations to the lead, except for material likely to be challenged, per [[MOS:LEADCITE]] ([[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section#Citations)]]. Move unneeded citations to the body.--> == Asalka ereyga{{anchor|Etymology}}<!-- Linked from many articles. If changing the section title, please let this anchor remain unchanged -->== {{See also|Muslims#Etymology}} Luqadda Carabiga, ''Islaam'' ({{langx|ar|إسلام|lit=hordhaca [ee la xiriira Ilaahay]}})<ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of Islam {{!}} Dictionary.com |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=www.dictionary.com |language=en |archive-date=9 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509110220/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Haywood |first=John |title=Historical Atlas of the Medieval World (AD 600 - 1492) |publisher=Barnes & Noble, Inc. |year=2002 |isbn=0-7607-1975-6 |edition=1st |location=Spain |pages=3.13 |language=en}}</ref> waa magaca fal-galeedka [[wikt:أسلم#Arabic|Foomka IV]] ee ka soo jeeda falka {{lang|ar|سلم}} ({{transliteration|ar|salama}}), ka soo jeeda [[Semitic root|xididka saddex-xarafle ah]] {{lang|ar|س-ل-م}} ({{transliteration|ar|[[Š-L-M|S-L-M]]}}), kaas oo sameeya fasal weyn oo erayo ah oo badankood la xiriira fikradaha dhiibin-hoosaadka, badbaadada, iyo nabadgelyada.<ref name="Lane-Lexicon-4">{{cite book |last=Lane |first=Edward William |author-link=Edward William Lane |title=An Arabic-English Lexicon |volume=4 |chapter=Siin |url=http://www.studyquran.co.uk/20_SIIN.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907230044/http://www.studyquran.co.uk/20_SIIN.htm |archive-date=2011-09-07 |via=[[The Study Quran|StudyQuran]] |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> Macnaha diimeed, waxay tilmaamaysaa u dhiibashada buuxda ee doonista [[God|Ilaahay]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=Barnard |last2=Churchill |first2=Buntzie Ellis |url=https://archive.org/details/islamreligionpeo00lewi |title=Islam: The Religion and The People |publisher=Wharton School Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-13-223085-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/islamreligionpeo00lewi/page/8 8]}}</ref> Ereyga ''[[Muslims|Muslim]]'' ({{lang|ar|مُسْلِم}}), oo ah erayga loogu talagalay qofka raaca Islaamka,<ref name="Lexico-Muslim">{{cite dictionary |title=Muslim |url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/muslim |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913192608/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/muslim |archive-date=2019-09-13 |dictionary=[[Lexico]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2020 |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref> waa [[Participle|falka firfircoon]] ee isla nooca falka, oo macneheedu yahay "dhiibtiye (Ilaahay)" ama "qof u hoggaansamaya (Ilaahay)". Si kastaba ha ahaatee, khabiirka [[Quranic studies|barashada Quraanka]] [[Mohsen Goudarzi]] wuxuu ku dooday in Quraanka ereyga ''[[dīn]]'' uu ka dhigan yahay "[[worship|cibaado]]", ''islām'' uu ka dhigan yahay "[[monotheism|kwdnimada]]" iyo ''muslim'' uu ka dhigan yahay "muwaahid / qof kelinimada Alle rumeeyay".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudarzi |first=Mohsen |date=2023-08-01 |title=Worship (dīn), Monotheism (islām), and the Qurʾān's Cultic Decalogue |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006/html |journal=Journal of the International Qur'anic Studies Association |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=30–71 |doi=10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006 |issn=2474-8420|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Gudaha [[Hadith of Gabriel|Xadiiska Jibriil]], ''Islaam'' waxaa lagu soo bandhigay inuu yahay hal qayb oo ka mid ah saddaxleey oo ay ku jirto {{transliteration|ar|[[Iman (Islam)|imān]]}} (iimaan), iyo {{transliteration|ar|[[Ihsan|ihsān]]}} (fududeyn / ixsaan).{{sfnp|Esposito|2000|pp=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00john/page/76 76–77]}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahmutćehajić |first=Rusmir |url=https://archive.org/details/mosqueheartsubmi00mahm |title=The mosque: the heart of submission |publisher=[[Fordham University Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8232-2584-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/mosqueheartsubmi00mahm/page/n104 84] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Islaamka laftiisa ayaa taariikh ahaan loogu yeeri jiray [[Mohammedan|''Mohammedanism'' (Maxamediyad)]] gudaha [[English-speaking world|dunida Ingiriiska ku hadasha]]. Eraygan wuxuu ka baxay isticmaalka waxaana mararka qaarkood la sheegaa inuu yahay [[Religious offence|dhaawac diimeed]], maadaama uu tilmaamayo in bini'aadam, halkii uu ka noqon lahaa Ilaahay, uu yahay kan udub-dhexaadka u ah diinta Muslimiinta.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Oxford University Press| last = Gibb| first = Sir Hamilton| title = Mohammedanism: an historical survey|isbn=9780195002454| year = 1969| page=1 | quote=Modern Muslims dislike the terms Mohammedan and Mohammedanism, which seem to them to carry the implication of worship of Mohammed, as Christian and Christianity imply the worship of Christ.}}</ref> == Tiirarka iimaanka == {{Main|Aqidah|Iman (Islam)|l2 = Iman}} [[caqiidada]] Islaamku (''[[aqidah]]'') waxay u baahan tahay rumaysashada lix tiir: Ilaahay, malaa'igta, waxyiga, nabiyada, [[Day of Resurrection|Maalinta Qiyaamaha]], iyo qadarinta masiirka.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sourcebook of the World's Religions: An Interfaith Guide to Religion and Spirituality|publisher=New World Library|pages=68–9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbSPOoQfu0IC&pg=PA68|editor-first=Joel|editor-last=Beversluis|year=2011|isbn=9781577313328|access-date=15 January 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228022948/https://books.google.com/books?id=dbSPOoQfu0IC&pg=PA68#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> === Ilaahay === [[File:Istanbul,_Hagia_Sophia,_Allah.jpg|thumb|[[calligraphy|Qoraal gacmeedka]] qarnigii 19-aad oo muujinaya magaca [[Allah|Alle]] ee ku yaal [[Hagia Sophia]], [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]].]] {{Main|God in Islam}} Fikradda udub-dhexaadka u ah Islaamka waa ''[[Tawhid|tawḥīd]]'' ({{langx|ar|توحيد|link=no}}), oo ah kelinimada Ilaahay. Badanaa waxaa loo arkaa inay tahay ''monotheism sax ah'', laakiin sidoo kale waa [[panentheism|panentheistic]] ku dhex leh barashada suufiga Islaamka.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/tawhid |title=Tawhid |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107041300/https://www.britannica.com/topic/tawhid |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Gimaret|first=D.|year=2012|c=Tawḥīd |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7454}}</ref> Ilaahay waxaa loo arkaa mid aan la barbar dhigi karin oo aan lahayn tiro dad ah sida ku jirta [[Christian Trinity|Saddex-midnimada Masiixiga]], oo tiro u nisbeynta Ilaahay ama sifooyinka Ilaahay oo loo nisbeeyo dad kale waxaa loo arkaa shirk, oo lagu magacaabo [[Shirk (Islam)|''shirk'']]. Sidaas darteed, Muslimiintu ma aha [[iconodule]]s mana u nisbeeyaan qaabab Ilaahay. Ilaahay halkaas waxaa lagu sifeeyaa oo loogu yeeraa dhowr [[Names of God in Islam|magac ama sifooyin]], kan ugu caansan waa ''Ar-Rahmān'' ({{lang|ar|الرحمان}}) oo macneheedu yahay "Naxariis-guud", iyo ''Ar-Rahīm'' ({{lang|ar|الرحيم}}) oo macneheedu yahay "Naxariis-gaar ah" kuwaas oo laga baryo bilowga inta badan Suuradaha Quraanka.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ali |first1=Kecia |title=Islam : the key concepts |date=2008 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |last2=Leaman |first2=Oliver |isbn=978-0-415-39638-7 |location=London |oclc=123136939}}</ref>{{sfnp|Campo|2009|p=34|loc="Allah"}} Magaca tooska ah ee Carabiga ee Ilaahay, ''[[Allāh]]'' (الله), oo ah eray aan lahayn [[plural|wadar]] ama [[gender|jinsi]], ayaa sidoo kale si caadi ah loogu isticmaalaa luqadaha kale ee Muslimiinta iyo Masiixiyiinta iyo Yuhuuda Carabiga ku hadla si ay ugu tixraacaan Ilaahay, halka ''{{transliteration|ar|ISO|[[ʾilāh]]}}'' ({{lang|ar|إله}}) uu yahay eray loo isticmaalo ilaah ama ilaah guud ahaan.<ref>{{cite web |title=God |url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |access-date=18 December 2010 |website=Islam: Empire of Faith |publisher=[[PBS]] |archive-date=27 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327034958/http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Islaamku wuxuu barayaa in abuurista wax kasta oo ku jira [[universe|caalamka]] la keenay iyada oo la raacayo amarka Ilaahay sida lagu muujiyay erayada, "[[Be, and it is|Aabo, oo wuu noqdaa]],"<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|2|117|b=yl}}</ref> iyo in [[Meaning of life|ujeeddada jiritaanka]] ay tahay in la caabudo Ilaahay.<ref>Leeming, David. 2005. ''The Oxford Companion to World Mythology''. Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-195-15669-0}}. p. 209.</ref> Waxaa loo arkaa ilaah shakhsi ah oo wax dhexdhexaadin ah, sida [[clergy|wadaaddada]], looma baahna si loo gaaro xiriir lala yeesho Ilaahay. Wacyigelinta Ilaahay waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[taqwa]]. === Malaa'igta === [[File:Rashid al-Din Tabib - Jami al-Tawarikh, f.45v detail - c. 1306-15.png|thumb|Maxamed oo helaya [[Muhammad's first revelation|waxyigiisii ugu horreeyay]] oo uga imaanaya malaa'igta [[Gabriel]], oo ka socda qoraal gacmeedka [[Jami' al-tawarikh|Jami' al-Tawarikh]] ee uu qoray [[Rashid al-Din Hamadani|Rashid-al-Din Hamadani]], lagu daabacay [[Tabriz]], [[Iran]], 1307 C.D.]] {{Main|Angels in Islam}} Malaa'igta (keligood: {{langx|ar|ملك|link=no}}, ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|malak}}'') waa makhluuqaad lagu sifeeyay Quraanka{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=23}} iyo xadiiska.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=79}} Waxaa lagu sifeeyay inay u abuuran yihiin inay caabudaan Ilaahay iyo inay sidoo kale ka shaqeeyaan waajibaadyo kale oo gaar ah sida gudbinta [[revelation|waxyiga]] ee ka yimid Ilaahay, diiwaangelinta ficilada qof kasta, iyo qaadashada [[soul|nafta]] qofka waqtiga dhimashada. Waxaa lagu sifeeyay inay si kala duwan uga abuurmeen 'iftiin' ([[Nūr (Islam)|''nūr'']])<ref name="Encyclopedia-Nur">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Nūr |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/nur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423085030/https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/nur |archive-date=2022-04-23 |encyclopedia=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |via=[[Encyclopedia.com]] |language=en |access-date=2026-03-20}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|last1=Hartner, W.|last2=Tj Boer |year=2012 |c=Nūr |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0874}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Elias |first=Jamal J. |year=2003|c=Light |in=McAuliffe}} {{doi|10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00261}}</ref> ama 'dab' (''nār'').<ref>{{harvc |last=Campo |first=Juan E. |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/nar |c=Nar |in=Martin |year=2004}}. – via [[Encyclopedia.com]].</ref><ref>{{harvc|last=Fahd, T. |year=2012 |c=Nār |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0846}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Toelle |first=Heidi |year=2002 |c=Fire |in=McAuliffe}} {{doi|10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00156}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|McAuliffe|2003|p=45}}</ref> Malaa'igta Islaamka waxaa badanaa lagu matalaa [[Anthropomorphism|qaabab bini'aadamnimo]] oo ay ku jiraan sawirro [[supernatural|cajiib ah]], sida baalal, oo ah kuwa aad u waaweyn ama xidhan dhar janno.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|pp=97–99}}<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=26–28}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Webb |first=Gisela |c=Angel |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|last1=MacDonald, D. B.|last2=Madelung, W. |year=2012 |c=Malāʾika |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}}{{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0642}}</ref> Sifooyinka caadiga ah ee malaa'igta waxaa ka mid ah inaysan lahayn baahiyo jir iyo rabitaanno, sida cunidda iyo cabidda.{{sfnp|Çakmak|2017|p=140}} Qaarkood, sida [[Gabriel|Jibriil]] iyo [[Michael (archangel)|Miikaa'il]], ayaa magacyadooda lagu xusay Quraanka. Malaa'igtu waxay door muhiim ah ka ciyaaraan suugaanta ku saabsan [[Isra and Mi'raj|Mi'raajka]], halkaas oo Maxamed uu kula kulmo dhowr malaa'igood intii uu ku jirsaday safarkiisa samada.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=79}} Malaa'ig dheeraad ah ayaa badanaa lagu muujiyay [[Islamic eschatology|qiyaamaha]], [[Kalam|cilmiga kalaamka]] iyo [[Islamic philosophy|falsafada Islaamka]].{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=22}} === Kitaabyada === [[File:Quran rzabasi1.JPG|thumb|Qoraal gacmeed [[Quran|Quraan]] ah oo qarnigii 9-aad ah oo saaran [[Rehal (book rest)|rehal]], oo ah kursiga kitaabka qudduuska ah, oo lagu hayo [[Reza Abbasi Museum]] ee [[Tehran]], [[Iran]].]] {{Main|Islamic holy books|Quran|Wahy}} {{See also|History of the Quran}} Kitaabka quduuska ah ee ugu sarreeya Islaamka waa [[Quran|Quraanka]]. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in aayaadka Quraanka uu Maxamed u soo waxyooday Ilaahay, iyada oo la sii marinayo [[archangel|malaa'igta]] Jibriil, marar badan inta u dhaxaysa 610 C.D.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Watt |first=William Montgomery |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC&pg=PA5 |title=Islam and the Integration of Society |date=2003 |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |isbn=978-0-415-17587-6 |pages=5 |access-date=15 June 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228022949/https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo 632, sanadkii uu geeriyooday Maxamed.{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=17–18, 21}} Intii uu Maxamed noolaa, waxyiyadan waxaa qoray [[Muhammad's companions|saxaabtiisa]], inkastoo habka ugu muhiimsan ee gudbinta uu ahaa af ahaan iyada oo la adeegsanayo [[Hafiz (Quran)|xifdinta]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Al Faruqi |first1=Lois Ibsen |author-link=Lois Lamya al-Faruqi |year=1987 |title=The Cantillation of the Qur'an |journal=[[Society for Asian Music|Asian Music]] |issue=Autumn – Winter 1987 |pages=3–4}}</ref> Quraanku wuxuu u qaybsamaa 114 suuradood (''[[sūrah]]'') oo ka kooban wadarta guud ee 6,236 aayadood (''[[ayah|āyāt]]''). Suuradaha hore ee taariikh ahaan, ee lagaga soo waxyooday [[Mecca|Makka]], waxay inta badan khuseeyaan arrimaha ruuxiga ah, halka suuradaha dambe ee [[Medina|Madiina]] ay ka hadlaan arrimo bulsho iyo sharci oo khuseeya bulshada Muslimka ah. Qareennada Muslimiintu waxay la tashadaan xadiiska ('warka'), ama diiwaanka qoran ee nolosha Maxamed, si ay labadaba u taageeraan Quraanka oo ay uga caawiyaan tafsiirkiisa. Sayniska faallooyinka iyo tafsiirka Quraanka waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[tafsir]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/tafsir |title=Tafsīr |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019035210/https://www.britannica.com/topic/tafsir |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=79–81}} Marka laga reebo muhiimadiisa diimeed, Quraanka waxaa loo aqoonsan yahay si weyn inuu yahay shaqada ugu fiican [[Arabic literature|suugaanta Carabiga]],<ref>{{cite book|first=Alan|last=Jones|location=London|publisher=[[Charles E. Tuttle Company]]|year=1994|page=1|title=The Koran|quote="Its outstanding literary merit should also be noted: it is by far, the finest work of Arabic prose in existence."|isbn=1842126091}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Arthur|last=Arberry|title=The Koran Interpreted|location=London|publisher=[[Allen & Unwin]]|year=1956|quote="It may be affirmed that within the literature of the Arabs, wide and fecund as it is both in poetry and in elevated prose, there is nothing to compare with it."|page=191|isbn=0684825074}}</ref> wuxuuna saameeyay fanka iyo luqadda Carabiga.<ref>Kadi, Wadad, and Mustansir Mir. "Literature and the Quran." In ''[[Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān|Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an]]'' 3. pp. 213, 216.</ref> Islaamku sidoo kale wuxuu qabaa in Ilaahay uu soo diray waxyiyo, oo la yiraahdo ''[[wahy]]'', oo loo soo diray nabiyo kala duwan marar badan taariikhda oo dhan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Islaamku wuxuu barayaa in qaybo ka mid ah kitaabadii hore ee la soo waxyooday, sida [[Torah in Islam|''Towraad'']] ([[Torah]]) iyo [[Gospel in Islam|''Injiil'']] ([[Gospel in Islam|Injiil]]), ay noqdeen kuwo [[tahrif|la leexiyay]]—ha ahaato tafsiirka, qoraalka, ama labadaba,<ref name="harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5">{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5}}</ref><ref name="harvp|Peters|2003|p=9">{{harvp|Peters|2003|p=9}}</ref><ref name="610CE">{{harvc|c=Muhammad|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|last2=Welch|first2=A.T.|last1=Buhl|first1=F.}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Tahrif |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d. |author=[[Hava Lazarus-Yafeh]]}}</ref> halka Quraanka ({{Lit|Akhrinta}}) loo arko hadalka ugu dambeeya, ee dhabta ah ee aan wax laga beddelin ee Ilaahay.<ref name="Ringgren">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ringgren |first=Helmer |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Quran |title=Qurʾān |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=5 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505001543/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/487666/Quran |url-status=live }} "The word ''Quran'' was invented and first used in the Quran itself. There are [[Quran#Etymology and meaning|two different theories]] about this term and its formation."</ref><ref>{{harvp|Teece|2003|pp=12–13}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Turner|2006|p=42}}</ref>{{sfnp|Bennett|2010|p=101}} === Nabiyada === {{Main|Prophets and messengers in Islam|Sunnah|Hadith}} [[File:Medieval Persian manuscript Muhammad leads Abraham Moses Jesus.jpg|thumb|[[Persian miniature|Miniakiyada Faarisiga]] ee qarnigii 15-aad oo muujinaysa [[Muhammad in Islam|Maxamed]] oo hoggaaminaya [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Muuse]], [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]] iyo [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|nabiyo kale]] salaadda.<ref>{{cite web |title=BnF. Département des Manuscrits. Supplément turc 190 |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/view3if/ga/ark:/12148/btv1b8427195m/f16 |publisher=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] |access-date=7 September 2023 |archive-date=9 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909130407/https://gallica.bnf.fr/view3if/ga/ark:/12148/btv1b8427195m/f16 |url-status=live }}</ref>]] Nabiyada (Carabi: {{langx|ar|أنبياء|label=none|translit=anbiyāʾ}}) waxaa la rumeysan yahay inay doorteen Ilaahay si ay u wacdhiyaan fariin ilaahi ah. Qaar ka mid ah nabiyadan ayaa sidoo kale keena kitaab cusub waxaana loogu yeeraa "rasuul" ({{langx|ar| رسول&lrm;|label=none|translit=rasūl}}).<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|p=225}}</ref> Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in nabiyadu ay yihiin bini'aadam oo aan ahayn ilaahyo. Dhammaan nabiyadu waxaa la sheegaa inay wacdiyiyeen fariintii asaasiga ahayd ee Islaamka - u dhiibashada doonista Ilaahay - oo ay u direen quruumihii hore, tan ayaana la sheegay inay sabab u tahay isku mid ahaanshaha badan ee u dhexeeya diimaha. Quraanku wuxuu sheegayaa magacyada tiro badan oo ah shakhsiyaadka loo tixgeliyo [[prophets in Islam|nabiyada Islaamka]], oo ay ku jiraan [[Adam in Islam|Aadam]], [[Noah in Islam|Nux]], [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Muuse]], [[David in Islam|Daa'uud]] iyo [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]], iyo kuwo kale.<ref name="Schimmel">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |author-link=Annemarie Schimmel |title=Islam |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504201633/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/295507/Islam |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Reeves |first=J. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC |title=Bible and Qurʼān: Essays in scriptural intertextuality |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2004 |isbn=90-04-12726-7 |location=[[Leiden]] |page=177 |access-date=21 August 2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164019/https://books.google.com/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC |url-status=live }}</ref> Sheekooyinka la xiriira nabiyada ee ka baxsan xisaabaadka Quraanka waxaa lagu ururiyaa oo lagu baaraa ''[[Qisas Al-Anbiya|Qisas al-Anbiya]]'' (Sheekooyinka Nabiyada). Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in Ilaahay uu soo diray Maxamed inuu noqdo nabiga ugu dambeeya ("[[Seal of the prophets|khaatumul anbiyo]]") si uu u gaarsiiyo fariinta dhameystiran ee Islaamka.<ref name="Esposito-Islam">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Esposito |first=John L. |author-link=John Esposito |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |title=Islam |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012298 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110124812/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012298 |archive-date=2021-01-10 |quote=Profession of Faith...affirms Islam's absolute monotheism and acceptance of Muḥammad as the messenger of Allah, the last and final prophet. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Peters-Allah">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Peters |first=F. E. |author-link=Francis Edward Peters |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |title=Allāh |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095403960 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926053837/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095403960 |archive-date=2020-09-26 |quote=[T]he Muslims' understanding of Allāh is based...on the Qurʿān's public witness. Allāh is Unique, the Creator, Sovereign, and Judge of mankind. It is Allāh who directs the universe through his direct action on nature and who has guided human history through his prophets, Abraham, with whom he made his covenant, Moses/Moosa, Jesus/Eesa, and Muḥammad, through all of whom he founded his chosen communities, the 'Peoples of the Book.' |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Islaamka dhexdiisa, tusaalaha "caadiga ah" ee nolosha Maxamed waxaa lagu magacaabaa ''[[sunnah]]'' (oo macneheedu yahay "jidka la maray"). Muslimiinta waxaa lagu dhiirrigelinayaa inay ku daydaan dabeecadaha akhlaaqda ee Maxamed noloshooda maalinlaha ah, sunnadana waxaa loo arkaa mid muhiim u ah hagidda tafsiirka Quraanka.<ref>{{harvp|Martin|2004|p=666}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Hadith|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|author=J. Robson}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Sunna|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|author=D.W. Brown}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Goldman |first=Elizabeth |title=Believers: Spiritual Leaders of the World |date=1995 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-508240-1 |location=Oxford |page=63}}</ref> Tusaalahan waxaa lagu ilaaliyaa dhaqamo loo yaqaan xadiis, oo ah xisaabaadka erayadiisa, ficilladiisa, iyo sifooyinka shakhsi ahaaneed. [[Hadith qudsi|Xadiiska Qudsi]] waa qayb hoose oo ka tirsan xadiiska, oo loo arko inuu yahay erayada dhabta ah ee Ilaahay ee uu soo xigtay Maxamed oo aan ahayn qayb ka tirsan Quraanka. Xadiisku wuxuu ka kooban yahay laba shay: silsiladda sheekeeyayaasha, oo loo yaqaanno [[Hadith studies#Traditional importance of the sanad|''sanad'']], iyo ereyada dhabta ah, oo loo yaqaanno [[Hadith studies|''matn'']]. Waxaa jira habab kala duwan oo lagu kala saaro xaqiiqda xadiisyada, iyadoo cabbirka darajada ee badanaa la isticmaalo uu yahay "saxiix" ama "sax ah" ({{langx|ar|صحيح|links=no|translit=[[Authentic hadith|ṣaḥīḥ]]|label=none}}); "xasan" ({{langx|ar|حسن|links=no|label=none|translit=[[Hasan (hadith)|ḥasan]]}}); ama "daciif" ({{langx|ar|ضعيف|label=none|translit=[[Da'if|ḍaʻīf]]}}), iyo kuwo kale. [[Kutub al-Sittah]] waa ururinta lix kitaab, oo loo arko inay yihiin warbixinnada ugu suuban ee [[Sunni Islam|Sunniyada]]. Waxaa ka mid ah [[Sahih al-Bukhari]], oo ay Sunnidu badanaa u arkaan mid ka mid ah [[Hadith terminology#Terminology relating to the authenticity of a hadith|ilaha ugu suuban]] ka dib Quraanka.<ref>[[Aisha Abd al-Rahman|al-Rahman, Aisha Abd]], ed. 1990. [[Introduction to the Science of Hadith|Muqaddimah Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ]]. Cairo: Dar al-Ma'arif, 1990. pp. 160–69</ref> Il kale oo caan ka ah xadiisyada waa [[The Four Books|Afrta Kitaab]], oo ay Shiicadu u arkaan tixraaca xadiiska ee ugu suuban.<ref name="Awliyai-Four-Books">{{cite book |last=Awliya'i |first=Mustafa |title=Outlines of the Development of the Science of Hadith |volume=1 |chapter=The Four Books |url=https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol1-n12-3/outlines-development-science-hadith-dr-mustafa-awliyai/part-1#four-books |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912144702/https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol1-n12-3/outlines-development-science-hadith-dr-mustafa-awliyai/part-1#four-books |archive-date=2017-09-12 |translator-last=Qara'i |translator-first=A. Q. |via=Al-Islam.org |access-date=2020-05-24 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Rizvi-Four-Books">{{cite book |last=Rizvi |first=Sayyid Sa'eed Akhtar |author-link=Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi |title=The Qur'an and Hadith |location=Tanzania |publisher=Bilal Muslim Mission |chapter=The Hadith §The Four Books (Al-Kutubu'l-Arb'ah) |url=https://www.al-islam.org/quran-and-hadith-allamah-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/chapter-4-hadith#four-books-al-kutubul-arbah |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912191319/https://www.al-islam.org/quran-and-hadith-allamah-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/chapter-4-hadith#four-books-al-kutubul-arbah |archive-date=2017-09-12 |via=Al-Islam.org |access-date=2020-05-24 |language=en}}</ref> === Soo-noqoshada iyo xukunka === [[File:Chester Beatty T 414 fol 129r Muhammad al-Mehdi.png|thumb|Matxaf qarnigii 16-aad ee [[Muhammad al-Mahdi|Maxamed al-Mahdi]]. [[Mahdi|Mahdiga]] waxaa la rumeysan yahay inuu soo muuqan doono ka hor [[Eschatology|Waqtiga Dhamaadka]] si uu u soo celiyo cadaaladda oo uu uga adkaado dulmiga iyadoo la kaashanaya [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]] ([[Jesus]]).]] {{Main|Islamic eschatology}} Rumaysashada "Maalinta Qiyaame" ama ''[[Qiyamah|Yawm al-Qiyāmah]]'' ({{langx|ar|يوم القيامة|link=no}}) ayaa sidoo kale muhiim u ah Muslimiinta. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in waqtiga Qiyaamaha uu hore u qadaray Ilaahay, laakiin uusan aqoon bini'aadamku. Quraanka iyo xadiiska, iyo sidoo kale faallooyinka [[Ulama|culimada]], waxay qeexayaan imtixaannada iyo [[Great Tribulation|dhibaatooyinka]] ka horreeya iyo inta uu socdo Qiyaamaha. Quraanka wuxuu xoogga saarayaa [[universal resurrection|soo-noqoshada jirka]], taasoo ah mid ka duwan fahamkii [[pre-Islamic Arabia|Carabtii hore]] ee dhimashada.<ref>{{harvp|Glassé|2003|loc="Resurrection"|pp=382–383}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)|2012|loc="Avicenna"}}. {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_DUM_0467}}: "Ibn Sīnā, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Sīnā is known in the West as 'Avicenna'."</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Qiyama |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d. |author=Gardet, L.}}</ref> Maalinta Qiyaame, Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in dhammaan bini'aadamka lagu xukumi doono falalkooda wanaagsan iyo kuwa xun waxaana loo gudbin doonaa [[Jannah|Janno]] ama [[Jahannam|Naar]].<ref>{{cite web |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |editor-link=John Esposito |title=Eschatology |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e588 |url-access=subscription |work=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Islam]] |via=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |access-date=18 April 2017 |archive-date=13 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100913062714/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e588 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Quraanku wuxuu ku jira [[Surat al-Zalzalah]] wuxuu tan ku sifeeyaa: "Haddaba qofkii sameeya culays atoore oo wanaag ah wuu arki doonaa. Qofkii se sameeya culays atoore oo xumaan ah wuu arki doonaa." Quraanku [[Islamic views of sin|wuxuu qorayaa dunuub badan]] oo qof ku xukumi kara naar. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Quraanku wuxuu caddeynayaa in Ilaahay uu cafiyi doono dunuubta kuwa toobad keena haddii uu doono. Falalka wanaagsan, sida sadaqada, salaadda, iyo naxariista xayawaannada{{sfnp|Esposito|2011|p=130}} waxaa lagu abaalmarin doonaa gelitaanka jannada. Muslimiintu waxay u arkaan jannada meel ay ka buuxaan farxad iyo barako, iyadoo tixraacyada Quraanku ay qeexayaan sifooyinkeeda. Dhaqamada suufiga ah ee Islaamka waxay dhigayaan raaxooyinkan jannada xiriir la leh wacyigelin xamaasad leh oo ku saabsan Ilaahay.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2006|p=89}}; ''Encyclopedia of Islam and Muslim World'', p. 565</ref><ref>{{harvc |c=Garden |first=Asma |last=Afsaruddin |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Paradise|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> ''Yawm al-Qiyāmah'' sidoo kale waxaa Quraanka loogu aqoonsaday ''Yawm ad-Dīn'' ({{lang|ar|يوم الدين}} "Maalinta Diinta");<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|1|4|b=y}};</ref> ''as-Sāʿah'' ({{lang|ar|الساعة}} "Saacadda Dambe");<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|6|31|b=y}};</ref> iyo ''[[Al-Qaria|al-Qāriʿah]]'' ({{lang|ar|القارعة}} "Qaylisaada").<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|101|1|b=y}}</ref> === Qadarka === {{Main|Predestination in Islam}} Qaar ka mid ah Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin qadarka ilaahay, ({{langx|ar|القضاء والقدر}}, ''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|al-qadāʾ wa l-qadar}}'') in arrin kasta uu qaddaray Ilaahay.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.freeweb.hu/etymological/AEDweb.htm |date=2002 |title=Andras Rajki's A. E. D. (Arabic Etymological Dictionary) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208204654/http://www.freeweb.hu/etymological/AEDweb.htm |archive-date=8 December 2011 |access-date=13 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Cohen-Mor|2001|p=4}}: "The idea of predestination is reinforced by the frequent mention of events 'being written' or 'being in a book' before they happen": Say: "Nothing will happen to us except what Allah has decreed for us..."</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Karamustafa |first=Ahmet T. |c=Fate |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}: The verb ''qadara'' literally means "to measure, to determine". Here it is used to mean that "God measures and orders his creation".</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Gardet|first=L.|year=2012|c=al-Ḳaḍāʾ Wa 'l-Ḳadar |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0407}}</ref> [[Mu'tazilism|Mu'tasiladu]] iyo qaar ka mid ah Shiicada Muslimiinta ah ma rumeysna fikraddan.<ref>[[#AGI1978|Guillaume, ''Islam'', 1978]]: p.131-2</ref><ref>[[#AGI1978|Guillaume, ''Islam'', 1978]]: p.132</ref><ref>''Need of Religion'', by Sayyid [[Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi]], p. 14.</ref><ref>''Muslims'', by S. H. M. Rizvi, Shibani Roy, B. B. Dutta, p. 20.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shirazi |first1=Naser Makarem |title=The Justice of God |publisher=Al-Islam.org |url=https://www.al-islam.org/justice-god-naser-makarem-shirazi/issue-predestination-and-free-will |access-date=14 June 2022 |chapter=The Issue of Predestination and Free Will|date=12 May 2015 }}</ref><ref>''Islamic Beliefs, Practices, and Cultures'', by Marshall Cavendish Corporation, p. 137.</ref> Badanaa, rumaysashadan masiirka ilaahay waxaa lagu muujiyaa erayga ''[[Inshallah]]'', ({{langx|ar|إن شاء الله}}, {{transliteration|ar|haddii Alle jiro}}) marka laga hadlayo dhacdooyinka mustaqbalka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Muslim beliefs – Al-Qadr |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z43pfcw/revision/4 |access-date=13 November 2020 |publisher=BBC |work=Bitesize – GCSE – Edexcel |archive-date=15 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115112558/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z43pfcw/revision/4 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Ficilada cibaadada == {{Main|Five Pillars of Islam|Ibadah}} Waxaa jira shan ficil oo cibaado ah oo loo arko inay yihiin [[fard|waajibaad]]–Shahaadada, salaadaha shanta ah ee maalinlaha ah, [[Zakat|sakada]], [[fasting during Ramadan|soonta bisha Ramadaan]], iyo xajka [[Hajj|Hajka]]—oo si wadajir ah loogu yaqaano "Tiirarka Islaamka" (''Arkān al-Islām''). Intaa waxaa dheer, Muslimiintu waxay sidoo kale sameeyaan ficilo kale oo ikhtiyaari ah oo dhiirrigel leh laakiin aan loo arkin inay yihiin waajibaad.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=ZAROUG|first=ABDULLAHI HASSAN|date=1985|title=THE CONCEPT OF PERMISSION, SUPEREROGATORY ACTS AND ASETICISM &#91;sic&#93; IN ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20847307|journal=Islamic Studies|volume=24|issue=2|pages=167–180|jstor=20847307|issn=0578-8072|access-date=7 January 2023|archive-date=7 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207140013/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20847307|url-status=live}}</ref> === Shahaadada === [[File:Silver Rupee Akbar.jpg|thumb|right|Lacag qalinkii qarnigii 16-aad ee [[Akbar|Akbarkii Weyn]], Boqorkii [[Mughal Empire|Mugalka]], [[India]], oo lagu qoray [[Shahada|Shahaadada]].]] {{Main|Shahada}} [[shahada]]h{{sfnp|Nasr|2003|pp=3, 39, 85, 270–272}} waa [[oath|dhaar]] lagu caddaynayo rumaysashada Islaamka. Qoraalka la ballaariyay waa "{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʾašhadu ʾal-lā ʾilāha ʾillā-llāhu wa ʾašhadu ʾanna muħammadan rasūlu-llāh}}" ({{langx|ar|أشهد أن لا إله إلا الله وأشهد أن محمداً رسول الله|label=none}}), ama, "Waxaan qirayaa inuusan jirin [[deity|ilaah]] aan ahayn [[God in Islam|Ilaahay]] waxaanuna qirayaa in Maxamed yahay rasuulkii Ilaahay."<ref name="Mohammad-1985">{{cite journal |last=Mohammad |first=Noor |date=1985 |title=The Doctrine of Jihad: An Introduction |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-law-and-religion_1985_3_2/page/381 |journal=[[Journal of Law and Religion]] |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=381–397 |doi=10.2307/1051034 |jstor=1051034 |publisher=Journal of Law and Religion, Inc. |language=en}}</ref> Islaamka waxaa mararka qaarkood lagu doodaa inuu leeyahay caqiido aad u fudud iyadoo shahaadadu ay tahay saldhigga diinta ka hartay. Aan-Muslimiinta raba inay [[Conversion to Islam|soo islaamaan]] waxaa looga baahan yahay inay ku dhawaaqaan shahaadada hortooda markhaatiyaal.<ref>{{harvc |last=Kasim |first=Husain |year=2004 |c=Islam |pp=195–197 |in=Salamone}}</ref><ref name="Galonnier-2021">{{cite book |last=Galonnier |first=Juliette |editor-last=van Nieuwkerk |editor-first=Karin |title=Moving In and Out of Islam |chapter=Moving In or Moving Toward? Reconceptualizing Conversion to Islam as a Liminal Process |location=New York |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2021 |pages=44–66 |doi=10.7560/317471-003 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7560/317471-003/html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023001/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7560/317471-003/html |archive-date=2023-12-28 |language=en}}</ref> === Salaadda === [[File:Prayer in Cairo 1865.jpg|thumb|[[Muslims|Muslimiin]] tukanaya ([[salah]]) gudaha [[Egypt]] waxaa alifay [[Jean-Léon Gérôme]], 1865.]] {{Main|Salah}} {{See also|Mosque|Jumu'ah}} Salaadda Islaamka waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[salah|as-salaad]] ({{langx|ar|الصلاة|link=no}}), ama erayga [[Persian language|Faarisiga]] ee ah "Namaz." Waxaa loo arkaa xiriir shakhsi ah oo lala leeyahay Ilaahay, waxayna ka kooban tahay ku celcelinta qaybo la yiraahdo [[rakat|rakco]] oo ay ku jiraan [[Ruku|rukooc]] iyo [[Sujud|sujuud]] loo sujuudayo Ilaahay. Waxaa jira shan salaadood oo la cayimay maalintii oo dhan kuwaas oo loo arko waajibaad. Salaadaha waxaa lagu akhriyaa luqadda Carabiga waxaana lagu fuliyaa [[Qibla|dhanka]] [[Kaaba|Kacbada]]. Ficilku sidoo kale wuxuu u baahan yahay xaalad nadiif ah oo diimeed oo lagu gaaro hababka [[wudu|weysada]] ama, xaaladaha qaarkood, qubays buuxa oo [[ghusl|qubays ah]].<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=18, 19}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Hedayetullah|2006|pp=53–55}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Kobeisy|2004|pp=22–34}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Momen|1987|p=178}}</ref> [[mosque|Masaajidka]], oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano masjid ama namazgah, waa [[places of worship|goob cibaado]] oo loogu talagalay Muslimiinta. Inkasta oo ujeeddada ugu weyn ee masaajidku ay tahay inuu u adeego meel salaadeed, sidoo kale waa xarun bulsho oo muhiim u ah [[ummah|bulshada Muslimka ah]]. Tusaale ahaan, [[Prophet's Mosque|Masjidka Nabiga]] ee [[Medina|Madiina]], wuxuu sidoo kale u adeegi jiray hoy ay degaan dadka saboolka ah.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Mattson |first=Ingrid |year=2006 |title=Women, Islam, and Mosques |pages=615–629 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America |series=Volume 2, Part VII. Islam |editor1=R. S. Keller |name-list-style=and |editor2=R. R. Ruether |place=Bloomington and Indianapolis |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |isbn=978-0-253-34687-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC&pg=PA615 |access-date=2 October 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023019/https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC&pg=PA615#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Minaret|Minaarooyinku]] waa munaarooyin loo isticmaalo in lagu yeero [[adhan|aanka]], kaas oo ah yeedhid afka ah oo lagu calaamadinayo waqtiga salaadda.<ref name="Pedersen-Masjid-2010">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Pedersen |first1=Johannes |last2=Hillenbrand |first2=Robert |last3=Burton-Page |first3=John |author-link3=John Burton-Page |title=Masd̲j̲id |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam |edition=2nd |location=Leiden |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2010 |doi=10.1163/9789004206106_eifo_COM_0694 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/mosque |title=Mosque |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928065350/https://www.britannica.com/topic/mosque |url-status=live }}</ref> === Sakada === [[File:Slot at the Zaouia Moulay Idriss II 1.jpg|thumb|Meel lagu bixiyo sakada oo ku taal [[Zawiya of Moulay Idris II]] ee [[Fez, Morocco]].]] {{Main|Zakat}} {{See also|Sadaqah}} [[Zakat|Sakada]] ([[Arabic language|Carabi]]: {{langx|ar|زكاة|translit=zakāh|label=none}}), waa nooc ka mid ah [[Alms|Sadaqada]] oo lagu garto bixinta qayb go'an (2.5% sanadkii)<ref name="Ahmed-Gianci-2005">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Ahmed |first1=Medani |last2=Gianci |first2=Sebastian |title=Zakat |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Taxation and Tax Policy |editor1-last=Cordes |editor1-first=Joseph J. |editor2-last=Ebel |editor2-first=Robert D. |editor3-last=Gravelle |editor3-first=Jane |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Urban Institute Press |year=2005 |page=479 |isbn=978-0877667520 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m66_BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA479 |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026}}</ref> ee [[Financial capital|hantida la ururiyay]] ay bixiyaan kuwa awoodda u leh si ay u caawiyaan dadka saboolka ah ama baahan, sida xoraynta maxaabiista, kuwa [[bonded labor|dayn ku jira]], ama safarka ku ah, iyo kuwa loo shaqaaleysiiyo ururinta sakada. Waxay u shaqaysaa sidii nooc ka mid ah [[welfare spending|gar-gaar bulsheed]] oo ka jira bulshooyinka Muslimka ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ariff |first=Mohamed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NP4ZL0TJ9s4C&pg=PA55 |title=The Islamic Voluntary Sector in Southeast Asia: Islam and the Economic Development of Southeast Asia |publisher=[[Institute of Southeast Asian Studies]] |year=1991 |isbn=978-981-3016-07-1 |pages=55– |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023007/https://books.google.com/books?id=NP4ZL0TJ9s4C&&pg=PA55 |url-status=live }}</ref> Waxaa loo arkaa waajibaad diimeed oo ay dadka ladani ku leeyihiin kuwa baahan sababtoo ah hantidooda waxaa loo arkaa ammaan ka timid nimcada Ilaahay,<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2010|p=109–110}}: This is not regarded as charity because it is not really voluntary but instead is owed, by those who have received their wealth as a trust from God's bounty, to the poor.</ref> waxaana loo arkaa daahirinta hantida dheeraadka ah ee qofka.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = RoutledgeCurzon| isbn = 9780415297967| title =Major World Religions: From Their Origins to the Present.| location = United Kingdom| year = 2003| last=Ridgeon| first=Lloyd| url = | page = 258|quote=Aside from its function of purifying believers' wealth, the payment of zakat may have contributed in no small way to the economic welfare of the Muslim community in Mecca.}}</ref> Wadarta guud ee sanadlaha ah ee lagu bixiyo sakada ayaa ah 15 jeer ka badan deeqaha gargaarka bini'aadamnimada ee adduunka, iyadoo la adeegsanayo qiyaaso taxaddar leh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 June 2012 |title=A faith-based aid revolution in the Muslim world |work=[[The New Humanitarian]] |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/95564/analysis-faith-based-aid-revolution-muslim-world |access-date=27 August 2023 |archive-date=14 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114014900/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/95564/analysis-faith-based-aid-revolution-muslim-world |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sadaqah|Sadaqadu]], si ka duwan Sakada, waa sadaqo ikhtiyaari ah oo aad loo dhiirrigeliyo.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Said |first=Abdul Aziz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4bs7g0O4eLYC&pg=PA145 |title=Contemporary Islam: Dynamic, Not Static |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-77011-8 |page=145 |display-authors=etal |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023121/https://books.google.com/books?id=4bs7g0O4eLYC&pg=PA145 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnp|Stefon|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef/page/72 72]}} [[Waqf|Waaqfeku]] waa [[charitable trust|kalsooni samafal]] oo joogto ah, taas oo maalgelisa isbitaallada iyo dugsiyada bulshooyinka Muslimka ah.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hudson |first=A. |title=Equity and Trusts |year=2003 |edition=3rd |page=32 |location=London |publisher=Cavendish Publishing |isbn=1-85941-729-9}}</ref> === Soonta === [[File:Iftar for Ramadhan.jpg|thumb|Munaasabadda afurka, oo loo yaqaan ''[[Iftar]]'', waxaa dhaqan ahaan lagu bixiyaa [[date (fruits)|timir]].]] {{Main|Fasting in Islam}} {{See also|Fasting during Ramadan}} Islaamka dhexdiisa, soonta ([[Arabic language|Carabi]]: {{langx|ar|صوم|translit=ṣawm|label=none}}) waxay mamnuucaysaa cuntada iyo cabitaanka, iyo sidoo kale noocyada kale ee isticmaalka, sida [[Smoking in Islam|sigaar-cabista]], waxaana la fuliyaa laga bilaabo waaberiga ilaa qorrax-dhaca. Inta lagu jiro bisha [[Ramadan]], waxaa loo arkaa waajibaad saaran Muslimiinta inay soomaan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramadan |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramadan |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009215438/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramadan |url-status=live }}</ref> Soontu waxay dhiirrigelisaa dareen u dhowaanshaha Ilaahay iyadoo qofku is celinayo dartii Ilaahay wixii kale ee bannaan iyo in laga fikiro kuwa baahan. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa jira maalmo kale, sida [[Day of Arafah|Maalinta Carafo]], marka soontu ay tahay ikhtiyaari.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher =Tughra Books | isbn = 9781597846110| title = Fasting In Islam And The Month Of Ramadan| location = United States| year =2006 | last=Ramadanali| url = |page=51 | quote = }}</ref> === Xajka === {{Main|Hajj|Umrah}} {{See also|Holiest sites in Islam}} [[File:A packed house - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|thumb|Xujeyda intii lagu jiray xilli [[Hajj|Hajka]] ee [[Masjid al-Haram]] ee [[Mecca|Makka]], [[Saudi Arabia|Sacuudi Carabiya]], [[Holiest sites in islam|goobta Islaamka ee ugu barakeysan]].]] [[pilgrimage|Xajka]] Islaamka, ee loo yaqaan {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ḥajj}} ({{langx|ar|حج|link=no}}), waa in la qabtaa ugu yaraan hal mar nolosha qof kasta oo Muslim ah oo awood u leh inta lagu jiro [[Islamic calendar|bisha Islaamka]] ee [[Dhu al-Hijjah]]. Caadooyinka Hajku waxay inta badan ku daydaan sheekada qoyska [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naik |first=Dr Zakir |author-link=Zakir Naik |date=7 January 2025 |title=What Are the Pillars of Islam? |url=https://islampidia.org/en/what-are-the-pillars-of-islam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115054332/https://islampidia.org/en/what-are-the-pillars-of-islam/ |archive-date=2025-11-15 |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Islampidia |language=en-AU}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Five Pillars of Islam |url=https://localhost:5000/learn/educators/curriculum-resources/art-of-the-islamic-world/unit-one/the-five-pillars-of-islam |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026}}</ref> [[Mecca|Makka]], xujeydu waxay toddobo jeer ku wareegaan [[Kaaba|Kacbada]], oo ay Muslimiintu rumeysan yihiin inuu dhisay Ibraahim meel cibaado ah, waxayna toddobo jeer u dhexeeyaan buuraha [[Safa and Marwa|Safa iyo Marwa]], iyagoo xusuusanaya tallaabooyinkii xaaska Ibraahim, [[Hagar]], oo u raadinaysay biyo ilmahaheedii [[Ishmael in Islam|Ismaaciil]] ee lamadegaanka ka hor intaan Makka is rogay degmo.<ref>{{harvp|Goldschmidt|Davidson|2005|p=48}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Farah|1994|pp=145–147}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Hajj |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> Xajku sidoo kale wuxuu ku lug leeyahay in la qaato maalin duco iyo cibaado ah oo ka dhacda bannaanada [[Mount Arafat|Carafo]] iyo sidoo kale [[Stoning_of_the_Devil|tuurista shaydaanka]] si calaamadaysan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F.E. |title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians |date=2009 |isbn=978-1-4008-2548-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HYJ2c9E9IM8C&pg=PA19 |page=20 |publisher=Princeton University Press |access-date=7 October 2014 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023112/https://books.google.com/books?id=HYJ2c9E9IM8C&pg=PA19#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Dhammaan ragga Muslimiinta ah waxay xidhaan laba maro oo cad oo fudud oo aan tol lahayn oo loo yaqaan [[Ihram clothing|ixraam]], kuwaas oo loogu talagalay inay keenaan isku xirnaan jiilal iyo sinnaan ka dhexaysa xujeyda inkasta oo ay jiraan fasal ama asal.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cornell |first=Vincent J. |title=Voices of Islam: Voices of tradition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g5LNUS0ciAAC&pg=PA29 |access-date=26 August 2012 |year=2007 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-98733-6 |page=29}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Glassé|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC&pg=PA207 207]}}</ref> Nooc kale oo xaj ah, [[Umrah|Umrada]], waa ikhtiyaari waxaana la qaban karaa wakhti kasta oo sanadka ka mid ah. Goobaha kale ee xajka Islaamka waa [[Medina|Madiina]], halkaas oo Maxamed uu ku geeriyooday, iyo sidoo kale [[Jerusalem|Quddus]], oo ah magaalo ay ku yaalliin nabiyo badan oo Islaam ah waana goobta [[Al-Aqsa|Al-Aqsa]], taas oo ahayd jihadii salaadda ka hor Makka.<ref>{{cite book|author=Michigan Consortium for Medieval and Early Modern Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p44kAQAAMAAJ|title=The Meeting of Two Worlds: Cultural Exchange Between East and West During the Period of the Crusades|publisher=Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University|year=1986|isbn=0918720583|editor1=Goss, V. P.|volume=21|page=208|editor2=Bornstein, C. V.|access-date=15 January 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023032/https://books.google.com/books?id=p44kAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Trofimov-2008">{{cite book |last=Trofimov |first=Yaroslav |author-link=Yaroslav Trofimov |title=The Siege of Mecca: The 1979 Uprising at Islam's Holiest Shrine |location=New York |publisher=[[Knopf]] |date=2008 |page=79 |isbn=978-0-307-47290-8 |language=en}}</ref> === Ficilada cibaadada ee kale === {{See also|Quran#Recitation|Dua|Dhikr}} [[File:Men reading the Koran in Umayyad Mosque, Damascus, Syria.jpg|thumb|Rag Muslimiin ah oo akhrinaya Quraanka gudaha [[Umayyad Mosque|Masjidka Umawiyiinta]] ee [[Damascus]], [[Syria]].]] Muslimiintu waxay akhriyaan oo xifdiyaan Quraanka oo dhan ama qaybo ka mid ah si ay u noqdaan camal wanaagsan. [[Tajwid|Tajwiidku]] wuxuu tilmaamayaa xeerar taxane ah oo loogu talagalay [[elocution|akhriska saxda ah]] ee Quraanka.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = | isbn = | title = Foundation of Tajweed| location = | year = 2013|edition=2| last=Aboo Yahyaa| url = | page = 1 | quote = }}</ref> Muslimiin badan ayaa akhriya Quraanka oo dhan inta lagu jiro bisha Ramadaan.{{sfnp|Stefon|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef/page/42 42–43]}} Qofka xifdiyay Quraanka oo dhan waxaa loo yaqaanaa Xaafid ("xifdiyey"), xadiisyaduna waxay xusayaan in shakhsiyaadkani ay awood u yeelan doonaan inay shafeecaan dadka kale Maalinta Qiyaamaha.{{sfnp|Nigosian|2004|p=[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=my7hnALd_NkC|page=70}} 70]}} Baryada Ilaahay, oo Carabiga lagu yiraahdo {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|duʿāʾ}} ({{langx|ar|دعاء}}&nbsp;{{IPA|ar|dʊˈʕæːʔ|IPA}}) waxay leedahay anshaxeedii gaarka ahaa sida [[Raising hands in dua|gacmaha oo la taago]] sidii iyadoo la baryayo.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Brill| isbn = 9789004335523| title = The Quṣṣāṣ of Early Islam| location = Netherlands| year = 2016| last=Armstrong| first=Lyall| url = | page = 184| quote = }}</ref> Xuska Ilaahay ({{langx|ar|ذكر|translit=Dhikr'|label=none}}) wuxuu tilmaamayaa erayada lagu celceliyo ee tixraacaya Ilaahay. Sida caadiga ah, tan waxaa ka mid ah Tahmiid, oo lagu dhawaaqayo [[Alhamdulillah|ammaan oo dhan waxaa leh Ilaahay]] ({{langx|ar|الحمد لله|translit=al-Ḥamdu lillāh|label=none}}) inta lagu jiro salaadda ama marka la dareemayo mahadnaq, [[Tasbih|Tasbiix]], oo lagu dhawaaqayo weyneynta Ilaahay inta lagu jiro salaadda ama marka la cajabo shay oo la dhaho '[[Basmala|bismillaah]]' ka hor intaan la bilaabin ficil sida cuntada.<ref>{{Cite web|title=alhamdulillah |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/alhamdulillah|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227042540/https://www.lexico.com/definition/alhamdulillah|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 27, 2020|access-date=2021-10-16|website=Lexico}}</ref> == Taariikhda == {{Main|Taariikhda Islaamka}} {{For timeline|Timeline of the history of Islam}} {{See also|List of Muslim empires and dynasties}}{{multiple image | align = center | direction = horizontal | total_width = 600 | image1 = Masjid Nabawi The Prophet's Mosque, Madina.jpg | image2 = Jerusalem DomeoftheRock J65 (cropped).JPG | footer = Bidix: [[Prophet's Mosque|Masjidka Nabiga]] ee [[Medina|Madiina]], Sacuudi Carabiya, waa [[holiest sites in islam|goobta labaad ee ugu barakeysan]] ee Islaamka. Maxamed laftiisa ayaa ku lug lahaa dhismaha masjidka, iyo [[Green Dome|Qubbadiisa Cagaaran]] waa halka lagu aasay. Midig: [[Al-Aqsa|Dhismaha Masjidka Al-Aqsa]] ee [[Jerusalem|Quddus]] waa goobta saddexaad ee ugu barakeysan ee Islaamka, halkaas oo Maxamed uu uga kacay samada intii uu socday [[Isra' and Mi'raj|Isra' iyo Mi'raaj]]. Goobtu waxay ahayd jihadii hore ee salaadda ([[qibla]]), halkaas oo Muslimiintu ay horay ugu tukan jireen ka hor intaan jihada loo beddelin [[Kaaba|Kacbada]] ee [[Mecca|Makka]] ka dib waxyi soo gaaray Maxamed. | caption1 = | caption2 = }} === Maxamed iyo bilowgii Islaamka (570–632) === {{Main|Muhammad|Muhammad in Islam}} {{for timeline|Timeline of early Islamic history}} {{Further|Muhammad in Mecca|Early social changes under Islam|First Islamic state}} [[File:Hira_Cave.jpg|thumb|[[Jabal al-Nour]] u dhow [[Mecca|Makka]], halkaas oo Maxamed uu ka helay [[Muhammad's first revelation|waxyigiisii ugu horreeyay]] ee ku jiray godka Xira.]] Sida ku xusan dhaqanka Islaamka, Maxamed wuxuu ku dhashay [[Mecca|Makka]] sannadkii 570 [[Common Era|C.D.]] wuxuuna noqday agoon caruurnimadiisii. Isagoo ku koray ganacsade ahaan, wuxuu noqday mid loo yaqaan "[[Amin (name)|amin (mid la isku halayn karo)]]" ({{langx|ar|الامين}}) waxaana la doonayay inuu noqdo garsoore dhexdhexaad ah. Intuu ka dib guursaday shaqaalihiisii, haweeneydii ganacsatada ahayd ee [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadiija]].{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=6}} Sannadkii 610 C.D., isagoo dhibsaday hoos u dhaca akhlaaqda iyo shirkiga ka jiray Makka isla markaana raadinaya gooni-isu-taag iyo fikir ruuxi ah, Maxamed wuxuu u baxay Godka Xira ee buurta [[Jabal al-Nour]], oo u dhow Makka. Wuxuu ahaa intii uu ku sugnaa godka halkaas oo la sheegay inuu [[Muhammad's first revelation|helay waxyigii ugu horreeyay]] ee [[Quran|Quraanka]] oo uga yimid malaa'igta [[Gabriel|Jibriil]].<ref name="610CE" /> Dhacdadii bixitaankii Maxamed ee godka iyo waxyigii xigay waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[Night of Power|Leylatul Qadr]] waxaana loo arkaa dhacdo muhiim ah taariikhda Islaamka. Intii lagu guda jiray 22-kii sano ee ka dambeeyay nolosha, laga bilaabo da'da 40 wixii ka dambeeyay, Maxamed wuxuu sii waday helitaanka waxyiga Ilaahay, isagoo noqday kii ugu dambeeyay ama [[Seal of the prophets|nabigii ugu dambeeyay]] ee loo diray bini'aadamka.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Muhammad |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> [[File:Siyer-i_Nebi_151b.jpg|thumb|Maxamed oo la muujiyay waji daboolan oo jooga [[Kaaba|Kacbada]] laga soo qaatay [[Siyer-i Nebi]], {{Circa|1595}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ottomans : religious painting |url=http://www.ee.bilkent.edu.tr/~history/ottoman33.html |access-date=1 May 2016}}</ref>]] Inta lagu jiro xilligan, [[Muhammad in Mecca|halka uu joogay Makka, Maxamed]] wuxuu ku wacdiyay marka hore si qarsoodi ah ka dibna si cad, isagoo ka baryaya dhegaystayaashiisa inay ka tagaan [[Arab polytheism|shirkiga]] oo ay caabudaan hal Ilaah. Qaar ka mid ah [[Early Muslims|Muslimiintii ugu horreysay ee soo islaamtay]] waxay ahaayeen dumar, saboolka, ajaanibta, iyo addoommada sida mu'adinkii ugu horreeyay [[Bilal ibn Rabah|Bilaal bin Rabaax]].<ref>Rabah, Bilal B. ''[[Encyclopedia of Islam]].''</ref> Dadka waaweyn ee Makka waxay dareemeen in Maxamed uu [[Early social changes under Islam|khalday nidaamkooda bulsho]] isagoo ka wacdiyaya hal Ilaah oo siinaya fikrado laga shakiyo saboolka iyo addoommada sababtoo ah waxay faa'iida ka helayeen xajka sanamyada Kacbada.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ünal |first=Ali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DyuqdDIjaswC&pg=PA1323 |title=The Qurʼan with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English |publisher=Tughra Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-59784-000-2 |pages=1323– |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024048/https://books.google.com/books?id=DyuqdDIjaswC&pg=PA1323#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|p=36}}</ref> Ka dib 12 sano oo ah [[Persecution of Muslims by Meccans|dhibaataynta Muslimiinta ay u geysanayeen dadkii Makka]], Maxamed iyo [[Companions of the Prophet|sahabbadiisii]] waxay sameeyeen [[Hegira|Hijradii]] 622 ee magaalada Yathrib (magaalada Madiina ee maanta). Wuxuu halkaas ka Aasaasay [[First Islamic state|Dowladdii Islaamiga ahayd ee ugu horreysay]] oo ay la socdaan Muslimiintii Madiina (''[[Ansar (Islam)|Ansaarta]]'') iyo muhaajiriintii Makka (''[[Muhajirun|Muhaajiriinta]]''). [[Constitution of Medina|Dastuurkii Madiina]] waxaa saxiixay dhammaan qabiilooyinkii Madiina. Tani waxay aasaastay xorriyadda diinta iyo xorriyadda isticmaalka sharcigooda u gaarka ah ee ka dhex jiray bulshooyinka Muslimka ah iyo kuwa aan Muslimka ahayn hammi ah in Madiina laga difaaco khataraha dibadda.{{sfnp|Serjeant|1978|p=4}} Ciidamadii Makka iyo xulafadoodii waxay guuldarro ka soo gaartay Muslimiinta [[Battle of Badr|Dagaalkii Badar]] 624 ka dibna waxay dagaalameen dagaal aan la isla ogayn oo ka dhacay [[Battle of Uhud|Dagaalkii Uxud]]<ref>{{Citation |last=Peter Crawford |title=The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-oHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |page=83 |publisher=Pen & Sword Books Limited |isbn=9781473828650 |date=2013-07-16 |access-date=5 August 2022 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023957/https://books.google.com/books?id=d-oHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |url-status=live }}.</ref> ka hor intaanay ku guuldarraysan inay hareereeyaan Madiina [[Battle of the Trench|Dagaalkii Khandaq]] (Maarso–Abriil 627). Sannadkii 628, [[Treaty of al-Hudaybiya|Heshiiskii Xudeybiya]] ayaa la kala saxiixday Makka iyo Muslimiinta, laakiin waxaajabiyay Makka laba sano ka dib. Markii qabiilo badan ay islaameen, jidadkii ganacsiga ee Makka waxaa gooyay Muslimiinta.<ref>{{harvp|Peters|2003|pp=78–79, 194}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|pp=23–28}}</ref> Markaatay ahayd 629 Maxamed wuxuu ku guuleystay [[conquest of Mecca|furashadii Makka]] ee aan dhiiggu ku daadan, iyo waqtigii uu geeriyooday 632 (da'da 62) wuxuu midaysiiyay qabiilooyinkii Carabta]] hal qaran oo diimeed. === Islaamkii Hore (632–750) === {{Further|Succession to Muhammad|Early Muslim conquests}} {{See also|Ghadir Khumm|Saqifa|Canonization of Islamic scripture}} [[File:Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg|thumb|Expansion of the Caliphate{{legend|#a1584e|Muhammad, 622–632}}{{legend|#ef9070|Khulafo Al-Raashidiin, 632–661}}{{legend|#fad07d|Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750}}]] Nabi Maxamed wuxuu geeriyooday sanadkii 632 waxaana khulafadii ugu horreysay ee loo yaqaan Khulafo – Abu Bakr, Cumar, Cuthmaan, Cali iyo marmar Xasan bin Cali<ref>{{Cite book| last1 = Melchert| first1 = Christopher| date = 2020| contribution = The Rightly Guided Caliphs: The Range of Views Preserved in Ḥadīth| editor1-last = al-Sarhan| editor1-first = Saud| title = Political Quietism in Islam: Sunni and Shi'i Practice and Thought| location = London and New York| publisher = I.B. Tauris| isbn = 978-1-83860-765-4| pages = 70–71| contribution-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=96TDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA63| access-date = 17 February 2022| url-status = live}}</ref> – looga yaqaan Islaamka Sunniga ah ''al-khulafā' ar-rāshidūn'' ("Khulafadii Hagaysa").{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=40}} Qaar kamid ah qabiilooyinka ayaa Islaamka ka tagay oo ka inkiiray madax sheegtay in ay yihiin nebiyo cusub balse Abu Bakr wuxuu ku jebiyey dagaalladii Riddada.<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|p=57}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Hourani|2002|p=22}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=32}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Madelung|1996|p=43}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Ṭabāṭabāʼī|1979|pp=30–50}}</ref> Bulshooyinka maxalliga ah ee Yuhuudda iyo Nasaarada asaliga ah, ee loo haystay dad laga tirada badan yahay oo diinaysan loona culeysiyay canshuuraha, ayaa inta badan ka caawiyey Muslimiinta inay qabsadaan dhulkooda,{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=38}} taasoo keentay in khilaafaddu ay si degdeg ah ugu ballaarato boqortooyooyinkii Saasaniyiinta iyo Biisantiinta.<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|p=74}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=J. Kuiper |first=Matthew |title=Da'wa: A Global History of Islamic Missionary Thought and Practice |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2021 |isbn=9781351510721 |page=85}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lapidus |first=Ira M. |title=A History of Islamic Societies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-521-51430-9 |pages=60–61 |author-link=Ira M. Lapidus}}</ref> Cuthmaan waxaa la doortay 644 waxaana dilkiisii uu kiciyey in Cali loo doorto Khaliifkii xigay. Dagaalkii Sifeyn ee Koowaad, xaaskii Nebiga, Caashaa, waxay soo saartay ciidan ka soo horjeeda Cali, iyada oo isku dayaysa inay u aarto dhimashadii Cuthmaan, balse waa lagu jabiyey Dagaalkii Geela. Cali wuxuu isku dayay inuu xilka ka qaado guddoomiyihii Suuriya, Mucaawiya, kaas oo loo arkayay musuqmaasuq. Mucaawiya ayaa markaas dagaal ku dhawaaqay Cali waana lagu jabiyey Dagaalkii Sifeyn. Go'aanka Cali ee ahaa inuu dhex-dhexaadin sameeyo ayaa ka caraysiiyey Khawaarijta, oo ahayd koox xagjir ah, kuwaas oo qabay in aan la dagaallamin qof dembiile ah awgeed, Cali uu isna noqday dembiile. Khawaarijtu way caasiyoobeen waxaana lagu jebiyey Dagaalkii Nahrawan balse nin Khawaariji ah ayaa gadaal ka dilay Cali. Wiilkiii Cali, Xasan bin Cali, ayaa loo doortay Khaliif wuxuuna saxiixay heshiis nabadeed si looga fogaado dagaal kale, isaga oo xilka uga degay Mucaawiya si uusan Mucaawiya u soo magacaabin qof beddela.{{sfnp|Holt|Lewis|1977|pp=67–72}} [[File:Almuñécar, statue of Abd al-Rahman I.jpg|thumb|Taallo ay leedahay Cabduraxmaan I oo ku taal Almuñécar, Isbayn. Islaamku wuxuu gaaray Galbeedka Yurub 711 AD, markii Ṭariiq bin Siyaad uu galay Jasiiradda Iberia. Sanadkii 756, Cabduraxmaan wuxuu aasaasay Imaaradda Cordoba, isagoo ka aasaasay dowlad Islaami ah oo madaxbannaan al-Andalus.]] Mucaawiya wuxuu bilaabay Saldanaddii Umawiyiinta isagoo u magacaabay wiilkiisii Yaziid inay isku xigaan, taasoo dhalisay Dagaalkii Sifeyn ee Labaad. Intii uu socday Dagaalkii Karbala, Xuseen bin Cali, wiilka labaad ee Cali iyo awowgii nebiga, waxaa si arxan darro ah u dilay ciidamadii Yaziid; dhacdadii waxaa sannad walba xusaa Muslimiinta Shiicada ah ilaa maanta. Sunniga, oo uu hoggaaminayo Ibn al-Zubayr oo kasoo horjeeda khilaafad dhaxal ah, ayaa lagaga adkaaday Go'doomintii Makka. Khilaafyadan hoggaanka ayaa keenay inuu dhasho khilaafka Sunni-Shiicada,{{sfnp|Waines|2003|p=46}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harney |first=John |date=3 January 2016 |title=How Do Sunni and Shia Islam Differ? |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/04/world/middleeast/q-and-a-how-do-sunni-and-shia-islam-differ.html |access-date=4 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyadoo Shiicadu ay aaminsan tahay in hoggaanku uu leeyahay qoyskii Nebiga (Ahl al-bayt).{{sfnp|Waines|2003|p=46}} Hoggaankii Abu Bakr wuxuu kormeeray bilowgii ururinta Qur'aanka. Khaliifkii Cumar bin Cabdicasiis wuxuu dhisay guddigii, Todobadii Fuqaha ee Madiina,{{sfnp|Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar Ibn Kathīr|2012|p=505}}<ref>''Umar Ibn Abdul Aziz'' By Imam Abu Muhammad Abdullah ibn Abdul Hakam died 214 AH 829 C.E. Publisher Zam Zam Publishers Karachi, pp. 54–59</ref> waxaana Malik bin Anas uu qoray mid ka mid ah buugagii ugu horreeyay ee ku saabsan fiiqhiga Islaamka, ''Muwatta'', oo ahayd is-afgarad ku saabsan aragtida culimadaas.{{sfnp|Coulson|1964|p=103}}<ref>{{Cite book |editor-last1=Houtsma |editor-first1=M.T. |editor-last2=Wensinck |editor-first2=A.J. |editor-last3=Lévi-Provençal |editor-first3=E. |editor-last4=Gibb |editor-first4=H.A.R. |editor-last5=Heffening |editor-first5=W. |series=Volume V: L—Moriscos |title=E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936 |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=1993 |edition=reprint |isbn=978-90-04-09791-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Va6oSxzojzoC |pages=207– |access-date=19 September 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor=Moshe Sharon |title=Studies in Islamic History and Civilization: In Honour of Professor David Ayalon |year=1986 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789652640147 |page=264 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0_wUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA264 |access-date=20 June 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Khawaarijtu waxay aaminsanaayeen in uusan jirin dhexdhexaad la tanaasuli karo oo u dhexeeya wanaagga iyo xumaanta, iyo in muslim kasta oo gala dembi weyn uu noqonayo gaal. Erayga "Khawaarij" waxaa sidoo kale loo adeegsaday in lagu tilmaamo ISIS.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mamouri|first=Ali|date=8 January 2015|title=Who are the Kharijites and what do they have to do with IS?|work=Al-monitor|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2015/01/islamic-state-kjarijites-continuation.html|access-date=6 March 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Murji'ah waxay barayeen in dadka toosan lagu xukumi karo Eebbe kaligii. Sidaa darteed, dembiilayaasha waxaa loo arki karaa inay marin habaabeen, laakiin aan lagu tilmaamin gaalo.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|p=43}} Dabeecaddan ayaa timid inay ku guulaysato caqiidada Islaamka ee ugu weyn.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}}[[File:BalianofIbelin1490.jpg|thumb|Saliibiyiinta oo ku wareejinaya Qudus Muslimiinta sanadkii 1187 AD.]] Saldanaddii Umawiyiintu waxay qabsatay Maqrib, Jasiiradda Iberia, Gallia Narbonensis iyo Sindh.<ref>{{cite book |first=Donald |last=Puchala |title=Theory and History in International Relations |page=137 |publisher=Routledge |year=2003}}</ref> Duullaamadii Islaamka ee hore waxaa lagu tilmaamay imperialism Islaami ah.<ref name="n050">{{cite journal | last=Wright | first=Craig S | title=Arab Colonialism and the Roots of the Golden Age of Islam | journal=SSRN Electronic Journal | date=2022 | issn=1556-5068 | doi=10.2139/ssrn.4020040 | url=https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4020040 | access-date=2026-04-24 | page=}}</ref> Umawiyiintu waxay la halgamayeen l'aynaansho sharci ah waxayna ku tiirsanaayeen ciidan aad loo taageero.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=45}} Maaddaama canshuurta Jizya ay ahayd canshuur ay bixiyaan kuwa aan muslimka ahayn oo ka reebayay adeegga ciidanka, Umawiyiintu waxay diideen inay aqoonsadaan islaam-gelitaanka kuwa aan Carabta ahayn, maadaama ay yaraynaysay dakhliga.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}} Iyadoo Khilaafadii Raashidiintu ay adkaysay adduunyo la'aanta, iyadoo Cumar uu xitaa dalbanayo in la tiriyo hantida sarkaal kasta,<ref>{{cite book |first1=Ahmad Ibn Jabir|last1=Al-Biladhuri |first2=Philip|last2=Hitti|title=Kitab Futuhu'l-Buldan|page=219 |publisher=AMS Press |year=1969}}</ref> raaxada Umawiyiinta ayaa dhalisay qancin la'aan dadka diinta ku adag.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}} Khawaarijtu waxay hoggaamiyeen Kacdoonkii Berber, taasoo horseeday dowladaha ugu horreeya ee Islaamka oo ka madax bannaan Khilaafada. Kacdoonkii Cabbasiyiinta, kuwa aan Carabta ahayn ee soo islaamay (Mawla), qabiilooyinkii Carabta ee ay Umawiyiintu meesha ka saareen, iyo qaar ka mid ah Shiicada ayaa midoobay oo riday Umawiyiinta, iyaga oo bilaabay Cabbasiyiinta oo caalami ah sanadkii 750.{{sfnp|Lewis|1993|pp=71–83}} === Axdigii Dahabiga Ahaa ee Islaamka (786–1258) === {{Further|Hadith studies|Islamic philosophy}} {{See also|Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe|Turco-Persian tradition}} [[File:Al-Risalah_al-Dhahabiah.JPG|thumb|Bog ka mid ah Al-Risala al-Dhahabiyya ee Imam Ali al-Rida (809 AD), oo ah tii ugu qiimaha badnayd ee shaqooyinka Islaamka ee Sayniska Caafimaadka. Waxaa ku jira qaybo saynis sida Anatomiya, Histoloji, Fisioloji, Kimistari iyo Patoloji intii sayniska caafimaadku uu wali ahaa mid bilow ah.]] Al-Shafi'i wuxuu dejiyay hab lagu xaqiijiyo isku-halaynta xadiiska.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|p=86}} Waagii hore ee Ablaasiyiinta, aqoonyahanno sida Muhammad al-Bukhari iyo Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj waxay soo ururiyeen guryaha waaweyn ee xadiiska Ahlusunna, halka aqoonyahanno sida Al-Kulayni iyo Ibn Babawayh ay soo ururiyeen guryaha waaweyn ee xadiiska Shiicada. Astaamaha afar-madhab ee Ahlusunna—Hanafi, Hanbali, Maliki, iyo Shafi'i—waxaa lagu tiiriyay dhulalka fundamentiinta ee Abū Ḥanīfa, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Malik ibn Anas iyo al-Shafi'i. Taa beddelkeeda, dhulalka fundamentiinta ee Ja'far al-Sadiq waxay dhiseen Fiqhiga Ja'fari. Qarnigii 9aad, Al-Tabari wuxuu dhameystiray qafiskii ugu horreeyay ee Tafsiirka Quraanka, Tafsir al-Tabari, oo noqday mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu xigashada badan Ahlusunna Islaamka. Doobab ka mid ah Muslinka waxay ka fekereen ka-sallamaaynta nolosha duniyeed waxayna xoogga saareen saboolnimada, is-hoosaysiinta, iyo fogaanta dambiga ee ku basada diidmada rabitaanka jidhka. Zuhuudka sida Hasan al-Basri waxay dhiirrigeliyeen dhaqdhaqaaq dib u zhugnaaday tasawwuf ama Sufi.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|pp=90, 91}} Waqtigan, dhibaatooyinka fiqiga, gaar ahaan doorashada xorta ah, waxay ahaayeen kuwo si adag loo maareeyay, iyadoo Hasan al-Basri uu qabay in kasta oo Eebbe uu og yahay waxa dadku sameynayaan, wanaagga iyo xintu ay ka yimaadaan isticmaalka qaldan ee doorashada xorta ah iyo Ibliiska.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|pp=38-39}}{{efn|"Hasan al-Basri waxaa inta badan loo tixgeliyaa mid ka mid ah dadkii ugu horreeyay ee diaday asalka malaa'igta ee ibliiska, isagoo ku doodaya in dhicitaankiisu yahay natiijada doorashadiisa xorta ah, oo ma ahan go'aanka Eebbe. Hasan al-Basri wuxuu sidoo kale ku dooday in malaa'igtu aysan awoodin dambiga ama khaladaadka oo ay ka sharaf badan yihiin aadanaha iyo xata cabsida nabiyada. Shiicada iyo Sunnida hore waxay ka soo horjeedeen ra'yigiisa.<ref>Omar Hamdan ''Studien zur Kanonisierung des Korantextes: al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrīs Beiträge zur Geschichte des Korans'' Otto Harrassowitz Verlag 2006 {{ISBN|978-3447053495}} pp. 291–292 (German)</ref>}} Falsafada Caqliga Giriiga waxay dhiirrigelisay dugsi feker oo loo yaqaan Mu'tazila, oo si ka muuqata u dooday fikradda doorashada xorta ah ee uu bilaabay Wasil ibn Ata.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|p=50}} Khaliif al-Mamun wuxuu ka dhigay caqiido rasmi ah wuxuuna si aan guul lahayn ugu doortay inuu ku qasbo booskan dadka intiisa badan.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=88}} Khaliif Al-Mu'tasim wuxuu sameeyay Mihna, iyadoo Ahmad ibn Hanbal oo ilaalinaayay dhaqanka uu si muuqata u diaday inuu waafaqo fikradda Mu'tazila ee ah in Quraanku yahay ku dhacay halkii uu ka ahaan lahaa mid weligeed ah, taas oo ka dhigtay in la jilciyo oo lagu hayo qol madow muddo ku dhow soddon bilood.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doi |first=Abdur Rahman |title=Shariah: The Islamic Law |location=London |publisher=Ta-Ha Publishers |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-907461-38-8 |page=110}}</ref> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dugsiyada kale ee Kalam—Māturīdism oo uu aasaasay Abu Mansur al-Maturidi iyo Ash'ari oo uu aasaasay Al-Ash'ari—waxay ahaayeen kuwo si ballaaran loo qaatay. Falsafadyahannada sida Al-Farabi, Avicenna iyo Averroes waxay isku deyeyeen inay waafajiyaan fikradaha Aristotle iyo fundamentiinta Islaamka, iyagoo u dhow Iskolastikada Kiristanka ee Yuubka iyo shaqada Maimonides ee Yuhuudda, halka kuwo kale sida Al-Ghazali ay ka soo horjeedeen habkan oo ugu dambeyntii guuleysteen.<ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=160}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Waines|2003|pp=126–127}}</ref> [[File:Al-Idrisi's_world_map.JPG|thumb|Tabula Rogeriana (1154 AD) ee al-Idrisi, oo ah mid ka mid ah khariidadaha dunida ee ugu horumarsanaa qarniyadii dhexe, oo la sameeyay Axdigii Dahabiga Ahaa ee Islaamka.]] Axdigan inta badan waxaa loo yaqaan Axdigii Dahabiga Ahaa ee Islaamka.<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|pp=80, 92, 105}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|pp=661–663}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=56}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lewis|1993|p=84}}</ref><ref name="harvp|Gardet|Jomier|2012">{{harvp|Gardet|Jomier|2012}}</ref> Guulaha sayniska Islaamku waxay samaysteen qaybo badan oo maadooyin ah sida caafimaadka, xisaabta, astronomiga, iyo beeraha iyo sidoo kale fisigiska, dhaqaalaha, injineernimada iyo optigga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=King |first=David A. |year=1983 |title=The Astronomy of the Mamluks |journal=Isis |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=531–55 |doi=10.1086/353360 |s2cid=144315162 | issn=0021-1753}}</ref><ref name="Hassan-1996">{{cite book |last=Hassan |first=Ahmad Y. |author-link=Ahmad Y. al-Hassan |title=Islam and the Challenge of Modernity |chapter=Factors Behind the Decline of Islamic Science After the Sixteenth Century |editor-last=Al-Attas |editor-first=S. S. |editor-link=Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas |location=Kuala Lumpur |publisher=International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization |year=1996 |pages=351–399 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ854295.pdf|title=Contributions of Islamic scholars to the scientific enterprise|access-date=13 December 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The greatest scientific advances from the Muslim world|website=TheGuardian.com|date=February 2010|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/feb/01/islamic-science|access-date=13 December 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Avicenna wuxuu ahaa horyaal ku saabsan caafimaadka tijaabada ah,<ref>Jacquart, Danielle (2008). "Islamic Pharmacology in the Middle Ages: Theories and Substances". European Review (Cambridge University Press) 16: 219–227.</ref><ref>David W. Tschanz, MSPH, PhD (August 2003). "Arab Roots of European Medicine", Heart Views 4 (2).</ref> oo The Canon of Medicine waxaa loo isticmaalay qoraal caafimaad oo heer sare ah ee dunida Islaamka iyo Yurub qarniyo. Rhazes wuxuu ahaa kii ugu horreeyay ee aqoonsaday cudurrada furfuraa iyo jadeecada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/alrazi.aspx|title=Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi (Rhazes) (c. 865-925)|publisher=sciencemuseum.org.uk|access-date=31 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Cisbitaallada dadweynaha ee waqtigaas waxay bixiyeen shahaadooyinka ugu horreeya ee caafimaadka si loogu ogolaado dhakhaatiirta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alatas |first=Syed Farid |year=2006 |title=From Jami'ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue |url=https://zenodo.org/record/29439 |journal=Current Sociology |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=112–132 |doi=10.1177/0011392106058837 |s2cid=144509355 |access-date=12 September 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Imamuddin |first=S.M. |title=Muslim Spain 711–1492 AD |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=1981 |isbn=978-90-04-06131-6 |page=169}}</ref> Ibn al-Haytham waxaa loo tixgeliyaa aabaha habka sayniska ee casriga ah iyadoo inta badan loo sheego "saynisyahankii ugu horreeyay ee runta ah ee dunida", gaar ahaan shaqadiisa optigga.<ref>{{cite journal |author-link=Gerald J. Toomer|first=G. J. |last=Toomer |jstor=228328 |title=Review Work: Matthias Schramm (1963) ''Ibn Al-Haythams Weg zur Physik'' |journal=Isis |volume=55 |issue=4 |date=Dec 1964 |page=464 |quote=Schramm sums up [Ibn Al-Haytham's] achievement in the development of scientific method.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Al-Khalili |first=Jim |date=4 January 2009 |title=The 'first true scientist' |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7810846.stm |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gorini |first=Rosanna |date=October 2003 |title=Al-Haytham the man of experience. First steps in the science of vision |journal=Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=53–55 |url=http://www.ishim.net/ishimj/4/10.pdf |access-date=25 September 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> Injineernimada, walaalaha Banū Mūsā aaladdooda turumbada tooska ah waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay ahaan lahayd mashinkii ugu horreeyay ee la barnamijayn karo.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Koetsier |first1=Teun |title=On the prehistory of programmable machines: musical automata, looms, calculators |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_mechanism-and-machine-theory_2001-05_36_5/page/589 |journal=Mechanism and Machine Theory |date=May 2001 |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=589–603 |doi=10.1016/S0094-114X(01)00005-2 }}</ref> Xisaabta Islaamka, fikradda algorithm waxaa lagu magacaabay Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, oo loo tixgeliyo aasaasaha aljabra, oo lagu magacaabay buugiisa al-jabr, halka kuwo kale ay soo saareen fikradda shaqada (function).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Katz |first1=Victor J. |author1-link=Victor J. Katz |last2=Barton |first2=Bill |title=Stages in the History of Algebra with Implications for Teaching |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_educational-studies-in-mathematics_2007-10_66_2/page/185 |journal=Educational Studies in Mathematics |date=18 September 2007 |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=185–201 |doi=10.1007/s10649-006-9023-7 |s2cid=120363574 }}</ref> Dowladda waxay siin jirtay saynisyahannada mushahar u dhigma mushaharka ciyaartoyda xirfadleyda ah ee maanta.<ref>{{harvp|Ahmed|2006|pp=23, 42, 84}}</ref> Guinness World Records wuxuu u aqoonsan yahay Jaamacadda Al Karaouine, oo la aasaasay 859, inay tahay jaamacadda ugu qadiimsan ee bixisa shahaadooyinka dunida.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Young |first=Mark |url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessbookofwo1998newy |title=The Guinness Book of Records |year=1998 |page=242 |publisher=Bantam |isbn=978-0-553-57895-9}}</ref> Dad badan oo aan Muslin ahayn, sida Kiristanka, Yuhuudda iyo Saabi'iinta,<ref name="Brague 2009">{{cite book|title=The Legend of the Middle Ages: Philosophical Explorations of Medieval Christianity, Judaism, and Islam|first=Rémi |last=Brague|year= 2009| isbn=9780226070803| page =164|publisher=University of Chicago Press|quote=Neither were there any Muslims among the Ninth-Century translators. Almost all of them were Christians of various Eastern denominations: Jacobites, Melchites, and, above all, Nestorians... A few others were Sabians.}}</ref> waxay guntadeen ilbaxnimada Islaamka qaybo meelaha ah,<ref name="Hill-1993">{{cite book |last=Hill |first=Donald |author-link=Donald Routledge Hill |title=Islamic Science and Engineering |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=1993 |page=4 |isbn=0-7486-0455-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Brague-Assyrians">{{cite web |last=Brague |first=Rémi |author-link=Rémi Brague |title=Assyrians contributions to the Islamic civilization |url=http://www.christiansofiraq.com/assyriancontributionstotheislamiccivilization.htm |website=Christians of Iraq |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> iyo machadka loo yaqaan Bayt al-Hikma wuxuu u shaqaaleysiiyay aqoonyahanno Kiristan iyo Faarisi ah si ay ugu turjumaan shaqooyinka luqadda Carabiga iyo si ay u soosaaraan aqoon cusub.<ref name="Meri-Bacharach-2006">{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Meri |editor-first1=Josef W. |editor-link1=Josef W. Meri |editor-last2=Bacharach |editor-first2=Jere L. |editor-link2=Jere L. Bacharach |title=Hadith |encyclopedia=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia |volume=1 |location=New York |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2006 |page=304 |isbn=978-0415966917 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MypbfKdMePIC&pg=PA304 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Saliba-1994">{{cite book |last=Saliba |first=George |author-link=George Saliba |title=A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam |location=New York |publisher=New York University Press |year=1994 |pages=245, 250, 256–57 |isbn=0-8147-8023-7 |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Cheshm manuscript.jpg|thumb|Anatomiya ee isha oo uu samaystay Hunayn ibn Ishaq, oo mas'uul ka ahaa turjumida Bayt al-Hikma waagii Boqortooyada Ablaasiyiinta, 1200 AD.]]Askartu waxay ka go'een boqortooyadii Ablaasiyiinta waxayna dhiseen khilaafadooda propriyada ah, sida Tulunids oo 868 ku tirsanaa Masar<ref>{{cite book|last=Holt|first=Peter Malcolm|author-link=Peter Holt (historian)|title=The Crusader States and Their Neighbours, 1098–1291|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0qLHVGgH7AC&pg=PA8|year=2004|publisher=Pearson Longman|isbn=978-0-582-36931-3|page=6|access-date=2 February 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> iyo boqortooyada Ghaznavid oo 977 ku tirsanaa Aasiyada Dhexe.<ref>{{cite book |title=Islamic Central Asia: an anthology of historical sources |editor-first1=Scott Cameron |editor-last1=Levi |editor-first2=Ron |editor-last2=Sela |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2010 |page=83}}</ref> Qaybsanaantan waxay keentay Qarnigii Shiicada, oo u dhaxeeyay 945 iyo 1055, oo la arkay kor u kaca dhaqdhaqaaqa Isma'ili Shiicada. Koox Isma'ili ah, boqortooyada Fatimid, waxay gacanta ku dhigeen Waqooyiga Afrika qarnigii 10aad<ref>Neue Fischer Weltgeschichte "Islamisierung in Zentralasien bis zur Mongolenzeit" Band 10: Zentralasien, 2012, p. 191 (German)</ref> iyo koox kale oo Isma'ili ah, Qarmatians, waxay boobeen Makka waxayna xadeen Hajar al-Aswad, oo ah dhagaxa ku dhex jira Kacbada, dib-u-jabayntooda aan guulaysan.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Glubb |first=John Bagot |title=Mecca (Saudi Arabia) |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mecca#ref887188 |access-date=18 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live }}</ref> Koox kale oo Isma'ili ah, boqortooyada Buyid, waxay qabsadeen Baqdaad waxayna ka dhigeen Ablaasiyiinta boqortooyo magac ah oo kaliya. Boqortooyada Seljuk ee Ahlusunna waxay u dhaqaaqday inay mar kale adkayso Islaamka Ahlusunna iyagoo faafinayay ra'yiyada aqoonyahanada waqtigaas, gaar ahaan dhisidda machadyada waxbarashada ee loo yaqaan Nizamiyyas, oo la xiriira al-Ghazali iyo Saadi Shirazi.<ref>Andreas Graeser ''Zenon von Kition: Positionen u. Probleme'' Walter de Gruyter 1975 {{ISBN|978-3-11-004673-1}} p. 260</ref> Faaftada dunida Muslinka waxay sii socotay iyadoo ergooyinka diinta ay u badaleen Volga Bulgaria Islaamka. Sultanada Delhi waxay gaadhay gudaha qaarad-hoosaadka Hindiya oo kuwo badan ayaa u badalay Islaamka,{{sfnp|Arnold|1896|pp=227–228}} gaar ahaan Hinduga heerka hoose ee faracoodu ka kooban yahay inta badan Muslinka Hindiya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-36220329|title=Why are many Indian Muslims seen as untouchable?|publisher=BBCnews|date=10 May 2016|access-date=6 October 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Ganacsigu wuxuu keenay Muslin badan oo Shiinaha ah, halkaas oo ay si buuxda u xukumi jireen warshadaha soo dejinta iyo ka deerinta ee boqortooyada Song.<ref>{{cite web |title=Islam in China |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/china_1.shtml |access-date=10 August 2011 |publisher=BBC |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslinka waxaa loo qortay maamulayaal la doortay oo heer sare ah boqortooyada Yuan.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lipman|first=Jonathan Newman|title=Familiar Strangers, a history of Muslims in Northwest China|location=Seattle, WA|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-295-97644-0|page=33}}</ref> === Casrigii Ka-horreeyay Casriga Cusub (1258 – Qarnigii 18aad) === {{Further|Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam}} [[File:GhazanConversionToIslam.JPG|thumb|Muuqaal qarnigii 14aad ee Ghazan, oo ahaa boqorkii 7aad ee Ilkhanate ee Boqortooyada Mongol, oo Islaamay.]] Pobalka ganacsiga Muslinka iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa tariiqooyinka Sufida dhiigooda,{{sfnp|Arnold|1896|pp=125–258}} Islaamku wuxuu ku faafay dhulal cusub<ref>{{cite web |title=The Spread of Islam |url=http://www.yale.edu/yup/pdf/cim6.pdf |access-date=2 November 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslinkuna waxay la dhex-galeen dhaqammo cusub. Hoos kaga jirtay Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta, Islaamku wuxuu ku faafay Koonfur-bari Yuuroop.<ref>{{cite web |date=6 May 2008 |title=Ottoman Empire |publisher=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1801?_hi=41&_pos=3 |access-date=26 August 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Islaamidda inta badan waxay lahayd heer sinkretisam ah,<ref>{{Cite book |title=Islamic and European Expansion |publisher=Temple University Press |year=1993 |editor-last=Adas |editor-first=Michael |location=Philadelphia |page=25}}</ref> sida uu muujinayo muuqaalka Muhammad ee suugaanta dadweynaha ee Hinduga.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Metcalf |first=Barbara |title=Islam in South Asia in Practice |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2009 |page=104}}</ref> Turkida Muslinka ah waxay ku dareen walxaha caqiidada Shamanisamka Turkida Islaamka.{{efn|"Sannadaha dhow, fikradda sinkretisamka waa la dhuftay. Maaddaama ay maqan tahay awood lagu go'aamiyo ama lagu tixgeliyo caqiidada Ortodokska ee ku saabsan Islaamka, aqoonyahannada qaarkood waxay ku doodayaan inaysan jirin caqiidooyinka la qresheeyay, oo kaliya ee la amray habka, Islaamka ka hor qarnigii 16aad.{{sfnp|Peacock|2019|p=20–22}}}}{{sfnp|Çakmak|2017|pp=1425–1429}} Muslinka ku jira Boqortooyada Ming ee Shiinaha oo ka soo jeeda soo-galootigii hore waa la la-dhex-galay, mararka qaar shuruuc ku dhiirrigelisa dhex-galka,<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Farmer|editor1-first=Edward L.|title=Zhu Yuanzhang and Early Ming Legislation: The Reordering of Chinese Society Following the Era of Mongol Rule|date=1995|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004103910|page=82|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TCIjZ7l6TX8C&pg=PA82|access-date=19 February 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> iyagoo qaatay magacyada Shiinaha iyo dhaqanka halka Nanjing uu noqday xarun muhiim ah ee barashada Islaamka.<ref>Israeli, Raphael (2002). ''Islam in China''. p. 292. Lexington Books. {{ISBN|0-7391-0375-X}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dillon |first=Michael |year=1999 |title=China's Muslim Hui Community |publisher=Curzon |url=https://archive.org/details/chinasmuslimhuic00dill |isbn=978-0-7007-1026-3 |page=37 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Ndhex-galka dhaqanka wuxuu ahaay mid muuqda iyadoo la yaraysay saamaynta Carabta ka dib burburintii Mongol ee Khilafadii Ablaasiyiinta.<ref>{{harvp|Bulliet|2005|p=497}}</ref> Khanates-ka Mongol ee Muslinka ah ee ku jira Iiraan iyo Aasiyada Dhexe waxay ka faa'iideysteen kordhinta helitaanka dhaqammada ee Bariga Aasiya oo hoos jirtay xukunkii Mongol sidaas darteed waxay u horumareen oo ay u samaysteen si ka duwan saamaynta Carabta, sida Dib-u-dhalashadii Timurid oo hoos jirtay boqortooyada Timurid.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Subtelny |first=Maria Eva |date=November 1988 |title=Socioeconomic Bases of Cultural Patronage under the Later Timurids |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/socioeconomic-bases-of-cultural-patronage-under-the-later-timurids/2A0F3018EE155F23FC4A7F5F25D7DE6D |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=479–505 |doi=10.1017/S0020743800053861 |s2cid=162411014 |access-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201–1274) wuxuu soo bandhigay qaabka xisaabta oo ka dib loo dooday inuu qaatay Copernicus isagoo aan waxba ka badalin qaabkiisa heliocentric-ka,<ref>{{cite web|date=1999|title=Nasir al-Din al-Tusi|publisher=University of St Andrews|url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Tusi_Nasir/|access-date=27 August 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> iyo qiyaasta pi ee Jamshīd al-Kāshī ma aysan dhaafin 180 sano.<ref>{{cite web |date=1999 |title=Ghiyath al-Din Jamshid Mas'ud al-Kashi |publisher=University of St Andrews |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Kashi/ |access-date=29 December 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg|thumb|Mehmed II oo galaya Constantinople.]] Ka dib markii la soo bandhigay hubka baaruda, dawlado waaweyn oo dhawaan xabbada lahaa oo Muslin ah ayaa ku bashqaday boqortooyoyinka baaruda, kuwaas oo hore u kala qaybsanaay dhulal kala duwan. Khilafada waxaa sheegtay boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta ee Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta iyadoo sheegashadooda la adkeeyay 1517 markii Selim I uu noqday taliyaha Makka iyo Madiina.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Drews |first=Robert |url=https://my.vanderbilt.edu/robertdrews/publications/ |title=Coursebook: Judaism, Christianity and Islam, to the Beginnings of Modern Civilization |date=August 2011 |publisher=Vanderbilt University |chapter=Chapter Thirty – "The Ottoman Empire, Judaism, and Eastern Europe to 1648" |chapter-url=https://my.vanderbilt.edu/robertdrews/files/2014/01/Chapter-Thirty.-The-Ottoman-Empire-Judaism-and-Eastern-Europe-to-1648.pdf |access-date=21 April 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Boqortooyada Shiicada ee Safavid waxay ku korortay awoodda 1501 ka dibna waxay qabsatay dhammaan Iiraan.<ref>Peter B. Golden: An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples; In: Osman Karatay, Ankara 2002, p. 321</ref> Koonfurta Aasiya, Babur wuxuu aasaasay Boqortooyada Mughal.<ref>{{citation|last=Gilbert|first=Marc Jason|title=South Asia in World History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1dhKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA75|year=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-066137-3|pages=75|access-date=15 January 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> Diinta dawladaha ku dhex-jira ee boqortooyoyinka baaruda waxay saamaysay dhaqanka diimeed ee dadkooda ku dhex-jira. Wada-noolaanshaha u dhexeeya taliyayaasha Cusmaaniyiinta iyo Sufinimada wuxuu si adag u saameeyay xukunkii Islaamka ee Cusmaaniyiinta tan iyo bilowgii. Tariiqada Mevlevi iyo Bektashis waxay lahaayeen xiriir dhow oo ay la lahaayeen sultannada,<ref>Ga ́bor A ́goston, Bruce Alan Masters ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire'' Infobase Publishing 2010 {{ISBN|978-1-4381-1025-7}} p. 540</ref> maaddaama noocyada Sufi-suufiyada ah iyo kuwo kale oo sinkretik ah ee Islaamka ay u horumareen si muuqata.