Wikipedia sowiki https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogga_Hore MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.19 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Portal Portal talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1515 307660 303504 2026-09-09T17:44:25Z Soalt 39618 template:Dalalka Afrika 307660 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Ogaadeen | native_name = أوغادين | native_name_lang = <!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --> | settlement_type = | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag =Flag of Ogaden National Liberation Front(2).svg | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Ogaden Map.jpg | map_alt = | map_caption = Meesha Ogaadeeniya ka dhacdo Itoobiya | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | latd = |latm = |lats = |latNS = | longd = |longm = |longs = |longEW = | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_type = | coordinates_display = inline,title | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Gobol | subdivision_name = Ogaden | subdivision_type1 = | subdivision_name1 = | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type = | seat = | government_footnotes = | leader_party = | leader_title = | leader_name = | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 327068 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = | population_total = 5,148,989 | population_as_of = July 2012 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone1 = | utc_offset1 = | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:ET|ET-SO]] | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | footnotes = }} '''Ogaadeen''' (loogu dhawaaqo ''Ogadēn''; {{lang-en|''Ogaden''}}, {{lang-am|ኦጋዴን}}) ama '''Huwan''' waa deegaan ku yaallaa dhulka [[Soomaali Galbeed]] kaasi oo ay degaan [[Soomaali|Dad Soomaali]] ah. Deegaanka Huwan ama Ogaadeeniya waa ilaa 200,000 square kilometres, taasi oo xad la leh [[Itoobiya]], [[Djibouti]], iyo [[Kenya]].<ref>Gebru Tareke, "The Ethiopia-Somalia War of 1977 Revisited," in Board of Trustees, Boston University, ''The International Journal of African Historical Studies''. Boston University African Studies Center, 2000, p. 636.</ref> Intaasi waxaa dheer, magaalooyinka ugu caansan waxaa ka mid ah [[Jigjiga]], [[Dhagaxbuur]], [[Godey]], [[Qabri Dahar]], [[Fiiq]], Shilavo, Kelafo, [[Wardheer]] iyo Danaan.<ref>Ayele Gebre-Mariam, [http://www.nccr-north-south.unibe.ch/publications/Infosystem/On-line%20Dokumente/Upload/AGM_CriticalIssueLand.pdf ''The Critical Issue of Land Ownership''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nccr-north-south.unibe.ch/publications/Infosystem/On-line%20Dokumente/Upload/AGM_CriticalIssueLand.pdf |date=20200303173436 }} Working Paper No. 2 (Bern: NCCR North-South, 2005), p. 12 (accessed 19 January 2009)</ref> ==Taariikh== [[Image:Somali Region Map.svg|thumb|right|Maabka Itoobiya oo muujinaya gobolka Waqooyi-Galbeed.]] ==Maamulka Gobolka== Soomaali Galbeed ama '''dowlad deeggaanka Soomaalida''' [[DDS]]. waa Ismaamul goboleed oo ku hoos jira gumeysiga Xabashida[[Itoobiya]].maamulkaan woxoo leeyahay madax iyo ciidan u gooni ah waxoon ku yaalaa [[Geeska Afrika]].Ismaamulka Soomaali galbeed waxee daris latahay gobollada [[Woqooyi]]ga,[[Bari (Jiho)|bariga]], iyo [[Koonfur]]ta.Koonfur galbeed neh waxaa xigo dalka [[kenya]], galbeedka neh gobolada itoobiya.Ogadenia waxee ka midtahay dhulka [[Soomaaliya]].Ogadenia waxee leedahay taariikh aad u dheer. gumeestihii ingriiska ayaa soo gumeestay dhamaadkii 1890ki, waxaana la dhihi jiray ingriiska somaliland, waxoona ku daray dalka itoobiya 1897. ingriiska markale ayoo isku dayay in oo ka soo saaro ogadenia dalka itoobiya,waa markii oo ingiriiska iyo talyaaniga ee wada shaqeen ee sameeyeen, sida ee gobolada soomaalida u miday lahaayeen. [[Dagaalkii Labaad ee Aduunka]] itoobiya waxee isku dayday in ee qaadato, dhulka [[Eratareya]] iyo ogadenia. ingriiska dhul yar ayoo ka qaatay ogadenia oo ka bilaawdo, magaalada [[haud]] ilaa fransiiska somaliland oo hatta la dhoho [[Jabuuti]]. ingriiska dhulkaas ma ku darin itoobiya ilaa sanadka marka oo ahaa 1954tii. 1977 ayaa waxaa dhacday, dagaalkii xoreenta Soomaali galbeed, waa markii ee itoobiya dhibaateysay shacabka ogadenia, waagaas itoobiya waxee iskugu wici jirtay libaaxyada afrika, laakiin madaxweynihii soomaaliya [[Maxamed Siyaad Barre]] oo dhalasho ahaan ka soo jeedo dhulka soomaali galbeed ayaa aad uuga xumaaday, dhibaatada ee itoobiyaanka ku haayeen dhulkaas, waa markii oo duulaan ku qaaday itoobiya.ciidamada Soomaaliya, ayaa isku dayay, in ee itoobiya ka bixiyaan dhulka ogadenia. ciidmada soomaaliya waxee markaas gacanta ku haayeen dhulka ogadenia oo dhan, caasimada addis ababa waxyar ee u jireen. aduunka marka oo arkay, itoobiya oo dhamaaneeso ayaa waxaa garab siiyay wadamada [[Ruushka]] oo markaas ahaa [[Midowga Sofiyet]],[[Kuuba]] iyo [[Koonfur Yemen]]. ciidamada soviet unionka ayaa askarta somalida dib u celiyay, markii ee XDS ee dareemeen in ee ku aadin ciidamada ruushka, dhaqaalihii neh oo ku yaraaday. qaar ka mid ah ciidamada xooga ayaa sii joogay dhulka soomaali galbeed, ayaga oo wadaniyad ka muuqato, waxeena la dagaalamaayeen ciidamada shisheeye iyo kuwa itoobiyaanka. ==Sidoo kale fiiri== *[[Soomaali Galbeed]] *[[Soomaali|Beelaha Soomaalida]] ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} {{Commons|Category:Somali Ethiopian}} [[Category:soomaali]] [[Category:Soomaali galbeed]] {{Dalalka Afrika}} 3lqr253azd4iuw0yljnx7cb5ayuftqi 0 1815 307682 289292 2026-09-09T18:14:18Z Soalt 39618 tixraac iyo Category:Wadamada Aasiya 307682 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|21|N|78|E|region:IN_type:country_source:dewiki|display=title}} {{Dalalka |native_name = Hindiya |conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Hindiya |common_name = Hindiya |qaarada = |sawir_calan = Flag_of_India.svg |astaan_calan = [[Vande Mataram]]''<small><br />"Waa kuu sujuudaa Hooyo"</small> |image_map = India_in_its_region_(disputed).svg |caasimada = [[New Delhi]] |luuqadaha = [[Hindi]] iyo [[Ingriis]] |Dawladda = Hindiya |darajo_hogaamiye1 =[[Madaxweyne]] |darajo_hogaamiye2 = [[Ra'iisul wasaare]] |magac_hogaamiye1 = Droupadi Murmu |magac_hogaamiye2 = [[Narendra Modi]] | GDP_PPP_year = 2017 | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $22,425<ref name="">IMF database 2017</ref>. | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = $3.885 Trillion<ref name="">IMF database 2018</ref>. | GDP_nominal_year = 2024 | GDP_nominal_rank = | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $22,550<ref name="">IMF database 2019</ref> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = |sovereignty_type = Ka xoroobey |sovereignty_note = Gumeystihii [[Ingiriis]]ka |established_event1 = Taakiikh |established_date1 = 15 [[agoosto]], 1947 |area = 3,287,240 km2 |areami² = 1,269,210 |biyo = 9.56 |population_estimate = 1,182,023,000 |population_estimate_year = [[2009]] |lacagta = Ruubi hindiyaga |wakhti = (UTC+5:30) |furaha_debeda = 91 |footnote1 = |footnote2 = }} [[W:es:India]][[W:Tr: Hindistan]][[W:fr:Inde]][[W:it:India]] '''[[Hindiya]]''' ama [[Bharat]] Waa dalka ugu weyn tirada dadka[11] iyo dalka toddobaad ee ugu weyn dhul ahaan. Hindiya waa jasiirad, oo ay xad la wadaagto Badweynta Bharatia ee koonfurta, Badda Carabta ee koonfur-galbeed, iyo Bay of Bengal ee koonfur-bari. Waxay leedahay lix deris: ''[[Pakistan]] '' oo waqooyi-galbeed ah, '''[[Shiinaha]] ''' , [[Nepal]], iyo [[Bhutan]] oo waqooyi ah, iyo ''[[Bangladesh]]'' iyo [[Myanmar]] oo bari ah. ''[[Sri Lanka]]'' waxay u dhowdahay dhanka koonfureed.!! [[File:Athirappilly Waterfalls after the Monsoons.jpg|thumb|right|400px|]] [[File:Cochin_International_Airport_Terminal_3_departure_area,_23_May_2017_(2).jpg|thumb|right|400px|]] [[File:INS_Vikrant_under_construction_at_Cochin_Shipyard.png|thumb|right|400px|]] [[File:Parotta_1.jpg|thumb|right|400px|]] '''Jamhuuriyadda [[Hindiya]]''' waa wadan ku yaala [[Aasiya]] waana wadanka Aduunka ugu dadka tirada badan marka laga reebo Shiinaha. Wadanka waxoo xuduud la leeyahay, wadamada [[Bakistaan]], '''[[Shiinaha]]''', [[Nebal]], [[Butaan]], Bangladesh iyo [[Burma]]. Dhinaca xeebaha neh waxoo xuduud la leeyahay wadamada ''[[Siri Laanka]]'', Jasiirada Maldiif, iyo Indonesia. Magaalo madaxda wadanka waa [[New Delhi]]. Wadanka Hindiya waxaa degan dad gaaraayo in ka badan 1+ Biliyan oo qof, waxaana lagu hadlaa luqado gaareeso in kabadan 100af. Hindiya waa wadanka afaraad oo ugu ganacsiga badan aduunka. Isku-duwaha '''[[Hindiya]]''' wuxuu ku noolaa magaalada '''[[Indus Valley Civilization]]''' ee Bilihii 3-aad ee BCE. Miliicda soo socota, qoraallada ugu da'da yar ee la xidhiidha Hinduism ayaa bilaabay inuu ka koobmo. Dhaqanka bulshada, oo ku saleysan calaamad, ayaa ka soo baxay kumanaankii kowaad ee BCE, Buddhism iyo Jainism ayaa kacday. Iskudhicii hore ee siyaasadeed ayaa ka dhacay Maurya iyo Gupta; boqortooyooyinka badhtamihii u danbeeyay waxay saameyn ku yeesheen dhaqanka illaa bariga Asia. Xilligii dhexe, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Kiristaanka, iyo Islaamka ayaa yimid, iyo Sikhism soo baxday, kuwaas oo intaa ku daray in dhaqanka kala duwan ee gobolka. Inta badan waqooyiga waxay ku dhufteen Sultanate Sultanate; Koonfureed waxay ku midoobeen Boqortooyada Vijayanagara. Dhaqaalaha ayaa balaariyay qarnigii 17aad ee Mughal Empire. Qarniga bartamihii 18-aad, ayaa hoos-u-dhac ku yimid xukunka British East India Company, iyo bartamihii 19-aad ee hoos-u-dhigga xukunka Britishka. Dhaqdhaqaaqa wadaniga ah ayaa soo ifbaxay qarnigii 19aad, kaas oo markii danbe Mahatma Gandhi loo aqoonsaday inuu yahay is-diidmo aan toos ahayn oo horseeday madaxbannaanida Hindiya 1947. Sannadkii 2017, dhaqaalaha India wuxuu ahaa kii lixaad ee adduunka ugu weyn ee soo gala GDP iyo saddexaadna ugu weyn iyada oo la iibsanayo sinaanta awoodda. Ka dib markii dib loo habeeyay dhaqaalaha suuqa ee sannadkii 1991, [[Hindiya]] waxay noqotay mid ka mid ah dhaqaalaha ugu wayn ee koraya, waxaana loo tixgeliyaa waddan cusub oo warshad leh. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay sii wadi doontaa caqabadaha saboolnimada, musuqmaasuqa, nafaqo-xumada, iyo daryeel caafimaad oo aan ku filnayn. Dawlad hubka nukliyeerka ah iyo awoodda gobolka, waxa uu leeyahay ciidanka labaad ee ugu weyn dunida oo dhan, waxana uu ku jiraa shanaad kharashka militari ee ka dhex jira quruumaha. Hindiya waa Jamhuuriyad Federaali ah oo ay maamusho nidaamka baarlamaanku waxayna ka kooban tahay 29 dawladood iyo 7 dhul-beereed. Waa jaaliyado badan oo kala duwan, jinsiyado kala duwan iyo jinsiyado kala duwan, waxayna sidoo kale ku nool yihiin noocyo kala duwan oo duur joog ah oo ku yaal deegaanno kala duwan. == Taariikh == Hindiya waxee leedahay Taariikh aad u dheer. wadanka waxuu jiri jiray kumanaan sano kahor. Gumeestihii ingriiska ayaa soo gumeestay Hindiya iyo pakistaan, markooda hore waxee ahaayeen hal wadan. waxeenaxornimada qateen1947kii, waa markii ee Bakistaan iyo Bangladesh ee ka go'day Hindiya.pakistan waxee hindiya ooga go'day kala duwanaashaha diinta. Hindiya waa wadan laga caabudo hindu, pakistaana waa wadan muslimiinta ku badanyihiin labada qeebood dagaalo badan ayaa dhexmaray sanado badan. Kadib sanadka marka uu ahaa 1948kii ilaa 49kii, Hindiya iyo pakistaan waxaa ka dhex jiray dagaalo dagaaladaas oo sabab u eheed kala qeebintii Gobolka Kashmir. Luqada ugu ween oo Hindiya looga hadlo waa af hindi iyo luuqada ingriiska Wadanka Hindiya waxaa laga caabudaa Lo'da became India's first prime minister in 1947. [[Mahatma Gandhi]] (right) led the independence movement.]] == siyaasiinta == doorashaddii ka dhacday hindiya 2007ii, waxaa madaxtinimada ku guuleestay, abuukaataha [[Pratibha Patil]], waa naagta ugu horeeysay oo madaxweyne ka noqotay, wadanka Hindiya. == Dhaqanka == Hindida waxee Khatar kuyihiin film soo saarka iyo heesaha, waxeena ka midyihiin kuwa aduunka ugu film soo saarka badan. Filmaha hindida waxaa badanaa aduunka looga yaqaanaa, [[Bollywood]]. Waxee isku magac egyihiin Hollywood laakiin [[Bollywood]] waxee soo saartaa filmada hindida kaliya. heesaha iyo filmaha hindida waxoo ka koobanyahay Jaceel. filmada hindida waxaa laga daawadaa wadamo badan oo ku yaalo [[Aasiya]] iyo geeska afrika, gaar ahaan, somalida oo xiiseeso. Dhaqanka hindida waa dhaqaan heeso badan iyo ciyaar badan, hindida xitaa iyagu aya kala garenaynin dhamaantooda. == Juquraafi == Hindiya goboladeeda dhinaca woqooi bari, waxaa kaga dhagan (Himalaaya) qeebaha kale ee woqooyiga, dhaxbartanka ilaa dhinaca bariga waxaa ka baxo beero aad u badan oo dalag faro badan laga gurto. Dhinaca galbeedka oo xuduudka pakistaan kaga dhegenyahay waxaa ku yaalo [[saxaarada dahaar]], Koonfurta wadanka waa meel baadiyo ah. Wadanka Hindiya waxuu leeyahay wabiyaal aad u badan oo waaweyn iyo Jasiirado markooda hore ka sameesmay fulkaano. ==Boqolkiiba IMF== 2.9% <ref>http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2009-09/16/content_8696547.htm</ref>. ==Xubin== * [[ADB]]*` * [[AIIB]]*` * [[UNICEF]]*` * [[UNESCO]]*` *''[[Bankiga Aduunka]]''* *` *'''[[Qaramada Midoobay]]'''* *` *[[Liiska madaxda gobolada Hindiya]] ==sido kale fiiri== *[[Luqadaha Hindika]] *[[India visa Dalalka]] * [[Howrah Bridge]] =Tixraac= {{reflist}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} [[Category:Hindiya]] [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] {{commons|‎India‏}} atgw5hepxq20gu4pxp26p8epwcnl9f8 0 1816 307622 295432 2026-09-09T16:35:11Z Soalt 39618 Category:Wadamada Afrika 307622 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Itoobiya''' , oo si rasmi ah u ah '''Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Federaalka Itoobiya''' , waa dal aan bad lahayn oo ku yaalla gobolka Geeska Afrika ee Bariga [[Afrika]] . Waxa ay xuduud la wadaagtaa [[Eratareya|Eritereeya]] dhanka waqooyi, [[Jabuuti]] dhanka waqooyi-bari, [[Soomaaliya]] dhanka bari, [[Kenya]] dhanka koonfureed, [[Koonfur Suudaan]] dhanka galbeed, iyo [[Suudaan]] dhanka waqooyi-galbeed. Itoobiya waxay daboolaysaa bedka dhul dhan 1,104,300 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (426,400 sq mi). Laga bilaabo 2024 , waxay leedahay ku dhawaad ​​​​128 milyan oo qof, taasoo ka dhigaysa waddanka saddex iyo tobnaad ee ugu dadka badan adduunka, kan labaad ee ugu dadka badan [[Afrika]] marka laga reebo [[Nayjeeriya|Naajeeriya]] , iyo waddanka ugu dadka badan ee aan bad lahayn ee Dunida. Caasimadda qaranka iyo magaalada ugu weyn, [[Addis Ababa]] , waxay dhacdaa dhowr kiilo mitir galbeed ka xigta Bariga Afrika ee Rift ee u kala qaybiya dalka oo u kala qaybiya taarikada Afrika iyo [[Soomaaliya]] . {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Federaalka Itoobiya | common_name = Ethiopia | native_name = {{collapsible list | titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:86%; | title = luqadaha kale ee rasmiga ah | {{Infobox | subbox=yes | bodystyle=font-size:77%;font-weight:normal; | rowclass1 = mergedrow | label1 = [[Somali language|Somali]]: | data1 = {{lang|so|Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Federaalka Itoobiya}} | label2 = [[Afar language|Afar]]: | data2 = {{lang|aa|Itiyoppiya Federalih Demokrasih Ummuno}} | rowclass3 = mergedrow | label3 = [[Amharic]]: | data3 = {{lang|am|የኢትዮጵያ ፌዴራላዊ ዴሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ}}{{Efn|group=lower-alpha|<small>Romanized:</small> ''Ye'Ītyop'iya Fēdēralawī Dēmokrasīyawī Rīpeblīk''}} | rowclass3 = mergedrow | label4 = [[Oromo language|Oromo]]: | data4 = {{lang|om|Rippabliikii Federaalawaa Dimokraatawaa Itoophiyaa}} | rowclass6 = mergedrow | rowclass6 = mergedrow | label6 = [[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]]: | data6 = {{lang|ti|ናይኢትዮጵያ ፌዴራላዊ ዴሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ}}{{Efn|group=lower-alpha|<small>Romanized:</small> ''Nayəʾitəyop̣əya Federalawi Demokərasiyawi Ripsäbəlikə''}} }} }} | p1 = | flag_p1 = Flag of Ethiopia (1991-1996).svg| | image_flag = Flag of Ethiopia.svg | image_coat = Emblem of Ethiopia.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_anthem = <br />{{lang|am|ወደፊት ገስግሺ ፣ ውድ እናት ኢትዮጵያ}}<br />"Wedefīt Gesigishī Wid Inat ītiyop’iy<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:Wedefit Gesgeshi Widd Innat Ittyoppya.ogg]]}}</div> | image_map = Ethiopia (Africa orthographic projection).svg | capital = [[Addis Ababa]] | largest_city = Addis Ababa | coordinates = {{Coord|9|1|N|38|45|E|type:city}} | official_languages = {{Collapsible list | title = {{nobold|'''Liiska''' <ref name="africa.upenn.edu">{{Cite web|url=https://www.africa.upenn.edu/Hornet/Ethiopian_Constitution.html|title=Ethiopian Constitution |website=www.africa.upenn.edu}}</ref>{{efn|Through Article 5 of the [[Constitution of Ethiopia]], which recognizes all Ethiopian languages equally, with Afan Oromo, Amharic, Somali, Tigrinya, used as working languages of regions.}}}} | [[Af Oromo|Oromo]] | [[Amharic]] | [[Af Soomaali|Soomaali]] | [[Af-Tigrinya|Tigrinya]] | [[Af-Cafari|Afar]] }} | languages_type = ''' Luuqadaha shaqada ''' | ethnic_groups = {{plainlist| * 34.5% [[Oromo|Oromo]] * 26.9% [[Amhara|Amhara]] * 6.2% [[Soomaali|Somali]] * 6.1% [[Tigrayans|Tigrayan]] * 4.0% [[Sidama|Sidama]] * 2.5% [[dadka Gurage |Gurage]] * 2.3% [[Welayta |Welayta]] * 1.7% [[Hadiya |Hadiya]] * 1.7% [[Afar |Afar]] * 1.5% [[Gamo|Gamo]] * 12.6% [[Liiska qoomiyadaha Itoobiya|Kuwa kale ]]}} | languages_sub = haa | languages = [[Amharic]]<ref name="africa.upenn.edu">{{Cite web|url=https://www.africa.upenn.edu/Hornet/Ethiopian_Constitution.html|title=Ethiopian Constitution |website=www.africa.upenn.edu}}</ref> | languages2_type = {{nowrap|'''[[Afka gobolka]]'''}} | languages2 = ''[[Luuqadaha Itoobiya#Luuqadaha|hoos ka daawo]]'' | ethnic_groups_year = 2007<ref name="CSA">{{cite web|title=Table 2.2 Percentage distribution of major ethnic groups: 2007|page=16|url=http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_firstdraft.pdf|work=Summary and Statistical Report of the 2007 Population and Housing Census Results|publisher=Population Census Commission|access-date=14 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325050115/http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_firstdraft.pdf|archive-date=25 March 2009}}</ref><ref name="2007Census" /> | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space; |{{Tree list}} * 67.3% [[Christianity in Ethiopia|Christianity]] ** 43.8% [[Ethiopian Orthodox Church|Ethiopian Orthodoxy]] ** 22.8% [[P'ent'ay]] ** 0.7% other [[Christians|Christian]] {{Tree list/end}} |31.3% [[Islam in Ethiopia|Islam]] |0.6% [[Traditional African religion|traditional faiths]] |0.8% [[Religion in Ethiopia|others]]/[[Irreligion|none]] }} | religion_year = 2016<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethiopia- The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ethiopia/#people-and-society |website=www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/ |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) |access-date=19 July 2021 |archive-date=21 Bisha Afraad 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421154941/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ethiopia/#people-and-society |url-status=dead }}</ref> | border_p2 = Eritea, Kenya, Sudan, South Sudan, Djibouti, Somalia | demonym = [[Xabashida|Itoobiyaan]] | government_type = [[Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka|Federaal]] [[jamhuuriyadda baarlamaanka]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://globalafrica.isp.msu.edu/files/5015/5916/5319/TedVestal.pdf|title=Zenawism as ethnic-federalism}}</ref> oo hoos [[timaada]] dawladd awood leh <ref>{{Cite web |title=Itoobiya ma Dimuqraadi baa? Nidaam maamul oo madax banaan|url=https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/a-bureaucratic-authoritarian-regime/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Journal of Democracy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Itoobiya: Xorriyadda Adduunka 2021 Warbixinta Dalka|url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/ethiopia/freedom-world/2021 |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=Freedom House |language=en}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[Madaxweynaha Itoobiya|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Taye Atske Selassie]] | leader_title2 = [[Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Itoobiya|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name2 = [[Abiy Axmed]] | leader_title3 = [[Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Itoobiya#Ra'iisul wasaare ku xigeenka Itoobiya|Deputy Ra’iisul Wasaare ku xigeeno]] | leader_name3 = [[Temesgen Tiruneh]]<br>[[Adem Faarax]] | leader_title4 = [[Maxkamadda Sare ee Federaalka Itoobiya|Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Federaalka]] | leader_name4 = [[Tewodros Mihret]] | legislature = [[Golaha Baarlamaanka Federaalka]] | upper_house = [[Golaha Federaalka]] | lower_house = [[Golaha Wakiillada Shacabka]] | sovereignty_type = [[Taariikhda Itoobiya|Sameenta]] | established_date1 = 980 BC | established_event1 = [[Dʿmt]] | established_date2 = 400 BC | established_event2 = [[Boqortooyada Aksum]] | established_date3 = 1270 | established_event3 = [[Boqortooyada Itoobiya]] | established_date4 = 7 May 1769 | established_event4 = ''[[Zemene Mesafint]]'' | established_date5 = 11 February 1855 | established_event5 = [[Zemene Mesafint#End of Zemene Mesafint era|Dib u midayn]] | established_date6 = 1904 | established_event6 = [[Menelik II#Qabsashadii dawladaha jaarka ah iyo jabkii Talyaaniga|Xukun-ururin]] | established_date7 = 9 May 1936 | established_event7 = [[Talyaaniga Itoobiya|La qabsaday oo lagu daray]] galay [[Talyaaniga Bariga Afrika]] | established_date8 = 31 January 1942 | established_event8 = [[Heshiiskii Ingiriiska iyo Itoobiya]] | established_date9 = 12 September 1974 | established_event9 = [[Derg]] | established_date10 = 22 Febraayo1987 | established_event10 = [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Shacabka Itoobiya|Dadka Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ah]] | established_date11 = 28 May 1991 | established_event11 = [[Dowlada ku meel gaadhka ah ee itoobiya|Dowlad ku meel gaar ah]] | established_date12 = 21 Ogosto 1995 | established_event12 = [[Dastuurka Itoobiya|Dastuurka hadda jira]] | area_km2 = 1,104,300 | area_rank = 26aad <!-- Should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 426,373 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> | percent_water = 0.7 | population_estimate = [[File:Increase Neutral.svg|12px|border]] 109,499,000<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ess.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/Projected_Population-2024.pdf |title=Population Size by Sex, Area and Density by Region, Zone and Wereda: July 2024 |website=ess.gov.et |publisher=Ethiopian Statistical Service (ESS) |access-date=2025-06-03 }}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 10aad | population_density_km2 = 92.7 | population_density_sq_mi = 240.1 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> | population_density_rank = 123aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $434.44 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.ET">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=644,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (Ethiopia) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=16 April 2024 |access-date=17 April 2024}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2024 | GDP_PPP_rank = 55aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $4,050<ref name="IMFWEO.ET" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 159aad | GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $145.03 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.ET" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2024 | GDP_nominal_rank = 59aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $1,350<ref name="IMFWEO.ET" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 159aad | Gini = 35.0 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2015 | Gini_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |title=Gini Index coefficient |publisher=CIA World Factbook |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=17 Bisha Todobaad 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717071854/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison |url-status=dead }}</ref> | HDI = 0.497 <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year --> | HDI_change = increase <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2023/24|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=13 March 2024|access-date=13 March 2024}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 180aad | currency = [[Itoobiyaan birr|Birr]] | currency_code = ETB | time_zone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | drives_on = Sax | calling_code = [[+251]] | cctld = [[.et]] }} Bini'aadamka casriga ah ayaa ka soo baxay Itoobiya-da casriga ah waxayna u ambabaxeen Bariga dhow iyo meelo kale oo ah xilligii Paleolithic ee Dhexe . 980 BC, Boqortooyada D'mt waxay ku fidisay dhulkeeda [[Ereteriya]] iyo gobolka waqooyi ee Itoobiya, halka Boqortooyada Aksum ay ilaalisay ilbaxnimo midaysan gobolka 900 oo sano. Diinta Kiristaanka waxa qabsatay boqortooyadii 330, Islaamkuna waxa uu yimid Hijrigii ugu horeeyey 615. Burburkii Aksum ka dib 960kii, boqortooyadii Zagwe ayaa ka talinaysay qaybo ka mid ah woqooyiga iyo badhtamaha Itoobiya ilaa 1270 uu afgambiyay Yekuno Amlak , iyada oo la caleemo saaray boqortooyadii Xabashida iyo Boqorada Sulaymaan . Sheba oo uu ka hooseeyo wiilkooda Menelik I. Qarnigii 14-aad, boqortooyadu waxa ay ku kortay haybad iyada oo adeegsanaysa dhul balaadhinta iyo la dagaalanka dhulalka ku xiga; Gaar ahaan, Dagaalkii Xabashida-Adal (1529-1543) wuxuu ka qayb qaatay kala qaybsanaantii boqortooyadii, taasoo aakhirkii ku hoos dhacday maamul-daadejin loo yaqaanay Zemene Mesafint bartamihii qarnigii 18-aad. Imbaraadoor Tewodros II waxa uu soo afjaray Zemene Mesafint bilowgii boqornimadiisa sannadkii 1855kii, isaga oo calaamad u ahaa dib u midaynta iyo casriyaynta Itoobiya. Laga soo bilaabo 1878-dii, Imbaraadoor Menelik II wuxuu qaaday weeraro isdaba joog ah oo loo yaqaannay ballaarinta Menelik , taas oo keentay in la sameeyo xuduudka hadda ee Itoobiya. Dhanka dibadda, dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad, Itoobiya waxay iska difaacday duullaan shisheeye oo ay ka mid yihiin Masar iyo Talyaaniga ; Taasina waxay keentay in Itoobiya ay ilaashato madax-banaanideeda xilligii loollanka Afrika . Sannadkii 1936 kii, Itoobiya waxa qabsaday Talyaanigii Faashiistaha ahaa , waxaanay la darsameen Ereteriya iyo Somaliland oo Talyaanigu haystay , ka dibna wuxuu sameeyay Talyaanigii Bariga Afrika . Sannadkii 1941-kii oo ku beegnayd dagaalkii 2-aad ee adduunka waxa qabsaday ciidammadii Ingiriiska , waxaana dawladnimadiisu si buuxda loo soo celiyay sannadkii 1944-kii ka dib muddo maamul milateri ah . Dergiga oo ahaa dawlad milatari oo uu Midowgii Soofiyeeti taageero ayaa xukunka la wareegay sanadkii 1974-kii ka dib markii uu xukunka ka tuuray Imbaraadoor Xayle Salaase iyo boqortooyadii Sulaymaan, wuxuuna dalka xukumayay ku dhawaad ​​17 sano oo uu socday dagaalkii sokeeye ee Itoobiya . Ka dib burburkii Dergiga 1991-kii, xisbiga EPRDF wuxuu dalka ku qabsaday dastuur cusub iyo federaal ku salaysan qawmiyad . Wixii intaas ka dambeeyay, Itoobiya waxa ay la ildaran tahay isku dhacyo daba dheeraaday oo aan xal loo helin oo u dhexeeya qawmiyadaha iyo xasillooni-darro siyaasadeed oo ay astaan ​​u tahay dib-u-noqoshada dimuqraadiyadda . Laga soo bilaabo 2018, kooxaha gobolka iyo qowmiyadaha ku salaysan waxay qaadeen weeraro hubaysan dagaallo badan oo ka socday guud ahaan Itoobiya . Itoobiya waa dawlad qawmiyad kala duwan leh oo ay ku nool yihiin in ka badan 80 qoomiyadood . Diinta Kiristaanka ayaa ah tan ugu badan ee lagu sheego caqiidada dalka, iyadoo diinta ugu weyni ay tahay Kaniisadda Ortodokska ee Itoobiya. Diinta Kiristaanka ka dib, Itoobiya waxa ku nool tiro aad u tiro yar oo raacsan diinta Islaamka iyo boqolkiiba in yar oo aaminsan diimaha soo jireenka ah . Dawladdan madaxbannaanidu waa xubin aasaase u ah Qaramada Midoobay, Kooxda 24 , Dhaqdhaqaaqa aan Isbahaysiga ahayn , Kooxda 77 , iyo Ururka Midnimada Afrika . Addis Ababa waa xarunta Midowga Afrika , Pan African Chamber of Commerce and Industry , Guddiga Dhaqaalaha Qaramada Midoobay ee Afrika , Ciidanka heeganka ah ee Afrika iyo qaar badan oo ka mid ah ururada aan dawliga ahayn ee caalamiga ah ayaa diiradda saaraya Afrika. Itoobiya waxay xubin buuxda ka noqotay BRICS 2024. Itoobiya waa mid ka mid ah dalalka ugu horumarsan laakiin mararka qaarkood waxaa loo arkaa inay yihiin quwad soo baxaysa , oo leh kobaca dhaqaale ee ugu dhaqsaha badan waddamada ka hooseeya Saxaraha Afrika sababtoo ah maalgashiga tooska ah ee shisheeye ee ballaarinta warshadaha beeraha iyo wax soo saarka; beeralaydu waa qaybta dhaqaalaha ugu wayn ee dalka, waxayna ka yihiin in ka badan 37% wax soo saarka gudaha marka la eego sanadka 2022. Inkasta oo dhaqaalaha Itoobiya uu soo maray kobac joogto ah, marka loo eego dakhliga qofkasta iyo Tusaha Horumarinta Aadanaha dalku waxa uu weli ka mid yahay kuwa ugu saboolsan Afrika. Itoobiya waxa ay wajahday caqabado badan, oo ay ku jiraan heerka saboolnimada oo sarreeya , xad-gudubyada xuquuqul insaanka , takoorka qowmiyadeed oo baahsan , iyo heerka wax-akhris oo dhan 52% ==Asal erayga== Dhaqanku wuxuu qabaa in magaca Itoobiya (Itoobiya) uu ka yimid magaca Boqorkii ugu horreeyay ee Itoobiya, Xabashida, ama Itoobiya . Ayele Berkerie ayaa sharaxaya: Sida dhaqanka Xabashidu qabo, ereyga Itoobiya waxa uu ka soo jeedaa erayga Ethiopis, oo ah magaca boqorka Xabashida, oo ah kan toddobaad ee abtirsiinyada. Metshafe Aksum ama kitaabka Xabashida ee Aksum ayaa Itiopis ku tilmaamaya boqorkii laba iyo tobnaad ee Itoobiya iyo aabbihii Aksumawi. Xabashidu waxay ugu dhawaaqdaa Itoobiya Ityoጵya oo leh Sades ama codka lixaad e sida marka la isku daro oo garaafka ጰ ma laha wax u dhigma oo Ingiriisi iyo Laatiinka ah. Ethiopis waxa la rumaysan yahay inay tahay farcankii laba iyo tobnaad ee tooska ah ee Aadan. Aabihiis waxaa lagu magacaabaa Kush, halka awoowgiisna loo yaqaan Kam. Buuga Geez ee Axum ee qarnigii 15-aad , magaca waxa loo nisbayn jiray shaqsi halyey ah oo la odhan jiray Ityopp'is . Wuxuu ahaa ina Kuush, ina Xaam , oo kitaabka ka baxsan , oo la sheegay inuu aasaasay magaalada Axum . Magaca Giriigga ee Αἰθιοπία (oo ka yimid Αἰθίοψ , "Ethiopian") waa erey isku dhafan, oo markii dambe lagu sharraxay sida laga soo xigtay ereyada Giriigga αἴθω iyo ὤψ ( eithō "waan gubaa" + ōps "wejiga"). Sida laga soo xigtay Liddell-Scott Jones Greek-English Lexicon , magacaabista si sax ah waxay u tarjumaysaa sidii weji guban oo magac ahaan ah iyo casaan-brown oo qaab sifeed ah. Taariikhyahan Herodotus wuxuu u adeegsaday rafcaan si uu u muujiyo qaybaha Afrika ee koonfurta Saxaraha oo markaa lagu yaqaan gudaha Ecumene (adduunka la noolaan karo). Magaca ugu horreeya ee ereyga waxaa laga helaa shaqooyinka Homer , halkaas oo loo isticmaalo in lagu tilmaamo laba kooxood oo dad ah, mid ka mid ah Afrika iyo mid ka mid ah bariga bariga Turkiga ilaa Hindiya. 35​​​​​​​ Gudaha Greco - Roman epigraphs, Aethiopia waxay ahayd magac u gaar ah Nubia hore . Ugu yaraan horraantii c.  850 , Magaca Aethiopia sidoo kale wuxuu ku dhacaa tarjumaadaha Axdiga Hore ee Nubia. Qoraaladii Cibraaniga qadiimiga ahaa waxay aqoonsadaan Nubia halkii Kush . Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Axdiga Cusub , ereyga Giriigga Aithiops wuu dhacaa, isaga oo tixraacaya addoonka Kandake , boqoradda Kush. Iyadoo la raacayo caadooyinka Hellenic iyo Kitaabka Qudduuska ah, Monumentum Adulitanum , oo ah qoraal qarnigii 3aad ee Boqortooyada Aksumite , ayaa tilmaamaya in Aksum xukunkiisu uu xukumay aag ay galbeed ka xigaan dhulka Itoobiya iyo Sasu. Boqorkii Aksumite Ezana wuxuu ugu dambeyntii qabsaday Nubia qarnigii xigay, iyo Aksumites ka dib waxay u qoondeeyeen magacaabista "Itoobiya" boqortooyadooda. Nooca Ge'ez ee qoraalka Ezana, Aἰθίοπες waxa lala mid yahay Ḥbšt iyo Ḥbśt (Ḥbśt) oo aan cod lahayn, oo waxa ay tilmaamaysaa markii ugu horraysay dadka dhulka sare ee Aksum. Shaydaankan cusub ayaa markii dambe loo tarjumay ḥbs ('Aḥbāsh) ee Sabaic iyo sida Xabasha oo Carabi ah . Ka-soo-jeedinta tan waxaa lagu adeegsadaa luqadaha qaarkood ee isticmaala ereyada amaahda ee Carabiga, tusaale ahaan Malay Habsyah . Ingiriisi, iyo guud ahaan meel ka baxsan Itoobiya, waddanku taariikh ahaan waxa loo yaqaanay Abyssinia . Magaca sare waxa laga soo qaatay qaabkii Laatiinka ee Xabashidii hore . ==Taariikhda== ===Taariikhda ka hor=== [[File:Homo_Sapiens_Idaltu.JPG|thumb|A Homo sapiens idaltu hominid skull]] Dhawr waxyaalood oo muhiim ah oo la helay ayaa Itoobiya iyo gobolka ku xeeran u horseeday in ay safka hore ka galaan cilmiga palaeontology . Hominid- ka ugu da'da weyn ee ilaa hadda laga helay Itoobiya waa 4.2 milyan jir Ardipithecus ramidus ( Ardi ) oo uu helay Tim D. White sanadkii 1994. Helitaanka hominid ee ugu caansan waa Australopithecus afarensis ( Lucy ). Muunaddan oo loo yaqaanno Dinkinesh , muunaddan waxa laga helay Dooxada Awash ee Gobolka Canfar 1974kii Donald Johanson , waana mid ka mid ah lafaha Australopithecine ee qaangaarka ah ee ugu dhammaystiran uguna wanaagsan ee waligeed la kashifo. Magaca taxonomic ee Lucy waxaa loola jeedaa gobolka laga helay daahfurka. Hominidkan waxa lagu qiyaasaa inuu noolaa 3.2 milyan sano ka hor. Itoobiya ayaa sidoo kale loo arkaa mid ka mid ah goobihii ugu horreeyay ee ay ka soo baxeen bini'aadamka casriga ah ee anatomically Homo sapiens . Kuwa ugu da'da weyn ee laga helay lafaha deegaanka, haraaga Omo , ayaa laga soo qoday aagga koonfur-galbeed ee Omo Kibish waxaana lagu taariikheeyay Paleolithic-ka Dhexe , qiyaastii 200,000 oo sano ka hor. Intaa waxaa dheer, qalfoofka Homo sapiens idaltu ayaa laga helay goob ku taal dooxada Awash Dhexe . Ku taariikhaysan qiyaastii 160,000 oo sano ka hor, waxa laga yaabaa inay matalaan noocyo dabar go'ay oo Homo sapiens ah , ama awoowayaasha dhow ee aadanaha casriga ah. Archaic Homo sapiens fossils ee laga soo qoday goobta Jebel Irhoud ee Marooko ayaa tan iyo markii la taariikheeyay wakhti hore, qiyaastii 300,000 sano ka hor, halka Omo-Kibish I (Omo I) oo ka soo jeeda koonfurta Itoobiya uu yahay kan ugu da'da weyn anatomically Homo sapiens skeleton hadda loo yaqaan (196 ±). Sida laga soo xigtay qaar ka mid ah cilmi-nafsiga, dadka ugu horreeya ee ku hadla Afroasiatic -ku waxay yimaadeen gobolka intii lagu jiray xilligii Neolithic ee soo socda ee urheimat qoyska la soo jeediyay ("dalka asalka ah") ee dooxada Niil , ama Bariga dhow . Inta badan culimada maanta waxay soo jeedinayaan in qoyska Afroasiatic ay ku horumareen waqooyi-bari Afrika sababtoo ah kala duwanaanshaha sare ee isirrada gobolkaas, calaamad muujinaysa asal luqadeed. Sannadka 2019, cilmi-baarayaasha qadiimiga ah ayaa 30,000-sano jirsaday gabbaad dhagax weyn oo ku taal goobta Fincha Habera ee Buuraha Bale oo sare u jirta 3,469 mitir (11,381 cagood) oo ka sarreysa heerka badda. Marka ay jooggaan joogga sare, dadku waxay u nugul yihiin hypoxia iyo cimilo aad u daran labadaba. Sida laga soo xigtay daraasad lagu daabacay joornaalka Sayniska , gurigan ayaa caddayn u ah shaqadii ugu horreysay ee bini'aadamka ee joogtada ah ee joogga sare ee weli la helay. Kumanaan lafo xayawaan ah, boqollaal qalab dhagax ah, iyo meelo shido qadiimi ah ayaa la helay, taas oo daaha ka qaadaysa cunto ay ka mid yihiin jiirka jiirka ee waaweyn . 54 Caddaynta qaar ka mid ah hubkii ugu horreeyay ee loo yaqaanay (qalab lagu garto Homo sapiens ), caarada dhagxaanta ee warmaha ama warmaha tuura, ayaa laga helay 2013 goobta Itoobiya ee Gademotta , oo taariikhdeedu ahayd qiyaastii 279,000 oo sano ka hor. Sannadkii 2019, hub dheeraad ah oo da'dii Dhexe ee Dhagaxa ayaa laga helay Aduma, oo ku taariikhaysan 100,000–80,000 oo sano ka hor, qaab dhibco loo arko inay ka tirsan yihiin darts ay dhiibeen kuwa waranku soo tuuray. ===Qadiimiga=== [[File:KingEndybisEthiopia227-235CE.jpg|thumb|Lacagta Aksumite ee boqorkii Aksumite Endybis , 227-35, ee Matxafka Ingiriiska]] Sannadkii 980 BC, D'mt waxaa lagu aasaasay Eritrea maanta iyo qaybta woqooyi ee Itoobiya ee gobolka Tigray, waxaana la rumeysan yahay in ay tahay gobolka beddelaya Puntland . Caasimad-siyaasadeedkan waxa ay ku taallay Yeha oo hadda ah waqooyiga Itoobiya. Inta badan taariikhyahanada casriga ahi waxay ilbaxnimadan u haystaan ​​inay tahay mid Xabashi ah, in kasta oo wakhtiyadii hore ay dad badani soo jeedinayeen inay ahayd Sabaean - saamayn ku leh sababtoo ah xukunka dambe ee Badda Cas . Culimada kale waxay D'mt u arkaan natiijada midawga dhaqamada afafka ku hadla ee laamaha Kushitigga iyo Semitic; oo kala ah, qoomiyadda Agaw ee deegaanka iyo Sabaeiyiinta ka yimid Koonfurta Carabta. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Ge'ez oo ah af-soomaaligii hore ee Semitic-ga ee Itoobiya, waxaa loo malaynayaa inuu ka madax bannaanaaday luqadda Sabaean-ka . Horraantii 2000 BC, dad kale oo Semitic ku hadla ayaa ku noolaa Itoobiya iyo Ereteriya halkaas oo uu Ge'ez ku horumaray. Saamaynta Sabaean hadda waxa loo malaynayaa inay ahayd mid yar, oo ku kooban dhawr deegaan, oo la waayay dhawr sano ama qarni ka dib. Waxa laga yaabaa inay ahayd gumaysi ganacsi ama millatari oo isbahaysi la leh xadaaradda Itoobiya ee D’mt ama dawlad kale oo Proto-Axumite ah. [[File:The_Kingdom_of_Aksum.png|thumb|Boqortooyadii Axum waxay joogtay meeshii ugu saraysay qarnigii 6aad]] Dhicistii D'mt ka dib qarnigii 4aad ee BC, dhulka saxa ah ee Xabashida waxa u yimid in ay xukumaan boqortooyooyin yar yar oo ka dambeeya. Qarnigii 1-aad ee miilaadiga, Boqortooyadii Aksum waxay ka dhalatay dhulka hadda loo yaqaan Tigrayga iyo Eritrea. Sida laga soo xigtay kitaabka dhexe ee Axum , caasimadii ugu horeysay ee boqortooyada, Mazaber, waxaa dhisay Itiyopis, ina Kuush. Aksum waxa ay mar dambe xukunkeeda ku fidin jirtay Yemen dhanka kale ee Badda Cas. Nebi Faaris Mani wuxuu ku daray Axum oo leh Rome, Faaris, iyo Shiinaha mid ka mid ah afartii quwadood ee waaweynaa xilligiisii, qarnigii 3aad. Waxa kale oo la rumaysan yahay in xidhiidh ka dhexeeya kaniisadaha Masar iyo Itoobiya. Waxaa jira cadaymo daciif ah oo sheegaya in Aksumites ay xiriir la lahaayeen Boqorada Sheba , iyada oo loo marayo qoraalkooda boqornimada. Abbaaraha 316 AD, Frumentius iyo walaalkiis Edesius oo reer Tire ah ayaa adeerkood u raacay safar ay ku tageen Itoobiya. Markabku markii uu ku istaagay Dekadda Badda Cas ayaa dadkii dalka u dhashay waxa ay laayeen dhammaan dadkii safarka ahaa marka laga reebo labadii walaalo ahaa ee Maxkamadda la geeyay iyagoo addoon ah . Waxaa la siiyay xilal ammaano boqortooyo, waxayna u rogeen xubno ka tirsan maxkamadda boqortooyada oo ay qaateen diinta Masiixiga. Frumentius wuxuu noqday hoggaamiyaha kiniisaddii ugu horreeyay ee Aksum. Lacag shilimaad ah oo ku taariikhaysan 324 waxay muujinaysaa in Itoobiya ay ahayd waddankii labaad ee si rasmi ah u qaata diinta Masiixiga (ka dib markii Armenia ay sidaas samaysay 301), inkasta oo diintu ay markii hore ku koobnayd goobo maxkamadeed; waxay ahayd quwaddii ugu horaysay ee sidaas yeelata. Aksumites waxay caadeysteen in ay Greco-Roman saameeynta saamaynta, laakiin waxay bilaabeen xidhiidh dhaqameed oo muhiim ah iyo xidhiidhka ganacsi ee u dhexeeya qaarad-hoosaadka Hindiya iyo Boqortooyada Roomaanka iyada oo loo marayo Waddada Xariirta , ugu horrayn dhoofinta fool-maroodi , qolof tortoise, dahab iyo emeralds, iyo soo dejinta xariir iyo xawaashka. Wax soo saarka dahabka ee dalka 2015 waa 9 metrik ton. ===Qarniyadii dhexe=== Boqortooyadu waxay qaadatay magaca "Itoobiya" xilligii Ezana ee qarnigii 4aad. Ka dib qabsashadii Boqortooyada Kush ee 330, dhulka Aksumite wuxuu gaadhay heerkiisii ​​​​ugu sarreeyay intii u dhaxaysay qarniyadii 5aad iyo 6aad. Muddadaas waxaa hakiyay dhowr duullaan oo lagu galay maxmiyadda Koonfurta Carabta, oo ay ku jiraan Yuhuudda Dhu Nuwas ee Boqortooyada Ximyaritiga iyo dagaalladii Aksumite iyo Faaris . Sanadkii 575, Aksumites waxay go'doomiyeen oo dib u qabsadeen Sanca ka dib markii la dilay guddoomiyaheeda Sayf bin Dhi Yazan . Badda Cas waxaa loo daayey Khilaafadii Raashiduun sannadkii 646-kii, magaalada dekedda ah ee Caduliiskana waxaa bililiqeystey Muslimiin Carbeed qarnigii 8aad; oo ay la socdaan xaalufka dhulka ee aan laga laaban karin , is bedelka cimilada sheegtey iyo roobab goos goos ah oo ka da'ay 730 ilaa 760, arrimahan waxay u badan tahay inay sababeen in boqortooyadu hoos u dhigto awoodda iyada oo qayb ka ah dariiq ganacsi oo muhiim ah. Aksum waxa uu dhamaaday 960 markii boqorad Gudit ay ka adkaatay boqorkii ugu danbeeyay ee Aksum. Taliskii Zagwe wuxuu dhamaaday markii nin Amxaaro ah oo gobta ahaa Yekuno Amlak uu ka fallaagoobay Boqor Yetbarak oo dhidibada u taagay Boqortooyadii Xabashida (oo loo yaqaan exonym "Abyssinia"). [[File:Bete_Medhane_Alem_in_Lalibela.JPG|thumb|Biete Medhane Alem , oo la dhisay xilligii boqortooyadii Zagwe ee qarniyadii dhexe]] Boqortooyadii Xabashidu waxay bilaaday dhul balaarsi iyadoo ay hogaaminaysay Amda Seyon I. Waxa uu bilaabay olole ka dhan ah cadawgiisa Muslimiinta ee bariga, taas oo keentay isbeddel weyn oo ku yimi xusuusta oo u xaglinaya Masiixiyiinta labada qarni ee soo socda. Kadib ololihii bariga ee Amda Seyon ee guulaystey, badi maamuladii Muslimiinta ee  Geeska Afrika arinka hoos maamulkii isbeddelkii Itoobiya. Fiditaanka Goojam ilaa Xeebta Soomaaliyeed ee Saylac .  Muslimiintaas waxaa ka mid ahaa Suldanadda Ifat. Xiligii Imbaraadoor Zara Yacquub , Boqortooyadii Xabashidu waxay jirtey hurdo ugu dhufatay. 12:25 , 2017: 2017: 13:25: 13:35  Dhaxal sugaha Ifat , Adal Sultanate ,                             *  Qarnigii 16aad, qulqulka qawmiyada Oromada ee ku soo qulqulaya qaybaha waqooyi ee gobolka ayaa kala qaybiyayi. Ka soo kicitimay Guji iyo Borena ee maanta , Oromadu waxa si weyn u dhiiri galiyay fikrado dhawr ah oo faneed — oo ka wacnaa Moggaasaa iyo Liqimssa - kuwaas oo badankoodu la xidhiidhintooda. Tani waxay socotay ilaa gada Meslé.   Sida laga soo jiida Abba Bahrey , balaadhintii ugu Olympic waxay dhacday xilligii Emperor Dawit II ( luba Melbah ), markii ay ku soo baxeen Bale ka hor intaysan duulin Adal Sultanate.  Itoobiya waxay aragtay xidhiidhkeeda oo weyn oo ay la samaysay Portugal wakhtiga 17aad, inta badanna la xidhiidha diinta. Laga bilaabo 1555, Portuguese Jesuits waxay isku dayeen inay horumariyaan Roman Catholicism sida diinta dowladda. Dhawr hantida ka dib, waxay direen dhawr adeegayaal 1603, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa ugu saamaynta badan, Isbaanishka Jesuit Pedro Paez .  Imperor Susenyos I , Roman Catholicism waxay noqotay diinta dawladeed ee taariikhda Itoobiya 1622. Go'aankani wuxuu sababay khasaare ay dadka Ortodokska.  ===Muddadii Casriga ahayd ee Hore (1632-1855)=== [[File:Fasil_Ghebbi_IV_(23869587160).jpg|thumb|Fasil Ghebbi, mid ka mid ah qalcadaha muhiimka ah ee xilligii Gonderine]] Sannadkii 1632-kii, Imbaraadoor Fasilides waxa uu hakiyay maamulkii dawladdii Katooliga ee Roomaanka, isaga oo dib u soo celiyay Orthodox Tewahedo sidii diin dawladeed. Taliskii Fasilides waxay xoojisay awooddii boqortooyadii, caasimadiina waxay u rartay Gonder 1636, taas oo calaamad u ah bilawga " xilliga Gondarine ". Wuxuu soo ceshaday dhulal, wuxuuna masaafuriyay Jesuits Fremona . Intii uu xukunka hayay, Fasilides wuxuu dhisay qalcadda caanka ah ee boqortooyadu, Fasil Ghebbi , wuxuu dhisay afartan iyo afartan kaniisad, wuxuuna soo nooleeyay fanka Itoobiya . Waxa kale oo lagu tiriyaa inuu dhisay toddobo buundo oo dhagax ah oo laga dul maro webiga Niilka Buluuga ah . Awooddii Gondar dhimashadii Iyasu I 1706 ka dib ayaa hoos u dhacday. Ka dib dhimashadii Iyasu II ee 1755, Empress Mentewab waxay keentay walaalkeed, Ras Wolde Leul, ilaa Gondar, taasoo ka dhigtay Ras Bitwaded. Taasi waxay keentay khilaaf dawladeed oo u dhexeeya Mentewab Quaregnoch iyo kooxda Wollo ee uu hogaamiyo Wubit. Sanadkii 1767, Ras Mikael Sehul , oo ahaa taliyihii gobolka Tigray , ayaa qabsaday Gonder, isagoo dilay cunuggii Iyoas I 1769-kii, oo ahaa boqortooyadii xukumayay, wuxuuna xilka ku wareejiyay Yohannes II oo 70 jir ah . Intii u dhaxaysay 1769 iyo 1855, Itoobiya waxay goob joog u ahayd Zemene Mesafint ama "Da'dii Amiirrada," oo ahayd xilli go'doon ah. Imbaraadoorradu waxay noqdeen madax-madaxeed, oo ay gacanta ku hayaan madax-goboleedyo iyo niman sharaf leh sida Ras Mikael Sehul, Ras Wolde Selassie ee Tigray, iyo Boqortooyada Yejju Oromo ee Wara Sheh , oo uu ku jiro Ras Gugsa ee Yejju . Ka hor Zemene Mesafint, Emperor Iyoas I ayaa maxkamadda horteeda ku soo bandhigay luqadda Oromada ( Afaan Oromo ) isagoo beddelaya Amxaari. ===Da'dii Imperialism (1855-1916)=== [[File:T%C3%A9wodros_II_-_2.jpg|thumb|Emperor Tewodros II (r. 1855-1868) wuxuu soo afjaray Zemene Mesafint.]] [[File:Menelik_-_Adoua-2_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Imbaraadoor Menelik II waxa uu difaacay madaxbannaanida Itoobiya xilligii imbaraadooriyadda.]] Go’doonkii Xabashidu waxa uu dhamaaday ka dib hawl gal Ingiriis ah oo uu ku soo gabagabeeyey isbahaysigii labada qoomiyadood, laakiin ilaa 1855 ayay ahayd markii boqortooyooyinkii Amxaarada ee woqooyiga Itoobiya (Gondar, Gojjam , iyo Shewa ) ay muddo kooban midoobeen ka dib markii awoodda Imbaraadoorka dib loo soo celiyay oo ka bilaabmaysa boqortooyadii Tewodros II . Tewodros II wuxuu bilaabay hannaan midayn, dawlad dhexe iyo dawlad-dhis ah oo ay sii wadi doonaan boqorradii ka dambeeyay. Habkaasi wuxuu hoos u dhigay awoodda taliyayaasha gobollada, dib-u-habayn lagu sameeyay maamulkii boqortooyada, waxaana la abuuray ciidan xirfad leh. Isbadaladani waxa ay abuureen aasaaskii dhidibada loogu taagi lahaa madax banaanida iyo wadajirka dhuleed ee dalka Itoobiya. 1875 iyo 1876, ciidamadii Cusmaaniyiinta iyo Masar oo ay weheliyaan lataliyeyaal badan oo reer Yurub iyo Maraykan ah, ayaa laba jeer ku soo duulay Abyssinia laakiin markii hore waa laga adkaaday. Laga soo bilaabo 1885 ilaa 1889 (hooskii Yohannes IV ), Itoobiya waxay ku biirtay Dagaalkii Mahdist ee xulafada la ahaa Ingiriiska, Turkiga, iyo Masar ee ka dhanka ahaa Dawladdii Mahdist Suudaan. Sannadkii 1887-kii, Menelik II , oo ahaa boqorkii Shewa , ayaa ku duulay imaaraddii Harar kadib guushii uu ka gaaray dagaalkii Chelenqo . 10kii Maarso 1889, Yohannes IV waxaa dilay ciidankii Khaliifa Cabdallah ee Suudaan isagoo hogaaminaya ciidankiisa Dagaalkii Gallabat . Itoobiya, qiyaastii sida ay hadda tahay, waxay ka bilaabantay xukunkii Menelik II, oo ahaa Imbaraadoor laga soo bilaabo 1889 ilaa dhimashadiisii ​​1913. Menelik wuxuu ka soo bilaabay xaruntiisa gobolka dhexe ee Shewa, Menelik wuxuu u dhaqaaqay inuu ku daro dhulalka koonfurta, bari iyo galbeed meelaha ay deggan yihiin Oromo, Sidama , Gurage, Welayta . Waxa uu taas ku gaadhay gacan ka helaysa Maleeshiyada Shewan Oromo ee Ras Gobana Dacche , kuwaas oo qabsaday dhul aan la hayn tan iyo dagaalkii Axmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi , iyo waliba meelo kale oo aan waligood hoos iman xukunka Itoobiya. Hoggaamintiisa, inkasta oo ay ka soo horjeesteen qaybo badan oo dhaqameed oo bulshada ah, Menelik II waxa lagu dhawaaqay inuu yahay geesi qaran. Waxa uu Talyaaniga la saxeexday Heshiiskii Wuchale bishii Maajo 1889, kaas oo Talyaanigu ku aqoonsanayo madax-bannaanida Itoobiya ilaa iyo inta uu Talyaanigu gacanta ku hayo aag woqooyiga Itoobiya (hadda qayb ka ah Ereteriya casriga ah). Taa baddalkeeda, Talyaanigu wuxuu ahaa inuu Menelik hub siiyo oo uu ku taageero sidii boqornimadiisa. Talyaanigu wuxuu isticmaalay waqtigii u dhexeeyay saxeexa heshiiska iyo ansixintiisa dawladda Talyaanigu si ay u ballaariyaan sheegashadooda dhuleed. Dagaalkaas oo ahaa kii ugu horeeyey ee Italo iyo Xabashidu ku dhamaadeen 1-dii March 1896-kii, wuxuu dhacay dagaalkii Adwa , markaasoo ciidamadii gumaystaha Talyaanigu ku jabeen xabashida. Muddadaas, saddex meelood meel dadka ku nooli waxay ku dhinteen macluushii Xabashida weynayd (1888 ilaa 1892), iyo rinderpep-ka ayaa ku soo wareegay aagga, burburay in badan oo ka mid ah dhaqaalihii xoolaha. 11kii Oktoobar 1897, Itoobiya waxay qaadatay midabada calanka Afrikaanka oo dhan oo leh xariijimo cagaaran, jaalle iyo casaan ah oo matalayey fikirka Pan-Afrika . ===Xilligii Xayle Salaase (1916–1974)=== [[File:Ethiopian_Soldiers_Korean_War.jpg|thumb|Ciidamo Itoobiyaan ah oo ay soo dirtay dowladdii uu hoggaaminayay Boqorkii Xayle Salaase ee Koowaad xilligii uu socday dagaalkii Kuuriya ee u dagaallamayay madaxbannaanida Kuuriyada Koonfureed]] [[File:Emperor_Haile_Selassie_I_with_President_FDR.jpg|thumb|Emperor Haile Selassie I oo la jooga madaxweynihii Maraykanka Roosevelt dhamaadkii dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka]] Horraantii qarnigii 20-aad waxaa lagu asteeyay boqortooyadii Xayle Salaase ( Ras Tafari ). Waxa uu xukunka qabtay ka dib markii la riday Lij Iyasu , waxa uu qaaday olole casriyeyn ah oo dalka oo dhan ah laga soo bilaabo 1916 markii laga dhigay Ras and Regent ( Inderase ) ee Empress Regnant Zewditu , wuxuuna noqday taliyaha dhabta ah ee Boqortooyada Itoobiya. Geeridii Zewditu ka dib, 2-dii Noofambar 1930-kii, waxa uu ku beddelay boqortooyo. 1931kii, Haile Selassie waxa uu Itoobiya ku siiyay dastuurkeedii ugu horreeyay isagoo ku dayanaya dastuurkii Imperial Japan ee 1890kii . Xornimada Itoobiya waxaa hakiyay dagaalkii labaad ee Italo-Itoobiya , oo ka bilaabmay markii uu Talyaanigu soo galay horraantii Oktoobar 1935, iyo taliskii Talyaanigu ee ka dambeeyay (1936-1941) ka dib guushii Talyaanigu dagaalka. Talyaanigu, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waligiis kuma guuleysan inuu sugo amniga guud ahaan dalka, sababtoo ah iska caabin ka timid Arbegnoch ; Tani waxay ka dhigtay Itoobiya, oo ay weheliso Liberia , oo ah waddammada Afrika ee keliya ee aan weligood la gumaysan. Kadib gelitaankii Talyaanigu galay dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka , ciidamadii Boqortooyadii Ingriiska , oo ay weheliyaan Arbegnoch, waxay xoreeyeen Itoobiya intii uu socday ololihii Bariga Afrika 1941. Dalka waxaa la hoos geeyey maamulkii millatariga Ingiriiska , ka dibna waxaa dib loo soo celiyay dawladnimadii buuxda ee Itoobiya iyada oo la saxeexay heshiiskii Ingiriiska iyo Itoobiya December 1944 . Oktoobar 24, 1945, Itoobiya waxay noqotay xubin ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay . Sannadkii 1952kii, Haile Selassie waxa uu abaabulay federeeshin uu la galay Eritrea . 1962-kii ayuu kala diray, wuxuuna ku daray Eritrea, taasoo keentay dagaalkii madax-bannaanida Eritrea . Xayle Salaase waxa kale oo uu door hoggaamineed ka qaatay asaaskii Ururka Midowga Afrika (OAU). Aragtida gudaha Itoobiya ayaa ka soo horjeeda Haile Selassie, taasoo ay ugu wacan tahay dhibaatada saliidda ee adduunka oo dhan 1973 taasoo sababtay kor u kac weyn oo ku yimid qiimaha shidaalka laga bilaabo 13 Febraayo 1974, taasoo keentay mudaaharaad arday iyo shaqaale ah. Golihii wasiirada ee feudal oligarchical ee Aklilu Habte-Wold waa la riday, waxaana la soo dhisay xukuumad cusub oo uu Edelkachew Makonnen ahaa Ra'iisul Wasaare. ===Xilligii Dergiga (1974-1991)=== [[File:Mengistu_Haile_Mariam_3.jpg|thumb|Mengistu Haile Mariam waxa lagu xukumay dil isagoo maqan, kadib markii lagu helay dambiyo intii uu xukunka hayay]] Taliskii Xayle Salaase waxa uu dhamaaday 12kii Sebtembar 1974-kii, markaasoo uu xukunka ka tuuray Dergiga , guddi ka kooban millatari iyo boolis. Kadib dilkii 60 ka mid ah saraakiishii hore ee dawladdii hore iyo militariga , Golaha cusub ee maamulka militariga ayaa baabi'iyay boqortooyadii bishii Maarso 1975 wuxuuna aasaasay Itoobiya oo ah waddan Marxist-Leninist ah . baabiinta feudalismka , kor u kaca akhriska , qaramaynta , iyo dib u habaynta dhulka oo ay ku jirto dib u dajinta iyo tuulooyinka ka imanaya buuralayda Itoobiya ayaa noqday mudnaantii. Halgan awoodeed ka dib 1977-kii, Mengistu Haile Mariam waxa uu helay hoggaan aan muran lahayn oo Dergigi ah. 1977, Soomaaliya oo markii hore kaalmo iyo hub ka heli jirtay USSR , waxay ku duushay Itoobiya dagaalkii Ogaadeeniya , waxayna qabsatay qayb ka mid ah gobolka Ogaadeenya . Itoobiya ayaa dib u soo ceshatay ka dib markii ay billowday in ay hesho gargaar ciidan oo baaxad leh oo ay ka hesho dalalkii Midowga Soofiyeeti. Dhammaadkii todobaatanaadkii, Mengistu waxa uu madax u noqday ciidanka labaad ee ugu weyn dhammaan Afrikada Saxaraha ka hooseeya , iyo sidoo kale ciidan cir iyo badda oo aad u adag. 1976-78, ilaa 500,000 ayaa lagu dilay argagixisa cas awgeed , [ 126 ] olole siyaasadeed oo rabshado wata oo uu Dergigu kula kacay kooxo kala duwan oo mucaarad ah. 1987kii, Dergigi waa is milmay oo dhidibada u taagay Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Shacabka Itoobiya (PDRE) markii la ansixiyay dastuurkii Itoobiya ee 1987 . [ 130 ] Macaluul 1983-85 ayaa saamaysay ku dhawaad ​​8 milyan oo qof, taasoo keentay in 1 milyan ay ku dhinteen. Kacdoono lagaga soo horjeedo xukunkii kali-taliska ahaa ayaa ka bilowday, gaar ahaan gobollada waqooyi ee Eritereeya iyo Tigrayga. Xisbiga Tigray People’s Liberation Front (TPLF) ayaa sannadkii 1989-kii ku midoobay dhaqdhaqaaqyo mucaarad ah oo salka ku haya qoomiyadaha kale, si ay u samaysteen xisbiga EPRDF ee Itoobiya Burburkii Marxism-Leninism ee kacaankii 1989-kii wuxuu ku soo beegmay iyadoo Midowgii Soofiyeeti uu gabi ahaanba joojiyay kaalmadii uu siin jiray Itoobiya 1990. Ciidamadii EPRDF waxay ku soo dhaqaaqeen Addis Ababa May 1991, Mengistuna dalka wuu ka cararay, waxaana magangelyo ka helay Zimbabwe. ===Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Federaalka (1991- hadda)=== [[File:Ethiopian_Civil_War_(2020-present).svg|thumb|Colaadda sokeeye ee Itoobiya : gacan ku haynta dhuleed ilaa Sebtembar 2023]] Bishii Luulyo 1991, EPRDF waxay qabatay shirweyne heer qaran ah oo lagu soo dhisay dawlad ku meel gaadh ah ee Itoobiya oo ka kooban 87 xubnood oo golaha wakiilada ah, waxaana hagaya axdi qarameed oo u shaqaynaya sidii dastuur ku meel gaadh ah. Sannadkii 1994kii, waxaa la qoray dastuur cusub oo aasaasay jamhuuriyad baarlamaani ah oo leh sharci-dejin laba aqal ah iyo nidaam garsoor. Bishii Abriil 1993, Eritrea waxay xornimada ka qaadatay Itoobiya ka dib afti qaran . Bishii Maajo 1998, muran xuduudeed oo kala dhexeeya Eritrea ayaa horseeday dagaalkii Eritereeya iyo Itoobiya , kaas oo socday ilaa Juun 2000 waxaana labada dal ku kacaya lacag lagu qiyaasay $1 milyan maalintii. Tani waxay saamayn taban ku yeelatay dhaqaalaha Itoobiya, colaadda xuduudda ee labada dal waxay sii socon doontaa ilaa 2018 . Laga bilaabo 2018, dagaal sokeeye oo dheeri ah oo ka socda Itoobiya ayaa sii socda, oo ay ugu wacan tahay xasilloonida dalka. Rabshadaha qoomiyadaha ayaa kor u kacay dabayaaqadii 2010-meeyadii iyo horraantii 2020-meeyadii, oo ay ka dhasheen iskahorimaadyo iyo iskahorimaadyo kala duwan oo sababay in malaayiin Itoobiyaan ah ay barakacaan. Dowladda federaalku waxay go'aansatay in doorashooyinka 2020 (kadib dib loo dhigo 2021 ) la baajiyo, welwelka caafimaadka iyo badbaadada ee ku saabsan COVID-19 awgeed . Gobolka Tigray ee TPLF ayaa taas ka soo horjeestay , waxayna sii waday qabashada doorashada si kastaba 9 Sebtember 2020 . Ilaa Maarso 2022, ilaa 500,000 oo qof ayaa ku dhintay rabshado iyo macaluul awgeed . Kadib dhowr talo-soo-jeedin nabadeed iyo dhexdhexaadin sannadihii u dhexeeyey, Itoobiya iyo xoogaga fallaagada Tigreega waxay ku heshiiyeen joojinta colaadda 2 November 2022 . Marka lagu daro kacdoonka OLA , dawlada federaalka ah waxay xiriir la leedahay malayshiyaadka Fano, kuwaas oo hore dawladda ugu bahoobay dagaalkii Tigrayga, wuxuu xumaaday bartamihii 2023, taasoo keentay dagaal ka socda Gobolka Axmaarada . Sida lagu sheegay warbixino ay samaysay Hay’adda Xuquuqul Insaanka Itoobiya (EHRC), xad-gudubyo badan oo ka dhan ah xuquuqul insaanka oo ay fuliyeen ciidamada ENDF oo ay ka mid yihiin guri-guri, dil sharci darro ah, xasuuq iyo xadhig. Dhacdada xusidda mudan waxaa ka mid ah xasuuqii Merawi ee horaantii 2024-kii, kaas oo ay ku dhinteen 50 ilaa 100 qof oo degan magaalada Merawi ee Amxaarada. ==Juqraafiga== [[File:Ethiopia_relief_location_map.jpg|thumb|Khariidadda gargaarka Itoobiya]] Baaxadda 1,104,300 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (426,372.61 sq mi), Itoobiya waa dalka 26-aad ee adduunka ugu weyn, oo cabbirka la barbar dhigo Bolivia . Waxay u dhaxaysaa 3aad ee isbarbardhiga waqooyi iyo 15-aad ee isbarbardhiga waqooyi iyo longitudes 33aad meridian bari iyo 48th meridian bari . Qaybta ugu weyn ee Itoobiya waxay ku taal Geeska Afrika , oo ah qaybta bari ee dhulka Afrika. Dhulka xuduudka la leh Itoobiya waa Ereteriya oo dhanka waqooyi ka xigta, ka dibna u dhaqaaqa dhanka saacadda, Jabuuti, Soomaaliya, Kenya, Koonfurta Suudaan iyo Suudaan. Gudaha Itoobiya waxa ku yaal dhul aad u dheer oo buuraley ah iyo dhul-jileec ah oo uu kala qaybiyo Great Rift Valley , kaas oo guud ahaan u socda koonfur-galbeed ilaa waqooyi-bari waxaana ku hareeraysan dhul-hooseeya, geedo yaryar , ama saxare-midh ah. Waxaa jira dhul kala duwanaansho weyn leh oo kala duwanaansho ballaaran leh xagga cimilada, carrada, dhirta dabiiciga ah iyo qaababka dejinta. Itoobiya waa dal deegaan ahaan kala duwan, laga soo bilaabo saxaraha ku teedsan xuduudka bari ilaa kaymaha kulaala ee koonfurta ilaa Afromontane ballaaran oo ku yaal waqooyiga iyo koonfur-galbeed. Harada Tana ee waqooyiga waa isha wabiga buluuga ah . Waxa kale oo ay leedahay noocyo badan oo endemic ah , gaar ahaan Gelada , walia ibex iyo Yeyga Xabashida ("Simien Fox"). Baaxadda ballaaran ee sare waxay dalka siisay meelo kala duwan oo deegaan ahaan kala duwan, taasina waxay gacan ka gaysatay dhiirigelinta horumarka noocyada cidhiidhiga ah ee go'doominta deegaanka. Qaranku waa dhul kala duwanaansho juquraafi ah, laga soo bilaabo galbeedka barwaaqada badan leh, kaymo iyo webiyo badan, iyo deegaanka ugu kulul adduunka ee Dallol ee woqooyiga. Buuraha sare ee Itoobiya waa safafka ugu weyn ee silsiladaha ah ee Africa, Godka Sof Cumar waxaa ku jira godka ugu weyn qaaradda. Itoobiya waxay sidoo kale leedahay tirada labaad ee ugu badan ee goobaha Dhaxalka Adduunka ee UNESCO ===Cimilada=== [[File:K%C3%B6ppen_climate_types_of_Ethiopia.svg|thumb|Kala soocida cimilada Köppen ee Itoobiya]] Nooca cimiladu ugu badan tahay waa monsoon kulaylaha, oo leh kala duwanaansho muuqaaleed balaadhan. Buuraha sare ee Itoobiya ayaa daboola dalka intiisa badan waxayna leeyihiin cimilo guud ahaan aad uga qabow marka loo eego gobollada kale ee u dhow dhulbaraha. Inta badan magaalooyinka waaweyn ee dalka waxa ay ku yaalaan meel sare oo u jirta 2,000–2,500 m (6,562–8,202 ft) oo ka saraysa heerka badda, oo ay ku jiraan caasimadaha taariikhiga ah sida Gonder iyo Axum. Caasimada casriga ah ee Addis Ababa, waxa ay ku taal buurta Entoto oo ah meel sare oo dhererkeedu dhan yahay 2,400 mitir (7,900 ft). Waxay la kulantaa cimilo khafiif ah sanadka oo dhan. Iyada oo heerkulku si siman u siman yahay sanadka oo dhan, xilliyada Addis Ababa waxaa inta badan lagu qeexaa roobabka: xilli qallalan laga bilaabo Oktoobar ilaa Febraayo, xilli roobaadyo fudud laga bilaabo Maarso ilaa Maajo, iyo xilli roobaadyo culus laga bilaabo Juun ilaa Sebtembar. Celceliska roobabka sanadkii waa ku dhawaad ​​1,200 milimitir (47 in). Waxaa jira celcelis ahaan todoba saacadood oo qorraxdu maalintii. Xilliga qallaylku waa xilliga ugu qorraxdu badan tahay sannadka, inkastoo xitaa xilliga ugu sarreeya ee xilli-roobaadka ee Luulyo iyo Agoosto ay weli jiraan saacado badan oo qorrax ah maalintii. Celceliska heerkulka sannadlaha ah ee Addis Ababa waa 16 °C (60.8 °F), iyadoo maalin kasta heerkulka ugu sarreeya uu yahay 20-25 ° C (68.0-77.0 °F) sanadka oo dhan, iyo hoos u dhaca celceliska 5-10 ° C (41.0-50.0 °F). Inta badan magaalooyinka waaweyn iyo goobaha dalxiiska ee Itoobiya waxay ku yaalaan meel sare oo la mid ah Addis Ababa waxayna leeyihiin cimilo la mid ah. Gobollada aan sare u kacayn, gaar ahaan dhulka daaqsinta ee hoose ee Xabashida iyo dhir-dhirrada ee bariga Itoobiya, cimiladu aad ayay u kululaan kartaa oo u engejin kartaa. Dallol , oo ku sugan Diiqadda Danakil ee aaggan bari, waxa uu leeyahay celceliska heerkulka adduunka ugu sarreeya 34 °C (93.2 °F) [[File:Blue_Nile_Falls,_Ethiopia_(51625800835).jpg|thumb|Niilka buluuga ah wuxuu dhacaa xilliga jiilaalka wuxuu bixiyaa in ka badan 86 boqolkiiba biyaha webiga Niil ee ka imaanaya baraf dhalaalay ee buuraha Simien ee ka hooseeya 0.]] Itoobiya waxay u nugushahay in badan oo ka mid ah saamaynta isbeddelka cimilada . Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah kororka heerkulka iyo isbeddelka roobabka. Isbeddelka cimilada ee Itoobiya ayaa khatar ku ah sugnaanta cuntada iyo dhaqaalaha, kaas oo ku salaysan beeraha. Xabashi badan ayaa lagu qasbay inay guryahooda ka baxaan oo u safraan ilaa Khaliijka, Koonfurta Afrika iyo Yurub. Tan iyo bishii Abriil 2019, Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Itoobiya Abiy Axmed wuxuu dhiirrigeliyay Qurxinta Sheger , mashruuc horumarineed oo ujeedkiisu yahay in lagu dhimo saameynta xun ee isbeddelka cimilada - iyo waxyaabo kale - magaalada caasimadda ah ee Addis Ababa. Bishii Maajo ee soo socota, dawladdu waxay qabatay "Cine for Sheger", xaflad lacag ururin ah si loo daboolo qaar ka mid ah $1 bilyan ee looga baahan yahay dadweynaha. $25 milyan ayaa lagu soo ururiyay munaasabadda qaaliga ah, iyadoo loo marayo kharashka ka qaybgalka iyo deeqaha labadaba. Laba shirkadood oo tareen oo Shiinees ah oo hoos tagta Belt and Road Initiative ee u dhexeeya Shiinaha iyo Itoobiya ayaa bixiyay lacag lagu horumarinayo 12 ka mid ah wadarta 56 kiiloomitir. ===Kala duwanaanshaha noolaha=== [[File:Capra_walie_87176348.jpg|thumb|Walia Ibex oo ku yaal Beerta Qaranka ee Buuraha Simien , oo ah mid ka mid ah astaamaha qaranka Itoobiya, oo laga helay kaliya waqooyiga dalka]] Itoobiya waa xudunta caalamiga ah ee kala duwanaanta duulista. Ilaa hadda in ka badan 856 nooc oo shimbiro ah ayaa laga diiwaangeliyay Itoobiya, kuwaas oo labaatan ka mid ah ay ku badan yihiin dalka. Lix iyo toban nooc ayaa halis ku jira ama khatar aad u daran u ah. Qaar badan oo ka mid ah shimbirahan waxay quudiyaan dhicin, sida Bicyclus anynana . Taariikh ahaan, guud ahaan qaaradda Afrika, tirada duur-joogta ayaa si degdeg ah hoos ugu dhacaysa dhirta, dagaallada sokeeye, wasakhowga, ugaarsiga, iyo arrimo kale oo aadanaha ah. Dagaal sokeeye oo socday 17 sano, oo ay weheliso abaaro ba'an, ayaa si xun u saameeyay xaaladda deegaanka ee Itoobiya, taasoo keentay nabaad-guur ka sii weyn xagga deegaanka. Burburka deegaanku waa arrin keenta khatar. Marka ay isbeddel ku yimaad deegaanku si degdeg ah u dhacaan, xayawaanku ma haystaan ​​wakhti ay ku hagaajiyaan. Saamaynta bini'aadmigu waxay halis gelisaa noocyo badan, iyada oo la filayo khataro waaweyn oo ka dhasha isbeddelka cimilada ee ay sababaan gaaska aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo . Iyadoo la sii daayo kaarboon laba ogsaydh sannadkii 2010 ee 6,494,000 tan, Itoobiya waxay ka qaybqaadataa 0.02% oo keliya soo daynta gaaska aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ee bini'aadamka sannadlaha ah. Itoobiya waxay leedahay 31 nooc oo naasley ah . Itoobiya waxay leedahay noocyo badan oo lagu taxay inay yihiin kuwo aad khatar u ah oo u nugul dabar-goynta caalamiga ah. Noocyada halista ah ee Itoobiya waxa loo kala qaybin karaa saddex qaybood (oo ku salaysan qiimaynta IUCN ): kuwo halis ah , halis ah , iyo kuwo nugul . Itoobiya waa mid ka mid ah siddeedda xarumood ee aasaasiga ah ee madaxbannaan ee asalka u ah dhirta la beero ee adduunka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xaalufka dhirta ayaa walaac weyn ku haya Itoobiya iyadoo cilmi-baaristu ay soo jeedinayaan in luminta kaymaha ay ka qayb qaataan nabaad-guurka ciidda, luminta nafaqooyinka ciidda, luminta deegaanka xoolaha, iyo hoos u dhaca kala duwanaanshaha noolaha. Bilowgii qarnigii 20-aad, qiyaastii 420,000 km 2 (ama 35%) dhulka Itoobiya waxaa qariyay geedo, laakiin cilmi-baaris dhawaan la sameeyay ayaa tilmaamaysa in dhulka keymaha uu hadda yahay qiyaastii 11.9% dhulka. Wadanku wuxuu lahaa 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index celcelis ahaan dhibcaha 7.16 / 10, isaga oo ku qiimeeyay 50th adduunka oo dhan 172 waddan. Itoobiya waxay lumisaa qiyaastii 1,410 km 2 oo kaymo dabiici ah sanad walba, taasoo ay ugu wacan tahay ururinta xaabada, beddelidda dhul-beereed, daaqsimeyn, iyo isticmaalka alwaax kaynta oo wax lagu dhiso. Intii u dhaxaysay 1990 iyo 2005 wadanku wuxuu lumiyay qiyaastii 21,000 km2 oo kayn ah. Barnaamijyada hadda jira ee dawladda si loo xakameeyo xaalufka dhirta waxay ka kooban yihiin waxbarasho, kor u qaadida barnaamijyada dhiraynta, iyo bixinta agabka cayriin kuwaas oo beddel u ah alwaaxyada. Dhulka miyiga ah waxa kale oo ay dawladdu siisaa ilo shidaal oo aan ahayn geedo iyo in la helo dhul aan keymo ahayn si kor loogu qaado beeraha iyada oo aan la baabi'in deegaanka kaynta. Ururada ay ka midka yihiin SOS iyo Farm Africa waxay kala shaqaynayaan dawladda federaalka iyo dawladaha hoose si loo abuuro nidaam lagu maareeyo kaynta. ==Dowladda iyo siyaasadda== [[File:Ethiopian_Parliament.jpg|thumb|Golaha shacabka waa aqalka hoose ee baarlamaanka federaalka Itoobiya]] Itoobiya waa jamhuuriyad baarlamaani ah oo federaal ah , oo uu ra'iisul wasaaruhu yahay madaxa xukuumadda , madaxweynuhuna waa madaxa dawladda laakiin leh awoodo xafladeed. Awooda fulinta waxa ku dhaqma xukuumadda iyo awoodda sharci-dejinta ee federaalka ah oo ay leeyihiin labada gole ee baarlamaanka. Golaha Federaalka waa aqalka sare ee labada aqal ee sharci dejinta oo leh 108 kursi, aqalka hoose waa golaha wakiilada (HoPR) oo leh 547 kursi. Golaha Federaalka waxaa dooranaya golayaasha gobollada halka xildhibaanada HoPR ay si toos ah u dooranayaan, iyagana waxay dooranayaan madaxweynaha muddo lix sano ah iyo ra'iisul wasaaraha 5-sano. [[File:The_Federal_Supreme_Court_of_Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Maxkamadda Sare ee Federaalku waa maxkamadda ugu sarreysa ee go'aamisa dastuurinimada dhibaatooyinka dalka.]] Garsoorka Itoobiya wuxuu ka kooban yahay laba hab oo leh laba qaab oo maxkamadeed: maxkamadaha federaalka iyo kuwa gobolka. Dastuurka FDRE waxa uu awood garsoor oo federaal ah u siyey Maxkamadda Sare ee Federaalka taas oo burin karta dibna u eegi karta go'aannada maxkamadaha federaalka hoos yimaada; lafteedu waxay leedahay qayb joogto ah oo loo qoondeeyay khaladaadka aasaasiga ah ee sharciga . Intaa waxaa dheer, Maxkamadda Sare waxay sameyn kartaa dhageysi wareeg ah shan gobol oo la dhisay gobol kasta oo heer federaal ah ama "meel loo qoondeeyey awooddeeda" haddii loo arko "mid lagama maarmaan u ah bixinta caddaaladda". Ku dhawaaqida Sare ee Federaalku waxa ay siisay saddex mabda'a oo mawduucyo ah: sharciyo, dhinacyo iyo meelaynta awoodda maxkamadaha federaalka, marka hore "dacwooyinka ka dhasha Dastuurka , sharciyada federaalka iyo heshiisyada caalamiga ah ", marka labaad "dhinacyada lagu qeexay sharciyada federaalka". Anagoo ka duulayna qodobka 78-aad ee dastuurkii Itoobiya ee 1994-kii, garsoorku wuxuu gebi ahaanba ka madax bannaan yahay fulinta iyo sharci-dejinta. Si taas loo xaqiijiyo, Madaxweynaha iyo Ku-Xigeenka Maxkamadda Sare waxaa magacaabaya Baarlamaanka magacaabista Ra'iisul Wasaaraha. Marka la doorto, awoodda fulinta awood uma laha inay xilka ka qaadaan. Garsoorayaasha kale waxaa soo magacaabaya Golaha Maamulka Garsoorka ee Federaalka (FJAC) iyadoo loo eegayo shuruudo hufan iyo soo jeedinta Ra'iisul Wasaaraha ee magacaabista HoPR. Dhammaan kiisaska, garsoorayaasha lagama saari karo waajibaadkooda ilaa ay ka fariistaan, ku xad-gudbaan xeerarka anshaxa, is-waafajin la'aanta guud, ama hawl-qabad la'aanta caafimaad darro awgeed. Taa lidkeed, codka aqlabiyadda ee HoPR waxay xaq u leeyihiin inay cunaqabatayn ka saaraan heerka garsoorka federaalka ama golaha gobolka kiisaska garsoorayaasha gobolka. Sannadkii 2015, xaqiiqooyinka qodobkan ayaa su'aalo lagu waydiiyay warbixin ay diyaarisay Freedom House ===Siyaasadda=== [[File:Taye_Atske_Selassie_MFA_Portrait.jpg|thumb|Taye Atske Selassie Madaxweynaha (wakiilka madaxa gobolka)]] [[File:Abiy_Ahmed_with_LI_Yong_2018_(cropped).jpeg|thumb|Ra'iisul Wasaare Abiy Axmed (Madaxa Xukuumadda]] Wixii ka dambeeyay 1995-kii, siyaasadda Itoobiya waa la xoreeyay taasoo kor u qaadaysa isbedello dhan walba ah oo dalka lagu sameeyo. Maanta, dhaqaalaheeda wuxuu ku salaysan yahay mabaadi'da suuqa ku jihaysan oo isku dhafan . Itoobiya waxay leedahay laba iyo toban gobol oo maamul-hoosaad ah, kuwaas oo awood u leh inay ururiyaan kuna isticmaalaan dakhligooda. Doorashadii ugu horaysay ee xisbiyada badan waxay dhacday May 1995, taas oo uu ku guulaystay EPRDF. Madaxweynihii dawladdii ku meel gaadhka ahayd, hoggaamiyihii EPRDF, Meles Zenawi , wuxuu noqday Ra'iisul Wasaarihii ugu horreeyay ee Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Federaalka Itoobiya, waxaana madaxweynahoodii loo doortay Negasso Gidada . Xukuumadda Meles si joogto ah ayaa dib loogu doortay; si kastaba ha ahaatee, natiijooyinkan waxaa si weyn u naqdiyay goobjoogayaasha caalamiga ah, mucaaradkana waxay ku tilmaameen mid been abuur ah. Meles wuxuu ku dhintay 20kii Agoosto 2012 magaalada Brussels, halkaas oo lagaga daweynayay xanuun aan la cayimin. Ra'iisul wasaare ku xigeenka Hailemariam Desalegn waxaa loo magacaabay ra'iisul wasaare cusub ilaa laga gaarayo doorashada 2015 , ka dibna sidaas ayuu ku sii ahaaday xisbigiisa oo gacanta ku haya kursi kasta oo baarlamaanka ah. 15kii Febraayo 2018, Hailemariam wuxuu iska casilay ra'iisul wasaare, ka dib sanado badan oo mudaaharaad ah iyo xaalad degdeg ah . Abiy Ahmed wuxuu noqday ra'iisul wasaare ka dib iscasilaadii Hailemariam. Wuxuu booqasho taariikhi ah ku tagay Eritrea 2018, isagoo soo afjaray xaaladdii colaadeed ee labada dal, waxaana la guddoonsiiyay abaalmarinta nabadda ee Nobel 2019. Sida laga soo xigtay Dimuqraadiyadda Index oo ay daabacday Waaxda Sirdoonka Dhaqaalaha ee fadhigeedu yahay Boqortooyada Ingiriiska dabayaaqadii 2010, Itoobiya waxay ahayd "maamul ka madax-bannaan", oo lagu qiimeeyo 118-aad ee ugu dimuqraadiga ah 167 waddan. Itoobiya waxay liiska ka saartay 13 boos tan iyo 2008dii, warbixintii 2010 waxay sheegtay in hoos u dhacan ay sabab u tahay caburinta ay xukuumaddu ku hayso dhaq-dhaqaaqyada mucaaradka, warbaahinta iyo bulshada rayidka ka hor doorashadii baarlamaanka 2010 , taasoo warbixintu ku doodday inay Itoobiya ka dhigtay waddan madaxbannaan oo hal xisbi ka kooban . Dawladda Itoobiya oo ay wehelinayaan colaado gudaha iyo beesha dhexdeed ah oo baahsanaa qarnigii 21-aad , waxay ku dhaqaaqday qaab-dhismeed kali-talis ah, oo ay ku jartay xuquuqul insaanka iyo dimoqraadiyadda. Freedom House , oo ka shaqaynaysay Itoobiya ilaa 2008, waxay muujinaysaa in Itoobiya "aan xor ahayn" sababtoo ah xuquuqaha aasaasiga ah ee aadka u liita (xuquuqda siyaasadeed iyo kuwa madaniga ah) ee laga diiwaan galiyay labada talis ee EPRDF iyo Barwaaqada Intii uu xukunka hayay Abiy Axmed, Itoobiya waxa ay la kulmeysaa dib u dhac dimuqraadi ah tan iyo 2019 oo ay ku asteeyeen xilli qalalaase oo colaado gudaha ah , xabsiga la dhigayo xubnaha mucaaradka iyo xaddidaadda xorriyadda warbaahinta. ===Qaybaha maamulka=== Itoobiya waxay maamul ahaan u qaybsantaa afar heer: gobol , aag , degmooyin (degmo) ​​iyo kele (waadhyo). Dalku waxa uu ka kooban yahay 12 gobol iyo laba maamul magaalo oo hoos taga gobolladan, aag badan, degmooyin iyo maamul xaafadeed: deegaan. Labada maamul ee heer federaal ayaa kala ah Addis Ababa iyo Diridhaba [[File:Map_of_zones_of_Ethiopia.svg|thumb|Maabka gobollada iyo aagagga Itoobiya]] ===Xiriirka dibadda=== [[File:A_Group_photo_of_Leaders_of_G-8,_Outreach_five_countries_and_Africa_Outreach_countries_at_G_8_Summit_in_Heiligendamm,_Germany_on_June_08,_2007.jpg|thumb|Ra'iisul Wasaarihii Itoobiya Meles Zenawi ( safka hoose, afaraad ee bidix) ee G8 Group shirki 2007]] Itoobiya taariikh ahaan waxay ahayd waddan ganacsi oo dhoofiya badeecadaha sida dahabka , Maroodiga , xoolaha qalaad iyo fooxa . Xidhiidhka dibadeed ee casriga ah ee Itoobiya waxa uu bilaabmay xilligii Tewodros II , kaas oo intii uu xukunka hayey damcay in uu dib u yagleelo dawlad wada-jir ah oo Xabashi ah, balse waxa fashiliyay duullaankii Ingiriiska ee 1868 . Tan iyo markaas, dalka waxaa loo arkayay inuu yahay mid aan loo dulqaadan karin quwadaha adduunku ilaa laga furay Kanaalka Suweys sababo la xiriira saameynta dagaalkii Mahdist [[File:African_Union_Headquarters_Addis_Ababa.jpg|thumb|Xarunta Midowga Afrika ee Addis Ababa . Tan iyo markii la aasaasay, Itoobiya waxay xubin ka tahay AU.]] Maanta, Itoobiya waxay xiriir xooggan la leedahay Shiinaha , Israa'iil , Mexico , Turkiga iyo Hindiya iyo sidoo kale dalalka deriska ah. Itoobiya waa shuraako istiraatijiyadeed ee Dagaalka Caalamiga ah ee Argagixisada iyo Xeerka Kobaca iyo Fursadaha Afrika (AGOA). US. Madaxweynihii hore ee Mareykanka Barack Obama ayaa ahaa madaxweynihii ugu horeeyay ee Mareykan ah oo booqda Itoobiya bishii Luulyo 2015; Khudbadda uu u jeediyay Midowga Afrika intii uu ku guda jiray socdaalkan ayaa diiradda lagu saaray la dagaalanka argagixisada Islaamka. U soo haajiridda Itoobiya waxa ay ugu horrayn u jihaysan tahay Yurub oo ay ku jiraan Talyaaniga , Ingiriiska iyo Iswidhan iyo sidoo kale Kanada iyo Ustaraaliya , halka u haajiridda Bariga Dhexe ay ugu horreyso Sucuudiga iyo Israa'iil . Itoobiya waxay xubin ka tahay kooxda 24 (G-24), Dhaqdhaqaaqa Aan Isbahaysiga ahayn iyo G77 . 