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Algar |first=Ayla Esen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fc69BhBDjhwC&q=ottomans+sufism |title=The Dervish Lodge: Architecture, Art, and Sufism in Ottoman Turkey |page=15 |date=1 January 1992 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-07060-8 |access-date=29 April 2020 |via=Google Books |url-status=live }}</ref> Badanaa qasabka dhex-galka Safavid ee Iiraan ee Islaamka Shiicada ee Labada-iyo-tobanlaha ee Boqortooyada Safavid wuxuu xaqiijiyay xukunkii dambe ee Labada-iyo-tobanlaha dhexdiisa Islaamka Shiicada. Soo-galootiga Faarisiga ah ee Koonfurta Aasiya, maaddaama ay ahaayeen maamulayaal saamayntooda leh iyo milkiilayaal dhul, waxay caawiyeen faafinta Islaamka Shiicada, iyagoo dhisay qaar ka mid ah dadka ugu waaweyn ee Shiicada ee ka baxsan Iiraan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/conversion-iii|title=CONVERSION To Imami Shiʿism in India|publisher=Iranica Online|language=English|access-date=6 October 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Nader Shah, oo riday Safavids, wuxuu isku deyey inuu wanaajiyo xiriirka Ahlusunna ee Cusmaaniyiinta iyadoo la faafinayo dhex-galka Islaamka Shiicada ee Labada-iyo-tobanlaha dhexdiisa Islaamka Ahlusunna sida madhabka shanaad, oo loo yaqaan Ja'farism,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Nadir Shah and the Ja 'fari Madhhab Reconsidered |first=Ernest |last=Tucker |journal=Iranian Studies |volume=27 |issue=1–4 |date=1994 |pages=163–179 |doi=10.1080/00210869408701825 |jstor=4310891}}</ref> oo ku dhiirran waayay inuu helo aqoonsi ka soo baxa Cusmaaniyiinta.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Nāder Shāh |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/nader-shah |date=29 March 2006 |first=Ernest |last=Tucker |access-date=9 March 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Casrigii Casriga Ahaa (Qarniyadii 18aad–20aad) === [[File:Portrait Caliph Abdulmecid II.jpg|thumb|Sawirka Khaliifkii ugu dambeeyay Abdülmecid II, ee Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta, 1923.]] Horey qarnigii 14aad, Ibn Taymiyya wuxuu dhiirrigeliyay qaab daahir ah oo Islaamka ah, isagoo diaday hababka falsafada si uu u doorbido fiqhiga fudud,<ref name="ReferenceA">Mary Hawkesworth, Maurice Kogan ''Encyclopedia of Government and Politics: 2-volume set'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-1-136-91332-7}} pp. 270–271</ref> wuxuuna ugu baaqay in loo furo albaabada ijtihadka halkii indho la'aan loogu dayan lahaa aqoonyahannada.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=150}} Wuxuu ugu baaqay jihad ka dhan ah kuwa uu u tixgeliyay gaalo,{{Refn|group=note|Richard Gauvain ''Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-0-7103-1356-0}} p. 6}} laakiin qoraalladiisu waxay lahaayeen oo kaliya doorkii ugu yaraa intii uu babacayay.{{Refn|group=note|Spevack, Aaron (2014). The Archetypal Sunni Scholar: Law, Theology, and Mysticism in the Synthesis of al-Bajuri. SUNY Press. pp. 129–130.}} Qarnigii 18aad ee Carabiya, Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, oo ay saameeyeen shaqooyinka Ibn Taymiyya iyo Ibn al-Qayyim, wuxuu aasaasay dhaqdhaqaaq loo yaqaan Wahhabism si loo laabto waxa uu u arkay Islaamka aan la badalin.<ref>Donald Quataert ''The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922'' Cambridge University Press 2005 {{ISBN|978-0-521-83910-5}} p. 50</ref> Wuxuu cambaareeyay caadooyinka badan ee maxalliga ah ee Islaamka, sida bisitaynta qabriga Muhammad ama Imamyada Shiicada, maaddaama ay yihiin bidco cusub iyo dambi<ref name="ReferenceE">Ga ́bor A ́goston, Bruce Alan Masters ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire'' Infobase Publishing 2010 {{ISBN|978-1-4381-1025-7}} p. 260</ref> wuxuuna burburiyay dhagaxyada iyo geedaha xurmada leh, goobaha Sufida, Qabuuraha al-Baqi, qabuuraha Muhammad iyo asxaabtiisa iyo Qabriga Imam Husayn, oo ah goob muhiim ah oo loo bisiteeyo Shiicada.{{Refn|group=note|Graves desecrated in Mizdah, Libya Herald, 2013}}{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=146}} Wuxuu dhisay isbahaysi uu la leeyahay qoyska Saud, oo marka la joogo 1920-yadii ay dhammaystireen qabsashadooda dhulka noqon doona Sacuudi Carabiya.<ref name="Musa-2022">{{Cite thesis |title=The Emergence of a Scholar from a Garrison Society: A contextual analysis of Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhāb's doctrine in the light of the Qur'ān and Hadīth |url=https://repository.uwtsd.ac.uk/id/eprint/2096/ |publisher=University of Wales Trinity Saint David |date=2022-08-23 |degree=masters |language=en |first=Shahajada Md |last=Musa |access-date=19 December 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Nicolas Laos ''The Metaphysics of World Order: A Synthesis of Philosophy, Theology, and Politics'' Wipf and Stock Publishers 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-4982-0102-5}} p. 177</ref> Ma Wanfu iyo Ma Debao waxay dhiirrigeliyeen dhaqdhaqaaqa salafida qarnigii 19aad sida Sailaifengye ee Shiinaha ka dib markii ay ka soo laabteen Makka laakiin ugu dambeyntii waxaa dhibay oo lagu qasbay inay dhuuntaan kooxaha Sufida.<ref>{{cite book|first=Barry M.|last=Rubin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wEih57-GWQQC&pg=PA79|page=79|title=Guide to Islamist Movements|year=2000|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=0-7656-1747-1|access-date=28 June 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> Kooxaha kale waxay isku deyeyeen inay dib u habayn ku samayso Sufinimada halkii ay ka diadi lahaayeen, iyagoo Senusiyya iyo Muhammad Ahmad ay labadooduba dagaallameen oo ay dhiseen dawlado ku kala yaalla Liibiya iyo Sudaan.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=147}} Hindiya, Shah Waliullah Dehlawi wuxuu isku deyey qaab dib u heshiisiin ah oo ka dhan ah Sufinimada wuxuuna saameeyay dhaqdhaqaaqa Deobandi.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=149}} Jawaab ka dhan ah dhaqdhaqaaqa Deobandi, dhaqdhaqaaqa Barelwi waxaa loo aasaasay sida dhaqdhaqaaq dadweyne, iyadoo la difaacaayay Sufinimada caanka ah oo la dib u habaynayay dhaqankeeda.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robert L. Canfield |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3JhKNSk8tQC&pg=PAPA131 |title=Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52291-5 |pages=131– |access-date=1 December 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sanyal |first=Usha |date=23 July 1998 |title=Generational Changes in the Leadership of the Ahl-e Sunnat Movement in North India during the twentieth Century |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/generational-changes-in-the-leadership-of-the-ahle-sunnat-movement-in-north-india-during-the-twentieth-century/8AAAC4CFEFC4F4084731C3964A5CAE84 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=635–656 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X98003059 |via=Cambridge Core |access-date=23 February 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[File:Interior of Al Aqsa Mosque Jerusalem. 1900-1910 (id.22715311).jpg|thumb|Sannadkii 1969 Dabka Masjidka Al-Aqsa, oo sidoo cuali burburiyay Minbarkii Saladin, wuxuu keenay ver-xaasidnimo taabtay dunida Muslinka wuxuuna ahaa kicin muhiim ah oo loo aasaasay Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka.]] Dunida Muslinka waxay guud ahaan ku jirtay hoos u dhac siyaasadeed markii ay bilaabatay 1800-yadii, gaar ahaan marka la barbardhigo awoodaha Yuuroop ee aan Muslinka ahayn. Horey, qarnigii 15aad, Reconquista waxay ku guuleysatay inay dhameeyo joogitaanka Muslinka ee Iberia. Marka la joogo qarnigii 19aad, British East India Company waxay si rasmi ah u qabsatay boqortooyada Mughal ee Hindiya.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|pp=358, 378–380, 624}} Sida jawaab ka dhan ah Imperialisamka Reer Galbeedka, aqoonyahanno badan waxay isku deyeyeen inay dib u habayn ku samayso Islaamka.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Buzpinar |first=Ş. Tufan |date=March 2007 |title=Celal Nuri's Concepts of Westernization and Religion |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_middle-eastern-studies_2007-03_43_2/page/247 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=247–258 |doi=10.1080/00263200601114091 |jstor=4284539|s2cid=144461915 }}</ref> Casriyeynta Islaamka, oo markii hore loo bixiyay aqoonyahannada Reer Galbeedka sida Salafiyya, waxay soo dhoweysay qiimayaasha casriga ah iyo machadyada sida demokaraasiyada iyadoo la raacaayo qoraallada diinta. Hogaamiyayaasha muhiimka ah ee dhaqdhaqaaqa waxaa ka mid ah Muhammad 'Abduh iyo Jamal al-Din al-Afghani.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lauziere|first=Henri|title=The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-231-17550-0|location=New York, Chichester, West Sussex|pages=231–232}}</ref> Abul A'la Maududi wuxuu caawiyay saamaynta Islaamka siyaasadeed ee casriga ah.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 January 2014 |title=Political Islam: A movement in motion |work=Economist Magazine |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/erasmus/2014/01/political-islam |access-date=1 January 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Wilfred Cantwell |title=Islam in Modern History |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1957 |isbn=0-691-03030-8 |page=233 |author-link=Wilfred Cantwell Smith}}</ref> Sida ku dhow qaanuunka casriga ah, shariicada markii ugu horreysay ayaa qayb ahaan loo qoray shaqo ahaan sannadkii 1869 ku dhex-jirtay koodka Mecelle ee Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta. Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta waxay dissilftay ka dib Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Dunida, Khilafadii Cusmaaniyiinta waa la joojiyay 1924<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 June – 5 July 2000 |title=New Turkey |work=Al-Ahram Weekly |issue=488 |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2000/488/chrncls.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=16 May 2010 }}</ref> iyo Khilafadii Sharifian ee ka dib waxay u dhacday si doob ah,<ref>{{Cite web |last1=الوطن |first1=جريدة |last2=webmaster |date=2020-05-05 |title="مملكة الحجاز".. وقــصـــة الـغــزو المـســلّـــح |url=https://www.al-watan.com/article/230610/NEWS/%C2%AB%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%C2%BB-%D9%88%D9%82%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B5%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%80%D8%BA%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B2%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%80%D8%B3%D9%80%D9%80%D9%84%D9%91%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%AD |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=جريدة الوطن |language=ar |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bani Issa |first=Mohammad Saleh |date=2023-11-01 |title=Factors of stability and sustainable development in Jordan in its first centenary 1921–2021 (an analytical descriptive study) |journal=Heliyon |volume=9 |issue=11 |article-number=e20993 |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20993 |issn=2405-8440 |doi-access=free|pmid=37928029 |pmc=10623165 |bibcode=2023Heliy...920993B }}</ref> sidaas darteed iyadoo ka tagaysa Islaamka oo aan lahayn Khaliif.<ref name="والخلفاء-2023">{{Cite book |last=والخلفاء |first=قصص الخلافة الإسلامية |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r-5EAAAQBAJ |title=قصص الخلافة الإسلامية والخلفاء |date=2023-03-31 |publisher=Austin Macauley Publishers |isbn=978-1-3984-9251-6 |language=en |access-date=26 December 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref> Taageerayaasha Mideynta Islaamka waxay isku deyeyeen inay mideeyaan Muslinka waxayna tartan la galeen awoodaha qarannimada ee korayay, sida Pan-Arabisamka.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doran |first=Michael |title=Pan-Arabism before Nasser: Egyptian power politics and the Palestine question |date=1999 |publisher=Oxford university press |isbn=978-0-19-512361-6 |series=Studies in Middle Eastern history |location=New York Oxford}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Landau |first=Yaʿaqov M. |title=The politics of Pan-Islam: ideology and organization |date=1994 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-827709-5 |edition=[Rev. and updated] paperback (with additions and corr.) |location=Oxford}}</ref> Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka (OIC), oo ka kooban waddamada Muslinka ah, waxaa la aasaasay 1969 ka dib gubiddii Masjidka Al-Aqsa ee Qudus.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 December 2010 |title=Organization of the Islamic Conference |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/country_profiles/1555062.stm |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Xiriirka la la leeyahay waddamada warshadaha leh wuxuu keenay dadka Muslinka ah dhulal cusub iyada oo loo marayo u-guuritaanka dhaqaalaha. Muslin badan ayaa u guuray sida shaqaale heshiis ku jooga (u badan oo ka yimid Hindiya iyo Indoneesiya) Karibiyaanka, iyagoo dhisay dadka ugu waaweyn ee Muslinka ah inta la joogo boqolkiiba ee Ameerika.<ref>{{sfnp|Haddad|Smith|2002|p=271}}</ref> U-guuritaanka ka yimid Siiriya iyo Lubnaan wuxuu ku soo kordhiyay dadka Muslinka ah ee Laatiin Ameerika.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zabel|first=Darcy|title=Arabs in the Americas: Interdisciplinary Essays on the Arab Diaspora|publisher=Peter Lang|year=2006|isbn=9780820481111|location=Austria|page=5}}</ref> Natiijadii magaalooyinka iyo kordhinta ganacsiga ee Afrika ka hooseysa Saxara waxay keentay Muslinka inay degaan dhulal cusub oo ay faafiyaan diintooda, iyadoo lagu qiyaasay inay laba-laabatay dadkeeda Muslinka ah u dhaxeysa 1869 iyo 1914.<ref>{{harvp|Bulliet|2005|p=722}}</ref> === Casrigii ee Horumarsanaa (Qarnigii 20aad–Ilaa Hada) === [[File:13. Session of the Islamic Summit Conference.jpg|thumb|Hoggaamiyeyaasha dalalka Islaamka intii uu socday kalfadhigii 2016 ee Shirka Iskaashiga Islaamka ee Istambul, Turkiga. Trikiiba saddex sano, OIC waxay isku brings dhammaan hoggaamiyeyaasha Muslinka.|upright=1.35]] Aabbayaashii casriyeynta Islaamka waxay saameeyeen dhaqdhaqaaqyada siyaasadda Islaamka sida Ikhwaanul Muslimeen iyo xisbiyada la xiriira ee dunida Carabta,<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 August 2011 |title=Are secular forces being squeezed out of Arab Spring? |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14447820 |access-date=10 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Slackman |first=Michael |date=23 December 2008 |title=Jordanian students rebel, embracing conservative Islam |work=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/24/world/middleeast/24jordan.html |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> kuwaas oo si wanaagsan uga dhex muuqday doorashooyinkii ka dambeeyay Guudkii Carabta,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kirkpatrick |first=David D. |date=3 December 2011 |title=Egypt's vote puts emphasis on split over religious rule |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/04/world/middleeast/egypts-vote-propels-islamic-law-into-spotlight.html |access-date=8 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jamaat-e-Islami ee Koonfurta Aasiya iyo Xisbiga Caddaaladda iyo Horumarinta (AK Party), oo si kemokaraasi ah xukuma Turkiga tobanaan sano. Iiraan, Kacdoonkii Iiraan wuxuu beddelay boqortooyadii laimaaniyadda ee Reer Galbeedku taageerayay iyadoo la dhisay Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah. Kuwa kale sida Sayyid Rashid Rida waxay ka go'een casriyeeyayaasha Islaamka<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lauziere|first=Henri|title=The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-231-17550-0|location=New York, Chichester, West Sussex|page=237|quote="Prior to the fall of the Ottoman Empire, leading reformers who happened to be Salafi in creed were surprisingly open-minded: although they adhered to neo-Hanbali theology. However, the aftermath of the First World War and the expansion of European colonialism paved the way for a series of shifts in thought and attitude. The experiences of Rida offer many examples... he turned against the Shi'is who dared, with reason, to express doubts about the Saudi-Wahhabi project... . Shi'is were not the only victims: Rida and his associates showed their readiness to turn against fellow Salafis who questioned some of the Wahhabis' religious interpretations."}}</ref> waxayna ka hortageen soo dhowaynta waxa uu u arkayay saamaynta Reer Galbeedka.<ref>{{Cite book|last=G. Rabil|first=Robert|title=Salafism in Lebanon: From Apoliticism to Transnational Jihadism|publisher=Georgetown University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-1-62616-116-0|location=Washington DC, US|pages=32–33|quote="Western colonialists established in these countries political orders... that, even though not professing enmity to Islam and its institutions, left no role for Islam in society. This caused a crisis among Muslim reformists, who felt betrayed not only by the West but also by those nationalists, many of whom were brought to power by the West... Nothing reflects this crisis more than the ideological transformation of Rashid Rida (1865–1935)... He also revived the works of Ibn Taymiyah by publishing his writings and promoting his ideas. Subsequently, taking note of the cataclysmic events brought about by Western policies in the Muslim world and shocked by the abolition of the caliphate, he transformed into a Muslim intellectual mostly concerned about protecting Muslim culture, identity, and politics from Western influence. He supported a theory that essentially emphasized the necessity of an Islamic state in which the scholars of Islam would have a leading role... Rida was a forerunner of Islamist thought. He apparently intended to provide a theoretical platform for a modern Islamic state. His ideas were later incorporated into the works of Islamic scholars. Significantly, his ideas influenced none other than Hassan al-Bannah, founder of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt... The Muslim Brethren have taken up Rida's Islamic fundamentalism, a right-wing radical movement founded in 1928,.."}}</ref> Kooxda ISIS waxay xitaa isku deyday inay dib u samayso diinaarkii dahabka ahaa ee casriga ahaa si uu u noqdo pambakooda lacagta. Halka kuwii ka go'ay ay qaarkood ahaayeen kuwa ka gaabsada siyaasadda, kuwo kale waxay rumechsanaayeen dhibaataynta kuwa ka soo horjeeda, xitaa Muslinka kale.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/14/isis-gold-silver-copper-islamic-dinar-coins |title=Isis to mint own Islamic dinar coins in gold, silver and copper |work=The Guardian |date=21 November 2014 |access-date=31 July 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ka hortagga dhaqdhaqaaqyada siyaasadda Islaamka, qarnigii 20aad ee Turkiga, ciidanku waxay sameeyeen afgembiyo si ay xukuumadaha Islaamiga ah uga tuuraan xukanka, sidoo kale xijabka ayaa si sharci ah loo xaddiday, sida ay sidoo kale ka dhacday Tuniisiya.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 April 2011 |title=Huge rally for Turkish secularism |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6604643.stm |access-date=6 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Saleh |first=Heba |date=15 October 2011 |title=Tunisia moves against headscarves |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6053380.stm |access-date=6 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Dhulalka kale, awoodda diinta ayaa la maamulay iyada oo hadda loo arko puppeto oo ay dawladdu maamusho. Tusaale ahaan, Sacuudi Carabiya, dawladdu waxay keligeed maamushay aqoonta diinta<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 June 2007 |title=Laying down the law: Islam's authority deficit |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/international/2007/06/28/islams-authority-deficit |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo Masar, dawladdu waxay qarameysay Jaamacadda Al-Azhar, oo hore u ahayd igo madax-bannaan oo xaddida awoodda dawladda.<ref>{{cite book| title = The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought| last1 = Bowering | first1 = Gerhard | last2=Mirza |first2=Mahan |last3=Crone |first3=Patricia| year = 2013 | publisher = Princeton University Press | page=59| isbn = 9780691134840 }}</ref> Salafiyada waxaa dhaqaale lagu siiyay Bariga Dhexe sababtoo ah ka gaabsashadeeda siyaasadda.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 October 2008 |title=Ultraconservative Islam on rise in Mideast |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna27256187 |access-date=24 September 2013 |publisher=MSNBC |url-status=live }}</ref> Sacuudi Carabiya waxay ololayso ka dhan ah dhaqdhaqaaqyada Islaamiga ah ee kacdoonka ah ee Bariga Dhexe, iyadoo ka soo horjeedda Iiraan.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Almukhtar |first1=Sarah |last2=Peçanha |first2=Sergio |last3=Wallace |first3=Tim |date=5 January 2016 |title=Behind Stark Political Divisions, a More Complex Map of Sunnis and Shiites |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/01/04/world/middleeast/sunni-shiite-map-middle-east-iran-saudi-arabia.html |access-date=6 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Tiro yar oo Muslin ah oo ka soo jeeda qowmiyadaha kala duwan ayaa loo dhibay sida koox diimeed.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thames |first1=Knox |title=Why the Persecution of Muslims Should Be on Biden's Agenda |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/muslims-islam-china-india-myanmar-persecution-repression-biden-human-rights/ |work=Foreign Policy Magazine |date=6 January 2021 |language=English |access-date=5 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Tan waxaa sameeyay xoogagga shuuciga ah sida Khmer Rouge, kuwaas oo u arkayay inay yihiin armigooda koowaad ee la cirbootinayo maaddaama dhaqankooda diimeed uu ka dhigay kuwa ka dhex muuqda dadka kale,<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Perrin |first=Andrew |date=10 October 2003 |title=Weakness in numbers |magazine=Time |url=https://time.com/archive/6894001/weakness-in-numbers/ |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}</ref> Xisbiga Shuuciga Shiinaha ee Xinjiang<ref>{{cite web |last1=Beydoun |first1=Khaled A. |title=For China, Islam is a 'mental illness' that needs to be 'cured' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/china-islam-mental-illness-cured-181127135358356.html |publisher=Al Jazeera |language=English |access-date=5 February 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo xoogagga qarannimada sida intii uu socday xasuuqii Bosniya.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mojzes |first=Paul |title=Balkan Genocides: Holocaust and Ethnic Cleansing in the Twentieth Century |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4422-0663-2|page=178}}</ref> Ciidanka Miyanmaar ee Tatmadaw oo bartilmaameedsanayay Muslinka Rohingya waxaa loogu yeeray dambi ka dhan ah aadamnimada ay sameeyeen Qaraamada Midoobay iyo Amnesty International,<ref>{{cite news |author=Oliver Holmes |date=19 December 2016 |title=Myanmar's Rohingya campaign 'may be crime against humanity' |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/19/myanmars-rohingya-campaign-may-be-against-humanity |url-status=live |access-date=5 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=19 December 2016|title=Rohingya abuse may be crimes against humanity: Amnesty|website=Al Jazeera|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/19/rohingya-abuse-may-be-crimes-against-humanity-amnesty/|access-date=2023-02-21|url-status=live}}</ref> halka Xafiiska Qaraamada Midoobay ee Wakiilka Sare ee Xaqiiqo-raadinta uu ka helay xasuuq, sifeyn qowmiyadeed, iyo dambiyo kale oo ka dhan ah aadamnimada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/MyanmarFFM/Pages/ReportoftheMyanmarFFM.aspx|title=Report of Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar |date=27 August 2018|website=ohchr.org|access-date=14 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Horumarka isgaarsiinta dunida wuxuu teshay faafinta ballaaran ee aqoonta diinta. Qaadashada xijabka waxay noqotay mid ka sii badan<ref>{{Cite news |last=Slackman |first=Michael |date=28 January 2007 |title=In Egypt, a new battle begins over the veil |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/weekinreview/28slackman.html |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo aqoonyahanno badan oo Muslin ah waxay si kordhayay isku deyayaan inay ka soocaan caqiidooyinka diinta Islaamka iyo dhaqammada caadiga ah.{{sfnp|Nigosian|2004|p=41}} Kooxaha kale dhexdiisa, helitaanka macluumaadka wuxuu keenay kordhinta wacdiyayaasha "televangelist" ee caanka ah, sida Amr Khaled, kuwaas oo kula tartama culumada caadiga ah gaaritaankooda oo ay ka dhigeen awoodda diinta mid aan hal xarun ku dhuftayn.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=263}} Sharraxaadaha "gaarka ah" ee Islaamka<ref>V. Šisler: ''The Internet and the Construction of Islamic Knowledge in Europe'' p. 212</ref> waxay si muuqata u dhex-galaan Muslinka Liberaalka ah oo isku deyaya inay waafajiyaan dhaqammada diinta iyo xukunkii laimaaniyadda ee casriga ah,{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=118–119, 179}}{{sfnp|Rippin|2001|p=288}} hab ka mid ah kuwa ay dhaleeceeyeen qaarkood oo ku saabsan waafaqsanaantiisa.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Adams, Charles J.|editor1-last=Esposito|editor1-first=John L.|title=Voices of Resurgent Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/voicesofresurgen00hcen|url-access=registration|date=1983|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/voicesofresurgen00hcen/page/113 113–4] |chapter=Maududi and the Islamic State|quote=[Maududi believed that] when religion is relegated to the personal realm, men inevitably give way to their bestial impulses and perpetrate evil upon one another. In fact it is precisely because they wish to escape the restraints of morality and the divine guidance that men espouse secularism.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Meisami|first=Sayeh|date=2013|title='Abdolkarim Soroush |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0034.xml|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-12 |website=Oxford Bibliographies|language=en}}</ref> Sidoo kale, laimaaniyaddu waxaa loo arkaa fikrad shisheeye oo ay ku soo impose gareeyeen qabsadayaashii oo ay adkeeyeen maamulayaasha ka dambeeyay gumeysiga,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Secularism, State Neutrality, and Islam|author=Abdullah Saeed|encyclopedia=The Oxford Handbook of Secularism|editor1=Phil Zuckerman|editor2=John R. Shook |url=http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/abstract/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199988457-e-12|year=2017|page=188 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.013.12|isbn=978-0-19-998845-7|access-date=7 August 2023|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref> oo inta badan loo fahmo inay u dhiganto ka-horjeedda diinta.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Nader Hashemi|title=Secularism|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0714|access-date=7 August 2023|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref> == Tirada Dadka == {{Main|Dunida Muslinka|Ummah}} {{See also|Islaamka waddan ahaan|Koraanka dadka Muslinka ah}} [[File:2020+ Proportion of people in world religions.svg |thumb|Boqolkiiba inta qof ee diimaha dunida. Muslinku waxay ka yihiin dhawaan 25.6% dadka dunida, taas oo ah tiro yar oo ka hooseysa Masiixiyiinta.<ref name=Pew_20250609>{{cite web |last1=Hackett |first1=Conrad |last2=Stonawski |first2=Marcin |last3=Tong |first3=Yunping |last4=Kramer |first4=Stephanie |last5=Shi |first5=Anne |last6=Fahmy |first6=Dalia |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |publisher=Pew Research Center |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260222070137/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |archive-date=22 February 2026 |date=9 June 2025 |url-status=live |quote=Source: Pew Research Center estimates based on more than 2,700 censuses and surveys. "How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020"}}</ref>]] Marka la joogo 2020, dhawaan 25.6% dadka dunida, ama dhawaan 2&nbsp;bilyan oo qof, waa Muslin.<ref name="pewresearch.orgReligion">{{Cite web |title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/interactives/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |date=21 December 2022 |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128120036/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/interactives/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="www.pewresearch.org-2022">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2022 |title=Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project - Research and data from Pew Research Center |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205195540/https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |archive-date=5 February 2023 |access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/|title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population|date=27 January 2011|access-date=26 October 2022|archive-date=30 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930233955/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/08/09/muslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world/ | title=Muslims and Islam: Key findings in the U.S. and around the world | date=9 August 2017 | access-date=19 December 2022 | archive-date=8 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108121140/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/08/09/muslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Pew-Growth-2017">{{cite web |last1=Lipka |first1=Michael |last2=Hackett |first2=Conrad |author-link2=Conrad Hackett |title=Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514123559/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |archive-date=2019-05-14 |website=Fact Tank |publisher=Pew Research Center |date=2017-04-06 |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> Sannadkii 1900, qiyaastani waxay ahayd 12.3%,<ref name="Barrett-2001">{{cite book |last1=Barrett |first1=David B. |last2=Kurian |first2=George T. |last3=Johnson |first3=Todd M. |title=World Christian Encyclopedia: A Comparative Survey of Churches and Religions in the Modern World |volume=1: The World by Countries: Religionists, Churches, Ministries |edition=2nd |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |page=4 |isbn=978-0195079630 |language=en}}</ref> sannadkii 1990 waxay ahayd 19.9%<ref name="Pew Research Center-2011">{{Cite report |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |publisher=Pew Research Center |access-date=27 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209094904/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=9 February 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> iyada oo saadaalintu ay muujinayso in heerku noqon doono 29.7% marka la joogo 2050.{{rp|8}} Ugu kooban uturjumaadda Pew ee 2020 waxay heshay in dadka Muslinka ah ee dunidu ay ahaayeen kooxda diimeed ee ugu koraanka badnayd tobankii sano, inta badan sababtoo ah Muslinku waxay u janjeeraan inay ku yar yihiin da'da oo ay leeyihiin heer dhalmo oo sarreeya—laba walxood oo muhiim ah oo kexeeya koraanka caadiga ah ee dadka.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett|author2=Marcin Stonawski|author3=Yunping Tong|author4=Stephanie Kramer|author5=Anne Shi|author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf|access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Pew Research Center |page=9|quote=Increases in the global Muslim population are largely due to Muslims having a relatively young age structure and high fertility rate, two characteristics that result in natural population growth.}}</ref>{{rp|9}} Sida ku xuso qiyaasta dadka ee 2020, 65% dadka Muslinka ah waxay ku dhex jiraan toban waddan, iyada oo dadka ugu waaweyni ay ku nool yihiin Indoneesiya, Bakistaan, Hindiya, Bangaladeesh, Nayjeeriya, Masar, Iiraan, Turkiga, Sudaan, iyo Aljeeriya, marka loo eego sida ay u kala hooseeyaan. Indoneesiya waxay xarun u tahay ka badan 230,000,000 oo Muslin ah, Bakistaan ka badan 220,000,000, Hindiya ka badan 210,000,000, Bangaladeesh ka badan 150,000,000, Nayjeeriya ka badan 110,000,000, Masar ka badan 100,000,000, Iiraan iyo Turkiga midkiiba ka badan 80,000,000, iyo Sudaan iyo Aljeeriya midkiiba ka badan 40,000,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/muslim-population-change/|title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020: 3. Muslim population change|date=9 June 2025|access-date=12 February 2026|website=Pew Research Center}}</ref>[[File:Islam percent population in each nation World Map Muslim data by Pew Research.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Boqolkiiba Muslinka ee dunida waddan ahaan.<ref name="pew2015" />]]Sida ku xuso warbixin ay soo saartay CNN, "Islaamku wuxuu soo jiitay dad soo Islaamay oo ka soo jeeda dhammaan heerarka nolosha, gaar ahaan Ameerikanka ka soo jeeda Afrika".<ref>{{cite news |title=Fast-growing Islam winning converts in Western world |publisher=CNN |url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9704/14/egypt.islam/ |access-date=6 May 2016 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015114027/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9704/14/egypt.islam/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ingiriiska, dhawaan 6,000 oo qof ayaa soo Islaama sannad walba, iyada oo sida ku xuso maqaal ku jira British Muslims Monthly Survey, badanka dadka cusub ee soo Islaama ee Ingiriiska ay ahaayeen dumarka.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/bmms/2000/06June00.asp#Women%20convert |title=British Muslims Monthly Survey for June 2000, Vol. VIII, No. 6 |at=Women convert |access-date=2020-09-28 |archive-date=2008-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214160750/http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/bmms/2000/06June00.asp#Women%20convert |url-status=live}}</ref> Sida ku xuso The Huffington Post, "ilaaliyayaashu waxay qiyaasayaan in illaa 20,000 oo Ameerikan ah ay soo Islaamaan sannad walba", badankoodu ay yihiin dumarka iyo Muslinka Ameerikanka ka soo jeeda Afrika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-08-24 |title=Conversion To Islam One Result Of Post-9/11 Curiosity |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/post-911-islam-converts_n_935572 |access-date=2020-11-26 |website=HuffPost |language=en |archive-date=2021-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111201117/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/post-911-islam-converts_n_935572 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author-first=Julie |author-last=Bindel |author-link=Julie Bindel |title=Why do Western Women Convert? |url=http://standpointmag.co.uk/features-may-10-why-do-western-women-convert-julie-bindel-islam-female-conversion |access-date=8 May 2016 |work=Standpoint |date=26 April 2010 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006102003/http://standpointmag.co.uk/features-may-10-why-do-western-women-convert-julie-bindel-islam-female-conversion |url-status=live}}</ref> Sidoo kale boqolkiiba iyo tirada guud ahaan, Islaamku waa kooxda diimeed ee ugu koraanka badan dunida, iyadoo la saadaalinayo inay noqoto ta ugu weyn dunida dhamaadka qarniga 21aad, iyadoo ka badanaysa Masiixiyada. Waxaa lagu qiyaasay in marka la joogo 2050, tirada Muslinka ay u dhowaan doonto tirada Masiixiyiinta ee dunida, "sababtoo ah da'da yar iyo heerka dhalmo ee sarreeya ee Muslinka marka loo barbardhigo kooxaha kale ee diimaha."{{rp|70}} === Xituunta Pew Research === Dhawaan 49 waddan ayaa ah kuwo dadka ugu badan ee ku nooli ay Muslin yihiin,{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=11}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ba-Yunus |first1=Ilyas |title=Muslims in the United States |last2=Kone, Kassim |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2006 |page=[https://archive.org/details/muslimsunitedsta00bayu/page/n186 172] |url=https://archive.org/details/muslimsunitedsta00bayu |url-access=registration |isbn=978-0-313-32825-1}}</ref><ref name="Pew-Landscape-2012">{{cite report |author=The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life |title=The Global Religious Landscape: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Major Religious Groups as of 2010 |url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323215026/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf |archive-date=2018-03-23 |date=December 2012 |publisher=Pew Research Center |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=7 March 2018 |title=Islam in Russia |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2018/3/7/islam-in-russia/ |access-date=15 June 2021 |website=Al Jazeera |publisher=Anadolu News Agency |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024349/https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/features/2018/3/7/islam-in-russia |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Book review: Russia's Muslim Heartlands reveals diverse population |date=21 April 2018 |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/book-review-russia-s-muslim-heartlands-reveals-diverse-population-1.723230 |work=The National |access-date=13 January 2019 |archive-date=14 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114210257/https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/book-review-russia-s-muslim-heartlands-reveals-diverse-population-1.723230 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyada oo 62% Muslinka dunidu ay ku nool yihiin Aasiya, halka 683 milyan oo taabacsan ay ku nool yihiin Indoneesiya, Bakistaan, Hindiya, iyo Bangaladeesh keligood.<ref name="Pew-Projections-2050">{{cite web |title=10 Countries With the Largest Muslim Populations, 2010 and 2050 |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/muslims/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables74/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207115222/http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/muslims/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables74/ |archive-date=2017-02-07 |website=Pew Research Center |publisher=Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life |date=2015-04-02 |type=Projections table |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Secrets of Islam |url=https://www.usnews.com/usnews/graphics/religion/islams_global_reach.htm |access-date=24 September 2013 |website=U.S. News & World Report |archive-date=22 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122200555/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/graphics/religion/islams_global_reach.htm |url-status=live }} Information provided by the International Population Center, Department of Geography, San Diego State University (2005).</ref>{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|pp=15, 17}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pechilis |first1=Karen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C |title=South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today |last2=Raj |first2=Selva J. |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-44851-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C&pg=PA193 193] |access-date=3 May 2019 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024331/https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslinka Carabta ah waxay samayeeyaan kooxda qowmiyadeed ee ugu weyn Muslinka dhexdeeda ee dunida,<ref name="Nydell-2005">{{cite book |last=Nydell |first=Margaret Kleffner |title=Understanding Arabs: A Guide for Modern Times |edition=4th |location=Yarmouth, Maine |publisher=Intercultural Press |year=2005 |pages=xxiii, 14 |isbn=978-1931930253 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNoiieefqAcC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024737/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNoiieefqAcC |archive-date=2023-12-28 |language=en}}</ref> waxaa ku xiga Bangaaliyiinta<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Eaton|editor=Barbara D. Metcalf|title=Islam in South Asia in Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pR0LzVCpfw8C|date=8 September 2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-3138-8|page=275|chapter=Forest Clearing and the Growth of Islam in Bengal}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=haGORCJRlOUC&pg=PA50 |title=The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics |author1=Meghna Guhathakurta |author2=Willem van Schendel |page=50 |date=30 April 2013 |publisher=Duke University Press |access-date=7 November 2016 |isbn=978-0822353188 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707092408/https://books.google.com/books?id=haGORCJRlOUC&pg=PA50 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo Bunjaabiinta.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Rajmohan|title=Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten|year=2013|page=1|publisher=Aleph Book Company|location=New Delhi, India, Urbana, Illinois|isbn=978-93-83064-41-0}}.</ref> Qiyaasaha badankood waxay muujinayaan in Shiinaha ay ku nool yihiin dhawaan 20 illaa 30 milyan oo Muslin ah (1.5% illaa 2% dadka waddanka).<ref>{{cite web |work=The World Factbook |title=Explore All Countries – China |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/ |access-date=15 September 2009 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |archive-date=13 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213122152/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=China (includes Hong Kong, Macau, and Tibet) |website=Archived Content |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm |access-date=24 September 2013 |publisher=U.S. Department of State |archive-date=10 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710075050/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Islaamka ka jira Yurub waa diinta labaad ee ugu weyn Masiixiyadda ka dib waddamo badan dhexdeeda, iyada oo heerarka koraanka ay inta badan ku yimaadaan soogalootiga iyo heerka dhalmo ee sarreeya ee Muslinka ee 2005,<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 December 2005 |title=Muslims in Europe: Country guide |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4385768.stm |access-date=1 April 2010 |archive-date=29 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929213440/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4385768.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> taas oo samaynaysay 4.9% dhammaan dadka Yurub ee 2016.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/11/29/5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe/|title=5 facts about the Muslim population in Europe|date=November 29, 2017|work=Pew Research Center|first=Conrad|last=Hackett|access-date=17 January 2023|archive-date=5 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105202657/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/11/29/5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sida ku xuso Xituunta Pew Research, soo Islaamidda ma laha saameyn weyn oo saafi ah oo ku saabsan koraanka dadka Muslinka ah maadaama "tirada dadka ku soo Islaama diinta ay u dhowdahay inay la mid tahay tirada Muslinka ah ee ka baxda diinta."<ref>{{Cite report |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |section=Conversion |date=27 January 2011 |publisher=Pew Research Center |section-url=https://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-related-factors/#conversion |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |quote=there is no substantial net gain or loss in the number of Muslims through conversion globally; the number of people who become Muslims through conversion seems to be roughly equal to the number of Muslims who leave the faith |access-date=12 May 2020 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211126/http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bagse, Islaamku wuxuu ka helayaa faa'iido yar oo ah 3 milyan oo qof marka loo eego isbeddelka diimaha u dhexeya 2010 iyo 2050, inta badan ka timaada Afrika Sub-Sahara (2.9 milyan).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf|title=Cumulative Change Due to Religious Switching, 2010–2050, p.43|access-date=4 May 2016|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150429153811/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf|archive-date=29 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/|title=The Changing Global Religious Landscape|work=Pew Research Center|date=5 April 2017|access-date=17 December 2022|archive-date=18 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218030628/https://www.pewforum.org/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sida ku xuso uturjumaadda Pew ee 2020, dhawaan 1% dadka waaweyn ee ku soo koray Muslimnimada ayaa ka baxa diinta, halka boqolkiiba la mid ah —dhawaan 1%— ay ka soo Islaamaan diimaha kale, taas oo keenta heer hoose oo isbeddel diimeed ah oo soo gala ama ka baxa Islaamka.<ref name="pew2029">{{Cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett|author2=Marcin Stonawski|author3=Yunping Tong|author4=Stephanie Kramer|author5=Anne Shi|author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf|access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US|page=39|quote=Muslims and Hindus have been the least likely to gain or lose adherents from religious switching. About one in every 100 adults raised Muslim (or Hindu) has left their childhood religion, and a similar number from a different religious category have switched into Islam (or Hinduism).}}</ref> Mutaaniqada Islaamka ka baxday waxay u janjeeraan inay u wareegaan diin kale halkii ay ka noqon lahaayeen kuwo aan diin lahayn. == Qaybaha Waaweyn == {{Main|Xiriirka Shiicada iyo Sunnada|Qadiir Khum|Saqiifa|Ciidul Qadiir}} === Matalaadda Qadiir Khum iyo Saqiifa === [[File:Chronology of Ancient Nations, f.162r miniature.jpg|thumb|Magacaabiddii Cali uu Muxammad ku magacaabay Qadiir Khum, 1307 AD fardawsa Ilkhanid.]] Tukhtaan muhiim ah ayaa ka dhacay 632 ee Qadiir Khum, halkaas oo Muxammad, obo yar ka hor dhimashadiisa, uu gacanta ku qabtay Cali, oo ahaa ina-adeerkii iyo seedigii, uu ka jeediyay khudbad uu ku yiri "Kii aan ahay ''mowlahiisa'', Cali waa ''mowlahiisa''."<ref>{{cite book |title=The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam |author-first=Maria Massi |author-last=Dakake |year=2007 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9780791470336 |author-link=Maria Massi Dakake}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Veccia Vaglieri|first=L.|date=2012|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/*-SIM_2439|section=G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm|publisher=Brill|access-date=July 14, 2023|isbn=9789004161214|archive-date=14 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714174420/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/*-SIM_2439|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfnp|Campo|2009|pp=257–258}} Ereyga mowla wuxuu leeyahay macnayaal kala duwan oo ku xiran xaaladda, oo ay ku jiraan sayid, ilaaliye, xulafo, taageere, iyo mid awood leh. Shiicada dhexdeeda, waxaa loo fahmaa magacaabidda rasmiga ah ee Muxammad uu Cali uga dhigay beddelkiisa. Sunnadu sidoo kale waxay aqbashaa in tukhtaankii Qadiir Khum uu dhacay iyadoo Muxammad uu yiri hadalkaas ku saabsan Cali. Bagse, uma tarjumaan hadalka inuu yahay magacaabidda Cali ee beddelka Muxammad. Muslinka Sunnada ah waxay u tarjumaan ereyga mowla xaaladdan inuu u muuqdo saaxiib dhow, taageere, ama mid mudan daacadnimo iyo kalsooni. Sidaas darteed, waxay u arkaan bayaanka inuu yahay caddayn ah xushmadda Muxammad uu u hayay Cali, iyagoo hoos u dhigaya muhiimadda tukhtaanka. Kalfadhigii Saqiifa wuxuu dhacay obo yar ka dib dhimashadii Muxammad ee 632, halkaas oo Abu Bakar looga doortay beddelkiisa oo uu ku noqday Khaliifkii koowaad. Saqiifa waxay ka mid tahay tukhtaannada ugu muranka badan Islaamka, sababtoo ah ka saarida tiro badan oo ka mid ah Saxaabada Muxammad, oo ay ku jiraan Ahlul Bayt iyo gaar ahaan Cali. Cali iyo tiro badan oo ka mid ah qoyska Muxammad waxay weli ku jireen aasitaanka nabiga markii uu tukhtaanku dhacayay.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Foody |first=Kathleen |date=September 2015 |title=Interiorizing Islam: Religious Experience and State Oversight in the Islamic Republic of Iran |editor-last=Jain |editor-first=Andrea R. |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=599–623 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/lfv029 |doi-access=free |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Academy of Religion |eissn=1477-4585 |issn=0002-7189 |jstor=24488178 |lccn=sc76000837 |oclc=1479270 |quote=For Shiʿi Muslims, Muhammad not only designated Ali as his friend, but appointed him as his successor—as the "lord" or "master" of the new Muslim community. Ali and his descendants would become known as the Imams, divinely guided leaders of the Shiʿi communities, sinless, and granted special insight into the Qurʾanic text. The theology of the Imams that developed over the next several centuries made little distinction between the authority of the Imams to politically lead the Muslim community and their spiritual prowess; quite to the contrary, their right to political leadership was grounded in their special spiritual insight. While in theory, the only just ruler of the Muslim community was the Imam, the Imams were politically marginal after the first generation. In practice, Shiʿi Muslims negotiated varied approaches to both interpretative authority over Islamic texts and governance of the community, both during the lifetimes of the Imams themselves and even more so following the disappearance of the twelfth and final Imam in the ninth century.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Foody |first=Kathleen |date=September 2015 |editor-last=Jain |editor-first=Andrea R. |title=Interiorizing Islam: Religious Experience and State Oversight in the Islamic Republic of Iran |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Academy of Religion |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=599–623 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/lfv029 |issn=0002-7189 |eissn=1477-4585 |jstor=24488178 |lccn=sc76000837 |oclc=1479270 |quote=For Shiʿi Muslims, Muhammad not only designated Ali as his friend, but appointed him as his successor—as the "lord" or "master" of the new Muslim community. Ali and his descendants would become known as the Imams, divinely guided leaders of the Shiʿi communities, sinless, and granted special insight into the Qurʾanic text. The theology of the Imams that developed over the next several centuries made little distinction between the authority of the Imams to politically lead the Muslim community and their spiritual prowess; quite to the contrary, their right to political leadership was grounded in their special spiritual insight. While in theory, the only just ruler of the Muslim community was the Imam, the Imams were politically marginal after the first generation. In practice, Shiʿi Muslims negotiated varied approaches to both interpretative authority over Islamic texts and governance of the community, both during the lifetimes of the Imams themselves and even more so following the disappearance of the twelfth and final Imam in the ninth century. |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Amir-Moezzi |author-first=Mohammad Ali |title=Ghadīr Khumm |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=Third |editor1-first=Kate |editor1-last=Fleet |editor2-first=Gudrun |editor2-last=Krämer |editor3-first=Denis |editor3-last=Matringe |editor4-first=John |editor4-last=Nawas |editor5-first=Devin J. |editor5-last=Stewart |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419 |year=2014 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419 |isbn=9789004269613 |author-link=Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Muslinka Sunnada ah waxay qabaan in Muxammad uu u daayay doorashada beddelkiisa bulshada, sidaas darteedna waxay u arkaan doorashadii Abu Bakar ee saxaabada inay ahayd mid sharci ah. Muslinka Shiicada ah waxay adkaynayaan in Cali hore loogu magacaabay beddelka Muxammad ee tukhtaankii Qadiir Khum, sidaas darteedna waxay u arkaan tukhtaannadii Saqiifa inay ahaayeen kuwo dhaafay xaqiisii beddelka. Dhibaatada beddelka waxay noqotay sababtii ugu horreysay ee qeybsanaanta Muslinka oo keentay soo bixitaanka labada qaybood ee waaweyn ee Islaamka, Sunna iyo Shiica. === Islaamka Sunnada ah === {{Main|Islaamka Sunnada ah}} [[File:Khalili Collection Islamic Art mss 0311 fol 190b-191a.jpg|thumb|Faraq-qoraal ah oo [[Saxiix al-Bukhari]] ah oo ka soo jeeda qarnigii 14aad, ururintii ugu horreysay ee [[xadiis]] ee [[Kutub al-Sittah|Lixda Buug]] ee [[Islaamka Sunnada ah]].]] Islaamka Sunnada ah waa qaybta ugu weyn ee Islaamka iyada oo ah mhabka diimeed ee ugu weyn dunida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of religious populations {{!}} Largest Religions, Smallest Religions, Lists, Data, & Overview {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/List-of-religious-populations|access-date=2025-07-24|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sunni |title=Sunni |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=17 September 2021 |archive-date=30 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430101807/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/574006/Sunnite |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Sunni Islam |editor-first=John L. |editor-last=Esposito |encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2014 |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2280 |access-date=10 January 2010 |archive-date=5 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005013247/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2280 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Denny-2010">{{cite book |last=Denny |first=Frederick |author-link=Frederick M. Denny |title=Sunni Islam: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |page=3 |isbn=978-0199804153 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D5_N97bAiJ0C&pg=PA3 |quote=Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community, and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority (85 to 90%) of that community. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lawson |first1=Russell M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_krEEAAAQBAJ&dq=islam+based+on+the+teachings+of+muhammad&pg=PA419 |title=Science in the Ancient World: From Antiquity through the Middle Ages |date=23 September 2021 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-4408-7353-9 |page=419 |language=en}}</ref> Ereygu waa gaabinta weedha "''Ahl as-Sunnah wa al-Jama'ah''", oo macnaheedu yahay "dadka [[Sunnah|sunnada]] (dhaqankii Muxammad) iyo jamacaadka".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Ahl as-Sunnah |encyclopedia=Islam Ansiklopedisi |publisher=Turkish Diyanet Foundation |location=Istanbul |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ehl-i-sunnet |last=Yavuz |first=Yusuf Şevki |date=1994 |volume=10 |pages=525–530 |lang=tr |access-date=28 December 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228114411/https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ehl-i-sunnet |url-status=live }}</ref> Islaamka Sunnada ah mararka qaarkood waxaa loo yaqaanaa "Islaamka Ortodokska ah",<ref>{{cite book |author1=John Richard Thackrah |title=Dictionary of Terrorism |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1135165956 |edition=2, revised |page=252}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Status of Women Under Islamic Law and Modern Islamic Legislation |date=2009 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9004172739 |editor1-last=Nasir |editor1-first=Jamal J. |edition=revised |page=11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=George W. Braswell |title=What You Need to Know about Islam & Muslims |date=2000 |publisher=B&H Publishing Group |isbn=978-0805418293 |edition=illustrated |page=62}}</ref> ingawa aqoonyahanada qaar ay u arkaan inaysan habboonayn, iyada oo Sunni-nimada ka baxsan ay dad badan u arki karaan fahan xumaan.<ref>An Introduction to the Hadith. John Burton. Published by Edinburgh University Press. 1996. p. 201. Cite: "Sunni: Of or pertaining ''sunna'', especially the ''Sunna'' of the Prophet. Used in conscious opposition to Shi'a, Shi'í. There being no ecclesia or centralized magisterium, the translation 'orthodox' is inappropriate. To the Muslim 'unorthodox' implies heretical, ''mubtadi'', from ''bid'a'', the contrary of ''sunna'' and so 'innovation'."</ref> Sunnadu waxay adkaynaysaa in Muxammad uusan magacaabin beddel, wuxuuna u dhaafay doorashada beddelkiisa bulshada, sidaas darteedna waxay u arkaan doorashadii Abu Bakar ee Saqiifa inay ahayd mid sharci ah. Muslinka Sunnada ah waxay inta badan u noqdaan lixda buug ee xadiiska ee waaweyn arrimaha sharciga, iyagoo u raaca mid ka mid ah afar madhabood ee fiqhiga: [[Hanafi school|Xanafi]], [[Hanbali school|Xanbali]], [[Maliki school|Maaliki]], [[Shafi'i school|Shaafi'i]].<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|pp=275, 306}}</ref> Cilmiga tawxiidka ee athariga ah waa madhab Sunni ah oo feker ah, oo uu si weyn ugu doodi jiray Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780–855 CE), oo lagu garto u noqoshada fahanka qoraalka ah ee Qur'aanka iyo sunnada, aמונה ah in Qur'aanku yahay mid aan la abuurin oo weligeed ah, iyo ka soo horjeeda cilmiga caqliga, ee loo yaqano kalam, marka loo eego arrimaha diinta iyo anshaxa.<ref>Hadi Enayat ''Islam and Secularism in Post-Colonial Thought: A Cartography of Asadian Genealogies'' Springer Publishing, 30 June 2017 {{ISBN|978-3-319-52611-9}} p.48</ref> Maaturidiyada, oo uu aasaasay Abu Mansur al-Maturidi (853–944 CE), waxay leedahay qoraalka la soo dejiyay looma baahna anshaxa asaasiga ah iyada oo wanaagga iyo xawliga lagu fahmi karo caqliga keligiis,<ref>Rico Isaacs, Alessandro Frigerio ''Theorizing Central Asian Politics: The State, Ideology and Power'' Springer Publishing 2018 {{ISBN|978-3-319-97355-5}} p. 108</ref> laakiin dadku waxay u noqdaan waxyiga arrimaha ka baxsan fahanka bahaamka. Ash'ariyada, oo uu aasaasay Al-Ashʿarī (c. 874–936), waxay leedahay anshaxu wuxuu ka imaan karaa oo keliya waxyiga rabbaaniga ah laakiin waxay aqbashaa caqliga arrimaha fasiraadda waxayna isku dartaa hababka Mu'tazilada iyo fikradaha athariga.<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|1999|p=280}}</ref> Salafiyadu waa doonis dib u cusboonaysiin ah oo u dooda u noqoshada dhaqankii qgeneration-kii ugu horreeyay ee Muslinka. Qarnigii 18aad, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab wuxuu kexeeyay dhaqdhaqaaq Salafi ah, oo dadka ka baxsan ay u yaqaanaan Wahaabiya, waddanka maanta loo yaqano Sacuudi Carabiya.<ref>Richard Gauvain ''Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-0-7103-1356-0}} page 8</ref> Dhaqdhaqaaq la mid ah oo loo yaqano Ahl al-Hadith ayaa sidoo kale hoos u dhigay dhaqanka sharciga Sunniga ah ee qarniyada jiray, iyagoo door biday inay si toos ah u raacaan Qur'aanka iyo Xadiiska. Dhaqdhaqaaqa Sunniga ah ee Nurcu waxaa aasaasay Said Nursi (1877–1960); wuxuu isku darayaa qaybo ka mid ah Tasawufka iyo sayniska.<ref name="Svante E. Cornell p. 283">Svante E. Cornell ''Azerbaijan Since Independence'' M.E. Sharpe {{ISBN| 9780765630049}} p. 283</ref><ref>Robert W. Hefner ''Shariʻa Politics: Islamic Law and Society in the Modern World'' Indiana University Press 2011 {{ISBN|978-0-253-22310-4}} p. 170</ref> === Islaamka Shiicada ah === {{Main|Islaamka Shiicada ah}} [[File:Folio from a Nahj al-Balagha.gif|thumb|Warqad gacan-qoraal ah oo ka timaada Nahj al-Balagha, ee taariikhdeedu tahay 1149 AD. Nahj al-Balagha waa ururin khudbado, waraaqo, iyo hadallo ah oo uu leeyahay Cali. Waxaa loo arkaa inay ka mid tahay kuwa ugu muhiimsan ee suugaanta Carabiga iyada oo ka joogta meel sare Islaamka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda.]] Islaamka Shiicada ah waa qaybta labaad ee ugu weyn Islaamka iyo mid ka mid oo ka mid ah mhabada diimeed ee ugu waaweyn dunida.<ref>{{cite web |title=Field Listing :: Religions |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706231326/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |archive-date=6 July 2010 |access-date=25 October 2010 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |quote=Sunni Islam accounts for over 75% of the world's Muslim population." ... "Shia Islam represents 10–15% of Muslims worldwide.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sunni |url=https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/sunni |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614103622/https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/sunni |archive-date=14 June 2020 |access-date=24 May 2020 |publisher=Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs |quote=Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam, comprising about 85% of the world's over 1.5 billion Muslims.}}</ref>{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=1|ps=. "Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims."}} Ereygu waa gaabinta weedha "''Shīʿat ʿAlī''", oo macnaheedu yahay "xisbigii Cali". Muslinka Shiicada ah waxay adkaynayaan in Muxammad uu magacaabay ina-adeerkii iyo seedigii, Cali, inuu noqdo beddelkiisa.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shii|title=Shiʿi|last=Newman|first=Andrew J.|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=28 December 2021|archive-date=20 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720054917/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shii|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2004 |title=Sunni Islam |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa |publisher=MacMillan Reference |editor-last=Philip Mattar |edition=2nd |author1=Tayeb El-Hibri|author2=Maysam J. al Faruqi}}</ref> Cali waxaa ku xigay silsilad Imaamyo ah oo Ilaah magacaabay oo ka soo jeeda qoyska Muxammad ([[Ahl al-Bayt|Ahlul Bayt]]). Mhabka ugu weyn ee Islaamka Shiicada ah, Shiicada Laba-iyo-Tobanka ah, waxay aqoonsan yihiin Laba-iyo-Tobanka Imaam inay yihiin hoggaamiyeyaasha Ilaah magacaabay, iyadoo ka bilaabanaysa Cali keligiis oo ku dheehanaysa Mahdiga, oo la rumeysan yahay inuu ku jiro qoyanaanta loona fadhiyo inuu dib u soo laabto Dhamaadka Sannadaha si uu u aasaaso caddaalad oo uu caawin doono Ciise. Islaamka Shiicada ah wuxuu muhiimad gaar ah siiyaa Ahlul Bayt (qoyska Muxammad), kuwaas oo Muslinka Shiicada ah ay u arkaan inay leeyihiin awood diimeed iyo ruhani ah oo Ilaah siiyay. Qur'aanka, teachings-ka Muxammad (Sunnah), iyo Imaamyada waxay samayeeyaan asaaska ugu muhiimsan ee fekerka diimeed iyo fiqhiga Shiicada. Muslinka Shiicada ah waxaa kexeeya madhabka Jacfariyada ee fiqhiga.<ref>{{Cite book |author1=John Corrigan|author2=Frederick Denny|author3=Martin S Jaffee|author4=Carlos Eire |year=2011 |title=Jews, Christians, Muslims: A Comparative Introduction to Monotheistic Religions |publisher= Cambridge University Press |id=978-0205026340 }}</ref> Ururinta ugu muhiimsan ee xadiiska ee Islaamka Shiicada ah waa Afarta Buug ee Sharciga ah, oo loo yaqano Kitab al-Kafi, Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih, Tahdhib al-Ahkam, iyo Al-Istibsar. Islaamka Shiicada ah wuxuu ka kooban yahay dhowr qaybood, ta ugu weyn oo ugu muhiimsan waxay tahay Shiicada Laba-iyo-Tobanka ah, oo ay ku xigaan qaybaha yar ee Ismaaciiliyad iyo Saydiyad.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social and Military History |editor-first1=Spencer C. |editor-last1=Tucker |editor2=Priscilla Mary Roberts |year=2008 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-842-2 |page=917 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC&pg=PA917 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024726/https://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC&pg=PA917 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Iraq Effect: The Middle East After the Iraq War |first=Frederic M. |last=Wehrey |year=2010 |publisher=Rand Corporation |isbn=978-0-8330-4788-5 |page=91 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-3LAlfW7DIC&pg=PA91 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024742/https://books.google.com/books?id=i-3LAlfW7DIC&pg=PA91#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Newman|first=Andrew J.|author-link=Andrew J. Newman|title=Twelver Shiism: Unity and Diversity in the Life of Islam, 632 to 1722|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-7833-4|chapter=Introduction|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ&pg=PP18|page=2|access-date=13 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501201413/https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ|archive-date=1 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Dagaalkii Karbala, oo uu awoowe u ahaa Nabiga oo ahaa Imaamka saddexaad ee Shiicada, Xuseen ibn Cali, si xun loogu dilay oo madaxa looga jaray iyada oo la dilay badanka xubnaha qoyskiisa, wuxuu siiyay Caliyinta aqoonsi diimeed oo u gaar ah wuxuuna ka qaatay door muhiim ah zhuraalka iyo adkaynta ta noqotay Islaamka Shiicada ah. Wuxuu ka joogaa meel dhexe taariikhda Shiicada, dhaqanka, iyo cilmiga tawxiidka, iyadoo inta badan lagu xuso suugaanta Islaamka. Waa mid ka mid ah waqtiyada ugu murugada badan, muhiimka ah, ee lagu garto taariikhda Islaamka. Dhismaha Imaam Cali ee Najafe, Dhismaha Imaam Xuseen ee Karbala, iyo Dhismaha Imaam Riza ee Mashxad waa saddexda meelood ee ugu xurmada badan ka dib Masjid al-Xaraam ee Makka, Masjid al-Nabawi ee Madiina, iyo Masjid al-Aqsa ee Qudus.<ref name="Sardeg2">{{cite web |last=Escobar |first=Pepe |date=May 24, 2002 |title=Knocking on heaven's door |url=http://www.atimes.com/c-asia/DE24Ag04.html |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020603155002/http://atimes.com/c-asia/DE24Ag04.html |archive-date=June 3, 2002 |access-date=2006-11-12 |work=Asia Times Online |quote=our sixth imam, Imam Sadeg, says that we have five definitive holy places... first is Mecca... second is Medina... third belongs to our first imam of Shia, Ali, which is in Najaf. The fourth belongs to our third imam, Hussein, in Kerbala. The last one belongs to the daughter of our seventh imam and sister of our eighth imam, who is called Fatemah, and will be buried in Qom. |department=Central Asia/Russia}}</ref> Laba-iyo-Tobanka Imaam sidoo xushmad lagu hayaa Islaamka Sunnada ah dhexdeeda iyagoo ah xubno ka mid ah qoyska Nabiga Muxammad iyo shakhsiyaad muhiim ah oo ku jira taariikhda Islaamka, iyadoo Sunnadu ay booqdaan dhismooyinkooda xushmad darteed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Iraqi delegation from the Sunni Endowment visited the Holy Shrine of Imam Ali (PBUH).|url=https://www.alarbaeen.ir/en/news/an-iraqi-delegation-from-the-sunni-endowment-visited-the-holy-shrine-of-imam-ali-pbuh|access-date=2026-02-16|website=www.alarbaeen.ir}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Waziri|first=Adam Isa|date=2022-11-21|title=Sunni Professors, Scholars From Pakistan Visit Imam Husain's Holy Shrine in Karbala » Education Monitor News|url=https://educationmonitornews.com/sunni-professors-scholars-from-pakistan-visit-imam-husains-holy-shrine-in-karbala/|access-date=2026-02-16|website=Education Monitor News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Arooj|date=2024-02-01|title=Sunni scholars from Turkey express happiness upon visiting holy shrine of Imam Hussein|url=https://shiawaves.com/english/uncategorized/100914-sunni-scholars-from-turkey-express-happiness-upon-visiting-holy-shrine-of-imam-hussein/|access-date=2026-02-16|website=Shia Waves|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-16|title=Iraqi Sunni Friday prayer leaders visit Imam Reza (AS) holy shrine|url=https://en.hawzahnews.com/news/358808/Iraqi-Sunni-Friday-prayer-leaders-visit-Imam-Reza-AS-holy-shrine|access-date=2026-02-16|website=Hawzah News Agency|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=English Pakistani Sunnis Visit Imam Reza Shrine|url=https://www.shiachat.com/forum/topic/235051393-english-pakistani-sunnis-visit-imam-reza-shrine/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617090149/https://www.shiachat.com/forum/topic/235051393-english-pakistani-sunnis-visit-imam-reza-shrine/|archive-date=2025-06-17|access-date=2026-02-16|website=ShiaChat.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-14|title=Sunni Cleric: Imam Reza Shrine a Center for Unifying Muslims|url=https://en.abna24.com/news/664698/Sunni-Cleric-Imam-Reza-Shrine-a-Center-for-Unifying-Muslims|access-date=2026-02-17|website=ABNA English|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Imam Reza (A.S.) Is the Symbol of Unity among Islamic Sects.|url=https://www.alarbaeen.ir/en/news/imam-reza-as-is-the-symbol-of-unity-among-islamic-sects|access-date=2026-02-17|website=www.alarbaeen.ir}}</ref> {{multiple image | align = center | image1 = ImamAliShrine2026.jpg | width1 = 217 | alt1 = | caption1 = Dhismaha Imaam Cali ee Najafe, Ciraaq, waxaa loo arkaa Muslinka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda inuu yahay meesha ugu xurmada badan Islaamka ka dib Makka, Madiina iyo Qudus. | image2 = حرم الامام الحسين.jpg | width2 = 218 | alt2 = | caption2 = Dhismaha Imaam Xuseen ee Karbala, Ciraaq, waa meel aad u xurmo badan Islaamka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda. | width3 = 315 | alt3 = | footer = | image3 = ImamReza(A).jpg | caption3 = Dhismaha Imaam Riza ee Mashxad, Iiraan, waa masjidhka ugu weyn dunida iyadoo ka mid ah meelaha ugu xurmada badan Islaamka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda. }} ===== Cibaadiyada ===== {{Main|Muhakkima|Cibaadiyada|Khawaarijta}} Cibaadiyada waa madhab u gaar ah Islaamka waxaana inta badan loo arkaa qaybta saddexaad ee mhabada Islaamka, oo barbar taagan Islaamka Sunnada ah iyo Islaamka Shiicada ah. Xididdadeedu waxay dib u raacaan go'itaankii Khawaarijta ee ka go'een Cali, oo ahaa ina-adeerkii iyo seedigii nabiga Muxammad oo ahaa Imaamkii ugu horreeyay ee Shiicada iyo khaliifkii afaraad ee Khulafo al-Raashidiinta ee Sunnadu. Waxaaba jirta in Cibaadiyiinta casriga ah ay inta badan diadaan in aqiidadooda lagu tilmaamo Khawaarij. Cibaadiyada waxay soo baxday qarniyadii ugu horreeyay ee Islaamka iyadoo ka timaada khilaafaadkii siyaasadeed iyo kuwa tawxiidka ee ku xeernaa Fitnada Koowaad. Dhaqanku wuxuu taariikhiyan u xiran yahay dhaqdhaqaaqii hore ee Muhakkima. Cibaadiyiintu way ka tiro yar yihiin labada mhab ee ugu waaweyn Islaamka, Sunnadu iyo Shiicada. Cibaadiyada waxay weli tahay mid aan si fican u baran dadka ka baxsan, iyadoo ay ku jiraan kuwo aan Muslin ahayn iyo Muslinka Sunnada iyo Shiicada ah. [[File:Islam branches and schools.png|centre|Dulmar guud oo ku saabsan qaybaha waaweyn iyo mhabada Islaamka]] ===== Qaybaha ===== * Dhaqdhaqaaqa Axmadiyada waxaa lagu aasaasay Hindiya ee Ingiriisku xukumayay 1889 oo uu aasaasay Mirza Ghulam Ahmad oo ka soo jeeda Qadian, oo sheegtay inuu yahay Masiiyadii la ballanqaaday ("Soo laabashada Labaad ee Ciise"), Mahdiga Muslinku dhowrayaan sidoo kale prophet yar oo raaca nabiga Islaamka Muxammad. Waxaa jira fikrado iyo barashooyin kala duwan oo u gaar ah Axmadiyiinta marka loo eego badanka Muslinka kale, kuwaas oo ay ku jiraan fasiraadda cinwaanka Qur'aanka ee Khatam an-Nabiyyin iyo fasiraadda Soo laabashada Labaad ee Masiiyada. deviations-kan loo arko inay ka bixisay fekerka Islaamka ee caadiga ah waxay keeneen in badanka Muslinka ay u arkaan kuwo ka baxay diinta iyo khilaafyada lagu hayo Axmadiyiinta waddamo kala duwan dhexdeeda, gaar ahaan Bakistaan, halkaas oo si rasmi ah looga dhaqangaliyay inaysan Muslin ahayn oo ay dhaqangalisay Xukuumadda Bakistaan. Taabacsanaha Dhaqdhaqaaqa Axmadiyada ee Islaamka waxay u qeybsamaan laba kooxood: ta koowaad oo ah Bulshada Muslinka ee Axmadiyada, oo maanta ah kooxda ugu weyn, iyo Dhaqdhaqaaqa Axmadiyada ee Laahore ee Fafinta Islaamka. * Calawiyada waa dhaqan Islaam oo doonis leh oo maxalli ah, oo taabacsaneedu ay raacaan barashooyinka qarsoon (bāṭenī) ee Cali iyo Haji Bektash Veli. Calawiyada waa isku dharraaq ka mid ah fikradaha dhaqanka ee Turkiga ee qarnigii 14aad, iyadoo leh xididdo ka imaan kara Tengrism iyo Animism oo barbar socda fikradaha Shiicada iyo Tasawufka. Waxaa la qiyaasay inay jiraan 10 milyan illaa ka badan 20 milyan (~0.5–1% dhammaan Muslinka) oo Calawiyiin ah dunida oo dhan. * Qur'aaniyuuntu waa dhaqdhaqaaq diimeed ee Islaamka oo ku aasaasan aqiidada ah in sharciga Islaamka iyo xaqiijintu ay tahay oo keliya inay ka timaado Qur'aanka oo aysan ka imaanin sunnada ama Xadiiska, iyadoo Qur'aaniyuuntu ay si muuqata uga kala duwan yihiin habka loo raaco shanta tiro ee Islaamka. Dhaqdhaqaaqu wuxuu soo baxay qarnigii 19aad wixii ka dambeeyay, iyadoo fekerayaal sida Syed Ahmad Khan, Abdullah Chakralawi iyo Ghulam Ahmed Perwez ee Hindiya ay su'aal ka keeneen dhaqanka xadiiska. Ejipt, Muhammad Tawfiq Sidqi wuxuu ku qaray maqaalka ''Islaamku waa Qur'aanka keligiis'' majaladda ''Al-Manār'', isagoo u doodayay awoodda keligeed ee Qur'aanka. Qur'aaniyiin muhiim ah oo qarnigii 20aad ee dambe wuxuu ahaa Rashad Khalifa, oo ahaa biokimiko Masri-Ameerikan ah oo sheegtay inuu helay fure tiro oo ku jira Qur'aanka, wuxuuna aasaasay ururka Qur'aaniyiinta ee United Submitters International. * Mu'tazilada waxay ahayd madhab hore oo cilmiga tawxiidka Islaamka oo lagu garto isticmaalka caqliga, gaar ahaan marka loo eego labada ilo ee ugu horreeya Islaamka, Qur'aanka iyo xadiiska. Madhabtu waxay ku aasaasantaa shanta usool ee waaweyn: tawxiidka, caddaalada rabbaaniga ah, hubaasha ballanqaadyada iyo digniinaha rabbaaniga ah, meel dhexe oo marka loo eego heerka duniyeed ee duntayda waaweyn, iyo waajibka amarrada wanaagsan iyo ka hortaga xumaanta. Ka dib Sunnadu, Mu'taziladu waxay diadeen aragtida dhaqanka ah ee ah in Qur'aanku yahay hadalka aan la abuurin ee Ilaah, waxayna halkaas ka qabteen in Qur'aanku yahay waxyi la abuuray, si loo adkeeyo koodnimada kheyraatka ee Ilaah. Iyagoo adkaynaya isticmaalka caqliga, waxay u doodeen in dookha xorta ah ee bahaamka uu u oggolaado shakhsiyaadka inay doorataan wanaagga ama xumaanta, taas oo ka dhigaysa kuwo mas'uul ka ah eedooda. Bagse saameynta Mu'taziladu waxay hoos u dhacday dhibaatada bulshada iyo siyaasadeed ee ka timaada Sunnadu darteed, reebitaankooda caqliga wuxuu weli yahay mid muhiim ah fekerka casriga ah ee Islaamka. === Muslimiinta aan kooxna ka tirsanayn === {{Main|Non-denominational Muslim}} Muslimiinta aan kooxna ka tirsanayn waa eegmo guud oo loo isticmaalo ama ay isticmaalaan Muslimiinta aan ka tirsanayn ama aan isku tilmaamin mhab gaar ah oo Islaam ah.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Benakis |first=Theodoros |date=13 January 2014 |title=Islamophoobia in Europe! |work=New Europe |location=Brussels |url=http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |url-status=dead |access-date=20 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131145036/http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |archive-date=31 January 2016 |quote=Anyone who has travelled to Central Asia knows of the non-denominational Muslims—those who are neither Shiites nor Sounites, but who accept Islam as a religion generally.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Kenneth |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=jQGZBAAAQBAJ|page=29}} |title=Unthinkable: Iran, the Bomb, and American Strategy |date=2014 |isbn=978-1-4767-3393-7 |page=29 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |quote=Although many Iranian hardliners are Shi'a chauvinists, Khomeini's ideology saw the revolution as pan-Islamist, and therefore embracing Sunni, Shi'a, Sufi, and other, more nondenominational Muslims}}</ref> Sahanadii ugu dambeeyay waxay ku warramayaan in qayb weyn oo ka mid ah Muslimiinta ka mid ah kuwa ku nool qaybo ka mid ah dunida ay isku tilmaamaan oo keliya Muslim, inkasta oo ay yar tahay falanqaynta la daabacay ee ku saabsan sababaha ka dambeeya jawaabtan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burns |first=Robert |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=akWUGyN7fwEC|page=55}} |title=Christianity, Islam, and the West |date=2011 |isbn=978-0-7618-5560-6 |page=55 |publisher=University Press of America |quote=40 per cent called themselves "just a Muslim" according to the Council of American-Islamic relations}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tatari |first=Eren |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=x_4QBQAAQBAJ|page=111}} |title=Muslims in British Local Government: Representing Minority Interests in Hackney, Newham and Tower Hamlets |date=2014 |isbn=978-90-04-27226-2 |page=111 |publisher=BRILL |quote=Nineteen said that they are Sunni Muslims, six said they are just Muslim without specifying a sect, two said they are Ahmadi, and two said their families are Alevi}}</ref> Pew Research waxay ku warramaysaa in jawaab-bixiyeyaasha isku tilmaama oo keliya Muslim ay yihiin inta ugu badan ee Muslimiinta ee toddoba waddan (iyo tiro sare saddex kale dhexdeeda), iyadoo heerka ugu sarreeya uu yahay Kasakhstan oo ah 74%. Ugu yaraan mid ka mid ah shan kasta oo Muslim ah ee ugu yaraan 22 waddan wuxuu isku tilmaamaa habkan.<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|date=9 August 2012|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|access-date=4 September 2013|website=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project}}</ref> == Tasawufka == === Suufiyada === {{Main|Suufiyada}} {{See also|Xiriirka Salafiga iyo Suufiga}} [[File:Mevlana Konya.jpg|thumb|Wareegga Suufiga ee Dhismaha Qabriga Suufiga ee Rumi ee Konya, Turkey.]] Suufiyada (Carabi: تصوف), waa hab ka mid ah Tasawufka Islaamka oo raadiya in lagu helo khibrad shakhsi ah oo toos ah ee Eebbe. Culimadii hore ee Suufiyadu waxay ku tilmaameen tasawufka "cilmiga ujeeddadiisu tahay sixidda wadnaha iyo ka jeedinta dhammaan wixii kale ee aan Eebbe ahayn", iyada oo loo marayo "awoodda caqliga iyo sharafta" oo laga joojiyo in lagu tababaro. Ahmad ibn Ajiba wuxuu ku tilmaamay tasawufka "ku laabashada dhaqanka, bilowgiisuna yahay aqoon, dhexdiisuna tahay wax-qabad [aqoontaas ku saabsan], dhammaadkiisuna yahay hadiya [ka timaada Allah]." Ma aha qayb ka mid ah Islaamka, taabacsanaha ayaana ka tirsan mhabada kala duwan ee Muslinka. Ismaaciiliya, oo barashadeedu ku aasaasan tahay Gnosticism iyo Neoplatonism iyadoo ay barbar socdaan madhabaha Illuminationist iyo Isfahan ee falsafadda Islaamka, waxay samaysay fasiraado tasawuf ah oo Islaamka ah. Hasan al-Basri, oo ahaa Suufigii hore oo inta badan loo arko mid ka mid ah Suufiyadii ugu horreysay, wuxuu adkeeyay cabsida ka timaada guuldarrada Eebbe ee adkaysiga. Taa beddekeeda, Suufiyadii dambe ee waaweynayd, sida Mansur Al-Hallaj iyo Jalaluddin Rumi, waxay adkeeyeen diinta ku aasaasan jacyada loo qabo Eebbe. Jacyadaas waxay sidoo kale saameyn ku lahaayeen fanka, iyadoo Rumi uu weli yahay mid ka mid ah gabayaaga ugu iibka badan Ameerika. [[File:Sema ceremony many.jpg|thumb|Suufiyada ee Turkey.]]Suufiyadu waxay u arkaan tasawufka qayb aan ka go'in Islaamka. Suufiyadii dhaqanka ahayd, sida Bayazid Bastami, Jalaluddin Rumi, Haji Bektash Veli, Junaid Baghdadi, iyo Al-Ghazali, waxay u doodeen in Suufiyadu ku aasaasan tahay usoolka Islaamka iyo barashooyinka nabiga. Taariikhyahan Nile Green wuxuu u dooday in Islaamka qarniyadii dhexe uu ahaa wax yar ama ka badan Suufiyada. Taabacsanaha dhaqdhaqaaqa Sunnada ee dib-u-soocida ee loo yaqaano Salafiyada waxay u arkeen dhaqannada jacyada ee caanka ah, sida weyneynta awliyada Suufiga, inay yihiin cusbooneysiin ka timaada diintii hore. Salafiyiintu inta badan waxay weerareen Suufiyada, taas oo keentay xumaanshaha xiriirka Suufiga iyo Salafiga. Ururrada Suufiga waxay samayskaan dariiqooyin ku xeeran macallin (wali) oo raaca xiriir ruuxi ah oo dib u raaca Muxammad. Suufiyadu waxay kaqaateen door muhiim ah samaynta bulshooyinka Muslinka iyaga oo loo marayo dhaqdhaqaaqyada baahinta iyo waxbarashada. Dhaqdhaqaaqa Ahle Sunnat ama Barelvi ee uu saameeyay Tasawufku wuxuu sheegtaa in ka badan 200 milyan oo taabacsane ku leeyahay Koonfurta Aasiya. Suufiyadu waxay muhiim ku tahay Aasiyada Dhexe, iyo sidoo kale waddamada Afrika sida Tuniisiya, Aljeeriya, Marooko, Senejaal, Chaad iyo Nayjar. == Sharciga iyo Fiqhiga == === Shariicada === {{Main|Shariicada|Fiqhiga}} {{See also|Mantiqa ee Falsafadda Islaamka#Sharciga Islaamka iyo Cilmiga Tawxiidka}} [[File:Madhhab Map3.png|thumb|Madhabaha sharciga Islaamka ee Dunida Muslinka.]] Shariicada waa tan ka kooban sharciga diinta Islaamka. Doonista ah in la tilmaamo oo lagu ogaado sharciyada hab dhammaystiran oo is-waafaqsan waxay keentay horumarinta aragtida sharciga, oo loo yaqaano fiqhi. Taa beddekeeda, bidco waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu tilmaamo cusbooneysiinta sharciga ka baxsan ee arrimaha diinta. Dhabbooyinka kala duwan, ee loo yaqaano usoolka fiqhiga, ayaa horumaray oo madhabka sharciga ee ka soo baxa dhabbo ku xeeran waxaa loo yaqaanaa madhab. Is-waafaqidda raacda go'aannada khabiir diimeed ama madhab waxaa loo yaqaanaa taqliid. Shuruudda ghayr muqallid waxay u tilmaamaysaa kuwa aan isticmaalin taqliidka iyo, sii dheeraanteeda, aan lahayn madhab. Dhaqanka shakhsigu ku fasirayo sharciga caqliga xor ah waxaa loo yaqaanaa ijtixaad. Kuwa fasira shariicada waxaa loo yaqaanaa muftiyo oo ra'yigooda sharciga ah waxaa loo yaqaanaa fatwo. [[File:'Abd_Allah_ibn_Shaykh_Murshid_al-Katib_-_Sa'di_and_a_Dervish_Go_to_Settle_their_Quarrel_Before_a_Judge_-_Walters_W618106B_-_Cropped.jpg|thumb|Gabayaaga Saadi Shirazi iyo darwiish waxay u socdaan inay khilaafkooda ku dhameeyaan xakim hortiis, farta qarnigii 16aad oo ka timaada Iiraan.]] Ilaaha koowaad ee Shariicadu waa Qur'aanka iyo Sunnada. Ilaa saddexaad oo caani ah waa qiyaas (caqli analoji ah) oo loo isticmaalo dhibcooyinka sharciga ah ee aan si toos ah loogu faahfaahin Qur'aanka ama Sunnada. Isku-barbardhigga ayaa la raadiyaa si loo helo illah, ama sababta halkan ku jirta, oo ah sababta ka dambeysa xukunkii hore. Tusaale ahaan, reebitaanka gaarka ah ee khamriga waxaa ka soo baxaya reebitaanka guud ee alkoolka maadaama ay wadaagayaan sababta shaqaynaysa ee loo gartay inay tahay dabeecadda ma zeexisa ee dhammaan cabitaannada alkoolka ah. Madhabka Saahiriga wuxuu adkeeyay saafinimada tooska ah oo sidaas darteed wuxuu diaday qiyaaska. Is-afgaradka ra'yiga waa ijmaac, iyadoo ikhtilaafku u tilmaamayo khilaafka culimada. Xukunnadu waxay ficillada u kala saaraan mid ka mid ah shan qaybood oo loo yaqaano axkaam: farad, mustaxab, mubaah, makruuh, iyo xaraam. Xilliga casriga ah, sharciyada dambiyada ee ku aasaasan shariicada waxaa inta badan beddelay sharciyo ka yimid moodellada Yurub. Cilmiga dib-u-soocida ee Tanzimat ee Qarnigii 19aad ee Dowladdii Cusmaaniyiinta wuxuu keenay koodka madaniga ee Mecelle wuxuuna ka dhigan yahay dadaalkii ugu horreeyay ee lagu koodiyeeyo shariicada. Iyadoo Dastuurada badanka states-ka Muslinku u badan yihiin ay ku jiraan tilmaamo ku saabsan shariicada, xeerarkeeda dhaqanka ah waxaa inta badan lagu reebay oo keliya sharciyada heerka shakhsiga (famlida). Hay'adaha sharciga ah oo koodiyeeyay sharciyaddan waxay raadiyeen inay casriyeeyaan iyagoon ka tageyn aasaaskooda fiqhiga dhaqanka ah. Dib-u-soocida Islaamka ee qarnigii 20aad ee dambe waxay keentay baaqyo ka yimid dhaqdhaqaaqyada Islaamiyiinta oo ku saabsan fulinta dhammaystiran ee shariicada. Doorka shariicadu wuxuu noqday mowduuc lagu tartamo dunida oo dhan. Waxaa jira doodaha socda oo ku saabsan in shariicadu ay la waafaqsan tahay foomamka cilmaani ee xukuumadda, xuquuqda aadanaha, xorriyadda fekerka, iyo xuquuqda dumarka darteed meelaha ay ka mid yihiin faafreebka iyo doonaanta. == Bulshada == === Shakhsiyaadka diinta === {{Main|Culumada}} [[File:Maqamat_hariri.jpg|thumb|254x254px|Culimada ku sugan maktabadda Cabbaasiyiinta, Maqamat al-Hariri. Farta uu qray Yahyá al-Wasiti, Baqdaad, 1237 AD.]] Islaamku maleho wadaado ah macnaha sacerdotalism, sida baaddariyada oo kale oo dhex-dhexaadiya Eebbe iyo dadka. Imaam (Carabi: إمام) waa cinwaanka diinta oo loo isticmaalo in lagu tilmaamo booska hoggaaminta Islaamka, inta badan marka loo eego samaynta adeegga cibaadada Islaamka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Imam|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/imam|access-date=15 January 2023|website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Fasiraadda diinta waxaa hoggaamiya culumada (Carabi: علماء), oo ah shuruud loo isticmaalo in lagu tilmaamo kooxda culimada Muslinka ah ee helay tababarka barashada Islaamka. Caalimka xadiiska waxaa loo yaqaanaa muxaddith, caalimka fiqhiga waxaa loo yaqaanaa faqeeh (Carabi: فقيه), qaanuun-yaqaanka u qalma inuu soo saaro ra'yiga sharciga ah ama fatwooyinka waxaa loo yaqaanaa mufti, qadi-yuna waa xakim Islaam ah. Cinwaannada sharafta leh ee la siiyo culimada waxaa ka mid ah sheekh, mulla iyo mawlawi. Muslinka qaar ka mid ah waxay sidoo kale weyneeyaan awliyada u xiran karaamooyinka (Carabi: كرامات).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Radtke |first1=B. |last2=Lory |first2=P. |last3=Zarcone |first3=Th. |last4=DeWeese |first4=D. |last5=Gaborieau |first5=M. |last6=Denny |first6=F. M. |last7=Aubin |first7=F. |last8=Hunwick |first8=J. O. |last9=Mchugh |first9=N. |title=Walī |orig-year=1993 |year=2012 |editor1-last=Bearman |editor1-first=P. J. |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-link=Thierry Bianquis |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-first=C. E. |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor4-first=E. J. |editor4-link=Emeri Johannes van Donzel |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-first=W. P. |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=2nd |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill Publishers |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1335 |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4}}</ref> === Maamulka === {{See also|Siyaasadda iyo Islaamka|Dhaqaalaha Islaamka|Qaanuunka ciidanka ee Islaamka|Tasaamuxa|Jihaadka}} [[File:Ali and Aisha at the Battle of the Camel.jpg|thumb|Xaasidii Muxammad, Caasha, oo la dagaallamaysa Cali.]] Fiqhiga dhaqaalaha Islaamka dhexdiisa, kaydsiga hantida si xad-dhaaf ah waa lagu necbyahay, sidaas darteedna dhaqanka maalgashiga monobooliga ah waa laga hoos eegaa.<ref name="Iqbal2010">{{cite book | last1 = Iqbal | first1 = Zamir | last2 = Mirakhor | first2 = Abbas | last3 = Krichenne | first3 = Noureddine | last4 = Askari | first4 = Hossein | title = The Stability of Islamic Finance: Creating a Resilient Financial Environment | location = Singapore | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | year = 2010 | language = en | isbn = 978-0-470-82518-1 | p = 75}}</ref> Dadaallada lagu waafajinayo shariicada waxay keeneen horumarinta bangiyada Islaamka. Islaamku wuxuu reebaa ribada, oo inta badan loo turjumo faa'iido si aan caddaalad ahayn ku timaada ganacsiga, waxaana inta badan loo isticmaalaa in lagu tilmaamo faa'iidada ribada.<ref>{{harvc |c=Riba |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online |year=n.d. |last1= Schacht|first1=Joseph}}</ref> Taa beddekeeda, bangiyada Islaamku waxay iskaashi la sameeyaan amaanadaha, iyagoo labaduba wadaagaya faa'iidada iyo qasaaraha ka soo baxa mashruuca. Shuruud kale waa ka fogaanshaha hubaal-la'aanta, oo loo arko saqajaan (khumaar), bangiyada Islaamkuna dhaqan ahaan waxay ka fogaadaan aaladaha la soocay sida mustaqbalka ama doorashooyinka, taas oo taariikhiyan ka ilaalisay hoos u dhaca suuqyada.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Foster|first=John |date=1 December 2009|title=How Islamic finance missed heavenly chance|work=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8388644.stm|access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Domat|first=Chloe|date=20 October 2020|title=What Is Islamic Finance And How Does It Work?|work=Global Finance magazine|url=https://www.gfmag.com/topics/blogs/islamic-finance-faq-what-islamic-finance-and-how-does-it-work|access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref> Khulafadii Raashidiinta iyo Dowladdii Umawiyiinta waxay ku lug lahaayeen qaybinta sadaqada ee ka timaada qasnadda dowladda, oo loo yaqaano Bayt al-maal, ka hor inta aysan noqon dadaal shakhsi ah meelaha sannadkii 720. Khaliifkii ugu horreeyay, Abu Bakar, wuxuu u qaybiyay sakada sida tusaalooyinkii ugu horreeyay ee dakhliga ugu yar ee la dammaanad qaado, iyadoo muwaaddin kasta uu helayay 10 illaa 20 dirham sannadkiiba.<ref>{{cite web |last=Merchant, Brian |date=14 November 2013 |title=Guaranteeing a Minimum Income Has Been a Utopian Dream for Centuries |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/guaranteeing-a-minimum-income-has-been-a-utopian-dream-for-centuries/ |access-date=3 June 2019 |website=VICE}}</ref> Waagii maamulkii khaliifkii labaad ee Cumar, taageerada carruurta ayaa la soo bandhigay, kuwa da'da ah iyo kuwa nafedana waxay xaq u lahaayeen mushaar,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Al-Buraey |first=Muhammad |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=lT8OAAAAQAAJ|page=}} |title=Administrative Development: An Islamic Perspective |publisher=KPI |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-7103-0059-1 |pages=252–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Akgündüz |first1=Ahmed |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=EnT_zhqEe5cC|page=539}} |title=Ottoman History: Misperceptions and Truths |last2=Öztürk |first2=Said |publisher=IUR Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-90-90-26108-9 |pages=539– |access-date=7 October 2014}}</ref> iyadoo khaliifkii Umawiyiinta ee Cumar II uu u qoondeeyay adeego dhagool kasta iyo labadii qafis ee xanuunsan oo dhan.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Al-Jawzi|first1=Ibn |url=|title=The Biography and Virtues of Omar Bin Abd al-Aziz – The Ascetic Caliph |publisher=IUR Press |year=2001 |isbn= |page=130 }}</ref> [[File:Saladin the Victorious.jpg|thumb|Salaxaddiin Guuleystaha, uu qray Gustave Doré.]] Jihaad wuxuu macnehiisu yahay "dadaal ama ilaa qabasho [dhabada Eebbe]", macnehiisa ugu ballaaranina waa "awoodda, dadaalka, ama awoodda ugu dambeysa oo lagu bixiyo la dagaallanka shay laga xumaado". Shiicadu gaar ahaan waxay adkeeyaan "jihaadka weyn" oo ah dadaalka lagu gaarayo wanaajinta nafta ee ruuxiga ah iyadoo "jihaadka yar" loo tilmaamo dagaalka. Marka loo isticmaalo sidaas oo keliya, jihaadka inta badan waxaa loo fahmaa foomkiisa ciidanka. Jihaadku waa foomka keliya ee dagaalka ee loo oggol yahay sharciga Islaamka, waxaana lagu dhawaaqi karaa ka dhan ah ujeedooyinka aan sharciyaysnayn, argagixisada, kooxaha dambiyada, reebleyaasha, murtadiinta, iyo hoggaamiyeyaasha ama dowladaha dhibta Muslinka. Badanka Muslinka maanta waxay u fasiraan Jihaadka oo keliya foom دفاع ah oo dagaalka ah. Jihaadku wuxuu oo keliya noqdaa waajib shakhsi ah kuwa la siiyay awoodda. Dadka kale oo dhan, tani waxay dhacdaa oo keliya marka ay jirto diyaargarow guud. Badanka Shiicada Isnaashariyada, jihaadka weerarka ah waxaa oo keliya lagu dhawaaqi karaa hoggaamiye Eebbe uu doortay oo ee bulshada Muslinka ah, sidaas darteedna, wuu hakad ku jiraa tan iyo gaabinta Muxammad al-Mahdi ee sannadkii 868 CE. === Nolosha maanta iyo tan aabbanimada/qoyska === {{See also|Edabta (Islaamka)|Cuntada reebban ee Islaamka|Islaamka iyo carruurta|Guurka Islaamka|Dumarka Islaamka|Guurka badan ee Islaamka}} [[File:Salat Eid al-Fitr, Tehran (113344343).jpg|thumb|Haweenay Iiraani ah oo xiran astaan Islaami ah (Xijaab).]] Cilmiga edabta ee maalinlaha ah wuxuu ku jiraa qaybta edabta, ama hab-dhaqanka. Cuntooyinka si gaar ah loo reebay waxaa ka mid ah hเนื้อ Doofaarka, dhiigga iyo bakhtiga. Caafimaadka waxaa loo arkaa ammaan ka timaada Eebbe, waxyaabaha maaddada ah ee maaddada maanka dooriya, sida cabitaannada alkoolka ah, waa kuwo reebban.<ref>{{cite book|author=Fahd Salem Bahammam|title=Food and Dress in Islam: An explanation of matters relating to food and drink and dress in Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CRojJ7lnb18C&pg=PP1|publisher=Modern Guide|isbn=978-1-909322-99-8|page=1}}</ref> Dhammaan hเนื้อ waa inay ka timaadaa xayawaan geed-daaq ah oo loo qashay magaca Eebbe oo uu qashay Muslin, Yuhuudi, ama Christian, marka laga reebo ugaarta uu qofku ugaarsaday ama kaluumaysay maankiisa.<ref>{{harvp|Curtis|2005|p=164}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|p=111}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |c=Slaughter |first=Ersilia |last=Francesca |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref> Garaha inta badan waxaa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa ragga sida shay dabiici ah<ref>{{Cite news |last=De Sondy |first=Amanullah |date=28 January 2016|title=The relationship between Muslim men and their beards is a tangled one|work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jan/28/muslim-men-beards-facial-hair-islam |access-date=7 March 2022}}</ref> iyo isbeddellada jirka, sida peenijka joogtada ah (sawirka jidhka), inta badan waa reebban iyadoo laga baqayo inay kharribaan ubaahda u go'an.{{efn|Muslinka qaar ka mid ah Shiinaha waagii boqortooyada waxay ka horyimaadeen xiridda cagaha gabdhaha sababtaas oo kale darteed.