1963dii, Ururka Midowga Afrika , oo markii dambe isu beddelay magaca Midowga Afrika, ayaa lagu aasaasay Addis Ababa, oo maanta martigelinaya xoghaynta Midowga Afrika, Guddiga Midowga Afrika . Intaa waxaa dheer, Itoobiya waxay sidoo kale xubin ka tahay Pan African Chamber of Commerce and Industry , Guddiga Dhaqaalaha Qaramada Midoobay ee Afrika , Ciidanka heeganka ah ee Afrika iyo qaar badan oo ka mid ah NGO-yada caalamiga ah ee diiradda saaraya Afrika. [[File:Abiy_Ahmed_with_Vladimir_Putin.jpg|thumb|Ra'iisul Wasaare Abiy Axmed iyo Madaxweynaha Ruushka Vladimir Putin 2023]] Xidhiidhka dibadda ee Itoobiya ay la leedahay labada Sudan iyo Masar ayaa ah mid aad u qoto dheer taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay saamaynta mashruuca biyo xidheenka weyn ee Renaissance Dam ee Itoobiya , kaas oo kordhay 2020, uu ku yeelan lahaa xuquuqda biyaha gobolka. In kasta oo lix waddan (Itoobiya, Kenya , Uganda , Rwanda , Burundi iyo Tanzania ) ay saxeexeen Hindisaha Biyo-mareenka Niilka 2010, Masar iyo Suudaan waxay diideen heshiiska qaybsiga biyaha, iyaga oo sabab uga dhigaya dhimista tirada biyaha ee webiga Niil iyo caqabada ay ku keeni karto xidhiidhka taariikhiga ah ee xuquuqda biyaha . Sannadkii 2020, Ra'iisul Wasaare Abiy Axmed ayaa ka digay "Ma jiro awood ka hor istaagi karta Itoobiya inay dhisto biyo-xireen. Haddii loo baahdo in dagaal la galo, waxaan diyaarin karnaa malaayiin." Itoobiya waa mid ka mid ah dalalka Afrikaanka ah ee xubin ka ah ururka Qaramada Midoobay , taas oo u adeegi jirtay Qaramada Midoobay tan iyo 1923. Hawl-wadeennada Qaramada Midoobay ee Itoobiya ayaa ugu horreyn ka shaqeeya arrimaha bini'aadantinimada iyo horumarinta. Qaar ka mid ah wakaaladeeda [ waa kuwee? ] in ay sii wadaan xiriirka gobolka ee guddiga dhaqaalaha Qaramada Midoobay ee Afrika iyo Midowga Afrika. Qaramada Midoobay waxay mudnaan siisaa horumarka waara ee Itoobiya, oo ay ku jiraan ladagaalanka faqriga, kobaca dhaqaale ee joogtada ah, siyaasadda isbeddelka cimilada , bixinta waxbarashada iyo daryeelka caafimaadka, kordhinta shaqada, iyo ilaalinta deegaanka ===Milatari=== [[File:Ethiopian_military_serving_under_the_African_Union_Mission_in_Somalia_in_sector_4_based_at_Beletweyne_carried_out_live-fire_drills.jpg|thumb|Ciidanka Difaaca Qaranka Itoobiya (ENDF) ee tababarka hoos yimaada AMISOM , 2021]] Asal ahaan ciidanka Itoobiya iyo dhaqankooda ciidan waxay soo taxnaayeen taariikhda ugu horraysa ee Itoobiya . Dalka Itoobiya oo u dhexeeya Bariga Dhexe iyo Afrika awgeed, waxa ay muddo dheer ku jirtay siyaasadda bariga iyo galbeedka oo ay ku jirtay duullaan shisheeye. Sannadkii 1579-kii, isku daygii Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta ee ahaa in ay ka balaarto Saldhigga xeebta ee Massawa waa la jebiyey. Ciidanka Gumeysiga Itoobiya waxa kale oo u suurto gashay in ay Masar ku jabiyaan 1876 Gura oo uu hogaaminayey Imbaraadoorkii Xabashida ee Yohannes IV . Itobiya waxay ku leedahay 3 laamood oo keliya gudaha millatariga, oo ka kooban Ciidanka , Ciidanka Cirka , iyo Ciidanka Badda inkasta oo ay tahay mid aan bad lahayn. Iyada oo miisaaniyad sanadeedkeedu ka badan yahay $1 bilyan oo dollar, waa ciidanka ugu badan ee bariga Afrika, waana mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu weyn Afrika. ===Dhaqangelinta sharciga=== Itoobiya waxay leedahay laba hay'adood oo federaal ah oo heer federaal ah oo waaweyn, kuwaas oo kala ah Booliska Federaalka Itoobiya iyo Adeegga Amniga Sirdoonka Qaranka . NISS oo u adeegta sida wakaalad basaasnimo iyo hay'ad sharci fulinta gudaha waxay leedahay awood heer qaran ah oo la dagaalanka argagixisanimada, iyo hawlaha la dagaallanka basaasnimada iyo ilaalinta amniga qaranka . Waxa kale oo ay leedahay awood la xidhiidha dembiyada dhaqaale ee caalamiga ah ee la xidhiidha Itoobiya oo dhan. Waxay barbar socotaa EFP (Booliiska Federaalka Itoobiya) oo labaduba fuliyaa shuruucda federaalka gudaha iyo Adeegga Amniga Sirdoonka Qaranka waxay wada shaqeeyaan caalami ah oo fulisaa xeerarka xuduudaha iyo dadka iyo badeecadaha ka soo galaya Itoobiya. EFP inta badan waxay fulisaa dambiyada aan caalamiga ahayn, iyo kuwa aan basaasnimada ahayn, dhaqan gelinta xuquuqda madaniga ah maadooyinka la xiriira arrimaha iyo dembiyada maaliyadeed gudaha. Heer deegaanka Itoobiya waxay leedahay 12 waaxood oo boolis ah oo ka kooban gobolka oo dhan, iyo 2 boolis ah oo federaal ah, kuwaas oo ah Booliska Addis Ababa, iyo ciidamada Booliska Diridhaba ==Dhaqaalaha== [[File:GDP_per_capita_development_of_Ethiopia.svg|thumb|Horumarinta GDP qofkiiba]] Itoobiya waxay diwaan galisay kobaca dhaqaale ee ugu dhaqsaha badan intii uu talada hayay Meles Zenawi . Sida laga soo xigtay IMF , Itoobiya waxay ahayd mid ka mid ah dhaqaalaha ugu kobaca badan adduunka, iyada oo diiwaangelisay in ka badan 10% kobac dhaqaale laga soo bilaabo 2004 ilaa 2009 . Kobaca wax soo saarka gudaha (GDP) celcelis ahaan 10.9% intii u dhaxaysay 2004 iyo 2014. Sanadihii 2008 iyo 2011, waxqabadka kobaca Itoobiya iyo guulaha la taaban karo ee horumarka waxa caqabad ku noqday sicir barar sare iyo xaalad lacag bixineed oo adag . Sicir bararka ayaa kor u kacay 40% bishii Agoosto 2011 sababtoo ah siyaasad lacageed oo dabacsan , mushaharka shaqaalaha dawladda oo kordhay horaantii 2011, iyo qiimaha cuntada oo sarreeya. In kasta oo uu si degdeg ah u kordhay sannadihii u dambeeyay, GDP per capita waa mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu hooseeya adduunka, dhaqaaluhuna waxa uu wajahayaa tiro dhibaatooyin dhismeed oo halis ah. Iyadoo lagu saleynayo xogtii ugu dambeysay ee laga soo bilaabo 2019, 68.7% dadweynaha waxaa saameeya faqriga kala duwan iyo 18.4% dheeraad ah oo u nugul. Iyada oo la maalgashanayo kaabayaasha dadweynaha iyo beeraha warshadaha, Itoobiya waxay isku dayaysaa inay wax ka qabato dhibaatooyinkeeda qaabdhismeed iyada oo xudun u ah wax soo saarka iftiinka Afrika. Sannadkii 2019-kii waxaa la ansixiyay sharci u oggolaanaya qurba-joogta Itoobiya inay maalgashadaan warshadaha adeegga maaliyadeed ee Itoobiya. [[File:Ethiopian_cargo_ship_at_Port_of_Djibouti.jpg|thumb|Shixnadaha saadka ee Itoobiya ayaa ku soo xirtay badda cas]] Dastuurka Itoobiya ayaa qeexaya in xuquuqda lahaanshaha dhulka ay leeyihiin oo kaliya "Dawladda iyo shacabka", laakiin muwaadiniintu waxay kireyn karaan dhul ilaa 99 sano, laakiin ma awoodaan inay dayn ama iibsadaan. In la kireeyo dhul ugu badnaan labaatan sano waa la ogolyahay tanina waxaa la filayaa in la hubiyo in dhulku u talaabsado isticmaalayaasha ugu waxtarka badan. Dhul qaybinta iyo maamulka ayaa loo arkaa meel musuq-maasuq lagu maamulo, waxaana inta badan la dalbadaa lacag-fududeynta iyo sidoo kale laaluushka marka laga hadlayo arrimaha dhulka . Maaddaama aysan jirin lahaanshaha dhulka, mashaariicda kaabayaasha ayaa inta badan si fudud loo sameeyaa iyada oo aan la waydiin dadka isticmaala dhulka, ka dibna ku dambeeya barokac iyo guri la'aan ama dhul. Cadho badan iyo kalsooni darro ayaa mararka qaarkood ka dhasha mudaaharaad dadweyne. Intaa waxa dheer, wax-soo-saarka beeruhu wuu hooseeyaa, iyo abaaro is-daba-joog ah oo weli dalka ku habsaday, kuwaas oo sababay barakaca gudaha. ===Tamarta iyo tamarta biyaha=== Itoobiya waxay leedahay 14 wabi oo waaweyn oo kasoo qulqula dhulkeeda sare oo uu ku jiro wabiga Niil. Waxay leedahay kaydka biyaha ee ugu badan Afrika. Laga bilaabo 2012 , dhirta korontadu waxay ka dhigan tahay 88.2% wadarta guud ee awoodda koronto ee la rakibay. [[File:GERD_3.jpg|thumb|Biyo xidheenka Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam oo la dhisay intii u dhaxaysay 2011 iyo 2023, oo loo qorsheeyay inuu noqdo biyo xidheenka ugu weyn Afrika]] Awoodda koronto ee soo hartay waxaa laga soo saaray shidaalka fosil (8.3%) iyo ilo la cusboonaysiin karo (3.6%). Heerka korontadda ee tirada guud ee dadka 2016 waxay ahayd 42%, iyadoo 85% ay ku daboolan yihiin magaalooyinka iyo 26% dhulka miyiga. Laga bilaabo 2016 , wadarta wax soo saarka korontadu waxay ahayd 11.15 TW⋅h iyo isticmaalkiisu wuxuu ahaa 9.062 TW⋅h. Waxaa la dhoofiyay 0.166 TW⋅h oo koronto ah, 0 kW⋅h oo la soo dejiyay, iyo 2.784 GW oo ah awoodda wax soo saarka ee la rakibay. Itoobiya waxay gaadhsiisaa ku dhawaad ​​81% mugga biyaha wabiga Niil iyada oo sii marta dooxooyinka webiyada Niilka Buluuga ah , Webiga Sobat iyo Atbara . Sannadkii 1959kii, Masar iyo Suudaan waxay saxiixeen heshiis laba geesood ah, 1959-kii heshiiska biyaha Niilka , kaasoo labada dal siinaya xuquuq gaar ah oo ku saabsan biyaha Niilka. Tan iyo markaas, Masar waxay niyad jabisay ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan mashaariicda Itoobiya ee doonaysay inay isticmaasho webiga Niilka ee deegaanka. Tani waxay saamayn ku yeelatay dhiirigelinta maalgelinta dibadda ee tamarta biyaha iyo mashaariicda waraabka ee galbeedka Itoobiya, taas oo caqabad ku ah mashaariicda horumarinta dhaqaalaha ee ku salaysan kheyraadka biyaha. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Itoobiya ayaa ku guda jirta dhismaha biyo-xireen weyn oo koronto oo dhan 6,450 MW oo ay ka dhisayso webiga Blue Nile. Dhammaystirka 2023, Biyo xidheenkan Grand Renaissance Dam ee Itoobiya ayaa loo qorsheeyay inuu noqdo saldhigga ugu weyn ee koronto ee Afrika. Mashruuca korontadda Gibe III waa kan ugu weyn dalka oo la rakibay 1,870 MW. Sannadihii 2017-18 (2010 EC) biyo xidheenkan korontadu waxa uu soo saaray 4,900 GW⋅h. ===Beeraha=== Beeruhu waxay ka kooban yihiin 85% xoogga shaqaalaha. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qaybta adeeggu waxay ka dhigan tahay qaybta ugu badan ee GDP . Dhaqdhaqaaqyo kale oo badan oo dhaqaale ayaa ku tiirsan beeraha, oo ay ku jiraan suuqgeyn, farsamayn, iyo dhoofinta wax soo saarka beeraha. Wax-soo-saarka waxaa si xad-dhaaf ah u leh beeraley iyo shirkado yaryar, waxaana qayb weyn oo ka mid ah dhoofinta badeecooyinka bixiya qaybta yar yar ee lacagta caddaanka ah ee beeraha. Dalagyada ugu muhiimsan waxaa ka mid ah kafeega , digirta , miraha saliidda , badarka , baradhada , sonkorta , iyo khudaarta. Itoobiya sidoo kale waa xarunta Vavilov ee kala duwanaanshaha dalagyada gudaha, oo ay ku jiraan enset , kafeega , okra iyo teff . Dhoofintu waxay ku dhowdahay gabi ahaanba badeecadaha beeraha (marka laga reebo dhoofinta dahabka ), kafeega ayaa ah sarifka lacagaha qalaad ee ugu badan. Itoobiya waa dalka labaad ee Afrika ugu wax soo saarka badan galleyda . Marka loo eego qiyaasaha Qaramada Midoobay, GDP-ga qofkasta ee Itoobiya wuxuu gaadhay $357 ilaa 2011 ===Dhoofinta=== [[File:Underground_Rail_Station_at_Addis_Ababa,_Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Tareenka tareenka fudud ee Addis Ababa , kaas oo martigeliya in ka badan 50,000 oo rakaab ah maalintii.]] [[File:ET-ASK_-_Ras_Dashen_-_Ethiopian_Airlines_-_Boeing_777-360ER_-_MSN_44550_-_VGHS.jpg|thumb|Shirkadda Ethiopian Airlines ee ugu weyn dalka Itoobiya , ayaa sannadkii soo xareeysa lacag dhan 6.1 bilyan oo dollar, taasoo ka dhigaysa diyaaradda 14-aad ee dakhliga soo gala, waxayna ka qayb-qaadataa ganacsiga dhoofinta dalka]] [[File:Ethio_Telecom_(25070216192).jpg|thumb|Ethio Telecom waa mid ka mid ah shirkadaha ugu waaweyn dalka oo soo xareya in ka badan hal bilyan oo dollar sanadkii.]] Itoobiya ayaa inta badan loo arkaa inay tahay meesha uu ku dhashay kafeega tan iyo markii beerashada la bilaabay qarnigii 9aad. Dhoofinta Itoobiya sannad maaliyadeedkii 2009-2010 waxay dhammaatay US$1.4 bilyan.  Itoobiya waxay soo saartaa kafeega ka badan kuwa kale ee qaaradda. "Bunku waxa uu nolol siiya in ku dhow 15 milyan oo Itoobiyaan ah, 16% dadweynaha. Beeralayda ku nool qaybta bari ee dalka, halkaas oo cimilo kululi ay horeba u saamaysay wax soo saarka, ayaa la daalaa dhacay sannadihii la soo dhaafay, qaar badanina hadda waxa ay soo sheegayaan in wax soo go'itaan ay si weyn u fashilmeen taasoo ka dhalatay abaarta daba dheeraatay". Sidoo kale Itoobiya waxay leedahay tirinta xoolaha ee shanaad . Badeecadaha kale ee ugu muhiimsan ee la dhoofiyo waa qaadka , dahabka, hargaha iyo abuurka saliidda. Horumarka ugu dambeeyay ee waaxda dhirta ayaa ka dhigan in Itoobiya ay diyaar u tahay inay ka mid noqoto ubaxa iyo dhirta ugu sarreeya adduunka.  Ganacsiga xudduudaha isaga gudba ee xoola-dhaqatada ayaa inta badan ah mid aan rasmi ahayn oo ka baxsan xakamaynta iyo sharciga dawladda. Bariga Afrika , in ka badan 95% ganacsiga xudduudaha isaga gudba waxa loo mara wadooyin aan rasmi ahayn. Ganacsiga aan rasmiga ahayn ee lo'da, geela, idaha iyo riyaha ee laga keeno Itoobiya ee loo iibgeeyo Soomaaliya , Jabuuti iyo Kenya ayaa waxaa kasoo xarooda lacag lagu qiyaasay $250-300 milyan sanadkii (100 jeer in ka badan tirada rasmiga ah).  Ganacsigani wuxuu caawiyaa hoos u dhaca qiimaha cuntada, kordhinta sugnaanta cuntada, yaraynta xiisadaha xuduudaha, iyo kor u qaadida isdhexgalka gobolka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dabeecadda aan sharciyeysnayn ee ganacsigan ayaa halis gelinaysa, sida u oggolaanshaha cudurku inuu si fudud ugu faafo xuduudaha qaranka. Intaa waxaa dheer, dawladda Itoobiya ayaa la sheegay inaanay ku faraxsanayn dakhliga cashuuraha ee lumay iyo dakhliga sarrifka lacagaha qalaad. Waxqabadyadii dhawaa waxay doonayeen in ay diiwaangeliyaan oo nidaamiyaan ganacsigan. Iyada oo qaybta gaarka loo leeyahay ay si tartiib tartiib ah u koreyso, nashqadeeyaha moodada iyo alaabada hargaha sida bacaha ayaa noqonaya ganacsi dhoofinta weyn, iyadoo Taytu ay noqotay summada naqshadeeye raaxada ee ugu horreysa ee dalka. Badeecadaha dhoofinta yar yar ee dheeriga ah waxaa ka mid ah badarka, digirta, suufka, sonkorta, baradhada, iyo hargaha. Iyada oo laga dhisayo biyo-xireenno cusub oo kala duwan iyo mashaariic koronto oo koronto ah oo dalka oo dhan ah, Itoobiya waxay sidoo kale qorsheyneysaa inay koronto u dhoofiso dalalka deriska la ah.  Inta badan kheyraadka biyaha badan ee Itoobiya iyo kartideeda waxay u arkaan "saliid cad" iyo kheyraadkeeda qaxwaha "dahab madow". ===Gaadiidka=== Laba dariiq oo baabuurta iskaga gudba Afrika ayaa sii mara Itoobiya: Waddada weyn ee Qaahira-Cape Town iyo Jidka weyn ee N'Djamena-Jabuuti . Itoobiya waxay leedahay 926 km oo koronto ah 1,435 mm ( 4 ft  8+1⁄ 2  in)caadiga ah, 656 km oo isku xidha Addis Ababa – Djibouti RailwayAddis Ababa iyoPort of Djibouti(viaAwash)  iyo 270 km ee isku xidhaAwash–Hara Gebeya RailwayAddis Ababa iyomataanaha magaalooyinkaDessie/Kombolcha.  Itoobiya waxay lahayd 58 garoon diyaaradeed laga bilaabo 2012 ,  iyo 61 ilaa 2016 . Waxaa ka mid ah, Gegida Caalamiga ah ee Bole ee Addis Ababa iyo Aba Tenna Dejazmach Yilma International Airport ee Diridhaba waxay qaadaan duulimaadyo caalami ah. ===Sayniska iyo farsamada=== [[File:Portrait-aklilu-lemma-11.jpg|thumb|Aklilu Lemma oo ku takhasusay cudurrada faafa . Sannadkii 1964-kii, waxa uu helay daaweyn kale oo loogu talagalay schistosomiasis , oo loo yaqaan qandhada snail]] [[File:Zeresenay_Alemseged_(2013-01).JPG|thumb|Paleoanthropologist Zeresenay Alemseged ee 2013. Waxa uu caan ku ahaa helitaanka hominin fossilized ee loo yaqaan Selam ama "Lucy's baby" bishii December 2000.]] Sayniska iyo tignoolajiyada Itoobiya oo u soo baxaya horumar ay ugu wacan tahay la'aanta machadyo habaysan. Wax-soo-saarka iyo adeeg bixiyayaasha inta badan waxay isku dhigaan barnaamij tartan leh si ay u horumariyaan xalal cusub oo tignoolajiyadeed iyada oo loo marayo fagaarayaasha guriga. Sayniska iyo Tignoolajiyada Hawada Sare ee Itoobiya ayaa mas'uul ka ah qabashada hawlo dhinacyo badan leh oo ku saabsan booska iyo tignoolajiyada . Intaa waxaa dheer, Itoobiya waxay sidoo kale dirtay 70 kg ET-RSS1 multi-spectral remote sensing satellite December 2019. Madaxweynaha Sahle-Work Zewde ayaa u sheegtay horraantii Oktoobar 2019 "Satellite-ku wuxuu bixin doonaa dhammaan xogta lagama maarmaanka ah ee isbeddelada cimilada iyo dhacdooyinka cimilada oo loo isticmaali doono bartilmaameedyada muhiimka ah ee dalka ee beeraha, ilaalinta khayraadka dabiiciga ah iyo sidoo kale ilaalinta dhirta." Ilaa Janaayo 2020, wax soo saarka dayax-gacmeedka, isu-ururinta, isku-dhafka iyo tijaabinta ayaa bilaabmay. Tani waxay sidoo kale kordhin doontaa dhismaha ay dhistay shirkad Faransiis ah oo ay maalgeliso Bangiga Maalgashiga Yurub (EIB). Xarunta ugu weyn ee Entoto Observatory and Space Science Center (EORC) waxay u qoondaysay barnaamijyada boosaska. Machadka Biotechnology ee Itoobiya waa qayb ka mid ah Cilmi-baarista Sayniska & Warshadaha Adeegyada Horumarinta, mas'uul ka ah ilaalinta deegaanka iyo cimilada. Saynis yahano badan oo qotodheer ayaa gacan ka gaystay shahaado sharaf iyo sumcad. Qaar waa Kitaw Ejigu , Mulugeta Bekele , Aklilu Lemma , Gebisa Ejeta iyo Melaku Worede . Timnit Gebru oo ku takhasusay cilmiga Computer-ka , ayaa loo magacaabay mid ka mid ah dadka ugu saamaynta badan wakhtiga 2022, waxa uu ku dhashay dalka Itoobiya. Itoobiya waxa ay caan ku tahay isticmaalka dawo dhaqameed tan iyo miilaadiyadii. Cudurkii ugu horreeyay ee ka dhacay Itoobiya wuxuu ahaa 849, taasoo keentay in Boqorkii Aksumite Abba Yohannes laga saaro meeshii "ciqaabta Ilaah ee dembiyada". Daawadii ugu horreysay ee dawo dhaqameed ayaa la sheegay inay ka timid masiibadan, laakiin meesha saxda ah ayaa laga doodayaa . Inkasta oo ay ka duwan tahay kooxaha qowmiyadaha, daawada dhaqameedku waxay inta badan fulisaa geedo yaryar, bogsiinta ruuxiga ah, dejinta lafaha iyo hababka qalliinka yar ee daaweynta cudurka. Itoobiya waxa ay gashay kaalinta 130aad ee Hal-abuurka Caalamiga ah ee 2024. ==Tirakoobka dadweynaha== Itoobiya waa dalka ugu dadka badan adduunka oo aan bad lahayn. Wadarta dadkeeda ayaa ka korodhay 38.1 milyan 1983 ilaa 109.5 milyan 2018. Marka loo eego qiyaasaha Qaramada Midoobay ee 2013, rajada noloshu waxay si aad ah u soo hagaagtay waqti ka dib, rajada nolosha ragga ayaa lagu soo waramayaa inay tahay 56 sano iyo dumarka 60 sano. Dadka Itoobiya aad ayay u kala duwan yihiin, waxayna ka kooban yihiin in ka badan 80 qoomiyadood oo kala duwan, oo ay afarta ugu badan yihiin Oromada , Amxaarada , Soomaalida iyo Tigreega . Marka loo eego tirakoobkii qaranka Itoobiya ee sanadkii 2007, Oromada ayaa ah qowmiyadda ugu badan ee Itoobiya, waana 34.4% dadweynaha dalkaas. Amxaaradu waxay ka dhigan tahay 27.0% dadka dalka deggan, halka Soomaalida iyo Tigreegu ay ka yihiin 6.2% iyo 6.1% shacabka siday u kala horreeyaan . Bulshooyinka ku hadla afafka ayaa ah inta badan dadweynaha. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah, dadka ku hadla Semitic-ku inta badan waxay si wada jir ah isugu sheegaan inay yihiin dadka Habesha . Qaabka Carabiga ah ee ereygan ( al-Habasha ) waa aasaaska etymological ee "Abyssinia", magacii hore ee Itoobiya ee Ingiriisiga iyo luqadaha kale ee Yurub. Sannadkii 2009, Itoobiya waxa ay martigelisay dad qaxoonti ah iyo magan-gelyo doon oo tiradoodu ahayd ku dhawaad ​​135,200. Inta badan dadkani waxay ka yimaadeen Soomaaliya (qiyaastii 64,300 qof), Eritrea (41,700) iyo Suudaan (25,900). Dowladda Itoobiya waxay ku qasbanaatay ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan qaxootiga inay ku noolaadaan xeryaha qaxootiga. ===Magaalooyinka=== [[File:AddisView.jpg|thumb|Beerta Sheger waa beerta ugu weyn dalka, iyadoo martigelisa boqollaal kun oo qof sanadkii tan iyo markii la furay.]] Korodhka dadka, guuritaanka, iyo magaalaynta ayaa dhamaantood culays saaraya awoodda dawladaha iyo nidaamka deegaanka si ay dadka u siiyaan adeegyada aasaasiga ah. Magaalooyinka ayaa si isdaba joog ah ugu soo kordhayay Itoobiya, iyada oo laba xilli uu si xawli ah u korayay. Ugu horrayn, 1936-1941 kii oo Talyaanigu gumaysanayey dawladdii Faashiistaha ee Mussolini, ka dibna 1967kii ilaa 1975kii markii dadka magaalooyinka deggani saddex laabmeen. Sannadkii 1936-kii, Talyaanigu wuxuu qabsaday Itoobiya, isaga oo dhisay kaabayaal dhaqaale oo isku xidha magaalooyinka waaweyn, iyo biyo-xireenkii bixinayay koronto iyo biyo. Tani, oo ay weheliso qulqulka Talyaaniga iyo xoogsatada, ayaa ahayd sababta ugu weyn ee koritaanka degdegga ah muddadan. Muddadii labaad ee koritaanka waxay ahayd 1967 ilaa 1975, markaas oo reer miyigu ay u hayaameen magaalooyin shaqo iyo xaalado nololeed oo wanaagsan. Habkani wuxuu gaabis ku yimid barnaamijkii dib-u-habaynta dhulka ee 1975 ee ay dawladdu samaysay, kaas oo dadka ku dhiirigeliyay inay ku nagaadaan dhulka miyiga ah. Markii ay dadku ka soo guureen miyiga una soo guureen magaalooyinka, waxaa yaraaday dadkii beeran jiray cunnada dadka. Xeerka Dib-u-habaynta Dhulka waxa loola jeedaa in la kordhiyo beeraha maadaama wax-soo-saarka cuntadu aanu la socon kobaca dadweynaha muddadii u dhaxaysay 1970-1983. Barnaamijkani waxa uu dhiiri galiyay samaynta ururada beeralayda, tuulooyinka waaweyn ee ku salaysan beeraha. Sharcigu waxa uu horseeday korodhka wax-soo-saarka cuntada, inkasta oo ay dood ka taagan tahay sababta; waxa laga yaabaa inay la xidhiidho xaaladaha cimilada in ka badan dib u habaynta. Dadweynaha magaalooyinka ayaa sii waday inay koraan iyaga oo kor u kacay 8.1% laga soo bilaabo 1975 ilaa 2000. Ilaa ugu yaraan 2024, Itoobiya waa mid ka mid ah waddamada sida aadka ah ugu dhaqsaha badan adduunka, in kasta oo dadkeedu ay weli yihiin dad reer miyi ah. ===Nolosha miyi iyo magaalaba=== [[File:Addis_Ababa_sky_view.jpg|thumb|In ka badan 6 milyan oo qof ayaa ku nool Addis Ababa , oo ah xudunta dhaqaale ee dalka]] [[File:Elders_at_health_worker_training_(5762508115).jpg|thumb|Koox rag ah ayaa isugu tagay tuulo miyi ah si ay tababar caafimaad u helaan]] U haajiridda magaalooyinka waxaa inta badan dhiirigeliya rajada nolol wanaagsan. Ururada beeralayda, nolol maalmeedku waa halgan lagu noolaado. Qiyaastii 16% dadweynaha Itoobiya waxay ku nool yihiin wax ka yar hal dollar maalintii (2008). Kaliya 65% qoysaska reer miyiga ah ee Itoobiya ayaa isticmaala heerka ugu yar ee cuntada ee Hay’adda Caafimaadka Adduunka (WHO) maalintii (2,200 kilocalories), iyada oo 42% carruurta shanta sano ka yar ay miisaankoodu hooseeyo. Inta badan qoysaska saboolka ah (75%) waxay la wadaagaan hoyga ay seexdaan xoolaha, 40% carruurtana waxay seexdaan sagxadda, halkaasoo heerkulka habeenkii celcelis ahaan 5 darajo Celsius xilliga qaboobaha. Celcelis ahaan tirada qoysku waa lix ama todoba, waxay ku nool yihiin 30 mitir oo laba jibbaaran dhoobo iyo cows, oo leh wax ka yar laba hektar oo dhul ah. Ururada beeralayda ayaa wajahaya wareeg faqri ah. Maadaama dhulku aad u yar yahay, beeralaydu ma oggolaan karaan in dhulku jiifsado, taas oo yaraynaysa bacriminta ciidda. Xaalufinta dhulku waxay yaraynaysaa wax-soo-saarka calafka xoolaha, taasoo sababta wax-soo-saarka caanaha. Maaddaama ay bulshadu u gubato digada xoolaha sidii shiidaal, halkii ay nafaqadu dib ugu soo celin lahayd dhulka, wax-soosaarka dalagga ayaa yaraada. Wax soo saarka hooseeya ee beeruhu wuxuu keenaa dakhli ku filan beeralayda, gaajada, nafaqo-xumada iyo cudurrada. Beeralaydan oo aan caafimaad qabin ayay ku adagtahay in ay ka shaqeystaan ​​dhulka, wax soo saarkiina hoos ayuu u sii dhacayaa. In kasta oo ay xaaladuhu aad uga roon yihiin magaalooyinka, haddana dhammaan Itoobiya waxay la ildaran tahay faqri iyo nadaafad darro . Si kastaba ha ahaatee, saboolnimada Itoobiya ayaa hoos uga dhacday 44% ilaa 29.6% intii lagu jiray 2000-2011, sida uu sheegay Baanka Adduunka. Magaalada caasimadda ah ee Addis Ababa, 55% dadku waxay ku noolaan jireen xaafadaha isku raranta ah. Hadda, si kastaba ha ahaatee, kor u kaca dhismaha ee ganacsiga gaarka loo leeyahay iyo kuwa dawliga ahba wuxuu horseeday horumar la taaban karo oo xagga heerka nolosha ah ee magaalooyinka waaweyn, gaar ahaan Addis Ababa. Waxaa xusid mudan, guryaha is-kaashatada oo ay dowladdu dhistay ayaa ka abuurmay magaalada oo dhan, kuwaas oo ay ka faa'iideysteen ku dhawaad ​​600,000 oo qof. Nadaafadda ayaa ah baahida ugu daran ee ka jirta magaalada, iyadoo inta badan dadku aysan helin tas-hiilaadka qashinka lagu daweeyo. Tani waxay gacan ka geysataa faafinta jirrooyinka iyada oo loo marayo biyo aan caafimaad qabin. Inkasta oo ay jiraan duruufaha nololeed ee magaalooyinka, dadka deggan Addis Ababa ayaa ka dhaqaale badan kuwa ku nool ururada beeralayda, taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay fursadaha waxbarasho iyo dhaqaale ee kordhay. Si ka duwan carruurta miyiga ah, 69% carruurta magaalada waxay dhigtaan dugsiga hoose, 35% waxay xaq u leeyihiin inay dhigtaan dugsiga sare. Addis Ababa waxay leedahay jaamacad u gaar ah iyo sidoo kale dugsiyo sare oo u gaar ah . Heerka wax-akhriska Addis Ababa waa 82% ilaa 2008. NGO-yo badan (ururo aan dowli ahayn) ayaa ka shaqeynaya sidii ay u xallin lahaayeen dhibaatadan; si kastaba ha ahaatee, badankoodu aad bay u kala fog yihiin, iskuma dubaridin, oo waxay ku shaqeeyaan si gooni ah. Dalladda aan dawliga ahayn ee Afrikada Saxaraha ka hooseeya waxay isku dayaysaa inay isku duba riddo dadaallada. ===Luuqadaha=== Sida laga soo xigtay Glottolog , dalka Itoobiya waxaa lagaga hadlaa 109 luqadood, halka Ethnologue uu qoray 90 luqadood oo gaar ah oo dalka lagaga hadlo. Inta badan dadka dalka ku nool waxay ku hadlaan luqadaha Afroasiatic ee laamaha Kushitiga ama Semitic . Midda hore waxaa ka mid ah afka Oromada oo ay ku hadlaan Oromada iyo Soomaaliga oo ay Soomaalidu ku hadasho ; tan danbe waxaa ku jira Amxaaro ku hadasho Amxaarada iyo tigreega oo ay ku hadlaan . Isku soo wada duuboo, afartan kooxood ayaa ka kooban afar meelood saddex meel dadweynaha Itoobiya. Afafka kale ee Afroasiatic ee ay ku hadlaan dad aad u tiro badan waxa ka mid ah afafka Kushitigga Sidamo , Affarta , Hadiyyada iyo afafka Agaw , iyo afafka Semitic Gurage , Harari , Silt'e , iyo afafka Argobbada . Carabi , oo sidoo kale ka tirsan qoyska Afroasiatic, ayaa sidoo kale looga hadlaa meelaha qaarkood. Ingiriisigu waa luqadda ajnabiga ah ee loogu hadlo, dhexdhexaadinta waxbarashada dugsiyada sare iyo dhammaan waxbarashada sare; Sharciyada federaalka ayaa sidoo kale lagu daabacay Ingiriisi Ingiriisi ee Federaalka Negarit Gazeta oo uu ku jiro dastuurkii 1995. Amxaarigu waxa uu ahaa luqadda wax lagu baro dugsiyada hoose, balse meelo badan ayaa lagu beddelay afafka gobollada sida Oromada, Soomaaliga ama Tigrinya. Dhammaan afafku waxay si siman u aqoonsan yihiin dawladnimo dastuurkii 1995 ee Itoobiya . ===Qoraal=== Af-soomaaliga ugu muhiimsan ee Itoobiya waa farta Geezka . Waxaa loo shaqaaleysiiyay abugida dhawr luuqadood oo dalka ka mid ah, waxa markii ugu horaysay la isticmaalay qarniyadii 6aad iyo 5aad ee BC iyadoo abjad ah si loo qoro luqada Semitic Ge'ez . Ge'ez hadda waxa uu u adeegaa sidii luuqadda diinta ee labada Kaniisadaha Ortodokska ee Itoobiya iyo Ereteriya Orthodox Tewahedo . Intii lagu jiray 1980-aadkii, hab-dhaqanka Xabashida waxa lagu sameeyay kombiyuutar. Maanta waa qayb ka mid ah halbeegga Unicode sida Xabashi, Xabashiyeed Dheeraad ah , Kaabista Xabashiyeed iyo Dheeraynta Xabashida-A . Nidaamyo kale oo qoraal ah ayaa sidoo kale sannadihii la soo dhaafay isticmaalayey bulshooyin kala duwan oo Itoobiya ah. Kuwa dambe waxaa ku jira farta Bakri Sapalo ee Oromada ===Diinta=== [[File:Ethiopia - sunset at Church of Saint George, Lalibela 02.jpg|thumb|Kaniisadda Saint George, Lalibela , oo ah goobta xajka ee Kaniisadda Ortodokska ee Itoobiya ; goobtu waa qayb ka mid ah Xarunta Dhaxalka Adduunka ee UNESCO " Kaniisadaha Rock-Hewn, Lalibela ]] Marka loo eego Tirakoobka Qaranka ee 2007, Masiixiyiintu waxay ka yihiin 62.8% dadka dalka, Muslimiinta 33.9%, ku dhaqma diimaha 2.6%, iyo diimaha kale 0.6%. Saamiga Masiixiyiinta iyo Muslimiinta ayaa inta badan ahaa mid deggan marka la barbar dhigo tirokoobkii hore ee la sameeyay tobannaan sano ka hor. Sunniga ayaa ah muslimiinta ugu badan iyadoo muslimiin aan diin ahayn ay yihiin kooxda labaad ee ugu weyn Muslimiinta, Shiicaduna waa tiro yar. Sunnigu waxay u badan yihiin Shaafici ama Salafiya ; waxaa kaloo jira suufiyaal badan . Itoobiya waxay xidhiidh taariikhi ah oo dhow la leedahay saddexda diimood ee ugu waaweyn caalamka ee Ibraahim . Qarnigii 4-aad, Imbaraadooriyadda Xabashidu waxay ka mid ahayd dawladihii ugu horreeyey ee si rasmi ah u qaata diinta Kiristaanka oo ah diin dawladeed. Natiijadii qaraaradii Golaha Chalcedon , ee 451 Miaphysites , oo ay ku jiraan inta badan Masiixiyiinta Masar iyo Itoobiya, ayaa lagu eedeeyay monophysitism waxaana loo qoondeeyey inay yihiin bidciyaal hoos yimaada magaca guud ee Coptic Christianity (eeg Oriental Orthodoxy ). Kaniisadda Ortodokska ee Itoobiya waa qayb ka mid ah Orthodoxy Oriental . Ilaa hadda waa diinta Masiixiga ee ugu weyn, in kasta oo tiro ka mid ah kaniisadaha P'ent'ay ( Protestanka ) ay dhowaan heleen dhul. Ilaa 1930kii, Kaniisadda Katooliga ee Itoobiya oo aad u yar ayaa si buuxda ula wadaagi jirtay Rome, iyada oo dadka raacsani ay ka yihiin wax ka yar 1% tirada guud ee dadweynaha. Islaamku Itoobiya wuxuu ka soo bilaabmay aasaaskii diinta sannadkii 622 markaas oo koox muslimiin ah uu Muxammad kula taliyey inay ka baxsadaan cadaadiskii Maka . Ka dib xertii waxay u haajireen Abyssinia iyagoo sii maray Eritrea-ta casriga ah, oo ay markaas xukumi jirtay Ashama ibn-Abjar , oo ahayd boqortooyo Masiixi ah oo cibaado leh. ===Caafimaadka=== [[File:Child_mortality_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa_and_Ethiopia.svg|thumb|Hoos u dhaca dhimashada carruurta ee Afrikada Saxaraha ka hooseeya iyo Itoobiya ilaa 1950kii]] Tiro yar oo Itoobiyaan ah ayaa ku dhasha isbitaallada, halka intooda badan ay ku dhasheen guryaha miyiga ah. Kuwa la filayo inay guriga ku umulaan waxay leeyihiin haween da' ah oo u adeega umulisooyin ka caawiya umusha. "WHO waxay ku qiyaastay in inta badan dhimashada hooyada iyo naafada laga hortagi karo haddii dhalmada lagu qabanayo xarumaha caafimaadka si fiican loo qalabeeyey, oo leh shaqaale tababaran oo ku filan". Heerarka dhalashada , heerka dhimashada dhallaanka , iyo heerka dhimashadu waa ka hooseeyaan magaalooyinka marka loo eego meelaha miyiga ah sababtoo ah helitaanka waxbarasho, dawooyinka iyo isbitaallada oo wanaagsan. Cimrigu waa ka wanaagsan yahay magaalooyinka marka loo eego dhulka miyiga ah, laakiin waxaa jiray horumar la taaban karo oo laga arkay guud ahaan dalka ilaa 2016, celceliska nolosha dadka Itoobiya waa 62.2 sano jir, sida lagu sheegay warbixin ay soo saartay UNDP . Inkasta oo nadaafaddu ay dhibaato tahay, isticmaalka ilaha biyaha ee la hagaajiyay ayaa sidoo kale kor u kacaya; 81% magaalooyinka marka loo eego 11% dhulka miyiga ah. Dhibaatooyinka ugu waaweyn ee caafimaadka Itoobiya ayaa lagu sheegay inay yihiin cudurrada faafa (la kala qaado) oo ay uga sii daraan nadaafad-xumada iyo nafaqo-xumada . In ka badan 58 milyan oo qof (ku dhawaad ​​kala badh dadweynaha) ayaan helin biyo nadiif ah illaa 2023 . Warbixinta Caafimaadka Adduunka ee 2006 ee Ururka Caafimaadka Adduunka waxa ay siisay tiro dhan 1,936 takhaatiir (2003), taas oo timaadda ilaa 2.6 100,000kiiba. Istaraatiijiyadda Caafimaadka Dhimirka ee Qaranka, oo la daabacay 2012, ayaa soo bandhigtay horumarinta siyaasadda loogu talagalay in lagu horumariyo daryeelka caafimaadka dhimirka ee Itoobiya. Istaraatiijiyadani waxay waajibisay in caafimaadka dhimirka lagu daro nidaamka daryeelka caafimaadka aasaasiga ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, guusha Istaraatiijiyada Caafimaadka Dhimirka ee Qaranka ayaa xaddidan. Tusaale ahaan, culeyska niyad-jabka ayaa lagu qiyaasay inuu kordhay 34.2% laga bilaabo 2007 ilaa 2017. Intaa waxaa dheer, baahsanaanta dabeecadaha dhaleeceynta, hoggaan la'aanta iyo isku-dubbaridka dadaallada, iyo sidoo kale la'aanta wacyi-gelinta caafimaadka maskaxda ee dadweynaha guud ahaan, dhammaan waxay ku sii jiraan caqabado lagu guuleysto daryeelka caafimaadka maskaxda. Marka la eego 2024 Global Hunger Index (GHI), Itoobiya waxay ku jirtaa kaalinta 102aad 127 waddan waxayna leedahay dhibco dhan 26.2, taasoo muujinaysa heer gaajo daran. ===Waxbarashada=== [[File:Parco_dell%27universit%C3%A0_di_addis_abeba,_09.jpg|thumb|Galitaanka Jaamacadda Addis Ababa]] Nidaamka hadda socdaa waxa uu daba socdaa qorshayaal balaadhinta dugsiyada oo aad ugu shabbahay nidaamkii ka jiray miyiga sanadihii 1980-aadkii, iyada oo lagu daray gobolaysi qoto dheer, siinta waxbarashada reer miyiga ee ardaydu ku hadlaan luuqadooda oo ka bilaabma heerka dugsiga hoose, iyo maalgelin miisaaniyadeed oo badan oo loo qoondeeyay qaybta waxbarashada. Waxbarashada dadweynuhu waa lacag la'aan heerarka aasaasiga ah waxayna badanaa bixisaa da'da 7 iyo 12. Isku xigxiga waxbarashada guud ee Itoobiya waa lix sano oo dugsi hoose ah, ka dibna afar sano oo dugsi hoose ah oo ay ku xigto laba sano oo dugsi sare ah. Waxbarashada Itoobiya waxaa maamula wasaaradda waxbarashada , wareeggeeduna wuxuu ka kooban yahay 4+4+2+2; waxbarashada hoose waxay ka kooban tahay siddeed sano, oo loo qaybiyay laba wareeg oo afar sano ah, iyo afar sano oo dugsi sare ah, oo loo qaybiyay laba marxaladood oo laba sano ah. Imtixaanada qaranka waxa qaadaya Hay'adda Qiimaynta iyo Imtixaanaadka Waxbarashada Qaranka (NEAEA). Tan iyo 2018, waxaa jira laba imtixaan oo heer qaran ah: Imtixaanka shahaadiga ah ee waxbarashada guud ee dugsiga sare ee Itoobiya (EGSECE), oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan imtixaan qaran ee fasalka 10-aad iyo imtixaan qaran ee fasalka 12-aad. [[File:Top_floor_of_the_first_science_museum_in_Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Matxafka Sayniska ee Fanka iyo Sayniska ee Addis Ababa wuxuu u adeegaa sidii xudunta ugu weyn ee dalka oo soo bandhigta hal-abuurka cusub ee dalka]] Ilaa 2022, waxaa jira 83 jaamacadood, 42 jaamacadood oo dawladeed, iyo in ka badan 35 machadyo tacliin sare ah. Ardayda ajnabiga ah waxay ka kooban yihiin 16,305 heerka waxbarashada sare. Tirada guud ee ardayda jaamacadaha ee xarumaha dowliga ah iyo kuwa gaarka loo leeyahay ayaa ku qarxay in ka badan 2,000 boqolkiiba, min 34,000 1991 ilaa 757,000 sanadka 2014, xogta UIS. Helitaanka waxbarashada Itoobiya si weyn ayay u horumartay. Ku dhawaad ​​saddex milyan oo qof ayaa ku jiray dugsiga hoose sannadihii 1994-95, laakiin 2008-09, ardayda dhigata dugsiyada hoose waxay kor u kacday 15.5 milyan - korodhay in ka badan 500%. Sannadkii 2013-14, Itoobiya waxay goob joog ka ahayd kor u kac wayn oo ku aaddan is-diiwaangelinta guud ee dhammaan gobollada. GER-ka qaranku wuxuu ahaa 104.8% wiilasha, 97.8% gabdhaha iyo 101.3% labada jinsi. Heerka wax-akhrisku wuu kordhay sannadihii u dambeeyay: marka loo eego tirakoobkii 1994-kii, heerka wax-akhris ee Itoobiya wuxuu ahaa 23.4%. Sannadkii 2007dii waxa lagu qiyaasay 39% (ragga 49.1% iyo dheddigga 28.9%). Warbixin ay soo saartay UNDP 2011 ayaa muujisay in heerka wax-akhris ee Itoobiya uu ahaa 46.7%. Isla warbixintan ayaa sidoo kale tilmaantay in heerka wax-akhris iyo wax-akhris ee dumarku uu kordhay 27 ilaa 39 boqolkiiba intii u dhaxaysay 2004 ilaa 2011, iyo heerka wax-akhris iyo wax-akhris ee labku uu kordhay 49 ilaa 59 boqolkiiba isla muddadaas dadka da'doodu tahay 10 sano iyo wixii ka weyn. Sannadkii 2015, heerka wax-akhrisku wuu sii kordhay, ilaa 49.1% (57.2% lab iyo 41.1% dumar ah). ==Dhaqanka== [[File:Ethiopia_IMG_5782_Addis_Abeba_(25052967317).jpg|thumb|Bandhig dhaqameed ee Addis Ababa]] Dhaqanka Itoobiya waxa si weyn u saameeyay dadka deegaanka, is dhexgalka Semitic, Kushitic iyo dadka ku hadla Nilo-Sahara ee tirada yar, kaas oo ka soo baxay kunnadii hore ee BC. Semitic Tigray iyo Amxaarada, oo siyaasadda hore u maamuli jiray, oo ay kaga duwan yihiin dadka kale qaab-dhismeedka kala sareynta iyo nolosha beeralayda ah ee ka soo jeeda Koonfurta Carbeed qayb ka mid ah dib u haajirintii, halka Koonfurta Kushitiga (Oromo iyo Somali) ay yihiin kuwo aad ugu dheggan sinnaanta iyo nolosha xoola-dhaqatada. Dhaqamada kale ee Kaffa, Sidamo, iyo dadyowga Canfarta ayaa sidoo kale jira. ===Fasaxyada=== [[File:Ethiopian_New_Year_Landscape._Photo_Taken_on_September_11_2010_Ethiopian_Calendar._Ethiopian_indigenous_flower_%22Adey_Abeba%22_Sheeps_seen_grazing.jpg|thumb|Sannadka cusub ee Itoobiya ama Enkutatash waxaa lagu xusaa ubaxa adey abeba oo astaan ​​u ah bilow cusub, sanad walba dalka oo dhan.]] Itoobiya waxay leedahay 6 ciidood oo wadani iyo dadwayne iyo 9 ciidood oo waaweyn oo diini ah oo dawladu aqoonsatay. Sannadku (Gregorian kalandarka) wuxuu ka bilaabmaa Christmas-ka Itoobiya Janaayo 7, wuxuu kaloo leeyahay Epiphany ama Timkat Janaayo 19 ama 20 iyadoo ku xiran haddii sanadka uu yahay boodbood, taas oo u dabaaldegaysa baabtiiskii Ciise Masiix ee Yooxanaa Baabtiisaha . Timkat waxa ay Qaramada Midoobay u aqoonsan tahay qayb ka mid ah " Liiska Dhaxalka Dhaqanka ee aan la taaban karin " kuwaas oo loogu talagalay ciidaha dhaqameed iyo diimeed ee muhiimka ah. Saddex ciidood waa la guuri karaa sida Ramadaan , Jimce Wanaagsan iyo Easter oo laba ka mid ah ay yihiin gu' iyo Ramadaan oo ah dabaaldegyada Islaamka. Fasaxyada kale waxaa ka mid ah Mawliidka oo bilaabanaya 12-ka ama 17-ka bisha marka loo eego kalandarka Islaamka iyadoo ay ku xiran tahay mad-habta Muslimka ah ee dabbaaldegaya, si kastaba ha ahaatee maadaama Muslimiinta Itoobiya intooda badan ay yihiin Sunni ayaa sidaas awgeed loo dabaaldegaa maalinta 12-aad ee bisha saddexaad ee taariikhda Islaamka oo ah Sebtembar. Kuwa kale waxaa ka mid ah Ciidul-fidriga iyo Ciidul-Adxa ee ciidaha kale ee Islaamka halka Masiixiyiinta, helitaanka iskutallaabta runta ah ama si kale loo yaqaan Meskel . Maalmaha fasaxa ah ee ugu horreeya ee jadwalka taariikhda ku beegan waa Maalinta Guusha Adwa ee 2-da Maarso, oo lagu xusayo guushii Emperor Menelik II uu ka gaaray isku daygii gumeysiga ee Talyaaniga 1896. Kuwo kale waxay raacaan, sida maalinta shaqaalaha adduunka ee 1-da May, Maalinta Guusha Wadaniyiinta Itoobiya ee loo dabaaldegayo soo laabashadii Gumeysiga Talyaaniga ee Fashiliska Xayle Selaase5. May iyo Burburkii Dergiga ee 28-kii May, oo ah maalin fasax ah oo dhowaan loo dallacsiiyay maqaam dadweyne dawladdii talada haysa ka dib 1991. Waxaana ugu caansan ciidaha dadweynaha Enkutatash oo ah kan ugu weyn, u dabbaaldegga sanadka cusub ee Itoobiya ee Sebtembar 11 ama 12, kaas oo qiyaastii 7-8 sano ka dambeeya adduunka intiisa kale, iyada oo ku xidhan haddii sannadku ka dambeeyaan sannado badan. Maalinta Difaaca sidoo kale waxay u jirtaa dabbaaldegga ragga adeegga 26-ka Oktoobar fasaxa ugu dambeeya ee kalandarka Gregorian. Si kastaba ha ahaatee ciidaha kale iyo ciidaha sida sharafta Saint Yohannes iyo kuwa kale ayaa dalka oo dhan laga xusay waxaana ka mid ah Irrecha oo ay xusaan qoomiyada Oromada . ===Farshaxanka iyo dhismaha=== [[File:The_Last_Judgement_by_Afewerk_Tekle_at_St._George%27s_Cathedral.jpg|thumb|Afwerk Tekle ee "Xukumada u dambaysa" ee St. George's Capel]] Farshaxanka Itoobiya waxa si weyn u saameeyay sawir-qaadista masiixiga inta badan taariikhdeeda. Tani waxay ka koobnayd qoraal-gacmeedyo iftiimay , rinjiyeyn , iskutallaabyo , astaamo iyo biro kale sida taaj. Inta badan fanka taariikhiga ah waxaa u xilsaaray Kaniisadda Ortodokska ee Itoobiya, diinta dawladda muddo kun sano ah. Farshaxanadii hore ee Aksumite waxay ahaayeen sawiro dhagax ah sida lagu caddeeyey sawiradooda, in kasta oo aanu jirin farshaxan Masiixi ah oo badbaaday wakhtigan. Sida diinta kiristaanka loo soo bandhigay, muuqaalkeeda astaanta ayaa qayb saameyn ku yeeshay farshaxanka Byzantine . Inta badan fanka soo haray ee ka baxsan waagii hore ee casriga ah waxa uu burburay natiijadii duulaankii Adal Sultanate ee buuraleyda Xabashida , laakiin waxaa soo nooleeyay ergo Katoolik ah. Faragelinta reer galbeedka ee fanka Itoobiya waxay bilaabatay qarnigii 20aad, iyadoo sidoo kale la ilaalinayo dabeecadda soo jireenka ah ee Itoobiya . Qaar ka mid ah fanaaniinta Itoobiya ee caanka ah waxaa ka mid ah Afewerk Tekle , Lemma Guya , Martha Nasibù , Ale Felege Selam iyo kuwa kale. [[File:Stelae,_Aksum,_Ethiopia_(7158408756).jpg|thumb|Aksumite Steles waxa ay calaamado rasmi ah u noqdeen Imbaraadoorradii Itoobiya xilligii Boqortooyadii Aksumite .]] Nashqada Itoobiya sida "Bete Medhane Alem" ama "Guriga Badbaadiyeheenna" waa mid ka mid ah 12 kaniisadood oo Lalibela ku yaal oo la dhisay xilligii Emperor Lalibela I. Imbaraadoor Lalibela I wuxuu u xilsaaray qaybo badan oo ka mid ah dhismaha kaniisadda Lalibela isla markiiba isaga loogu magac daray. Tan waxaa si weyn loogu caddeeyey dhiirigelinta Itobiya xilliyadii dhexe ee dhexe taasoo ay ugu wacnayd xannibaadkii Quddus ee qabsashadii Muslimiinta si ay u soo celiso qaabkeeda "Qudus cusub" oo heer qaran ah. Waxaa laga yaabaa in mid ka mid ah qaab-dhismeedka ugu caansan ee qadiimka ah la aasaasay muddadii D'mt. Masonry Ashlar wuxuu ahaa nooc qadiimi ah oo ka mid ah qaab dhismeedka Koonfurta Carabta oo leh isku ekaanshaha qaab dhismeedka ugu badan.  Aksumite wuxuu sii waday inuu kobciyo dhismihiisa qiyaastii qarnigii 4aad ee CE. Aksumite steelae caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo hal block iyo dhagxaan. Qabriga albaabka beenta ah ee loo dhisay boqorada Aksumite waxay isticmaaleen qaab monolithic ah. Ilbaxnimada Lalibela waxay ahayd inta badan saamaynta Aksumite, laakiin lakabka dhagxaanta ama alwaaxdu aad ayay uga duwan tahay guryaha qaarkood.  Waqtigii Gonderine, dhismaha Itoobiya waxaa saameeyay qaababka Baroque, Carab, Turki iyo Gujarati Hindi oo si madax-banaan wax u bareen ergadii Boortaqiisku qarniyadii 16aad iyo 17aad. Tusaalooyinka waxaa ka mid ah qalcaddii boqortooyadii Fasil Ghebbi , taas oo ay saamaysay isku dhafka qaababkan. Nashqada dhexe ee dhexe waxa ay sidoo kale saamaysay qarniyadii 19-aad iyo 20-aad ee danbe.  ===Muusiga=== [[File:Yared.jpg|thumb|Yared oo ku jira gabal qarnigii 15aad ee fanka xabashida ee xabashida oo haya mequamia (ul ducada)]] Muusiga Itoobiya ayaa ah mid aad u kala duwan, iyada oo mid kasta oo ka mid ah 80-ka qoomiyadood ee dalka ay ku xidhan yihiin dhawaaqyo gaar ah. Muusiga Xabashidu waxa ay isticmaashaa hannaan modal oo gaar ah kaas oo ah pentatonic , oo leh astaamo dheer oo u dhexeeya qoraallada qaarkood. Sida dhinacyo badan oo kale oo ka mid ah dhaqanka iyo hiddaha Itoobiya, dhadhanka muusiga iyo ereyada ayaa si adag ugu xidhan kuwa jaarka ah ee Ereteriya, Soomaaliya, Jabuuti, iyo Suudaan. Heesaha dhaqameed ee Itoobiya waxay soo bandhigaan qaabab kala duwan oo polyphony ah ( heterophony , drone , ku dayasho, iyo counterpoint ). Dhaqan ahaan, lyricism-ka qorista heesaha Itoobiya waxa ay si xooggan ula xidhiidhaa aragtiyaha waddaniyadda ama hanka qaranka, jacaylka, saaxiibtinimada, iyo nooc xusuus gaar ah oo loo yaqaan tizita . Saint Yared , oo ah laxamiistaha Aksumite ee qarnigii 6aad, ayaa si weyn loogu tixgaliyaa hormoodka muusiga dhaqameed ee Ereteriya iyo Itoobiya, isaga oo abuuray muusiga diinta ee Kaniisadda Ortodokska ee Itoobiya iyo Ereteriya . Muusigga casriga ah waxa uu dib u soo celinayaa boqortooyadii Emperor Haile Selassie, halkaas oo 40 agoon oo Armenian ah oo la odhan jiray Arba Lijoch ay ka yimaadeen Yeruusaalem ilaa Addis Ababa. Sannadkii 1924-kii, kooxdu waxay ku dhowaatay in la aasaaso sidii orchestra; laakiin Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka kadib, kooxo dhowr ah oo la mid ah ayaa soo baxay sida Imperial Bodyguard Band, Kooxda Ciidanka, iyo Kooxda Booliska. Sannadihii 1960-aadkii iyo 1970-aadkii, muusiga casriga ah ee Xabashida ee dhaqameed ayaa dib loo soo nooleeyay waxa loo yaqaan " Golden Age ". Dhowr fanaan oo caan ah ayaa soo baxay intaas ka dib, tusaale ahaan, Tilahun Gessesse , Alemayehu Eshete , Bizunesh Bekele , Muluken Melesse iyo Mahmoud Ahmed . Waxa kale oo ay shaqaalaysiisay hab-dhaqameed loo yaqaan tizita . Xilligii Dergiga, fanaaniintan waxaa laga mamnuucay in ay bandhigyo ka sameeyaan dalka, waxaana inta badan lagu qasbay in ay u qaxaan Waqooyiga Ameerika iyo Yurub, iyaga oo ku dhex milmay jazz iyo funk. Tusaale ahaan, Roha Band, Walias Band , iyo Ethio Stars. Waqtigaas, Neway Debebe wuxuu dhaleeceeyay dowladdii Dergiga. Muusiga casriga ah waxa uu horumaray wax yar 1990-meeyadii iyo 2000-meeyadii. Muddadan, fanaaniinta ugu caansan waxay ahaayeen Aster Aweke , Gigi iyo Teddy Afro . Muusiga Itoobiya ayaa sii casriyeeyay tobanka sano ee soo socda, iyadoo la adeegsanaayo nooc elektaroonik ah oo caan ah. DJ Rophnan waxa uu caan ku ahaa horu marinta EDM ka dib markii uu soo saaray albamkiisii ​​ugu horeeyay ee Milicsiga 2018. ===Kalandarka=== Itoobiya waxay leedahay kallandar maxalli ah oo dhowr ah. Kan ugu caansan waa kalandarka Itoobiya , oo loo yaqaan kalandarka Geezka, waxaana lagu qoray fartii hore ee Geez , oo ka mid ah xarfaha ugu faca weyn ee ilaa hadda laga isticmaalo adduunka. Waxay ku salaysan tahay kalandarka hore ee Alexandria ama Coptic , kaas oo isna ka soo jeeda taariikhda Masar . Sida kalandarka Coptic-ga, kalandarka Itoobiya wuxuu leeyahay laba iyo toban bilood oo sax ah 30 maalmood midkiiba oo lagu daray shan ama lix maalmood epagomenal , oo ka kooban bisha saddex iyo tobnaad. Bilaha Xabashidu waxay ku bilowdaan isla maalmo la mid ah kuwa Coptic kalandarka, laakiin magacyadoodu waxay ku qoran yihiin Geezo. Sida jadwalka Julian , maalinta lixaad ee epagomenal - taas oo nuxurkeedu yahay maalin boodboodka -waxaa lagu daraa afartii sanaba mar iyada oo aan laga reebo 29ka Agoosto ee jadwalka Julian, lix bilood ka hor maalinta Julian leap. Haddaba, maalinta koowaad ee sannadka Itoobiya 1 Mäskäräm, sannadaha u dhexeeya 1901 iyo 2099 (lagu daro) waa inta badan 11-ka Sebtembar ( Gregorian ), laakiin waxay ku beegan tahay 12 Sebtembar sannado ka hor sannad-guurada Miilaadiyada. Waxay qiyaastii todoba sano iyo saddex bilood ka danbeysaa kalandarka Miilaadiyada sababtoo ah xisaabinta beddelka ah ee go'aaminta taariikhda ku dhawaaqista Ciise. Nidaam kale oo calendriical ah ayaa la sameeyay qiyaastii 300 BC oo ay sameeyeen dadka Oromada . Kalandarka dayaxa-xiddigaha, kalandarkan Oromodu wuxuu ku tiirsan yahay indha-indheynta xiddigiska ee dayaxa iyadoo lala kaashanayo toddoba xiddigood oo gaar ah. Oromo bilaha (xiddigaha/ wejiyada dayaxa) waa Bittottessa (Iangulum), Camsa (Pleiades), Bufa (Aldebarran), Waxabajjii (Belletrix), Obora Gudda (Central Orion-Saiph), Obora Dikka (Sirius), Birra ( full moon), Cikawa ( dayax gibbous), Sadamoon , Abradhiyam (quarescent ) iyo Gurrandala (bisha yar). ===Warbaahinta=== [[File:Ethiopian_Television.JPG|thumb|Warbaahinta Itoobiya oo xarun u ahayd Addis Ababa]] Koorporeeshinii Itiyoophiyaa (EBC) , oo hore loo yiqiin ETV, waa warbaahinta dawladda . baahinta raadiyaha waxa la bilaabay horaantii 1935 ka hor inta aan la bilaabin adeega telefishanku 1962 dii iyada oo la kaashanayo shirkad British ah Thomson iyo Emperor Haile Selassie. Tan iyo 2015, EBC waxay cusboonaysiisay istuudiyaha iyada oo la casriyeeyay. Kana TV waa kan ugu caansan TV-ga Itoobiya. Waxa ay inta badan caan ku tahay in af-amxaari loo qoro waxyaabaha qalaad . Muddo dhowr iyo toban sano ah, telefiishanka dawladdu waxa uu u adeegay warbaahinta ugu weyn ilaa dabayaaqadii 2000-meeyadii, markii EBS TV uu bilaabay sidii kanaalka telefishan ee ugu horreeya. Waxaa intaa dheer, kanaalo badan oo gaar loo leeyahay ayaa la bilaabay 2016, taasoo ku dhammaatay kobaca shirkadaha warbaahinta gaarka loo leeyahay ee dalka. Tusaale ahaan, Fana TV waxa uu ahaa shabakadda TV-ga ugu weyn tan iyo markii la furay 2017-kii. Wargeysyada ugu badan ee ka soo baxa Itoobiya waa Addis Fortune , Capital Ethiopia , Ethiopian Reporter , Addis Zemen ( Amxaari ) iyo Ethiopian Herald . Adeeg bixiyaha kaliya ee internetka waa shirkadda isgaarsiinta qaranka ee Ethio telecom . Qayb badan oo ka mid ah dadka isticmaala dalka ayaa internetka ka gala aaladaha mobilada. Laga bilaabo Juulaay 2016 , waxaa jira ku dhawaad ​​4.29 milyan oo qof oo internetka ku haysta gurigooda marka la barbar dhigo rubuc milyan isticmaale toban sano ka hor. Dawladda Itoobiya waxay mararka qaarkood si badheedh ah u xidhay adeegga internetka ee waddanka ama xaddiday gelitaanka baraha bulshada qaarkood xilliyada qalalaasaha siyaasadeed. Bishii Agoosto 2016, kadib mudaaharaad iyo mudaaharaad ka dhacay Gobolka Oromia, waxaa la xiray dhammaan isticmaalka internetka muddo labo maalmood ah. Bishii Juun 2017, dawladdu waxay xidhay gelitaanka internetka ee isticmaaleyaasha mobilada muddadaas oo ku beegnayd xilliga imtixaanka gelitaanka jaamacadda. Inkasta oo sababta xaddidaadda aysan dowladdu xaqiijin, tallaabadu waxay la mid tahay cabbir la qaaday isla muddadaas 2016, ka dib markii ay soo baxeen su'aalo tijaabo ah ===Cunto=== [[File:Injera_with_eight_kinds_of_stew.jpg|thumb|Cuntadan oo ka kooban injera iyo dhowr nooc oo wat ah ( fuud) ayaa ah mid lagu yaqaan cunnada Itoobiya.]] Cunnada ugu caansan Itoobiya waxay ka kooban tahay noocyo kala duwan oo fuud hilib qaro weyn leh , oo loo yaqaan Wat dhaqanka Itoobiya, iyo cunnooyinka dhinaca khudradda ah ee lagu bixiyo dusheeda injera , rooti fidsan oo weyn oo laga sameeyay bur teff . Tan laguma cuno maacuunta, laakiin taa beddelkeeda injera-ka waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu qaado galka iyo saxamada dhinaceeda. Ku dhawaad ​​guud ahaan dalka Itoobiya, waxaa caadi ka ah in hal saxan lagu cunteeyo miiska dhexdiisa iyadoo koox dad ah la dhex joogo. Waxa kale oo caado ah in qof kale gacantiisa lagu quudiyo—dhaqanka loo yaqaan " gursha ". Cunto-dhaqameedka Itoobiya ma shaqaalaysiiso hilib doofaar , maadaama ay mamnuuc ka tahay diimaha Masiixiyiinta ee Itoobiya iyo diinta Islaamka; Masiixiyiinta Ortodokska ee Itoobiya waxay sidoo kale ka soomaan hilibka Arbacada, Jimcaha, iyo inta ka horeysa Easter iyo Christmas. Chechebsa , Marqa , Chukko , Michirra iyo Dhanga waa cunnada ugu caansan ee laga helo Oromada . Kitfo oo asalkeedu ka soo jeedo Guraage , waa mid ka mid ah cuntooyinka ugu caansan dalka. Intaa waxaa dheer, Doro Wot (Doro ወጥ in Amharic ) iyo Tsebehi Derho (Tsebehi Derho ) waa cuntooyin kale oo caan ah, oo ka yimid waqooyi-galbeed ee Itoobiya. Tihlo (thlo) - oo ah nooca qashinka - waxaa laga diyaariyey bur shaciir la dubay oo asal ahaan ka soo jeeda Gobolka Tigray . Tihlo ayaa hadda aad looga jecel yahay Axmaarada oo ku sii fidaysa koonfurta. ===Ciyaaraha=== [[File:Abebe_Bikila_1968c.jpg|thumb|Abebe Bikila , oo ku guulaystay bilada dahabka ee Olympic]] Ciyaaraha ugu waaweyn Itoobiya waa orodka iyo garoonka (gaar ahaan orodka dheer ) iyo kubbadda cagta. Orodyahanada Itoobiya ayaa ku guulaystey bilada dahabka ah ee Olimbikada orodada iyo garoonka, kuwaas oo intooda badan ku guulaystey orodka dheer. Abebe Bikila waxa uu noqday ciyaaryahankii ugu horeeyay ee ka socda wadamada Saxaraha ka hooseeya ee ku guulaysta bilada dahabka ee Olombikada markii uu ku guulaystay Marathon-kii ciyaarihii Olombikada Rome 1960kii wakhtigaas oo ahaa 2:15:16. Xulka Kubadda Cagta Itoobiya ayaa ka mid ahaa afar xubnood oo aasaasay xiriirka kubbadda cagta Afrika , waxayna ku guuleysteen koobkii Qaramada Afrika 1962dii . Itoobiya waxay leedahay dhaqanka kubbadda koleyga ee Afrika ugu dheer ee ka hooseeya saxaraha, iyadoo la aasaasay koox kubbadda koleyga qaranka 1949 == shacabka == Wadanka itoobiya, . Waxaa u badan [[Oromo]] 40 % iyo [[Amxaaro]] 25 % [[Soomaaliya|Soomaalinta]] waa 20% Kuwa kale oo 6 % ah waa Tigrayga. ==Xubin== * [[Midowga Afrika]] * *` * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * *` ==Waddamha La Deggan '''Abyssinia'''== «Addis Ababa»: "BRICS Members.." +++++: * {{Flag|Ethiopia}}: 125_251++ Millionsss: * {{Flag|Iran}}: 151-351+++ Millions: * {{Flag|Egypt}}: 121+* Millions: [<ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/p/People%2527s_Republic_of_China.htm |access-date=2022-08-08 |archive-date=2022-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722083009/https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/p/People%2527s_Republic_of_China.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref>] * https://www.un.org/en/desa/india-overtake-china-world-most-populous-country-april-2023-united-nations-projects.!!’?’ * [https://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/101996126 Fascinating Ethiopia] * [https://www.jw.org/en/library/bible/nwt/bible-glossary/#p99 Ethiopia] ==Sidoo kalke Fiire== • {{Flag|Turkey}}: P.R.of Turks:215,000+: ==Tixraac== [https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=644,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 "Daabacaadda Muuqaalka Dhaqaalaha Adduunka, Daabacaadda Abriil 2024. (Itoobiya)"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20110629125652/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=awJVkvnk8KjM "Bini'aadanku waxay ka guureen Afrika oo dhan Globe, Daraasadda DNA-da ayaa tiri"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20140915183529/http://www.merit.unu.edu/publications/publications-search/ "Kaalmada Dibadda ee Maraykanka iyo Soofiyeedka intii lagu jiray dagaalkii qaboobaa - Kiis Daraasad ku saabsan Itoobiya"] [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia#cite_ref-156 "Gobolka Tigreega ee Itoobiya ayaa qabtay codbixin, isaga oo ka soo horjeeda dawladda federaalka] [https://reliefweb.int/report/ethiopia/ethiopia-climate-change-and-migration-little-more-knowledge-and-more-nuanced "Itoobiya, Isbeddelka Cimilada iyo Socdaalka: Aqoon yar oo dheeri ah iyo aragtiyo nuanceed ayaa si weyn uga faa'iidaysan kara ka fikirka siyaasadda - Itoobiya"] [https://qz.com/africa/1874343/egypt-cyber-attack-on-ethiopia-is-strike-over-the-grand-dam/ "Weerar dhanka Internetka ah oo Masaarida ay ku qaadeen Itoobiya waa weerarkii ugu dambeeyay ee Biyo-xireenka Grand] [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/future-shock-how-environmental-change-and-human-impact-are-changing-the-global-map "Naxdin mustaqbalka: Sida Isbeddelka Deegaanka iyo Saamaynta Aadanaha ay u beddelayaan Khariidadda Caalamiga ah"] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5465569 "Maamulka nidaamka caafimaadka si loo taageero kor u qaadista daryeelka caafimaadka dhimirka ee Itoobiya: daraasad tayo leh"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160810125109/http://www.ityopis.org/Issues-Extra_files/ityopis-extra-smidt1.pdf "Gorgoryos iyo Ludolf: Xabashida iyo Jarmalka Aabbayaashii hore ee Daraasaadka Itoobiya: Aqoonyahan Itoobiyaan ah oo 1652 booqasho ku yimid Thuringia"] [https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC "Gorgoryos iyo Ludolf: Xabashida iyo Jarmalka Aabbayaashii hore ee Daraasaadka Itoobiya: Aqoonyahan Itoobiyaan ah oo 1652 booqasho ku yimid Thuringia"] [https://www.humanrightsfilmnetwork.org/filmfestival/addis-international-film-festival "Addis International Film Festival | Shabakadda Filimada Xuquuqda Aadanaha"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.humanrightsfilmnetwork.org/filmfestival/addis-international-film-festival |date=20220524004651 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20201215231030/https://www.africanews.com/2020/03/04/one-to-five-ethiopia-gets-four-new-federal-working-languages// "Hal ilaa shan: Itoobiya waxay heshay afar luqadood oo federaal ah oo cusub"] [https://books.google.com/books?id=gK1aAAAAYAAJ Encyclopedia ee taariikhda iyo dhaqanka Afrika: Boqortooyooyinka Afrikaanka (500 ilaa 1500), Volume 2] [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/future-shock-how-environmental-change-and-human-impact-are-changing-the-global-map "Naxdin mustaqbalka: Sida Isbeddelka Deegaanka iyo Saamaynta Aadanaha ay u beddelayaan Khariidadda Caalamiga ah"] [https://www.thereporterethiopia.com/34753/ "Ethiopian Airlines duulimaadkeeda sare ayay ku kacaysaa iyada oo 20% dakhligeedu kordhay inkasta oo ay jiraan caqabado caalami ah"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160815154045/http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2015/10/power-generation-begins-at-1-870-mw-gibe-iii-hydroelectric-project-in-ethiopia.html " Koronto dhalisa waxay ka bilaabmatay 1,870-MW mashruuca korontadda ee Gibe III ee Itoobiya"] [https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/02/09/world/africa/nile-river-dam.html "Kumanaan sano, Masar ayaa gacanta ku haysay webiga Niil. Biyo-xireen cusub ayaa ku hanjabaya"] [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68283799 "Colaadda Axmaarada: Xabashida Itoobiya ayaa guryahooda ku xasuuqday ciidamada dowladda"] [https://photius.com/countries/ethiopia/society/ethiopia_society_the_zagwe_dynasty.html "Itoobiya The Zagwe Dynasty - Calanka, Khariidadaha, Dhaqaalaha, Taariikhda, Cimilada, Khayraadka Dabiiciga ah, Arrimaha Hadda, Heshiisyada Caalamiga ah, Dadweynaha, Tirakoobka Bulshada, Nidaamka Siyaasadeed"] {{reflist}} {{commonscat|Ethiopia|Itoobiya}} {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Itoobiya]] [[Category:Wadamada Afrika]] ray6xf0appdg64b38yyhwe3seeog2cf 0 1978 307628 295852 2026-09-09T16:40:39Z Soalt 39618 Category:Wadamada Afrika 307628 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Kiinya |native_name = ''Jamhuri ya Kenya'' |common_name = Kiinya |image_flag = Flag of Kenya.svg | national_motto = {{native phrase|sw|"[[Harambee]]"|italics=off}}<br />{{small|"Aan wada shaqayno"}} |image_map = Kenya (orthographic projection).svg |national_anthem = ''[[Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu]]'' |official_languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Sawaaxili|Swahili]] |[[Ingiriis (luqad)|English]]}} |demonym = [[Demographics of Kenya|Kinyaati]] |ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 17.13% [[Kikuyu people|Kikuyu]] | 14.35% [[Luhya people|Luhya]] | 13.37% [[Kalenjin people|Kalenjin]] | 10.65% [[Luo people of Kenya|Luo]] | 9.81% [[Kamba people|Kamba]] | 5.85% [[Soomaalida|Soomaali]] | 5.68% [[Kisii people|Kisii]] | 5.23% [[Mijikenda people|Mijikenda]] | 4.15% [[Meru people|Meru]] | 1% Aan afrikaan ahayn }} |capital = [[Nairobi]] |latd=1 |latm=16 |latNS=S |longd=36 |longm=48 |longEW=E |largest_city = [[Nayroobi]] |government_type = {{nowrap|[[Jamhuuriyad|Qaab jamhuuriyad]]}} |leader_title1 = Madaxweeyne |leader_name1 = [[William Ruto]] |leader_title2 = Madaxweeyne ku xigeen |leader_name2 = |leader_title4 = Afhayeenka baarlamaanka |leader_name4 = [[Justin Muturi]] |leader_title5 = Gudoomiyeha maxkamadda sare |leader_name5 = [[Hon. Lady Justice Martha Koome]] |legislature = [[Baarlamaan]] | area_km2 = 580,367 | area_footnote = <ref name="unstats08">{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=Demographic Yearbook – Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200826065042/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf |archive-date=26 August 2020 |access-date=4 September 2017 |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations Statistics Division – Demographic and Social Statistics |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428204710/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm |archive-date=28 April 2015 |access-date=4 September 2017 |website=unstats.un.org}}</ref> | area_rank = 48th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 224,960 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |percent_water = 2.3 |population_estimate = 52,574,000 |population_estimate_year = 2020 |population_estimate_rank = 31st |population_census = 47,564,296 |population_census_year = 2019 |population_density_km2 = 67.2 |population_density_sq_mi = 174.1 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = 140th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $430.22 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.KE">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/KEN |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025 Edition. (Kenya) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=20 September 2025 |access-date= 20 September 2025|archive-date=21 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021001107/https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/KEN|url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 59th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $7,930<ref name="IMFWEO.KE" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 142nd | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $140.87 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.KE" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 59th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $2,600<ref name="IMFWEO.KE" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 150aad | HDI = 0.628 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 143rd |Gini = 42.5 |Gini_rank = 48th |Gini_year = 2014 |Gini_category = <span style="color:#FC0;white-space:nowrap;">medium</span> |FSI = {{nowrap|91.3 {{increase}} 2.7}} |FSI_year = 2020 |FSI_rank = 31st |FSI_category = <span style="color:#f00;white-space:nowrap;">Alert</span> |sovereignty_type = [[Xoriyad]] |established_event1 = Ka qaadatay [[Ingriiska]] |established_date1 = 12 December 1963 |established_event2 = Waxaa laga dhigay Jamhuuriyad |established_date2 = 12 December 1964 |currency = [[shillin]] |currency_code = KES |time_zone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] |date_format = dd/mm/yy ([[Anno Domini|AD]]) |utc_offset = +3 |time_zone_DST = Lama arag |utc_offset_DST = +3 |drives_on = Bidix |cctld = [[.ke]] |calling_code = [[+254]] |footnotes = |image_coat=Coat_of_arms_of_Kenya_(Official).svg}} '''Kiinya''' , si rasmi ah '''Jamhuuriyadda Kiinya''' ({{lang-sw|Jamhuri ya Kenya}}), waa waddan ku yaal [[Bariga Afrika]] . Baaxada Kenya waa 580,367 kiiloomitir oo laba jibbaaran (224,081 sq mi), waa dalka 48aad ee adduunka ugu weyn marka loo eego guud ahaan bedka. Iyada oo ay ku nool yihiin dad ka badan 47.6 milyan oo qof tirakoobka 2019, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kenya.opendataforafrica.org/msdpnbc/2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-population-by-county-and-sub-county?county=1001880-limuru|title=2019 KENYA POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS - POPULATION BY COUNTY AND SUB COUNTY - Kenya Data Portal|website=kenya.opendataforafrica.org|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|access-date=2021-03-21|archive-date=2021-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416222406/https://kenya.opendataforafrica.org/msdpnbc/2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-population-by-county-and-sub-county?county=1001880-limuru|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Kenya waa waddanka 29aad ee ugu dadka badan. <ref name=KNBS2019 /> caasimada Kenya iyo magaalada ugu weyn waa [[Nairobi]] , halka magaaladeeda ugu da'da weyn iyo caasimada ugu horeysa ay tahay magaalo xeebeedka [[Mombasa]] . Magaalada [[Kisumu]] waa magaalada saddexaad ee ugu weyn sidoo kale waxay leedahay deked gudaha ah oo ku taal harada [[Warta Victoria]] . Xarumaha kale ee magaalooyinka ee muhiimka ah waxaa ka mid ah [[Nakuru]] iyo [[Eldoret]] . Laga soo bilaabo sanadka 2020, Kenya waa dalka seddexaad ee ugu dhaqaalaha badan wadamada Saxaraha ka hooseeya marka laga reebo [[Nigeria]] iyo [[Koonfuur afrika]]. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Reporter|first=Standard|title=Kenya now third-largest economy in sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001374151/kenya-now-third-largest-economy-in-sub-saharan-africa|access-date=2020-06-08|website=The Standard|language=en}}</ref> Kenya waxaa xuduud la leh [[Koonfurta Suudaan]] dhinaca waqooyi-galbeed, [[Itoobiya]] dhinaca woqooyi, [[Soomaaliya]] dhanka bari, [[Ugaandha]] dhanka galbeed, [[Tanzania]] dhanka koonfureed, iyo [[Badweynta Hindiya]] dhanka koonfur-bari. [[File:Kenya_Provinces_numbered.svg|thumb|right|500px|Kiinya dulka]] Marka loo eego taariikhda qadiimiga ah ee waxyaabaha la xidhiidha iyo waxyaabaha lafaha ah, dadka Kuushiitiga waxay markii ugu horreysay degeen dhulka hoose ee Kenya intii u dhaxeysay 3,200 iyo 1,300 dhalashadii Nabi Ciise ka hor csw, marxalad loo yaqaan 'Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic' . Dadka reer guuraaga ah ee ku hadla afka [[Nilotik]] (waxay ku abtirsadaan dadka reer Kenya ee ku hadla afka Nilotik) waxay bilaabeen inay ka haajiraan dhulka maanta loo yaqaan Koonfurta Suudaan una soo guuraan Kenya qiyaastii 500 BC. <ref name="EhretCHS"/> Xiriirka reer [[Yurub]] wuxuu ka bilaabmay 1500 [[Bortuqaal|Boortaqiiska]] , in kasta oo gumaysiga wax ku oolka ah ee Kenya uu bilaabmay qarnigii 19aad xiligii Yurub sahaminta ka waday gudaha . Kenya maanta waxay ka soo baxday maxmiyad ay aas aastay Boqortooyadii [[Ingiriiska]] 1895 iyo Gumaysigii Kenya ee xigay, , oo bilaabmay 1920. khilaafaadyo badan oo udhaxeeyay UK iyo gumaysiga ayaa u horseeday [[kacaankii Mau Mau]] , oo bilaabmay 1952, iyo ku dhawaaqistii madaxbanaanida ee xigta 1963 kadib xornimadii, Kenya waxay xubin ka noqotay [[Dalalka Barwaaqo Sooranka]] .Dastuurka hadda jira ayaa la ansixiyay 2010 si loogu badalo 1963. Kenya waa jamhuuriyad dimuqraadi ah oo mataleysa madaxweynaha, taas oo saraakiisha la soo doortay ay matalaan shacabka, madaxweynuhuna yahay madaxa qaranka iyo dowlada. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213045132/http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 December 2007|title=Victorian Electronic Democracy - Final Report - Table of ContentsVictorian Electronic Democracy - Final Report - Glossary|date=13 December 2007|access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Kenya waxay xubin ka tahay [[Qaramada Midoobay]] , Barwaaqo Sooranka , [[Bangiga Adduunka]] , [[Sanduuqa Lacagta Adduunka]] , [[COMESA]] , [[Maxkamadda Dembiyada Caalamiga]] , iyo ururo kale oo caalami ah. Iyada oo leh GNI 1,460, <ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ny.gnp.pcap.cd?year_high_desc=true|title=GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) {{!}} Data|website=data.worldbank.org|access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Kenya waa dal dakhligiisu hooseeyo. Dhaqaalaha Kenya waa kan ugu weyn bariga iyo bartamaha Afrika, <ref name="auto">[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=52&pr.y=2&sy=2008&ey=2011&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=644&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= Ethiopia GDP purchasing power 2010: 86 billion]. Imf.org. 14 September 2006.