}} <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.learnreligions.com/tattoos-in-islam-2004393|title=Are Muslims Allowed to Get Tattoos? |website=|access-date=7 March 2022 }}</ref> Xariirta iyo dahabka waa reebban yihiin ragga Islaamka dhexdiisa si loo dhowro xaaladda miyir-qabka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Glassé |first1=Cyril |title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=AltaMira Press |page=158 |language=en|year=2001}}</ref> Haya, oo inta badan loo turjumo "xishood", mararka qaar waxaa loo tilmaamaa dabeecadda hoose ee Islaamka<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zine |first1=Jasmin |last2=Babana-Hampton |first2=Safoi |last3=Mazid |first3=Nergis |last4=Bullock |first4=Katherine |last5=Chishti |first5=Maliha |title=American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 19:4 |publisher=International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) |page=59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JM4DwAAQBAJ&q=haya+islam&pg=PA59 |access-date=4 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> wuxuuna hagaa badanka nolosha maalinlaha ah ee Muslinka. Tusaale ahaan, dharka Islaamka dhexdiisa wuxuu adkeeyaa heerka xishoodka, oo ay ku jirto xijaabka haweenka. Sidoo kale, nadaafadda shakhsiga ah waa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa shuruudo gaar ah.<ref>{{cite web |last=Esposito |first=John |title=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e4 |access-date=3 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114153249/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e4 |archive-date=14 November 2016}}</ref> [[File:Muslim Couple (cropped).jpg|thumb|Saddex laba oo Muslin ah oo ka socda Indoneesiya.]] Guurka Islaamka dhexdiisa, ninka arooska ah waxaa lagu leeyahay inuu bixiyo meherka aroosadda (mahar).<ref>{{harvp|Waines|2003|pp=93–96}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|p=339}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|1998|p=79}}</ref> Qoysaska badankood ee dunida Islaamka waxay leeyihiin hal xaas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Newby |first=Gordon D. |url=https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00newb |title=A concise encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=Oneworld |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-85168-295-9 |location=Oxford |page=141}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed Hossein |url=https://archive.org/details/islamreligionhis00nasr_0/page/68 |title=Islam : religion, history, and civilization |publisher=HarperOne |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-06-050714-5 |location=New York |page=68}}</ref> Ragga Muslinka ah waxaa loo oggol yahay inay sameeyaan guurka badan waxayna yeelan karaan illaa afar xaas oo isku mar ah. Waxbarashada Islaamku waxay si adag uga baqaysaa inay adkayso in haddii ninku uusan dammaanad qaadi karin taageerada maaliyadeed iyo ta ruuxiga ah oo siman xaasaskiisa mid kasta, waxaa la dhiirri-geliyaa inuu guursado hal haweenay oo keliya. Sabab lagu tilmaamay guurka badan ayaa ah inay ninka u oggolaato inuu siiyo ilaalin maaliyadeed haween badan, oo laga yaabo inaysan helin taageero kale (tusaale, carrooyinka). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xaaska ugu horreysa waxay shuruud ku xiri kartaa heshiiska guurka in ninku uusan guursan karin haweenay kale inta ay guursan yihiin.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ratno Lukito|title=Legal Pluralism in Indonesia: Bridging the Unbridgeable|page=81|publisher=Routledge}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.islamweb.net/ver2/fatwa/ShowFatwa.php?lang=A&Id=18444&Option=FatwaId |title=IslamWeb |publisher=IslamWeb |date=7 February 2002 |access-date=13 September 2011}}</ref> Waxaa sidoo kale jira kala duwanaansho dhaqameed oo aroosyo ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Gai |url=https://archive.org/details/rememberinggodre0000eato |title=Remembering God: Reflections on Islam |publisher=The Islamic Texts Society |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-946621-84-2 |location=Cambridge |pages=92–93}}</ref> Polyandry, oo ah dhaqan ay haweenaydu ku guursato laba ama ka badan oo ragg ah, waa ku reebban Islaamka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Can't a Woman have 2 Husbands? |url=http://www.14publications.com/question-and-answer/why-cant-a-woman-have-2-husbands/ |access-date=27 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223012707/http://www.14publications.com/question-and-answer/why-cant-a-woman-have-2-husbands/ |archive-date=23 December 2015 |website=14 Publications}}</ref> [[File:عکس های مراسم ترتیل خوانی یا جزء خوانی یا قرائت قرآن در ایام ماه رمضان در حرم فاطمه معصومه در شهر قم 20.jpg|thumb|Gabdhaha Muslinka ah oo baranaya Qur'aanka lagu dul dhigay rehalada xilliga Ramadaanka ee Qom, Iiraan.]] Aadada dhalashada ubadka ka dib, adhaanka waxaa lagu dhawaaqaa dhegta midig. Maalinta todobaad, xafladda caqiiqada ayaa la sameeyaa, oo xayawaan lagu qalo oo hantiisa loo qaybiyo masaakiinta. Madaxa ubadka waa la xiiraa, oo lacag la eg miisaanka dhagaha waxaa loo deeqaa masaakiinta. Gudniinka raga, oo loo yaqaano khitaan, inta badan waa lagu dhaqmaa dunida Muslinka.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2014 |title=Khitān |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/khitan-Islam |access-date=27 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127165754/https://www.britannica.com/topic/khitan-Islam |archive-date=27 January 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |date=January 2017 |title=Reported Male Circumcision Practices in a Muslim-Majority Setting |journal=BioMed Research International |publisher=Hindawi Publishing Corporation |volume=2017 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1155/2017/4957348 |pmc=5282422 |pmid=28194416 |doi-access=free |author1-last=Anwer |author1-first=Abdul Wahid |author2-last=Samad |author2-first=Lubna |author3-last=Baig-Ansari |author3-first=Naila |author4-last=Iftikhar |author4-first=Sundus}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 August 2009 |title=Islam: Circumcision of boys |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/malecircumcision.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112170938/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/malecircumcision.shtml |archive-date=12 November 2012 |access-date=27 May 2020 |work=Religion & ethics—Islam |publisher=Bbc.co.uk}}</ref> Xaq-dhowridda iyo addeecidda waalidiinta, iyo daryeelidooda gaar ahaan markay da'da yihiin waa waajib diini ah. Muslinka dhimanaya waxaa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa inuu dhawaaqo Shahaadada si ay u noqoto hadalkiisa ugu dambeeya.<ref>{{Cite book| isbn = 9783643900678| title =Changing European Death Ways| location = Austria| year = 2013| last1=Mathijssen| first1=Brenda|last2=Venhorst|first2=Claudia|last3=Venbrux|first3=Eric|last4=Quartier|first4=Thomas| url =| page = 265 |publisher=Lit }}</ref> Xaq-dhowridda kii dhintay iyo ka qaybgalka jinaasooyinka ee bulshada dhexdeeda waxaa loo arkaa mid ka mid ah ficillada wanaagsan. Caadooyinka aasidda Islaamka, aasidda waxaa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa si dhakhso ah oo ugu macquulsan, inta badan 24 saac dhexdeeda. Meydka waa la dhaqaa, marka laga reebo shuhadada, oo ay dhaqaan kuwo labka ah oo isku jinsi ah waxaana lagu duubaa dhar aan adkayn oo loo yaqaano kafan. Salaadda jinaasada oo loo yaqaano Salat al-Janazah ayaa la tukadaa. Qaylada ama ooyinta weyn ee baroorgaaga ah waa laga fogaadaa. Sanduuqyada aaska inta badan la ma doorbido oo qabrida inta badan calaamad maleho, xata boqorada. === Dhaqanka === {{Main|Dhaqanka Islaamka}} {{See also|Farshaxanka Islaamka|Dhismaha Islaamka|Suugaanta Islaamka|Islaamka iyo kubbadda cagta|Muslinka Dhaqanka}} [[File:Chinese-style minaret of the Great Mosque 2023.jpg|thumb|Minaaradda qaabka Shiinaha ee Masaajidka Weyn ee Xi'an, oo ka mid ah masaajidda ugu ee Shiinaha ee la dhisay 742 AD.]] Erayga "dhaqanka Islaamka" waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu tilmaamo dhinacyada dhaqanka ee u gaarka ah diinta, sida ciidaha iyo dharka. Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa si dood ku jirto oo loogu tilmaamo dhinacyada dhaqanka ee dadka Muslinka ah ee dhaqanka ah.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Melikian |first=Souren |author-link=Souren Melikian |date=4 November 2011 |title='Islamic' Culture: A Groundless Myth |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/05/arts/05iht-rartmelikian05.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=25 November 2013}}</ref> Ugudambeyntii, "ilbaxnimada Islaamka" waxay sidoo kale u tilmaami kartaa dhinacyada dhaqanka isku-dhafka ah ee Khilafaadkii hore, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa aan Muslinka ahayn, mararka ka mid ahna loo yaqaano "Islaamiga".<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Wiley| isbn = 9781405155144| title =Islamicate Cosmopolitan Spirit | location = United Kingdom| year = 2021| last=Lawrence| first=Bruce| url =| page = xii| quote = }}</ref> Farshaxanka Islaamku wuxuu ka kooban yahay farshaxanka muuqaalka ah oo ay ku jiraan ilo kala duwan sida dhismaha, farta qurxoon, sawirka, iyo dhoobada, iyo kuwo kale.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ettinghausen |first1=Richard |first2=Oleg |last2=Grabar |first3=Marilyn |last3=Jenkins-Madina |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780300088670/page/3 |title=Islamic Art and Architecture 650-1250 |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-300-08869-8 |edition=2nd |page=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Suarez|first=Michael F.|title=The Oxford companion to the book|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|isbn=9780198606536|location=Oxford and New York|pages=331ff|chapter=38 The History of the Book in the Muslim World|oclc=50238944}}</ref> Iyadoo sameynta sawirrada noolaha inta badan ka laga fogaado oo u xiran sharciyada ka dhanka ah sanam-caabudidda, shuruuddan waxaa u fasiray ilo kala duwan culimo kala duwan iyo xilliyo taariikhi ah oo kala duwan. [[File:Masjid Menara Kudus.jpg|thumb|Masaajidka Menara Kudus ee qarnigii 16aad ee Indoneesiya, oo muujinaya saamaynta Hindiya.]] Xaddidaaddan waxaa loo isticmaalay in lagu fashilo badnaanta farta qurxoon, joomatariya isku-dhafka ah, iyo qaababka sida ilaha muhiimka ah ee dhaqanka farshaxanka Islaamka.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Salim Ayduz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=or-6BwAAQBAJ&q=islamic+art+idolatry+geometry&pg=PA263 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam |last2=Ibrahim Kalin |last3=Caner Dagli |date=2014 |page=263|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-981257-8 |quote=Figural representation is virtually unused in Islamic art because of Islam's strong antagonism of idolatry. It was important for Muslim scholars and artists to find a style of art that represented the Islamic ideals of unity (''tawhid'') and order without figural representation. Geometric patterns perfectly suited this goal.}}</ref> Waxaa sii dheer, sawirka Muxammad waa arrin dood ka jirto dhexdeeda Muslinka.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=860736| title = An Indian Picture of Muhammad and His Companions | author = T. W. Arnold| journal = The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs | author-link = T. W. Arnold| date = June 1919| volume = 34| issue = 195 | publisher = The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs, Vol. 34, No. 195. | pages = 249–252}}</ref> Dhismaha Islaamka dhexdiisa, dhaqanka kala duwan wuxuu muujinayaa saamayn sida dhismaha Islaamka ee Waqooyiga Afrika iyo Isbaanishka sida Masaajidka Weyn ee Kairouan oo ka kooban tiirar marmar iyo borfiri ah oo ka yimid dhismayaashii Roomaanka iyo Bizantiinta,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Isichei |first=Elizabeth Allo |url={{Google books|LgnhYDozENgC|page=PA175|keywords=mosque%20kairouan%20roman columns|text=mosque+kairouan+roman+columns|plainurl=yes}} |title=A history of African societies to 1870 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-521-45599-2 |location=Cambridge |pages=175 |access-date=6 August 2010}}</ref> iyadoo masaajidda Indoneesiya inta badan leeyihiin saqafyo heerarka badan leh oo ka yimid qaabka dhaladka ah ee Jafa.<ref>{{cite book |first=Gunawan |last=Tjahjono |title=Indonesian Heritage-Architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/architecture00indo/page/88 |year=1998 |publisher=Archipelago Press |location=Singapore |isbn=981-3018-30-5 |pages=88–89 }}</ref> Taariikhda Islaamku waa taariikhda dayaxa oo ka bilaabanta Hijrada 622 CE, oo ah taariikh oo la sheegay inuu doortay Khaliif Cumar maadaama ay ahayd meel isbeddel muhiim ah u ahayd Muxammad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Muslim-calendar|title=Islamic calendar|website=www.britannica.com|date=|access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref> Maalmaha barakaysan ee Islaamku waxay ku beegan yihiin taariikho go'an oo ee taariikhda dayaxa, taas oo macnaheedu yahay inay dhacaan xilliyo kala duwan sannado kala duwan oo ee taariikhda Miilaadiga. Ciidaha ugu muhiimsan Islaamka waa Ciidul Fitri (Carabi: عيد الفطر) ee 1-da Shawaal, oo calaamad u ah dhammaadka bisha soomanaanta ee Ramadaan, iyo Ciidul Adxa (Carabi: عيد الأضحى) ee 10-ka Dhul-Hijjah, oo ku beegan dhammaadka Xajka.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher =Oxford University Press| isbn =9780195165203| title =The Islamic World: Past and Present| year = 2004| last=Esposito| first=John| pages = 75–76 |ref=none}}</ref><ref name="www.britannica.com-2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pillars-of-Islam|title=Pillars of Islam &#124; Islamic Beliefs & Practices &#124; Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|date=3 May 2023|access-date=16 December 2021|archive-date=5 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905102524/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pillars-of-Islam|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslinka Dhaqanka waa shakhsiyaad aan cibaadaysaneyn oo wali lagu aqoonsado Islaamka iyadoo laga duulayo asalka qoyska, dhiirrigelinta shakhsiga ah, ama deegaanka bulshada iyo dhaqanka ee ay ku doorteen inay ku koran.<ref>{{cite book|first1= Cara|last1= Aitchison|author1-link= Cara Aitchison|first2= Peter E.|last2= Hopkins|author3-link= Mei-Po Kwan|author3= Mei-Po Kwan|title= Geographies of Muslim Identities: Diaspora, Gender and Belonging|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DRnthQxB8lYC&pg=PA147|access-date= 30 June 2013|year= 2007|publisher= Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn= 978-1-4094-8747-0|pages=147}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Islamic Counselling: An Introduction to theory and practice|first=G. Hussein|last= Rassool|year= 2015| isbn=9781317441250| page =10|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o_QsCgAAQBAJ&dq=Muslims+who+are+religiously+unobservant,+secular+or+irreligious+individuals+who+still+identify+with+the+Muslim&pg=PA10|quote=The label 'Cultural Muslim' is used in the literature to describe those Muslims who are religiously unobservant, secular or irreligious individuals who still identify with the Muslim culture due to family background, personal experiences, or the social and cultural environment in which they grew up... For Cultural Muslim the declaration of faith is superficial and has no effect of their religious practices.}}</ref> === Siyaasada=== [[File:Scotusnfrieze.jpeg|thumb|Muxammad oo lagu muujiyay Adolph Alexander Weinman ee Dhismaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Mareykanka ee Washington, DC isagoo wada seef iyo Qur'aan.]] Qayb badan oo ka mid ah qarnigii 20aad, aqoonsiga Islaamka iyo maamulka Islaamka ee arrimaha siyaasadda ayaa kordhay horraantii qarnigii 21aad. Siyaasadda Islaamka waa fasiraadda Islaamka oo loo arko il ka mid ah aqoonsiga iyo wax-qabadka siyaasadeed.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|last1=Voll|first1=John O.|last2=Sonn|first2=Tamara|title=Political Islam|url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/id/obo-9780195390155-0063|journal=Oxford Bibliographies Online Datasets|year=2009|language=en|doi=10.1093/obo/9780195390155-0063|access-date=2017-05-26|archive-date=2020-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223165247/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0063.xml|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Waxay u doodaysaa dhisidda dawladda iyo bulshada sida ku cad (fahamka u doodayaasha) mabaadi'da Islaamka, halkaas oo Islaamku u shaqeeyo il ka mid ah jagooyinka iyo fikradaha siyaasadeed.<ref name=":02">Krämer, Gudrun. "Political Islam." In Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World. Vol. 6. Edited by Richard C. Martin, 536–540. New York: Macmillan, 2004. [http://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/political-islam via Encyclopedia.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713072425/https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/political-islam|date=2018-07-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=March|first1=Andrew F.|title=Political Islam: Theory|journal=Annual Review of Political Science|date=2015|volume=18|issue=1|pages=103–123|doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-082112-141250|doi-access=free}}</ref> Siyaasadda Islaamka waxaa muriyaal ka dhex jira iyo kuwa ka baxsan tacliinta guud ahaan ugu adeegsadaan si isku mid ah ereyga Islaamiyadda,<ref name=":13" /> waxaana loo haystaa inuu yahay cunsur siyaasadeed oo ka mid ah Soo-reenka Islaamka oo bilaabmay qarnigii 20aad,<ref name=":13" /> halkii uu ka ahaan lahaa oo kaliya nooc kasta oo wax-qabad siyaasadeed oo ay sameeyaan Muslimiintu. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa sidoo kale jirey dadaallo cusub oo lagu kala saarayo Islaamiyadda oo ah dhaqdhaqaaqyo siyaasadeed oo ku basada diinta iyo siyaasadda Islaamka oo ah faham qaran oo casri ah oo ku saabsan Islaamka oo ay wadaagaan jilayaasha cilmaaniga ah iyo kuwa Islaamiga ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jocelyne Cesari|year=2018|title=What Is Political Islam|url=https://www.rienner.com/title/What_Is_Political_Islam|access-date=2023-01-01|website=www.rienner.com|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|isbn=978-1-62637-692-2|archive-date=2023-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106160415/https://www.rienner.com/title/What_Is_Political_Islam|url-status=live}}</ref> Kooxaha dhowr ah oo ku yaala Bariga Dhexe ayaa u kaftamay inay fikradaha casriynta ku xiraan faragelinta boqortooyadii gumaadkeedii. Wadamada Muslimka ah ee dhowr ah, gaar ahaan Masar iyo Bakistaan, dhaqdhaqaaqyo siyaasadeed oo lid ku ah oo u janjeera dhanka diinta ayaa salka ku dhigtay. Sababaha waa kuwo dhinacyo badan leh. Burburkii Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta wuxuu ahaa dhacdo baaxad weyn oo dhalisay gariirro badan. Gobolku wuxuu la kulmay jahwareer sannado badan maadaama waddamada Carabtu ay hoos tageen saamaynta dhaqanka iyo guulaystayaasha waddamada Yurub. Dhanka cadaadiska dhaqanka oo kordhayay Muslimiintu waxay adkeeyeen aqoonsigooda qaran iyo dhaxalkooda dhaqan, kooxaha qaar waxay ugafeen dhinacyada diinta. Masar dhexdeeda daciifnimada Muslimiinta waxaa lagu eedeeyay u kuปฏิบัตitaanka liidata ee qoraallada diinta. Sida ku cad Hassan al-Banna, dhaqanka Yurub wuxuu ahaa mid maaddiyad ku dhisan, anshax xumo ah oo ku batay ku-tagri-falka heerarka bulshada iyo ribada. === Sugaanta === {{Main|Islaamiga}} {{multiple image | align = center | direction = horizontal | total_width = 600 | image1 = Saadi Tomb.jpg | image2 = Hafez 880714 095.jpg | footer = Qabuuraha Saadi, Hafez iyo Ferdowsi, saddexda abwaan ee ugu caansan Muslimiinta, oo dhammaantood ku yaalla Iran. | caption1 = | caption2 = | image3 = Tomb-of-Ferdowsi آرامگاه-فردوسی Davoud-Davoudi 1.jpg }} Shaqada ugu caansan ee khayaaliga ah ee ka timi dunida Islaamka waa Kumaan iyo Hal Habeen, oo ah ururin sheekooyin hoose/folklore oo ka soo jeeda Sanskriit, Faarisi, iyo ka dib fables Carab ah. Fikradda waxaa saameeyay nooc ka horreeyay Islaamka oo Faarisi ah oo loo yaqaannay Hezār Afsān (Kumaan Sheeko) oo ku tiirsanaa walxaha Hindida ee gaarka ah.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Marzolph|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam|title=Arabian Nights|year=2007|publisher=Brill|volume=I|location=Leiden}}</ref> Waxay gaadhay foomkeeda ugu dambeeyay qarnigii 14aad; tirada iyo nooca sheekooyinku waxay ku kala duwanaayeen farta gacanta mid ka mid ah mid kale.<ref name="arabianNights">Grant & Clute, p. 51</ref> Shaqadan waxay saameyn weyn ku lahayd Galbeedka tan iyo markii loo turjumay qarnigii 18aad, markii ugu horreysay oo uu turjumay Antoine Galland.<ref>L. Sprague de Camp, Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers: The Makers of Heroic Fantasy, p. 10 {{ISBN|0-87054-076-9}}</ref> Ku-dayasho ayaa lagu qray, gaar ahaan Faransiiska.<ref name="arabianNights2">Grant & Clute, p 52</ref> Jilayaal kala duwan oo ka socda epik-kan ayaa iyaguna noqday calaamado dhaqameed ee dhaqanka Galbeedka, sida Aladdiin, Sindibad Nawaakhida iyo Cali Baba. Tusaale ka mid ah tixda Carabiga iyo tixda Faarisiga oo ku saabsan jacaylka waa Layla iyo Majnuun, oo dib u dhaceysa xilligii Umawiyiinta ee qarnigii 7aad. Waa sheeko naxdin leh oo ku saabsan jacayl aan dhimanayn. Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, oo ah epik-ka qaranka ee Iran-ta Weyn, waa dib-u-sheegid khayaali iyo geesinimo leh oo ku saabsan taariikhda Faarisiga. Amir Arsalan wuxuu sidoo kale ahaa sheeko khayaali ah oo caan ah oo Faarisi ah. Ibn Tufayl (Abubacer) iyo Ibn al-Nafis waxay ahaayeen hormuudka riwaayadda falsafadda. Ibn Tufail wuxuu qray riwaayaddii ugu horreysay ee Carabi ah Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus) iyadoo cavab u ah Al-Ghazali's The Incoherence of the Philosophers, ka dibna Ibn al-Nafis wuxuu sidoo kale qray riwaayad Theologus Autodidactus iyadoo cavab u ah Ibn Tufail's Philosophus Autodidactus. Labada sheeko waxay lahaayeen jilayaal waaweyn (Hayy ee Philosophus Autodidactus iyo Kamil ee Theologus Autodidactus) oo ahaa carruur is-baray oo duurka ku voolaa oo ku noolaa go'doon kuyeel/jasiirad saxara ah, labaduba waxay ahaayeen tusaalayaasha ugu horreeyay ee sheeko jasiirad saxara ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, halka Hayy uu ku nool yahay kaligiis xoolaha jasiiradda saxarada ah inta ka dhiman sheekada Philosophus Autodidactus, sheekada Kamil waxay ka dhib badan tahay jasiiradda saxarada ah ee Theologus Autodidactus, iyadoo u ekaanaysa sheekadii ugu horreysay oo la ogaaday oo ah koreera/hanaqaad oo ugu dambeyntii noqonaysa tusaalaha ugu horreeya ee riwaayadda sayniska khayaaliga ah.<ref>Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), "Ibn Al-Nafis as a philosopher", Symposium on Ibn al-Nafis, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait (Cf. [http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html Ibn al-Nafis As a Philosopher] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206072116/http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html|date=6 February 2008}}, Encyclopedia of Islamic World).</ref><ref>Nahyan A. G. Fancy (2006), "[http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11292006-152615 Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (d. 1288)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404020329/http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11292006-152615/|date=4 April 2015}}", pp. 95–101, Electronic Theses and Dissertations, University of Notre Dame.</ref> Theologus Autodidactus,<ref>Muhammad b. Abd al-Malik Ibn Tufayl. [https://books.google.com/books?id=yFAR_G7HM3QC Philosophus autodidactus, sive Epistola Abi Jaafar ebn Tophail de Hai ebn Yokdhan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004180638/https://books.google.com/books?id=yFAR_G7HM3QC |date=4 October 2015 }}: in qua ostenditur, quomodo ex inferiorum contemplatione ad superiorum notitiam ratio humana ascendere possit. E Theatro Sheldoniano, excudebat Joannes Owens, 1700.</ref><ref>Ala-al-din abu Al-Hassan Ali ibn Abi-Hazm al-Qarshi al-Dimashqi. The Theologus autodidactus of Ibn al-Nafīs. Clarendon P., 1968</ref> oo uu qray aqoonyahanka Carabi Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288),<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sFCuoqykV9QC&q=ibn+al+nafis+first+science+fiction+novel&pg=PA236|title=The Cambridge Companion to Utopian Literature|first=Gregory|last=Claeys|date=5 August 2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139828420|via=Google Books}}</ref> wuxuu ka shaqeeyaa walxaha sayniska khayaaliga ah sida abuurista iskood u samaysanta, falanqaynta mustaqbalka, dhamaadka dunida iyo qiyaamaha, soo-tegga/sarakicidda, iyo nolosha ka dib. Halkii uu ka siin lahaa sharraxaad mucjiso ama khayaali ah dhacdooyinkan, Ibn al-Nafis wuxuu isku dayay inuu sharraxo walxaha sheekada iyada oo loo marayo aqoonta sayniska ee bijoolajiga, astronomy-ga, cosmology-ga iyo meelaha/juqraafiga oo lagu yaqaannay xilligiisa. Khayaaliga Ibn al-Nafis wuxuu sharraxay baridda diinta Islaamka iyada oo loo marayo sayniska iyo falsafadda Islaamka.<ref name="Roubi">Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), "Ibn Al-Nafis as a philosopher", Symposium on Ibn al Nafis, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait (Cf. [http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html Ibnul-Nafees As a Philosopher] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206072116/http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html|date=6 February 2008}}, Encyclopedia of Islamic World).</ref> Turjumaadaha Ibn Tufail's Philosophus Autodidactus waxay ka muuqdeen Laatiin (1671), Inqiriisi (1708), Jarmal, iyo Dutch. Turjumaadahan luqadaha Yurub waxay ka dib saameyn ku yeesheen Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe<ref>Cyril Glasse (2001), New Encyclopaedia of Islam, p. 202, Rowman Altamira, {{ISBN|0-7591-0190-6}}.</ref> iyo Robert Boyle's The Aspiring Naturalist.<ref name="Toomer-222">G. J. Toomer (1996), Eastern Wisedome and Learning: The Study of Arabic in Seventeenth-Century England, p. 222, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-820291-1}}.</ref> === Falsafadda === [[File:Persian Scholar pavilion in Viena UN (Rhazes&Khayyam).jpg|thumb|Scholars Pavilion waa taallo ay Iran ugu deeqday Xafiiska Qaramada Midoobay ee Vienna. Sannadlaha aqoonyahannadii Muslimka ahaa ee qarniyadii dhexe, Omar Khayyam, Al-Biruni, Rhazes iyo Avicenna ayaa ku dhex jira dhismaha.]] Astaamaha ugu caansan ee lagu qeexo falsafadda Islaamka waa "qaabka falsafadda ee lagu dhex abuuray qaabdhismeedka dhaqanka Islaamka."<ref name="RoutledgeEoP">[http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/H057 "Islamic Philosophy"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606082214/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/islamic-philosophy;jsessionid=B31B033F077DD5E68E09CC9D35C02105|date=6 June 2022}}, Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy (1998)</ref> Falsafadda Islaamka, qeexidtan laguma xidho arrimo diimeed oo keliya, mana aha mid ay Muslimiinta oo keliya curiyeen.<ref name="RoutledgeEoP" /> Aqoonyahanka Faarisiiga ah ee Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (980–1037) wuxuu lahaa ka badan 450 buug oo loo tiriyo. Qoraalladiisu waxay ku saabsanaayeen maadooyin kala duwan, gaar ahaan falsafadda iyo daawada. Buuggiisa daawada ee The Canon of Medicine waxaa loo adeegsaday sida buugga heerka sare ah ee jaamacadaha Yurub ee qarniyo badan. Wuxuu sidoo kale qray The Book of Healing, oo ah encyclopediya saynis iyo falsafad saameyn leh.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Ibn Sina [Avicenna]|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ibn-sina/|encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|date=2024|quote=The Cure...had momentous consequences...his philosophical system dominated intellectual history in both Shi’ite and most of Sunni Islam}}</ref> Shakhsiyad kale oo ka tirsan Casrigii Dahabiga ahaa ee Islaamka, Avicenna, wuxuu sidoo kale sameeyay dugsigiisa falsafadda ee Avicennism, oo saameyn ku lahaa dhulka Islaamka iyo kan Masiixiga dhexdiisa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Saliba|first=George|author-link=George Saliba|date=1994|title=A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam|pages=245, 250, 256–257|publisher=New York University Press|isbn=0-8147-8023-7}}</ref> Falsafad kale oo saameyn ku lahaa falsafadda casriga ah wuxuu ahaa Ibn Tufail. Riwaayaddiisii falsafadda ahayd, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, oo loo turjumay Laatiin siday tahay Philosophus Autodidactus sannadkii 1671, waxay horumarisay mawduucyada empiricism, tabula rasa, dabiicadda iyo korinta, xaaladda suurtogalnimada, materialism,<ref>Dominique Urvoy, "The Rationality of Everyday Life: The Andalusian Tradition? (Aropos of Hayy's First Experiences)", in Lawrence I. Conrad (1996), The World of Ibn Tufayl: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Ḥayy Ibn Yaqẓān, pp. 38–46, Brill Publishers, {{ISBN|90-04-09300-1}}.</ref> iyo Molyneux's problem.<ref>Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik Ibn Tufail and Léon Gauthier (1981), Risalat Hayy ibn Yaqzan, p. 5, Editions de la Méditerranée.</ref> Aqoonyahannada iyo qoraayaasha Yurub ee uu saameeyay riwaayaddan waxaa ka mid ah John Locke,<ref>Russell (1994), pp. 224–39</ref> Gottfried Leibniz,<ref name="Wainwright">Martin Wainwright, [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/mar/22/featuresreviews.guardianreview1 Desert island scripts], The Guardian, 22 March 2003.</ref> Melchisédech Thévenot, John Wallis, Christiaan Huygens,<ref>Russell (1994) p. 227</ref> George Keith, Robert Barclay, Quakers,<ref>Russell (1994), p. 247</ref> iyo Samuel Hartlib.<ref name="Toomer-2222">G. J. Toomer (1996), Eastern Wisedome and Learning: The Study of Arabic in Seventeenth-Century England, p. 222, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-820291-1}}.</ref> Falsafada Islaamku waxay sii waday horumarka falsafadda ilaa qarnigii 17aad, markii Mulla Sadra uu sameeyay dugsigiisa Transcendent theosophy oo uu horumaray fikradda existentialism-ka.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mulla Sadra's Transcendent Philosophy|first=Muhammad|last=Kamal|year=2006|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-5271-7|pages=9, 39|oclc=224496901}}</ref> Falsafado kale oo saameyn lahaa oo Muslimiin ah waxaa ka mid ah Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), oo ah hormuudka phenomenology iyo falsafadda sayniska iyo dhaleeceeyaha dabiiciga ah ee Aristotelian iyo fikradda Aristotle ee goobta (topos); Al-Biruni, dhaleeceeye dabiiciga ah ee Aristotelian; Ibn al-Nafis, hormuudka riwaayadda falsafadda; Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi, aasaasaha falsafadda Illuminationist; Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, dhaleeceeye mantiqa Aristotelian iyo hormuudka mantiqa inductive-ka; iyo Ibn Khaldun, oo ah hormuudka falsafadda taariikhda.<ref name="Akhtar">S.R.W. Akhtar (1997). "The Islamic Concept of Knowledge", Al-Tawhid: A Quarterly Journal of Islamic Thought & Culture 12 (3). https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol-12-no3/islamic-concept-knowledge-sayyid-wahid-akhtar</ref> === Sayniska iyo tiknoolajiyada === [[File:Statue of Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi in Urgench.jpg|thumb|Taallada Al-Khwarizmi ee Urgench, Uzbekistan.]] Ibn al-Haytham waxaa sidoo xaqiiqo ah loo arkaa aabbaha optics-ka, gaar ahaan cadeyntiisa empirik-ka ah ee aragtida intromission-ka ee iftiinka. Jim Al-Khalili wuxuu sheegay 2009 in Ibn al-Haytham 'loogu yeero inta badan "saynisyahankii ugu horreeyay ee dhabta ah ee dunida".'<ref>{{cite news |last=Al-Khalili|first=Jim|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7810846.stm|title=BBC News|date=4 January 2009|access-date=11 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426041228/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7810846.stm|archive-date=26 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Al-Khwarizmi wuxuu alifay nidaamyada log base-ka ee maanta loo adeecsado, wuxuu sidoo kale ka qaybqaatay theorems ee trigonometry iyo sidoo kale limits.<ref>Plofker, Kim (2009), Mathematics in India: 500 BCE–1800 CE, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|0-691-12067-6}}.</ref> Waxbarashooyinkii ugu dambeeyay waxay muujinayaan inay u badan tahay in fannaaniintii Muslimka ahayd ee Qarniyadii Dhexe ay ogaayeen geometriyada quasicrystal ee decagonal ah ee sare ee la helay kala bar millennium ka dib 1970-yadii iyo 1980-yadii ee Galbeedka, ayna u adeegsadeen shaqada tiled-ka ee dhismaha.<ref>Peter J. Lu, [http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2007/03.01/99-tiles.html Harvard's Office of News and Public Affairs] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314012002/http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2007/03.01/99-tiles.html|date=14 March 2007}}</ref> Dhaqaatiirta Muslimiinta ah waxay ka qaybqaateen sahanka daawada, oo ay ku jiraan anatomy iyo physiology: sida shaqadii Faarisiiga ahayd ee qarnigii 15aad ee uu sameeyay Mansur ibn Muhammad ibn al-Faqih Ilyas ee loo yaqaan Tashrih al-badan (Anatomy-ga jirka) oo ku jireen sawirro guud oo ku saabsan habka jirka, dareemayaasha iyo habka wareegga dhiigga; ama shaqadii dhakhtarkii Masar Ibn al-Nafis, oo soo bandhigay aragtida wareegga dhiigga ee sambabada. Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Abulcasis) wuxuu ka qaybqaatay edbinta qalliinka daawada buuggiisa Kitab al-Tasrif ("Buugga Tanaasulaadka"), oo ah encyclopediya daawa oo ka dib loo turjumay Laatiin oo loo adeegsaday iskoolada daawada ee Yurub iyo Muslimiinta ee qarniyo badan. Horumaro kale oo daawo ah waxay ka tulmeen dhinacyada pharmacology iyo pharmacy.<ref>Turner, H. (1997) pp. 136–38</ref> Saynisyahannada ugu caansan ee ka mid ah dunida Islaamka ee qarniyadii dhexe waxaa ka mid ah Jābir ibn Hayyān, al-Farabi, Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi, Ibn al-Haytham, Al-Biruni, Avicenna, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, iyo Ibn Khaldun. Tiknoolajiyada dhexdeeda, dunida Islaamka waxay warqad-sameynta ka qaadatay Shiinaha.<ref name="Lucas">Adam Robert Lucas (2005), "Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe", Technology and Culture 46 (1), pp. 1–30 [10].</ref> Aqoonta baaruudda waxaa sidoo kale ka soo muuqatay Shiinaha iyada oo loo marayo waddamada badankooda Islaamka ah.<ref>Arming the Periphery. Emrys Chew, 2012. p. 1823.</ref> Horumar ayaa lagu sameeyay waraabinta iyo beeraha, iyadoo la adeegsanayo tiknoolajiyad cusub sida mishiinka dabaysha. Dalagyada sida lowska/almond iyo miraha sitrus waxaa loo keenay Yurub iyadoo loo marayo al-Andalus, oo beerashada sonkorta ayaa si tartiib-tartiib ah ay ugu ku-daydeen Yurubiyanku. Ganacsatada Carabta waxay maamuleen ganacsiga Badweynta Hindiya ilaa imaatinka Boortaqiisku ee qarnigii 16aad. Hormuz wuxuu ahaa xarun muhiim ah oo ganacsigan ah. Waxaa sidoo kale ka jirey shabakad cufan oo waddooyinka ganacsiga ee Badda Dhexe, oo ay waddamada aqlabiyadda Muslimka ah ku ganacsan jireen kesooda iyo awoodaha Yurub sida Venice, Genoa iyo Catalonia (sido kale eeg: Indo-Mediterranean). Jidka Xariirta oo ka tallaabaya Aasiyada Dhexe wuxuu marayay dawlado Islaam ah oo u dhexeya Shiinaha iyo Yurub. Soo-bixidda boqortooyooyinka dhaqaale ee waaweyn oo leh kheyraad tiknoolajiyadeed ka dib qabsashadii Timur (Tamerlane) iyo soo-reenka Timurid Renaissance waxaa ka mid ah Boqortooyada Mali iyo Saltanaddii Bengal gaar ahaan, oo ah qaran ganacsi oo caalami ah oo dunida ku yaal, oo Yurubiyanku ku describe gareeyeen "waddanka ugu hodansan ee lagu ganacsado".<ref>Nanda, J. N (2005). Bengal: the unique state. Concept Publishing Company. p. 10. 2005. {{ISBN|978-81-8069-149-2}}. Bengal [...] was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with.</ref> Iinjineerada Muslimiinta ee dunida Islaamka waxay sameeyeen isticmaalo warshadeed oo cusub oo hydropower ah, iyo isticmaalo warshadeed oo hore oo ah tidal power iyo wind power.<ref>Ahmad Y. al-Hassan (1976). Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering, pp. 34–35. Institute for the History of Arabic Science, University of Aleppo.</ref> Isticmaalka warshadeed ee watermills ee dunida Islaamka wuxuu dib u dhacaa qarnigii 7aad, halka water mills-ka leh giraangiraha jiifa iyo kuwa taagan oo dhan loo adeegsanayay si weyn tan iyo ugu yaraan qarnigii 9aad. Mashiinno warshadeed oo kala duwan ayaa lagu adeegsanayay dunida Islaamka, oo ay ku jiraan fulling mills, gristmills, paper mills, hullers, sawmills, ship mills, stamp mills, steel mills, sugar mills, tide mills iyo windmills. Markii ay gaadhay qarnigii 11aad, gobol kasta oo ka mid ah dunida Islaamka wuxuu lahaa mashiinnadan warshadeed oo shaqaynaya, kuwo ka billowda al-Andalus iyo Waqooyiga Afrika ilaa Bariga Dhexe iyo Aasiyada Dhexe.<ref name="Lucas" /> Iinjineerada Muslimiinta waxay sidoo kale alifeen crankshafts iyo water turbines, waxay adeegsadeen gears ee mashiinnada iyo mashiinnada biyaha kor u qaada, waxayna hormuud u ahaayeen isticmaalka dam-yada sida il ka mid ah awoodda biyaha, oo loo adeegsaday in lagu siiyo awood dheeraad ah watermills iyo mashiinnada biyaha kor u qaada.<ref name="Hassan">Ahmad Y. al-Hassan, Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part II: Transmission Of Islamic Engineering</ref> Horumaradan waxay suurtogal ka dhigeen in shaqooyinka warshadeed oo hore loogu kexayn jiray shaqaale hanto ama gacanta xilliyadii hore ay noqdaan kuwo la mishiineeyay oo lagu kexo mashiinno beddelkeeda dunidii Islaamka ee qarniyadii dhexe. Wareejinta tiknoolajiyadan oo loo wareejiyay Yurubtii qarniyadii dhexe waxay saameyn ku lahayd Industrial Revolution-ka, gaar ahaan ka soo jeeda proto-industrialised Mughal Bengal iyo Tipu Sultan's Kingdom, iyadoo loo marayo qabsashadii East India Company. === Aqsanta === [[File:Taj Mahal (Edited).jpeg|thumb|Taj Mahal ee India waxaa loo arkaa masterpiece si caalami ah loo bogsho oo ka tirsan World's Heritage, iyo mid ka mid ah Seven Wonders of the World.]] {{excerpt|Islamic architecture|only=paragraphs}} == Saamaynta diimaha kale, iyo Islaamiga == {{Main|Islaamiga|Islaamiga waddan ahaan}} [[File:Mohammed2.jpg|thumb|Nabi Muxammad iyo Rahibkii Sergius, oo uu sameeyay Lucas van Leyden, 1508 AD. Waxay muujineysaa Halsooreedkii Nabi Muxammad ee ku dhex wareegi jiray Yurub.]] [[File:La.Vie.de.Mahomet Christies.jpg|thumb|403x403px|Nabi Muxammad oo haysta seef iyo bilal halka uu ku tunto dunida, iskutallaabta, iyo Tobanka Amrood. Waxaa sameeyay Humphrey Prideaux, 1699.]] [[File:Nuremberg chronicles - Mohammed (CLIv).jpg|thumb|Nabi Muxammad oo fadhiya dhanka bidix, oo ku sawiran Nuremberg Chronicle, 1440 AD.]] Haddii dhaqdhaqaaqyada sida Druze,<ref>{{Cite book |last=De McLaurin |first=Ronald |url=https://archive.org/details/politicalroleofm0000unse |title=The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East |publisher=Michigan University Press |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-03-052596-4 |page=114 |quote=Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles, the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hunter |first=Shireen |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsofislami0000unse |title=The Politics of Islamic Revivalism: Diversity and Unity: Center for Strategic and International Studies (Washington, D.C.), Georgetown University. Center for Strategic and International Studies |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-253-34549-3 |page=33 |quote=Druze – An offshoot of Shi'ism; its members are not considered Muslims by orthodox Muslims.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=R. Williams |first=Victoria |title=Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival [4 volumes] |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-4408-6118-5 |page=318 |quote=As Druze is a nonritualistic religion without requirements to pray, fast, make pilgrimages, or observe days of rest, the Druze are not considered an Islamic people by Sunni Muslims.}}</ref> Berghouata iyo Ha-Mim, ay ka soo baxeen Islaamka ama ay la wadaageen rumayntooda gaarka ah Islaamka, iyo haddii mid kastaa yahay diin gooni ah ama firqad ka mid ah Islaamka waa aragtiyo dood ku jiraan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=D. Grafton |first=David |title=Piety, Politics, and Power: Lutherans Encountering Islam in the Middle East |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-63087-718-7 |page=14 |quote=In addition, there are several quasi-Muslim sects, in that, although they follow many of the beliefs and practices of orthodox Islam, the majority of Sunnis consider them heretical. These would be the Ahmadiyya, Druze, Ibadi, and the Yazidis.}}</ref> Caqiidada Druze waxay sii kala qaybisay Ismaaciiliyada maadaama ay horumarisay caqiidooyinkeeda gaarka ah, waxayna ugu dambeyntii ka sootagday Ismaaciiliyada iyo Islaamka labadaba; kuwan waxaa ka mid ah rumaynta in Imaamka Al-Xaakim bi-Amr Allaah uu ahaa Ilaah jisoobay.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Poonawala |first=Ismail K. |date=July–September 1999 |title=Review: ''The Fatimids and Their Traditions of Learning'' by Heinz Halm |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-oriental-society_july-september-1999_119_3/page/542 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |publisher=American Oriental Society |volume=119 |issue=3 |page=542 |doi=10.2307/605981 |issn=0003-0279 |jstor=605981 |lccn=12032032 |oclc=47785421}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Bryer | first = David R. W. | title = The Origins of the Druze Religion (Fortsetzung) | journal = Der Islam | year = 1975 | volume = 52 | issue = 2 | pages = 239–262 | doi = 10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 | s2cid = 162363556 | url = https://doi.org/10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 | issn = 1613-0928 | ref = {{harvid|Bryer|1975b}} | url-access = subscription }}</ref> Yazdânism waxaa loo arkaa isku-dhafan ka mid ah rumaynta dhaladka ee Kurdiida iyo caqiidada Suufiyada Islaamka ee loo soo bandhigay Kurdistan ee Sheekh Cadi ibn Musafir ee qarnigii 12aad.<ref>{{cite book |last=Foltz |first=Richard |title=Religions of Iran: From Prehistory to the Present |date=7 November 2013 |isbn=978-1-78074-307-3 |page=219 |chapter=Two Kurdish Sects: The Yezidis and the Yaresan |publisher=Oneworld Publications |chapter-url= |chapter-url-access=}}</ref> Bábism waxay ka soo bilaabatay Shiicada Isnaashariyada ee martay Siyyid 'Ali Muhammad i-Shirazi al-Bab iyadoo mid ka mid ah taageerayaashiisa Mirza Husayn 'Ali Nuri Baha'u'llah uu aasaasay Caqiidada Baha'i.<ref>{{cite web |last=House of Justice |first=Universal |title=One Common Faith |url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/bic/OCF/ocf-8.html |access-date=1 April 2017 |website=reference.bahai.org}}</ref> Yarsanism,<ref name="Z. Mir-Hosseini 1994, p.267">{{cite journal |last=Mir-Hosseini |first=Z. |date=1994 |title=Inner Truth and Outer History: The Two Worlds of the Ahl-e Haqq of Kurdistan |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-middle-east-studies_1994-04_26_2/page/267 |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=26 |pages=267–268}}</ref> Din-i Ilahi,{{sfnp|Roychoudhury|1941|page=306}} iyo Ali-Illahism<ref>{{Cite book |last=Layard |first=Austen Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-SQe_sNtIaMC&q=ali%2520illahism&pg=PA216 |title=Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon: With Travels in Armenia, Kurdistan and the Desert: Being the Result of a Second Expedition Undertaken for the Trustees of the British Museum |date=2010-08-31 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108016773 |page=216 |language=en}}</ref> waxaa loo arkaa kuwo ka sootagay Islaamka. Sikhism, oo uu aasaasay Guru Nanak oo ku sugan Punjab qarnigii 15aad ee dambe, waxaa saameeyay Islaamku.<ref>{{cite book |last=Elsberg |first=Constance |date=2003 |title=Graceful Women |publisher=University of Tennessee Press |isbn=978-1-57233-214-0 |pages=27–28}}</ref> == Dhaleeceynta == {{Main|Dhaleeceynta Islaamka}} {{see also|Dhaleeceynta Muxammad|Dhaleeceynta Qur'aanka}} [[File:Jacques Courtois - Battle between Christians and Muslims.jpg|thumb|Dagaalkii ka dhex dhacay Muslinka iyo Masiixiyiinta xilligii Dagaalladii Saliibiyada, oo uu sameeyay Jacques Courtois.]] Dhaleeceynta Islaamku waxay jirtay tan iyo heeraradeedii ugu horreeyay. Dhaleeceyntii hore waxay ka timid qoraayaal Yahuud ah, sida Ibn Kammuna, iyo qoraayaal Masiixi ah, oo kuwo badan oo ka mid ah ay u arkayeen Islaamka bidco Masiixi ah ama nooc sanam-caabudid ah, iyagood inta badan ku fashilayay terms apocalyptic ah.{{sfnp|Fahlbusch et al|2001|p=[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=yaecVMhMWaEC|page=759}} 759]}} Qoraayaasha Masiixiyiinta ahi waxay dhaleeceeyeen sharraxaadaha laab-lakacsan ee Islaamku ka bixiyo jannada. Qarnigii sagaalaad aqoonyahankii Muslinka ahaa ee Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari wuxuu u dooday sharraxaadda Qur'aanka ee jannada iyadoo sheegaysa in Baybalku sidoo kale tilmaamayso fikradahaas, sida cabbidda khamriga ee jannada dhexdeeda oo ku jirta Injiilka Matayos. Caalimkii Masiixiga ahaa ee qarnigii 4aad Augustine ee Hippo caqiidooyinkiisu waxay keeneen diidmo baahsan oo ku saabsan raaxada jidhka ee nolosha iyo aakhiro dhexdeeda labadaba.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Christian Lange |title=Paradise and Hell in Islamic Traditions |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-521-50637-3 |pages=18–20}}</ref> Sawirro aflaadaad ah oo ka dhan ah Muxammad, oo ka soo bilaabmay sawirraddii hore ee qarnigii 7aad ee Kaniisadda Ortodokska Bari ee Boqortooyada Bizantiinta,<ref>Reeves, Minou, and P. J. Stewart. 2003. ''Muhammad in Europe: A Thousand Years of Western Myth-Making''. NYU Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8147-7564-6}}. p. 93–96.</ref> waxay ka muuqdaan gabayga qarnigii 14aad ee Divine Comedy oo uu qaray Dante Alighieri. Halkan, Muxammad waxaa lagu muujiyay goobta sideedaad ee jahannamada, iyadoo la joogo Cali. Dante ma eedayno Islaamka guud ahaan laakiin wuxuu eedaynayaa Muxammad kala qaybin, maadaama uu aasaasay diin kale Masiixiyadda ka dib.<ref name="Stone">Stone, G. 2006. ''Dante's Pluralism and the Islamic Philosophy of Religion''. Springer Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1-4039-8309-1}}. p. 53–54.</ref> Dhaleeceynaha kale waxay diiradda saaraan la-dhaqanka shakhsiyaadka ee gudaha waddamada casriga ah ee Muslinku ku badan yahay, oo ay ku jiraan arrimo ku saabsan xuquuqda aadanaha, goorta ay si dhow u la xiriirto fulinta sharciga Islaamka.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Yohanan|last1=Friedmann|year=2003|title=Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/tolerancecoercio00frie|url-access=limited|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/tolerancecoercio00frie/page/n31 18], 35|isbn=978-0-521-02699-4}}</ref> Sidoo kale, isbeddellada dhowaan ee dhaqammada kala duwan ka dib, kartida loo malaynayo inay leeyihiin soo-galootiga Muslinka ah ee Galbeedka si ay u la qabsadaan waa la dhaleeceeyay oo waxaa loo eedeeyay asalka Islaamka kuwo ka mid ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Modood |first=Tariq |url=https://archive.org/details/multiculturalism00modo |title=Multiculturalism, Muslims and Citizenship: A European Approach |date=6 April 2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-35515-5 |edition=1st |page=[https://archive.org/details/multiculturalism00modo/page/n43 29] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Ugu dambeyntii cilmi-baaris{{what|date=April 2026}} waxay heshay in diindhaqameedka Islaamka oo sarreeya uu la xiriiro xagjirinimada Islaamka oo sarreysa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kamenowski |first1=Maria |last2=Manzoni |first2=Patrik |last3=Haymoz |first3=Sandrine |last4=Isenhardt |first4=Anna |last5=Jacot |first5=Cédric |last6=Baier |first6=Dirk |date=2021-06-17 |title=Religion as an influencing factor of right-wing, left-wing and Islamist extremism. Findings of a Swiss youth study |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=6 |article-number=e0252851 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0252851 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=8211158 |pmid=34138885 |bibcode=2021PLoSO..1652851K }}</ref> === Ilaha === {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Imad-ad-Dean |title=Signs in the heavens |volume=2 |publisher=Amana Publications |year=2006 |isbn=1-59008-040-8}} * {{cite book |last=Arnold|first=Thomas |title=The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith.|volume= |publisher= |year=1896 |isbn=}} * {{Cite book |last=Bennett |first=Clinton |title=Interpreting the Qur'an: a guide for the uninitiated |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8264-9944-8 |page=101 |author-link=Clinton Bennett}} * {{cite book |last=Blankinship |first=K. |year=2008 |chapter=The early creed |editor=T. 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|last2=Hinnells |first2=John R. |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-27408-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Momen |first=Moojan |title=An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-300-03531-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyed Hossein |author-link=Seyyed Hossein Nasr |year=2003 |title=The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity}} * {{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyed Muhammad |url=https://archive.org/details/ourreligions00shar |title=Our Religions: The Seven World Religions Introduced by Preeminent Scholars from Each Tradition (Chapter 7) |publisher=HarperCollins |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-06-067700-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Nigosian |first=Solomon Alexander |title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-253-21627-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Peacock|first=A.C.S.|title=Islam, Literature and Society in Mongol Anatolia|date=2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume= |page=|doi= 10.1017/9781108582124|isbn=978-1-108-58212-4|s2cid=211657444}} * {{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |url=https://archive.org/details/islamguideforjew00fepe |title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-691-11553-5}} * {{Cite report |date=October 2009 |title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population |publisher=Pew Research Center |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2009/10/Muslimpopulation.pdf |access-date=25 May 2020 |ref={{sfnref|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009}} }} [https://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/ Overview]. * {{Cite book |last=Rippin |first=Andrew |url=https://archive.org/details/muslimstheirreli0000ripp |title=Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices |publisher=Routledge |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-415-21781-1 |edition=2nd |author-link=Andrew Rippin}} * {{cite book |last=Roychoudhury |first=Makhanlal |year=1941 |title=The Din-i Ilahi, or, The Religion of Akbar |publisher=University of Calcutta |oclc=3312929 |url=https://archive.org/details/diniilahiorthere031361mbp |via=Internet Archive}} * {{cite journal |last=Serjeant |first=R.B. |date=1978 |title=Sunnah Jami'ah, pacts with the Yathrib Jews, and the Tahrim of Yathrib |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |volume=41 |pages=1–42 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00057761 |s2cid=161485671 }} * {{Cite book |last=Sachedina |first=Abdulaziz |title=The Just Ruler in Shi'ite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence |publisher=Oxford University Press US |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-511915-2 |author-link=Abdulaziz Sachedina}} * {{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Jane I. |author-link=Jane Idleman Smith |title=The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-515649-2}} * {{Cite book |editor-last=Stefon |editor-first=Matt |title=Islamic Beliefs and Practices |publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-61530-060-0 |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last1=Ṭabāṭabāʼī |first1=Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn |title=Shi'ite Islam |translator-last=Nasr |translator-first=Seyyed Hossein |publisher=SUNY Press |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-87395-272-9 |author-link=Allameh Tabatabaei}} * {{Cite book |last=Teece |first=Geoff |url=https://archive.org/details/islam0000teec_a5d6 |title=Religion in Focus: Islam |publisher=Franklin Watts Ltd |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7496-4796-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Trimingham |first=John Spencer |title=The Sufi Orders in Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-512058-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Colin |title=Islam: the Basics |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-34106-6 |location=London}} * {{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Bryan S. |title=Weber and Islam |publisher=Routledge |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-415-17458-9 |location=London}} * {{Cite book |last=Waines |first=David |title=An Introduction to Islam |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-521-53906-7}} * {{Cite book |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |title=The Formative Period of Islamic Thought |publisher=University Press Edinburgh |year=1973 |isbn=978-0-85224-245-2 |author-link=William Montgomery Watt}} * {{Cite book |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadprophets00watt |title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1974 |isbn=978-0-19-881078-0 |edition=New |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Weiss |first=Bernard G. |title=Studies in Islamic Legal Theory |publisher=Brill Academic publishers |year=2002 |isbn=978-90-04-12066-2 |location=Boston |author-link=Bernard G. Weiss}} {{Refend}} === Qaamuusyo iyo encyclopedias === {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{harvc |last1=Gardet|first1=L.|last2=Jomier|first2=J.|year=2012|c=Islām |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0387}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |ref={{harvid|Fahlbusch et al|2001}} |editor-last=Fahlbusch |editor-first=Erwin |display-editors=etal |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=yaecVMhMWaEC}} |title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=2001 |isbn=978-90-04-11695-5 |volume=2}} * {{cite encyclopedia |year=1913–1936 |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |editor1-last=Houtsma |editor1-first=M.T. |editor1-link=Martijn Theodoor Houtsma |editor2-first=T.W. |editor2-last=Arnold |editor2-link=Thomas Walker Arnold |editor3-first=R. |editor3-last=Basset |editor4-first=R. |editor4-last=Hartmann |edition=1st |place=Leiden |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-08265-6 |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam (1st ed.)|1913–1936}}}} * {{cite encyclopedia |year=2012 |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P.J. |issn=1573-3912 |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |edition=2nd |place=Leiden |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4 |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)|2012}}}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P.J. |issn=1573-3912 |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|n.d.}} |date=n.d. |url=https://brill.com/view/package/eio?language=en |url-access=subscription}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2004 |title=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World |series=Macmillan Reference Books |publisher=Thomson-Gale |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofis0001unse |editor-last=Martin |editor-first=Richard C. |isbn=978-0-02-865603-8}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |date=n.d. |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |editor-link=Jane Dammen McAuliffe}} * {{cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān |volume=2 |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=2002}} * {{cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān |volume=3 |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=2003}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals |publisher=Routledge |editor-last=Salamone |editor-first=Frank |edition=1st |isbn=978-0-415-94180-8 |series=Routledge Encyclopedias of Religion and Society |volume=6 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre00sala |jstor=j.ctt1jd94wq |year=2004}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2003 |title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=AltaMira Press |url=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas |editor-last=Glassé |editor-first=Cyril |series=Revised Edition of the Concise Encyclopedia of Islam |isbn=978-0-7591-0190-6 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-19-512558-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00bada |url-access=registration}} {{doi|10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001}} – via Oxford Reference. * {{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |year=2004 |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |place=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975726-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2006 |title=The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia |publisher=Routledge |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=isDgI0-0Ip4C|page=}} |editor-last=Leaman |editor-first=Oliver |isbn=978-0-415-32639-1}} {{Refend}} == Akhrin dheeraad ah == {{Refbegin}} * Abdul-Haqq, Abdiyah Akbar (1980). ''Sharing Your Faith with a Muslim''. Minneapolis: Bethany House Publishers. ''N.B''. Presents the genuine doctrines and concepts of Islam and of the Holy Qur'an, and this religion's affinities with Christianity and its Sacred Scriptures, in order to "dialogue" on the basis of what both faiths really teach. {{ISBN|0-87123-553-6}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism |publisher=SAGE; Cato Institute |location=Thousand Oaks, CA |last=Ahmad |first=Imad-ad-Dean |title=Islam |author-link=Imad-ad-Dean Ahmad |editor-last=Hamowy |editor-first=Ronald |editor-link=Ronald Hamowy |pages=256–258 |doi=10.4135/9781412965811.n155 |isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4 |lccn=2008009151 |oclc=750831024 |url={{Google books|yxNgXs3TkJYC|plainurl=yes}}}} * {{Cite book |last=Akyol |first=Mustafa |url=https://archive.org/details/islamwithoutextr0000akyo |title=Islam Without Extremes |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-393-07086-6 |edition=1st |author-link=Mustafa Akyol}} * {{Cite book |last=Arberry |first=A.J. |url=https://archive.org/details/koraninterpreted00ajar |title=The Koran Interpreted: A Translation |publisher=Touchstone |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-684-82507-6 |edition=1st |author-link=A. J. Arberry}} * Cragg, Kenneth (1975). ''The House of Islam'', in ''The Religious Life of Man Series''. Second ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company 1975. xiii, 145 p. {{ISBN|0-8221-0139-4}}. * {{Cite book |last=Hafez |first=Sherine |title=An Islam of Her Own: Reconsidering Religion and Secularism in Women's Islamic Movements |year=2011 |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=9780814773055 |url=https://opensquare.nyupress.org/books/9780814790724/}} * {{Cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Muhammad Muhsin |title=Noble Quran |last2=Al-Hilali Khan |last3=Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications |year=1999 |isbn=978-9960-740-79-9 |edition=1st |author-link=Muhammad Muhsin Khan}} * Khanbaghi, A, (2006). ''The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran''. I. B. Tauris. * Khavari, Farid A. (1990). ''Oil and Islam: the Ticking Bomb''. First ed. Malibu, Calif.: Roundtable Publications. viii, 277 p., ill. with maps and charts. {{ISBN|0-915677-55-5}}. * {{Cite book |title=The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-965-224-040-8 |editor-last=Kramer |editor-first=Martin |editor-link=Martin Kramer}} * {{Cite book |last=Kuban |first=Dogan |title=Muslim Religious Architecture |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=1974 |isbn=978-90-04-03813-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/islamwest00lewi_0 |title=Islam and the West |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-19-509061-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/culturesinconfli0000lewi |title=Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Age of Discovery |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-19-510283-3 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Mubarkpuri |first=Saifur-Rahman |title=The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Prophet |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-59144-071-0}} * {{Cite book |last=Najeebabadi |first=Akbar Shah |title=History of Islam |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-59144-034-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Sayilgan |first=Salih |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/god-evil-and-suffering-in-islam/C4C89591ADAAF25F104D517C4F4634B3 |title=God, Evil, and Suffering in Islam |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2023 |isbn=9781009377294}} * {{Cite book |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |url=https://www.giffordlectures.org/books/deciphering-signs-god-phenomenological-approach-islam |title=Deciphering the Signs of God: A Phenomenological Approach to Islam |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-7914-1982-3 |author-link=Annemarie Schimmel |access-date=31 January 2019 |archive-date=22 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422154518/https://www.giffordlectures.org/books/deciphering-signs-god-phenomenological-approach-islam |url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book |last=Schuon |first=Frithjof |title=Understanding Islam |publisher=Allen & Unwin |year=1963 |isbn=978-0941532242 |edition=3rd |author-link=Frithjof Schuon}} * {{Cite book |last=Stoddard |first=Lothrop |title=The New World of Islam |publisher=Chapman & Hall |year=1922 |url=https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/24107}} * {{Cite book |last=Walker |first=Benjamin |title=Foundations of Islam: The Making of a World Faith |publisher=Peter Owen Publishers |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-7206-1038-3 |author-link=Benjamin Walker (author)}} {{Refend}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Library resources box}} * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam "Islam"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/index.shtml Religion & Ethics – Islam] Maqaallo hordhac u ah Islaamka oo ka socda BBC ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} mazsfwpapz2ocab6hmnxrxdim9amnqd 307327 307325 2026-09-06T20:56:42Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307327 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox religion | native_name = {{lang|ar|{{Script|Arab|الإسلام}}}}<br/>{{transliteration|ar|al-Islām}} | image = The Kaaba during Hajj - edited.jpg | caption = [[Kacbada]] ee ku taal [[Masjidka Xaramka]] ee [[Makka]], [[Sacuudi Carabiya]], oo ah [[Holiest sites in islam|goobta Islaamka ee ugu barakeysan]] | type = | main_classification = [[Abrahamic religions|Ibraahimi ah]] | scripture = {{Plainlist| * [[Quraan]] * Sunnada: [[Xadiis]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The saheeh Sunnah is wahy (Revelation) from Allah |url=https://islamqa.info/en/answers/77243/the-saheeh-sunnah-is-wahy-(revelation)-from-allah |website=islamqa.info |access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref> * Tafsiirka: [[Tafsiir]]<ref>Mir, Mustansir. (1995). "Tafsīr". In John L. Esposito. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref> }} | theology = [[Tawhid|Kkudnimada Alle]] | law = [[Sharia]] | philosophy = [[Falsafada Islaamka]] | area = [[Islam by country|Adduunka oo dhan]]<ref name="Global Islam" /> | language = [[Classical Arabic|Carabiga Quraanka]] | territory = [[Islamic world]] | founder = [[Nabi Maxamed al-Quraishi|Maxamed]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Welch |first1=Alford T. |last2=Moussalli |first2=Ahmad S. |last3=Newby |first3=Gordon D. |date=2009 |entry=Muḥammad |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |editor-first=John L. |editor-last=Esposito |publisher=Oxford University Press |entry-url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211050118/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550 |archive-date=11 February 2017 }}</ref> | founded_date = {{circa|610 C.D.}} | founded_place = [[Jabal al-Nour]]<!-- Beginnings are understood to be where Muhammad is said to have received his first ever revelation, which was inside a cave in this mountain --> | number_of_followers = {{est.}} 2 bilyan<ref name="pew2010–2020" /> {{increase}} (oo si gaar ah loogu yeero [[Muslimiin]], halka si wadajir ah loogu yeero {{transliteration|ar|[[Ummah]]}}) | separations = {{Plainlist| * [[Ali-Illahism]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-SQe_sNtIaMC&q=ali%2520illahism&pg=PA216|title=Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon: With Travels in Armenia, Kurdistan and the Desert: Being the Result of a Second Expedition Undertaken for the Trustees of the British Museum|last=Layard|first=Austen Henry|date=2010-08-31|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108016773|page=216|language=en}}</ref> * [[Druze faith]]<ref>{{cite book |title=The Oxford Handbook of American Islam |first=Yvonne |last=Yazbeck Haddad |year=2014 |isbn=9780199862634 |page=142|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> * [[Baháʼí Faith]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Van der Vyer |first=J. D. |year=1996 |title=Religious human rights in global perspective: religious perspectives |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |isbn=90-411-0176-4 |page=449 |url=https://archive.org/details/religioushumanri0000unse |url-access=registration}}</ref> }} }} {{Sidebar with collapsible lists | name = religion sidebar | pretitle = Qayb ka mid ah taxane ku saabsan | pretitlestyle = padding-top:0.8em; | titlestyle = padding-bottom:0.5em; | title = [[Diin]] | listtitlestyle = background:transparent; text-align:center; font-size:100%; | centered list titles = yes | image = [[File:Icon-religion.svg|200px|class=skin-invert]] | imagestyle = padding-bottom:1em; | listclass = hlist | liststyle = padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em; padding-bottom:0.25em; font-size: 11px; | expanded = {{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}} |} | abovestyle = padding:0.5em 2em 0.5em; display:block; background-color: #efefef; | above = {{startflatlist}} * [[Outline of religion|Dulucda]] * [[Index of religion-related articles|Liisaska]] * [[:Category:Religion|Qeybta]] * [[:Category:Indexes of religion topics|Tusaha]] * [[History of religion|Taariikhda diinta]] * [[Portal:Religion|Bogga]] {{endflatlist}} | list1name = religions | list1title = Diimaha | list1titlestyle = padding-top:0.5em; | list1 = {{Sidebar |child |bodystyle={{subsidebar bodystyle}} |navbar=off | heading1 = [[Abrahamic religions|Diimaha Ibraahimiyeed]] | content1style = padding-top:0.2em; | content1 = * [[Judaism|Yuudaanismka]] * [[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]] * [[Islam|Islaamka]] * [[Alawism|Calawiisimka]] * [[Alevism|Alewiisimka]] * [[Azalism|Azaliisimka]]/[[Bábism|Baabiisimka]] * [[Baháʼí Faith|Diinta Bahaa'iga]] * [[Druze Faith|Diinta Duruusta]] * [[Mormonism|Mormooniyadda]] * [[Mandaeism|Mandeiisimka]] * [[Manichaeism|Maniikiisimka]] * [[Rastafari|Rastafariyiinta]] * [[Samaritanism|Samaritaniisimka]] | heading2 = [[Iranian religions|Diimaha Iiraaniga]] | content2style = padding-top:0.2em; | content2 = * [[Yazidism|Yasiidiisimka]] * [[Yarsanism|Yarsaniisimka]] * [[Zoroastrianism|Soroostiriyanka]] | heading3 = [[Indian religions|Diimaha Hindiya]] | content3style = padding-top:0.2em; | content3 = * [[Hinduism|Hinduugga]] * [[Buddhism|Buudhisimka]] * [[Jainism|Jeyniisimka]] * [[Sikhism| Sikhiisimka]] * [[Bon|Yungdrung Bon]] | heading4 = [[East Asian religions|Diimaha Bariga Aasiya]] | content4style = padding-top:0em; | content4 = * [[Taoism|Taowaysimka]] * [[Confucianism|Konfushiyanishka]] * [[Shinto|Shinto]] * [[Tian|Tian]] * [[Shangdi|Shangdi]] * [[Hongjun Laozu|Hongjun Laozu]] }} | list2name = schools | list2title = Dugsiyada Fikirka | list2titlestyle = border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em; | list2 = * [[Acosmism|Aakosmisimka]] * [[Agnosticism|Agnostisismka]] * [[Animism|Animisimka]] * [[Antireligion|Diin-diidka]] * [[Apatheism|Apatheisimka]] * [[Atheism|Aqoonsi la'aanta Ilaah / Ateyismka]] * [[Creationism|Abuuristaaniyadda]] * [[Dharma|Dharmismka]] * [[Deism|Deiisimka]] * [[Divine command theory|Aragt Dardaaran Ilaahay]] * [[Dualism in cosmology|Labo-jirnimada]] * [[Western esotericism|Sir-doonka Reer Galbeedka]] * [[Elite religion|Diinta dadka sare]] * [[Exclusivism|Gaar-yeelidda]] * [[Existentialism|Jiritaaniyadda]] ** [[Atheistic existentialism|ateyste]] ** [[Christian existentialism|masiixi]] * [[Feminist theology|Falsafada dumarka]] * [[Fideism|Caqiido-ku-tiirsiga]] * [[Folk religion|Diinta dadweynaha]] * [[Fundamentalism|Aasaas-ku-dhagidda]] * [[Gnosticism|Gnostisismka]] * [[Henotheism|Henotheiisimka]] * [[Hermeticism|Hermetiisimka]] * [[Humanism|Aadmiga-jecleyska]] ** [[Christian humanism|masiixi]] ** [[Religious humanism|diimeed]] ** [[Secular humanism|cilmiyeed]] * [[Ietsism|Ietsismka]] * [[Theological noncognitivism|Ignostisismka]] * [[Inclusivism|Wadajir-yeelidda]] * [[Kathenotheism|Kathenotheiisimka]] * [[Lived religion|Diinta la nool yahay]] * [[Monism|Kow-jirnimada]] * [[Monotheism|Kkudnimada Alle]] * [[Mysticism|Suufiyadda / Sir-raadinta]] * [[Naturalism (philosophy)|Dabiiciyadda]] ** [[Humanistic naturalism|aadmiga]] ** [[Metaphysical naturalism|milyawiga]] ** [[Religious naturalism|diimeed]] * [[New Age|Cаманkii Cusub]] * [[Nonduality (spirituality)|Laba-mid-la'aanta]] * [[Nontheism|Ilaah-la'aanta]] * [[Omnism|Omnisimka]] * [[Pandeism|Pandeiisimka]] * [[Panentheism|Panenteiisimka]] * [[Pantheism|Panteiisimka]] * [[Perennial philosophy|Falsafadda weligeed ah]] * [[Polytheism|Shirkiga / Ilaahyo badan]] * [[Process theology|Falsafadda socodka]] * [[Shendao shejiao|Shendao shejiao]] * [[Spiritualism (beliefs)|Rux-raadinta]] * [[Shamanism|Shaamanismka]] * [[East Asian religions|Taowayga]] * [[Theism|Ilaah-rumaynta]] * [[Transcendentalism|Sare-u-kacaaniyadda]] * [[Transtheism|Transtheiisimka]] * [[Unitarianism|Mowqifka kow-jirka]] | list3name = concepts | list3title = Fikradaha | list3titlestyle = border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em; | list3 = * [[Afterlife|Aakhiro]] * [[Anthropopathism|Sifaadka bini'aadmiga ee Ilaah]] * [[Apophatic theology|Apophatismka]] * [[Aseity|Iskii-jitaanshaha]] * [[Religious belief|Aaminsanaanta Diinta]] * [[Brahman|Brahman]] * [[Cataphatic theology|Cataphatismka]] * [[Cult|Kooxda diimeed]] * [[Demiurge|Demiurge]] * [[Divine simplicity|Fududeynta Ilaahay]] * [[Eschatology|Qiyaamaha iyo Aakhiro]] * [[Enlightenment in Buddhism|Iftiintinka]] * [[Eternity#God and eternity|Weligiis-jitaanshaha]] * [[Euthyphro dilemma|Muran-weydiintii Euthyphro]] * [[Existence of God|Jiritaanka Ilaahay]] * [[Faith|Iimaan]] * [[Form of the Good|Qaabka Wanaagga]] * [[Gender of God|Jinsiga Ilaahay]] * [[Gnosis|Gnosis]] * [[Holy Spirit|Ruuxa Quduuska ah]] * [[Intelligent design|Naqshadda caqli-gal ah]] * [[Moksha|Xorreynta]] * [[Misotheism|Ilaah-nacaybka]] * [[Miracle|Mucjiso]] * [[Names of God|Magacyada Ilaahay]] * [[New religious movement|Dhaqdhaqaaqa diimeed ee cusub]] * [[Omnibenevolence|Naxariista-buuxda]] * [[Omnipotence|Awoodda-oo-dhan]] * [[Omnipresence|Meel-kasta-joogidda]] * [[Omniscience|Cilmiga-oo-dhan]] * [[Pandeism|Pandeistiga]] * [[Personal god|Ilaah shakhsi ah]] * [[Prayer|Dugsi / Baryo]] * [[Problem of evil|Dhibaatada xumaanta]] * [[Process theology|Falsafadda socodka]] * [[Belief#Religion|Aaminsanaanta diimeed]] * [[Problem of religious language|Luqadda diinta]] * [[Reincarnation|Soo-noqoshada nolosha (Reincarnation)]] * [[Faith|Iimaanka diimeed]] * [[Revelation|Waxyi]] * [[Religious text|Qoraallada diinta]] * [[Soul|Nafta]] * [[Summum bonum|Wanaagga ugu sarreeya]] * [[Tawhid|Kkudnimada Alle]] * [[Theological veto|Diidmada diinta]] * [[Transcendence (religion)|Sare-u-baxa diimeed]] * [[Trinity|Saddex-midnimada]] * [[Creator deity|Ugu sarreeyaha / Abuuraha]] * [[Unmoved mover|Dhaqaajiye aan la dhaqaajin]] * [[Vitalism|Ruuxda nolosha]] * [[Worship|Caabudaad]] | list4name = figures | list4title = Hoggaamiyeyaasha Aasaasaya | list4titlestyle = border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em; | list4= *[[Ciise]] ([[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]]) *[[Maxamed]] ([[Islam|Islaamka]]) *[[Ibraahim]] ([[Judaism|Yuudaanismka]]) *[[Siddhartha Gautama]] ([[Buddhism|Buudhisimka]]) *[[Guru Nanak]] ([[Sikhism|Sikhiisimka]]) *[[Mahavira]] ([[Jainism|Jeyniisimka]]) *[[Zoroaster]] ([[Zoroastrianism|Soroostiriyanka]]) *[[Hamza ibn Ali]] ([[Druze|Duruusta]]) *[[Laozi]] ([[Taoism|Taowayga]]) *[[Confucius]] ([[Confucianism|Konfushiyanishka]]) * [[Baháʼu'lláh]] ([[Baháʼí Faith|Diinta Bahaa'iga]]) | belowclass = plainlist | belowstyle = text-align:center;font-weight:normal; padding:1em 1em 1em; | below = Kani waa [[:Category:Philosophy and thinking sidebar templates|farac]] ka mid ah [[philosophy|falsafadda]]. Si aad u baarto mowduucyada la xiriira, fadlan booqo [[:Category:Religion_and_belief_navigational_boxes|hage-tusaha]]. }} '''Islaamku'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|z|l|ɑː|m|,_|ˈ|ɪ|z|l|æ|m}} {{respell|IZ|la(h)m}};<ref>{{cite Cambridge Dictionaries |Islam}}</ref> {{langx|ar|{{Script|Arab|الإسلام|al-Islām}}|al-Islām}}, {{IPA|ar|alʔisˈlaːm|IPA}}, {{lit|hordhaca [ee la xiriira [[ogaanshaha doonista Ilaahay]]]}}}} waa diin [[Abrahamic|Ibraahimi ah]] oo ku saleysan [[Quraan|Quraanka]] iyo [[Sunnah|barashada]] [[Maxamed|Maxamed]]. Diintan [[monotheistic|kwdnimada Alle]] waxay leedahay qiyaastii [[Islam by country|2 bilyan oo raacsan adduunka oo dhan]], oo lagu magacaabo [[Muslims|Muslimiin]]. Islaamku waa [[Major religious groups|diinta labaad ee ugu weyn adduunka]], marka laga reebo [[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]]. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin inay jirto [[Fitra|iimaan asal ah]] oo la soo waxyooday marar badan iyadoo la sii marinayo [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|rusul iyo nabiyo hore]], oo ay ku jiraan [[Adam in Islam|Aadam]], [[Noah in Islam|Nux]], [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Muuse]], iyo [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]], waxayna rumeysan yihiin in Islaamku yahay nooca caalamiga ah ee dhameystiran ee [[faith|iimaankan]]. [[File:Birmingham Quran manuscript full.jpg|thumb|Labo [[Folio|bog]] oo ka mid ah [[Birmingham Quran manuscript|Qoraalka Gacanta ee Quraanka ee Birmingham]], oo lagu qoray [[Hijazi script|xarfaha Xijaasiga]] ee [[parchment|harag]] taariikhdiisu tahay int u dhaxaysa 568–645 C.D., iyadoo ku beegan xilligii nolosha Maxamed.]] Muslimiintu waxay u arkaan Quraanka inuu yahay hadalka dhabta ah ee [[God in Islam|Ilaahay]] iyo waxyigii ugu dambeeyay ee aan wax laga beddelin. Dhinaca Quraanka, Muslimiintu waxay sidoo kale rumeysan yihiin [[Islamic holy books|kutubtii hore ee la soo waxyooday]], sida [[Torah in Islam|''Towraad'']] ([[Torah]]), ''[[Psalms in Islam|Sabuur]]'' ([[Psalms]]), iyo [[Gospel in Islam|''Injiil'']] ([[Gospel]]). Waxay rumeysan yihiin in [[Muhammad in Islam|Maxamed]] yahay [[Seal of the Prophets|nabiga ugu weyn uguna dambeeya]] ee [[God|Ilaahay]], kaasoo diinta la soo dhameystiray, oo aan ka dib imanayn nabigii cusub ama sharcigii samada ahayn. Barashada iyo tusaalooyinka caadiga ah ee Maxamed, oo loogu yeero [[Sunnah]], oo lagu diiwaangeliyay xaqiiqooyin loogu yeero [[Hadith|Xadiis]], ayaa bixiya tusaale dastuuri ah oo loogu talagalay Muslimiinta. Islaamku wuxuu ku saleysan yahay rumaysashada kow-nimada iyo kelinimada Ilaahay ({{Transliteration|ar|[[tawhid]]}}), iyo rumaysashada [[afterlife|aakhiro]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[akhirah]]}}) oo ay ku jirto [[Judgement Day in Islam|Maalinta Qiyaame]]—halkaas oo kuwa suubban lagu abaalmarin doono jannada ({{Transliteration|ar|[[jannah]]}}) kuwa xunneydna lagu ciqaabi doono naarta ({{Transliteration|ar|[[jahannam]]}}). [[Five Pillars of Islam|Shanta Arкан ee Islaamka]], oo loo arko inay yihiin cibaadooyin [[Fard|waajib ah]], waa shahaadada diinta ({{Transliteration|ar|[[shahada]]}}), salaadaha maalinlaha ah ({{Transliteration|ar|[[salah]]}}), sakada ({{Transliteration|ar|[[zakat]]}}), soonka bisha [[Ramadan]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[sawm]]}}), iyo [[pilgrimage|xajka]] loo aado [[Mecca|Makka]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[hajj]]}}). Sharciga Islaamka ({{Transliteration|ar|[[sharia]]}}), wuxuu taabanayaa ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan dhinacyada nolosha, laga bilaabo [[Islamic banking and finance|bangiyada iyo maaliyadda]] iyo [[Zakat|gar-gaarka]] ilaa [[Gender roles in Islam|doorka ragga]] iyo [[Women in Islam|doorka dumarka]] iyo [[Islamic ethics#Environmentalism|deegaanka]]. Labada [[Islamic holidays|ci둡 diimeed]] ee ugu waaweyn waa Ciidul Fitri iyo Ciidul Adxa. Saddexda [[holiest sites in Islam|goobood ee ugu barakeysan]] waa [[Masjid al-Haram|Masjidka Xaramka]] ee [[Mecca|Makka]], [[Prophet's Mosque|Masjidka Nabiga]] ee [[Medina|Madiina]], iyo [[Al-Aqsa|Dhismaha Masjidka Al-Aqsa]] ee [[Jerusalem|Quddus]]. Islaamku wuxuu ka soo aasaasay Makka qiyaastii 610 C.D. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in tani ay tahay xilligii [[Muhammad's first revelation|Maxamed uu helay waxyigiisii ugu horreeyay]]. Waqtigii uu geeriyooday, inta badan [[Arabian Peninsula|Jaziiradda Carabta]] way [[Conversion to Islam|isu rogtay Islaamka]]. Islaamku wuxuu si dhakhso ah ugu fiday wixii ka dambeeyay Carabta iyadoo hoos imaneysa [[Rashidun Caliphate|Khulaafadii Raashidiyiinta]] iyo [[Umayyad Caliphate|Khulaafadii Umawiyiinta]]. Labada [[Islamic schools and branches|laamood ee ugu waaweyn Islaamka]] waa [[Sunni Islam|Sunniyada]] (87–90%) iyo [[Shia Islam|Shiicada]] (10–13%).{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=1|ps=. "Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims."}} Muslimiinta Sunniga iyo Shiicada ah ayaa wada noqda ku dhawaad ​​guud ahaan dadweynaha Muslimka ah ee adduunka, iyadoo qiyaasuhu ka bilaabmaan qiyaastii 1.7–1.8 bilyan oo Sunni ah ilaa 285–300 milyan oo Shiico ah adduunka oo dhan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=|first=|date=2009-10-07|title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/|access-date=2026-09-01|website=Pew Research Center|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Shia Muslim Population – Islamic Research and Information Center (IRIC)|url=https://iric.org/world-shia-muslim-population/|access-date=2026-09-01|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Project on Shi’ism and Global Affairs|url=https://shiism.hds.harvard.edu/|url-status=live|website=Harvard University}}</ref> Inkasta oo [[Shia–Sunni relations|khilaafka Shiicada iyo Sunniga]] uu asal ahaan ka soo bilowday is-afgaranwaa ku saabsan [[succession to Muhammad|dhaxalkii Maxamed]], waxay kor u qaadeen cabbir ballaaran, labada [[Schools of Islamic theology|dhinaca caqiidada]] iyo [[Fiqh|fiqhigaa]]. Ururinta xadiiska suuban ee Sunniga waxay ka kooban tahay [[Kutub al-Sittah|Lixda Kitaab]], halka ururinta xadiiska Shiicada ay ka kooban tahay [[The Four Books|Afrta Kitaab]]. Muslimiintu waxay ka yihiin inta badan dadweynaha 53 dal.<ref name="pew2010–2020">{{cite web |date=June 9, 2025 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020. Muslims grew fastest; Christians lagged behind global population increase |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]}} *{{cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett |author2=Marcin Stonawski |author3=Yunping Tong |author4=Stephanie Kramer |author5=Anne Shi |author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf |access-date=2025-06-10 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Qiyaastii 12% Muslimiinta adduunka waxay ku nool yihiin [[Islam in Indonesia|Indoonisiya]], oo ah dalka ugu dadka badan ee Muslimiinta ah; {{#expr: 100 * 480/1570 round 0}}% waxay ku nool yihiin [[Islam in South Asia|Kooniyada Aasiya]]; 20% waxay ku nool yihiin [[MENA#Religion|Bariga Dhexe iyo Waqooyiga Afrika]]; iyo 15% waxay ku nool yihiin [[Religion in Sub-Saharan Africa|Afrika ka hooseysa Saharada]]. Muslimiinta sidoo kale waxaa laga helaa [[Islam in the Americas|Ameerikaanka]], [[Islam in China|Shiinaha]], iyo [[Islam in Europe|Yurub]]. Muslimiintu waa [[Muslim population growth|kooxda diimeed ee ugu koraysa adduunka]], taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay [[fertility rate| heerka dhalmada oo sarreeya]] iyo qaab-dhismeedka da'da yar marka loo eego diimaha diimaha kale ee waaweyn.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lipka |first=Michael |last2=Hackett |first2=Conrad |date=2017-04-06 |title=Why Muslims are the world’s fastest-growing religious group |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |access-date=2026-09-01 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> Islaamka waxaa la saadaalinayaa inuu noqdo diinta ugu weyn adduunka dhammaadka qarniga 21-aad, isagoo ka sarre marinaya Masiixiyadda.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lipka |first1=Michael |last2=Hackett |first2=Conrad |date=April 6, 2017 |title=Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US |archive-date=14 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514123559/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="pew2015">{{cite report |author=[[Pew Forum|The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life]] |title=The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010–2050 |url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211090450/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf |archive-date=2020-12-11 |date=2015-04-02 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref><!--Do NOT add citations to the lead, except for material likely to be challenged, per [[MOS:LEADCITE]] ([[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section#Citations)]]. Move unneeded citations to the body.--> == Asalka ereyga{{anchor|Etymology}}<!-- Linked from many articles. If changing the section title, please let this anchor remain unchanged -->== {{See also|Muslims#Etymology}} Luqadda Carabiga, ''Islaam'' ({{langx|ar|إسلام|lit=hordhaca [ee la xiriira Ilaahay]}})<ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of Islam {{!}} Dictionary.com |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=www.dictionary.com |language=en |archive-date=9 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509110220/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Haywood |first=John |title=Historical Atlas of the Medieval World (AD 600 - 1492) |publisher=Barnes & Noble, Inc. |year=2002 |isbn=0-7607-1975-6 |edition=1st |location=Spain |pages=3.13 |language=en}}</ref> waa magaca fal-galeedka [[wikt:أسلم#Arabic|Foomka IV]] ee ka soo jeeda falka {{lang|ar|سلم}} ({{transliteration|ar|salama}}), ka soo jeeda [[Semitic root|xididka saddex-xarafle ah]] {{lang|ar|س-ل-م}} ({{transliteration|ar|[[Š-L-M|S-L-M]]}}), kaas oo sameeya fasal weyn oo erayo ah oo badankood la xiriira fikradaha dhiibin-hoosaadka, badbaadada, iyo nabadgelyada.<ref name="Lane-Lexicon-4">{{cite book |last=Lane |first=Edward William |author-link=Edward William Lane |title=An Arabic-English Lexicon |volume=4 |chapter=Siin |url=http://www.studyquran.co.uk/20_SIIN.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907230044/http://www.studyquran.co.uk/20_SIIN.htm |archive-date=2011-09-07 |via=[[The Study Quran|StudyQuran]] |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> Macnaha diimeed, waxay tilmaamaysaa u dhiibashada buuxda ee doonista [[God|Ilaahay]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=Barnard |last2=Churchill |first2=Buntzie Ellis |url=https://archive.org/details/islamreligionpeo00lewi |title=Islam: The Religion and The People |publisher=Wharton School Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-13-223085-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/islamreligionpeo00lewi/page/8 8]}}</ref> Ereyga ''[[Muslims|Muslim]]'' ({{lang|ar|مُسْلِم}}), oo ah erayga loogu talagalay qofka raaca Islaamka,<ref name="Lexico-Muslim">{{cite dictionary |title=Muslim |url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/muslim |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913192608/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/muslim |archive-date=2019-09-13 |dictionary=[[Lexico]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2020 |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref> waa [[Participle|falka firfircoon]] ee isla nooca falka, oo macneheedu yahay "dhiibtiye (Ilaahay)" ama "qof u hoggaansamaya (Ilaahay)". Si kastaba ha ahaatee, khabiirka [[Quranic studies|barashada Quraanka]] [[Mohsen Goudarzi]] wuxuu ku dooday in Quraanka ereyga ''[[dīn]]'' uu ka dhigan yahay "[[worship|cibaado]]", ''islām'' uu ka dhigan yahay "[[monotheism|kwdnimada]]" iyo ''muslim'' uu ka dhigan yahay "muwaahid / qof kelinimada Alle rumeeyay".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudarzi |first=Mohsen |date=2023-08-01 |title=Worship (dīn), Monotheism (islām), and the Qurʾān's Cultic Decalogue |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006/html |journal=Journal of the International Qur'anic Studies Association |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=30–71 |doi=10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006 |issn=2474-8420|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Gudaha [[Hadith of Gabriel|Xadiiska Jibriil]], ''Islaam'' waxaa lagu soo bandhigay inuu yahay hal qayb oo ka mid ah saddaxleey oo ay ku jirto {{transliteration|ar|[[Iman (Islam)|imān]]}} (iimaan), iyo {{transliteration|ar|[[Ihsan|ihsān]]}} (fududeyn / ixsaan).{{sfnp|Esposito|2000|pp=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00john/page/76 76–77]}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahmutćehajić |first=Rusmir |url=https://archive.org/details/mosqueheartsubmi00mahm |title=The mosque: the heart of submission |publisher=[[Fordham University Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8232-2584-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/mosqueheartsubmi00mahm/page/n104 84] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Islaamka laftiisa ayaa taariikh ahaan loogu yeeri jiray [[Mohammedan|''Mohammedanism'' (Maxamediyad)]] gudaha [[English-speaking world|dunida Ingiriiska ku hadasha]]. Eraygan wuxuu ka baxay isticmaalka waxaana mararka qaarkood la sheegaa inuu yahay [[Religious offence|dhaawac diimeed]], maadaama uu tilmaamayo in bini'aadam, halkii uu ka noqon lahaa Ilaahay, uu yahay kan udub-dhexaadka u ah diinta Muslimiinta.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Oxford University Press| last = Gibb| first = Sir Hamilton| title = Mohammedanism: an historical survey|isbn=9780195002454| year = 1969| page=1 | quote=Modern Muslims dislike the terms Mohammedan and Mohammedanism, which seem to them to carry the implication of worship of Mohammed, as Christian and Christianity imply the worship of Christ.}}</ref> == Tiirarka iimaanka == {{Main|Aqidah|Iman (Islam)|l2 = Iman}} [[caqiidada]] Islaamku (''[[aqidah]]'') waxay u baahan tahay rumaysashada lix tiir: Ilaahay, malaa'igta, waxyiga, nabiyada, [[Day of Resurrection|Maalinta Qiyaamaha]], iyo qadarinta masiirka.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sourcebook of the World's Religions: An Interfaith Guide to Religion and Spirituality|publisher=New World Library|pages=68–9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbSPOoQfu0IC&pg=PA68|editor-first=Joel|editor-last=Beversluis|year=2011|isbn=9781577313328|access-date=15 January 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228022948/https://books.google.com/books?id=dbSPOoQfu0IC&pg=PA68#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> === Ilaahay === [[File:Istanbul,_Hagia_Sophia,_Allah.jpg|thumb|[[calligraphy|Qoraal gacmeedka]] qarnigii 19-aad oo muujinaya magaca [[Allah|Alle]] ee ku yaal [[Hagia Sophia]], [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]].]] {{Main|God in Islam}} Fikradda udub-dhexaadka u ah Islaamka waa ''[[Tawhid|tawḥīd]]'' ({{langx|ar|توحيد|link=no}}), oo ah kelinimada Ilaahay. Badanaa waxaa loo arkaa inay tahay ''monotheism sax ah'', laakiin sidoo kale waa [[panentheism|panentheistic]] ku dhex leh barashada suufiga Islaamka.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/tawhid |title=Tawhid |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107041300/https://www.britannica.com/topic/tawhid |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Gimaret|first=D.|year=2012|c=Tawḥīd |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7454}}</ref> Ilaahay waxaa loo arkaa mid aan la barbar dhigi karin oo aan lahayn tiro dad ah sida ku jirta [[Christian Trinity|Saddex-midnimada Masiixiga]], oo tiro u nisbeynta Ilaahay ama sifooyinka Ilaahay oo loo nisbeeyo dad kale waxaa loo arkaa shirk, oo lagu magacaabo [[Shirk (Islam)|''shirk'']]. Sidaas darteed, Muslimiintu ma aha [[iconodule]]s mana u nisbeeyaan qaabab Ilaahay. Ilaahay halkaas waxaa lagu sifeeyaa oo loogu yeeraa dhowr [[Names of God in Islam|magac ama sifooyin]], kan ugu caansan waa ''Ar-Rahmān'' ({{lang|ar|الرحمان}}) oo macneheedu yahay "Naxariis-guud", iyo ''Ar-Rahīm'' ({{lang|ar|الرحيم}}) oo macneheedu yahay "Naxariis-gaar ah" kuwaas oo laga baryo bilowga inta badan Suuradaha Quraanka.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ali |first1=Kecia |title=Islam : the key concepts |date=2008 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |last2=Leaman |first2=Oliver |isbn=978-0-415-39638-7 |location=London |oclc=123136939}}</ref>{{sfnp|Campo|2009|p=34|loc="Allah"}} Magaca tooska ah ee Carabiga ee Ilaahay, ''[[Allāh]]'' (الله), oo ah eray aan lahayn [[plural|wadar]] ama [[gender|jinsi]], ayaa sidoo kale si caadi ah loogu isticmaalaa luqadaha kale ee Muslimiinta iyo Masiixiyiinta iyo Yuhuuda Carabiga ku hadla si ay ugu tixraacaan Ilaahay, halka ''{{transliteration|ar|ISO|[[ʾilāh]]}}'' ({{lang|ar|إله}}) uu yahay eray loo isticmaalo ilaah ama ilaah guud ahaan.<ref>{{cite web |title=God |url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |access-date=18 December 2010 |website=Islam: Empire of Faith |publisher=[[PBS]] |archive-date=27 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327034958/http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Islaamku wuxuu barayaa in abuurista wax kasta oo ku jira [[universe|caalamka]] la keenay iyada oo la raacayo amarka Ilaahay sida lagu muujiyay erayada, "[[Be, and it is|Aabo, oo wuu noqdaa]],"<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|2|117|b=yl}}</ref> iyo in [[Meaning of life|ujeeddada jiritaanka]] ay tahay in la caabudo Ilaahay.<ref>Leeming, David. 2005. ''The Oxford Companion to World Mythology''. Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-195-15669-0}}. p. 209.</ref> Waxaa loo arkaa ilaah shakhsi ah oo wax dhexdhexaadin ah, sida [[clergy|wadaaddada]], looma baahna si loo gaaro xiriir lala yeesho Ilaahay. Wacyigelinta Ilaahay waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[taqwa]]. === Malaa'igta === [[File:Rashid al-Din Tabib - Jami al-Tawarikh, f.45v detail - c. 1306-15.png|thumb|Maxamed oo helaya [[Muhammad's first revelation|waxyigiisii ugu horreeyay]] oo uga imaanaya malaa'igta [[Gabriel]], oo ka socda qoraal gacmeedka [[Jami' al-tawarikh|Jami' al-Tawarikh]] ee uu qoray [[Rashid al-Din Hamadani|Rashid-al-Din Hamadani]], lagu daabacay [[Tabriz]], [[Iran]], 1307 C.D.]] {{Main|Angels in Islam}} Malaa'igta (keligood: {{langx|ar|ملك|link=no}}, ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|malak}}'') waa makhluuqaad lagu sifeeyay Quraanka{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=23}} iyo xadiiska.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=79}} Waxaa lagu sifeeyay inay u abuuran yihiin inay caabudaan Ilaahay iyo inay sidoo kale ka shaqeeyaan waajibaadyo kale oo gaar ah sida gudbinta [[revelation|waxyiga]] ee ka yimid Ilaahay, diiwaangelinta ficilada qof kasta, iyo qaadashada [[soul|nafta]] qofka waqtiga dhimashada. Waxaa lagu sifeeyay inay si kala duwan uga abuurmeen 'iftiin' ([[Nūr (Islam)|''nūr'']])<ref name="Encyclopedia-Nur">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Nūr |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/nur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423085030/https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/nur |archive-date=2022-04-23 |encyclopedia=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |via=[[Encyclopedia.com]] |language=en |access-date=2026-03-20}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|last1=Hartner, W.|last2=Tj Boer |year=2012 |c=Nūr |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0874}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Elias |first=Jamal J. |year=2003|c=Light |in=McAuliffe}} {{doi|10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00261}}</ref> ama 'dab' (''nār'').<ref>{{harvc |last=Campo |first=Juan E. |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/nar |c=Nar |in=Martin |year=2004}}. – via [[Encyclopedia.com]].</ref><ref>{{harvc|last=Fahd, T. |year=2012 |c=Nār |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0846}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Toelle |first=Heidi |year=2002 |c=Fire |in=McAuliffe}} {{doi|10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00156}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|McAuliffe|2003|p=45}}</ref> Malaa'igta Islaamka waxaa badanaa lagu matalaa [[Anthropomorphism|qaabab bini'aadamnimo]] oo ay ku jiraan sawirro [[supernatural|cajiib ah]], sida baalal, oo ah kuwa aad u waaweyn ama xidhan dhar janno.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|pp=97–99}}<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=26–28}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Webb |first=Gisela |c=Angel |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|last1=MacDonald, D. B.|last2=Madelung, W. |year=2012 |c=Malāʾika |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}}{{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0642}}</ref> Sifooyinka caadiga ah ee malaa'igta waxaa ka mid ah inaysan lahayn baahiyo jir iyo rabitaanno, sida cunidda iyo cabidda.{{sfnp|Çakmak|2017|p=140}} Qaarkood, sida [[Gabriel|Jibriil]] iyo [[Michael (archangel)|Miikaa'il]], ayaa magacyadooda lagu xusay Quraanka. Malaa'igtu waxay door muhiim ah ka ciyaaraan suugaanta ku saabsan [[Isra and Mi'raj|Mi'raajka]], halkaas oo Maxamed uu kula kulmo dhowr malaa'igood intii uu ku jirsaday safarkiisa samada.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=79}} Malaa'ig dheeraad ah ayaa badanaa lagu muujiyay [[Islamic eschatology|qiyaamaha]], [[Kalam|cilmiga kalaamka]] iyo [[Islamic philosophy|falsafada Islaamka]].{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=22}} === Kitaabyada === [[File:Quran rzabasi1.JPG|thumb|Qoraal gacmeed [[Quran|Quraan]] ah oo qarnigii 9-aad ah oo saaran [[Rehal (book rest)|rehal]], oo ah kursiga kitaabka qudduuska ah, oo lagu hayo [[Reza Abbasi Museum]] ee [[Tehran]], [[Iran]].]] {{Main|Islamic holy books|Quran|Wahy}} {{See also|History of the Quran}} Kitaabka quduuska ah ee ugu sarreeya Islaamka waa [[Quran|Quraanka]]. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in aayaadka Quraanka uu Maxamed u soo waxyooday Ilaahay, iyada oo la sii marinayo [[archangel|malaa'igta]] Jibriil, marar badan inta u dhaxaysa 610 C.D.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Watt |first=William Montgomery |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC&pg=PA5 |title=Islam and the Integration of Society |date=2003 |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |isbn=978-0-415-17587-6 |pages=5 |access-date=15 June 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228022949/https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo 632, sanadkii uu geeriyooday Maxamed.{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=17–18, 21}} Intii uu Maxamed noolaa, waxyiyadan waxaa qoray [[Muhammad's companions|saxaabtiisa]], inkastoo habka ugu muhiimsan ee gudbinta uu ahaa af ahaan iyada oo la adeegsanayo [[Hafiz (Quran)|xifdinta]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Al Faruqi |first1=Lois Ibsen |author-link=Lois Lamya al-Faruqi |year=1987 |title=The Cantillation of the Qur'an |journal=[[Society for Asian Music|Asian Music]] |issue=Autumn – Winter 1987 |pages=3–4}}</ref> Quraanku wuxuu u qaybsamaa 114 suuradood (''[[sūrah]]'') oo ka kooban wadarta guud ee 6,236 aayadood (''[[ayah|āyāt]]''). Suuradaha hore ee taariikh ahaan, ee lagaga soo waxyooday [[Mecca|Makka]], waxay inta badan khuseeyaan arrimaha ruuxiga ah, halka suuradaha dambe ee [[Medina|Madiina]] ay ka hadlaan arrimo bulsho iyo sharci oo khuseeya bulshada Muslimka ah. Qareennada Muslimiintu waxay la tashadaan xadiiska ('warka'), ama diiwaanka qoran ee nolosha Maxamed, si ay labadaba u taageeraan Quraanka oo ay uga caawiyaan tafsiirkiisa. Sayniska faallooyinka iyo tafsiirka Quraanka waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[tafsir]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/tafsir |title=Tafsīr |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019035210/https://www.britannica.com/topic/tafsir |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=79–81}} Marka laga reebo muhiimadiisa diimeed, Quraanka waxaa loo aqoonsan yahay si weyn inuu yahay shaqada ugu fiican [[Arabic literature|suugaanta Carabiga]],<ref>{{cite book|first=Alan|last=Jones|location=London|publisher=[[Charles E. Tuttle Company]]|year=1994|page=1|title=The Koran|quote="Its outstanding literary merit should also be noted: it is by far, the finest work of Arabic prose in existence."|isbn=1842126091}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Arthur|last=Arberry|title=The Koran Interpreted|location=London|publisher=[[Allen & Unwin]]|year=1956|quote="It may be affirmed that within the literature of the Arabs, wide and fecund as it is both in poetry and in elevated prose, there is nothing to compare with it."|page=191|isbn=0684825074}}</ref> wuxuuna saameeyay fanka iyo luqadda Carabiga.<ref>Kadi, Wadad, and Mustansir Mir. "Literature and the Quran." In ''[[Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān|Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an]]'' 3. pp. 213, 216.</ref> Islaamku sidoo kale wuxuu qabaa in Ilaahay uu soo diray waxyiyo, oo la yiraahdo ''[[wahy]]'', oo loo soo diray nabiyo kala duwan marar badan taariikhda oo dhan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Islaamku wuxuu barayaa in qaybo ka mid ah kitaabadii hore ee la soo waxyooday, sida [[Torah in Islam|''Towraad'']] ([[Torah]]) iyo [[Gospel in Islam|''Injiil'']] ([[Gospel in Islam|Injiil]]), ay noqdeen kuwo [[tahrif|la leexiyay]]—ha ahaato tafsiirka, qoraalka, ama labadaba,<ref name="harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5">{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5}}</ref><ref name="harvp|Peters|2003|p=9">{{harvp|Peters|2003|p=9}}</ref><ref name="610CE">{{harvc|c=Muhammad|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|last2=Welch|first2=A.T.|last1=Buhl|first1=F.}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Tahrif |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d. |author=[[Hava Lazarus-Yafeh]]}}</ref> halka Quraanka ({{Lit|Akhrinta}}) loo arko hadalka ugu dambeeya, ee dhabta ah ee aan wax laga beddelin ee Ilaahay.<ref name="Ringgren">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ringgren |first=Helmer |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Quran |title=Qurʾān |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=5 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505001543/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/487666/Quran |url-status=live }} "The word ''Quran'' was invented and first used in the Quran itself. There are [[Quran#Etymology and meaning|two different theories]] about this term and its formation."</ref><ref>{{harvp|Teece|2003|pp=12–13}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Turner|2006|p=42}}</ref>{{sfnp|Bennett|2010|p=101}} === Nabiyada === {{Main|Prophets and messengers in Islam|Sunnah|Hadith}} [[File:Medieval Persian manuscript Muhammad leads Abraham Moses Jesus.jpg|thumb|[[Persian miniature|Miniakiyada Faarisiga]] ee qarnigii 15-aad oo muujinaysa [[Muhammad in Islam|Maxamed]] oo hoggaaminaya [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Muuse]], [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]] iyo [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|nabiyo kale]] salaadda.<ref>{{cite web |title=BnF. Département des Manuscrits. Supplément turc 190 |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/view3if/ga/ark:/12148/btv1b8427195m/f16 |publisher=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] |access-date=7 September 2023 |archive-date=9 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909130407/https://gallica.bnf.fr/view3if/ga/ark:/12148/btv1b8427195m/f16 |url-status=live }}</ref>]] Nabiyada (Carabi: {{langx|ar|أنبياء|label=none|translit=anbiyāʾ}}) waxaa la rumeysan yahay inay doorteen Ilaahay si ay u wacdhiyaan fariin ilaahi ah. Qaar ka mid ah nabiyadan ayaa sidoo kale keena kitaab cusub waxaana loogu yeeraa "rasuul" ({{langx|ar| رسول&lrm;|label=none|translit=rasūl}}).<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|p=225}}</ref> Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in nabiyadu ay yihiin bini'aadam oo aan ahayn ilaahyo. Dhammaan nabiyadu waxaa la sheegaa inay wacdiyiyeen fariintii asaasiga ahayd ee Islaamka - u dhiibashada doonista Ilaahay - oo ay u direen quruumihii hore, tan ayaana la sheegay inay sabab u tahay isku mid ahaanshaha badan ee u dhexeeya diimaha. Quraanku wuxuu sheegayaa magacyada tiro badan oo ah shakhsiyaadka loo tixgeliyo [[prophets in Islam|nabiyada Islaamka]], oo ay ku jiraan [[Adam in Islam|Aadam]], [[Noah in Islam|Nux]], [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Muuse]], [[David in Islam|Daa'uud]] iyo [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]], iyo kuwo kale.<ref name="Schimmel">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |author-link=Annemarie Schimmel |title=Islam |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504201633/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/295507/Islam |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Reeves |first=J. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC |title=Bible and Qurʼān: Essays in scriptural intertextuality |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2004 |isbn=90-04-12726-7 |location=[[Leiden]] |page=177 |access-date=21 August 2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164019/https://books.google.com/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC |url-status=live }}</ref> Sheekooyinka la xiriira nabiyada ee ka baxsan xisaabaadka Quraanka waxaa lagu ururiyaa oo lagu baaraa ''[[Qisas Al-Anbiya|Qisas al-Anbiya]]'' (Sheekooyinka Nabiyada). Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in Ilaahay uu soo diray Maxamed inuu noqdo nabiga ugu dambeeya ("[[Seal of the prophets|khaatumul anbiyo]]") si uu u gaarsiiyo fariinta dhameystiran ee Islaamka.<ref name="Esposito-Islam">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Esposito |first=John L. |author-link=John Esposito |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |title=Islam |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012298 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110124812/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012298 |archive-date=2021-01-10 |quote=Profession of Faith...affirms Islam's absolute monotheism and acceptance of Muḥammad as the messenger of Allah, the last and final prophet. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Peters-Allah">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Peters |first=F. E. |author-link=Francis Edward Peters |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |title=Allāh |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095403960 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926053837/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095403960 |archive-date=2020-09-26 |quote=[T]he Muslims' understanding of Allāh is based...on the Qurʿān's public witness. Allāh is Unique, the Creator, Sovereign, and Judge of mankind. It is Allāh who directs the universe through his direct action on nature and who has guided human history through his prophets, Abraham, with whom he made his covenant, Moses/Moosa, Jesus/Eesa, and Muḥammad, through all of whom he founded his chosen communities, the 'Peoples of the Book.' |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Islaamka dhexdiisa, tusaalaha "caadiga ah" ee nolosha Maxamed waxaa lagu magacaabaa ''[[sunnah]]'' (oo macneheedu yahay "jidka la maray"). Muslimiinta waxaa lagu dhiirrigelinayaa inay ku daydaan dabeecadaha akhlaaqda ee Maxamed noloshooda maalinlaha ah, sunnadana waxaa loo arkaa mid muhiim u ah hagidda tafsiirka Quraanka.<ref>{{harvp|Martin|2004|p=666}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Hadith|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|author=J. Robson}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Sunna|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|author=D.W. Brown}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Goldman |first=Elizabeth |title=Believers: Spiritual Leaders of the World |date=1995 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-508240-1 |location=Oxford |page=63}}</ref> Tusaalahan waxaa lagu ilaaliyaa dhaqamo loo yaqaan xadiis, oo ah xisaabaadka erayadiisa, ficilladiisa, iyo sifooyinka shakhsi ahaaneed. [[Hadith qudsi|Xadiiska Qudsi]] waa qayb hoose oo ka tirsan xadiiska, oo loo arko inuu yahay erayada dhabta ah ee Ilaahay ee uu soo xigtay Maxamed oo aan ahayn qayb ka tirsan Quraanka. Xadiisku wuxuu ka kooban yahay laba shay: silsiladda sheekeeyayaasha, oo loo yaqaanno [[Hadith studies#Traditional importance of the sanad|''sanad'']], iyo ereyada dhabta ah, oo loo yaqaanno [[Hadith studies|''matn'']]. Waxaa jira habab kala duwan oo lagu kala saaro xaqiiqda xadiisyada, iyadoo cabbirka darajada ee badanaa la isticmaalo uu yahay "saxiix" ama "sax ah" ({{langx|ar|صحيح|links=no|translit=[[Authentic hadith|ṣaḥīḥ]]|label=none}}); "xasan" ({{langx|ar|حسن|links=no|label=none|translit=[[Hasan (hadith)|ḥasan]]}}); ama "daciif" ({{langx|ar|ضعيف|label=none|translit=[[Da'if|ḍaʻīf]]}}), iyo kuwo kale. [[Kutub al-Sittah]] waa ururinta lix kitaab, oo loo arko inay yihiin warbixinnada ugu suuban ee [[Sunni Islam|Sunniyada]]. Waxaa ka mid ah [[Sahih al-Bukhari]], oo ay Sunnidu badanaa u arkaan mid ka mid ah [[Hadith terminology#Terminology relating to the authenticity of a hadith|ilaha ugu suuban]] ka dib Quraanka.<ref>[[Aisha Abd al-Rahman|al-Rahman, Aisha Abd]], ed. 1990. [[Introduction to the Science of Hadith|Muqaddimah Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ]]. Cairo: Dar al-Ma'arif, 1990. pp. 160–69</ref> Il kale oo caan ka ah xadiisyada waa [[The Four Books|Afrta Kitaab]], oo ay Shiicadu u arkaan tixraaca xadiiska ee ugu suuban.<ref name="Awliyai-Four-Books">{{cite book |last=Awliya'i |first=Mustafa |title=Outlines of the Development of the Science of Hadith |volume=1 |chapter=The Four Books |url=https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol1-n12-3/outlines-development-science-hadith-dr-mustafa-awliyai/part-1#four-books |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912144702/https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol1-n12-3/outlines-development-science-hadith-dr-mustafa-awliyai/part-1#four-books |archive-date=2017-09-12 |translator-last=Qara'i |translator-first=A. Q. |via=Al-Islam.org |access-date=2020-05-24 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Rizvi-Four-Books">{{cite book |last=Rizvi |first=Sayyid Sa'eed Akhtar |author-link=Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi |title=The Qur'an and Hadith |location=Tanzania |publisher=Bilal Muslim Mission |chapter=The Hadith §The Four Books (Al-Kutubu'l-Arb'ah) |url=https://www.al-islam.org/quran-and-hadith-allamah-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/chapter-4-hadith#four-books-al-kutubul-arbah |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912191319/https://www.al-islam.org/quran-and-hadith-allamah-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/chapter-4-hadith#four-books-al-kutubul-arbah |archive-date=2017-09-12 |via=Al-Islam.org |access-date=2020-05-24 |language=en}}</ref> === Soo-noqoshada iyo xukunka === [[File:Chester Beatty T 414 fol 129r Muhammad al-Mehdi.png|thumb|Matxaf qarnigii 16-aad ee [[Muhammad al-Mahdi|Maxamed al-Mahdi]]. [[Mahdi|Mahdiga]] waxaa la rumeysan yahay inuu soo muuqan doono ka hor [[Eschatology|Waqtiga Dhamaadka]] si uu u soo celiyo cadaaladda oo uu uga adkaado dulmiga iyadoo la kaashanaya [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]] ([[Jesus]]).]] {{Main|Islamic eschatology}} Rumaysashada "Maalinta Qiyaame" ama ''[[Qiyamah|Yawm al-Qiyāmah]]'' ({{langx|ar|يوم القيامة|link=no}}) ayaa sidoo kale muhiim u ah Muslimiinta. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in waqtiga Qiyaamaha uu hore u qadaray Ilaahay, laakiin uusan aqoon bini'aadamku. Quraanka iyo xadiiska, iyo sidoo kale faallooyinka [[Ulama|culimada]], waxay qeexayaan imtixaannada iyo [[Great Tribulation|dhibaatooyinka]] ka horreeya iyo inta uu socdo Qiyaamaha. Quraanka wuxuu xoogga saarayaa [[universal resurrection|soo-noqoshada jirka]], taasoo ah mid ka duwan fahamkii [[pre-Islamic Arabia|Carabtii hore]] ee dhimashada.<ref>{{harvp|Glassé|2003|loc="Resurrection"|pp=382–383}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)|2012|loc="Avicenna"}}. {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_DUM_0467}}: "Ibn Sīnā, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Sīnā is known in the West as 'Avicenna'."</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Qiyama |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d. |author=Gardet, L.}}</ref> Maalinta Qiyaame, Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in dhammaan bini'aadamka lagu xukumi doono falalkooda wanaagsan iyo kuwa xun waxaana loo gudbin doonaa [[Jannah|Janno]] ama [[Jahannam|Naar]].<ref>{{cite web |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |editor-link=John Esposito |title=Eschatology |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e588 |url-access=subscription |work=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Islam]] |via=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |access-date=18 April 2017 |archive-date=13 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100913062714/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e588 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Quraanku wuxuu ku jira [[Surat al-Zalzalah]] wuxuu tan ku sifeeyaa: "Haddaba qofkii sameeya culays atoore oo wanaag ah wuu arki doonaa. Qofkii se sameeya culays atoore oo xumaan ah wuu arki doonaa." Quraanku [[Islamic views of sin|wuxuu qorayaa dunuub badan]] oo qof ku xukumi kara naar. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Quraanku wuxuu caddeynayaa in Ilaahay uu cafiyi doono dunuubta kuwa toobad keena haddii uu doono. Falalka wanaagsan, sida sadaqada, salaadda, iyo naxariista xayawaannada{{sfnp|Esposito|2011|p=130}} waxaa lagu abaalmarin doonaa gelitaanka jannada. Muslimiintu waxay u arkaan jannada meel ay ka buuxaan farxad iyo barako, iyadoo tixraacyada Quraanku ay qeexayaan sifooyinkeeda. Dhaqamada suufiga ah ee Islaamka waxay dhigayaan raaxooyinkan jannada xiriir la leh wacyigelin xamaasad leh oo ku saabsan Ilaahay.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2006|p=89}}; ''Encyclopedia of Islam and Muslim World'', p. 565</ref><ref>{{harvc |c=Garden |first=Asma |last=Afsaruddin |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Paradise|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> ''Yawm al-Qiyāmah'' sidoo kale waxaa Quraanka loogu aqoonsaday ''Yawm ad-Dīn'' ({{lang|ar|يوم الدين}} "Maalinta Diinta");<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|1|4|b=y}};</ref> ''as-Sāʿah'' ({{lang|ar|الساعة}} "Saacadda Dambe");<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|6|31|b=y}};</ref> iyo ''[[Al-Qaria|al-Qāriʿah]]'' ({{lang|ar|القارعة}} "Qaylisaada").<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|101|1|b=y}}</ref> === Qadarka === {{Main|Predestination in Islam}} Qaar ka mid ah Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin qadarka ilaahay, ({{langx|ar|القضاء والقدر}}, ''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|al-qadāʾ wa l-qadar}}'') in arrin kasta uu qaddaray Ilaahay.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.freeweb.hu/etymological/AEDweb.htm |date=2002 |title=Andras Rajki's A. E. D. (Arabic Etymological Dictionary) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208204654/http://www.freeweb.hu/etymological/AEDweb.htm |archive-date=8 December 2011 |access-date=13 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Cohen-Mor|2001|p=4}}: "The idea of predestination is reinforced by the frequent mention of events 'being written' or 'being in a book' before they happen": Say: "Nothing will happen to us except what Allah has decreed for us..."</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Karamustafa |first=Ahmet T. |c=Fate |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}: The verb ''qadara'' literally means "to measure, to determine". Here it is used to mean that "God measures and orders his creation".</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Gardet|first=L.|year=2012|c=al-Ḳaḍāʾ Wa 'l-Ḳadar |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0407}}</ref> [[Mu'tazilism|Mu'tasiladu]] iyo qaar ka mid ah Shiicada Muslimiinta ah ma rumeysna fikraddan.<ref>[[#AGI1978|Guillaume, ''Islam'', 1978]]: p.131-2</ref><ref>[[#AGI1978|Guillaume, ''Islam'', 1978]]: p.132</ref><ref>''Need of Religion'', by Sayyid [[Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi]], p. 14.</ref><ref>''Muslims'', by S. H. M. Rizvi, Shibani Roy, B. B. Dutta, p. 20.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shirazi |first1=Naser Makarem |title=The Justice of God |publisher=Al-Islam.org |url=https://www.al-islam.org/justice-god-naser-makarem-shirazi/issue-predestination-and-free-will |access-date=14 June 2022 |chapter=The Issue of Predestination and Free Will|date=12 May 2015 }}</ref><ref>''Islamic Beliefs, Practices, and Cultures'', by Marshall Cavendish Corporation, p. 137.</ref> Badanaa, rumaysashadan masiirka ilaahay waxaa lagu muujiyaa erayga ''[[Inshallah]]'', ({{langx|ar|إن شاء الله}}, {{transliteration|ar|haddii Alle jiro}}) marka laga hadlayo dhacdooyinka mustaqbalka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Muslim beliefs – Al-Qadr |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z43pfcw/revision/4 |access-date=13 November 2020 |publisher=BBC |work=Bitesize – GCSE – Edexcel |archive-date=15 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115112558/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z43pfcw/revision/4 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Ficilada cibaadada == {{Main|Five Pillars of Islam|Ibadah}} Waxaa jira shan ficil oo cibaado ah oo loo arko inay yihiin [[fard|waajibaad]]–Shahaadada, salaadaha shanta ah ee maalinlaha ah, [[Zakat|sakada]], [[fasting during Ramadan|soonta bisha Ramadaan]], iyo xajka [[Hajj|Hajka]]—oo si wadajir ah loogu yaqaano "Tiirarka Islaamka" (''Arkān al-Islām''). Intaa waxaa dheer, Muslimiintu waxay sidoo kale sameeyaan ficilo kale oo ikhtiyaari ah oo dhiirrigel leh laakiin aan loo arkin inay yihiin waajibaad.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=ZAROUG|first=ABDULLAHI HASSAN|date=1985|title=THE CONCEPT OF PERMISSION, SUPEREROGATORY ACTS AND ASETICISM &#91;sic&#93; IN ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20847307|journal=Islamic Studies|volume=24|issue=2|pages=167–180|jstor=20847307|issn=0578-8072|access-date=7 January 2023|archive-date=7 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207140013/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20847307|url-status=live}}</ref> === Shahaadada === [[File:Silver Rupee Akbar.jpg|thumb|right|Lacag qalinkii qarnigii 16-aad ee [[Akbar|Akbarkii Weyn]], Boqorkii [[Mughal Empire|Mugalka]], [[India]], oo lagu qoray [[Shahada|Shahaadada]].]] {{Main|Shahada}} [[shahada]]h{{sfnp|Nasr|2003|pp=3, 39, 85, 270–272}} waa [[oath|dhaar]] lagu caddaynayo rumaysashada Islaamka. Qoraalka la ballaariyay waa "{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʾašhadu ʾal-lā ʾilāha ʾillā-llāhu wa ʾašhadu ʾanna muħammadan rasūlu-llāh}}" ({{langx|ar|أشهد أن لا إله إلا الله وأشهد أن محمداً رسول الله|label=none}}), ama, "Waxaan qirayaa inuusan jirin [[deity|ilaah]] aan ahayn [[God in Islam|Ilaahay]] waxaanuna qirayaa in Maxamed yahay rasuulkii Ilaahay."<ref name="Mohammad-1985">{{cite journal |last=Mohammad |first=Noor |date=1985 |title=The Doctrine of Jihad: An Introduction |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-law-and-religion_1985_3_2/page/381 |journal=[[Journal of Law and Religion]] |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=381–397 |doi=10.2307/1051034 |jstor=1051034 |publisher=Journal of Law and Religion, Inc. |language=en}}</ref> Islaamka waxaa mararka qaarkood lagu doodaa inuu leeyahay caqiido aad u fudud iyadoo shahaadadu ay tahay saldhigga diinta ka hartay. Aan-Muslimiinta raba inay [[Conversion to Islam|soo islaamaan]] waxaa looga baahan yahay inay ku dhawaaqaan shahaadada hortooda markhaatiyaal.<ref>{{harvc |last=Kasim |first=Husain |year=2004 |c=Islam |pp=195–197 |in=Salamone}}</ref><ref name="Galonnier-2021">{{cite book |last=Galonnier |first=Juliette |editor-last=van Nieuwkerk |editor-first=Karin |title=Moving In and Out of Islam |chapter=Moving In or Moving Toward? Reconceptualizing Conversion to Islam as a Liminal Process |location=New York |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2021 |pages=44–66 |doi=10.7560/317471-003 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7560/317471-003/html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023001/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7560/317471-003/html |archive-date=2023-12-28 |language=en}}</ref> === Salaadda === [[File:Prayer in Cairo 1865.jpg|thumb|[[Muslims|Muslimiin]] tukanaya ([[salah]]) gudaha [[Egypt]] waxaa alifay [[Jean-Léon Gérôme]], 1865.]] {{Main|Salah}} {{See also|Mosque|Jumu'ah}} Salaadda Islaamka waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[salah|as-salaad]] ({{langx|ar|الصلاة|link=no}}), ama erayga [[Persian language|Faarisiga]] ee ah "Namaz." Waxaa loo arkaa xiriir shakhsi ah oo lala leeyahay Ilaahay, waxayna ka kooban tahay ku celcelinta qaybo la yiraahdo [[rakat|rakco]] oo ay ku jiraan [[Ruku|rukooc]] iyo [[Sujud|sujuud]] loo sujuudayo Ilaahay. Waxaa jira shan salaadood oo la cayimay maalintii oo dhan kuwaas oo loo arko waajibaad. Salaadaha waxaa lagu akhriyaa luqadda Carabiga waxaana lagu fuliyaa [[Qibla|dhanka]] [[Kaaba|Kacbada]]. Ficilku sidoo kale wuxuu u baahan yahay xaalad nadiif ah oo diimeed oo lagu gaaro hababka [[wudu|weysada]] ama, xaaladaha qaarkood, qubays buuxa oo [[ghusl|qubays ah]].<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=18, 19}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Hedayetullah|2006|pp=53–55}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Kobeisy|2004|pp=22–34}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Momen|1987|p=178}}</ref> [[mosque|Masaajidka]], oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano masjid ama namazgah, waa [[places of worship|goob cibaado]] oo loogu talagalay Muslimiinta. Inkasta oo ujeeddada ugu weyn ee masaajidku ay tahay inuu u adeego meel salaadeed, sidoo kale waa xarun bulsho oo muhiim u ah [[ummah|bulshada Muslimka ah]]. Tusaale ahaan, [[Prophet's Mosque|Masjidka Nabiga]] ee [[Medina|Madiina]], wuxuu sidoo kale u adeegi jiray hoy ay degaan dadka saboolka ah.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Mattson |first=Ingrid |year=2006 |title=Women, Islam, and Mosques |pages=615–629 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America |series=Volume 2, Part VII. Islam |editor1=R. S. Keller |name-list-style=and |editor2=R. R. Ruether |place=Bloomington and Indianapolis |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |isbn=978-0-253-34687-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC&pg=PA615 |access-date=2 October 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023019/https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC&pg=PA615#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Minaret|Minaarooyinku]] waa munaarooyin loo isticmaalo in lagu yeero [[adhan|aanka]], kaas oo ah yeedhid afka ah oo lagu calaamadinayo waqtiga salaadda.<ref name="Pedersen-Masjid-2010">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Pedersen |first1=Johannes |last2=Hillenbrand |first2=Robert |last3=Burton-Page |first3=John |author-link3=John Burton-Page |title=Masd̲j̲id |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam |edition=2nd |location=Leiden |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2010 |doi=10.1163/9789004206106_eifo_COM_0694 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/mosque |title=Mosque |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928065350/https://www.britannica.com/topic/mosque |url-status=live }}</ref> === Sakada === [[File:Slot at the Zaouia Moulay Idriss II 1.jpg|thumb|Meel lagu bixiyo sakada oo ku taal [[Zawiya of Moulay Idris II]] ee [[Fez, Morocco]].]] {{Main|Zakat}} {{See also|Sadaqah}} [[Zakat|Sakada]] ([[Arabic language|Carabi]]: {{langx|ar|زكاة|translit=zakāh|label=none}}), waa nooc ka mid ah [[Alms|Sadaqada]] oo lagu garto bixinta qayb go'an (2.5% sanadkii)<ref name="Ahmed-Gianci-2005">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Ahmed |first1=Medani |last2=Gianci |first2=Sebastian |title=Zakat |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Taxation and Tax Policy |editor1-last=Cordes |editor1-first=Joseph J. |editor2-last=Ebel |editor2-first=Robert D. |editor3-last=Gravelle |editor3-first=Jane |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Urban Institute Press |year=2005 |page=479 |isbn=978-0877667520 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m66_BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA479 |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026}}</ref> ee [[Financial capital|hantida la ururiyay]] ay bixiyaan kuwa awoodda u leh si ay u caawiyaan dadka saboolka ah ama baahan, sida xoraynta maxaabiista, kuwa [[bonded labor|dayn ku jira]], ama safarka ku ah, iyo kuwa loo shaqaaleysiiyo ururinta sakada. Waxay u shaqaysaa sidii nooc ka mid ah [[welfare spending|gar-gaar bulsheed]] oo ka jira bulshooyinka Muslimka ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ariff |first=Mohamed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NP4ZL0TJ9s4C&pg=PA55 |title=The Islamic Voluntary Sector in Southeast Asia: Islam and the Economic Development of Southeast Asia |publisher=[[Institute of Southeast Asian Studies]] |year=1991 |isbn=978-981-3016-07-1 |pages=55– |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023007/https://books.google.com/books?id=NP4ZL0TJ9s4C&&pg=PA55 |url-status=live }}</ref> Waxaa loo arkaa waajibaad diimeed oo ay dadka ladani ku leeyihiin kuwa baahan sababtoo ah hantidooda waxaa loo arkaa ammaan ka timid nimcada Ilaahay,<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2010|p=109–110}}: This is not regarded as charity because it is not really voluntary but instead is owed, by those who have received their wealth as a trust from God's bounty, to the poor.</ref> waxaana loo arkaa daahirinta hantida dheeraadka ah ee qofka.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = RoutledgeCurzon| isbn = 9780415297967| title =Major World Religions: From Their Origins to the Present.| location = United Kingdom| year = 2003| last=Ridgeon| first=Lloyd| url = | page = 258|quote=Aside from its function of purifying believers' wealth, the payment of zakat may have contributed in no small way to the economic welfare of the Muslim community in Mecca.}}</ref> Wadarta guud ee sanadlaha ah ee lagu bixiyo sakada ayaa ah 15 jeer ka badan deeqaha gargaarka bini'aadamnimada ee adduunka, iyadoo la adeegsanayo qiyaaso taxaddar leh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 June 2012 |title=A faith-based aid revolution in the Muslim world |work=[[The New Humanitarian]] |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/95564/analysis-faith-based-aid-revolution-muslim-world |access-date=27 August 2023 |archive-date=14 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114014900/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/95564/analysis-faith-based-aid-revolution-muslim-world |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sadaqah|Sadaqadu]], si ka duwan Sakada, waa sadaqo ikhtiyaari ah oo aad loo dhiirrigeliyo.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Said |first=Abdul Aziz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4bs7g0O4eLYC&pg=PA145 |title=Contemporary Islam: Dynamic, Not Static |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-77011-8 |page=145 |display-authors=etal |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023121/https://books.google.com/books?id=4bs7g0O4eLYC&pg=PA145 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnp|Stefon|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef/page/72 72]}} [[Waqf|Waaqfeku]] waa [[charitable trust|kalsooni samafal]] oo joogto ah, taas oo maalgelisa isbitaallada iyo dugsiyada bulshooyinka Muslimka ah.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hudson |first=A. |title=Equity and Trusts |year=2003 |edition=3rd |page=32 |location=London |publisher=Cavendish Publishing |isbn=1-85941-729-9}}</ref> === Soonta === [[File:Iftar for Ramadhan.jpg|thumb|Munaasabadda afurka, oo loo yaqaan ''[[Iftar]]'', waxaa dhaqan ahaan lagu bixiyaa [[date (fruits)|timir]].]] {{Main|Fasting in Islam}} {{See also|Fasting during Ramadan}} Islaamka dhexdiisa, soonta ([[Arabic language|Carabi]]: {{langx|ar|صوم|translit=ṣawm|label=none}}) waxay mamnuucaysaa cuntada iyo cabitaanka, iyo sidoo kale noocyada kale ee isticmaalka, sida [[Smoking in Islam|sigaar-cabista]], waxaana la fuliyaa laga bilaabo waaberiga ilaa qorrax-dhaca. Inta lagu jiro bisha [[Ramadan]], waxaa loo arkaa waajibaad saaran Muslimiinta inay soomaan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramadan |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramadan |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009215438/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramadan |url-status=live }}</ref> Soontu waxay dhiirrigelisaa dareen u dhowaanshaha Ilaahay iyadoo qofku is celinayo dartii Ilaahay wixii kale ee bannaan iyo in laga fikiro kuwa baahan. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa jira maalmo kale, sida [[Day of Arafah|Maalinta Carafo]], marka soontu ay tahay ikhtiyaari.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher =Tughra Books | isbn = 9781597846110| title = Fasting In Islam And The Month Of Ramadan| location = United States| year =2006 | last=Ramadanali| url = |page=51 | quote = }}</ref> === Xajka === {{Main|Hajj|Umrah}} {{See also|Holiest sites in Islam}} [[File:A packed house - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|thumb|Xujeyda intii lagu jiray xilli [[Hajj|Hajka]] ee [[Masjid al-Haram]] ee [[Mecca|Makka]], [[Saudi Arabia|Sacuudi Carabiya]], [[Holiest sites in islam|goobta Islaamka ee ugu barakeysan]].]] [[pilgrimage|Xajka]] Islaamka, ee loo yaqaan {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ḥajj}} ({{langx|ar|حج|link=no}}), waa in la qabtaa ugu yaraan hal mar nolosha qof kasta oo Muslim ah oo awood u leh inta lagu jiro [[Islamic calendar|bisha Islaamka]] ee [[Dhu al-Hijjah]]. Caadooyinka Hajku waxay inta badan ku daydaan sheekada qoyska [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naik |first=Dr Zakir |author-link=Zakir Naik |date=7 January 2025 |title=What Are the Pillars of Islam? |url=https://islampidia.org/en/what-are-the-pillars-of-islam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115054332/https://islampidia.org/en/what-are-the-pillars-of-islam/ |archive-date=2025-11-15 |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Islampidia |language=en-AU}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Five Pillars of Islam |url=https://localhost:5000/learn/educators/curriculum-resources/art-of-the-islamic-world/unit-one/the-five-pillars-of-islam |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026}}</ref> [[Mecca|Makka]], xujeydu waxay toddobo jeer ku wareegaan [[Kaaba|Kacbada]], oo ay Muslimiintu rumeysan yihiin inuu dhisay Ibraahim meel cibaado ah, waxayna toddobo jeer u dhexeeyaan buuraha [[Safa and Marwa|Safa iyo Marwa]], iyagoo xusuusanaya tallaabooyinkii xaaska Ibraahim, [[Hagar]], oo u raadinaysay biyo ilmahaheedii [[Ishmael in Islam|Ismaaciil]] ee lamadegaanka ka hor intaan Makka is rogay degmo.<ref>{{harvp|Goldschmidt|Davidson|2005|p=48}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Farah|1994|pp=145–147}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Hajj |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> Xajku sidoo kale wuxuu ku lug leeyahay in la qaato maalin duco iyo cibaado ah oo ka dhacda bannaanada [[Mount Arafat|Carafo]] iyo sidoo kale [[Stoning_of_the_Devil|tuurista shaydaanka]] si calaamadaysan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F.E. |title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians |date=2009 |isbn=978-1-4008-2548-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HYJ2c9E9IM8C&pg=PA19 |page=20 |publisher=Princeton University Press |access-date=7 October 2014 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023112/https://books.google.com/books?id=HYJ2c9E9IM8C&pg=PA19#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Dhammaan ragga Muslimiinta ah waxay xidhaan laba maro oo cad oo fudud oo aan tol lahayn oo loo yaqaan [[Ihram clothing|ixraam]], kuwaas oo loogu talagalay inay keenaan isku xirnaan jiilal iyo sinnaan ka dhexaysa xujeyda inkasta oo ay jiraan fasal ama asal.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cornell |first=Vincent J. |title=Voices of Islam: Voices of tradition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g5LNUS0ciAAC&pg=PA29 |access-date=26 August 2012 |year=2007 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-98733-6 |page=29}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Glassé|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC&pg=PA207 207]}}</ref> Nooc kale oo xaj ah, [[Umrah|Umrada]], waa ikhtiyaari waxaana la qaban karaa wakhti kasta oo sanadka ka mid ah. Goobaha kale ee xajka Islaamka waa [[Medina|Madiina]], halkaas oo Maxamed uu ku geeriyooday, iyo sidoo kale [[Jerusalem|Quddus]], oo ah magaalo ay ku yaalliin nabiyo badan oo Islaam ah waana goobta [[Al-Aqsa|Al-Aqsa]], taas oo ahayd jihadii salaadda ka hor Makka.<ref>{{cite book|author=Michigan Consortium for Medieval and Early Modern Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p44kAQAAMAAJ|title=The Meeting of Two Worlds: Cultural Exchange Between East and West During the Period of the Crusades|publisher=Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University|year=1986|isbn=0918720583|editor1=Goss, V. P.|volume=21|page=208|editor2=Bornstein, C. V.|access-date=15 January 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023032/https://books.google.com/books?id=p44kAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Trofimov-2008">{{cite book |last=Trofimov |first=Yaroslav |author-link=Yaroslav Trofimov |title=The Siege of Mecca: The 1979 Uprising at Islam's Holiest Shrine |location=New York |publisher=[[Knopf]] |date=2008 |page=79 |isbn=978-0-307-47290-8 |language=en}}</ref> === Ficilada cibaadada ee kale === {{See also|Quran#Recitation|Dua|Dhikr}} [[File:Men reading the Koran in Umayyad Mosque, Damascus, Syria.jpg|thumb|Rag Muslimiin ah oo akhrinaya Quraanka gudaha [[Umayyad Mosque|Masjidka Umawiyiinta]] ee [[Damascus]], [[Syria]].]] Muslimiintu waxay akhriyaan oo xifdiyaan Quraanka oo dhan ama qaybo ka mid ah si ay u noqdaan camal wanaagsan. [[Tajwid|Tajwiidku]] wuxuu tilmaamayaa xeerar taxane ah oo loogu talagalay [[elocution|akhriska saxda ah]] ee Quraanka.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = | isbn = | title = Foundation of Tajweed| location = | year = 2013|edition=2| last=Aboo Yahyaa| url = | page = 1 | quote = }}</ref> Muslimiin badan ayaa akhriya Quraanka oo dhan inta lagu jiro bisha Ramadaan.{{sfnp|Stefon|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef/page/42 42–43]}} Qofka xifdiyay Quraanka oo dhan waxaa loo yaqaanaa Xaafid ("xifdiyey"), xadiisyaduna waxay xusayaan in shakhsiyaadkani ay awood u yeelan doonaan inay shafeecaan dadka kale Maalinta Qiyaamaha.{{sfnp|Nigosian|2004|p=[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=my7hnALd_NkC|page=70}} 70]}} Baryada Ilaahay, oo Carabiga lagu yiraahdo {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|duʿāʾ}} ({{langx|ar|دعاء}}&nbsp;{{IPA|ar|dʊˈʕæːʔ|IPA}}) waxay leedahay anshaxeedii gaarka ahaa sida [[Raising hands in dua|gacmaha oo la taago]] sidii iyadoo la baryayo.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Brill| isbn = 9789004335523| title = The Quṣṣāṣ of Early Islam| location = Netherlands| year = 2016| last=Armstrong| first=Lyall| url = | page = 184| quote = }}</ref> Xuska Ilaahay ({{langx|ar|ذكر|translit=Dhikr'|label=none}}) wuxuu tilmaamayaa erayada lagu celceliyo ee tixraacaya Ilaahay. Sida caadiga ah, tan waxaa ka mid ah Tahmiid, oo lagu dhawaaqayo [[Alhamdulillah|ammaan oo dhan waxaa leh Ilaahay]] ({{langx|ar|الحمد لله|translit=al-Ḥamdu lillāh|label=none}}) inta lagu jiro salaadda ama marka la dareemayo mahadnaq, [[Tasbih|Tasbiix]], oo lagu dhawaaqayo weyneynta Ilaahay inta lagu jiro salaadda ama marka la cajabo shay oo la dhaho '[[Basmala|bismillaah]]' ka hor intaan la bilaabin ficil sida cuntada.<ref>{{Cite web|title=alhamdulillah |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/alhamdulillah|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227042540/https://www.lexico.com/definition/alhamdulillah|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 27, 2020|access-date=2021-10-16|website=Lexico}}</ref> == Taariikhda == {{Main|Taariikhda Islaamka}} {{For timeline|Timeline of the history of Islam}} {{See also|List of Muslim empires and dynasties}}{{multiple image | align = center | direction = horizontal | total_width = 600 | image1 = Masjid Nabawi The Prophet's Mosque, Madina.jpg | image2 = Jerusalem DomeoftheRock J65 (cropped).JPG | footer = Bidix: [[Prophet's Mosque|Masjidka Nabiga]] ee [[Medina|Madiina]], Sacuudi Carabiya, waa [[holiest sites in islam|goobta labaad ee ugu barakeysan]] ee Islaamka. Maxamed laftiisa ayaa ku lug lahaa dhismaha masjidka, iyo [[Green Dome|Qubbadiisa Cagaaran]] waa halka lagu aasay. Midig: [[Al-Aqsa|Dhismaha Masjidka Al-Aqsa]] ee [[Jerusalem|Quddus]] waa goobta saddexaad ee ugu barakeysan ee Islaamka, halkaas oo Maxamed uu uga kacay samada intii uu socday [[Isra' and Mi'raj|Isra' iyo Mi'raaj]]. Goobtu waxay ahayd jihadii hore ee salaadda ([[qibla]]), halkaas oo Muslimiintu ay horay ugu tukan jireen ka hor intaan jihada loo beddelin [[Kaaba|Kacbada]] ee [[Mecca|Makka]] ka dib waxyi soo gaaray Maxamed. | caption1 = | caption2 = }} === Maxamed iyo bilowgii Islaamka (570–632) === {{Main|Muhammad|Muhammad in Islam}} {{for timeline|Timeline of early Islamic history}} {{Further|Muhammad in Mecca|Early social changes under Islam|First Islamic state}} [[File:Hira_Cave.jpg|thumb|[[Jabal al-Nour]] u dhow [[Mecca|Makka]], halkaas oo Maxamed uu ka helay [[Muhammad's first revelation|waxyigiisii ugu horreeyay]] ee ku jiray godka Xira.]] Sida ku xusan dhaqanka Islaamka, Maxamed wuxuu ku dhashay [[Mecca|Makka]] sannadkii 570 [[Common Era|C.D.]] wuxuuna noqday agoon caruurnimadiisii. Isagoo ku koray ganacsade ahaan, wuxuu noqday mid loo yaqaan "[[Amin (name)|amin (mid la isku halayn karo)]]" ({{langx|ar|الامين}}) waxaana la doonayay inuu noqdo garsoore dhexdhexaad ah. Intuu ka dib guursaday shaqaalihiisii, haweeneydii ganacsatada ahayd ee [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadiija]].{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=6}} Sannadkii 610 C.D., isagoo dhibsaday hoos u dhaca akhlaaqda iyo shirkiga ka jiray Makka isla markaana raadinaya gooni-isu-taag iyo fikir ruuxi ah, Maxamed wuxuu u baxay Godka Xira ee buurta [[Jabal al-Nour]], oo u dhow Makka. Wuxuu ahaa intii uu ku sugnaa godka halkaas oo la sheegay inuu [[Muhammad's first revelation|helay waxyigii ugu horreeyay]] ee [[Quran|Quraanka]] oo uga yimid malaa'igta [[Gabriel|Jibriil]].<ref name="610CE" /> Dhacdadii bixitaankii Maxamed ee godka iyo waxyigii xigay waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[Night of Power|Leylatul Qadr]] waxaana loo arkaa dhacdo muhiim ah taariikhda Islaamka. Intii lagu guda jiray 22-kii sano ee ka dambeeyay nolosha, laga bilaabo da'da 40 wixii ka dambeeyay, Maxamed wuxuu sii waday helitaanka waxyiga Ilaahay, isagoo noqday kii ugu dambeeyay ama [[Seal of the prophets|nabigii ugu dambeeyay]] ee loo diray bini'aadamka.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Muhammad |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> [[File:Siyer-i_Nebi_151b.jpg|thumb|Maxamed oo la muujiyay waji daboolan oo jooga [[Kaaba|Kacbada]] laga soo qaatay [[Siyer-i Nebi]], {{Circa|1595}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ottomans : religious painting |url=http://www.ee.bilkent.edu.tr/~history/ottoman33.html |access-date=1 May 2016}}</ref>]] Inta lagu jiro xilligan, [[Muhammad in Mecca|halka uu joogay Makka, Maxamed]] wuxuu ku wacdiyay marka hore si qarsoodi ah ka dibna si cad, isagoo ka baryaya dhegaystayaashiisa inay ka tagaan [[Arab polytheism|shirkiga]] oo ay caabudaan hal Ilaah. Qaar ka mid ah [[Early Muslims|Muslimiintii ugu horreysay ee soo islaamtay]] waxay ahaayeen dumar, saboolka, ajaanibta, iyo addoommada sida mu'adinkii ugu horreeyay [[Bilal ibn Rabah|Bilaal bin Rabaax]].<ref>Rabah, Bilal B. ''[[Encyclopedia of Islam]].''</ref> Dadka waaweyn ee Makka waxay dareemeen in Maxamed uu [[Early social changes under Islam|khalday nidaamkooda bulsho]] isagoo ka wacdiyaya hal Ilaah oo siinaya fikrado laga shakiyo saboolka iyo addoommada sababtoo ah waxay faa'iida ka helayeen xajka sanamyada Kacbada.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ünal |first=Ali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DyuqdDIjaswC&pg=PA1323 |title=The Qurʼan with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English |publisher=Tughra Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-59784-000-2 |pages=1323– |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024048/https://books.google.com/books?id=DyuqdDIjaswC&pg=PA1323#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|p=36}}</ref> Ka dib 12 sano oo ah [[Persecution of Muslims by Meccans|dhibaataynta Muslimiinta ay u geysanayeen dadkii Makka]], Maxamed iyo [[Companions of the Prophet|sahabbadiisii]] waxay sameeyeen [[Hegira|Hijradii]] 622 ee magaalada Yathrib (magaalada Madiina ee maanta). Wuxuu halkaas ka Aasaasay [[First Islamic state|Dowladdii Islaamiga ahayd ee ugu horreysay]] oo ay la socdaan Muslimiintii Madiina (''[[Ansar (Islam)|Ansaarta]]'') iyo muhaajiriintii Makka (''[[Muhajirun|Muhaajiriinta]]''). [[Constitution of Medina|Dastuurkii Madiina]] waxaa saxiixay dhammaan qabiilooyinkii Madiina. Tani waxay aasaastay xorriyadda diinta iyo xorriyadda isticmaalka sharcigooda u gaarka ah ee ka dhex jiray bulshooyinka Muslimka ah iyo kuwa aan Muslimka ahayn hammi ah in Madiina laga difaaco khataraha dibadda.{{sfnp|Serjeant|1978|p=4}} Ciidamadii Makka iyo xulafadoodii waxay guuldarro ka soo gaartay Muslimiinta [[Battle of Badr|Dagaalkii Badar]] 624 ka dibna waxay dagaalameen dagaal aan la isla ogayn oo ka dhacay [[Battle of Uhud|Dagaalkii Uxud]]<ref>{{Citation |last=Peter Crawford |title=The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-oHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |page=83 |publisher=Pen & Sword Books Limited |isbn=9781473828650 |date=2013-07-16 |access-date=5 August 2022 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023957/https://books.google.com/books?id=d-oHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |url-status=live }}.</ref> ka hor intaanay ku guuldarraysan inay hareereeyaan Madiina [[Battle of the Trench|Dagaalkii Khandaq]] (Maarso–Abriil 627). Sannadkii 628, [[Treaty of al-Hudaybiya|Heshiiskii Xudeybiya]] ayaa la kala saxiixday Makka iyo Muslimiinta, laakiin waxaajabiyay Makka laba sano ka dib. Markii qabiilo badan ay islaameen, jidadkii ganacsiga ee Makka waxaa gooyay Muslimiinta.<ref>{{harvp|Peters|2003|pp=78–79, 194}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|pp=23–28}}</ref> Markaatay ahayd 629 Maxamed wuxuu ku guuleystay [[conquest of Mecca|furashadii Makka]] ee aan dhiiggu ku daadan, iyo waqtigii uu geeriyooday 632 (da'da 62) wuxuu midaysiiyay qabiilooyinkii Carabta]] hal qaran oo diimeed. === Islaamkii Hore (632–750) === {{Further|Succession to Muhammad|Early Muslim conquests}} {{See also|Ghadir Khumm|Saqifa|Canonization of Islamic scripture}} [[File:Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg|thumb|Expansion of the Caliphate{{legend|#a1584e|Muhammad, 622–632}}{{legend|#ef9070|Khulafo Al-Raashidiin, 632–661}}{{legend|#fad07d|Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750}}]] Nabi Maxamed wuxuu geeriyooday sanadkii 632 waxaana khulafadii ugu horreysay ee loo yaqaan Khulafo – Abu Bakr, Cumar, Cuthmaan, Cali iyo marmar Xasan bin Cali<ref>{{Cite book| last1 = Melchert| first1 = Christopher| date = 2020| contribution = The Rightly Guided Caliphs: The Range of Views Preserved in Ḥadīth| editor1-last = al-Sarhan| editor1-first = Saud| title = Political Quietism in Islam: Sunni and Shi'i Practice and Thought| location = London and New York| publisher = I.B. Tauris| isbn = 978-1-83860-765-4| pages = 70–71| contribution-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=96TDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA63| access-date = 17 February 2022| url-status = live}}</ref> – looga yaqaan Islaamka Sunniga ah ''al-khulafā' ar-rāshidūn'' ("Khulafadii Hagaysa").{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=40}} Qaar kamid ah qabiilooyinka ayaa Islaamka ka tagay oo ka inkiiray madax sheegtay in ay yihiin nebiyo cusub balse Abu Bakr wuxuu ku jebiyey dagaalladii Riddada.<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|p=57}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Hourani|2002|p=22}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=32}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Madelung|1996|p=43}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Ṭabāṭabāʼī|1979|pp=30–50}}</ref> Bulshooyinka maxalliga ah ee Yuhuudda iyo Nasaarada asaliga ah, ee loo haystay dad laga tirada badan yahay oo diinaysan loona culeysiyay canshuuraha, ayaa inta badan ka caawiyey Muslimiinta inay qabsadaan dhulkooda,{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=38}} taasoo keentay in khilaafaddu ay si degdeg ah ugu ballaarato boqortooyooyinkii Saasaniyiinta iyo Biisantiinta.<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|p=74}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=J. Kuiper |first=Matthew |title=Da'wa: A Global History of Islamic Missionary Thought and Practice |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2021 |isbn=9781351510721 |page=85}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lapidus |first=Ira M. |title=A History of Islamic Societies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-521-51430-9 |pages=60–61 |author-link=Ira M. Lapidus}}</ref> Cuthmaan waxaa la doortay 644 waxaana dilkiisii uu kiciyey in Cali loo doorto Khaliifkii xigay. Dagaalkii Sifeyn ee Koowaad, xaaskii Nebiga, Caashaa, waxay soo saartay ciidan ka soo horjeeda Cali, iyada oo isku dayaysa inay u aarto dhimashadii Cuthmaan, balse waa lagu jabiyey Dagaalkii Geela. Cali wuxuu isku dayay inuu xilka ka qaado guddoomiyihii Suuriya, Mucaawiya, kaas oo loo arkayay musuqmaasuq. Mucaawiya ayaa markaas dagaal ku dhawaaqay Cali waana lagu jabiyey Dagaalkii Sifeyn. Go'aanka Cali ee ahaa inuu dhex-dhexaadin sameeyo ayaa ka caraysiiyey Khawaarijta, oo ahayd koox xagjir ah, kuwaas oo qabay in aan la dagaallamin qof dembiile ah awgeed, Cali uu isna noqday dembiile. Khawaarijtu way caasiyoobeen waxaana lagu jebiyey Dagaalkii Nahrawan balse nin Khawaariji ah ayaa gadaal ka dilay Cali. Wiilkiii Cali, Xasan bin Cali, ayaa loo doortay Khaliif wuxuuna saxiixay heshiis nabadeed si looga fogaado dagaal kale, isaga oo xilka uga degay Mucaawiya si uusan Mucaawiya u soo magacaabin qof beddela.{{sfnp|Holt|Lewis|1977|pp=67–72}} [[File:Almuñécar, statue of Abd al-Rahman I.jpg|thumb|Taallo ay leedahay Cabduraxmaan I oo ku taal Almuñécar, Isbayn. Islaamku wuxuu gaaray Galbeedka Yurub 711 AD, markii Ṭariiq bin Siyaad uu galay Jasiiradda Iberia. Sanadkii 756, Cabduraxmaan wuxuu aasaasay Imaaradda Cordoba, isagoo ka aasaasay dowlad Islaami ah oo madaxbannaan al-Andalus.]] Mucaawiya wuxuu bilaabay Saldanaddii Umawiyiinta isagoo u magacaabay wiilkiisii Yaziid inay isku xigaan, taasoo dhalisay Dagaalkii Sifeyn ee Labaad. Intii uu socday Dagaalkii Karbala, Xuseen bin Cali, wiilka labaad ee Cali iyo awowgii nebiga, waxaa si arxan darro ah u dilay ciidamadii Yaziid; dhacdadii waxaa sannad walba xusaa Muslimiinta Shiicada ah ilaa maanta. Sunniga, oo uu hoggaaminayo Ibn al-Zubayr oo kasoo horjeeda khilaafad dhaxal ah, ayaa lagaga adkaaday Go'doomintii Makka. Khilaafyadan hoggaanka ayaa keenay inuu dhasho khilaafka Sunni-Shiicada,{{sfnp|Waines|2003|p=46}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harney |first=John |date=3 January 2016 |title=How Do Sunni and Shia Islam Differ? |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/04/world/middleeast/q-and-a-how-do-sunni-and-shia-islam-differ.html |access-date=4 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyadoo Shiicadu ay aaminsan tahay in hoggaanku uu leeyahay qoyskii Nebiga (Ahl al-bayt).{{sfnp|Waines|2003|p=46}} Hoggaankii Abu Bakr wuxuu kormeeray bilowgii ururinta Qur'aanka. Khaliifkii Cumar bin Cabdicasiis wuxuu dhisay guddigii, Todobadii Fuqaha ee Madiina,{{sfnp|Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar Ibn Kathīr|2012|p=505}}<ref>''Umar Ibn Abdul Aziz'' By Imam Abu Muhammad Abdullah ibn Abdul Hakam died 214 AH 829 C.E. Publisher Zam Zam Publishers Karachi, pp. 54–59</ref> waxaana Malik bin Anas uu qoray mid ka mid ah buugagii ugu horreeyay ee ku saabsan fiiqhiga Islaamka, ''Muwatta'', oo ahayd is-afgarad ku saabsan aragtida culimadaas.{{sfnp|Coulson|1964|p=103}}<ref>{{Cite book |editor-last1=Houtsma |editor-first1=M.T. |editor-last2=Wensinck |editor-first2=A.J. |editor-last3=Lévi-Provençal |editor-first3=E. |editor-last4=Gibb |editor-first4=H.A.R. |editor-last5=Heffening |editor-first5=W. |series=Volume V: L—Moriscos |title=E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936 |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=1993 |edition=reprint |isbn=978-90-04-09791-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Va6oSxzojzoC |pages=207– |access-date=19 September 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor=Moshe Sharon |title=Studies in Islamic History and Civilization: In Honour of Professor David Ayalon |year=1986 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789652640147 |page=264 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0_wUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA264 |access-date=20 June 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Khawaarijtu waxay aaminsanaayeen in uusan jirin dhexdhexaad la tanaasuli karo oo u dhexeeya wanaagga iyo xumaanta, iyo in muslim kasta oo gala dembi weyn uu noqonayo gaal. Erayga "Khawaarij" waxaa sidoo kale loo adeegsaday in lagu tilmaamo ISIS.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mamouri|first=Ali|date=8 January 2015|title=Who are the Kharijites and what do they have to do with IS?|work=Al-monitor|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2015/01/islamic-state-kjarijites-continuation.html|access-date=6 March 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Murji'ah waxay barayeen in dadka toosan lagu xukumi karo Eebbe kaligii. Sidaa darteed, dembiilayaasha waxaa loo arki karaa inay marin habaabeen, laakiin aan lagu tilmaamin gaalo.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|p=43}} Dabeecaddan ayaa timid inay ku guulaysato caqiidada Islaamka ee ugu weyn.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}}[[File:BalianofIbelin1490.jpg|thumb|Saliibiyiinta oo ku wareejinaya Qudus Muslimiinta sanadkii 1187 AD.]] Saldanaddii Umawiyiintu waxay qabsatay Maqrib, Jasiiradda Iberia, Gallia Narbonensis iyo Sindh.<ref>{{cite book |first=Donald |last=Puchala |title=Theory and History in International Relations |page=137 |publisher=Routledge |year=2003}}</ref> Duullaamadii Islaamka ee hore waxaa lagu tilmaamay imperialism Islaami ah.<ref name="n050">{{cite journal | last=Wright | first=Craig S | title=Arab Colonialism and the Roots of the Golden Age of Islam | journal=SSRN Electronic Journal | date=2022 | issn=1556-5068 | doi=10.2139/ssrn.4020040 | url=https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4020040 | access-date=2026-04-24 | page=}}</ref> Umawiyiintu waxay la halgamayeen l'aynaansho sharci ah waxayna ku tiirsanaayeen ciidan aad loo taageero.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=45}} Maaddaama canshuurta Jizya ay ahayd canshuur ay bixiyaan kuwa aan muslimka ahayn oo ka reebayay adeegga ciidanka, Umawiyiintu waxay diideen inay aqoonsadaan islaam-gelitaanka kuwa aan Carabta ahayn, maadaama ay yaraynaysay dakhliga.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}} Iyadoo Khilaafadii Raashidiintu ay adkaysay adduunyo la'aanta, iyadoo Cumar uu xitaa dalbanayo in la tiriyo hantida sarkaal kasta,<ref>{{cite book |first1=Ahmad Ibn Jabir|last1=Al-Biladhuri |first2=Philip|last2=Hitti|title=Kitab Futuhu'l-Buldan|page=219 |publisher=AMS Press |year=1969}}</ref> raaxada Umawiyiinta ayaa dhalisay qancin la'aan dadka diinta ku adag.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}} Khawaarijtu waxay hoggaamiyeen Kacdoonkii Berber, taasoo horseeday dowladaha ugu horreeya ee Islaamka oo ka madax bannaan Khilaafada. Kacdoonkii Cabbasiyiinta, kuwa aan Carabta ahayn ee soo islaamay (Mawla), qabiilooyinkii Carabta ee ay Umawiyiintu meesha ka saareen, iyo qaar ka mid ah Shiicada ayaa midoobay oo riday Umawiyiinta, iyaga oo bilaabay Cabbasiyiinta oo caalami ah sanadkii 750.{{sfnp|Lewis|1993|pp=71–83}} === Axdigii Dahabiga Ahaa ee Islaamka (786–1258) === {{Further|Hadith studies|Islamic philosophy}} {{See also|Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe|Turco-Persian tradition}} [[File:Al-Risalah_al-Dhahabiah.JPG|thumb|Bog ka mid ah Al-Risala al-Dhahabiyya ee Imam Ali al-Rida (809 AD), oo ah tii ugu qiimaha badnayd ee shaqooyinka Islaamka ee Sayniska Caafimaadka. Waxaa ku jira qaybo saynis sida Anatomiya, Histoloji, Fisioloji, Kimistari iyo Patoloji intii sayniska caafimaadku uu wali ahaa mid bilow ah.]] Al-Shafi'i wuxuu dejiyay hab lagu xaqiijiyo isku-halaynta xadiiska.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|p=86}} Waagii hore ee Ablaasiyiinta, aqoonyahanno sida Muhammad al-Bukhari iyo Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj waxay soo ururiyeen guryaha waaweyn ee xadiiska Ahlusunna, halka aqoonyahanno sida Al-Kulayni iyo Ibn Babawayh ay soo ururiyeen guryaha waaweyn ee xadiiska Shiicada. Astaamaha afar-madhab ee Ahlusunna—Hanafi, Hanbali, Maliki, iyo Shafi'i—waxaa lagu tiiriyay dhulalka fundamentiinta ee Abū Ḥanīfa, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Malik ibn Anas iyo al-Shafi'i. Taa beddelkeeda, dhulalka fundamentiinta ee Ja'far al-Sadiq waxay dhiseen Fiqhiga Ja'fari. Qarnigii 9aad, Al-Tabari wuxuu dhameystiray qafiskii ugu horreeyay ee Tafsiirka Quraanka, Tafsir al-Tabari, oo noqday mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu xigashada badan Ahlusunna Islaamka. Doobab ka mid ah Muslinka waxay ka fekereen ka-sallamaaynta nolosha duniyeed waxayna xoogga saareen saboolnimada, is-hoosaysiinta, iyo fogaanta dambiga ee ku basada diidmada rabitaanka jidhka. Zuhuudka sida Hasan al-Basri waxay dhiirrigeliyeen dhaqdhaqaaq dib u zhugnaaday tasawwuf ama Sufi.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|pp=90, 91}} Waqtigan, dhibaatooyinka fiqiga, gaar ahaan doorashada xorta ah, waxay ahaayeen kuwo si adag loo maareeyay, iyadoo Hasan al-Basri uu qabay in kasta oo Eebbe uu og yahay waxa dadku sameynayaan, wanaagga iyo xintu ay ka yimaadaan isticmaalka qaldan ee doorashada xorta ah iyo Ibliiska.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|pp=38-39}}{{efn|"Hasan al-Basri waxaa inta badan loo tixgeliyaa mid ka mid ah dadkii ugu horreeyay ee diaday asalka malaa'igta ee ibliiska, isagoo ku doodaya in dhicitaankiisu yahay natiijada doorashadiisa xorta ah, oo ma ahan go'aanka Eebbe. Hasan al-Basri wuxuu sidoo kale ku dooday in malaa'igtu aysan awoodin dambiga ama khaladaadka oo ay ka sharaf badan yihiin aadanaha iyo xata cabsida nabiyada. Shiicada iyo Sunnida hore waxay ka soo horjeedeen ra'yigiisa.<ref>Omar Hamdan ''Studien zur Kanonisierung des Korantextes: al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrīs Beiträge zur Geschichte des Korans'' Otto Harrassowitz Verlag 2006 {{ISBN|978-3447053495}} pp. 291–292 (German)</ref>}} Falsafada Caqliga Giriiga waxay dhiirrigelisay dugsi feker oo loo yaqaan Mu'tazila, oo si ka muuqata u dooday fikradda doorashada xorta ah ee uu bilaabay Wasil ibn Ata.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|p=50}} Khaliif al-Mamun wuxuu ka dhigay caqiido rasmi ah wuxuuna si aan guul lahayn ugu doortay inuu ku qasbo booskan dadka intiisa badan.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=88}} Khaliif Al-Mu'tasim wuxuu sameeyay Mihna, iyadoo Ahmad ibn Hanbal oo ilaalinaayay dhaqanka uu si muuqata u diaday inuu waafaqo fikradda Mu'tazila ee ah in Quraanku yahay ku dhacay halkii uu ka ahaan lahaa mid weligeed ah, taas oo ka dhigtay in la jilciyo oo lagu hayo qol madow muddo ku dhow soddon bilood.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doi |first=Abdur Rahman |title=Shariah: The Islamic Law |location=London |publisher=Ta-Ha Publishers |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-907461-38-8 |page=110}}</ref> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dugsiyada kale ee Kalam—Māturīdism oo uu aasaasay Abu Mansur al-Maturidi iyo Ash'ari oo uu aasaasay Al-Ash'ari—waxay ahaayeen kuwo si ballaaran loo qaatay. Falsafadyahannada sida Al-Farabi, Avicenna iyo Averroes waxay isku deyeyeen inay waafajiyaan fikradaha Aristotle iyo fundamentiinta Islaamka, iyagoo u dhow Iskolastikada Kiristanka ee Yuubka iyo shaqada Maimonides ee Yuhuudda, halka kuwo kale sida Al-Ghazali ay ka soo horjeedeen habkan oo ugu dambeyntii guuleysteen.<ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=160}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Waines|2003|pp=126–127}}</ref> [[File:Al-Idrisi's_world_map.JPG|thumb|Tabula Rogeriana (1154 AD) ee al-Idrisi, oo ah mid ka mid ah khariidadaha dunida ee ugu horumarsanaa qarniyadii dhexe, oo la sameeyay Axdigii Dahabiga Ahaa ee Islaamka.]] Axdigan inta badan waxaa loo yaqaan Axdigii Dahabiga Ahaa ee Islaamka.<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|pp=80, 92, 105}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|pp=661–663}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=56}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lewis|1993|p=84}}</ref><ref name="harvp|Gardet|Jomier|2012">{{harvp|Gardet|Jomier|2012}}</ref> Guulaha sayniska Islaamku waxay samaysteen qaybo badan oo maadooyin ah sida caafimaadka, xisaabta, astronomiga, iyo beeraha iyo sidoo kale fisigiska, dhaqaalaha, injineernimada iyo optigga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=King |first=David A. |year=1983 |title=The Astronomy of the Mamluks |journal=Isis |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=531–55 |doi=10.1086/353360 |s2cid=144315162 | issn=0021-1753}}</ref><ref name="Hassan-1996">{{cite book |last=Hassan |first=Ahmad Y. |author-link=Ahmad Y. al-Hassan |title=Islam and the Challenge of Modernity |chapter=Factors Behind the Decline of Islamic Science After the Sixteenth Century |editor-last=Al-Attas |editor-first=S. S. |editor-link=Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas |location=Kuala Lumpur |publisher=International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization |year=1996 |pages=351–399 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ854295.pdf|title=Contributions of Islamic scholars to the scientific enterprise|access-date=13 December 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The greatest scientific advances from the Muslim world|website=TheGuardian.com|date=February 2010|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/feb/01/islamic-science|access-date=13 December 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Avicenna wuxuu ahaa horyaal ku saabsan caafimaadka tijaabada ah,<ref>Jacquart, Danielle (2008). "Islamic Pharmacology in the Middle Ages: Theories and Substances". European Review (Cambridge University Press) 16: 219–227.</ref><ref>David W. Tschanz, MSPH, PhD (August 2003). "Arab Roots of European Medicine", Heart Views 4 (2).</ref> oo The Canon of Medicine waxaa loo isticmaalay qoraal caafimaad oo heer sare ah ee dunida Islaamka iyo Yurub qarniyo. Rhazes wuxuu ahaa kii ugu horreeyay ee aqoonsaday cudurrada furfuraa iyo jadeecada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/alrazi.aspx|title=Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi (Rhazes) (c. 865-925)|publisher=sciencemuseum.org.uk|access-date=31 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Cisbitaallada dadweynaha ee waqtigaas waxay bixiyeen shahaadooyinka ugu horreeya ee caafimaadka si loogu ogolaado dhakhaatiirta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alatas |first=Syed Farid |year=2006 |title=From Jami'ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue |url=https://zenodo.org/record/29439 |journal=Current Sociology |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=112–132 |doi=10.1177/0011392106058837 |s2cid=144509355 |access-date=12 September 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Imamuddin |first=S.M. |title=Muslim Spain 711–1492 AD |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=1981 |isbn=978-90-04-06131-6 |page=169}}</ref> Ibn al-Haytham waxaa loo tixgeliyaa aabaha habka sayniska ee casriga ah iyadoo inta badan loo sheego "saynisyahankii ugu horreeyay ee runta ah ee dunida", gaar ahaan shaqadiisa optigga.<ref>{{cite journal |author-link=Gerald J. Toomer|first=G. J. |last=Toomer |jstor=228328 |title=Review Work: Matthias Schramm (1963) ''Ibn Al-Haythams Weg zur Physik'' |journal=Isis |volume=55 |issue=4 |date=Dec 1964 |page=464 |quote=Schramm sums up [Ibn Al-Haytham's] achievement in the development of scientific method.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Al-Khalili |first=Jim |date=4 January 2009 |title=The 'first true scientist' |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7810846.stm |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gorini |first=Rosanna |date=October 2003 |title=Al-Haytham the man of experience. First steps in the science of vision |journal=Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=53–55 |url=http://www.ishim.net/ishimj/4/10.pdf |access-date=25 September 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> Injineernimada, walaalaha Banū Mūsā aaladdooda turumbada tooska ah waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay ahaan lahayd mashinkii ugu horreeyay ee la barnamijayn karo.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Koetsier |first1=Teun |title=On the prehistory of programmable machines: musical automata, looms, calculators |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_mechanism-and-machine-theory_2001-05_36_5/page/589 |journal=Mechanism and Machine Theory |date=May 2001 |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=589–603 |doi=10.1016/S0094-114X(01)00005-2 }}</ref> Xisaabta Islaamka, fikradda algorithm waxaa lagu magacaabay Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, oo loo tixgeliyo aasaasaha aljabra, oo lagu magacaabay buugiisa al-jabr, halka kuwo kale ay soo saareen fikradda shaqada (function).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Katz |first1=Victor J. |author1-link=Victor J. Katz |last2=Barton |first2=Bill |title=Stages in the History of Algebra with Implications for Teaching |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_educational-studies-in-mathematics_2007-10_66_2/page/185 |journal=Educational Studies in Mathematics |date=18 September 2007 |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=185–201 |doi=10.1007/s10649-006-9023-7 |s2cid=120363574 }}</ref> Dowladda waxay siin jirtay saynisyahannada mushahar u dhigma mushaharka ciyaartoyda xirfadleyda ah ee maanta.<ref>{{harvp|Ahmed|2006|pp=23, 42, 84}}</ref> Guinness World Records wuxuu u aqoonsan yahay Jaamacadda Al Karaouine, oo la aasaasay 859, inay tahay jaamacadda ugu qadiimsan ee bixisa shahaadooyinka dunida.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Young |first=Mark |url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessbookofwo1998newy |title=The Guinness Book of Records |year=1998 |page=242 |publisher=Bantam |isbn=978-0-553-57895-9}}</ref> Dad badan oo aan Muslin ahayn, sida Kiristanka, Yuhuudda iyo Saabi'iinta,<ref name="Brague 2009">{{cite book|title=The Legend of the Middle Ages: Philosophical Explorations of Medieval Christianity, Judaism, and Islam|first=Rémi |last=Brague|year= 2009| isbn=9780226070803| page =164|publisher=University of Chicago Press|quote=Neither were there any Muslims among the Ninth-Century translators. Almost all of them were Christians of various Eastern denominations: Jacobites, Melchites, and, above all, Nestorians... A few others were Sabians.}}</ref> waxay guntadeen ilbaxnimada Islaamka qaybo meelaha ah,<ref name="Hill-1993">{{cite book |last=Hill |first=Donald |author-link=Donald Routledge Hill |title=Islamic Science and Engineering |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=1993 |page=4 |isbn=0-7486-0455-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Brague-Assyrians">{{cite web |last=Brague |first=Rémi |author-link=Rémi Brague |title=Assyrians contributions to the Islamic civilization |url=http://www.christiansofiraq.com/assyriancontributionstotheislamiccivilization.htm |website=Christians of Iraq |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> iyo machadka loo yaqaan Bayt al-Hikma wuxuu u shaqaaleysiiyay aqoonyahanno Kiristan iyo Faarisi ah si ay ugu turjumaan shaqooyinka luqadda Carabiga iyo si ay u soosaaraan aqoon cusub.<ref name="Meri-Bacharach-2006">{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Meri |editor-first1=Josef W. |editor-link1=Josef W. Meri |editor-last2=Bacharach |editor-first2=Jere L. |editor-link2=Jere L. Bacharach |title=Hadith |encyclopedia=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia |volume=1 |location=New York |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2006 |page=304 |isbn=978-0415966917 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MypbfKdMePIC&pg=PA304 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Saliba-1994">{{cite book |last=Saliba |first=George |author-link=George Saliba |title=A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam |location=New York |publisher=New York University Press |year=1994 |pages=245, 250, 256–57 |isbn=0-8147-8023-7 |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Cheshm manuscript.jpg|thumb|Anatomiya ee isha oo uu samaystay Hunayn ibn Ishaq, oo mas'uul ka ahaa turjumida Bayt al-Hikma waagii Boqortooyada Ablaasiyiinta, 1200 AD.]]Askartu waxay ka go'een boqortooyadii Ablaasiyiinta waxayna dhiseen khilaafadooda propriyada ah, sida Tulunids oo 868 ku tirsanaa Masar<ref>{{cite book|last=Holt|first=Peter Malcolm|author-link=Peter Holt (historian)|title=The Crusader States and Their Neighbours, 1098–1291|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0qLHVGgH7AC&pg=PA8|year=2004|publisher=Pearson Longman|isbn=978-0-582-36931-3|page=6|access-date=2 February 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> iyo boqortooyada Ghaznavid oo 977 ku tirsanaa Aasiyada Dhexe.<ref>{{cite book |title=Islamic Central Asia: an anthology of historical sources |editor-first1=Scott Cameron |editor-last1=Levi |editor-first2=Ron |editor-last2=Sela |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2010 |page=83}}</ref> Qaybsanaantan waxay keentay Qarnigii Shiicada, oo u dhaxeeyay 945 iyo 1055, oo la arkay kor u kaca dhaqdhaqaaqa Isma'ili Shiicada. Koox Isma'ili ah, boqortooyada Fatimid, waxay gacanta ku dhigeen Waqooyiga Afrika qarnigii 10aad<ref>Neue Fischer Weltgeschichte "Islamisierung in Zentralasien bis zur Mongolenzeit" Band 10: Zentralasien, 2012, p. 191 (German)</ref> iyo koox kale oo Isma'ili ah, Qarmatians, waxay boobeen Makka waxayna xadeen Hajar al-Aswad, oo ah dhagaxa ku dhex jira Kacbada, dib-u-jabayntooda aan guulaysan.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Glubb |first=John Bagot |title=Mecca (Saudi Arabia) |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mecca#ref887188 |access-date=18 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live }}</ref> Koox kale oo Isma'ili ah, boqortooyada Buyid, waxay qabsadeen Baqdaad waxayna ka dhigeen Ablaasiyiinta boqortooyo magac ah oo kaliya. Boqortooyada Seljuk ee Ahlusunna waxay u dhaqaaqday inay mar kale adkayso Islaamka Ahlusunna iyagoo faafinayay ra'yiyada aqoonyahanada waqtigaas, gaar ahaan dhisidda machadyada waxbarashada ee loo yaqaan Nizamiyyas, oo la xiriira al-Ghazali iyo Saadi Shirazi.<ref>Andreas Graeser ''Zenon von Kition: Positionen u. Probleme'' Walter de Gruyter 1975 {{ISBN|978-3-11-004673-1}} p. 260</ref> Faaftada dunida Muslinka waxay sii socotay iyadoo ergooyinka diinta ay u badaleen Volga Bulgaria Islaamka. Sultanada Delhi waxay gaadhay gudaha qaarad-hoosaadka Hindiya oo kuwo badan ayaa u badalay Islaamka,{{sfnp|Arnold|1896|pp=227–228}} gaar ahaan Hinduga heerka hoose ee faracoodu ka kooban yahay inta badan Muslinka Hindiya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-36220329|title=Why are many Indian Muslims seen as untouchable?|publisher=BBCnews|date=10 May 2016|access-date=6 October 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Ganacsigu wuxuu keenay Muslin badan oo Shiinaha ah, halkaas oo ay si buuxda u xukumi jireen warshadaha soo dejinta iyo ka deerinta ee boqortooyada Song.<ref>{{cite web |title=Islam in China |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/china_1.shtml |access-date=10 August 2011 |publisher=BBC |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslinka waxaa loo qortay maamulayaal la doortay oo heer sare ah boqortooyada Yuan.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lipman|first=Jonathan Newman|title=Familiar Strangers, a history of Muslims in Northwest China|location=Seattle, WA|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-295-97644-0|page=33}}</ref> === Casrigii Ka-horreeyay Casriga Cusub (1258 – Qarnigii 18aad) === {{Further|Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam}} [[File:GhazanConversionToIslam.JPG|thumb|Muuqaal qarnigii 14aad ee Ghazan, oo ahaa boqorkii 7aad ee Ilkhanate ee Boqortooyada Mongol, oo Islaamay.]] Pobalka ganacsiga Muslinka iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa tariiqooyinka Sufida dhiigooda,{{sfnp|Arnold|1896|pp=125–258}} Islaamku wuxuu ku faafay dhulal cusub<ref>{{cite web |title=The Spread of Islam |url=http://www.yale.edu/yup/pdf/cim6.pdf |access-date=2 November 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslinkuna waxay la dhex-galeen dhaqammo cusub. Hoos kaga jirtay Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta, Islaamku wuxuu ku faafay Koonfur-bari Yuuroop.<ref>{{cite web |date=6 May 2008 |title=Ottoman Empire |publisher=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1801?_hi=41&_pos=3 |access-date=26 August 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Islaamidda inta badan waxay lahayd heer sinkretisam ah,<ref>{{Cite book |title=Islamic and European Expansion |publisher=Temple University Press |year=1993 |editor-last=Adas |editor-first=Michael |location=Philadelphia |page=25}}</ref> sida uu muujinayo muuqaalka Muhammad ee suugaanta dadweynaha ee Hinduga.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Metcalf |first=Barbara |title=Islam in South Asia in Practice |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2009 |page=104}}</ref> Turkida Muslinka ah waxay ku dareen walxaha caqiidada Shamanisamka Turkida Islaamka.{{efn|"Sannadaha dhow, fikradda sinkretisamka waa la dhuftay. Maaddaama ay maqan tahay awood lagu go'aamiyo ama lagu tixgeliyo caqiidada Ortodokska ee ku saabsan Islaamka, aqoonyahannada qaarkood waxay ku doodayaan inaysan jirin caqiidooyinka la qresheeyay, oo kaliya ee la amray habka, Islaamka ka hor qarnigii 16aad.{{sfnp|Peacock|2019|p=20–22}}}}{{sfnp|Çakmak|2017|pp=1425–1429}} Muslinka ku jira Boqortooyada Ming ee Shiinaha oo ka soo jeeda soo-galootigii hore waa la la-dhex-galay, mararka qaar shuruuc ku dhiirrigelisa dhex-galka,<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Farmer|editor1-first=Edward L.|title=Zhu Yuanzhang and Early Ming Legislation: The Reordering of Chinese Society Following the Era of Mongol Rule|date=1995|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004103910|page=82|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TCIjZ7l6TX8C&pg=PA82|access-date=19 February 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> iyagoo qaatay magacyada Shiinaha iyo dhaqanka halka Nanjing uu noqday xarun muhiim ah ee barashada Islaamka.<ref>Israeli, Raphael (2002). ''Islam in China''. p. 292. Lexington Books. {{ISBN|0-7391-0375-X}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dillon |first=Michael |year=1999 |title=China's Muslim Hui Community |publisher=Curzon |url=https://archive.org/details/chinasmuslimhuic00dill |isbn=978-0-7007-1026-3 |page=37 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Ndhex-galka dhaqanka wuxuu ahaay mid muuqda iyadoo la yaraysay saamaynta Carabta ka dib burburintii Mongol ee Khilafadii Ablaasiyiinta.<ref>{{harvp|Bulliet|2005|p=497}}</ref> Khanates-ka Mongol ee Muslinka ah ee ku jira Iiraan iyo Aasiyada Dhexe waxay ka faa'iideysteen kordhinta helitaanka dhaqammada ee Bariga Aasiya oo hoos jirtay xukunkii Mongol sidaas darteed waxay u horumareen oo ay u samaysteen si ka duwan saamaynta Carabta, sida Dib-u-dhalashadii Timurid oo hoos jirtay boqortooyada Timurid.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Subtelny |first=Maria Eva |date=November 1988 |title=Socioeconomic Bases of Cultural Patronage under the Later Timurids |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/socioeconomic-bases-of-cultural-patronage-under-the-later-timurids/2A0F3018EE155F23FC4A7F5F25D7DE6D |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=479–505 |doi=10.1017/S0020743800053861 |s2cid=162411014 |access-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201–1274) wuxuu soo bandhigay qaabka xisaabta oo ka dib loo dooday inuu qaatay Copernicus isagoo aan waxba ka badalin qaabkiisa heliocentric-ka,<ref>{{cite web|date=1999|title=Nasir al-Din al-Tusi|publisher=University of St Andrews|url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Tusi_Nasir/|access-date=27 August 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> iyo qiyaasta pi ee Jamshīd al-Kāshī ma aysan dhaafin 180 sano.<ref>{{cite web |date=1999 |title=Ghiyath al-Din Jamshid Mas'ud al-Kashi |publisher=University of St Andrews |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Kashi/ |access-date=29 December 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg|thumb|Mehmed II oo galaya Constantinople.]] Ka dib markii la soo bandhigay hubka baaruda, dawlado waaweyn oo dhawaan xabbada lahaa oo Muslin ah ayaa ku bashqaday boqortooyoyinka baaruda, kuwaas oo hore u kala qaybsanaay dhulal kala duwan. Khilafada waxaa sheegtay boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta ee Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta iyadoo sheegashadooda la adkeeyay 1517 markii Selim I uu noqday taliyaha Makka iyo Madiina.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Drews |first=Robert |url=https://my.vanderbilt.edu/robertdrews/publications/ |title=Coursebook: Judaism, Christianity and Islam, to the Beginnings of Modern Civilization |date=August 2011 |publisher=Vanderbilt University |chapter=Chapter Thirty – "The Ottoman Empire, Judaism, and Eastern Europe to 1648" |chapter-url=https://my.vanderbilt.edu/robertdrews/files/2014/01/Chapter-Thirty.-The-Ottoman-Empire-Judaism-and-Eastern-Europe-to-1648.pdf |access-date=21 April 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Boqortooyada Shiicada ee Safavid waxay ku korortay awoodda 1501 ka dibna waxay qabsatay dhammaan Iiraan.<ref>Peter B. Golden: An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples; In: Osman Karatay, Ankara 2002, p. 321</ref> Koonfurta Aasiya, Babur wuxuu aasaasay Boqortooyada Mughal.<ref>{{citation|last=Gilbert|first=Marc Jason|title=South Asia in World History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1dhKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA75|year=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-066137-3|pages=75|access-date=15 January 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> Diinta dawladaha ku dhex-jira ee boqortooyoyinka baaruda waxay saamaysay dhaqanka diimeed ee dadkooda ku dhex-jira. Wada-noolaanshaha u dhexeeya taliyayaasha Cusmaaniyiinta iyo Sufinimada wuxuu si adag u saameeyay xukunkii Islaamka ee Cusmaaniyiinta tan iyo bilowgii. Tariiqada Mevlevi iyo Bektashis waxay lahaayeen xiriir dhow oo ay la lahaayeen sultannada,<ref>Ga ́bor A ́goston, Bruce Alan Masters ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire'' Infobase Publishing 2010 {{ISBN|978-1-4381-1025-7}} p. 540</ref> maaddaama noocyada Sufi-suufiyada ah iyo kuwo kale oo sinkretik ah ee Islaamka ay u horumareen si muuqata.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Algar |first=Ayla Esen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fc69BhBDjhwC&q=ottomans+sufism |title=The Dervish Lodge: Architecture, Art, and Sufism in Ottoman Turkey |page=15 |date=1 January 1992 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-07060-8 |access-date=29 April 2020 |via=Google Books |url-status=live }}</ref> Badanaa qasabka dhex-galka Safavid ee Iiraan ee Islaamka Shiicada ee Labada-iyo-tobanlaha ee Boqortooyada Safavid wuxuu xaqiijiyay xukunkii dambe ee Labada-iyo-tobanlaha dhexdiisa Islaamka Shiicada. Soo-galootiga Faarisiga ah ee Koonfurta Aasiya, maaddaama ay ahaayeen maamulayaal saamayntooda leh iyo milkiilayaal dhul, waxay caawiyeen faafinta Islaamka Shiicada, iyagoo dhisay qaar ka mid ah dadka ugu waaweyn ee Shiicada ee ka baxsan Iiraan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/conversion-iii|title=CONVERSION To Imami Shiʿism in India|publisher=Iranica Online|language=English|access-date=6 October 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Nader Shah, oo riday Safavids, wuxuu isku deyey inuu wanaajiyo xiriirka Ahlusunna ee Cusmaaniyiinta iyadoo la faafinayo dhex-galka Islaamka Shiicada ee Labada-iyo-tobanlaha dhexdiisa Islaamka Ahlusunna sida madhabka shanaad, oo loo yaqaan Ja'farism,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Nadir Shah and the Ja 'fari Madhhab Reconsidered |first=Ernest |last=Tucker |journal=Iranian Studies |volume=27 |issue=1–4 |date=1994 |pages=163–179 |doi=10.1080/00210869408701825 |jstor=4310891}}</ref> oo ku dhiirran waayay inuu helo aqoonsi ka soo baxa Cusmaaniyiinta.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Nāder Shāh |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/nader-shah |date=29 March 2006 |first=Ernest |last=Tucker |access-date=9 March 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Casrigii Casriga Ahaa (Qarniyadii 18aad–20aad) === [[File:Portrait Caliph Abdulmecid II.jpg|thumb|Sawirka Khaliifkii ugu dambeeyay Abdülmecid II, ee Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta, 1923.]] Horey qarnigii 14aad, Ibn Taymiyya wuxuu dhiirrigeliyay qaab daahir ah oo Islaamka ah, isagoo diaday hababka falsafada si uu u doorbido fiqhiga fudud,<ref name="ReferenceA">Mary Hawkesworth, Maurice Kogan ''Encyclopedia of Government and Politics: 2-volume set'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-1-136-91332-7}} pp. 270–271</ref> wuxuuna ugu baaqay in loo furo albaabada ijtihadka halkii indho la'aan loogu dayan lahaa aqoonyahannada.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=150}} Wuxuu ugu baaqay jihad ka dhan ah kuwa uu u tixgeliyay gaalo,{{Refn|group=note|Richard Gauvain ''Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-0-7103-1356-0}} p. 6}} laakiin qoraalladiisu waxay lahaayeen oo kaliya doorkii ugu yaraa intii uu babacayay.{{Refn|group=note|Spevack, Aaron (2014). The Archetypal Sunni Scholar: Law, Theology, and Mysticism in the Synthesis of al-Bajuri. SUNY Press. pp. 129–130.}} Qarnigii 18aad ee Carabiya, Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, oo ay saameeyeen shaqooyinka Ibn Taymiyya iyo Ibn al-Qayyim, wuxuu aasaasay dhaqdhaqaaq loo yaqaan Wahhabism si loo laabto waxa uu u arkay Islaamka aan la badalin.<ref>Donald Quataert ''The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922'' Cambridge University Press 2005 {{ISBN|978-0-521-83910-5}} p. 50</ref> Wuxuu cambaareeyay caadooyinka badan ee maxalliga ah ee Islaamka, sida bisitaynta qabriga Muhammad ama Imamyada Shiicada, maaddaama ay yihiin bidco cusub iyo dambi<ref name="ReferenceE">Ga ́bor A ́goston, Bruce Alan Masters ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire'' Infobase Publishing 2010 {{ISBN|978-1-4381-1025-7}} p. 260</ref> wuxuuna burburiyay dhagaxyada iyo geedaha xurmada leh, goobaha Sufida, Qabuuraha al-Baqi, qabuuraha Muhammad iyo asxaabtiisa iyo Qabriga Imam Husayn, oo ah goob muhiim ah oo loo bisiteeyo Shiicada.{{Refn|group=note|Graves desecrated in Mizdah, Libya Herald, 2013}}{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=146}} Wuxuu dhisay isbahaysi uu la leeyahay qoyska Saud, oo marka la joogo 1920-yadii ay dhammaystireen qabsashadooda dhulka noqon doona Sacuudi Carabiya.<ref name="Musa-2022">{{Cite thesis |title=The Emergence of a Scholar from a Garrison Society: A contextual analysis of Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhāb's doctrine in the light of the Qur'ān and Hadīth |url=https://repository.uwtsd.ac.uk/id/eprint/2096/ |publisher=University of Wales Trinity Saint David |date=2022-08-23 |degree=masters |language=en |first=Shahajada Md |last=Musa |access-date=19 December 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Nicolas Laos ''The Metaphysics of World Order: A Synthesis of Philosophy, Theology, and Politics'' Wipf and Stock Publishers 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-4982-0102-5}} p. 177</ref> Ma Wanfu iyo Ma Debao waxay dhiirrigeliyeen dhaqdhaqaaqa salafida qarnigii 19aad sida Sailaifengye ee Shiinaha ka dib markii ay ka soo laabteen Makka laakiin ugu dambeyntii waxaa dhibay oo lagu qasbay inay dhuuntaan kooxaha Sufida.<ref>{{cite book|first=Barry M.|last=Rubin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wEih57-GWQQC&pg=PA79|page=79|title=Guide to Islamist Movements|year=2000|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=0-7656-1747-1|access-date=28 June 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> Kooxaha kale waxay isku deyeyeen inay dib u habayn ku samayso Sufinimada halkii ay ka diadi lahaayeen, iyagoo Senusiyya iyo Muhammad Ahmad ay labadooduba dagaallameen oo ay dhiseen dawlado ku kala yaalla Liibiya iyo Sudaan.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=147}} Hindiya, Shah Waliullah Dehlawi wuxuu isku deyey qaab dib u heshiisiin ah oo ka dhan ah Sufinimada wuxuuna saameeyay dhaqdhaqaaqa Deobandi.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=149}} Jawaab ka dhan ah dhaqdhaqaaqa Deobandi, dhaqdhaqaaqa Barelwi waxaa loo aasaasay sida dhaqdhaqaaq dadweyne, iyadoo la difaacaayay Sufinimada caanka ah oo la dib u habaynayay dhaqankeeda.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robert L. Canfield |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3JhKNSk8tQC&pg=PAPA131 |title=Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52291-5 |pages=131– |access-date=1 December 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sanyal |first=Usha |date=23 July 1998 |title=Generational Changes in the Leadership of the Ahl-e Sunnat Movement in North India during the twentieth Century |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/generational-changes-in-the-leadership-of-the-ahle-sunnat-movement-in-north-india-during-the-twentieth-century/8AAAC4CFEFC4F4084731C3964A5CAE84 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=635–656 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X98003059 |via=Cambridge Core |access-date=23 February 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[File:Interior of Al Aqsa Mosque Jerusalem. 1900-1910 (id.22715311).jpg|thumb|Sannadkii 1969 Dabka Masjidka Al-Aqsa, oo sidoo cuali burburiyay Minbarkii Saladin, wuxuu keenay ver-xaasidnimo taabtay dunida Muslinka wuxuuna ahaa kicin muhiim ah oo loo aasaasay Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka.]] Dunida Muslinka waxay guud ahaan ku jirtay hoos u dhac siyaasadeed markii ay bilaabatay 1800-yadii, gaar ahaan marka la barbardhigo awoodaha Yuuroop ee aan Muslinka ahayn. Horey, qarnigii 15aad, Reconquista waxay ku guuleysatay inay dhameeyo joogitaanka Muslinka ee Iberia. Marka la joogo qarnigii 19aad, British East India Company waxay si rasmi ah u qabsatay boqortooyada Mughal ee Hindiya.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|pp=358, 378–380, 624}} Sida jawaab ka dhan ah Imperialisamka Reer Galbeedka, aqoonyahanno badan waxay isku deyeyeen inay dib u habayn ku samayso Islaamka.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Buzpinar |first=Ş. Tufan |date=March 2007 |title=Celal Nuri's Concepts of Westernization and Religion |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_middle-eastern-studies_2007-03_43_2/page/247 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=247–258 |doi=10.1080/00263200601114091 |jstor=4284539|s2cid=144461915 }}</ref> Casriyeynta Islaamka, oo markii hore loo bixiyay aqoonyahannada Reer Galbeedka sida Salafiyya, waxay soo dhoweysay qiimayaasha casriga ah iyo machadyada sida demokaraasiyada iyadoo la raacaayo qoraallada diinta. Hogaamiyayaasha muhiimka ah ee dhaqdhaqaaqa waxaa ka mid ah Muhammad 'Abduh iyo Jamal al-Din al-Afghani.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lauziere|first=Henri|title=The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-231-17550-0|location=New York, Chichester, West Sussex|pages=231–232}}</ref> Abul A'la Maududi wuxuu caawiyay saamaynta Islaamka siyaasadeed ee casriga ah.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 January 2014 |title=Political Islam: A movement in motion |work=Economist Magazine |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/erasmus/2014/01/political-islam |access-date=1 January 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Wilfred Cantwell |title=Islam in Modern History |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1957 |isbn=0-691-03030-8 |page=233 |author-link=Wilfred Cantwell Smith}}</ref> Sida ku dhow qaanuunka casriga ah, shariicada markii ugu horreysay ayaa qayb ahaan loo qoray shaqo ahaan sannadkii 1869 ku dhex-jirtay koodka Mecelle ee Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta. Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta waxay dissilftay ka dib Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Dunida, Khilafadii Cusmaaniyiinta waa la joojiyay 1924<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 June – 5 July 2000 |title=New Turkey |work=Al-Ahram Weekly |issue=488 |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2000/488/chrncls.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=16 May 2010 }}</ref> iyo Khilafadii Sharifian ee ka dib waxay u dhacday si doob ah,<ref>{{Cite web |last1=الوطن |first1=جريدة |last2=webmaster |date=2020-05-05 |title="مملكة الحجاز".. وقــصـــة الـغــزو المـســلّـــح |url=https://www.al-watan.com/article/230610/NEWS/%C2%AB%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%C2%BB-%D9%88%D9%82%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B5%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%80%D8%BA%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B2%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%80%D8%B3%D9%80%D9%80%D9%84%D9%91%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%AD |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=جريدة الوطن |language=ar |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bani Issa |first=Mohammad Saleh |date=2023-11-01 |title=Factors of stability and sustainable development in Jordan in its first centenary 1921–2021 (an analytical descriptive study) |journal=Heliyon |volume=9 |issue=11 |article-number=e20993 |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20993 |issn=2405-8440 |doi-access=free|pmid=37928029 |pmc=10623165 |bibcode=2023Heliy...920993B }}</ref> sidaas darteed iyadoo ka tagaysa Islaamka oo aan lahayn Khaliif.<ref name="والخلفاء-2023">{{Cite book |last=والخلفاء |first=قصص الخلافة الإسلامية |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r-5EAAAQBAJ |title=قصص الخلافة الإسلامية والخلفاء |date=2023-03-31 |publisher=Austin Macauley Publishers |isbn=978-1-3984-9251-6 |language=en |access-date=26 December 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref> Taageerayaasha Mideynta Islaamka waxay isku deyeyeen inay mideeyaan Muslinka waxayna tartan la galeen awoodaha qarannimada ee korayay, sida Pan-Arabisamka.