</ref><ref name="auto1">[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2008&ey=2011&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=664&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=69&pr.y=14 Kenya GDP purchasing power 2010: 66 Billion]. Imf.org. 14 September 2006.</ref> oo Nairobi u adeegta xarun ganacsi oo weyn. <ref name="auto1"/> Beeraha waa waaxda ugu weyn: shaaha iyo kafeega waa dalagyo dhaqameed oo lacag ah, halka ubaxyada cusubi yihiin dhoofinta si xawli ah u socota [[Warshadaha adeegga]] sidoo kale waa wade weyn oo xagga dhaqaalaha ah, gaar ahaan dalxiiska. Kenya waxay xubin ka tahay urur ganacsi oo ka socda Beesha Bariga Afrika , in kasta oo qaar ka mid ah ururada ganacsiga ee caalamiga ah ay ku tilmaamaan inay tahay qayb ka mid ah Geeska Afrika . <ref>Maxwell, Daniel, and Ben Watkins. "Humanitarian information systems and emergencies in the Greater Horn of Africa: logical components and logical linkages." Disasters 27.1 (2003): 72-90.</ref> Afrika waa suuqa ugu weyn ee Kenya wax u dhoofiso, waxaana ku xiga Midowga Yurub. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf|title=The African Lions: Kenya country case study|author1=MWANGI S. KIMENYI |author2=FRANCIS M. MWEGA |author3=NJUGUNA S. NDUNG'U |date=May 2016|publisher=The Brookings Institution|access-date=23 May 2016}}</ref> ==Xubin== * [[IGAD]] *[[:en:Common_Market_for_Eastern_and_Southern_Africa|COMESA]] * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] (UN) *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_Community East African Community] ==Kofka deggan Kenya waddanmaha== * {{Flag|Somalia}} 2,500,000+ * {{Flag|Pakistan}} 30,000+: * {{Flag|United Kingdom}} 2?000+ == Taariikh == Fosils laga helay Kenya ayaa muujisay in astaamaha aagga ku noolaa in ka badan 20 milyan oo sano. Natiijooyinka ugu dambeeyay ee ku dhow warta Turkana waxay muujinayaan in [[hominids]] sida [[Homo habilis]] (1.8 ilaa 2.5 milyan sano ka hor) iyo [[Homo erectus]] (1.9 milyan ilaa 350,000 sano ka hor) ay yihiin awoowayaal toos ah oo [[Homo sapiens]] casri ah , waxayna ku noolaayeen Kenya xilligii Pleistocene . <ref name="Isaac"/> Intii lagu guda jiray qodista warta Turkana sanadkii 1984, khabiir ku takhasusay cilmiga dhulka, [[Richard Leakey]] , oo uu caawiyay [[Kamoya Kimeu]] , ayaa helay wiilka Turkana , oo ah 1.6-milyan oo jir Homo erectus ah. Cilmi-baaris hore oo ku saabsan hominids-ka hore ayaa si gaar ah loogu aqoonsaday Mary Leakey iyo Louis Leakey , oo mas'uul ka ahaa baaritaanka horudhaca ah ee qadiimiga ah ee Olorgesailie iyo Hyrax Hill . Markii dambe shaqadii goobta hore waxaa qabtay Glynn Isaac. Bariga Afrika, oo ay ku jirto Kenya, waa mid ka mid ah gobollada ugu horreeya ee la rumaysan yahay inay ku noolaayeen bini-aadamka casriga ah ( Homo sapiens ). Caddaynta waxaa la helay 2018, oo ku saabsan qiyaastii 320,000 sano ka hor, goobta Kenya ee Olorgesailie, oo ah markii ugu horreysay ee ay soo ifbaxeen dabeecado casri ah oo ay ka mid yihiin: shabakadaha ganacsiga masaafada fog (oo ku lug leh badeecadaha sida obsidian), isticmaalka midabbada, iyo suurtogalnimada sameynta dhibco soo baxa Waxaa u kuurgalay qorayaasha seddex daraasadood oo 2018 ah oo ku saabsan goobta, in caddaynta dabeecadahaani ay yihiin kuwo ku dhow isla taariikhda ugu horreysa ee Homo sapiens fosil (sida Jebel Irhoud ee Morokko iyo Florisbad ee Koonfur Afrika) == Juqraafi == Kenya wuxuu ku fadhiyaa dhul balaaran oo gaaraayo 582,646 km2. waxay ka mid tahay wadammada waaweyn. Kenya waa wadanka afartan iyo toddobaad oo ugu weyn [[Aduunka]]. Kenya waxay xuduud la leedahay wadammada [[Tansaaniya]] , [[Ugaandha]] , [[Harta]] [[Fiktooriya]] , [[Soomaaliya]], [[Itoobiya]] iyo K[[konfur sudan|onfuur Suudaan]] . == Jawiga == Jawiga Kenya waa kuleyl, dhinaca xeebaha. woqooyiga Kenya waa meel doog ah oo roob badan ka dain. Roob badan ayaa Kenya ka da'o bilaha [[Maarso]] iyo [[Maajo]]. Roob yarna wuxuu da'aa [[Oktoobar]] iyo [[Nofeembar]]. xaraaradaha neh, Kuleyl ayuu ku egyahay. == Dhaqaale == Sanadka 2013 ilaa iyo 2017, dhaqaalaha Kenya wuxuu kubcay 5.5% waxaa lagu qiyaasi in uu lubci doono 6.1% sanadka 2019<gallery> File:Flag of Kenya.svg|Calanka Dalka Kenya </gallery> wadanka Kenya sida oo u xoroway, dhaqaalihiisa kor ayuu u socdaa. waxayna soo saaraan, sonkor, biyaha macaanka, qamadi, qamri, warqado, nalal, alaabta baabuurta iyo wax badan oo kale. Dadka adduunkana wey u soo dalxiisaan. Dhaqaalaha Kenya maanta wuxuu gaaray Dhaqaalaha ugu xoogan Bariga Afrika. Wadanka Kenya wuxuu ku dadaalooyaa horumarinta shacabka Kenyaatiga iyo dhismaha dalka. == Magaalooyinka == * [[Nayroobi]] - 4,397,073 qof * [[Mombaaso]] - 707,400 qof * [[Kisumu]] - 322,024 qof * [[Nakuru]] - 319.200 qof * [[Machakos]] -144,109 qof Gobolada uu dalka ka koobnaan jir 1. Gobolka Dhexe ( Central)<br />2. Gobolka Xeebta (Coast)<br />3. Galbeedka (Western)<br />4. Gobolka Waqooyi bari (North Eastern)<br />5. Gobolka [[Provincia di Nyanza|Nyanza]] (Nyanza)<br />6. Gobolka Dooxada (Rift Valley)<br />7. Gobolka Bari (Eastern) 9. Nairobi [[File:Map showing counties under the new Kenyan constitution.gif|thumb|350x350px|Kenya]] {{commonscat|Kenya|Kenya}} == Xigasho == * [https://www.jw.org/en/library/magazines/w20010215/Searching-for-Deserving-Ones-in-Kenya/ Searching for Deserving Ones in Kenya] *[https://www.jw.org/en/library/magazines/w20050415/Hope-Amid-Despair-An-Assembly-in-a-Refugee-Camp/ Hope Amid Despair—An Assembly in a Refugee Camp] <references /> {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Kenya| ]] [[Category:Dawladdaha Afrika]] [[Category:Wadamada Afrika]] i1f11lem334gb0m7f7b3dvb8as96mm5 307629 307628 2026-09-09T16:41:47Z Soalt 39618 tixraacyo ku saabsan diinta yehova waa ka tiray 307629 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Kiinya |native_name = ''Jamhuri ya Kenya'' |common_name = Kiinya |image_flag = Flag of Kenya.svg | national_motto = {{native phrase|sw|"[[Harambee]]"|italics=off}}<br />{{small|"Aan wada shaqayno"}} |image_map = Kenya (orthographic projection).svg |national_anthem = ''[[Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu]]'' |official_languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Sawaaxili|Swahili]] |[[Ingiriis (luqad)|English]]}} |demonym = [[Demographics of Kenya|Kinyaati]] |ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 17.13% [[Kikuyu people|Kikuyu]] | 14.35% [[Luhya people|Luhya]] | 13.37% [[Kalenjin people|Kalenjin]] | 10.65% [[Luo people of Kenya|Luo]] | 9.81% [[Kamba people|Kamba]] | 5.85% [[Soomaalida|Soomaali]] | 5.68% [[Kisii people|Kisii]] | 5.23% [[Mijikenda people|Mijikenda]] | 4.15% [[Meru people|Meru]] | 1% Aan afrikaan ahayn }} |capital = [[Nairobi]] |latd=1 |latm=16 |latNS=S |longd=36 |longm=48 |longEW=E |largest_city = [[Nayroobi]] |government_type = {{nowrap|[[Jamhuuriyad|Qaab jamhuuriyad]]}} |leader_title1 = Madaxweeyne |leader_name1 = [[William Ruto]] |leader_title2 = Madaxweeyne ku xigeen |leader_name2 = |leader_title4 = Afhayeenka baarlamaanka |leader_name4 = [[Justin Muturi]] |leader_title5 = Gudoomiyeha maxkamadda sare |leader_name5 = [[Hon. Lady Justice Martha Koome]] |legislature = [[Baarlamaan]] | area_km2 = 580,367 | area_footnote = <ref name="unstats08">{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=Demographic Yearbook – Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200826065042/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf |archive-date=26 August 2020 |access-date=4 September 2017 |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations Statistics Division – Demographic and Social Statistics |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428204710/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm |archive-date=28 April 2015 |access-date=4 September 2017 |website=unstats.un.org}}</ref> | area_rank = 48th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 224,960 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |percent_water = 2.3 |population_estimate = 52,574,000 |population_estimate_year = 2020 |population_estimate_rank = 31st |population_census = 47,564,296 |population_census_year = 2019 |population_density_km2 = 67.2 |population_density_sq_mi = 174.1 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = 140th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $430.22 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.KE">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/KEN |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025 Edition. (Kenya) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=20 September 2025 |access-date= 20 September 2025|archive-date=21 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021001107/https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/KEN|url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 59th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $7,930<ref name="IMFWEO.KE" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 142nd | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $140.87 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.KE" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 59th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $2,600<ref name="IMFWEO.KE" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 150aad | HDI = 0.628 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 143rd |Gini = 42.5 |Gini_rank = 48th |Gini_year = 2014 |Gini_category = <span style="color:#FC0;white-space:nowrap;">medium</span> |FSI = {{nowrap|91.3 {{increase}} 2.7}} |FSI_year = 2020 |FSI_rank = 31st |FSI_category = <span style="color:#f00;white-space:nowrap;">Alert</span> |sovereignty_type = [[Xoriyad]] |established_event1 = Ka qaadatay [[Ingriiska]] |established_date1 = 12 December 1963 |established_event2 = Waxaa laga dhigay Jamhuuriyad |established_date2 = 12 December 1964 |currency = [[shillin]] |currency_code = KES |time_zone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] |date_format = dd/mm/yy ([[Anno Domini|AD]]) |utc_offset = +3 |time_zone_DST = Lama arag |utc_offset_DST = +3 |drives_on = Bidix |cctld = [[.ke]] |calling_code = [[+254]] |footnotes = |image_coat=Coat_of_arms_of_Kenya_(Official).svg}} '''Kiinya''' , si rasmi ah '''Jamhuuriyadda Kiinya''' ({{lang-sw|Jamhuri ya Kenya}}), waa waddan ku yaal [[Bariga Afrika]] . Baaxada Kenya waa 580,367 kiiloomitir oo laba jibbaaran (224,081 sq mi), waa dalka 48aad ee adduunka ugu weyn marka loo eego guud ahaan bedka. Iyada oo ay ku nool yihiin dad ka badan 47.6 milyan oo qof tirakoobka 2019, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kenya.opendataforafrica.org/msdpnbc/2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-population-by-county-and-sub-county?county=1001880-limuru|title=2019 KENYA POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS - POPULATION BY COUNTY AND SUB COUNTY - Kenya Data Portal|website=kenya.opendataforafrica.org|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|access-date=2021-03-21|archive-date=2021-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416222406/https://kenya.opendataforafrica.org/msdpnbc/2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-population-by-county-and-sub-county?county=1001880-limuru|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Kenya waa waddanka 29aad ee ugu dadka badan. <ref name=KNBS2019 /> caasimada Kenya iyo magaalada ugu weyn waa [[Nairobi]] , halka magaaladeeda ugu da'da weyn iyo caasimada ugu horeysa ay tahay magaalo xeebeedka [[Mombasa]] . Magaalada [[Kisumu]] waa magaalada saddexaad ee ugu weyn sidoo kale waxay leedahay deked gudaha ah oo ku taal harada [[Warta Victoria]] . Xarumaha kale ee magaalooyinka ee muhiimka ah waxaa ka mid ah [[Nakuru]] iyo [[Eldoret]] . Laga soo bilaabo sanadka 2020, Kenya waa dalka seddexaad ee ugu dhaqaalaha badan wadamada Saxaraha ka hooseeya marka laga reebo [[Nigeria]] iyo [[Koonfuur afrika]]. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Reporter|first=Standard|title=Kenya now third-largest economy in sub-Saharan Africa|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001374151/kenya-now-third-largest-economy-in-sub-saharan-africa|access-date=2020-06-08|website=The Standard|language=en}}</ref> Kenya waxaa xuduud la leh [[Koonfurta Suudaan]] dhinaca waqooyi-galbeed, [[Itoobiya]] dhinaca woqooyi, [[Soomaaliya]] dhanka bari, [[Ugaandha]] dhanka galbeed, [[Tanzania]] dhanka koonfureed, iyo [[Badweynta Hindiya]] dhanka koonfur-bari. [[File:Kenya_Provinces_numbered.svg|thumb|right|500px|Kiinya dulka]] Marka loo eego taariikhda qadiimiga ah ee waxyaabaha la xidhiidha iyo waxyaabaha lafaha ah, dadka Kuushiitiga waxay markii ugu horreysay degeen dhulka hoose ee Kenya intii u dhaxeysay 3,200 iyo 1,300 dhalashadii Nabi Ciise ka hor csw, marxalad loo yaqaan 'Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic' . Dadka reer guuraaga ah ee ku hadla afka [[Nilotik]] (waxay ku abtirsadaan dadka reer Kenya ee ku hadla afka Nilotik) waxay bilaabeen inay ka haajiraan dhulka maanta loo yaqaan Koonfurta Suudaan una soo guuraan Kenya qiyaastii 500 BC. <ref name="EhretCHS"/> Xiriirka reer [[Yurub]] wuxuu ka bilaabmay 1500 [[Bortuqaal|Boortaqiiska]] , in kasta oo gumaysiga wax ku oolka ah ee Kenya uu bilaabmay qarnigii 19aad xiligii Yurub sahaminta ka waday gudaha . Kenya maanta waxay ka soo baxday maxmiyad ay aas aastay Boqortooyadii [[Ingiriiska]] 1895 iyo Gumaysigii Kenya ee xigay, , oo bilaabmay 1920. khilaafaadyo badan oo udhaxeeyay UK iyo gumaysiga ayaa u horseeday [[kacaankii Mau Mau]] , oo bilaabmay 1952, iyo ku dhawaaqistii madaxbanaanida ee xigta 1963 kadib xornimadii, Kenya waxay xubin ka noqotay [[Dalalka Barwaaqo Sooranka]] .Dastuurka hadda jira ayaa la ansixiyay 2010 si loogu badalo 1963. Kenya waa jamhuuriyad dimuqraadi ah oo mataleysa madaxweynaha, taas oo saraakiisha la soo doortay ay matalaan shacabka, madaxweynuhuna yahay madaxa qaranka iyo dowlada. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213045132/http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 December 2007|title=Victorian Electronic Democracy - Final Report - Table of ContentsVictorian Electronic Democracy - Final Report - Glossary|date=13 December 2007|access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Kenya waxay xubin ka tahay [[Qaramada Midoobay]] , Barwaaqo Sooranka , [[Bangiga Adduunka]] , [[Sanduuqa Lacagta Adduunka]] , [[COMESA]] , [[Maxkamadda Dembiyada Caalamiga]] , iyo ururo kale oo caalami ah. Iyada oo leh GNI 1,460, <ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ny.gnp.pcap.cd?year_high_desc=true|title=GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) {{!}} Data|website=data.worldbank.org|access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> Kenya waa dal dakhligiisu hooseeyo. Dhaqaalaha Kenya waa kan ugu weyn bariga iyo bartamaha Afrika, <ref name="auto">[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=52&pr.y=2&sy=2008&ey=2011&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=644&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= Ethiopia GDP purchasing power 2010: 86 billion]. Imf.org. 14 September 2006.</ref><ref name="auto1">[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2008&ey=2011&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=664&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=69&pr.y=14 Kenya GDP purchasing power 2010: 66 Billion]. Imf.org. 14 September 2006.</ref> oo Nairobi u adeegta xarun ganacsi oo weyn. <ref name="auto1"/> Beeraha waa waaxda ugu weyn: shaaha iyo kafeega waa dalagyo dhaqameed oo lacag ah, halka ubaxyada cusubi yihiin dhoofinta si xawli ah u socota [[Warshadaha adeegga]] sidoo kale waa wade weyn oo xagga dhaqaalaha ah, gaar ahaan dalxiiska. Kenya waxay xubin ka tahay urur ganacsi oo ka socda Beesha Bariga Afrika , in kasta oo qaar ka mid ah ururada ganacsiga ee caalamiga ah ay ku tilmaamaan inay tahay qayb ka mid ah Geeska Afrika . <ref>Maxwell, Daniel, and Ben Watkins. "Humanitarian information systems and emergencies in the Greater Horn of Africa: logical components and logical linkages." Disasters 27.1 (2003): 72-90.</ref> Afrika waa suuqa ugu weyn ee Kenya wax u dhoofiso, waxaana ku xiga Midowga Yurub. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/05/16-kenya-country-case-study/kenya-country-case.pdf|title=The African Lions: Kenya country case study|author1=MWANGI S. KIMENYI |author2=FRANCIS M. MWEGA |author3=NJUGUNA S. NDUNG'U |date=May 2016|publisher=The Brookings Institution|access-date=23 May 2016}}</ref> ==Xubin== * [[IGAD]] *[[:en:Common_Market_for_Eastern_and_Southern_Africa|COMESA]] * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] (UN) *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_Community East African Community] ==Kofka deggan Kenya waddanmaha== * {{Flag|Somalia}} 2,500,000+ * {{Flag|Pakistan}} 30,000+: * {{Flag|United Kingdom}} 2?000+ == Taariikh == Fosils laga helay Kenya ayaa muujisay in astaamaha aagga ku noolaa in ka badan 20 milyan oo sano. Natiijooyinka ugu dambeeyay ee ku dhow warta Turkana waxay muujinayaan in [[hominids]] sida [[Homo habilis]] (1.8 ilaa 2.5 milyan sano ka hor) iyo [[Homo erectus]] (1.9 milyan ilaa 350,000 sano ka hor) ay yihiin awoowayaal toos ah oo [[Homo sapiens]] casri ah , waxayna ku noolaayeen Kenya xilligii Pleistocene . <ref name="Isaac"/> Intii lagu guda jiray qodista warta Turkana sanadkii 1984, khabiir ku takhasusay cilmiga dhulka, [[Richard Leakey]] , oo uu caawiyay [[Kamoya Kimeu]] , ayaa helay wiilka Turkana , oo ah 1.6-milyan oo jir Homo erectus ah. Cilmi-baaris hore oo ku saabsan hominids-ka hore ayaa si gaar ah loogu aqoonsaday Mary Leakey iyo Louis Leakey , oo mas'uul ka ahaa baaritaanka horudhaca ah ee qadiimiga ah ee Olorgesailie iyo Hyrax Hill . Markii dambe shaqadii goobta hore waxaa qabtay Glynn Isaac. Bariga Afrika, oo ay ku jirto Kenya, waa mid ka mid ah gobollada ugu horreeya ee la rumaysan yahay inay ku noolaayeen bini-aadamka casriga ah ( Homo sapiens ). Caddaynta waxaa la helay 2018, oo ku saabsan qiyaastii 320,000 sano ka hor, goobta Kenya ee Olorgesailie, oo ah markii ugu horreysay ee ay soo ifbaxeen dabeecado casri ah oo ay ka mid yihiin: shabakadaha ganacsiga masaafada fog (oo ku lug leh badeecadaha sida obsidian), isticmaalka midabbada, iyo suurtogalnimada sameynta dhibco soo baxa Waxaa u kuurgalay qorayaasha seddex daraasadood oo 2018 ah oo ku saabsan goobta, in caddaynta dabeecadahaani ay yihiin kuwo ku dhow isla taariikhda ugu horreysa ee Homo sapiens fosil (sida Jebel Irhoud ee Morokko iyo Florisbad ee Koonfur Afrika) == Juqraafi == Kenya wuxuu ku fadhiyaa dhul balaaran oo gaaraayo 582,646 km2. waxay ka mid tahay wadammada waaweyn. Kenya waa wadanka afartan iyo toddobaad oo ugu weyn [[Aduunka]]. Kenya waxay xuduud la leedahay wadammada [[Tansaaniya]] , [[Ugaandha]] , [[Harta]] [[Fiktooriya]] , [[Soomaaliya]], [[Itoobiya]] iyo K[[konfur sudan|onfuur Suudaan]] . == Jawiga == Jawiga Kenya waa kuleyl, dhinaca xeebaha. woqooyiga Kenya waa meel doog ah oo roob badan ka dain. Roob badan ayaa Kenya ka da'o bilaha [[Maarso]] iyo [[Maajo]]. Roob yarna wuxuu da'aa [[Oktoobar]] iyo [[Nofeembar]]. xaraaradaha neh, Kuleyl ayuu ku egyahay. == Dhaqaale == Sanadka 2013 ilaa iyo 2017, dhaqaalaha Kenya wuxuu kubcay 5.5% waxaa lagu qiyaasi in uu lubci doono 6.1% sanadka 2019<gallery> File:Flag of Kenya.svg|Calanka Dalka Kenya </gallery> wadanka Kenya sida oo u xoroway, dhaqaalihiisa kor ayuu u socdaa. waxayna soo saaraan, sonkor, biyaha macaanka, qamadi, qamri, warqado, nalal, alaabta baabuurta iyo wax badan oo kale. Dadka adduunkana wey u soo dalxiisaan. Dhaqaalaha Kenya maanta wuxuu gaaray Dhaqaalaha ugu xoogan Bariga Afrika. Wadanka Kenya wuxuu ku dadaalooyaa horumarinta shacabka Kenyaatiga iyo dhismaha dalka. == Magaalooyinka == * [[Nayroobi]] - 4,397,073 qof * [[Mombaaso]] - 707,400 qof * [[Kisumu]] - 322,024 qof * [[Nakuru]] - 319.200 qof * [[Machakos]] -144,109 qof Gobolada uu dalka ka koobnaan jir 1. Gobolka Dhexe ( Central)<br />2. Gobolka Xeebta (Coast)<br />3. Galbeedka (Western)<br />4. Gobolka Waqooyi bari (North Eastern)<br />5. Gobolka [[Provincia di Nyanza|Nyanza]] (Nyanza)<br />6. Gobolka Dooxada (Rift Valley)<br />7. Gobolka Bari (Eastern) 9. Nairobi [[File:Map showing counties under the new Kenyan constitution.gif|thumb|350x350px|Kenya]] {{commonscat|Kenya|Kenya}} == Xigasho == <references /> {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Kenya| ]] [[Category:Dawladdaha Afrika]] [[Category:Wadamada Afrika]] 06jwze55eqs46qi1nj55sabspg9f1nd 0 2107 307623 295470 2026-09-09T16:36:06Z Soalt 39618 Category:Wadamada Afrika 307623 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jabuuti''' , si rasmi ah '''Jamhuuriyadda Jabuuti''' , waa dal ku yaalla Geeska [[Afrika]] , waxa uu xad la wadaagaa [[Soomaaliya]] dhanka koonfureed, Itoobiyana koonfur-galbeed, [[Eratareya|Eratariya]] oo woqooyi ah, iyo badda cas iyo gacanka cadmeed bari. Wadanku wuxuu leeyahay dhul dhan 23,200 km2 ( 8,958 sq mi). {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Jabuuti | native_name = {{native name|ar|جمهورية جيبوتي}} {{native name|en|Republic of Djibouti }} | common_name = Jabuuti | image_flag = Flag of Djibouti.svg | image_coat = Emblem of Djibouti.svg | symbol_type = Astaanta | image_map = Djibouti (orthographic projection).svg | map_caption = | image_map2 = | national_motto = {{Native name|so| Midnimo, Sinaan, }}<br /> {{Native name|ar|اتحاد، مساواة، سلام|italics=off}} | national_anthem = ''[[Djibouti (anthem)|Djibouti]]''<br />{{center|[[File:The Djiboutian anthem.ogg]]}} | official_languages = {{hlist |[[Faransiis|Faransiis]]|[[Carabi|Carabi]]}} | national_languages = {{hlist |[[Af Soomaali|Soomaali]]|[[Afar luqadda|Afar]]}}<ref name=CIA/> | languages = | ethnic_groups = {{Unbulleted list|[[Soomaalida]] 60%|[[Afar people|Cafar]] 35%|Kuwa kale 5% (ugu horrayn [[Carab]])<ref name=CIA/>}} | religion = [[Sunni Islam]] | demonym = [[Jabuutiyaan]] | capital = [[Jabuuti (magaalo)|Jabuuti]] | largest_city = capital | coordinates = {{Coord|11|36|N|43|10|E|type:city_region:DJ}} | government_type = [[Jabuuti (magaalo)|Jamhuuriyad madaxtinimo oo midaysan oo ku hoos nool kalitalisnimo dhaxal gal ah]]. | leader_title1 = [[Liiska madaxda dawladaha Jabuuti|Madaxweyne]] | leader_title2 = [[Liiska madaxda dawladda Jabuuti|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name1 = [[Ismaaciil Cumar Geelle]] | leader_name2 = [[Cabduqaadir Kaamil Maxamed]] | sovereignty_type = [[Madaxbanaanida]] | established_event1 = Ka [[Faransiis]] | established_date1 = 27 Juun 1977 | legislature = [[Golayaasha qaranka (Jabuuti)|Golayaasha qaranka]] | area_rank = 146aad <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_footnote = <ref name="CIA">{{cite web |title=Djibouti |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |work=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA |accessdate=26 February 2013 |date=5 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702024855/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |archive-date=2 July 2014 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> | area_km2 = 23,200<ref name=CIA/> | area_sq_mi = 8,958 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 0.09 (20&nbsp;km² / 7.7&nbsp;<nowiki>sq mi)</nowiki> | population_estimate = 1,066,809 | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_density_km2 = 46.0 | population_density_sq_mi = 96.4 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 168aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}}$7.193&nbsp;billion<ref name="imf2">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=611,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|title="Daabacaadda Muuqaalka Dhaqaalaha Adduunka, Oktoobar 2023 Edition. (Jabuuti)" }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}}$6,985<ref name="imf2"/> | GDP_nominal = {{increase}}$3.873 &nbsp;billion<ref name="imf2"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}}$3,761<ref name="imf2"/> | Gini_year = 2017 | Gini_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = 41.6 <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="cia-gini">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |title=Gini Index coefficient |publisher=CIA World Factbook |access-date=12 August 2021 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717071854/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison |url-status=live }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2023 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.513 <!--number only--> | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |date= 6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2023/2024|url= https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/DJI|access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 171aad | currency = [[Faran Jabuuti]] | currency_code = DJF | country_code = | time_zone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | drives_on = Sax | calling_code = [[+253]] | cctld = [[.dj]] | today = }} Waagii hore, dhulku, oo ay weheliyaan Itoobiya, Ereteriya iyo Somaliland, waxa uu ka mid ahaa dhulkii Puntland . Saylac oo u dhow , hadda Somaliland, waxay ahayd xaruntii dhexe ee Adal iyo Ifat Sultanates. Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad waxa dhidibada loo taagay gumaystihii Faransiiska ee Somaliland ka dib markii salaadiinta Dir , Soomaali iyo Cafartu ay heshiisyo la saxeexdeen Faransiiska, iyo jidkii tareenka ee Diridhaba (iyo markii dambe Addis Ababa ) waxay u oggolaatay inay si degdeg ah uga gudubto Saylac oo ah dekedda koonfurta Itoobiya iyo Ogaadeenya . Waxa loo beddelay dhulkii Faransiiska ee Canfarta iyo Issa 1967. Toban sano ka dib, dadka Jabuuti waxay u codeeyeen madaxbannaani . Taas oo si rasmi ah u astaysay dhidibada loo taagay Jamhuuriyadda Jabuuti oo loogu magac daray caasimaddeeda . Gobolka cusub wuxuu ku biiray Qaramada Midoobay sanadkii ugu horreeyay. Horraantii 1990-meeyadii, xiisado ka dhashay matalaadda dowladda ayaa horseeday iskahorimaad hubeysan , kaasoo ku dhammaaday heshiis awood-qeybsi ah 2000 oo dhexmaray xisbiga talada haya iyo mucaaradka. Jabuuti waa wadan qawmiyad badan leh oo ay ku nool yihiin 1,066,809 tirakoobkii la qabtay 20kii May 2024 ( ka ugu yar dhul weynaha Afrika). Faransiiska iyo Carabiga waa labada luqadood ee rasmiga ah; Canfarta iyo Soomaaliga waa afaf qaran. Qiyaastii 94% dadka reer Jabuuti waxay u hoggaansamaan diinta Islaamka , oo ah diinta rasmiga ah waxayna ku badan tahay gobolka in ka badan 1,000 sano. Soomaalida iyo Canfarta ayaa ka kooban labada qoomiyadood ee ugu tirada badan, iyadoo kuwii hore ay ka kooban yihiin dadka ugu badan. Labaduba waxay ku hadlaan luqadda laanta Kushitigga ee afafka Afroasiatic . Jabuuti waxay ku dhowdahay qaar ka mid ah marinnada maraakiibta ugu mashquulka badan adduunka, kuwaas oo koontaroolaya marinka badda cas iyo badweynta Hindiya . Waxay u adeegtaa sidii xarun muhiim u ah shidaalka iyo wareejinta iyo dekedda ugu muhiimsan ee badda ee laga soo dejiyo lagana dhoofiyo dalka deriska ah ee Itoobiya . Xarun ganacsi oo kobcaysa, qaranku waa goobta ay ku yaalaan saldhigyo kala duwan oo ciidamada shisheeye. Urur goboleedka IGAD ayaa sidoo kale xaruntiisa ku leh magaalada Jabuuti. ==Asalka erayga== Dalka Jabuuti waxaa si rasmi ah loogu yaqaanaa Jamhuuriyadda Jabuuti . Luuqadaha baabuurta ah waxa loo yaqaan Gabuuti ( Af -cafar ah ) iyo Jabuuti ( Af-Soomaali ). Dalka waxa loogu magac daray caasimaddiisa, magaalada Jabuuti . Etymology-ga magaca ayaa lagu muransan yahay. Waxaa jira aragtiyo iyo halyeyyo dhowr ah oo ku saabsan asalkeeda, kuwaas oo ku kala duwan ujeedaha. Hal aragti ayaa ka soo jeedda ereyga Canfarta ee gabouti , oo macneheedu yahay "taabbad", oo laga yaabo in ay calaamadso calaamadaha juqraafi ee aagga. Mid kale wuxuu ku xiraa gabood , oo macneheedu yahay "korro/plateau". Jabuuti sidoo kale waxay noqon kartaa "Dhulka Tehuti" ama "Dhulka Thoth ( Masar : Djehuti / Djehuty ) ", ka dib ilaaha dayaxa Masar . Maamulka Faransiiska, laga bilaabo 1862 ilaa 1894, dhulka waqooyiga Gacanka Tadjoura waxaa loo yaqaan " Obock ". Intii u taariikhday 1897 ilaa 1967 dhulkaas waxa loo yaqaan French Somaliland (Faransiiska: Côte française des Somali ), iyo 1967 ilaa 1977 oo loo yaqaanay dhulkii Faransiiska ee Canfarta iyo Issas (Faransiiska: Territoire français des Afars et des Issas ). ==Taariikhda== ===Taariikhda ka hor=== [[File:Pottery of Asa Koma.JPG|thumb|Dheriga naqshadaynta joomatari ee laga helay Asa Koma]] Gobolka Bab -el-Mandeb ayaa inta badan loo tixgaliyay inay tahay meesha ugu horeysa ee ay ka taagan tahay homininka ka dib marin xeebeedka ee Bariga Afrika ilaa Koonfur iyo Koonfur Bari Aasiya Aagga Jabuuti waxa la degganaa ilaa Neolithic . Sida laga soo furo khubarada luqadaha, dadkii ugu horreeyay ee ku hadla Afafka ayaa yimid gobolka muddan oo ka yimid qoyska urheimat ee la soo jeediyay ("Dhulkii asalka ahaa") ee dooxada Niil , ama Bariga dhow . Culumo kale waxay soo jeedinayaan in qoyska Afroasiatic ay ku horumareen goobta Geeska, iyada oo ku hadashadeedu ay markaa ka dib kala firdhiyeen meesha. Dhagxaan la jarjaray oo ku taariikhaysan ilaa 3 milyan oo sano ayaa laga soo ururiyay goobta harada Abbe . Banaanka Gobaad ( inta u adeega Dikhil iyo harada Abbe), hadhaaga maroodigii dabar go'ay ee Palaeoloxodon recki ayaa sidoo kale laga helay, oo si muuqata loo gowracay iyadoo la isticmaalayo qalab basalt ah oo agtiisa laga helay. Hadhaagani waxa ay ahayd 1.4 milyan sano BC. Ka dib, goobo kale oo la mid ah ayaa loo aqoonsaday inay u badan tahay shaqada Homo ergaster . Goob Acheulean ah (laga soo bilaabo 800,000 ilaa 400,000 sano BCE), halkaas oo dhagax lagu jaray, ayaa laga soo saaray 1990-meeyadii, Gombourta, oo u qabanay Damerdjog iyo Loyada , oo 15 km koonfur ka xigta magaalada Jabuuti . Ugu doontii, Gobaad, waxa laga helay daanka Homo erectus , kaas oo soo gaadhay 100,000 BC. Jasiiradda Devil’s , waxaa la helay qalab la xiriiriyay 6,000 oo sano, kuwaas oo loo xiray in lagu furo furoda. Aagga gunta hoose ee Goubet (Dankalélo, oo aan ka fogayn Jasiiradda Devil), waxaa sidoo kale laga helay dhismayaal dhagax ah oo wareeg ah iyo jajabyo dhoobo rinji ah. Baarayaal hore ayaa sidoo kale kale ka hooyada maxilla jajaban, oo loo aaneynayo qaab duug ah oo Homo sapiens ah oo ku taariikhaysan c. 250 Ka, oo ka dooxada Dagadlé Wadi [[File:Prehistoric of Djibouti.png|thumb|Farshaxanadii hore ee fanka iyo qabuuraha Djibouti]] Dheriga ka hor bartamihii kun-sanaadkii 2aad ayaa laga helay Asa Koma , oo ah meel haro gudaha ah oo ku taal bannaanka Gobaad. Alaabta goobta waxaa lagu gartaa naqshado joomatari oo la jeexay, kuwaas oo la mid ah wajigii dhaqanka Sabir ee 1 ceramics ee Malayba ee Koonfurta Carabta . Lafo lo'da oo aan gees-dheer lahayn ayaa sidoo kale laga helay Asa Koma, taas oo soo jeedinaysa in lo'da guri-guriyeedka ay joogeen qiyaastii 3,500 oo sano ka hor. Farshaxan dhagax ah oo u muuqda inay yihiin kuleylo iyo geri ayaa sidoo kale laga helaa Dorra iyo Balho . Handoga , oo ku taariikhaysan kun-sanadii afraad ee BCE, ayaa iyaduna soo saartay obsidian microliths iyo ceramics cad oo ay isticmaali jireen xoolo-dhaqato hore oo reer guuraa ah oo wata lo'da.  Goobta Wakrita waa dhisme yar oo Neolithic ah oo ku taal wadii ku taal diiqada tectonic ee Gobacad ee Jabuuti ee Geeska Afrika . Qodista 2004tii waxa ay soo saartay dhoobo aad u fara badan taas oo noo suurta galisay in aan qeexno mid ka mid ah xarumaha dhaqanka Neolithic ee gobolkan , kaas oo sidoo kale lagu aqoonsaday goobta u dhow ee Asa Koma . Haraaga xayawaanku waxay xaqiijinayaan muhiimadda kalluumeysiga ee degsiimooyinka Neolithic ee u dhow harada Abbé , laakiin sidoo kale muhiimadda xannaanada lo'da iyo, markii ugu horreysay ee aaggan, caddaynta dhaqamada xoolo-dhaqashada caprine. Shukaansiga Radiocarbon wuxuu dhigayaa shaqadan bilawgii qarnigii 2aad ee BCE, oo la mid ah inta u dhaxaysa Asa Koma. Labadan goobood waxay ka dhigan yihiin caddaynta ugu da'da weyn ee dhaq-dhaqaaqa gobolka, waxayna bixiyaan faham wanaagsan oo ku saabsan horumarinta bulshooyinka Neolithic ee gobolkan.  Ilaa 4000 sano BCE, gobolku wuxuu ka faa'iiday cimilo aad uga duwan kan maanta uu yaqaan oo laga yaabo inuu u dhow yahay cimilada Mediterranean-ka . Khayraadka biyuhu aad bay u badnaayeen iyagoo leh harooyin ku yaal Gobacad, harooyinka Assal iyo Abbé oo waaweyn oo u eg biyo dhab ah. Sidaa darteed dadku waxay ku noolaayeen ururinta, kalluumaysiga iyo ugaarsiga. Gobolka waxaa ku noolaa xayawaan aad u qani ah oo kala ah: dhogorta , gisi , maroodi , wiyisha , iwm, sida uu daliil u yahay, tusaale ahaan, xayawaanka ugu quruxda badan ee sawirada godka Balho . Millenniyadii 3aad iyo 2aad ee BC, dad yar oo reer guuraa ah ayaa degay hareeraha harooyinka waxayna ku dhaqmi jireen kalluumeysiga iyo taranta lo'da. Aaska haweeney 18-sano jir ah, laga bilaabo mudadaas, iyo sidoo kale lafaha xoolaha la ugaarsado, qalab lafaha iyo dahab yar yar ayaa la soo saaray. Ilaa 1500 BCE, cimiladu waxay durba bilowday inay is beddesho, iyadoo ilaha biyaha macaan ay noqdeen kuwo aad u yar. Sawir-gacmeedku wuxuu muujinayaa dhogorta (xoolaha aagagga oomanaha ah), kuwaas oo qaarkood ay fuulaan dagaalyahanno hubaysan. Dadkii fadhiidka ahaa ayaa hadda ku soo noqday noloshii miyiga. Tuuli dhagax ah oo noocyo kala duwan leh iyo qabuuro gabbaad ah oo laga soo bilaabo muddadan ayaa laga soo saaray dhulka oo dhan ===Qadiimiga=== Socdaalkii hore ee Masaarida ee ugu horeyay ee la diiwaan galiyay ee Puntin waxaa soo abaabulay Fircoon Saxure oo ka tirsanaa boqortooyadii shanaad (qarnigii 25aad BC), isagoo la soo noqday shixnad antyue iyo Puntites ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dahab ka soo jeeda Punt waxa loo diiwaan galiyay in uu Masar joogay horraantii wakhtigii Fircoon Khufu ee Boqortooyadii Afraad . Intaa ka dib, waxa jiray socdaalo badan oo loo galay Puntidii lixaad , kow iyo tobnaad , laba iyo tobnaad iyo siddeed iyo tobnaad ee boqortooyadii Masar. Boqortooyadii laba iyo tobnaad, ganacsigii lala lahaa Punt waxa loogu dabaal dagay suugaan caan ah oo ku jirta Sheekadii Badmaaxyadii Doontii burburtay [[File:Three Puntites.jpg|thumb|Hatshepsut Punt Relief oo muujinaysa saddex nin oo ku labisan dharka Puntite oo sita hadiyado]] Boqortooyadii Mentuhotep III (diilkii 11aad, ca. 2000 BC), sarkaal la odhan jiray Hannu waxa uu abaabulay hal ama in ka badan safaro uu ku tagay Punt, laakiin lama hubo in uu shakhsi ahaan u safray safaradan.  Hawlgallada ganacsi ee boqortooyadii 12aad ee faraaciintii Senusret I , Amenemhat II iyo Amenemhat IV ayaa sidoo kale si guul leh ugu soo wareegay kana soo socdaalay dhulka dahsoon ee Punt.  Boqortooyadii siddeed iyo tobnaad ee Masar , Hatshepsut waxa ay dhistay maraakiib badda cas si ay u fududayso ganacsiga u dhexeeya madaxa Gacanka Aqaba iyo meelaha koonfureed ilaa Punt si uu u keeno alaabta meydadka ee Karnak si uu ugu beddelo dahabka Nubian. Hatshepsut shakhsi ahaan waxa uu sameeyay socdaalkii ugu caansanaa ee Masaaridii hore ee u dhoofay Punt. Fanaaniinteeda ayaa muujinaya wax badan oo ku saabsan qoyska boqortooyada, dadka deggan, deegaanka iyo geedaha kala duwan ee jasiiradda, iyagoo muujinaya sida "Land of Gods, oo ah gobol ka fog bari ee jihada qorrax-soo-baxa, oo barakeeyey alaabooyinka ujeeddooyin diimeed", halkaas oo ganacsatadu ay ku soo noqdeen dahab, fool maroodi, ebony , fooxa , resins caraf udgoon, haragga xayawaanka, xayawaanka nool ee qorraxdu udgoon tahay. Xilligii boqoradda Hatshepsut ee qarnigii 15aad ee BC, maraakiibtu waxay si joogto ah uga gudbeen Badda Cas si ay u helaan bitumen , naxaas, maro xardhan, naptha iyo alaabo kale oo loo daabulo dhulka iyo hoos Badda Dhimatay ilaa Elat oo ku taal madaxa gacanka Aqaba halkaas oo ay ku biireen fooxa iyo socodka ganacsiga ee buuraha ee soo socda iyo marinka woqooyiga ee socdaalkayga iyo socodka ganacsiga ee waqooyiga. woqooyi oo ku teedsan xeebta bari ee Badda Cas.  Iyada oo ay weheliso waqooyiga Itoobiya, Somaliland, Ereteriya iyo xeebta Badda Cas ee Suudaan, Jabuuti waxaa loo arkaa meesha ugu macquulsan ee dhulkii ay Masriyiintii hore u yaqaaniin Punt (ama Ta Netjeru , oo macnaheedu yahay "Dhulkii Ilaah"). Markii ugu horreysay ee la sheego dhulkii Puntland waxay taariikhdu ahayd qarnigii 25aad ee BC. Puntites waxay ahaayeen ummad dad ah oo xidhiidh dhow la lahaa Masar hore xilligii boqortooyadii 5aad ee Fircoon Saxure iyo boqoraddii 18aad ee boqoradda Hatshepsut . Sida laga soo xigtay muraayadaha macbadka ee Deir el-Bahari , Dhulka Punt waxaa xukumayay Boqor Parahu iyo Boqorad Ati. ===Hordhaca Islaamka iyo qarniyadii dhexe=== Reer Adal (sidoo kale Awdal , Cadl , ama Adel ) waxay xaruntoodu ahayd Saylac oo caasimaddeeda ah. Waxaa dhidibbada u taagay qabaa'ilka Soomaalida ee degaankaas horaantii qarnigii 9aad. Saylac waxa ay soo jiidatay ganacsatadii adduunka oo dhan, iyaga oo ka qayb qaatay hantida magaalada. Saylac waa magaalo qadiimi ah waxayna ka mid ahayd magaalooyinkii ugu horeeyay ee soo islaamay , wax yar ka dib hijriga . Masjidka al-Qiblatayn ee Saylac laba- mihraab waxa uu jiray qarnigii 7aad, waana masaajidka ugu da'da weyn. Dhamaadkii qarnigii 9aad, Al-Yaqubi , oo ahaa caalim Muslim ah oo Carab ah oo safar ah, wuxuu qoray in Boqortooyada Adal ay ahayd boqortooyo yar oo qani ah, Saylacna waxay u adeegi jirtay xarunta boqortooyada, taas oo soo taxnayd bilowgii qarniga. [[File:YagbeaSionBattlingAdaSultan.JPG|thumb|Suldaanka Adal (midig) iyo ciidamadiisa dagaalka kula jira King Yagbea-Sion iyo raggiisa oo lagu sawiray Livre Des Merveilles]] Tixraacii ugu horeeyey ee Adal waxa ay ahayd ka dib burburkii boqortooyadii Makhzumi July 1288 markaas oo Cali Baziyu uu hogaaminayey olole ka dhacay Adal iyo Mora kaas oo lagu soo gebagebeeyey dilkii salaadiinta Adal iyo Mora , Suldaankii guulaystey ka dib waxa uu Adal iyo Mora ku daray Boqortooyadii. Adal waxa kale oo uu ku sheegay Marco Polo 1295 in ay tahay dawlad si joogto ah ula dagaalantay Abyssinia. Sida laga soo xigtay taariikhyahan Carbeed qarnigii afar iyo tobnaad Al Umari , Adal wuxuu ahaa mid ka mid ah gobollada aasaasay Ifat Sultanate oo ay weheliso Biqulzar , Shewa , Kwelgora , Shimi, Jamme iyo Laboo. Waxa loo adeegsaday si mugdi ah waagii dhexe ee dhexe si loo tilmaamo Muslimiinta degan dhulka hoose ee bari ee Boqortooyada Xabashida . Oo ay ku jiraan woqooyiga wabiga Awash ee ku wajahan harada Abbe ee xuduudka casriga ah ee Jabuuti iyo Itoobiya iyo sidoo kale dhulka u dhexeeya Shewa iyo Saylac ee xeebta Soomaaliya . Degmooyinka Adal waxa ka mid ahaa Hubat , Gidaaya iyo Hargaya . Waxa kale oo ay mararka qaarkood ku jirtay Suldaanka Hadiya . Gobolku waxa uu ahaa inta badan gobolka Awdal wakhtigan xaadirka ah waxana uu caasimadda u ahaa Saylac laakiin waxa kale oo uu maamuli jiray magaalooyinka kale ee gudaha sida Cabasa ama Dakkar oo ku fidsan dhulka Harar ilaa koonfur-bari iyo maanta Jabuuti oo galbeed ah. [>File:The Sultanate of Ifat.png|thumb|Boqortooyadii Ifat Sultanate qarnigii 14aad]] Boqortooyadii Walashma waxa ay culimadu ku tixgaliyaan in ay kuwii la aasaasay Saldanadii Ifat. Ifat markii ugu horeyay waxay soo baxday markii Umar Ibn Dunyā-Hawaz, oo markii dambe loo yaqaanay Sultan Umar Walasma , uu sameeyay boqortooyadiisa oo uu qabsaday Suldaanka Shewa ee ku yaala waqooyiga Hararghe . Boqorka 128 Suldaan Wali Asma waxa uu keenay inuu xukunkiisa ku soo rogo Hubat , Saylac iyo dawlado kale oo Muslim ah oo gobolka ka tirsan. Taddesse Tamrat waxa uu ku macneeyay ficilada millitari ee Sultan Walashma in uu yahay dadaal uu ku hayo dhulka Muslimiinta ee Geeska Afrika si la mid ah sidii Imperor Yekuno Amlak uu isku day in uu isku day dhulalka Kiristanka ee buuuraleyda sare islaas. calanka 1320-kii waxaa billowday khilaaf u dhexeeya boqorka Kiristaanka iyo sawiradii Ifat ee Muslimiinta. Colaadda waxaa soo dajiyay Al-Naasir Muxamed oo Masar ahaa . Hogaamiyihii Mamluk Al-Naasir Muxammad waxa uu silcinayay Copts Masiixiyiinta Masiixiyiinta ah ee burburinayay shaqada Coptic. Amda Seyon 1aad ee Itoobiya ayaa ergey u soo diray digniin uu u diray Mamluuqa oo uu ku sheegay in haddii uu joojin waayo dhibka lagu hayo Masiixiyiinta Masar uu ka aargoosan doono Muslimiinta ku hoos nool xukunkiisa, dadka Masarna uu gaajo u gaajoon doono isagoo u weecinaya marinka webiga Niil. Sida laga soo jiida Pankhurst, oo ka mid ah labada hanjabaad, leexinta Niil waxay ahayd hanjabaad aan shaqaynayn, Suldaanka Masarna wuu diiday sababtii ay u badan tahay inuu ogaaday in tani ay sidaas tahay. Cabsida laga qabo in Xabashidu ay fara geliso webiga Niil, ayuu yiri Pankhurst, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay ahayd inay la sii wadaagto Masaarida qarniyo badan. Kacdoonkii Sabr ad-Diin ma ahayn isku day lagu doonayey in lagu gaadho madax-banaani, balse waxa ay ahayd in uu boqor ka noqdo Itoobiya Muslim ah. Taariikhda Taariikhda Amda Seyon ayaa sheegtay in Sabr ad-Din uu ku dhawaaqay: Waxaan jeclaan lahaa inaan boqor u noqdo Itoobiya oo dhan, annagu dadka Masiixiyiinta sida sharcigooda ah, jawaabahooda waan dumin doona... waxaan u muujin doonaa hoggaamiye Itoobiya oo dhan, si la mid ah boqorka Siyoon (Itoobiya) ... Dhab, ka dib duulaankiisii ​​​​ugu horreeyay, Sabr ad-Din wuxuu magacaabay maamulayaasha u dhow iyo kuwa muhim ah sida Fatagar iyo Alamalé, iyo sidoo kale fog fog ee waqooyiga sida Damot , Amxaarada , Angot , Inderta , Begemder , iyo Gojjam . Waxa kale oo uu ku hanjabay in uu qaadka ku beerayo caasimadda, oo ah maaddo kiciya oo ay isticmaalayeen Muslimiintu balse ay mamnuuc ka tahay Masiixiyiinta Itoobiya ee Ortodokska . Sanadkii 1376, Sultan Sacad Ad-Diin Abdul Muhammad , oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Sacad Ad-Diin II, ayaa xilka kala wareegay, markii yimid, kaas oo sii waday inuu weeraro Masiixiyiinta ee Xabashida. Wuxuu weeraray madaxdii gobolka sida Zalan iyo Hadeeya, kuwaas oo taageersanaa Imbaraadoorka. Sida laga soo jiida Mordechai Abir, Sacad Ad-Diin II duullaanka ka dhanka ah Imbaraadooriyadda Xabashidu waxa ay u badnaayeen kuwa ku dhufo oo ka dhaqaaq ah, taas oo xoojisay go'aankii akhriska Kiristaanka ee ahaa in uu soo afjaro xukunka Muslimiinta ee barigooda. Horraantii dagaalka 15aad, Imbaraadoorkii Xabashida oo ay u badan tahay Dawit I wuxuu ururiyay ciidan badan si uu uga jawaabo. Wuxuu ku tilmaamay Muslimiinta deegaanka ku xeeran “Cadawga Rabbi”, marka lagu duulo Ifat. Dagaal dheer ka dib, booska Ifat waxa lagu jebiyay 1403dii oo ku taal dhulka Harar, Suldaan Sacad Cadidiin wuxuu u dejiyey Saylac halkaas oo ay Itoobiya ka daba tagtay. Al-Maqrizi wuxuu wariyay: Amxaaradu waxay ka daba-tageen Sacadul-diin ilaa gacanka Saylac , ee badweynta, halkaas oo uu gabaad ka dhigay . Amxaaradu meesha bay ku go’doomisay, oo biyo ka diiday; Ugu balatii mid ka mid ah kuwii faasiqiinta ahaa wuxuu tusay jid ay ku gaadhaan. Markii ay u soo galeen dagaal baa dhacay; oo maalinta ka dib biyihii ayaa gabay. Sacad Al Diin waxa uu labadii ka soo gaadhay foolka, dhulkana uu ku dhacay,may seefihii kaga mudeen. farxad buu ku dhintay, isagoo dariiqii Eebbe ku dhacay. [[File:Adalite Population.png|thumb|Sawirka dharka dhaqameed ee Adal ee ay xidhaan dadka deegaanka ee Giuseppe Antonelli]] Geeridii Sacad Cad-Diin ka dib “xoogga Muslimiinta waa la dhimay”, sida uu sheegay Maqrizi, ka dibna Amxaaradu waxay degtay waddanka “iyo masaajidda la burburiyey oo kaniisado ka samaystay”. Dadka Islaamka ah ayaa la sheegay in la dhibaataynayey in ka badan labaatan sano. Ilaha ayaa isku khilaafay cidda Imbaraadoorka Itoobiya uu ololahan sameeyay. Sida uu qabo taariikhyahankii dhexe ee al-Makrizi , Imperial Dawit I 1403 waxa uu daba galay Suldaankii Cadal , Sacad Ad-Diin II , ilaa Saylac , halkaas oo uu ku dilay suldaan , magaalada Saylacna uu ka saaray . Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ilo kale oo casri ah ayaa taariikhiya dhimashadii Sacad ad-Diin II ilaa 1410, waxayna ku tixgalinayaan dilka Emperor Yeshaq . Carruurtiisii ​​iyo intii ka hadhay boqortooyadii Walashma waxay u qaxi jireen Yaman halkaas oo ay ku noolaan lahaayeen musaafuris ilaa 1415.  Sannadkii 1415, Sabr ad-Din III , oo ahaa curadka Sacad Ad-Diin II , ayaa ku soo noqon doona Adal oo uu ka soo musaafurinayay Carabta si uu u soo celiyo carshigii aabbihiis.  Wuxuu ku dhawaaqi jiray inuu yahay "boqorka Cadal" ka dib markuu Yaman ka soo laabtay oo uu ka soo noqday dhulka Harar oo uu caasimaddiisa cusub ka dhisay Dakkar . Sabr ad-Din III iyo walaalihiis waxay jebin doonaan ciidan gaaraya 20,000 oo nin oo uu hogaaminayo taliye aan la magacaabin oo rajeynaya inuu soo celiyo "xukunkii Amxaarada ee lumay". Boqorkii guulaysta ayaa markaas ku laabtay caasimadiisii, laakiin wuxuu amar ku siiyay xertiisii ​​badnaa inay sii wadaan oo ay kordhiyaan dagaalka ka dhanka ah Masiixiyiinta. Boqorkii Itoobiya Tewodros 1 -aad markiiba waxaa dilay Boqortooyadii Adal Sultanate markii uu soo noqday dhaxal-sugaha Sacad Ad-Diin ee Geeska Afrika. Sabr ad-Din III wuxuu dhintay geeri dabiici ah, waxaana xilka kala wareegay walaalkiis Mansur Ad-Diin oo ku duulay caasimadii iyo fadhigii boqortooyadii Sulaymaan wuxuuna u kaxaystay Imbaraadoor Dawit I ilaa Yedaya halkaas oo sida uu sheegay al-Maqrizi , Suldaan Mansur uu burburiyay ciidan Sulaymaan ah oo uu dilay Boqorkii. Dabadeed waxa uu u sii gudbay buuralayda Mokha, halkaas oo uu kula kulmay 30,000 oo ciidan xoog leh oo Sulaymaan ah. Askartii Cadalaad waxay hareereeyeen cadawgoodii, waxayna muddo laba bilood ah hareereeyeen ciidamadii Sulaymaan ee go’doomiyey ilaa laga gaaray heshiis nabadeed oo uu Mansur raalli ka yahay. Muddadaas, Adal waxa ay u soo baxday sidii xarun muslimiintu iskaga caabin lahaayeen boqortooyadii Xabashida ee Kiristaanka ahayd. Adal intaas ka dib ayaa maamuli doonta dhammaan dhulkii ay hore u xukumi jirtay Ifat Sultanate, iyo sidoo kale dhulka bari ka sii xiga Bab el Mandeb ilaa Cape Guardafui, sida uu qabo Leo Africanus. Adal waxa magac ahaan lagu sheegay qarnigii 14aad marka laga hadlayo dagaaladii dhex maray Muslimiinta Soomaalida iyo Canfarta iyo ciidamadii Kiristaanka ee Boqorka Xabashida Amda Seyon I.  Adal waxay markii hore caasimad u ahayd magaalada Saylac, oo ku taal galbeedka gobolka Awdal. Siyaasaddu waagaas waxay ahayd imaarad ka tirsanayd saldanadii weynayd ee Ifat ee uu xukumi jirayBoqortooyadii Walashma  [[File:Young Ahmad Gragn.png|thumb|Tusaale wiilkii yaraa ee Axmad ibnu Ibraahiim oo muujinaya awoodiisa]] Sida uu qabo IM Lewis, siyaasadda waxaa maamuli jiray boqortooyo maxalli ah oo ka kooban Carab Soomaali ah ama Soomaali la Carabeeyey, kuwaas oo sidoo kale ka talin jiray Saldanada la mid ah ee Muqdisho laga dhisay ee gobolka Banaadir ee dhanka koonfureed. Taariikhda Adal laga soo bilaabo wakhtigan la aasaasay waxa lagu tilmaami karaa dagaalo isdaba joog ah oo lala galay dalka ay jaarka yihiin ee Abyssinia . Boqortooyadii Adal markii ay sare u kacday waxa ay gacanta ku haysay qaybo badan oo ka mid ah Jabuuti, Somaliland , Ereteriya iyo Itoobiya. Inta u dhaxaysa magaalada Jabuuti iyo Loyada waxaa ku yaal tiro ka mid ah sawir-maskaxeed iyo faneed . Dhismayaashu waxay la xidhiidhaan qabuuro qaab leydi ah oo ay ku dheggan yihiin saqafyo toosan, sida sidoo kale laga helay Tiya , bartamaha Itoobiya . Jibuuti-Looyada steeladu waa kuwo aan la hubin da'dooda, qaarkoodna waxaa lagu qurxiyey calaamad T-qaabaysan. Intaa waxaa dheer, qodista qadiimiga ah ee Tiya waxay keentay qabuuro. Laga bilaabo 1997, 118 stelae ayaa laga soo sheegay aagga. Iyada oo ay weheliso dhagaxyada Aagga Hadiya , dhismayaasha waxa ay dadka deegaanka u aqoonsan yihiin Yegragn Dingay ama "dhagaxa Gran", iyaga oo tixraacaya Imam Axmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi (Ahmad "Gurey" ama "Gran"), oo ah taliyaha Adal Sultanate . Imaam Axmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi waxa uu ahaa hogaamiyihii milatariga ee dawladii dhexe ee Adal Sultanate ee waqooyiga Geeska Afrika. Intii u dhaxaysay 1529 iyo 1543, waxa uu bilaabay olole loogu magac daray Futuh Al-xabash , isaga oo keenaya in afar meelood saddex meel oo Xabashida Kiristaanka ahi ay hoos yimaadaan maamulkii boqortooyadii Muslimiinta . Iyagoo wata ciidan ka kooban Afar, Harari (Harla), iyo Soomaali, ciidamadii al-Ghazi waxay u soo dhawaadeen inay damiyaan boqortooyadii hore ee Xabashida, iyagoo gawracay qof kasta oo Ethiopian ah oo diida inuu islaamo. Muddo afar iyo toban sano gudahood Imaamku waxa u suurtagashay in uu ku qabsado dhulka xudunta u ah dalka, isaga oo hagardaamo ku haya qaranka Kiristaanka. Bahri Negash waxay ku biirtay Emperor Gelawdewos iyo Bortuqiisku dagaalkii muhiimka ahaa ee Wayna Daga , halkaas oo dhaqanku sheegayo in Imam Axmad uu xabadka xabadka kaga dhuftay musketer Portuguese ah oo la odhan jiray João de Castilho, kaas oo keligiis dacwad ku soo oogay Muslimiinta oo dhintay. Imaamka dhaawaca ah ayaa ka dib waxaa qoorta ka gooyay taliyihii ciidamada fardooleyda Itoobiya oo lagu magacaabo Azmach Calite. Markii ay askartii Imaamku ogaadeen dhimashadiisa ayay ka carareen goobtii dagaalka. Colaaddan ayaa fursad u siisay dadka Oromada ah inay qabsadaan oo u guuraan dhulka taariikhiga ah ee Gafat ee Welega ee koonfurta wabiga Niilka Buluuga ah iyo dhanka bari ilaa gidaarada Harar iyagoo ka samaystay dhul cusub. ===Casriga hore=== Sannadkii 1550kii, Nuur bin Mujaahid waxa uu noqday Amiirkii Harar , isla markaana ahaa taliyihii Adal, isagoo Harar u dhisay darbi difaac ah oo ilaa maanta taagan. 1559-kii, wuxuu hogaaminayay duulaan ka dhan ah Boqortooyadii Xabashida , wuxuuna dilay Imbaraadoor Gelawdewos dagaalkii Fatagar , isagoo isla mar ahaantaana iska caabiyay duulaankii Xabashidu ku soo qaaday Harar, taasoo sababtay dhimashada Sultan Barakat bin Umar Din iyo dhamaadka boqortooyadii Walashma . Oromadu dabadeed waxay ku duuleen Adal, ciidankii Nuur ayaa jabiyay dagaalkii Hazalo , inkastoo darbiyada magaaladu ay badbaadiyeen, inkasta oo ay xaalad abaareed aad u daran ku jirtay . Nuur wuxuu dhintay 1567, waxaana xilka kala wareegay Cuthman oo Xabashi ah , oo heshiiskii nabadeed ee uu la galay Oromada horseeday in xukunka laga tuuro. Dhaxalsuge Maxamed ibn Naasir , wuxuu isku dayay duullaan ka dhan ah Itoobiya, waase lagu jebiyay laguna dilay dagaalkii webi , taasoo calaamad u ahayd soo afjaridda gardaradii Adal. Dhaxal sugaha Muxammad , Mansur ibn Muxamed , waxa uu la dagaalamay Oromada guul darradu ka soo baxday, ka dibna waxa uu qabsaday Awsa iyo Saylac . Dhimashadii Nuur iyo dhicistii boqorradii Walashma ayaa ka dhashay loolan dhanka awoodda ah, iyadoo Muxammad Gasa uu qaatay magaca Imaam sannadkii 1576-kii, wuxuuna caasimadda u soo raray Aussa , isagoo aasaasay imaamkii Aussa , kaasoo hoos u dhacay qarnigi xigay, aakhirkiina u gacan galay dadka Canfarta . Qarnigii toddoba iyo tobnaad, dadka Harla iyo dadka Dooba waxay ku biireen aqoonsiga Canfarta , taasoo keentay soo ifbaxa Saldanada Aussa . Enrico Cerulli waxa uu burburka Adal u sababeeyay in ay ka gudbi kari wayday kala qaybsanaantii qabaa’ilka, si ka duwan sidii Imbaraadooriyadda Xabashida ee Sarsa Dengel , taas oo keentay in uu dagaal joogto ah ka dhexeeyo qabaa’ilka reer guuraaga ah. Burburkii Saldanadii Adal waxa ay horseedday in lasameeyo dawlado badan sida Aussa , Tadjourah iyo Rahayto. [[File:Einwohner Von Abex.webp|thumb |Qof deggan Xabeesh Eyalet oo uu qoray Georg Adam Dillinger (1773)]] Mamluk Masar oo ay qabsadeen Cusmaaniyiintu waxay cabsi galisay ganacsatadii Carbeed , kuwaas oo ka baqay guumaystayaashan cusub ee Turkiga, sidaa awgeed waxay doorteen inay u safraan dhanka xeebaha Cadal. Taas waxaa sidoo kale raacay ganacsato Hindi ah oo ka cararay isla cadowga. Cusmaaniyiintii markay arkeen dhaq-dhaqaaqa ballaaran ee degdega ah, waxay si degdeg ah u qabsadeen Saylac waxayna sameeyeen guri kastam iyo galley ilaalinaya Bab-el-Mandeb . Qarnigii 17-aad markii Cusmaaniyiinta lagu qasbay inay ka fariistaan ​​Saylac, magaalada iyo nawaaxigeeda sida Tadjuura waxay gacanta ku dhigeen saldanada Mocha iyo Sanca , kuwaas oo ka kireeyay dhulkii ganacsade Sanca ah oo la oran jiray Sayid Al-Barr. Saylac ka dib waxa xukumay Amiir, kaas oo Mordechai Abir u soo jeediyay in uu leeyahay "wax sheegasho ah oo aan caddayn oo ku saabsan dhammaan gobolka Saaxil , laakiin awoodda dhabta ah ma dhaafin meel ka baxsan derbiyada magaalada." Badhasaabka oo gacan ka helaya madfac iyo calooshood u shaqeystayaal kooban oo ku hubaysnaa birta , ayaa ku guulaystay in uu iska difaaco duullaan ay ku soo qaadeen labadii reer guuraaga ahaa ee gudaha ku sugnaa, kuwaas oo gudaha u soo galay iyo weliba guutooyin ku sugnaa gacanka Cadmeed. Inkasta oo Tadjoura ay sheegatay madax-bannaani dhammaystiran, haddana waxaa loo tixgeliyey inay hoos timaado Saylac maadaama suldaanku uu ka heli lahaa gunno-sannadeedka guddoomiyaha deegaanka. Abubakr Pasha waxa uu u sharaxay Vice-Admiral Alphonse Fleuriot de Langle in markii imaamka Sanca uu wali ka talinayay xeebaha Yemen, qaar ka mid ah askartii loo diray Tadjoura ay maalin ay xasuuqeen dadka magaalada. Badhasaabka Mocha ayaa markaa diray ciidan cusub si ay uga soo aargudaan. Magaaladu intay aargoosigan la kulmi lahayd, waxay door bidday inay u go'aansato inay Imaamka siiso, sannad walba xilliga carwooyinka, oo ah gunno aan waligeed la bixin oo uu guddoomiyaha Saylac ka masuul yahay soo saarista. Tadjourah's vizier Mahamed Mahamed ayaa u cusboonaysiiyay faa'iidada Pasha Turkiga ee Al-Hodeydah in kasta oo Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiintu aysan waligood xaq siyaasadeed u adeegsan Tadjoura. Mohammed Al-Barr waxa mar dambe lagu beddeli doonaa guddoomiyaha Saylac iyo inta ku tiirsan ( Saaxil).) by Sharmaake Cali Saalix . Bishii Juun 1861, Faransiisku wuxuu Sharmarke Ali Salih ku eedeeyay inuu ku lug lahaa dilkii Henri Lambert , wakiilkii hore ee qunsuliyada Faransiiska, taageerena u ahaa Sharmaarke, Abubakr Pasha , oo ka ganacsan jiray addoonta Canfarta . Inkasta oo Pasha Turkiga ee Al-Xodeydah iyo Degenaanshaha Ingiriiska ee Cadan ay rumaysnaayeen in Sharmaarke aanu wax dambi ah lahayn, haddana isaga iyo qaar ka mid ah taageerayaashiisa ayaa la xidhay oo loo gacan geliyey ciidamada badda Faransiiska. Maxkamadeynta, oo markii hore loo qorsheeyay Constantinople , ayaa markii dambe loo wareejiyay Jeddah . Muxammad Cali , Pasha Masar , wuxuu u yimid inuu xukumo Yemen , Harar , Gacanka Tadjoura oo ay Saylac iyo Berbera ku jiraan. Badhasaabkii deegaanka Abubakar Pasha ayaa ku amray ciidankii Masar ee Sagallo joogay inay ka fariistaan ​​Saylac . Doonta markabka Seignelay ayaa gaadhay Sagallo wax yar ka dib markii ay Masaaridu dhoofeen. Ciidamada Faransiisku waxay qabsadeen qalcadda inkasta oo ay ka soo horjeesteen wakiilka Ingiriiska ee Cadan , Major Frederick Mercer Hunter, kaas oo u diray ciidamo si ay u ilaaliyaan danaha Ingiriiska iyo Masar ee Saylac iyo ka hortagga kordhinta Faransiiska ee jihadaas. 14-kii Abriil 1884kii Taliyaha roondada sloop L'Inferent ayaa ka warbixiyey qabsashadii Masar ee Gacanka Tadjoura. Taliyaha ilaalada sloop Le Vaudreuil ayaa sheegay in Masaarida ay ku sugnaayeen gudaha inta u dhexeysa Obock iyo Tadjoura . Imbaraadoor Yohannes IV ee Itoobiya wuxuu heshiis la saxeexday Great Britain si loo joojiyo la dagaalanka Masaarida iyo in la ogolaado in ciidamada Masar laga soo daadgureeyo Itoobiya iyo Somaliland litteral. Ciidankii Masar ayaa laga saaray Tadjoura . Léonce Lagarde waxa uu roondo u diray Tadjoura habeenkii xigay. [[File:Carte de la côte française (...)Meunier Alexandre btv1b53062311r 1.jpg|thumb|Khariidadda Xeebta Soomaalida Faransiiska iyo gobollada deriska la ah 1870kii]] Soohdimaha dalka Jabuuti ee maanta waxa la aassay markii ugu horeysay ee Faransiisku ka as aaso  Geeska Afrika xiligii loollanka Afrika . Heshiiskii March 11. Faransiisku waxa ay xiisaynayeen in ay yeeshaan xarun dhuxul oo loogu talagalay uumiyada , taas oo si gaar ah muhiim u ah warbaahinta Kanaalka Suweys ee 1869 .  March 26, 1885, Faransiisku waxay heshiis kale la dhigteen Issas halkaas oo kan dambe uu noqon doono maxmiyad hoos-u-qaadis Faransiis [[File:Djibouti-Eid-Celebration.jpg|thumb|Xaflad si heer sare ah loo soo agaasimay oo ay isugu soo baxeen dad muslimiin ah oo isticmaalaya kataarad Suudaani ah si ay ugu ciidaan sanadkii 1913-kii]] Waxa la aasaasay intii u dhaxaysay 1883 ilaa 1887, ka dib markii Soomaalidii xukumi jirtay iyo saldanadii Canfarta mid waliba heshiis la saxeexday Faransiiska . Isku daygii Nikolay Ivanovitch Achinov , tacabiir Ruush ah , si uu u dejiyo Sagallo 1889 waxaa markiiba fashiliyay ciidamada Faransiiska hal bil ka dib. Sannadkii 1894kii, Léonce Lagarde waxa uu maamul rasmi ah oo Faransiis ah ka dhisay magaalada Jabuuti wuxuuna gobolka u magacaabay Faransiiska Somaliland . Dhismaha Jidka Tareenka ee Imperial ee galbeedka Itoobiya ayaa dekedda Jabuuti ka dhigay magaalo boom ah oo dhan 15,000 xilli Harar ay ahayd magaalada kaliya ee Itoobiya ka sarreysay. Inkasta oo dadku ay hoos u dhaceen ka dib markii la dhammeeyey jidka tareenka ee Diridhaba oo shirkaddii asalka ahayd ay ku guuldareysatay oo ay dalbatay dammaanad dawladeed, isku xirka tareenka ayaa u oggolaaday dhulku inuu si dhakhso ah u dhaafo ganacsigii safarka ahaa ee Saylac (oo markaa ahaa aagga Ingiriiska ee Somaliland ) oo noqday dekedda koowaad ee qaxwaha iyo badeecadaha kale ee ka baxa koonfurta Itoobiya iyo Harar . [[File:Ahmed Abokob.jpg|thumb|Axmed Abokob, oo ahaa tiir-raac Soomaaliyeed oo u dhashay Jabuuti, kana qayb galay WW1]] Guutada 6-aad ee Somali Marching ayaa lagu aas aasay Madagascar 11-kii May 1916-kii, waxaana ciidamadan laga soo qaatay Xeebaha Soomaaliya ee Faransiiska , waxaana loo bixiyay Guutada 1-aad ee Tirailleurs Soomaaliyeed markii ay soo gaareen dalka Faransiiska bishii June. Asal ahaan loogu talagalay in ay noqoto unug diyaargarow ah, saraakiishii guutada ayaa ka jawaabay rabitaanka Soomaalida ee ah in ay dagaalamaan, taasoo keentay in ay ka qaybgalaan iyaga iyo RICM weerarkii Oktoobar 1916 ee Fort Douaumont. Doorkooda gaarka ah, shirkadaha guutada waxaa la guddoonsiiyay Croix de Guerre, iyo calanka RICM wuxuu helay Legion of Honor. Dib-u-habaynta cutubka dagaalka bishii Diseembar 1916, guutadu waxay ku dagaalameen Chemin des Dames bishii Maajo 1917 iyo markii dambe dagaallo waaweyn sida Malmaison, Dagaalkii 3aad ee Aisne, iyo Dagaalkii 2aad ee Marne, iyagoo kasbaday tixraacyo badan iyo xuquuqda xirashada Croix de Guerre fourragère. 2,434 ka mid ah ragga hubaysan ee la diray, 517 ka mid ah ayaa la dilay, 1,200 oo kalena waa lagu dhaawacay Yurub. Ka dib markii uu Talyaanigu qabsaday dalka Itoobiya badhtamihii 1930-aadkii, waxa iska hor imaad joogto ah oo dhinaca xuduudka ahi ku dhex maray ciidamadii Faransiiska ee Somaliland joogay iyo ciidamadii Talyaaniga ee ku sugnaa bariga Afrika ee Talyaanigu . Bishii Juun 1940, intii lagu jiray marxaladihii hore ee Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka , Faransiisku wuu dhacay , gumeysigana waxaa xukumay dawladdii Axis Vichy (Faransiiska) . Ciidamada Ingiriiska iyo kuwa Barwaaqo-sooranka waxay la dagaalameen talyaanigii dariska ahaa intii uu socday Ololihii Bariga Afrika . 1941kii, Talyaanigii waa la jebiyey, waxaana la go'doomiyey ciidamadii Vichy ee Faransiiska Somaliland. Maamulkii Vichy Faransiisku waxa uu ku sii jiray gumaysigii in ka badan sannad ka dib burburkii Talyaaniga. Ingriiska oo ka jawaabaya waxa uu go’doomiyay dekedda magaalada Jabuuti balse way ka hor istaagi wayday in Faransiisku uu macluumaadka ka bixiyo kolanyada markabkii halkaa marayay. Sannadkii 1942-kii, ilaa 4,000 oo askari oo British ah ayaa qabsaday magaalada. Guuto maxali ah oo ka socday French Somaliland ayaa ka qayb qaatay Xoraynta Faransiiska 1944. Sannadkii 1958-kii oo ku beegnayd maalintii ay Soomaaliya xornimada qaadatay 1960-kii, ayaa waxaa dalka Jabuuti ka dhacay afti dadweyne oo lagu go'aamiyay inay ka sii mid ahaato Faransiiska iyo inay tahay waddan madaxbannaan. Aftidu waxay u soo baxday in la sii wado xidhiidhka Faransiiska, taas oo ay qayb ka tahay isku-darka haa ee ay ku codeeyeen qawmiyadda Canfarta iyo Faransiiska deggan. Waxa kale oo jiray eedaymo ku saabsan ku shubasho codbixineed oo baahsan . Inta badan dadka maya ku codeeyay waxay ahaayeen Soomaali si weyn u taageersanaa ku biiritaanka Soomaaliya oo mid ah sida uu soo jeediyay Maxamuud Xarbi , Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Golaha Xukuumadda. Xarbi waxa uu ku dhintay shil diyaaradeed laba sano ka dib iyada oo duruufo laga shakiyay [[File:An aerial view of Djibouti City.jpg|thumb|Muuqaalka hawada ee magaalada Jabuuti ee caasimadda Jabuuti]] 1966-kii, Faransiisku wuxuu diiday taladii Qaramada ee ay ahayd in uu Faransiisku siiyo adeegida Somaliland. Bishii hore isla sanadkaas, calaamad rasmi ah oo uu ku tagay dhulkaas Faransiiska Charles de Gaulle , ayaa sidoo kale la dersay mudaaharaadyo iyo naqshado. laga, u jawaabayo mudaaharaadyada, de Gaulle wuxuu afti kale. In 1967, plebiscite labaad ayaa la qabtay si loo go'aamiyo aayaha dhulka. Natiijooyinka hore waxay taageereen isku xirka sii socda laakiin dabacsan oo lala yeesho Faransiis. Codeynta ayaa sidoo kale loo qeybiyay qaab isir ah, iyadoo guud ahaan Soomaalida degan ay u codeeyeen madax banaani, iyadoo hadafku ahaa in la midoobo Soomaaliya, waxaan Canfartu ay si weyn u doorteen in ay la midoobaan Faransiiska. Aftida ayaa mar kale waxaa hareeyay warbixino ku saabsan ku shubasho dhanka codadka ah oo ay ciidamada maamulka Faransiiska. Wax yar ka dib markii la qabtay shirweynihii, dalkii hore ee Côte française des Somalis (Faransiiska Somaliland) waxaa loo dhacay Territoire français des Afars et des Issas . Ku dhawaaqida cudurka plebiscite ayaa baaqabashada shacab, oo ay ku jiraan dhowr calaamad. Faransiisku waxa kale oo uu kordhiyey cududiisa sababta ku teedsan xuduudka. [[File:Front de Libération de la Côte des Somalis Symbol.jpg|thumb|1960-meeyadii, halgankii gobanimadoonka waxaa hogaaminayay Jabhaddii Xoreynta Xeebta Soomaaliyeed (FLCS) oo halgan hubaysan oo gobonimo-doon ah qaaday iyada oo inta badan rabshado ay ku beegsanayeen shaqaalaha Faransiiska. FLCS waxay u adeegsan jirtay in ay bilawdo dhawr hawlgal oo soohdin ah oo ku soo biiraya Faransiiska Somaliland oo ka yimid Soomaaliya iyo Itoobiya si ay u weeraraan bartilmaameedyada Faransiiska. March 24, 1975, Jabhadda Front de Libération de la Côte des Somali waxay af-duubtay Safiirkii Faransiiska u fadhiyay Soomaaliya, Jean Guery, si ay u beddesho laba hawlwadeen oo ka tirsan FLCS oo labadooduba muddo ku noolaa dhul weynaha Faransiiska . Waxa lagu bedelay labadii xubnood ee FLCS ee Cadan ee Koonfurta Yemen . [ 150 ] FLCS waxaa loo aqoonsaday dhaqdhaqaaq xornimo qaran Ururka Midnimada Afrika (OAU), kaas oo ka qaybqaatay maalgelintiisa. FLCS waxay dalabaadkeedii u dhexaysay codsigii is-dhex-galka si ay suurtogal u noqoto " Soomaali-weyn " oo ay saamaysay dawladda Soomaaliya ama madaxbannaanida fudud ee dhulka. Sannadkii 1975-kii waxaa magaalada Kampala ee dalka Uganda ku kulmay ururradii xornimada Afrika ee LPAI iyo FLCS, waxayna ugu dambayntii go'aansadeen dariiqa madaxbannaanida ee Soomaaliya .  Sannadkii 1976-kii, xubno ka tirsan Jabhadda Front de Libération de la Côte des Somali ee raadinaysay inay Djibouti madax-bannaanideeda ka hesho Faransiiska , waxay sidoo kale isku dhaceen kooxda faragelinta ee Gendarmerie Nationale Intervention Group ka dib markii ay afduubteen bas u socday Loyada . Dhacdadan, iyadoo lagu muujinayo dhibka uu ku hayo joogitaanka gumeystaha Faransiiska ee Jabuuti, waxay ahayd tallaabo muhiim u ah madax -bannaanida dhulka . Suurtagalnimada afti saddexaad oo u muuqata mid lagu guulaystay Faransiisku way sii yaraanaysay. Kharashka mamnuuca ah ee ilaalinta gumeysiga , Faransiiska ee ugu dambeeya ee qaaradda , wuxuu ahaa arrin kale oo ku qasabtay goobjoogayaasha inay ka shakiyaan in Faransiisku isku dayo inuu sii haysto dhulka. ===Jamhuuriyadda Jabuuti=== [[File:Ahmed Dini Ahmed proclaiming the Djibouti Declaration of Independence on 27 June 1977.jpg|thumb|Axmed Diini Axmed oo ku dhawaaqayay gobonimada Jabuuti 27kii Juun 1977kii]] Aftidii saddexaad ee madax-bannaanida ayaa lagu qabtay dhulka Faransiiska ee Canfarta iyo Issa 8 May 1977. Aftidii hore waxay dhacday 1958 iyo 1967 , oo diiday madaxbannaanida . Aftidani waxay taageertay madax banaanida Faransiiska . 98.8% codbixiyayaashu waxay taageereen ka go'itaanka Faransiiska, taas oo si rasmi ah u calaamadisay madaxbannaanida Jabuuti Hassan Gouled Aptidoon , oo ah siyaasi Ciise (qawmiyad Soomaali ah) oo u ololeeyay in haa loo codeeyo aftidii 1958, wuxuu noqday madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee qaranka (1977-1999). Sannadkeedii ugu horreeyay, Jabuuti waxay ku biirtay Ururka Midowga Afrika (hadda Midowga Afrika ), Jaamacadda Carabta iyo Qaramada Midoobay. 1986kii, jamhuuriyadda curdinka ahi waxay sidoo kale ka mid ahayd xubnihii aasaasay urur goboleedka horumarinta ee urur-goboleedka IGAD. Intii uu socday dagaalkii Ogaadeeniya , siyaasiyiintii Ciisaha ee saamaynta ku lahaa waxay ku tala galeen Jabuuti-weyn ama “Ciise-land”, oo xuduudka Jabuuti uu ka koobnaan doono Badda Cas ilaa Diridhaba . Riyadaasu waxay ku dhufatay dhamaadkii dagaalka iyadoo ciidamadii Soomaalida laga jabiyay Itoobiya. Horraantii 1990-aadkii, xiisado ka dhashay matalaadda dowladda ayaa horseeday iskahorimaad hubeysan oo dhex maray xisbiga talada dalka Jabuuti haya ee PRP iyo kooxda mucaaradka ah ee Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy (FRUD). Is-mariwaaga wuxuu ku dhammaaday heshiis awood-qeybsi ah 2000. Bishii Abriil 2021, Ismaaciil Geelle , oo ah madaxweynihii labaad ee Jabuuti tan iyo markii ay xorriyadda ka qaateen Faransiiska 1977, ayaa mar kale loo doortay markii shanaad. ==Siyaasada== Jabuuti waa jamhuuriyad madaxtinimo oo midaysan , awood fulineedna waxay ku fadhidaa madaxtooyada , taas oo iyaduna awood u leh golaha wasiirada , iyo awooda sharci dejinta ee dawlada iyo golaha shacabka . Economist Democracy Index waxa ay Djibouti ku qiimeysay mid kalitalis ah 2024. ===Dawladnimada=== [[File:Ismail Omar Guelleh 2010.jpg|thumb|Madaxweynaha Jabuuti Ismaaciil Cumar Geelle]] Madaxweyne Ismaaciil Cumar Geelle ayaa ah shaqsiga caanka ka ah siyaasadda dalka Jabuuti — madaxa dawladda iyo taliyaha guud . Madaxwaynuhu waxa uu isticmaalayaa awoodooda fulineed oo uu kaalmaynayo ra'iisul wasaaraha ay u magacaabeen , Cabduqaadir Kaamil Maxamed . Golaha Wasiirada (Wasiirada) waxa u xilsaaran oo guddoominaya Madaxweynaha. Nidaamka garsoorku wuxuu ka kooban yahay maxkamadaha darajada koowaad, Maxkamadda Sare ee Racfaanka, iyo Maxkamadda Sare. Nidaamka sharcigu waa isku dhafka sharciga madaniga ah ee Faransiiska iyo xeer dhaqameedka Soomaalida iyo Canfarta. Golaha Shacbiga (oo hore u ahaan jiray Golaha Wakiilada ) waa sharci-dejinta dalka, oo ka kooban 65 xubnood oo la soo doorto shantii sanaba mar. Inkasta oo aan ka koobnayn , haddana Dastuurku waxa uu dhigayaa in la sameeyo Golaha Guurtida. Doorashadii u dambaysay waxa la qabtay 23 February 2018. Jabuuti waxa ka jira nidaamka xisbiyada badan , iyadoo xisbiga Rally ee Progress (RPP) ay gacanta ku hayaan sharci-dejinta iyo fulinta tan iyo markii la aasaasay 1979 (xisbigu wuxuu u hoggaansamaa qayb ka mid ah Midowga Aqlabiyadda Madaxweynaha , kaas oo haysta kuraasta sare ). Axsaabta mucaaridka ah waa la ogol yahay ( xadidan) xoriyad, laakiin xisbiga ugu weyn mucaaradka, Midowga Badbaadada Qaranka , ayaa qaadacay doorashooyinkii 2005 iyo 2008, iyaga oo ku sababeeyey inay dawladdu gacanta ku hayso warbaahinta iyo cabudhinta murashaxiinta mucaaradka. Dowladda waxaa u badan beesha Ciisaha Dir ee Soomaaliyeed oo taageero ka haysta beelaha Soomaaliyeed gaar ahaan beesha Gadabuursi Dir . Dalku waxa uu ka soo baxay dagaal sokeeye oo toban sano socday dhamaadkii sagaashameeyadii iyada oo dawladii iyo jabhadii FRUD ay heshiis nabadeed kala saxeexdeen 2000. Laba xubnood oo FRUD ah ayaa ku biiray golaha wasiirada, oo ka bilaabmay doorashadii madaxtinimo ee 1999 , FRUD waxay olole u gashay RPP. Madaxweyne Geelle waxa uu xilka kala wareegay Xasan Guuleed Aptidoon sannadkii 1999 - kii . Horraantii 2011, muwaadiniinta Jabuuti waxay ka qaybqaateen mudaaharaadyo isdaba joog ah oo lagaga soo horjeedo dawladda muddada dheer soo shaqaynaysay, kuwaas oo lala xidhiidhiyay mudaaharaadyadii guga Carabta ee waaweyn . Geelle ayaa mar saddexaad loo doortay sanadkaas kadib markii uu helay 80.63% codadkii la dhiibtay 75% codadkii la dhiibtay. In kasta oo kooxaha mucaaradka ay qaadaceen codbixinta isbeddelka lagu sameeyay dastuurka u oggolaanaya Geelle inuu mar kale u tartamo xafiiska, goobjoogayaasha caalamiga ah ee Midowga Afrika ayaa guud ahaan doorashada ku tilmaamay mid xor iyo xalaal ah. 31-kii March 2013, Geelle waxa uu ra’iisul wasaarihii mudada dheer xilka hayay Dilleita Mohamed Dilleita u bedelay madaxweynihii hore ee Midowga Aqlabiyadda Madaxweynaha (UMP) Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed . Bishii Diseembar 2014, Ururka talada haya ee aqlabiyadda Madaxweynaha ayaa sidoo kale heshiis qaab-dhismeed la saxeexday Isbahaysiga Badbaadada Qaranka, kaas oo waddada u xaaraya in sharci-dejiyeyaasha mucaaradka ay galaan baarlamaanka iyo dib u habeynta hay'adda doorashada qaranka. ===Xiriirka dibadda=== Xiriirka dibadda ee Jabuuti waxaa maamula wasaaradda arrimaha dibadda iyo iskaashiga caalamiga ah ee Jabuuti. Jabuuti ayaa xiriir dhow la leh dowladaha Soomaaliya , Itoobiya , Faransiiska iyo Mareykanka . Sidoo kale waa ka-qaybgale firfircoon oo ka tirsan Midowga Afrika , Qaramada Midoobay , Dhaqdhaqaaqa Aan Isbahaysiga ahayn , Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka iyo Arrimaha Jaamacadda Carabta . Tan iyo 2000-meeyadii, mas'uuliyiinta Jabuuti waxay sidoo kale xoojiyeen xiriirka Turkiga . Jabuuti waxa ay xubin ka ahayd Madasha Dawladaha Yaryar (FOSS) tan iyo markii la aasaasay kooxda 1992. ===Milatari=== [[File:Camp Maryama during an exercise, Arta Region, Djibouti.jpg|thumb|Saldhiga Maryama oo dhoolatus ciidan ka waday Gobolka Carta]] Ciidamada Jabuuti waxaa ka mid ah ciidamada Jabuuti oo ka kooban ciidamada badda Jabuuti, ciidamada cirka ee Jabuuti iyo kuwa Gendarmerie (GN). Laga soo bilaabo 2011 , shaqaalaha diyaarka u ah adeegga milatarigu wuxuu ahaa 170,386 rag ah iyo 221,411 dumar ah oo da'doodu u dhaxayso 16 ilaa 49 . Xornimada ka dib, Jabuuti waxay lahayd laba rajiim oo ay kala taliyaan saraakiil Faransiis ah. Horraantii 2000-meeyadii, waxa ay u muuqatay mid bannaanka ah nooc ka mid ah ururrada ciidanka kaas oo sida ugu wanaagsan u horumarin doona awoodaha difaaca iyada oo dib-u-habayn lagu samaynayo ciidamada oo loo samaynayo unugyo yaryar oo guurguura oo badan halkii ay ka ahaan lahaayeen qaybo dhaqameed. Dagaalkii ugu horeeyey ee ay ka qayb qaataan ciidamada Jabuuti waxa uu ahaa dagaalkii sokeeye ee Jabuuti dhex maray dawladda Jabuuti oo ay taageerayaan Faransiiska iyo Jabhadda Dib-u-soo-celinta Midnimada iyo Dimuqraadiyadda ( FRUD ). Dagaalku wuxuu socday intii u dhaxaysay 1991 ilaa 2001, inkastoo inta badan colaadaasi ay soo afjartay markii garabyadii qunyar socodka ahaa ee FRUD ay heshiis nabadeed la saxiixdeen dowladda ka dib markii ay la kulmeen dib u dhac ciidan oo baaxad leh, markii ay ciidamada dowladdu qabsadeen inta badan dhulkii ay jabhaddu gacanta ku haysay. Koox xagjir ah ayaa sii waday dagaalka ay kula jirto dowladda, laakiin waxay saxiixday heshiis nabadeed sannadkii 2001. Dagaalku wuxuu ku dhammaaday guul dawladeed, FRUDna waxay noqotay xisbi siyaasadeed. Dalka Jabuuti oo xarun u ah urur goboleedka IGAD, waxa ay si firfircoon uga qayb qaadatay geeddi-socodka nabadda Soomaaliya , iyada oo martigelisay shirkii Carta ee sannadkii 2000 . Sannadihii u dambeeyay, Djibouti waxa ay horumarisay farsamada tababarada, taliska ciidanka iyo qaab dhismeedka xogta waxaanay qaaday talaabooyin ay ku noqonayso isku filnaansho xagga sahayda ciidankeeda si ay Qaramada Midoobay kala kaashato hawlaha nabad ilaalinta, ama ay caawimo ciidan u fidiso wadamada sida rasmiga ah u waydiista. Hadda waxaa la geeyey Soomaaliya iyo Suudaan ===Joogitaanka ciidamada shisheeye=== [[File:11th MEU conducts Sustainment Training 170105-F-QF982-589.jpg|thumb|Xubnaha adeegga Mareykanka ee saxaraha Grand Bara , 2017]] Ciidamada Faransiisku waxa ay joogeen Jabuuti markii uu dhulku xornimada qaatay, iyada oo markii ugu horraysay qayb ka ahayd hab-maamuuskii ku-meel-gaadhka ahaa ee bishii June 1977-kii oo dhigayay shuruudihii lagu dejin lahaa ciidammada Faransiiska, taas oo ka dhigan heshiis difaac. Heshiis iskaashi oo cusub oo dhanka difaaca ah oo u dhaxeeya Faransiiska iyo Jabuuti ayaa lagu kala saxiixday magaalada Paris 21-kii December 2011. Wuxuu dhaqan galay 1-dii May 2014. Heshiiskaas iyo qodobkiisa amniga, Faransiisku waxay dib u xaqiijiyeen inay ka go'an tahay madaxbannaanida iyo wadajirka dhuleed ee Jamhuuriyadda Jabuuti. Sidoo kale xornimada ka hor, 1962, cutub ka tirsan ciidamada shisheeye ee Faransiiska , guutadii 13-aad ee Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion (13 DBLE) ayaa laga soo wareejiyay Aljeeriya loona wareejiyay Jabuuti si ay u noqdaan xudunta ciidankii Faransiiska ee halkaas joogay. 