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doran |first=Michael |title=Pan-Arabism before Nasser: Egyptian power politics and the Palestine question |date=1999 |publisher=Oxford university press |isbn=978-0-19-512361-6 |series=Studies in Middle Eastern history |location=New York Oxford}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Landau |first=Yaʿaqov M. |title=The politics of Pan-Islam: ideology and organization |date=1994 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-827709-5 |edition=[Rev. and updated] paperback (with additions and corr.) |location=Oxford}}</ref> Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka (OIC), oo ka kooban waddamada Muslinka ah, waxaa la aasaasay 1969 ka dib gubiddii Masjidka Al-Aqsa ee Qudus.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 December 2010 |title=Organization of the Islamic Conference |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/country_profiles/1555062.stm |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Xiriirka la la leeyahay waddamada warshadaha leh wuxuu keenay dadka Muslinka ah dhulal cusub iyada oo loo marayo u-guuritaanka dhaqaalaha. Muslin badan ayaa u guuray sida shaqaale heshiis ku jooga (u badan oo ka yimid Hindiya iyo Indoneesiya) Karibiyaanka, iyagoo dhisay dadka ugu waaweyn ee Muslinka ah inta la joogo boqolkiiba ee Ameerika.<ref>{{sfnp|Haddad|Smith|2002|p=271}}</ref> U-guuritaanka ka yimid Siiriya iyo Lubnaan wuxuu ku soo kordhiyay dadka Muslinka ah ee Laatiin Ameerika.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zabel|first=Darcy|title=Arabs in the Americas: Interdisciplinary Essays on the Arab Diaspora|publisher=Peter Lang|year=2006|isbn=9780820481111|location=Austria|page=5}}</ref> Natiijadii magaalooyinka iyo kordhinta ganacsiga ee Afrika ka hooseysa Saxara waxay keentay Muslinka inay degaan dhulal cusub oo ay faafiyaan diintooda, iyadoo lagu qiyaasay inay laba-laabatay dadkeeda Muslinka ah u dhaxeysa 1869 iyo 1914.<ref>{{harvp|Bulliet|2005|p=722}}</ref> === Casrigii ee Horumarsanaa (Qarnigii 20aad–Ilaa Hada) === [[File:13. Session of the Islamic Summit Conference.jpg|thumb|Hoggaamiyeyaasha dalalka Islaamka intii uu socday kalfadhigii 2016 ee Shirka Iskaashiga Islaamka ee Istambul, Turkiga. Trikiiba saddex sano, OIC waxay isku brings dhammaan hoggaamiyeyaasha Muslinka.|upright=1.35]] Aabbayaashii casriyeynta Islaamka waxay saameeyeen dhaqdhaqaaqyada siyaasadda Islaamka sida Ikhwaanul Muslimeen iyo xisbiyada la xiriira ee dunida Carabta,<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 August 2011 |title=Are secular forces being squeezed out of Arab Spring? |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14447820 |access-date=10 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Slackman |first=Michael |date=23 December 2008 |title=Jordanian students rebel, embracing conservative Islam |work=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/24/world/middleeast/24jordan.html |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> kuwaas oo si wanaagsan uga dhex muuqday doorashooyinkii ka dambeeyay Guudkii Carabta,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kirkpatrick |first=David D. |date=3 December 2011 |title=Egypt's vote puts emphasis on split over religious rule |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/04/world/middleeast/egypts-vote-propels-islamic-law-into-spotlight.html |access-date=8 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jamaat-e-Islami ee Koonfurta Aasiya iyo Xisbiga Caddaaladda iyo Horumarinta (AK Party), oo si kemokaraasi ah xukuma Turkiga tobanaan sano. Iiraan, Kacdoonkii Iiraan wuxuu beddelay boqortooyadii laimaaniyadda ee Reer Galbeedku taageerayay iyadoo la dhisay Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah. Kuwa kale sida Sayyid Rashid Rida waxay ka go'een casriyeeyayaasha Islaamka<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lauziere|first=Henri|title=The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-231-17550-0|location=New York, Chichester, West Sussex|page=237|quote="Prior to the fall of the Ottoman Empire, leading reformers who happened to be Salafi in creed were surprisingly open-minded: although they adhered to neo-Hanbali theology. However, the aftermath of the First World War and the expansion of European colonialism paved the way for a series of shifts in thought and attitude. The experiences of Rida offer many examples... he turned against the Shi'is who dared, with reason, to express doubts about the Saudi-Wahhabi project... . Shi'is were not the only victims: Rida and his associates showed their readiness to turn against fellow Salafis who questioned some of the Wahhabis' religious interpretations."}}</ref> waxayna ka hortageen soo dhowaynta waxa uu u arkayay saamaynta Reer Galbeedka.<ref>{{Cite book|last=G. Rabil|first=Robert|title=Salafism in Lebanon: From Apoliticism to Transnational Jihadism|publisher=Georgetown University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-1-62616-116-0|location=Washington DC, US|pages=32–33|quote="Western colonialists established in these countries political orders... that, even though not professing enmity to Islam and its institutions, left no role for Islam in society. This caused a crisis among Muslim reformists, who felt betrayed not only by the West but also by those nationalists, many of whom were brought to power by the West... Nothing reflects this crisis more than the ideological transformation of Rashid Rida (1865–1935)... He also revived the works of Ibn Taymiyah by publishing his writings and promoting his ideas. Subsequently, taking note of the cataclysmic events brought about by Western policies in the Muslim world and shocked by the abolition of the caliphate, he transformed into a Muslim intellectual mostly concerned about protecting Muslim culture, identity, and politics from Western influence. He supported a theory that essentially emphasized the necessity of an Islamic state in which the scholars of Islam would have a leading role... Rida was a forerunner of Islamist thought. He apparently intended to provide a theoretical platform for a modern Islamic state. His ideas were later incorporated into the works of Islamic scholars. Significantly, his ideas influenced none other than Hassan al-Bannah, founder of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt... The Muslim Brethren have taken up Rida's Islamic fundamentalism, a right-wing radical movement founded in 1928,.."}}</ref> Kooxda ISIS waxay xitaa isku deyday inay dib u samayso diinaarkii dahabka ahaa ee casriga ahaa si uu u noqdo pambakooda lacagta. Halka kuwii ka go'ay ay qaarkood ahaayeen kuwa ka gaabsada siyaasadda, kuwo kale waxay rumechsanaayeen dhibaataynta kuwa ka soo horjeeda, xitaa Muslinka kale.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/14/isis-gold-silver-copper-islamic-dinar-coins |title=Isis to mint own Islamic dinar coins in gold, silver and copper |work=The Guardian |date=21 November 2014 |access-date=31 July 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ka hortagga dhaqdhaqaaqyada siyaasadda Islaamka, qarnigii 20aad ee Turkiga, ciidanku waxay sameeyeen afgembiyo si ay xukuumadaha Islaamiga ah uga tuuraan xukanka, sidoo kale xijabka ayaa si sharci ah loo xaddiday, sida ay sidoo kale ka dhacday Tuniisiya.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 April 2011 |title=Huge rally for Turkish secularism |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6604643.stm |access-date=6 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Saleh |first=Heba |date=15 October 2011 |title=Tunisia moves against headscarves |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6053380.stm |access-date=6 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Dhulalka kale, awoodda diinta ayaa la maamulay iyada oo hadda loo arko puppeto oo ay dawladdu maamusho. Tusaale ahaan, Sacuudi Carabiya, dawladdu waxay keligeed maamushay aqoonta diinta<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 June 2007 |title=Laying down the law: Islam's authority deficit |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/international/2007/06/28/islams-authority-deficit |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo Masar, dawladdu waxay qarameysay Jaamacadda Al-Azhar, oo hore u ahayd igo madax-bannaan oo xaddida awoodda dawladda.<ref>{{cite book| title = The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought| last1 = Bowering | first1 = Gerhard | last2=Mirza |first2=Mahan |last3=Crone |first3=Patricia| year = 2013 | publisher = Princeton University Press | page=59| isbn = 9780691134840 }}</ref> Salafiyada waxaa dhaqaale lagu siiyay Bariga Dhexe sababtoo ah ka gaabsashadeeda siyaasadda.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 October 2008 |title=Ultraconservative Islam on rise in Mideast |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna27256187 |access-date=24 September 2013 |publisher=MSNBC |url-status=live }}</ref> Sacuudi Carabiya waxay ololayso ka dhan ah dhaqdhaqaaqyada Islaamiga ah ee kacdoonka ah ee Bariga Dhexe, iyadoo ka soo horjeedda Iiraan.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Almukhtar |first1=Sarah |last2=Peçanha |first2=Sergio |last3=Wallace |first3=Tim |date=5 January 2016 |title=Behind Stark Political Divisions, a More Complex Map of Sunnis and Shiites |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/01/04/world/middleeast/sunni-shiite-map-middle-east-iran-saudi-arabia.html |access-date=6 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Tiro yar oo Muslin ah oo ka soo jeeda qowmiyadaha kala duwan ayaa loo dhibay sida koox diimeed.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thames |first1=Knox |title=Why the Persecution of Muslims Should Be on Biden's Agenda |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/muslims-islam-china-india-myanmar-persecution-repression-biden-human-rights/ |work=Foreign Policy Magazine |date=6 January 2021 |language=English |access-date=5 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Tan waxaa sameeyay xoogagga shuuciga ah sida Khmer Rouge, kuwaas oo u arkayay inay yihiin armigooda koowaad ee la cirbootinayo maaddaama dhaqankooda diimeed uu ka dhigay kuwa ka dhex muuqda dadka kale,<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Perrin |first=Andrew |date=10 October 2003 |title=Weakness in numbers |magazine=Time |url=https://time.com/archive/6894001/weakness-in-numbers/ |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}</ref> Xisbiga Shuuciga Shiinaha ee Xinjiang<ref>{{cite web |last1=Beydoun |first1=Khaled A. |title=For China, Islam is a 'mental illness' that needs to be 'cured' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/china-islam-mental-illness-cured-181127135358356.html |publisher=Al Jazeera |language=English |access-date=5 February 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo xoogagga qarannimada sida intii uu socday xasuuqii Bosniya.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mojzes |first=Paul |title=Balkan Genocides: Holocaust and Ethnic Cleansing in the Twentieth Century |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4422-0663-2|page=178}}</ref> Ciidanka Miyanmaar ee Tatmadaw oo bartilmaameedsanayay Muslinka Rohingya waxaa loogu yeeray dambi ka dhan ah aadamnimada ay sameeyeen Qaraamada Midoobay iyo Amnesty International,<ref>{{cite news |author=Oliver Holmes |date=19 December 2016 |title=Myanmar's Rohingya campaign 'may be crime against humanity' |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/19/myanmars-rohingya-campaign-may-be-against-humanity |url-status=live |access-date=5 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=19 December 2016|title=Rohingya abuse may be crimes against humanity: Amnesty|website=Al Jazeera|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/19/rohingya-abuse-may-be-crimes-against-humanity-amnesty/|access-date=2023-02-21|url-status=live}}</ref> halka Xafiiska Qaraamada Midoobay ee Wakiilka Sare ee Xaqiiqo-raadinta uu ka helay xasuuq, sifeyn qowmiyadeed, iyo dambiyo kale oo ka dhan ah aadamnimada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/MyanmarFFM/Pages/ReportoftheMyanmarFFM.aspx|title=Report of Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar |date=27 August 2018|website=ohchr.org|access-date=14 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Horumarka isgaarsiinta dunida wuxuu teshay faafinta ballaaran ee aqoonta diinta. Qaadashada xijabka waxay noqotay mid ka sii badan<ref>{{Cite news |last=Slackman |first=Michael |date=28 January 2007 |title=In Egypt, a new battle begins over the veil |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/weekinreview/28slackman.html |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo aqoonyahanno badan oo Muslin ah waxay si kordhayay isku deyayaan inay ka soocaan caqiidooyinka diinta Islaamka iyo dhaqammada caadiga ah.{{sfnp|Nigosian|2004|p=41}} Kooxaha kale dhexdiisa, helitaanka macluumaadka wuxuu keenay kordhinta wacdiyayaasha "televangelist" ee caanka ah, sida Amr Khaled, kuwaas oo kula tartama culumada caadiga ah gaaritaankooda oo ay ka dhigeen awoodda diinta mid aan hal xarun ku dhuftayn.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=263}} Sharraxaadaha "gaarka ah" ee Islaamka<ref>V. Šisler: ''The Internet and the Construction of Islamic Knowledge in Europe'' p. 212</ref> waxay si muuqata u dhex-galaan Muslinka Liberaalka ah oo isku deyaya inay waafajiyaan dhaqammada diinta iyo xukunkii laimaaniyadda ee casriga ah,{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=118–119, 179}}{{sfnp|Rippin|2001|p=288}} hab ka mid ah kuwa ay dhaleeceeyeen qaarkood oo ku saabsan waafaqsanaantiisa.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Adams, Charles J.|editor1-last=Esposito|editor1-first=John L.|title=Voices of Resurgent Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/voicesofresurgen00hcen|url-access=registration|date=1983|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/voicesofresurgen00hcen/page/113 113–4] |chapter=Maududi and the Islamic State|quote=[Maududi believed that] when religion is relegated to the personal realm, men inevitably give way to their bestial impulses and perpetrate evil upon one another. In fact it is precisely because they wish to escape the restraints of morality and the divine guidance that men espouse secularism.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Meisami|first=Sayeh|date=2013|title='Abdolkarim Soroush |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0034.xml|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-12 |website=Oxford Bibliographies|language=en}}</ref> Sidoo kale, laimaaniyaddu waxaa loo arkaa fikrad shisheeye oo ay ku soo impose gareeyeen qabsadayaashii oo ay adkeeyeen maamulayaasha ka dambeeyay gumeysiga,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Secularism, State Neutrality, and Islam|author=Abdullah Saeed|encyclopedia=The Oxford Handbook of Secularism|editor1=Phil Zuckerman|editor2=John R. Shook |url=http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/abstract/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199988457-e-12|year=2017|page=188 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.013.12|isbn=978-0-19-998845-7|access-date=7 August 2023|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref> oo inta badan loo fahmo inay u dhiganto ka-horjeedda diinta.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Nader Hashemi|title=Secularism|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0714|access-date=7 August 2023|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref> == Tirada Dadka == {{Main|Dunida Muslinka|Ummah}} {{See also|Islaamka waddan ahaan|Koraanka dadka Muslinka ah}} [[File:2020+ Proportion of people in world religions.svg |thumb|Boqolkiiba inta qof ee diimaha dunida. Muslinku waxay ka yihiin dhawaan 25.6% dadka dunida, taas oo ah tiro yar oo ka hooseysa Masiixiyiinta.<ref name=Pew_20250609>{{cite web |last1=Hackett |first1=Conrad |last2=Stonawski |first2=Marcin |last3=Tong |first3=Yunping |last4=Kramer |first4=Stephanie |last5=Shi |first5=Anne |last6=Fahmy |first6=Dalia |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |publisher=Pew Research Center |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260222070137/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |archive-date=22 February 2026 |date=9 June 2025 |url-status=live |quote=Source: Pew Research Center estimates based on more than 2,700 censuses and surveys. "How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020"}}</ref>]] Marka la joogo 2020, dhawaan 25.6% dadka dunida, ama dhawaan 2&nbsp;bilyan oo qof, waa Muslin.<ref name="pewresearch.orgReligion">{{Cite web |title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/interactives/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |date=21 December 2022 |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128120036/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/interactives/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="www.pewresearch.org-2022">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2022 |title=Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project - Research and data from Pew Research Center |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205195540/https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |archive-date=5 February 2023 |access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/|title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population|date=27 January 2011|access-date=26 October 2022|archive-date=30 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930233955/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/08/09/muslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world/ | title=Muslims and Islam: Key findings in the U.S. and around the world | date=9 August 2017 | access-date=19 December 2022 | archive-date=8 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108121140/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/08/09/muslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Pew-Growth-2017">{{cite web |last1=Lipka |first1=Michael |last2=Hackett |first2=Conrad |author-link2=Conrad Hackett |title=Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514123559/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |archive-date=2019-05-14 |website=Fact Tank |publisher=Pew Research Center |date=2017-04-06 |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> Sannadkii 1900, qiyaastani waxay ahayd 12.3%,<ref name="Barrett-2001">{{cite book |last1=Barrett |first1=David B. |last2=Kurian |first2=George T. |last3=Johnson |first3=Todd M. |title=World Christian Encyclopedia: A Comparative Survey of Churches and Religions in the Modern World |volume=1: The World by Countries: Religionists, Churches, Ministries |edition=2nd |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |page=4 |isbn=978-0195079630 |language=en}}</ref> sannadkii 1990 waxay ahayd 19.9%<ref name="Pew Research Center-2011">{{Cite report |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |publisher=Pew Research Center |access-date=27 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209094904/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=9 February 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> iyada oo saadaalintu ay muujinayso in heerku noqon doono 29.7% marka la joogo 2050.{{rp|8}} Ugu kooban uturjumaadda Pew ee 2020 waxay heshay in dadka Muslinka ah ee dunidu ay ahaayeen kooxda diimeed ee ugu koraanka badnayd tobankii sano, inta badan sababtoo ah Muslinku waxay u janjeeraan inay ku yar yihiin da'da oo ay leeyihiin heer dhalmo oo sarreeya—laba walxood oo muhiim ah oo kexeeya koraanka caadiga ah ee dadka.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett|author2=Marcin Stonawski|author3=Yunping Tong|author4=Stephanie Kramer|author5=Anne Shi|author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf|access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Pew Research Center |page=9|quote=Increases in the global Muslim population are largely due to Muslims having a relatively young age structure and high fertility rate, two characteristics that result in natural population growth.}}</ref>{{rp|9}} Sida ku xuso qiyaasta dadka ee 2020, 65% dadka Muslinka ah waxay ku dhex jiraan toban waddan, iyada oo dadka ugu waaweyni ay ku nool yihiin Indoneesiya, Bakistaan, Hindiya, Bangaladeesh, Nayjeeriya, Masar, Iiraan, Turkiga, Sudaan, iyo Aljeeriya, marka loo eego sida ay u kala hooseeyaan. Indoneesiya waxay xarun u tahay ka badan 230,000,000 oo Muslin ah, Bakistaan ka badan 220,000,000, Hindiya ka badan 210,000,000, Bangaladeesh ka badan 150,000,000, Nayjeeriya ka badan 110,000,000, Masar ka badan 100,000,000, Iiraan iyo Turkiga midkiiba ka badan 80,000,000, iyo Sudaan iyo Aljeeriya midkiiba ka badan 40,000,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/muslim-population-change/|title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020: 3. Muslim population change|date=9 June 2025|access-date=12 February 2026|website=Pew Research Center}}</ref>[[File:Islam percent population in each nation World Map Muslim data by Pew Research.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Boqolkiiba Muslinka ee dunida waddan ahaan.<ref name="pew2015" />]]Sida ku xuso warbixin ay soo saartay CNN, "Islaamku wuxuu soo jiitay dad soo Islaamay oo ka soo jeeda dhammaan heerarka nolosha, gaar ahaan Ameerikanka ka soo jeeda Afrika".<ref>{{cite news |title=Fast-growing Islam winning converts in Western world |publisher=CNN |url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9704/14/egypt.islam/ |access-date=6 May 2016 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015114027/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9704/14/egypt.islam/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ingiriiska, dhawaan 6,000 oo qof ayaa soo Islaama sannad walba, iyada oo sida ku xuso maqaal ku jira British Muslims Monthly Survey, badanka dadka cusub ee soo Islaama ee Ingiriiska ay ahaayeen dumarka.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/bmms/2000/06June00.asp#Women%20convert |title=British Muslims Monthly Survey for June 2000, Vol. VIII, No. 6 |at=Women convert |access-date=2020-09-28 |archive-date=2008-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214160750/http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/bmms/2000/06June00.asp#Women%20convert |url-status=live}}</ref> Sida ku xuso The Huffington Post, "ilaaliyayaashu waxay qiyaasayaan in illaa 20,000 oo Ameerikan ah ay soo Islaamaan sannad walba", badankoodu ay yihiin dumarka iyo Muslinka Ameerikanka ka soo jeeda Afrika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-08-24 |title=Conversion To Islam One Result Of Post-9/11 Curiosity |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/post-911-islam-converts_n_935572 |access-date=2020-11-26 |website=HuffPost |language=en |archive-date=2021-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111201117/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/post-911-islam-converts_n_935572 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author-first=Julie |author-last=Bindel |author-link=Julie Bindel |title=Why do Western Women Convert? |url=http://standpointmag.co.uk/features-may-10-why-do-western-women-convert-julie-bindel-islam-female-conversion |access-date=8 May 2016 |work=Standpoint |date=26 April 2010 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006102003/http://standpointmag.co.uk/features-may-10-why-do-western-women-convert-julie-bindel-islam-female-conversion |url-status=live}}</ref> Sidoo kale boqolkiiba iyo tirada guud ahaan, Islaamku waa kooxda diimeed ee ugu koraanka badan dunida, iyadoo la saadaalinayo inay noqoto ta ugu weyn dunida dhamaadka qarniga 21aad, iyadoo ka badanaysa Masiixiyada. Waxaa lagu qiyaasay in marka la joogo 2050, tirada Muslinka ay u dhowaan doonto tirada Masiixiyiinta ee dunida, "sababtoo ah da'da yar iyo heerka dhalmo ee sarreeya ee Muslinka marka loo barbardhigo kooxaha kale ee diimaha."{{rp|70}} === Xituunta Pew Research === Dhawaan 49 waddan ayaa ah kuwo dadka ugu badan ee ku nooli ay Muslin yihiin,{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=11}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ba-Yunus |first1=Ilyas |title=Muslims in the United States |last2=Kone, Kassim |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2006 |page=[https://archive.org/details/muslimsunitedsta00bayu/page/n186 172] |url=https://archive.org/details/muslimsunitedsta00bayu |url-access=registration |isbn=978-0-313-32825-1}}</ref><ref name="Pew-Landscape-2012">{{cite report |author=The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life |title=The Global Religious Landscape: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Major Religious Groups as of 2010 |url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323215026/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf |archive-date=2018-03-23 |date=December 2012 |publisher=Pew Research Center |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=7 March 2018 |title=Islam in Russia |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2018/3/7/islam-in-russia/ |access-date=15 June 2021 |website=Al Jazeera |publisher=Anadolu News Agency |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024349/https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/features/2018/3/7/islam-in-russia |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Book review: Russia's Muslim Heartlands reveals diverse population |date=21 April 2018 |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/book-review-russia-s-muslim-heartlands-reveals-diverse-population-1.723230 |work=The National |access-date=13 January 2019 |archive-date=14 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114210257/https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/book-review-russia-s-muslim-heartlands-reveals-diverse-population-1.723230 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyada oo 62% Muslinka dunidu ay ku nool yihiin Aasiya, halka 683 milyan oo taabacsan ay ku nool yihiin Indoneesiya, Bakistaan, Hindiya, iyo Bangaladeesh keligood.<ref name="Pew-Projections-2050">{{cite web |title=10 Countries With the Largest Muslim Populations, 2010 and 2050 |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/muslims/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables74/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207115222/http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/muslims/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables74/ |archive-date=2017-02-07 |website=Pew Research Center |publisher=Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life |date=2015-04-02 |type=Projections table |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Secrets of Islam |url=https://www.usnews.com/usnews/graphics/religion/islams_global_reach.htm |access-date=24 September 2013 |website=U.S. News & World Report |archive-date=22 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122200555/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/graphics/religion/islams_global_reach.htm |url-status=live }} Information provided by the International Population Center, Department of Geography, San Diego State University (2005).</ref>{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|pp=15, 17}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pechilis |first1=Karen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C |title=South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today |last2=Raj |first2=Selva J. |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-44851-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C&pg=PA193 193] |access-date=3 May 2019 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024331/https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslinka Carabta ah waxay samayeeyaan kooxda qowmiyadeed ee ugu weyn Muslinka dhexdeeda ee dunida,<ref name="Nydell-2005">{{cite book |last=Nydell |first=Margaret Kleffner |title=Understanding Arabs: A Guide for Modern Times |edition=4th |location=Yarmouth, Maine |publisher=Intercultural Press |year=2005 |pages=xxiii, 14 |isbn=978-1931930253 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNoiieefqAcC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024737/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNoiieefqAcC |archive-date=2023-12-28 |language=en}}</ref> waxaa ku xiga Bangaaliyiinta<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Eaton|editor=Barbara D. Metcalf|title=Islam in South Asia in Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pR0LzVCpfw8C|date=8 September 2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-3138-8|page=275|chapter=Forest Clearing and the Growth of Islam in Bengal}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=haGORCJRlOUC&pg=PA50 |title=The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics |author1=Meghna Guhathakurta |author2=Willem van Schendel |page=50 |date=30 April 2013 |publisher=Duke University Press |access-date=7 November 2016 |isbn=978-0822353188 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707092408/https://books.google.com/books?id=haGORCJRlOUC&pg=PA50 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo Bunjaabiinta.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Rajmohan|title=Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten|year=2013|page=1|publisher=Aleph Book Company|location=New Delhi, India, Urbana, Illinois|isbn=978-93-83064-41-0}}.</ref> Qiyaasaha badankood waxay muujinayaan in Shiinaha ay ku nool yihiin dhawaan 20 illaa 30 milyan oo Muslin ah (1.5% illaa 2% dadka waddanka).<ref>{{cite web |work=The World Factbook |title=Explore All Countries – China |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/ |access-date=15 September 2009 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |archive-date=13 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213122152/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=China (includes Hong Kong, Macau, and Tibet) |website=Archived Content |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm |access-date=24 September 2013 |publisher=U.S. Department of State |archive-date=10 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710075050/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Islaamka ka jira Yurub waa diinta labaad ee ugu weyn Masiixiyadda ka dib waddamo badan dhexdeeda, iyada oo heerarka koraanka ay inta badan ku yimaadaan soogalootiga iyo heerka dhalmo ee sarreeya ee Muslinka ee 2005,<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 December 2005 |title=Muslims in Europe: Country guide |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4385768.stm |access-date=1 April 2010 |archive-date=29 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929213440/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4385768.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> taas oo samaynaysay 4.9% dhammaan dadka Yurub ee 2016.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/11/29/5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe/|title=5 facts about the Muslim population in Europe|date=November 29, 2017|work=Pew Research Center|first=Conrad|last=Hackett|access-date=17 January 2023|archive-date=5 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105202657/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/11/29/5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sida ku xuso Xituunta Pew Research, soo Islaamidda ma laha saameyn weyn oo saafi ah oo ku saabsan koraanka dadka Muslinka ah maadaama "tirada dadka ku soo Islaama diinta ay u dhowdahay inay la mid tahay tirada Muslinka ah ee ka baxda diinta."<ref>{{Cite report |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |section=Conversion |date=27 January 2011 |publisher=Pew Research Center |section-url=https://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-related-factors/#conversion |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |quote=there is no substantial net gain or loss in the number of Muslims through conversion globally; the number of people who become Muslims through conversion seems to be roughly equal to the number of Muslims who leave the faith |access-date=12 May 2020 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211126/http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bagse, Islaamku wuxuu ka helayaa faa'iido yar oo ah 3 milyan oo qof marka loo eego isbeddelka diimaha u dhexeya 2010 iyo 2050, inta badan ka timaada Afrika Sub-Sahara (2.9 milyan).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf|title=Cumulative Change Due to Religious Switching, 2010–2050, p.43|access-date=4 May 2016|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150429153811/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf|archive-date=29 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/|title=The Changing Global Religious Landscape|work=Pew Research Center|date=5 April 2017|access-date=17 December 2022|archive-date=18 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218030628/https://www.pewforum.org/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sida ku xuso uturjumaadda Pew ee 2020, dhawaan 1% dadka waaweyn ee ku soo koray Muslimnimada ayaa ka baxa diinta, halka boqolkiiba la mid ah —dhawaan 1%— ay ka soo Islaamaan diimaha kale, taas oo keenta heer hoose oo isbeddel diimeed ah oo soo gala ama ka baxa Islaamka.<ref name="pew2029">{{Cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett|author2=Marcin Stonawski|author3=Yunping Tong|author4=Stephanie Kramer|author5=Anne Shi|author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf|access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US|page=39|quote=Muslims and Hindus have been the least likely to gain or lose adherents from religious switching. About one in every 100 adults raised Muslim (or Hindu) has left their childhood religion, and a similar number from a different religious category have switched into Islam (or Hinduism).}}</ref> Mutaaniqada Islaamka ka baxday waxay u janjeeraan inay u wareegaan diin kale halkii ay ka noqon lahaayeen kuwo aan diin lahayn. == Qaybaha Waaweyn == {{Main|Xiriirka Shiicada iyo Sunnada|Qadiir Khum|Saqiifa|Ciidul Qadiir}} === Matalaadda Qadiir Khum iyo Saqiifa === [[File:Chronology of Ancient Nations, f.162r miniature.jpg|thumb|Magacaabiddii Cali uu Muxammad ku magacaabay Qadiir Khum, 1307 AD fardawsa Ilkhanid.]] Tukhtaan muhiim ah ayaa ka dhacay 632 ee Qadiir Khum, halkaas oo Muxammad, obo yar ka hor dhimashadiisa, uu gacanta ku qabtay Cali, oo ahaa ina-adeerkii iyo seedigii, uu ka jeediyay khudbad uu ku yiri "Kii aan ahay ''mowlahiisa'', Cali waa ''mowlahiisa''."<ref>{{cite book |title=The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam |author-first=Maria Massi |author-last=Dakake |year=2007 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9780791470336 |author-link=Maria Massi Dakake}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Veccia Vaglieri|first=L.|date=2012|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/*-SIM_2439|section=G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm|publisher=Brill|access-date=July 14, 2023|isbn=9789004161214|archive-date=14 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714174420/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/*-SIM_2439|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfnp|Campo|2009|pp=257–258}} Ereyga mowla wuxuu leeyahay macnayaal kala duwan oo ku xiran xaaladda, oo ay ku jiraan sayid, ilaaliye, xulafo, taageere, iyo mid awood leh. Shiicada dhexdeeda, waxaa loo fahmaa magacaabidda rasmiga ah ee Muxammad uu Cali uga dhigay beddelkiisa. Sunnadu sidoo kale waxay aqbashaa in tukhtaankii Qadiir Khum uu dhacay iyadoo Muxammad uu yiri hadalkaas ku saabsan Cali. Bagse, uma tarjumaan hadalka inuu yahay magacaabidda Cali ee beddelka Muxammad. Muslinka Sunnada ah waxay u tarjumaan ereyga mowla xaaladdan inuu u muuqdo saaxiib dhow, taageere, ama mid mudan daacadnimo iyo kalsooni. Sidaas darteed, waxay u arkaan bayaanka inuu yahay caddayn ah xushmadda Muxammad uu u hayay Cali, iyagoo hoos u dhigaya muhiimadda tukhtaanka. Kalfadhigii Saqiifa wuxuu dhacay obo yar ka dib dhimashadii Muxammad ee 632, halkaas oo Abu Bakar looga doortay beddelkiisa oo uu ku noqday Khaliifkii koowaad. Saqiifa waxay ka mid tahay tukhtaannada ugu muranka badan Islaamka, sababtoo ah ka saarida tiro badan oo ka mid ah Saxaabada Muxammad, oo ay ku jiraan Ahlul Bayt iyo gaar ahaan Cali. Cali iyo tiro badan oo ka mid ah qoyska Muxammad waxay weli ku jireen aasitaanka nabiga markii uu tukhtaanku dhacayay.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Foody |first=Kathleen |date=September 2015 |title=Interiorizing Islam: Religious Experience and State Oversight in the Islamic Republic of Iran |editor-last=Jain |editor-first=Andrea R. |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=599–623 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/lfv029 |doi-access=free |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Academy of Religion |eissn=1477-4585 |issn=0002-7189 |jstor=24488178 |lccn=sc76000837 |oclc=1479270 |quote=For Shiʿi Muslims, Muhammad not only designated Ali as his friend, but appointed him as his successor—as the "lord" or "master" of the new Muslim community. Ali and his descendants would become known as the Imams, divinely guided leaders of the Shiʿi communities, sinless, and granted special insight into the Qurʾanic text. The theology of the Imams that developed over the next several centuries made little distinction between the authority of the Imams to politically lead the Muslim community and their spiritual prowess; quite to the contrary, their right to political leadership was grounded in their special spiritual insight. While in theory, the only just ruler of the Muslim community was the Imam, the Imams were politically marginal after the first generation. In practice, Shiʿi Muslims negotiated varied approaches to both interpretative authority over Islamic texts and governance of the community, both during the lifetimes of the Imams themselves and even more so following the disappearance of the twelfth and final Imam in the ninth century.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Foody |first=Kathleen |date=September 2015 |editor-last=Jain |editor-first=Andrea R. |title=Interiorizing Islam: Religious Experience and State Oversight in the Islamic Republic of Iran |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Academy of Religion |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=599–623 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/lfv029 |issn=0002-7189 |eissn=1477-4585 |jstor=24488178 |lccn=sc76000837 |oclc=1479270 |quote=For Shiʿi Muslims, Muhammad not only designated Ali as his friend, but appointed him as his successor—as the "lord" or "master" of the new Muslim community. Ali and his descendants would become known as the Imams, divinely guided leaders of the Shiʿi communities, sinless, and granted special insight into the Qurʾanic text. The theology of the Imams that developed over the next several centuries made little distinction between the authority of the Imams to politically lead the Muslim community and their spiritual prowess; quite to the contrary, their right to political leadership was grounded in their special spiritual insight. While in theory, the only just ruler of the Muslim community was the Imam, the Imams were politically marginal after the first generation. In practice, Shiʿi Muslims negotiated varied approaches to both interpretative authority over Islamic texts and governance of the community, both during the lifetimes of the Imams themselves and even more so following the disappearance of the twelfth and final Imam in the ninth century. |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Amir-Moezzi |author-first=Mohammad Ali |title=Ghadīr Khumm |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=Third |editor1-first=Kate |editor1-last=Fleet |editor2-first=Gudrun |editor2-last=Krämer |editor3-first=Denis |editor3-last=Matringe |editor4-first=John |editor4-last=Nawas |editor5-first=Devin J. |editor5-last=Stewart |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419 |year=2014 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419 |isbn=9789004269613 |author-link=Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Muslinka Sunnada ah waxay qabaan in Muxammad uu u daayay doorashada beddelkiisa bulshada, sidaas darteedna waxay u arkaan doorashadii Abu Bakar ee saxaabada inay ahayd mid sharci ah. Muslinka Shiicada ah waxay adkaynayaan in Cali hore loogu magacaabay beddelka Muxammad ee tukhtaankii Qadiir Khum, sidaas darteedna waxay u arkaan tukhtaannadii Saqiifa inay ahaayeen kuwo dhaafay xaqiisii beddelka. Dhibaatada beddelka waxay noqotay sababtii ugu horreysay ee qeybsanaanta Muslinka oo keentay soo bixitaanka labada qaybood ee waaweyn ee Islaamka, Sunna iyo Shiica. === Islaamka Sunnada ah === {{Main|Islaamka Sunnada ah}} [[File:Khalili Collection Islamic Art mss 0311 fol 190b-191a.jpg|thumb|Faraq-qoraal ah oo [[Saxiix al-Bukhari]] ah oo ka soo jeeda qarnigii 14aad, ururintii ugu horreysay ee [[xadiis]] ee [[Kutub al-Sittah|Lixda Buug]] ee [[Islaamka Sunnada ah]].]] Islaamka Sunnada ah waa qaybta ugu weyn ee Islaamka iyada oo ah mhabka diimeed ee ugu weyn dunida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of religious populations {{!}} Largest Religions, Smallest Religions, Lists, Data, & Overview {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/List-of-religious-populations|access-date=2025-07-24|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sunni |title=Sunni |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=17 September 2021 |archive-date=30 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430101807/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/574006/Sunnite |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Sunni Islam |editor-first=John L. |editor-last=Esposito |encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2014 |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2280 |access-date=10 January 2010 |archive-date=5 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005013247/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2280 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Denny-2010">{{cite book |last=Denny |first=Frederick |author-link=Frederick M. Denny |title=Sunni Islam: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |page=3 |isbn=978-0199804153 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D5_N97bAiJ0C&pg=PA3 |quote=Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community, and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority (85 to 90%) of that community. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lawson |first1=Russell M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_krEEAAAQBAJ&dq=islam+based+on+the+teachings+of+muhammad&pg=PA419 |title=Science in the Ancient World: From Antiquity through the Middle Ages |date=23 September 2021 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-4408-7353-9 |page=419 |language=en}}</ref> Ereygu waa gaabinta weedha "''Ahl as-Sunnah wa al-Jama'ah''", oo macnaheedu yahay "dadka [[Sunnah|sunnada]] (dhaqankii Muxammad) iyo jamacaadka".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Ahl as-Sunnah |encyclopedia=Islam Ansiklopedisi |publisher=Turkish Diyanet Foundation |location=Istanbul |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ehl-i-sunnet |last=Yavuz |first=Yusuf Şevki |date=1994 |volume=10 |pages=525–530 |lang=tr |access-date=28 December 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228114411/https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ehl-i-sunnet |url-status=live }}</ref> Islaamka Sunnada ah mararka qaarkood waxaa loo yaqaanaa "Islaamka Ortodokska ah",<ref>{{cite book |author1=John Richard Thackrah |title=Dictionary of Terrorism |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1135165956 |edition=2, revised |page=252}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Status of Women Under Islamic Law and Modern Islamic Legislation |date=2009 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9004172739 |editor1-last=Nasir |editor1-first=Jamal J. |edition=revised |page=11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=George W. Braswell |title=What You Need to Know about Islam & Muslims |date=2000 |publisher=B&H Publishing Group |isbn=978-0805418293 |edition=illustrated |page=62}}</ref> ingawa aqoonyahanada qaar ay u arkaan inaysan habboonayn, iyada oo Sunni-nimada ka baxsan ay dad badan u arki karaan fahan xumaan.<ref>An Introduction to the Hadith. John Burton. Published by Edinburgh University Press. 1996. p. 201. Cite: "Sunni: Of or pertaining ''sunna'', especially the ''Sunna'' of the Prophet. Used in conscious opposition to Shi'a, Shi'í. There being no ecclesia or centralized magisterium, the translation 'orthodox' is inappropriate. To the Muslim 'unorthodox' implies heretical, ''mubtadi'', from ''bid'a'', the contrary of ''sunna'' and so 'innovation'."</ref> Sunnadu waxay adkaynaysaa in Muxammad uusan magacaabin beddel, wuxuuna u dhaafay doorashada beddelkiisa bulshada, sidaas darteedna waxay u arkaan doorashadii Abu Bakar ee Saqiifa inay ahayd mid sharci ah. Muslinka Sunnada ah waxay inta badan u noqdaan lixda buug ee xadiiska ee waaweyn arrimaha sharciga, iyagoo u raaca mid ka mid ah afar madhabood ee fiqhiga: [[Hanafi school|Xanafi]], [[Hanbali school|Xanbali]], [[Maliki school|Maaliki]], [[Shafi'i school|Shaafi'i]].<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|pp=275, 306}}</ref> Cilmiga tawxiidka ee athariga ah waa madhab Sunni ah oo feker ah, oo uu si weyn ugu doodi jiray Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780–855 CE), oo lagu garto u noqoshada fahanka qoraalka ah ee Qur'aanka iyo sunnada, aמונה ah in Qur'aanku yahay mid aan la abuurin oo weligeed ah, iyo ka soo horjeeda cilmiga caqliga, ee loo yaqano kalam, marka loo eego arrimaha diinta iyo anshaxa.<ref>Hadi Enayat ''Islam and Secularism in Post-Colonial Thought: A Cartography of Asadian Genealogies'' Springer Publishing, 30 June 2017 {{ISBN|978-3-319-52611-9}} p.48</ref> Maaturidiyada, oo uu aasaasay Abu Mansur al-Maturidi (853–944 CE), waxay leedahay qoraalka la soo dejiyay looma baahna anshaxa asaasiga ah iyada oo wanaagga iyo xawliga lagu fahmi karo caqliga keligiis,<ref>Rico Isaacs, Alessandro Frigerio ''Theorizing Central Asian Politics: The State, Ideology and Power'' Springer Publishing 2018 {{ISBN|978-3-319-97355-5}} p. 108</ref> laakiin dadku waxay u noqdaan waxyiga arrimaha ka baxsan fahanka bahaamka. Ash'ariyada, oo uu aasaasay Al-Ashʿarī (c. 874–936), waxay leedahay anshaxu wuxuu ka imaan karaa oo keliya waxyiga rabbaaniga ah laakiin waxay aqbashaa caqliga arrimaha fasiraadda waxayna isku dartaa hababka Mu'tazilada iyo fikradaha athariga.<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|1999|p=280}}</ref> Salafiyadu waa doonis dib u cusboonaysiin ah oo u dooda u noqoshada dhaqankii qgeneration-kii ugu horreeyay ee Muslinka. Qarnigii 18aad, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab wuxuu kexeeyay dhaqdhaqaaq Salafi ah, oo dadka ka baxsan ay u yaqaanaan Wahaabiya, waddanka maanta loo yaqano Sacuudi Carabiya.<ref>Richard Gauvain ''Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-0-7103-1356-0}} page 8</ref> Dhaqdhaqaaq la mid ah oo loo yaqano Ahl al-Hadith ayaa sidoo kale hoos u dhigay dhaqanka sharciga Sunniga ah ee qarniyada jiray, iyagoo door biday inay si toos ah u raacaan Qur'aanka iyo Xadiiska. Dhaqdhaqaaqa Sunniga ah ee Nurcu waxaa aasaasay Said Nursi (1877–1960); wuxuu isku darayaa qaybo ka mid ah Tasawufka iyo sayniska.<ref name="Svante E. Cornell p. 283">Svante E. Cornell ''Azerbaijan Since Independence'' M.E. Sharpe {{ISBN| 9780765630049}} p. 283</ref><ref>Robert W. Hefner ''Shariʻa Politics: Islamic Law and Society in the Modern World'' Indiana University Press 2011 {{ISBN|978-0-253-22310-4}} p. 170</ref> === Islaamka Shiicada ah === {{Main|Islaamka Shiicada ah}} [[File:Folio from a Nahj al-Balagha.gif|thumb|Warqad gacan-qoraal ah oo ka timaada Nahj al-Balagha, ee taariikhdeedu tahay 1149 AD. Nahj al-Balagha waa ururin khudbado, waraaqo, iyo hadallo ah oo uu leeyahay Cali. Waxaa loo arkaa inay ka mid tahay kuwa ugu muhiimsan ee suugaanta Carabiga iyada oo ka joogta meel sare Islaamka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda.]] Islaamka Shiicada ah waa qaybta labaad ee ugu weyn Islaamka iyo mid ka mid oo ka mid ah mhabada diimeed ee ugu waaweyn dunida.<ref>{{cite web |title=Field Listing :: Religions |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706231326/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |archive-date=6 July 2010 |access-date=25 October 2010 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |quote=Sunni Islam accounts for over 75% of the world's Muslim population." ... "Shia Islam represents 10–15% of Muslims worldwide.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sunni |url=https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/sunni |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614103622/https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/sunni |archive-date=14 June 2020 |access-date=24 May 2020 |publisher=Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs |quote=Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam, comprising about 85% of the world's over 1.5 billion Muslims.}}</ref>{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=1|ps=. "Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims."}} Ereygu waa gaabinta weedha "''Shīʿat ʿAlī''", oo macnaheedu yahay "xisbigii Cali". Muslinka Shiicada ah waxay adkaynayaan in Muxammad uu magacaabay ina-adeerkii iyo seedigii, Cali, inuu noqdo beddelkiisa.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shii|title=Shiʿi|last=Newman|first=Andrew J.|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=28 December 2021|archive-date=20 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720054917/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shii|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2004 |title=Sunni Islam |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa |publisher=MacMillan Reference |editor-last=Philip Mattar |edition=2nd |author1=Tayeb El-Hibri|author2=Maysam J. al Faruqi}}</ref> Cali waxaa ku xigay silsilad Imaamyo ah oo Ilaah magacaabay oo ka soo jeeda qoyska Muxammad ([[Ahl al-Bayt|Ahlul Bayt]]). Mhabka ugu weyn ee Islaamka Shiicada ah, Shiicada Laba-iyo-Tobanka ah, waxay aqoonsan yihiin Laba-iyo-Tobanka Imaam inay yihiin hoggaamiyeyaasha Ilaah magacaabay, iyadoo ka bilaabanaysa Cali keligiis oo ku dheehanaysa Mahdiga, oo la rumeysan yahay inuu ku jiro qoyanaanta loona fadhiyo inuu dib u soo laabto Dhamaadka Sannadaha si uu u aasaaso caddaalad oo uu caawin doono Ciise. Islaamka Shiicada ah wuxuu muhiimad gaar ah siiyaa Ahlul Bayt (qoyska Muxammad), kuwaas oo Muslinka Shiicada ah ay u arkaan inay leeyihiin awood diimeed iyo ruhani ah oo Ilaah siiyay. Qur'aanka, teachings-ka Muxammad (Sunnah), iyo Imaamyada waxay samayeeyaan asaaska ugu muhiimsan ee fekerka diimeed iyo fiqhiga Shiicada. Muslinka Shiicada ah waxaa kexeeya madhabka Jacfariyada ee fiqhiga.<ref>{{Cite book |author1=John Corrigan|author2=Frederick Denny|author3=Martin S Jaffee|author4=Carlos Eire |year=2011 |title=Jews, Christians, Muslims: A Comparative Introduction to Monotheistic Religions |publisher= Cambridge University Press |id=978-0205026340 }}</ref> Ururinta ugu muhiimsan ee xadiiska ee Islaamka Shiicada ah waa Afarta Buug ee Sharciga ah, oo loo yaqano Kitab al-Kafi, Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih, Tahdhib al-Ahkam, iyo Al-Istibsar. Islaamka Shiicada ah wuxuu ka kooban yahay dhowr qaybood, ta ugu weyn oo ugu muhiimsan waxay tahay Shiicada Laba-iyo-Tobanka ah, oo ay ku xigaan qaybaha yar ee Ismaaciiliyad iyo Saydiyad.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social and Military History |editor-first1=Spencer C. |editor-last1=Tucker |editor2=Priscilla Mary Roberts |year=2008 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-842-2 |page=917 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC&pg=PA917 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024726/https://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC&pg=PA917 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Iraq Effect: The Middle East After the Iraq War |first=Frederic M. |last=Wehrey |year=2010 |publisher=Rand Corporation |isbn=978-0-8330-4788-5 |page=91 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-3LAlfW7DIC&pg=PA91 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024742/https://books.google.com/books?id=i-3LAlfW7DIC&pg=PA91#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Newman|first=Andrew J.|author-link=Andrew J. Newman|title=Twelver Shiism: Unity and Diversity in the Life of Islam, 632 to 1722|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-7833-4|chapter=Introduction|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ&pg=PP18|page=2|access-date=13 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501201413/https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ|archive-date=1 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Dagaalkii Karbala, oo uu awoowe u ahaa Nabiga oo ahaa Imaamka saddexaad ee Shiicada, Xuseen ibn Cali, si xun loogu dilay oo madaxa looga jaray iyada oo la dilay badanka xubnaha qoyskiisa, wuxuu siiyay Caliyinta aqoonsi diimeed oo u gaar ah wuxuuna ka qaatay door muhiim ah zhuraalka iyo adkaynta ta noqotay Islaamka Shiicada ah. Wuxuu ka joogaa meel dhexe taariikhda Shiicada, dhaqanka, iyo cilmiga tawxiidka, iyadoo inta badan lagu xuso suugaanta Islaamka. Waa mid ka mid ah waqtiyada ugu murugada badan, muhiimka ah, ee lagu garto taariikhda Islaamka. Dhismaha Imaam Cali ee Najafe, Dhismaha Imaam Xuseen ee Karbala, iyo Dhismaha Imaam Riza ee Mashxad waa saddexda meelood ee ugu xurmada badan ka dib Masjid al-Xaraam ee Makka, Masjid al-Nabawi ee Madiina, iyo Masjid al-Aqsa ee Qudus.<ref name="Sardeg2">{{cite web |last=Escobar |first=Pepe |date=May 24, 2002 |title=Knocking on heaven's door |url=http://www.atimes.com/c-asia/DE24Ag04.html |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020603155002/http://atimes.com/c-asia/DE24Ag04.html |archive-date=June 3, 2002 |access-date=2006-11-12 |work=Asia Times Online |quote=our sixth imam, Imam Sadeg, says that we have five definitive holy places... first is Mecca... second is Medina... third belongs to our first imam of Shia, Ali, which is in Najaf. The fourth belongs to our third imam, Hussein, in Kerbala. The last one belongs to the daughter of our seventh imam and sister of our eighth imam, who is called Fatemah, and will be buried in Qom. |department=Central Asia/Russia}}</ref> Laba-iyo-Tobanka Imaam sidoo xushmad lagu hayaa Islaamka Sunnada ah dhexdeeda iyagoo ah xubno ka mid ah qoyska Nabiga Muxammad iyo shakhsiyaad muhiim ah oo ku jira taariikhda Islaamka, iyadoo Sunnadu ay booqdaan dhismooyinkooda xushmad darteed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Iraqi delegation from the Sunni Endowment visited the Holy Shrine of Imam Ali (PBUH).|url=https://www.alarbaeen.ir/en/news/an-iraqi-delegation-from-the-sunni-endowment-visited-the-holy-shrine-of-imam-ali-pbuh|access-date=2026-02-16|website=www.alarbaeen.ir}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Waziri|first=Adam Isa|date=2022-11-21|title=Sunni Professors, Scholars From Pakistan Visit Imam Husain's Holy Shrine in Karbala » Education Monitor News|url=https://educationmonitornews.com/sunni-professors-scholars-from-pakistan-visit-imam-husains-holy-shrine-in-karbala/|access-date=2026-02-16|website=Education Monitor News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Arooj|date=2024-02-01|title=Sunni scholars from Turkey express happiness upon visiting holy shrine of Imam Hussein|url=https://shiawaves.com/english/uncategorized/100914-sunni-scholars-from-turkey-express-happiness-upon-visiting-holy-shrine-of-imam-hussein/|access-date=2026-02-16|website=Shia Waves|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-16|title=Iraqi Sunni Friday prayer leaders visit Imam Reza (AS) holy shrine|url=https://en.hawzahnews.com/news/358808/Iraqi-Sunni-Friday-prayer-leaders-visit-Imam-Reza-AS-holy-shrine|access-date=2026-02-16|website=Hawzah News Agency|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=English Pakistani Sunnis Visit Imam Reza Shrine|url=https://www.shiachat.com/forum/topic/235051393-english-pakistani-sunnis-visit-imam-reza-shrine/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617090149/https://www.shiachat.com/forum/topic/235051393-english-pakistani-sunnis-visit-imam-reza-shrine/|archive-date=2025-06-17|access-date=2026-02-16|website=ShiaChat.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-14|title=Sunni Cleric: Imam Reza Shrine a Center for Unifying Muslims|url=https://en.abna24.com/news/664698/Sunni-Cleric-Imam-Reza-Shrine-a-Center-for-Unifying-Muslims|access-date=2026-02-17|website=ABNA English|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Imam Reza (A.S.) Is the Symbol of Unity among Islamic Sects.|url=https://www.alarbaeen.ir/en/news/imam-reza-as-is-the-symbol-of-unity-among-islamic-sects|access-date=2026-02-17|website=www.alarbaeen.ir}}</ref> {{multiple image | align = center | image1 = ImamAliShrine2026.jpg | width1 = 217 | alt1 = | caption1 = Dhismaha Imaam Cali ee Najafe, Ciraaq, waxaa loo arkaa Muslinka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda inuu yahay meesha ugu xurmada badan Islaamka ka dib Makka, Madiina iyo Qudus. | image2 = حرم الامام الحسين.jpg | width2 = 218 | alt2 = | caption2 = Dhismaha Imaam Xuseen ee Karbala, Ciraaq, waa meel aad u xurmo badan Islaamka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda. | width3 = 315 | alt3 = | footer = | image3 = ImamReza(A).jpg | caption3 = Dhismaha Imaam Riza ee Mashxad, Iiraan, waa masjidhka ugu weyn dunida iyadoo ka mid ah meelaha ugu xurmada badan Islaamka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda. }} ===== Cibaadiyada ===== {{Main|Muhakkima|Cibaadiyada|Khawaarijta}} Cibaadiyada waa madhab u gaar ah Islaamka waxaana inta badan loo arkaa qaybta saddexaad ee mhabada Islaamka, oo barbar taagan Islaamka Sunnada ah iyo Islaamka Shiicada ah. Xididdadeedu waxay dib u raacaan go'itaankii Khawaarijta ee ka go'een Cali, oo ahaa ina-adeerkii iyo seedigii nabiga Muxammad oo ahaa Imaamkii ugu horreeyay ee Shiicada iyo khaliifkii afaraad ee Khulafo al-Raashidiinta ee Sunnadu. Waxaaba jirta in Cibaadiyiinta casriga ah ay inta badan diadaan in aqiidadooda lagu tilmaamo Khawaarij. Cibaadiyada waxay soo baxday qarniyadii ugu horreeyay ee Islaamka iyadoo ka timaada khilaafaadkii siyaasadeed iyo kuwa tawxiidka ee ku xeernaa Fitnada Koowaad. Dhaqanku wuxuu taariikhiyan u xiran yahay dhaqdhaqaaqii hore ee Muhakkima. Cibaadiyiintu way ka tiro yar yihiin labada mhab ee ugu waaweyn Islaamka, Sunnadu iyo Shiicada. Cibaadiyada waxay weli tahay mid aan si fican u baran dadka ka baxsan, iyadoo ay ku jiraan kuwo aan Muslin ahayn iyo Muslinka Sunnada iyo Shiicada ah. [[File:Islam branches and schools.png|centre|Dulmar guud oo ku saabsan qaybaha waaweyn iyo mhabada Islaamka]] ===== Qaybaha ===== * Dhaqdhaqaaqa Axmadiyada waxaa lagu aasaasay Hindiya ee Ingiriisku xukumayay 1889 oo uu aasaasay Mirza Ghulam Ahmad oo ka soo jeeda Qadian, oo sheegtay inuu yahay Masiiyadii la ballanqaaday ("Soo laabashada Labaad ee Ciise"), Mahdiga Muslinku dhowrayaan sidoo kale prophet yar oo raaca nabiga Islaamka Muxammad. Waxaa jira fikrado iyo barashooyin kala duwan oo u gaar ah Axmadiyiinta marka loo eego badanka Muslinka kale, kuwaas oo ay ku jiraan fasiraadda cinwaanka Qur'aanka ee Khatam an-Nabiyyin iyo fasiraadda Soo laabashada Labaad ee Masiiyada. deviations-kan loo arko inay ka bixisay fekerka Islaamka ee caadiga ah waxay keeneen in badanka Muslinka ay u arkaan kuwo ka baxay diinta iyo khilaafyada lagu hayo Axmadiyiinta waddamo kala duwan dhexdeeda, gaar ahaan Bakistaan, halkaas oo si rasmi ah looga dhaqangaliyay inaysan Muslin ahayn oo ay dhaqangalisay Xukuumadda Bakistaan. Taabacsanaha Dhaqdhaqaaqa Axmadiyada ee Islaamka waxay u qeybsamaan laba kooxood: ta koowaad oo ah Bulshada Muslinka ee Axmadiyada, oo maanta ah kooxda ugu weyn, iyo Dhaqdhaqaaqa Axmadiyada ee Laahore ee Fafinta Islaamka. * Calawiyada waa dhaqan Islaam oo doonis leh oo maxalli ah, oo taabacsaneedu ay raacaan barashooyinka qarsoon (bāṭenī) ee Cali iyo Haji Bektash Veli. Calawiyada waa isku dharraaq ka mid ah fikradaha dhaqanka ee Turkiga ee qarnigii 14aad, iyadoo leh xididdo ka imaan kara Tengrism iyo Animism oo barbar socda fikradaha Shiicada iyo Tasawufka. Waxaa la qiyaasay inay jiraan 10 milyan illaa ka badan 20 milyan (~0.5–1% dhammaan Muslinka) oo Calawiyiin ah dunida oo dhan. * Qur'aaniyuuntu waa dhaqdhaqaaq diimeed ee Islaamka oo ku aasaasan aqiidada ah in sharciga Islaamka iyo xaqiijintu ay tahay oo keliya inay ka timaado Qur'aanka oo aysan ka imaanin sunnada ama Xadiiska, iyadoo Qur'aaniyuuntu ay si muuqata uga kala duwan yihiin habka loo raaco shanta tiro ee Islaamka. Dhaqdhaqaaqu wuxuu soo baxay qarnigii 19aad wixii ka dambeeyay, iyadoo fekerayaal sida Syed Ahmad Khan, Abdullah Chakralawi iyo Ghulam Ahmed Perwez ee Hindiya ay su'aal ka keeneen dhaqanka xadiiska. Ejipt, Muhammad Tawfiq Sidqi wuxuu ku qaray maqaalka ''Islaamku waa Qur'aanka keligiis'' majaladda ''Al-Manār'', isagoo u doodayay awoodda keligeed ee Qur'aanka. Qur'aaniyiin muhiim ah oo qarnigii 20aad ee dambe wuxuu ahaa Rashad Khalifa, oo ahaa biokimiko Masri-Ameerikan ah oo sheegtay inuu helay fure tiro oo ku jira Qur'aanka, wuxuuna aasaasay ururka Qur'aaniyiinta ee United Submitters International. * Mu'tazilada waxay ahayd madhab hore oo cilmiga tawxiidka Islaamka oo lagu garto isticmaalka caqliga, gaar ahaan marka loo eego labada ilo ee ugu horreeya Islaamka, Qur'aanka iyo xadiiska. Madhabtu waxay ku aasaasantaa shanta usool ee waaweyn: tawxiidka, caddaalada rabbaaniga ah, hubaasha ballanqaadyada iyo digniinaha rabbaaniga ah, meel dhexe oo marka loo eego heerka duniyeed ee duntayda waaweyn, iyo waajibka amarrada wanaagsan iyo ka hortaga xumaanta. Ka dib Sunnadu, Mu'taziladu waxay diadeen aragtida dhaqanka ah ee ah in Qur'aanku yahay hadalka aan la abuurin ee Ilaah, waxayna halkaas ka qabteen in Qur'aanku yahay waxyi la abuuray, si loo adkeeyo koodnimada kheyraatka ee Ilaah. Iyagoo adkaynaya isticmaalka caqliga, waxay u doodeen in dookha xorta ah ee bahaamka uu u oggolaado shakhsiyaadka inay doorataan wanaagga ama xumaanta, taas oo ka dhigaysa kuwo mas'uul ka ah eedooda. Bagse saameynta Mu'taziladu waxay hoos u dhacday dhibaatada bulshada iyo siyaasadeed ee ka timaada Sunnadu darteed, reebitaankooda caqliga wuxuu weli yahay mid muhiim ah fekerka casriga ah ee Islaamka. === Muslimiinta aan kooxna ka tirsanayn === {{Main|Non-denominational Muslim}} Muslimiinta aan kooxna ka tirsanayn waa eegmo guud oo loo isticmaalo ama ay isticmaalaan Muslimiinta aan ka tirsanayn ama aan isku tilmaamin mhab gaar ah oo Islaam ah.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Benakis |first=Theodoros |date=13 January 2014 |title=Islamophoobia in Europe! |work=New Europe |location=Brussels |url=http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |url-status=dead |access-date=20 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131145036/http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |archive-date=31 January 2016 |quote=Anyone who has travelled to Central Asia knows of the non-denominational Muslims—those who are neither Shiites nor Sounites, but who accept Islam as a religion generally.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Kenneth |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=jQGZBAAAQBAJ|page=29}} |title=Unthinkable: Iran, the Bomb, and American Strategy |date=2014 |isbn=978-1-4767-3393-7 |page=29 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |quote=Although many Iranian hardliners are Shi'a chauvinists, Khomeini's ideology saw the revolution as pan-Islamist, and therefore embracing Sunni, Shi'a, Sufi, and other, more nondenominational Muslims}}</ref> Sahanadii ugu dambeeyay waxay ku warramayaan in qayb weyn oo ka mid ah Muslimiinta ka mid ah kuwa ku nool qaybo ka mid ah dunida ay isku tilmaamaan oo keliya Muslim, inkasta oo ay yar tahay falanqaynta la daabacay ee ku saabsan sababaha ka dambeeya jawaabtan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burns |first=Robert |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=akWUGyN7fwEC|page=55}} |title=Christianity, Islam, and the West |date=2011 |isbn=978-0-7618-5560-6 |page=55 |publisher=University Press of America |quote=40 per cent called themselves "just a Muslim" according to the Council of American-Islamic relations}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tatari |first=Eren |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=x_4QBQAAQBAJ|page=111}} |title=Muslims in British Local Government: Representing Minority Interests in Hackney, Newham and Tower Hamlets |date=2014 |isbn=978-90-04-27226-2 |page=111 |publisher=BRILL |quote=Nineteen said that they are Sunni Muslims, six said they are just Muslim without specifying a sect, two said they are Ahmadi, and two said their families are Alevi}}</ref> Pew Research waxay ku warramaysaa in jawaab-bixiyeyaasha isku tilmaama oo keliya Muslim ay yihiin inta ugu badan ee Muslimiinta ee toddoba waddan (iyo tiro sare saddex kale dhexdeeda), iyadoo heerka ugu sarreeya uu yahay Kasakhstan oo ah 74%. Ugu yaraan mid ka mid ah shan kasta oo Muslim ah ee ugu yaraan 22 waddan wuxuu isku tilmaamaa habkan.<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|date=9 August 2012|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|access-date=4 September 2013|website=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project}}</ref> == Tasawufka == === Suufiyada === {{Main|Suufiyada}} {{See also|Xiriirka Salafiga iyo Suufiga}} [[File:Mevlana Konya.jpg|thumb|Wareegga Suufiga ee Dhismaha Qabriga Suufiga ee Rumi ee Konya, Turkey.]] Suufiyada (Carabi: تصوف), waa hab ka mid ah Tasawufka Islaamka oo raadiya in lagu helo khibrad shakhsi ah oo toos ah ee Eebbe. Culimadii hore ee Suufiyadu waxay ku tilmaameen tasawufka "cilmiga ujeeddadiisu tahay sixidda wadnaha iyo ka jeedinta dhammaan wixii kale ee aan Eebbe ahayn", iyada oo loo marayo "awoodda caqliga iyo sharafta" oo laga joojiyo in lagu tababaro. Ahmad ibn Ajiba wuxuu ku tilmaamay tasawufka "ku laabashada dhaqanka, bilowgiisuna yahay aqoon, dhexdiisuna tahay wax-qabad [aqoontaas ku saabsan], dhammaadkiisuna yahay hadiya [ka timaada Allah]." Ma aha qayb ka mid ah Islaamka, taabacsanaha ayaana ka tirsan mhabada kala duwan ee Muslinka. Ismaaciiliya, oo barashadeedu ku aasaasan tahay Gnosticism iyo Neoplatonism iyadoo ay barbar socdaan madhabaha Illuminationist iyo Isfahan ee falsafadda Islaamka, waxay samaysay fasiraado tasawuf ah oo Islaamka ah. Hasan al-Basri, oo ahaa Suufigii hore oo inta badan loo arko mid ka mid ah Suufiyadii ugu horreysay, wuxuu adkeeyay cabsida ka timaada guuldarrada Eebbe ee adkaysiga. Taa beddekeeda, Suufiyadii dambe ee waaweynayd, sida Mansur Al-Hallaj iyo Jalaluddin Rumi, waxay adkeeyeen diinta ku aasaasan jacyada loo qabo Eebbe. Jacyadaas waxay sidoo kale saameyn ku lahaayeen fanka, iyadoo Rumi uu weli yahay mid ka mid ah gabayaaga ugu iibka badan Ameerika. [[File:Sema ceremony many.jpg|thumb|Suufiyada ee Turkey.]]Suufiyadu waxay u arkaan tasawufka qayb aan ka go'in Islaamka. Suufiyadii dhaqanka ahayd, sida Bayazid Bastami, Jalaluddin Rumi, Haji Bektash Veli, Junaid Baghdadi, iyo Al-Ghazali, waxay u doodeen in Suufiyadu ku aasaasan tahay usoolka Islaamka iyo barashooyinka nabiga. Taariikhyahan Nile Green wuxuu u dooday in Islaamka qarniyadii dhexe uu ahaa wax yar ama ka badan Suufiyada. Taabacsanaha dhaqdhaqaaqa Sunnada ee dib-u-soocida ee loo yaqaano Salafiyada waxay u arkeen dhaqannada jacyada ee caanka ah, sida weyneynta awliyada Suufiga, inay yihiin cusbooneysiin ka timaada diintii hore. Salafiyiintu inta badan waxay weerareen Suufiyada, taas oo keentay xumaanshaha xiriirka Suufiga iyo Salafiga. Ururrada Suufiga waxay samayskaan dariiqooyin ku xeeran macallin (wali) oo raaca xiriir ruuxi ah oo dib u raaca Muxammad. Suufiyadu waxay kaqaateen door muhiim ah samaynta bulshooyinka Muslinka iyaga oo loo marayo dhaqdhaqaaqyada baahinta iyo waxbarashada. Dhaqdhaqaaqa Ahle Sunnat ama Barelvi ee uu saameeyay Tasawufku wuxuu sheegtaa in ka badan 200 milyan oo taabacsane ku leeyahay Koonfurta Aasiya. Suufiyadu waxay muhiim ku tahay Aasiyada Dhexe, iyo sidoo kale waddamada Afrika sida Tuniisiya, Aljeeriya, Marooko, Senejaal, Chaad iyo Nayjar. == Sharciga iyo Fiqhiga == === Shariicada === {{Main|Shariicada|Fiqhiga}} {{See also|Mantiqa ee Falsafadda Islaamka#Sharciga Islaamka iyo Cilmiga Tawxiidka}} [[File:Madhhab Map3.png|thumb|Madhabaha sharciga Islaamka ee Dunida Muslinka.]] Shariicada waa tan ka kooban sharciga diinta Islaamka. Doonista ah in la tilmaamo oo lagu ogaado sharciyada hab dhammaystiran oo is-waafaqsan waxay keentay horumarinta aragtida sharciga, oo loo yaqaano fiqhi. Taa beddekeeda, bidco waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu tilmaamo cusbooneysiinta sharciga ka baxsan ee arrimaha diinta. Dhabbooyinka kala duwan, ee loo yaqaano usoolka fiqhiga, ayaa horumaray oo madhabka sharciga ee ka soo baxa dhabbo ku xeeran waxaa loo yaqaanaa madhab. Is-waafaqidda raacda go'aannada khabiir diimeed ama madhab waxaa loo yaqaanaa taqliid. Shuruudda ghayr muqallid waxay u tilmaamaysaa kuwa aan isticmaalin taqliidka iyo, sii dheeraanteeda, aan lahayn madhab. Dhaqanka shakhsigu ku fasirayo sharciga caqliga xor ah waxaa loo yaqaanaa ijtixaad. Kuwa fasira shariicada waxaa loo yaqaanaa muftiyo oo ra'yigooda sharciga ah waxaa loo yaqaanaa fatwo. [[File:'Abd_Allah_ibn_Shaykh_Murshid_al-Katib_-_Sa'di_and_a_Dervish_Go_to_Settle_their_Quarrel_Before_a_Judge_-_Walters_W618106B_-_Cropped.jpg|thumb|Gabayaaga Saadi Shirazi iyo darwiish waxay u socdaan inay khilaafkooda ku dhameeyaan xakim hortiis, farta qarnigii 16aad oo ka timaada Iiraan.]] Ilaaha koowaad ee Shariicadu waa Qur'aanka iyo Sunnada. Ilaa saddexaad oo caani ah waa qiyaas (caqli analoji ah) oo loo isticmaalo dhibcooyinka sharciga ah ee aan si toos ah loogu faahfaahin Qur'aanka ama Sunnada. Isku-barbardhigga ayaa la raadiyaa si loo helo illah, ama sababta halkan ku jirta, oo ah sababta ka dambeysa xukunkii hore. Tusaale ahaan, reebitaanka gaarka ah ee khamriga waxaa ka soo baxaya reebitaanka guud ee alkoolka maadaama ay wadaagayaan sababta shaqaynaysa ee loo gartay inay tahay dabeecadda ma zeexisa ee dhammaan cabitaannada alkoolka ah. Madhabka Saahiriga wuxuu adkeeyay saafinimada tooska ah oo sidaas darteed wuxuu diaday qiyaaska. Is-afgaradka ra'yiga waa ijmaac, iyadoo ikhtilaafku u tilmaamayo khilaafka culimada. Xukunnadu waxay ficillada u kala saaraan mid ka mid ah shan qaybood oo loo yaqaano axkaam: farad, mustaxab, mubaah, makruuh, iyo xaraam. Xilliga casriga ah, sharciyada dambiyada ee ku aasaasan shariicada waxaa inta badan beddelay sharciyo ka yimid moodellada Yurub. Cilmiga dib-u-soocida ee Tanzimat ee Qarnigii 19aad ee Dowladdii Cusmaaniyiinta wuxuu keenay koodka madaniga ee Mecelle wuxuuna ka dhigan yahay dadaalkii ugu horreeyay ee lagu koodiyeeyo shariicada. Iyadoo Dastuurada badanka states-ka Muslinku u badan yihiin ay ku jiraan tilmaamo ku saabsan shariicada, xeerarkeeda dhaqanka ah waxaa inta badan lagu reebay oo keliya sharciyada heerka shakhsiga (famlida). Hay'adaha sharciga ah oo koodiyeeyay sharciyaddan waxay raadiyeen inay casriyeeyaan iyagoon ka tageyn aasaaskooda fiqhiga dhaqanka ah. Dib-u-soocida Islaamka ee qarnigii 20aad ee dambe waxay keentay baaqyo ka yimid dhaqdhaqaaqyada Islaamiyiinta oo ku saabsan fulinta dhammaystiran ee shariicada. Doorka shariicadu wuxuu noqday mowduuc lagu tartamo dunida oo dhan. Waxaa jira doodaha socda oo ku saabsan in shariicadu ay la waafaqsan tahay foomamka cilmaani ee xukuumadda, xuquuqda aadanaha, xorriyadda fekerka, iyo xuquuqda dumarka darteed meelaha ay ka mid yihiin faafreebka iyo doonaanta. == Bulshada == === Shakhsiyaadka diinta === {{Main|Culumada}} [[File:Maqamat_hariri.jpg|thumb|254x254px|Culimada ku sugan maktabadda Cabbaasiyiinta, Maqamat al-Hariri. Farta uu qray Yahyá al-Wasiti, Baqdaad, 1237 AD.]] Islaamku maleho wadaado ah macnaha sacerdotalism, sida baaddariyada oo kale oo dhex-dhexaadiya Eebbe iyo dadka. Imaam (Carabi: إمام) waa cinwaanka diinta oo loo isticmaalo in lagu tilmaamo booska hoggaaminta Islaamka, inta badan marka loo eego samaynta adeegga cibaadada Islaamka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Imam|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/imam|access-date=15 January 2023|website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Fasiraadda diinta waxaa hoggaamiya culumada (Carabi: علماء), oo ah shuruud loo isticmaalo in lagu tilmaamo kooxda culimada Muslinka ah ee helay tababarka barashada Islaamka. Caalimka xadiiska waxaa loo yaqaanaa muxaddith, caalimka fiqhiga waxaa loo yaqaanaa faqeeh (Carabi: فقيه), qaanuun-yaqaanka u qalma inuu soo saaro ra'yiga sharciga ah ama fatwooyinka waxaa loo yaqaanaa mufti, qadi-yuna waa xakim Islaam ah. Cinwaannada sharafta leh ee la siiyo culimada waxaa ka mid ah sheekh, mulla iyo mawlawi. Muslinka qaar ka mid ah waxay sidoo kale weyneeyaan awliyada u xiran karaamooyinka (Carabi: كرامات).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Radtke |first1=B. |last2=Lory |first2=P. |last3=Zarcone |first3=Th. |last4=DeWeese |first4=D. |last5=Gaborieau |first5=M. |last6=Denny |first6=F. M. |last7=Aubin |first7=F. |last8=Hunwick |first8=J. O. |last9=Mchugh |first9=N. |title=Walī |orig-year=1993 |year=2012 |editor1-last=Bearman |editor1-first=P. J. |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-link=Thierry Bianquis |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-first=C. E. |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor4-first=E. J. |editor4-link=Emeri Johannes van Donzel |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-first=W. P. |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=2nd |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill Publishers |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1335 |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4}}</ref> === Maamulka === {{See also|Siyaasadda iyo Islaamka|Dhaqaalaha Islaamka|Qaanuunka ciidanka ee Islaamka|Tasaamuxa|Jihaadka}} [[File:Ali and Aisha at the Battle of the Camel.jpg|thumb|Xaasidii Muxammad, Caasha, oo la dagaallamaysa Cali.]] Fiqhiga dhaqaalaha Islaamka dhexdiisa, kaydsiga hantida si xad-dhaaf ah waa lagu necbyahay, sidaas darteedna dhaqanka maalgashiga monobooliga ah waa laga hoos eegaa.<ref name="Iqbal2010">{{cite book | last1 = Iqbal | first1 = Zamir | last2 = Mirakhor | first2 = Abbas | last3 = Krichenne | first3 = Noureddine | last4 = Askari | first4 = Hossein | title = The Stability of Islamic Finance: Creating a Resilient Financial Environment | location = Singapore | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | year = 2010 | language = en | isbn = 978-0-470-82518-1 | p = 75}}</ref> Dadaallada lagu waafajinayo shariicada waxay keeneen horumarinta bangiyada Islaamka. Islaamku wuxuu reebaa ribada, oo inta badan loo turjumo faa'iido si aan caddaalad ahayn ku timaada ganacsiga, waxaana inta badan loo isticmaalaa in lagu tilmaamo faa'iidada ribada.<ref>{{harvc |c=Riba |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online |year=n.d. |last1= Schacht|first1=Joseph}}</ref> Taa beddekeeda, bangiyada Islaamku waxay iskaashi la sameeyaan amaanadaha, iyagoo labaduba wadaagaya faa'iidada iyo qasaaraha ka soo baxa mashruuca. Shuruud kale waa ka fogaanshaha hubaal-la'aanta, oo loo arko saqajaan (khumaar), bangiyada Islaamkuna dhaqan ahaan waxay ka fogaadaan aaladaha la soocay sida mustaqbalka ama doorashooyinka, taas oo taariikhiyan ka ilaalisay hoos u dhaca suuqyada.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Foster|first=John |date=1 December 2009|title=How Islamic finance missed heavenly chance|work=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8388644.stm|access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Domat|first=Chloe|date=20 October 2020|title=What Is Islamic Finance And How Does It Work?|work=Global Finance magazine|url=https://www.gfmag.com/topics/blogs/islamic-finance-faq-what-islamic-finance-and-how-does-it-work|access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref> Khulafadii Raashidiinta iyo Dowladdii Umawiyiinta waxay ku lug lahaayeen qaybinta sadaqada ee ka timaada qasnadda dowladda, oo loo yaqaano Bayt al-maal, ka hor inta aysan noqon dadaal shakhsi ah meelaha sannadkii 720. Khaliifkii ugu horreeyay, Abu Bakar, wuxuu u qaybiyay sakada sida tusaalooyinkii ugu horreeyay ee dakhliga ugu yar ee la dammaanad qaado, iyadoo muwaaddin kasta uu helayay 10 illaa 20 dirham sannadkiiba.<ref>{{cite web |last=Merchant, Brian |date=14 November 2013 |title=Guaranteeing a Minimum Income Has Been a Utopian Dream for Centuries |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/guaranteeing-a-minimum-income-has-been-a-utopian-dream-for-centuries/ |access-date=3 June 2019 |website=VICE}}</ref> Waagii maamulkii khaliifkii labaad ee Cumar, taageerada carruurta ayaa la soo bandhigay, kuwa da'da ah iyo kuwa nafedana waxay xaq u lahaayeen mushaar,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Al-Buraey |first=Muhammad |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=lT8OAAAAQAAJ|page=}} |title=Administrative Development: An Islamic Perspective |publisher=KPI |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-7103-0059-1 |pages=252–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Akgündüz |first1=Ahmed |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=EnT_zhqEe5cC|page=539}} |title=Ottoman History: Misperceptions and Truths |last2=Öztürk |first2=Said |publisher=IUR Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-90-90-26108-9 |pages=539– |access-date=7 October 2014}}</ref> iyadoo khaliifkii Umawiyiinta ee Cumar II uu u qoondeeyay adeego dhagool kasta iyo labadii qafis ee xanuunsan oo dhan.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Al-Jawzi|first1=Ibn |url=|title=The Biography and Virtues of Omar Bin Abd al-Aziz – The Ascetic Caliph |publisher=IUR Press |year=2001 |isbn= |page=130 }}</ref> [[File:Saladin the Victorious.jpg|thumb|Salaxaddiin Guuleystaha, uu qray Gustave Doré.]] Jihaad wuxuu macnehiisu yahay "dadaal ama ilaa qabasho [dhabada Eebbe]", macnehiisa ugu ballaaranina waa "awoodda, dadaalka, ama awoodda ugu dambeysa oo lagu bixiyo la dagaallanka shay laga xumaado". Shiicadu gaar ahaan waxay adkeeyaan "jihaadka weyn" oo ah dadaalka lagu gaarayo wanaajinta nafta ee ruuxiga ah iyadoo "jihaadka yar" loo tilmaamo dagaalka. Marka loo isticmaalo sidaas oo keliya, jihaadka inta badan waxaa loo fahmaa foomkiisa ciidanka. Jihaadku waa foomka keliya ee dagaalka ee loo oggol yahay sharciga Islaamka, waxaana lagu dhawaaqi karaa ka dhan ah ujeedooyinka aan sharciyaysnayn, argagixisada, kooxaha dambiyada, reebleyaasha, murtadiinta, iyo hoggaamiyeyaasha ama dowladaha dhibta Muslinka. Badanka Muslinka maanta waxay u fasiraan Jihaadka oo keliya foom دفاع ah oo dagaalka ah. Jihaadku wuxuu oo keliya noqdaa waajib shakhsi ah kuwa la siiyay awoodda. Dadka kale oo dhan, tani waxay dhacdaa oo keliya marka ay jirto diyaargarow guud. Badanka Shiicada Isnaashariyada, jihaadka weerarka ah waxaa oo keliya lagu dhawaaqi karaa hoggaamiye Eebbe uu doortay oo ee bulshada Muslinka ah, sidaas darteedna, wuu hakad ku jiraa tan iyo gaabinta Muxammad al-Mahdi ee sannadkii 868 CE. === Nolosha maanta iyo tan aabbanimada/qoyska === {{See also|Edabta (Islaamka)|Cuntada reebban ee Islaamka|Islaamka iyo carruurta|Guurka Islaamka|Dumarka Islaamka|Guurka badan ee Islaamka}} [[File:Salat Eid al-Fitr, Tehran (113344343).jpg|thumb|Haweenay Iiraani ah oo xiran astaan Islaami ah (Xijaab).]] Cilmiga edabta ee maalinlaha ah wuxuu ku jiraa qaybta edabta, ama hab-dhaqanka. Cuntooyinka si gaar ah loo reebay waxaa ka mid ah hเนื้อ Doofaarka, dhiigga iyo bakhtiga. Caafimaadka waxaa loo arkaa ammaan ka timaada Eebbe, waxyaabaha maaddada ah ee maaddada maanka dooriya, sida cabitaannada alkoolka ah, waa kuwo reebban.<ref>{{cite book|author=Fahd Salem Bahammam|title=Food and Dress in Islam: An explanation of matters relating to food and drink and dress in Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CRojJ7lnb18C&pg=PP1|publisher=Modern Guide|isbn=978-1-909322-99-8|page=1}}</ref> Dhammaan hเนื้อ waa inay ka timaadaa xayawaan geed-daaq ah oo loo qashay magaca Eebbe oo uu qashay Muslin, Yuhuudi, ama Christian, marka laga reebo ugaarta uu qofku ugaarsaday ama kaluumaysay maankiisa.<ref>{{harvp|Curtis|2005|p=164}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|p=111}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |c=Slaughter |first=Ersilia |last=Francesca |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref> Garaha inta badan waxaa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa ragga sida shay dabiici ah<ref>{{Cite news |last=De Sondy |first=Amanullah |date=28 January 2016|title=The relationship between Muslim men and their beards is a tangled one|work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jan/28/muslim-men-beards-facial-hair-islam |access-date=7 March 2022}}</ref> iyo isbeddellada jirka, sida peenijka joogtada ah (sawirka jidhka), inta badan waa reebban iyadoo laga baqayo inay kharribaan ubaahda u go'an.{{efn|Muslinka qaar ka mid ah Shiinaha waagii boqortooyada waxay ka horyimaadeen xiridda cagaha gabdhaha sababtaas oo kale darteed.}} <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.learnreligions.com/tattoos-in-islam-2004393|title=Are Muslims Allowed to Get Tattoos? |website=|access-date=7 March 2022 }}</ref> Xariirta iyo dahabka waa reebban yihiin ragga Islaamka dhexdiisa si loo dhowro xaaladda miyir-qabka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Glassé |first1=Cyril |title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=AltaMira Press |page=158 |language=en|year=2001}}</ref> Haya, oo inta badan loo turjumo "xishood", mararka qaar waxaa loo tilmaamaa dabeecadda hoose ee Islaamka<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zine |first1=Jasmin |last2=Babana-Hampton |first2=Safoi |last3=Mazid |first3=Nergis |last4=Bullock |first4=Katherine |last5=Chishti |first5=Maliha |title=American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 19:4 |publisher=International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) |page=59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JM4DwAAQBAJ&q=haya+islam&pg=PA59 |access-date=4 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> wuxuuna hagaa badanka nolosha maalinlaha ah ee Muslinka. Tusaale ahaan, dharka Islaamka dhexdiisa wuxuu adkeeyaa heerka xishoodka, oo ay ku jirto xijaabka haweenka. Sidoo kale, nadaafadda shakhsiga ah waa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa shuruudo gaar ah.<ref>{{cite web |last=Esposito |first=John |title=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e4 |access-date=3 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114153249/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e4 |archive-date=14 November 2016}}</ref> [[File:Muslim Couple (cropped).jpg|thumb|Saddex laba oo Muslin ah oo ka socda Indoneesiya.]] Guurka Islaamka dhexdiisa, ninka arooska ah waxaa lagu leeyahay inuu bixiyo meherka aroosadda (mahar).<ref>{{harvp|Waines|2003|pp=93–96}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|p=339}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|1998|p=79}}</ref> Qoysaska badankood ee dunida Islaamka waxay leeyihiin hal xaas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Newby |first=Gordon D. |url=https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00newb |title=A concise encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=Oneworld |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-85168-295-9 |location=Oxford |page=141}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed Hossein |url=https://archive.org/details/islamreligionhis00nasr_0/page/68 |title=Islam : religion, history, and civilization |publisher=HarperOne |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-06-050714-5 |location=New York |page=68}}</ref> Ragga Muslinka ah waxaa loo oggol yahay inay sameeyaan guurka badan waxayna yeelan karaan illaa afar xaas oo isku mar ah. Waxbarashada Islaamku waxay si adag uga baqaysaa inay adkayso in haddii ninku uusan dammaanad qaadi karin taageerada maaliyadeed iyo ta ruuxiga ah oo siman xaasaskiisa mid kasta, waxaa la dhiirri-geliyaa inuu guursado hal haweenay oo keliya. Sabab lagu tilmaamay guurka badan ayaa ah inay ninka u oggolaato inuu siiyo ilaalin maaliyadeed haween badan, oo laga yaabo inaysan helin taageero kale (tusaale, carrooyinka). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xaaska ugu horreysa waxay shuruud ku xiri kartaa heshiiska guurka in ninku uusan guursan karin haweenay kale inta ay guursan yihiin.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ratno Lukito|title=Legal Pluralism in Indonesia: Bridging the Unbridgeable|page=81|publisher=Routledge}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.islamweb.net/ver2/fatwa/ShowFatwa.php?lang=A&Id=18444&Option=FatwaId |title=IslamWeb |publisher=IslamWeb |date=7 February 2002 |access-date=13 September 2011}}</ref> Waxaa sidoo kale jira kala duwanaansho dhaqameed oo aroosyo ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Gai |url=https://archive.org/details/rememberinggodre0000eato |title=Remembering God: Reflections on Islam |publisher=The Islamic Texts Society |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-946621-84-2 |location=Cambridge |pages=92–93}}</ref> Polyandry, oo ah dhaqan ay haweenaydu ku guursato laba ama ka badan oo ragg ah, waa ku reebban Islaamka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Can't a Woman have 2 Husbands? |url=http://www.14publications.com/question-and-answer/why-cant-a-woman-have-2-husbands/ |access-date=27 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223012707/http://www.14publications.com/question-and-answer/why-cant-a-woman-have-2-husbands/ |archive-date=23 December 2015 |website=14 Publications}}</ref> [[File:عکس های مراسم ترتیل خوانی یا جزء خوانی یا قرائت قرآن در ایام ماه رمضان در حرم فاطمه معصومه در شهر قم 20.jpg|thumb|Gabdhaha Muslinka ah oo baranaya Qur'aanka lagu dul dhigay rehalada xilliga Ramadaanka ee Qom, Iiraan.]] Aadada dhalashada ubadka ka dib, adhaanka waxaa lagu dhawaaqaa dhegta midig. Maalinta todobaad, xafladda caqiiqada ayaa la sameeyaa, oo xayawaan lagu qalo oo hantiisa loo qaybiyo masaakiinta. Madaxa ubadka waa la xiiraa, oo lacag la eg miisaanka dhagaha waxaa loo deeqaa masaakiinta. Gudniinka raga, oo loo yaqaano khitaan, inta badan waa lagu dhaqmaa dunida Muslinka.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2014 |title=Khitān |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/khitan-Islam |access-date=27 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127165754/https://www.britannica.com/topic/khitan-Islam |archive-date=27 January 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |date=January 2017 |title=Reported Male Circumcision Practices in a Muslim-Majority Setting |journal=BioMed Research International |publisher=Hindawi Publishing Corporation |volume=2017 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1155/2017/4957348 |pmc=5282422 |pmid=28194416 |doi-access=free |author1-last=Anwer |author1-first=Abdul Wahid |author2-last=Samad |author2-first=Lubna |author3-last=Baig-Ansari |author3-first=Naila |author4-last=Iftikhar |author4-first=Sundus}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 August 2009 |title=Islam: Circumcision of boys |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/malecircumcision.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112170938/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/malecircumcision.shtml |archive-date=12 November 2012 |access-date=27 May 2020 |work=Religion & ethics—Islam |publisher=Bbc.co.uk}}</ref> Xaq-dhowridda iyo addeecidda waalidiinta, iyo daryeelidooda gaar ahaan markay da'da yihiin waa waajib diini ah. Muslinka dhimanaya waxaa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa inuu dhawaaqo Shahaadada si ay u noqoto hadalkiisa ugu dambeeya.<ref>{{Cite book| isbn = 9783643900678| title =Changing European Death Ways| location = Austria| year = 2013| last1=Mathijssen| first1=Brenda|last2=Venhorst|first2=Claudia|last3=Venbrux|first3=Eric|last4=Quartier|first4=Thomas| url =| page = 265 |publisher=Lit }}</ref> Xaq-dhowridda kii dhintay iyo ka qaybgalka jinaasooyinka ee bulshada dhexdeeda waxaa loo arkaa mid ka mid ah ficillada wanaagsan. Caadooyinka aasidda Islaamka, aasidda waxaa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa si dhakhso ah oo ugu macquulsan, inta badan 24 saac dhexdeeda. Meydka waa la dhaqaa, marka laga reebo shuhadada, oo ay dhaqaan kuwo labka ah oo isku jinsi ah waxaana lagu duubaa dhar aan adkayn oo loo yaqaano kafan. Salaadda jinaasada oo loo yaqaano Salat al-Janazah ayaa la tukadaa. Qaylada ama ooyinta weyn ee baroorgaaga ah waa laga fogaadaa. Sanduuqyada aaska inta badan la ma doorbido oo qabrida inta badan calaamad maleho, xata boqorada. === Dhaqanka === {{Main|Dhaqanka Islaamka}} {{See also|Farshaxanka Islaamka|Dhismaha Islaamka|Suugaanta Islaamka|Islaamka iyo kubbadda cagta|Muslinka Dhaqanka}} [[File:Chinese-style minaret of the Great Mosque 2023.jpg|thumb|Minaaradda qaabka Shiinaha ee Masaajidka Weyn ee Xi'an, oo ka mid ah masaajidda ugu ee Shiinaha ee la dhisay 742 AD.]] Erayga "dhaqanka Islaamka" waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu tilmaamo dhinacyada dhaqanka ee u gaarka ah diinta, sida ciidaha iyo dharka. Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa si dood ku jirto oo loogu tilmaamo dhinacyada dhaqanka ee dadka Muslinka ah ee dhaqanka ah.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Melikian |first=Souren |author-link=Souren Melikian |date=4 November 2011 |title='Islamic' Culture: A Groundless Myth |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/05/arts/05iht-rartmelikian05.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=25 November 2013}}</ref> Ugudambeyntii, "ilbaxnimada Islaamka" waxay sidoo kale u tilmaami kartaa dhinacyada dhaqanka isku-dhafka ah ee Khilafaadkii hore, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa aan Muslinka ahayn, mararka ka mid ahna loo yaqaano "Islaamiga".<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Wiley| isbn = 9781405155144| title =Islamicate Cosmopolitan Spirit | location = United Kingdom| year = 2021| last=Lawrence| first=Bruce| url =| page = xii| quote = }}</ref> Farshaxanka Islaamku wuxuu ka kooban yahay farshaxanka muuqaalka ah oo ay ku jiraan ilo kala duwan sida dhismaha, farta qurxoon, sawirka, iyo dhoobada, iyo kuwo kale.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ettinghausen |first1=Richard |first2=Oleg |last2=Grabar |first3=Marilyn |last3=Jenkins-Madina |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780300088670/page/3 |title=Islamic Art and Architecture 650-1250 |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-300-08869-8 |edition=2nd |page=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Suarez|first=Michael F.|title=The Oxford companion to the book|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|isbn=9780198606536|location=Oxford and New York|pages=331ff|chapter=38 The History of the Book in the Muslim World|oclc=50238944}}</ref> Iyadoo sameynta sawirrada noolaha inta badan ka laga fogaado oo u xiran sharciyada ka dhanka ah sanam-caabudidda, shuruuddan waxaa u fasiray ilo kala duwan culimo kala duwan iyo xilliyo taariikhi ah oo kala duwan. [[File:Masjid Menara Kudus.jpg|thumb|Masaajidka Menara Kudus ee qarnigii 16aad ee Indoneesiya, oo muujinaya saamaynta Hindiya.]] Xaddidaaddan waxaa loo isticmaalay in lagu fashilo badnaanta farta qurxoon, joomatariya isku-dhafka ah, iyo qaababka sida ilaha muhiimka ah ee dhaqanka farshaxanka Islaamka.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Salim Ayduz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=or-6BwAAQBAJ&q=islamic+art+idolatry+geometry&pg=PA263 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam |last2=Ibrahim Kalin |last3=Caner Dagli |date=2014 |page=263|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-981257-8 |quote=Figural representation is virtually unused in Islamic art because of Islam's strong antagonism of idolatry. It was important for Muslim scholars and artists to find a style of art that represented the Islamic ideals of unity (''tawhid'') and order without figural representation. Geometric patterns perfectly suited this goal.}}</ref> Waxaa sii dheer, sawirka Muxammad waa arrin dood ka jirto dhexdeeda Muslinka.