31kii Luulyo 2011, guutada demi-guutiga waxay ka ambabaxeen Jabuuti una socdeen Imaaraadka Carabta . Dalka Jabuuti oo ah goob istaraatijiyad ah oo ku taal marinka Bab-el-Mandeb , kaas oo kala qaybiya gacanka cadmeed iyo badda cas , isla markaana maamusha waddooyinka loo maro kanaalka Suweys , ayaa ka dhigtay meel aad loogu jecel yahay saldhigyada ciidamada shisheeye. Camp Lemonnier waxaa ka tagay Faransiiska oo markii dambe u kireeyay Taliska Dhexe ee Mareykanka Sebtembar 2002. Heshiiska waxaa dib loo cusbooneysiiyay 2014 ilaa 20 sano oo kale. Saldhigga Milatari ee Taageerada Qaranka Talyaanigu wuxuu sidoo kale ku yaal Jabuuti. Dalku waxa kale oo uu martigeliyaa saldhigga millatari ee Japan ee kaliya ee dibadda ah iyo saldhigga taageerada Shiinaha . Wasaaradda Difaaca ee Mareykanka ayaa ku eedeysay Shiinaha in ay la beegsadeen laysarka awoodda sare leh ee diyaaradaha dagaalka Mareykanka meel u dhow saldhigga ay Shiinaha ku leeyihiin Jabuuti. Martigelinta saldhigyada ciidamada shisheeye waa qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah dhaqaalaha Jabuuti. Maraykanku waxa uu bixiyaa $63 milyan sannadkii si uu u kiraysto Camp Lemonnier, France iyo Japan mid walba waxa uu bixiyaa $30 milyan sannadkii, iyo Shiinaha ayaa bixiya $20 milyan sannadkii. Lacagaha ijaarka ayaa lagu daray in ka badan 5% wadarta guud ee GDP ee Djibouti oo ah US$2.3 bilyan sanadka 2017. ===Xuquuqda Aadanaha=== Warbixin ay soo saartay Freedom in the World 2011, Freedom House waxa ay Djibouti ku qiimeysay "Non Free", hoos u dhigista meeqaamkeedii hore ee "Qayb Xor ah". Marka loo eego Warbixinta Dalka ee Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda Mareykanka ee 2019 ee Dhaqanka Xuquuqda Aadanaha , Jabuuti arrimaha muhiimka ah ee xuquuqul insaanka waxaa ka mid ah dilalka sharci-darrada ah ama aan sharciga ahayn ee ay geystaan ​​wakiillada dowladda; xidhitaanka sabab la'aanta ah ee wakiilada dawladda; xaaladaha xabsiga oo adag oo nafta halis gelinaya; faragelin aan sabab lahayn ama sharci darro ah oo sirta ah; xadhig aan sabab lahayn ama dacwad ku oogidda suxufiyiinta; cayda dembiilaha; faragelin weyn oo lagu sameeyo xuquuqaha isu imaatinka nabada iyo xoriyada ururrada; falalka musuqmaasuqa ee muhiimka ah; iyo xad-gudubyada ka dhanka ah haweenka iyo gabdhaha oo aan ku filneyn tallaabo dowladeed oo ku aaddan dacwad oogista iyo isla xisaabtanka, oo ay ku jiraan gudniinka fircooniga ah. Waxa kale oo uu dhigayaa in isla xisaabtan la’aanta ay dhibaato tahay, iyadoo dawladdu dhif iyo naadir ku tahay inay qaado tallaabooyin lagu cadaynayo laguna ciqaabayo mas’uuliyiinta geysta xadgudubyada, haddii ay ahaan lahaayeen hay’adaha amniga iyo kuwa kale ee dawladda. ===Qaybaha maamulka=== [[File:The Regions of Djibouti.png|thumb|Maabka gobollada Jabuuti]] Jabuuti waxaa loo qeybiyay lix gobol oo maamul, iyadoo magaalada Jabuuti ay ka mid tahay gobollada rasmiga ah. Waxa loo sii kala qaybiyay labaatan maamul-hoosaadyo . ==Juqraafiga== ===Goobta iyo deegaanka=== [[File:Satellite image of Djibouti in November 2001.jpg|thumb|Sawirrada dayax-gacmeedka]] [[File:Satellite images of Djibouti during the night.png|thumb|Jabuuti maalintii (bidix) iyo habeenkii (midig)]] Jabuuti waxa ay dhacdaa Geeska Afrika , waxa ay dhacdaa gacanka Cadmeed iyo Bab-el-Mandeb , dhinaca koonfureed ee laga galo badda cas . Waxay u dhaxaysaa loolka 11° iyo 14°N iyo longitudes 41° iyo 44°E, oo ah barta waqooyi ee Dooxada Weyn ee Rift Valley . Waa Jabuuti markii khilaafkii u dhexeeyay Plate-ka Afrika iyo Plate-kii Soomaaliyeed uu ku kulmay Plate-ka Carabta , oo ka sameysan saddex geesood oo juqraafi ah. Isdhexgalka tectonic ee seddexda geesoodka ah ayaa abuuray heerka ugu hooseeya ee meel kasta oo Afrika ka mid ah oo ku taal harada Assal , iyo niyad-jabka labaad ee ugu hooseeya ee dhulka engegan meel kasta oo dhulka ah (oo ay dhaaftay kaliya niyad-jabka xuduudaha Jordan iyo Israa'iil Xeebta waddanku waxay fidsan tahay 314 kiiloomitir (195 mayl), oo leh dhul ka kooban badiyaa taagga, bannaanka iyo dhulka sare. Djabouti waxay leedahay bedka guud ee dhulka 23,200 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (8,958 sq mi). Xuduudaheedu waxay gaadhayaan 575 km (357 mi), 125 km (78 mi) oo ka mid ah waxay la wadaagtaa Eritrea , 390 km (242 mi) waxay la wadaagtaa Itoobiya , iyo 60 km (37 mi) waxay la wadaagtaa Somaliland . Jabuuti waa dalka ugu konfureed ee ku yaal saxanka Carabta . Jabuuti waxa ay leedahay siddeed saf oo buuraley ah oo ay ugu sarrayso in ka badan 1,000 mitir (3,300 cagood). Silsiladda Mousa Ali waxaa lagu tiriyaa buurta ugu sarreysa dalka, oo leh meesha ugu sarreysa ee xadka Itoobiya iyo Ereteriya. Waxay leedahay kor u kac dhan 2,028 mitir (6,654 cagood). Saxaraha Grand Bara waxa uu daboolaa qaybo ka mid ah koonfurta Djibouti ee gobollada Carta, Cali Sabiix iyo Dikhil. Inta badan waxay ku fadhidaa meel sare oo aad u hooseeya, oo ka hooseysa 1,700 cagood (520 mitir). Meelaha juqraafiga ah ee aad u xun waxaa ka mid ah: dhanka waqooyi, Ras Doumera iyo barta ay soohdinta Eritrea ka gasho Badda Cas ee Gobolka Obock; dhanka bari, qayb ka mid ah xeebta Badda Cas ee waqooyiga Raas Bir; dhanka koonfureed, oo ah meel ku taal xuduudka Itoobiya ee galbeedka magaalada As Ela ; dhanka galbeedna, waa meel ku taal xuduudka Itoobiya isla markiiba bari ka xigta magaalada Afambo ee Itoobiya . Inta badan Jabuuti waxa ay ka mid tahay dhul -daaqsimeedka xabashida iyo geedaha geedaha . Waxa ka reeban marin bari oo ku teedsan xeebta Badda Cas, taasoo qayb ka ah lamadegaanka xeebta Eritereeya '''Muuqaallada Jibouti''' [[File:Djib 003.JPG|thumb|Harada Assal]] [[File:Traditional houses on the Mabla Mountains.jpg|thumb|Guryaha dhaqanka ee Buuraha Mabla]] [[File:Lac Abbe-02.JPG|thumb|Harada Abbe]] [[File:The mountains near Dasbiyo.png|thumb|Buuraha Dasbiyo u dhow]] [[File:South Djibouti Beach.png|thumb|Xeebta koofureed ee magaalada Jabuuti , oo ku taal gacanka Cadmeed]] ===Cimilada=== [[File:Djibouti's map of Köppen climate classification.png|thumb|Cimilada Jabuuti aad ayay u diiran tahay waxayna aad uga yar tahay isbeddelka xilliyeedka marka loo eego celceliska adduunka . Celceliska heerkulka maalinlaha ah wuxuu u dhexeeyaa 32 ilaa 41 ° C (90 ilaa 106 °F), marka laga reebo meelaha sare. Magaalada Jabuuti , tusaale ahaan, celceliska heerka galabnimada wuxuu u dhexeeyaa 28 ilaa 34 °C (82 ilaa 93 °F) bisha Abriil. Laakiin Airolaf , oo u dhaxaysa 1,535 ilaa 1,600 m (5,036 ilaa 5,249 ft), heerkulka ugu badan waa 30 °C (86 ° F) xagaaga iyo ugu yaraan 9 ° C (48 ° F) xilliga qaboobaha. [ 184 ] Dhulka sare wuxuu u dhexeeyaa 500 ilaa 800 m (1,600 ilaa 2,600 ft), way la barbar dhigi karaan oo way qabowsan yihiin kuwa xeebta bilaha ugu kulul ee Juun ilaa Agoosto. Diseembar iyo Jannaayo waa bisha ugu qabow ee celceliska heerkulka hooseeya hoos u dhaco ilaa 15 ° C (59 ° F). Jabuuti waxa ay leedahay cimilo kuleyl semi-oomane ah (BSh) ama cimilo kulul oo saxare ah (BWh), inkasta oo heerkulku aad u dhex dhexaad u yahay meelaha ugu sarreeya . Cimilada Djibouti waxay u dhaxaysaa oomanaha gobolada waqooyi bari ilaa iyo badhtamaha , waqooyiga, galbeedka iyo koonfurta dalka. Dhinaca badda ee bari, roobka sannadlaha ahi waxa uu ka yar yahay 5 inji (130 mm); Dhulka sare ee dhexe, roobabku waa 8 ilaa 16 inji (200 ilaa 410 millimitir). Dhulka dambe ayaa si aad ah uga hooseeya qoyaanka marka loo eego gobollada xeebta. ===Duurjoogta=== [[File:FrancolinusOchropectus.svg|thumb|Jabuuti francolin , oo ah nooc aad u dabar go'aya oo ku nool Jabuuti oo kaliya]] Dhirta iyo xayawaanka dalku waxay ku nool yihiin dhul aad u qallafsan oo kayntu ay ka tahay wax ka yar boqolkiiba hal wadarta guud ee dalka. Duurjoogtu waxay ku faafeen saddex gobol oo waaweyn, kuwaas oo kala ah gobolka buuraleyda waqooyi ee dalka ilaa dhulalka foolkaanaha ee qaybteeda koonfureed iyo badhtamaha oo ay ku dhamaato gobolka xeebta. [[File:Goda Mountains - National Park of Forêt du Day.jpg|thumb|Noocyada dhirta ee Beerta Qaranka ee Forêt du Day]] Inta badan noocyada duurjoogta ah waxaa laga helaa qaybta waqooyi ee dalka, ee nidaamka deegaanka ee Seeraha Qaranka ee Day Forest . Celcelis ahaan joog dhan 1,500 mitir (4,921 cagood), aagga waxaa ka mid ah Goda massif, oo leh ugu sarreeya 1,783 m (5,850 ft). Waxay dabooshaa dhul dhan 3.5 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (1 sq mi) ee kaynta Juniperus procera , iyadoo in badan oo dhir ah ay kor ugu kacayso 20 mitir (66 cagood). Dhulkan kaynta ah waa meesha ugu weyn ee ay ku nool yihiin dabar-goynta iyo ciribtirka Jibuuti francolin (shimbir), iyo mid kale oo dhawaan la xusay laf dhabarta, Platyceps afarensis ( maska ​​colubrine ). Waxa kale oo ay ka kooban tahay noocyo badan oo dhir alwaax ah iyo dhir leh, oo ay ku jiraan geedo geedo iyo saytuun ah, kuwaas oo 60% ka ah tirada guud ee la aqoonsaday ee dalka. Sida laga soo xigtay xogta dalka ee la xidhiidha noolaha duurjoogta ah ee Djibouti, qaranku wuxuu ka kooban yahay in ka badan 820 nooc oo dhir ah, 493 nooc oo lafdhabarta ah, 455 nooc oo kalluun ah, 40 nooc oo xamaarato ah, saddex nooc oo shimbiro ah, 360 nooc oo shimbiro ah iyo 66 nooc oo naasley ah. Duur-joogta Djibouti waxa ay sidoo kale ku taxan yihiin qayb ka mid ah meelaha ugu kala duwan ee noole ee Geeska Afrika iyo badda cas iyo gacanka cadmeed . Naasleyda waxaa ka mid ah dhowr nooc oo antelope ah, sida cawska Soemmerring iyo cawska Pelzeln. Natiijada mamnuucista ugaarsiga ee la soo rogay tan iyo horraantii 1970-kii noocyadan ayaa hadda si wanaagsan loo ilaaliyaa. Naasleyda kale ee caanka ah waa zebra Grevy , hamadryas baboon iyo antelope Hunter . Warthog , nooca nugul, ayaa sidoo kale laga helaa beerta Qaranka ee Maalinta . Biyaha xeebuhu waxay leeyihiin godad, qoolleyda cagaaran , iyo qoolleyda hawksbill . Haramcadka Waqooyi Bari Afrika Acinonyx jubatus soemmeringii ayaa loo malaynayaa inuu ku dabar go'ay dalka Jabuuti ==Dhaqaalaha== [[File:GDP by sector, Djibouti.png|thumb|GDP-ga Jabuuti qayb ahaan]] Dhaqaalaha Jabuuti waxa uu inta badan ku urursan yahay qaybta adeegga. Dhaqdhaqaaqyada ganacsigu waxa ay ku wareegsan yihiin siyaasadaha ganacsiga xorta ah ee dalka iyo goobta istaraatiijiga ah ee marinka badda cas. Roobabka oo xaddidan awgeed, khudaarta iyo miraha ayaa ah dalagyada ugu muhiimsan ee wax-soo-saarka, cunnada kalena waxay u baahan yihiin in dibadda loo keeno. Wax-soo-saarka (GDP perity perity) ee 2013 waxaa lagu qiyaasay $2.505 bilyan, iyadoo kobac dhab ah uu ahaa 5% sannadkii. Dakhliga qofkasta waa ku dhawaad ​​$2,874 (PPP). Qaybta adeegyadu waxay ka koobnayd 79.7% GDP, waxaa ku xigtay warshadaha 17.3%, iyo beeruhu 3%. Laga bilaabo 2013-ka , konteenarada dekedda Jabuuti ayaa qaada ganacsiga ugu badan ee qaranka. Qiyaastii 70% dhaqdhaqaaqa dekeddu waxa ay ka kooban tahay waxa laga soo dejiyo lagana dhoofiyo dalka aynu jaarka nahay ee Itoobiya , taas oo ku xidhan marsada oo ah marinka ugu weyn ee badda. [ 189 ] Laga bilaabo 2018, 95% shixnadaha gaadiidka Itoobiya waxaa maamuli jirtay Dekedda Jabuuti. Dekeddu waxay sidoo kale u adeegtaa sidii xarun shidaal oo caalami ah iyo xarun wareejin. Sannadkii 2012, dawladda Jabuuti oo kaashanaysa DP World waxay bilawday dhismaha dekedda Dooraale , oo ah deked saddexaad oo weyn oo loogu talagalay in lagu horumariyo awoodda isu-socodka qaranka. Mashruuc dhan $396 milyan, waxa uu awood u leeyahay in uu qaado 1.5 milyan iyo labaatan cagood sannadkii. Djibouti waxa ay gashay kaalinta 177-aad ee ugu nabdoon halka loo maal galiyo aduunka marka la eego qiimaynta halista Euromoney Country ee March 2011. Si loo hagaajiyo jawiga maalgashiga tooska ah ee shisheeye, maamulka Djibouti oo kaashanaya hay'adaha aan faa'iido doonka ahayn ee kala duwan ayaa bilaabay tiro mashaariic horumarineed ah oo loogu talagalay in lagu muujiyo awoodda ganacsi ee dalka. Dawladdu waxay sidoo kale soo bandhigtay siyaasado cusub oo ganacsi oo gaar loo leeyahay oo lagu beegsanayo dulsaarka sare iyo sicir-bararka, oo ay ku jiraan dabcinta culayska cashuuraha ee shirkadaha iyo oggolaanshaha ka-dhaafitaanka cashuurta isticmaalka. Intaa waxaa dheer, dadaal ayaa la sameeyay si loo dhimo qiyaasta 60% ee heerka shaqo la'aanta magaalooyinka iyadoo la abuurayo fursado shaqo oo badan iyada oo loo marayo maalgelinta qaybaha kala duwan. Lacagaha ayaa si gaar ah ugu baxay dhismaha kaabayaasha isgaarsiinta iyo kordhinta dakhliga la iska tuuri karo iyadoo la taageerayo ganacsiyada yaryar. Iyada oo ay ugu wacan tahay awooddeeda kobaca, waaxda kalluumeysiga iyo beer-soo-saarka, oo ka dhigan qiyaastii 15% GDP, ayaa sidoo kale ku riyaaqday maalgashiga kor u kaca tan iyo 2008. Si loo balaadhiyo qaybta warshadaha ee dhexdhexaadka ah, warshad koronto-dhaliye ah oo 56 megawatt ah oo la qorsheeyay in la dhammeeyo 2018 ayaa la dhisayaa iyadoo la kaashanayo OPEC , Bangiga Adduunka iyo Xarunta Deegaanka Caalamiga ah . Xaruntan ayaa la filayaa inay xalliso koronto yaraan soo noqnoqotay, hoos u dhigto ku tiirsanaanta qaranka Itoobiya ee tamarta, hoos u dhigi doonta saliidda qaaliga ah ee la soo dhoofiyo ee naaftada laga dhaliyo koronto, oo ay hoos u dhigto GDP iyo deynta hoose. Shirkadda Djibouti ee Maalgelinta Salt (SIS) ayaa bilawday hawlgal ballaadhan oo ay ku warshadaynayso milixda badan ee gobolka Harada Casal ee Djibouti. Mashruucan oo lagu shaqaynayo 4 milyan oo tan sanadkiiba, ayaa mashruucan nadiifinta ah waxa uu kor u qaaday dakhligii dhoofinta, waxa uu abuuray fursado shaqo oo badan, waxa kale oo uu dadka deegaanka u keenay biyo macaan. Sannadkii 2012, dawladda Djibouti waxay sidoo kale qoratay adeegyada shirkadda China Harbor Engineering Company Ltd ee dhismaha terminalka macdanta. qiimihiisu dhan yahay $64 milyan, mashruucani waxa uu u sahashay Djibouti in ay 5,000 oo tan oo milix ah u dhoofiso sannadkii suuqyo ku yaala Koonfur Bari Aasiya [[File:Djibouti GDP 1985 to 2015.png|thumb|Wax-soo-saarka guud ee Djibouti waxa uu kordhay celcelis ahaan in ka badan 6 boqolkiiba sannadkii, laga bilaabo US$341 milyan sannadkii 1985 ilaa US$1.5 bilyan sannadkii 2015]] Wax-soo-saarka guud ee Djibouti waxa uu kordhay celcelis ahaan in ka badan 6 boqolkiiba sannadkii, laga bilaabo US$341 milyan sannadkii 1985 ilaa US$1.5 bilyan sannadkii 2015. Faran Jabuuti waa lacagta Djibouti. Waxa soo saara Baanka dhexe ee Jabuuti oo ah maamulka lacagta dalka . Maadaama faranka Jabuuti lagu qiimeeyay dollarka Maraykanka, guud ahaan wuu xasiloon yahay, sicir-bararkana dhib ma laha. Taasi waxay ka qayb qaadatay xiisaha loo qabo maalgashiga dalka oo sii kordhaya. Laga bilaabo 2010 , 10 bangi oo caadi ah iyo kuwo Islaami ah ayaa ka hawlgala Jabuuti. Badi waxay yimaadeen dhowrkii sano ee la soo dhaafay, oo ay ku jiraan xawaaladaha Soomaalida ee Dahabshiil iyo BDCD, oo hoos timaada Maalgelinta Maaliyadda Swiss. Nidaamka bangiyada waxaa hore u maamulay laba hay'adood: Bangiga Indo-Suez iyo Bangiga Ganacsiga iyo Warshadaha (BCIMR). Si loo xaqiijiyo qaybta amaahda iyo dhigaalka adag, dawladdu waxay u baahan tahay bangiyada ganacsiga inay ilaaliyaan 30% saamiyada hay'adda maaliyadeed; Ugu yaraan 300 milyan oo faran Jabuutiyaan ah oo ku jira raasamaalka hore waa qasab bangiyada caalamiga ah . Amaah-siinta sidoo kale waxaa lagu dhiirigeliyay abuurista sanduuq dammaanad ah, kaas oo u oggolaanaya bangiyada inay soo saaraan deyn ganacsiyada yaryar iyo kuwa dhexdhexaadka ah ee u qalma iyada oo aan marka hore u baahnayn deebaaji badan ama dammaanad kale. Maalgashadayaasha Sucuudiga ayaa sidoo kale lagu soo waramayaa in ay sahminayaan suurtagalnimada in ay isku xiraan Geeska Afrika iyo Jasiiradda Carabta iyaga oo sii maraya buundada dibadda ah ee dhex marta Jabuuti oo dhererkeedu yahay 28.5km (17.7 mi) , loona yaqaan Buundada Geeska . Maalgeliyaha Tarek bin Laden ayaa lala xiriiriyay mashruuca. Bishii Juun 2010, Wajiga I ee mashruuca dib baa loo dhigay. ===Gaadiidka=== [[File:The Djibouti–Ambouli International Airport.png|thumb|Terminalka Weyn ee Jabuuti–Ambouli International Airport]] Gegida dayuuradaha ee Djibouti–Ambouli International Airport ee magaalada Djibouti , oo ah madaarka kaliya ee caalamiga ah ee wadanku leeyahay, waxa uu u adeegaa marino badan oo qaaradaha isaga kala goosha oo leh duulimaadyo qorshaysan iyo kuwo kiro ah. Diyaaradda Air Jabuuti ayaa ah midda qaada calanka dalka Jabuuti, waana diyaaradda ugu weyn ee laga leeyahay dalka Jabuuti. Jidka tareenka ee Addis Ababa-Jabuuti ayaa shaqo bilaabay bishii January ee sanadkan 2018. Ujeedada ugu wayn ayaa ah in la fududeeyo adeega xamuulka ee isaga kala gooshi jiray dhulka Itoobiya iyo dekeda Dooraale ee dalka Jabuuti . Doomaha Baabuurtu waxay ka soo maraan Gacanka Tadjoura iyagoo ka soo raacaya Magaalada Jabuuti ilaa Tadjoura . Waxaa jirta Dekedda Dooraale oo dhanka galbeed ka xigta magaalada Jabuuti, taasoo ah dekedda ugu weyn Jabuuti. Dekadda Dooraale waa marinka cusub ee Jidka Tareenka ee Addis-Ababa iyo Jabuuti. Marka laga soo tago Dekedda Dooraale oo laga soo dejiyo shixnadaha guud iyo shidaalka, Jabuuti (2018) waxay leedahay saddex dekedood oo kale oo waaweyn oo laga soo dejiyo lagana dhoofiyo badeecadaha iyo xoolaha nool, Dekedda Tadjourah (potash), Dekedda Damerjoog (xoolo) iyo Dekedda Goubet (milix). Ku dhawaad ​​95% badeecadaha ay Itoobiya kala soo degto ama ka dhoofsato waxay maraan dekedaha Jabuuti. Habka dariiqa weyn ee Jabuuti waxaa loo magacaabay si waafaqsan kala soocidda waddada. Waddooyinka loo aqoonsan yahay waddooyinka aasaasiga ah waa kuwa daamurkoodu dhan yahay (dhererkooda oo dhan) iyo guud ahaan isu socodka magaalooyinka waaweyn ee Jabuuti. Jabuuti waxa ay ka mid tahay Waddada Xariirta Badda ee Qarnigii 21-aad oo ka bilaabma Xeebta Shiinaha ilaa Gobolka Sare ee Adriatic oo isku xidha badhtamaha iyo Bariga Yurub. ===Warbaahinta iyo isgaarsiinta=== [[File:Djibtelcom2.jpg|thumb|Xarunta Jabuuti Telecom ee magaalada Jabuuti]] Isgaarsiinta Jabuuti waxay hoos timaadaa Wasaaradda Isgaarsiinta.  Jabuuti Telecom waa bixisa adeega isgaadhsiinta kaliya. Waxay inta badan adeegsataa shabakada gudbinta raadiyaha microwave. Fiilada fiber optic-ga ayaa lagu rakibay caasimadda, halka miyiga ay ku xiran yihiin nidaamyada raadiyaha maxalliga ah ee loop wireless. Daboolista mobilada ayaa ugu horayn ku xaddidan aagga gudaha iyo hareeraha magaalada Jabuuti. Laga soo bilaabo 2015 , 23,000 oo khadadka telefoonada ah iyo 312,000 khadadka mobilada/mobileka ayaa la isticmaalayey. SEA -ME-WE 3 fiilada hoosteeda waxay ka shaqeysaa Jeddah , Suez , Sicily, Marseille , Colombo , Singapore iyo wixii ka baxsan. Saldhigyada dhulka ee dayax-gacmeedka ee taleefoonada waxaa ka mid ah 1 Intelsat (Badweynta Hindiya) iyo 1 Arabsat . Medarabtel waa shabakadda taleefanka wareejinta raadiyaha microwave-ka ee gobolka. Raadiyo Televisionka Jabuuti waa warbaahin qaran oo ay dowladdu leedahay. Waxa ay maamushaa TV-ga kaliya ee dhulka, iyo sidoo kale labada shabakadood ee raadiyaha gudaha ee AM 1, FM 2, iyo shortwave 0. Shatiyeynta iyo ka shaqaynta warbaahinta waxaa nidaamiya dawladda. Tiyaatarada filimada waxaa ka mid ah Shineemada Odeon ee caasimadda. Laga soo bilaabo 2012 , waxa jiray 215 adeeg bixiye internet oo maxalli ah. Isticmaalayaasha internetku waxay ka koobnaayeen 99,000 oo qof (2015). Dalka intarneedku heerka sare waa .dj . Wargeysyada daabacaadda ee ugu waaweyn waxaa iska leh dowladda: wargeyska maalinlaha ah ee afka Faransiiska ku hadla ee La Nation , wargeyska toddobaadlaha ah ee Jabuuti Boostada , iyo toddobaadlaha Carabiga Al-Qarn . Waxa kale oo jirta wakaaladda wararka dawladda , Agence Djiboutienne d'Information. Mareegaha wararka ee aan dawliga ahayn waxay saldhigoodu yihiin dibadda; tusaale ahaan, La Voix de Jabuuti  waxay ka hawlgashaa Belgium. ===Dalxiiska=== [[File:Photo of Gulf Of Tadjoura.png|thumb|Carta Plage oo ku taal Gacanka Tadjoura]] Dalxiiska dalka Jabuuti ayaa ka mid ah dhinacyada kobaca dhaqaalaha dalka, waana warshad ay soo galaan wax ka yar 80,000 oo qof sanadkii, kuwaasoo u badan qoyska iyo asxaabta askarta ku sugan saldhigyada waaweyn ee ciidamada badda ee dalkaasi. Inkasta oo tirooyinka ay sii kordhayaan, waxaa jira wadahadalo ku saabsan fiisaha imaatinka ee la joojiyo, taas oo xaddidi karta koritaanka dalxiiska. Kaabayaasha dhaqaale waxay ku adkeynayaan dalxiisayaasha inay si madax-bannaan u safraan, kharashyada dalxiisyada gaarka ahna waa sarreeyaa. Tan iyo markii dib loo furay khadka tareenka ee Addis Ababa ilaa Jabuuti Janaayo 2018, safarka dhulka ayaa sidoo kale dib loo bilaabay. Labada mucjis ee juqraafiyeed ee ugu waaweyn Djibouti waa harada Abbe iyo harada Assal, waa meelaha ugu badan ee loo dalxiis tago. Labada goobood waxay soo jiitaan boqollaal dalxiisayaal ah sannad kasta iyagoo raadinaya meelo fogfog oo aan dad badani booqan. ===Tamarta=== Jabuuti waxa ku rakiban koronto ka dhalinaysa 126 MW shidaalka shidaalka iyo naaftada. [ 208 ] Sannadkii 2002 wax soo saarka korantada ayaa lagu dhejiyay 232 GWh, iyadoo la isticmaalayo 216 GWh. Sannadka 2015, isticmaalka koronto ee qofkiiba waa qiyaastii 330 kilowatt-saacadood (kWh); Intaa waxaa dheer, qiyaastii 45% dadku ma helaan koronto, [ 208 ] iyo heerka baahida aan la daboolin ee waaxda korontada ee dalka ayaa ah mid muhiim ah. Korodhka tamarta biyaha laga keeno ee Itoobiya , taasoo buuxinaysa 65% baahida Djibouti, waxay door weyn ka qaadan doontaa kor u qaadista tamarta dib loo cusboonaysiin karo ee dalka. [ 208 ] Awoodda geothermal waxay abuurtay xiiso gaar ah Japan, oo leh 13 goobood oo suurtagal ah; waxay mar hore ka bilaabeen dhismaha hal goob oo u dhow harada Assal. Dhismaha xarunta korantada ee sawirka Voltaic (beeraha qorraxda) ee Grand Bara waxay dhalin doontaa 50 MW. ==Tirakoobka dadweynaha== [[File:An Afar nomad.jpg|thumb|Nin Canfar ah oo dharka reer guuraaga ah]] qowmiyadood ee ugu badan ee u dhashay Jabuuti waa Soomaalida (60%) iyo Canfarta (35%). [ Qaybta qabiilka Soomaalidu waxa ay badi ka kooban tahay Ciise (oo ka kooban 33%), waxa ku xiga Gadabuursi (15–20%) iyo Isaaq (13.3-20%). 5% ka hadhay dadka reer Djibouti waxay ka kooban yihiin Yemeniyiin Carab ah , Xabashida iyo Yurubiyaanka ( Faransiiska iyo Talyaaniga ). Ku dhawaad ​​76% dadka deegaanka waa reer magaal; inta soo hartay waa xoolo dhaqato . Jabuuti waxa kale oo ay martigelisaa tiro dad ah oo soo galooti ah iyo qaxooti ka yimid dawladaha jaarka ah, iyadoo magaalada Djibouti lagu naanayso "Faransiiska Hong Kong ee Badda Cas" taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay magaalo-madaxeedka guud. Jabuuti waxay ku taal xeebta bari ee Afrika waxay ka dhigtay xudunta socdaalka gobolka , iyada oo Soomaali, Yemeni iyo Itoobiyaan ay u socdaalayaan waddanka iyagoo u sii socda Khaliijka iyo waqooyiga Afrika . Dalka Jabuuti ayaa waxaa kusoo qulqulaya tahriibayaal badan oo ka imaanaya dalka Yemen ===Luuqadaha=== Jabuuti waa wadan ku hadla luqado badan . Inta badan dadka deegaanka waxay ku hadlaan af-soomaali (60%) iyo Canfarta (35%) sida luqadaha koowaad. Waa afafka hooyo ee qowmiyadaha Soomaalida iyo canfarta, siday u kala horreeyaan. Labada luqadoodba waxay ka tirsan yihiin qoyska weyn ee Kushitigga Afroasiatic . Af-Soomaaliga Waqooyi waa lahjada ugu weyn ee looga hadlo dalka iyo dalka deriska la ah ee Somaliland, marka la barbardhigo Soomaalida Banaadiriga oo ah lahjada ugu weyn ee looga hadlo Soomaaliya. Jabuuti waxaa ka jira laba luqadood oo rasmi ah: Carabi iyo Faransiis . Carabigu waa diin muhiimad. Goobaha rasmiga ah, waxay ka kooban tahay Carabiga Heerka Casriga ah . Sida la wada ogsoon yahay, ilaa 59,000 oo dadka deegaanka ahi waxay ku hadlaan lahjada Carabiga ee Ta'izzi-Adeni , oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano Carabi Jabuuti . Faransiisku wuxuu u adeegaa sidii luqad qaran oo sharci ah. Waxa laga dhaxlay gumaysigii, waana afka koowaad ee wax lagu barto. Ku dhawaad ​​17,000 oo reer Jabuuti ah ayaa ugu hadla luqadda koowaad. Luqadaha soogalootiga waxaa ka mid ah Cumaan Carabi (38,900 ku hadla), Amxaari (1,400 ku hadla), iyo Giriig (1,000 ku hadla). ===Diinta=== Dadka reer Djibouti waxay u badan yihiin Muslimiin . Islaamka waxaa lagu arkay ku dhawaad ​​98% dadweynaha dalka (qiyaastii 891,000 ilaa 2022 ). Laga bilaabo 2012 , 94% dadku waxay ahaayeen Muslimiin halka 6% soo hadhay ay yihiin Masiixiyiin raacsan. Islaamku wuxuu gobolka soo galay xilli hore, iyadoo koox muslimiin ah oo la dhibaateeyay ay magangelyo u soo galeen badda cas ee Geeska Afrika, taasoo uu ku booriyay nebi Muxamed . Sannadkii 1900-kii, waagii hore ee gumaystaha, ma jirin wax Masiixiyiin ah oo ku sugnaa dhulkaas, iyadoo 100-300 oo qof oo kaliya ay ka yimaadeen dugsiyada iyo xarumaha agoomaha ee faransiiska Somaliland . Dastuurka Djibouti waxa uu Islaamka u magacaabay diinta kaliya ee dawliga ah , waxa kale oo uu dhigayaa sinnaanta muwaadiniinta diimaha oo dhan (qodobka 1) iyo xoriyada ku dhaqanka diinta (Qodobka 11). Muslimiinta deegaanka intooda badan waxay u hoggaansamaan mad-habta Sunniga , iyagoo raacaya mad-hab Shaafici . Muslimiinta aan mabda'a ahayn waxay inta badan ka tirsan yihiin amarrada suufiyada ee dugsiyo kala duwan. Marka loo eego Warbixinta Xorriyadda Diimaha Caalamiga ah ee 2008, halka Muslimiinta Jabuutiyaanku ay xaq u leeyihiin inay u beddelaan ama guursadaan qof caqiido kale ah, kuwa beddelaya waxay la kulmi karaan falcelin xun oo ka yimaada qoyskooda iyo qabiilkooda ama bulshada guud ahaan, waxayna inta badan la kulmaan cadaadis ah inay ku noqdaan Islaamka. Diocese -ka Djibouti waxa ay u adeegtaa dad yar oo maxalli ah oo Catholic ah , kuwaas oo ay ku qiyaaseen ilaa 7,000 oo qof sanadkii 2006. ===Caafimaadka=== [[File:Institut Supérieur des Sciences et de la Santé (ISSS)'s Faculty of Medicine in Djibouti City, Djibouti.jpg|thumb|Galitaanka kuliyada caafimaadka ee ISSS ee magaalada Jabuuti]] Rajada nolosha ee dhalashada waxay ku dhowdahay 64.7 lab iyo dheddig labadaba. Dhalintu waa 2.35 carruur ah haweeneydiiba. Jabuuti waxa jooga ilaa 18 dhakhtar 100,000kii qofba. Heerka dhimashada hooyada 2010 ee 100,000 ee dhallaanka Jabuuti waa 300. Tan marka la barbar dhigo 461.6 2008 iyo 606.5 ee 1990. Heerka dhimashada 5 ka yar 1,000 dhalladu waa 95 iyo dhimashada dhallaanka waa 5% dhimashada Djibouti boqolkiiba 5. 1,000kiiba dhalmada nool waa 6 iyo khatarta nolosha ee dhimashada haweenka uurka leh 1 ka mid ah 93. Qiyaastii 93.1% dumarka iyo gabdhaha reer Djibouti ayaa lagu sameeyay gudniinka fircooniga ah (FGM, oo mararka qaarkood loo yaqaan 'gudniinka dumarka'), caado guurka ka hor inta badan ku dhacda Waqooyi Bari Afrika iyo qaybo ka mid ah Bariga dhow. Inkasta oo si sharci ah loo mamnuucay 1994, nidaamka ayaa weli si ballaaran loogu dhaqmaa, maadaama uu si qoto dheer ugu dhex jiro dhaqanka maxalliga ah. Dhiirigelinta iyo fulinta haweenka bulshada dhexdeeda, Gudniinka Fircooniga ah waxaa ugu horayn loogu talagalay in lagu joojiyo sinada iyo in laga ilaaliyo weerarka. Ilaa 94% dadka reer Djibouti ee ragga ah ayaa sidoo kale lagu soo waramayaa in lagu sameeyay gudniinka ragga , taas oo waafaqsan diinta Islaamka; Mad -habka Shaaficiga ee Islaamka , oo ah mad-habka ugu weyn Geeska Afrika, wuxuu u baahan yahay gudniinka ragga iyo dumarka. ===Waxbarashada=== Waxbarashadu waa mudnaanta dawladda Jabuuti. Laga bilaabo 2009 , waxay u qoondaysaa 20.5% miisaaniyadeeda sanadlaha ah waxbarida iskoolka. [[File:Djibwomglopul.jpeg|thumb|Haweenka reer Jabuuti ee ka qayb qaadanaya barnaamijka Global Pulse Education initiative (2010)]] Nidaamka waxbarasho ee Jabuuti ayaa markii hore loo dejiyay in lagu fuliyo saldhig arday oo xaddidan. Sidan oo kale, qaab dhismeedka dugsiyeedku wuxuu ahaa mid si weyn u xeel dheer oo laga soo qaatay jaantuskii gumaystaha Faransiiska, kaas oo aan ku habboonayn duruufaha iyo baahiyaha maxalliga ah. Dabayaaqadii sagaashameeyadii, masuuliyiinta Jabuuti waxa ay dib u eegis ku sameeyeen istiraatijiyadda waxbarashada qaranka waxa ayna daah-fureen hannaan wada-tashi sal ballaadhan oo ay ku lug lahaayeen masuuliyiinta maamulka, macalimiinta, waalidiinta, xubnaha golayaasha qaranka iyo ururada aan dawliga ahayn. Hindisuhu waxa uu tilmaamay meelaha u baahan in fiiro gaar ah loo yeesho waxana uu soo saaray talooyin la taaban karo oo ku saabsan sidii loo horumarin lahaa. Dawladdu waxay intaa dabadeed diyaarisay qorshe dib-u-habayn oo dhammaystiran oo looga dan lahaa in lagu casriyeeyo qaybta waxbarashada muddadii 2000-10. Bishii Agoosto 2000, waxay ansixisay Sharciga Qorshaynta Waxbarashada ee rasmiga ah waxayna diyaarisay qorshe horumarineed oo dhexdhexaad ah shanta sano ee soo socota. Nidaamka tacliinta aasaasiga ah si weyn ayaa loo habeeyey oo laga dhigay mid khasab ah; hadda waxa uu ka kooban yahay shan sano oo dugsi hoose ah iyo afar sano oo dugsi dhexe ah. Dugsiyada sare waxay sidoo kale u baahan yihiin Shahaadada Waxbarashada aasaasiga ah si loo galo. Sidoo kale, sharcigan cusub waxa uu soo bandhigay barasho heer sare ah oo dhanka farsamada gacanta ah, waxaana dalka laga hirgeliyay xarumo jaamacadeed. Natiijadu waxay tahay Xeerka Qorshaynta Waxbarashada iyo istiraatijiyadda waxqabadka muddada-dhexe, horumar la taaban karo ayaa laga diiwaan geliyay dhammaan qaybaha waxbarashada. Gaar ahaan, is-diiwaangelinta dugsiga, imaanshaha, iyo heerka haynta ayaa dhammaantood si joogto ah u kordhay, iyada oo ay jiraan kala duwanaansho heer gobol ah. Laga soo bilaabo 2004 ilaa 2005 ilaa 2007–08, diiwangelinta saafiga ah ee hablaha ee dugsiga hoose waxay sare u kacday 18.6%; wiilasha, waxay kordheen 8.0%. Isdiiwaangelinta saafiga ah ee dugsiga dhexe isla muddadaas ayaa kor u kacday 72.4% gabdhaha iyo 52.2% wiilasha. Heerka sare, heerka korodhka isdiiwaangelinta saafiga ah wuxuu ahaa 49.8% gabdhaha iyo 56.1% wiilasha. Dawladda Jabuuti waxay si gaar ah diiradda u saartay horumarinta iyo horumarinta kaabayaasha hay’adaha iyo agabka waxbarashada, oo ay ku jiraan dhisidda fasallo cusub iyo keenista buugaagta waxbarashada. Heerka dugsiga sare ka dib, waxaa sidoo kale xoogga la saaray soo saarista macalimiin aqoon leh iyo dhiirigelinta da'yarta ka baxsan dugsiga inay sii wataan tababar xirfadeed. Laga bilaabo 2012 , heerka wax-akhris ee Djibouti waxa lagu qiyaasay 70%. Machadyada tacliinta sare ee dalka waxaa ka mid ah jaamacadda Jabuuti . ==Dhaqanka== [[File:Wood jar from Oue`a, Tadjoura, Djibouti.jpg|thumb|Dhalada alwaax-dhaqameed ee laga soo xardhay Oue'a ee gobolka Tadjourah]]Labbiska Jabuuti ayaa ka tarjumaya cimilada kulul iyo qalalan ee gobolka. Marka aan labisan dharka reer galbeedka sida jiinis iyo funaanado, nimanku caadi ahaan waxay xirtaan macawiis , taas oo ah dharka dhaqanka ee sarong -sida oo lagu xidho dhexda. Dad badan oo reer guuraa ah waxay xidhaan maro cad oo dabacsan oo suuf ah oo la yiraahdo tobe oo hoos ugu dhaadhacaya jilibka, iyadoo dhamaadka lagu tuuray garabka (sida toga Roomaanka ). Dumarku waxay sida caadiga ah xidhaan diraac , kaas oo ah dhar dheer, iftiin, dhar voile ah oo diafanous ah oo ka samaysan suuf ama polyester kaas oo la gashado dharbaaxo dhererkiisu dhan yahay iyo rajabeeto. Dumarka la qabo waxay jecel yihiin inay ku ciyaaraan maro-xijaab oo loo yaqaan shaash waxayna inta badan ku daboolaan jirkooda sare shawl loo yaqaan garbasaar . Dumarka aan guursan ama da'da yar had iyo jeer ma daboolaan madaxa. Dharka carbeed ee dhaqameed sida jellabiya ( jellabiyaad af Soomaaliga) iyo jilibka dheddigga ayaa sidoo kale caadi ahaan loo xidhaa. Mararka qaarkood sida xafladaha, haweenku waxay isku qurxin karaan dahabka gaarka ah iyo dharka madaxa oo la mid ah kuwa ay xidhaan qabiilooyinka Berber ee Magrib . In badan oo ka mid ah fannaankii asalka ahaa ee Djibouti ayaa lagu gudbiyaa oo lagu xafidaa afka, gaar ahaan heesaha. Tusaalayaal badan oo Islaami ah, Cusmaaniyiin, iyo Faransiis ayaa sidoo kale lagu xusi karaa dhismayaasha maxalliga ah, kuwaas oo ka kooban balastar, motifs si taxadar leh loo dhisay , iyo sawir-gacmeed . ===Muusiga=== [[File:Oud - MIM PHX.jpg|thumb|Cuudku waa aaladda caadiga ah ee muusiga dhaqanka ee Djibouti .]] Soomaalidu waxay leedahay hiddaha faneed hodanka ah oo ku qotoma suugaan-dhaqameedka Soomaalida . Heesaha Soomaalida intooda badan waa hal-abuur . Taasi waa, kaliya waxay isticmaalaan shan garoon octave kasta marka loo eego miisaanka heptotonic (toddobo note) sida miisaanka weyn . Marka hore dhageyso, muusiga Soomaalida waxaa laga yaabaa in lagu qaldo dhawaaqyada gobollada u dhow sida Itoobiya, Suudaan ama Jasiiradda Carabta , laakiin ugu dambeyntii waxaa lagu aqoonsan karaa laxankeeda iyo qaababka gaarka ah. Heesaha Soomaalidu inta badan waa wax ka dhasha wada shaqaynta ka dhaxaysa hal-abuurayaasha ( midho ), abwaannada ( laxan ) iyo fannaaniinta ( codka ama "codka"). Balwo waa qaab faneedka Soomaalida oo ku qotoma mowduucyo jacayl oo caan ka ah Jabuuti.  Muusiga dhaqanka Canfarta waxa uu u eg yahay muusiga caanka ah ee qaybaha kale ee Geeska Afrika sida Itoobiya ; waxa kale oo ku jira qaybo ka mid ah muusiga carabiga . Taariikhda Jabuuti waxa ay ku qoran tahay gabayada iyo heesaha ay leeyihiin dadkeeda reer guuraaga ah, waxaanay soo taxnayd kumannaan sanadood oo ay dadka reer Djibouti hargaha iyo hargaha ka iibsan jireen udugga iyo xawaashka hore ee Masar , Hindiya iyo Shiinaha. Suugaanta afka Canfarta sidoo kale waa mid muusiko ah. Waxay ku timaadaa noocyo badan, oo ay ku jiraan heesaha aroosyada, dagaal, ammaan iyo faan.  ===Suugaanta=== Jabuuti waxay leedahay dhaqan soo jireen ah oo gabayga ah. Dhowr nooc oo af-soomaali ah oo si wanaagsan u horumaray ayaa waxaa ka mid ah gabay , jiifto , geeraar , wiglo , 'buraanbur , beercade , afarey iyo guuraw . Gabayga (gabayga hal-abuurka ah) waxa uu leeyahay dhererka iyo mitirka ugu kakan, oo inta badan ka badan 100 sadar . Waxa lagu tiriyaa sumadda hanashada maansada marka uu abwaanka da’da yar awoodo in uu tiriyo tuducyadan oo kale, waxaana loo arkaa dhererka gabayga. Kooxo xafidayaal iyo akhriyayaal ah ( xafidayaal ) ayaa dhaqan ahaan faafiyay qaabka fanka ee si wanaagsan u horumaray. Gabayadu waxay ku wareegsan yihiin dhowr mawduuc oo waaweyn, oo ay ku jiraan baroorodiiq (elegy), amaan (amaan), jacayl (jacayl), guhaadin (diatribe), digasho (gloating) iyo guubaabo (guudance). Baroordiiq waxa loo curiyey in lagu xuso geeridii abwaan ama halyey caan ahaa. Cafartu waxay yaqaaniin ginili , oo ah nooc ka mid ah dagaalyahannada- gabayaaga iyo faaliyeyaasha, waxayna leeyihiin caado af ah oo qani ah oo sheeko xariireed. Waxay kaloo leeyihiin riwaayado badan oo heeso dagaal ah. Intaa waxaa dheer, Jabuuti waxay leedahay dhaqan soo jireen ah oo suugaanta Islaamka ah. Shaqooyinka taariikhiga ah ee ugu caansan waxaa ka mid ah Futuh Al-Habash ee dhexe ee Shihāb al-Dīn, kaas oo ka warramaya qabsashadii Adal Sultanate ee Abyssinia qarnigii 16aad. Sannadihii u dambeeyay, tiro siyaasiyiin ah iyo aqoonyahanno ayaa iyaguna qalinka ku duugay xusuus-qoraal ama dib-u-eegis ku saabsan dalka [[File:El Hadj Hassan Gouled Aptidon Stadium.jpg|thumb|Garoonka El Hadj Hassan Gouled Aptidoon ee Magaalada Jabuuti]] Kubada cagta waa ciyaarta ugu caansan ee reer Jabuuti dhexdooda. Wadanku waxa uu xubin ka noqday FIFA 1994-tii, laakiin waxa uu ka qayb qaatay oo kaliya wareegii isreeb-reebka koobka qaramada Afrika iyo sidoo kale Koobka Adduunka ee FIFA bartamihii 2000-aadkii. Bishii Nofembar 2007, xulka kubbadda cagta Jabuuti ayaa 1-0 ku garaacay xulka qaranka Soomaaliya wareegii isreeb-reebka Koobka Adduunka ee 2010 , taasoo u dhiganta guushoodii ugu horreysay ee la xiriirta Koobka Adduunka. Dhowaan ayay ahayd markii ururka falaarta adduunku uu gacan ka gaystay hirgalinta xiriirka falaarta Jabuuti, waxaana Carta laga dhisayaa xarun caalami ah oo lagu tababaro falaarta si ay uga taageerto horumarinta falaarta ee bariga Afrika iyo dhulka badda cas ===Cunto=== [[File:Sambusadish.jpg|thumb|Saxan sambusas ah , cunto fudud oo dhaqameed caan ah]] Cunnada Jabuuti waa isku dhafka Soomaalida , Canfarta , Yemeni , iyo cunnada Faransiiska , oo leh qaar ka mid ah Koonfurta Aasiya (gaar ahaan Hindiya ) oo saameyn ku leh cunnada. Suxuunta maxaliga ah ayaa sida caadiga ah loo diyaariyaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo xawaashyo badan oo Bariga Dhexe ah, oo u dhexeeya saffron ilaa qorfe . Kalluunka Yemen ee la dubay, oo kala badh la furay oo inta badan lagu kariyo foornooyinka nooca tandoori, ayaa ah cunto maxalli ah. Cuntooyinka basbaaska leh waxay ku yimaadaan noocyo badan, laga bilaabo Fah-fah- dhaqameedka ama " Soupe Djiboutienne " ( maraq hilib lo'aad oo basbaas leh), ilaa qoyan ( fuud khudrad isku qasan oo basbaas leh). Xalwo (waxaa loogu dhawaaqaa "halwo") ama halva waa macmacaanka caanka ah ee la cuno xilliyada ciidaha, sida damaashaadka ciida ama xafladaha aroosyada. Halva waxa laga sameeyaa sonkorta, istaarijka galleyda , budada karoomada , budada nutmeg iyo subagga . Lawska ayaa mararka qaarkood lagu daraa si kor loogu qaado dhadhanka iyo dhadhanka. Cuntada ka dib, guryaha sida dhaqameed waxaa lagu cadariyaa fooxa ( cuunsi ) ama fooxa ( lubaan ), kaas oo lagu diyaariyo gudaha fooxa oo loo yaqaan dabqaad ===Gobolada Jabuuti=== Jabuuti waxaa loo qaybiyaa lix gobol oo maamul ah. {| border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=4 align=center style="border:1px solid grey; border-collapse:collapse" |- ! bgcolor=lightgrey | N° ! bgcolor=lightgrey | Gobol ! bgcolor=lightgrey | Magaalo Madax ! bgcolor=lightgrey | Bed ama baaxad ! bgcolor=lightgrey | Tirada dadka | bgcolor=white rowspan="7" | [[image:Gobolada Jabuuti khariidada.png|450 px]] |- | 1 | Gobolka Jabuuti | [[Jabuuti (magaalo)|Jabuuti]] | 200 | 603,000 |- | 2 | Gobolka Cali Sabiix | [[Cali Sabiix]] | 2,400 | 93,207 |- | 3 | [[Gobolka Carta]] | [[Carta]] | 1,800 | 60,966 |- | 4 | Gobolka Dikhil | Dikhil | 7,200 | 99,569 |- | 5 | Gobolka Tajuura | Tajuura | 7,100 | 108,249 |- | 6 | Gobolka Obokh | Obokh | 4,700 | 45,648 |- |} [[File:Khariidadda Jabuuti.png|thumb|200px|Khariidadda Jabuuti]] ===Jasiiradaha=== * Moucha * Maskali * Abou Maya * Ile Warramous * Ounda Dabali * Kaḏḏa Dâbali * Guinni Kôma ===Xubin ka ah=== Jabuuti waxay xubin ka tahay ururadan hoos ku dhigan: * [[IGAD]] * [[CEN-SAD]] * [[Comesa]] *[[Jaamacada Carabta]] (Unionka Mediterraneanka) *[[Bankiga Aduunka]] *[[Midowga Afrika]] ===Ciidanka Xooga=== Wadanka jabuuti wuxuu leeyahay ciidanka dhulka, ciidanka badda, iyo ciidanka cirka. Militariga jabuuti waxay gaarayaan, 16,763askari * 8,260 waa rag * 8,503 waa dumar ===Lacagta=== ::''Sidoo kale fiiri [[Lacagta Jabuuti]]'' Faranka Jabuuti ({{lang-fr|Djiboutian franc}}) waa [[lacag]]ta dowliga ah ee laga isticmaalo wadanka Jabuuti. Lambarka diiwaangelinta caalamiga ah waa [[ISO 4217]], waxaana summad u ah ''DJF''.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110713033224/http://www.infotech2003.com/catalogue/World/cata.asp?Country=Djibouti infotech (2003) catalogue World cata]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091015115427/http://aes.iupui.edu/rwise/countries/djibouti.html World Reserve Bank]</ref> [[File:1000 Djiboutian Francs in 2005 Obverse.jpg|thumb|left|140px|1000 Jabuuti frank (1977).]] Sanadkii 1884 waxaa la aasaasay maamulkii [[Xeebta Soomaaliyeed ee Faransiis]] wakhtigaas oo lagu istimaali jirey [[Lacag Faransiis]] iyo [[Lacag Hindi]]. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sanadkii 1948 ayaa Jabuuti loo sameeyay lacagta shilinka ah markii ugu horeeysay taasi oo loogu magac-daray "Côte Française des Somalis". Markii wadanka Jabuuti qaatey xoriyada 1977 ayaa dib uhabayn balaadhan lagu sameeyay lacagta wadanka.<ref>From 1884, when the [[French Somaliland]] protectorate was established, the [[French franc]] circulated alongside the [[Indian rupee]] and the [[Maria Theresa thaler]].</ref> ==Bulshada== === Shacabka === Dadka Jabuuti ku nool waxay ka kooban yihiin [[Soomaali]], [[Canfar]], xoogaa [[Yemen]]i ah iyo tiro yar oo dad kale ah. waxaa u badan SOMAALIDA 00 ka badan 67% shacabka Jabuuti oo dhan, dadka Cafariga waa 31%, dadka kale oo ka yimaaday wadamada SOMAALIYA Yurubiyaanka iyo carabta iyo wadanka itoobiya neh wee joogaan. ==Muuqaalo== <gallery> File:Djibcapital.jpg|Magaalo madaxda Jabuuti </gallery> ==Sido kale fiiri== * [[Soomaali luqadda dhegoolaha]] *[[Soomaaliya]] *[[Somaliland]] *[[Itoobiya]] *[[Eratareya]] * [[Astaanta Calanka Jabuuti]] * [http://www.osmansoysal.com/resimlerim/album.html#5300801287542640993/1 Jabuuti Photo's] {{Wayback|url=http://www.osmansoysal.com/resimlerim/album.html#5300801287542640993/1 |date=20091202160120 }} ==Tixraac == [https://hal.science/hal-02155003/ "Fauna kalluunka qadiimiga ah ee Asa Koma (Jabuuti) iyo xogta casriga ah ee osteometric ee 3 Tilapiini iyo 2 Clarias catfish"] [https://books.google.com/books?id=WU92d6sB8JAC&dq=marco+polo+adal&pg=PA20 Qaamuuska Taariikhiga ah ee Itoobiya] [https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC&pg=PA50 Xuduudka Itoobiya: Qormooyinka Taariikhda Gobolka laga soo bilaabo Waayihii hore ilaa Dhamaadkii Qarnigii 18aad - Google Books"] [https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC&pg=PP1 Xuduudaha Itoobiya: Qormo ku jira Taariikhda Gobolka laga soo bilaabo Waayihii Hore ilaa Dhamaadkii Qarnigii 18aad] [https://books.google.com/books?id=qo1yAAAAMAAJ&q=mordechai%20abir%20ethiopia Itoobiya: Waagii Amiirrada: Caqabadda Islaamka iyo dib-u-midaynta Boqortooyada Masiixiyiinta, 1769-1855] [https://www.africanews.com/2021/04/10/djibouti-president-guelleh-wins-election-with-98-provisional-results/ "Madaxwaynaha Jabuuti Geelle ayaa ku guulaystay doorashadii 98%, natiijadii ku meel gaadhka ahayd] [https://www.eiu.com/n/democracy-index-2024/ "EIU's 2024 Dimuqraadiyadda Tusmada: isbeddelka hoos u dhaca dimoqraadiyadda caalamiga ah iyo xoojinta kalitalisnimada ayaa sii socota ilaa 2024"] [https://igad.int/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=304:joint-statement-of-international-observer-missions-of-the-djibouti-presidential-elections-held-on-april-08-2011&catid=61:statements&Itemid=150 "War-murtiyeed wadajir ah oo ay soo saareen goob-joogayaasha caalamiga ah ee doorashadii madaxtinimo ee Djibouti ee la qabtay Abriil 08, 2011"] [http://allafrica.com/stories/201208220474.html "Soomaaliya: Ergayga Qaramada Midoobay Oo Ka Hadlay Furitaanka Baarlamaanka Cusub Ee Soomaaliya "Xilligii Taariikhi Ah"] [http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4b20f03523.html "Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, "Jabuuti: Xaaladda iyo daawaynta Masiixiyiinta, oo ay ku jiraan dhacdooyinka takoorka ama rabshadaha; waxtarka dib u celinta ee la heli karo kiisaska si xun loola dhaqmo; dhibaatooyinka uu la kulmi karo qofka muslimka ah hadii uu qaato diinta kiristaanka ama uu guursado masiixi (2000–2009)”, 5 August 2009”] [http://citypopulation.de/Djibouti.html "Jabuuti: Gobollada, Magaalooyinka Waaweyn & Magaalooyinka - Tirakoobka Dadweynaha, Khariidadaha, Shaxda, Cimilada iyo Macluumaadka Shabkada"] [https://books.google.com/books?id=PFzdA2Hini4C&pg=PA41 Haweenka ku jira bulshooyinka Muslimiinta: kala duwanaanshaha midnimada dhexdooda] [https://books.google.com/books?id=pyWpKKlukLcC&pg=PA115 Madaxbanaanida Kadib: Samaynta iyo Ilaalinta Qaranka ee Dawladaha Gumaysiga Ka Dib iyo] [https://books.google.com/books?id=eK6SBJIckIsC&pg=PA17 Dimuqraadiyad Xoolo dhaqato: Daraasad lagu sameeyay Xoolo-dhaqatada iyo Siyaasadda ka dhex jirta Soomaalida Waqooyi ee Geeska Afrika] [https://books.google.com/books?id=eK6SBJIckIsC&pg=PA17 Dimuqraadiyad Xoolo dhaqato: Daraasad lagu sameeyay Xoolo-dhaqatada iyo Siyaasadda ka dhex jirta Soomaalida Waqooyi ee Geeska Afrika] [https://books.google.com/books?id=eK6SBJIckIsC&pg=PA17 Dimuqraadiyad Xoolo dhaqato: Daraasad lagu sameeyay Xoolo-dhaqatada iyo Siyaasadda ka dhex jirta Soomaalida Waqooyi ee Geeska Afrika] [https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/DJI "Warbixinta Horumarinta Aadanaha 2023/2024"]{{reflist}} {{Maqaalo Jabuuti}} {{Dalalka Afrika}} {{commonscat|Djibouti|Jabuuti}} [[Category:Jabuuti| ]] [[Category:Wadamada Afrika]] djmuie4b47k0lqwy7478693wfp689f9 0 2108 307706 296094 2026-09-09T19:29:34Z Soalt 39618 template:Dalalka Aasiya iyo Category:Wadamada Aasiya iyo tixraac 307706 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|35|N|103|E|type:country|display=title}} {{Dalalka |native_name = ''中华人民共和国 (zh) <br /> 中華人民共和國 (zh) <br />People's Republic of China (en)'' |conventional_long_name = |common_name = Shiinaha |qaarada = |sawir_calan = Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg |sawir_qaran = |astaan_calan = |image_map = China in its region (claimed hatched).svg |caasimada = [[Beijing]] |luuqadaha = [[Af-Shiineys|Shiinaha]] |Dawladda = &nbsp; |darajo_hogaamiye1 = [[Madaxweyne]] |darajo_hogaamiye2 = [[Ra'iisul wasaare]] |magac_hogaamiye1 = [[Xi Jinping]] |magac_hogaamiye2 = [[Li Keqiang]] |sovereignty_type = |sovereignty_note = | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $22,425 | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = $19.585 Trillion | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_rank = | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $22,550 | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = |established_event1 = |established_date1 |area = |areami² = |biyo = |population_estimate = |population_estimate_year = |lacagta = |wakhti = |furaha_debeda = |footnote1 = |footnote2 = }} [[File:Commercial_area_of_futian_to_east2020.jpg|thumb|right|400px|{{Flag|China}}|(Shenzhen:Of The People's Republic of China)PRCh.!!’]] [[File:上海展览中心·上海.jpg|thumb|right|400px|{{Flag|China}}]] [[File:CNOOC_headquarters_building,_Chaoyangmen,_Beijing.jpg|thumb|right|400px|{{Flag|China}}]] [[File:Tencent_Seafront_Tower_in_Dec2020.jpg|thumb|right|400px|{{Flag|China}} {[(Shirikadda:The People's Republic of China:(PRC.!!’)]}]] '''Shiinaha''', [k] si rasmi ah '''Jamhuuriyadda Shacbiga Shiinaha''' ([[Af-Ingiriisi]]: People's Republic of China (PRC); waa waddan ku yaal Bariga Aasiya. Waa waddanka adduunka ugu dadka badan, oo ay ku nool yihiin qiyaastii 1.4 bilyan oo qof sannadka 2019. Waxay ku dhowdahay qiyaastii 9.6 milyan kiiloomitir oo laba jibbaaran (3.7 milyan mi2), waa waddanka saddexaad ama afraad ee adduunka ugu weyn bed ahaan. Dawlad hal xisbi ah oo uu hogaaminayo Xisbiga Shuuciga Shiinaha (CCP), waxay maamushaa awooda 22 gobol, shan ismaamul goboleed, afar degmooyin toos loo maamulo (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, iyo Chongqing), gobollada maamulka gaarka ah ee Hong Kong iyo Macau. Goobta Shiinaha waa mid aad iyo aad u kala duwan, oo ka soo jeeda Gobi iyo Taklapan oo ku yaalla waqooyiga qulqulka si kaymaha koonfureed ee koonfurta woqooyi. Buuraleyda [[Himilaya]], Karakoram, Pamir iyo Tian Shan waxay kala duwanyihiin Shiinaha oo ka kala yimi Koonfurta iyo Bartamaha [[Aasiya]]. Daadadka Yangtze iyo Yellow River, oo ah kii saddexaad iyo lixaad ee ugu dheer adduunka, siday u kala horreeyaan, waxay ka soo baxaan [[xeebta]] Tibetan si ay u noqdaan xeebaha bariga ah ee aadka u qulqulaya. Xeebta Shiinaha ee ku taalla Badweynta Baasifigga ayaa 14,500 Km (9,000 mi) dheer waxaana xiran Bohai, Yellow, East Sea iyo Shiinaha Koonfurta Shiinaha. Shiinuhu wuxuu isku xiraa xudduuda Kazakhstan ku yaala [[Eurasian]] Steppe, kaas oo ahaa xidhiidhkii isgaadhsiinta ee u dhaxeeya Bariga iyo Galbeed tan iyo Neolithic oo loo marey waddada Steppe - awoowgeed ee Waddada Casriga ah. Dalka Shiinaha, maadado culus ayaa sidoo kale keena wasakheynta deegaanka. Qalabka kiimikada culus waa shey kiimikaad halis ah, oo badanaa keena sunta (Pb), chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), cadmiyum (Cd), meerkuri (Hg), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), iyo nickel (Ni). Shan nooc oo iyaga ka mid ah, Pb, Cr, As, Cd, iyo Hg, waa maaddooyinka wasakhda culus ee culus ee Shiinaha. Maaddooyinka birta ah ee culus badanaa waxay ka yimaadaan macdanta, waraabka qashin-qubka, soo saarida alaabooyinka birta ku jira, iyo waxqabadyada wax soosaarka ee la xiriira. Heerka sarreeya ee biraha culus wuxuu sidoo kale keeni karaa naafonimada joogtada ah ee xagga maskaxda iyo koritaanka, oo ay ku jirto akhrinta iyo naafonimada barashada, dhibaatooyinka dabeecadda, maqal la'aanta, dhibaatooyinka dareenka, iyo carqaladaynta horumarinta muuqaalka iyo farsamada. Sida laga soo xigtay xogta tirakoobka qaran ee wasakhaynta, Shiinaha waxay leedahay in ka badan 1.5 Bilyan oo goobo ka mid ah maaddooyinka culus. Miisaanka guud ee maaddooyinka culus ee ka soo baxa biyaha qashinka, gaasta qashinka iyo qashinka culus waa qiyaastii 900,000 tan oo sanad walba laga bilaabo 2005-2011. [[File:Commercial_area_of_futian_to_east2020.jpg|thumb|right|350px| {{Flag|China}}]] [[File:CNOOC_headquarters_building,_Chaoyangmen,_Beijing.jpg|thumb|right|350px|{{Flag|China}}]] [[File:Sanmin_Road_in_Taichung.JPG|thumb|right|350px|{{Flag|China}}]] ==Boqolkiiba IMF== 6.4% ==Xubin== * [[ADB]]*` _-_—-__-_—:. * [[AIIB]]*` _-_-_-_-_-_-.: * [[ Bankiga Aduunka]]* *` _-_-_—-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_.: * [[Kooxda Labaatanka]] * *` _-_—_-_-_-_-_-_-_-___-_-_-_-.: * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * *` _-_-__-_-_-___-_-___-__-_-__:. ==Waddaha La Deggan Shiiniha== *{{Flag|Russia}}:; :145,000+ *{{Flag|Malaysia}}: 2,500+ *{{Flag|Indonesia}} 2,00+ <ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/u/United_Nations.htm {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/u/United_Nations.htm |date=20220707081051 }}</ref> <ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/p/People%2527s_Republic_of_China.htm {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/p/People%2527s_Republic_of_China.htm |date=20220722083009 }}</ref> <ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/l/Latin_America.htm {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/l/Latin_America.htm |date=20220901041048 }}</ref> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Shiinuhu waa maalglaha ugu sareeya adduunka ee tamarta dib loo cusboonaysiin karo iyo ganacsigeeda, iyada oo $ 52 bilyan oo maal gashan 2011 oo kali ah; waa shirkad wayn oo tiknoolajiyada tamarta dib loo cusboonaysiin karo waxayna si weyn ugu maalgashaa tamarta dib loo cusboonaysiin karo mashaariicda. Sannadka 2015, in ka badan 24% tamarta Shiinaha ayaa laga soo qaatay ilaha dib loo cusboonaysiin karo, halka ugu badnaan awoodda korontada ku jirta: wadarta guud ee la rakibay 197 GW waxay China ka dhigaysaa korontada korontada ugu wayn ee korontada adduunka ah Shiinaha ayaa sidoo kale leh awooda awooda ugu weyn ee lagu rakibay habka fiilooyinka loo yaqaan 'photovoltaics solar system' iyo nidaamka tamarta dabaysha ee adduunka. Sanadkii 2011, xukuumadda Shiinaha ayaa ku dhawaaqday qorshe ay ku maalgelinayso afar trillion yuan (US $ 619 bilyan) oo ah mashruucyada biyaha iyo mashruucyada biyo-qabadka mudo toban sano ah, iyo in la dhiso dhismaha ka hortagga daadadka iyo nidaamka ka hortagga abaarta sannadka 2020. Sanadka 2013, Shiinaha waxay bilaabeen dadaal shan sano ah, $ 277 bilyan oo doolar si loo yareeyo hawada hawada, gaar ahaan waqooyiga dalka. Dastuurka Shiinaha ayaa caddeeyay in waddanka uu "hogaamiye" ka yahay Xisbiga Shuuciga ee Shiinaha (CPC) Maadaama uu Shiinuhu yahay dawlad-goboleed hal-dhinac ah, Xog-hayaha Guud (hoggaamiyaha xisbiga) wuxuu leeyahay awooda iyo awoodda ugu saraysa dowladda iyo xukuumadda u adeegta hoggaamiyaha ugu sarreeya Nidaamka doorashadu waa sharraxaad. Xubnaha Golaha Deegaanka waxaa si toos ah loogu soo doortaa, iyo heerarka sare ee Congress-ka ee dadka loo gooyo Golaha Qaranka ee Qaranka (NPC) waxaa si dadban loo soo doortaa Congress-ka dadka heerkiisu hooseeyo. Nidaamka siyaasadeed waa mid baahsan, hoggaamiyeyaasha gobollada iyo kuwa gobollada ayaa leh tiro madaxbanaan oo madax-bannaan. Siddeed kale oo xisbiyo siyaasadeed ah, ayaa wakiil ka ah Majmaca iyo Shiineeysiga Siyaasadeed ee Shiinaha (CPPCC). Shiinaha waxay taageertaa mabda 'Leninist' oo ah "dimoqraadiyad dimuqraadi ah", laakiin naqdiyeyaashu waxay sharaxayaan Golaha Shacabka ee la soo doorto oo loo yaqaan "shambe shaambe". PRC waxay leedahay xiriir diblomaasiyadeed oo leh 175 dal iyo safaaradaha safaarada 162. Sharcigeeda waxaa ka soo horjeeda Jamhuuriyadda China iyo dalal kale oo yar; sidaas darteed waa gobolka ugu weyn oo ugu badan dadweynaha oo leh aqoonsi xaddidan. 1971-kii, PRC wuxuu beddelay Jamhuuriyadda Shiinaha oo ah wakiilka kaliya ee Shiinaha ee Qaramada Midoobay iyo mid ka mid ah shanta xubnood ee joogtada ah ee Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay. Shiinaha wuxuu sidoo kale ahaa xubin hore iyo hogaamiye dhaqdhaqaaq aan Sharciyeynin, wuxuuna wali u tixgelinayaa inuu u doodayo dalalka soo koraya. Brazil, Ruushka, Hindiya iyo Koonfur Afrika, Shiinaha waa xubin ka mid ah kooxda BRICS oo ah dhaqaale weyn oo soo kordhay waxayna martigeliyeen shirkii saddexaad ee rasmiga ahaa ee kooxda Sanya, Hainan bishii Abriil [[2011]]. <ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/longform/2023/4/14/how-india-will-overtake-china-to-become-the-most-populous-country</ref>.:• == Sido kale Fiiri == *[[Koonfur Kuuriya]] =Tixraac= {{reflist}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} [[Category:Shiinaha]] [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] p57yuzp40wjjldkq7kgepidluef397q 0 2109 307633 304311 2026-09-09T17:12:01Z Soalt 39618 template:dalalka afrika iyo category:wadamada afrika 307633 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Koonfur Afrika | common_name = Koonfur Afrika | native_name = {{small|{{name in various languages | name = {{nobold|''(bila luqadaha kale ee rasmiga ah)''}}<ref>{{Cite act |institution=Parliament of the Republic of South Africa |title=Constitution Eighteenth Amendment Act |date=27 July 2023 |volume=697 |number=47665 |language=en, tn}}</ref> | af = {{lang|af|Republiek van Suid-Afrika}} | zu = {{lang|zu|iRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika}} | ss = {{lang|ss|iRiphabhlikhi yoMzantsi Afrika}} | nso = {{lang|nso|Repabliki ya Afrika-Borwa}} | st = {{lang|st|Rephaboliki ya Afrika Borwa}} | tn = {{lang|tn|Rephaboliki ya Aforika Borwa}} | ts = {{lang|ts|Riphabliki ya Afrika Dzonga}} | sw = {{lang|sw|iRiphabhulikhi yaseNingizimu-Afrika}} | ve = {{lang|ve|Riphabuḽiki ya Afurika Tshipembe}} | nr = {{lang|nr|iRiphabliki yeSewula Afrika}} }}}} | image_flag = Flag of South Africa.svg | alt_flag = | flag2_border = | image_coat = Coat of arms of South Africa (heraldic).svg | coa_size = 75 | alt_coat = | symbol_type = Astaanta qaranka | national_motto = "{{lang|xam|ǃke e꞉ ǀxarra ǁke}}"&nbsp;([[Luqadda ǀXam|ǀXam]])<br />"[[Midnimo ka dhex jirta kala duwanaanshaha]]" | national_anthem = "[[Heesta Qaranka ee Koonfur Afrika|Heesta Qaranka ee Koonfur Afrika]]" <div style="padding-top:0.5em;" class="centre">[[File:South Africa National Anthem.ogg]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:South Africa (centered orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Muuji golaha|Muuji khariidadda Koonfur Afrika|default=1}} | map_caption = | image_map2 = | capital = [[Pretoria]] <small>(fulinta)</small>{{efn|Pretoria waxay u adeegtaa inay tahay caasimadda fulinta ee Koonfur Afrika, iyadoo martigelisa Dhismayaasha Midowga iyo xafiisyada Madaxweynaha iyo Golaha Wasiirada.<ref name="three capitals1"/>}}<ref name="glance">{{cite web|title=South Africa at a glance |url=https://www.gov.za/about-sa/south-africa-glance|website=South African Government |access-date=18 June 2020|archive-date=26 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526163527/https://www.gov.za/about-sa/south-africa-glance|url-status=live }}</ref><hr />[[Cape Town]] <small>(xeer-dejinta)</small>{{efn|Cape Town waa caasimadda xeer-dejinta, oo hoy u ah Baarlamaanka Koonfur Afrika, oo ay ku jiraan Golaha Qaranka iyo Golaha Gobollada ee Qaranka.<ref name="three capitals1">{{cite web |title=South Africa's Three Capital Cities |url=https://www.gov.za/about-sa/south-africas-three-capital-cities |website=gov.za |publisher=Government of South Africa |access-date=19 July 2025}}</ref>}}<ref name="glance" /><hr />[[Bloemfontein]] <small>(garsoorka)</small>{{efn|Bloemfontein waxay u adeegtaa inay tahay caasimadda garsoorka, iyadoo martigelisa Maxkamadda Sare ee Racfaanka, Maxkamadda ugu sarreysa ee arrimaha aan dastuuriga ahayn ee Koonfur Afrika.<ref name="three capitals1" />}}<ref name="glance" /> | largest_city = {{nowrap|[[Johannesburg]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/World.html|title=Principal Agglomerations of the World|publisher=City Population|access-date=30 October 2011|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225073559/http://www.citypopulation.de/World.html|url-status=live }}</ref><!--end nowrap:-->}} | population_density_km2 = 50.8 | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = 169aad | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 63,015,904<ref name="Census-2022" /> | population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 62,027,503<ref name="Census-2022" /> | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 23aad | population_census_year = [[Tirakoobka Koonfur Afrika ee 2022|2022]] | population_census_rank = 23aad | official_languages = '''[[Luqadaha Koonfur Afrika|12 luqadood]]'''<ref name="constitution.1.6">{{cite book|url=https://www.concourt.org.za/images/phocadownload/the_text/english-2013.pdf|title=The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa|publisher=Constitutional Court of South Africa|year=2013|edition=2013 English version|at=ch.&nbsp;1, s.&nbsp;6|access-date=17 April 2020|archive-date=23 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823174423/https://www.concourt.org.za/images/phocadownload/the_text/english-2013.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="parliament.gov.za"/>{{idp| * [[Afrikaans]] * [[Luqadda Ingiriisiga ee Koonfur Afrika|Ingiriis]] * [[Luqadda Ndebele ee Koonfurta|Ndebele]] * [[Luqadda Pedi|Sepedi]] * [[Luqadda Sotho|Sesotho]] * [[Luqadda Tswana|Setswana]] * [[Luqadda Dhaqdhaqaaqa Gacanta ee Koonfur Afrika]] * [[Luqadda Swazi|Swazi]] * [[Luqadda Venda|Tshivenda]] * [[Luqadda Xhosa|Xhosa]] * [[Luqadda Tsonga|Xitsonga]] * [[Luqadda Zulu|Zulu]] }} {{collapsible list | titlestyle = text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;font-size:100%;<!--size of [show]/[hide] link--> | liststyle = text-align:left;white-space:nowrap; | title=Luqadaha leh maqaamka gaarka ah<ref name="constitution.1.6"/>|[[Luqadaha Khoe]]| [[Luqadda Khoekhoe|Nama]]|[[Luqadaha Khoisan]]|[[Luqadda Jarmalka|Jarmal]]|[[Luqadda Giriigga|Giriig]]|[[Luqadda Gujarati|Gujarati]]|[[Hindi]]|[[Luqadda Boortaqiiska|Boortaqiis]]|[[Luqadda Telugu|Telugu]]|[[Luqadda Tamil|Tamil]]|[[Urdu]]|[[Carabi]]|[[Luqadda Cibraaniga|Cibraani]]|[[Sanskrit]] }} | regional_languages = | languages2_type = | languages2 = | ethnic_groups_year = 2022<ref name="Mitchley">{{Cite web |last=Mitchley |first=Alex |title=SA's population swells to 62 million - 2022 census at a glance |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/sas-population-swells-to-62-million-2022-census-at-a-glance-20231010 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=News24 |language=en-US |archive-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011171333/https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/sas-population-swells-to-62-million-2022-census-at-a-glance-20231010 |url-status=live }}</ref> | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | {{nowrap|81.4% [[Dadka Bantu ee Koonfur Afrika|Madow]]}} | 8.2% [[Coloureds|Midabka leh]] | 7.3% [[Dadka Caddaanka ah ee Koonfur Afrika|Caddaan]] | 2.7% [[Dadka Hindiya ee Koonfur Afrika|Hindi]] ama [[Aasiya (Koonfur Afrika)|Aasiya]] | 0.4% kuwa kale }} | religion = {{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap; |85.3% [[Masiixiyadda ka jirta Koonfur Afrika|Masiixiyad]] |7.8% [[Diimaha soo jireenka ah ee Afrika|Diimaha hiddaha ah]] |3.1% [[Diin la'aanta ka jirta Koonfur Afrika|Diin la'aan]] |1.6% [[Islaamka ka jira Koonfur Afrika|Islaam]] |1.1% [[Hinduiska ka jira Koonfur Afrika|Hinduunimo]] |1.1% kuwa kale}} | religion_year = 2022 | religion_ref = <ref name="Census-2022"/> | demonym = {{hlist|[[Dadka Koonfur Afrika|Reer Koonfur Afrika]]}} | government_type = Midaysan [[Jamhuuriyadaha baarlamaanka ee leh madaxtooyo fulineed|jamhuuriyad baarlamaan oo leh madaxtooyo fulineed]] | leader_title1 = [[Madaxweynaha Koonfur Afrika|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] | leader_title2 = [[Madaxweyne ku-xigeenka Koonfur Afrika|Madaxweyne ku-xigeen]] | leader_name2 = [[Paul Mashatile]] | leader_title3 = [[Guddoomiyaha Golaha Qaranka ee Koonfur Afrika|Guddoomiyaha Golaha Qaranka]] | leader_name3 = [[Thoko Didiza]] | leader_title4 = [[Guddoomiyaha Golaha Gobollada ee Qaranka]] | leader_name4 = [[Refilwe Mtsweni-Tsipane]] | leader_title5 = [[Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Koonfur Afrika|Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare]] | leader_name5 = [[Mandisa Maya]] | legislature = [[Baarlamaanka Koonfur Afrika|Baarlamaan]] | upper_house = [[Golaha Gobollada ee Qaranka]] | lower_house = [[Golaha Qaranka ee Koonfur Afrika|Golaha Qaranka]] | sovereignty_type = Madaxbannaanida | sovereignty_note = {{nowrap|ka timid [[Boqortooyada Midowday ee Great Britain iyo Ireland|Boqortooyada Midowday]]}} | established_event1 = [[Midowga Koonfur Afrika|Midowga]] | established_date1 = 31 May 1910 | established_event2 = [[Statute of Westminster 1931|Xeerka Westminster]] | established_date2 = 11 December 1931 | established_event3 = [[Aftidii jamhuuriyadda Koonfur Afrika ee 1960|Jamhuuriyad]] | established_date3 = 31 May 1961 | established_event4 = [[Dastuurka Koonfur Afrika|Dastuurka hadda jira]] | established_date4 = 4 February 1997 | area_km2 = 1,221,037 | area_footnote = | area_rank = 24aad | area_sq_mi = 471,443 | percent_water = 0.380 | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.071 tiriliyan<ref name="IMFWEO.ZA">{{cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook Database (April 2026 Edition) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=14 April 2026 |access-date=19 April 2026}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 33aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $16,740<ref name="IMFWEO.ZA"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 107aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $479.964 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.ZA"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 39aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $7,503<ref name="IMFWEO.ZA"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 107aad | Gini = 63.0 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2023 | Gini_change = hoos u dhac | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite report|title=Human Development Report 2025: A matter of choice: People and possibilities in the age of AI|author=UNDP (United Nations Development Programme)|url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2025_HDR/HDR25_Statistical_Annex_I-HDI_Table.pdf |date=6 May 2025|publisher=UNDP|access-date=28 September 2025|archive-date=6 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251006062920/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2025_HDR/HDR25_Statistical_Annex_I-HDI_Table.pdf}}</ref> | Gini_rank = <!-- 2nd --><!-- hid rank as source not clear --> | HDI = 0.741 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2023<!--Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year.--> | HDI_change = kor u kac <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[Barnaamijka Horumarinta ee Qaramada Midoobay]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 106aad | currency = [[Rand-ka Koonfur Afrika]] | currency_code = ZAR | time_zone = [[Wakhtiga caadiga ah ee Koonfur Afrika|SAST]] | utc_offset = +2 | utc_offset_DST = | DST_note = | time_zone_DST = | antipodes = | date_format = Qaababka gaagaaban: * yyyy/mm/dd<ref>{{Cite web|title=Data Source Comparison for en-ZA|url=https://www.localeplanet.com/compare/en-ZA/index.html|access-date=5 May 2021|website=www.localeplanet.com|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816213516/https://www.localeplanet.com/compare/en-ZA/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> * yyyy-mm-dd<ref>{{Cite web|title=Data Source Comparison for af-ZA|url=https://www.localeplanet.com/compare/af-ZA/index.html|access-date=5 May 2021|website=www.localeplanet.com|archive-date=5 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505092248/https://www.localeplanet.com/compare/af-ZA/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | calling_code = [[Lambarrada taleefannada ee Koonfur Afrika|+27]] | iso3166code = ZA | cctld = [[.za]] | today = }} '''Koonfur Afrika''', si rasmi ahna loogu yeero '''Jamhuuriyadda Koonfur Afrika''' ('''RSA'''), waa dalka ku yaal meesha ugu [[Koonfurta Afrika|koonfureed]] ee [[Afrika]].{{efn|[[Cape Agulhas]] waa barta juqraafi ahaan ugu koonfureed ee qaaradda Afrika, taasoo calaamadinaysa darafka koonfureed ee Jamhuuriyadda Koonfur Afrika.<ref name="SANParks">{{cite web |title=Agulhas National Park |url=https://www.sanparks.org/parks/agulhas |website=sanparks.org |publisher=South African National Parks |access-date=19 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="Britannica127">{{cite web |title=Cape Agulhas |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Cape-Agulhas |website=britannica.com |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=19 July 2025}}</ref>}} [[Gobollada Koonfur Afrika|Sagaalkiisa gobol]] waxaa dhanka koonfureed ka xaddida {{convert|2798|km|mi|abbr=off}} oo [[xeeb]] ah oo fidsan dhererka [[Badweynta Atlaantigga|Koonfurta Atlaantigga]], iyo [[Badweynta Hindiya]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.samsa.org.za/|title=South African Maritime Safety Authority|publisher=South African Maritime Safety Authority|access-date=16 June 2008|archive-date=29 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229120804/http://www.samsa.org.za/|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2060.html|website=The World Factbook|title=Coastline|publisher=CIA|access-date=16 June 2008|archive-date=16 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716042040/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2060.html|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=safacts>{{cite web|url=http://www.southafrica.info/about/facts.htm|title=South Africa Fast Facts|publisher=SouthAfrica.info|date=April 2007|access-date=14 June 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719213531/http://www.southafrica.info/about/facts.htm|archive-date=19 July 2008}}</ref> dhanka waqooyi waxaa kaga dhow dalalka deriska la ah ee [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], iyo [[Zimbabwe]] dhanka bari iyo waqooyi-bari waxaa ka xiga [[Mozambique]], iyo [[Eswatini]], waxayna ku dhex dhowrtaa [[Lesotho]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |title=Lesotho: Year In Review 1996&nbsp;– Britannica Online Encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9113829/LESOTHO |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615085933/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/337131/Lesotho-Year-In-Review-1996 |archive-date=15 June 2013 |access-date=30 October 2011 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> Iyadoo daboolaysa aag baaxad leh oo gaaraya {{convert|1221037|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, dalku wuxuu leeyahay [[Dadka Koonfur Afrika|tiri dad ah]] oo ka badan 63 milyan oo qof, taasoo ka dhigaysa [[Liiska waddamada Afrika marka loo eego tirada dadka|dalka lixaad ee ugu dadka badan]] Afrika. [[Pretoria]] waa [[Caasimad|caasimadda maamulka]], halka [[Cape Town]], oo ah fadhiga [[Baarlamaanka Koonfur Afrika|Baarlamaanka]], ay tahay caasimadda xeer-dejinta, [[Bloemfontein]]-na waxaa loo tixgeliyaa caasimadda garsoorka.<ref name="Marais Twala 2020 pp. 49–62">{{cite journal | last1=Marais | first1=Lochner | last2=Twala | first2=Chitja | title=Bloemfontein: the rise and fall of South Africa's judicial capital | journal=African Geographical Review | publisher=Informa UK Limited | volume=40 | issue=1 | date=2020-05-07 | issn=1937-6812 | doi=10.1080/19376812.2020.1760901 | pages=49–62| s2cid=218929562 }}</ref> Magaalada ugu weyn uguna dadka badan waa [[Johannesburg]], waxaana ku xiga Cape Town iyo [[Durban]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The most expensive province to buy groceries in South Africa |url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/lifestyle/847172/the-most-expensive-province-to-buy-groceries-in-south-africa-2/ |access-date=2026-05-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Cradle of Humankind|Helitaannada qadiimiga ah]] waxay muujinayaan in noocyo kala duwan oo [[hominid]] ah ay ka jireen Koonfur Afrika qiyaastii 2.5 milyan oo sano ka hor, iyo [[bini'aadamka casriga ah]] waxay deggenaayeen gobolka in ka badan 100,000 oo sano ka hor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The first migrations out of Africa |url=https://australian.museum/learn/science/human-evolution/the-first-migrations-out-of-africa/ |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=The Australian Museum |language=en}}</ref> Dadkii ugu horreeyay ee la ogaaday waxay ahaayeen dadka u dhashay deegaanka ee [[Khoisan]], iyo [[Dadka Bantu ee Koonfur Afrika|dadka ku hadla luqadda Bantu]], kuwaas oo u soo guuray mowjado ahaan, iyagoo ka yimid galbeedka iyo bartamaha Afrika una soo guuray gobolka 2,000 ilaa 1,000 sano ka hor.<ref name="gunnink1">{{Cite journal |last=Gunnink |first=Hilde |last2=Sands |first2=Bonny |last3=Pakendorf |first3=Brigitte |date=2017 |title=Prehistoric Bantu-Khoisan language contact |url=https://www.academia.edu/32769639/Prehistoric_Bantu_Khoisan_language_contact_A_cross_disciplinary_approach |journal=Language Dynamics and Change |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=1 |doi=10.1163/22105832-00701002 |issn=2210-5824|hdl=1854/LU-8519242 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Dhanka waqooyi, [[Boqortooyada Mapungubwe]] waxay dhalatay qarnigii 13aad, iyo [[Boqortooyada Venda]] qarnigii 17aad. Sannadkii 1652, [[Dadka Dutch-ka ah|Dutch-ka]] waxay ka samaysteen degitaankii ugu horreeyay ee reer Yurub [[Table Bay]], [[Gumeysigii Cape ee Dutch-ka]]. [[Duulaankii Gumeysiga Cape|Duulaankeedii 1795-kii]], iyo [[Dagaalkii Blaauwberg]] ee 1806-dii waxay keeneen qabsashadii Ingiriiska. [[Mfecane]], xilli ay jireen rabshado waaweyn, waxay keentay sameynta boqortooyooyin Afrikaan ah oo kala duwan, oo ay ku jirto [[Boqortooyada Zulu]]. Gobolka wuxuu sii maray gumeysi dheeraad ah, iyo [[Kacaankii Macdanta]] wuxuu arkay isbeddel ku aaddan warshadaynta iyo magaaloowga. Ka dib [[Dagaalkii Labaad ee Boer]], [[Midowga Koonfur Afrika]] waxaa [[Xeerka Koonfur Afrika ee 1909|la abuuray 1910]] ka dib markii la isu geeyay gumeysiyadii [[Gumeysigii Cape|Cape]], [[Gumeysigii Natal|Natal]], [[Gumeysigii Transvaal|Transvaal]], iyo [[Gumeysigii Orange River|Orange River]], isagoo noqday [[jamhuuriyad]] ka dib [[Aftidii jamhuuriyadda Koonfur Afrika ee 1960|aftidii 1961]]. Xuquuqda codbixinta ee jinsiyadaha kala duwan ee [[Cape Qualified Franchise]] ee Cape si tartiib tartiib ah ayaa loo baabbi'iyay, inta badanna [[Afrkaanka Madow ee Koonfur Afrika]] lama siin [[Xuquuqda codbixinta|xuquuq codbixineed]] ilaa 1994.<ref name="gunnink1"/> [[Xisbiga Qaranka (Koonfur Afrika)|Xisbiga Qaranka]] wuxuu soo rogay [[midab-kala-soocidda]] (apartheid) sannadkii 1948, isagoo sharciyeeyay [[kala-soociddii jinsiyadeed]] ee hore u jirtay. Ka dib [[Khafifinta gudaha ee ka dhanka ah apartheid|haddaba halgankii]] ay galeen [[Golaha Qaranka Afrika]] (ANC) iyo u-dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha kale ee [[Dhaqdhaqaaqa Anti-Apartheid|ka dhanka ah apartheid]], ee gudaha iyo dibaddaba, baabbi'inta sharciyada midab-kala-sooca waxay bilaabatay badhtamihii 1980-aadkii. [[Xuquuqda codbixinta ee caalamiga ah|Doorashooyin]] [[Doorashadii guud ee Koonfur Afrika ee 1994|caalami ah ayaa dhacay 1994]], ka dib markii dhammaan kooxaha jinsiyadaha ay heleen matalaad siyaasadeed ee dalka dhexdiisa oo ku dhisan [[dimuqraadiyad xor ah]], taas oo ka kooban jamhuuriyad baarlamaan iyo sagaal gobol. Waxaa loo aqoonsan yahay inay tahay [[quwad dhexe]] ee arrimaha caalamiga ah, Koonfur Afrika waxay leedahay [[Quwadda gobolka|saameyn gobol oo weyn]] waana xubin ka tirsan [[BRICS+]], [[Midowga Afrika]] (oo martigeliya fadhiga [[Baarlamaanka Pan-African]]), [[Bulshada Horumarinta Koonfurta Afrika|SADC]], [[Midowga Kastamka Koonfurta Afrika|SACU]], [[Barwaaqo-sooranka]], iyo [[G20]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cooper|first1=Andrew F|last2=Antkiewicz|first2=Agata|last3=Shaw|first3=Timothy M|title=Lessons from/for BRICSAM about South-North Relations at the Start of the 21st Century: Economic Size Trumps All Else?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-studies-review_winter-2007_9_4/page/675|journal=[[International Studies Review]]|date=10 December 2007|volume=9|issue=4|pages=675, 687|doi=10.1111/j.1468-2486.2007.00730.x|issn = 1468-2486 }}</ref><ref name="Lynch2010">{{cite book|first=David A.|last=Lynch|title=Trade and Globalization: An Introduction to Regional Trade Agreements|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-MH-GEL425AC&pg=PA51|access-date=25 August 2013|year=2010|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|quote=Southern Africa is home to the other of sub-Saharan Africa's regional powers: South Africa. South Africa is more than just a regional power; it is currently the most developed and economically powerful country in Africa, and is able to use that influence in Africa more than during the days of apartheid, when it was ostracised from the rest of the world.|isbn=978-0-7425-6689-7|page=51|archive-date=11 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011173913/http://books.google.com/books?id=-MH-GEL425AC&pg=PA51|url-status=live}}</ref> Ayadoo ah dal [[Dalalka soo koraya|soo koraya]], ahna [[Dalalka dhowaan warshadeeyay|dal dhowaan warshadeeyay]], waxay leedahay [[Liiska waddamada Afrika marka loo eego GDP (nominal)|dhaqaalaha ugu weyn Afrika marka loo eego GDP-ga nominal]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/country/south-africa|title=South Africa|publisher=World Bank|access-date=23 July 2021|archive-date=1 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101050034/http://data.worldbank.org/country/south-africa|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Waugh2000">{{cite book|first=David|last=Waugh|title=Geography: An Integrated Approach|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7GH0KZZthGoC|access-date=24 August 2013|year=2000|publisher=Nelson Thornes|isbn=978-0-17-444706-1|pages=563, 576–579, 633, 640|chapter=Manufacturing industries (chapter 19), World development (chapter 22)|archive-date=11 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011173925/http://books.google.com/books?id=7GH0KZZthGoC|url-status=live}}</ref> waxayna la mid tahay [[Itoobiya]] marka loo eego tirada goobaha [[Liiska Goobaha Dhaxalka Caalamiga ah ee Afrika|UNESCO Goobaha Dhaxalka Caalamiga ah]] ee ku yaal [[Afrika]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/&order=region | title=World Heritage List | website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre | access-date=16 August 2024}}</ref> waana meel caan ku ah [[kala-duwanaanshaha noolaha]] leh [[biomes]] gaar ah, dhir, iyo nolosha xayawaanka. Koonfur Afrika waxay ka kooban tahay [[Dhaqanka Koonfur Afrika|dhaqammo kala duwan]], [[Luqadaha Koonfur Afrika|luqado]], iyo [[Diinta ka jirta Koonfur Afrika|diimo]], waxaana loogu yeeraa "[[qaranka qaanso-roobaadka]]" (rainbow nation), gaar ahaan wixii ka dambeeyay xilligii apartheid, si loo sifeeyo kala duwanaanshaheeda.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7512700.stm|title=Rainbow Nation – dream or reality?|access-date=10 August 2013|work=BBC News|date=18 July 2008|archive-date=8 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908141212/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7512700.stm|url-status=live }}</ref> Tan iyo markii uu dhammaaday xukunkii apartheid, isla-xisaabtanka dowladda iyo [[tayada nolosha]] ayaa si weyn ugu soo hagaagay muwaadiniinta aan caddaanka ahayn.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lieberman|first=Evan|url=https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691203003/until-we-have-won-our-liberty|title=Until We Have Won Our Liberty|date=2022|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-20300-3|language=en|access-date=25 November 2021|archive-date=24 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124200625/https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691203003/until-we-have-won-our-liberty|url-status=live}}</ref> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, [[Dambiyada ka jira Koonfur Afrika|dambiyada]], rabshadaha, [[Saboolnimada ka jirta Koonfur Afrika|saboolnimada]], iyo [[Kala-sarreynta ka jirta Koonfur Afrika ka dib apartheid|kala-sarreynta]] waxay weli yihiin kuwo baahsan, iyadoo ku dhowaad 32% dadka ay yihiin kuwo aan shaqo lahayn {{as of|2024|lc=y}},<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?locations=ZA|title=Unemployment, total (% of labor force) (modeled ILO estimate) – South Africa|work=[[World Bank]]|access-date=19 September 2022|archive-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172607/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?locations=ZA|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 November 2024 |title=Statistics South Africa on official unemployment rate in third quarter of 2024 |url=https://www.gov.za/news/media-statements/statistics-south-africa-official-unemployment-rate-third-quarter-2024-12-nov |website=South African Government |access-date=10 February 2025}}</ref> halka ilaa 56% ay ku noolaayeen meel ka hooseysa khadka [[saboolnimada]] sannadkii 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.NAHC?locations=ZA|title=Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of population) – South Africa|work=[[World Bank]]|access-date=19 September 2022|archive-date=31 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731094656/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.NAHC?locations=ZA|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="worldbank-poverty">{{Cite web|url=https://databankfiles.worldbank.org/public/ddpext_download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZAF.pdf|title="World Bank": South Africa|accessdate=7 April 2023|archive-date=20 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420193850/https://databankfiles.worldbank.org/public/ddpext_download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZAF.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Maadaama ay leedahay [[Gini coefficient|koofishanka Gini]] ee ugu sarreeya oo ah 0.67, Koonfur Afrika waxaa loo tixgeliyaa mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu sinnaan la'aanta badan xagga dhaqaalaha aduunka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=1W-ZA&most_recent_value_desc=true |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=World Bank Open Data |archive-date=4 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404210056/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=1W-ZA&most_recent_value_desc=true |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Francis |first1=David |last2=Webster |first2=Edward |date=2019-11-02 |title=Poverty and inequality in South Africa: critical reflections |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0376835X.2019.1666703 |journal=Development Southern Africa |language=en |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=788–802 |doi=10.1080/0376835X.2019.1666703 |issn=0376-835X |access-date=4 April 2024 |archive-date=4 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404210056/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0376835X.2019.1666703 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> == Asalka magaca== {{See also|Liiska magacyada rasmiga ah ee Koonfur Afrika}} Magaca "Koonfur Afrika" wuxuu ka yimid goobta juqraafi ahaan dalku ku yaal ee ah darafka koonfureed ee Afrika. Markii la aasaasay, dalka waxaa loogu magac daray [[Midowga Koonfur Afrika]] xagga Ingiriisiga iyo {{lang|nl|Unie van Zuid-Afrika}} xagga [[Luqadda Dutch-ka|Dutch-ka]], taasoo ka tarjumaysa asalkiisa ee ka dhashay midaynta afar gumeysi oo Ingiriis ah. Tan iyo 1961, magaca rasmiga ah ee dheer ee Ingiriisiga wuxuu ahaa Jamhuuriyadda Koonfur Afrika iyo {{lang|af|Republiek van Suid-Afrika}} xagga [[Afrikaans]]. Dalku wuxuu leeyahay magac rasmi ah oo ku qoran [[Luqadaha Koonfur Afrika|12 luqadood oo rasmi ah]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.concourt.org.za/index.php/constitution/the-text|title=The text|website=www.concourt.org.za|access-date=25 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225080137/https://www.concourt.org.za/index.php/constitution/the-text|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[[Luqadda Dhaqdhaqaaqa Gacanta ee Koonfur Afrika]] iyaduna waa luqad rasmi ah</ref> {{anchor|Mzansi}} '''Mzansi''', oo laga soo qaatay magaca [[Luqadda Xhosa|Xhosa]] ee {{lang|xh|uMzantsi}} oo macnaheedu yahay "koonfur", waa [[Hadal-hayn|magac caan ah]] oo loo isticmaalo Koonfur Afrika,<ref>{{cite book|editor1-first=Sarah|editor2-first=Achille|last=Livermon|first=Xavier|title=Johannesburg: The Elusive Metropolis|chapter=Sounds in the City|year=2008|publisher=Duke University Press|location=Durham|isbn=978-0-8223-8121-1|page=283|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hNONyzwm420C|quote=''Mzansi'' is another black urban vernacular term popular with the youth and standing for South Africa.|editor-last=Nuttall|editor2-last=Mbembé|access-date=5 January 2016|archive-date=2 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502074447/https://books.google.com/books?id=hNONyzwm420C|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mzansi DiToloki|url=http://www.deafsa.co.za/mzansi_ditoloki/|publisher=Deaf Federation of South Africa|access-date=15 January 2014|quote=uMzantsi in Xhosa means 'south', Mzansi means this country, South Africa|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116135926/http://www.deafsa.co.za/mzansi_ditoloki/|archive-date=16 January 2014 }}</ref> halka xisbiyada qaar ee u dooda [[Pan-Africanism|Pan-Africanism]] ay doorbidaan ereyga "[[Azania]]", oo ah erey asal ahaan ka yimid Giriigga, ee aan ahayn luqad Afrikaan ah.<ref name="Azania">{{Cite news|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/south-african-party-says-call-it-azania/1855679.html|title=South African Party Says Call Their Country 'Azania'|last=Taylor|first=Darren|newspaper=VOA|access-date=18 February 2017|language=en|archive-date=24 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624200956/http://www.voanews.com/content/south-african-party-says-call-it-azania/1855679.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Wadamada Afrika]] hjd4ofcp57enl8klnwxnecfj1d3sy6i 0 2113 307688 292726 2026-09-09T18:26:29Z Soalt 39618 template:Dalalka Aasiya iyo Category:Wadamada Aasiya 307688 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dalalka |native_name = Jabaan<Br/>''日本国'' |conventional_long_name = ''Nibon-koku'' |common_name = Jabaan |qaaradda = [[Aasiya]] |sawir_calan = Flag of Japan.svg |sawir_qaran = Imperial Seal of Japan.svg |image_map = Japan-location-cia.gif |astaan_calan = [[Kimigayo 君が代]] |caasimadda = [[Tokyo]] |luuqadaha = [[Af-Jabaan]], iyo luqado kale oo la tiri karin |caasimada = [[Tokyo]] |Dawladda = &nbsp; |darajo_hogaamiye1 = [[Emberor]] |<nowiki>Madaxweyne]]</nowiki> |darajo_hogaamiye2 = [[Ra'iisul wasaare]] |magac_hogaamiye1 = [[Naruhito]] |magac_hogaamiye2 = [[Shigeru Ishiba]] |sovereignty_type = |sovereignty_note = |established_event1 = |established_date1 = | GDP_PPP_year = <ref name="">2018</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = 4th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $38,958<ref name="">IMF database 2013</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 5th | GDP_nominal =$5.985'" trillion<ref name="">IMF database 2018</ref> | GDP_nominal_year = <ref name="">2019</ref> | GDP_nominal_rank = 5th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $30,958<ref name="">IMF database 2019</ref> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 5th |area = 377,944 km2 |areami² = 145,925 |biyo = 0.81 |population_estimate = 127,380,000² |population_estimate_year = <ref name="">2020</ref> |lacagta = [[Yen]] |wakhti = (UTC+9) |furaha_debedda = 81 |footnote1 = }} [[File:Cartedujapon.png|right|350px|thumb|Carte du Japon]]'''Jabaan''' ([[Af-Jabaan]]:日本: Nihon ama Nibon magaceeda oo dhameestiran:日本国 :Nibon-koku ama Nihon-koku, waa wadan jasiirado ka sameesan, oo ku yaalo [[Badweynta Baasifik]] ee qaarada [[Aasiya]]. Wadankaan waxoo daris la yahay [[Badda Jabaan]], [[Shiinaha]], [[Koonfur Kuuriya]], [[Waqooyiga Kuuriya]] iyo [[Ruushka]] Dadka tiriskii laga qaaday jabaan 1920kii, waxee eheed 55 miliyan oo qoys, sanadka marka oo ahaa 2019 neh waxaa degenaa 126,961,321 oo qoys. [[File:Diet_of_Japan_Kokkai_2009.jpg|thumb|right|400px|[[国会議事堂|"National Diet Building"]]]] [[File:Viewed from the Nakanoshima Festival Tower in 201510 002.JPG|450px|thumb| Magaalada [[Osaka]]]][[File:Satellite View of Japan 1999.jpg|400px|right|thumb|Dalka Jabaan oo ka arkaya dayax-gacmeed]] Jabaan waxee ka koobantahay 6,852 jasiiradoo, affarta ugu waa weyn oo boqolkiiba todobaatan daboolo dhulka jabaan waa [[Honshu]], [[Hokkaido]], [[Kyushu]] iyo [[Shikoku]]. Jabaaniiska waxee iskuugu wacaan (Nihon), luqadooda neh waxee dhahaan (Nihongo). Magaca Nibon micnaheeda waa jabaan laakiin waxee u adeegsadaan, lacagaha, bashqadaha iyo cayaaraha caalamka iyo wax la mid ah. Jabaan waxaa loo micneeyaa wadanka qoraxda ka soo baxdo, 日 (qorax) 本 (soo bax), markii hore jabaan waxaa loogu yeeri jiray magacyo badan, gaar ahaan wadanka ee taariikhda isla leeyihiin ee Shiinaha, waxee jabaan ugu yeeri jireen (yamato 大和). Erayga qorax ka soo baxa waxoo asal ahaan ka imaaday shiinaha, sababtoo ah jabaan waxee ka xigtaa dhinaca bariga markii la fiiriyo qaarad aasiya. Ereyga Japan ee Japan waa 日本, oo lagu magacaabo Nihon ama Nippon iyo macno ahaan waxa loola jeedaa "asalka qorraxda". Nichi dabeecadda (CH) macnaheedu waa "qorax" ama "maalin"; saldhigga macnihiisu waa "saldhig" ama "asal". Sidaas daraadeed macneheedu waa "asalka qorraxda" waana ilaha caanka ah ee reer galbeedka caanka ah. [[File:Shibuya night.jpg|thumb|center|450px|Dadka Jabaan ah oo lugeynaya waddo [[Shibuya]], [[Tokyo]] ah]]Rikoodhkii ugu horreeyay ee magaca Nihon wuxuu ka muuqdaa taariikhda Shiinaha ee taariikhda ah ee hannaanka Tang, Book of Old Tang. Dhamaadkii qarnigii toddobaad, wafdi ka yimid Japan ayaa codsaday in Nihon loo isticmaalo magaca dalkooda. Magacani waxaa laga yaabaa in uu asal ahaan ka soo jeedo warqad loo diray 607 waxaana lagu diiwaan geliyay taariikhda rasmiga ah ee Suudiiste. Prince Shōtoku, Regent of Japan, ayaa u diray ergeyga Shiinaha warqad kaas oo uu ugu yeeray "Boqortooyada Dhulka ee Qorraxdu kacdo" (日 出处 天子). Farriinta ayaa yiri: "Halkan, waxaan ahay, Boqortooyada waddanka qorraxdu soo baxdo, u dir warqad si aad u aragto Boqortooyada dalka ee qorraxdu u eg tahay. ==Internationale Minatory Fund(I.M.F.:;)== 5.19% <ref>http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2009-09/16/content_8696547.htm</ref>. Dalka Japan waxa uu caan ku yahay dhaqamo qani ah iyo farshaxan dhaqameed. Intaa kaliya maaha, ee Japan waxay magac u yeelatay inay ka mid tahay dalalka ugu marti-gelinta iyo soo dhawaynta badan adduunka. Waxaas oo dhan, wax la yaab leh maaha in Japan ay ka dhigto waddadeeda meelaha riyooyinka ee dadka intooda badan. Naftaada u fiirso oo ku billow taariikhda qani ah ee Dhulka Qorraxda Soo Baxa xaqiiqooyinkan Japan. WAR DEG DEG AH XAQIIQOOYINKA MUHIIMKA AH XAQIIQOOYIN XIISO BADAN 01 Laga bilaabo 2019, Japan waxay leedahay dad lagu qiyaaso 126,150,000. 02 Jasiiradaha Japan ka kooban yahay waxay ka kooban yihiin 6,852 jasiiradood. 03 Bedka Japan waxa uu ku fadhiyaa 375,000 kiiloo mitir oo laba jibbaaran. 04Japan waa dalka 11-aad ee ugu dadka badan aduunka 05Dalka Japan wuxuu u qaybsan yahay wadar ahaan 47 maamul goboleed oo loo qaybiyay 8 gobol.::. By Ali Dheere.::.!! ==Waddanamha Jabaan== * {{Flag|Indonesia}}: 251,000+; * {{Flag|Japan}} 129,000,000+++; {{Dalalka Aasiya}} [[Category:Jabaan]] [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] fd07uf010785w2kwakifd5n6h4efykt 307689 307688 2026-09-09T18:27:02Z Soalt 39618 tixraac 307689 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dalalka |native_name = Jabaan<Br/>''日本国'' |conventional_long_name = ''Nibon-koku'' |common_name = Jabaan |qaaradda = [[Aasiya]] |sawir_calan = Flag of Japan.svg |sawir_qaran = Imperial Seal of Japan.svg |image_map = Japan-location-cia.gif |astaan_calan = [[Kimigayo 君が代]] |caasimadda = [[Tokyo]] |luuqadaha = [[Af-Jabaan]], iyo luqado kale oo la tiri karin |caasimada = [[Tokyo]] |Dawladda = &nbsp; |darajo_hogaamiye1 = [[Emberor]] |<nowiki>Madaxweyne]]</nowiki> |darajo_hogaamiye2 = [[Ra'iisul wasaare]] |magac_hogaamiye1 = [[Naruhito]] |magac_hogaamiye2 = [[Shigeru Ishiba]] |sovereignty_type = |sovereignty_note = |established_event1 = |established_date1 = | GDP_PPP_year = <ref name="">2018</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = 4th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $38,958<ref name="">IMF database 2013</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 5th | GDP_nominal =$5.985'" trillion<ref name="">IMF database 2018</ref> | GDP_nominal_year = <ref name="">2019</ref> | GDP_nominal_rank = 5th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $30,958<ref name="">IMF database 2019</ref> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 5th |area = 377,944 km2 |areami² = 145,925 |biyo = 0.81 |population_estimate = 127,380,000² |population_estimate_year = <ref name="">2020</ref> |lacagta = [[Yen]] |wakhti = (UTC+9) |furaha_debedda = 81 |footnote1 = }} [[File:Cartedujapon.png|right|350px|thumb|Carte du Japon]]'''Jabaan''' ([[Af-Jabaan]]:日本: Nihon ama Nibon magaceeda oo dhameestiran:日本国 :Nibon-koku ama Nihon-koku, waa wadan jasiirado ka sameesan, oo ku yaalo [[Badweynta Baasifik]] ee qaarada [[Aasiya]]. Wadankaan waxoo daris la yahay [[Badda Jabaan]], [[Shiinaha]], [[Koonfur Kuuriya]], [[Waqooyiga Kuuriya]] iyo [[Ruushka]] Dadka tiriskii laga qaaday jabaan 1920kii, waxee eheed 55 miliyan oo qoys, sanadka marka oo ahaa 2019 neh waxaa degenaa 126,961,321 oo qoys. [[File:Diet_of_Japan_Kokkai_2009.jpg|thumb|right|400px|[[国会議事堂|"National Diet Building"]]]] [[File:Viewed from the Nakanoshima Festival Tower in 201510 002.JPG|450px|thumb| Magaalada [[Osaka]]]][[File:Satellite View of Japan 1999.jpg|400px|right|thumb|Dalka Jabaan oo ka arkaya dayax-gacmeed]] Jabaan waxee ka koobantahay 6,852 jasiiradoo, affarta ugu waa weyn oo boqolkiiba todobaatan daboolo dhulka jabaan waa [[Honshu]], [[Hokkaido]], [[Kyushu]] iyo [[Shikoku]]. Jabaaniiska waxee iskuugu wacaan (Nihon), luqadooda neh waxee dhahaan (Nihongo). Magaca Nibon micnaheeda waa jabaan laakiin waxee u adeegsadaan, lacagaha, bashqadaha iyo cayaaraha caalamka iyo wax la mid ah. Jabaan waxaa loo micneeyaa wadanka qoraxda ka soo baxdo, 日 (qorax) 本 (soo bax), markii hore jabaan waxaa loogu yeeri jiray magacyo badan, gaar ahaan wadanka ee taariikhda isla leeyihiin ee Shiinaha, waxee jabaan ugu yeeri jireen (yamato 大和). Erayga qorax ka soo baxa waxoo asal ahaan ka imaaday shiinaha, sababtoo ah jabaan waxee ka xigtaa dhinaca bariga markii la fiiriyo qaarad aasiya. Ereyga Japan ee Japan waa 日本, oo lagu magacaabo Nihon ama Nippon iyo macno ahaan waxa loola jeedaa "asalka qorraxda". Nichi dabeecadda (CH) macnaheedu waa "qorax" ama "maalin"; saldhigga macnihiisu waa "saldhig" ama "asal". Sidaas daraadeed macneheedu waa "asalka qorraxda" waana ilaha caanka ah ee reer galbeedka caanka ah. [[File:Shibuya night.jpg|thumb|center|450px|Dadka Jabaan ah oo lugeynaya waddo [[Shibuya]], [[Tokyo]] ah]]Rikoodhkii ugu horreeyay ee magaca Nihon wuxuu ka muuqdaa taariikhda Shiinaha ee taariikhda ah ee hannaanka Tang, Book of Old Tang. Dhamaadkii qarnigii toddobaad, wafdi ka yimid Japan ayaa codsaday in Nihon loo isticmaalo magaca dalkooda. Magacani waxaa laga yaabaa in uu asal ahaan ka soo jeedo warqad loo diray 607 waxaana lagu diiwaan geliyay taariikhda rasmiga ah ee Suudiiste. Prince Shōtoku, Regent of Japan, ayaa u diray ergeyga Shiinaha warqad kaas oo uu ugu yeeray "Boqortooyada Dhulka ee Qorraxdu kacdo" (日 出处 天子). Farriinta ayaa yiri: "Halkan, waxaan ahay, Boqortooyada waddanka qorraxdu soo baxdo, u dir warqad si aad u aragto Boqortooyada dalka ee qorraxdu u eg tahay. ==Internationale Minatory Fund(I.M.F.:;)== 5.19% <ref>http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2009-09/16/content_8696547.htm</ref>. Dalka Japan waxa uu caan ku yahay dhaqamo qani ah iyo farshaxan dhaqameed. Intaa kaliya maaha, ee Japan waxay magac u yeelatay inay ka mid tahay dalalka ugu marti-gelinta iyo soo dhawaynta badan adduunka. Waxaas oo dhan, wax la yaab leh maaha in Japan ay ka dhigto waddadeeda meelaha riyooyinka ee dadka intooda badan. Naftaada u fiirso oo ku billow taariikhda qani ah ee Dhulka Qorraxda Soo Baxa xaqiiqooyinkan Japan. WAR DEG DEG AH XAQIIQOOYINKA MUHIIMKA AH XAQIIQOOYIN XIISO BADAN 01 Laga bilaabo 2019, Japan waxay leedahay dad lagu qiyaaso 126,150,000. 02 Jasiiradaha Japan ka kooban yahay waxay ka kooban yihiin 6,852 jasiiradood. 03 Bedka Japan waxa uu ku fadhiyaa 375,000 kiiloo mitir oo laba jibbaaran. 04Japan waa dalka 11-aad ee ugu dadka badan aduunka 05Dalka Japan wuxuu u qaybsan yahay wadar ahaan 47 maamul goboleed oo loo qaybiyay 8 gobol.::. By Ali Dheere.::.!! ==Waddanamha Jabaan== * {{Flag|Indonesia}}: 251,000+; * {{Flag|Japan}} 129,000,000+++; =Tixraac= {{reflist}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} [[Category:Jabaan]] [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] sxpn2d6lrepvvvd5q5uq6njgfl6oejr 0 2114 307704 299703 2026-09-09T19:26:52Z Soalt 39618 template:Dalalka Aasiya iyo Category:Wadamada Aasiya 307704 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ruushka''' , ama '''Federaalka Ruushka''' , waa waddan ku baahsan Bariga [[Yurub]] iyo Waqooyiga [[Aasiya]] . Waa dalka ugu wayn aduunka , wuxuuna ku fidsan yahay kow iyo toban wakhti , wuxuuna xuduud dhuleed la wadaagaa afar iyo toban wadan . In ka badan 140 milyan oo qof, Ruushku waa dalka ugu dadka badan Yurub waana waddanka sagaalaad ee ugu dadka badan adduunka . Waa waddan si heersare ah loo magaaleeyay , iyadoo lix iyo toban ka mid ah magaalooyinka ay deggan yihiin in ka badan 1 milyan oo qof. Moscow , oo ah magaalada ugu dadka badan [[Yurub]] , waa caasimadda iyo magaalada ugu weyn Ruushka , halka [[Saint Petersburg ]]ay tahay magaalada labaad ee ugu weyn iyo xarunta dhaqanka .{{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Ruushka Federaalka | common_name = Ruushka | linking_name = Ruushka | native_name = {{native name|ru|Российская Федерация}} | image_flag = Flag of Russia.svg | image_coat = Coat of Arms of the Russian Federation.svg | national_anthem = <br />{{nowrap|{{lang|ru|Государственный гимн Российской Федерации}}}}<br /> <br />"[[Heesta Gobolka ee Federaalka Ruushka]]"{{center|[[File:National Anthem of Russia (2000), instrumental, one verse.ogg]] }} | image_map = Russian Federation (orthographic projection) - All Territorial Disputes.svg | map_width = 250px | map_caption = Ruushka ee dunida. Dhulalka lagu muransan yahay waxaa lagu muujiyay cagaar khafiif ah.{{Efn|[[Crimea]] was [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexed by Russia]] in 2014. However, it is still [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 68/262|internationally seen]] as a part of Ukraine.<ref name="dispute">{{cite web |last=Pifer |first=Steven |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/03/17/crimea-six-years-after-illegal-annexation/ |title=Crimea: Six years after illegal annexation |publisher=[[Brookings Institute]] |date=17 March 2020 |access-date=30 November 2021 |archive-date=14 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414045104/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/03/17/crimea-six-years-after-illegal-annexation/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson, and Zaporizhzhia oblasts were also [[Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts|annexed]] (but only partly controlled) in 2022. They are [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/4|internationally seen]] as a part of Ukraine. The southernmost [[Kuril Islands]] are claimed by both Japan and Russia after the Soviet occupation of the islands at the end of World War II.<ref name="chapple-2019">{{cite web |last=Chapple |first=Amos |title=The Kurile Islands: Why Russia And Japan Never Made Peace After World War II |date=4 January 2019 |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/the-disputed-islands-where-world-war-2-never-ended/28402307.html |access-date=26 January 2022 |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408173647/https://www.rferl.org/a/the-disputed-islands-where-world-war-2-never-ended/28402307.html |url-status=live }}</ref>}} | capital = [[Moskow]] | coordinates = {{Coord|55|45|21|N|37|37|02|E|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | languages_type = Afka rasmiga ah iyo kan qaranka<br /> | languages = [[Af-Ruush|Ruush]]<ref name="Russian">{{cite journal |last=Chevalier |first=Joan F. |title=Russian as the National Language: An Overview of Language Planning in the Russian Federation |jstor=43669126 |journal=Russian Language Journal |pages=25–36 |volume=56 |year=2006 |publisher=American Councils for International Education ACTR / ACCELS}}</ref> | languages2_type = [[afka qaranka]] | languages2 = Eeg [[Luqadaha Ruushka]] | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 71.7% [[Ruush|Ruush]] | 3.2% [[Tataarka|Tataarka]] | 1.1% [[Jeejniya|Jeejniya]] | 1.1% [[Bashkirs|Bashkir]] | 22.9% [[Qowmiyadaha Ruushka|Kuwa kale]] ama aan la sheegin }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2021, oo ay ku jiraan Ruushka iyo Crimea | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name=EthnicGroups2021>{{cite web|title=Национальный состав населения|url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx|publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]]|accessdate=30 December 2022|archive-date=30 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230204643/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx|url-status=live}}</ref> | demonym = Ruush | government_type = [[Semi-madaxweyne|Jamhuuriyad isku dhafan]] hoos a [[kali talisnimo]] [[kalitalisnimo]] | leader_title1 = [[Madaxweynaha Ruushka|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Vladimir Putin]] | leader_title2 = [[Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Ruushka|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name2 = [[Mikhail Mishustin]] | leader_title3 = [[Guddoomiyaha Golaha Federaalka (Ruushka)|Afhayeenka<br />Golaha Federaalka]] | leader_name3 = [[Valentina Matviyenko]] | leader_title4 = [[Guddoomiyaha Gobolka Duma|Afhayeenka<br />Duma Gobolka]] | leader_name4 = [[Vyacheslav Volodin]] | leader_title5 = [[Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Ruushka|Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare]] | leader_name5 = [[Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Lebedev|Vyacheslav Lebedev]] | legislature = [[Aqalka Federaalka (Ruushka )|Aqalka Federaalka]] | upper_house = [[Golaha Federaalka (Russia)|Golaha Federaalka]] | lower_house = [[Duma Gobolka]] | sovereignty_type = [[Taariikhda Ruushka|Saameynta]] | established_event1 = {{nowrap|[[Kievan Rus']]}} | established_date1 = 882 | established_event2 = {{nowrap|[[Vladimir-Suzdal]]}} | established_date2 = 1157 | established_event3 = [[Grand Duchy of Moscow|Grand Duchy of<br>Moscow]] | established_date3 = 1282 | established_event4 = [[Boqortooyada Ruushka]] | established_date4 = 16 January 1547 | established_event5 = [[Ruushka Empire]] | established_date5 = 2 Nofeembar 1721 | established_event6 = {{nowrap|[[Kacaankii Febraayo|Boqortooyadii waa la baabi'iyay]]}} | established_date6 = 15 March 1917 | established_event7 = {{nowrap|[[:en:Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|Soviet Union]]}} | established_date7 = 30 December 1922 | established_event8 = {{nowrap|[[:en:Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Declaration of State<br>Sovereignty]]}} | established_date8 = 12 Juun1990 | established_event9 = {{nowrap|[[Belovezha Accords|Russian Federation]]}} | established_date9 = 12 December 1991 | established_event10 = [[Dastuurka Ruushka|Dastuurka hadda jira]] | established_date10 = 12 December 1993 | established_event11 = [[Gobolka Midowga|Dawlad-goboleedka la dhisay]] | established_date11 = 8 December 1999 | area_km2 = 17098246 | area_footnote = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/publications/pocketbook/files/world-stats-pocketbook-2016.pdf#page=182 |title=Buuga jeebka ee tirakoobka aduunka daabacaadda 2016 |publisher=Waaxda Dhaqaalaha iyo Arrimaha Bulshada ee Qaramada Midoobay. Qaybta Tirakoobka |access-date=24 April 2018 |archive-date=4 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804041700/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/publications/pocketbook/files/world-stats-pocketbook-2016.pdf#page=182 |url-status=live }}</ref> (gudaha xuduudaha caalamiga ah ee la aqoonsan yahay) {{Convert|17,234,028|km2|abbr=on}} (oo ay ku jiraan dhulalka lagu muransan yahay) | area_rank = 1aad | percent_water = 13<ref name=gen>{{cite web |title=The Russian federation: general characteristics |url=http://www.gks.ru/scripts/free/1c.exe?XXXX09F.2.1/010000R |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728064121/http://www.gks.ru/scripts/free/1c.exe?XXXX09F.2.1%2F010000R |archive-date=28 July 2011 |website=Federal State Statistics Service |access-date=5 April 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> (oo ay ku jiraan dhiiqo) | population_estimate = {{plainlist| [[File:Increase Neutral.svg|12px|border]] 146,028,325 (oo ay ku jirto Crimea)<ref name="census2021">Including 2,482,450 people living on the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexed]] [[Crimea|Crimean Peninsula]] {{cite web |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn_popul |script-title=ru:Том 1. Численность и размещение населения |language=ru |work=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Russian Federal State Statistics Service]] |access-date=3 September 2022 |archive-date=24 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124160257/http://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn_popul |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="gks.ru-popul">{{cite web |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/PrPopul2022_Site.xls |format=XLS |script-title=ru:Предварительная оценка численности постоянного населения на 1 января 2022 года и в среднем за 2021 год |trans-title=Preliminary estimated population as of 1 January 2022 and on the average for 2021 |language=ru |work=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Russian Federal State Statistics Service]] |access-date=30 January 2022 |archive-date=24 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324230246/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/PrPopul2022_Site.xls |url-status=live }}</ref>}} [[File:Increase Neutral.svg|12px|border]] 144,699,673 (marka laga reebo Crimea)<ref name="gks.ru-popul"/> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 9aad | population_density_km2 = 8.4 | population_density_sq_mi = 21.5 | population_density_rank = 181aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $7.192 tiriliyan<ref name="IMFWEORU">{{cite web|url="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april/weo-report?c=922,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2023&ey=2030&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1title="Daabacaadda Muuqaalka Dhaqaalaha Adduunka, Abriil 2025. (Ruushka)"|access-date=2023-05-05|archive-date=2023-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425152149/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=922,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2022&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|url-status=live}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_rank =4aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $49,383<ref name="IMFWEORU"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =43aad | GDP_nominal = [[File:Decrease2.svg|12px|border]] $2.076 tiriliyan<ref name="IMFWEORU"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_rank =11aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = [[File:Decrease2.svg|12px|border]] $14,258<ref name="IMFWEORU"/><ref>{{Cite web|url="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april/weo-report?c=922,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2023&ey=2030&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|title="Daabacaadda Muuqaalka Dhaqaalaha Adduunka, Abriil 2025. (Ruushka)"|language=en|website=ceicdata.com |date=2024-09-30|access-date=2024-12-27}} - Russia Monthly Earnings stood at US$924 in Sep 2024, compared with the previous figure of US$924 in Aug 2024.</ref> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank =65aad | Gini = 36.0 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2020 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="WBgini">{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=RU |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Russian Federation |publisher=World Bank |access-date=23 June 2022 |archive-date=13 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513214250/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=RU |url-status=live }}</ref> | HDI = 0.832<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=8 September 2022|access-date=8 September 2022|archive-date=9 October 2022|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 52aad | currency = [[Russian ruble|Ruble]] ([[₽]]) | currency_code = RUB | utc_offset = +2 to +12 | drives_on = Sax | calling_code = [[Nambarada telefoonka ee Ruushka|+7]] | cctld = {{unbulleted list |[[.ru]]|[[.рф]]}} | religion_year = 2023 | religion_ref = <ref name="Передача иконы «Троица» Русской православной церкви">{{cite web|title=Передача иконы «Троица» Русской православной церкви|url=https://fom.ru/TSennosti/14888|publisher=Фонд Общественное Мнение, ФОМ (Public Opinion Foundation)|language=ru|date=22 June 2023}}</ref><ref name="Передача иконы «Троица» Русской православной церкви–Tables">{{cite web|title=Передача иконы «Троица» Русской православной церкви|url=https://fom.ru/posts/download/14888|publisher=Фонд Общественное Мнение, ФОМ (Public Opinion Foundation)|language=ru|date=22 June 2023}}</ref> | religion = {{ublist|item_style=white-space;|{{Tree list}} * 62% [[Christianity in Russia|Christianity]] ** 61% [[Russian Orthodox Church|Russian Orthodoxy]] ** 1% other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]] {{Tree list/end}}| 24% [[Irreligion|no religion]]|5% [[Islam in Russia|Islam]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=Regional Division of Muslim population in Russia|work=Research Gate|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348448272|access-date=22 February 2024}}</ref>|2% [[Religion in Russia|other]] (including [[Buddhism in Russia|Buddhism]])|4% unanswered}} }}Dejinta aadanaha ee dhulka Ruushka casriga ah waxay dib ugu soo noqotaa Paleolithic Hoose .Bariga Slavs waxay u soo baxeen koox la aqoonsan yahay Yurub intii u dhaxaysay qarniyadii 3aad iyo 8aad ee AD. Dawladdii ugu horreysay ee Bariga Slavic, Kievan Rus ' , waxay soo baxday qarnigii 9aad, 988, waxay qaadatay Masiixiyadda Ortodokska ee Boqortooyada Byzantine . Kievan Rus 'ugu dambeyntii wuu burburay; Grand Duchy ee [[Moskow]] ayaa horseeday midaynta dhulalka Ruushka, taasoo keentay in lagu dhawaaqo Tsardom ee Ruushka 1547. Horraantii qarnigii 18aad, Ruushku wuxuu si weyn u ballaariyay iyada oo la adeegsanayo qabsashadii, isku-darka, iyo dadaalka sahamiyeyaasha Ruushka , horumarinta Boqortooyada Ruushka , taas oo weli ah boqortooyadii saddexaad ee ugu weyn taariikhda . Si kastaba ha ahaatee, kacaankii Ruushka ee 1917, taliskii Boqortooyada Ruushka waa la baabi'iyay oo ugu dambeyntii lagu beddelay Ruushka SFSR - dawladdii ugu horreysay ee dastuuri ah oo hantiwadaag ah . Ka dib Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Ruushka , Ruushka SFSR wuxuu aasaasay Midowga Soofiyeeti oo leh saddex jamhuuriyadood oo kale oo Soofiyeedka , kaas oo ahaa kii ugu weynaa uguna muhiimsanaa. Midowgii Soofiyeeti waxa uu ku tallaabsaday warshadaynta degdega ah 1930-meeyadii , xilligaas oo ay malaayiin qof ku dhinteen taliskii Joseph Stalin , ka dibna waxa uu door muhiim ah ka qaatay xulafadii dagaalkii 2-aad ee adduunka isaga oo hormuud ka ahaa dedaallo ballaadhan oo dhinaca Bariga ah . Markii uu billowday. dagaalkii qaboobaa , waxa ay kula tartamaysay Maraykanka sidii ay fikrado iyo saamayn caalami ah ugu yeelan lahayd . Waagii Midowgii Soofiyeeti ee Qarnigii 20-aad waxa la arkay qaar ka mid ah guulihii teknoloojiyada ee Ruushku ugu mudnaa oo ay ka mid ahaayeen dayax-gacmeedkii ugu horreeyay ee bini’aadmigu sameeyo iyo duullaankii ugu horreeyay ee bani’aadamku ku galay hawada sare .Sannadkii 1991-kii, SFSR-ta Ruushka ayaa ka soo baxday burburkii Midowga Soofiyeeti ee Ruushka.waxa uu ku lug lahaa tiro colaado ah oo ka dhacay dalalkii hore ee Soofiyeedka iyo dalal kale , oo ay ku jiraan dagaalkii uu la galay Georgia 2008 iyo dagaalkii uu kula jiray Ukraine tan iyo 2014. Kii dambe wuxuu ku lug lahaa la-qabsiga caalamiga ah ee aan la aqoonsanayn ee dhulka Yukreeniyaan, oo ay ku jiraan Crimea 2014 iyo afar gobol oo kale 2022 , intii lagu jiray duulaanka socda . Ruushka guud ahaan waxa lagu tiriyaa quwad weyn waana awood goboleed , waxa uu haystaa kaydka ugu badan ee hubka nukliyeerka iyo waxa uu leeyahay kharashka sadexaad ee ugu kharashka badan milatariga aduunka . Waxay leedahay dhaqaale aad u sarreeya oo ah kow iyo tobnaad ee ugu weyn adduunka marka loo eego GDP-ga magac ahaan iyo tan afraad ee ugu weyn PPP , iyada oo ku tiirsan kheyraadka badan ee macdanta iyo tamarta , taas oo ah kaalinta labaad ee ugu weyn adduunka ee wax soo saarka shidaalka iyo gaaska dabiiciga ah .Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Ruushku waxa uu aad ugu hooseeyaa cabbiraadda caalamiga ah ee dimoqraadiyadda , xuquuqul insaanka iyo xorriyadda saxaafadda , waxa kale oo uu leeyahay heerar sare oo musuqmaasuq la dareemo .Waa xubin joogta ah oo ka tirsan Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay ; dal xubin ka ah G20 , SCO , BRICS , APEC , OSCE , iyo WTO ; iyo dawlada xubinta ka ah ururada ka dambeeya Soviet-ka sida CIS , CSTO , iyo EAEU . Ruushku waxa uu hoy u yahay 32 goobood oo dhaxalka aduunka ee UNESCO ==Asalka erayga== Sida laga soo xigtay Qaamuuska Ingiriisiga Oxford , magaca Ingiriisiga ee Ruushka ayaa markii ugu horreysay soo muuqday qarnigii 14aad, oo laga soo qaatay Latin Medieval : Russia , oo la isticmaali jiray qarnigii 11aad iyo inta badan ilo Ingiriis ah qarnigii 12aad, oo markeeda laga soo qaatay Ruushka , 'Ruushka' iyo daba-galka -ia . Waxaa jira erayo dhowr ah oo Ruush ah oo u tarjuma "Ruushka" Ingiriisiga. Magaca iyo sifada русский , russkiy waxa loola jeedaa qoomiyadda Ruushka . Sifada российский , rossiiskiy waxay tilmaamaysaa muwaadiniinta Ruushka iyada oo aan loo eegin qowmiyadda. Isla sidaas oo kale waxay khuseysaa magaca dhowaan la sameeyay ee россиянин , rossianyn , macnaha muwaadinka Ruushka. Magacyada ugu da'da weyn ee la adeegsaday waxay ahaayeen Rus ' ( Русь ) iyo "Dhulka Ruushka" ( Русская земля , Russkaya zemlya ). Sida laga soo xigtay Chronicle Primary , ereyga Rus ' wuxuu ka yimid dadka Ruushka , kuwaas oo ahaa qabiil Swedish ah , iyo halka ay ka yimaadeen saddexdii xubnood ee asalka ahaa ee reer Rurikid . Erayga Finnishka ee Iswiidhishka, ruotsi , wuxuu leeyahay asal isku mid ah. Taariikhda casriga ah ee casriga ah, dawladdii dhexe ee dhexe ee bariga Slavic waxaa badanaa loo yaqaan Kievan Rus ' , oo lagu magacaabo caasimaddeeda. Magaca kale ee Laatiinka dhexe ee Rus ' wuxuu ahaa Ruthenia . Ruushka, magaca hadda ee dalka, Россия ( Rossiya ), wuxuu ka yimid magaca Giriigga Byzantine Ρωσία ( Rosía ). Magaca Росия ( Rosiya ) ayaa markii ugu horreysay la xaqiijiyay 1387. Magaca Rossiya wuxuu ka soo muuqday ilaha Ruushka qarnigii 15aad wuxuuna bilaabay inuu beddelo Rus- ka-yaqaanka ' intii uu kor u kacday Moscow oo ah xarunta dhexe ee Ruushka midaysan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ilaa dhamaadkii qarnigii 17aad, dalka waxaa inta badan loo tixraaco dadka deggan sida Rus ' , "Dhulka Ruushka" ( Russkaya zemlya ), ama "Muscovite state" ( Moskovskoye gosudarstvo ), iyo kala duwanaansho kale. Sanadkii 1721, Peter The Great wuxuu ku dhawaaqay Boqortooyada Ruushka ( Rossiyskaya imperiya ). Magaca Rossiya waxa loo isticmaalay magaca guud ee Boqortooyada Ruushka ee caalamiga ah ka dibna dawladda Ruushka casriga ah. Rossiya waxay ka soocday ethnonym russkiy , maadaama ay tilmaamayso aqoonsiga ka sarreeya, oo ay ku jiraan qowmiyadaha Ruushka. Ka dib Kacaankii Ruushka iyo ku dhawaaqista Ruushka SFSR ee 1918, "Ruushka" ee cinwaanka gobolka wuxuu ahaa Rossiyskaya , halkii Russkaya , sida hore u tilmaamaya dawlad caalami ah, halka kan dambe uu lahaa cabbir qowmiyadeed. Ruushka casriga ah, magaca Rus ' ayaa wali lagu isticmaalaa gabayada ama tiraabta si loo tixraaco Ruushka da'da weyn ama nuxurka la malaynayo ee Ruushka. ==Taariikhda== ===Taariikhda hore=== Degsiimadii ugu horreysay ee aadanaha ee Ruushka waxay dib ugu noqotaa xilligii Oldowan ee horraantii Paleolithic ee hoose . Qiyaastii 2 milyan oo sano ka hor, wakiilada Homo erectus waxay u haajireen Jasiiradda Taman ee koonfurta Ruushka. Qalabka Flint , qaar ka mid ah 1.5 milyan oo sano, ayaa laga helay Waqooyiga Caucasus . Radiocarbon oo ku taariikhaysan muunado laga soo qaaday godka Denisova ee Buuraha Altai waxa ay qiyaaseen muunada Denisovan ee ugu da'da weyn waxa ay noolaayeen 195-122,700 sano ka hor. Fossils of Denny , isku-dhafka aadanaha qadiimiga ah oo ahaa kala badh Neanderthal iyo badh Denisovan, oo ku noolaa 90,000 oo sano ka hor, ayaa sidoo kale laga helay godka dambe. Ruushku wuxuu hoy u ahaa qaar ka mid ah kuwii ugu dambeeyay ee Neanderthals, laga soo bilaabo 45,000 oo sano ka hor, laga helay godka Mezmaiskaya . Raadraaca ugu horreeya ee bini'aadamka casriga ah ee Ruushka wuxuu dib ugu noqdaa 45,000 sano, Galbeedka Siberia . Soo saarista hadhaaga dhaqameed ee sare ee bini'aadamka casriga ah , laga bilaabo ugu yaraan 40,000 sano ka hor, ayaa laga helay Kostyonki-Borschyovo , iyo Sungir , oo ku saabsan 34,600 sano ka hor - labadaba galbeedka Ruushka . Aadanuhu waxay gaadheen Arctic Russia ugu yaraan 40,000 oo sano ka hor, Mamontovaya Kurya . Dadka qadiimiga ah ee Waqooyiga Eurasian ee ka yimid Siberiya hiddo ahaan la mid ah dhaqanka Mal'ta-Buret' iyo Afontova Gora waxay ahaayeen qayb muhiim ah oo ka qaybqaata hidde - sideyaasha Ameerikaan hore iyo kuwa ugaadhsiga bari . [[File:Yamnaya_Steppe_Pastoralists.jpg|thumb|Faafinta Da'da Bronze ee Yamnaya Steppe awowgii xoola-dhaqatada intii u dhaxaysay 3300 iyo 1500 BC, [ 44 ] oo ay ku jiraan dhaqanka Afanasievo ee koonfurta Siberia]] Mala -awaalka Kurgan wuxuu dhigayaa gobolka Volga-Dnieper ee koonfurta Ruushka iyo Ukraine sida urheimat ee Proto-Indo-Yurub . Hijriyadii hore ee Indo-Yurub ee ka yimid Pontic-Caspian steppe ee Ukraine iyo Ruushka ayaa ku faafay abtirsiinta Yamnaya iyo luqadaha Indo-Yurub ee qaybo badan oo Eurasia ah. Xoolo-dhaqatada reer-guuraaga ah ayaa ka soo baxay Pontic-Caspian steppe oo ka bilaabmaya Chalcolithic . ​​Hadhaagii ilbaxnimooyinkan dalagyada ah ayaa laga helay meelo ay ka mid yihiin Ipatovo , Sintashta , Arkaim , iyo Pazyryk , kuwaas oo xambaarsan raadadkii ugu horreeyay ee fardaha dagaalka . Qurxinta hidda-socodka ee ku hadla qoyska luqadda Uralic ee waqooyiga Yurub waxaa qaabeeyey haajirin ka yimid Siberiya oo bilaabmay ugu yaraan 3,500 sano ka hor. Qarnigii 3-aad ilaa 4-aad ee AD, boqortooyadii Gothic ee Oium waxay ka jirtay koonfurta Ruushka, taas oo markii dambe uu qabsaday Huns . Intii u dhaxaysay qarniyadii 3aad iyo 6aad AD, Boqortooyada Bosporan , taas oo ahayd siyaasad Hellenistic ah oo ku guulaysatay gumeysigii Giriigga, ayaa sidoo kale laga adkaaday duullaankii reer-guuraaga ahaa ee ay hogaaminayeen qabaa'ilka dagaalka sida Huns iyo Eurasian Avars . Khazars , kuwaas oo asal ahaan ka soo jeeda Turki , waxay xukumayeen jaranjarooyinka u dhexeeya Caucasus ee koonfurta, bari ee soo dhaaftay webiga Volga, iyo galbeedka ilaa Kyiv ee wabiga Dnieper ilaa qarnigii 10aad. Iyaga ka dib waxaa yimid Pechenegs oo abuuray isbahaysi weyn, ka dibna waxaa la wareegay Cuman iyo Kipchak . Awowayaasha Ruushka waxay ka mid yihiin qabiilooyinka Slavic ee ka soocay Proto-Indo-Yurub, kuwaas oo ka soo muuqday waqooyiga bari ee Yurub c.  1500  sano ka hor. Bariga Slavs waxay si tartiib tartiib ah u degeen galbeedka Ruushka (qiyaastii inta u dhaxaysa Moscow casriga iyo Saint-Petersburg ) laba mowjadood: mid ka soo guuray Kiev oo u socda Suzdal iyo Murom maanta iyo mid kale oo ka yimid Polotsk oo ku wajahan Novgorod iyo Rostov . Kahor socdaalka Slavic, dhulkaas waxaa ku noolaa dadka Finno-Ugrian ah . Laga soo bilaabo qarnigii 7aad wixii ka dambeeyay, Slavs-ka soo gala Bariga Slavs ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah u milmay Finno-Ugrian-ka asalka ah ===Kievan Rus=== [[File:Kievan-rus-1015-1113-(en).png|thumb|Kievan Rus ' ka dib markii Golaha Liubech ee 1097]] Aasaaskii dawladihii ugu horeeyey ee bariga Slavic qarnigii 9aad waxay ku soo beegantay imaatinka Varangians , Vikings kuwaas oo ku hawlanaa marin biyoodka oo ka bilaabmaya bariga Baltic ilaa badaha madow iyo Caspian . Sida laga soo xigtay taariikhda asaasiga ah , Varangian oo ka soo jeeda dadka Ruushka , oo lagu magacaabo Rurik , ayaa loo doortay taliyaha Novgorod 862. 882, ku xigeenkiisii ​​Oleg wuxuu u soo baxay koonfurta oo uu qabsaday Kiev , kaas oo horay u bixin jiray cashuurta Khazars . Ina Rurik Igor iyo ina Igor ee Sviatoslav ka dib markii ay hoos u dhigeen dhammaan qabaa'ilka Bariga Slavic maxalliga ah xukunkii Kievan, baabbi'iyey Khazar Khaganate, oo bilaabay dhowr safar military Bulgaria , Byzantium iyo Faaris . Qarnigii 10-aad ilaa 11-aad, Kievan Rus waxay noqotay mid ka mid ah dawladaha ugu waaweyn uguna barwaaqada badan Yurub. Boqortooyada Vladimir Great (980-1015) iyo wiilkiisa Yaroslav Wise (1019-1054) waxay ka kooban yihiin Da'da Dahabiga ah ee Kiev, kaas oo arkay aqbalaadda Masiixiyadda Ortodokska ee Byzantium , iyo abuurista koodhka sharciga ah ee ugu horreeya ee Slavic qoran , Russkaya Pravda . Waxaa yimid da'dii feudalism iyo maamul-daadejinta, oo lagu asteeyay dagaal joogto ah oo u dhexeeya xubnaha Rurik dynasty ee xukumay Kievan Rus 'si wadajir ah. Awooddii Kiev ayaa hoos u dhacday, iyadoo ay faa'iido u tahay Vladimir-Suzdal ee waqooyi-bari, Jamhuuriyadda Novgorod ee waqooyiga, iyo Galicia-Volhynia ee koonfur-galbeed. Qarnigii 12aad, Kiev waxay lumisay sumcaddeedii hore iyo Kievan Rus 'waxay u kala qaybsantay maamulo kala duwan. Amiir Andrey Bogolyubsky wuxuu ceyriyay Kiev 1169 wuxuuna ka dhigay Vladimir saldhiggiisa, taasoo keentay in awoodda siyaasadeed loo wareejiyo waqooyi-bari. Hogaamiye Prince Alexander Nevsky , Novgorodiyaanku waxay iska celiyeen iswiidhishkii soo duulay ee Battle of Neva ee 1240, iyo sidoo kale saliibiyiinta Jarmalka ee Battle on the Ice 1242. Kievan Rus 'ugu dambeyntii waxay ku dhacday duullaankii Mongol ee 1237-1240, taas oo keentay in Kiev iyo magaalooyinka kale laga ceyriyo, iyo sidoo kale dhimashada qayb weyn oo ka mid ah dadweynaha. Soo duulay, oo markii dambe loo yaqaanay Tataarka , ayaa sameeyay dawladdii Horde Golden , oo ka talinaysay Ruushka labadii qarni ee xigay. Kaliya Jamhuuriyadda Novgorod ayaa ka baxsatay qabsashadii shisheeye ka dib markii ay ogolaatay in ay bixiso abaalmarinta Mongols. Galicia-Volhynia waxaa mar dambe nuugi doona Lithuania iyo Poland , halka Jamhuuriyadda Novgorod ay sii waday inay barwaaqowdo waqooyiga. Waqooyi-bari, dhaqamada Byzantine-Slavic ee Kievan Rus' ayaa loo habeeyey si ay u sameeyaan dawlad madaxbannaan oo Ruush ah ===Maamulka Sare ee Moscow=== [[File:Lissner_TroiceSergievaLavr.jpg|thumb|Sergius of Radonezh ducada Dmitry Donskoy ee Trinity Sergius Lavra , ka hor Battle of Kulikovo , oo lagu sawiray rinjiyeynta Ernst Lissner]] Burburkii Kievan Rus wuxuu arkay kor u kaca ugu dambeyntii ee maamulka Grand ee Moscow , oo markii hore qayb ka ah Vladimir-Suzdal .11-20  Iyadoo ay weli hoos timaad magaca Mongol - Tataarka iyo iyaga oo kaashanaya, Moscow waxay bilowday inay muujiso saamaynta ay ku leedahay gobolka horraantii qarnigii 14aad, si tartiib tartiib ah u noqotey xoogga hogaaminaya "ururinta dhulalka Ruushka". Markii kursiga Metropolitan ee Kaniisadda Ortodokska ee Ruushka uu u guuray Moscow 1325, saameynteedu way korodhay. Moscow xafiiltanka ugu dambeeya, Jamhuuriyadda Novgorod , waxay ku barwaaqowday xarunta ganacsiga dhogorta iyo dekedda bari ee Hanseatic League . Waxaa hogaaminayay Prince Dmitry Donskoy ee Moscow, ciidamada midaysan ee maamulayaasha Ruushka waxay jabiyeen Mongol - Tataarka Dagaalkii Kulikovo 1380 . Ivan III ("The Great") ayaa iska tuuray gacan ku haynta Horde Golden wuxuuna helay madax-bannaanida dhulalka qowmiyadeed ee Ruushka; Kadib wuxuu qaatay magaca madax-banaanida Ruushka oo dhan . Kadib dhicitaankii Constantinople ee 1453, Moscow waxay sheegatay dhaxalka dhaxalka Boqortooyada Roomaanka Bari . Ivan III wuxuu guursaday Sophia Palaiologina , ina-abtidii boqorkii Byzantine ee ugu dambeeyay Constantine XI , wuxuuna ka dhigay gorgorka Byzantine laba madax leh isaga u gaar ah, ugu dambeyntiina Ruushka, jaakad-hubka. Vasili III wuxuu mideeyay dhammaan Ruushka isagoo ku biiray dhowrkii dowladood ee ugu dambeeyay ee madaxbannaanida Ruushka horaantii qarnigii 16aad. ===Boqortooyada Ruushka=== [[File:Ivan_grozny_frame.jpg|thumb|Ivan IV wuxuu ahaa amiirkii Grand ee Moscow laga bilaabo 1533 ilaa 1547, ka dibna Tsar ee Ruushka ilaa dhimashadiisa 1584.]] Horumarinta fikradaha Rome ee Saddexaad , amiirkii weynaa Ivan IV ("The Terrible") ayaa si rasmi ah loogu caleemo saaray boqortooyadii ugu horreysay ee Ruushka oo dhan 1547. tsar wuxuu ku dhawaaqay xeer cusub oo sharci ah ( Sudebnik of 1550 ), wuxuu aasaasay ururkii ugu horreeyay ee feudal Ruushka ah ( Zemsky Sobor ), dib u habeyn lagu sameeyay militariga, wuxuu xakameeyay saameynta dowladda hoose iyo dib u habeynta. Intii lagu jiray xukunkiisii ​​​​dheeraa, Ivan wuxuu ku dhawaaday inuu labanlaabo dhulkii hore ee weynaa ee Ruushka isagoo ku daray saddexda Tatar khanate: Kazan iyo Astrakhan oo weheliya Volga , iyo Khanate of Sibir ee koonfur-galbeed ee Siberia. Ugu dambeyntii, dhamaadkii qarnigii 16aad, Ruushku wuxuu ballaariyay bariga buuraha Ural . Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Tsardom waxaa wiiqay dagaalkii dheeraa ee Livonian-ka ee aan lagu guulaysan ee ka soo horjeeda isbahaysiga Boqortooyada Poland iyo Grand Duchy ee Lithuania (kadibna midowga Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ), Boqortooyada Iswidhan , iyo Danmark-Norway si ay u helaan xeebaha Baltic iyo ganacsiga badda. Sannadkii 1572-kii, ciidan soo duulay oo Tataarka Crimean ah ayaa si buuxda loogu jabiyay dagaalkii muhiimka ahaa ee Molodi . [[File:Fedor_chertezh.jpeg|thumb|Khariidadda Feodor Godunov ee Ruushka, sida uu daabacay Hessel Gerritsz 1614]] Dhimashada wiilasha Ivan waxay calaamad u tahay dhamaadka boqortooyadii hore ee Rurik ee 1598, iyo marka lagu daro abaartii masiibada ahayd ee 1601-1603 , waxay horseedday dagaal sokeeye, xukunkii is yeelyeelka, iyo faragelin shisheeye intii lagu jiray Waqtigii Dhibaatooyinka horaantii qarnigii 17aad. Polish -Lithuanian Commonwealth , oo ka faa'iidaysanay, ayaa qabsaday qaybo ka mid ah Ruushka, oo ku fiday caasimadda Moscow. Sannadkii 1612, Booliisku waxay ku qasbanaadeen inay dib u gurtaan kooxihii iskaa wax u qabso ee Ruushka, oo ay hogaaminayeen ganacsade Kuzma Minin iyo amiir Dmitry Pozharsky . Boqortooyada Romanov waxay ku raacday carshiga 1613 go'aanka Zemsky Sobor, waddankuna wuxuu bilaabay inuu si tartiib tartiib ah uga soo kabsado dhibaatada. Ruushku wuxuu sii waday kobaca dhulkiisa ilaa qarnigii 17aad, kaas oo ahaa da'da Cossacks . Sannadkii 1654, hoggaamiyaha Yukreeniyaan, Bohdan Khmelnytsky , wuxuu soo bandhigay in Ukraine la hoos geeyo ilaalinta Ruushka tsar, Alexis , kaas oo aqbalitaanka dalabkaas uu horseeday dagaal kale oo Russo-Polish ah . Ugu dambeyntii, Ukraine ayaa la kala qaybiyay Dnieper , oo ka tagay qaybta bari, ( Bankiga bidix ee Ukraine iyo Kiev ) ee hoos yimaada xukunka Ruushka. Bariga, sahaminta degdega ah ee Ruushka iyo gumeysiga ee Siberian ballaaran ayaa sii waday, ugaarsiga dhogorta qiimaha leh iyo fool maroodiga. Sahamiyayaashii Ruushku waxay u riixeen dhinaca bari ee ugu horrayn ee Wabiga Siberiya , iyo badhtamihii qarnigii 17aad, waxaa jiray degsiimooyin Ruush ah oo ku yaal bariga Siberiya, Jasiiradda Chukchi oo ku taal webiga Amur , iyo xeebta Badweynta Baasifigga. Sannadkii 1648, Semyon Dezhnyov wuxuu noqday Yurubigii ugu horreeyay ee mara marinka Bering Strait. ===Imperial Ruushka=== Intii uu joogay Peter the Great , Ruushka waxaa lagu dhawaaqay boqortooyo 1721, wuxuuna isu taagay inuu noqdo mid ka mid ah quwadaha waaweyn ee Yurub. Intii u dhaxaysay 1682 ilaa 1725, Peter wuxuu ka adkaaday Iswidhan dagaalkii weynaa ee Waqooyiga (1700-1721), isaga oo hubinaya helitaanka Ruushka ee ganacsiga badda iyo badda. Sanadkii 1703, Badda Baltic, Peter wuxuu aasaasay Saint Petersburg inay noqoto caasimadda cusub ee Ruushka. Inta lagu jiro xukunkiisa, dib-u-habeyn ballaaran ayaa la sameeyay , taas oo saameyn weyn ku leh dhaqanka Galbeedka Yurub ee Ruushka. Waxaa ku xigtay Catherine I (1725-1727), waxaa ku xigay Peter II (1727-1730), iyo Anna . Boqortooyada Peter I gabadhiisa Elizabeth 1741-1762 waxay aragtay ka qaybqaadashada Ruushka ee Dagaalkii Toddobada Sano (1756-1763). Intii lagu jiray iskahorimaadka, ciidamada Ruushku waxay ka gudbeen Bariga Prussia , iyagoo gaaray Berlin. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhimashadii Elizabeth, dhammaan guulahaas waxaa lagu soo celiyay Boqortooyada Prussia by pro-Prussian Peter III ee Ruushka . [[File:Growth_of_Russia_1547-1725.png|thumb|Balaadhinta iyo horumarka dhuleed ee Ruushka laga soo bilaabo boqornimada Ivan IV ilaa dhimashadii Peter I]] Catherine II ("The Great"), oo xukuntay 1762-1796, ayaa madax ka ahayd da'da Ruushka ee iftiinka . Waxay ku kordhisay xukunka siyaasadeed ee Ruushka ee ku saabsan Commonwealth-ka Lithuania oo ay ku dartay inta badan dhulalkeeda Ruushka , taasoo ka dhigtay waddanka ugu dadka badan Yurub. Koonfurta, ka dib dagaalladii Russo-Turkiga ee lagu guulaystay ee ka dhanka ahaa Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta , Catherine waxay horumarisay soohdinta Ruushka ilaa Badda Madow, iyada oo kala dirtay Crimean Khanate , oo ku darsatay Crimean . Natiijadii guulihii laga gaaray Qajar Iran oo loo maray dagaalladii Ruushka iyo Faaris , qeybtii hore ee qarnigii 19aad, Ruushku sidoo kale wuxuu qabsaday Caucasus . Beddela Catherine, wiilkeeda Paul , wuxuu ahaa mid aan degganayn oo inta badan diiradda saaray arrimaha gudaha . Ka dib xukunkiisii ​​​​gaabnaa, Catherine istiraatijiyad ayaa la sii waday Alexander I 's (1801-1825) ee Finland ka soo horjeeda Iswidhan daciifka ah 1809, iyo Bessarabia oo ka yimid Cusmaaniyiinta 1812. Waqooyiga Ameerika, Ruushku waxay noqdeen reer Yurub ee ugu horreeya ee Alaska gaadha oo gumaysta . Sannadkii 1803-1806, wareeggii ugu horreeyay ee Ruushka ayaa la sameeyay. Sannadkii 1820-kii, duullaan Ruush ah ayaa helay qaaradda Antarctica ===Awood weyn iyo horumarinta bulshada, sayniska, iyo farshaxanka=== [[File:Napoleons retreat from Moscow by Adolph Northen.jpg|thumb|Ka-noqoshada Napoleon ee Moscow ee Albrecht Adam (1851)]] Intii lagu jiray dagaalladii Napoleonic , Ruushku wuxuu ku biiray xulafada quwadaha Yurub ee kala duwan, wuxuuna la dagaallamay Faransiiska. Duullaankii Faransiisku ku qaaday Ruushka ee joogitaanka awoodda Napoleon ee 1812 wuxuu gaadhay Moscow, laakiin ugu dambeyntii wuu ku guuldareystay markii iska caabin adag oo lagu daray qabowgii Ruushka ee qadhaadhka ahaa ayaa horseeday guuldarro xun oo soo weerartay, kaas oo Pan-European Grande Armée uu la kulmay burbur weyn. Waxaa hogaaminayay Mikhail Kutuzov iyo Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly , Ciidanka Imperial ee Ruushka ayaa ka saaray Napoleon waxayna kaxeeyeen Yurub oo dhan Dagaalkii Isbahaysiga Lixaad , ugu dambeyntii waxay galeen Paris. Alexander I ayaa gacanta ku hayay ergada Ruushka ee Congress-ka Vienna , kaas oo qeexay Khariidadda Yurub ka dib Napoleon. Saraakiishii Napoleon ka daba-tagay Galbeedka Yurub waxay keeneen fikradaha xorriyadda dib-u-celinta Ruushka, waxayna isku dayeen inay xakameeyaan awoodaha Tsar intii lagu jiray kacdoonkii Decembrist ee 1825. Dhammaadkii xukunkii konserfatifka ee Nicholas I (1825-1855), xilliga zenith ee awoodda Ruushka, waxay carqaladaysay dagaalkii Crimean ee Yurub ===Dib-u-habaynta liberaaliga ah iyo hanti-wadaaga=== [[File:The_defeat_of_Shipka_Peak,_Bulgarian_War_of_Independence.JPG|200px|Battle of Shipka Pass oo loogu talagalay xakamaynta marinka muhiimka ah ee Shipka Pass inta lagu guda jiro 1877-1878 Dagaalkii Russo-Turki]] Ku-xigeenka Nicholas Alexander II (1855-1881) wuxuu sameeyay isbedello la taaban karo oo dalka oo dhan ah, oo ay ku jiraan dib-u-habaynta xoraynta ee 1861 . Dib-u-habayntani waxay kicisay warshadaynta, waxayna casriyaysay ciidamadii Imperial ee Ruushka, kuwaas oo inta badan Balkanka ka xoreeyay xukunkii Cusmaaniyiinta wixii ka dambeeyay dagaalkii 1877-1878 ee Ruushka iyo Turkiga . Intii lagu jiray inta badan qarnigii 19-aad iyo horraantii 20th, Ruushka iyo Ingiriiska waxay ku heshiiyeen Afgaanistaan ​​iyo dhulalka deriska la ah ee Bartamaha iyo Koonfurta Aasiya; xifaaltankii u dhexeeyay labada boqortooyo ee waaweyn ee reer Yurub waxa loo yiqiin ciyaartii waynayd . Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad waxaa dalka Ruushka ka socday dhaqdhaqaaqyo kala duwan oo hantiwadaag ah. Alexander II waxaa dilay sanadkii 1881 argagixisadii kacaanka. Boqorkii wiilkiisa Alexander III (1881-1894) wuu ka xoroobay laakiin wuu nabad badnaa ===Boqortooyada Dastuuriga ah iyo Dagaalkii Adduunka=== Intii uu jiray boqorkii Ruushka ee u dambeeyay, Nicholas II (1894-1917), Kacaankii 1905 waxaa kiciyay guuldaradii bahdilaadda ahayd ee Dagaalkii Russo-Japanese . Kacdoonka waa la dejiyay, laakiin dawladda ayaa lagu qasbay inay ogolaato dib-u-habeyn weyn ( Dastuurkii Ruushka ee 1906 ), oo ay ku jiraan bixinta xorriyadda hadalka iyo isu imaatinka , sharciyeynta xisbiyada siyaasadda, iyo abuurista hay'ad sharci-dejin oo la soo doortay, Gobolka Duma ===Kacaan iyo dagaal sokeeye=== [[File:Russian_Imperial_Family_1913.jpg|thumb|250px|Boqorka Nicholas II ee Ruushka iyo Romanovs waxaa dilay Bolsheviks 1918|]] 1914kii, Ruushku waxa uu galay dagaalkii 1aad ee aduunka isaga oo ka jawaabaya ku dhawaaqistii Austraia-Hungary ee dagaalka ka dhanka ah Ruushka ee xulafada la ah Serbia , waxana uu ka dagaalamay wajiyo badan isaga oo ka go'doonsan xulafadiisa Triple Entente . Sannadkii 1916kii, Weerarkii Brusilov ee Ciidanka Imperial ee Ruushka wuxuu ku dhawaaday inuu gebi ahaanba burburiyo Ciidanka Austro-Hungary . Si kastaba ha ahaatee, kalsooni darada dadweynaha ee hore u jirtay ee taliska ayaa sii xoojisay kharashka dagaalka, khasaaraha badan , iyo xanta musuqmaasuqa iyo khiyaanada. Waxaas oo dhami waxay sameeyeen jawiga Kacaankii Ruushka ee 1917, oo lagu fuliyay laba fal oo waaweyn. Horraantii 1917, Nicholas II waxaa lagu qasbay inuu ka tago ; isaga iyo qoyskiisuba waa la xidhxidhay oo markii dambe lagu fuliyay dagaalkii sokeeye ee Ruushka . Boqortooyada waxaa bedelay isbahaysi gariiraya oo xisbiyo siyaasadeed ah oo ku dhawaaqay inay yihiin Dawlad Ku-meel-gaar ah , kuna dhawaaqay Jamhuuriyadda Ruushka . 19kii Janaayo [ OS 6 January], 1918, Golaha Deegaanka ee Ruushka wuxuu ku dhawaaqay Ruushka jamhuuriyad federaal dimuqraadi ah (sidaas darteed ansixinta go'aanka Dawladda Ku-meel-gaarka ah). Maalintii xigtay Golaha Deegaanka waxaa kala diray Golaha Dhexe ee Ruushka oo dhan . Aasaasi kale oo hantiwadaag ah ayaa wada jirtey, Petrograd Soofiyeeti , oo awood u adeegsaneysa golayaasha sida dimuqraadiga ah loo soo doortay ee shaqaalaha iyo beeralayda, oo loo yaqaan Soviets . Xukunka maamullada cusubi waxa uu sii xumeeyey dhibaatadii dalka ka jirtay, halkii laga xalin lahaa, aakhirkii, Kacaankii Oktoobar , oo uu hoggaaminayey hoggaamiyihii Bolshevik Vladimir Lenin , waxa uu afgambiyey Dawladdii Ku-meel-gaadhka ahayd, waxana uu awood maamul oo buuxda siiyey Midowga Soofiyeeti, taas oo horseedday abuuritaanka dawlad hantiwadaag ah oo ugu horreysa adduunka . Dagaalkii sokeeye ee Ruushku wuxuu ka dhex qarxay dhaqdhaqaaqa cad ee shuuci-diidka ah iyo Bolsheviks oo wata ciidankeeda cas . Ka dib markii la saxiixay Heshiiskii Brest-Litovsk ee soo gabagabeeyey colaadaha Quwadaha Dhexe ee Dagaalkii Adduunka 1aad , Bolshevist Ruushku waxay isku dhiibeen inta badan dhulalkeeda galbeedka, kuwaas oo martigeliyay 34% dadkeeda, 54% warshadaheeda, 32% dhulkeeda beeralayda, iyo 90% qallafsanaanteeda. [[File:Vladimir_Lenin_Speech_in_May_1920.jpg|thumb|Vladimir Lenin wuxuu ka hadlayaa Moscow, 1920, iyadoo Leon Trotsky uu ku tiirsan yahay masraxa]] Dawladaha xulafada ahi waxay bilaabeen faragelin ciidan oo aan lagu guulaysan oo ay ku taageerayaan xoogaga ka soo horjeeda shuuciga. Dhanka kale, labada Bolsheviks iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa Caddaan waxay qaadeen ololeyaal masaafurin iyo dil midba midka kale ah, oo loo yaqaan sida ay u kala horreeyaan Argagaxisada Cas iyo Argagixisada Cad . Dhammaadkii dagaalkii sokeeye ee rabshadaha watay, dhaqaalihii Ruushka iyo kaabayaasha dhaqaalaha ayaa si weyn loo waxyeeleeyay, iyo in ka badan 10 milyan ayaa ku dhintay intii uu socday dagaalka, inta badan rayid. Malaayiin waxay noqdeen White émigrés , iyo macluushii Ruushka ee 1921-1922 waxay sheegteen ilaa shan milyan oo dhibanayaal ah. ===Midowgii Soofiyeeti=== [[File:Russian SFSR in Soviet Union (1936).svg|Meesha uu ku yaalay Ruushka SFSR (casaan) gudaha Midowgii Soofiyeeti 1936kii]] ===Taliska dhaqaalaha iyo bulshada Soofiyeedka=== 30kii Diseembar 1922, Lenin iyo kaaliyayaashiisu waxay samaysteen Midowga Soofiyeeti , iyagoo ku biiray Ruushka SFSR oo ay noqdeen hal dawlad oo leh Byelorussian , Transcaucasian , iyo jamhuuriyadaha Yukreeniyaan . Ugu dambeyntii isbeddelka xuduudaha gudaha iyo isku-darka intii lagu jiray dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka ayaa abuuray urur ka kooban 15 jamhuuriyada , tirada ugu weyn iyo tirada dadka waa Ruushka SFSR, kaas oo xukumay midowga siyaasad ahaan, dhaqan ahaan, iyo dhaqaale ahaanba. Ka dib dhimashadii Lenin ee 1924, troika ayaa loo qoondeeyay inuu masuul ka noqdo. Ugu dambeyntii Joseph Stalin , Xoghayaha Guud ee Xisbiga Shuuciga , wuxuu ku guuleystey inuu caburiyo dhammaan kooxaha mucaaradka oo uu ku xoojiyo awoodda gacantiisa si uu u noqdo kaligii-taliyihii dalka 1930-kii. Leon Trotsky , oo ah taageeraha ugu weyn ee kacaanka adduunka , ayaa laga soo masaafuriyay Midowga Soofiyeeti 1929, iyo fikradda Stalin ee Socialism in One Country waxay noqotay khadka rasmiga ah. Halgankii gudaha ee sii socday ee xisbiga Bolshevik wuxuu ku dhammaaday nadiifin weyn . ===Stalinism iyo casriyeynta=== [[File:Telegram_Stalin_STZ.jpg|thumb|Hambalyo uu diray Joseph Stalin oo ku saabsan furitaanka Stalingrad Tractor Plant]] Intii uu hogaaminayay Stalin , dawladdu waxay bilawday dhaqaalaha taliska , warshadaynta dalka oo u badan miyiga , iyo ururinta beeralayda . Inta lagu jiro muddadan isbeddelka dhaqaale iyo bulsho ee degdegga ah, malaayiin dad ah ayaa loo diray xeryaha shaqada ciqaabta , oo ay ku jiraan dad badan oo lagu xukumay siyaasadeed oo lagu tuhunsan yahay ama mucaaradka dhabta ah ee xukunka Stalin, iyo malaayiin ayaa la tarxiilay oo loo masaafuriyey meelaha fog ee Midowga Soofiyeeti. Habaynta ku meel gaadhka ah ee beeraha dalka, oo ay weheliso siyaasadaha qallafsan ee dawladda iyo abaarta, waxay keentay abaartii Soofiyeedka ee 1932-1933 , taas oo dishay 5.7 ilaa 8.7 milyan, 3.3 milyan oo iyaga ka mid ah ayaa ku jiray Ruushka SFSR. Midowgii Soofiyeeti, ugu dambeyntii, wuxuu sameeyay isbeddelka qaaliga ah ee ka yimid dhaqaalihii ugu badnaa ee beeralayda ilaa xarun warshadeed oo weyn muddo gaaban gudaheed. ===Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka iyo Qaramada Midoobay=== [[File:Ленинград блокадный. Им обеим 30 лет.jpg|thumb|Laba gabdhood oo da'yar ayaa soo ururiyay qoryaha PPD-40 intii lagu jiray go'doominta Leningrad 1942]] [[File:RIAN_archive_602161_Center_of_Stalingrad_after_liberation.jpg|thumb|Dagaalkii Stalingrad , oo ahaa dagaalkii ugu weynaa uguna dhiigga badnaa taariikhda dagaalka, wuxuu dhammaaday 1943-kii isagoo guul muhiim ah ka gaaray ciidamadii Jarmalka]] Midowgii Soofiyeeti waxa uu galay dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka 17kii Sebtembar 1939kii markii uu ku duulay Poland , iyada oo la raacayo hab-maamuuska sirta ah ee heshiiskii Molotov-Ribbentrop ee Nazi Germany . Midowgii Soofiyeeti ayaa markii dambe ku duulay Finland , wuxuuna qabsaday oo la wareegay dalalka Baltic-ga iyo weliba qaybo ka mid ah Romania . : 91-95  22 Juun 1941, Jarmalku wuxuu soo duulay Midowga Soofiyeeti , wuxuu furay Jabhadda Bari , tiyaatarka ugu weyn ee Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka. : 7  Ugu dambayntii, ilaa 5 milyan oo askari oo ka tirsan ciidanka cas ayaa Naasigu qabsaday; 272  kan dambe wuxuu si badheedh ah u dilay gaajo ama si kale u dilay 3.3 milyan oo POWs Soviet , iyo tiro badan oo rayid ah, sida " Qorshaha Gaajada " uu doonayay inuu fuliyo Generalplan Ost . 