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=860736| title = An Indian Picture of Muhammad and His Companions | author = T. W. Arnold| journal = The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs | author-link = T. W. Arnold| date = June 1919| volume = 34| issue = 195 | publisher = The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs, Vol. 34, No. 195. | pages = 249–252}}</ref> Dhismaha Islaamka dhexdiisa, dhaqanka kala duwan wuxuu muujinayaa saamayn sida dhismaha Islaamka ee Waqooyiga Afrika iyo Isbaanishka sida Masaajidka Weyn ee Kairouan oo ka kooban tiirar marmar iyo borfiri ah oo ka yimid dhismayaashii Roomaanka iyo Bizantiinta,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Isichei |first=Elizabeth Allo |url={{Google books|LgnhYDozENgC|page=PA175|keywords=mosque%20kairouan%20roman columns|text=mosque+kairouan+roman+columns|plainurl=yes}} |title=A history of African societies to 1870 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-521-45599-2 |location=Cambridge |pages=175 |access-date=6 August 2010}}</ref> iyadoo masaajidda Indoneesiya inta badan leeyihiin saqafyo heerarka badan leh oo ka yimid qaabka dhaladka ah ee Jafa.<ref>{{cite book |first=Gunawan |last=Tjahjono |title=Indonesian Heritage-Architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/architecture00indo/page/88 |year=1998 |publisher=Archipelago Press |location=Singapore |isbn=981-3018-30-5 |pages=88–89 }}</ref> Taariikhda Islaamku waa taariikhda dayaxa oo ka bilaabanta Hijrada 622 CE, oo ah taariikh oo la sheegay inuu doortay Khaliif Cumar maadaama ay ahayd meel isbeddel muhiim ah u ahayd Muxammad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Muslim-calendar|title=Islamic calendar|website=www.britannica.com|date=|access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref> Maalmaha barakaysan ee Islaamku waxay ku beegan yihiin taariikho go'an oo ee taariikhda dayaxa, taas oo macnaheedu yahay inay dhacaan xilliyo kala duwan sannado kala duwan oo ee taariikhda Miilaadiga. Ciidaha ugu muhiimsan Islaamka waa Ciidul Fitri (Carabi: عيد الفطر) ee 1-da Shawaal, oo calaamad u ah dhammaadka bisha soomanaanta ee Ramadaan, iyo Ciidul Adxa (Carabi: عيد الأضحى) ee 10-ka Dhul-Hijjah, oo ku beegan dhammaadka Xajka.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher =Oxford University Press| isbn =9780195165203| title =The Islamic World: Past and Present| year = 2004| last=Esposito| first=John| pages = 75–76 |ref=none}}</ref><ref name="www.britannica.com-2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pillars-of-Islam|title=Pillars of Islam &#124; Islamic Beliefs & Practices &#124; Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|date=3 May 2023|access-date=16 December 2021|archive-date=5 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905102524/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pillars-of-Islam|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslinka Dhaqanka waa shakhsiyaad aan cibaadaysaneyn oo wali lagu aqoonsado Islaamka iyadoo laga duulayo asalka qoyska, dhiirrigelinta shakhsiga ah, ama deegaanka bulshada iyo dhaqanka ee ay ku doorteen inay ku koran.<ref>{{cite book|first1= Cara|last1= Aitchison|author1-link= Cara Aitchison|first2= Peter E.|last2= Hopkins|author3-link= Mei-Po Kwan|author3= Mei-Po Kwan|title= Geographies of Muslim Identities: Diaspora, Gender and Belonging|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DRnthQxB8lYC&pg=PA147|access-date= 30 June 2013|year= 2007|publisher= Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn= 978-1-4094-8747-0|pages=147}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Islamic Counselling: An Introduction to theory and practice|first=G. Hussein|last= Rassool|year= 2015| isbn=9781317441250| page =10|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o_QsCgAAQBAJ&dq=Muslims+who+are+religiously+unobservant,+secular+or+irreligious+individuals+who+still+identify+with+the+Muslim&pg=PA10|quote=The label 'Cultural Muslim' is used in the literature to describe those Muslims who are religiously unobservant, secular or irreligious individuals who still identify with the Muslim culture due to family background, personal experiences, or the social and cultural environment in which they grew up... For Cultural Muslim the declaration of faith is superficial and has no effect of their religious practices.}}</ref> === Siyaasada=== [[File:Scotusnfrieze.jpeg|thumb|Muxammad oo lagu muujiyay Adolph Alexander Weinman ee Dhismaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Mareykanka ee Washington, DC isagoo wada seef iyo Qur'aan.]] Qayb badan oo ka mid ah qarnigii 20aad, aqoonsiga Islaamka iyo maamulka Islaamka ee arrimaha siyaasadda ayaa kordhay horraantii qarnigii 21aad. Siyaasadda Islaamka waa fasiraadda Islaamka oo loo arko il ka mid ah aqoonsiga iyo wax-qabadka siyaasadeed.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|last1=Voll|first1=John O.|last2=Sonn|first2=Tamara|title=Political Islam|url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/id/obo-9780195390155-0063|journal=Oxford Bibliographies Online Datasets|year=2009|language=en|doi=10.1093/obo/9780195390155-0063|access-date=2017-05-26|archive-date=2020-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223165247/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0063.xml|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Waxay u doodaysaa dhisidda dawladda iyo bulshada sida ku cad (fahamka u doodayaasha) mabaadi'da Islaamka, halkaas oo Islaamku u shaqeeyo il ka mid ah jagooyinka iyo fikradaha siyaasadeed.<ref name=":02">Krämer, Gudrun. "Political Islam." In Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World. Vol. 6. Edited by Richard C. Martin, 536–540. New York: Macmillan, 2004. [http://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/political-islam via Encyclopedia.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713072425/https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/political-islam|date=2018-07-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=March|first1=Andrew F.|title=Political Islam: Theory|journal=Annual Review of Political Science|date=2015|volume=18|issue=1|pages=103–123|doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-082112-141250|doi-access=free}}</ref> Siyaasadda Islaamka waxaa muriyaal ka dhex jira iyo kuwa ka baxsan tacliinta guud ahaan ugu adeegsadaan si isku mid ah ereyga Islaamiyadda,<ref name=":13" /> waxaana loo haystaa inuu yahay cunsur siyaasadeed oo ka mid ah Soo-reenka Islaamka oo bilaabmay qarnigii 20aad,<ref name=":13" /> halkii uu ka ahaan lahaa oo kaliya nooc kasta oo wax-qabad siyaasadeed oo ay sameeyaan Muslimiintu. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa sidoo kale jirey dadaallo cusub oo lagu kala saarayo Islaamiyadda oo ah dhaqdhaqaaqyo siyaasadeed oo ku basada diinta iyo siyaasadda Islaamka oo ah faham qaran oo casri ah oo ku saabsan Islaamka oo ay wadaagaan jilayaasha cilmaaniga ah iyo kuwa Islaamiga ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jocelyne Cesari|year=2018|title=What Is Political Islam|url=https://www.rienner.com/title/What_Is_Political_Islam|access-date=2023-01-01|website=www.rienner.com|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|isbn=978-1-62637-692-2|archive-date=2023-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106160415/https://www.rienner.com/title/What_Is_Political_Islam|url-status=live}}</ref> Kooxaha dhowr ah oo ku yaala Bariga Dhexe ayaa u kaftamay inay fikradaha casriynta ku xiraan faragelinta boqortooyadii gumaadkeedii. Wadamada Muslimka ah ee dhowr ah, gaar ahaan Masar iyo Bakistaan, dhaqdhaqaaqyo siyaasadeed oo lid ku ah oo u janjeera dhanka diinta ayaa salka ku dhigtay. Sababaha waa kuwo dhinacyo badan leh. Burburkii Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta wuxuu ahaa dhacdo baaxad weyn oo dhalisay gariirro badan. Gobolku wuxuu la kulmay jahwareer sannado badan maadaama waddamada Carabtu ay hoos tageen saamaynta dhaqanka iyo guulaystayaasha waddamada Yurub. Dhanka cadaadiska dhaqanka oo kordhayay Muslimiintu waxay adkeeyeen aqoonsigooda qaran iyo dhaxalkooda dhaqan, kooxaha qaar waxay ugafeen dhinacyada diinta. Masar dhexdeeda daciifnimada Muslimiinta waxaa lagu eedeeyay u kuปฏิบัตitaanka liidata ee qoraallada diinta. Sida ku cad Hassan al-Banna, dhaqanka Yurub wuxuu ahaa mid maaddiyad ku dhisan, anshax xumo ah oo ku batay ku-tagri-falka heerarka bulshada iyo ribada. === Sugaanta === {{Main|Islaamiga}} {{multiple image | align = center | direction = horizontal | total_width = 600 | image1 = Saadi Tomb.jpg | image2 = Hafez 880714 095.jpg | footer = Qabuuraha Saadi, Hafez iyo Ferdowsi, saddexda abwaan ee ugu caansan Muslimiinta, oo dhammaantood ku yaalla Iran. | caption1 = | caption2 = | image3 = Tomb-of-Ferdowsi آرامگاه-فردوسی Davoud-Davoudi 1.jpg }} Shaqada ugu caansan ee khayaaliga ah ee ka timi dunida Islaamka waa Kumaan iyo Hal Habeen, oo ah ururin sheekooyin hoose/folklore oo ka soo jeeda Sanskriit, Faarisi, iyo ka dib fables Carab ah. Fikradda waxaa saameeyay nooc ka horreeyay Islaamka oo Faarisi ah oo loo yaqaannay Hezār Afsān (Kumaan Sheeko) oo ku tiirsanaa walxaha Hindida ee gaarka ah.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Marzolph|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam|title=Arabian Nights|year=2007|publisher=Brill|volume=I|location=Leiden}}</ref> Waxay gaadhay foomkeeda ugu dambeeyay qarnigii 14aad; tirada iyo nooca sheekooyinku waxay ku kala duwanaayeen farta gacanta mid ka mid ah mid kale.<ref name="arabianNights">Grant & Clute, p. 51</ref> Shaqadan waxay saameyn weyn ku lahayd Galbeedka tan iyo markii loo turjumay qarnigii 18aad, markii ugu horreysay oo uu turjumay Antoine Galland.<ref>L. Sprague de Camp, Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers: The Makers of Heroic Fantasy, p. 10 {{ISBN|0-87054-076-9}}</ref> Ku-dayasho ayaa lagu qray, gaar ahaan Faransiiska.<ref name="arabianNights2">Grant & Clute, p 52</ref> Jilayaal kala duwan oo ka socda epik-kan ayaa iyaguna noqday calaamado dhaqameed ee dhaqanka Galbeedka, sida Aladdiin, Sindibad Nawaakhida iyo Cali Baba. Tusaale ka mid ah tixda Carabiga iyo tixda Faarisiga oo ku saabsan jacaylka waa Layla iyo Majnuun, oo dib u dhaceysa xilligii Umawiyiinta ee qarnigii 7aad. Waa sheeko naxdin leh oo ku saabsan jacayl aan dhimanayn. Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, oo ah epik-ka qaranka ee Iran-ta Weyn, waa dib-u-sheegid khayaali iyo geesinimo leh oo ku saabsan taariikhda Faarisiga. Amir Arsalan wuxuu sidoo kale ahaa sheeko khayaali ah oo caan ah oo Faarisi ah. Ibn Tufayl (Abubacer) iyo Ibn al-Nafis waxay ahaayeen hormuudka riwaayadda falsafadda. Ibn Tufail wuxuu qray riwaayaddii ugu horreysay ee Carabi ah Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus) iyadoo cavab u ah Al-Ghazali's The Incoherence of the Philosophers, ka dibna Ibn al-Nafis wuxuu sidoo kale qray riwaayad Theologus Autodidactus iyadoo cavab u ah Ibn Tufail's Philosophus Autodidactus. Labada sheeko waxay lahaayeen jilayaal waaweyn (Hayy ee Philosophus Autodidactus iyo Kamil ee Theologus Autodidactus) oo ahaa carruur is-baray oo duurka ku voolaa oo ku noolaa go'doon kuyeel/jasiirad saxara ah, labaduba waxay ahaayeen tusaalayaasha ugu horreeyay ee sheeko jasiirad saxara ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, halka Hayy uu ku nool yahay kaligiis xoolaha jasiiradda saxarada ah inta ka dhiman sheekada Philosophus Autodidactus, sheekada Kamil waxay ka dhib badan tahay jasiiradda saxarada ah ee Theologus Autodidactus, iyadoo u ekaanaysa sheekadii ugu horreysay oo la ogaaday oo ah koreera/hanaqaad oo ugu dambeyntii noqonaysa tusaalaha ugu horreeya ee riwaayadda sayniska khayaaliga ah.<ref>Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), "Ibn Al-Nafis as a philosopher", Symposium on Ibn al-Nafis, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait (Cf. [http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html Ibn al-Nafis As a Philosopher] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206072116/http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html|date=6 February 2008}}, Encyclopedia of Islamic World).</ref><ref>Nahyan A. G. Fancy (2006), "[http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11292006-152615 Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (d. 1288)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404020329/http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11292006-152615/|date=4 April 2015}}", pp. 95–101, Electronic Theses and Dissertations, University of Notre Dame.</ref> Theologus Autodidactus,<ref>Muhammad b. Abd al-Malik Ibn Tufayl. [https://books.google.com/books?id=yFAR_G7HM3QC Philosophus autodidactus, sive Epistola Abi Jaafar ebn Tophail de Hai ebn Yokdhan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004180638/https://books.google.com/books?id=yFAR_G7HM3QC |date=4 October 2015 }}: in qua ostenditur, quomodo ex inferiorum contemplatione ad superiorum notitiam ratio humana ascendere possit. E Theatro Sheldoniano, excudebat Joannes Owens, 1700.</ref><ref>Ala-al-din abu Al-Hassan Ali ibn Abi-Hazm al-Qarshi al-Dimashqi. The Theologus autodidactus of Ibn al-Nafīs. Clarendon P., 1968</ref> oo uu qray aqoonyahanka Carabi Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288),<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sFCuoqykV9QC&q=ibn+al+nafis+first+science+fiction+novel&pg=PA236|title=The Cambridge Companion to Utopian Literature|first=Gregory|last=Claeys|date=5 August 2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139828420|via=Google Books}}</ref> wuxuu ka shaqeeyaa walxaha sayniska khayaaliga ah sida abuurista iskood u samaysanta, falanqaynta mustaqbalka, dhamaadka dunida iyo qiyaamaha, soo-tegga/sarakicidda, iyo nolosha ka dib. Halkii uu ka siin lahaa sharraxaad mucjiso ama khayaali ah dhacdooyinkan, Ibn al-Nafis wuxuu isku dayay inuu sharraxo walxaha sheekada iyada oo loo marayo aqoonta sayniska ee bijoolajiga, astronomy-ga, cosmology-ga iyo meelaha/juqraafiga oo lagu yaqaannay xilligiisa. Khayaaliga Ibn al-Nafis wuxuu sharraxay baridda diinta Islaamka iyada oo loo marayo sayniska iyo falsafadda Islaamka.<ref name="Roubi">Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), "Ibn Al-Nafis as a philosopher", Symposium on Ibn al Nafis, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait (Cf. [http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html Ibnul-Nafees As a Philosopher] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206072116/http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html|date=6 February 2008}}, Encyclopedia of Islamic World).</ref> Turjumaadaha Ibn Tufail's Philosophus Autodidactus waxay ka muuqdeen Laatiin (1671), Inqiriisi (1708), Jarmal, iyo Dutch. Turjumaadahan luqadaha Yurub waxay ka dib saameyn ku yeesheen Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe<ref>Cyril Glasse (2001), New Encyclopaedia of Islam, p. 202, Rowman Altamira, {{ISBN|0-7591-0190-6}}.</ref> iyo Robert Boyle's The Aspiring Naturalist.<ref name="Toomer-222">G. J. Toomer (1996), Eastern Wisedome and Learning: The Study of Arabic in Seventeenth-Century England, p. 222, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-820291-1}}.</ref> === Falsafadda === [[File:Persian Scholar pavilion in Viena UN (Rhazes&Khayyam).jpg|thumb|Scholars Pavilion waa taallo ay Iran ugu deeqday Xafiiska Qaramada Midoobay ee Vienna. Sannadlaha aqoonyahannadii Muslimka ahaa ee qarniyadii dhexe, Omar Khayyam, Al-Biruni, Rhazes iyo Avicenna ayaa ku dhex jira dhismaha.]] Astaamaha ugu caansan ee lagu qeexo falsafadda Islaamka waa "qaabka falsafadda ee lagu dhex abuuray qaabdhismeedka dhaqanka Islaamka."<ref name="RoutledgeEoP">[http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/H057 "Islamic Philosophy"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606082214/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/islamic-philosophy;jsessionid=B31B033F077DD5E68E09CC9D35C02105|date=6 June 2022}}, Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy (1998)</ref> Falsafadda Islaamka, qeexidtan laguma xidho arrimo diimeed oo keliya, mana aha mid ay Muslimiinta oo keliya curiyeen.<ref name="RoutledgeEoP" /> Aqoonyahanka Faarisiiga ah ee Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (980–1037) wuxuu lahaa ka badan 450 buug oo loo tiriyo. Qoraalladiisu waxay ku saabsanaayeen maadooyin kala duwan, gaar ahaan falsafadda iyo daawada. Buuggiisa daawada ee The Canon of Medicine waxaa loo adeegsaday sida buugga heerka sare ah ee jaamacadaha Yurub ee qarniyo badan. Wuxuu sidoo kale qray The Book of Healing, oo ah encyclopediya saynis iyo falsafad saameyn leh.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Ibn Sina [Avicenna]|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ibn-sina/|encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|date=2024|quote=The Cure...had momentous consequences...his philosophical system dominated intellectual history in both Shi’ite and most of Sunni Islam}}</ref> Shakhsiyad kale oo ka tirsan Casrigii Dahabiga ahaa ee Islaamka, Avicenna, wuxuu sidoo kale sameeyay dugsigiisa falsafadda ee Avicennism, oo saameyn ku lahaa dhulka Islaamka iyo kan Masiixiga dhexdiisa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Saliba|first=George|author-link=George Saliba|date=1994|title=A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam|pages=245, 250, 256–257|publisher=New York University Press|isbn=0-8147-8023-7}}</ref> Falsafad kale oo saameyn ku lahaa falsafadda casriga ah wuxuu ahaa Ibn Tufail. Riwaayaddiisii falsafadda ahayd, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, oo loo turjumay Laatiin siday tahay Philosophus Autodidactus sannadkii 1671, waxay horumarisay mawduucyada empiricism, tabula rasa, dabiicadda iyo korinta, xaaladda suurtogalnimada, materialism,<ref>Dominique Urvoy, "The Rationality of Everyday Life: The Andalusian Tradition? (Aropos of Hayy's First Experiences)", in Lawrence I. Conrad (1996), The World of Ibn Tufayl: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Ḥayy Ibn Yaqẓān, pp. 38–46, Brill Publishers, {{ISBN|90-04-09300-1}}.</ref> iyo Molyneux's problem.<ref>Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik Ibn Tufail and Léon Gauthier (1981), Risalat Hayy ibn Yaqzan, p. 5, Editions de la Méditerranée.</ref> Aqoonyahannada iyo qoraayaasha Yurub ee uu saameeyay riwaayaddan waxaa ka mid ah John Locke,<ref>Russell (1994), pp. 224–39</ref> Gottfried Leibniz,<ref name="Wainwright">Martin Wainwright, [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/mar/22/featuresreviews.guardianreview1 Desert island scripts], The Guardian, 22 March 2003.</ref> Melchisédech Thévenot, John Wallis, Christiaan Huygens,<ref>Russell (1994) p. 227</ref> George Keith, Robert Barclay, Quakers,<ref>Russell (1994), p. 247</ref> iyo Samuel Hartlib.<ref name="Toomer-2222">G. J. Toomer (1996), Eastern Wisedome and Learning: The Study of Arabic in Seventeenth-Century England, p. 222, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-820291-1}}.</ref> Falsafada Islaamku waxay sii waday horumarka falsafadda ilaa qarnigii 17aad, markii Mulla Sadra uu sameeyay dugsigiisa Transcendent theosophy oo uu horumaray fikradda existentialism-ka.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mulla Sadra's Transcendent Philosophy|first=Muhammad|last=Kamal|year=2006|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-5271-7|pages=9, 39|oclc=224496901}}</ref> Falsafado kale oo saameyn lahaa oo Muslimiin ah waxaa ka mid ah Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), oo ah hormuudka phenomenology iyo falsafadda sayniska iyo dhaleeceeyaha dabiiciga ah ee Aristotelian iyo fikradda Aristotle ee goobta (topos); Al-Biruni, dhaleeceeye dabiiciga ah ee Aristotelian; Ibn al-Nafis, hormuudka riwaayadda falsafadda; Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi, aasaasaha falsafadda Illuminationist; Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, dhaleeceeye mantiqa Aristotelian iyo hormuudka mantiqa inductive-ka; iyo Ibn Khaldun, oo ah hormuudka falsafadda taariikhda.<ref name="Akhtar">S.R.W. Akhtar (1997). "The Islamic Concept of Knowledge", Al-Tawhid: A Quarterly Journal of Islamic Thought & Culture 12 (3). https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol-12-no3/islamic-concept-knowledge-sayyid-wahid-akhtar</ref> === Sayniska iyo tiknoolajiyada === [[File:Statue of Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi in Urgench.jpg|thumb|Taallada Al-Khwarizmi ee Urgench, Uzbekistan.]] Ibn al-Haytham waxaa sidoo xaqiiqo ah loo arkaa aabbaha optics-ka, gaar ahaan cadeyntiisa empirik-ka ah ee aragtida intromission-ka ee iftiinka. Jim Al-Khalili wuxuu sheegay 2009 in Ibn al-Haytham 'loogu yeero inta badan "saynisyahankii ugu horreeyay ee dhabta ah ee dunida".'<ref>{{cite news |last=Al-Khalili|first=Jim|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7810846.stm|title=BBC News|date=4 January 2009|access-date=11 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426041228/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7810846.stm|archive-date=26 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Al-Khwarizmi wuxuu alifay nidaamyada log base-ka ee maanta loo adeecsado, wuxuu sidoo kale ka qaybqaatay theorems ee trigonometry iyo sidoo kale limits.<ref>Plofker, Kim (2009), Mathematics in India: 500 BCE–1800 CE, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|0-691-12067-6}}.</ref> Waxbarashooyinkii ugu dambeeyay waxay muujinayaan inay u badan tahay in fannaaniintii Muslimka ahayd ee Qarniyadii Dhexe ay ogaayeen geometriyada quasicrystal ee decagonal ah ee sare ee la helay kala bar millennium ka dib 1970-yadii iyo 1980-yadii ee Galbeedka, ayna u adeegsadeen shaqada tiled-ka ee dhismaha.<ref>Peter J. Lu, [http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2007/03.01/99-tiles.html Harvard's Office of News and Public Affairs] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314012002/http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2007/03.01/99-tiles.html|date=14 March 2007}}</ref> Dhaqaatiirta Muslimiinta ah waxay ka qaybqaateen sahanka daawada, oo ay ku jiraan anatomy iyo physiology: sida shaqadii Faarisiiga ahayd ee qarnigii 15aad ee uu sameeyay Mansur ibn Muhammad ibn al-Faqih Ilyas ee loo yaqaan Tashrih al-badan (Anatomy-ga jirka) oo ku jireen sawirro guud oo ku saabsan habka jirka, dareemayaasha iyo habka wareegga dhiigga; ama shaqadii dhakhtarkii Masar Ibn al-Nafis, oo soo bandhigay aragtida wareegga dhiigga ee sambabada. Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Abulcasis) wuxuu ka qaybqaatay edbinta qalliinka daawada buuggiisa Kitab al-Tasrif ("Buugga Tanaasulaadka"), oo ah encyclopediya daawa oo ka dib loo turjumay Laatiin oo loo adeegsaday iskoolada daawada ee Yurub iyo Muslimiinta ee qarniyo badan. Horumaro kale oo daawo ah waxay ka tulmeen dhinacyada pharmacology iyo pharmacy.<ref>Turner, H. (1997) pp. 136–38</ref> Saynisyahannada ugu caansan ee ka mid ah dunida Islaamka ee qarniyadii dhexe waxaa ka mid ah Jābir ibn Hayyān, al-Farabi, Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi, Ibn al-Haytham, Al-Biruni, Avicenna, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, iyo Ibn Khaldun. Tiknoolajiyada dhexdeeda, dunida Islaamka waxay warqad-sameynta ka qaadatay Shiinaha.<ref name="Lucas">Adam Robert Lucas (2005), "Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe", Technology and Culture 46 (1), pp. 1–30 [10].</ref> Aqoonta baaruudda waxaa sidoo kale ka soo muuqatay Shiinaha iyada oo loo marayo waddamada badankooda Islaamka ah.<ref>Arming the Periphery. Emrys Chew, 2012. p. 1823.</ref> Horumar ayaa lagu sameeyay waraabinta iyo beeraha, iyadoo la adeegsanayo tiknoolajiyad cusub sida mishiinka dabaysha. Dalagyada sida lowska/almond iyo miraha sitrus waxaa loo keenay Yurub iyadoo loo marayo al-Andalus, oo beerashada sonkorta ayaa si tartiib-tartiib ah ay ugu ku-daydeen Yurubiyanku. Ganacsatada Carabta waxay maamuleen ganacsiga Badweynta Hindiya ilaa imaatinka Boortaqiisku ee qarnigii 16aad. Hormuz wuxuu ahaa xarun muhiim ah oo ganacsigan ah. Waxaa sidoo kale ka jirey shabakad cufan oo waddooyinka ganacsiga ee Badda Dhexe, oo ay waddamada aqlabiyadda Muslimka ah ku ganacsan jireen kesooda iyo awoodaha Yurub sida Venice, Genoa iyo Catalonia (sido kale eeg: Indo-Mediterranean). Jidka Xariirta oo ka tallaabaya Aasiyada Dhexe wuxuu marayay dawlado Islaam ah oo u dhexeya Shiinaha iyo Yurub. Soo-bixidda boqortooyooyinka dhaqaale ee waaweyn oo leh kheyraad tiknoolajiyadeed ka dib qabsashadii Timur (Tamerlane) iyo soo-reenka Timurid Renaissance waxaa ka mid ah Boqortooyada Mali iyo Saltanaddii Bengal gaar ahaan, oo ah qaran ganacsi oo caalami ah oo dunida ku yaal, oo Yurubiyanku ku describe gareeyeen "waddanka ugu hodansan ee lagu ganacsado".<ref>Nanda, J. N (2005). Bengal: the unique state. Concept Publishing Company. p. 10. 2005. {{ISBN|978-81-8069-149-2}}. Bengal [...] was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with.</ref> Iinjineerada Muslimiinta ee dunida Islaamka waxay sameeyeen isticmaalo warshadeed oo cusub oo hydropower ah, iyo isticmaalo warshadeed oo hore oo ah tidal power iyo wind power.<ref>Ahmad Y. al-Hassan (1976). Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering, pp. 34–35. Institute for the History of Arabic Science, University of Aleppo.</ref> Isticmaalka warshadeed ee watermills ee dunida Islaamka wuxuu dib u dhacaa qarnigii 7aad, halka water mills-ka leh giraangiraha jiifa iyo kuwa taagan oo dhan loo adeegsanayay si weyn tan iyo ugu yaraan qarnigii 9aad. Mashiinno warshadeed oo kala duwan ayaa lagu adeegsanayay dunida Islaamka, oo ay ku jiraan fulling mills, gristmills, paper mills, hullers, sawmills, ship mills, stamp mills, steel mills, sugar mills, tide mills iyo windmills. Markii ay gaadhay qarnigii 11aad, gobol kasta oo ka mid ah dunida Islaamka wuxuu lahaa mashiinnadan warshadeed oo shaqaynaya, kuwo ka billowda al-Andalus iyo Waqooyiga Afrika ilaa Bariga Dhexe iyo Aasiyada Dhexe.<ref name="Lucas" /> Iinjineerada Muslimiinta waxay sidoo kale alifeen crankshafts iyo water turbines, waxay adeegsadeen gears ee mashiinnada iyo mashiinnada biyaha kor u qaada, waxayna hormuud u ahaayeen isticmaalka dam-yada sida il ka mid ah awoodda biyaha, oo loo adeegsaday in lagu siiyo awood dheeraad ah watermills iyo mashiinnada biyaha kor u qaada.<ref name="Hassan">Ahmad Y. al-Hassan, Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part II: Transmission Of Islamic Engineering</ref> Horumaradan waxay suurtogal ka dhigeen in shaqooyinka warshadeed oo hore loogu kexayn jiray shaqaale hanto ama gacanta xilliyadii hore ay noqdaan kuwo la mishiineeyay oo lagu kexo mashiinno beddelkeeda dunidii Islaamka ee qarniyadii dhexe. Wareejinta tiknoolajiyadan oo loo wareejiyay Yurubtii qarniyadii dhexe waxay saameyn ku lahayd Industrial Revolution-ka, gaar ahaan ka soo jeeda proto-industrialised Mughal Bengal iyo Tipu Sultan's Kingdom, iyadoo loo marayo qabsashadii East India Company. === Aqsanta === [[File:Taj Mahal (Edited).jpeg|thumb|Taj Mahal ee India waxaa loo arkaa masterpiece si caalami ah loo bogsho oo ka tirsan World's Heritage, iyo mid ka mid ah Seven Wonders of the World.]] {{excerpt|Islamic architecture|only=paragraphs}} == Saamaynta diimaha kale, iyo Islaamiga == {{Main|Islaamiga|Islaamiga waddan ahaan}} [[File:Mohammed2.jpg|thumb|Nabi Muxammad iyo Rahibkii Sergius, oo uu sameeyay Lucas van Leyden, 1508 AD. Waxay muujineysaa Halsooreedkii Nabi Muxammad ee ku dhex wareegi jiray Yurub.]] [[File:La.Vie.de.Mahomet Christies.jpg|thumb|403x403px|Nabi Muxammad oo haysta seef iyo bilal halka uu ku tunto dunida, iskutallaabta, iyo Tobanka Amrood. Waxaa sameeyay Humphrey Prideaux, 1699.]] [[File:Nuremberg chronicles - Mohammed (CLIv).jpg|thumb|Nabi Muxammad oo fadhiya dhanka bidix, oo ku sawiran Nuremberg Chronicle, 1440 AD.]] Haddii dhaqdhaqaaqyada sida Druze,<ref>{{Cite book |last=De McLaurin |first=Ronald |url=https://archive.org/details/politicalroleofm0000unse |title=The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East |publisher=Michigan University Press |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-03-052596-4 |page=114 |quote=Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles, the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hunter |first=Shireen |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsofislami0000unse |title=The Politics of Islamic Revivalism: Diversity and Unity: Center for Strategic and International Studies (Washington, D.C.), Georgetown University. Center for Strategic and International Studies |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-253-34549-3 |page=33 |quote=Druze – An offshoot of Shi'ism; its members are not considered Muslims by orthodox Muslims.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=R. Williams |first=Victoria |title=Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival [4 volumes] |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-4408-6118-5 |page=318 |quote=As Druze is a nonritualistic religion without requirements to pray, fast, make pilgrimages, or observe days of rest, the Druze are not considered an Islamic people by Sunni Muslims.}}</ref> Berghouata iyo Ha-Mim, ay ka soo baxeen Islaamka ama ay la wadaageen rumayntooda gaarka ah Islaamka, iyo haddii mid kastaa yahay diin gooni ah ama firqad ka mid ah Islaamka waa aragtiyo dood ku jiraan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=D. Grafton |first=David |title=Piety, Politics, and Power: Lutherans Encountering Islam in the Middle East |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-63087-718-7 |page=14 |quote=In addition, there are several quasi-Muslim sects, in that, although they follow many of the beliefs and practices of orthodox Islam, the majority of Sunnis consider them heretical. These would be the Ahmadiyya, Druze, Ibadi, and the Yazidis.}}</ref> Caqiidada Druze waxay sii kala qaybisay Ismaaciiliyada maadaama ay horumarisay caqiidooyinkeeda gaarka ah, waxayna ugu dambeyntii ka sootagday Ismaaciiliyada iyo Islaamka labadaba; kuwan waxaa ka mid ah rumaynta in Imaamka Al-Xaakim bi-Amr Allaah uu ahaa Ilaah jisoobay.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Poonawala |first=Ismail K. |date=July–September 1999 |title=Review: ''The Fatimids and Their Traditions of Learning'' by Heinz Halm |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-oriental-society_july-september-1999_119_3/page/542 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |publisher=American Oriental Society |volume=119 |issue=3 |page=542 |doi=10.2307/605981 |issn=0003-0279 |jstor=605981 |lccn=12032032 |oclc=47785421}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Bryer | first = David R. W. | title = The Origins of the Druze Religion (Fortsetzung) | journal = Der Islam | year = 1975 | volume = 52 | issue = 2 | pages = 239–262 | doi = 10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 | s2cid = 162363556 | url = https://doi.org/10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 | issn = 1613-0928 | ref = {{harvid|Bryer|1975b}} | url-access = subscription }}</ref> Yazdânism waxaa loo arkaa isku-dhafan ka mid ah rumaynta dhaladka ee Kurdiida iyo caqiidada Suufiyada Islaamka ee loo soo bandhigay Kurdistan ee Sheekh Cadi ibn Musafir ee qarnigii 12aad.<ref>{{cite book |last=Foltz |first=Richard |title=Religions of Iran: From Prehistory to the Present |date=7 November 2013 |isbn=978-1-78074-307-3 |page=219 |chapter=Two Kurdish Sects: The Yezidis and the Yaresan |publisher=Oneworld Publications |chapter-url= |chapter-url-access=}}</ref> Bábism waxay ka soo bilaabatay Shiicada Isnaashariyada ee martay Siyyid 'Ali Muhammad i-Shirazi al-Bab iyadoo mid ka mid ah taageerayaashiisa Mirza Husayn 'Ali Nuri Baha'u'llah uu aasaasay Caqiidada Baha'i.<ref>{{cite web |last=House of Justice |first=Universal |title=One Common Faith |url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/bic/OCF/ocf-8.html |access-date=1 April 2017 |website=reference.bahai.org}}</ref> Yarsanism,<ref name="Z. Mir-Hosseini 1994, p.267">{{cite journal |last=Mir-Hosseini |first=Z. |date=1994 |title=Inner Truth and Outer History: The Two Worlds of the Ahl-e Haqq of Kurdistan |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-middle-east-studies_1994-04_26_2/page/267 |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=26 |pages=267–268}}</ref> Din-i Ilahi,{{sfnp|Roychoudhury|1941|page=306}} iyo Ali-Illahism<ref>{{Cite book |last=Layard |first=Austen Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-SQe_sNtIaMC&q=ali%2520illahism&pg=PA216 |title=Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon: With Travels in Armenia, Kurdistan and the Desert: Being the Result of a Second Expedition Undertaken for the Trustees of the British Museum |date=2010-08-31 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108016773 |page=216 |language=en}}</ref> waxaa loo arkaa kuwo ka sootagay Islaamka. Sikhism, oo uu aasaasay Guru Nanak oo ku sugan Punjab qarnigii 15aad ee dambe, waxaa saameeyay Islaamku.<ref>{{cite book |last=Elsberg |first=Constance |date=2003 |title=Graceful Women |publisher=University of Tennessee Press |isbn=978-1-57233-214-0 |pages=27–28}}</ref> == Dhaleeceynta == {{Main|Dhaleeceynta Islaamka}} {{see also|Dhaleeceynta Muxammad|Dhaleeceynta Qur'aanka}} [[File:Jacques Courtois - Battle between Christians and Muslims.jpg|thumb|Dagaalkii ka dhex dhacay Muslinka iyo Masiixiyiinta xilligii Dagaalladii Saliibiyada, oo uu sameeyay Jacques Courtois.]] Dhaleeceynta Islaamku waxay jirtay tan iyo heeraradeedii ugu horreeyay. Dhaleeceyntii hore waxay ka timid qoraayaal Yahuud ah, sida Ibn Kammuna, iyo qoraayaal Masiixi ah, oo kuwo badan oo ka mid ah ay u arkayeen Islaamka bidco Masiixi ah ama nooc sanam-caabudid ah, iyagood inta badan ku fashilayay terms apocalyptic ah.{{sfnp|Fahlbusch et al|2001|p=[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=yaecVMhMWaEC|page=759}} 759]}} Qoraayaasha Masiixiyiinta ahi waxay dhaleeceeyeen sharraxaadaha laab-lakacsan ee Islaamku ka bixiyo jannada. Qarnigii sagaalaad aqoonyahankii Muslinka ahaa ee Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari wuxuu u dooday sharraxaadda Qur'aanka ee jannada iyadoo sheegaysa in Baybalku sidoo kale tilmaamayso fikradahaas, sida cabbidda khamriga ee jannada dhexdeeda oo ku jirta Injiilka Matayos. Caalimkii Masiixiga ahaa ee qarnigii 4aad Augustine ee Hippo caqiidooyinkiisu waxay keeneen diidmo baahsan oo ku saabsan raaxada jidhka ee nolosha iyo aakhiro dhexdeeda labadaba.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Christian Lange |title=Paradise and Hell in Islamic Traditions |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-521-50637-3 |pages=18–20}}</ref> Sawirro aflaadaad ah oo ka dhan ah Muxammad, oo ka soo bilaabmay sawirraddii hore ee qarnigii 7aad ee Kaniisadda Ortodokska Bari ee Boqortooyada Bizantiinta,<ref>Reeves, Minou, and P. J. Stewart. 2003. ''Muhammad in Europe: A Thousand Years of Western Myth-Making''. NYU Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8147-7564-6}}. p. 93–96.</ref> waxay ka muuqdaan gabayga qarnigii 14aad ee Divine Comedy oo uu qaray Dante Alighieri. Halkan, Muxammad waxaa lagu muujiyay goobta sideedaad ee jahannamada, iyadoo la joogo Cali. Dante ma eedayno Islaamka guud ahaan laakiin wuxuu eedaynayaa Muxammad kala qaybin, maadaama uu aasaasay diin kale Masiixiyadda ka dib.<ref name="Stone">Stone, G. 2006. ''Dante's Pluralism and the Islamic Philosophy of Religion''. Springer Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1-4039-8309-1}}. p. 53–54.</ref> Dhaleeceynaha kale waxay diiradda saaraan la-dhaqanka shakhsiyaadka ee gudaha waddamada casriga ah ee Muslinku ku badan yahay, oo ay ku jiraan arrimo ku saabsan xuquuqda aadanaha, goorta ay si dhow u la xiriirto fulinta sharciga Islaamka.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Yohanan|last1=Friedmann|year=2003|title=Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/tolerancecoercio00frie|url-access=limited|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/tolerancecoercio00frie/page/n31 18], 35|isbn=978-0-521-02699-4}}</ref> Sidoo kale, isbeddellada dhowaan ee dhaqammada kala duwan ka dib, kartida loo malaynayo inay leeyihiin soo-galootiga Muslinka ah ee Galbeedka si ay u la qabsadaan waa la dhaleeceeyay oo waxaa loo eedeeyay asalka Islaamka kuwo ka mid ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Modood |first=Tariq |url=https://archive.org/details/multiculturalism00modo |title=Multiculturalism, Muslims and Citizenship: A European Approach |date=6 April 2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-35515-5 |edition=1st |page=[https://archive.org/details/multiculturalism00modo/page/n43 29] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Ugu dambeyntii cilmi-baaris{{what|date=April 2026}} waxay heshay in diindhaqameedka Islaamka oo sarreeya uu la xiriiro xagjirinimada Islaamka oo sarreysa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kamenowski |first1=Maria |last2=Manzoni |first2=Patrik |last3=Haymoz |first3=Sandrine |last4=Isenhardt |first4=Anna |last5=Jacot |first5=Cédric |last6=Baier |first6=Dirk |date=2021-06-17 |title=Religion as an influencing factor of right-wing, left-wing and Islamist extremism. Findings of a Swiss youth study |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=6 |article-number=e0252851 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0252851 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=8211158 |pmid=34138885 |bibcode=2021PLoSO..1652851K }}</ref> === Ilaha === {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Imad-ad-Dean |title=Signs in the heavens |volume=2 |publisher=Amana Publications |year=2006 |isbn=1-59008-040-8}} * {{cite book |last=Arnold|first=Thomas |title=The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith.|volume= |publisher= |year=1896 |isbn=}} * {{Cite book |last=Bennett |first=Clinton |title=Interpreting the Qur'an: a guide for the uninitiated |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8264-9944-8 |page=101 |author-link=Clinton Bennett}} * {{cite book |last=Blankinship |first=K. |year=2008 |chapter=The early creed |editor=T. Winter |title=The Cambridge Companion to Classical Islamic Theology |series=Cambridge Companions to Religion |pages=33–54 |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/CCOL9780521780582.003|isbn=978-0-521-78058-2 }} * {{Cite book |last=Brockopp |first=Jonathan E. |title=Islamic Ethics of Life: abortion, war and euthanasia |publisher=University of South Carolina Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-57003-471-8}} *{{Cite book|last=Bulliet|first=Richard| publisher = Houghton Mifflin| isbn = 0-618-42770-8| title = The Earth and Its Peoples | location = Boston| year = 2005| url = | page = | quote = }} * {{Cite book |last=Burge|first=Stephen|year=2015|title=Angels in Islam: Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti's al-Haba'ik fi akhbar al-mala'ik |place=London |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-50473-0}} * {{cite book |last=Çakmak |first=Cenap |title=Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopedia |series=4 volumes |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-61069-217-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Campo |first=Juan E. |title=Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8160-5454-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC}} * {{Cite book |last=Chittick |first=William C |title=Sufism: A Beginner's Guide |year=2008 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-78074-052-2 |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=LI0kjBlXS5UC}} |access-date=17 January 2015}} * {{Cite book |last=Cohen-Mor |first=Dalya |title=A Matter of Fate: The Concept of Fate in the Arab World as Reflected in Modern Arabic Literature |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-513398-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Curtis |first=Patricia A. |url=https://archive.org/details/guidetofoodlawsr0000curt |title=A Guide to Food Laws and Regulations |publisher=Blackwell Publishing Professional |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8138-1946-4 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/islamstraightpat0000espo |title=Islam: The Straight Path |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-511234-4 |edition=3rd |author-link=John Esposito}} * {{Cite book |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |title=The Oxford History of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-19-510799-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00john |editor-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |title=The Oxford History of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-19-510799-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00john |editor-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/unholywarterrori0000espo |title=Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002a |isbn=978-0-19-516886-0 |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |title=What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002b |isbn=978-0-19-515713-0 |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/islamstraightpat0001espo |title=Islam: The Straight Path |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-19-518266-8 |edition=Revised 3rd |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |title=Islam: The Straight Path |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-539600-3 |edition=4th |author-mask=1}} * {{cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |year=2011 |title=What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam |edition=2nd |place=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-979413-3 |author-mask=1}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20080204031050/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/Public/book_wenkai.html Lay summary] * {{Cite book |last1=Esposito |first1=John |url=https://archive.org/details/muslimsonamerica00yvon |title=Muslims on the Americanization Path? |last2=Haddad |first2=Yvonne Yazbeck |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-19-513526-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Farah |first=Caesar |title=Islam: Beliefs and Observances |publisher=Barron's Educational Series |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-8120-1853-0 |edition=5th |author-link=Caesar E. 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* {{Cite book |editor-last1=Holt |editor-first1=P.M. |editor-last2=Lambton |editor-first2=Ann K.S. |editor-last3=Lewis |editor-first3=Bernard |title=The Cambridge History of Islam |volume=1A |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-521-21946-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory00holt_798 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last1=Hourani |first1=Albert |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofarabpeo0122hour_06BYS |title=A History of the Arab Peoples |publisher=Belknap Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-674-01017-8 |author-link=Albert Hourani}} * {{cite book |title=The Caliphate of Banu Umayyah the first Phase, Ibn Katheer, Taken from Al-Bidayah wan-Nihayah |author=Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar Ibn Kathīr |isbn=978-603-500-080-2 |translator=Yoosuf Al-Hajj Ahmad |place=Riyadh |publisher=Maktaba Dar-us-Salam |year=2012}} * {{Cite book |last=Kobeisy |first=Ahmed Nezar |title=Counseling American Muslims: Understanding the Faith and Helping the People |publisher=Praeger Publishers |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-313-32472-7}} * {{Cite book |last=Kramer |first=Martin |title=Shi'Ism, Resistance, and Revolution |publisher=Westview Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-8133-0453-3}} * {{Cite book |last=Lapidus |first=Ira |title=A History of Islamic Societies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-521-77933-3 |edition=2nd}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |title=The Jews of Islam |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-7102-0462-2 |author-link=Bernard Lewis}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |title=The Arabs in History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-19-285258-8 |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/middleeastbriefh0000lewi |title=The Middle East |publisher=Scribner |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-684-83280-7 |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/islaminhistory00bern |title=Islam in History: Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East |publisher=Open Court Publishing Company |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8126-9518-2 |edition=2nd |author-mask=1 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/whatwentwrongcl00lewi |title=What Went Wrong?: The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East |publisher=Harper Perennial |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-06-051605-5 |edition=reprint |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/crisisofislam00bern |title=The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror |publisher=Random House, Inc., New York |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8129-6785-2 |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Madelung |first=Wilferd |title=The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-521-64696-3 |author-link=Wilferd Madelung}} * {{Cite book |last1=Malik |first1=Jamal |title=Sufism in the West |last2=Hinnells |first2=John R. |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-27408-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Momen |first=Moojan |title=An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-300-03531-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyed Hossein |author-link=Seyyed Hossein Nasr |year=2003 |title=The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity}} * {{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyed Muhammad |url=https://archive.org/details/ourreligions00shar |title=Our Religions: The Seven World Religions Introduced by Preeminent Scholars from Each Tradition (Chapter 7) |publisher=HarperCollins |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-06-067700-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Nigosian |first=Solomon Alexander |title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-253-21627-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Peacock|first=A.C.S.|title=Islam, Literature and Society in Mongol Anatolia|date=2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume= |page=|doi= 10.1017/9781108582124|isbn=978-1-108-58212-4|s2cid=211657444}} * {{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |url=https://archive.org/details/islamguideforjew00fepe |title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-691-11553-5}} * {{Cite report |date=October 2009 |title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population |publisher=Pew Research Center |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2009/10/Muslimpopulation.pdf |access-date=25 May 2020 |ref={{sfnref|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009}} }} [https://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/ Overview]. * {{Cite book |last=Rippin |first=Andrew |url=https://archive.org/details/muslimstheirreli0000ripp |title=Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices |publisher=Routledge |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-415-21781-1 |edition=2nd |author-link=Andrew Rippin}} * {{cite book |last=Roychoudhury |first=Makhanlal |year=1941 |title=The Din-i Ilahi, or, The Religion of Akbar |publisher=University of Calcutta |oclc=3312929 |url=https://archive.org/details/diniilahiorthere031361mbp |via=Internet Archive}} * {{cite journal |last=Serjeant |first=R.B. |date=1978 |title=Sunnah Jami'ah, pacts with the Yathrib Jews, and the Tahrim of Yathrib |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |volume=41 |pages=1–42 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00057761 |s2cid=161485671 }} * {{Cite book |last=Sachedina |first=Abdulaziz |title=The Just Ruler in Shi'ite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence |publisher=Oxford University Press US |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-511915-2 |author-link=Abdulaziz Sachedina}} * {{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Jane I. |author-link=Jane Idleman Smith |title=The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-515649-2}} * {{Cite book |editor-last=Stefon |editor-first=Matt |title=Islamic Beliefs and Practices |publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-61530-060-0 |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last1=Ṭabāṭabāʼī |first1=Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn |title=Shi'ite Islam |translator-last=Nasr |translator-first=Seyyed Hossein |publisher=SUNY Press |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-87395-272-9 |author-link=Allameh Tabatabaei}} * {{Cite book |last=Teece |first=Geoff |url=https://archive.org/details/islam0000teec_a5d6 |title=Religion in Focus: Islam |publisher=Franklin Watts Ltd |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7496-4796-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Trimingham |first=John Spencer |title=The Sufi Orders in Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-512058-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Colin |title=Islam: the Basics |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-34106-6 |location=London}} * {{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Bryan S. |title=Weber and Islam |publisher=Routledge |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-415-17458-9 |location=London}} * {{Cite book |last=Waines |first=David |title=An Introduction to Islam |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-521-53906-7}} * {{Cite book |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |title=The Formative Period of Islamic Thought |publisher=University Press Edinburgh |year=1973 |isbn=978-0-85224-245-2 |author-link=William Montgomery Watt}} * {{Cite book |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadprophets00watt |title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1974 |isbn=978-0-19-881078-0 |edition=New |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Weiss |first=Bernard G. |title=Studies in Islamic Legal Theory |publisher=Brill Academic publishers |year=2002 |isbn=978-90-04-12066-2 |location=Boston |author-link=Bernard G. Weiss}} {{Refend}} === Qaamuusyo iyo encyclopedias === {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{harvc |last1=Gardet|first1=L.|last2=Jomier|first2=J.|year=2012|c=Islām |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0387}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |ref={{harvid|Fahlbusch et al|2001}} |editor-last=Fahlbusch |editor-first=Erwin |display-editors=etal |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=yaecVMhMWaEC}} |title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=2001 |isbn=978-90-04-11695-5 |volume=2}} * {{cite encyclopedia |year=1913–1936 |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |editor1-last=Houtsma |editor1-first=M.T. |editor1-link=Martijn Theodoor Houtsma |editor2-first=T.W. |editor2-last=Arnold |editor2-link=Thomas Walker Arnold |editor3-first=R. |editor3-last=Basset |editor4-first=R. |editor4-last=Hartmann |edition=1st |place=Leiden |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-08265-6 |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam (1st ed.)|1913–1936}}}} * {{cite encyclopedia |year=2012 |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P.J. |issn=1573-3912 |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |edition=2nd |place=Leiden |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4 |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)|2012}}}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P.J. |issn=1573-3912 |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|n.d.}} |date=n.d. |url=https://brill.com/view/package/eio?language=en |url-access=subscription}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2004 |title=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World |series=Macmillan Reference Books |publisher=Thomson-Gale |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofis0001unse |editor-last=Martin |editor-first=Richard C. |isbn=978-0-02-865603-8}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |date=n.d. |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |editor-link=Jane Dammen McAuliffe}} * {{cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān |volume=2 |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=2002}} * {{cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān |volume=3 |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=2003}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals |publisher=Routledge |editor-last=Salamone |editor-first=Frank |edition=1st |isbn=978-0-415-94180-8 |series=Routledge Encyclopedias of Religion and Society |volume=6 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre00sala |jstor=j.ctt1jd94wq |year=2004}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2003 |title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=AltaMira Press |url=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas |editor-last=Glassé |editor-first=Cyril |series=Revised Edition of the Concise Encyclopedia of Islam |isbn=978-0-7591-0190-6 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-19-512558-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00bada |url-access=registration}} {{doi|10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001}} – via Oxford Reference. * {{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |year=2004 |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |place=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975726-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2006 |title=The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia |publisher=Routledge |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=isDgI0-0Ip4C|page=}} |editor-last=Leaman |editor-first=Oliver |isbn=978-0-415-32639-1}} {{Refend}} == Akhrin dheeraad ah == {{Refbegin}} * Abdul-Haqq, Abdiyah Akbar (1980). ''Sharing Your Faith with a Muslim''. Minneapolis: Bethany House Publishers. ''N.B''. Presents the genuine doctrines and concepts of Islam and of the Holy Qur'an, and this religion's affinities with Christianity and its Sacred Scriptures, in order to "dialogue" on the basis of what both faiths really teach. {{ISBN|0-87123-553-6}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism |publisher=SAGE; Cato Institute |location=Thousand Oaks, CA |last=Ahmad |first=Imad-ad-Dean |title=Islam |author-link=Imad-ad-Dean Ahmad |editor-last=Hamowy |editor-first=Ronald |editor-link=Ronald Hamowy |pages=256–258 |doi=10.4135/9781412965811.n155 |isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4 |lccn=2008009151 |oclc=750831024 |url={{Google books|yxNgXs3TkJYC|plainurl=yes}}}} * {{Cite book |last=Akyol |first=Mustafa |url=https://archive.org/details/islamwithoutextr0000akyo |title=Islam Without Extremes |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-393-07086-6 |edition=1st |author-link=Mustafa Akyol}} * {{Cite book |last=Arberry |first=A.J. |url=https://archive.org/details/koraninterpreted00ajar |title=The Koran Interpreted: A Translation |publisher=Touchstone |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-684-82507-6 |edition=1st |author-link=A. J. Arberry}} * Cragg, Kenneth (1975). ''The House of Islam'', in ''The Religious Life of Man Series''. Second ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company 1975. xiii, 145 p. {{ISBN|0-8221-0139-4}}. * {{Cite book |last=Hafez |first=Sherine |title=An Islam of Her Own: Reconsidering Religion and Secularism in Women's Islamic Movements |year=2011 |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=9780814773055 |url=https://opensquare.nyupress.org/books/9780814790724/}} * {{Cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Muhammad Muhsin |title=Noble Quran |last2=Al-Hilali Khan |last3=Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications |year=1999 |isbn=978-9960-740-79-9 |edition=1st |author-link=Muhammad Muhsin Khan}} * Khanbaghi, A, (2006). ''The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran''. I. B. Tauris. * Khavari, Farid A. (1990). ''Oil and Islam: the Ticking Bomb''. First ed. Malibu, Calif.: Roundtable Publications. viii, 277 p., ill. with maps and charts. {{ISBN|0-915677-55-5}}. * {{Cite book |title=The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-965-224-040-8 |editor-last=Kramer |editor-first=Martin |editor-link=Martin Kramer}} * {{Cite book |last=Kuban |first=Dogan |title=Muslim Religious Architecture |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=1974 |isbn=978-90-04-03813-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/islamwest00lewi_0 |title=Islam and the West |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-19-509061-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/culturesinconfli0000lewi |title=Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Age of Discovery |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-19-510283-3 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Mubarkpuri |first=Saifur-Rahman |title=The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Prophet |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-59144-071-0}} * {{Cite book |last=Najeebabadi |first=Akbar Shah |title=History of Islam |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-59144-034-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Sayilgan |first=Salih |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/god-evil-and-suffering-in-islam/C4C89591ADAAF25F104D517C4F4634B3 |title=God, Evil, and Suffering in Islam |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2023 |isbn=9781009377294}} * {{Cite book |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |url=https://www.giffordlectures.org/books/deciphering-signs-god-phenomenological-approach-islam |title=Deciphering the Signs of God: A Phenomenological Approach to Islam |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-7914-1982-3 |author-link=Annemarie Schimmel |access-date=31 January 2019 |archive-date=22 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422154518/https://www.giffordlectures.org/books/deciphering-signs-god-phenomenological-approach-islam |url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book |last=Schuon |first=Frithjof |title=Understanding Islam |publisher=Allen & Unwin |year=1963 |isbn=978-0941532242 |edition=3rd |author-link=Frithjof Schuon}} * {{Cite book |last=Stoddard |first=Lothrop |title=The New World of Islam |publisher=Chapman & Hall |year=1922 |url=https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/24107}} * {{Cite book |last=Walker |first=Benjamin |title=Foundations of Islam: The Making of a World Faith |publisher=Peter Owen Publishers |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-7206-1038-3 |author-link=Benjamin Walker (author)}} {{Refend}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Library resources box}} * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam "Islam"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/index.shtml Religion & Ethics – Islam] Maqaallo hordhac u ah Islaamka oo ka socda BBC ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} idy0fxpj6kguig1nobj8l5ystiqu8wx 0 5596 307316 307215 2026-09-06T17:37:36Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260906sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 307316 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Macluumaad Qof Madax Ah | honorific_prefix = Admiralka Badda Badweynta | image = Portrait of a Man, Said to be Christopher Columbus.jpg | caption = Sawir la sheegay inuu yahay sawir Christopher Columbus laga sameeyey geeridiisa ka dib, oo uu sameeyey Sebastiano del Piombo, 1519{{efn|Ma jiraan sawirro dhab ah oo la xaqiijiyey oo Columbus ah.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lester |first1=Paul M. |title=Muuqaalladu waa khiyaano: Sawirradii Christopher Columbus |url=https://archive.org/details/visual-anthropology_1993_5_3-4/page/211 |journal=Anthropology-ga Muuqaalka |date=Janaayo 1993 |volume=5 |issue=3–4 |pages=211–227 |doi=10.1080/08949468.1993.9966590 |issn=0894-9468}}</ref>}} | order = 1aad | office = Guddoomiyaha Hindiya | term_start = 1492 | term_end = 1499 | appointer = Isabella I ee Castile | predecessor = Xilka ayaa la aasaasay | successor = Francisco de Bobadilla | birth_date = Inta u dhaxaysa 25 Agoosto iyo 31 Oktoobar 1451 | birth_place = Genoa, Jamhuuriyadda Genoa | death_date = {{death date|1506|05|20|df=y}} (oo jiray 54 sano) | death_place = Valladolid, Isbaanish | resting_place = Kaniisadda Seville, Seville, Isbaanish | spouse = {{marriage|Filipa Moniz Perestrelo|1479|1484|end=died}} | partner = Beatriz Enríquez de Arana | children = {{hlist|Diego|Ferdinand|Diego (Lucayan la korsaday)}} | mother = Susanna Fontanarossa | father = Domenico Colombo | relatives = Bartholomew Columbus (walaal) | occupation = {{hlist|Sahmiye|badmaax}} | profession = | signature = Columbus Signature.svg }} '''Kristoffer Kolombus''' wuxuu ahaa nin [[Talyaani]] ah, wuxuu noolaa sanadihii [[1451]] ilaa [[1506]]. Kristoffer wuxuu ahaa badmaaxiye ah oo aad u safri jiray, wuxuu raadin jiray dhulalka ama qaaradaha. Kristoffer wuxuu ahaa ninka helay qaarada [[Ameerikada waqooyi|Ameerika]] sanadka marka oo ahaa 1492. Kristoffer wuxuu ku dhashtay magaalo ku taalo waqooyiga talyaaniga oo la dhoho [[Genova]], wuxuu badda ku safri jiray asigoo da' yar. Aabihiis waxaa ladhaa Domoniko Kolumbus, hooyadiis neh Susana Fontanarosa. == Dhulka oo helay markiisa ugu horeysay == Sanadka marka oo ahaa 1478kii, karistofer wuxuu tagay wadanka [[Boortuqaal]], isla markaas neh wuxuu dhinaca [[galbeed]] ka raadinaayay, jidka tago wadanka [[Hindiya]] ee dhinaca badda. Kristoffer waxaa caawiyay dad ka mid ah boqortooyada Bortuqiiska, isla markaas neh waxay ku heshiiyeen haddii uu dhul helo in ee ayaga lacag ka helaayaan dhulkaas. Sanadka marka uu ahaa [[Agoosto]] [[1492]] ayaa waxaa bilaawday safarkoodii, 3 [[Markab|maraakiib]] ah oo saaran 90 qof ayaa u safartay dhinaca galbeedka ee [[Badweynta Atlaantik|badweynta atlaantik]], kadib waxay tageen [[Ameerika]], iyaga oo rabay in ay tagaan hindiya. Isla sanadkii Waxay tageen Meel [[jasiirad]] ah, wuxuuna helay wadanka [[Kuuba]], hal markab ayuu uga tegay meesha, marka ee dhacday in ee dadka saarnaa markabkaas in ee raadiyaan [[Dahab]]. sanadka marka oo ahaa 1493dii Kristoffer dib oo u soo noqday, asiga oo 8 indian ah soo afduubtay.waxa uu ahaa nin tuuga oo musuq maasuq ku caan ahaa == Safarkiisa labaad == Sanadka marka oo ahaa 1493, karistoffer wuxuu ka safray magaalo ku taalo dalka [[Spania]], oo la dhoho [[Kadis]], markaan wuxuu kaxeestay 17 maraakiib iyo dad gaaraayo 1200 oo qof. Isla sanadkaa waxeey heleen, jasiirado ka mid ah qaarada ameerika oo ku wareegsan wadanka [[Dominika]], markaas oo uu 46 jasiiradood hal jeer booqday inta uusan tegin jasiirada weeyn ee [[Hispaniola]], meeshaas oo uu safarkiisii hore uuga tagay, dadkii la safraayay qaar ayaga ka mid ah weey dhinteen, markii aay isbaanishku si xun ula dhaqmeen dadkii dariskooda ahaa. Kristoffer lacag buu ku bixiyay dib u dhiska hispaniola. Maraakiibta kristoffer waxeey u sii safreen wadanka Kuuba sanadka markii uu ahaa 1494tii. Kristoffer wuxuu cilimi baaris ku haayay, Jasiiradaha Kuuba iyo [[Jamayka]]. isla sanadkaa agoosto, kristoffer dib ayuu u soo laabtay asiga iyo dadkiisa, ayaga oo wato dad 100 kabadan oo adoomo ah. Dadka adoonsiga lagu soo watay, badanaa tahriibka kuma noolaanin, Markii uu markabkii soo galay wadanka spania , boqorooyada isbanishka makala jecleen adoomaha, isla markaas qaar baa la sii daayay. Kristoffer wuxuu rabyay, in uu lacag badan ka helo adoomada, sababtoo ah wax dahab ah masoo helin. == Safarkii sadaxaad == == Linkiga Caddaynta == * [https://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/101971845 Christopher Columbus] <references /> [[Category:Taariikh]] krrywjzp80w9opb32xwzk7ezpaewx2l 0 18010 307368 278926 2026-09-07T11:06:18Z Shaqobadan 46298 tarjumida ereyada qaar oo wax yar ka qaldanaa 307368 wikitext text/x-wiki ::''Kani waa maqaal ku saabsan dhaqanka Soomaalida. Qoraalo kale fiiri [[dhaqan]] iyo [[Dhaqanka Soomaaliya]]. {{Dhaqan Soomaali}} [[File:Little world, Aichi prefecture - Turkish culture exhibition - Oud.jpg|thumb|[[kaban]]ku waa u muhiim heesaha qaaciga]] '''Dhaqanka Soomaalida''' ({{lang-en|''Somali culture''}}; {{lang-ar|الثقافة الصومالية}}) waa hab nololeedka iyo nidaamka [[dhaqan]] ee dadka [[Soomaali]]da ah; taasi oo ka mid tahay [[Af Soomaali|luuqada]], [[Cunto Soomaali|cuntada]], [[suugaan]]ta, [[Fanka Soomaalida|fanka]], farshaxanta, habaynta iyo soo bandhiga [[hees|heesaha Soomaalida]], [[ruwaayad]]aha, [[majaajilo]]oyinka u dhaqanka ah [[dadka Soomaalida]] ah meelkasta ee joogaan, gaar ahaan inta ku dhaqan [[Bariga Afrika]]. Guud ahaan, dhaqanka Soomaalidu waa haybada iyo sharafta u gaarka ah bulsho weynta [[Soomaali]]da meel kastooy caalamka kaga dhaqan yihiin. Sidoo kale, dadka ku hadla [[Af Soomaali]]ga waxay leeyihiin [[fan iyo suugaan]] aad u heersareeya, qani ku ah aqoon iyo xirfad qoto dheer. In kastoo fanka maanta jira yahay mid aad u da' yar wuxuu leeyahay waaxyo iyo noocyo aad u badan. Kuwaasi waxaa ka mid ah [[qaaci|heesaha qaaciga]], [[qaraami]]ga, heesaha jaaska, [[ruwaayad]]aha, [[majaajilo]]yinka, [[filim]]aanta, bandhigyada fanka, qoob-ka-ciyaarka iyo guud ahaan madadaalada ku baxda luuqada [[Soomaaliga]]. Dhaqanka Soomaalidu waa mid soo jireen ahaa kaasi oo jiilal badan iska dhaxleen. Sida taariikhyahanadu sheegeen wuxuu asal ahaan ka sameeysmay nolosha maalinle iyo xidhiidhka bulshada Soomaalidu la sameeysay bulshooyinka jaarka ah (deriska) iyo cilaaqaadka ganacsi iyo waxbarasho ee deegaanada fogfog. Sidoo kale dhaqanka Soomaalidu wuxuu in badan ku salaysan yahay diinta [[Islaam]]ka oo dadka Soomaalida intooda u badan aaminsan yihiin. =Sharaxaad= ==Hordhac== [[File:Dabqaad.jpg|thumb|left|Girgire "uunsi" ee dhaqanka Soomaalida.]] Dhaqanka Soomaalidu waa mid soo jireen ahaa mudo aad u dheer, kaasi oo saameyn badan ku leedahay [[bad|dadka baxaarida]] ah ee iskaga gooshi jirtey deegaano badan. Tusaale ahaan, [[Cunto Soomaali]]du waxay salka ku heeysaa meelo badan oo caalamka ah; waxaana ku jira noocyo badan oo laga keenay wadanada jaarka ah sida [[Carab]]ta, [[Bariga Dhexe]] iyo meelo kale oo [[Aasiya]] ah. ==Habka Fanka== [[File:Oudplyrsomhd3.png|thumb|left|[[kaban]]yahan Nuruddin Cali Amaan.]] Sida caalamka qiray, dhaqanka Soomaalidu wuxuu qani ku yahay fanka iyo suugaanta. Samayska midhaha fanka ayaa ah mid aad u cajiib badan. Waxaanu fanku inta badan ka turjumaa nolosha iyo Waayaha Bulshada. Dhinaca kale heesaha Af Soomaaligu waa kuwo ka duwan caalamka dhan. Aslakooda waxay heesuhu u dhacaan hab ''jiidjiid'' isku xidhan ah. Dadka [[qurbe|ajaanib]]ka ah marka ugu horeeysa maqla heeso Soomaaliga waxay ku khaldaan kuwa [[Itoobiya]], [[Suudaan]] ama [[Carab]]ta, laakiin Waxaa markaaba lagu garan karaa laxanka iyo habka ay u dhacayso heesta. Heesaha Waxaa sameeya dhowr nooc oo dad ah, kuwaasi waxaa ka mid ah [[abwaan]]ka, [[laxan]]miistaha, [[fanaan]]ka.<ref>Abdullahi, pp.170-171</ref> Inta ugu badan heesaha waxaa loo garaacaa qalab kala duwan, sida [[kaban]]ka, [[durbaan]]ka, [[turunbo|turunbada]]. Laakiin wakhtiyadan dambe waxaa inta badan caan ah [[biyaano]]da.<ref>"Abdullahi"</ref> Si kastaba ha ahaate, deegaanada Koonfurta Soomaaliya iyo meelaha u dhow xeebaha waxaa caan ka ah noocyo kale oo heeso Soomaali ah. Kuwaasi Waxaa ka mida:<ref>Somali Culture and Folklore (1974) pp.63-64</ref><ref>Historical Dictionary of Somalia (2003) p. 166</ref><ref>The Concise Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. p.57-58</ref> *Qalabka la tumo: ''[[narso]], mokhoddon iyo masoondhe'' (durbaan aad u wayn), ''reeme, jabbu iyi yoome'' (durbaano yaryar); *Qalabka la afuufo: ''malkad iyi siinbaar'', ''sumaari'', ''fuugwo'' ''buun, muufe iyo gees-goodir''; *Qalab shanqadha: ''shagal'' (qalab biro la isku garaacayo), ''shanbaal'' (alwaax la tumayo), ''shunuuf'', ''tenegyo'', *Noocyo kale: ''shareero'', ''kinaandha'', ''madhuube'', iyo ''seese''. =Taariikh= {{Fanka Soomaalida}} Guud ahaan heesaha aan maanta naqaano ee [[Af Soomaali]]ga lagu qaado waxay soo bilaabmeen 1930meeyihii. Taas macnaheedu ma ahan in dadka Soomaalida heesta aqoonin wixii ka horeeyay 1930kii, laakiin Waxaa wakhtigan bilaabmey heesaha leh [[muusig]]a, [[kaban]]ka, [[durmaan]]ka, [[turunbo|turunbada]] iyo wixii la mid ah. Heesaha la qaadi jiray ka soo biloow 1930meeyihii ilaa laga soo gaadho 1970kii waxaa sida guud loo yaqaanaa [[qaraami]], halka kuwa wakhtiyadii 70aadki ka dambeyay isla markaana kaban loo garaacayo loo yaqaano [[qaaci]]. =Noocyada= Fanka Soomaalida waxaa ku jira noocyo badan, kuwaasi waxaa ugu caansan: [[qaraami]]ga, [[qaaci]]ga, jaaska, saarka, ruwaayada, majaajilada, filimaanta iyo wixii la halmaala. Waxa hubaal ah in qofkasta ku khalkhalayo farqiga qaaci iyo qaraami. Qaacigu waa nooc ka mid ah heesaha kuwaasi oo la qaado ayadoo ([[fanaan]]ku) fadhiyo, loo garaaco sida badan [[kaban]] iyo sacab kali ah, laakiin qaarkood lagu daro [[durmaan]] ama [[narso]] iyo [[turunbo]]. Si taasi ka duwan, qaraamiga Waxaa la garaacaya noocyo badan oo qalabka muusig ah, fanaaniintu way taagan yihiin ciyaarayaan (isruxayaan) ama way fadhiyaan. ==Qaaciga== [[File:Little world, Aichi prefecture - Turkish culture exhibition - Oud.jpg|thumb|[[kaban]]ku waa u muhiim heesaha qaaciga]] Qaacigu waa nooc ka mid ah [[hees|heesaha Soomaalida]] taasi oo leh dhandhan ka duwan noocyada kale ee [[Suugaan]]ta. Qaacigu waa hees caadi ah oo loo tumayo [[kaban]] ama [[gitaar]], [[durbaan]] iyo [[sacab]] kali ah. Mararka qaar waxaa [[muusig]]a qaaciga lagu daraa [[turunbo]]. Heesaha qaacigu waa kuwo degan, dhandhan fiican leh, oo inta ugu badan si sahlan loo sameeyo. Fanka Soomaalida waxaa in badan ku jira heeso qaaci ah oo la sameeyay wakhtiyo la baashaalayo. ===Heesaha Qaaciga Caanka=== Heesaha hoos ku xusan waa kuwo dhowr jeer oo kala duwan la qaaday. Waxaa laga yaaba inaad aragtey heesta oo leh muusig ama la soo cusboonaysiiyay. Kuwa aan halkan ku soo bandhigay waa nooc qaaci ah. *''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gPRr1Ac6Sko Maandeeq iyo Daa'uud, heesta Daalo] *''[http://masuul.com/hees/a/ahmed-mooge-liibaan_waayaha-aduun.html Axmed Mooge, Waayaha Aduunka] *''[http://www.heesta.com/mobile/play_hees.php?id=274 Heesta Kabuldheh] {{Wayback|url=http://www.heesta.com/mobile/play_hees.php?id=274 |date=20160310083341 }} wada qaadan [[Hibo Nuura]] iyo [[Saalax Qaasim Naaji|Saalax Qaasim]] =Muuqaal= Kuwani waa [[sawir]]o muujinaya qaabka iyo nidaamka dhaqanka Soomaalida. <gallery widths="150px" heights="150px"> File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Schild TMnr 2416-234.jpg File:Somali aqal.jpg File:Somali Culture.jpg File:Somali in osmanya.png File:Somali man Myrrh tree.jpg File:Tamburo Piatto - Somalia.jpg File:Bouclier circulaire-Somalie-Musée barrois.jpg File:Museo antropologico, sezione africa, somalia italiana, capanna.JPG File:Guntiino1.JPG File:Dabqaad.jpg File:Brooklyn Museum 2004.76.6 Pedestal Bowl with Handle Karbun.jpg File:Brooklyn Museum 2002.31.14 Spoon.jpg </gallery> {{Main|Fanaan Soomaali}} =Qoraalo La Xidhiidha= *[[Heeso Soomaali]] *[[gitaar]] *[[turunbo]] *[[narso]] *[[durbaan]] *[[biyaano]] *[[gabay]] *[[hees]] *[[laxan]] *[[muusiga]] *[[qaaci]] *[[qaraami]] =Sawiro= ''Fiirogaar: halkan laguma soo bandhigayo dhamaan fanaaniinta, sawiraantani waa qaar ka mid ah bulshada fanka Soomaalida'' <gallery> File:Hibo Nuura.jpg|[[Hibo Nuura]] File:Cabdi-Tahliil.jpg|[[Tahliil]] File:Xasan.jpg|[[Xasan Aaden Samatar]] File:Falisahd4.png|Falis File:Saadoaliw1.jpg|[[Saado Cali Warsame]] File:Aar maanta.jpg|[[Aar Maanta]] </gallery> =Cadaymo= *{{cite book |last=Abdullahi |first=Mohamed Diriye |title=Culture and customs of Somalia |publisher=Greenwood |year=2001 |location= |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2Nu918tYMB8C |doi= |id= |isbn=978-0-313-31333-2}} *[https://books.google.com/books?ei=TotEVbWPMoXLaKnXgNAM&id=x0gkAQAAIAAJ&dq=instruments+Somali+Culture+and+Folklore&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=instruments Ministry of Information and National Guidance, Mogadishu, Somalia (1974). Somali Culture and Folklore] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=DPwOsOcNy5YC&pg=PA166&dq=Historical+Dictionary+of+Somalia+traditional+instruments&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=5f5EVaPYNZDiaov6gaAD&ved=0CCIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Historical%20Dictionary%20of%20Somalia%20traditional%20instruments&f=falseA#v=onepage&q=tHistorical%20Dictionary%20of%20Somalia.%20traditional%20instruments&f=false Mukhtar, Mohamed Haji (2003) Historical Dictionary of Somalia. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-4344-7 ] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=ajMsBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA57&dq=instruments+shareero+somali&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=63pEVcvzD8n3asCzgXg&ved=0CEEQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=instruments%20shareero%20somali&f=57 Puchowski, Douglas (2013). The Concise Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume 1. Routledge, ISBN 9781136095702 ] =Linkiyo Banaanka= * [http://bclub19.com Bclub19] * [http://www.markacadey.net/main/infusions/the_kroax/kroax.php?category=1 Markacadey] {{Wayback|url=http://www.markacadey.net/main/infusions/the_kroax/kroax.php?category=1 |date=20131219133933 }} * [http://somali-music.com Somali Music] * [http://tix-iyo-tiraab.blogspot.nl/2013/07/interview-about-somali-music_30.html Interview About Somali Music] * [http://www.nilecart.com/egyptianouds.htm Sawiraan Kabanka Soomaalida iyo Masa] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nilecart.com/egyptianouds.htm |date=20071220051440 }} * [http://www.oudcafe.com Oud Cafe] * [http://www.youtube.com/2KbvqBY_BUk shanqadha kabanka] =Tixraac= {{Reflist}} {{Commons|Category:Culture of Somalia}} [[Category:Hees]] [[Category:Fan iyo Suugaan]] [[Category:Hiddo iyo dhaqan]] [[Category: Muusiga]] [[Category:Gabayada]] [[Category: Filimaanta]] [[Category: Qalabka Muusiga]] [[Category:Dhaqanka Soomaalida]] r3yxi1hm3apu9wn9apg3r5t1ndb2pjm 828 31691 307308 292483 2026-09-06T15:18:07Z Isma4l 41797 307308 Scribunto text/plain require('strict'); local getArgs = require ('Module:Arguments').getArgs; --[[--------------------------< A R G S _ D E F A U L T >------------------------------------------------------ a table to specify initial values. ]] local args_default = { group = '', bracket_left = '', bracket_right = '', bracket_year_left = '', bracket_year_right = '', postscript = '', page = '', pages = '', location = '', page_sep = ", p.&nbsp;", pages_sep = ", pp.&nbsp;", ref = '', template = 'harv', -- if template name not provided in {{#invoke:}} use this }; --[[--------------------------< T A R G E T _ C H E C K >------------------------------------------------------ look for anchor_id (CITEREF name-list and year or text from |ref=) in anchor_id_list the 'no target' error may be suppressed with |ignore-err=yes when target cannot be found because target is inside a template that wraps another template; 'multiple targets' error may not be suppressed ]] local function target_check (anchor_id, args) local namespace = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().namespace; local anchor_id_list_module = mw.loadData ('Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list'); local anchor_id_list = anchor_id_list_module.anchor_id_list; local article_whitelist = anchor_id_list_module.article_whitelist; local template_list = anchor_id_list_module.template_list; local citeref_patterns = anchor_id_list_module.citeref_patterns local whitelist_module = mw.loadData ('Module:Footnotes/whitelist'); local whitelist = whitelist_module.whitelist; local tally = anchor_id_list[anchor_id]; -- nil when anchor_id not in list; else a tally local msg; local category; if not tally then if args.ignore then return ''; -- if ignore is true then no message, no category end if article_whitelist and article_whitelist[anchor_id] then -- if an article-local whitelist and anchor ID is in it return ''; -- done end local wl_anchor_id = anchor_id; -- copy to be modified to index into the whitelist if args.year then -- for anchor IDs created by this template (not in |ref=) that have a date if args.year:match ('%d%l$') or -- use the date value to determine if we should remove the disambiguator args.year:match ('n%.d%.%l$') or args.year:match ('nd%l$') then wl_anchor_id = wl_anchor_id:gsub ('%l$', ''); -- remove the disambiguator end end local t_tbl = whitelist[wl_anchor_id]; -- get list of templates associated with this anchor ID if t_tbl then -- when anchor ID not whitelisted t_tbl is nil for _, t in ipairs (t_tbl) do -- spin through the list of templates associated with this anchor ID if template_list[t] then -- if associated template is found in the list of templates in the article return ''; -- anchor ID is whitlisted and article has matching template so no error end end end for _, pattern in ipairs(citeref_patterns) do -- load patterns for wrapper templates on this page if anchor_id:match(pattern) then -- spin through the special patterns and try to match return '' end end msg = 'no target: ' .. anchor_id; -- anchor_id not found mw.log(msg) if namespace == 10 and not args.show then -- do not generate error message in template namespace return '' end category = '[[Category:Harv and Sfn no-target errors]]'; elseif 1 < tally then msg = 'multiple targets (' .. tally .. '×): ' .. anchor_id; -- more than one anchor_id in this article mw.log(msg) if namespace == 10 and not args.show then -- do not generate error message in template namespace return '' end category = 0 == namespace and '[[Category:Harv and Sfn multiple-target errors]]' or ''; -- only categorize in article space return '<span class="error harv-error" style="display: inline; font-size:100%"> ' .. args.template .. ' error: ' .. msg .. ' ([[:Category:Harv and Sfn template errors|help]])</span>' .. category; end -- category = 0 == namespace and '[[Category:Harv and Sfn template errors]]' or ''; -- only categorize in article space category = 0 == namespace and category or ''; -- only categorize in article space -- display based on args.show (no display by default) local display = args.show and 'inline' or 'none' return msg and '<span class="error harv-error" style="display: '..display..'; font-size:100%"> ' .. args.template .. ' error: ' .. msg .. ' ([[:Category:Harv and Sfn template errors|help]])</span>' .. category or ''; end --[[--------------------------< I S _ Y E A R >---------------------------------------------------------------- evaluates param to see if it is one of these forms with or without lowercase letter disambiguator: YYYY n.d. nd c. YYYY YYYY–YYYY (separator is endash) YYYY–YY (separator is endash) return true when param has a recognized form; false else ]] local patterns_date= { '^%d%d%d%d?%l?$', '^n%.d%.%l?$', '^nd%l?$', '^c%. %d%d%d%d?%l?$', '^%d%d%d%d–%d%d%d%d%l?$', '^%d%d%d%d–%d%d%l?$', } local function is_year (param, args) args.year = ''; -- used for harv error; for _, pattern in ipairs (patterns_date) do if mw.ustring.match (param, pattern) then args.year = param; -- used for harv error; return true; end end end --[[--------------------------< C O R E >---------------------------------------------------------------------- returns an anchor link (CITEREF) formed from one to four author names, year, and insource location (|p=, |pp=, loc=) ]] local function core( args ) local result; local err_msg = '' if args.P5 ~= '' then if is_year (args.P5, args) then result = table.concat ({args.P1, ' et al. ', args.bracket_year_left, args.P5, args.bracket_year_right}); else args.P5 = ''; -- when P5 not a year don't include in anchor result = table.concat ({args.P1, ' et al.'}); -- and don't render it end elseif args.P4 ~= '' then if is_year (args.P4, args) then result = table.concat ({args.P1, ', ', args.P2, ' &amp; ', args.P3, ' ', args.bracket_year_left, args.P4, args.bracket_year_right}); -- three names and a year else result = table.concat ({args.P1, ' et al.'}); -- four names end elseif args.P3 ~= '' then if is_year (args.P3, args) then result = table.concat ({args.P1, ' &amp; ', args.P2, ' ', args.bracket_year_left, args.P3, args.bracket_year_right}); -- two names and a year else result = table.concat ({args.P1, ', ', args.P2, ' ', ' &amp; ', args.P3}); -- three names end elseif args.P2 ~= '' then if is_year (args.P2, args) then result = table.concat ({args.P1, ' ', args.bracket_year_left, args.P2, args.bracket_year_right}); -- one name and year else result = table.concat ({args.P1, ' &amp; ', args.P2}); -- two names end else result = args.P1; -- one name end -- when author-date result ends with a dot (typically when the last positional parameter holds 'n.d.') -- and when no in-source location (no |p=, |pp=, or |loc=) -- and when the first or only character in args.postscript is a dot -- remove the author-date result trailing dot -- the author-date result trailing dot will be replaced later with the content of args.postscript (usually a dot) if ('.' == result:sub(-1)) and ('.' == args.postscript:sub(1)) and ('' == args.page) and ('' == args.pages) and ('' == args.location) then result = result:gsub ('%.$', ''); end if args.ref ~= 'none' then local anchor_id; if args.ref ~= '' then anchor_id = mw.uri.anchorEncode (args.ref); err_msg = target_check (anchor_id, args); result = table.concat ({'[[#', anchor_id, '|', result, ']]'}); else anchor_id = mw.uri.anchorEncode (table.concat ({'CITEREF', args.P1, args.P2, args.P3, args.P4, args.P5})); err_msg = target_check (anchor_id, args); result = table.concat ({'[[#', anchor_id, '|', result, ']]'}); end end if args.page ~= '' then result = table.concat ({result, args.page_sep, args.page}); elseif args.pages ~= ''then result = table.concat ({result, args.pages_sep, args.pages}); end if args.location ~= '' then result = table.concat ({result, ', ', args.location}); end result = table.concat ({args.bracket_left, result, args.bracket_right, args.postscript}):gsub ('%s+', ' '); -- strip redundant spaces return result .. err_msg; end --[[--------------------------< H Y P H E N _ T O _ D A S H >-------------------------------------------------- Converts a hyphen to a dash under certain conditions. The hyphen must separate like items; unlike items are returned unmodified. These forms are modified: letter - letter (A - B) digit - digit (4-5) digit separator digit - digit separator digit (4.1-4.5 or 4-1-4-5) letterdigit - letterdigit (A1-A5) (an optional separator between letter and digit is supported – a.1-a.5 or a-1-a-5) digitletter - digitletter (5a - 5d) (an optional separator between letter and digit is supported – 5.a-5.d or 5-a-5-d) any other forms are returned unmodified. str may be a comma- or semicolon-separated list This code copied from Module:Citation/CS1. The only modification is to require Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities so that it has access to the functions is_set() and has_accept_as_written() ]] local function hyphen_to_dash( str ) local utilities = require ('Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities'); -- only modification so that this function has access to is_set() and has_accept_as_written() if not utilities.is_set (str) then return str; end local accept; -- Boolean str = str:gsub ('&[nm]dash;', {['&ndash;'] = '–', ['&mdash;'] = '—'}); -- replace &mdash; and &ndash; entities with their characters; semicolon mucks up the text.split str = str:gsub ('&#45;', '-'); -- replace HTML numeric entity with hyphen character str = str:gsub ('&nbsp;', ' '); -- replace &nbsp; entity with generic keyboard space character local out = {}; local list = mw.text.split (str, '%s*[,;]%s*'); -- split str at comma or semicolon separators if there are any for _, item in ipairs (list) do -- for each item in the list item, accept = utilities.has_accept_as_written (item); -- remove accept-this-as-written markup when it wraps all of item if not accept and mw.ustring.match (item, '^%w*[%.%-]?%w+%s*[%-–—]%s*%w*[%.%-]?%w+$') then -- if a hyphenated range or has endash or emdash separators if item:match ('^%a+[%.%-]?%d+%s*%-%s*%a+[%.%-]?%d+$') or -- letterdigit hyphen letterdigit (optional separator between letter and digit) item:match ('^%d+[%.%-]?%a+%s*%-%s*%d+[%.%-]?%a+$') or -- digitletter hyphen digitletter (optional separator between digit and letter) item:match ('^%d+[%.%-]%d+%s*%-%s*%d+[%.%-]%d+$') or -- digit separator digit hyphen digit separator digit item:match ('^%d+%s*%-%s*%d+$') or -- digit hyphen digit item:match ('^%a+%s*%-%s*%a+$') then -- letter hyphen letter item = item:gsub ('(%w*[%.%-]?%w+)%s*%-%s*(%w*[%.%-]?%w+)', '%1–%2'); -- replace hyphen, remove extraneous space characters else item = mw.ustring.gsub (item, '%s*[–—]%s*', '–'); -- for endash or emdash separated ranges, replace em with en, remove extraneous whitespace end end table.insert (out, item); -- add the (possibly modified) item to the output table end local temp_str = ''; -- concatenate the output table into a comma separated string temp_str, accept = utilities.has_accept_as_written (table.concat (out, ', ')); -- remove accept-this-as-written markup when it wraps all of concatenated out if accept then temp_str = utilities.has_accept_as_written (str); -- when global markup removed, return original str; do it this way to suppress boolean second return value return temp_str; else return temp_str; -- else, return assembled temp_str end end --[[--------------------------< A R G S _ F E T C H >--------------------------------------------------------- Because all of the templates share a common set of parameters, a single common function to fetch those parameters from frame and parent frame. ]] local function args_fetch (frame, ps) local args = args_default; -- create a copy of the default table local pframe = frame:getParent(); -- point to the template's parameter table for k, v in pairs (frame.args) do -- override defaults with values provided in the #invoke: if any args[k] = v; end args.postscript = pframe.args.postscript or pframe.args.ps or ps; if 'none' == args.postscript then args.postscript = ''; end args.group = pframe.args.group or ''; args.page = pframe.args.p or pframe.args.page or ''; args.pages = pframe.args.pp or pframe.args.pages or ''; args.pages = ('' ~= args.pages) and hyphen_to_dash (args.pages) or ''; args.location = pframe.args.at or pframe.args.loc or ''; args.ref = pframe.args.ref or pframe.args.Ref or ''; args.ignore = ('yes' == pframe.args['ignore-false-positive']) or ('yes' == pframe.args['ignore-err']); for i, v in ipairs ({'P1', 'P2', 'P3', 'P4', 'P5'}) do -- loop through the five positional parameters and trim if set else empty string args[v] = (pframe.args[i] and mw.text.trim (pframe.args[i])) or ''; end if args.P5 and not is_year (args.P5, args) then local i = 6; -- initialize the indexer to the sixth positional parameter while pframe.args[i] do -- in case there are too many authors loop through the authors looking for a year local v = mw.text.trim (pframe.args[i]); -- trim if is_year (v, args) then -- if a year args.P5 = v; -- overwrite whatever was in args.P5 with year break; -- and abandon the search end i = i + 1; -- bump the indexer end end return args; end --[[--------------------------< H A R V A R D _ C I T A T I O N >---------------------------------------------- common entry point for: {{harvard citation}} aka {{harv}} {{Harvard citation no brackets}} aka {{harvnb}} {{harvcol}} {{harvcolnb}} {{harvcoltxt}} {{Harvard citation text}} aka {{harvtxt}} {{Harvp}} Distinguishing features (brackets and page separators) are specified in this module's {{#invoke}} in the respective templates. ]] local function harvard_citation (frame) local args = args_fetch (frame, ''); -- get the template and invoke parameters; default postscript is empty string return core (args); end --[[--------------------------< S T R I P _ U R L >------------------------------------------------------------ used by sfn() and sfnm(). This function fixes an issue with reference tooltip gadget where the tooltip is not displayed when an insource locator (|p=, |pp=, |loc=) has an external wikilink that contains a # character strip uri-reserved characters from urls in |p=, |pp-, and |loc= parameters The researved characters are: !#$&'()*+,/:;=?@[] ]] local function strip_url (pages) local escaped_uri; if not pages or ('' == pages) then return pages; end for uri in pages:gmatch ('%[(%a[%w%+%.%-]*://%S+)') do -- for each external link get the uri escaped_uri = uri:gsub ("([%(%)%.%%%+%-%*%?%[%^%$%]])", "%%%1" ); -- save a copy with lua pattern characters escaped uri = uri:gsub ("[!#%$&'%(%)%*%+,/:;=%?@%[%]%.%%]", ''); -- remove reserved characters and '%' because '%20' (space character) is a lua 'invalid capture index' pages = pages:gsub (escaped_uri, uri, 1); -- replace original uri with the stripped version end return pages; end --[[--------------------------< S F N >------------------------------------------------------------------------ entry point for {{sfn}} and {{sfnp}} ]] local function sfn (frame) local args = args_fetch (frame, '.'); -- get the template and invoke parameters; default postscript is a dot local result = core (args); -- go make a CITEREF anchor -- put it all together and then strip redundant spaces local name = table.concat ({'FOOTNOTE', args.P1, args.P2, args.P3, args.P4, args.P5, strip_url (args.page), strip_url (args.pages), strip_url (args.location)}):gsub ('%s+', ' '); return frame:extensionTag ({name='ref', args={group=args.group, name=name}, content=result}); end --[[--------------------------< S F N M >---------------------------------------------------------------------- common entry point for {{sfnm}} and {{sfnmp}} Distinguishing features (brackets) are specified in this module's {{#invoke}} in the respective templates. ]] local function sfnm (frame) local args = args_default; -- create a copy of the default table local pframe = frame:getParent(); -- point to the template's parameter table local n = 1; -- index of source; this is the 'n' in na1, ny, etc local first_pnum = 1; -- first of a pair of positional parameters local second_pnum = 2; -- second of a pair of positional parameters local last_ps = 0; -- index of the last source with |nps= set local last_index = 0; -- index of the last source; these used to determine which of |ps= or |nps= will terminate the whole rendering local out = {}; -- table to hold rendered sources local footnote = {'FOOTNOTE'}; -- all author, date, insource location stuff becomes part of the reference's footnote id; added as we go for k, v in pairs (frame.args) do -- override defaults with values provided in the #invoke: if any args[k] = v; end while true do if not pframe.args[table.concat ({n, 'a1'})] and not pframe.args[first_pnum] then break; -- no na1 or matching positional parameter so done end if pframe.args[table.concat ({n, 'a1'})] then -- does this source use named parameters? for _, v in ipairs ({'P1', 'P2', 'P3', 'P4', 'P5'}) do -- initialize for this source args[v] = ''; end for i, v in ipairs ({'P1', 'P2', 'P3', 'P4', 'P5'}) do -- extract author and year parameters for this source args[v] = pframe.args[table.concat ({n, 'a', i})] or ''; -- attempt to assign author name if '' == args[v] then -- when there wasn't an author name args[v] = pframe.args[table.concat ({n, 'y'})] or ''; -- attempt to assign year break; -- done with author/date for this source end end else -- this source uses positional parameters args.P1 = mw.text.trim (pframe.args[first_pnum]); -- yes, only one author supported args.P2 = (pframe.args[second_pnum] and mw.text.trim (pframe.args[second_pnum])) or ''; -- when positional author, year must also be positional for _, v in ipairs ({'P3', 'P4', 'P5'}) do -- blank the rest of these for this source args[v] = ''; end first_pnum = first_pnum + 2; -- source must use positional author and positional year second_pnum = first_pnum + 1; -- bump these for possible next positional source end args.postscript = pframe.args[table.concat ({n, 'ps'})] or ''; if 'none' == args.postscript then -- this for compatibility with other footnote templates; does nothing args.postscript = ''; end args.group = pframe.args.group or ''; -- reference group args.ref = pframe.args[table.concat ({n, 'ref'})] or ''; -- alternate reference for this source args.page = pframe.args[table.concat ({n, 'p'})] or ''; -- insource locations for this source args.pages = pframe.args[table.concat ({n, 'pp'})] or ''; args.pages = ('' ~= args.pages) and hyphen_to_dash (args.pages) or ''; args.location = pframe.args[table.concat ({n, 'loc'})] or pframe.args[table.concat ({n, 'at'})] or ''; args.ignore = ('yes' == pframe.args[table.concat ({n, 'ignore-false-positive'})]) or ('yes' == pframe.args[table.concat ({n, 'ignore-err'})]); table.insert (out, core (args)); -- save the rendering of this source for k, v in ipairs ({'P1', 'P2', 'P3', 'P4', 'P5'}) do -- create the FOOTNOTE id if '' ~= args[v] then table.insert (footnote, args[v]); end end for k, v in ipairs ({'page', 'pages', 'location'}) do -- these done separately so that we can strip uri-reserved characters from extlinked page numbers if '' ~= args[v] then table.insert (footnote, strip_url (args[v])) end end last_index = n; -- flags used to select terminal postscript from nps or from end_ps if '' ~= args.postscript then last_ps = n; end n = n+1; -- bump for the next one end local name = table.concat (footnote):gsub ('%s+', ' '); -- put the footnote together and strip redundant space args.end_ps = pframe.args.postscript or pframe.args.ps or '.'; -- this is the postscript for the whole not for the individual sources if 'none' == args.end_ps then -- not an original sfnm parameter value; added for compatibility with other footnote templates args.end_ps = ''; end local result = table.concat ({table.concat (out, '; '), (last_index == last_ps) and '' or args.end_ps}); return frame:extensionTag ({name='ref', args={group=args.group, name=name}, content=result}); end --[[--------------------------< S F N R E F >------------------------------------------------------------------ implements {{sfnref}} ]] local function sfnref (frame) local args = getArgs (frame); local out = {}; for i=1, 5 do -- get the first five args if there are five args if args[i] then out[i] = args[i]; else break; -- less than 5 args break out end end if 5 == #out then -- when we have seen five args there may bemore local i = 6; -- initialize the indexer to the sixth positional parameter while args[i] do -- in case there are too many authors loop through the authors looking for a year if is_year (args[i], args) then -- if a year out[5] = args[i]; -- overwrite whatever was in args[5] with year break; -- and abandon the search end i = i + 1; -- bump the indexer end end return mw.uri.anchorEncode ('CITEREF' .. table.concat (out)); end --[[--------------------------< E X P O R T E D F U N C T I O N S >------------------------------------------ ]] return { harvard_citation = harvard_citation, sfn = sfn, sfnm = sfnm, sfnref = sfnref, target_check = target_check, }; 3ecgpqdblqy50cj0ke12x56x7g6qre8 828 31692 307310 293515 2026-09-06T15:20:37Z Isma4l 41797 307310 Scribunto text/plain require('strict'); local data = mw.loadData ('Module:Footnotes/anchor id list/data'); local whitelist = mw.loadData ('Module:Footnotes/whitelist'); local Lang_obj = mw.language.getContentLanguage(); -- used by template_list_add() to uppercase first letter of template name TODO: better way to do that? local redirects_date = { ['date'] = true, ['datetomos'] = true, ['formatdate'] = true, ['isotodmymdy'] = true, ['isotomos'] = true, } local redirects_patent = { -- special case cs1-like templates because uses different parameters for name and date in anchor ID ['Cite patent'] = true, ['Citeref patent'] = true, ['Ref patent'] = true, } local redirects_sfnref = { ['sfnref'] = true, ['harvid'] = true, } local aliases_author = { -- these use pseudo-patterns in the same way as cs1|2; '#' represents 1 or more enumerator digits 'last#', 'author#', 'surname#', 'author-last#', 'author#-last', 'subject#', 'host#', } local aliases_contributor = { 'contributor#', 'contributor-last#', 'contributor#-last', 'contributor-surname#', 'contributor#-surname', } local aliases_editor = { 'editor#', 'editor-last#', 'editor#-last', 'editor-surname#', 'editor#-surname', } local aliases_harvc_author = { 'last#', 'author#', } local aliases_inventor = { -- cite patent 'inventor#', 'inventor-last#', 'inventor#-last', 'inventor-surname#', 'inventor#-surname', 'invent#', 'invent-#', } local alias_patterns_date = { -- normal lua patterns for most cs1|2-like templates '|%s*year%s*=%s*', '|%s*date%s*=%s*', '|%s*publication%-?date%s*=%s*', '|%s*air%-?date%s*=%s*', } local alias_patterns_harvc_date = { -- normal lua patterns for harvc template '|%s*anchor%-year%s*=%s*', '|%s*year%s*=%s*', } local alias_patterns_patent_date = { -- normal lua patterns for cite patent templates '|%s*issue%-date%s*=%s*', '|%s*gdate%s*=%s*', '|%s*publication%-date%s*=%s*', '|%s*pubdate%s*=%s*', } local patterns_date = { -- normal lua patterns -- '(%d%d%d%d–%d%d%d%d%l?)