175–186  Inkasta oo Wehrmacht ay hore u guulaysteen, weerarkooda waxa la hakiyay dagaalkii Moscow . Ka dib , Jarmalku waxay la kulmeen guuldarooyin waaweyn markii ugu horeysay ee Battle of Stalingrad ee jiilaalka 1942-1943, ka dibna Dagaalkii Kursk ee xagaaga 1943 . waxaa soo gaaray gaajo iyo in ka badan hal milyan oo dhimasho ah, laakiin waligood isma dhiibin. Ciidamada Soofiyeedka ayaa ku qulqulay Bariga iyo Bartamaha Yurub 1944-1945 waxayna qabsadeen Berlin May 1945. Bishii Agoosto 1945, Ciidanka Cas ayaa weeraray Manchuria waxayna ka saareen Jabbaan Waqooyi Bari Aasiya, taas oo gacan ka geysatay guushii Isbahaysiga ee Japan. Muddadii 1941-1945 ee Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka waxa Ruushka looga yaqaannaa Dagaalkii Waddaniga weynaa . Midowga Soofiyeeti, oo ay weheliyaan Maraykanka, Boqortooyada Ingiriiska iyo Shiinaha ayaa loo tixgeliyey afartii ugu weynaa ee quwadaha isbahaysiga ee dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka, ka dibna waxay noqdeen afar booliis , kuwaas oo aasaas u ahaa Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay . 27  Intii uu dagaalku socday, dhimashada rayidka Soofiyeedka iyo milatarigu waxay ahayd qiyaastii 26-27 milyan ,taasoo ka dhigan kala badh dhammaan dhaawacyadii dagaalkii labaad ee Adduunka .295  Dhaqaalaha Soofiyeedka iyo kaabayaasha dhaqaalaha waxaa soo gaaray burbur aad u weyn, taas oo sababtay abaartii Soofiyeedka 1946-1947 .Si kastaba ha ahaatee, kharashka badan ee allabari, Midowga Soofiyeeti wuxuu u soo baxay inuu yahay awood caalami ah. ===Awood sare iyo dagaal qabow=== [[File:Yalta_Conference_(Churchill,_Roosevelt,_Stalin)_(B%26W).jpg|thumb|Saddexda Waaweyn ee Shirkii Yalta ee Febraayo 1945, Viinstoon Shuurshiil Franklin D. Roosevelt iyo Joseph Stalin]] Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka ka dib, sida laga soo xigtay Shirkii Potsdam , Ciidanka Cas ayaa qabsaday qaybo ka mid ah Bariga iyo Bartamaha Yurub, oo ay ku jiraan Jarmalka Bari iyo gobollada bari ee Austria . Dawlado shuuci ah oo ku tiirsan ayaa lagu rakibay dawladaha bariga Bloc . Ka dib markii uu noqday quwadda labaad ee nukliyeerka adduunka ,Midowga Soofiyeeti wuxuu aasaasay Isbahaysiga Warsaw Pact , wuxuuna galay halgan loogu jiro xukunka caalamiga ah, oo loo yaqaan Dagaalkii Qaboobaa , oo ay la tartamayeen Maraykanka iyo NATO . ===Khrushchev Thaw dib u habaynta iyo horumarinta dhaqaalaha=== Ka dib dhimashadii Stalin ee 1953 iyo muddo gaaban xukunka wadajirka ah , hogaamiyaha cusub Nikita Khrushchev ayaa cambaareeyay Stalin oo bilaabay siyaasadda de-Stalinization , oo sii daayay maxaabiis badan oo siyaasadeed oo ka mid ah xerooyinka shaqada Gulag . Fududeynta guud ee siyaasadaha cadaadiska ayaa markii dambe loo yaqaan Khrushchev Thaw . Isla mar ahaantaana, xiisadda dagaal qabow waxay gaartay meeshii ugu sarreysay markii ay labada iska soo horjeeda isku qabsadeen gantaallada Jupiter-ka ee Mareykanka oo la geynayo Turkiga iyo gantaallada Soofiyeedka ee Cuba . Sannadkii 1957kii, Midowga Soofiyeeti wuxuu hawada sare u diray dayax- gacmeedkii ugu horreeyay adduunka , Sputnik 1 , sidaas ayuuna ku billowday xilligii hawada sare . Cosmonaut Ruush ah Yuri Gagarin wuxuu noqday bini'aadamkii ugu horreeyay ee ku wareega dhulka, isagoo raacaya Vostok 1 ee shaqaalaha hawada 12 Abriil 1961 ===Muddadii hantiwadaaga horumaray ama xilligii fadhiidnimada=== Ka dib markii Khrushchev laga saaray 1964, waxaa dhacay xilli kale oo xukun wadareed , ilaa Leonid Brezhnev noqday hogaamiyaha. Xilligii 1970-meeyadii iyo horraantii 198-aadkii ayaa markii dambe loo asteeyay xilligii fadhiidnimada . Dib-u-habaynta Kosygin ee 1965-kii ayaa ujeeddadeedu ahayd in qayb ahaan la baahiyo dhaqaalaha Soofiyeedka . Sannadkii 1979-kii, ka dib kacdoonkii shuuciga ahaa ee Afgaanistaan ​​​​hoggaaminayey, ciidamadii Soofiyeeti waxay soo weerareen waddanka, ugu dambeyntiina waxay bilaabeen dagaalkii Soofiyeeti iyo Afgaanistaan .Bishii Maajo 1988, Soofiyeedku wuxuu bilaabay inuu ka baxo Afgaanistaan , sababtoo ah mucaaradka caalamiga ah, dagaalka jabhada ee ka soo horjeeda Soviet-ka, iyo taageero la'aanta muwaadiniinta Soofiyeedka. ===Perestroika, dimuqraadiyeynta iyo madaxbanaanida Ruushka=== [[File:President Ronald Reagan Greets a Young Boy While Touring Red Square During The Moscow Summit in The USSR - DPLA - 8f066efdc87eb23a889a89bd7c39173d.jpg|thumb|Hogaamiyihii Soofiyeedka Mikhail Gorbachev iyo madaxweynihii Maraykanka Ronald Reagan oo ku sugnaa fagaaraha cas intii lagu jiray shirkii Moscow , 31 May 1988]] Laga soo bilaabo 1985kii, hogaamiyihii ugu dambeeyay ee Soofiyeedka Mikhail Gorbachev , oo doonayay in uu sameeyo dib-u-habeyn xor ah oo ku saabsan nidaamka Soofiyeedka, wuxuu soo bandhigay siyaasadaha glasnost (furfurnaanta) iyo perestroika (dib u habeyn) isku day lagu doonayo in lagu soo afjaro muddada dhaqaale-xumada iyo in la dimuqraadiyeeyo dawladda . Tani, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay keentay in ay kor u kacaan dhaqdhaqaaqyo xooggan oo wadani iyo gooni-gooni ah oo dalka oo dhan ah. Kahor 1991, dhaqaalaha Soofiyeedka wuxuu ahaa kan labaad ee ugu weyn adduunka, laakiin sanadihii ugu dambeeyay, wuxuu galay dhibaato. Sannadkii 1991-kii, qalalaase dhaqaale iyo siyaasadeed ayaa billaabay in uu sii qarxo, kaddib markii dalalka Baltic-ga ay doorteen in ay ka go'aan Midowgii Soofiyeeti. 17kii Maarso, afti ayaa la qabtay, taas oo badi muwaadiniinta ka qaybqaatay ay u codeeyeen in Midowga Soofiyeeti loo beddelo federaal cusub . Bishii Juun 1991, Boris Yeltsin wuxuu noqday Madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee si toos ah loo doorto taariikhda Ruushka markii loo doortay Madaxweynaha SFSR ee Ruushka. Bishii Agoosto 1991, isku day afgambi oo ay sameeyeen xubno ka tirsan dawladdii Gorbachev, oo ay si toos ah uga soo horjeedeen Gorbachev oo ujeedadoodu ahayd ilaalinta Midowgii Soofiyeeti, taas beddelkeedana waxay horseedday dhammaadka Xisbigii Shuuciga ee Midowgii Soofiyeeti. 25kii Diseembar 1991, ka dib kala diristii Midowgii Soofiyeeti , oo ay weheliso Ruushka casriga ah, waxaa soo baxay afar iyo toban dawladood oo kale oo ka dambeeyay Soviet-ka ===Xiriirka Ruushka ee madaxa banaan=== ===U gudubka dhaqaalaha suuqa iyo qalalaasaha siyaasadeed=== [[File:Vladimir_Putin_taking_the_Presidential_Oath,_7_May_2000.jpg|thumb|Vladimir Putin ayaa loo dhaariyay xilka madaxweynanimo markii ugu horreysay ee la caleema saaro , iyadoo Boris Yeltsin uu eegayay, 2000.]] Burburkii dhaqaale iyo siyaasadeed ee Midowgii Soofiyeeti ayaa Ruushka u horseeday niyad jab qoto dheer oo daba dheeraaday. Intii lagu jiray iyo ka dib burburkii Midowgii Soofiyeeti, dib-u-habeyn ballaaran oo ay ku jiraan kuwo gaar loo leeyahay , suuqa iyo xoreynta ganacsiga ayaa la sameeyay, oo ay ku jiraan isbeddello xagjir ah oo ay la socdaan " daaweynta naxdinta leh ". Baahinta gaarka ah waxay si weyn u wareejisay maamulka ganacsiga ee wakaaladaha dawliga ah shakhsiyaadka xiriirka gudaha ee dawladda, taas oo keentay kor u kaca oligarchs Ruush . Qaar badan oo ka mid ah taajiriinta cusub waxay u guureen balaayiin lacag caddaan ah iyo hanti meel ka baxsan dalka iyagoo raacay duulimaad weyn oo raasumaal ah . Niyad-jabka dhaqaaluhu wuxuu horseeday burburka adeegyada bulshada - heerka dhalashada ayaa hoos u dhacday halka dhimashadu ay kor u kacday, malaayiinna waxay ku dhufteen faqri, halka musuq-maasuq xad-dhaaf ah, iyo sidoo kale kooxaha dambiilayaasha iyo dambiyada abaabulan ayaa si aad ah kor ugu kacay. Dabayaaqadii 1993dii, xurguftii u dhaxaysay Yeltsin iyo baarlamaanka Ruushka waxa ay ku dhammaatay xiisad dastuuri ah oo ku dhammaatay gacan ka hadal iyada oo loo adeegsaday awood ciidan. Intii ay xiisaddu socotay, Yeltsin waxa taageeray dawladaha reer galbeedka, waxaana la dilay in ka badan 100 qof ===Dastuurka casriga ah ee xorta ah, iskaashiga caalamiga ah iyo xasilinta dhaqaalaha=== Bishii Disembar, afti ayaa la qaaday oo la ansixiyay, taasoo soo bandhigtay dastuur cusub, oo siinaya madaxweynaha awoodo aad u weyn. 1990-meeyadii waxa aafeeyay iskahorimaadyo hubaysan oo ka dhacay Waqooyiga Caucasus , labadaba iskahorimaadyo qowmiyadeed oo maxalli ah iyo kacdoonno Islaamiyiin gooni-gooni ah . Laga soo bilaabo markii gooni u goosadka Chechniya ay ku dhawaaqeen madax-bannaanidii horraantii 1990-meeyadii, dagaal jabhadeed oo goosgoos ah ayaa dhexmaray kooxaha fallaagada iyo ciidamada Ruushka. Weerarro argagixiso oo ka dhan ah dadka rayidka ah waxaa fuliyay gooni u goosadka Chechniya, oo galaafatay nolosha kumannaan rayid ah oo Ruush ah. Burburkii Midowgii Soofiyeeti ka dib, Ruushku waxa uu la wareegay masuuliyadda dejinta daymaha dibadda ee dambe. 1992, inta badan kontaroolada qiimaha macaamiisha waa la tirtiray, taasoo keentay sicir barar aad u daran oo si weyn hoos u dhigay qiimaha ruble. Khasaaraha miisaaniyadeed ee sarreeya oo ay weheliso duulimaadka raasumaalka ah ee sii kordhaya iyo awood la'aanta bixinta deynta, waxay sababtay xiisadda dhaqaale ee Ruushka 1998 , taas oo keentay hoos u dhac kale oo GDP ah. ===U dhaqaaqida dhaqaale la casriyeeyay, siyaasad dhexe iyo dib u dhac dimuqraadi ah=== 31kii Diisambar 1999kii, Madaxweyne Yeltsin si lama filaan ah ayuu isu casilay, isagoo xilka ku wareejiyay ra'iisul wasaarihii dhawaan la magacaabay iyo ku-xigeenkiisii ​​uu doortay, Vladimir Putin . ka dib Putin wuxuu ku guuleystey doorashadii madaxtinimo ee 2000 , wuxuuna ka adkaaday jabhada Chechnya dagaalkii labaad ee Jeejniya . Putin wuxuu ku guuleystey mar labaad oo madaxtinimo 2004. Qiimaha saliidda sare iyo kor u kaca maalgashiga shisheeye ayaa arkay dhaqaalaha Ruushka iyo heerka nolosha ayaa si weyn u soo fiicnaaday. Xukunka Putin wuxuu kordhiyey xasilloonida, halka uu Ruushka u beddelay dawlad keli talis ah . 2008, Putin wuxuu qabtay jagada ra'iisul wasaaraha, halka Dmitry Medvedev loo doortay madaxweyne hal xilli, si uu u sii hayo awoodda inkastoo sharci xaddidan ; muddadan waxaa lagu tilmaamay inay tahay " tandemoqraadiyad [[File:Annexation_of_Southern_and_Eastern_Ukraine.svg|thumb|Dhulalka uu Ruushku qabsaday ee Ukraine laga bilaabo 30kii Sebtembar 2022 wakhtigaas lagu dhawaaqay la wareegistooda]] Ka dib qalalaasaha diblumaasiyadeed ee ka dhexeeya Georgia ee deriska la ah , Dagaalkii Russo-Georgian wuxuu dhacay intii u dhaxaysay 1-12 Agoosto 2008, taas oo keentay in Ruushku aqoonsado laba gobol oo gooni-goosad ah oo ka tirsan dhulalka uu haysto ee Georgia . Wuxuu ahaa dagaalkii ugu horreeyay ee Yurub qarnigii 21aad. Wax ka bedelka dastuurka 2008 ayaa lagu sheegay in muddada madaxweynaha loo kordhiyay lix sano halka aqalka hoose (State Duma) laga dhigay shan sano. Putin ka dib wuxuu ku guulaystey doorashadii madaxtinimo ee 2012 , taas oo sii hurisay mudaaharaadyadii " Kacaanka Barafka ===Duulaanka Ukraine=== [[Dagaalka Russka-Ukraine 2014|Horraantii 2014-kii, kadib kacdoonkii reer galbeedka ee taageersanaa dalka ay jaarka yihiin ee Ukrain, Ruushku waxa uu la wareegay Crimea ka dib markii afti lagu murmay oo ku saabsan xaaladda Crimea oo Ruushku qabsaday]]. Isku-darka ayaa abuuray kacdoon ka socda gobolka Donbas ee Ukraine, oo ay taageerayaan faragelinta milatariga Ruushka oo qayb ka ah dagaal aan la shaacin oo ka dhan ah Ukraine . Calooshood u shaqeystayaal Ruush ah iyo ciidamada milatariga, oo taageero ka helaya maleeshiyooyinka gooni-goosadka maxalliga ah, ayaa dagaal ku qaaday bariga Ukraine oo ay kaga soo horjeedaan dawladda cusub ee Ukraine ka dib markii dawladda Ruushku ay kobcisay mudaaharaadyo ka dhan ah dawladda iyo Ruushka oo ka dhacay gobolka, inkastoo inta badan dadka deggani ay ka soo horjeedaan ka go'itaanka Ukraine. Iyadoo ay socdaan mudaaharaadyo ka dhan ah musuqmaasuqa dalka oo dhan , Putin ayaa dib loo doortay mar labaad oo isku xigta doorashadii madaxtinimo ee 2018. [[Dagaalki Russia /Ukraine 2022|Kordhinta ugu weyn ee iskahorimaadka, Ruushku wuxuu bilaabay duulaan buuxa oo Ukraine ah 24 Febraayo 2022. Duullaanku wuxuu calaamad u yahay dagaalkii ugu weynaa ee caadiga ahaa ee Yurub tan iyo Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka, waxaana la kulmay cambaareyn caalami ah, iyo sidoo kale cunaqabataynta Ruushka]]. [[File:Meeting_with_military_district_commanders_(2024-05-15)_14.jpg|thumb|Putin oo la socda Shoigu , Gerasimov , Belousov , Yevkurov iyo taliyayaasha degmooyinka militariga Ruushka 15 May 2024]] Putin oo la socda Shoigu , Gerasimov ,Belousov , Yevkurov iyo taliyayaasha degmooyinka militariga Ruushka 15 May 2024 ==Juqraafiga== [[File:Russian_Federation_Relief_Map.png|thumb|Khariidadda Topographic ee Ruushka]] Baaxadda baaxadda leh ee Ruushku waxa ay ku fidsan tahay qaybta bari ee Yurub iyo qaybta waqooyi ee Aasiya. Waxay ku fidsan tahay cidhifka waqooyi ee Eurasia waxayna leedahay xeebta afraad ee aduunka ugu dheer , in ka badan 37,653 km (23,396 mi). Ruushku waxa uu u dhexeeyaa loolka 41° iyo 82° N , iyo longitudes 19° E iyo 169° W , oo dhererkiisu dhan yahay 9,000 km (5,600 mi) bari ilaa galbeed, iyo 2,500 ilaa 4,000 km (1,600 ilaa 2,50 mi). Ruushka, dhul ahaan, wuxuu ka weyn yahay saddex qaaradood, wuxuuna leeyahay meel la mid ah tan Pluto . Ruushku wuxuu leeyahay sagaal saf oo waaweyn oo buuraley ah, waxaana laga helaa gobollada koonfureed ee ugu hooseeya , kuwaas oo wadaaga qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah buuraha Caucasus (oo ay ku jiraan Mount Elbrus , taas oo ah 5,642 m (18,510 ft) waa meesha ugu sarreysa ee Ruushka iyo Yurub); Buuraha Altai iyo Sayan ee Siberia ; iyo Buuraha Bariga Siberian iyo Jasiiradda Kamchatka ee Bariga Fog ee Ruushka (oo ay ku jiraan Klyuchevskaya Sopka , oo dhererkeedu yahay 4,750 m (15,584 ft) waa volcano firfircoon ee ugu sarreeya Eurasia). Buuraha Ural , oo u kala socda waqooyi ilaa koonfur iyada oo loo marayo galbeedka dalka, waa qani ku ah kheyraadka macdanta, waxayna sameeyaan xuduud dhaqameed oo u dhexeeya Yurub iyo Aasiya . Meesha ugu hooseysa ee Ruushka iyo Yurub , waxay ku taal madaxa badda Caspian, halkaas oo Niyad-jabka Caspian uu gaaro 29 mitir (95.1 ft) oo ka hooseeya heerka badda. [[File:Lake_Baikal_in_winter.jpg|thumb|Harada barafaysan ee Baikal oo u dhaw Jasiiradda Olkhon , jasiiradda harada saddexaad ee ugu weyn adduunka]] Ruushka, oo ah mid ka mid ah saddexda waddan ee adduunka oo dhan oo xuduud la leh saddex badood , waxa uu xidhiidh la leeyahay tiro badan oo badaha ah. Jasiiradaha ugu waaweyn iyo jasiiradaha waxaa ka mid ah Novaya Zemlya , Franz Josef Land , Severnaya Zemlya , New Siberian Islands , Wrangel Island , Kuril Islands (afar ka mid ah waxay ku muransan yihiin Japan ) iyo Sakhalin . Jasiiradaha Diomede , oo ay maamulaan Ruushka iyo Maraykanku, waxay u jiraan kaliya 3.8 km (2.4 mi); iyo Kunashir Island ee jasiiradaha Kuril waxay kaliya 20 km (12.4 mi) u jirtaa Hokkaido , Japan. Ruushka, oo ah hoyga in ka badan 100,000 wabi, ayaa leh mid ka mid ah kheyraadka biyaha dusha sare ee ugu weyn adduunka, iyada oo harooyinkeedu ay ka kooban yihiin qiyaastii rubuc meel biyo nadiif ah oo adduunka ah . Harada Baikal , tan ugu weyn uguna caansan biyaha nadiifka ah ee Ruushka, waa harada ugu qoto dheer, ugu daahirsan, ugu da'da weyn uguna awooda badan, kana kooban shan meelood meel biyaha sare ee cusub ee aduunka. Ladoga iyo Onega ee waqooyi-galbeed ee Ruushka waa labada harooyinka ugu waaweyn Yurub . Ruushka ayaa kaalinta labaad kaga jira Brazil marka loo eego wadarta kheyraadka biyaha la cusboonaysiin karo . Volga ee galbeedka Ruushka, oo si weyn loogu tixgeliyo inuu yahay webiga qaranka Ruushka, waa webiga ugu dheer Yurub wuxuuna sameeyaa Volga Delta , delta webiga ugu weyn qaaradda. Wabiyada Siberian ee Ob , Yenisey , Lena , iyo Amur waxay ka mid yihiin webiyada aduunka ugu dheer ===Cimilada=== Baaxadda Ruushka iyo fogaanshiyaha meelo badan oo ka mid ah aagagga badda ayaa keenaya xukunka cimilada qaarada ee qoyan ee dalka intiisa badan, marka laga reebo tundra iyo koonfur-galbeed ee xad dhaafka ah. Kala duwanaanshaha buuraha ee koonfurta iyo bari waxay hor istaagaan qulqulka hawada diiran ee ka imanaysa badweynta Hindiya iyo Pacific, halka bannaanka Yurub ee ku dhereran galbeedka iyo woqooyiga uu u furo inuu saameyn ku yeesho badweynta Atlantic iyo Arctic. Inta badan waqooyi-galbeed ee Ruushka iyo Siberiya waxay leeyihiin cimilo dhul-beereed ah , oo leh jiilaal aad u daran gobollada gudaha ee waqooyi-bari Siberiya (inta badan Sakha , halkaas oo Cirifka Waqooyi ee Qabowgu uu ku yaal heerkul hooseeya -71.2 °C ama -96.2 °F), iyo jiilaal dhexdhexaad ah oo meelo kale ah. Xeebta ballaaran ee Ruushka ee ku teedsan badweynta Arctic iyo jasiiradaha Arctic ee Ruushka ayaa leh cimilo cimilo [[File:Russia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg|thumb|Kala soocida cimilada Köppen ee Ruushka]] Qaybta xeebta ee Krasnodar Krai ee ku taal badda madow, gaar ahaan Sochi , iyo qaar ka mid ah xeebaha iyo gudaha ee Waqooyiga Caucasus waxay leeyihiin cimilo qoyan oo qoyan oo leh jiilaal qafiif ah iyo qoyan. Gobolo badan oo ka mid ah Bariga Siberiya iyo Bariga Fog ee Ruushka, jiilaalku waa qallayl marka loo eego xagaaga, halka qaybaha kale ee dalka ay la kulmaan xitaa roobab badan xilliyada. Roobabka jiilaalka ee dalka intiisa badan waxay u da'aan sida baraf. Qaybaha galbeed ee gobolka Kaliningrad iyo qaybo ka mid ah koonfurta Krasnodar Krai iyo Waqooyiga Caucasus waxay leeyihiin cimilo badweyn . Gobolka ku teedsan Volga Hoose iyo xeebta Badda Caspian, iyo sidoo kale qaar ka mid ah jeexjeexyada koonfureed ee Siberiya, waxay leeyihiin cimilo semi-oomane ah . Inta badan dhulka, waxaa jira laba xilli oo kala duwan, jiilaal iyo xagaaga, maadaama gu'ga iyo deyrta ay badiyaa kooban yihiin. Bisha ugu qabow waa Janaayo (Febraayo ee xeebta); sida caadiga ah ugu kulul waa Luulyo. Heerkul aad u weyn ayaa caadi ah. Xilliga jiilaalka, heerkulku wuu sii qabowsadaa koonfurta ilaa woqooyiga iyo galbeedka ilaa bari labadaba. Kulaylku wuxuu noqon karaa mid aad u kulul, xitaa Siberiya. Isbeddelka cimilada ee Ruushka ayaa keenaya dab-damis badan oo soo noqnoqda , iyo dhalaalidda baaxadda weyn ee waddanka ee permafrost ===Kala duwanaanshaha noolaha=== Ruushka, oo ay ugu wacan tahay cabbirkiisa weyn, wuxuu leeyahay nidaamyo deegaan oo kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan lamadegaanka polar , tundra , kaynta-tundra , taiga , kaynta isku dhafka ah iyo ballaaran ,kaynta kaynta , steppe , lamadegaanka-sare, iyo kulaylaha hoose . Qiyaastii kala badh dhulka Ruushku waa kaymo, waxayna leedahay aagga adduunka ugu weyn ee kaynta, taas oo soo saarta qaar ka mid ah qaddarka ugu sarreeya ee carbon dioxide . [[File:Саблинский хребет.jpg|thumb|Beerta Qaranka ee Yugyd Va ee Jamhuuriyadda Komi waa beerta qaran ee ugu weyn Yurub.]] Kala duwanaanshiyaha noolaha ee Ruushka waxaa ka mid ah 12,500 nooc oo dhirta xididdada dhiigga ah , 2,200 nooc oo bryophytes ah , qiyaastii 3,000 nooc oo lichens ah , 7,000-9,000 nooc oo algae ah , iyo 20,000-25,000 oo nooc oo fangaska ah. Xayawaanaadka Ruushku waxay ka kooban yihiin 320 nooc oo naasley ah , in ka badan 732 nooc oo shimbiro ah, 75 nooc oo xamaarato ah, qiyaastii 30 nooc oo amphibians ah , 343 nooc oo kalluunka biyaha saafiga ah ( endemism sare ), qiyaastii 1,500 nooc oo kalluunka biyaha cusbada ah , 9 nooc oo cyclostomata ah , iyo qiyaastii 100-0 ( dhammaadka 100-0).  Ku dhawaad ​​1,100 nooc oo dhir iyo xayawaan ah oo dhif iyo naad ah ayaa lagu daray Buugga Xogta Cas ee Ruushka .  Nidaamka deegaanka dabiiciga ah ee Ruushka ayaa lagu kaydiyaa ku dhawaad ​​15,000 oo dhul dabiici ah oo si gaar ah loo ilaaliyo oo heerar kala duwan leh, oo haysta in ka badan 10% bedka guud ee dalka. Waxay ka kooban yihiin 45 kayd biosphere ah ,64 jardiinooyin qaran ah iyo 101 kayd dabiici ah . Inkasta oo hoos u dhac ku yimid, waddanku wuxuu weli leeyahay habab badan oo deegaanka ah kuwaas oo weli loo tixgeliyo kaynta saxda ah , gaar ahaan aagga waqooyiga taiga, iyo tundra subarctic ee Siberia.  Ruushku waxa uu lahaa tusmaynta hufnaanta dhuleed kaynta celceliska dhibcaha 9.02 ee 2019, isaga oo ku daraya 10th marka loo eego 172 waddan, iyo waddankii ugu horreeyay ee kaalinta koowaad ka gala adduunka ugu weyn. ===Dowladda iyo siyaasadda=== [[File:Владимир Путин (08-03-2024) (cropped) (higher res).jpg|thumb|Madaxweyne Vladimir Putin]] [[File:Mikhail Mishustin 2025-08-21.jpg|thumb|Mikhail Mishustin Ra'iisul Wasaare]] [[File:Chart_Constitution_of_Russia_EN.svg|thumb|Shaxda nidaamka siyaasadeed ee Ruushka]] Ruushku marka loo eego dastuurku waa jamhuuriyad federaali ah oo siman oo leh nidaam madax-weyne oo badheed ah , oo uu madaxweynuhu yahay madaxa dawladda , iyo ra'iisul wasaaruhuna waa madaxa dawladda . Waxa loo qaabeeyey sidii dimoqraadiyad matalaysa xisbiyada badan , iyadoo dawladda federaalku ka kooban tahay saddex waaxood: Sharci-dejinta: Golaha federaalka ee labada aqal ee Ruushka , oo ka kooban 450-xubnood Duma State iyo 170-xubnood Golaha Federation , ansixiyay sharciga federaalka , ku dhawaaqay dagaal , ansixiyaa heshiisyada, wuxuu leeyahay awoodda boorsada iyo awoodda xilka qaadista madaxweynaha. Fulinta: Madaxweynuhu waa taliyaha guud ee ciidamada qalabka sida , wuxuuna magacaabayaa Xukuumadda Ruushka (Xukuumadda) iyo saraakiisha kale, kuwaas oo maamula oo dhaqangeliya sharciyada iyo siyaasadaha federaalka. Madaxweynuhu waxa uu soo saari karaa wareegtooyin aan xad lahayn , waase haddii aanay ka hor imanayn dastuurka ama sharciga federaalka. Garsoorka : Maxkamadda Dastuuriga ah , Maxkamadda Sare iyo Maxkamadaha hoose ee federaalka , kuwaas oo garsoorayaashoodu ay magacaabeen Golaha Federaalku soo jeedinta madaxweynaha, waxay fasiraan sharciyada waxayna burin karaan sharciyada ay u arkaan inay ka soo horjeedaan dastuurka . Madaxweynaha waxaa lagu soo doortaa cod dadweyne oo lix sano ah, waxaana la dooran karaa wax aan ka badneyn laba jeer. Wasaaradaha xukuumadda waxay ka kooban yihiin ra'iisul wasaaraha iyo ku xigeenadiisa, wasiirro, iyo shaqsiyaad kale oo la soo xulay; dhamaantood waxaa soo magacaabaya madaxweynaha marka uu soo jeediyo ra’iisul wasaaraha (halka magacaabista kan dambe ay u baahan tahay ogolaanshaha Duma State). United Russia waa xisbiga siyaasadeed ee ugu awooda badan Russia , waxaana lagu tilmaamay " teendho weyn " iyo " xisbiga awooda ". Ka dib Soviet-Ruushka waxay ahayd dimoqraadiyad cilladaysan intii uu madaxweynaha ahaa Boris Yeltsin . 267​​​ ​​​​​​​ :223  Nidaamka siyaasadeed waxa uu ka soo unkamay kalitalisnimo doorasho oo isu rogtay nidaam keli talis ah oo isku xidhan . : 323  Saynisyahannada siyaasadda qaarkood waxay ku sifeeyeen Putin inuu yahay madaxa kalitalisnimada , ama nidaam shakhsi ah. Mudadii labaad ee Putin uu ahaa madaxweynaha waxa ay horseedday is-maamulid dheeraad ah, : 512  : 80-81  taasoo ahayd tii ugu muhiimsanayd tan iyo xilligii Soofiyeedka, iyada oo ay qorayaasha qaar soo jeedinayaan dib u soo noolayn guud . Siyaasadaha maamulida Putin waxaa guud ahaan loogu yeeraa Putinism ===Kala qaybsanaan siyaasadeed=== Ruushka, marka loo eego dastuurka, waa mid isku mid ah (oo leh suurtagalnimada qaabeynta asymmetric) federaalka . Si ka duwan qaabkii asymmetric Soviet ee RSFSR, halkaas oo jamhuuriyadaha kaliya ay ahaayeen "mawduucyada federaalka", dastuurka hadda jira wuxuu kor u qaaday maqaamka gobollada kale ilaa heerka jamhuuriyada wuxuuna ka dhigay dhammaan gobollada la siman cinwaanka "mawduuca federaalka". Gobollada Ruushku waxay leeyihiin meelo ay ka mid yihiin awooddooda, laakiin gobolladu ma laha madax-bannaani, ma laha maqaam qaran, xaq uma laha inay muujiyaan wax madaxbannaani ah dastuurkooda, xaqna uma laha inay ka go'aan dalka. Sharciyada goboladu kama hor iman karaan shuruucda federaalka. Mawduucyada federaalka waxay leeyihiin matalaad siman—laba ergo midkiiba — Golaha Federaalka , aqalka sare ee Baarlamaanka Federaalka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, way ku kala duwan yihiin heerka madax-bannaanida ay ku raaxaystaan. Degmooyinka federaalka ee Ruushka waxaa aasaasay Putin 2000 si ay u fududeeyaan maamulka dhexe ee maadooyinka federaalka. Asal ahaan todoba, hadda waxaa jira siddeed degmo oo federaal ah, oo mid walba uu madax ka yahay ergey uu magacaabay madaxweynuhu. [[File:Map_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia_(2022),_disputed_Crimea_and_Donbass.svg|thumb|]] ===Xiriirka dibadda=== [[File:2019 Foto de família dos Líderes do G20.jpg|thumb|Putin iyo dhiggiisa G20 ee Osaka , 2019]] Ruushku waxa uu leeyahay shabakadda dublamaasiyadeed ee lixaad ee ugu weyn adduunka marka la gaadho 2024 . Waxa ay xidhiidh dublamaasiyadeed la leedahay 187 dawladood oo Qaramada Midoobay ka tirsan , laba dawladood oo qayb ahaan la aqoonsan yahay , iyo laba waddan oo Qaramada Midoobay u qaabilsan kormeerayaal iyo 143 safaaradood . Ruushku waa mid ka mid ah shanta xubnood ee joogtada ah ee Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay . Guud ahaan waxaa lagu tilmaamaa inay tahay awood weyn , inkastoo la su'aalay in ay sii hayn karto heerkan. Ruushku sidoo kale waa quwad hore oo hore oo ah hormuudka xubinta ka ah Midowgii Soofiyeeti ee hore. iyo dhaxalka sharciga ah ee siyaasadaha dibadda ee Soofiyeedka. Waa xubin ka mid ah G20 , OSCE , iyo APEC - iyo xubnaha hogaaminaya ururada sida CIS , EAEU , CSTO , iyo SCO . Ruushku wuxuu sidoo kale xubin ka ahaa G8 (hadda G7 ) iyo qayb ka mid ah Golaha Yurub ka hor inta aan laga saarin labada kooxood ee 2014 iyo 2022, siday u kala horreeyaan. Ruushku waxa uu xidhiidh dhow la leeyahay dalka ay jaarka yihiin ee Belarus , kaas oo qayb ka ah Dawlad-goboleedka Midowga , oo ah isku xidhka labada dawladood. Serbia waxa ay taariikh ahaan xulafo dhow la ahayd Ruushka, maadaama labada dal ay wadaagaan xidhiidh dhaqameed, qowmiyad iyo diineed oo xooggan. Laga soo bilaabo qarnigii 21aad, xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya Ruushka iyo Shiinaha ayaa si weyn u xoojiyay laba geesood iyo dhaqaale ahaan sababtoo ah danaha siyaasadeed ee la wadaago. Hindiya waa macaamiisha ugu weyn ee qalabka militariga Ruushka, labada dal waxay wadaagaan xiriir istaraatiijiyadeed iyo mid diblomaasiyadeed oo xooggan tan iyo xilligii Soofiyeedka. Ruushku wuxuu leeyahay saameyn weyn oo siyaasadeed guud ahaan juqraafi ahaan muhiim u ah Koonfurta Caucasus iyo Bartamaha Aasiya, labada gobol ayaa lagu tilmaamay inay qayb ka yihiin "dabada dambe" ee Ruushka ama "meel u dhow" [[File:Russian-list-of-unfriendly-countries.svg|thumb|Ruushka Wadamada ku jira liiska wadamada aan saaxiibada ahayn ee Russia. Liiskan ayaa waxaa ku jira dalal cunaqabateyn ku soo rogay Ruushka duulaanka uu ku qaaday Ukraine.]] Ruushku waxa uu Turkiga la wadaagaa xidhiidh istiraatijiyadeed oo adag, tamar iyo difaac . Waxay ilaalisaa xidhiidhka wanaagsan ee Iran, maadaama ay tahay xulafo istiraatiiji ah iyo dhaqaale. Ruushka ayaa sidoo kale si weyn u horumariyay xiriirka uu la leeyahay Kuuriyada Waqooyi ka dib duulaankii Ukraine ee 2022, iyadoo la kordhiyay iskaashiga difaaca. Isla mar ahaantaana, xiriirka ay la leedahay deriska deriska ah ee Ukraine iyo dunida Galbeedka - gaar ahaan Mareykanka iyo wadammada wadajirka ah ee Midowga Yurub iyo NATO - ayaa burburay. Qarnigii 21-aad, Ruushku waxa uu waday siyaasad dibadeed oo gardarro ah oo ujeeddadeedu tahay in lagu sugo awoodda gobolka ee Yurub iyo kordhinta saamaynta caalamiga ah, iyo sidoo kale kordhinta taageerada gudaha ee dawladda. Waxay bilawday faragelin milatari oo ku saabsan dawladihii Soviet-ka ee Georgia iyo Ukraine, iyo sidoo kale Suuriya intii lagu jiray dagaalkii sokeeye ee daba dheeraaday si ay u kordhiso saamaynta ay ku leedahay Bariga Dhexe . Ruushka ayaa sidoo kale si sii kordheysa u riixay inuu ballaariyo saameyntiisa guud ahaan Arctic , Aasiya -Pacific , Afrika iyo Latin America . Saddex-meelood laba meel dadka adduunka, gaar ahaan dalalka soo koraya ee Koonfurta Caalamka , waa dhexdhexaad ama siyaasad ahaan u janjeera dhanka Ruushka. Ruushku waxa kale oo uu sii waday adeegsiga xeelado qaran dumis ah si uu u kordhiyo aragtida awoodiisa juqraafiyeed ee dalalka ay xafiiltamaan, oo ay ku jiraan dagaalka internetka , ololeyaal been abuur ah , weerarro kharibaad ah , isku day dil , jebinta hawada sare iyo saber-rattling nuclear. ===Milatari=== [[File:Sukhoi Design Bureau, 054, Sukhoi T-50 (Su-57 prototype) (49581303977).jpg|thumb|Sukhoi Su-57 dagaalyahan jiilka shanaad ee Ciidanka Cirka ee Ruushka ]] Ciidamada Ruushka waxay u kala qaybsan yihiin ciidamada dhulka , ciidamada badda , iyo hawada hawada -sidoo kale waxaa jira laba hub oo kala madax banaan oo kala ah ciidamada gantaalaha istiraatijiga ah iyo ciidamada cirka . Laga bilaabo 2025 , millatarigu waxa ay haystaan ​​1.1 milyan oo shaqaale firfircoon ah , kuwaas oo ah shanaad ee ugu wayn adduunka iyo ilaa 1.5 milyan oo shaqaale kayd ah . Waa qasab dhammaan muwaadiniinta ragga ah ee da'doodu u dhaxayso 18-27 in loo diyaariyo hal sano oo ka mid ah adeegga Ciidanka Qalabka Sida. Ruushku waxa uu ka mid yahay shanta dawladood ee la aqoonsan yahay ee haysta hubka Nukliyeerka , oo leh kaydka ugu badan ee hubka Nukliyeerka ; in ka badan kala bar hubka nukliyeerka adduunka waxaa iska leh Ruushka. Ruushku waxa uu haystaa raxanta labaad ee ugu weyn maraakiibta quusta gantaalaha ballistic-ga ah , waana mid ka mid ah saddexda waddan ee keliya ee ka hawlgala duqaymaha istaraatiijiga ah .Laga bilaabo 2023 , Ruushku waxa uu hayaa kharashka saddexaad ee ugu sarreeya adduunka , isaga oo kharash gareeya $109 bilyan, oo u dhiganta 5.9% GDP-ga. Sidoo kale waa dhoofinta hubka saddexaad ee ugu weyn , waxayna leedahay warshad difaac oo ballaaran oo wadani ah , taasoo soo saarta inta badan qalabkeeda militari ===Xuquuqda Aadanaha=== Xadgudubyada ka dhanka ah xuquuqul insaanka ee Russia ayaa waxaa isa soo taraya warbixino ay soo gudbiyaan dimuquraadiyada iyo kooxaha xuquuqul insaanka ee hogaaminaya . Gaar ahaan, Amnesty International iyo Human Rights Watch waxay sheegeen in Ruushku aanu ahayn mid dimuqraadi ah oo u oggolaanaya xuquuq yar oo siyaasadeed iyo xorriyadaha madaniga ah ee muwaadiniintiisa. Laga soo bilaabo 2004, Freedom House waxay Ruushka ku qiimeysay "mid aan xor ahayn" marka la eego sahanka Xoriyadda ee Adduunka . Tan iyo 2011, Unugga Sirdoonka Dhaqaalaha ayaa Russia ku qiimeeyay "xukunka madax-bannaanida" ee tusmada Dimuqraadiyadda , isagoo ku qiimeeyay 150th ee 167 waddan ee 2024 . Dowladda Ruushka waxaa si weyn u dhaleeceeyay mucaaradka siyaasadeed iyo dadka u dhaqdhaqaaqa xuquuqda aadanaha doorashooyin aan caddaalad ahayn , caburinta xisbiyada siyaasadda mucaaradka iyo mudaaharaadyada , cadaadis lagu hayo hay'adaha aan dawliga ahayn iyo xoojinta cadaadiska iyo dilka saxafiyiinta madaxa banaan [[File:Protest_against_the_invasion_of_Ukraine_(Yekaterinburg,_February_24,_2022).jpg|thumb|Ka dib duulaankii Ruushka ee Ukraine 2022, mudaharaadyo looga soo horjeedo ayaa ka dhacay guud ahaan Ruushka. Mudaaharaadyada ayaa la kulmay cadaadis baahsan, taasoo keentay in ilaa 15,000 oo qof la xiro.]] Muslimiinta, gaar ahaan Salafiyada , ayaa cadaadis kala kulmay Ruushka. Si loo baabi'iyo kacdoonka Waqooyiga Caucasus , mas'uuliyiinta Ruushka ayaa lagu eedeeyay dil aan loo meel dayin, xiri, qasab la waayay, iyo jirdil loo geystay dad rayid ah. Magaalada Dagestan , qaar ka mid ah salafiyiinta oo ay weheliyaan dhibaatayn dawladeed oo ku salaysan muuqaalkooda, ayaa guryahooda lagu qarxiyay hawlgallo ka dhan ah mucaaradka. Chechens iyo Ingush ee ku jira xabsiyada Ruushka ayaa lagu soo waramayaa inay ku kacaan xadgudubyo ka badan kuwa qowmiyadaha kale. Intii lagu guda jiray duulaankii 2022 ee Ukraine, Ruushku wuxuu sameeyay xeryo sifeyn ah halkaas oo dad badan oo Yukreeniyaan ah ay la kulmaan xadgudubyo oo si qasab ah loogu diro Ruushka; Xeryaha ayaa la barbar dhigay kuwii loo adeegsaday dagaalladii Jeejniya . Cadaadiska siyaasadeed ayaa sidoo kale kor u kacay ka dib bilawgii duulaanka, iyada oo la sameeyay sharciyo qeexaya ciqaabta "calaamadaha" ciidamada qalabka sida. Ruushku waxa uu soo rogay dhawr xayiraad xuquuqda LGBTQ . 2013, sharci lid ku ah LGBTQ oo mamnuucaya "dacaayadaha khaniisiinta" ayaa si wadajir ah u ansixiyay Duma State iyo Golaha Federaalka, ka dib waxaa saxiixay sharciga Vladimir Putin. Sannadkii 2020, baarlamaanka Ruushku wuxuu sharciyeeyey mamnuucid dastuuri ah oo ku saabsan guurka dadka isku jinsiga ah , iyo 2021 Wasaaradda Caddaaladdu waxay u magacawday kooxda xuquuqda LGBTQ ee Shabakadda LGBT ee Ruushka inay tahay " wakiil shisheeye ". Sannadkii 2022, wax-ka-beddello dheeraad ah ayaa lagu sameeyay sharciga 2013 ee lidka ku ah LGBTQ. 2023, baarlamaanka Ruushku wuxuu ansixiyay sharci mamnuucaya qalliinka dib-u-dejinta jinsiga ee dadka jinsiga ah iyo Maxkamadda Sare ee Ruushka waxay mamnuucday dhaqdhaqaaqa caalamiga ah ee LGBTQ sida "xagjirnimo", oo ka mamnuucaya dalka. Sannadkii 2024, Maxkamadda Sare waxay soo saartay xukunnada ugu horreeya ee xukunka dambe. ===Sharciga, musuqmaasuqa iyo dembiyada=== Raashiya wixii ka dambeeyay Soviet-ka ee taliskii Vladimir Putin waxa lagu maamulay qaab hanti-wadaag ah . Nidaamkeeda siyaasadeed ayaa siyaabo kala duwan loogu tilmaamay sida kleptocracy , oligarchy , iyo plutocracy . Laga bilaabo 2024 , waa dalka Yurub ugu hooseeya ee lagu qiimeeyay tusmada sannadlaha ah ee Transparency International , taasoo ku jirta kaalinta 154aad ee 180ka waddan ee liiska ku jira [[File:Alexei_Navalny_marching_in_2017.jpg|thumb|Hogaamiyaha mucaaradka Alexei Navalny oo hogaaminaya mudaaharaadayaasha Moscow ee mudaaharaadyada musuqmaasuqa lagaga soo horjeedo ee 2017-2018]] Musuqmaasuqa ayaa si weyn u kordhay ka dib burburkii Midowgii Soofiyeeti, waxaana loo arkaa arrin muhiim ah oo bulshada dhexdeeda ah. Waxay saamaysaa qaybo kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan dhaqaalaha, dawladda , sharci fulinta , daryeelka caafimaadka , waxbarashada , iyo ciidamada. Dhaqaalaha hooska ee Ruushka ayaa lagu qiyaasay inuu yahay 44% wadarta guud ee GDP ee 2018. Cutubyo militari oo ciqaabeed ayaa la geeyay sida ciidamada duufaanka inta lagu jiro dagaalka Russo-Ukrain ee socda tan iyo 2022, sida Storm-Z iyo Storm-V cutubyada. Marka loo eego qiyaasaha ay samaysay BBC-da, ku dhawaad ​​48,000 oo maxaabiis ah ayaa loo qoray inay u dagaalamaan Kooxda Wagner. Qoraalka aasaasiga ah iyo aasaasiga ah ee sharciyada ee Russia waa dastuurka. Xeerarka, sida Xeerka Madaniga ah ee Ruushka iyo Xeerka Dambiyada Ruushka , ayaa ah ilaha ugu sarreeya ee sharciga Ruushka. Ruushku waxa uu leeyahay dadka ugu badan ee la xidhxidhay Yurub, iyo dadka shanaad ee ugu badan maxaabiista adduunka. Xadka xabsigu wuxuu ka mid yahay kuwa ugu sarreeya Yurub, inkasta oo tiradu si joogto ah hoos ugu dhacday, 59% tan iyo 2000. Ilaa 2021 , heerka dilka ula kac ah ee Ruushka wuxuu istaagay 6.8 qof kasta 100,000. Sannadkii 2023, Ruushku wuxuu lahaa suuqa labaad ee ugu weyn adduunka ee ganacsiga hubka sharci darrada ah, ka dib Maraykanka, waxaa lagu tilmaamay inay tahay xudunta muhiimka ah ee ka ganacsiga dadka, waxaana kaalinta koowaad kaga jira Yurub iyo 19aad ee adduunka ee Tusaha Dambiyada Abaabulan ee Caalamiga ah ==Dhaqaalaha== Ruushku waxa uu leeyahay dakhli sare , warshadaysan, dhaqaale isku dhafan oo ku jihaysan suuqa ka dib isbedel qallafsan oo ka yimid qaabkii la qorsheeyay ee Soofiyeedka intii lagu jiray 1990-meeyadii. Waxay leedahay dhaqaalaha kow iyo tobnaad ee ugu weyn GDP magac ahaan iyo dhaqaalaha afaraad ee ugu weyn GDP ( PPP ). Marka la eego sanadka 2023 , waaxda adeeggu waxa ay ku dhowdahay 57% wadarta guud ee GDP, waxaana ku xiga qaybta warshadaha (30%), halka qaybta beeruhu ay tahay ta ugu yar, oo ah 3% wadarta guud ee GDP. Waxay leedahay xoog shaqaale ah oo ku saabsan 73 milyan, taas oo ah siddeedaad ee ugu weyn adduunka. Ganacsiga ugu weyn ee Ruushka waa Shiinaha [[File:Business_Centre_of_Moscow_2.jpg|thumb|Xarunta Ganacsiga Caalamiga ah ee Moscow]] Horumarinta bini'aadamka ee Ruushka ayaa lagu qiimeeyaa sida "aad u sarreeya" Tusmada Horumarinta Aadanaha ee sanadlaha ah . Ku dhawaad ​​70% wadarta guud ee GDP-ga Ruushka waxa dhaqaajiya isticmaalka kama dambaysta ah , waddankuna waxa uu leeyahay suuqa laba iyo tobnaad ee ugu weyn adduunka ee macaamiisha . Russia ayaa leh tirada shanaad ee ugu badan ee bilyaneerada adduunka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sinnaan la'aanta dakhligeeda ayaa weli ah mid aad u sarreeya marka loo eego waddamada kale ee horumaray. Kala duwanaanshaha kheyraadka dabiiciga ah ee maadooyinka federaalka ayaa sidoo kale horseeday kala duwanaansho dhaqaale ee gobolka . Heerarka sare ee musuqmaasuqa , hoos u dhaca dakhliga dhoofinta saliidda, xoog shaqaale oo sii yaraanaya, duulimaadka raasamaal ee dadka , iyo gabowga iyo hoos u dhaca dadweynaha ayaa sidoo kale ah caqabadaha waaweyn ee kobaca dhaqaalaha mustaqbalka. Ka dib duulaankii Ruushka ee 2022 ee Ukraine , waddanku wuxuu la kulmay cunaqabatayn ballaaran iyo falal kale oo maaliyadeed oo taban oo ka yimid dunida reer galbeedka iyo xulafadeeda kuwaas oo ujeeddadoodu tahay in dhaqaalaha Ruushka laga saaro nidaamka maaliyadeed ee reer galbeedka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Ruushku wuxuu soo gabagabeeyey u gudubka dhaqaalaha dagaalka , wuxuuna muujiyay adkeysiga tallaabooyinkan oo kale si ballaaran, ilaalinta xasilloonida dhaqaalaha iyo kobaca - oo ay ugu horreyso kharashaadka milatari ee sarreeya , kor u kaca isticmaalka qoyska iyo mushaharka , shaqo la'aanta yar , iyo korodhka kharashka dawladda . Hase yeeshee, sicir-bararka ayaa ahaa mid aad u sarreeya, oo leh khabiiro saadaaliyay in cunaqabatayntu ay saameyn xun ku yeelan doonto dhaqaalaha Ruushka muddo dheer. ===Gaadiidka iyo tamarta=== Gaadiidka tareenada ee Ruushka waxaa inta badan gacanta ku haya jidka tareenada ee ay dawladdu maamusho . Wadarta dhererka wadooyinka tareenada ee la wada isticmaalo waa kan saddexaad ee aduunka ugu dheer , oo dhaafa 87,000 km (54,100 mi). Laga bilaabo 2019 , Ruushku waxa uu leeyahay shabakada shanaad ee aduunka ugu wayn , oo leh in ka badan 1.5 milyan km oo wadooyin ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, cufnaanta waddooyinkeeda ayaa ka mid ah kuwa ugu hooseeya adduunka, qayb ahaan ilaa dhulkeeda ballaaran. Marin-biyoodyada gudaha ee Ruushka ayaa ah kuwa ugu dheer adduunka , oo dhan 102,000 km (63,380 mi). Waxay leedahay in ka badan 900 garoon diyaaradeed , kaalinta toddobaad ee adduunka, kaas oo kan ugu mashquulka badan yahay Gegida Caalamiga ah ee Sheremetyevo ee Moscow. Dekadaha ugu waaweyn waxaa ka mid ah Dekedda Novorossiysk , Dekedda weyn ee Saint Petersburg iyo Dekedda Vladivostok [[File:VL_85-022_container_train.jpg|thumb|Jidka Tareenka ee Trans-Siberian waa khadka tareenka ugu dheer adduunka, isaga oo ku xiraya Moscow ilaa Vladivostok]] [[File:Airbus_A319-112,_CSA_-_Czech_Airlines_AN2166020.jpg|thumb|Gegida caalamiga ah ee Sheremetyevo waa madaarka ugu mashquulka badan Ruushka]] Ruushka wuxuu leeyahay mid ka mid ah kheyraadka tamarta ugu weyn adduunka inta lagu jiro dhulkiisa ballaaran, gaar ahaan gaasta dabiiciga ah iyo saliidda , kuwaas oo door muhiim ah ka ciyaara isku filnaanshiyaha tamarta iyo dhoofinta. Waxaa si weyn loogu tilmaamay inay tahay quwad sare oo tamarta ah . Ruushku waxa uu leeyahay kaydka gaaska ugu wayn ee la xaqiijiyay aduunka , kaydka dhuxusha labaad ee ugu wayn , kaydka saliida ee sideedaad ee ugu wayn , iyo kaydka saliida ee ugu wayn Yurub. Laga bilaabo 2023 , sidoo kale waa soosaarka labaad ee ugu weyn iyo dhoofinta saddexaad ee ugu badan ee gaaska dabiiciga ah , iyo sidoo kale soosaarka iyo dhoofinta saliidda ceyriin ee labaad . Qaybta weyn ee saliidda iyo gaaska ee Ruushku waxay ku xisaabtameen 30% dakhliga miisaaniyada federaalka ee 2024, oo hoos uga dhacay 50% bartamihii 2010-meeyadii, taas oo soo jeedinaysa kala duwanaansho dhaqaale. Ruushka waa dalka saddexaad ee ugu wax soo saarka tamarta badan adduunka marka la gaaro 2023 . Shidaalka fosilku wuxuu xisaabiyaa in ka badan 64% wax soo saarka tamarta iyo 87% isticmaalka tamarta. Gaaska dabiiciga ah ayaa ilaa hadda ah isha ugu weyn ee tamarta, oo ka kooban kala bar wax soo saarka tamarta iyo 42% isticmaalka korontada. Ruushku wuxuu ahaa waddankii ugu horreeyay ee horumariya awoodda nukliyeerka rayidka ah, isagoo dhisay warshaddii ugu horreysay ee nukliyeerka adduunka 1954, wuxuuna weli hormuud ka yahay tignoolajiyada tamarta nukliyeerka waxaana loo arkaa inuu yahay hoggaamiye caalami ah oo ka shaqeeya fal-celinta neutron -ka . Ruushku waa dunida afraad ee soo saarta tamarta nukliyeerka . Siyaasadda tamarta ee Ruushku waxay ujeedadeedu tahay in la ballaariyo doorka tamarta nukliyeerka iyo horumarinta tignoolajiyada cusub ee reactor. Ruushku waa dalka kaliya ee dhisa oo ka shaqeeya barafka ku shaqeeya tamarta nukliyeerka , kaas oo fududeeya marinka marinka badda woqooyi , : 192  oo ka caawiya ka faa'iidaysiga siyaasadiisa Arctic shelf continental shelf . Ruushka ayaa ku biiray heshiiskii Paris ee isbedelka cimilada 2015, waxayna ansixiyeen heshiiska 2019. Gaaska aqalka dhirta lagu sii daayo ayaa ah kan afaraad ee ugu weyn adduunka marka la gaaro 2023 . Dhuxusha ayaa ka badan 10% isticmaalka tamarta. Ruushku waa soo saaraha shanaad ee ugu weyn ee tamarta korontada laga bilaabo 2022 , oo leh koronto koronto oo wax ku biirinaysa ku dhawaad ​​shanaad ee wadarta tamarta tamarta (17%). In kasta oo ay tahay tamarta siddeedaad ee ugu weyn ee la cusboonaysiin karo illaa 2023 , isticmaalka iyo horumarinta ilaha tamarta kale ee la cusboonaysiin karo ayaa weli ah mid aan muuqan, maadaama Ruushku uu ka mid yahay dalal yar oo aan lahayn taageero xooggan oo dawladeed ama mid dadweyne oo loogu talagalay kala-guurka tamarta dib loo cusboonaysiin karo ===Beeraha iyo kalluumaysiga=== [[File:Wheat_Tomsk.jpg|thumb|Hilibka ee gobolka Tomsk , Siberiya]] Beeraha, kaymaha iyo kalluumaysigu waxay ka qaybqaataan 3.3% wadarta guud ee GDP ee dalka marka la eego sanadka 2023 . Waxay leedahay aagga afraad ee adduunka ugu weyn ee la beero , oo ah 1,265,267 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (488,522 sq mi). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qallafsanaanta deegaankeeda awgeed, kaliya 13.1% dhulkeeda ayaa ah beeralay , iyada oo 7.4% dheeraad ah ay tahay mid la beeri karo . Dhulka beeralayda ee dalka waxa loo arkaa qayb ka mid ah " dambiisha rootiga " ee Yurub. In ka badan saddex-meelood meel meel la beero ayaa loo qoondeeyay dalagyada calafka, iyo dhul-beereedka soo haray waxaa loo isticmaalaa dalagyada warshadaha , khudaarta, iyo miraha. Wax soo saarka ugu muhiimsan ee beeralayda Ruushku waxay had iyo jeer ahayd hadhuudh, taas oo si fiican u fadhiisata kala badh dhulka dalagga. Ruushku waa dhoofinta ugu badan ee sarreenka aduunka waana kan ugu badan ee soo saara shaciirka iyo qamadiga . Waxa kale oo ay ka mid tahay dhoofinta ugu badan ee gallayda iyo saliidda gabbaldayaha , iyo sidoo kale hormoodka wax soo saarka bacriminta . Falanqeeyayaasha kala duwan ee la qabsiga isbeddelka cimilada ayaa saadaaliyay fursadaha waaweyn ee beeraha Ruushka inta lagu jiro inta ka hartay qarniga 21-aad iyadoo awood-u-heliddu ay sii kordheyso Siberiya, taas oo horseedi doonta u haajiridda gudaha iyo dibedda labadaba gobolka. Iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay xeebta weyn ee ay ku teedsan yihiin saddex badood iyo laba iyo toban badood oo cidhifyo ah, Ruushku waxa uu ilaaliyaa warshadaha kalluumaysiga ee lixaad ee ugu wayn adduunka , isaga oo qabsaday ku dhawaad ​​5 milyan oo tan oo kalluun ah 2018 . wadarta kalluunka cusub iyo barafaysan. ===Sayniska iyo farsamada=== Ruushku wuxuu ku kharash gareeyay 1% GDP-ga cilmi baarista iyo horumarinta sanadka 2019, iyada oo leh miisaaniyada tobnaad ee ugu sareysa adduunka . Waxa kale oo ay gashay kaalinta tobnaad ee aduunka tirada daabacaadaha sayniska ee 2020, iyada oo ku dhawaad ​​1.3 milyan oo waraaqo ah. Ilaa 1904tii, Nobel Prize waxaa la guddoonsiiyay 26 Soofiyeedka iyo Ruushka xagga fiisigiska , kimistariga , caafimaadka , dhaqaalaha , suugaanta iyo nabadda . Ruushku wuxuu galay 60th ee Tusaha Hal-abuurka Caalamiga ah ee 2024, oo hoos uga dhacay 45th ee 2021. Tan iyo wakhtiyadii Nikolay Lobachevsky , oo hormuud ka ahaa joomatari aan Euclidean ahayn , iyo Pafnuty Chebyshev , oo ah macalin caan ah, xisaabyahannada Ruushku waxay noqdeen kuwa ugu saameynta badan adduunka. Dmitry Mendeleev waxa uu alifay miiska xilliyeedka , oo ah qaabka ugu muhiimsan ee kimistariga casriga ah . Sagaal xisaabyahan oo Soofiyeedka iyo Ruushka ah ayaa lagu abaalmariyay Biladda Goobaha . Grigori Perelman waxaa la siiyay Abaalmarinta Dhibaatada Abaalmarinta Clay Millennium Prize ee caddayntiisii ​​​​ugu dambeysay ee malo-awaalka Poincaré ee 2002, iyo sidoo kale Biladda Beeraha ee 2006 [[File:M.V._Lomonosov_by_L.Miropolskiy_after_G.C.Prenner_(1787,_RAN).jpg|thumb|Mikhail Lomonosov (1711-1765), saynisyahano xisaabeed , hal-abuure, gabayaa iyo farshaxan]] Alexander Popov wuxuu ka mid ahaa hal-abuurayaashii raadiyaha , halka Nikolai Basov iyo Alexander Prokhorov ay ka mid ahaayeen hal-abuurayaasha laser iyo maser . Oleg Losev waxa uu sameeyay tabarucaad muhiim ah oo ku saabsan isgoysyada semiconductor , waxa uuna helay diodes iftiin leh . Vladimir Vernadsky waxaa loo arkaa mid ka mid ah aasaasayaashii geochemistry , biochemistry , iyo radiogeology . Élie Metchnikoff is known for his groundbreaking research in immunology. Ivan Pavlov is known chiefly for his work in classical conditioning Lev Landau made fundamental contributions to many areas of theoretical physics. Nikolai Vavilov ayaa si fiican loogu yaqaanay inuu aqoonsaday xarumaha asalka ah ee dhirta la beeray .Trofim Lysenko wuxuu caan ku ahaa Lysenkoism .Saynisyahano badan oo caan ah oo Ruush ah iyo hal-abuurayaal ayaa ahaa émigrés . Igor Sikorsky wuxuu ahaa hormuudka duulista . Vladimir Zworykin wuxuu ahaa hal-abuuraha nidaamka telefishinka iconoscope iyo kinescope . Theodosius Dobzhansky wuxuu ahaa qofka udub dhexaad u ah cilmiga bayoolajiga evolutionary shaqadiisa ee qaabaynta isku dhafka casriga ah . George Gamow wuxuu ahaa mid ka mid ah u doodayaasha ugu horreeya ee aragtida Big Bang ===Sahminta hawada sare=== [[File:Mir_on_12_June_1998edit1.jpg|thumb|Mir , Saldhigga hawada sare ee Ruushka oo ka shaqayn jiray LEO]] Roscosmos waa wakaaladda hawada sare ee qaranka Ruushka. Guulaha dalka ee dhanka tignoolajiyada hawada sare iyo sahaminta hawada waxaa dib loogu celin karaa Konstantin Tsiolkovsky , oo ah aabaha astronautics aragtiyeed , kuwaas oo shaqooyinkooda ay dhiiri galiyeen hogaaminta injineerada gantaalada Soofiyeedka, sida Sergey Korolyov , Valentin Glushko , iyo qaar kale oo badan oo gacan ka gaystay guusha barnaamijka hawada Soofiyeedka ee marxaladaha hore ee ka baxsan tartanka : 6–7, 333  Sannadkii 1957-kii, waxa la diray dayax-gacmeedkii ugu horreeyay ee ku wareegaya Dhulka , Sputnik 1 . Sannadkii 1961-kii, safarkii ugu horreeyay ee bini-aadminimo ee hawada sare waxaa si guul leh u sameeyay Yuri Gagarin . Qaar badan oo kale oo ka mid ah diiwaannada sahaminta hawada ee Soofiyeedka iyo Ruushka ayaa dhacay. Sannadkii 1963-kii, Valentina Tereshkova waxay noqotay haweeneydii ugu horreysay iyo tan ugu da'da yar hawada sare , iyadoo duullimaad kaligeed ku tagtay Vostok 6 . Sannadkii 1965, Alexei Leonov wuxuu noqday bini'aadmigii ugu horreeyay ee sameeya socodka hawada sare , isaga oo ka soo baxay kaabsalka hawada sare intii lagu jiray Voskhod 2 . Sannadkii 1957-kii, Laika , oo ah eyga hawada sare ee Soofiyeedka , ayaa noqday xayawaankii ugu horreeyay ee ku wareega dhulka, dushiisa Sputnik 2 . Sannadkii 1966kii, Luna 9 waxa ay noqotay dayax-gacmeedkii ugu horreeyay ee gaadha ku degista badbaadada ee jidhka samada , Dayaxa . Sannadkii 1968-kii, Zond 5 wuxuu keenay Earthlings-kii ugu horreeyay (laba tortoises iyo qaab nololeed oo kale) si ay u wareegaan Dayaxa. Sannadkii 1970-kii, Venera 7 wuxuu noqday dayax-gacmeedkii ugu horreeyay ee ku degay meere kale, Venus . Sannadkii 1971, Mars 3 wuxuu noqday dayax-gacmeedkii ugu horreeyay ee ku degay Mars . : 34-60  Isla muddadaas, Lunokhod 1 waxay noqotay sahaminta hawada sare ee ugu horreysa , halka Salyut 1 ay noqotay saldhigga hawada sare ee ugu horreeya . Laga bilaabo 2023 , Ruushku wuxuu leeyahay 181 dayax-gacmeed firfircoon oo hawada sare ah, kaas oo ah kan saddexaad ee ugu sarreeya adduunka. Intii u dhaxaysay duulimaadkii u dambeeyay ee barnaamijka Shuttle Space ee 2011 iyo 2020 SpaceX hawsheedii ugu horreysay ee shaqaalaheeda , gantaallada Soyuz ayaa ahaa baabuurta kaliya ee soo rididda awood u leh in ay cirbixiyeennada geeyaan ISS .Luna 25 ayaa la bilaabay Agoosto 2023, waxay ahayd tii ugu horreysay ee barnaamijka sahaminta dayaxa Luna-Glob ===Dalxiiska=== [[File:Grand_Cascade_in_Peterhof_01.jpg|thumb|Peterhof Palace ee Saint Petersburg, oo ah goobta Dhaxalka Adduunka ee UNESCO]] Dalxiisayaasha ajnabiga ah intooda badan waxay ka yimaadaan Shiinaha. Waddooyinka dalxiiska ee waaweyn ee Ruushka waxaa ka mid ah safar ku wareegsan giraanta dahabiga ah ee Ruushka , marinka mawduuca ee magaalooyinka qadiimiga ah ee Ruushka; safarrada wabiyada waaweyn sida Volga; wuxuu ku socdaa safafka buuraha sida Buuraha Caucasus , iyo safarrada jidka caanka ah ee Trans-Siberian Railway . Goobaha ugu caansan ee Russia waxaa ka mid ah Red Square , Peterhof Palace , Kazan Kremlin , Trinity Lavra ee St. Sergius iyo Lake Baikal. Moscow, oo ah caasimadda guud ee qaranka iyo xudunta taariikhiga ah, waa megacity casri ah oo mashquul badan ; Waxay haysaa qaab dhismeedka qadiimiga ah iyo xilligii Soofiyeedka iyadoo ku faanaysa farshaxan sare, ballet heer caalami ah, iyo dhismayaal casri ah . Saint Petersburg , caasimadda Imperial, waxay caan ku tahay naqshadaha qadiimiga ah, cathedrals, matxafyada iyo tiyaatarada, habeenada cadcad , wabiyada qallafsan iyo kanaalo badan. Ruushku wuxuu caan ku yahay aduunka oo dhan madxafyada hodanka ah, sida Ruushka State Ruush , Hermitage State , iyo Tretyakov Gallery , iyo tiyaatarada sida Bolshoi iyo Mariinsky . Moscow Kremlin iyo Saint Basil's Cathedral waxay ka mid yihiin calaamadaha dhaqameed ee Ruushka. ===Tirakoobka dadweynaha=== [[File:Russia_Population_Density_Map_2021.png|thumb|Cufnaanta dadweynaha ee degmooyinka Ruushka marka loo eego tirakoobka 2021]] [[File:Ethnic_groups_in_Russia_of_more_than_1_million_people_2010_Census_English.png|thumb|Qowmiyadaha Ruushka oo ay ku nool yihiin in ka badan hal milyan marka loo eego tirakoobkii 2010-kii]] Ruushka waxa lagu qiyaasey 146.0 milyan 2025 (143.6 milyan marka laga reebo Crimea iyo Sevastopol), ayaa hoos uga dhacay 147.2 milyan tirakoobkii 2021 . Waa dalka ugu dadka badan Yurub iyo dalka sagaalaad ee ugu dadka badan adduunka. Iyada oo cufnaanta dadweynaha ee 8.5 dadka deggan kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (22 degane / sq mi), Ruushku waa mid ka mid ah waddammada adduunka ugu dadka yar , iyada oo inta badan dadkeedu ay ku urursan yihiin qaybteeda galbeedka . Dalku aad buu u magaaleeyay , iyadoo saddex-meelood laba meel ay ku nool yihiin magaalooyinka . Ilaa 2024 , wadarta heerka bacriminta guud ahaan Ruushka waxaa lagu qiyaasay 1.41 carruur ah oo dhashey haweeneydiiba, taas oo ka hooseysa heerka beddelka 2.1 iyo kuwa ugu hooseeya adduunka . Ka dib, waxay leedahay mid ka mid ah dadka ugu da'da weyn adduunka, oo leh da'da dhexe ee 41.9 sano. Dadka Ruushku waxa ay kor u dhaafeen in ka badan 148 milyan sanadkii 1993-kii, ka dib markii ay hoos u dhaceen heerka dhimashadu oo kor u dhaaftay heerka dhalashada , taas oo falanqeeyayaasha qaar ay ku tilmaameen dhibaato bulsho . Sannadkii 2009, waxay diiwaangelisay kobaca dadweynaha sannadlaha ah markii ugu horreysay shan iyo toban sano, ka dibna waxay la kulantay kobaca dadweynaha sannadlaha ah sababtoo ah heerarka dhimashada oo hoos u dhacay , heerarka dhalashada oo kordhay , iyo socdaalka oo kordhay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, faa'iidooyinka dadwaynaha ayaa dib loo rogay tan iyo 2020, maadaama dhimashada xad dhaafka ah ee COVID-19 ay sababtay hoos u dhaca nabadeed ee ugu weyn taariikhda. Ka dib duulaankii Ruushka ee Ukrain ee 2022 , dhibaatada tirakoobka ayaa sii korodhay, taas oo ay sabab u tahay dhimashada sare ee militariga [ 505 ] iyo dib u soo cusboonaysiinta socdaalka . Daraasadihii ugu dambeeyay waxay muujiyeen in inta u dhaxaysa 15-45% muhaajiriinta Ruushku ay ku noqdeen Ruushka, inkastoo tirooyinkani aysan ahayn kuwo dhammaystiran. Ruushku waa dawlad caalami ah oo leh maamulo hoosaadyo badan oo xiriir la leh beelaha laga tirada badan yahay ee kala duwan. Waxaa jira in ka badan 193 qoomiyadood oo dalka oo dhan ah . Tirakoobkii 2010, ku dhawaad ​​81% dadku waxay ahaayeen qowmiyada Ruushka , 19% soo hadhayna waxay ahaayeen qowmiyado laga tiro badan yahay. In ka badan afar-meelood afar ka mid ah dadka Ruushku waxay ka soo jeedaan Yurub - kuwaas oo badidoodu ahaayeen Slavs , oo leh tiro aad u tiro badan oo Finno-Ugric ah iyo dadyowga Jarmalka . Ruushka waxa uu leeyahay dadka soogalootiga ah ee saddexaad ee ugu badan adduunka, iyada oo in ka badan 12 milyan oo muhaajiriin ah ay deggan yihiin waddanka illaa 2019 . Inta badan dadka soo galootiga ah waxay ka soo jeedaan dawladihii ka dambeeyay Soviet-ka , iyadoo kala bar ay ka yimaadeen Ukraine iyo Kazakhstan ilaa 2020 ===Luuqad=== '''Luqadaha laga tirada badan yahay ee Ruushka oo dhan''' [[File:Linguistic_map_of_the_Altaic,_Turkic_and_Uralic_languages_(en).png|thumb|Luuqadaha Altaic iyo Uralic ee lagaga hadlo guud ahaan Ruushka]] [[File:Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg|thumb|Luuqadaha Altaic iyo Uralic ee lagaga hadlo guud ahaan Ruushka]] [[File:Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg|thumb|Waqooyiga Caucasus waa qawmiyad - luqad ahaan kala duwan]] Ruushku waa luqadda rasmiga ah iyo luqadda inta badan lagaga hadlo Ruushka. Waa luqadda hooyo ee loogu hadlo Yurub, luqadda ugu badan ee juquraafi ahaan ee Eurasia, iyo sidoo kale luqadda Slavic ee ugu ballaaran adduunka . Ruushku waa mid ka mid ah labada luuqadood ee rasmiga ah ee saaran saldhiga hawada sare ee caalamiga ah , iyo sidoo kale mid ka mid ah lixda luuqadood ee rasmiga ah ee Qaramada Midoobay . Ruushku waa waddan ku hadla luqado badan : qiyaastii 100-150 luqadood oo laga tirada badan yahay ayaa lagaga hadlaa dalka oo dhan. Marka loo eego Tirakoobka Ruushka ee 2010 , 137.5 milyan oo dalka oo dhan ayaa ku hadla afka Ruushka, 3.1 milyan waxay ku hadlaan Tataarka , 1.1 milyan waxay ku hadlaan Yukreeniyaan . Dastuurku waxa uu siinayaa jamhuuriyadaha dalka gaar ka ah xaqa ay u leeyihiin in ay samaystaan ​​luuqado dawladeed oo u gaar ah marka laga reebo Ruushka, sidoo kale waxa uu dammaanad qaadayaa muwaadiniintooda xaqa ay u leeyihiin in ay ilaashadaan afkooda hooyo iyo in ay u abuuraan shuruudo ay ku bartaan iyo horumarkooda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, khubaro kala duwan ayaa ku andacoodey in kala duwanaanta luqadda Ruushku ay si degdeg ah hoos ugu dhacday sababtoo ah luuqado badan oo halis ah ===Diinta=== [[File:День Святой Троицы. Престольный праздник.jpg|thumb|Axadda Trinity ee Ruushka; Kaniisada Ortodokska ee ruushka waxa ay soo martay dib u soo noolayn aad u wayn tan iyo burburkii Midowgii Soofiyeeti , oo ahaa wadan lahaa siyaasad dawladeed oo cawaan ah .]] Ruushku dastuur ahaan waa dawlad cilmaani ah oo si rasmi ah u ilaalisa xorriyadda diinta. Diinta ugu weyn waa diinta Masiixiga ee Eastern Ortodokska , oo ay ugu weyn tahay Kaniisadda Ortodokska ee Ruushka , kaas oo si sharci ah loogu aqoonsan yahay "doorka gaarka ah" ee dalka "taariikhda iyo samaynta iyo horumarinta ruuxa iyo dhaqanka." Masiixiyadda , Islaamka , Yuhuudda , iyo Budhiismka waxa sharciga Ruushku u aqoonsan yahay diimaha "dhaqameed" ee dalka oo ka kooban "dhaxalka taariikhiga ah". Islaamku waa diinta labaad ee ugu weyn Ruushka waxayna dhaqan u tahay inta badan dadyowga ku nool Waqooyiga Caucasus iyo qaar ka mid ah dadyowga Turkiga ee ku nool gobolka Volga-Ural . Dad badan oo Buddhist ah ayaa laga helaa Kalmykia , Buryatia , Zabaykalsky Krai , waana dadka ugu badan ee ku nool Tuva .  Dadka dayacan waxay ku dhaqmaan diimaha kale - sida Rodnovery (Slavic Neopaganism), Assianism (Scythian Neopaganism),  qowmiyadaha kale ee Paganisms, iyo dhaqdhaqaaqyada u dhexeeya Pagan sida Ringing Cedars ' Anastasianism , ee Siberianism .iyo Tengrism , dhaqdhaqaaqyo Neo-Theosophical kala duwan sida Roerichism - oo ka mid ah diimaha kale.  Qaar ka mid ah diimaha laga tirada badan yahay ayaa la kulmay cadaadis qaarna waa laga mamnuucay dalka: gaar ahaan, 2017 Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah ayaa laga mamnuucay Ruushka, iyagoo wajahaya cadaadis tan iyo markaas, ka dib markii lagu dhawaaqay "xagjir" iyo "aan caadi ahayn" iimaan.  Sannadkii 2012, ururka cilmi-baarista Sreda, oo kaashanaya Wasaaradda Cadaaladda , ayaa daabacay Arena Atlas, oo ku xiran tirakoobka 2010, oo si faahfaahsan u tiraya dadka diinta iyo jinsiyadaha ee Ruushka, oo ku salaysan sahan ballaaran oo waddanka oo dhan ah. Natiijooyinka ayaa muujiyay in 47.3% Ruushku ay ku dhawaaqeen inay yihiin Masiixiyiin - oo ay ku jiraan 41% Ruushka Ortodokska, 1.5% si fudud Ortodoks ama xubnaha kaniisadaha Ortodokska ee aan Ruushka ahayn, 4.1% Masiixiyiin aan xiriir la lahayn, iyo in ka yar 1% rumaystayaasha hore , Catholics ama Protestants - 25% waxay ahaayeen rumaystayaal aan xiriir la lahayn diin gaar ah , 13% waxay ahaayeen Muslimiin , 13% waxay ahaayeen k . 1.2% waxay ahaayeen kuwa raacsan "diimaha dhaqameed ee ixtiraamaya ilaahyada iyo awoowayaasha" ( Rodnovery , Paganisms kale, Shamanism Siberian iyo Tengrism ), 0.5% waxay ahaayeen Buddhist, 0.1% waxay ahaayeen Yuhuud diimeed iyo 0.1% waxay ahaayeen Hindus. ===Waxbarashada=== [[File:МГУ, вид с воздуха.jpg|thumb|Moscow State University , machadyada waxbarashada ugu caansan ee Russia]] Moscow State University , machadyada waxbarashada ugu caansan ee Russia Ruushku waxa uu leeyahay heerka wax-akhriska dadka waaweyn ee 100%, waxana uu leeyahay waxbarasho khasab ah muddo 11 sano ah, gaar ahaan carruurta da'doodu tahay 7 ilaa 17-18. Waxay siisa waxbarasho bilaash ah muwaadiniinteeda dastuur ahaan. Wasaaradda Waxbarashada ee Ruushka ayaa mas'uul ka ah waxbarashada aasaasiga ah iyo dugsiga sare, iyo sidoo kale waxbarashada farsamada gacanta, halka Wasaaradda Waxbarashada iyo Sayniska ee Ruushka ay mas'uul ka tahay sayniska iyo tacliinta sare. Mas'uuliyiinta gobolku waxay nidaamiyaan waxbarashada gudaha xukunkooda iyadoo la raacayo qaabka jira ee sharciyada federaalka. Russia waxa ay ka mid tahay wadamada aduunka ugu aqoonta badan,waxana uu leeyahay qaybta lixaad ee ugu saraysa ee ka qalin jabiyay heerka jaamacadeed marka la eego boqolkiiba dadka,iyada oo 62%. Nidaamka waxbarashada dugsiga ka hor ee Ruushka waa mid aad u horumarsan oo ikhtiyaari ah, qaar ka mid ah shan-meelood afar meel carruurta ay da'doodu u dhaxayso 3 ilaa 6 waxay dhigtaan xannaano-maalmeedyo ama xannaanooyin. Dugsiga hoose waa qasab kow iyo toban sano, laga bilaabo da'da 6 ilaa 7, oo u horseedaya shahaadada waxbarashada guud ee aasaasiga ah. Laba ama saddex sano oo dheeraad ah oo dugsi ayaa looga baahan yahay shahaadada heerka labaad, iyo qaar ka mid ah toddoba-meeloodba siddeed ee Ruushku waxay sii wataan waxbarashadooda oo dhaaftay heerkan. Gelitaanka machadka tacliinta sare waa doorasho iyo tartan aad u sarreeya: koorsooyinka heerka koowaad waxay caadi ahaan qaataan shan sano. Jaamacadaha ugu da'da weyn iyo kuwa ugu waaweyn Russia waa Jaamacadda Gobolka Moscow iyo Jaamacadda Gobolka Saint Petersburg .Waxaa jira toban jaamacadood oo heer federaal ah oo dalka oo dhan ah. ===Caafimaadka=== Ruushku dastuur ahaan wuxuu dammaanad qaadayaa daryeel caafimaad oo bilaash ah, oo caalami ah dhammaan muwaadiniinta Ruushka iyada oo loo marayo barnaamijka caymiska caafimaadka dawladda ee khasabka ah. Wasaaradda Caafimaadka ee Federaalka Ruushka waxay kormeertaa nidaamka daryeelka caafimaadka dadweynaha ee Ruushka, qaybtana waxaa ka shaqeeya in ka badan laba milyan oo qof. Gobollada federaalku sidoo kale waxay leeyihiin waaxyo caafimaad oo u gaar ah oo kormeera maamulka deegaanka. Qorshe caymis caafimaad oo gaar ah ayaa loo baahan yahay si loo helo daryeel caafimaad oo gaar ah gudaha Ruushka. [[File:Metallurg_Sochi.jpg|thumb|Metallurg, sanatorium xilligii Soofiyeedka ee Sochi]] Ruushka ayaa 7.39% GDP-giisa ku kharash gareeyay daryeelka caafimaadka 2021. Kharashkeeda daryeelka caafimaadku aad ayuu uga hooseeyaa waddamada kale ee horumaray. Ruushku waxa uu leeyahay mid ka mid ah saamiga ugu jinsiga badan ee dumarka adduunka , iyada oo 0.859 lab ah dhedig kasta, sababtoo ah heerka dhimashada ragga ee sarreeya . Laga soo bilaabo 2022 , rajada nolosha guud ee Russia markay dhalatay waa 73 sano (68 sano ragga iyo 78 sano dumarka), korodhka qiyaastii 4.86 sano laga bilaabo 2000. Wadanku wuxuu leeyahay heer aad u hooseeya (40 dhalashada dhalashada 0 ). Sababaha ugu waaweyn ee dhimashada Russia waa cudurrada wadnaha iyo xididdada dhiigga . Heerka isticmaalka khamriga taariikhiga ah ee waddanku waa arrinta ugu weyn ee caafimaadka, maadaama ay weli tahay mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu sarreeya adduunka , inkastoo hoos u dhac weyn uu ku yimid tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay. Arrimaha kale ee caafimaad ee baahsan waa cayilka , dadka waaweyn intooda badan waa cayil ama cayil , iyo sigaar cabista , taas oo ka mid ah kuwa ugu sarreeya adduunka Heerka isdilka sare ee Ruushka ayaa sidoo kale ah arrin bulsho oo muhiim ah. ==Dhaqanka== [[File:Moscow-Bolshoi-Theare-1.jpg|thumb|Tiyaatarka Bolshoi ee Moscow, habeenkii]] Dhaqanka Ruushku waxa uu ka tarjumayaa isku-dhafka dheer, tartiib-tartiib ah, iyo isku-dhafan ee walxo kala duwan oo ku beegan qarniyo badan oo horumarineed, ballaarin, iyo is-dhexgalka dadyo kala duwan, dhaqdhaqaaqyo farshaxan, iyo dhaqamo. Ruushku wuxuu si weyn u saameeyay muusiga qadiimiga ah , ballet , masraxa, xisaabta , ciyaaraha , rinjiyeynta , iyo cinema Qorayaasha Ruushka iyo faylasuufyada ayaa door muhiim ah ka ciyaaray horumarinta suugaanta Yurub iyo fikirka. Ruushku waxa kale oo uu gacan ka gaystay saayniska, tignoolajiyada iyo sahaminta hawada sare . Ruushku waxa uu hoy u yahay 32 goobood oo ah Dhaxalka Adduunka ee UNESCO , 21 ka mid ah waa dhaqameed, halka 31 ay ku jiraan liiska hordhaca ah. Qurba-joogta caalamiga ah ee Ruushka ayaa sidoo kale door weyn ka qaatay faafinta dhaqanka Ruushka ee adduunka oo dhan. Astaanta qaranka Ruushka, gorgorka laba-madaxa leh , waxay dib ugu noqotaa xilligii Tsardom waxaana lagu muujiyay jaakaddeeda hubka iyo heraldry . Bear -ka Ruushka iyo Hooyada Ruushka waxaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa sida shakhsiyadda qaranka ee dalka. Caruusadaha Matryoshka waxaa loo tixgeliyaa astaanta dhaqameed ee Ruushka ===Fasaxyada=== Ruushku waxa uu leeyahay siddeed fasax oo rasmi ah oo ka kooban xusaska dadweynaha, waddaniyadda, iyo diinta. Sannadku wuxuu ka bilaabmaa Maalinta Sannadka Cusub ee 1 Janaayo, ugu dhakhsaha badan waxaa ku xiga Kirismaska ​​Ortodokska ee Ruushka 7da Janaayo; labaduba waa ciidaha ugu caansan dalka. Difaacaha Maalinta Aabbaha , oo u heellan raga, waxaa loo dabaaldegaa 23ka Febraayo. Maalinta Caalamiga ah ee Haweenka ee 8-da Maarso, waxay kasbatay Ruushka xilligii Soofiyeedka. Dabaaldegga sannadlaha ah ee haweenka ayaa noqday mid caan ah, gaar ahaan ragga Ruushka ah, in iibiyeyaasha ubaxa ee Moscow ay inta badan arkaan faa'iidada "shan iyo toban jeer" in ka badan marka loo eego fasaxyada kale. Maalinta Gu'ga iyo Shaqaalaha , asal ahaan fasaxa xilligii Soofiyeedka ee loogu talagalay shaqaalaha, ayaa loo dabaaldegaa 1 May. [[File:Алые паруса.jpg|thumb|Shiraacyada Scarlet oo lagu dabaaldegayo hareeraha Neva ee Saint Petersburg]] Maalinta Guusha , taas oo sharaf u ah guushii Soofiyeedka ee Nazi Germany iyo Dhamaadka Dagaalkii Adduunka II ee Europe , waxaa loo dabaal 9 May sida dhoolatus weyn sannadlaha ah ee Moscow ee Red Square iyo calaamadee dhacdada caanka ah ee guutada Immortal . Ciidaha kale ee waddaniga ah waxaa ka mid ah Maalinta Ruushka ee 12 June, oo loo dabaaldego xuska madaxbannaanida Ruushka ee ka soo horjeeda Midowga Soofiyeeti ee burburay,  iyo Maalinta Midnimada ee 4 November, oo lagu xusayo kacdoonkii 1612 ee calaamadeeyay dhammaadka qabsashadii Polish ee Moscow .  Waxaa jira fasaxyo badan oo caan ah oo aan dadweynaha ahayn. Sannadka cusub ee hore waxa la dabaaldegaa 14ka Janaayo.  Maslenitsa waa fasax qadiimi ah oo caan ah Bariga Slavic. Maalinta Cosmonautics ee 12 Abriil, oo lagu maamuusayo safarkii ugu horreeyay ee aadanaha ee hawada.  