$', -- YYYY–YYYY four-digit year range at end (Season YYYY–YYYY); with or without dab '(%d%d%d%d)%D+(%d%d%d%d%l?)$', -- any range with four-digit years; with or without dab; not two captures '^(%d%d%d%d–%d%d%l?)$', -- YYYY–YY two-digit year range; with or without dab '^(c%. %d%d%d%d?%l?)$', -- three- or four-digit circa year; with or without dab '(%d%d%d%d?%l?)$', -- three- or four-digit year at end of date (dmy or mdy); with or without dab '^(%d%d%d%d?%l?)', -- three- or four-digit year at beginning of date (ymd or YYYY); with or without dab '^(n%.d%.%l?)$', -- 'no date' with dots; with or without dab '^(nd%l?)$', -- 'no date' without dots; with or without dab } local patterns_tags = { '<nowiki>.-</nowiki>', '<!%-%-.-%-%->', '<pre>.-</pre>', '<syntaxhighlight.->.-</syntaxhighlight>', '<source.->.-</source>', -- deprecated alias of syntaxhighlight tag } local template_skip = { -- templates to be skipped for whatever reason; mostly because they resemble cs1-like templates ['Citation-attribution'] = true, } local global_article_content = nil local global_anchor_id_list = nil -- exported tables local global_template_list = nil local global_article_whitelist = nil --[[--------------------------< A R T I C L E _ C O N T E N T _ G E T >---------------------------------------- get article content, remove certain html-like tags and their content so that this code doesn't include any citation templates inside the tags as valid tagets; they are not. ]] local function article_content_get () if global_article_content then return global_article_content end local article_content = mw.title.getCurrentTitle():getContent() or ''; -- get the content of the article or ''; new pages edited w/ve do not have 'content' until saved; ve does not preview; phab:T221625 for _, tag in ipairs (patterns_tags) do article_content = article_content:gsub (tag, ''); -- remove certain html-like tags and their content end global_article_content = article_content return article_content end --[[--------------------------< S F N R E F _ G E T >---------------------------------------------------------- make an anchor id from the contents of {{sfnref}} or {{harvid}}. this function assumes that {{sfnref}} and {{harvid}} are correctly formed. ]] local function sfnref_get (template) template = template:gsub ('{{%s*(.-)%s*}}', '%1'); -- strip bounding template markup and trim local parts = mw.text.split (template, '%s*|%s*'); -- split at the pipe and remove extraneous space characters local anchor_id = {}; if redirects_sfnref[parts[1]:lower()] then anchor_id[1] = 'CITEREF'; else return nil; -- not an sfnref or harvid template end local i = 2; -- indexer into parts{} table local j = 2; -- indexer into anchor_id{} table which already has 'CITEREF' at [1] while parts[i] and 7 > j do -- loop through what should be just positional parameters for names and year (2-6 four names and a date) if not parts[i]:find ('=') then -- look for equal sign (named paraneter in a template that doesn't support named parameters) anchor_id[j] = parts[i]; -- positional parameters are saved j = j+1; -- bump the anchor_id{} indexer end i = i+ 1; -- bump the parts{} indexer end return table.concat (anchor_id, ''); end --[[--------------------------< D A T E _ G E T >-------------------------------------------------------------- extract year from one of |year=, |date=, |publicationdate=, or |publication-date in that order. Does not error check (that is left to the cs1|2 templates to do) also gets date from |<date alias>={{date|...}} ]] local function date_get (template, aliases) local rvalue; for _, pattern in ipairs (aliases) do -- spin through the date alias patterns rvalue = tostring(template):match (pattern); -- is this |<date alias>= used (tostring() because something makes match() think template is a table) if rvalue then rvalue = tostring(template):match (pattern .. '(%b{})'); -- is rvalue a template? if rvalue then rvalue = rvalue:gsub ('{{%s*(.-)%s*}}', '%1'); -- strip bounding template markup and trim local parts = mw.text.split (rvalue, '%s*|%s*'); -- split at the pipe and remove extraneous space characters if redirects_date[parts[1]:lower()] then -- if parts[1] names {{date}} or redirect rvalue = parts[2]; -- assume that date template is properly formed, first positional parameter is the date else return ''; -- |date= holds some other template than {{date}} or redirect end else rvalue = template:match (pattern .. '([^|}]+)'); if rvalue then -- if rvalue is something rvalue = mw.text.trim (rvalue); -- trim it end if not rvalue or '' == rvalue then -- if rvale was nothing or trimed to nothing rvalue = nil; -- ensure that it is unset so we can try the next parameter in the list end end if rvalue then for _, pattern in ipairs (patterns_date) do -- spin through the recognized date formats -- date = rvalue:match (pattern); -- attempt to extract year portion according to the pattern local date, date2 = rvalue:match (pattern); -- attempt to extract year portion according to the pattern; <date2> gets second year in any range if date then if date2 then -- when a second year date = table.concat ({date, '–', date2}); -- build a date range end return date; -- matched so return; end end break; -- found a date but it was malformed so abandon end end end return ''; -- no date param or date param doesn't hold a recognized date; empty string for concatenation end --[[--------------------------< V N A M E S _ G E T >---------------------------------------------------------- extract names from |vauthors= or |veditors=; there is no |vcontributors= parameter. splits the v parameter value at the comma; correctly handles accept-as-witten markup when used to wrap a comma- separated names (corporate) ]] local function vnames_get (params, vparam) local vnames = {}; -- first four author or editor names go here local split = {}; -- temp table to assist in decoding accept-as-witten-markup if params[vparam] then -- test for |vauthors= or |veditor= split = mw.text.split (params[vparam], '%s*,%s*'); -- this will separate portions of ((Black, Brown, White, an Co.)) local i = 1; -- an indexer while split[i] do if split[i]:match ('^%(%(.*[^%)][^%)]$') then -- first segment of comma-separated accept-as-witten; this segment has the opening doubled parens local name = split[i]; i=i+1; -- bump indexer to next segment while split[i] do name = name .. ', ' .. split[i]; -- concatenate with previous segments if split[i]:match ('^.*%)%)$') then -- if this table member has the closing doubled parens break; -- and done reassembling so end i=i+1; -- bump indexer end table.insert (vnames, name); -- and add accept-as-witten name to the vnames table else table.insert (vnames, split[i]); -- and add name to the vnames table end i=i+1; -- bump indexer if 5 == i then break; end -- limit to four names end for i, vname in ipairs (vnames) do if not vname:match ('%(%(.-%)%)') then -- without accept-this-value-as-written markup vnames[i] = vname:gsub ('(.-)%s+%u+$', '%1'); -- extract and save surname(s) end end for i, vname in ipairs (vnames) do -- repeat, this time for accept-this-value-as-written markup vnames[i] = vname:gsub ('%(%((.-)%)%)', '%1'); -- remove markup if present and save the whole name end end return 0 ~= #vnames and table.concat (vnames) or nil -- return a concatenation of the vnames; nil else end --[[--------------------------< N A M E S _ G E T >------------------------------------------------------------ cs1|2 makes anchor id from contributor, author, or editor name-lists in that order get the names from the cs1|2 template; if there are no contributor names, try author names, then try editor names. returns concatenated names in enumeration order when successful; nil else empty name (nameholding parameter n is present without value) and missing name (nameholding parameter n is not present) are included as empty string with all other names ]] local function names_get (params, aliases_list) local names = {}; -- first four author or editor names go here local enum_alias; -- alias with '#' replaced with a digit for enum=1, 4 do -- four names only for i, alias in ipairs (aliases_list) do if not names[enum] then -- hanven't found a previous alias with this [enum]? see if we can find this alias with this enum enum_alias = alias:gsub ('#', enum); -- replace '#' to make 'lastn' if 1 == enum then -- because |last= and last1= are exact aliases if params[enum_alias] then -- test |last1= first names[enum] = params[enum_alias]; -- found so save the value assigned to |last1= break; -- next enum else enum_alias = alias:gsub ('#', ''); -- replace '#' to make 'last' if params[enum_alias] then names[enum] = params[enum_alias]; -- found so save the value assigned to |last= break; -- next enum end end else -- here for enum 2, 3, 4 if params[enum_alias] then names[enum] = params[enum_alias]; -- found so save the value assigned to |lastn= break; -- next enum end end end end end for enum=1, 4 do -- spin through the names table and local name = names[enum]; if not name then -- when nameholding parameter n is not present (nil) name = ''; -- convert to empty string for concatenation end name = name:gsub('%(%((.-)%)%)', '%1'); -- remove accept-as-written markup if present names[enum] = name; -- save the modified name end local name_str = table.concat (names); -- concatenate the names return '' ~= name_str and name_str or nil; -- return the concatenation if not empty string; nil else end --[[--------------------------< T E M P L A T E _ S T R I P >-------------------------------------------------- removes the citation or havrc template's {{ and }} markup then removes, in whole, any templates found inside the citation or harvc template. Templates are not allowed in parameters that are made part of COinS metadata; yet, they will appear. cs1|2 does not see the template markup but instead sees the result of the template as html. cs1|2 strips the html which leaves the displayed value for the anchor id. We can't do that here so, because templates aren't allowed in parameters, we simply discard any templates found in the cs1|2 template. this may leave a |lastn= parameter empty which will be treated as if it were really empty as cs1|2 do (three authors, |last2= empty -> CITEREFLast1Last3YYYY (the harv and sfn render: 'Last1, & Last3 YYYY' with CITEREFLast1Last3YYYY). ]] local function template_strip (template) template = template:gsub ('^{{%s*', ''):gsub ('%s*}}$', '', 1); -- remove outer {{ and }} (cs1|2 template delimiters with trailing/leading whitespace) template = template:gsub ('%b{}', ''); -- remove any templates from the cs1|2 template return template; end --[[--------------------------< E S C A P E _ L U A _ M A G I C _ C H A R S >---------------------------------- Returns a string where all of lua's magic characters have been escaped. This is important because functions like string.gsub() treat their pattern and replace strings as patterns, not literal strings. ]] local function escape_lua_magic_chars (argument) argument = argument:gsub("%%", "%%%%"); -- replace % with %% argument = argument:gsub("([%^%$%(%)%.%[%]%*%+%-%?])", "%%%1"); -- replace all other lua magic pattern characters return argument; end --[=[-------------------------< W I K I L I N K _ S T R I P >-------------------------------------------------- Wikilink markup does not belong in an anchor id and can / does confuse the code that parses apart citation and harvc templates so here we remove any wiki markup: [[link|label]] -> label [[link]] -> link ]=] local function wikilink_strip (template) for wikilink in template:gmatch ('%[%b[]%]') do -- get a wikilink template = template:gsub ('%[%b[]%]', '__57r1P__', 1); -- install a marker if wikilink:match ('%[%[.-|(.-)%]%]') then wikilink = wikilink:match ('%[%[.-|(.-)%]%]'); -- extract label from complex [[link|label]] wikilink else wikilink = wikilink:match ('%[%[(.-)%]%]'); -- extract link from simple [[link]] wikilinks end wikilink = escape_lua_magic_chars (wikilink); -- in case there are lua magic characters in wikilink template = template:gsub ('__57r1P__', wikilink, 1); -- replace the marker with the appropriate text end return template; end --[[--------------------------< T E M P L A T E _ N A M E _ G E T >-------------------------------------------- return the citation or harvc template's name; convert to lower case and trim leading and trailing whitespace; when the template is a sandbox the subpage portion of the template name is omitted from the returned template name {{Cite book/new |...}} returns cite book ]] local function template_name_get (template) local template_name = template:match ('^{{%s*([^/|}]+)'); -- get template name; ignore subpages ~/new, ~/sandbox; parser functions if not template_name or template_name:match ('^#') then -- parser functions, magic words don't count as templates return nil; -- could not get template name from (possibly corrupt) template; extraneous opening { mid template can cause this; end; template_name = template_name:gsub ('%s*$', ''); -- trim trailing whitespace; leading whitespace already removed return Lang_obj:ucfirst (template_name); -- first character in template name must be uppercase (same as canonical template name) TODO: better way to do this? end --[[--------------------------< T E M P L A T E _ P A R A M S _ G E T >---------------------------------------- parse apart a template's parameters and store in the params table where key is the parameter's name and value is the parameter's value; empty parameters are not saved ]] local function template_params_get (template, params_t) template = wikilink_strip (template); -- because piped wikilinks confuse code that builds params_t{} and because wikilinks not allowed in an anchor id -- strip templates after getting |ref= value because |ref={{sfnref}} and |ref={{harvid}} are allowed template = template_strip (template); -- because template markup can confuse code that builds params_t{} and because templates in name parameters are not allowed local temp_t = mw.text.split (template, '%s*|%s*'); --split on the pipe for _, param in ipairs (temp_t) do if param:find ('=', 1, true) then -- a named parameter? local k, v = param:match ('%s*([^=]-)%s*=%s*([^|}]+)'); if v then -- there must be a value if '' ~= v and not v:match ('^%s$') then -- skip when value is empty string or only whitespace params_t[k] = mw.text.trim (v); -- add trimmed value else end end end end end --[[--------------------------< C I T E R E F _ M A K E _ H A R V C >------------------------------------------ makes anchor_id from {{harvc}} or redirects ]] local function anchor_id_make_harvc (template) local date = date_get (template, alias_patterns_harvc_date); -- get date; done here because might be in {{date}}; return date if valid; empty string else local anchor_id; local params = {}; -- table of harvc parameters local id; -- custom anchor id for this {{harvc}} template id = template:match ('|%s*id%s*=%s*(%b{})'); -- in case |id={{sfnref}}; done here because templates will be stripped template_params_get (template, params); -- build a table of template parameters and their values; this strips wikilinks and templates if id then -- when set is {{sfnref}} or {{harvid}} template return sfnref_get (id); -- returns content of {{sfnref}} or {{harvid}}; nil else end if params.id then -- custom anchor for this {{harvc}} template (text) return params.id; -- |id= value as written end anchor_id = names_get (params, aliases_harvc_author); -- get the harvc contributor names if anchor_id then -- if names were gotten return 'CITEREF' .. anchor_id .. date; end return nil; -- no names; no anchor_id end --[[--------------------------< A N C H O R _ I D _ M A K E _ W R A P P E R >---------------------------------- for wrapper templates inspect externally visible |ref= to decide what to do: |ref= - empty or missing: get names and date from whitelist defaults; override defaults from externally visible template parameters |ref=harv - same as empty or missing |ref={{SfnRef|name|name|name|name|year}} - assemble an anchor id from {{sfnref}} positional parameters |ref={{Harvid|name|name|name|name|year}} - assemble an anchor id from {{harvid}} positional parameters |ref=none - skip; do nothing because an anchor id intentionally suppressed; TODO: keep with a type code of '0'? |ref=<text> - save param value because may match an anchor id override value in {{harv}} template |ref= parameter or {{harvc}} |id= parameter ]] local function anchor_id_make_wrapper (template) local ref; -- content of |ref= local template_name; -- name of the template local anchor_id; -- the assembled anchor id from this template local date; local name_default; local date_default; local vol; local params = {}; -- table of template parameters template_name = template_name_get (template); -- get first char uppercase trimmed template name; ignore subpages ~/new, ~/sandbox if not template_name or template_skip[template_name] then return nil; -- could not extract template name from (possibly corrupted) template (extraneous opening { in the template will cause this) end date = date_get (template, alias_patterns_date); -- get date; done here because might be in {{date}} -- if '' == date then -- date = whitelist.wrapper_templates[template_name][2] or ''; -- no externally visible date so get default date -- end ref = template:match ('|%s*ref%s*=%s*(%b{})'); -- first look for |ref={{sfnref}} or |ref={{harvid}} because we will strip templates from the wrapper template if not ref then if template:match ('|%s*ref%s*=([^|}]+)') then -- |ref={{template}} not found; if there is a |ref= param with an assigned value ref = template:match ('|%s*ref%s*=([^|}]+)'); -- get the value; whitespace is a 'value' if ref then -- nil when |ref=|... or when |ref=}} (no spaces between assignment operator and pipe or closing brace) ref = mw.text.trim (ref); -- something, could be just whitespace, so trim leading / trailing whitespace if '' == ref then -- trimming a string of whitespace makes an empty string ref = nil; -- make empty ref same as missing ref end end end end template_params_get (template, params); -- build a table of template parameters and their values local wrap_data = whitelist.wrapper_templates[template_name] if wrap_data[1] then -- is this wrapper a simple-default wrapper? name_default = wrap_data[1]; -- get the default names date_default = wrap_data[2]; -- get the default date else vol = params['volume'] or 'default'; local fascicle = params['fascicle'] -- some templates use "fascicle" to mean "subvolume" if fascicle then local subvol = vol..'/'..fascicle -- if fascicle is used, subvolume = "vol/fascicle" if wrap_data[subvol] then -- if subvolume exists, use it, otherwise fall back to volume vol = subvol end end if not wrap_data[vol] then -- make sure this volume exists vol = 'default'; -- doesn't exist, use default volume end name_default = wrap_data[vol][1]; -- get the default names date_default = wrap_data[vol][2]; -- get the default date end if 'harv' == ref or not ref then -- |ref=harv specified or |ref= missing or empty anchor_id = names_get (params, aliases_contributor) or -- get contributor, author, or editor names names_get (params, aliases_author) or vnames_get (params, 'vauthors') or -- |vauthors= names_get (params, aliases_editor) or vnames_get (params, 'veditors') or -- |veditors= name_default; -- default names from whitelist -- whitelist.wrapper_templates[template_name][1]; -- default names from whitelist if '' == date then -- if date not provided in the template date = date_default; -- use the default date from whitelist end if anchor_id then -- if names were gotten anchor_id = 'CITEREF' .. anchor_id .. date; end elseif ref:match ('%b{}') then -- ref holds a template anchor_id = sfnref_get (ref); -- returns content of {{sfnref}} or {{harvid}}; nil else elseif 'none' == ref then -- |ref=none return nil; -- anchor id expicitly suppressed else anchor_id = ref; -- |ref=<text> may match an anchor id override value in {{harv}} template |ref= parameter end return anchor_id; -- anchor_id text; nil else end --[[--------------------------< A N C H O R _ I D _ M A K E _ C S 1 2 >---------------------------------------- for cs1|2 template and cs1-like templates inspect |ref= to decide what to do: |ref= - empty or missing: get names and date from template parameters; all cs1|2 create CITEREF anchor IDs |ref=harv - get names and date from template parameters |ref={{SfnRef|name|name|name|name|year}} - assemble an anchor id from {{sfnref}} positional parameters |ref={{Harvid|name|name|name|name|year}} - assemble an anchor id from {{harvid}} positional parameters |ref=none - skip; do nothing because an anchor id intentionally suppressed; TODO: keep with a type code of '0'? |ref=<text> - save param value because may match an anchor id override value in {{harv}} template |ref= parameter or {{harvc}} |id= parameter ]] local function anchor_id_make_cs12 (template) local ref; -- content of |ref= local template_name; -- name of the template local anchor_id; -- the assembled anchor id from this template local date; local params = {}; -- table of template parameters template_name = template_name_get (template); -- get first char uppercase trimmed template name; ignore subpages ~/new, ~/sandbox if not template_name or template_skip[template_name] then return nil; -- could not extract template name from (possibly corrupted) template (extraneous opening { in the template will cause this) end if redirects_patent[template_name] then date = date_get (template, alias_patterns_patent_date); -- get date; done here because might be in {{date}} else date = date_get (template, alias_patterns_date); end ref = template:match ('|%s*ref%s*=%s*(%b{})'); -- first look for |ref={{sfnref}} or |ref={{harvid}} because we will strip templates from the cs1|2 template if not ref then if template:match ('|%s*ref%s*=([^|}]+)') then -- |ref={{template}} not found; if there is a |ref= param with an assigned value ref = template:match ('|%s*ref%s*=([^|}]+)'); -- get the value; whitespace is a 'value' if ref then -- nil when |ref=|... or when |ref=}} (no spaces between assignment operator and pipe or closing brace) ref = mw.text.trim (ref); -- something, could be just whitespace, so trim leading / trailing whitespace if '' == ref then -- trimming a string of whitespace makes an empty string ref = nil; -- make empty ref same as missing ref end end end end template_params_get (template, params); -- build a table of template parameters and their values if 'harv' == ref or not ref then -- |ref=harv specified or |ref= missing or empty if redirects_patent[template_name] then -- if this is a cite patent template anchor_id = names_get (params, aliases_inventor); -- inventor names only else -- cs1|2 template anchor_id = names_get (params, aliases_contributor) or -- get contributor, author, or editor names names_get (params, aliases_author) or vnames_get (params, 'vauthors') or -- |vauthors= names_get (params, aliases_editor) or vnames_get (params, 'veditors'); -- |veditors= end if anchor_id then -- if names were gotten anchor_id = 'CITEREF' .. anchor_id .. date; end elseif ref:match ('%b{}') then -- ref holds a template anchor_id = sfnref_get (ref); -- returns content of {{sfnref}} or {{harvid}}; nil else elseif 'none' == ref and not redirects_patent[template_name] then -- |ref=none; not supported by cite patent return nil; -- anchor id expicitly suppressed else anchor_id = ref; -- |ref=<text> may match an anchor id override value in {{harv}} template |ref= parameter end return anchor_id; -- anchor_id text; nil else end --[[--------------------------< L I S T _ A D D >-------------------------------------------------------------- adds an <item> to <list> table; for anchor IDs, the boolean <encode> argument must be set true; no return value ]] local function list_add (item, list, encode) if item then -- if there was an item if encode then -- for anchor IDs ... item = mw.uri.anchorEncode (item); -- encode to remove wikimarkup, convert spaces to underscores etc end if not list[item] then -- if not already saved list[item] = 1; -- save it else -- here when this item already saved list[item] = list[item] + 1; -- to indicate that there are multiple items end end end --[[--------------------------< A N C H O R _ I D _ M A K E _ A N C H O R >------------------------------------ make anchor IDs from {{anchor}}; there may be more than one because {{anchor}} is not limited to the number of anchors it may hold. ]] local function anchor_id_make_anchor (template, anchor_id_list) template = template:gsub ('^{{[^|]+|', ''):gsub ('}}$', '', 1); -- remove outer {{ and }} and template name template = wikilink_strip (template); -- strip any wikilink markup (there shouldn't be any but just in case) local params = {}; local anchor_id; for param in template:gmatch ('%b{}') do -- loop through the template; remove and save templates (presumed to be sfnref or harvid) table.insert (params, param); -- save it template = template:gsub ('%b{}', '', 1); -- remove it from source template end for _, t in ipairs (params) do -- spin through the templates in params anchor_id = sfnref_get (t); -- attempt to decode {{sfnref}} and {{harvid}} if anchor_id then -- nil when not {{sfnref}} or {{harvid}} list_add (anchor_id, anchor_id_list, true); -- add anchor ID to the list end end template = template:gsub ('|%s*|', '|'); -- when pipe follows pipe with or without white space, remove extraneous pipe template = template:gsub ('^|', ''):gsub('|$', ''); -- remove extraneous leading and trailing pipes params = mw.text.split (template, '%s*|%s*'); -- split at the pipe and remove extraneous space characters for _, t in ipairs (params) do -- spin through the anchor IDs anchor_id = mw.text.trim (t); -- trim white space if '' ~= anchor_id then -- should always have something list_add (anchor_id, anchor_id_list, true); -- add anchor ID to the list end end end --[[--------------------------< T E M P L A T E _ L I S T _ A D D >-------------------------------------------- makes a list of templates use in the article. ]] local function template_list_add (template, template_list) local template = template:match ('{{%s*(.-)[|}]'); -- keep the case of the template - this is different from template_name_get() if template and not template:match ('^#') then -- found a template or magic word; ignore magic words template=mw.text.trim (template); -- trim whitespace template = Lang_obj:ucfirst (template); -- first character in template name must be uppercase (same as canonical template name) TODO: better way to do this? list_add (template, template_list); -- add to list with (unused) tally end end --[[--------------------------< A N C H O R _ I D _ L I S T _ M A K E >---------------------------------------- makes a list of anchor ids from cs1|2, cs1|2-like, vcite xxx, harvc, anchor, wikicite templates Because cs1|2 wrapper templates can, and often do, hide the author and date parameters inside the wrapper, these parameters are not available in the article's wikisource so {{harv}}, {{sfn}}, and {{harvc}} templates that link correctly to those wrapper templates will incorrectly show error messages. Use |ignore-err=yes in the {{harv}}, {{sfn}}, and {{harvc}} templates to supress the error message. creates a list of templates used in the article for use with the whitelist creates a list of article-local whitelisted anchor IDs from {{sfn whitelist}} ]] local function anchor_id_list_make () local anchor_id_list = {} local template_list = {} local article_whitelist = {} local article_content = article_content_get (); -- attempt to get this article's content if article_content == '' then -- when there is no article content return ''; -- no point in continuing end local template; -- place to hold the template that we found local template_name; local anchor_id; -- place to hold an anchor id as it is extracted / decoded local find_pattern = '%f[{]{{[^{]'; local tstart, tend = article_content:find (find_pattern); -- find the first template; do not find template variables: {{{template var|}}} while tstart do template = article_content:match ('%b{}', tstart); -- get the whole template if not template then break; -- template is nil for some reason (last template missing closing }} for example) so declare ourselves done end template_name = template_name_get (template); -- get first char uppercase trimmed template name; ignore subpages ~/new, ~/sandbox template_list_add (template, template_list); -- add this template's name to the list if data.known_templates_cs12 [template_name] then anchor_id = anchor_id_make_cs12 (template); -- extract an anchor id from this template list_add (anchor_id, anchor_id_list, true) elseif data.known_templates_vcite [template_name] then local ref = template:match ('|%s*ref%s*=%s*(%b{})'); -- first look for |ref={{sfnref}} or |ref={{harvid}} because we will strip templates from the vcite template if ref then -- |ref={{template}} anchor_id = sfnref_get (ref); -- returns content of {{sfnref}} or {{harvid}}; nil else list_add (anchor_id, anchor_id_list, true); else local params = {}; template_params_get (template, params); -- build a table of template parameters and their values anchor_id = params['ref']; -- when both set, vcite uses value from |ref= if not anchor_id and params['harvid'] then anchor_id = 'CITEREF' .. params['harvid']; -- in vcite, |harvid= auto-adds 'CITEREF' prefix to the value in |harvid= end list_add (anchor_id, anchor_id_list, true); end elseif data.known_templates_harvc [template_name] then anchor_id = anchor_id_make_harvc (template); -- extract an anchor id from this template list_add (anchor_id, anchor_id_list, true); elseif data.known_templates_wikicite [template_name] then local ref = template:match ('|%s*ref%s*=%s*(%b{})'); -- first look for |ref={{sfnref}} or |ref={{harvid}} if ref then anchor_id = sfnref_get (ref); elseif template:match ('|%s*ref%s*=([^|}]+)') then anchor_id = template:match ('|%s*ref%s*=([^|}]+)'); -- plain-text elseif template:match ('|%s*id%s*=%s*(%b{})') then ref = template:match ('|%s*id%s*=%s*(%b{})'); anchor_id = 'Reference-' .. sfnref_get (ref); elseif template:match ('|%s*id%s*=([^|}]+)') then anchor_id = 'Reference-' .. template:match ('|%s*id%s*=([^|}]+)'); -- plain-text else anchor_id = nil; -- no matches, ensure that anchor_id has no value end if anchor_id then list_add (anchor_id, anchor_id_list, true); end elseif data.known_templates_anchor [template_name] then anchor_id_make_anchor (template, anchor_id_list); -- extract anchor ids from this template if any elseif data.known_templates_sfn_whitelist [template_name] then template = template:gsub ('^{{[^|]+|', ''):gsub ('}}$', '', 1); -- remove outer {{ and }} and template name template = mw.text.trim (template, '%s|'); -- trim leading trailing white space and pipes template = mw.text.split (template, '%s*|%s*'); -- make a table of the template's parameters for _, anchor_id in ipairs (template) do -- spin through this template's parameter if '' ~= anchor_id and not article_whitelist[anchor_id] then anchor_id = mw.uri.anchorEncode (anchor_id) article_whitelist[anchor_id] = 1; -- add to the whitelist end end elseif template_name and whitelist.wrapper_templates[template_name] then anchor_id = anchor_id_make_wrapper (template); -- extract an anchor id from this template if possible list_add (anchor_id, anchor_id_list, true); elseif template_name and template_name:match ('^Cit[ea]') then -- not known, not known wrapper; last gasp, try as cs1-like anchor_id = anchor_id_make_cs12 (template); -- extract an anchor id from this template if possible list_add (anchor_id, anchor_id_list, true); end tstart, tend = article_content:find (find_pattern, tend); -- search for another template; begin at end of last search end mw.logObject (anchor_id_list, 'anchor_id_list'); mw.logObject (template_list, 'template_list'); mw.logObject (article_whitelist, 'article_whitelist'); global_anchor_id_list = anchor_id_list global_template_list = template_list global_article_whitelist = article_whitelist end --[[--------------------------< C I T E R E F _ P A T T E R N S _ M A K E >-------------------------------------------- Scans template_list to look for wrapper templates that generate citerefs that require Lua patterns. This scan is only done once per page load, to save time ]] local function citeref_patterns_make() if not global_template_list then return end local citeref_patterns = {} local template_patterns = whitelist.wrapper_template_patterns for _, p in ipairs(template_patterns) do for _, t in ipairs(p[1]) do -- loop through list of template wrappers if global_template_list[t] then -- if wrapper is found in article, record corresponding patterns for _, pat in ipairs(p[2]) do table.insert(citeref_patterns, pat) end break end end end mw.logObject(citeref_patterns,'citeref_patterns') return citeref_patterns end --[[--------------------------< E X P O R T E D _ T A B L E S >------------------------------------------------ ]] -- First create global_anchor_id_list, global_template_list, global_article_whitelist anchor_id_list_make() -- Then stuff them (and derived tables) into return table return { anchor_id_list = global_anchor_id_list or {}, -- table of anchor ids available in this article article_whitelist = global_article_whitelist or {}, -- table of anchor ids with false-positive error message to be suppressed template_list = global_template_list or {}, -- table of templates used in this article citeref_patterns = citeref_patterns_make() or {} -- table of Lua patterns to search for citeref from wrappers } 0orpdb6kvjbedhkjrp2xgq9fc8lbvmb 828 31693 307311 293516 2026-09-06T15:21:41Z Isma4l 41797 307311 Scribunto text/plain -- copied from Module:Ref info/data - maybe overkill here? -- for this application make lists from the redirect lists and force all template names first character uppercase require('strict'); --[[--------------------------< C S 1 _ T E M P L A T E _ P A T T E R N S >------------------------------------ These are patterns for cs1 templates and their redirects. These patterns exclude redirects that are vcite-like which redirects should be deleted because vcite is not cs1. ]] local cs1_template_patterns = { -- lua patterns of the cannonical names and redirects '[Cc]ite ar[Xx]iv', -- arXiv is the canonical name '[Cc]ite ArXiv', '[Cc]ite AV media', -- canonical '[Cc]ite audio', '[Cc]ite AV', '[Cc]ite AV ?Media', '[Cc]ite av media', '[Cc]ite cd', '[Cc]ite DVD', '[Cc]ite dvd', '[Cc]ite film', '[Cc]ite image', '[Cc]ite media', '[Cc]ite movie', '[Cc]ite music video', '[Cc]ite radio', '[Cc]ite song', '[Cc]ite ?video', '[Cc]ite visual', '[Cc]ite You[Tt]ube', '[Cc]ita vídeo', -- non-English redirect; TODO: tally separately? '[Cc]ite AV media notes', -- canonical '[Cc]ite album[ %-]notes', '[Cc]ite av media notes', '[Cc]ite DVD[ %-]notes', '[Cc]ite dvd%-notes', '[Cc]ite liner notes', '[Cc]ite music release notes', '[Ll]iner notes', '[Cc]ite bio[Rr]xiv', -- bioRxiv is the canonical form '[Cc]ite [Bb]ook', -- book is the canonical form '[Bb]ook cite', '[Bb]ook reference', '[Bb]ook reference url', '[Cc] book', '[Cc]it book', '[Cc]ite books', '[Cc]ite chapter', '[Cc]ite ebook', '[Cc]ite manual', '[Cc]ite page', '[Cc]ite publication', '[Cc]ite score', '[Cc]ite work', '[Cc]ite%-?book', '[Bb]okref', '[Cc]itace monografie', '[Cc]itar livro', -- non-English redirects; TODO: tally separately? '[Cc]iteer boek', '[Oo]uvrage', '[Rr]ef%-llibre', '서적 인용', '[Cc]ite citeseerx', -- canonical '[Cc]ite conference', -- canonical '[Cc]ita conferenza', '[Cc]ite proceedings', '[Cc]onference reference', -- cita conferenza is non-English; TODO: tally separately? '[Cc]ite ?encyclopedia', -- cite encyclopedia is the canonical name '[Cc]ite contribution', '[Cc]ite dic', '[Cc]ite dictionary', '[Cc]ite encyclopaedia', '[Cc]ite encyclopædia', '[Ee]ncyclopedia', '[Cc]ite [Ee]pisode', -- episode is the canonical form '[Cc]ite show', '[Cc]ite interview', -- canonical '[Cc]ite ?journal', -- cite journal is the canonical form '[Cc] journal', '[Cc]itation journal', '[Cc]ite abstract', '[Cc]ite document', '[Cc]ite Journal', '[Cc]ite journal zh', '[Cc]ite ?paper', '[Vv]cite2 journal', '[Cc]ita pubblicazione', '[Cc]itace periodika', '[Cc]itar jornal', -- non-English redirects; TODO: tally separately? '[Cc]itar publicació', '[Cc]ytuj pismo', '[Tt]idskriftsref', 'Навод из стручног часописа', '저널 인용', '[Cc]ite [Mm]agazine', -- magazine is the canonical form '[Cc]ite mag', '[Cc]ite magazine article', '[Cc]ite newsletter', '[Cc]ite periodical', '[Cc]ite mailing ?list', -- mailing list is the canonical form '[Cc]ite list', '[Cc]ite maps?', -- map is the canonical form '[Cc]ite[ %-]?news', -- cite news is the canonical form '[Cc] news', '[Cc]it news', '[Cc]itation news', '[Cc]ite article', '[Cc]ite n', '[Cc]ite new', '[Cc]ite newspaper', '[Cc]ite News', '[Cc]ite news%-q', '[Cc]ite news2', '[Cc]itenewsauthor', '[Cc]ute news', '[Cc]itar notícia', '[Hh]aber kaynağı', '[Tt]idningsref', 'استشهاد بخبر', -- non-English redirects; TODO: tally separately? '뉴스 인용', '[Cc]ite newsgroup', -- canonical '[Cc]ite usenet', '[Cc]ite podcast', -- canonical '[Cc]ite [Pp]ress release', -- press release is the canonical form '[Cc]ite media release', '[Cc]ite news release', '[Cc]ite pr', '[Cc]ite press', '[Cc]ite press release%.', '[Cc]ite press[%-]?release', '[Cc]ite report', -- canonical '[Cc]ite serial', -- canonical '[Cc]ite sign', -- canonical '[Cc]ite plaque', '[Cc]ite speech', -- canonical '[Cc]ite ssrn', -- canonical '[Cc]ite SSRN', '[Cc]ite tech ?report', -- techreport is the canonical form '[Cc]ite standard', '[Cc]ite technical report', '[Tt]echrep reference', '[Cc]ite thesis', -- canonical '[Cc]ite dissertation', '[Cc]itar tese', -- non-English redirect; TODO: tally separately? '[Cc]ite [Ww]eb', -- web is the canonical form '[Cc] web', '[Cc]it web', '[Cc]ite blog', '[Cc]ite URL', '[Cc]ite url', '[Cc]ite w', '[Cc]ite wb', '[Cc]ite we', '[Cc]ite web%.', '[Cc]ite webpage', '[Cc]ite website', '[Cc]ite website article', '[Cc]ite web archived', '[Cc]ite%-?web', '[Cc]itweb', '[Cc]w', '[Rr]ef web', '[Ww]eb citation', '[Ww]eb cite', '[Ww]eb link', '[Ww]eb[ %-]reference', '[Ww]eblink', '[Cc]hú thích web', '[Cc]ita web', '[Cc]itace elektronické monografie', -- non-English redirects; TODO: tally separately? '[Cc]itat web', 'مرجع ويب', 'یادکرد وب', '웹 인용', } --[[--------------------------< C S 2 _ T E M P L A T E _ P A T T E R N S >------------------------------------ These are patterns for cs2 templates redirects. ]] local cs2_template_patterns = { -- lua patterns of the cannonical names and redirects '[Cc]itation', '[Cc]ite', '[Cc]ite citation', '[Cc]ite study', '[Cc]ite [Tt]echnical standard', } --[[--------------------------< V C I T E _ T E M P L A T E _ P A T T E R N S >-------------------------------- These are patterns for Vcite-family templates and their redirects. ]] local vcite_template_patterns = { '[Vv]cite book', -- canonical '[Vv]ancite book', '[Vv]ancite report', '[Vv]cite encyclopedia', '[Vv]cite report', '[Vv]cite journal', -- canonical '[Cc]it journal', '[Cc]it paper', '[Vv]ancite journal', '[Vv]cite paper', '[Vv]cite news', -- canonical '[Vv]ancite news', '[Vv]cite web', -- canonical '[Vv]ancite web', } --[[--------------------------< H A R V C _ T E M P L A T E _ P A T T E R N S >-------------------------------- These are patterns for the harvc template and its redirects. ]] local harvc_template_patterns = { '[Hh]arvc', -- canonical '[Cc]itec', } --[[--------------------------< C S 1 _ L I K E _ T E M P L A T E _ P A T T E R N S >-------------------------- These are patterns for miscellaneous templates and their redirects that 'look like' cs1 templates (begin with cite ...) Because they 'look like' cs1 templates they are handled as if they were cs1 templates. These templates are NOT wrapper templates; names and dates are always to be extracted from the article instantiation of the template. ]] local cs1_like_template_patterns = { } --[[--------------------------< W I K I C I T E _ T E M P L A T E _ P A T T E R N S >-------------------------- These are patterns for the wikicite template and its redirects. ]] local wikicite_template_patterns = { '[Ww]ikicite', -- canonical } --[[--------------------------< A N C H O R _ T E M P L A T E _ P A T T E R N S >------------------------------ These are patterns for the anchor template and its redirects. ]] local anchor_template_patterns = { '[Aa]nchors?', -- anchor is canonical form '[Aa]nchor for redirect', '[Aa]nchro', '[Aa]ncor', } --[[--------------------------< S F N _ W H I T E L I S T _ P A T T E R N S >---------------------------------- These are patterns for the anchor template and its redirects. ]] local sfn_whitelist_patterns = { '[Ss]fn whitelist', -- canonical '[Hh]arv whitelist', } --[[--------------------------< K N O W N _ T E M P L A T E S >------------------------------------------------ These tables are created from the *_template_patterns tables. To make these tables, entries in the source tables are evaluated to replace lua patterns with the appropriate characters to create names for the output tables. First charqacter is always uppercase For example: [Cc]ite ar[Xx]iv becomes Cite arXiv Cite arxiv ]] local known_templates_cs12 = {}; -- the exported tables local known_templates_vcite = {}; local known_templates_harvc = {}; local known_templates_wikicite = {}; local known_templates_anchor = {}; local known_templates_sfn_whitelist = {}; local function add_stripped (list, name) if not list[name] then list[name] = true; end end local function pattern_convert (pattern, list) local lead, tail, c, l, name; local first_char_patterns = { '^%[(%a)%a%]', -- leading character (usually uppercase) '^%[%a(%a)%]', -- leading character (usually lowercase) } c = tostring (pattern:match ('%u')); -- tostring() required because I don't know why; lua chokes complaining that c is not a string name = pattern:gsub ('^%[%a%a%]', c); -- replace bracketed first character [Xx] with selected character from the match if name:match ('(.-)%[(%a)(%a)%](.*)') then -- mixed case optional letters lead, c, l, tail = name:match ('(.-)%[(%a)(%a)%](.*)'); add_stripped (list, lead .. c .. tail); -- uppercase add_stripped (list, lead .. l .. tail); -- lowercase elseif name:match ('^([^%[]+)(%[ %%%-%]%?)(.+)$') then -- [ %-]? lead, c, tail = name:match ('^([^%[]+)(%[ %%%-%]%?)(.+)$'); add_stripped (list, lead .. tail); -- neither char add_stripped (list, lead .. ' ' .. tail); -- space add_stripped (list, lead .. '-' .. tail); -- hyphen elseif name:match ('^([^%[]+)(%[%%%-%]%?)(.+)$') then -- [%-]? lead, c, tail = name:match ('^([^%[]+)(%[%%%-%]%?)(.+)$'); add_stripped (list, lead .. tail); -- no hyphen add_stripped (list, lead .. '-' .. tail); -- hyphen elseif name:match ('^([^%[]+)(%[ %%%-%])(.+)$') then -- [ %-] lead, c, tail = name:match ('^([^%[]+)(%[ %%%-%])(.+)$'); add_stripped (list, lead .. ' ' .. tail); -- space add_stripped (list, lead .. '-' .. tail); -- hyphen elseif name:match ('^([^%?]+)(%%%-%?)(.+)$') then -- %-? lead, c, tail = name:match ('^([^%?]+)(%%%-%?)(.+)$'); add_stripped (list, lead .. tail); -- no hyphen add_stripped (list, lead .. '-' .. tail); -- hyphen elseif name:match ('^(.-)(%%%-)(.+)$') then -- %- lead, c, tail = name:match ('^(.-)(%%%-)(.+)$'); add_stripped (list, lead .. '-' .. tail); -- hyphen elseif name:match ('^(.-)(.)%?(.*)$') then -- .? lead, c, tail = name:match ('^(.-)(.)%?(.*)$'); add_stripped (list, lead .. tail); -- no character add_stripped (list, lead .. c .. tail); -- character else add_stripped (list, name); -- no patterns so save as is end end for _, t in ipairs ({ {cs1_template_patterns, known_templates_cs12}, {cs2_template_patterns, known_templates_cs12}, {cs1_like_template_patterns, known_templates_cs12}, {vcite_template_patterns, known_templates_vcite}, {harvc_template_patterns, known_templates_harvc}, {wikicite_template_patterns, known_templates_wikicite}, {anchor_template_patterns, known_templates_anchor}, {sfn_whitelist_patterns, known_templates_sfn_whitelist}, }) do for _, pattern in ipairs (t[1]) do -- for each patern in *_template_patterns pattern_convert (pattern, t[2]) -- convert and store in known_templates_* end end --[[--------------------------< E X P O R T S >---------------------------------------------------------------- ]] return { known_templates_anchor = known_templates_anchor, known_templates_cs12 = known_templates_cs12, known_templates_harvc = known_templates_harvc, known_templates_vcite = known_templates_vcite, known_templates_wikicite = known_templates_wikicite, known_templates_sfn_whitelist = known_templates_sfn_whitelist, } ac2kk9di798tezmbw1dis0wrp2b139q 828 31694 307309 206706 2026-09-06T15:19:24Z Isma4l 41797 307309 Scribunto text/plain --[[--------------------------< W R A P P E R _ T E M P L A T E _ D E F A U L T S >---------------------------- A list of wrapper templates by their canonical names – spelling and capitalization is important. Each wrapper template has a table of two values: [1] is the wrapper's default name-list as it is used in an anchor ID; [2] is the default year. This table is indexed indirectly through the wrapper_templates table. This table is not available externally. ]] local wrapper_template_defaults = { -- keys are canonical template names ['Americana'] = {'Rines', '1920'}, -- tables with default name and default year ['Cite bryonames'] = {'BrindaAtwood', ''}, ['Cite EB1911'] = {'Chisholm', '1911'}, -- tables with default name and default year ['Encyclopaedia Islamica'] = {'Islamica', ''}, ['EB1911'] = {'Chisholm', '1911'}, ['EI3'] = {'FleetKrämerMatringeNawas', ''}, ['FEIS'] = {'', ''}, ['Jepson eFlora'] = {'Jepson_Flora_Project', ''}, ['Cite Merriam-Webster'] = {'Merriam-Webster', ''}, ['Cite NatureServe'] = {'NatureServe', ''}, ['ODNB'] = {'', ''}, -- there is no default anchor ID; this forces evaluation of {{cite ODNB}} redirects ['PLANTS'] = {'NRCS', ''}, ['Silvics'] = {'BurnsHonkala', '1990'} } --[[--------------------------< W R A P P E R _ T E M P L A T E _ D E F A U L T S _ V O L >-------------------- For wrapper templates that use |volume= to specify default name (often editor names) and year. Wrapper templates are indexed by their canonical names – spelling and capitalization is important. Each wrapper template has a table of values for every volume. Volumes may be indexed by Arabic or Roman numerals. Each volume index has a table of twp values" [1] is the wrapper's default name-list as it is used in an anchor ID; [2] is the default year. Each wrapper template in this table must have a ['default'] key for those occasions when |volume= is omitted or empty. This table is indexed indirectly through the wrapper_templates table. This table is not available externally. ]] -- Helper function to create Encyclopedia Iranica volume table local iranica_years = { ['1'] = 1985, ['1/1'] = 1982, ['1/2'] = 1982, ['1/3'] = 1983, ['1/4'] = 1983, ['1/5'] = 1983, ['1/6'] = 1984, ['1/7'] = 1984, ['2'] = 1987, ['2/1'] = 1985, ['2/2'] = 1985, ['2/3'] = 1986, ['2/4'] = 1986, ['2/5'] = 1986, ['2/6'] = 1986, ['3'] = 1989, ['3/1'] = 1987, ['3/2'] = 1987, ['3/3'] = 1988, ['3/4'] = 1988, ['3/5'] = 1988, ['3/6'] = 1988, ['3/7'] = 1988, ['3/8'] = 1988, ['4'] = 1990, ['4/1'] = 1989, ['4/2'] = 1989, ['4/3'] = 1989, ['4/4'] = 1989, ['4/5'] = 1989, ['4/6'] = 1990, ['4/7'] = 1990, ['4/8'] = 1989, ['5'] = 1992, ['5/1'] = 1990, ['5/2'] = 1990, ['5/3'] = 1991, ['5/4'] = 1991, ['5/5'] = 1991, ['5/6'] = 1991, ['6'] = 1993, ['6/1'] = 1992, ['6/2'] = 1992, ['7'] = 1996, ['7/1'] = 1994, ['7/2'] = 1994, ['7/3'] = 1994, ['7/4'] = 1995, ['7/5'] = 1995, ['7/6'] = 1995, ['8'] = 1998, ['8/1'] = 1997, ['8/2'] = 1997, ['8/3'] = 1997, ['9'] = 1999, ['9/1'] = 1998, ['10'] = 2001, ['10/1'] = 1999, ['10/2'] = 2000, ['10/3'] = 2000, ['10/4'] = 2000, ['11'] = 2003, ['11/1'] = 2001, ['11/2'] = 2002, ['11/3'] = 2002, ['11/4'] = 2002, ['11/5'] = 2002, ['12'] = 2004, ['12/1'] = 2003, ['12/2'] = 2003, ['12/3'] = 2003, ['13'] = 2006, ['13/1'] = 2004, ['13/2'] = 2004, ['13/3'] = 2004, ['13/4'] = 2004, ['14'] = 2008, ['14/1'] = 2007, ['14/2'] = 2007, ['14/3'] = 2007, ['15'] = 2011, ['15/1'] = 2009, ['15/2'] = 2009, ['15/3'] = 2009, ['15/4'] = 2010, ['15/5'] = 2010, ['15/6'] = 2011, ['16'] = 2020, ['16/1'] = 2012, ['16/2'] = 2013, ['16/3'] = 2017, ['default'] = '1982–2021' } local iranica_volumes = {} for k, yr in pairs(iranica_years) do iranica_volumes[k] = {'Yarshater', tostring(yr)} end -- Helper function to create "TDV Encyclopedia of Islam" volume table local TDV_years = { ['1'] = '1988', ['2'] = '1989', ['3'] = '1991', ['4'] = '1991', ['5'] = '1992', ['6'] = '1992', ['7'] = '1993', ['8'] = '1993', ['9'] = '1994', ['10'] = '1994', ['11'] = '1995', ['12'] = '1995', ['13'] = '1996', ['14'] = '1996', ['15'] = '1997', ['16'] = '1997', ['17'] = '1998', ['18'] = '1998', ['19'] = '1999', ['20'] = '1999', ['21'] = '2000', ['22'] = '2000', ['23'] = '2001', ['24'] = '2001', ['25'] = '2002', ['26'] = '2002', ['27'] = '2003', ['28'] = '2003', ['29'] = '2004', ['30'] = '2005', ['31'] = '2006', ['32'] = '2006', ['33'] = '2007', ['34'] = '2007', ['35'] = '2008', ['36'] = '2009', ['37'] = '2009', ['38'] = '2010', ['39'] = '2010', ['40'] = '2011', ['41'] = '2012', ['42'] = '2012', ['43'] = '2013', ['44'] = '2013', ['Supplement 1'] = '2016', ['Supplement 2'] = '2016', ['default'] = '1988–2016' } local TDV_volumes = {} for k, yr in pairs(TDV_years) do TDV_volumes[k] = {'TDVIA', yr} end local wrapper_template_defaults_vol = { -- primary keys are canonical template names; TODO: do these keys have to be canonical template names? ['Cite Catholic Encyclopedia'] = { -- secondary keys are volume ['1'] = {'Herbermann', '1907'}, ['2'] = {'Herbermann', '1907'}, ['3'] = {'Herbermann', '1908'}, ['4'] = {'Herbermann', '1908'}, ['5'] = {'Herbermann', '1909'}, ['6'] = {'Herbermann', '1909'}, ['7'] = {'Herbermann', '1910'}, ['8'] = {'Herbermann', '1910'}, ['9'] = {'Herbermann', '1910'}, ['10'] = {'Herbermann', '1911'}, ['11'] = {'Herbermann', '1911'}, ['12'] = {'Herbermann', '1911'}, ['13'] = {'Herbermann', '1912'}, ['14'] = {'Herbermann', '1912'}, ['15'] = {'Herbermann', '1912'}, ['default'] = {'Herbermann', '1913'}, }, ['Cite EB9'] = { ['1'] = {'Baynes', '1878'}, ['I'] = {'Baynes', '1878'}, ['2'] = {'Baynes', '1878'}, ['II'] = {'Baynes', '1878'}, ['3'] = {'Baynes', '1878'}, ['III'] = {'Baynes', '1878'}, ['4'] = {'Baynes', '1878'}, ['IV'] = {'Baynes', '1878'}, ['5'] = {'Baynes', '1878'}, ['V'] = {'Baynes', '1878'}, ['6'] = {'Baynes', '1878'}, ['VI'] = {'Baynes', '1878'}, ['7'] = {'Baynes', '1878'}, ['VII'] = {'Baynes', '1878'}, ['8'] = {'Baynes', '1878'}, ['VIII'] = {'Baynes', '1878'}, ['9'] = {'Baynes', '1879'}, ['IX'] = {'Baynes', '1879'}, ['10'] = {'Baynes', '1879'}, ['X'] = {'Baynes', '1879'}, ['11'] = {'BaynesSmith', '1880'}, ['XI'] = {'BaynesSmith', '1880'}, ['12'] = {'BaynesSmith', '1881'}, ['XII'] = {'BaynesSmith', '1881'}, ['13'] = {'BaynesSmith', '1881'}, ['XIII'] = {'BaynesSmith', '1881'}, ['14'] = {'BaynesSmith', '1882'}, ['XIV'] = {'BaynesSmith', '1882'}, ['15'] = {'BaynesSmith', '1883'}, ['XV'] = {'BaynesSmith', '1883'}, ['16'] = {'BaynesSmith', '1883'}, ['XVI'] = {'BaynesSmith', '1883'}, ['17'] = {'BaynesSmith', '1884'}, ['XVII'] = {'BaynesSmith', '1884'}, ['18'] = {'BaynesSmith', '1885'}, ['XVIII'] = {'BaynesSmith', '1885'}, ['19'] = {'BaynesSmith', '1885'}, ['XIX'] = {'BaynesSmith', '1885'}, ['20'] = {'BaynesSmith', '1886'}, ['XX'] = {'BaynesSmith', '1886'}, ['21'] = {'BaynesSmith', '1886'}, ['XXI'] = {'BaynesSmith', '1886'}, ['22'] = {'BaynesSmith', '1887'}, ['XXII'] = {'BaynesSmith', '1887'}, ['23'] = {'BaynesSmith', '1888'}, ['XXIII'] = {'BaynesSmith', '1888'}, ['24'] = {'BaynesSmith', '1888'}, ['XXIV'] = {'BaynesSmith', '1888'}, ['default'] = {'Baynes', '1875–1889'}, }, ['The Cambridge History of Iran'] = { ['1'] = {'Fischer', '1968'}, ['2'] = {'Gershevitch', '1985'}, ['3a'] = {'Yarshater', '1983'}, ['3b'] = {'Yarshater', '1983'}, ['4'] = {'Frye', '1975'}, ['5'] = {'Boyle', '1968'}, ['6'] = {'LockhartJackson', '1986'}, ['7'] = {'AveryHamblyMelville', '1991'}, ['default'] = {'', '1968–1991'} }, ['Encyclopædia Iranica'] = iranica_volumes, ['Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition'] = { ['1'] = {'GibbKramersLévi-ProvençalSchacht', '1960'}, ['2'] = {'LewisPellatSchacht', '1965'}, ['3'] = {'LewisMénagePellatSchacht', '1971'}, ['4'] = {'van_DonzelLewisPellatBosworth', '1978'}, ['5'] = {'Bosworthvan_DonzelLewisPellat', '1986'}, ['6'] = {'Bosworthvan_DonzelPellat', '1991'}, ['7'] = {'Bosworthvan_DonzelHeinrichsPellat', '1993'}, ['8'] = {'Bosworthvan_DonzelHeinrichsLecomte', '1995'}, ['9'] = {'Bosworthvan_DonzelHeinrichsLecomte', '1997'}, ['10'] = {'BearmanBianquisBosworthvan_Donzel', '2000'}, ['11'] = {'BearmanBianquisBosworthvan_Donzel', '2002'}, ['12'] = {'BearmanBianquisBosworthvan_Donzel', '2004'}, ['atlas'] = {'Brice', '1981'}, ['abridged'] = {'van_Donzel', '1994'}, ['default'] = {'BearmanBianquisBosworthvan_Donzel', '1960–2005'}, }, ['TDV Encyclopedia of Islam'] = TDV_volumes, ['New Cambridge Medieval History'] = { ['1'] = {'Fouracre', '2005'}, ['2'] = {'McKitterick', '1995'}, ['3'] = {'Reuter', '2000'}, ['4a'] = {'LuscombeRiley-Smith', '2004'}, ['4b'] = {'LuscombeRiley-Smith', '2004'}, ['5'] = {'Abulafia', '1999'}, ['6'] = {'Jones', '2000'}, ['7'] = {'Allmand', '1998'}, ['default'] = {'', '1995–2005'}, }, ['The History of al-Tabari'] = { ['1'] = {'Rosenthal', '1989'}, ['2'] = {'Brinner', '1986'}, ['3'] = {'Brinner', '1991'}, ['4'] = {'Perlmann', '1987'}, ['5'] = {'Bosworth', '1999'}, ['6'] = {'WattMcDonald', '1989'}, ['7'] = {'McDonald', '1987'}, ['8'] = {'Fishbein', '1997'}, ['9'] = {'Poonawala', '1990'}, ['10'] = {'Donner', '1993'}, ['11'] = {'Blankinship', '1993'}, ['12'] = {'Friedmann', '1992'}, ['13'] = {'Juynboll', '1989'}, ['14'] = {'Smith', '1994'}, ['15'] = {'Humphreys', '1990'}, ['16'] = {'Brockett', '1997'}, ['17'] = {'Hawting', '1996'}, ['18'] = {'Morony', '1987'}, ['19'] = {'Howard', '1990'}, ['20'] = {'Hawting', '1989'}, ['21'] = {'Fishbein', '1990'}, ['22'] = {'Rowson', '1989'}, ['23'] = {'Hinds', '1990'}, ['24'] = {'Powers', '1989'}, ['25'] = {'Blankinship', '1989'}, ['26'] = {'Hillenbrand', '1989'}, ['27'] = {'Williams', '1985'}, ['28'] = {'McAuliffe', '1995'}, ['29'] = {'Kennedy', '1990'}, ['30'] = {'Bosworth', '1989'}, ['31'] = {'Fishbein', '1992'}, ['32'] = {'Bosworth', '1987'}, ['33'] = {'Bosworth', '1991'}, ['34'] = {'Kraemer', '1989'}, ['35'] = {'Saliba', '1985'}, ['36'] = {'Waines', '1992'}, ['37'] = {'Fields', '1987'}, ['38'] = {'Rosenthal', '1985'}, ['39'] = {'Landau-Tasseron', '1998'}, ['40'] = {'Popovkin', '2007'}, ['default'] = {'Yarshater', '1985–2007'}, }, } --[[--------------------------< W R A P P E R _ T E M P L A T E S >-------------------------------------------- A list of wrapper templates and their redirects – spelling and capitalization is important; first character is always uppercase. Each wrapper template gets its value from a k/v pair in the wrapper_template_defaults table. article reader queries this table to see if template_name is a wrapper template ]] local wrapper_templates = { -- keys are names of wrapper templates and their redirects ['Americana'] = wrapper_template_defaults['Americana'], -- canonical name; this template calls Cite Americana ['Cite bryonames'] = wrapper_template_defaults['Cite bryonames'], ['Catholic Encyclopedia'] = wrapper_template_defaults_vol['Cite Catholic Encyclopedia'], ['1913Catholic'] = wrapper_template_defaults_vol['Cite Catholic Encyclopedia'], ['Catholic'] = wrapper_template_defaults_vol['Cite Catholic Encyclopedia'], ['Catholic encyclopedia'] = wrapper_template_defaults_vol['Cite Catholic Encyclopedia'], ['CatholicEncyclopedia'] = wrapper_template_defaults_vol['Cite Catholic Encyclopedia'], ['CE13'] = wrapper_template_defaults_vol['Cite Catholic Encyclopedia'], ['CE1913'] = wrapper_template_defaults_vol['Cite Catholic Encyclopedia'], ['Cite Americana'] = wrapper_template_defaults['Americana'], -- canonical name ['Cite Catholic Encyclopedia'] = wrapper_template_defaults_vol['Cite Catholic Encyclopedia'], ['CathEncy'] = wrapper_template_defaults_vol['Cite Catholic Encyclopedia'], ['Cite Catholic Encyclopædia'] = wrapper_template_defaults_vol['Cite Catholic Encyclopedia'], ['Cite CE1913'] = wrapper_template_defaults_vol['Cite Catholic Encyclopedia'], ['Cite EB1911'] = wrapper_template_defaults['Cite EB1911'], -- canonical name ['1911EB'] = wrapper_template_defaults['Cite EB1911'], -- redirects ['EB1911 cite'] = wrapper_template_defaults['Cite EB1911'], ['Wikisource1911Enc Citation'] = wrapper_template_defaults['Cite EB1911'], ['Wikisource1911Enc citation'] = wrapper_template_defaults['Cite EB1911'], ['Cite EB9'] = wrapper_template_defaults_vol['Cite EB9'], -- canonical ['Eb9'] = wrapper_template_defaults_vol['Cite EB9'], ['The Cambridge History of Iran'] = wrapper_template_defaults_vol['The Cambridge History of Iran'], ['Cambridge History of Iran'] = wrapper_template_defaults_vol['The Cambridge History of Iran'], ['Encyclopædia Iranica'] = wrapper_template_defaults_vol['Encyclopædia Iranica'], ['Encyclopædia Iranica Online'] = wrapper_template_defaults_vol['Encyclopædia Iranica'], ['Encyclopaedia Iranica'] = wrapper_template_defaults_vol['Encyclopædia Iranica'], ['Cite Encyclopædia Iranica Online'] = wrapper_template_defaults_vol['Encyclopædia Iranica'], ['Encyclopaedia Islamica'] = wrapper_template_defaults['Encyclopaedia Islamica'], ['TDV Encyclopedia of Islam'] = wrapper_template_defaults_vol['TDV Encyclopedia of Islam'], ['TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi'] = wrapper_template_defaults_vol['TDV Encyclopedia of Islam'], ['Cite ODNB'] = wrapper_template_defaults['ODNB'], -- canonical ['Cite odnb'] = wrapper_template_defaults['ODNB'], ['DNBweb'] = wrapper_template_defaults['ODNB'], ['OBDNweb'] = wrapper_template_defaults['ODNB'], ['ODNB'] = wrapper_template_defaults['ODNB'], ['ODNBref'] = wrapper_template_defaults['ODNB'], ['ODNBweb'] = wrapper_template_defaults['ODNB'], ['EB1911'] = wrapper_template_defaults['EB1911'], -- canonical name; this template calls Cite EB1911 ['1911'] = wrapper_template_defaults['EB1911'], -- redirects ['1911s'] = wrapper_template_defaults['EB1911'], ['Britannica 1911'] = wrapper_template_defaults['EB1911'], ['Encyclopedia Britannica 1911'] = wrapper_template_defaults['EB1911'], ['Encyclopædia Britannica 1911'] = wrapper_template_defaults['EB1911'], ['EB9'] = wrapper_template_defaults_vol['Cite EB9'], -- canonical; this template calls Cite EB9 ['Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition'] = wrapper_template_defaults_vol['Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition'], -- canonical ['EI2'] = wrapper_template_defaults_vol['Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition'], ['Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE'] = wrapper_template_defaults['EI3'], -- canonical ['EI3'] = wrapper_template_defaults['EI3'], ['FEIS'] = wrapper_template_defaults['FEIS'], ['Jepson eFlora'] = wrapper_template_defaults['Jepson eFlora'], ['Cite Jepson eFlora'] = wrapper_template_defaults['Jepson eFlora'], ['Cite NatureServe'] = wrapper_template_defaults['Cite NatureServe'], ['New Cambridge Medieval History'] = wrapper_template_defaults_vol['New Cambridge Medieval History'], -- canonical ['Cite Merriam-Webster'] = wrapper_template_defaults['Cite Merriam-Webster'], ['Merriam-Webster'] = wrapper_template_defaults['Cite Merriam-Webster'], ['MW'] = wrapper_template_defaults['Cite Merriam-Webster'], ['MerriamWebsterDictionary'] = wrapper_template_defaults['Cite Merriam-Webster'], ['Cite MW'] = wrapper_template_defaults['Cite Merriam-Webster'], ['M-W'] = wrapper_template_defaults['Cite Merriam-Webster'], ['PLANTS'] = wrapper_template_defaults['PLANTS'], ['NRCS Plant Profile'] = wrapper_template_defaults['PLANTS'], ['NRCS Plants Profile'] = wrapper_template_defaults['PLANTS'], ['Cite PLANTS'] = wrapper_template_defaults['PLANTS'], ['Cite usda plants'] = wrapper_template_defaults['PLANTS'], ['The History of al-Tabari'] = wrapper_template_defaults_vol['The History of al-Tabari'], -- canonical ['The History of Al-Tabari'] = wrapper_template_defaults_vol['The History of al-Tabari'], -- redirects ['The History of al-Ṭabarī'] = wrapper_template_defaults_vol['The History of al-Tabari'], -- redirects ['Silvics'] = wrapper_template_defaults['Silvics'], } --[[--------------------------< T E M P L A T E _ N A M E S >-------------------------------------------------- This table holds the names of templates and the names of their redirects. Template names must be written exactly as they are named at their templatespace page. This same also applies to redirects. The indexes in this table are not critical but should be short and concise. ]] local template_names = { ['ADB'] = {'Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie', 'Cite ADB'}, ['Butt_Stations'] = {'Butt-Stations', 'Butt-stations'}, ['Cam_Hist_Iran'] = {'Cambridge History of Iran', 'The Cambridge History of Iran'}, ['DNB'] = {'Cite DNB', 'DNB', 'DNB Cite', 'Cite DNBSupp', 'DNBSupp', 'Cite DNB12', 'Cite DNBIE', 'DNB12', 'DNBIE', 'DNBfirst'}, ['EI2'] = {'Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition','EI2'}, ['ME-ref'] = {'ME-ref', 'Me-ref'}, ['ODB'] = {'ODB', 'Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium'}, ['ODLA'] = {'ODLA', 'Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity'}, ['NDB'] = {'Cite NDB', 'NDB'}, ['Iranica'] = {'Encyclopædia Iranica Online', 'Encyclopædia Iranica', 'Encyclopaedia Iranica', 'Cite Encyclopædia Iranica Online'}, ['Tabari'] = {'The History of al-Tabari','The History of al-Ṭabarī'} } --[[--------------------------< W R A P P E R _ T E M P L A T E _ P A T T E R N S >---------------------------- A list of pairs: each pair is a (list of wrapper templates, list of corresponding whitelisted patterns). The main code will sweep through the list of wrapper templates, checking if they are used, the match against corresponding whitelisted patterns. ]] local wrapper_template_patterns = { {{'Acad','Alumni Cantabrigienses','Venn'},{'ACAD%u%u%u?%u?%d+%u%u?'}}, {{'Cite AHD','Australian Heritage Database'},{'AHD%d+'}}, {{'Cite Austrian gazette'},{'[BR]GBl_[12]%d%d%d%-?I?I?%/%d+','StGBl_[12]%d%d%d%/%d+','GBlÖ_[12]%d%d%d%/%d+'}}, {{'Cite Bach Digital harvard','BDh'},{'[%d%a_%pöüäß→]+_at_Bach_Digital'}}, {{'Cite DNB', 'DNB', 'DNB Cite', 'Cite DNBSupp', 'DNBSupp', 'Cite DNB12', 'Cite DNBIE', 'DNB12', 'DNBIE', 'DNBfirst'}, {'CITEREF%a[%a%-_\']*188[5-9]', -- 1885–1889 'CITEREF%a[%a%-_\']*189%d', -- 1890–1899 'CITEREF%a[%a%-_\']*190[0-1]', -- 1900–1901 'CITEREF%a[%a%-_\']*1903', -- 1903 IE 'CITEREF%a[%a%-_\']*1912', -- 1912 supplement }}, {{'Cite gnis2','GNIS 0'},{'%a.*_USGS$'}}, {{'Coflein'},{'RCAHMW[%s_]*%d+'}}, {{'Historic Environment Scotland','HEScotland'},{'Historic_Environment_Scotland%u%u%u?%u?%d'}}, {{'London Gazette'},{'Gazette%d+'}}, {template_names['ME-ref'],{'Tolkien19%d%d'}}, {{'National Heritage List for England','Images of England','IoEEntry','Heritage Gateway', 'NHLE','English Heritage List entry','IoE','National Heritage List for England entry','Historic England', 'Historic England research records','Cite PastScape','PastScape','HERR'},{'Historic_England%d+'}}, {{'Cite QHR','Cite CHIMS'},{'QHR%d+'}} } local noDefault = {'', ''} -- ensure that all templates with patterns are classified as wrapper templates for _, wtp in ipairs(wrapper_template_patterns) do for _, t in ipairs(wtp[1]) do if not wrapper_templates[t] then wrapper_templates[t] = noDefault end end end --[[--------------------------< W H I T E L I S T >------------------------------------------------------------ This is a list of anchor IDs known to be associated with specific wrapper templates. The anchor ID serves as an index into the table. The assigned value is another table that lists the associated template and any redirects. Except for year disambiguators, anchor IDs must have the same form as the anchor creator makes; must be the anchor-encoded form. Remove the year disambiguator. Template names must be written exactly as they are named at their templatespace page. This same also applies to redirects. Module:Footnotes reads the template names left to right so most-commonly-used template or redirect name should appear first. When there are more than one name and when those templates have various anchor IDs the template namelist should be added to the template_names{} table. Note that references to Template:EB1911 are listed under "E" in the alphabetical list below to keep them organized. ]] local whitelist = { ----------< # >---------- ['CITEREF2013_Statistical_Yearbook_of_the_Republic_of_Croatia'] = {'Croatia Yearbook 2013'}, ----------< A >---------- ['CITEREFAGA_1884–1897'] = {'Schubert\'s compositions (references)'}, ['CITEREFATOC2009'] = {'ATOCConnectingCommunitiesReportS10'}, ['CITEREFAbramowitzStegun1983'] = {'Abramowitz Stegun ref'}, ['CITEREFAbulafia1999'] = {'New Cambridge Medieval History'}, ['CITEREFActa_Lipsiensium1723'] = {'Bach\'s compositions (sources)'}, ['CITEREFAdamsFranzosa2009'] = {'Adams Franzosa Introduction to Topology Pure and Applied'}, ['CITEREFAdaschErnstKeim1978'] = {'Adasch Topological Vector Spaces'}, ['CITEREFAffleck1978'] = {'Affleck-On Track'}, ['CITEREFAhlgrimm1969'] = {'Bach\'s compositions (sources)'}, ['CITEREFAhrons1927'] = {'Book-Ahrons-British Steam Railway Locomotive'}, ['CITEREFAl-Kindi1912'] = {'The Governors and Judges of Egypt'}, ['CITEREFAlbert_Schumann1886'] = {'Cite ADB'}, ['CITEREFAlden1916'] = {'Shakespeare sonnets bibliography'}, ['CITEREFAldrich1969'] = {'Aldrich-LocosGER7'}, ['CITEREFAleksidze2018'] = template_names['ODLA'], ['CITEREFAlexiou2010'] = {'Cite flatiron'}, ['CITEREFAliprantisBorder2006'] = {'Aliprantis Border Infinite Dimensional Analysis A Hitchhiker\'s Guide Third Edition'}, ['CITEREFAllamaniPanagiotopoulou1978'] = {'Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους'}, ['CITEREFAllcockDaviesle_FlemingMaskelyne1951'] = {'RCTS-LocosGWR-1'}, ['CITEREFAllcockDaviesle_FlemingMaskelyne1968'] = {'RCTS-LocosGWR-1'}, ['CITEREFAllenBoddyBrownFry1970'] = {'RCTS-LocosLNER-8A', 'RCTS-LocosLNER'}, ['CITEREFAllenBoddyBrownFry1971'] = {'RCTS-LocosLNER-8B', 'RCTS-LocosLNER'}, ['CITEREFAllenBoddyBrownFry1983'] = {'RCTS-LocosLNER-8A', 'RCTS-LocosLNER'}, ['CITEREFAllmand1998'] = {'New Cambridge Medieval History'}, ['CITEREFAmerican_Railway_Association1922'] = {'1922 Locomotive Cyclopedia'}, ['CITEREFAnderson1952'] = {'Naval Wars in the Levant 1559–1853'}, ['CITEREFAngelov2018'] = template_names['ODLA'], ['CITEREFApostol1976'] = {'Apostol IANT'}, ['CITEREFArkhangel&#039;skiiPonomarev1984'] = {'Arkhangel\'skii Ponomarev Fundamentals of General Topology Problems and Exercises'}, ['CITEREFArrey_von_Dommer1875'] = {'Cite ADB'}, ['CITEREFAsmus1966'] = template_names['NDB'], ['CITEREFAspreas1929'] = {'Great Military and Naval Encyclopaedia'}, ['CITEREFAtkins2007'] = {'Shakespeare sonnets bibliography'}, ['CITEREFAudiKondevWangHuang2017'] = {'NUBASE2016'}, ['CITEREFAvdoyan2018'] = template_names['ODLA'], ['CITEREFAwdry1990'] = {'Awdry-RailCo', 'Carnarvonshire Railway'}, ['CITEREFRamelli2018'] = {'Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity'},['CITEREFA_History_of_the_Crusades'] = {'Setton-A History of the Crusades'}, ----------< B >---------- ['CITEREFBabinger1962'] = {'DBI', 'Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani'}, ['CITEREFBabinger1978'] = {'Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time'}, ['CITEREFBabinger1992'] = {'Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time'}, ['CITEREFBachAgricola1754'] = {'Bach\'s compositions (sources)'}, ['CITEREFBadura-SkodaBranscombe2008'] = {'Schubert\'s compositions (references)'}, ['CITEREFBagley1999'] = {'Cite Cambridge History of China'}, ['CITEREFBaldwin1969'] = {'Setton-A History of the Crusades'}, ['CITEREFBaldwin1985'] = {'Setton-A History of the Crusades'}, ['CITEREFBaldwin1991'] = template_names['ODB'], ['CITEREFBaldwinKazhdan1991'] = template_names['ODB'], ['CITEREFBaldwinTalbot1991'] = template_names['ODB'], ['CITEREFBaltzer1916'] = {'Baltzer-Kolonialbahnen'}, ['CITEREFBanach1932'] = {'Banach Théorie des Opérations Linéaires'}, ['CITEREFBangFrankKowanskiVondrak2007'] = {'Forgotten Railroads Through Westchester County'}, ['CITEREFBartusis1991'] = template_names['ODB'], ['CITEREFBaxter1971'] = {'Baxter-BritishLocoCat1'}, ['CITEREFBaxter1977'] = {'Baxter-BritishLocoCat1', 'Baxter: British Locomotive Catalogue 1825–1923'}, ['CITEREFBaxter1978'] = {'Baxter-BritishLocoCat2A', 'Baxter: British Locomotive Catalogue 1825–1923'}, ['CITEREFBaxter1979'] = {'Baxter-BritishLocoCat2B', 'Baxter: British Locomotive Catalogue 1825–1923'}, ['CITEREFBaxter1982'] = {'Baxter-BritishLocoCat3A', 'Baxter-BritishLocoCat3B', 'Baxter: British Locomotive Catalogue 1825–1923'}, ['CITEREFBaxter1982a'] = {'Baxter-BritishLocoCat3A', 'Baxter: British Locomotive Catalogue 1825–1923'}, ['CITEREFBaxter1984'] = {'Baxter-BritishLocoCat4', 'Baxter: British Locomotive Catalogue 1825–1923'}, ['CITEREFBaxter1986'] = {'Baxter-BritishLocoCat5A', 'Baxter: British Locomotive Catalogue 1825–1923'}, ['CITEREFBaxter1988'] = {'Baxter-BritishLocoCat5B', 'Baxter: British Locomotive Catalogue 1825–1923'}, ['CITEREFBaxter2012'] = {'Baxter-BritishLocoCat6', 'Baxter: British Locomotive Catalogue 1825–1923'}, ['CITEREFBecke1935'] = {'Order of Battle of Divisions-1'}, ['CITEREFBecke1936'] = {'Order of Battle of Divisions-2A'}, ['CITEREFBecke1937'] = {'Order of Battle of 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{'Schaff-Herzog'}, ['CITEREFBottoMitchell2002'] = {'Cite ATT Broadway', 'Cite At This Theatre Broadway', 'Cite Broadway At This Theatre', 'Cite Broadway ATT'}, ['CITEREFBourbaki1987'] = {'Bourbaki Topological Vector Spaces', 'Bourbaki Topological Vector Spaces Part 1 Chapters 1–5'}, ['CITEREFBourbaki1989'] = {'Bourbaki General Topology Part I Chapters 1-4', 'Bourbaki General Topology Part II Chapters 5-10', 'Bourbaki Algebra I Chapters 1-3 Springer'}, ['CITEREFBourbaki1994'] = {'Bourbaki EHM'}, ['CITEREFBournoutian2018'] = {'Cite Armenia and Imperial Decline'}, ['CITEREFBowen1928'] = {'The Life and Times of Ali ibn Isa'}, ['CITEREFBowmanCameronGarnsey2005'] = {'Cambridge Ancient History'}, ['CITEREFBoyd1970'] = {'Boyd-MidWales'}, ['CITEREFBoyd1975'] = {'Boyd-FR1'}, ['CITEREFBoyd1985'] = {'Boyd-NCaerns2Penrhyn'}, ['CITEREFBoyd1986'] = {'Boyd-NCaerns3Dinorwic'}, ['CITEREFBoyd1988'] = {'Boyd-SCaerns1'}, ['CITEREFBoyd1989'] = {'Boyd-SCaerns2'}, ['CITEREFBoyd1990'] = {'Boyd-NCaerns1'}, 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{'California\'s Geographic Names'}, ['CITEREFDurrant1972'] = {'Durrant-Steam Locos Eastern Europe'}, ['CITEREFDurrant1981'] = {'Durrant-Garratt-Rev'}, ['CITEREFDurrantLewisJorgensen1981'] = {'Durrant-SteamAfrica'}, ['CITEREFDömlingKohlhase1971'] = {'Bach\'s compositions (sources)'}, ['CITEREFDürr1952'] = {'Bach\'s compositions (sources)'}, ['CITEREFDürr1954'] = {'Bach\'s compositions (sources)'}, ['CITEREFDürr1987'] = {'Bach\'s compositions (sources)'}, ['CITEREFDürrJones2006'] = {'Bach\'s compositions (sources)'}, ['CITEREFDürrKobayashi1998'] = {'Bach\'s compositions (sources)'}, ----------< E >---------- ['CITEREFEarle2018'] = {'Gymnosperm Database'}, ['CITEREFEaston1897'] = {'Eastons', 'EBD'}, ['CITEREFEbata2019'] = {'BDh'}, ['CITEREFEbata2020'] = {'BDh'}, ['CITEREFEdwards1995'] = {'Edwards Functional Analysis Theory and Applications'}, ['CITEREFEichberg1976'] = {'Bach\'s compositions (sources)'}, ['CITEREFEl-Hibri2010'] = {'New Cambridge History of Islam'}, ['CITEREFEl-Hibri2021'] 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>---------- ['CITEREFLa_Porta2018'] = template_names['ODLA'], ['CITEREFLacourcière1974'] = {'Cite DCB'}, ['CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996'] = {'SOWL'}, ['CITEREFLandau-Tasseron2010'] = {'New Cambridge History of Islam'}, ['CITEREFLandauCondit1996'] = {'Cite nysky'}, ['CITEREFLandmann1907'] = {'Bach\'s compositions (sources)'}, ['CITEREFLang2002'] = {'Lang Algebra'}, ['CITEREFLane1973'] = {'Venice: A Maritime Republic'}, ['CITEREFLaërtius1925'] = {'Cite Lives of the Eminent Philosophers', 'Cite LotEP'}, ['CITEREFLe_Quien1740'] = {'Oriens Christianus'}, ['CITEREFLe_Strange1900'] = {'Baghdad During the Abbasid Caliphate'}, ['CITEREFLe_Strange1905'] = {'Lands of the Eastern Caliphate'}, ['CITEREFLe_Strange1922'] = {'Baghdad During the Abbasid Caliphate'}, ['CITEREFLeblanc1979'] = {'Cite DCB'}, ['CITEREFLee1903'] = {'Cite DNBIE'}, ['CITEREFLee2018'] = template_names['ODLA'], ['CITEREFLegifrance'] = {'Cite Legifrance', 'Cite Légifrance'}, ['CITEREFLeisingerWollny1993'] = {'Bach\'s 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{'Quick-Stations'}, ['CITEREFQuick2019'] = {'Quick-stations-5'}, ['CITEREFQuick2020'] = {'Quick-stations-5'}, ['CITEREFQuick2022'] = {'Quick-stations-5'}, ['CITEREFQuick2023'] = {'Quick-stations-5.05'}, ----------< R >---------- ['CITEREFRailway_Atlas2010'] = {'Eisenbahnatlas Italien'}, ['CITEREFRailway_Atlas2012'] = {'Eisenbahnatlas Schweiz'}, ['CITEREFRailway_Atlas2020'] = {'Eisenbahnatlas Deutschland'}, ['CITEREFRailway_Atlas2021'] = {'Eisenbahnatlas Österreich'}, ['CITEREFRailway_Atlas2024'] = {'Eisenbahnatlas Schweiz 2024'}, ['CITEREFRamaer1974'] = {'Ramaer-SteamLocosEAR'}, ['CITEREFRansome-Wallis1971'] = {'Ransome-Wallis 1'}, ['CITEREFRansome-Wallis2001'] = {'Ransome-Wallis Encyclopedia'}, ['CITEREFRateliff2007'] = template_names['ME-ref'], ['CITEREFRavegnano2000'] = {'DBI'}, ['CITEREFReed1953'] = {'RCTS-LocosGWR-2'}, ['CITEREFReed1956'] = {'RCTS-LocosGWR-3'}, ['CITEREFReed1975'] = {'Reed-Streamline era'}, ['CITEREFReed1997'] = {'Schubert\'s compositions (references)'}, 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['CITEREFRowling2005'] = {'HP6ref'}, ['CITEREFRowling2007'] = {'HP7ref'}, ['CITEREFRudin1973'] = {'Rudin Walter Functional Analysis'}, ['CITEREFRudin1991'] = {'Rudin Walter Functional Analysis'}, ['CITEREFRunciman1951'] = {'Runciman-A History of the Crusades'}, ['CITEREFRunciman1951–1954'] = {'Runciman-A History of the Crusades'}, ['CITEREFRunciman1952'] = {'Runciman-A History of the Crusades'}, ['CITEREFRunciman1954'] = {'Runciman-A History of the Crusades'}, ['CITEREFRunciman1989'] = {'Runciman-A History of the Crusades'}, ['CITEREFRussell1985'] = {'Setton-A History of the Crusades', 'Encyclopædia Iranica Online', 'Encyclopædia Iranica', 'Encyclopaedia Iranica', 'Cite Encyclopædia Iranica Online'}, ['CITEREFRussellNorvig2003'] = {'Russell Norvig 2003'}, ['CITEREFRybczynski2000'] = {'Rybczynski2000'}, ----------< S >---------- ['CITEREFSR_staff2013'] = {'Houston family tree'}, ['CITEREFSalo2004'] = template_names['ME-ref'], ['CITEREFSanders1998'] = {'The Cambridge History of Egypt', 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{'Bach\'s compositions (sources)'}, ['CITEREFUwe_Eckardt2001'] = {'BBKL'}, ['CITEREFunknown_author1881'] = {'Cite ADB'}, ['CITEREFunknown_author1882'] = {'Cite ADB'}, ----------< V >---------- ['CITEREFVakalopoulos1975'] = {'Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους'}, ['CITEREFVan_Cleve1969'] = {'Setton-A History of the Crusades'}, ['CITEREFVan_Hoorickx1971'] = {'Schubert\'s compositions (references)'}, ['CITEREFVan_Hoorickx_1974–1976'] = {'Schubert\'s compositions (references)'}, ['CITEREFVan_Lint2018'] = template_names['ODLA'], ['CITEREFVan_Riemsdijk,_Compound_Locomotives'] = {'Book-Van Riemsdijk-Compound Locomotives'}, ['CITEREFVan_Riemsdijk1994'] = {'Book-Van Riemsdijk-Compound Locomotives'}, ['CITEREFVan_Tricht2011'] = {'The Latin Renovatio of Byzantium'}, ['CITEREFVandenberghen1989'] = {'Vandenberghen-SNCB12.2'}, ['CITEREFVarzos1984'] = {'Η Γενεαλογία των Κομνηνών', 'Varzos-Genealogy of the Komnenoi'}, ['CITEREFVasiliev1935'] = {'Byzance et les Arabes'}, ['CITEREFVasiliev1968'] = {'Byzance 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Carnivora'}, ['CITEREFWright1979'] = {'Cite Cambridge History of China', 'The Cambridge History of China'}, ['CITEREFWright1979'] = {'Cite Cambridge History of China'}, ['CITEREFWright2000'] = {'Bach\'s compositions (sources)'}, ['CITEREFWrightWinter1922'] = {'1922 Locomotive Cyclopedia'}, ['CITEREFWägliJacobi2010'] = {'Schienennetz Schweiz'}, ----------< X >---------- ----------< Y >---------- ['CITEREFYenne2005'] = {'Yenne-Chiefs'}, ['CITEREFYonge1990'] = {'Quail-4'}, ['CITEREFYonge1994'] = {'Quail-5'}, ['CITEREFYonge2002'] = {'Quail-5'}, ['CITEREFYonge2008'] = {'Quail-5'}, ['CITEREFYonge2016'] = {'Quail-2-2016'}, ['CITEREFYongePadgettSzwenk2013'] = {'Quail-4-Paper-3rdEd'}, ['CITEREFYu1986'] = {'Cite Cambridge History of China'}, ----------< Z >---------- ['CITEREFZahn1889–1893'] = {'Bach\'s compositions (sources)'}, ['CITEREFZeiniWiesehöfer2018'] = template_names['ODLA'], ['CITEREFZekulich2000'] = {'Zekulich-WineWA'}, ['CITEREFZimmermann2004'] = {'Zimmermann-Burlington'}, ['CITEREFZimmermann2007'] = {'Zimmermann-GrandLuxe'}, ['CITEREFZuccaric._1747'] = {'Bach\'s compositions (sources)'}, ['CITEREFZălinescu2002'] = {'Zălinescu Convex Analysis in General Vector Spaces 2002'}, ----------< OTHER >---------- ['CITEREFΙστορία_του_Ελληνικού_Έθνους'] = {'Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους'}, ['CITEREFΜεγάλη_Στρατιωτικὴ_καὶ_Ναυτικὴ_Ἐγκυκλοπαιδεία'] = {'Great Military and Naval Encyclopaedia'}, ['CITEREFКавказский_календарь_на_1910_год'] = {'Cite Kavkazskiy Kalendar 1910'}, ['CITEREFКавказский_календарь_на_1913_год'] = {'Cite Kavkazskiy Kalendar 1913'}, ['CITEREFКавказский_календарь_на_1915_год'] = {'Cite Kavkazskiy Kalendar 1915'}, ['CITEREFКавказский_календарь_на_1917_год'] = {'Cite Kavkazskiy Kalendar 1917'}, ----------< UNSORTED >---------- } -- Auto-classify templates mentioned in whitelist as wrapper templates for _, tlist in pairs(whitelist) do for _, t in ipairs(tlist) do if not wrapper_templates[t] then wrapper_templates[t] = noDefault end end end --[[--------------------------< S S T S I N T E G R A T I O N >---------------------------------------------- ]] local success, ssts_registry = pcall(require, 'Module:SST/registry') if success and type(ssts_registry) == 'table' then if ssts_registry.defaults then for t_name, data in pairs(ssts_registry.defaults) do wrapper_templates[t_name] = data end end if ssts_registry.patterns then for _, pattern_block in ipairs(ssts_registry.patterns) do table.insert(wrapper_template_patterns, pattern_block) end end end --[[--------------------------< E X P O R T E D T A B L E S >------------------------------------------------ ]] return { whitelist = whitelist, wrapper_template_patterns = wrapper_template_patterns, wrapper_templates = wrapper_templates } 0mtn1qlyupdzzwrxb6lg8qy1whwt3a1 0 33406 307299 297968 2026-09-06T13:49:18Z Buzzyyy 47280 307299 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist|Name=Yuna|birth_date={{birth date and age|2003|12|9|}}|Years_active=2019–hada|Associated_acts=[[Itzy]]|Birth_name=Shin Yu-na|birth_place=[[Suwon]], Koonfur Kuuriya|Genre=[[K-pop]]|image=ITZY Shin Yu-na Taipei Concert September 5, 2026 (3).jpg|caption=Yuna ee 2026}} '''Shin Yu-na''' (waxay dhalatay Diseembar 9, 2003) waa fanaanad Koonfur Kuuriya, waxay xubin ka tahay kooxda gabdhaha [[Itzy]] ilaa 2019.<ref>[https://hype.my/2019/163631/itzy-jyp-kpop-girl-group/amp/ ITZY: Fun Facts About K-pop's New 5-Member Girl Group - Hype MY] {{Wayback|url=https://hype.my/2019/163631/itzy-jyp-kpop-girl-group/amp/ |date=20210906232723 }}.</ref> == Nolosha shaqsiyeed iyo waxbarasho == Magaceeda oo buuxa waa "Shin Yu-na", magaceedana Ingiriisiga waa "Hussey Shin"<ref>[https://www.kpopmap.com/itzy-shares-their-english-names-with-fans-on-v-live/ TZY Shares Their English Names With Fans On V-Live | Kpopmap] {{Wayback|url=https://www.kpopmap.com/itzy-shares-their-english-names-with-fans-on-v-live/ |date=20220125034206 }}.</ref>. Waxay dhalatay ee Suwon, Koonfur Kuuriya waxayna wax ku baratay Dugsiga Fanka ee Hanlim. == Shaqo == Ka dib markii ay tababar qaadatay dhowr sano, waxay uga doodday sidii fannaanad kooxda [[Itzy]] iyadoo sii deysay [[It'z Different|albumkoodii ugu horreeyay]] Febraayo 12, 2019 oo hoos timaad [[JYP Entertainment]]. == Filmography == {{See also|Itzy#Filmography}} {| class="wikitable" !Sanadka !Cinwaanka |- |2017 |BTS- "Love Yourself" Highlight Reel |} == Tixraacyada == <references /> [[Category:Koonfur Kuuriya dadka]] [[Category:Fannaaniinta K-pop]] [[Category:Xubnaha Itzy]] [[Category:Dad nool]] d140rjdg7s0tw8s3s8gip02p2uez1z7 307300 307299 2026-09-06T13:53:40Z Buzzyyy 47280 /* Shaqo */ 307300 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist|Name=Yuna|birth_date={{birth date and age|2003|12|9|}}|Years_active=2019–hada|Associated_acts=[[Itzy]]|Birth_name=Shin Yu-na|birth_place=[[Suwon]], Koonfur Kuuriya|Genre=[[K-pop]]|image=ITZY Shin Yu-na Taipei Concert September 5, 2026 (3).jpg|caption=Yuna ee 2026}} '''Shin Yu-na''' (waxay dhalatay Diseembar 9, 2003) waa fanaanad Koonfur Kuuriya, waxay xubin ka tahay kooxda gabdhaha [[Itzy]] ilaa 2019.<ref>[https://hype.my/2019/163631/itzy-jyp-kpop-girl-group/amp/ ITZY: Fun Facts About K-pop's New 5-Member Girl Group - Hype MY] {{Wayback|url=https://hype.my/2019/163631/itzy-jyp-kpop-girl-group/amp/ |date=20210906232723 }}.</ref> == Nolosha shaqsiyeed iyo waxbarasho == Magaceeda oo buuxa waa "Shin Yu-na", magaceedana Ingiriisiga waa "Hussey Shin"<ref>[https://www.kpopmap.com/itzy-shares-their-english-names-with-fans-on-v-live/ TZY Shares Their English Names With Fans On V-Live | Kpopmap] {{Wayback|url=https://www.kpopmap.com/itzy-shares-their-english-names-with-fans-on-v-live/ |date=20220125034206 }}.</ref>. Waxay dhalatay ee Suwon, Koonfur Kuuriya waxayna wax ku baratay Dugsiga Fanka ee Hanlim. == Shaqo == Ka dib markii ay tababar qaadatay dhowr sano, waxay uga doodday sidii fannaanad kooxda [[Itzy]] iyadoo sii deysay [[It'z Different|albumkoodii ugu horreeyay]] Febraayo 12, 2019 oo hoos timaad [[JYP Entertainment]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20260906135238if_/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuna] == Filmography == {{See also|Itzy#Filmography}} {| class="wikitable" !Sanadka !Cinwaanka |- |2017 |BTS- "Love Yourself" Highlight Reel |} == Tixraacyada == <references /> [[Category:Koonfur Kuuriya dadka]] [[Category:Fannaaniinta K-pop]] [[Category:Xubnaha Itzy]] [[Category:Dad nool]] s2831bl2x7hfuttglt7wyl9hjsf1cd9 307313 307300 2026-09-06T15:30:26Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:ITZY_Shin_Yu-na_Taipei_Concert_September_5,_2026_(3).jpg|ITZY_Shin_Yu-na_Taipei_Concert_September_5,_2026_(3).jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Elcobbola|Elcobbola]] because: Copyright violation; see [[:c:COM:Licensin 307313 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist|Name=Yuna|birth_date={{birth date and age|2003|12|9|}}|Years_active=2019–hada|Associated_acts=[[Itzy]]|Birth_name=Shin Yu-na|birth_place=[[Suwon]], Koonfur Kuuriya|Genre=[[K-pop]]|image=|caption=Yuna ee 2026}} '''Shin Yu-na''' (waxay dhalatay Diseembar 9, 2003) waa fanaanad Koonfur Kuuriya, waxay xubin ka tahay kooxda gabdhaha [[Itzy]] ilaa 2019.<ref>[https://hype.my/2019/163631/itzy-jyp-kpop-girl-group/amp/ ITZY: Fun Facts About K-pop's New 5-Member Girl Group - Hype MY] {{Wayback|url=https://hype.my/2019/163631/itzy-jyp-kpop-girl-group/amp/ |date=20210906232723 }}.</ref> == Nolosha shaqsiyeed iyo waxbarasho == Magaceeda oo buuxa waa "Shin Yu-na", magaceedana Ingiriisiga waa "Hussey Shin"<ref>[https://www.kpopmap.com/itzy-shares-their-english-names-with-fans-on-v-live/ TZY Shares Their English Names With Fans On V-Live | Kpopmap] {{Wayback|url=https://www.kpopmap.com/itzy-shares-their-english-names-with-fans-on-v-live/ |date=20220125034206 }}.</ref>. Waxay dhalatay ee Suwon, Koonfur Kuuriya waxayna wax ku baratay Dugsiga Fanka ee Hanlim. == Shaqo == Ka dib markii ay tababar qaadatay dhowr sano, waxay uga doodday sidii fannaanad kooxda [[Itzy]] iyadoo sii deysay [[It'z Different|albumkoodii ugu horreeyay]] Febraayo 12, 2019 oo hoos timaad [[JYP Entertainment]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20260906135238if_/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuna] == Filmography == {{See also|Itzy#Filmography}} {| class="wikitable" !Sanadka !Cinwaanka |- |2017 |BTS- "Love Yourself" Highlight Reel |} == Tixraacyada == <references /> [[Category:Koonfur Kuuriya dadka]] [[Category:Fannaaniinta K-pop]] [[Category:Xubnaha Itzy]] [[Category:Dad nool]] ivrskzw919pcchfr5qhxpyh3qzjohxd 0 51337 307317 306303 2026-09-06T17:47:43Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 8 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260906sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 307317 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dherginta macnaha''' waa dhacdo [[psychology|cilmi nafsiyeyneed]] taas oo ay [[Repetition (rhetorical device)|celcelisku]] keento in eray ama weedh ay si ku meel gaar ah u lumiso [[macnihii]] ay u lahayd dhageystaha,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Verbal Conditioning and Behaviour|last=Das|first=J.P.|publisher=Pergamon Press, Ltd.|year=2014|isbn=9781483156538|location=Oxford|pages=92}}</ref> kaas oo markaas u arka hadalka sidii dhawaaqyo soo noqnoqonaya oo aan macno lahayn. Kormeerid ama falanqeyn dheer (in muddo dheer la eegayo erayga ama weedha) oo beddesha celceliska ayaa sidoo kale soo saarta saameyn la mid ah. == Taariikhda iyo cilmibaarista == Leon Jakobovits James ayaa curiyey odhaahda "semantic satiation" intii uu ku jiray [[Thesis|qoraalkiisa takhasuska ee PhD]] ee 1962 ee [[McGill University]].<ref>{{Cite thesis |type=PhD |url=https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/c821gp587 |title=Effects of Repeated Stimulation on Cognitive Aspects of Behavior: Some Experiments on the Phenomenon of Semantic Satiation |first=Leon. A. |last=Jakobovits |date=April 1962 |access-date=2018-08-13 |publisher=[[McGill University]]}}</ref> Waxaa loo muujiyay inay tahay dhacdo xasiloon oo laga yaabo inay la mid tahay nooc ka mid ah garashada ee [[reactive inhibition]].<ref name=":0" /> Intaas ka hor, odhaahda "verbal satiation" ayaa la isticmaali jiray iyada oo lala kaashanayo erayo muujinaya fikradda daalka maskaxda. Qoraalku wuxuu ku qoray magacyo badan oo ay dadka kale u adeegsadeen dhacdadan: {{bquote|Many other names have been used for what appears to be essentially the same process: inhibition (Herbert, 1824, in Boring, 1950), refractory phase and mental fatigue (Dodge, 1917; 1926a), lapse of meaning (Bassett and Warne, 1919), work decrement (Robinson and Bills, 1926), cortical inhibition (Pavlov, 192?), adaptation (Gibson, 1937), extinction (Hilgard and Marquis, 1940), satiation (Kohler and Wallach, 1940), reactive inhibition (Hull, 1913 {{sic}}), stimulus satiation (Glanzer, 1953), reminiscence (Eysenck, 1956), verbal satiation (Smith and Raygor, 1956), and verbal transformation (Warren, 1961b).|From Leon Jakobovits James, 1962}} James wuxuu soo bandhigay dhowr tijaabo oo muujiyay hawlgalka saamaynta dheregta macnaha ee hawlaha garashada ee kala duwan sida qiiraynta erayada iyo tirooyinka ee si isdaba joog ah loo soo bandhigo waqti gaaban dhexdiis, ku celcelinta afka ee erayada ka dibna u kala saaridda fikrado, ku darista tirooyinka ka dib markii lagu celceliyo si cod dheer ah, iyo turjumaadaha laba-luqadlaha ah ee erayada lagu celceliyay mid ka mid ah labada luqadood. Xaalad kasta, dadka la tijaabinayo waxay ku celcelin lahaayeen eray ama lambar ilaa dhowr ilbiriqsi ah, ka dibna waxay qaban lahaayeen hawsha garashada iyagoo adeegsanaya eraygaas. Waxaa la muujiyay in ku celcelinta erayga ka hor int>**__NOT_FOUND__** da la isticmaalin hawshu ay ka dhigayso hawsha mid xoogaa adag. Sharaxaada dhacdadan ayaa ah in celceliska degdega ahi uu keeno in labada dhaqdhaqaaq ee dareemayaasha iyo muruqyada [[Piaget's theory of cognitive development|sensorimotor]] iyo kicinta neerfayaasha dhexe ay shaqeeyaan si isdaba joog ah.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}} Tani waxaa la og yahay inay keento caqabad falcelin ah, sidaas awgeedna hoos u dhac ku yimaada xoojinta dhaqdhaqaaqa celcelis kasta. Jakobovits James (1962) wuxuu ugu yeeraa gabagabadan bilowga "neurosemantics tijaabo ah" {{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}. Cilmibaaridaha sii baaray dheregta macnaha waxaa ka mid ah shaqada Pilotti, Antrobus, iyo Duff (1997), oo sheegtay inay suurtogal tahay in meesha ugu muhiimsan ee dhacdadan ay tahay ka hor inta aan la gaarin macnaha halkii ay ka noqon lahayd la qabsiga macnaha.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pilotti|first1=M.|last2=Antrobus|first2=J.S.|last3=Duff|first3=M.|date=1997|title=The effect of presemantic acoustic adaptation on semantic "satiation"|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_memory-cognition_1997-05_25_3/page/305|journal=Memory & Cognition|volume=25|issue=3|pages=305–312|doi=10.3758/BF03211286|pmid=9184482|doi-access=free}}</ref> Sidoo kale waxaa jira tijaabada ay sameeyeen Kouinos et al. (2000), taas oo muujisay in dheregta macnaha aysan ahayn si qasab ah mid ka timaada "faqriga wax soo saarka aragtiyeed."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Advances in Psychology Research, Volume 26|last=Shohov|first=Serge|publisher=Nova Science Publishers, Inc. ^_^|year=2003|isbn=978-1590337981|location=New York|pages=69}}</ref> == Codsiyada == Jakobovits wuxuu xusay dhowr codsi oo suurtagal ah oo dheregta macnaha ah kuwaas oo ay ka mid yihiin isku-dhafankooda daawaynta [[phobia|cabashada cabsida]] iyada oo loo marayo [[systematic desensitization|dejinta nidaamsan]]. Wuxuu ku dooday in "mabaadi'da ahaan, dheregta macnaha ah ee qalab ahaan loo adeegsado ay tahay inay shaqeyso meel kasta oo hawlaha garashada ee la cayimi karo ay dhexdhexaadiyaan dabeecad qofku rabo inuu beddelo."