Laba ciidood oo Masiixi ah oo waaweyn waa Easter iyo Trinity Sunday  ===Farshaxanka iyo dhismaha=== Rinjiyeynta hore ee Ruushka waxa lagu matalay astaamo iyo frescos firfircoon . Horraantii qarnigii 15-aad, farshaxan-yaqaanka caanka ah ee Andrei Rublev wuxuu abuuray qaar ka mid ah farshaxanka diineed ee ugu qaalisan ee Ruushka. Akadeemiyada Farshaxanka ee Ruushka , oo la aasaasay 1757 si loo tababaro farshaxannada Ruushka, waxay keentay farsamooyinka reer galbeedka ee rinjiyeynta cilmaaniga ah ee Ruushka. Qarnigii 18-aad, aqoonyahannada Ivan Argunov , Dmitry Levitzky , Vladimir Borovikovsky waxay noqdeen kuwo saameyn leh. Horraantii qarnigii 19-aad waxay aragtay sawirro badan oo caan ah Karl Briullov iyo Alexander Ivanov , kuwaas oo labaduba loo yaqaanay sawiro taariikhi ah oo Romantic ah .Ivan Aivazovsky , rinji kale oo Romantic ah, ayaa loo arkaa mid ka mid ah sayidyada ugu weyn ee farshaxanka badda . [[File:Karl_Brullov_-_The_Last_Day_of_Pompeii_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|Karl Bryullov , Maalinta ugu dambeysa ee Pompeii (1833]] [[File:Winter_Palace_Panorama_3.jpg|thumb|Qasriga Jiilaalka wuxuu u adeegay sidii deggenaansho rasmi ah ee Boqortooyada Ruushka]] 1860-meeyadii, koox ka mid ah xaqiiqooyinka muhiimka ah ( Peredvizhniki ), oo uu hogaaminayay Ivan Kramskoy , Ilya Repin iyo Vasily Perov ayaa jebiyey akadeemiyadda, waxayna ku sawireen dhinacyada badan ee nolosha bulshada ee sawirada. Qarnigii 20aad waxa la arkay kor u kaca calaamadda , oo ay u taagan yihiin Mikhail Vrubel iyo Nicholas Roerich . Avant -garde Ruushku wuxuu kobcay qiyaastii 1890 ilaa 1930; Fannaaniinta adduunka saamaynta ku leh waayahaan waxay ahaayeen El Lissitzky , Kazimir Malevich , Natalia Goncharova , Wassily Kandinsky , iyo Marc Chagall . Taariikhda dhismaha Ruushku wuxuu ka bilaabmaa dhismayaal hore oo alwaax ah oo Slavs qadiimiga ah iyo dhismaha kaniisadda Kievan Rus ' . Masiixaynta Kievan Rus' waxay keentay qarniyo badan dhismaha Byzantine . Ka dib qabsashadii Mongol, Kievan Rus 'ayaa jaray xiriirkii ay la lahayd Boqortooyada Byzantine, iyo naqshadaha Ruushku waxay arkeen hal-abuuro asal ah, sida hal-abuurnimada iconostasis . Aristotle Fioravanti iyo naqshadeeyayaasha kale ee Talyaanigu waxay keeneen isbeddellada Renaissance ee Maamulka Sare ee Moscow , taas oo saameyn ku yeelatay dib u dhiska Kremlin ee Moscow . Qarnigii 16aad wuxuu arkay horumarinta kaniisadaha teendhada u eg iyo naqshadaynta basasha , taas oo ah muuqaal gaar ah oo ka mid ah naqshadaha Ruushka. Qarnigii 17-aad, "qaabka dabka" ee qurxinta ayaa ku soo batay Moscow iyo Yaroslavl , si tartiib tartiib ah u gogol xaareysa Naryshkin baroque ee 1680-meeyadii. Ka dib dib-u-habaynta Peter The Great, naqshadaha Ruushka ayaa saameyn ku yeeshay qaababka Galbeedka Yurub. Dhadhanka qarniga 18-aad ee dhismaha Rococo wuxuu horseeday shaqooyinka Bartolomeo Rastrelli iyo taageerayaashiisa . Dhismayaasha Ruushka ee ugu saameynta badan qarnigii siddeed iyo tobnaad, Vasily Bazhenov , Matvey Kazakov , iyo Ivan Starov , waxay sameeyeen taallooyin waara oo ku yaal Moscow iyo Saint Petersburg waxayna aasaaseen saldhigyo badan oo Ruush ah oo raacay. Intii lagu jiray xukunka Catherine the Great, Saint Petersburg waxaa loo beddelay matxaf bannaanka ah ee naqshadaha Neoclassical . Under Alexander I, qaabka Boqortooyada wuxuu noqday qaab-dhismeedka dhabta ah . Qeybtii labaad ee qarnigii 19-aad waxaa xukumay Neo-Byzantine iyo qaabka Soo noolaynta Ruushka . Horraantii qarnigii 20aad, soo noolaynta neoclassical Ruush waxay noqotay isbeddel. Hababka ugu badan ee qarnigii 20aad ee dabayaaqadii waxay ahaayeen Art Nouveau , Dhismaha , iyo Hantiwadaaga Classicism ===Muusiga=== [[File:Portr%C3%A4t_des_Komponisten_Pjotr_I._Tschaikowski_(1840-1893).jpg|thumb|Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840-1893), rinjiyeynta 1893 ee Nikolai Dmitriyevich Kuznetsov]] Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840-1893), rinjiyeynta 1893 ee Nikolai Dmitriyevich Kuznetsov Ilaa qarnigii 18aad, muusiga Ruushka wuxuu ka koobnaa inta badan muusikada kaniisadda iyo heesaha dhaqanka iyo qoob ka ciyaarka. Qarnigii 19-aad, waxa lagu qeexay xiisadda u dhaxaysa laxamiistaha qadiimiga ah Mikhail Glinka oo ay weheliyaan xubno kale oo ka tirsan The Mighty Handful , kuwaas oo markii dambe ay ku guulaysteen goobada Belyayev , iyo Ururka Muusiga ee Ruushka oo ay hogaaminayaan laxanayaasha Anton iyo Nikolay Rubinstein . Dhaqankii dambe ee Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky , mid ka mid ah halabuurayaashii ugu weynaa ee xilligii Romantic, ayaa sii waday ilaa qarnigii 20aad Sergei Rachmaninoff . Halabuurayaashii dunida caanka ka ahaa ee qarnigii 20-aad waxaa ka mid ah Alexander Scriabin , Alexander Glazunov , Igor Stravinsky , Sergei Prokofiev iyo Dmitri Shostakovich , ka dibna Edison Denisov , Sofia Gubaidulina , Georgy Sviridov , iyo Alf . Intii lagu jiray xilligii Soofiyeedka, muusigga caanka ah wuxuu sidoo kale soo saaray tiro caan ah oo caan ah, sida labada balladeers - Vladimir Vysotsky iyo Bulat Okudzhava , iyo jilayaasha sida Alla Pugacheva . Jazz , xitaa iyada oo cunaqabatayn ka timid maamulka Soofiyeedka, ayaa u kobcay oo u xuubsiibtay mid ka mid ah noocyada muusiga ee ugu caansan dalka. Sannadkii 1980-meeyadii, muusiga dhagaxa ayaa caan ka noqday Ruushka oo dhan, wuxuuna soo saaray kooxo ay ka mid yihiin Aria , Aquarium , DDT , iyo Kino ; Hogaamiyihii dambe Viktor Tsoi , wuxuu ahaa gaar ahaan, qof weyn. Muusigga Pop-gu wuxuu ku sii socday inuu ku faafo Ruushka tan iyo 1960-meeyadii, iyada oo la adeegsanayo ficillo caan ah oo caalami ah sida taTu ===Cunto=== [[File:Mint_bread_kvas.jpg|thumb|Kvass waa cabitaan qadiimi ah oo Ruush ah.]] Cunnada Ruushka waxaa sameeyay cimilada kala duwan ee dalka, dhaqanka iyo diinta, iyo juqraafiga ballaaran; waxay la mid tahay dalalka deriska ah. Dalagga galley , qamadiga, shaciir , iyo masago ayaa bixiya maaddooyinka rootiga, canjeelada iyo badarka kala duwan, iyo sidoo kale cabitaano badan. Rooti , ​​noocyo badan oo kala duwan ah, ayaa aad looga jecel yahay Ruushka oo dhan. Maraqa dhadhanka leh iyo maraqa waxaa ka mid ah shchi , borsch , ukha , solyanka , iyo okroshka . Smetana ( labeen dhanaan culus ) iyo majones ayaa inta badan lagu daraa maraq iyo saladh. Pirozhki , blini , iyo syrniki waa canjeelada waddaniga ah . Hilibka lo'da ee Stroganoff , : 266  Chicken Kiev , : 320  pelmeni , iyo shashlyk waa cuntooyin hilib caan ah . Cuntooyinka kale ee hilibka waxaa ka mid ah duub kaabajka cufan ( golubtsy ) oo badanaa laga buuxiyo hilib. Salad waxaa ka mid ah salad Olivier , vinegret , iyo herring labisan . Cabitaanka khamriga qaranka ee Ruushka waa kvass , iyo cabitaanka khamriga qaranka waa vodka ; Wax-soo-saarkeeda Ruushka (iyo meelo kale) waxay soo taxnayd qarnigii 14-aad. Wadanku wuxuu leeyahay isticmaalka vodka ugu sarreeya adduunka, halka biirku uu yahay cabitaanka khamriga ugu caansan. Khamrigu aad ayuu caan uga noqday Ruushka qarnigii 21aad. Shaahu waxa uu caan ka ahaa Ruushka qarniyo badan ===Warbaahinta iyo shineemada=== [[File:2019-07-28-3385-Moscow-Ostankino-Tower.jpg|thumb|Tower Ostankino ee [[Moscow]], qaab dhismeedka xorta ah ee ugu dheer [[Yurub]]]] Waxaa jira 400 oo wakaaladaha wararka ee Ruushka, kuwaas oo ka mid ah kuwa ugu waaweyn ee caalamiga ah ee ka shaqeeya TASS , RIA Novosti , Sputnik , iyo Interfax . Telefishinku waa warbaahinta ugu caansan Ruushka. Waxaa ka mid ah 3,000 idaacadaha shatiga leh ee dalka oo dhan, kuwa caanka ah waxaa ka mid ah Radio Rossii , Vesti FM , Echo of Moscow , Radio Mayak , iyo Russkoye Radio . 16,000 oo ka mid ah wargeysyada diiwaangashan, Argumenty i Fakty , Komsomolskaya Pravda , Rossiyskaya Gazeta , Izvestia , iyo Moskovskij Komsomolets ayaa caan ah. Kanaalka koowaad ee ay dawladdu maamusho iyo Russia-1 ayaa ah kanaalada ugu horreeya ee wararka, halka RT ay tahay astaanta u ah hawlgallada warbaahinta caalamiga ah ee Ruushka. Ruushku waxa uu leeyahay suuqa ciyaaraha fiidyaha ee ugu wayn Yurub, iyada oo in ka badan 65 milyan oo ciyaartoy ay ka joogaan dalka oo dhan. Shaleemada Ruushka iyo ka dib Soofiyeedka waxay ahayd goob aad u kulul oo hal-abuurnimo, taasoo keentay in filimaan caan ka ah dunida sida Battleship Potemkin , kaas oo loo magacaabay filimkii ugu weynaa ee abid soo mara Bandhigga Adduunka ee Brussels ee 1958. Filim-sameeyayaashii Soofiyeeti, gaar ahaan Sergei Eisenstein iyo Andrei Tarkovsky , oo ka mid ah agaasimayaasha ugu caansan adduunka ayaa sii socon doona. Eisenstein waxa uu ahaa arday Lev Kuleshov , kaas oo soo saaray aragtidii mihnadlaha ah ee Soofiyeedka ee tafatirka filimada ee dugsigii filimka ugu horreeyay ee adduunka, Machadka All-Union Institute of Cinematography . Aragtida " Kino-Eye " ee Dziga Vertov waxay saameyn weyn ku yeelatay horumarinta filim-sameynta filimada iyo xaqiiqada shaleemada. Qaar badan oo filimaan ah oo waaqiciga hantiwadaaga Soofiyeedka ayaa si farshaxanimo leh u guulaystay, oo ay ku jiraan Chapaev , Cranes Are Flying , iyo Ballad of a Soldier . 1960-meeyadii iyo 1970-meeyadii ayaa lagu arkay shaleemo Soofiyeedka oo aad u kala duwan oo farshaxanimo ah. Majaajilada Eldar Ryazanov iyo Leonid Gaidai ee wakhtigaas waxay ahaayeen kuwo aad loo jecel yahay, iyada oo qaar badan oo ka mid ah hal-ku-dhigyo weli la isticmaalo maanta. Sannadkii 1961-68 Sergey Bondarchuk wuxuu agaasimay laqabsiga filimka Oscar -ku-guuleystay ee Leo Tolstoy ee dagaalka iyo nabadda , kaas oo ahaa filimka ugu qaalisan ee lagu sameeyo Midowga Soofiyeeti. 1969-kii, Vladimir Motyl 's White Sun of the Desert ayaa la sii daayay, filim aad loo jecel yahay oo ah nooca ostern ; filimka waxaa dhaqan ahaan daawata cosmonauts ka hor safar kasta oo hawada. Kadib burburkii Midowgii Soofiyeeti, warshadaha shineemooyinka Ruushka waxaa soo gaaray khasaare weyn; si kastaba ha ahaatee, laga soo bilaabo dabayaaqadii 2000-meeyadii, waxay aragtay kobac mar kale, wayna sii fidaysaa. ===Ciyaaraha=== Kubadda cagta waa ciyaaraha ugu caansan Ruushka. Xulka kubbadda cagta ee Midowga Soofiyeeti waxay noqdeen horyaalkii ugu horreeyay ee Yurub iyagoo ku guuleystay Euro 1960 waxayna gaareen finalka Euro 1988 . Kooxaha Ruushka ee CSKA Moscow iyo Zenit Saint Petersburg ayaa ku guuleystay UEFA Cup 2005 iyo 2008 . Russia waxay ahayd wadanka marti galinaya koobka Confederations Cup 2017 , iyo 2018 FIFA World Cup . Si kastaba ha ahaatee, kooxaha Ruushka ayaa hadda laga ganaaxay tartamada FIFA iyo UEFA. [[File:Maria_Sharapova_(18405201199).jpg|thumb|[[Maria Sharapova]], oo hore u ahaan jirtay ciyaartoyga 1-aad ee tennis-ka adduunka, ayaa ahayd gabadha ugu mushaharka badan adduunka 11 sano oo xidhiidh ah.]] Xeegada barafka ayaa aad caan uga ah Ruushka, kooxda xeegada barafka ee Soofiyeedka ayaa si caalami ah u maamuli jirtay ciyaaraha inta ay jirtay. Bandy waa ciyaaraha qaranka ee Ruushka, taariikh ahaanna waxa ay ahayd dalka ugu guulaha badan ciyaaraha. Xulka kubbadda koleyga Ruushka ayaa ku guuleystay EuroBasket 2007 , iyo kooxda kubbadda koleyga Ruushka ee PBC CSKA Moscow ayaa ka mid ah kooxaha ugu guulaha badan kubbadda koleyga Yurub. Formula One Grand Prix ee sanadlaha ah ee Ruushka ayaa lagu qabtay Sochi Autodrom ee Beerta Olombikada Sochi , ilaa laga soo afjarayo duulaankii Ruushka ee Ukraine 2022. Taariikh ahaan, ciyaartooyda Ruushku waxay ka mid ahaayeen tartamayaasha ugu guulaha badan ciyaaraha Olombikada . Ruushku waa qaranka hogaaminaya jimicsiga laxanka , dabaasha la isku waafajiyay ee Ruushka waxaa loo arkaa inay yihiin kuwa aduunka ugu fiican. Sawirku waa isboorti kale oo caan ka ah Ruushka, gaar ahaan lammaanaha barafka iyo qoob ka ciyaarka barafka . Russia waxa ay soo saartay ciyaartoy badan oo tennis caan ah. Chess sidoo kale waa madadaalo caan ah oo si weyn looga jecel yahay qaranka, iyadoo qaar badan oo ka mid ah ciyaartoyda chess-ka adduunka ugu sarreeya ay ahaayeen Ruush tobaneeyo sano. Ciyaaraha Olombikada Xagaaga ee 1980 ayaa lagu qabtay Moscow, iyo Olombikada Jiilaalka 2014 iyo Ciyaaraha Olombikada Jiilaalka 2014 ayaa lagu qabtay Sochi. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Russia ayaa sidoo kale laga xayuubiyay 43 billadaha Olombikada ee ciyaartoydeeda sababo la xiriira xadgudubyada doping-ka , taas oo ah tan ugu badan waddan kasta, iyo ku dhawaad ​​​​saddex meelood meel wadarta guud ee adduunka ==Xubin== * [[IMF]]_* _-_—_-_—_-_.: * [[Bankiga Aduunka]]_* _-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-.: * [[Kooxda Labaatanka]]_* _-_-_-_-_-_-_____-_—_—_-:. * [[Qaramada Midoobay]]_* _-_—___-_-_-___-_-_-_-_-.: == Documentary == * Anatomy ee Putinism (2023) <ref>[https://blog.poltava.to/pustovgar/17788/ Анатомія рашизму | Документальний цикл «Остання війна»]</ref> == Midowga(Etixaadka!)Sofiyetka.== * [[Armania]] * [[Azerbaijan]] * [[Belarus]] * [[Estoniya]] * [[Joorjiya]] * [[Kasakhstan]] * [[Qargistan]] * [[Latfiya]] * [[Lithuaniya]] * [[Moldofa]] * [[Tadsjikistan]] * [[Turkmenistan]] * [[Usbekistan]] * [[Ukraine]] [[Category:Taariikh]] {{commons|Союз Советских Социалистических Республик}} ==Sido Kale fiiri== *[[Soviet Union]] “USSR” Former States.: *{{Flag| Azerbaijan}}: *{{Flag|Kazakhstan}}:. * {{Flag|Kyrgyzstan}}:. *{{Flag|Tajikistan}}:. *{{Flag|Uzbekistan}}:. ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} [https://www.rferl.org/a/the-disputed-islands-where-world-war-2-never-ended/28402307.html "Jasiiradaha Kurile: Waa maxay sababta Ruushka iyo Japan aysan waligood nabad u samayn Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka ka dib"] [https://books.google.com/books?id=gz5MDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA252 Oggolaanshaha iyo xakamaynta goobta shaqada ee awoodda leh: Ruushka iyo Shiinaha marka la barbardhigo] [https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april/weo-report?c=922,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2023&ey=2030&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 "Daabacaadda Muuqaalka Dhaqaalaha Adduunka, Abriil 2025 Edition. (Ruushka)"] [https://books.google.com/books?id=fZkrAQAAIAAJ Taariikhda Ruushka Casriga ah: Laga soo bilaabo Tsarism ilaa Qarnigii Labaatanaad, Daabacaadda Saddexaad] [[doi:10.1126/science.aao1807|"Genomes qadiimiga ah waxay muujinayaan dhaqanka bulshada iyo taranka ee hore ee Upper Paleolithic foragers"]] [https://www.science.org/content/article/thousands-horsemen-may-have-swept-bronze-age-europe-transforming-local-population "Kumanaan fardooley ah ayaa laga yaabaa inay ku dhufteen da'da Bronze Europe, taas oo beddeleysa dadka maxalliga ah"] [[doi:10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.03.007|"Falanqaynta isku xigxiga genome-ballaaran ee dadyowga qowmiyadaha ee ku baahsan Ruushka"]] [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Humanities_Research_Association Ururka Cilmi-baarista Bani'aadamnimada Casriga ah] [[doi:10.1017/S0020818300004859|"Boqortooyadu waxay dib u soo celisaa: Kobcinta Bariga Bloc ee Hanti Soofiyeedka ilaa Mas'uuliyadda Soofiyeedka"]] [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-09-07-mn-1530-story.html "Madax-bannaanida Dalalka Baltic-ka: Xorriyadda: Moscow waxay si rasmi ah u aqoonsan tahay Lithuania, Latvia iyo Estonia, oo soo afjaraysa nus qarniga xakamaynta. Soofiyeedka si ay u bilaabaan wadahadal dhawaan ku saabsan xiriirka cusub ee saddexda waddan"] [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-03-19-mn-494-story.html "Codeynta Gorbachev waxay taageertaa laakiin maaha mid lagu qanci karo: Midowga Soofiyeeti: Qorshihiisa ilaalinta midnimada federaalka waa la taageeray-laakiin sidoo kale Yeltsin waa madaxweynanimada Ruushka"] [https://www.straitstimes.com/world/europe/26-years-on-russia-set-to-repay-all-soviet-unions-foreign-debt "26 sano ka dib, Ruushku wuxuu qorsheynayaa inuu dib u bixiyo dhammaan deynta dibadda ee Midowga Soofiyeeti"] [https://apnews.com/article/russia-prigozhin-wagner-2c77567908c73e538f9f1c76ae406f8f "Russia says it confirmed Wagner leader Prigozhin died in a plane crash"] [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1879366511000133 "Ka baxsan Ruushka, noqosho maxalli ah: Dariiqyada la qabsiga dhicitaankii Midowga Soofiyeeti ee qowmiyadaha Ruushka ee Jamhuuriyadihii hore ee Soofiyeedka"] [https://apnews.com/article/germany-russia-threats-report-rheinmetall-plot-2cee42e9f9f6940eb960b0b052e3e670 "Dilalka Ruushka ee ka dhanka ah kuwa taageeraya Ukraine ayaa lagu kashifay Yurub, sarkaal ayaa yiri"] [https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-worst-violators-religious-freedom-report-iran-turkmenistan/31215737.html "Warbixinta Mareykanka ayaa sheegtay in Ruushku uu ka mid yahay 'kuwii ugu xumaa' ee xorriyadda diinta"] [https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/russian-voters-back-referendum-banning-same-sex-marriage-n1232802 "Codbixiyayaasha Ruushku waxay dib u soo celiyeen afti lagu mamnuucayo guurka dadka isku jinsiga ah"] [https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-recruited-convicts-fierce-assault-units-storm-gladiator-/32806371.html "Gladiator Duufaanta: Sida Ruushku u Isticmaalo Dembiilayaasha la qorto si ay ugala dagaallamaan Unugyada Weerarada Ba'an ee Ukraine"] [http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/208165/1/208165.pdf "Xuquuqda luqadda iyo waxbarashada ee jamhuuriyadda Ruushka: dhinaca midnimada iyada oo loo marayo labbiska"] [https://www.calvertjournal.com/features/show/9981/beyond-the-game-sochi-seaside-walking-guide-soviet-sanatoriums-gardens "Rivieia Ruush: laga bilaabo sanatoriums Soofiyeedka ilaa jardiinooyin qurxoon, hagahaaga socodka ee badda Sochi"] [https://www.vox.com/the-goods/22276736/figure-skating-olympics-winter-2022-lessons "Sawir-barafka ayaa dul saaran baraf khafiif ah. Waa tan sida loo hagaajiyo"] [https://thewest.com.au/sport/tennis/rublev-dominates-second-round-open-match-ng-s-2049116 "Xukunka Ruushka ee Australian Open"] [https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/moscow-1980 "Moscow 1980 Olombikada Xagaaga - Ciyaartoyda, Biladaha & Natiijooyinka"] [https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/sochi-2014 "Sochi 2014 Olombikada Jiilaalka - Ciyaartoyda, Biladaha & Natiijooyinka"] [https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/08/sports/olympics/Wada-Russing-doping.html "Miyaa Ruushka laga tuurayaa Ciyaaraha Olombikada Isniinta] [https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2016/08/19/russian-mastery-in-synchronized-swimming-yields-double-gold/89000222/ "Aqoonsiga Ruushku ku leeyahay dabaasha isku xidhan waxa ay dhalisaa labanlaab dahab ah"] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7577103 "Waa maxay sababta Ruushku u leeyahay heerka dhimashada sare ee wadnaha iyo xididdada dhiigga? Isbarbardhigga biomarkers-ku-saleysan dhiigga ee Norway waxay saameyneysaa dhaawaca wadnaha ee aan ischaemic ahayn"] [https://hir.harvard.edu/washington-must-not-idle-as-russia-tightens-its-abkhazian-stranglehold/ "Xoojinta Ruushka ee Abkhazia waxay halis gelinaysaa danaha reer galbeedka iyo Georgian"] [https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/256753 Russia on the road to dictatorship: Internal political repercussions of the attack on Ukraine] [[doi:10.11610/Connections.14.4.08|"Argagixisadu waxay ku hanjabtay Ruushka iyo tallaabooyinkeeda ka hortagga argagixisada"]] [https://www.science.org/content/article/nomadic-herders-left-strong-genetic-mark-europeans-and-asians "Xoolo-dhaqatada reer guuraaga ahi waxay raad xooggan kaga tageen reer Yurub iyo Aasiyaanka"] {{Dalalka Aasiya}} {{Dalalka Yurub}} [[category:ruushka]] [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] sgrl4a04whj6bst33x2vnstepzq45cu 0 2407 307614 295463 2026-09-09T16:23:27Z Soalt 39618 Category:Wadamada Afrika 307614 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = State of Eritrea |common_name = Eritrea |native_name = {{unbulleted list|{{native name|ti|ሃገረ ኤርትራ|italics=off}}|{{transl|ti|''Hagere Ertra''|italics=off}}|{{native name|ar|دولة إرتريا|italics=off}}|{{transl|ar|ALA|''Dawlaṫ Iriṫriyá''|italics=off}}}} |image_flag = Flag of Eritrea.svg |image_coat = Emblem of Eritrea (or argent azur).svg |symbol_type = Emblem |image_map = Location Eritrea AU Africa.svg |map_caption = {{map caption |countryprefix= |location_color=dark blue |region=Africa |region_color=dark grey |subregion=the [[African Union]] |subregion_color=light blue}} |image_map2 = Eritrea - Location Map (2013) - ERI - UNOCHA.svg |national_anthem = ''[[Ertra, Ertra, Ertra]]''<br />{{small|''Eritrea, Eritrea, Eritrea''}}<br /><center>[[File:National Anthem of Eritrea by US Navy Band.ogg]]</center> |official_languages = None<ref name="eritrean-embassy.se">[http://www.eritrean-embassy.se/about-eritrea/people-and-languages/ People and Languages » Embassy of The State of Eritrea] {{Wayback|url=http://www.eritrean-embassy.se/about-eritrea/people-and-languages/ |date=20181028042800 }}. Eritrean-embassy.se. Retrieved on 5 June 2016.</ref> (''see working languages'') |national_languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Af-Tigrinya]] |<ref>[[Ethnologue]]: [https://www.ethnologue.com/country/er/status ''Ethnologue Languages of the World – Eritrea – Status'']</ref> |[[Tigre language|Tigre]] |[[Kunama language|Kunama]] |[[Saho language|Saho]] |[[Bilen language|Bilen]] |[[Nara language|Nara]] |[[Cafari]]<ref>[[Ethnologue]]: [https://www.ethnologue.com/country/er/status ''Ethnologue Languages of the World – Eritrea – Status'']</ref> }} |languages_type = [[Working language]]s |languages = {{unbulleted list|[[Af-Tigrinya]]<ref name="MOI Eritrea" />|[[Af-Carabi]]<ref name="MOI Eritrea" />|[[Af-Ingiriisi]]<ref name="MOI Eritrea">{{cite web|url=http://www.shabait.com/about-eritrea/eritrea-at-a-glance/49-eritrea-at-a-glance|title=ERITREA AT A GLANCE|author=Shabait Administrator|publisher=Eritrea Ministry of Information|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|access-date=2018-08-28|archive-date=2012-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303132512/http://www.shabait.com/about-eritrea/eritrea-at-a-glance/49-eritrea-at-a-glance|dead-url=yes}}</ref>}} |demonym = Eritrean |ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 55% [[Tigrayans|Tigrayan]] | 30% [[Tigre people|Tigre]] | 4% [[Saho people|Saho]] | 3% [[Kunama people|Kunama]] | 2% [[Gadabuursi clan|Gadabuursi]] | 2% [[Bilen people|Bilen]] | 2% [[Rashaida people|Rashaida]] | 5% others }} |ethnic_groups_year = 2012<ref name="Ciaethn">[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html#er CIA – Eritrea – Ethnic groups] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html#er |date=20190106010801 }}. Cia.gov. Retrieved 25 June 2012.</ref> |capital = [[Asmara]] |coordinates = {{Coord|15|20|N|38|55|E|type:city}} |largest_city = capital |government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[One-party state|one-party]] [[Presidential system|presidential republic]] |leader_title1 = [[List of heads of state of Eritrea|President]] |leader_name1 = [[Isaias Afwerki]] |legislature = [[National Assembly (Eritrea)|National Assembly]] |sovereignty_type = [[History of Eritrea|Formation]] |established_event1 = [[Dʿmt]] |established_date1 = c. 980 {{small|[[Before Christ|BC]]}} |established_event2 = [[Kingdom of Aksum]] |established_date2 = c. 100 {{small|[[AD]]}} |established_event3 = [[Medri Bahri]] |established_date3 = 1137 |established_event4 = [[Italian Eritrea]] |established_date4 = 1890 |established_event5 = [[Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea|Eritrean Federation]] |established_date5 = 15 September 1952 |established_event6 = ''[[De facto]]'' State of Eritrea |established_date6 = 24 May 1991 |established_event7 = ''[[De jure]]'' State of Eritrea |established_date7 = 24 May 1993 |area_rank = 99th <!-- Should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> |area_magnitude = 1 E11 |area_km2 = 117,600 |area_sq_mi = 45,405 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |percent_water = 0.14% |population_estimate = {{UN_Population|Eritrea}}{{UN_Population|ref}} |population_estimate_rank = 116th |population_estimate_year = {{UN_Population|Year}} |population_density_km2 = 51.8 |population_density_sq_mi = 111.7 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = 154th |GDP_PPP = $10.176 billion<ref name="imf2">{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=50&pr.y=2&sy=2015&ey=2022&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=643&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Eritrea |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=1 October 2014}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_year = 2018 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $1,466<ref name="imf2"/> |GDP_nominal = $6.856 billion<ref name="imf2"/> |GDP_nominal_year = 2018 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $988<ref name="imf2"/> |Gini_year = |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini = <!--number only--> |Gini_ref = |Gini_rank = |HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> |HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI = 0.420 <!--number only--> |HDI_ref = <ref name="UNDP2016">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title= Human Development Report 2016 – "Human Development for Everyone"|publisher=[[Human Development Report|HDRO (Human Development Report Office)]] [[United Nations Development Programme]]|accessdate=22 March 2017}}</ref> |HDI_rank = 179th |currency = [[Eritrean nakfa|Nakfa]] |currency_code = ERN |time_zone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] |utc_offset = +3 |time_zone_DST = not observed |utc_offset_DST = +3 |drives_on = right |calling_code = [[+291]] |cctld = [[.er]] <!-- ORPHANED: |footnote_b = Working languages only.<ref name="official">{{cite web |url=http://www.shabait.com/about-eritrea/eritrea-at-a-glance/49-eritrea-at-a-glance |title=ERITREA AT A GLANCE |date=1 October 2009 |accessdate=4 April 2012}}</ref> ---> }} Eritrea {{IPAc-en|-|ˈ|t|r|eɪ|-}}; ama , si rasmi ah loo yaqaan Jamhuuriyadda Eritrea ({{lang-ti|ሃገረ ኤርትራ}}), waa dal ku yaalla [[Geesta Afrika]] ee [[Bariga Afrika]]. Caasimadda iyo magaalada ugu weyn waa [[Asmara]]. Waxay xuduud la leedahay [[Itoobiya]] dhanka koonfureed, [[Suudaan]] dhanka galbeed, iyo [[Jabuuti]] dhanka koonfur-bari, halka dhanka woqooyi-bari iyo bariga ay leedahay xeeb dheer oo ku fidsan [[Badda Cas]]. Wadanku wuxuu leeyahay dhul dhan qiyaastii {{convert|117600|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}, waxaana ku jira [[Dahlak Archipelago]] iyo qaar ka mid ah [[Jasiiradaha Hanish]].<ref name="Eritrea" /><ref name="Eritrea country profile" /> Dhulka Eritrea waxaa laga helay raadad qadiimi ah oo gaaraya hal milyan sano, taas oo muujinaysa muhiimaddiisa taariikheed ee ku saabsan bilowga aadanaha. Qarnigii 1aad ama 2aad AD waxaa la aasaasay Boqortooyadii [[Aksum]], taas oo daboolaysay dhulka maanta ah Eritrea iyo qayb ka mid ah waqooyiga Itoobiya, isla markaana qaadatay [[Masiixiyadda]] qarnigii 4aad.<ref name="Munro-Hay57" /><ref name="Paul B. Henze 2005" /> Qarniyadii xigay, dhulalka Eritrea waxay mararka qaar hoos tagnayeen xukunka boqortooyooyinka [[Zagwe]] iyo [[Salomonid]] ee Itoobiya. Qarnigii 16aad, [[Cismaaniyiinta]] ayaa qabsaday xeebaha, ka dibna 1865 waxaa maamulay [[Khedivate of Egypt]] ilaa ay la wareegeen [[Talyaaniga]] 1885. Talyaanigu wuxuu si rasmi ah u sameeyay gumaysigii [[Eritrea Talyaaniyeed]] intii u dhaxaysay 1885–1890, taas oo dejisay xuduudaha casriga ah ee dalka. Intii lagu jiray [[Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka]], Eritrea waxay gashay gacanta [[Maamulka Militariga Ingiriiska]], waxaana 1952 lagu daray Itoobiya iyadoo leh federaal gaar ah. Hase yeeshee, 1962 Itoobiya waxay si rasmi ah u xannibtey baarlamaanka Eritrea, taas oo dhalisay bilowgii dagaalkii hubeysnaa ee loogu magac daray [[Dagaalkii Xorriyadda Eritrea]], kaas oo socday ilaa 1991 markii Eritrea gaadhay de facto madax-bannaani. Sannadkii 1993, kadib aftidii madax-bannaanida, Eritrea waxay yeelatay madax-bannaani de jure.<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica" /> Dalka Eritrea waa bulsho kala qoomiyado ah oo leh sagaal qoomiyadood oo la aqoonsan yahay, mid kastaana leh af u gaar ah. Luqadaha ugu badan ee la hadlo waa [[Tigrinya]], [[Carabi]], iyo [[Ingiriisi]], kuwaas oo ah luqadaha shaqada ee rasmiga ah.<ref name="MOI Eritrea" /> Qoomiyadda [[Tigrinya]] waxay ka kooban tahay qiyaastii 50% dadka, halka [[Tigre]] ay yihiin qiyaastii 30%. Waxaa sidoo kale jira qoomiyado kale sida [[Saho]], [[Kunama]], [[Nara]], [[Afar]], [[Beja]], iyo [[Bilen]]. Dadka intiisa badan waxay ku hadlaan afaf ka tirsan qoyska [[Afro-Aasiyaan]], gaar ahaan laamaha [[Af-Semiti Itoobiyaan]] iyo [[Afafka Kushitic]]. Diimaha ugu badan ee dalka laga helo waa [[Masiixiyadda]] iyo [[Islaamka]], iyadoo ay jiraan kooxo yaryar oo dhaqanka Afrika ku dhaqma.<ref name="CIA" /> Siyaasiyan, Eritrea waxaa lagu tilmaamaa mid ka mid ah dalalka ugu [[Dalalka ugu saboolsan dunida|saboolsan]] caalamka, isla markaana waa [[jamhuuriyad madaxweyne oo hal xisbi ah]]. Tan iyo 1993, [[Isaias Afwerki]] ayaa ah madaxwaynaha kaliya ee dalka, waxaana dalka lagu tilmaamaa nidaam [[kaligii-talis]] ah oo aan marnaba qabannin doorashooyin qaran oo sharci-dejin ama madaxtinimo.<ref name="hrw"/> Dowladdu waxaa si joogto ah loogu eedeeyaa [[xadgudubka xuquuqda aadanaha]], balse waxay ku tilmaantaa eedeymahaasi kuwo siyaasadaysan.<ref name="Tesf" /> Eritrea waxay xubin ka tahay [[Midowga Afrika]], [[Qaramada Midoobay]], iyo [[Ururka Horumarinta Gobollada Geeska Afrika]] (IGAD). Waxa kale oo ay dal kormeere ka tahay [[Jaamacadda Carabta]].<ref name="CNN" />karo. ==Xubin== * [[Qaramada Midoobay]]_* ==Waddnmaha degaan Eritera== [<ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/u/United_Nations.htm |access-date=2022-08-22 |archive-date=2022-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707081051/https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/u/United_Nations.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref>]. == Siyaasadda == Doorashaddii ugu horeysay oo ka dhacday Ereteriya sanadka markuu ahaa 1991kii, shacabka ereteriya waxeey doorteen xornimo 99.8%, ayada markaas dagaalo xun dhaxmaray itoobiya iyo ereteriya, oo halkaas ku dhinteen dad aad u badan. Siyaasadda Ereteriya waa mid ku dhisan hab nabadeed taasoo ah dad jecel midnimada soomaaliya waloow lagu eedeeyey in ay taageeri jirtay kooxihii ka horjeeday joogitaanka [[Itoobiya]] kadib markii ay qabsatay [[Soomaaliya]] [[2006]] waxaa la sheegay in ay joogeen ciidamo ereteriya udhashay oo gaaraya 2000 askari taasoo beenoowday markii dambe, si kastaba ha aheetee waxaa iska hor yimid siyaasaddii [[Itoobiya]] ee ahayd kala qaybinta [[Soomaaliya]] iyo tii ereteya taasoo kentay markii dambe in golaha amaanku uu cunaqabayn saaro dalkaan. Eratareya waxay ku adkaysanaysaa inay ixtiraamto heerarka caalamiga ah ee xuquuqda aadanaha. Hay'adaha waaweyn ee xuquuqda aadanaha ayaa cambaareeyay ku tumashada xuquuqda aasaasiga ah waxayna sii wadaan inay ku boorriyaan Eratareya inay saxdo xaaladda.<ref>[https://www.jw.org/en/news/legal/by-region/eritrea/jehovahs-witnesses-in-prison/ Imprisoned for Their Faith]</ref> ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} == Link == * [http://www.wechseln.de Vergleich Strom Anbieter] {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Ereteriya]] [[Category:Wadamada Afrika]] 51itu2ajx1b6m4win2mm3ayx1kvbhvr 0 2496 307653 294961 2026-09-09T17:39:10Z Soalt 39618 Category:Wadamada Afrika 307653 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Suudaan | native_name = {{raise|0.1em|{{lang|ar|{{big|جمهورية السودان}}}}}}<br />''Jumhūrīyat as-Sūdān'' | common_name = Sudan | image_flag = Flag of Sudan.svg | image_coat = | image_map = Sudan on the globe (de-facto + claimed hatched) (North Africa centered).svg | map_caption = {{map caption |countryprefix= |location_color=red }} | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = {{native phrase|ar|{{big|النصر لنا}}|italics=off}}<br />"An-Naṣar li-nā"<br />{{small|"Victory is ours"}} | national_anthem = {{unbulleted list |{{big|نحن جند الله جند الوطن}}|<center>[[File:Sudanese national anthem, performed by the U.S. Navy Band (instrumental).oga]]</center>}} | official_languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Carabi]], [[Ingiriis]] }} | ethnic_groups = | ethnic_groups_year = | demonym = | capital = [[Khartuum]] | latd=15 |latm=38 |latNS=N |longd=032 |longm=32 |longEW=E | largest_city = [[Omdurman]]<ref>[https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/2000_round.htm United Nations: Population of capital cities and cities of 100 000 or more inhabitants: latest available year, 1990–2009, Demographic Yearbook 2009 – 2010,P 288–289, 2011, 12 May 2012]</ref><ref>[http://www.citypopulation.de/Sudan.html Sudan: States, Major Cities, Towns & Agglomeration – Statistics & Maps on City Population. City Population 2011]</ref> | government_type = | leader_title1 = [[Madaxweyneyaashii Suudaan|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = Abdel Fattah Abdelrahman Burhan | leader_title2 = [[Madaxweyne ku xigeen]] | leader_name2 = Vacant | legislature = | upper_house = | lower_house = | sovereignty_type = Askunka | established_event1 = | established_date1 = | established_event2 = | established_date2 = | established_event3 = | established_date3 = | established_event4 = | established_date4 = | established_event5 = | established_date5 = | established_event6 = | established_date6 = | GDP_PPP_year = 2012 | GDP_PPP = $85.272 billion<ref>[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=62&pr.y=8&sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=732&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= Sudan: International Monetary Fund, 2013]</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank =2022 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $2,545 | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = $25.941 billion | GDP_nominal_rank = | GDP_nominal_year = 2022 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $1,789 | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = | area_km2 = 1886068 | area_sq_mi = 728215 | area_rank = 16th | area_magnitude = | percent_water = | population_census_year = 2016 | population_census = 39,894,000 ''(disputed)''&nbsp;<ref>[http://www.news24.com/World/News/Discontent-over-Sudan-census-20090521 News24; AFP, Cape Town, 2009, Discontent over Sudan census]</ref> | population_census_rank = 40th | population_density_km2 = 16.4 | population_density_sq_mi = 42.4 | population_density_rank = | Gini_year = 2009 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = 35.3 <!--number only--> | Gini_ref =<ref>[http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ Gini Index; World Bank, 2 March 2011]</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2011 | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.408 <!--number only--> | HDI_ref = <ref>[http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Table1.pdf Human Development Report 2011; United Nations Development Programme 2 November 2011]</ref> | HDI_rank = 169th | FSI = {{nowrap|113.7 {{increase}} 1.4}} | FSI_year = 2007 | FSI_rank = 1st | FSI_category = <span style="color:#f00;white-space:nowrap;">Alert</span> | currency = [[Suudaan pound]] | currency_code = SDG | time_zone = [[Waqtiga Bariga Afrika]] | utc_offset = +3 | time_zone_DST = not observed | utc_offset_DST = +3 | drives_on = midig | calling_code = [[+249]] | cctld = [[.sd]], [[سودان.]] }} '''Jamhuuriyada [[Suudaan]] ee [[Carabta]]''' waxa la bedely magaicii hore ee suudaan kadib markii [[Koonfur Suudaan]] ay ka goday waqoogiyiga [[Suudaan]], wadankani waxa uu ku yaalaa [[Woqooyi]]ga [[Afrika]]. Waxaa soo gumeestay gumeestihii ingriiska. Wadanka Suudaan mar waxa uu ahaa wadanka ugu ween afrika, waxoona xuduud la leyahay wadamada [[Masar]], [[Libiya]], [[Tchad]], [[Itoobiya]], [[Eratareya]]. Wadanka Suudaan waxoo kala go'ay taariikhda marka ee ahayd 9 [[Luuliyo]] [[2011]]. Suudaan waxee markeeda hore xornimo ka heshay gumeestihii ingriiska sanadka marka oo ahaa 1956dii, isla markaas neh wadanka waxoo ku biiray [[Qaramada Midoobay|QM]],waxaana xukumada qaaday xukumad militari ah oo markaa rabtay in ee wadanka ku xukunto diinta islaamka. Sanadka marka oo ahaa 1972dii ilaa 1982 Suudaan waxaa ka socday dagaalka aduunka ugu foosha xun oona ugu dheer qaarada [[Afrika]]. Dagaalkaas waxoo u dhaxeeyay waqooyiga Suudaan, oo ah meesha ee caasimada ku taalo, oona ah meesha ugu badan muslimiinta iyo Koonfurta suudaan oo ah meesha karishtaanka ugu badan oona leh saliid. Wabada qeebood waxee hishiis rasmi ah kala gaareen, taariikhda markii ay aheyd 9ka [[Janaayo]] 2005. ==Sawiro== [[File:Map_of_Sudan_(New).jpg|thumb|right|400px|]] [[File:Sudan Khartoum View with Traffic 2003.jpg|thumb|400px|Vista dau centre de Khartom.]] [[File:Al-Marekh_Stadium_Omdurman_Sudan_1964_Designed_by_Abdel-Moneim_Mustafa_6.jpg|thumb|right|400px|]][[File:Khartoum_public_transportation.jpg|thumb|right|197px|]] == Taariikh == Suudaan waxee ka midtahay wadamada ugu horeeyay oo islaamka soo maray, gaar ahaan dhinaca saxaarada ee waqooyiga Suudaan. wadanka waxaa soo galay Ajanabi carab ah, isla markaas neh ee ka midnoqdeen dadkii horay u degenaa jiray Suudaan, waxeena diinta ku sii faafiyeen ilaa koonfurta Suudaan. ==''Un Tiroka''- 506 == ==Boqolkiiba IMF== *'''0.04%''' ==Xubin== *''[[Bankiga Aduunka]]''** ` *''[[Midowga Afrika]]'' * *` *''[[Jaamacada Carabta]]'' * * *'''[[Qaramada Midoobay]]'''* * ` *''[[Ururka Caafimaadka Aduunka]]''*` *'''[[Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka]]'''*` ==Waddnmaha deggaan Sudan== * {{Flag|Egypt}} 10,000+ * {{Flag|Libya}} 2000+ *{{Flag|South Sudan}}1000+ * {{Flag|Jad}} 200+ * {{Flag|Eritrea}} 200+ * {{Flag|Ethiopia}} 100+ == Waqtigii Gumeesiga == Sanadka marka oo ahaa 1820 ilaa 1822dii, dhul ka mid ah Suudaan waxaa qabsaday wadanka [[Masar]], isla markaas neh waxaa la sameeyay magaalada [[Khartuum]]. Sanadka marka oo ahaa 1881dii, waxaa dhashtay [[Maleeshiyada Mahdi]], kuwaas oo ka soo horeejaday ama eediidanaayeen gumeestiyaashii masar iyo ingriiska. Maleeshiyadaas waxee sameesatay wadan u gooni ah, isla markaas neh waxee caasimad kadhigteen magaalada [[Omdurman]]. Wadankaas waxoo jiray ilaa 1898dii, isla markaas neh waxaa qabsaday gumeestihii ingriiska oo ku guulestay dagaaladii ee kula jireen. [[File:Nubian_Prince_Hekanefer_bringing_tribute_for_King_Tut,_18th_dynasty,_Tomb_of_Huy.jpg|thumb|right|400px|]]== Dhaqaale suudaan == Suudaan dhaqaaleheeda kor ayoo u socdaa ayada oo la ganacsato wadamada [[shiinaha]], [[jabaan]], [[sacuudi carabiya]], [[imaaradaka carabta]] iyo masar. Suudaan waxee soo saartaa saliid oo laga keeno koonfurta suudaan iyo shidaal. Dahab iyo waxyaabo badan neh wee sameesaa, lacagta ee suudaan hesho 100kiiba 50 waxee ku baxdaa militari. == Shacabka == Suudaan waa wadan oo ajnabi aad u badan ku nool. waxaa lagu hadlaa luqado gaareeso ilaa 110 luqadood, dadka waxaa loo kala qeebiyay waqooyi oo ah meesha ee carabta iyo Nubianka degentahay iyo dhaxbartanka ilaa koonfurta neh waa dad wada ajnabi ah oo aad u kala duwan. ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} ==Sido Kale fiiri== * [[Masar]] * [[Itoobiya]] * [[Sacuudi Carabiya]] * [[Inqilaabkii ka dhacay Suudaan (2021)]] {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Suudaan]] [[Category:Wadamada Afrika]] 7wqwq0d86qvho3gjw7p6hna7d22a2tz 0 2500 307656 292473 2026-09-09T17:41:13Z Soalt 39618 template:Dalalka Afrika 307656 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Midowga Jamuuriyadda Tansaaniya |native_name = {{native name|sw|Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania}} |common_name = Tanzania |image_flag = Flag of Tanzania.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Tanzania.svg |image_map = Tanzania (orthographic projection).svg |national_motto = {{native phrase|sw|"Uhuru na Umoja"|italics=off|nolink=on}} |national_anthem = {{native phrase|sw|[[Mungu ibariki Afrika]]|nolink=on}}<br />''God Bless Africa'' |official_languages = {{unbulleted list |{{nowrap|[[Sawaaxili|Af-Sawaaxili]]}} |English<sup>a</sup>}} |demonym = |capital = [[Dodoma]] |largest_city = [[Dar es Salaam]] |government_type = |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |legislature = |area_km2 = 945,203 |area_sq_mi = 364,898 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |area_rank = 31 |area_magnitude = 1 E11 |percent_water = 6.2 |population_estimate = |population_estimate_year = |population_estimate_rank = 30 |population_census = 44,928,923<ref name="2012 census">{{Cite web |ciwaan=Population Distribution by Administrative Units, United Republic of Tanzania, 2013, page 1 |url=http://www.nbs.go.tz/sensa/PDF/Census%20General%20Report%20-%2029%20March%202013_Combined_Final%20for%20Printing.pdf |access-date=2014-01-31 |archive-date=2013-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015224549/http://www.nbs.go.tz/sensa/PDF/Census%20General%20Report%20-%2029%20March%202013_Combined_Final%20for%20Printing.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |population_census_year = 2012 |population_density_km2 = 47.5 |population_density_sq_mi = 123.1 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = |GDP_PPP_year = 2012 |GDP_PPP = $73.859 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web | url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=58&pr.y=9&sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=738&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= | title=Tanzania | publisher=International Monetary Fund | accessdate=18 April 2013}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_rank =81 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $1,566<ref name=imf2/><sup>b</sup> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = |GDP_nominal = $28.247 billion<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_year = 2012 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $599<ref name=imf2/><sup>b</sup> |Gini_year = 2007 |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini = 37.6 <!--number only--> |Gini_ref =<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html | title=Gini Coefficient | publisher=CIA World Factbook | accessdate=10 August 2013 | ciwaan=Nuqul Archive | archive-date=13 Bisha Lixaad 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613005439/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html | dead-url=yes }}</ref> |Gini_rank = |HDI_year = 2012 |HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI = 0.476 <!--number only--> |HDI_ref =<ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Tanzania (United Republic of), International Human Development Indicators, United Nations Development Programme |url=http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/TZA.html |access-date=2014-01-31 |archive-date=2013-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131128081351/http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/TZA.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |HDI_rank = 152 |sovereignty_type = Gumeystihii {{nobold|[[Ingiriis]]ka}} |established_event1 = [[Tanganyika]] |established_date1 = 9 Diseembar 1961 |established_event2 = {{nowrap|[[Dadka Jamuuriyadda Zanzibar iyo Pemba|Zanzibar iyo Pemba]]}} |established_date2 = 10 Diseembar 1963 |established_event3 = Midowga |established_date3 = 26 Abriil 1964 |established_event4 = |established_date4 = |currency = [[Shilin Tansaaniya]] |currency_code = TZS |time_zone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] |utc_offset = +3 |time_zone_DST = not observed |utc_offset_DST = +3 |drives_on = left |calling_code = [[+255]]<sup>c</sup> |cctld = [[.tz]] |footnote_a = |footnote_b = |footnote_c = |footnotes = }} '''Midowga Jamuuriyadda Tansaaniya''' ({{lang-en|United Republic of Tanzania}}) waa [[dal]] madax banaan oo ku yaal bariga [[Afrika]]. Tansaaniya waxey xuduud la wadaagtaa wadamada [[Kenya]], [[Ugaandha]], [[Burundi]], [[Ruwanda]], [[Saambiya]], [[Musaanbiiq]], [[Malaawi]] iyo [[Saa'iir]]. Tansaaniya waa labo wadan oo isku tagey. Magacana waxaa laga keeney sadexda xaraf ee ugu horeeya wadan walba (English: '''Tan'''ganyika en '''Zan'''zibar). Magaalo madaxda Tansaaniya waa [[Dar es Salaam]] ==Xubin== * [[Midowga Afrika]] *[[Qaramada Midoobay]] ==Waddamaha Deggan Tanzania== * {{Flag|Japan}} 20,000+ * {{Flag|South Africa}} 400,000++: * {{Flag|Great Britain}} 20,000+ * {{Flag|United States}} 100,000+ [[File:Mlimani_City,_Mr._Price_og_Marrybrown.jpg|thumb|right|400px|{{Flag|Tanzania}} Mall_Shobab.]] [[File:Dar_es_Salaam_-_Posta.jpg|thumb|right|400px|]] [[File:Tanzania_National_Main_Stadium.jpg|thumb|right|400px|]] == Tixraacyada == <references/> {{Gumud}} {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Dawladdaha Afrika]] [[Category:Wadamada Afrika]] 8nwl76gbmwwivo1xcrfxkk4wh3r5ql3 0 2505 307647 304309 2026-09-09T17:33:12Z Soalt 39618 template:dalalka afrika iyo category:wadamada afrika 307647 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Zambia | native_name = | common_name = Zambia | image_flag = Flag of Zambia.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Zambia.svg | other_symbol = [[File:Public Seal of Zambia.svg|100px]] | other_symbol_type = Shaabadda Guud | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File: Zambia (orthographic projection).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Muuji khariidadda Afrika|default=1}} | image_map2 = | national_motto = <br />"One Zambia, One Nation"<br />"Halko Zambia, Halko Qaran" <!--speechmarks, as it's a quotation--> | national_anthem = "[[Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free]]"<br /><div style="padding-top:0.4em; text-align:center;">{{center|[[File:Zambian national anthem.oga]]}}</div> | official_languages = [[English language|Ingiriisi]] | regional_languages = {{collapsible list |titlestyle = text-align:left;font-weight:normal; |title = |liststyle = text-align: left;border-top:1px solid #aaa; | 34.0% [[Bemba language|Bemba]] | 12.8% [[Tonga language (Zambia and Zimbabwe)|Tonga]] | 11.4% [[Nyanja language|Nyanja]] | 6.7% [[Chewa language|Chewa]] | 5.4% [[Lozi language|Lozi]] | 2.6% [[Nsenga language|Nsenga]] | 2.5% [[Tumbuka language|Tumbuka]] | 2.3% [[Kaonde language|Kaonde]] | 2.1% [[Lunda language|Lunda]] | 1.9% [[English language|Ingiriisi]] | 1.6% [[Luvale language|Luvale]] | 1.5% [[Lamba language|Lamba]] | 1.4% [[Lala-Bisa language|Lala]] | 1.2% [[Mambwe language|Mambwe]] | 1.2% [[Namwanga language|Namwanga]] | 1.1% [[Lenje language|Lenje]] | 10.2% [[Languages of Zambia|Kuwa kale]] }} | demonym = Reer Zambia | ethnic_groups = {{collapsible list |titlestyle = text-align:left;font-weight:normal; |title = |liststyle = text-align: left;border-top:1px solid #aaa; | 25.4% [[Bemba people|Bemba]] | 14.9% [[Tonga people of Zambia and Zimbabwe|Tonga]] | 8.9% [[Chewa people|Chewa]] | 6.5% [[Lozi people|Lozi]] | 4.2% [[Tumbuka people|Tumbuka]] | 4.0% [[Nsenga people|Nsenga]] | 3.2% [[Ngoni people|Ngoni]] | 3.1% Kaonde | 2.8% [[Lunda people|Lunda]] | 2.7% Namwanga | 2.5% [[Lala people|Lala]] | 2.3% [[Luvale people|Luvale]] | 2.3% [[Mambwe people|Mambwe]] | 1.9% [[Lamba people|Lamba]] | 1.5% [[Lenje people|Bisa]] | 1.1% Dadka Bisa | 1.1% [[Mbunda people|Mbunda]] | 1.0% [[Senga people|Senga]] | 9.4% qowmiyadaha kale }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2022<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africaalbinismnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Zambia-2022-Census-National-Analytical-Report.pdf|title=Zambia 2022 Census National Analytical Report|publisher=Africa Albinism Network|access-date=April 11, 2026}}</ref> | religion = {{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap; |95.5% [[Christianity|Masiixiyad]] ([[State religion|rasmi]]) |2.7% [[Islam|Islaam]] |1.8% [[Religion in Zambia|kuwa kale]] / [[Irreligion|diin laawayaal]] }} | religion_year = 2023 | religion_ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=2023 Report on International Religious Freedom: Zambia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/zambia/#:~:text=According%20to%20Zambia%20Statistics%20Agency,evangelical%20Christians%2C%20and%20Pentecostal%20groups. |website=US Department Of State |publisher=US Government |access-date=7 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Amended Constitution of Zambia|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996|publisher=Government of Zambia|access-date=15 October 2016|archive-date=5 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105055544/http://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996|url-status=live}}</ref> | capital = [[Lusaka]] | coordinates = {{Coord|15|25|S|28|17|E|type:city_region:ZM}} | largest_city = caasimadda | government_type = Jamhuuriyad madaxtooyo oo midaysan [[Presidential system|Madaxtooyo]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Zambia|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Hakainde Hichilema]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice-President of Zambia|Madaxweyne Ku-xigeen]] | leader_name2 = [[Mutale Nalumango]] | leader_title3 = [[Speaker of the National Assembly of Zambia|Gudoomiyaha Baarlamaanka]] | leader_name3 = [[Nelly Mutti]] | leader_title4 = [[Chief Justice of Zambia|Gudoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare]] | leader_name4 = [[Mumba Malila]] | legislature = [[National Assembly of Zambia|Aqlaka Qaranka ee Zambia]] | area_km2 = 752,617 | area_sq_mi = 290,587 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | area_rank = 38aad <!--should be same as listed on [[List of countries and dependencies by area]]--> | area_footnote = <ref name="area">{{cite web |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2004/Table03.pdf |title=Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density |author=United Nations Statistics Division |access-date=9 November 2007 |archive-date=31 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031023924/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2004/Table03.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> | percent_water = 1 | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 20,216,029<ref name=WorldFactbook2023>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Zambia|year=October 1, 2024}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 64aad | population_density_km2 = 17.2 | population_density_sq_mi = 44.5 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 191aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $83.687 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.ZM">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=754,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Zambia) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=15 October 2023 |archive-date=17 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017232244/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=754,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = 100aad | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $4,068<ref name="IMFWEO.ZM" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 155aad | GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $29.536 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.ZM" /> | GDP_nominal_rank = 113th | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $1,435<ref name="IMFWEO.ZM" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 159aad | Gini_year = 2022 | Gini_change = hoos u dhac <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = 51.5 <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204222738/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 February 2021 |title=Gini Index coefficient|publisher=[[The World Factbook]]|access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = kor u kac <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.595 <!--number only--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 154th | sovereignty_type = [[Zambia Independence Act 1964|Madaxbannaanida]] | sovereignty_note = ka qaadatay [[United Kingdom|Boqortooyada Midowday]] | established_event1 = Laga dhawaaqay | established_date1 = 24 October 1964 | currency = [[Zambian kwacha|Kwacha-ga Zambia]] | currency_code = ZMW | time_zone = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]] | utc_offset = +2 | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | calling_code = [[+260]] | cctld = [[.zm]] | date_start = }} '''Zambia''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|z|æ|m|b|i|ə|,_|ˈ|z|ɑː|m|-}}), si rasmiga ahna loo yidhaahdo '''Jamhuuriyadda Zambia''', waa [[landlocked country|dal bad xidhan]] oo ku yaal [[Southern Africa|Koonfurta Afrika]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Henderson|first=Ian|date=1970|title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-african-history_1970_11_4/page/591|journal=The Journal of African History|volume=11|issue=4|pages=591–603|doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471|jstor=180923|s2cid=154296266 |issn=0021-8537}}</ref> Waxay xuduud la leedahay dhanka waqooyi [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ah ee Kongo]], [[Tanzania]] dhanka waqooyi-bari, [[Malawi]] dhanka bari, [[Mozambique]] dhanka koonfur-bari, [[Zimbabwe]] iyo [[Botswana]] dhanka koonfur, [[Namibia]] dhanka koonfur-galbeed, iyo [[Angola]] dhanka galbeed. Caasimadda Zambia waa [[Lusaka]], waxayna ku taal qaybta koonfurta-bartamaha ee Zambia. Dadku waxay u badan yihiin kuwa ku urursan agagaarka Lusaka ee dhanka koonfureed iyo [[Copperbelt Province|Gobolka Copperbelt]] ee dhanka waqooyi, kuwaas oo ah xarumaha dhaqaalaha ee muhiimka ah ee Zambia. Gobolkan oo markii hore ay degenaayeen dadka [[Khoisan]]-ta ah, waxaa saameeyay [[Bantu expansion|ballaarintii Bantu-ga]] ee qarnigii saddex iyo tobnaad. Ka dib thariikh-baadhayaal reer Yurub ah oo yimid qarnigii siddeed iyo tobnaad, Boqortooyadii Ingiriiska waxay bilowday inay xoojiso maamulka aagga ka dib [[1890 British Ultimatum|Awaamiirtii Ingiriiska ee 1890]] ee ka dhanka ahayd Boortaqiiska, kuwaas oo sheegtay aagga u dhaxeeya [[Angola]] iyo [[Mozambique]] gudaha [[Pink Map|Khariidaddii Casaanka]] ee 1885.<ref>{{cite book | last=Nowell | first=Charles E. | title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean | publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar | date=1982 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ| access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Ingiriisku wuxuu aasaasay [[British protectorate|maxmiyadihii Ingiriiska]] ee [[Barotziland–North-Western Rhodesia]] iyo [[North-Eastern Rhodesia]] ku dhawaad dhammaadkii qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad. Kuwaas waxaa la midoobay sannadkii 1911 si loo sameeyo [[Northern Rhodesia]]. Inta badan xilligii gumeysiga, Zambia waxaa maamulayay maamul laga soo magacaabay London iyadoo la tixgelinayo talada [[British South Africa Company]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission|url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/|website=www.zambiapretoria.net|access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref> Bishii Oktoobar 24, 1964, Zambia waxay madaxbannaani ka qaadatay Boqortooyada Midowday iyadoo noqotay jamhuuriyad ka tirsan [[Commonwealth of Nations|Barwaaqosooranka]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> ra'iisul wasaare [[Kenneth Kaunda]]-na wuxuu noqday [[president of Zambia|madaxweynihii]] ugu horreeyay. Xisbiga Kaunda ee [[socialism|hantigoosadka]] ah ee [[United National Independence Party]] (UNIP) wuxuu hayay awoodda tan iyo 1964 ilaa 1991, isagoo door ka qaatay dibloomaasiyadda gobolka, isla markaana la kaashaday Mareykanka si loo raadiyo xalal loo helo khilaafaadka ka taagan [[Southern Rhodesia]] (Zimbabwe), Angola, iyo Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Intii u dhaxeysay 1972 ilaa 1991, Zambia waxay ahayd [[one-party state|dawlad hal xisbi ah]] iyadoo UNIP ay ahayd xisbiga siyaasadeed ee sharciga ah ee keliya ee hoos yimaada halkudhegga "One Zambia, One Nation" oo uu curiyay Kaunda. Ka dib hordhaca nidaamka xisbiyada badan bilowgii 1990-aadkii, Kaunda waxaa looga adkaaday [[1991 Zambian general election|doorashadii guud ee Zambia ee 1991]]. Tan iyo xilligaas, Zambia waxay sii wadday inay la kulanto kala guur awoodeed oo nabdoon. Kheyraadka dabiiciga ah ee Zambia waxaa ka mid ah macdanta, duurjoogta, kaymaha, biyaha macaan, iyo [[arable land|dhulka la beeri karo]].<ref>{{citation |first=Karlyn |last=Eckman |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] |date=2007 |title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia }}</ref> Sida lagu qiyaasay sannadkii 2018, 47.9% dadka waxaa saameeyay [[Multidimensional Poverty Index|saboolnimo dhinacyo badan leh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports |archive-date=29 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Xarunta guud ee [[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa|Suuqa Kaumiga ah ee Bariga iyo Koonfurta Afrika]] (COMESA) waxay ku taal Lusaka. {{TOC limit|3}} ==Asalka magaca== {{further|Rhodesia (name)}} Dhulka Zambia waxaa loo yaqaannay "[[Northern Rhodesia]]" wixii dhexeyay 1911 ilaa 1964. Waxaa loo beddelay "Zambia" bishii Oktoobar 1964 markii ay madaxbannaanida ka qaadatay xukunkii Ingiriiska. Magaca "Zambia" wuxuu ka yimid wabiga [[Zambezi]] (Zambezi wuxuu u taagnaan karaa "wabiga weyn").<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Everett-Heath|first1=John|title=The Concise Dictionary of World Place Names|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qgJCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1589|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|date=7 December 2017|isbn=978-0-19-255646-2}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Wadamada Afrika]] l5p25gz715qf0if1upyzpdi41hz4qqk 0 2506 307643 304313 2026-09-09T17:30:14Z Soalt 39618 template:dalalka afrika iyo category:wadamada afrika 307643 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Mozambique | common_name = Mozambique | native_name = {{native name|pt|República de Moçambique}} | image_flag = Flag of Mozambique.svg | image_coat = Emblem of Mozambique.svg | symbol_type = Astaan | national_motto = | national_anthem = {{native name|pt|[[Pátria Amada]]|nolink=yes}}<br />"Dhul hooyo oo la Jeclaysan yahay"<br /><div style="padding-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:Mozambican national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.wav]]}}</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Mozambique (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Muuji golaha|default=1}} | map_caption = | capital = [[Maputo]] | coordinates = {{Coord|25|57|S|32|35|E|type:city_region:MZ}} | largest_city = caasimadda | official_languages = [[Portuguese language|Bortuqiis]] | regional_languages = [[Tsonga language|Tsonga]], [[Makhuwa language|Makhuwa]], [[Sena language|Sena]], [[Lomwe language|Lomwe]], [[Swahili language|Sawaaxili]] | languages_type = | languages = | languages2_type = u dhashay deegaanka | ethnic_groups = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |99.0% [[Demographics of Mozambique|Afrikaan]]{{efn|Waxaa ku jira [[Makua people|Makhuwa]], [[Tsonga people|Tsonga]], [[Lomwe people|Lomwe]], [[Sena people|Sena]], iyo kooxaha kale ee qowmiyaddaha Afrikaanka ah.}} |0.8% [[Mestiço]] |0.1% [[Portuguese Mozambicans|Caddaan]] |0.1% kuwa kale{{efn|Waxaa ku jira kuwa ka soo jeeda Aasiya}}}} | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name=Census2017>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ine.gov.mz/iv-rgph-2017/mocambique/censo-2017-brochura-dos-resultados-definitivos-do-iv-rgph-nacional.pdf/at_download/file|title=Censo 2017 Brochura dos Resultados Definitivos do IV RGPH – Nacional|access-date=14 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515170335/http://www.ine.gov.mz/iv-rgph-2017/mocambique/censo-2017-brochura-dos-resultados-definitivos-do-iv-rgph-nacional.pdf/at_download/file|archive-date=15 May 2019}}</ref> | ethnic_groups_year = 2017 | demonym = Reer Mozambique | government_type = Jamhuuriyad badh-madaxtooyo oo midaysan oo xisbi-gabaray leh<ref name="SpL">{{cite SSRN|last1=Neto|first1=Octávio Amorim|last2=Lobo|first2=Marina Costa|year=2010|ssrn=1644026|title=Between Constitutional Diffusion and Local Politics: Semi-Presidentialism in Portuguese-Speaking Countries}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Shugart|first=Matthew Søberg|author-link=Matthew Søberg Shugart|date=September 2005|title=Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns|url=http://dss.ucsd.edu/~mshugart/semi-presidentialism.pdf|journal=Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies|location=United States|publisher=University of California San Diego|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819200307/http://dss.ucsd.edu/~mshugart/semi-presidentialism.pdf|archive-date=19 August 2008|access-date=20 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Shugart|first=Matthew Søberg|author-link=Matthew Søberg Shugart|date=December 2005|title=Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns|journal=French Politics|volume=3|issue=3|pages=323–351|doi=10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087|s2cid=73642272|quote=Of the contemporary cases, only four provide the assembly majority an unrestricted right to vote no confidence, and of these, only two allow the president unrestricted authority to appoint the prime minister. These two, Mozambique and Namibia, as well as the Weimar Republic, thus resemble most closely the structure of authority depicted in the right panel of Figure 3, whereby the dual accountability of the cabinet to both the president and the assembly is maximized.|doi-access=free}}</ref> oo hoos timaada dawlad [[Authoritarianism|kelitalis]] ah<ref name="Nhamirre">{{cite journal|last=Nhamirre|first=Borges Joaquim Faduco|date=August 2025|title=Rigging by the state apparatus: systemic electoral fraud in Mozambique jeopardizes the credibility of democracy and creates room for political violence|journal=Frontiers in Political Science|volume=7 |article-number=1479440 |location=Switzerland|publisher=Frontiers|doi=10.3389/fpos.2025.1479440 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Hanlon|first=Joseph|date=2024|title=25 years of electoral fraud, protected by secrecy|url=https://www.cipmoz.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/25-years-of-electoral-fraud.pdf|journal=Centro de Integridade Pública (Center for Public Integrity)|location=Mozambique|publisher=Integridade Pública (Center for Public Integrity)}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[List of Presidents of Mozambique|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Daniel Chapo]] | leader_title2 = [[List of Prime Ministers of Mozambique|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name2 = [[Maria Benvinda Levy]] | leader_title3 = {{nowrap|[[Assembly of the Republic (Mozambique)|Guddoomiyaha Aqalka]]}} | legislature = {{nowrap|[[Assembly of the Republic (Mozambique)|Aqalka Jamhuuriyadda]]}} | sovereignty_type = [[Independence|Madaxbannaanida]] | sovereignty_note = ka qaadatay [[National Salvation Junta|Bortuqaal]] | established_event1 = [[Portuguese Mozambique|Mozambique-tii Bortuqiiska]] | established_date1 = 1505–1975 | established_event2 = [[Mozambican War of Independence|Dagaalkii Madaxbannaanida Mozambique]] | established_date2 = 25 September 1964 – 8 September 1974 | established_event3 = [[Lusaka Accord|La siiyay madaxbannaanida]] | established_date3 = 25 June 1975 | established_event4 = [[People's Republic of Mozambique|Jamhuuriyadda Shacbiga ah ee Mozambique]] | established_date4 = 25 June 1975 - 30 November 1990 | established_event5 = [[Mozambican Civil War|Dagaalkii Sokeeye]] | established_date5 = 1977–1992 | established_event6 = [[Constitution of Mozambique|Constitution-ka hadda jira]] | established_date6 = 21 December 2004 | area_km2 = 801,590 | area_rank = 35aad | area_sq_mi = 309,496 | percent_water = 2.2 | population_estimate = 34,881,007<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/mozambique-population/|title=Mozambique Population (2024) - Worldometer|access-date=30 September 2024|archive-date=27 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127053022/https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/mozambique-population/|url-status=live}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 45aad | population_density_km2 = 43.5 | population_density_sq_mi = 113 | population_density_rank = 176aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $61.950 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.MZ">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MOZ|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Mozambique)|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|website=IMF.org|date=10 October 2023|access-date=16 October 2023|archive-date=2 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102125922/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=688,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|url-status=live}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_rank = 126aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $1,730<ref name="IMFWEO.MZ" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 182aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $23.770 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.MZ" /> | GDP_nominal_rank = 120aad | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $663<ref name="IMFWEO.MZ" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 183rd | Gini = 49.6 | Gini_year = 2022 | Gini_change = hoos u dhac | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/|title=Gini Index|publisher=World Bank|access-date=20 June 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208203439/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/|archive-date=8 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.493 | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = kor u kac | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|date=13 March 2024|title=Human Development Report 2023/2024|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|archive-date=13 March 2024|access-date=13 March 2024|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 183aad | currency = [[Mozambican metical|Metical]] | currency_code = MZN | time_zone = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]] | utc_offset = +2 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | calling_code = [[+258]] | cctld = [[.mz]] | official_website = {{URL|portaldogoverno.gov.mz}} | footnotes = | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |{{Tree list}} * 62.0% [[Christianity|Masiixiyad]] ** 27.3% [[Catholic Church in Mozambique|Kaatoolig]] ** 16.7% [[Evangelicalism|Injiili]] ** 16.3% [[Zionist churches|Masiixiyada Sahyuuniyada]] ** 1.7% [[Anglicanism|Anglikan]] {{Tree list/end}} |19.1% [[Islam in Mozambique|Islaam]] |13.5% [[Irreligion|diin laawayaal]] |4.3% diimaha kale{{efn|Waxaa ku jira [[Traditional African religion|Diimaha hiddaha ah ee Afrika]], Yuhuudda, [[Hinduism|Hindooga]], iyo [[Baháʼí Faith|Bahaaci]].}} |1.2% aan la garanayn }} | religion_year = 2017 | religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ine.gov.mz/web/guest/d/indicadores-socio-demograficos-mocambique-20062022|title=Indicadores sócio-demográficos Moçambique|website=Instituto Nacional de Estatistica|access-date=19 October 2025}}</ref> | today = }} '''Musanbiig''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|oʊ|z|æ|m|ˈ|b|iː|k|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Mozambique.wav}}; {{langx|pt|Moçambique}}, {{IPA|pt|musɐ̃ˈbikɨ|pron}}; {{langx|ny|Mozambiki}}; {{langx|ts|Muzambhiki}}; {{langx|sw|Msumbiji}}}} si rasmiga ahna loo yidhaahdo '''Jamhuuriyadda Musanbiig''',{{efn|{{lang|pt|República de Moçambique}}, {{IPA|pt|ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ ðɨ musɐ̃ˈbikɨ|pron}}}} waa dal ku yaal [[Southeast Africa|Koonfur-bari Afrika]] kaasoo ay bari ka xigto Badweynta Hindiya, waqooyina [[Tanzania]], waqooyi-galbeedna [[Malawi]] iyo [[Zambia]], galbeedna [[Zimbabwe]], iyo [[Eswatini]] iyo [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] dhanka koonfur iyo koonfur-galbeed. [[Sovereign state|Dawladda madaxabannaan]] waxaa laga sifeeyay [[Comoros]], [[Mayotte]], iyo [[Madagascar]] iyada oo loo marayo [[Mozambique Channel|Marinka Mozambique]] ee dhanka bari. Caasimadda iyo magaalada ugu weyn waa [[Maputo]]. Xilliyadii u dhexeeyay qarniyadii 7aad iyo 11aad, taxane magaalooyin xeebeed Sawaaxili ah ayaa ka dhashay aaggan, kuwaas oo gacan ka geystay horumarinta [[Swahili culture|dhaqan Sawaaxili]] oo kala duwan iyo lahjad u gaar ah. Dabayaaqadii xilligii dhexe, magaalooyinkan waxaa inta badan u soo dhowaan jiray ganacsato ka timid Soomaaliya, Itoobiya, [[Egypt|Masar]], Carabta, Faaris, iyo [[India|Hindiya]].<ref>Newitt, M.D.D. "A Short History of Mozambique." Oxford University Press, 2017</ref> Socdaalkii [[Vasco da Gama]] ee 1498 wuxuu calaamadiyay imaatinka [[Portuguese Empire|Boqortooyada Bortuqiiska]], kuwaas oo bilaabay geeddi-socod tartiib-tartiib ah oo gumeysi iyo deegaanayn ah sannadkii 1505. Ka dib in ka badan afar qarni oo ay jirtay [[Portuguese Mozambique|maamulkii Bortuqiiska ee Mozambique]], Mozambique waxay [[Mozambican War of Independence|heshay madaxbannaani]] sannadkii 1975, iyadoo noqotay [[People's Republic of Mozambique|Jamhuuriyadda Shacbiga ah ee Mozambique]] waxyar ka dib. Ka dib laba sanno oo kaliya oo madaxbannaani ah, dalku wuxuu u dhacay dagaal sokeeye oo xooggan oo daba-dheeraaday [[Mozambican Civil War|kaas oo socday 1977 ilaa 1992]]. Sannadkii 1994, Mozambique waxay qabatay doorashadii ugu horreysay ee xisbiyada badan, tan iyo markaasna waxay ahayd [[Presidential system|jamhuuriyad madaxtooyo]] oo xasilloon, in kasta oo ay weli wajahayso [[Insurgency in Cabo Delgado|gabhanno hubeysan oo heer hoose ah]] gaar ahaan gobollada ugu fog caasimadda koonfureed iyo meelaha uu Islaamku ku xooggan yahay. Mozambique waxay ku haysataa kheyraad dabiici ah oo qani ah oo aad u ballaaran. Dhaqaalaha dalku wuxuu inta badan ku tiirsan yahay kalluumeysiga—inta badanna [[Mollusca|argoosatada]], [[crustacean|unonada]] iyo [[echinoderm|waxyabaha badda]]—iyo beeraha iyada oo ay jirto wershado sii kordhaya oo cuntada iyo cabitaanka, wax-soo-saarka kiimikada, aluminiumka iyo saliidda ah. Qaybta dalxiiska ayaa sii fidaysa. GDP-ga Mozambique wuxuu si weyn u koray wixii ka dambeeyay 2001, laakiin tan iyo 2014/15, waxaa la arkay hoos u dhac weyn oo ku yimid isticmaalka dhabta ah ee qoysaska iyo kor u kac weyn oo ku yimid [[economic inequality|sinnaan la'aanta dhaqaalaha]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|publisher=United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research|title=The evolution of inequality in Mozambique|url=http://www.wider.unu.edu/publication/evolution-inequality-mozambique|access-date=31 March 2024|series=WIDER Working Paper|date=2022|language=en|doi=10.35188/unu-wider/2022/284-3|last1=Barletta|first1=Giulia|last2=Ibraimo|first2=Maimuna|last3=Salvucci|first3=Vincenzo|last4=Sarmento|first4=Enilde Francisco|last5=Tarp|first5=Finn|hdl=10419/273939|place=Helsinki|isbn=978-92-9267-284-3|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331195447/https://www.wider.unu.edu/publication/evolution-inequality-mozambique|url-status=live}}</ref> Qaranku wuxuu weli dhex fadhiyaa mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu saboolsan uguna [[Least developed countries|horumarka hooseeya]] adduunka,<ref>[http://www.ifad.org/operations/projects/regions/Pf/factsheets/mozambique_e.pdf Investing in rural people in Mozambique] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ifad.org/operations/projects/regions/Pf/factsheets/mozambique_e.pdf |date=20150427212809 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427212809/http://ifad.org/operations/projects/regions/Pf/factsheets/mozambique_e.pdf |date=27 April 2015 }}. ifad.org</ref> isagoo darajo hoose kaga jira [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP-ga qofkiiba]], [[List of countries by Human Development Index|horumarka aadanaha]], cabirrada [[List of countries by inequality-adjusted Human Development Index|sinnaan la'aanta]] iyo celceliska [[life expectancy|rajada nolosha]].