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED011107.pdf|title=Semantic Satiation and Cognitive Dynamics|last=Jakobovits|first=Leon|date=1966|website=U.S. Department of Education|access-date=October 19, 2018}}</ref> Codsi ayaa sidoo kale la horumariyay si loo yareeyo [[speech anxiety|cabashada hadalka]] ee dadka leh dhibaatooyinka hadalka iyada oo la abuurayo dhereg macne ah iyada oo la adeegsanayo celcelis, sidaas darteed la dhimayo xoojinta shucuurta taban ee kiciya inta lagu jiro hadalka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1966-11392-001|title=Semantic Satiation and Cognitive Dynamics|author=Leon James (formerly Leon A. Jakobovits) University of Illinois}}</ref> Waxaa jira daraasado sidoo kale ku xiray dheregta macnaha [[education|waxbarashada]]. Tusaale ahaan, shaqada Tian iyo Huber (2010) waxay baartay saamaynta dhacdadan ku leedahay barashada erayada iyo akhriska waxtarka leh. Qorayaashu waxay sheegeen in geedi socodkani uu u adeegi karo hab gaar ah oo lagu tijaabiyo dhimista iyada oo la adeegsanayo luminta xiriirka maadaama ay u oggolaanayso kala soocidda "heerka ereyada ee saamaynta heerka macnaha ee hawl ku saleysan macnaha taas oo ku lug leh celceliska erayada."<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tian|first1=Xing|last2=Huber|first2=David E.|date=June 2010|title=Testing an associative account of semantic satiation|journal=Cognitive Psychology|volume=60|issue=4|pages=267–290|doi=10.1016/j.cogpsych.2010.01.003|issn=0010-0285|pmc=2882703|pmid=20156620}}</ref> Dheregta macnaha waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalay qalab lagu helo faham dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan helitaanka luqadda sida daraasaadkaas oo baaray dabeecadda [[multilingualism|luqadaha badan]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Advances in the Study of Societal Multilingualism|last=Fishman|first=Joshua|publisher=Mouton Publishers|year=2014|isbn=9783111684376|location=The Hague|pages=55}}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} == Akhris dheeraad ah == {{refbegin}} * {{cite journal | author=Dodge, R. | title=The laws of relative fatigue | journal=Psychol. Rev. | volume=24 | issue=2 | year=1917 | pages=89–113 | doi=10.1037/h0075549 | url=https://zenodo.org/record/1429173 }} * {{cite journal |author1=Don, V.J. |author2=Weld, H.P. | title=Lapse of meaning with visual fixation |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychology_1924-07_35_3/page/446 | journal=[[American Journal of Psychology]] | volume=35 | issue=3 | year=1924 | pages=446–50 | doi=10.2307/1414024 | jstor=1414024 }} * {{cite journal | author=Duncan, C.P. | title=On the similarity between reactive inhibition and neural satiation | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychology_1956-06_69_2/page/227 | journal=American Journal of Psychology | volume=69 | issue=2 | year=1956 | pages=227–35 | doi=10.2307/1418151 | pmid=13327083 | jstor=1418151 }} * {{cite journal | author=Eysenck, H.J. | title=Cortical inhibition, figural after-effect, and theory of personality | journal=Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology | volume=51 | issue=1 | year=1955 | pages=94–106 | doi=10.1037/h0043564 | pmid=13242293 }} * {{Cite thesis | author=Gaynor, Miriam | title=An effect of satiation on recall | degree=PhD | publisher=[[The New School for Social Research|New School for Social Research]] | location=New York | year=1954 }} Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. * {{cite journal |author1=Severance, Elisabeth |author2=Washburn, Margaret | title=The loss of associative power in words after long fixation |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychology_1907-04_18_2/page/182 | journal=American Journal of Psychology | volume=18 | issue=2 | year=1907 | pages=182–86 | doi=10.2307/1412411 | jstor=1412411 }} * {{cite journal |author1=Smith, D.E.P. |author2=Raygor, A.L. | title=Verbal satiation and personality | journal=J. Abnorm. Soc. Psychol. | volume=52 | issue=3 | year=1956 | pages=323–26 | pmid=13318837 |doi=10.1037/h0041334 }} * {{cite journal | author=Warren, R.M. | title=Illusory changes in repeated words: Differences between young adults and the aged | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychology_1961-12_74_4/page/506 | journal=American Journal of Psychology | volume=74 | issue=4 | year=1961<!--a--> | pages=506–16 | doi=10.2307/1419661 | pmid=14005061 | jstor=1419661 }} * {{cite journal | author=Warren, R.M. | title=Illusory changes of distinct speech upon repetition—the verbal transformation effect | journal=British Journal of Psychology | volume=52 | issue=3 | pages=249–58 | year=1961<!--b--> | doi=10.1111/j.2044-8295.1961.tb00787.x | pmid=13783239 }} * {{cite journal | author=Wertheimer, M. | title=Studies of some Gestalt qualities of words | journal=In Gestalthaftes Sehen: Ergebnisse und Aufgaben der Morphologie | editor=F. Weinhandl | pages=Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft | year=1960 }} * {{cite journal | author=Wertheimer, M. | title=The relation between the sound of a word and its meaning | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychology_1958-06_71_2/page/412 | journal=American Journal of Psychology | volume=71 | issue=2 | year=1958 | pages=412–15 | doi=10.2307/1420089 | jstor=1420089 | pmid=13545417 }} * {{cite journal |author1=Lambert, W.E. |author2=Jakobovits, L.A. | title=Verbal satiation and changes in the intensity of meaning | journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology | volume=60 | issue=6 | pages=376–83 | year=1960 | pmid=13758466 | doi=10.1037/h0045624 }} * {{cite journal |author1=Jakobovits, L.A. |author2=Lambert, W.E. | title=Semantic satiation among bilinguals | journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology | volume=62 | issue=6 | pages=576–82 | year=1961 | pmid=14450947 | doi=10.1037/h0042860 |url=http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=112835 |type=Submitted manuscript | doi-access=free }} * {{cite journal |author1=Jakobovits, L.A. |author2=Lambert, W.E. | title=Semantic satiation in an addition task | journal=Canadian Journal of Psychology | year=1962 | volume=16 | issue=2 | pages=112–19 | doi=10.1037/h0083238 |pmid=14450948 }} * {{cite journal |author1=Jakobovits, L.A. |author2=Lambert, W.E. | title=Mediated satiation in verbal transfer | journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology | volume=64 |issue=4 | pages=346–51 | year=1962 | pmid=14450946 | doi=10.1037/h0044630 }} * {{Cite book |author1=Jakobovits, L.A. |author2=Lambert, W.E. | chapter=The effects of repetition in communication on meanings and attitudes |editor1=L. Arons |editor2=M.A. May | title=Television and Human Behavior | location=New York | publisher=Appleton-Century-Crofts | year=1963 | pages=167–76 }} * {{cite journal | author=Messer, S., Jakobovits, L.A., Kanungo, R., and Lambert, W.E. | title=Semantic satiation of words and numbers | journal=British Journal of Psychology | volume=55 | issue=2 | pages=155–63 | year=1964 | pmid=14168480 | doi=10.1111/j.2044-8295.1964.tb02715.x }} * {{cite journal |author1=Jakobovits, L.A. |author2=Lambert, W.E. | title=Stimulus-characteristics as determinants of semantic changes with repeated presentation |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-psychology_1964-03_77_1/page/84 | journal=American Journal of Psychology | year=1964 | volume=77 | issue=1 | pages=84–92 | doi=10.2307/1419274 | jstor=1419274 | pmid=14133230 }} * {{cite journal | author=Jakobovits, L.A. | title=Semantic satiation in concept formation | journal=Psychological Reports | volume=17 | issue=1 | pages=113–14 | year=1965 | pmid=5826453 | doi=10.2466/pr0.1965.17.1.113 | s2cid=36214432 }} * {{cite journal | author=Jakobovits, L.A. | title= Repetition of auditorily presented information | journal=Psychological Reports | volume=17 | issue=3 | pages=785–86 | year=1965 | pmid=5854255 | doi=10.2466/pr0.1965.17.3.785 | s2cid= 10067885 }} * {{cite journal | author=Jakobovits, L.A. | title=Utilization of semantic satiation in stuttering: A theoretical analysis | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-speech-and-hearing-disorders_1966-05_31_2/page/105 | journal=Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders | volume=31 | issue=2 | year=1966 | pages=105–14 | doi=10.1044/jshd.3102.105 | pmid=5327594 }} * {{cite journal | author=Jakobovits, L.A. | title=Studies of fads: I. The 'Hit Parade.' | journal=Psychological Reports | volume=18 | issue=2 | year=1966 | pages=443–50 | doi=10.2466/pr0.1966.18.2.443 | s2cid=144148539 }} * {{cite journal |author = Jakobovits, L.A. |title = Semantic satiation and cognitive dynamics |journal = Journal of Special Education |volume = 2 |issue = 1 |pages = 35–44 |year = 1967 |doi = 10.1177/002246696700200103 |s2cid = 144805146 }} * {{cite journal |author1=Jakobovits, L.A. |author2=Hogenraad, Robert | title=Some suggestive evidence on the operation of semantic generation and satiation in group discussions | journal=Psychological Reports | volume=20 | issue=3 | pages=1247–50 | year=1967 | doi=10.2466/pr0.1967.20.3c.1247 |s2cid=144297750 }} * {{Cite journal | author=Jakobovits, L.A. | title=Words, words, words | journal=In L. Kuppuswami, Modern Trends in Psychology | year=1967 }} * {{cite journal |author1=Jakobovits, L.A. |author2=Lambert, W.E. | title=A note on the measurement of semantic satiation | journal=Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior | volume=6 | issue=6 | year=1967 | pages=954–57 | doi=10.1016/s0022-5371(67)80165-8 }} * {{cite journal |author1=Jakobovits, L.A. |author2=Hogenraad, Robert | title=Le phénomène de la satiation semantique | journal= Bulletin de Psychologie | volume=22 | year=1968 |issue=273 | pages=140–49 |doi=10.3406/bupsy.1968.9957 }} * {{cite journal |author1=Kounios, John |author2=Kotz, Sonja I. |author3=Holcomb, Philip J. |title=On the Locus of the Semantic Satiation Effect: Evidence from Event-Related Brain Potentials |url=http://neurocog.psy.tufts.edu/papers/semsatMC.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010125084700/http://neurocog.psy.tufts.edu/papers/semsatMC.htm |archive-date=January 25, 2001 |journal=Memory & Cognition |year=2000 |volume=28 |issue=8 |pages=1366–77 |doi=10.3758/BF03211837 |pmid=11219964 |doi-access=free }} * {{cite journal |author1=Zongker, Doug |title=Chicken Chicken Chicken: Chicken Chicken |url=https://improbable.com/airchives/paperair/volume12/v12i5/chicken-12-5.pdf |journal=Annals of Improbable Research |year=2006 |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=17–21 }} {{refend}} b80mp6kqo2e69jh1skkt2cbwx9hbyvo 0 51838 307314 307239 2026-09-06T17:28:38Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260906sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 307314 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Maxamed Kamaal Al Diin Salaax | birth_date = 28 May 1910 | birth_place = Qaahira, Saldanaddii Masar | death_date = {{Death date and age|1957|4|16|1910|5|28|df=y}} | death_place = Muqdisho | burial_place = | death_cause = Dil | nationality = | other_names = | occupation = {{ubl|Garyaqaan|Diblomaasi}} | spouse = Aamina Muraad | years_active = | known_for = | notable_works = }} '''Kamaal Al Diin Salaax''' (1910–1957) wuxuu ahaa garyaqaan iyo diblomaasi Masaari ah. Kadib markii uu diblomaasi ahaan uga soo shaqeeyay dalal kala duwan, wuxuu u shaqeeyay sidii ergayga Masar ee Qaramada Midoobay ee Muqdisho, Soomaaliya, halkaas oo lagu dilay. ==Taariikh nololeed== Salaax wuxuu ku dhashay Qaahira 28 May 1910.<ref name=mmh03>{{cite book|author=Mohammad Haji Mukhtar|title=Historical Dictionary of Somalia |publisher=The Scarecrow Press, Inc.|year=2003|isbn=978-0-8108-6604-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DPwOsOcNy5YC&pg=PA130|page=130 |location=Lanham, MD; Oxford}}</ref> Wuxuu shahaadada koowaad ee sharciga ka qaatay Jaamacadda Qaahira sannadkii 1932.<ref name=mmh03/> Markii uu qalin-jabiyay wuxuu ka shaqeeyay qareen ahaan.<ref name=mmh03/> Sannadkii 1936 ayuu ku biiray Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda ee Masar, wuxuuna diblomaasi ahaan uga soo shaqeeyay dalal kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan Lubnaan, Urdun, Jabaan, Suuriya, Iswiidhan, Jeekoslofaakiya iyo Faransiiska.<ref name=mmh03/> Sannadkii 1953 waxaa Salaax u magacaabay Madaxweynaha Masar Jamaal Cabdinaasir Golaha La-talinta Qaramada Midoobay ee Soomaaliya isagoo ah ergay.<ref name=helmi/> Xaaskiisu waxay ahayd Aamina Muraad, oo ahayd walaasha Hilmi Muraad oo ahaa siyaasi.<ref name=helmi/> Kamaal iyo Aamina waxay lahaayeen hal wiil oo la oran jiray Maxamed Fariid.<ref name=mmh03/> Waxaa lagu dilay 16 Abriil 1957 afaafka hore ee hoygiisa ku yaallay Muqdisho, Soomaaliya.<ref name=helmi>{{cite magazine|author=Helmi Sharawy|title=from An Egyptian African Story|magazine=Asymptote|url=https://www.asymptotejournal.com/nonfiction/an-egyptian-african-story-helmi-sharawy/|access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=mej57/> Waqtigaas wuxuu ahaa guddoomiyaha Golaha La-talinta Qaramada Midoobay ee Soomaaliland Talyaani.<ref name=mej57>{{cite journal|title=Developments of the Quarter: Comment and Chronology |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_middle-east-journal_summer-1957_11_3/page/292 |journal=The Middle East Journal|date=Summer 1957|volume=11|issue=3|page=292|jstor=4322924}}</ref> Salaax waxaa geeridiisa kadib la guddoonsiiyay Xiddigta Midnimada Soomaaliya, waxaana loogu magac daray waddo iyo xarun dhaqameed ku yaalla Muqdisho.<ref name=mmh03/> Nin Soomaali ah ayaa la xiray waxaana lagu xukumay xabsi daa’in sababo la xiriira ku lug lahaanshihiisa dilka Salaax.<ref name=mmh03/> Gumeystayaashii Talyaaniga ayaa sidoo kale lagu tuhmay dilkaas.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Al Shafi'I Abtadoun|title=Egypt and Somalia had warm relations in the past, but now it is lukewarm at best|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20200714-egypt-and-somalia-had-warm-relations-in-the-past-but-now-it-is-lukewarm-at-best/|access-date=16 November 2021|work=Middle East Monitor|date=14 July 2020}}</ref> Wargeyska Masaariga ah ee ''Akhbar Al Youm'' ayaa 20 Abriil 1957 sheegay in dilayaashii Salaax ay ka yimaadeen Itoobiya.<ref name=mej57/> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Salaax, Kamaal Al Diin}} [[Category:Diblomaasiyiintii Masar ee qarnigii 20-aad]] [[Category:Garyaqaannadii Masar ee qarnigii 20-aad]] [[Category:Dilalkii Soomaaliya ee 1950-meeyadii]] [[Category:Dhashay 1910]] [[Category:Dhintay 1957]] [[Category:Masaari la dilay]] [[Category:Qalinjabiyeyaasha Jaamacadda Qaahira]] [[Category:Diblomaasiyiin ka soo jeeda Qaahira]] [[Category:Diblomaasiyiin la dilay]] [[Category:Dil ka dhacay Muqdisho]] [[Category:Masaari lagu dilay dibadda]] [[Category:Geerida rasaasta ee Soomaaliya]] [[Category:Saraakiisha Masar ee Qaramada Midoobay]] 02bouafd0p0mao6uryjxedzs63h9x5d 10 51888 307295 2026-09-06T12:57:31Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307295 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Estimation]] gf9lxhtbsdiwf625kjpkn5ai4fnpi1o 10 51889 307296 2026-09-06T12:58:38Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307296 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#if:{{{sortable|}}} |<span style="display:none;">{{{1|}}}</span> }}{{#if:{{{i|}}} |<nowiki/>'' }}{{#switch:{{{lk|}}} |no|off = qiyaastii |yes|on = qiyaastii |abbr |#default = {{Abbr|qiyaastii|qiyaas}} }}{{#if:{{{i|}}} |''<nowiki/> 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51892 307301 2026-09-06T15:07:12Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307301 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:Harvc|harvc}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> qikxdlbp1xqdhvcyr5t7j9hm135uzhi 828 51893 307302 2026-09-06T15:07:40Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: require('strict') local code_open_tag = '<code class="cs1-code">'; -- cs1-code class defined in Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css local lock_icons = { --icon classes are defined in Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css ['registration'] = {'id-lock-registration', 'Free registration required'}, ['limited'] = {'id-lock-limited', 'Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required'}, ['subscription'] = {'id-lock-subscription', 'Paid subscription requi... 307302 Scribunto text/plain require('strict') local code_open_tag = '<code class="cs1-code">'; -- cs1-code class defined in Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css local lock_icons = { --icon classes are defined in Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css ['registration'] = {'id-lock-registration', 'Free registration required'}, ['limited'] = {'id-lock-limited', 'Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required'}, ['subscription'] = {'id-lock-subscription', 'Paid subscription required'}, } --[[--------------------------< T A R G E T _ C H E C K >------------------------------------------------------ check to see if target of harvc exists in the page somewhere. Uses the target check mechanism from Module:Footnotes setting |ignore-errors=yes in {{harvc}} will override this check ]] local function target_check (anchor_id, ignore) local whitelist_check = require('Module:Footnotes').target_check local args = {ignore=ignore, template='Harvc', show=true} return whitelist_check(anchor_id, args) end --[[--------------------------< I S _ S E T >------------------------------------------------------------------ Whether variable is set or not. A variable is set when it is not nil and not empty. ]] local function is_set( var ) return not (var == nil or var == ''); end --[[--------------------------< C H E C K _ Y E A R S >-------------------------------------------------------- evaluates params to see if they are one of these forms with or without lowercase letter disambiguator (same as in Module:Footnotes): YYYY n.d. nd c. YYYY YYYY–YYYY (separator is endash) YYYY–YY (separator is endash) when anchor_year present, year portion must be same as year param and must have disambiguator returns empty string when params have correct form; error message else ]] local function check_years (year, anchor_year) local y, ay; if not is_set (year) then -- year is required so return error message when not set return ' missing ' .. code_open_tag .. '|year=</code>.'; end local patterns = { -- allowed year patterns from Module:Footnotes (captures added here) '^(%d%d%d%d?)%l?$', -- YYY or YYYY '^(n%.d%.)%l?$', -- n.d. '^(nd)%l?$', -- nd '^(c%. %d%d%d%d?)%l?$', -- c. YYY or c. YYYY '^(%d%d%d%d–%d%d%d%d)%l?$', -- YYYY–YYYY '^(%d%d%d%d–%d%d)%l?$' -- YYYY–YY } for _, pattern in ipairs (patterns) do -- spin through the patterns y = year:match (pattern); -- y is the year portion if y then break; -- when y is set, we found a match so done end end if not y then return ' invalid ' .. code_open_tag .. '|year=</code>.'; -- y not set, so year is malformed end if is_set (anchor_year) then -- anchor_year is optional for _, pattern in ipairs (patterns) do -- spin through the patterns ay = anchor_year:match (pattern); -- ay is the year portion if ay then break; -- when ay is set, we found a match so done end end if not ay then return ' invalid ' .. code_open_tag .. '|anchor-year</code>.'; -- ay not set, so anchor_year is malformed end -- if not anchor_year:match ('%l$') then -- return ' ' .. code_open_tag .. '|anchor-year=</code> missing dab.'; -- anchor_year must end with a disambiguator letter -- end if y ~= ay then return ' ' .. code_open_tag .. '|year=</code> / ' .. code_open_tag .. '|anchor-year=</code> mismatch.'; -- 'year' portions of year and anchor_year must be the same end end return ''; -- both years are good; empty string for concatenation end --[[--------------------------< M A K E _ N A M E >------------------------------------------------------------ Assembles last, first, link, or mask into a displayable contributor name. ]] local function make_name (last, first, link, mask) local name = last; if is_set (first) then name = name .. ', ' .. first; -- concatenate first onto last end if is_set (link) then name = '[[' .. link .. '|' .. name .. ']]'; -- form a wikilink around the name end if is_set (mask) then -- mask this author if tonumber(mask) then name = string.rep ('—', mask) -- make a string that number length of mdashes else name = mask; -- mask is not a number so use the mask text end end return name; end --[[--------------------------< C O R E >---------------------------------------------------------------------- Assembles the various parts provided by the template into a properly formatted bridging citation. Adds punctuation and text; encloses the whole within a span with id and class attributes. This creates a CITEREF anchor from |last1= through |last4= and |year=. It also creates a CITEREF link from |in1= through |in4= and |year=. It is presumed that the dates of contributions are the same as the date of the enclosing work. Even though not displayed, a year parameter is still required for the CITEREF anchor ]] local function core( args ) local span_open_tag; -- holds CITEREF and css local contributors = ''; -- chapter or contribution authors local source = ''; -- editor/author date list that forms a CITEREF link to a full citation local in_text = ' In '; -- form the CITEREF anchor if is_set (args.id) then args.id = mw.uri.anchorEncode (args.id) span_open_tag = '<span id="' .. args.id .. '" class="citation">'; -- for use when contributor name is same as source name else local citeref = 'CITEREF' .. table.concat (args.citeref) .. (is_set (args['anchor-year']) and args['anchor-year'] or args.year); citeref = mw.uri.anchorEncode (citeref); span_open_tag = '<span id="' .. citeref .. '" class="citation">'; end --[[ form the contributors display list: if |name-list-style=harv, display is similar to {{sfn}} and {{harv}}, 1 to 4 last names; if |display-authors= is empty or omitted, display is similar to cs1|2: display all names in last, first order if |display-authors=etal then displays all author names in last, first order and append et al. if value assigned to |display-authors= is less than the number of author last names, displays the specified number of author names in last, first order followed by et al. ]] if 'harv' ~= args.name_list_style then -- default cs1|2 style contributor list local i = 1; local count; local etal = false; -- when |display-authors= is same as number of authors in contributor list if is_set (args.display_authors) then if 'etal' == args.display_authors:lower():gsub("[ '%.]", '') then -- the :gsub() portion makes 'etal' from a variety of 'et al.' spellings and stylings count = #args.last; -- display all authors and ... etal = true; -- ... append 'et al.' else count = tonumber (args.display_authors) or 0; -- 0 if can't be converted to a number if 0 >= count then args.err_msg = args.err_msg .. ' invalid ' .. code_open_tag .. '|display-authors=</code>'; -- if zero, then emit error message end end if count > #args.last then count = #args.last; -- when |display-authors= is more than the number of authors, use the number of authors end if count < #args.last then -- when |display-authors= is less than the number of authors etal = true; -- append 'et al.' end else count = #args.last; -- set count to display all of the authors end while i <= count do if is_set (contributors) then contributors = contributors .. '; ' .. make_name (args.last[i], args.first[i], args.link[i], args.mask[i]); -- the rest of the contributors else contributors = make_name (args.last[i], args.first[i], args.link[i], args.mask[i]); -- first contributor's name end i = i+1; -- bump the index end if true == etal then contributors = contributors .. ' et al.'; -- append et al. elseif 'amp' == args.name_list_style then contributors = contributors:gsub('; ([^;]+)$', ' & %1') -- replace last separator with ' & ' end else -- do default harv- or sfn-style contributor display if 4 <= #args.last then -- four or more contributors (first followed by et al.) contributors = args.last[1] .. ' et al.'; elseif 3 == #args.last then -- three (display them all) contributors = args.last[1] .. ', ' .. args.last[2] .. ' &amp; ' .. args.last[3]; elseif 2 == #args.last then -- two (first & second) contributors = args.last[1] .. ' &amp; ' .. args.last[2]; elseif 1 == #args.last then -- just one (first) contributors = args.last[1]; else args.err_msg = args.err_msg .. ' no authors in contributor list.'; -- this code used to find holes in the list; no more end end --form the source author-date list if is_set (args.in4) and is_set (args.in3) and is_set (args.in2) and is_set (args.in1) then source = args.in1 .. ' et al.'; elseif not is_set (args.in4) and is_set (args.in3) and is_set (args.in2) and is_set (args.in1) then source = args.in1 .. ', ' .. args.in2 .. ' &amp; ' .. args.in3; elseif not is_set (args.in4) and not is_set (args.in3) and is_set (args.in2) and is_set (args.in1) then source = args.in1 .. ' &amp; ' .. args.in2; elseif not is_set (args.in4) and not is_set (args.in3) and not is_set (args.in2) and is_set (args.in1) then source = args.in1; else args.err_msg = args.err_msg .. ' author missing from source list.' end source = source .. ' ' .. args.open .. args.year .. args.close; -- add the year with or without brackets --assemble CITEREF wikilink local anchor_id; local target_err_msg; if '' ~= args.ref then anchor_id = mw.uri.anchorEncode (args.ref) else anchor_id = mw.uri.anchorEncode(table.concat ({'CITEREF', args.in1, args.in2, args.in3, args.in4, args.year})); end target_err_msg = target_check (anchor_id, args.ignore); -- see if there is a target for this anchor_id source = '[[#' .. anchor_id .. "|" .. source .. "]]"; -- special case for afterword, foreword, introduction, preface local no_quotes = ({['afterword']=true, ['foreword']=true, ['introduction']=true, ['preface']=true})[args.contribution:lower()]; --combine contribution with url to make external link if args.url ~= '' then args.contribution = '[' .. args.url .. ' ' .. args.contribution .. ']'; -- format external link if args['url-access'] then if lock_icons[args['url-access']] then args.contribution = table.concat ({ -- add access icon markup to this item '<span class="', -- open the opening span tag; icon classes are defined in Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css lock_icons[args['url-access']][1], -- add the appropriate lock icon class '" title="', -- and the title attribute lock_icons[args['url-access']][2], -- for an appropriate tool tip '">', -- close the opening span tag args.contribution, '</span>', -- and close the span }); end end end if is_set (args['anchor-year']) then contributors = contributors .. ' (' .. args['anchor-year'] .. ')' .. args.sepc; elseif args.sepc ~= contributors:sub(-1) and args.sepc .. ']]' ~= contributors:sub(-3) then contributors = contributors .. args.sepc; -- add separator if not same as last character in name list (|first=John S. or et al.) end -- pages and other insource location if args.p ~= '' then args.p = args.page_sep .. args.p; elseif args.pp ~= '' then args.p = args.pages_sep .. args.pp; -- args.p not set so use it to hold common insource location info end if args.loc ~= '' then args.p = args.p .. ', ' .. args.loc; -- add arg.loc to args.p end --wrap error messages in span and add help link if is_set (args.err_msg) then args.err_msg = '<span style="font-size:100%" class="error"> harvc:' .. args.err_msg .. ' ([[Template:Harvc|help]])</span>'; end if ',' == args.sepc then in_text = in_text:lower(); -- CS2 style use lower case end -- and put it all together local result = {}; -- the assemby of the above output table.insert (result, span_open_tag); table.insert (result, contributors); table.insert (result, no_quotes and ' ' or ' "'); -- foreword, afterword, introduction, preface contributions are not quoted; all other contributions are table.insert (result, args.contribution); table.insert (result, no_quotes and '' or '"'); -- foreword, afterword, introduction, preface contributions are not quoted; all other contributions are table.insert (result, args.sepc); table.insert (result, in_text); table.insert (result, source); table.insert (result, args.p); table.insert (result, args.ps); table.insert (result, args.err_msg); if not is_set(args.err_msg) then table.insert (result, target_err_msg) end table.insert (result, '</span>'); return table.concat (result); -- make a string and done end --[[--------------------------< H A R V C >-------------------------------------------------------------------- Entry point from {{harvc}} template. Fetches parent frame parameters, does a bit of simple error checking ]] local function harvc (frame) local args = { err_msg = '', page_sep = ", p.&nbsp;", pages_sep = ", pp.&nbsp;", sepc = '.', ps = '.', open = '(', -- year brackets for source year close = ')', last = {}, first = {}, link = {}, mask = {}, citeref = {} } local pframe = frame:getParent(); args.contribution = pframe.args.c or -- chapter or contribution pframe.args.chapter or pframe.args.contribution or ''; args.id = pframe.args.id or ''; args.in1 = pframe.args['in'] or pframe.args.in1 or ''; -- source editor surnames; 'in' is a Lua reserved keyword args.in2 = pframe.args.in2 or ''; args.in3 = pframe.args.in3 or ''; args.in4 = pframe.args.in4 or ''; args.display_authors = pframe.args['display-authors']; -- the number of contributor names to display; cs1|2 format includes first names args.name_list_style = pframe.args['name-list-style'] or ''; -- when set to 'harv' display contributor list in sfn or harv style args.name_list_style = args.name_list_style:lower(); -- make it case agnostic if is_set (pframe.args.last) or is_set (pframe.args.last1) or is_set (pframe.args.author) or is_set (pframe.args.author1) then -- must have at least this to continue args.last[1] = pframe.args.last or pframe.args.last1 or pframe.args.author or pframe.args.author1; -- get first contributor's last name args.citeref[1] = args.last[1]; -- add it to the citeref args.first[1] = pframe.args.first or pframe.args.first1; -- get first contributor's first name args.link[1] = pframe.args['author-link'] or pframe.args['author-link1']; -- get first contributor's article link args.mask[1] = pframe.args['author-mask'] or pframe.args['author-mask1']; -- get first contributor's article link local i = 2; -- index for the rest of the names while is_set (pframe.args['last'..i]) or is_set (pframe.args['author'..i]) do -- loop through pframe.args and get the rest of the names args.last[i] = pframe.args['last'..i] or pframe.args['author'..i]; -- last names args.first[i] = pframe.args['first'..i]; -- first names args.link[i] = pframe.args['author-link'..i]; -- links args.mask[i] = pframe.args['author-mask'..i]; -- masks if 5 > i then args.citeref[i] = args.last[i]; -- collect first four last names for CITEREF anchor end i = i + 1 -- bump the index end end if 0 == #args.last then -- |last= is required args.err_msg = args.err_msg .. ' no authors in contributor list.'; end args.p = pframe.args.p or pframe.args.page or ''; -- source page number(s) or location args.pp = pframe.args.pp or pframe.args.pages or ''; args.loc = pframe.args.loc or ''; args.ref = pframe.args.ref or pframe.args.Ref or ''; -- used to match |ref=<text> in cs1|2 source template args.ignore = 'yes' == pframe.args['ignore-err']; -- suppress false-positive 'no target' errors if 'cs2' == pframe.args.mode then args.ps = ''; -- set postscript character to empty string, cs2 mode args.sepc = ','; -- set seperator character to comma, cs2 mode end do -- to limit scope of local temp local temp = pframe.args.ps or pframe.args.postscript; if is_set (temp) then if 'none' == temp:lower() then -- if |ps=none or |postscript=none then args.ps = ''; -- no postscript else args.ps = temp; -- override default postscript end end end -- end of scope limit if 'yes' == pframe.args.nb then -- if no brackets around year in link to cs1|2 template args.open = ''; -- unset these args.close = ''; end args.url = pframe.args.url or -- url for chapter or contribution pframe.args['chapter-url'] or pframe.args['contribution-url'] or ''; args['url-access'] = pframe.args['url-access']; args.year = pframe.args.year or ''; -- required args['anchor-year'] = pframe.args['anchor-year'] or ''; args.err_msg = args.err_msg .. check_years (args.year, args['anchor-year']); if not is_set (args.contribution) then args.err_msg = args.err_msg .. ' required contribution is missing.'; -- error message if source not provided args.contribution = args.url; -- if set it will give us linkable text end if args.last[1] == args.in1 and args.last[2] == args.in2 and args.last[3] == args.in3 and args.last[4] == args.in4 and not is_set (args.id) then args.err_msg = args.err_msg .. ' required ' .. code_open_tag .. '|id=</code> parameter missing.'; -- error message if contributor and source are the same end return table.concat ({frame:extensionTag ('templatestyles', '', {src='Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css'}), core (args)}); end --[[--------------------------< E X P O R T E D F U N C T I O N S >------------------------------------------ ]] return { harvc = harvc }; gax2zw56jpkvdwud2rx8nj8o9q366xt 10 51894 307303 2026-09-06T15:09:38Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307303 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Cite encyclopedia]] kmfzn6vhxmn899fi6oj93cr4mvwxpzg 10 51895 307304 2026-09-06T15:10:56Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307304 wikitext text/x-wiki {{cite dictionary|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/{{#invoke:String|replace|{{urlencode:{{{1}}}}}|+|-}}|title={{{1}}}|dictionary=[[Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary|Cambridge Dictionaries]]|publisher=Cambridge University Press|access-date={{{access-date|{{{accessdate|}}}}}}|date={{{date|n.d.}}}|type={{{type|Online}}}}}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- Categories go on the /doc subpage, and interwikis go on Wikidata. --> </noinclude> p6x4meyufolcyx47by1xbeg4oix2uad 10 51896 307305 2026-09-06T15:11:59Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307305 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:CS1 identifiers|main|_template=doi}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 9rz620oru1iyr1w1jvrlmaru66zpi38 10 51897 307306 2026-09-06T15:13:05Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307306 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:Footnotes|harvard_citation |bracket_year_left = ( |bracket_year_right = ) |template=harvp }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 9j9weque3f0at49hq06dqz8jy2nwx9u 10 51898 307307 2026-09-06T15:13:56Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307307 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Harvard citation year brackets]] hkfrzr3urhewy54z1y1oekszm9ysgmv 10 51899 307312 2026-09-06T15:24:06Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307312 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#if:{{{plainurl|{{{plain-url|}}}}}}|https://books.google.com/books?id={{trim|{{{1|{{{id}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{page|}}}|&pg=PA{{{page|}}}|{{#if:{{{pg|}}}|&pg={{{pg}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{text|}}}|&dq={{urlencode:"{{{text|}}}"}}}}{{#if:{{{keywords|}}}|&q={{urlencode:{{{keywords}}}}}}}|''[https://books.google.com/books?id={{trim|{{{1|{{{id}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{page|}}}|&pg=PA{{{page|}}}|{{#if:{{{pg|}}}|&pg={{{pg}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{text|}}}|&dq={{urlencode:"{{{text|}}}"}}}}{{#if:{{{keywords|}}}|&q={{urlencode:{{{keywords}}}}}}} {{{2|{{{title|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}]''{{#if:{{{page|}}}|, p. {{{page}}},}} at [[Google Books]]}}<noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> 1a7m8ttpmk70kvk9e9gw8z2r3otlpyx 10 51900 307322 2026-09-06T20:48:18Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307322 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:For related page|forFoo|Timeline of %s|Timeline of %ss|Timeline of the %s|Timeline of %s history|what=a chronological guide}}<noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> hhkd7tp7i8h60w4g4rufsvww4z4mtgm 828 51901 307323 2026-09-06T20:48:47Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: local mFor = require('Module:For') local mArguments = require('Module:Arguments') local p = {} function p.forFoo (frame) local args = mArguments.getArgs(frame, {parentOnly = true} ) local forargs = {frame.args.what} if args[1] and (args[1] or '' ~= '') then for i, v in ipairs(args) do if (v or '' ~= '') then table.insert(forargs, args[i]) end end else local target local title = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text local titles = { mw.ustring.lower(mw.ustring.s... 307323 Scribunto text/plain local mFor = require('Module:For') local mArguments = require('Module:Arguments') local p = {} function p.forFoo (frame) local args = mArguments.getArgs(frame, {parentOnly = true} ) local forargs = {frame.args.what} if args[1] and (args[1] or '' ~= '') then for i, v in ipairs(args) do if (v or '' ~= '') then table.insert(forargs, args[i]) end end else local target local title = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text local titles = { mw.ustring.lower(mw.ustring.sub(title, 1, 1)) .. mw.ustring.sub(title, 2), title } local forms = frame.args for k, v in ipairs(forms) do for i, j in pairs(titles) do local lookup = string.format(v, j) if mw.title.new(lookup, 0).exists then target = lookup break end end if target then break end end table.insert(forargs, target or string.format(forms[1], title)) end return mFor._For(forargs) end return p fn7vw7vouh3z3k4h61k53xivvrj5m6g 828 51902 307326 2026-09-06T20:53:32Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: local mArguments --initialize lazily local mHatlist = require('Module:Hatnote list') local mHatnote = require('Module:Hatnote') local yesNo = require('Module:Yesno') local p = {} --Implements {{For}} from the frame --uses capitalized "For" to avoid collision with Lua reserved word "for" function p.For (frame) mArguments = require('Module:Arguments') return p._For(mArguments.getArgs(frame)) end --Implements {{For}} but takes a manual arguments table function p._For (args) loc... 307326 Scribunto text/plain local mArguments --initialize lazily local mHatlist = require('Module:Hatnote list') local mHatnote = require('Module:Hatnote') local yesNo = require('Module:Yesno') local p = {} --Implements {{For}} from the frame --uses capitalized "For" to avoid collision with Lua reserved word "for" function p.For (frame) mArguments = require('Module:Arguments') return p._For(mArguments.getArgs(frame)) end --Implements {{For}} but takes a manual arguments table function p._For (args) local use = args[1] if (not use) then return mHatnote.makeWikitextError( 'no context parameter provided. Use {{other uses}} for "other uses" hatnotes.', 'Template:For#Errors', args.category ) end local pages = {} function two (a, b) return a, b, 1 end --lets us run ipairs from 2 for k, v in two(ipairs(args)) do table.insert(pages, v) end local title = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() local skipCat = title.isTalkPage or title.namespace == 2 --don't categorise talk pages and userspace local oddCat = skipCat and '' or '[[Category:Hatnote templates using unusual parameters]]' local category = yesNo(args.category) return mHatnote._hatnote( mHatlist.forSeeTableToString({{use = use, pages = pages}}), {selfref = args.selfref} ) .. ( (use == 'other uses') and ((category == true) or (category == nil)) and oddCat or '' ) end return p 5kir3llbyjasubdg18thlz8rxsxfwtw 0 51903 307328 2026-09-07T09:55:42Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307328 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_photo = |image_coa = DEU Kisdorf COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|53|48|36|N|10|00|33|E|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Kisdorf in SE.svg |state = |district = Segeberg |Amt = Kisdorf |elevation = 69 |area = 24.52 |postal_code = 24629 |area_code = 04191, 04193, 04194, 04535 |licence = SE |Gemeindeschlüssel = 01 0 60 047 |website = [http://www.kisdorf.de/ www.kisdorf.de] |mayor = Birga Kreuzaler |party = CDU }} '''Kisdorf''' ([[Low German]]: ''Kisdörp'') waa degmo ka tirsan deegaanka [[Segeberg]], ee [[Schleswig-Holstein]], [[Germany]]. Waxay ku taallaa qiyaastii 30&nbsp;km waqooyi ka xigta [[Hamburg]], iyo 15&nbsp;km waqooyi ka xigta [[Norderstedt]]. Kisdorf waa qayb ka mid ah ''[[Amt (subnational entity)|Amt]]'' ("degmada wadareed") [[Kisdorf (Amt)|Kisdorf]]. Xarunta ''Amt'' waxay ku taal Kattendorf. ==Dad== * [[Ernst Barkmann]], [[World War II]] [[panzer]] ace. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== *http://www.kisdorf.de {{Authority control}} r1mp7f1qviffon8n39d3jl0dk463m42 0 51904 307329 2026-09-07T09:58:14Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307329 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |type = Stadt |image_photo = |image_coa = Wappen Kitzscher.png |coordinates = {{coord|51|9|52.11|N|12|33|12.60|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Kitzscher in L.svg |state = |district = Leipzig |elevation = 100 |area = 29.04 |postal_code = 04567 |area_code = 03433 |licence = L, BNA, GHA, GRM, MTL, WUR |Gemeindeschlüssel = 14729220 |divisions = 5 |website = [http://www.kitzscher.de/ www.kitzscher.de] |mayor = Maik Schramm<ref>[https://wahlen.sachsen.de/download/Buergermeister/statistik-sachsen_wahlen_buergermeister_uebersicht_aktuell.xlsx Gewählte Bürgermeisterinnen und Bürgermeister im Freistaat Sachsen, Stand: 17. Juli 2022], Statistisches Landesamt des Freistaates Sachsen.</ref> |leader_term = 2022&ndash;29 |party = Independent }} '''Kitzscher''' ({{IPA|de|ˈkɪtʃɐ}}) waa magaalo ka tirsan deegaanka [[Leipzig (district)|Leipzig]], ee [[Saxony]], [[Germany]]. == Juqraafi == Kitzscher waxay ku taal [[Leipziger Tieflandsbucht]], oo ku taal cidhifka [[Central Saxon Hills]]. Magaalada waxay u jirtaa 6&nbsp;km waqooyi-bari ee [[Borna, Leipzig|Borna]], iyo 24&nbsp;km koonfur-bari ee [[Leipzig]]. Qashin-qubka u dhow ee ka yimid macdanta furan ee loo yaqaanno 'Halde Trages' waa mid ka mid ah meelaha ugu sarreeya ee ku dhow dhow iyo indhaha ugu waaweyn ee soo jiidashada ee deegaanka. == Taariikh == [[File:KitzscherKirche.JPG|thumb|left|Kaniisadda yar ee ku taal Kitzscher]] {{stack|[[File:Dinter-Tafel.jpg|thumb|Taallo ku taal dugsiga kaniisadda oo lagu xusuusanayo [[Gustav Friedrich Dinter|Dinter]]]]}} Tuulada waxaa markii ugu horreysay lagu xusay dokumenti kiish ah oo ku yaal kaniisadda [[Grimma]] sannadkii 1251 kaas oo tilmaamay qoys sharaf leh, ''Guntherus de Kiczschere'', kaas oo ugu dambeyn dhintay 1276. Qaab-dhismeedka ugu da'da weyn magaalada waa kaniisadda oo asalkeedu dib ugu noqonayo 1200. {{clear left}} == Tixraac == {{Wikivoyage|Kitzscher}} {{reflist}} {{Geographic location|title=Degmooyinka deriska la ah | Northwest = [[Neukieritzsch]] 6&nbsp;km | North = [[Leipzig]] 24&nbsp;km | Northeast = [[Otterwisch]] 8&nbsp;km | West = 6&nbsp;km | Centre = Kitzscher | East = [[Bad Lausick]] 10&nbsp;km | Southwest = [[Borna, Leipzig|Borna]] 5&nbsp;km | South = [[Frohburg]] 9&nbsp;km | Southeast = [[Otterwisch]] 10&nbsp;km }} {{Authority control}} cnwm86q740vkuq0bw7650ik85nyvmwt 0 51905 307330 2026-09-07T09:59:49Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307330 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_photo = |image_flag = Flagge Klamp.png |image_coa = DEU Klamp COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|54|18|1|N|10|31|58|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Klamp in PLOE.png |state = |district = Plön |Amt = Lütjenburg |elevation = 79 |area = 9.72 |postal_code = 24321 |area_code = 04381 |licence = PLÖ |Gemeindeschlüssel = 01 0 57 035 |website = |mayor = Stefan Ehrk |party = }} '''Klamp''' waa degmo ka tirsan deegaanka [[Plön (district)|Plön]], ee [[Schleswig-Holstein]], [[Germany]]. Waxay leedahay dad gaaraya ilaa 800. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} 4ppu71987lxwequoivay8vokvzn93he 0 51906 307331 2026-09-07T10:01:17Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307331 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |name = Klappholz<br><small>Klapholt</small> |image_photo = |image_coa = DEU Klappholz COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|54|37|10|N|9|32|20|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Klappholz in SL.PNG |state = |district = Schleswig-Flensburg |Amt = Südangeln |elevation = 52 |area = 8.22 |postal_code = 24860 |area_code = 04603 |licence = SL |Gemeindeschlüssel = 01 0 59 049 |website = [http://www.amt-suedangeln.de/ www.amt-<br />suedangeln.de] |mayor = Eielt Janssen |party = }} '''Klappholz''' ({{langx|da|Klapholt}}) waa degmo ka tirsan deegaanka [[Schleswig-Flensburg]], ee [[Schleswig-Holstein]], [[Germany]]. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} kjn9fafm01fnetic65ahp8hjw568gp8 0 51907 307332 2026-09-07T10:02:50Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307332 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German place |image_coa = |coordinates = {{coord|53|55|59|N|11|58|00|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Klein_Belitz_in_LRO.svg |state = |district = Rostock |Amt = Bützow Land |elevation = 11 |area = 38.87 |postal_code = 18246 |area_code = 038466 |licence = LRO |Gemeindeschlüssel = 13 0 72 053 |website = [http://www.amt-buetzow-land.de www.amt-buetzow-land.de] |mayor = Ingrid Pleines }} '''Klein Belitz''' waa [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan deegaanka [[Rostock (district)|Rostock]], ee [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]], [[Germany]]. == Wiilal iyo gabdho == * [[Carl Freiherr von Langen]] (1887–1994), fardo fuule Jarmal ah ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} cwsz3wtfcyhclxbjwrep45msasm3vgz 0 51908 307333 2026-09-07T10:04:16Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307333 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_photo = |image_coa = DEU Klein Bennebek COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|54|24|16|N|9|27|49|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Klein Bennebek in SL.PNG |state = |district = Schleswig-Flensburg |Amt = Kropp-Stapelholm |elevation = 9 |area = 25.63 |postal_code = 24848 |area_code = 04624 |licence = SL |Gemeindeschlüssel = 01 0 59 050 |website = [http://www.kropp.de/ www.kropp.de] |mayor = Ernst Stolley |party = }} '''Klein Bennebek''' ({{langx|da|Lille Bennebæk}}) waa degmo ka tirsan deegaanka [[Schleswig-Flensburg]], ee [[Schleswig-Holstein]], [[Germany]]. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} psl3t5k86ysr8k4iabjqxs2xhxd06se 0 51909 307334 2026-09-07T10:05:40Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307334 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa =Wappen Klein Meckelsen.png |coordinates = {{coord|53|18|N|09|27|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Klein Meckelsen in ROW.svg |state = |district = Rotenburg (Wümme) |Samtgemeinde = Sittensen |elevation = 33 |area = 14.58 |postal_code = 27419 |area_code = 04282 |licence = ROW |Gemeindeschlüssel = 03 3 57 032 |divisions = 3 |website = [http://www.klein-meckelsen.de/ www.klein-meckelsen.de] |mayor = Ilse Ropers |Bürgermeistertitel = Bürgermeisterin |party = CDU }} '''Klein Meckelsen''' waa degmo ka tirsan deegaanka [[Rotenburg (district)|Rotenburg]], ee Lower Saxony, Germany. Klein Meckelsen waxay hoos imaan jirtay [[Archdiocese of Bremen|Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen]], oo la aasaasay 1180. Sanadkii 1648 Prince-Archbishopric waxaa loo beddelay [[Duchy of Bremen]], kaas oo markii ugu horreysay ay xukumaysay [[personal union]] Boqortooyada Iswiidhan - oo ay dhex-dhexaadisay qabsashadii Denmark (1712–1715) - iyo laga bilaabo 1715 wixii ka dambeeyay [[House of Hanover|Hanoverian]] Crown. Sanadkii 1807 [[Kingdom of Westphalia]] ee soo jireenka ahayd ayaa la wareegtay Duchy, ka hor intaysan [[First French Empire|France]] qabsan 1810. Sanadkii 1813 Duchy waxaa lagu celiyay [[Electorate of Hanover]], taas oo - ka dib kor u qaadisteeda [[Kingdom of Hanover]] sanadkii 1814 - ku dartay Duchy ee [[real union]] iyo dhulka Ducal, oo uu ku jiro Klein Meckelsen, wuxuu noqday qayb ka mid ah cusub [[Stade (region)|Stade Region]], oo la aasaasay 1823. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} jja0dpdr4mlue2yhgrbda3raomlkns3 0 51910 307335 2026-09-07T10:07:10Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307335 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_photo = |image_flag = Flagge Klein Nordende.png |image_coa = DEU Klein Nordende COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|53|43|N|9|39|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Klein Nordende in PI.svg |state = |district = Pinneberg |Amt = Elmshorn-Land |elevation = 10 |area = 10.79 |postal_code = 25336 |area_code = 04121 |licence = PI |Gemeindeschlüssel = 01 0 56 029 |website = [http://www.elmshorn-land.de www.elmshorn-land.de] |mayor = Hans-Barthold Schinckel |party = }} '''Klein Nordende''' waa degmo ka tirsan deegaanka [[Pinneberg (district)|Pinneberg]], ee [[Schleswig-Holstein]], [[Germany]]. {{Commons category|Klein Nordende}} ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} snygq62l2yc6tr8su6igt6lfbxunm50 0 51911 307336 2026-09-07T10:09:03Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307336 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_photo = |image_flag = Flagge Klein Pampau.png |image_coa = DEU Klein Pampau COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|53|31|N|10|35|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Klein Pampau in RZ.svg |state = |district = Herzogtum Lauenburg |Amt = Büchen |elevation = 21 |area = 4.17 |postal_code = 21514 |area_code = 04155 |licence = RZ |Gemeindeschlüssel = 01 0 53 064 |website = [http://www.buechen.de/ www.buechen.de] |mayor = Gerhard Hellwig |party = SPD }} '''Klein Pampau''' waa degmo ka tirsan deegaanka [[Lauenburg (district)|Lauenburg]], ee [[Schleswig-Holstein]], [[Germany]]. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} 73e5h9es12blkf8nqt3qjnymcz9c88x 307337 307336 2026-09-07T10:09:24Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307337 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_photo = |image_flag = Flagge Klein Pampau.png |image_coa = DEU Klein Pampau COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|53|31|N|10|35|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Klein Pampau in RZ.svg |state = |district = Herzogtum Lauenburg |Amt = Büchen |elevation = 21 |area = 4.17 |postal_code = 21514 |area_code = 04155 |licence = RZ |Gemeindeschlüssel = 01 0 53 064 |website = [http://www.buechen.de/ www.buechen.de] |mayor = Gerhard Hellwig |party = SPD }} '''Klein Pampau''' waa degmo ka tirsan deegaanka [[Lauenburg (district)|Lauenburg]], ee [[Schleswig-Holstein]], [[Jarmalka]]. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} g0m0b8iellse5udx8om5doushogg38g 0 51912 307338 2026-09-07T10:10:51Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307338 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |name = Klein Rheide<br><small>Lille Rejde</small> |image_photo = |image_coa = DEU Klein Rheide COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|54|27|7|N|9|28|41|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Klein Rheide in SL.PNG |state = |district = Schleswig-Flensburg |Amt = Kropp-Stapelholm |elevation = 17 |area = 12.82 |postal_code = 24848 |area_code = 04624 |licence = SL |Gemeindeschlüssel = 01 0 59 051 |website = [https://www.kropp.de/ www.kropp.de] |mayor = Hans-Henning Reimer |party = }} '''Klein Rheide''' ({{langx|da|Lille Rejde}}) waa degmo ka tirsan deegaanka [[Schleswig-Flensburg]], ee [[Schleswig-Holstein]], [[Germany]]. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} 0fongj5qw03z6zncu1f05i1om9kap27 0 51913 307339 2026-09-07T10:14:01Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307339 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = |coordinates = {{coord|53|36|N|11|20|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Klein Rogahn in LUP.svg |image_photo = Klein Rogahn Gedenkstein Felix Stillfried.jpg |imagesize = |image_caption = Xusuustii qoraaga {{ill|Felix Stillfried|de}} ee ku taal Klein Rogahn |state = |district = Ludwigslust-Parchim |Amt = Stralendorf |elevation = 40 |area = 10.99 |postal_code = 19073 |area_code = 0385 |licence = LWL |Gemeindeschlüssel = 13 0 76 071 |divisions = 2 |website = [http://www.amt-stralendorf.de www.amt-stralendorf.de] |mayor = Michael Vollmerich }} '''Klein Rogahn''' waa [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan deegaanka [[Ludwigslust-Parchim]], ee [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]], [[Jarmalka]]. == Dad caan ah == *{{ill|Gerhard Baumann|de|Gerhard Baumann (Musiker)}} (1921–2006), halaabaha muusigga dagaalka *{{ill|Bruno Wansierski|de}} (1904–1994), sarkaal siyaasadeed ([[Socialist Unity Party of Germany|SED]]) iyo ku-xigeenka admiraalka [[National People's Army]] ee [[East Germany]] ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} lislhhc9qs3y9dp5krg711ownld0a9c 0 51914 307340 2026-09-07T10:15:50Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307340 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_photo = |image_coa = Wappen kleinfurra.png |coordinates = {{coord|51|24|N|10|46|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Kleinfurra in NDH.png |state = |district = Nordhausen |Verwaltungsgemeinschaft = Hainleite |elevation = 205 |area = 18.51 |postal_code = 99735 |area_code = 036334 |licence = NDH |Gemeindeschlüssel = 16 0 62 026 |website = [http://www.vg-hainleite.de/ www.vg-hainleite.de] |mayor = Thomas Günzelmann<ref>[https://wahlen.thueringen.de/datenbank/wahl1/wahl.asp?wahlart=BM&wJahr=0000&zeigeErg=LAND&auswertung=2 Gewählte Bürgermeister - aktuelle Landesübersicht], Freistaat Thüringen, accessed 10 November 2022.</ref> |leader_term = 2022&ndash;28 }} '''Kleinfurra''' waa degmo ka tirsan deegaanka [[Nordhausen (district)|Nordhausen]], ee [[Thuringia]], [[Jarmalka]]. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} kkxrpk3oyxyady0pfmy35bgshvun84d 0 51915 307341 2026-09-07T10:17:42Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307341 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |name = Kleinniedesheim |image_coa = DEU Kleinniedesheim COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|49|35|N|8|19|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Karte Kleinniedesheim.png |state = |region = |district = Rhein-Pfalz-Kreis |Verbandsgemeinde = Lambsheim-Heßheim |elevation = 110 |area = 3.88 |postal_code = 67259 |area_code = 06239 |licence = RP |Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 3 38 015 |website = |mayor = Ewald Merkel<ref>[https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/de/kw/wahlen/kd/gebiete/3380000000000.html Direktwahlen 2019, Rhein-Pfalz-Kreis], Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, accessed 4 August 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2019&ndash;24 |party = FWG }} '''Kleinniedesheim''' ({{IPA|de|klaɪnˈniːdəshaɪm}}, {{lit|Little Niedesheim}}, marka lloo barbardhigo "[[Großniedesheim|Great Niedesheim]]") waa degmo ka tirsan [[Rhein-Pfalz-Kreis]], ee [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], [[Jarmalka]]. == Siyaasadda == === Golaha Degmada === {| class=wikitable |- |- | colspan=6 align=center | Golaha Degmada 2014<ref>''[http://www.wahlen.rlp.de/kw/wahlen/2014/gemeinderatswahlen/ergebnisse/3380601500.html Kommunalwahl 2014 - Kleinniedesheim - Final results]'', Landeswahlleiter (in German)</ref> |- |Xisbiga||Codadka||Kursiyada |- |[[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] ||align=right | 19.4%||align=right | 2 |- |[[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|CDU]] ||align=right | 28.7%||align=right | 3 |- |[[Free Voters|FWG]] ||align=right | 51.9%||align=right | 7 |- | colspan=6 align=center | Ka-qaybgalshada Codeeyayaasha: 62.7% |} === Duqa Magaalada === Duqa magaalada Kleinniedesheim waa Ewald Merkel ([[Free Voters|FWG]]).<ref>''[http://www.lambsheim-hessheim.de/vg_lambsheim_hessheim/Die%20Gemeinden/Kleinniedesheim/ Kleinniedesheim on lambsheim-heßheim.de]'', Official website of the Verbandsgemeinde Lambsheim-Heßheim (in German)</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} 2x0v8971bvt2ipuv04kqh34hrhgxskp 0 51916 307342 2026-09-07T10:19:13Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307342 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_photo = |image_coa = DEU Kleinsteinhausen COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|49|11|57|N|7|28|21|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Kleinsteinhausen in PS.svg |state = |district = Südwestpfalz |Verbandsgemeinde = Zweibrücken-Land |elevation = 320 |area = 5.73 |postal_code = 66484 |area_code = 06339 |licence = PS |Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 3 40 214 |website = [http://www.kleinsteinhausen.de/ www.kleinsteinhausen.de] |mayor = Martine Beate Wagner<ref>[https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/de/kw/wahlen/kd/gebiete/3400000000000.html Direktwahlen 2019, Landkreis Südwestpfalz], Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, accessed 9 August 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2019&ndash;24 |party = }} '''Kleinsteinhausen''' waa degmo ka tirsan deegaanka [[Südwestpfalz]], ee [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], galbeedka [[Jarmalka]]. == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} 7ix2sa2n1276vixq8yz5qu0g0ymxz0b 0 51917 307343 2026-09-07T10:21:00Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307343 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_photo = |image_flag = Flagge Klempau.png |image_coa = DEU Klempau COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|53|46|N|10|40|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Klempau in RZ.svg |state = |district = Herzogtum Lauenburg |Amt = Berkenthin |elevation = 15 |area = 10.07 |postal_code = 23628 |area_code = 04508 |licence = RZ |Gemeindeschlüssel = 01 0 53 067 |website = [http://www.amt-berkenthin.de/ www.amt-<br />berkenthin.de] |mayor = Karl Bartels }} '''Klempau''' waa degmo ka tirsan deegaanka [[Lauenburg (district)|Lauenburg]], ee [[Schleswig-Holstein]], [[Jarmalka]]. Waxay ku taal koonfurta magaalada [[Lübeck]] iyo galbeedka [[Ratzeburger See]]. [[File:Klempau Dorfstrasse 5.jpg|left|thumb|5 Dorfstrasse]] ==Tixraac== {{commons category|Klempau}} {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} kc1w9ury91t9ilsfirovfa5gmp476lx 0 51918 307344 2026-09-07T10:22:31Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_photo = Gut Kletkamp, Mai 2018d.jpg |imagesize = |image_caption = Kletkamp Manor |image_coa = kein |coordinates = {{coord|54|15|N|10|37|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Kletkamp in PLOE.png |state = |district = Plön |Amt = Lütjenburg |elevation = 51 |area = 11.52 |postal_code = 24327 |area_code = 04381 |licence = PLÖ |Gemeindeschlüssel = 01 0 57 038 |mayor = Bertram Graf v. Brockdorff }} '''Kletkamp''' waa degmo ka tirsan deegaanka [[Plön (district)|Plön]], ee [[Schleswig-Holstein]], [[Jarmalka]]. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} b4g1vmgubeq183n0kgq3eoa9dp2kp84 0 51919 307345 2026-09-07T10:23:54Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307345 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German place |image_photo = |image_coa = Wappen Klettbach.jpg |coordinates = {{coord|50|54|51|N|11|9|0|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Klettbach in AP.png |state = |district = Weimarer Land |elevation = 385 |area = 15.23 |postal_code = 99102 |area_code = 036209 |licence = AP |Gemeindeschlüssel = 16 0 71 043 |website = [https://www.klettbach.de/ www.klettbach.de] |mayor = André Köhler }} '''Klettbach''' waa [[Municipalities in Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan [[Districts of Germany|deegaanka]] [[Weimarer Land]] ee [[Thuringia]], [[Jarmalka]]. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} juam27txqgvtmzay5dq27so8icc39dg 0 51920 307346 2026-09-07T10:25:38Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307346 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = |coordinates = {{coord|53|56|N|13|11|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Kletzin in MBS.svg |state = |district = Mecklenburgische Seenplatte |Amt = Demmin-Land |elevation = 3 |area = 27.27 |postal_code = 17111 |area_code = 039998 |licence = DM |Gemeindeschlüssel = 13 0 71 076 |divisions = 4 |website = {{url|https://www.amt-demmin-land.de/}} |mayor = Detlef Klietz }} '''Kletzin''' waa degmo ka tirsan deegaanka [[Mecklenburgische Seenplatte (district)|Mecklenburgische Seenplatte]], ee [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]], [[Jarmalka]]. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} hcz3i56zur3ws38go54numok04g1yji 0 51921 307347 2026-09-07T10:27:19Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307347 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_photo = |image_coa = DE-ST 15-0-90-310 Klietz COA.png |coordinates = {{coord|52|40|3|N|12|3|58|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Klietz in SDL.png |state = |district = Stendal |Verbandsgemeinde = Elbe-Havel-Land |elevation = 32 |area = 66.46 |postal_code = 39524 |area_code = 039327 |licence = SDL |Gemeindeschlüssel = 15 0 90 310 |website = {{url|https://www.klietz.com/}} |mayor = Jens Meiering<ref name=mayor>[https://wahlergebnisse.sachsen-anhalt.de/wahlen/bmbm/index.html Bürgermeisterwahlen in den Gemeinden, Endgültige Ergebnisse], [[Statistisches Landesamt Sachsen-Anhalt]], accessed 3 February 2022.</ref> |leader_term = 2021&ndash;28 |party = }} '''Klietz''' ({{IPA|de|kliːts}}) waa degmo ka tirsan deegaanka [[Stendal (district)|Stendal]], ee [[Saxony-Anhalt]], [[Jarmalka]]. Janaayo 2010 waxay la midoobday degmadii hore ee [[Neuermark-Lübars]].<ref>[https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Laender-Regionen/Regionales/Gemeindeverzeichnis/Namens-Grenz-Aenderung/2010.html Gebietsänderungen vom 01. Januar bis 31. Dezember 2010], [[Statistisches Bundesamt]]</ref> ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Commons category}} {{Authority control}} 0j4b9dczp7iufqswi7sa2gohq17res1 0 51922 307348 2026-09-07T10:28:59Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307348 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |type = Ortsgemeinde |image_coa = DEU Klingelbach COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|50|16|31|N|7|58|13|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Klingelbach in EMS.svg |state = |district = Rhein-Lahn-Kreis |Verbandsgemeinde = Aar-Einrich |elevation = 295 |area = 5.14 |postal_code = 56368 |area_code = 06486 |licence = EMS, DIZ, GOH |Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 1 41 073 |website = |mayor = Hans Jörg Justi<ref>[https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/de/kw/wahlen/kd/gebiete/1410000000000.html Direktwahlen 2019, Rhein-Lahn-Kreis], Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, accessed 5 August 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2019&ndash;24 |party = }} '''Klingelbach''' waa degmo ka tirsan deegaanka [[Rhein-Lahn|Rhein-Lahn]], ee [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], galbeedka [[Jarmalka]]. Waxay tirsan tahay ururka bulshada ee [[Aar-Einrich|Aar-Einrich]]. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} 53rib5hxill18xcui0hdyvt7nfx6bh1 0 51923 307349 2026-09-07T10:30:43Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307349 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_photo = |image_flag = Flagge Klinkrade.png |image_coa = DEU Klinkrade COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|53|43|N|10|33|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Klinkrade in RZ.svg |state = |district = Herzogtum Lauenburg |Amt = Sandesneben-Nusse |elevation = 52 |area = 7.4 |postal_code = 23898 |area_code = 04536 |licence = RZ |Gemeindeschlüssel = 01 0 53 068 |website = [http://www.amt-sandesneben-nusse.de/ www.amt-<br />sandesneben-<br />nusse.de] |mayor = Paul Musloff |party = }} '''Klinkrade''' waa degmo ka tirsan deegaanka [[Lauenburg (district)|Lauenburg]], ee [[Schleswig-Holstein]], [[Jarmalka]]. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} m9wl5q6u5iw9zm20p07ae1xistu67xs 0 51924 307350 2026-09-07T10:32:56Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307350 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_photo = |image_coa = Wappen Klostermansfeld.png |coordinates = {{coord|51|35|N|11|30|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Klostermansfeld in MSH.svg |state = |district = Mansfeld-Südharz |Verbandsgemeinde= Mansfelder Grund-Helbra |elevation = 249 |area = 8.80 |postal_code = 06308 |area_code = 034772 |licence = MSH |Gemeindeschlüssel = 15 0 87 260 |mayor = Frank Ochsner<ref>[https://wahlergebnisse.sachsen-anhalt.de/wahlen/bmbm/index.html Bürgermeisterwahlen in den Gemeinden, Endgültige Ergebnisse], [[Statistisches Landesamt Sachsen-Anhalt]], accessed 8 July 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2020&ndash;27 |party = }} '''Klostermansfeld''' waa degmo ka tirsan deegaanka [[Mansfeld-Südharz]], ee [[Saxony-Anhalt]], [[Jarmalka]]. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} 7m90ldjd6aiwo9940pq8u7jqpm9zlf4 0 51925 307351 2026-09-07T10:35:17Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307351 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |name = Kolkerheide<br><small>Kolkhede</small> |image_photo = |image_flag = Flagge Kolkerheide.png |image_coa = DEU Kolkerheide COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|54|37|N|9|7|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Kolkerheide in NF.PNG |state = |district = Nordfriesland |Amt = Mittleres Nordfriesland |elevation = 14 |area = 2.1 |postal_code = 25862 |area_code = 04673 |licence = NF |Gemeindeschlüssel = 01 0 54 071 |website = |mayor = Hans-Günther Thordsen |party = }} '''Kolkerheide''' ({{langx|da|Kolkhede or Kolkærhede}}) waa degmo ka tirsan deegaanka [[Nordfriesland]], ee [[Schleswig-Holstein]], [[Jarmalka]]. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} p7kdrdr39ms5uxc14gyy3ut2qgaxihw 0 51926 307352 2026-09-07T10:37:12Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307352 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_photo = |image_coa =Wappen von Kollweiler.png |coordinates = {{coord|49|30|57|N|7|35|04|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Kollweiler in KL.svg |state = |district = Kaiserslautern |Verbandsgemeinde = Weilerbach |elevation = 335 |area = 5.57 |postal_code = 66879 |area_code = 06385 |licence = KL |Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 3 35 019 |mayor = Timo Müller <ref>[https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/de/kw/wahlen/kd/gebiete/3350000000000.html Direktwahlen 2019, Landkreis Kaiserslautern], Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, accessed 9 August 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2024- |party = FWG }} '''Kollweiler''' ({{IPA|de|ˈkɔlvaɪlɐ}}) waa degmo ka tirsan deegaanka [[Kaiserslautern (district)|Kaiserslautern]], ee [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], galbeedka [[Jarmalka]]. == Juqraafiyada == Kollweiler waxay ku taal Waqooyiga Pfalz. Dhanka waqooyi waxaa ku yaal magaalooyinka Jettenbach iyo Rothselberg, dhanka koonfureedna waxaa ku yaal Schwedelbach iyo Reichenbach-Steegen. Magaalada ugu dhow waa Kaiserslautern, oo u jirta {{cvt|15|km}} dhanka koonfur-bari. == Taariikhda == Xataa kahor Roomaanka, dad ay farcankoodu yihiin Keltaayada ayaa degay deegaanka ku xeeran Kollweiler. == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} ih0f4c2no161o812do1f5tdu0g0wg8f 0 51927 307353 2026-09-07T10:39:14Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307353 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German place |image_coa = Wappen Koenigsheim.png |coordinates = {{coord|48|06|04|N|08|51|51|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Königsheim in TUT.svg |state = |region = Freiburg |district = Tuttlingen |elevation = 897 |area = 4.36 |postal_code = 78598 |area_code = 07429 |licence = TUT |Gemeindeschlüssel = 08 3 27 029 |website = {{URL|https://www.gemeinde-koenigsheim.de/}} |mayor = Konstantin Braun<ref>[https://www.staatsanzeiger.de/staatsanzeiger/wahlen/buergermeisterwahlen/ Aktuelle Wahlergebnisse], Staatsanzeiger, accessed 15 September 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2019&ndash;27 }} '''Königsheim''' waa degmo ka tirsan deegaanka [[Tuttlingen (district)|Tuttlingen]] ee [[Baden-Württemberg]] ee [[Jarmalka]]. == Dadweynaha == '''Koboca dadweynaha:'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Königsheim (Tuttlingen, Baden-Württemberg, Deutschland) - Einwohnerzahlen, Grafiken, Karte, Lage, Wetter und Web-Informationen |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/de/germany/badenwurttemberg/tuttlingen/08327029__k%C3%B6nigsheim/ |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref> {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" | valign="top" | {| class="wikitable sortable zebra hintergrundfarbe5" !Sannadka !Dadweynaha |- align="right" |1990 |509 |- align="right" |2001 |549 |- align="right" |2011 |568 |- align="right" |2021 |601 |} |} == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == *[http://www.gemeinde-koenigsheim.de Degmada Königsheim] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Konigsheim}} 1ty6fepsikzemgpowt7rwrj8mvh2qqt 0 51928 307354 2026-09-07T10:40:40Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307354 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_photo = |image_flag = Flagge Königshügel.png |image_coa = DEU Königshügel (Hohner Harde) COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|54|19|N|9|28|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Koenigshuegel in RD.png |state = |district = Rendsburg-Eckernförde |Amt = Hohner Harde |elevation = 2 |area = 6.26 |postal_code = 24799 |area_code = 04339 |licence = RD |Gemeindeschlüssel = 01 0 58 089 |website = [http://www.amt-hohner-harde.de/ www.amt-hohner-<br />harde.de] |mayor = Günther Bethke |party = }} '''Königshügel''' waa degmo ka tirsan deegaanka [[Rendsburg-Eckernförde]], ee [[Schleswig-Holstein]], [[Jarmalka]]. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Konigshugel}} lj5ardxvr154bir3itu2igjorc7g2uk 0 51929 307355 2026-09-07T10:42:19Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307355 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = Wappen Königsmoor.png |coordinates = {{coord|53|14|N|09|39|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Königsmoor in WL.svg |state = |district = Harburg |Samtgemeinde = Tostedt |elevation = 39 |area = 10.01 |postal_code = 21255 |area_code = 04180 |licence = WL |Gemeindeschlüssel = 03 3 53 022 |website = {{url|http://www.gemeindekoenigsmoor.de/}} |mayor = Hans-Jürgen Dahl }} '''Königsmoor''' waa degmo ka tirsan deegaanka [[Harburg (district)|Harburg]], ee [[Lower Saxony]], [[Jarmalka]]. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Konigsmoor}} p80bmm4fxtxkwnp5o420mtpf684esrz 0 51930 307356 2026-09-07T10:43:45Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307356 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = DEU Königsmoos COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|48|40|N|11|13|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Königsmoos in ND.svg |state = |region = Oberbayern |district = Neuburg-Schrobenhausen |elevation = 377-392 |area = 40.83 |postal_code = 86669 |area_code = 08433 |licence = ND |Gemeindeschlüssel = 09 1 85 163 |website = [http://www.koenigsmoos.de www.koenigsmoos.de] |mayor = Heinrich Seißler<ref>[https://www.statistik.bayern.de/wahlen/kommunalwahlen/bgm/ Liste der ersten Bürgermeister/Oberbürgermeister in kreisangehörigen Gemeinden], [[Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik]], 15 July 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2020&ndash;26 |party = }} '''Königsmoos''' ({{IPA|de|ˈkøːnɪçsˌmoːs}}) waa degmo ka tirsan deegaanka [[Neuburg-Schrobenhausen]] ee [[Bavaria]] ee [[Jarmalka]]. Waxay ku taal dhexda [[Old Bavarian Donaumoos]]. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Konigsmoos}} 4u0h0nipkvkxo71mn4w2137tngkr46k 0 51931 307357 2026-09-07T10:45:38Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307357 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |type = Stadt |image_photo = Könnern rathaus1.JPG |image_caption = Xarunta degmada |image_coa = Wappen_Koennern.png |coordinates = {{coord|51|40|11|N|11|46|15|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Könnern in SLK.png |state = |district = Salzlandkreis |elevation = 121 |area = 125.28 |postal_code = 06420 |area_code = 034691 |licence = SLK |Gemeindeschlüssel = 15 0 89 195 |divisions = |website = [http://www.stadt-koennern.de/ www.stadt-koennern.de] |mayor = Martin Zbyszewski<ref>[https://wahlergebnisse.sachsen-anhalt.de/wahlen/bmbm/index.html Bürgermeisterwahlen in den Gemeinden, Endgültige Ergebnisse], [[Statistisches Landesamt Sachsen-Anhalt]], accessed 10 November 2022.</ref> |leader_term = 2022&ndash;29 |party = SPD }} '''Könnern''' ({{IPA|de|ˈkœnɐn|-|De-Könnern.ogg}}) waa magaalo ka tirsan deegaanka [[Salzlandkreis|Salzlandkreis]], ee [[Saxony-Anhalt]], [[Jarmalka]]. Waxay ku taal bangiga midig ee webiga [[Saale]], qiyaastii 15&nbsp;km koonfur ka xigta [[Bernburg]], iyo 25&nbsp;km waqooyi-galbeed ka xigta [[Halle (Saale)]]. == Juqraafiyada == Magaalada Könnern waxay ka kooban tahay Könnern lafteeda iyo toban ''Ortschaften'' ama qeybo ka tirsan degmada. Qeybahan ''Ortschaften'' waa degmooyin hore, oo lagu daray Könnern int u dhaxxeysay 2003 iyo 2010:<ref name=Hauptsatzung>[https://www.stadt-koennern.de/cms/images/koennern/rathaus/satzung/Hauptsatzung2018bekannt.pdf Hauptsatzung] Stadt Könnern, November 2018.</ref> {{div col|colwidth=15em}} *Beesenlaublingen *Belleben *[[Cörmigk]] *[[Edlau]] *[[Gerlebogk]] *Golbitz *Lebendorf *Strenznaundorf *[[Wiendorf, Saxony-Anhalt|Wiendorf]] *Zickeritz {{div col end}} ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Konnern}} pc1x98un3gic8dwhi3oo3us6tfxqma5 0 51932 307358 2026-09-07T10:47:52Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307358 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |name = Körperich |type = Ortsgemeinde |image_photo = Körperich 082.jpg |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_coa = Wappen Koerperich.png |coordinates = {{coord|49|55|25|N|6|15|31|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Körperich in BIT.svg |state = |district = Eifelkreis Bitburg-Prüm |Verbandsgemeinde = Südeifel |elevation = 258 |area = 19.12 |postal_code = 54675 |area_code = 06566 |licence = BIT |Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 2 32 067 |divisions = |website = [https://koerperich.org/ koerperich.org/] |mayor = Hermann-Josef Hecker<ref>[http://www.suedeifelinfo.de/index.php/2014-04-02-10-51-07/ortsbuergermeister-innen-in-der-vg-suedeifel Ansprechpartner/innen in den Ortsgemeinden der Verbandsgemeinde Südeifel], 11 February 2020.</ref> |leader_term = 2019&ndash;24 |Bürgermeistertitel = Ortsbürgermeister |party = }} '''Körperich''' waa degmo ka tirsan deegaanka [[Bitburg-Prüm|Bitburg-Prüm]], ee [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], galbeedka [[Jarmalka]]. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Korperich}} 4hfpg4h5a0d71el5vf90wchdp0m110o 0 51933 307359 2026-09-07T10:49:40Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307359 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = kein |coordinates = {{coord|53|55|N|14|10|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan =Korswandt_in_VG.svg |state = |district = Vorpommern-Greifswald |Amt = Usedom-Süd |elevation = 15 |area = 12.8 |postal_code = 17419 |area_code = 038378 |licence = VG |Gemeindeschlüssel = 13 0 75 065 |website = [http://www.amtusedom-sued.de/gemeinden/korswandt.php Gemeinde Korswandt] |mayor = Karl-Josef Wurzel }} '''Korswandt''' waa [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan deegaanka [[Vorpommern-Greifswald]], ee [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]], [[Jarmalka]]. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} e6lpcsj5jxntocdyrqzeibruqyxl65a 0 51934 307360 2026-09-07T10:52:16Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307360 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_photo = |image_coa = Wappen Kospoda.png |coordinates = {{coord|50|43|6|N|11|44|19|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Kospoda in SOK.png |state = |district = Saale-Orla-Kreis |elevation = 340 |area = 6.14 |postal_code = 07806 |area_code = 036481 |licence = SOK |Gemeindeschlüssel = 16 0 75 051 |website = [https://kospoda.de/ kospoda.de] |mayor = Elsa Fischer<ref>[https://wahlen.thueringen.de/datenbank/wahl1/wahl.asp?wahlart=BM&wJahr=0000&zeigeErg=LAND&auswertung=2 Gewählte Bürgermeister - aktuelle Landesübersicht], Freistaat Thüringen. Retrieved 25 June 2024.</ref> |leader_term = 2024&ndash;30 }} '''Kospoda''' waa degmo ka tirsan deegaanka [[Saale-Orla-Kreis]], ee [[Thuringia]], [[Jarmalka]]. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} 99n3m37speo159a7j563ch8zc1byeq7 0 51935 307361 2026-09-07T10:54:52Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307361 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = Wappen von Kottenborn.png |coordinates = {{coord|50|21|12|N|6|54|02|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Kottenborn in AW.svg |state = |district = Ahrweiler |Verbandsgemeinde = Adenau |elevation = 500 |area = 3.78 |postal_code = 53518 |area_code = 02641 |licence = AW |Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 1 31 042 |website = [https://www.kottenborn.de/ www.kottenborn.de] |mayor = Klaus Jüngling<ref name=mayor>[https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/de/kw/wahlen/kd/gebiete/1310000000000.html Direktwahlen 2019, Landkreis Ahrweiler], Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, accessed 3 August 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2019&ndash;24 |Bürgermeistertitel = Ortsbürgermeister }} '''Kottenborn''' waa degmo ka tirsan deegaanka [[Ahrweiler (district)|Ahrweiler]], ee [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], [[Jarmalka]]. Waxay leedahay dad gaaraya 172 (2019). ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} fqp5m8hv5b9wm34z234eyk9u5pk0pbr 0 51936 307362 2026-09-07T10:56:38Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307362 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |type = Ortsgemeinde |image_photo = Köwerich.jpg |image_coa = DEU Köwerich COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|49|50|26|N|6|52|18|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Köwerich in TR.svg |state = |district = Trier-Saarburg |Verbandsgemeinde = Schweich an der Römischen Weinstraße |elevation = 145 |area = 2.31 |postal_code = 54340 |area_code = 06507 |licence = TR |Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 2 35 067 |website = [http://www.koewerich.com/ www.koewerich.com] |mayor = Elmar Schlöder<ref>[https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/de/kw/wahlen/kd/gebiete/2350000000000.html Direktwahlen 2019, Landkreis Trier-Saarburg], Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, accessed 2 August 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2019&ndash;24 |Bürgermeistertitel = Ortsbürgermeister |party = }} '''Köwerich''' waa degmo ka tirsan deegaanka [[Trier-Saarburg]], ee [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], [[Jarmalka]]. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kowerich}} 9y5r85wckld1og1qe6kopo0zhcmzz55 0 51937 307363 2026-09-07T10:58:21Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307363 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = DEU Kraam COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|50|41|35|N|7|32|01|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Kraam in AK.svg |state = |district = Altenkirchen (Westerwald) |Verbandsgemeinde = Altenkirchen-Flammersfeld |elevation = 250 |area = 2.73 |postal_code = 57635 |area_code = 02686 |licence = AK |Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 1 32 064 |divisions = 2 |website = {{url|https://www.vg-altenkirchen-flammersfeld.de/gemeinde-politik/uebersicht-ortsgemeinden/kraam|vg-altenkirchen-flammersfeld.de}} |mayor = Thomas Bay<ref>[https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/de/kw/wahlen/kd/gebiete/1320000000000.html Direktwahlen 2019, Landkreis Altenkirchen], Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, accessed 3 August 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2019&ndash;24 |party = }} '''Kraam''' waa degmo ka tirsan deegaanka [[Altenkirchen (district)|Altenkirchen]], ee [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], galbeedka [[Jarmalka]]. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} fvrogobc3b86oey45tvmh0nsxr849kk 0 51938 307364 2026-09-07T11:00:05Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307364 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = DEU Kraftisried COA.svg |image_photo = Kraftisried v SO, Herbst.JPG |image_caption = Kraftisried oo laga eegay koonfur-bari |coordinates = {{coord|47|47|N|10|28|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Kraftisried in OAL.svg |state = |region = Schwaben |district = Ostallgäu |elevation = 788-913 |area = 16.24 |postal_code = 87647 |area_code = 08377 |licence = OAL |Gemeindeschlüssel = 09 7 77 144 |mayor = Michael Abel<ref>[https://www.statistik.bayern.de/wahlen/kommunalwahlen/bgm/ Liste der ersten Bürgermeister/Oberbürgermeister in kreisangehörigen Gemeinden], [[Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik]], 15 July 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2020&ndash;26 |party = |website = [http://www.kraftisried.de www.kraftisried.de] }} '''Kraftisried''' ({{IPA|de|ˈkʁaftɪsʁiːt}}) waa [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan deegaanka [[Ostallgäu]] ee [[Bavaria]] ee [[Jarmalka]]. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} fdnuq4nqpwjguonnzx4taq0ikzuuci5 0 51939 307365 2026-09-07T11:01:55Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307365 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |type = Ortsgemeinde |image_photo = |image_coa = DEU Krähenberg COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|49|19|37|N|7|27|53|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Krähenberg in PS.svg |state = |district = Südwestpfalz |Verbandsgemeinde = Thaleischweiler-Wallhalben |elevation = 365 |area = 4.4 |postal_code = 66894 |area_code = 06337 |licence = PS |Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 3 40 216 |mayor = Thomas Martin<ref>[https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/de/kw/wahlen/kd/gebiete/3400000000000.html Direktwahlen 2019, Landkreis Südwestpfalz], Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, accessed 9 August 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2019&ndash;24 |party = }} '''Krähenberg''' ({{IPA|de|ˈkʁɛːənbɛʁk}}) waa degmo ka tirsan deegaanka [[Südwestpfalz]], ee [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], galbeedka [[Jarmalka]]. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Krahenberg}} copxa6mq0ybd74140icgybk0ldbxfb7 0 51940 307366 2026-09-07T11:03:21Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307366 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = DEU Kraiburg COA.svg |image_photo = Krg brunnen.jpg |image_caption = Beerta suuqa ee Kraiburg |coordinates = {{coord|48|11|N|12|26|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Kraiburg am Inn in MÜ.svg |state = |region = Oberbayern |district = Mühldorf am Inn |Verwaltungsgemeinschaft = Kraiburg am Inn |elevation = 462 |area = 27.56 |postal_code = 84559 |area_code = 08638 |licence = MÜ |Gemeindeschlüssel = 09 1 83 124 |website = [http://www.markt-kraiburg.de www.markt-kraiburg.de] |mayor = Petra Jackl<ref>[https://www.statistik.bayern.de/wahlen/kommunalwahlen/bgm/ Liste der ersten Bürgermeister/Oberbürgermeister in kreisangehörigen Gemeinden], [[Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik]], 15 July 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2020&ndash;26 |party = CSU }} '''Kraiburg''' waa [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan deegaanka [[Mühldorf (district)|Mühldorf]] ee [[Bavaria]] ee [[Jarmalka]]. Waxay ku taal webiga [[Inn (river)|Inn]]. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} t8d1nqdafkz1g8u3pxpjax044jg40eg 0 51941 307367 2026-09-07T11:05:05Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307367 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German place |type = Stadt |image_photo = |image_coa = DEU Kranichfeld COA.png |coordinates = {{coord|50|51|N|11|12|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Kranichfeld in AP.png |state = |district = Weimarer Land |Verwaltungsgemeinschaft = Kranichfeld |elevation = 301 |area = 23.1 |postal_code = 99446–99448 |area_code = 036450 |licence = AP |Gemeindeschlüssel = 16 0 71 046 |divisions = 3 |website = [http://www.kranichfeld.de/ www.kranichfeld.de] |mayor = Jörg Bauer<ref>[https://wahlen.thueringen.de/datenbank/wahl1/wahl.asp?wahlart=BM&wJahr=0000&zeigeErg=LAND&auswertung=2 Gewählte Bürgermeister - aktuelle Landesübersicht], Freistaat Thüringen, accessed 10 November 2022.</ref> |leader_term = 2022&ndash;28 |party = }} '''Kranichfeld''' ({{IPA|de|ˈkʁaːnɪçˌfɛlt|-|De-Kranichfeld.ogg}}) waa magaalo ka tirsan deegaanka [[Weimarer Land]], ee [[Thuringia]]. Waxay ku taal webiga [[Ilm (Thuringia)|Ilm]], 18&nbsp;km koonfur-bari ka xigta [[Erfurt]], iyo 16&nbsp;km koonfur-galbeed ka xigta [[Weimar]]. ==Taariikhda== Gudaha [[German Empire]] (1871-1918), Kranichfeld waxay qeyb ka ahayd [[Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach]]. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} 8rv3az48ipbf1lemqxsq7upp3vkz14l 0 51942 307369 2026-09-07T11:08:20Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307369 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_photo = |image_coa = |coordinates = {{coord|51|1|2|N|10|16|12|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Krauthausen in WAK.png |state = |district = Wartburgkreis |Verwaltungsgemeinschaft = Hainich-Werratal |elevation = 230 |area = 18.48 |postal_code = 99819 |area_code = 036926 |licence = WAK |Gemeindeschlüssel = 16 0 63 046 |mayor = Frank Moenke<ref>[https://wahlen.thueringen.de/datenbank/wahl1/wahl.asp?wahlart=BM&wJahr=0000&zeigeErg=LAND&auswertung=2 Gewählte Bürgermeister - aktuelle Landesübersicht], Freistaat Thüringen, accessed 14 July 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2021&ndash;27 }} '''Krauthausen''' waa [[Municipalities in Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan deegaanka [[Wartburgkreis]] ee [[Thuringia]], [[Jarmalka]]. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} 61zay6a26beyywtzrpfeivexr6o5wdg 0 51943 307370 2026-09-07T11:10:02Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307370 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = |coordinates = {{coord|53|38|N|11|04|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Krembz_in_NWM 2011.svg |state = |district = Nordwestmecklenburg |Amt = Gadebusch |elevation = 60 |area = 39.06 |postal_code = 19205 |area_code = 03886, 038876, 038853 |licence = NWM |Gemeindeschlüssel = 13 0 74 043 |mayor = Werner Guschewski }} '''Krembz''' waa degmo ka tirsan deegaanka [[Nordwestmecklenburg]], ee [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]], [[Jarmalka]]. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} tf2jmmqkwl158hbrxvp169oqtnpvo2f 0 51944 307371 2026-09-07T11:12:18Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307371 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = |coordinates = {{coord|51|36|00|N|13|40|00|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Kremitzaue in EE.png |state = |district = Elbe-Elster |Amt = Schlieben |elevation = 90 |area = 23.41 |postal_code = 04936 |area_code = 035361 |licence = EE, FI, LIB |Gemeindeschlüssel = 12 0 62 282 |divisions = 3 [[Ortsteil]]e |mayor = Reinhard Claus<ref>[https://wahlen.brandenburg.de/wahlen/de/kommunalwahlen/ergebnisse/buergermeisterwahlen/ergebnisse/~12062000 Landkreis Elbe-Elster Wahl der Bürgermeisterin / des Bürgermeisters]. Retrieved 27 June 2024.</ref> |leader_term = 2024&ndash;29 |party = }} '''Kremitzaue''' waa [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan deegaanka [[Elbe-Elster]], ee [[Brandenburg]], [[Jarmalka]]. ==Taariikhda== Laga soo bilaabo 1815 ilaa 1944, deegaanada ka kooban Kremitzaue waxay qeyb ka ahaayeen [[Prussia]]n [[Province of Saxony]]. Laga soo bilaabo 1944 ilaa 1945, waxay qeyb ka ahaayeen Gobolka [[Halle-Merseburg]]. Laga soo bilaabo 1952 ilaa 1990, waxay qeyb ka ahaayeen [[Bezirk Cottbus]] ee [[East Germany]]. Diseembar 31, 2001, degmada Kremitzaue waxaa la aas-aasay iyadoo la mideeyay degmooyinkii Kolochau, Malitschkendorf iyo Polzen. == Tirada dadka == [[File:Bevölkerungsentwicklung Kremitzaue.pdf|thumb|left|Horumarinta dadweynaha ilaa 1875 ee ku dhex jirta xuduudaha hadda (Xariiqda Buluuga ah: Dadweynaha; Xariiqda dhibcaha leh: Isbarbardhigga horumarinta dadweynaha ee gobolka Brandenburg; Asalka Grey: Waqtiga xukunka Naadiga; Asalka Casaanka ah: Waqtiga xukunka Shuuciga)]] {| |+style="background:#ffefcf; border: 1pt grey solid;" |'''Kremitzaue: <br>Horumarinta dadweynaha ee ku dhex jirta xuduudaha hadda (2013)'''<ref>Ilo-wareedyada xogta faahfaahsan waxaa laga helaa Wikimedia Commons.[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Population_projection_Brandenburg Qiyaasta Dadweynaha Brandenburg ee Wikimedia Commons]</ref> | valign="top" | {| class="wikitable" style="border: 1pt grey solid" ! style="background:#ffefcf;" | Sannadka ! style="background:#ffefcf;" | Dadweynaha |- |style="background:#ffefcf" |1875 || align=right | 1 060 |- |style="background:#ffefcf" |1890 || align=right | 1 060 |- |style="background:#ffefcf" |1910 || align=right | 1 070 |- |style="background:#ffefcf" |1925 || align=right | 1 067 |- |style="background:#ffefcf" |1933 || align=right | 1 129 |- |style="background:#ffefcf" |1939 || align=right | 1 116 |- |style="background:#ffefcf" |1946 || align=right | 1 532 |- |style="background:#ffefcf" |1950 || align=right | 1 469 |- |style="background:#ffefcf" |1964 || align=right | 1 211 |- |style="background:#ffefcf" |1971 || align=right | 1 194 |- |} | valign="top" | {| class="wikitable" style="border: 1pt grey solid" ! style="background:#ffefcf;" | Sannadka ! style="background:#ffefcf;" | Dadweynaha |- |style="background:#ffefcf" |1981 || align=right | 1 143 |- |style="background:#ffefcf" |1985 || align=right | 1 104 |- |style="background:#ffefcf" |1989 || align=right | 1 028 |- |style="background:#ffefcf" |1990 || align=right | 1 024 |- |style="background:#ffefcf" |1991 || align=right | 1 081 |- |style="background:#ffefcf" |1992 || align=right | 1 114 |- |style="background:#ffefcf" |1993 || align=right | 1 248 |- |style="background:#ffefcf" |1994 || align=right | 1 245 |- |style="background:#ffefcf" |1995 || align=right | 1 238 |- |style="background:#ffefcf" |1996 || align=right | 1 232 |- |} | valign="top" | {| class="wikitable" style="border: 1pt grey solid" ! style="background:#ffefcf;" | Sannadka ! style="background:#ffefcf;" | Dadweynaha |- |style="background:#ffefcf" |1997 || align=right | 1 236 |- |style="background:#ffefcf" |1998 || align=right | 1 247 |- |style="background:#ffefcf" |1999 || align=right | 1 026 |- |style="background:#ffefcf" |2000 || align=right | 1 018 |- |style="background:#ffefcf" |2001 || align=right | 1 021 |- |style="background:#ffefcf" |2002 || align=right | 1 033 |- |style="background:#ffefcf" |2003 || align=right | 1 018 |- |style="background:#ffefcf" |2004 || align=right | 995 |- |style="background:#ffefcf" |2005 || align=right | 989 |- |style="background:#ffefcf" |2006 || align=right | 976 |- |} | valign="top" | {| class="wikitable" style="border: 1pt grey solid" ! style="background:#ffefcf;" | Sannadka ! style="background:#ffefcf;" | Dadweynaha |- |style="background:#ffefcf" |2007 || align=right | 962 |- |style="background:#ffefcf" |2008 || align=right | 947 |- |style="background:#ffefcf" |2009 || align=right | 930 |- |style="background:#ffefcf" |2010 || align=right | 921 |- |style="background:#ffefcf" |2011 || align=right | 876 |- |style="background:#ffefcf" |2012 || align=right | 865 |- |style="background:#ffefcf" |2013 || align=right | 830 |- |style="background:#ffefcf" |2014 || align=right | 828 |- |style="background:#ffefcf" |2015 || align=right | 809 |- |style="background:#ffefcf" |2016 || align=right | 803 |- |} |} ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} ds4ixbmbpntb5lp985u495cx870hfom