<ref name=CIA/> Dadka Mozambique oo qiyaastii ah 34,777,605 marka loo eego qiyaasaha 2024 (kor u kac 2.96% ah marka loo eego 2023) waxay ka kooban yihiin wax ka badan 2,000 oo kooxood oo qowmiyadeed waxaana si awood leh u aqlabiyad ah [[Bantu peoples|dadka Bantu-ga]]. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, luqadda rasmiga ah ee kaliya ee dalka waa [[Portuguese language|Bortuqiis]], taas oo looga hadlo meelaha magaalooyinka ah sida luqadda koowaad ama labaad inta badan, guud ahaan ahaanna ah [[lingua franca]] u dhaxeysa dhalinyarada reer Mozambique ee helay waxbarashada rasmiga ah. Luqadaha maxaliga ah ee ugu muhiimsan waxaa ka mid ah [[Tsonga language|Tsonga]], [[Makhuwa language|Makhuwa]], [[Sena language|Sena]], [[Chewa language|Chichewa]], iyo [[Swahili language|Sawaaxili]]. [[Glottolog]] wuxuu taxay 46 luqadood oo looga hadlo dalka,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glottolog 4.7 – Languages of Mozambique|url=https://glottolog.org/glottolog/language.map.html?country=MZ#5/-18.895/35.230|access-date=10 January 2023|website=glottolog.org|archive-date=10 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110141558/https://glottolog.org/glottolog/language.map.html?country=MZ#5/-18.895/35.230|url-status=live}}</ref> kuwaas oo mid ka mid ah ay tahay luqadda dhegoolaha (Luqadda Dhegoolaha ee Mozambique/''Língua de sinais de Moçambique''). [[Religion in Mozambique|Diinta ugu caansan]] Mozambique waa Masiixiyadda, iyadoo ay jiraan tiro laga tiro badan yahay oo raacsan Islaamka iyo [[Traditional African religions|diimaha hiddaha ah ee Afrika]]. ==Asalka magaca== Dalka waxaa loogu magac daray Moçambique Bortuqiisku ka dib [[Island of Mozambique|Jasiiradda Mozambique]], taas oo laga soo qaatay midkood [[Mussa Bin Bique]], ''Musa Al Big,'' ''Mossa Al Bique'', ''Mussa Ben Mbiki'' ama ''Mussa Ibn Malik'', oo ahaa ganacsade Carbeed oo markii ugu horreysay booqday jasiiradda ka dibna degay halkaas<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100630040028/http://www.ilhademo.net/history.html History]. ilhademo.net</ref> isagoo weli noolaa markii [[Vasco da Gama]] uu soo caga dhigtay jasiiradda sannadkii 1498.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=M. D. D. Newitt|title=The Early History of the Sultanate of Angoche|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-african-history_1972_13_3/page/398|journal=The Journal of African History|date=1972|volume=13|issue=3|page=398|doi=10.1017/S0021853700011713|publisher=Cambridge University Press|jstor=180586}}</ref> Jasiiradda-magaalada waxay ahayd caasimadda gumeysiga Bortuqiiska ilaa 1898, markaas oo loo raray koonfurta xagga Lourenço Marques (hadda ah [[Maputo]]). ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Wadamada Afrika]] 35om83mzezvsp2ae2t2c3a9m6l4rz79 0 2507 307639 300583 2026-09-09T17:17:34Z Soalt 39618 template:dalalka afrika iyo category:wadamada afrika 307639 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Malawi | common_name = Malawi | native_name = {{nowrap|{{lang|ny|Dziko la Malaŵi}}}}&nbsp;&nbsp;([[Chewa language|Chichewa]])<br />{{nowrap|{{lang|tum|Charu cha Malaŵi}}}}&nbsp;&nbsp;([[Tumbuka language|Chitumbuka]]) | image_flag = Flag of Malawi.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Malawi.svg | national_motto = "Midnimo iyo Xorriyo" | national_anthem = [[Mlungu dalitsani Malaŵi|Mulungu dalitsani Malaŵi]]<br />{{Lang|en|"O God Bless Our Land of Malawi"}}{{lower|0.1em|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lyricsondemand.com/miscellaneouslyrics/nationalanthemslyrics/malawinationalanthemlyrics.html |title=Malawi National Anthem Lyrics |work=National Anthem Lyrics |publisher=Lyrics on Demand |access-date=24 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510015032/http://www.lyricsondemand.com/miscellaneouslyrics/nationalanthemslyrics/malawinationalanthemlyrics.html |archive-date=10 May 2011 }}</ref>}}<br />{{center|[[File:Malawian national anthem.oga]]}} | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File: Malawi (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Muuji golaha|default=1}} | map_caption = Goobta Malawi (cagaar madow) ku leedahay koonfur-bari [[Africa|Afrika]] | capital = [[Lilongwe]] | coordinates = {{coord|13|57|S|33|42|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Lilongwe]] | official_languages = {{Plainlist| [[English language|Ingiriisi]]}} | national_languages = ''('''midna''' heer qaran)'' | regional_languages = {{unbulleted list | [[Chewa language|Chewa]] | [[Tumbuka language|Chitumbuka]] }} | languages_type = Luqadaha kale | languages = [[Languages of Malawi|Eeg liiska]] | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 25.2% [[Chewa people|Chewa]] | 20.4% [[Tumbuka people|Tumbuka]] | 16.4% [[Lomwe people|Lomwe]] | 15.3% [[Yao people (East Africa)|Yao]] | 6.4% [[Ngoni people|Ngoni]] | 5.9% [[Sena people|Sena]] | 3.8% [[Mang'anja]] | 1.8% [[Tonga people (Malawi)|Tonga]] | 1.5% [[Nyakyusa people|Ngonde]] | 0.6% [[Lambya people|Lambya]] | 0.5% [[Sukwa people|Sukwa]] | 1.1% kuwa kale }} | ethnic_groups_year = Tiriya weynta 2024 | religion = {{ublist| {{Tree list}} *82.3% [[Christianity in Malawi|Masiixiyad]] **58.5% [[Protestantism|Bortestanti]] **17.2% [[Catholic Church in Malawi|Kaatoolig]] **6.6% Masiixiyiinta [[List of Christian denominations|kale]] {{Tree list/end}} |13.8% [[Islam in Malawi|Islaam]] |2.1% [[Irreligion|midna]] |1.2% [[Traditional African religions|diimaha hiddaha ah ee Afrika]] |0.6% kuwa kale }} | religion_year = Tiriya weynta 2018 | religion_ref = <ref name="DHS 2016" /> | demonym = Reer Malawi | government_type = Jamhuuriyad madaxtooyo oo midaysan | leader_title1 = [[President of Malawi|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Peter Mutharika]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice-President of Malawi|Madaxweyne-ku-xigeen]] | leader_name2 = [[Jane Ansah]] | leader_title3 = [[List of speakers of the National Assembly of Malawi|Guddoomiyaha Aqalka]] | leader_name3 = [[Sameer Suleman]] | leader_title4 = [[Chief justice|Garsooraha Sare]] | leader_name4 = [[Rizine Mzikamanda]] | legislature = [[National Assembly (Malawi)|Golaha Qaranka]] | sovereignty_type = Madaxbannaanida | sovereignty_note = ka qaadatay [[United Kingdom|Boqortooyada Midowday]] | established_event1 = Lagu dhawaaqay | established_date1 = 6 July 1964 | established_event2 = Jamhuuriyad | established_date2 = 6 July 1966 | established_event3 = Constitution-ka hadda jira | established_date3 = 18 May 1994 | area_km2 = 118,484 | area_rank = 98aad | area_sq_mi = 45,747 | percent_water = 20.6% | population_estimate = {{increase}} 21,240,689<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/malawi-population/#google_vignette |title=Malawi Population 2024 |website=worldometers.info |access-date=25 January 2024}}</ref> | population_census = 17,563,749<ref name="Census2018">{{cite web |url=http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf |title=2018 Population and Housing Census Main Report |publisher=Malawi National Statistical Office |access-date=25 December 2019 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608191931/http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf }}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 62aad | population_census_year = 2018 | population_density_km2 = 153.1 | population_density_sq_mi = 396.5 | population_density_rank = 56aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $37.919 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.MW">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=676,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Malawi) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=18 October 2023}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_rank = 137aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $1,668<ref name="IMFWEO.MW" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 186aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $13.176 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.MW" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = 149aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $579<ref name="IMFWEO.MW" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 190aad | Gini = 38.5 | Gini_year = 2019 | Gini_change = hoos u dhac | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=MW |title=Gini Index - Malawi |publisher=[[World Bank Group]] |access-date=20 June 2026}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = kor u kac | HDI = 0.517 | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |date= 6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2023/2024|url= https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/MWI|access-date=6 May 2025|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 172aad | currency = [[Malawian kwacha|Kwacha-da Malawi]] (D) | currency_code = MWK | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | time_zone = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]] | utc_offset = +2 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Malawi|+265]]<ref name="BBC">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13864367 |title=Country profile: Malawi |work=[[BBC News]] |date=13 March 2008 |access-date=17 August 2008}}</ref> | cctld = [[.mw]]<ref name="BBC" /> | footnotes = * Qiyaasaha dadka ee dalkan waxay si cad xisaabta ugu hergeliyaan saamaynta dhimashada dheeraadka ah ee ay keento [[HIV/AIDS|AIDS-ka]]; Tani waxay horseedi kartaa cimri dherer hoose, dhimashada dhallaanka iyo dhimashada guud oo sareysa, koboca dadka oo hooseeya, iyo isbeddel ku yimaada qaybinta dadka ee da'da iyo jinsiga marka loo eego sidii kale ee laga filan lahaa. * Macluumaadka waxaa laga soo qaatay CIA-da ''[[The World Factbook|World Factbook]]'' haddii kale si kale loo xuso. | today = }} '''Malawi''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|l|ɑː|w|i|}}; {{literally|ololyada}} ee [[Chichewa]] iyo [[Tumbuka language|Chitumbuka]]}}<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Malawi: Maláui, Malaui, Malauí, Malavi ou Malávi? |url=http://dicionarioegramatica.com.br/2015/10/25/malawi-malaui-malaui-malaui-malavi-ou-malavi/ |website=DicionarioeGramatica.com.br |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=17 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817120145/https://dicionarioegramatica.com.br/2015/10/25/malawi-malaui-malaui-malaui-malavi-ou-malavi/ }}</ref> si rasmiga ahna loo yidhaahdo '''Jamhuuriyadda Malawi''',{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|ny|Dziko la Malaŵi}} |{{langx|tum|Charu cha Malaŵi}}}}}} waa [[landlocked country|dal aan bad lahayn]] oo ku yaal [[Southeast Africa|Koonfur-bari Afrika]]. Waxay xuduud la leedahay [[Zambia]] dhanka galbeed, [[Tanzania]] dhanka waqooyi iyo waqooyi-bari, iyo [[Mozambique]] dhanka bari, koonfur, iyo koonfur-galbeed. Malawi waxay ku fidsan tahay dhowr iyo {{convert|118484|km²|0|abbr=on}} waxayna leedahay dad gaaraya 22,224,282 (marka loo eego bisha Luulyo 2025).<ref>{{cite web |title=Malawi Population |url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/malawi-population/ |access-date=6 July 2025 |website=worldometers.info |language=en}}</ref> [[Lilongwe]] waa caasimaddeeda iyo [[List of cities in Malawi|magaalada ugu weyn]]. Qaybta Afrika ee hadda loo yaqaan Malawi waxaa qarnigii 10aad degay dadka [[Twa#Malawi|Akafula]], oo sidoo kale loo yaqaanno Abathwa. Ka dib, kooxaha Bantu-ga ayaa yimid oo eryay dadkii Akafula iyagoo aasaasay boqortooyooyin kala duwan sida boqortooyooyinka [[Maravi]] iyo [[Nkhamanga Kingdom|Nkhamanga]], kuwaas oo horumaray wixii ka dambeeyay qarnigii 16aad.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118455074 |title=The Encyclopedia of Empire |date=2016-01-11 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-44064-3 |editor-last=Dalziel |editor-first=Nigel |edition=1 |language=en |chapter=Maravi Kingdom |pages=1–2 |doi=10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe035 |editor-last2=MacKenzie |editor-first2=John M}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-30 |title=Chakwera installs new Chikulamayembe King of Nkhamanga kingdom amid chaotic scenes - Malawi Nyasa Times |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/chakwera-installs-new-chikulamayembe-king-of-nkhamanga-kingdom-amid-chaotic-scenes/ |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=Nyasa Times |language=en-GB}}</ref> Boqortooyada Ingiriiska waxay bilowday inay xoojiso maamulka aagga ka dib [[1890 British Ultimatum|Aftidii Ingiriiska ee 1890]] ee ka dhanka ahayd Bortuqiiska, kuwaas oo sheegtay aagga u dhexeeya [[Angola]] iyo [[Mozambique]] gudaha [[Pink Map|Khariidaddii Pink]] ee 1885.<ref>{{cite book | last=Nowell | first=Charles E. | title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean | publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar | date=1982 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ| access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Sannadkii 1891, aagga waxaa Ingiriisku u aqoonsaday inuu yahay [[British Central African Protectorate|Maxmiyaddii Bartamaha Afrika ee Ingiriiska]], waxaana loogu magac daray ''[[Nyasaland]]'' sannadkii 1907. Sannadkii 1964, Nyasaland waxay noqotay mid madaxbannaan oo hoos timaada Ra'iisul Wasaare [[Hastings Banda]] waxaana loo beddelay ''Malawi''. Laba sanno ka dib, Banda wuxuu noqoday madaxweyne isagoo dalka u beddelay jamhuuriyad madaxtooyo oo [[One-party state|hal xisbi]] ah. Banda waxaa loogu dhawaaqay [[president for life|madaxweyne weligiis ah]] sannadkii 1971. Tobankii sanno ee ugu horreeyay ee madaxbannaanida Malawi waxaa lagu gartay diktatooriyad aad u caburin badneyd oo uu hoggaaminayay Banda.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hastings Kamuzu Banda &#124; president of Malawi |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hastings-Kamuzu-Banda |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The cult of Hastings Banda takes hold |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/the-cult-of-hastings-banda-takes-hold/article4273860/ |newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=20 May 2009 |last1=York |first1=Geoffrey }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=McCracken |first=John |author-link=John McCracken (historian) |title=Democracy and Nationalism in Historical Perspective: The Case of Malawi |url=https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article/97/387/231/16549 |journal=African Affairs |volume=97 |issue=387 |pages=231–249 |date=1 April 1998 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a007927 |via=academic.oup.com|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Ka dib markii la hordhigay [[multi-party system|nidaamka xisbiyada badan]] sannadkii 1993, Banda wuxuu ku guuldarraystay [[1994 Malawian general election|doorashadii guud ee 1994]], dalkuna wuxuu sii oggolaaday [[Peaceful transition of power|kala-guur awoodadeed oo nabad ah]]. Malawi waxay leedahay [[Democracy|jamhuuriyad]] dimuqraadi ah, xisbiyo badan leh oo uu madax u yahay madaxweyne la doortay. Sida laga soo xigtay [[V-Dem Democracy indices|Tilmaamayaasha Dimuqraadiyadda V-Dem]] ee 2024, Malawi waxay ku gashay kaalinta 74aad ee dimuqraadiyadda doorashada ee adduunka oo dhan iyo kaalinta 11aad ee [[democracy in Africa|dimuqraadiyadda doorashada ee Afrika]].<ref name="vdem_dataset">{{cite web |last=V-Dem Institute |date=2024 |title=The V-Dem Dataset |url=https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/ |access-date=15 March 2024}}</ref> Dalku wuxuu xiriir diblomaasiyadeed la leeyahay inta badan waddamada wuxuuna ka qaybqaataa dhowr [[international organisation|ururo caalami ah]], oo ay ku jiraan [[United Nations|Qaramada Midoobay]], [[Commonwealth of Nations|Barwaaqosooranka]], [[Southern African Development Community|Aagga Horumarinta Koonfurta Afrika]], [[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa|Suuqa Wadajirka ah ee Bariga iyo Koonfurta Afrika]], iyo [[African Union|Midowga Afrika]]. Malawi waa mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu horumarka hooseeya adduunka. [[Economy of Malawi|Dhaqaalaheeda]] wuxuu si weyn [[Agriculture in Malawi|ugu tiirsan yahay beeraha]], waxayna leedahay dad u badan miyi iyo kuwo sii kordhaya. Dalku wuxuu leedahay [[life expectancy|rajada nolosha]] oo hooseysa iyo dhimashada dhallaanka oo sareysa. [[HIV/AIDS]] ayaa si weyn ugu baahsan. Dadka kala duwan waxaa ka mid ah dadka u dhashay deegaanka, dadka u dhashay Aasiya, iyo reer Yurub. Dadka badankoodu waa Masiixiyiin, inta badanna waa [[Protestantism|Bortestanti]]. == Asalka magaca== Magaca ''Malawi'' wuxuu u taagan yahay "ololyada" ee luqadda [[Chichewa]] iyo [[Chitumbuka]]. ''Malawi'' waxaa doortay madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee [[president of Malawi|Malawi]], [[Hastings Banda]], ka dib markii dalku uu xorriyadiisa ka qaatay Ingiriiska Weyn sannadkii 1964.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malawi, The Warm Heart of Africa |url=http://www.novocmalawi.org/index.php/about/malawi-the-warm-heart-of-africa/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727131527/http://www.novocmalawi.org/index.php/about/malawi-the-warm-heart-of-africa/ |archive-date=27 July 2011 |access-date=26 January 2011 |publisher=Network of Organizations for Vulnerable & Orphan Children}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Wadamada Afrika]] eoujql1ys16jupj0tmolg5u2gobagga 0 2508 307632 303095 2026-09-09T16:44:03Z Soalt 39618 Category:Wadamada Afrika 307632 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyada Dimuqaraadiga Kongo |native_name = {{native name|fr|République démocratique du Congo|fontsize=68%}} |common_name = the Democratic Republic of the Congo |image_flag = Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg |image_coat = |symbol_type = Coat of arms |image_map = Democratic Republic of the Congo (orthographic projection).svg |national_motto = {{native phrase|fr|"Justice – Paix – Travail"|italics=off|nolink=on}}<br />{{small|"Cadaalad – Nabad – Shaqo"}} |national_anthem = {{native name|fr|[[Debout Congolais]]|nolink=on}}<br />{{small|''Is-waafajin , Kongoliiynta''}} |official_languages = [[Faransiis|Af-Faransiis]] |national_languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Sawaaxili]]}} |demonym = Kongoliiynta |ethnic_groups = |capital = [[Kinshasa]] |latd=4 |latm=19 |latNS=S |longd=15 |longm=19 |longEW=E |largest_city = capital |government_type = |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |legislature = |upper_house = |lower_house = |sovereignty_type = |established_event1 = |established_date1 = |area_km2 = 2,345,409 |area_sq_mi = 905,355 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |area_rank = 11th |area_magnitude = 1 E+12 |percent_water = 4.3 |population_estimate = 91,203,303<ref name="cia.gov">{{cite web |author=Central Intelligence Agency |title=Congo, Democratic Republic of the |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia |year=2015 |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cg.html |accessdate=5 October 2011 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=24 Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211118/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cg.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |population_estimate_year = 2017 |population_estimate_rank = 19th |population_density_km2 = 29.3 |population_density_sq_mi = 75.9 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = 182nd |GDP_PPP_year = 2012 |GDP_PPP = $27.575 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=45&pr.y=0&sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=636&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= |title=Democratic Republic of the Congo |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=17 April 2013}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_rank = |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $368<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = |GDP_nominal_year = 2012 |GDP_nominal = $17.703 billion<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_rank = |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $236<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = |Gini_year = 2006 |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini = 44.4 |Gini_ref = <ref name=gini>{{cite web|title=GINI index|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?page=1|publisher=World Bank|accessdate=30 July 2013}}</ref> |Gini_rank = |HDI_year = 2013 |HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI = 0.304 <!--number only--> |HDI_ref =<ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/mediaHDR_2011_EN_Table1.pdf |title=Human Development Report 2011 |year=2013 |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=14 March 2011}}{{dead link|date=January 2014}}</ref> |HDI_rank = 186th<sup>a</sup>&nbsp; |currency = [[Congolese franc]] |currency_code = CDF |time_zone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]] and [[Central Africa Time|CAT]] |utc_offset = {{nowrap|+1 to +2}} |time_zone_DST = {{nowrap|not observed}} |utc_offset_DST = {{nowrap|+1 to +2}} |drives_on = right |calling_code = [[+243]] |iso3166code = CD |cctld = [[.cd]] |footnote_a = }} '''Jamhuuriyada Dimuqaraadiga Kongo''' ({{lang-fr|link=no|République démocratique du Congo}}) waa wadan ku yaala qaarada [[Afrika]]. Jamhuuriyada Dimuqaraadiga Kongo waxey xuduud la wadaagtaa wadamada [[Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika]], [[Koonfur Suudaan]], [[Yugandha]], [[Ruwanda]], [[Burundi]], [[Saambiya]], [[Angola]], [[Jamhuuriyadda Kongo]] iyo [[Tansaaniya]]. Caasimada dalka Jamhuuriyada Dimuqaraadiga Kongo waa magaalada [[Kinshasa]]. Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ah ee Congo (Faransiiska: République démocratique du Congo [kɔɡo], oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano DR Congo, DRC, Congo-Kinshasa ama kaliya Congo, [6] [7] waa waddan ku yaal Bartamaha Afrika. Waxaa mararka qaar loogu yeeraa magacii hore ee Zaire, oo magaceedu ahaa magaca rasmiga ah ee u dhexeeya 1971 iyo 1997. DRC waxay xuduudaha Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika iyo Koonfurta Suudaan u gudbaan waqooyiga; Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi iyo Tansaaniya xagga bari; Zambia koonfurta; Angola ilaa koonfur galbeed; iyo Jamhuuriyada Congo iyo Badweynta Atlantic ee galbeedka. Waa waddanka labaad ee ugu weyn Afrika ka dib markii Aljeeriya, oo ah kan ugu weyn Afrika ee ka hooseeya Saharaha) iyo 11-aad ee adduunka ugu weyn. Dadweynaha ku nool 78 milyan, [2] Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ah ee Kongo waa dalka ugu baahsan ee Faransiiska ah, oo ah waddanka afaraad ee ugu badan ee ku yaal Afrika iyo dalka 16-aad ee ugu badan dunida. Dhul-galka Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ah, dhulka DRC waxaa markii ugu horreysay ku noolaa Bartamaha Afrika oo ku noolaa 90,000 oo sano kahor waxaana gaadhay Bantu ballaadhinta ilaa 3,000 oo sano ka hor. Galbeedka, Boqortooyada Bantu ee Kongo ayaa xukuntay hareeraha webiga Congo intii u dhexaysay qarniyadii 14aad iyo 19aad. Bartamaha iyo bariga, boqortooyooyinka Luba iyo Lunda waxay ka talaabeen qarniyadii 16aad iyo 17aad ilaa qarnigii 19aad. 1870-kii, ka hor intaanay bilaabmin tarbuunka Afrika, sahaminta Yurub ee Congo Basin ayaa la sameeyay, markii ugu horreysay oo ay hogaaminaysay Henry Morton Stanley iyada oo hoosta ka xariiqday King Leopold II ee Belgium. Leopold waxay si rasmi ah u heshay xuquuqda dhulkii Congo ee shirkii Berlin ee 1885-kii, dhulkana waxay ka dhigeen hanti gaar ah oo magaceeda loo yaqaan 'Congo Free State'. Inta lagu guda jiro Free State, qaybta milatari ee ciidan, Force Publique, waxay ku qasbeen dadweynaha in ay soo saaraan xargaha, iyo laga bilaabo 1885 illaa 1908, malaayiin qof oo reer Congo ah ayaa ku dhintay iyada oo ay sabab u tahay cudurka iyo dhiig-miirashada. Sannadkii 1908, Belgium, inkastoo markii hore loo diidey, ayaa si rasmi ah u dalbaday Dawlad-bilaash ah, taasoo noqotay waddanka Kongo Beljamka. Congo-Belgian waxay xorowday 30kii Juun 1960 iyada oo lagu magacaabo Jamhuuriyadda Congo. Patrice Lumumba oo loo yaqaan 'Congolese Nationalist' ayaa loo doortay Raisul Wasaarihii ugu horeeyay, halka Joseph Kasa-Vubu uu noqday madaxweynihii ugu horeeyay. Iskahorimaadka ayaa ka kacay maamulka maamulka, taas oo loo yaqaano dhibaatada Congo. Gobollada Katanga, oo hoos yimaada Moïse Tshombe, iyo Koonfurta Kacaanka ayaa isku dayay in ay go'doomaan. Ka dib markii Lumumba u jeestay Midawga Soofiyeeti ee gargaarka bini-aadamnimada, Maraykanka iyo Beljamku wuxuu ka war hayay kiiskiisa oo kormeeray isaga oo kashaqeynayay Kasa-Vubu 5tii Sebtembar iyo dilkii ugu dambeeyay ee ciidamada Belgian led-ka Katangese 17kii Janaayo 1961. 25kii Nofeembar 1965 , Taliyaha Ciidanka Xoogga ee Joseph-Désiré Mobutu, oo markii dambe magaciisa loo yaqaan Mobutu Sese Seko, ayaa si rasmi ah ugu biiray awood darbi ah. Sanadkii 1971, wuxuu ku magacaabay dalka Zaire. Wadanku wuxuu u ordayaa dowlad kali ah oo kali ah, iyada oo uu OMad yahay. ==Sawiro== [[File:Kananga_Vue_aérienne.jpg|thumb|right|398px|]] [[File:Okapi2.jpg|thumb|right|198px|]] ==Xubin== *[[Midowga Afrika]];*’;*’ *[[Bankiga Aduunka]];*’*’ *[[Qaramada Midoobay]] *[[Hayada Cuntada Aduunka]];*’ *[[Ururka Caafimaadka Aduunka]];*’ ==Waddnamha Le deggan Dimuqaraadiga Kongo== * {{Flag|Ethiopia}} 200+: * {{Flag|China}} P.R.China; 100+: * {{Flag|South Africa}} 500+: == Tixraacyada == <references/> {{Gumud}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kongo}} {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Dawladdaha Afrika]] [[Category:Wadamada Afrika]] lopimw8zxtelgj9mszulmjnq8gjwaw6 0 2515 307708 295443 2026-09-09T19:33:12Z Soalt 39618 Category:Wadamada Aasiya iyo tixraac 307708 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = {{lang|en|Democratic Socialist Republic of {{nowrap|Sri Lanka}}}} | common_name = Sri Lanka | native_name = {{ubl|{{native name|si|ශ්‍රී ලංකා ප්‍රජාතාන්ත්‍රික සමාජවාදී ජනරජය|italics=off}} | {{native name|ta|இலங்கை சனநாயக சோசலிசக் குடியரசு|italics=off}} | {{Infobox | subbox = yes | bodystyle = font-size:75%;font-weight:normal; | rowclass1 = mergedrow | label1 = [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]: | data1 = {{transl|si|ISO|Śrī Laṅkā Prajātāntrika Samājavādī Janarajaya}} | rowclass2 = mergedrow | label2 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]: | data2 = {{transl|ta|ISO|Ilaṅkai Jaṉanāyaka Sōsalisak Kuṭiyarasu}} }} }} | image_flag = Flag of Sri Lanka.svg | image_coat = Emblem of Sri Lanka.svg | symbol_width = 50px | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = | national_anthem = "[[Sri Lanka Matha]]"<br />({{Lang-en|"Mother Sri Lanka"}})<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Sri Lankan national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.oga|center]]</div> | image_map = Sri Lanka (orthographic projection).svg | image_map2 = | capital = [[Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte]] (legislative)<ref>{{cite web |title=Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Sri-Jayewardenepura-Kotte |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] | access-date=12 May 2020}}</ref><br />[[Colombo]] (executive and judicial)<ref>{{cite web |title=Colombo |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Colombo |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] | access-date=12 May 2020}}</ref> | coordinates = {{Coord|6|56|N|79|52|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Colombo]] | official_languages = [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]<br />[[Tamil language|Tamil]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Official Languages Policy |url=http://www.languagesdept.gov.lk/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=38&Itemid=163&lang=en |website=languagesdept.gov.lk |publisher=Department of Official Languages |access-date=20 May 2021 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=12 Bisha Afraad 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412193905/http://languagesdept.gov.lk/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=38&Itemid=163&lang=en |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | languages_sub = yes | languages2_type = Recognised languages | languages2 = [[Sri Lankan English|English]] | ethnic_groups = 74.9% [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]]<br />11.2% [[Sri Lankan Tamils]]<br />9.2% [[Sri Lankan Moors]]<br />4.2% [[Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka|Indian Tamils]]<br />0.5% Others (incl. [[Burgher people|Burghers]], [[Sri Lankan Malays|Malays]], [[Veddas]], [[Chinese people in Sri Lanka|Chinese]], [[Indians in Sri Lanka|Indians]]) | ethnic_groups_year = 2012<ref name="CIATONGA">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sri-lanka/ |title=South Asia: Sri Lanka |date=22 September 2021 |publisher=[[CIA]] |access-date=1 Bisha Tobnaad 2021 |archive-date=17 Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217185333/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sri-lanka/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | religion = {{nowrap|70.2% [[Buddhism in Sri Lanka|Buddhism]] ([[State religion|official]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2018-report-on-international-religious-freedom/sri-lanka/ |title=2018 Report on International Religious Freedom: Sri Lanka |publisher=United States Department of State |access-date=3 March 2022}}</ref>}}<br />12.6% [[Hinduism in Sri Lanka|Hinduism]]<br />9.7% [[Islam in Sri Lanka|Islam]]<br />7.4% [[Christianity in Sri Lanka|Christianity]]<br />0.1% Other/None | religion_year = 2012 | demonym = Sri Lankan | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Sri Lanka|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Gotabaya Rajapaksa]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Sri Lanka|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]] | leader_title3 = [[Speaker of the Parliament of Sri Lanka|Speaker of the Parliament]] | leader_name3 = [[Mahinda Yapa Abeywardena]]<ref name="new-speaker">{{cite web |url=https://parliament.lk/en/news-en/view/1878?category=6 |title=Hon. Mahinda Yapa Abeywardena elected as the New Speaker |publisher=[[Parliament of Sri Lanka]] | date=20 August 2020 |access-date=23 August 2020}}</ref> | leader_title4 = [[Chief Justice of Sri Lanka|Chief Justice]] | leader_name4 = [[Jayantha Jayasuriya]] | legislature = [[Parliament of Sri Lanka|Parliament]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of Sri Lanka|Formation]] | established_event1 = [[Sinhala Kingdom|Kingdom]] established<ref>De Silva, K. M. (1981). A History of Sri Lanka. University of California Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-561655-2}}. A History of Sri Lanka.</ref> | established_date1 = 543 BCE | established_event2 = [[Rajarata]] established<ref>Nicholas, C. W.; Paranavitana, S. (1961). A Concise History of Ceylon. Colombo University Press.</ref> | established_date2 = 437 BCE | established_event3 = [[Kandyan wars]] | established_date3 = 1796 | established_event4 = [[Kandyan Convention]] signed | established_date4 = 1815 | established_event5 = [[Independence Day (Sri Lanka)|Independence]] | established_date5 = 4 February 1948 | established_event6 = [[Republic]] | established_date6 = 22 May 1972 | established_event7 = {{nowrap|[[Constitution of Sri Lanka|Current constitution]]}} | established_date7 = 7 September 1978 | area_km2 = 65,610 | area_rank = 120th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 25,332 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 4.4 | population_estimate = {{increaseNeutral}} 22,156,000<ref name="2021 population">{{cite web |title=Mid‐year Population Estimates by District & Sex, 2016 ‐ 2021 |url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/Population/StaticalInformation/VitalStatistics/ByDistrictandSex |website=statistics.gov.lk |publisher=Department of Census and Statistics |access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref> | population_census = 20,277,597<ref name="popsl">{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/Pages/sm/CPH%202011_R1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206021926/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/Pages/sm/CPH%202011_R1.pdf |title=Census of Population and Housing 2011 Enumeration Stage February–March 2012 |work=Department of Census and Statistics – Sri Lanka |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-date=6 December 2013}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 57th | population_census_year = 2012 | population_census_rank = | population_density_km2 = 337.7 | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = 24th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $306.997&nbsp;billion<ref name="IMFWEO">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/April/weo-report?c=524,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2018&ey=2026&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2021 | website=IMF.org |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |access-date=10 April 2021}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2021 | GDP_PPP_rank = 56th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $13,909<ref name="IMFWEO" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 88th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $84.532&nbsp;billion<ref name="IMFWEO" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2021 | GDP_nominal_rank = 64th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $3,830<ref name="IMFWEO" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 113th | Gini = 39.8 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2016 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=LK |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.782 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2019<!--Please use the year to which the HDI year data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite book |title=Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene |date=15 December 2020 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |isbn=978-92-1-126442-5 |pages=343–346 |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf |access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 72nd | currency = [[Sri Lankan rupee]] (Rs) | currency_code = LKR | time_zone = [[Sri Lanka Standard Time|SLST]] | utc_offset = +5:30 | utc_offset_DST = | DST_note = | time_zone_DST = | date_format = {{unbulleted list |dd-mm-yyyy |yyyy-mm-dd}} | drives_on = left | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Sri Lanka|+94]] | iso3166code = LK | cctld = {{hlist|[[.lk]] | [[.ලංකා]] | [[.இலங்கை]]}} | official_website = {{URL|http://www.gov.lk/}} }} [[File:SL_Kandy_asv2020-01_img04_Queens_Hotel.jpg|thumb|right|250px|]] [[File:Flag of Sri Lanka.svg|right|250px]] [[File:SL_Kandy_asv2020-01_img11_Arthurs_Seat_view.jpg|thumb|right|250px|]] [[File:Location_map_Sri_Lanka_Northern_Province_EN.svg|thumb|right|250px]] [[File:SL-rice_and_curry.jpg|thumb|right|250px]] '''Siri Lanka''' [[Luqada Tamil-kal]] இ ல ங ் க ை ؛ waa wadan jasiirad ah oo ku taalo [[Badweynta Hindiya]]. Waxey daris la tahay dalka [[Hindiya]]. Caasimada wadanka waa [[Kolonbo]]. Siri lanka waxey mudo dheer ku jirtay dagaalo sokeeyo oo u dhaxyay shacabka wada dadagan dalka.Waxaana u sabab eheed in qolada timiilka looyaqaaao ay rabtay in ay gooni u goosato.Dagaalkaasi waxa uu bilaawday sandakii [[1983]]. Inkasta oo xiligan laga raayay jabhaddii tiimelka.Hada wadanka sirilanka waxaa loo moodaa in ay degantahay. Laakiin waa dal ay aad iyo aad u aafeeyeen dagaalo sokeeye oo daba dheeraaday.In ka badan 100.000 oo qof ayaa dibadaha ugu yaacay dalkaas.kumanaana way ku baabaeen. ==Xubin== * [[ADB]] * [[IORA]] * [[AIIB]] * [[IORA]] *[[Bankiga Aduunka]] * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] ==Waddnamha Degaan Sri Lanka== * {{Flag|Afghanistan}}: 450++ * {{Flag|Bangladesh}}: 16,751++ * {{Flag|Pakistan}}:255,321++ * {{Flag|India}}”Hindus”: 1,4851++ ==Sido Kale fiiri== * [[Indonesia]] * [[Australia]] =Tixraac= {{reflist}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} [[Category:Aasiya]] [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] fhgjabrv5sluaoli15ykpkozsnxc8sk 0 2516 307636 300786 2026-09-09T17:15:02Z Soalt 39618 template:dalalka afrika iyo category:wadamada afrika 307636 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Dawladda Liibiya{{ref label|unnote|a|}} | common_name = Liibiya | native_name = {{Unbulleted list|{{native name|ar|دولة ليبيا|italics=off}}<br />{{resize|80%|{{transliteration|ar| Dawlat Lībiyā}}}}}} | image_flag = Flag of Libya.svg | image_coat = File:Seal of the Government of National Unity (Libya).svg | national_anthem = {{lang|ar|ليبيا، ليبيا، ليبيا}}<br />"Liibiya, Liibiya, Liibiya"<div style="padding-top:0.5em;" class="center">[[File:Libya, Libya, Libya instrumental.ogg]]</div> | map_width = 220px | map_caption = {{Legend|#336830|Goobta Liibiya}} | image_map2 = {{switcher|[[File:Libya (centered orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Muuji golaha|[[File:Libya - Location Map (2013) - LBY - UNOCHA.svg|frameless]]|Muuji khariidadda Liibiya}} | map2_width = 250px | capital = Tripoli<ref name="CIA">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Libya|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/libya/|encyclopedia=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=19 August 2024|date=7 August 2024|archive-date=18 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818105759/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/libya/|url-status=dead}} {{Wayback|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/libya/ |date=20210109235257 }}</ref> <br /> {{Coord|32|52|N|13|11|E|type:city}} | largest_city = caasimadda | official_languages = Carabi{{ref label|arabicnote|b|}} | languages_type = Af-goobka deegaanka | languages = Carabiga Liibiya | languages2_type = Luqadaha qalaad | languages2 = Talyaani iyo Ingiriis | ethnic_groups = {{Tree list}} * 92% Carabi * 5% Berber * 3% kuwa kale {{Tree list/end}} | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref>{{Cite book |last=Yakan |first=Mohamad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e_hADwAAQBAJ&pg=PT62 |title=Almanac of African Peoples and Nations |date=2017-11-30 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-28930-6 |pages=62 |language=en |access-date=6 April 2023 |archive-date=1 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501042016/https://books.google.com/books?id=e_hADwAAQBAJ&pg=PT62 |url-status=live }}</ref> | ethnic_groups_year = 1999 | religion = {{Tree list}} * 96.6% Islaam (Rasmi) * 2.7% Masiixiyad *<1% Budhist *<1% Hindu *<1% Yuhuudi *<1% Diinta hiddaha ah *<1% Kuwa kale *<1% Aan cidna ku xidhnayn {{Tree list/end}} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref name="CIA" /> | demonym = Reer Liibiya | government_type = Jamhuuriyad midaysan oo hoos timaada dawlad kumeelgaar ah (GNU) | leader_title1 = Guddoomiyaha Golaha Madaxtooyada | leader_name1 = Mohamed al-Menfi | leader_title2 = Guddoomiye Ku-xigeenka Golaha Madaxtooyada | leader_name2 = Musa Al-Koni | leader_title3 = Ra'iisul Wasaare | leader_name3 = Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh{{efn|Waxaa ku muransan Osama Hammad, oo ah madaxa Dawladda Xasiloonida Qaranka, taas oo loo aqoonsan yahay Golaha Wakiilada inay tahay simaha Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Liibiya}} | leader_title4 = Guddoomiyaha Golaha Wakiilada | leader_name4 = Aguila Saleh Issa | legislature = Golaha Sare ee Dawladda<br>Golaha Wakiilada | sovereignty_type = | established_event1 = Tripoli-da Cusmaaniyiinta | established_date1 = 1551 | established_event2 = Duulaankii Talyaaniga ee Liibiya | established_date2 = 1911 | established_event3 = Dhaqdhaqaaqa iska caabinta Liibiya | established_date3 = 1911–1951 | established_event4 = Jamhuuriyaddii Tripoli | established_date4 = 16 November 1918 | established_event5 = Boqortooyada Liibiya | established_date5 = 24 December 1951 | established_event6 = Afgembigii Muammar Gaddafi | established_date6 = 1 September 1969 | established_event7 = Jamahiiriyada Carabta Liibiya ee Shacabka Hantiwadaaga ah ee Weyn | established_date7 = 2 March 1977 | established_event8 = Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Sokeeye ee Liibiya | established_date8 = 17 February 2011 | established_event9 = Soo dhexgaliddii NATO ee Liibiya | established_date9 = 19 March 2011 | established_event10 = Dhammaadkii Dagaalkii Labaad ee Sokeeye ee Liibiya | established_date10 = 23 October 2020 | area_km2 = 1,759,541 | area_rank = 16aad | area_sq_mi = 679,359 | percent_water = | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 7,361,263<ref name="CIA" /> | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 103ad | population_density_km2 = 4.2 | population_density_sq_mi = 10.836 | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $123.990 bilyan<ref name="World Economic Outlook Database">{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_rank = 96aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $17,760<ref name="World Economic Outlook Database"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 101ad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $47.480 bilyan<ref name="World Economic Outlook Database"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_rank = 95aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $6,800<ref name="World Economic Outlook Database"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 102ad | Gini = | Gini_year = | Gini_change = | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.721 | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = hoos u dhac | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 115ad | currency = Diinaarka Liibiya | currency_code = LYD | time_zone = Wakhtiga Bariga Yurub | utc_offset = +2 | calling_code = +218 | cctld = [[.ly]]<br />ليبيا. | footnote_a = {{note|unnote}} Fariinta Qaramada Midoobay ee ku saabsan magaca rasmiga ah: "Ka dib markii loo qaatay go'aanka Golaha Guud ee tirsigiisu yahay 66/1, Ergada Joogtada ah ee Liibiya u fadhida Qaramada Midoobay waxay si rasmi ah ugu wargelisay Qaramada Midoobay Baaq ka soo baxay Golaha Ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Qaranka ee 3dii Ogosto kaas oo bedelay magaca rasmiga ah ee Jamahiiriyada Carabta Liibiya loona bedelay 'Liibiya' laguna bedelay calanka qaranka ee Liibiya." | footnote_b = {{note|arabicnote}} Luqadda rasmiga ah waxaa si fudud loogu aqoonsaday "Carabi" (Baaqa Dastuuriga ah ee ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Liibiya, qodobka 1). | footnote_c = {{note|indepnote}} Boqortooyada Midowday iyo Faransiiska waxay wadajir u haysteen maamul guud oo dulsaar ku ahaa Liibiya iyada oo loo marayo Golaha Kalsoonida ee Qaramada Midoobay. }} '''Liibiya''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Libya.ogg|ˈ|l|ɪ|b|i|ə}} {{respell|LIB|ee|ə}}; {{langx|ar|ليبيا|Lībiyā|engvar=gb}}, {{IPA|ar|liː.bi.jaː|pron}}, <small>Carabiga Liibiya:</small> {{IPA|[ˈliːb.jæ]|}}. Dhammaan lahjadaha lagaga hadlo Carabiga waxay leeyihiin laba dhawaaq oo kaliya waxaana caadiyan loo dhawaaqaa sidaas.}} si rasmi ahna loogu yeero '''Dawladda Liibiya''',{{efn|{{langx|ar|دولة ليبيا|Dawlat Lībiyā|engvar=gb}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/member-states/index.html#gotoL |title=Member States |publisher=United Nations |access-date=13 February 2021 |quote=On 22 December 2017, the Permanent Mission of Libya to the United Nations formally notified the United Nations that the government is changing the official name of Libya to 'State of Libya.' |archive-date=29 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629041240/https://www.un.org/en/member-states/index.html#gotoL |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://publications.europa.eu/code/en/en-5000500.htm |title=Publications Office – Interinstitutional style guide – Annex A5 – List of countries, territories and currencies |publisher=Europa (web portal) |access-date=1 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805170859/http://publications.europa.eu/code/en/en-5000500.htm |archive-date=5 August 2013 }}</ref><ref name="CIA" />}} waa dal ku yaal gobolka Maghreb ee Waqooyiga Afrika. Waxay waqooyiga xuduud la leedahay Badda Mediterranean-ka, bariga Masar, koonfur-bari Suudaan, koonfurta Jaad, koonfur-galbeed Nayjer, galbeedka Aljeeriya, iyo waqooyi-galbeed Tuunis. Iyadoo leh baaxad dhul oo ku dhow 700,000 oo mayl laba jibaaran, Liibiya waa dalka afraad ee ugu weyn Afrika iyo Caalamka Carabta, waana dalka 16aad ee ugu weyn adduunka.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2003/Table03.pdf |title=Demographic Yearbook (3) Pop., Rate of Pop. Increase, Surface Area & Density |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |access-date=5 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114040712/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2003/Table03.pdf |archive-date=14 November 2012 }}</ref> Dalku wuxuu sheeganayaa 32,000 oo kiilomitir oo laba jibaaran oo ah koonfur-bari Aljeeriya, koonfurta magaalada Liibiya ee Ghat.<ref name="CIA" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Libya-Algeria |work=Sovereign Limits |url=https://sovereignlimits.com/boundaries/algeria-libya-land |access-date=1 April 2024 |archive-date=28 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928171603/https://sovereignlimits.com/boundaries/algeria-libya-land |url-status=live }}</ref> Caasimadda iyo magaalada ugu weyn waa Tripoli, oo ku taal waqooyi-galbeed kuna dhowaad in ka badan hal milyan oo ka mid ah toddobada milyan ee dadka ku nool Liibiya.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indexmundi.com/libya/demographics_profile.html |title=Libya Demographics Profile 2014 |website=Indexmundi.com |date=30 June 2015 |access-date=1 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084546/http://www.indexmundi.com/libya/demographics_profile.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> Liibiya waxaa deganaa dadka Berber-ka tan iyo dhammaadkii Aroortii Naxaasta (Bronze Age) iyagoo ka farcamay dhaqamadii Iberomaurusian iyo Capsian. Waqtiyadii hore ee qadiimiga ahaa, reer Foyniqiya waxay ka aasaaseen magaalo-dawlado iyo xarumo ganacsi galbeedka Liibiya, halka dhowr magaalo oo Giriig ah laga aasaasay Bariga. Qaybo ka mid ah Liibiya waxaa si kala duwan u xukumay reer Carthage-tii hore, reer Numidia, Boqortooyadii Bershiya, iyo Giriigii Ptolemaic ka hor inta aan gobolka oo dhan uu noqon qayb ka mid ah Boqortooyadii Roomaanka. Liibiya waxay ahayd xarun hore oo Masiixiyadda ah. Ka dib dhicidda Boqortooyadii Roomaanka ee Galbeedka, aagga Liibiya waxaa inta badan qabsaday Boqortooyadii Vandal ilaa qarnigii 7aad markii duulaanadu ay keeneen Islaamka gobolka. Wixii markaas ka dambeeyay, qarniyo ay jireen guuritaanka Carabta ee gobolka Maghreb waxay beddeleen qaabka dadka ee Liibiya iyada oo ay u badatay dhanka Carabta. Qarnigii 16aad, Boqortooyadii Isbayn iyo fardooleyda Knights Hospitaller waxay qabsadeen Tripoli ilaa xukunkii Cusmaaniyiintu uu ka bilaamay 1551. Liibiya waxay ku lug lahayd Dagaaladii Barbary ee qarniyadii 18aad iyo 19aad. Xukunkii Cusmaaniyiinta ayaa sii socday ilaa Dagaalkii Talyaaniga iyo Turkiga ee 1911, kaas oo sababay in Talyaanigu uu qabsado Liibiya oo uu ka aasaaso laba gumeysi: Tripolitania-dii Talyaaniga iyo Cyrenaica-dii Talyaaniga, kuwaas oo dambe lagu midoobay gumeysigii Liibiya ee Talyaaniga laga bilaabo 1934 ilaa 1943.<ref>J. Desanges, "The proto-Berbers", pp. 236–245, especially p. 237, in ''General History of Africa, vol. II: Ancient Civilizations of Africa'' (UNESCO 1990).</ref> Intii uu socday Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka, Liibiya waxay ahayd aag dagaal ee Ololihii Waqooyiga Afrika. Dadkii deganaa ee Talyaaniga ahaa ayaa markaas hoos u dhacay Liibiyana waxay noqotay mid madaxbannaan oo noqotay boqortooyo 1951. Afgambi milatari oo aan dhiig ku daadan 1969, oo uu bilaabay isbahaysi uu hoggaaminayo Kornayl Muammar Gaddafi, ayaa xukunka ka tuuray Boqor Idris I wuxuuna abuuray jamhuuriyad. Gaddafi waxaa badanaa ku sifeeyay dhaleeceeyayaashu inuu yahay keli-taliye, wuxuuna ahaa mid ka mid ah hoggaamiyayaasha adduunka ugu muddada dheer ee aan boqor ahayn. Wuxuu xukumayay muddo 42 sano ah ilaa xukunka looga tuuray lagana dilay dagaalkii sokeeye ee 2011, dhexdiisii Kacdoonkii Carabta (Arab Spring), iyadoo awoodda loo wareejiyay Golaha Ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Qaranka ka dibna loo wareejiyay Golaha Guud ee Qaranka ee la doortay. Tan iyo 2011, Liibiya waxay ku jirtay dhibaato siyaasadeed iyo mid bini'aadantinimo, marka la gaadhay 2014, laba maamul oo iska soo horjeeda ayaa sheegtay inay xukumaan Liibiya, taas oo keentay dagaalkii labaad ee sokeeye, iyadoo qaybo ka mid ah Liibiya ay u kala qaybsameen dawlado kala duwan, oo fadhigoodu yahay Tripoli iyo Tobruk, iyo sidoo kale maleeshiyooyin beeleed iyo kuwa Islaami ah oo kala duwan. Labadii dhinac ee ugu waaweynaa ee dagaallamayay waxay saxeexeen xabbad-joojin joogto ah sannadkii 2020, dawlad midnimo qaran ahna waxay la wareegtay awoodda si ay u qorsheyso doorashooyin dimuqraadi ah, inkastoo loolanka siyaasadeed uu weli dib u dhac ku keenayo arrintan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-11 |title=Libya — a tale of two governments, again |url=https://arab.news/yrqr2 |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref><ref name="rival">{{cite news |date=25 August 2014 |title=Rival second Libyan assembly chooses own PM as chaos spreads |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-idUSKBN0GP0NZ20140826 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120247/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/08/26/us-libya-security-idUSKBN0GP0NZ20140826 |archive-date=26 August 2014 |access-date=25 August 2014 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Chris Stephen |title=Libyan parliament takes refuge in Greek car ferry |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/09/libyan-parliament-refuge-greek-car-ferry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404142244/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/09/libyan-parliament-refuge-greek-car-ferry |archive-date=4 April 2016 |access-date=1 April 2016 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=7 August 2015 |title=Peace talks between Libyan factions to take place in Geneva |url=http://www.sunherald.com/2015/08/07/6355978/peace-talks-between-libyan-factions.html |access-date=7 August 2015 |work=Sun Herald |archive-date=14 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314004151/https://www.sunherald.com/2015/08/07/6355978/peace-talks-between-libyan-factions.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1 September 1969 |title=1969: Bloodless coup in Libya |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/1/newsid_3911000/3911587.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720121138/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/1/newsid_3911000/3911587.stm |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=25 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kafala |first=Tarik |date=20 October 2011 |title=Gaddafi's quixotic and brutal rule |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-12532929 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424085047/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-12532929 |archive-date=24 April 2023 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=6 August 2015 |title=Libyan government offensive in Benghazi stalls as Islamists dig in |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-benghazi-insight-idUSKCN0QB0FK20150806 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809065318/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/08/06/us-libya-security-benghazi-insight-idUSKCN0QB0FK20150806 |archive-date=9 August 2015 |access-date=7 August 2015 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=24 October 2020 |title=Libyan Civil War: Two warring factions sign 'permanent' ceasefire |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/news/libyan-civil-war-two-warring-factions-sign-permanent-ceasefire-1983297 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415014337/https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/news/libyan-civil-war-two-warring-factions-sign-permanent-ceasefire-1983297 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |access-date=5 March 2021 |website=The Daily Star}}</ref> Bishii Maarso 2022, Golaha Wakiilada wuxuu joojiyay aqoonsigii Dawladda Midnimada Qaran wuxuuna ku dhawaaqay dawlad beddel ah, oo ah Dawladda Xasiloonida Qaranka (GNS). Labada dawladoodba waxay u shaqaynayeen isku mar wixii markaas ka dambeeyay, taas oo keentay awood laba-geesood ah oo ka jirta Liibiya. Beesha caalamku waxay sii waddaa inay u aqoonsato dawladda midnimada inay tahay dawladda sharciga ah ee dalka. Liibiya waa dal soo koraya oo ku jira kaalinta 115ad ee HDI, waxayna leedahay kaydka 10aad ee ugu weyn ee saliidda la xaqiijiyay adduunka. Liibiya waxay leedahay heerka ugu sarreeya ee sii deynta gaaska aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo qofkiiba ee Afrika, laakiin horumar yar ayay ka samaysay dhanka horumarinta ballanqaadyada cimilada. Liibiya waa xubin ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay, Dhaqdhaqaaqa Aan-Caddayn, Midowga Afrika, Jaamacadda Carabta, Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka, iyo OPEC. Diinta rasmiga ah ee dalka waa Islaamka, iyadoo 96.6% dadka Liibiya ay yihiin Muslimiin Sunni ah.<ref name="CIA" /> Luqadda rasmiga ah ee Liibiya waa Carabi, iyadoo Carabiga Liibiya uu yahay kan ugu ballaaran ee lagaga hadlo dalka. Inta badan dadka Liibiya waa Carabi.<ref name="Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.-2014">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6IOKAwAAQBAJ&pg=RA6-PA144 |title=Britannica Student Encyclopaedia |date=2014-05-01 |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. |isbn=978-1-62513-172-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2023/24|language=en|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|date=13 March 2024|access-date=13 March 2024|archive-date=13 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=World proven crude oil reserves by country, 1980–2004 |url=http://www.opec.org/library/Annual%20Statistical%20Bulletin/interactive/2004/FileZ/XL/T33.HTM |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711143657/http://www.opec.org/library/Annual%20Statistical%20Bulletin/interactive/2004/FileZ/XL/T33.HTM |archive-date=11 July 2012 |access-date=5 February 2013 |publisher=OPEC}}</ref> == Asalka magaca== [[File:Archaeological Site of Sabratha-108976.jpg|thumb|left|Goobta taariikhiga ah ee Sabratha, Liibiya]] Asalka magaca "Liibiya" wuxuu markii ugu horreysay ka muuqday qoraal ka mid ah Ramesses II, oo loo qoray sidii rbw ee hieroglyphic. Magacu wuxuu ka yimid aqoonsi guud oo la siiyay isbahaysi weyn oo ka jiray Bariga qadiimiga ah ee "Liibiya" ee Berber-ka, dadka Waqooyiga Afrika iyo qabiilooyinka ku noolaa hareeraha gobollada barwaaqada ah ee Cyrenaica iyo Marmarica. Ciidan ka kooban 40,000 oo nin<ref name="3.8 MERENPTAH (1236-1230 BC)">{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Peter |title=HSC Ancient History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vhs2_vi4Yc0C&q=King+meryey&pg=PA72 |year=2006 |publisher=Pascal Press |isbn=9781741251784 |access-date=26 May 2020 |archive-date=31 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531052740/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vhs2_vi4Yc0C&q=King+meryey&pg=PA72 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo isbahaysi qabiilo oo loo yaqaanay "Madaxda Waaweyn ee Libu" waxaa hoggaaminayay Boqor Meryey oo dagaal la galay fircoon Merneptah sannadkii 5aad (1208 BC). Iskahorimaadkan waxaa lagu xusay Qoraalka Weyn ee Karnak ee ku yaal delta galbeedka intii lagu jiray sannadihii 5aad iyo 6aad ee xukunkiisa wuxuuna dhaliyay guuldarradii Meryey. Sida ku xusan Qoraalka Weyn ee Karnak, isbahaysiga milatari wuxuu ka koobnaa Meshwesh, Lukka, iyo "Dadka Badda" oo loo yaqaanay Ekwesh, Teresh, Shekelesh, iyo Sherden. Qoraalka Weyn ee Karnak wuxuu u qoran yahay: {{Blockquote|"... xilligii saddexaad, isagoo leh: 'Madaxii kharribmay, ee laga adkaaday ee Liibiya, Meryey, wiilka Ded, wuxuu ku soo dhacay dalka Tehenu iyada oo ay weheliyaan qaansoleyda—Sherden, Shekelesh, Ekwesh, Lukka, Teresh. Isagoo soo kaxaystay geesiyaashii ugu fiicnaa iyo nin kasta oo dagaalyahan ah oo dalkiisa ka tirsan. Wuxuu keenay xaaskiisa iyo carruurtiisa—hoggaamiyayaashii xerada, wuxuuna gaadhay xadka galbeed ee beeraha Perire."}} Magaca "Liibiya" waxaa dib loogu soo celiyay isticmaalka sannadkii 1903 cilmiga juqraafiga ee Talyaaniga Federico Minutilli. Waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu beddelo ereyadii loo isticmaali jiray Tripolitania-dii Cusmaaniyiinta, gobolka xeebta ee hadda ah Liibiya, kaas oo ay xukumaysay Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta laga bilaabo 1551 ilaa 1911 as Eyalet of Tripolitania.<ref name="be177">"Bibliografia della Libia"; Bertarelli, p. 177.</ref> Liibiya waxay heshay madaxbannaanida 1951 iyadoo ahayd Boqortooyada Midowday ee Liibiya (المملكة الليبية المتحدة al-Mamlakah al-Lībiyyah al-Muttaḥidah), iyadoo magaca loo beddelay Boqortooyada Liibiya (المملكة الليبية al-Mamlakah al-Lībiyyah), dhab ahaantii "Boqortooyada Liibiya", sannadkii 1963.<ref>Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress (1987), [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ly0036) "Independent Libya"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321121614/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ly0036) |date=21 March 2022 }}, ''U.S. Library of Congress''. Retrieved 14 July 2006.</ref> Ka dib afgambi uu hoggaaminayay Muammar Gaddafi 1969, magaca dawladda waxaa loo beddelay Jamhuuriyadda Carabta Liibiya (الجمهورية العربية الليبية al-Jumhūriyyah al-'Arabiyyah al-Lībiyyah). Magaca rasmiga ahi wuxuu ahaa "Jamahiiriyada Carabta Liibiya ee Shacabka Hantiwadaaga ah" laga bilaabo 1977 ilaa 1986 (الجماهيرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الاشتراكية), iyo "Jamahiiriyada Carabta Liibiya ee Shacabka Hantiwadaaga ah ee Weyn"<ref name="name">{{cite web |url=http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=9093369&fid=3769&c=libya |title=Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Libya |work=Geographical Names |access-date=1 November 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118153704/http://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=9093369&fid=3769&c=libya |archive-date=18 January 2012 }}</ref> (الجماهيرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الاشتراكية العظمى,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=6485614&fid=3784&c=libya |title=الجماهيرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الاشتراكية: Libya |work=Geographical Names |access-date=26 February 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724133149/http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=6485614&fid=3784&c=libya |archive-date=24 July 2014 }}</ref> al-Jamāhīriyyah al-'Arabiyyah al-Lībiyyah ash-Sha'biyyah al-Ishtirākiyyah al-'Udmá <small>{{Audio|Al-Jamahiriyyah al-Arabiyyah al-Libiyyah ash-shabiyyah al-Ishtirakiyyah al-Udhma.ogg|dhageyso}}</small>) laga bilaabo 1986 ilaa 2011. Golaha Ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Qaranka, oo la aasaasay 2011, wuxuu ugu yeeray dawladda si fudud "Liibiya". Qaramada Midoobay (UN) waxay si rasmi ah u aqoonsatay dalka sidii "Liibiya" bishii Sebtember 2011<ref>{{cite web |url=http://unterm.un.org |title=United Nations interoffice memorandum dated 16 September 2011 from Desmond Parker, Chief of Protocol, to Shaaban M. Shaaban, Under-Secretary-General for General Assembly and Conference Management, attaching memorandum from Stadler Trengove, Senior Legal Officer |publisher=United Nations |date=16 September 2011 |access-date=5 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122071953/http://unterm.un.org/ |archive-date=22 January 2013 }}</ref> iyadoo lagu saleynayo codsi ka yimid Ergada Joogtada ah ee Liibiya iyadoo la xiganayo Baaqa Dastuuriga ah ee Ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Liibiya ee 3dii Ogosto 2011. Bishii Noofambar 2011, ISO 3166-1 waxaa la beddelay si ay u muujiso magaca cusub ee dalka "Liibiya" ee Ingiriiska, "Libye (la)" ee Faransiiska.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/nl_vi-11_name_change_for_libya.pdf |access-date=13 December 2011 |date=8 November 2011 |title=ISO 3166-1 Newsletter VI-11: Name change for Libya |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117170551/http://www.iso.org/iso/nl_vi-11_name_change_for_libya.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012 }}</ref> Bishii Diseembar 2017, Ergada Joogtada ah ee Liibiya u fadhida Qaramada Midoobay waxay ku wargelisay QM in magaca rasmiga ah ee dalka uu hadda ka dib yahay "Dawladda Liibiya"; "Liibiya" waxay ahaanaysaa qaabka rasmiga ah ee gaaban, dalkuna wuxuu sii wadaa in lagu taxo xarafka "L" ee liisaska xarfaha hore ee alifbeeto ahaan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unterm.un.org/UNTERM/Display/Record/UNHQ/NA/fd428e58-b85e-4d39-81a8-896368359dd5 |access-date=5 January 2018 |title="State of Libya" in UNTERM (United Nations terminology database) |publisher=United Nations |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105233707/https://unterm.un.org/UNTERM/Display/Record/UNHQ/NA/fd428e58-b85e-4d39-81a8-896368359dd5 |archive-date=5 January 2018 }}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Wadamada Afrika]] 558qzeq9t66dzkwqgvlbryqfm9xoryp 0 2741 307666 277639 2026-09-09T17:56:14Z Soalt 39618 template:Dalalka Aasiya 307666 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dalalka |native_name = Jamhuuriyadda Ciraaq<br />''جمهورية العراق'' |conventional_long_name = ''Republic of Iraq'' |common_name = Ciraaq |qaarada = [[Aasiya]] |sawir_calan = Flag_of_Iraq.svg |sawir_qaran = |astaan_calan = [[Astaanta Calanka Ciraaq|Mawtini]] |image_map = Iraq in its region.svg |caasimada = [[Baqdaad]] |luuqadaha = [[Af-Kurdish]][[Af-Carabi]] |Dawladda = &nbsp; |darajo_hogaamiye1 = [[Madaxweyne]] | GDP_PPP_year = 2017 | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $20,425 | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = $130 Billion Dollar | GDP_nominal_year = 2017 | GDP_nominal_rank = | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $22,550 | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = |darajo_hogaamiye2 = [[Ra'iisul wasaare]] |magac_hogaamiye1 = [[Cabdul Latiif Rashiid]] |magac_hogaamiye2 = [[Maxamed Shiyaac al-Suudaani]] |sovereignty_type = '''Ka xoroobey''' |established_event1 = {{nowrap|[[Dawlada Cosmaniya]]}} |established_date1 = [[1]] [[Oktoobar]] [[1919]] |established_event2 = {{nowrap|[[Ingriiska]]}} |established_date2 = [[3]] [[Oktoobar]] [[1932]] |area = 438,317 |areami² = 169,234 |biyo = 1.1 |population_estimate = 29,267,000<sup>2</sup> |population_estimate_year = 2007 |lacagta = [[Ciraaqi Diinaar]] |wakhti = [[UTC]] |furaha_debeda = 964 |footnote1 = |footnote2 = }} '''Ciraaq''' (magaca maxalli: جمهورية العراق « ''Jumhuriyah Al Iraq'' » – magac maxalli oo gaaban: العراق « '''Al Iraq''' ») waa wadan ku yaalo [[Bariga Dhexe]] ama galbeedka [[Aasiya]]. Ciraaq waxee xuduud la leedahay, wadamada Urdun,[[Suuriya]], Turki, [[Iiraan]],[[Kuwayt|Kuweyt]] iyo [[Sacuudi Carabiya]]. Si uu qof walba uga qaato fikrad ama aragti sax ah, xaalada ka taagan meel ama wadan, waxa uu u baahan yahay inuu wax uun ka ogaado sooyaalka taariikheed ee meeshaas ama wadankaa. Saan la socono baryahaan '''Ciraaq''' ayaa noqotay meel ay aaladaha warbaahinta aduunka ama ruux walbaa oo dunida saaran uu hadal hayo xiisadda ka taagan Ciraaq. Sooyaalka taariikheed ee Ciraaq maaha mid hal ama laba qormo lagu soo koobi karo, sidaa darteed ayaan bal isku dayey inaan soo ururiyo war bixinno ama taariikho ku saabsan Ciraaq. Ciraaq waa xubin muhiim ah oo ka tirsan: '''[[OPEC]]'''; '''[[Jaamacada Carabta]]'''; '''[[Qaramada Midoobay]]'''; Iyo '''[[Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka]]'''iyo sidoo kale Kuwa kali badan.:•’!!’ Waa Jamhuuriyad Federaali ah oo ka kooban 19 gobol (gobollo) iyo hal gobo gobol (Ciraaq). Diinta rasmiga ah ee dalka waa Islaamka. Dhaqan ahaan, Ciraaq wuxuu leeyahay hanti aad u taajirsan, wuxuuna u dabaaldegayaa guulihii hore ee xilliyadii hore ee Islaamka, waxaana loo yaqaanaa gabayaaga. Sawir gacmeedka iyo sawirqaadayaashu waxay ka mid yihiin kuwa ugu wanaagsan caalamka Carabta, qaar ka mid ah waxay yihiin heer caalami ah iyo sidoo kale soo saarista farsamooyin qurux badan, oo ay ku jiraan roodhadhka iyo roogaga.!! ==Babylon & Mesopotamia.!!== 1.Hada Carabta ee Ciraaq): Ciraaq waxay haysataa: {[{$11.99 trilion)]} oo aheeyd $15.9 Trillion oo kheyraad dabiici ah.!! 2. Dhulka saxaraha ah waxaa ku jira batroolka, gaaska dabiiciga ah, fosfatetada, baaruudka. Ciraaq waa dalka labaad ee ugu soo saarka badan saliidda cayriin ee [[OPEC]]. Waxay ku jirtaa kaalinta shanaad ee adduunka ugu badan ee haysata kaydka saliidda cayriin ee la xaqiijiyay waxayna ku xidhan tahay dhoofinta saliidda cayriin qaddarka ugu badan ee dakhligeeda..!! <ref>https://www.investopedia.com/articles/markets-economy/090516/10-countries-most-natural-resources.asp</ref>. ==Xubin== * [[Jaamacada Carabta]] * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * [[Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka]] ==Waddanmha La Degaan Ciraaq== * {{Flag|Iraq}}: 46,951,000+ * {{Flag|Bangladesh}} 2,200+ *'''{{flag|Arab League}}STS:''':250,000+: *''{{Flag|Pakistan}}'' 2,000+ *''{{Flag|South Korea}}'' 20,000+ ==Sido kale fiiri== * [[Iiraan]] * [[Israaiil]] ==Sido kale fiiri== * [[Baqdaad]]_* * [[Basra]]_* * [[Kuufa]]_* * [[Sadaam Xuseen]] * * * * [[Nuur Al-Maliki]] o * [[Maxamad al-mahdi]] * * [[Jalaal Daalabaani]] o =Tixraac= {{reflist}} [[Category:Ciraaq]] {{Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} 2mrguhq52gnc175no94sefmosujtjg4 307667 307666 2026-09-09T17:57:38Z Soalt 39618 Category:Wadamada Aasiya 307667 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dalalka |native_name = Jamhuuriyadda Ciraaq<br />''جمهورية العراق'' |conventional_long_name = ''Republic of Iraq'' |common_name = Ciraaq |qaarada = [[Aasiya]] |sawir_calan = Flag_of_Iraq.svg |sawir_qaran = |astaan_calan = [[Astaanta Calanka Ciraaq|Mawtini]] |image_map = Iraq in its region.svg |caasimada = [[Baqdaad]] |luuqadaha = [[Af-Kurdish]][[Af-Carabi]] |Dawladda = &nbsp; |darajo_hogaamiye1 = [[Madaxweyne]] | GDP_PPP_year = 2017 | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $20,425 | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = $130 Billion Dollar | GDP_nominal_year = 2017 | GDP_nominal_rank = | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $22,550 | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = |darajo_hogaamiye2 = [[Ra'iisul wasaare]] |magac_hogaamiye1 = [[Cabdul Latiif Rashiid]] |magac_hogaamiye2 = [[Maxamed Shiyaac al-Suudaani]] |sovereignty_type = '''Ka xoroobey''' |established_event1 = {{nowrap|[[Dawlada Cosmaniya]]}} |established_date1 = [[1]] [[Oktoobar]] [[1919]] |established_event2 = {{nowrap|[[Ingriiska]]}} |established_date2 = [[3]] [[Oktoobar]] [[1932]] |area = 438,317 |areami² = 169,234 |biyo = 1.1 |population_estimate = 29,267,000<sup>2</sup> |population_estimate_year = 2007 |lacagta = [[Ciraaqi Diinaar]] |wakhti = [[UTC]] |furaha_debeda = 964 |footnote1 = |footnote2 = }} '''Ciraaq''' (magaca maxalli: جمهورية العراق « ''Jumhuriyah Al Iraq'' » – magac maxalli oo gaaban: العراق « '''Al Iraq''' ») waa wadan ku yaalo [[Bariga Dhexe]] ama galbeedka [[Aasiya]]. Ciraaq waxee xuduud la leedahay, wadamada Urdun,[[Suuriya]], Turki, [[Iiraan]],[[Kuwayt|Kuweyt]] iyo [[Sacuudi Carabiya]]. Si uu qof walba uga qaato fikrad ama aragti sax ah, xaalada ka taagan meel ama wadan, waxa uu u baahan yahay inuu wax uun ka ogaado sooyaalka taariikheed ee meeshaas ama wadankaa. Saan la socono baryahaan '''Ciraaq''' ayaa noqotay meel ay aaladaha warbaahinta aduunka ama ruux walbaa oo dunida saaran uu hadal hayo xiisadda ka taagan Ciraaq. Sooyaalka taariikheed ee Ciraaq maaha mid hal ama laba qormo lagu soo koobi karo, sidaa darteed ayaan bal isku dayey inaan soo ururiyo war bixinno ama taariikho ku saabsan Ciraaq. Ciraaq waa xubin muhiim ah oo ka tirsan: '''[[OPEC]]'''; '''[[Jaamacada Carabta]]'''; '''[[Qaramada Midoobay]]'''; Iyo '''[[Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka]]'''iyo sidoo kale Kuwa kali badan.:•’!!’ Waa Jamhuuriyad Federaali ah oo ka kooban 19 gobol (gobollo) iyo hal gobo gobol (Ciraaq). Diinta rasmiga ah ee dalka waa Islaamka. Dhaqan ahaan, Ciraaq wuxuu leeyahay hanti aad u taajirsan, wuxuuna u dabaaldegayaa guulihii hore ee xilliyadii hore ee Islaamka, waxaana loo yaqaanaa gabayaaga. Sawir gacmeedka iyo sawirqaadayaashu waxay ka mid yihiin kuwa ugu wanaagsan caalamka Carabta, qaar ka mid ah waxay yihiin heer caalami ah iyo sidoo kale soo saarista farsamooyin qurux badan, oo ay ku jiraan roodhadhka iyo roogaga.!! ==Babylon & Mesopotamia.!!== 1.Hada Carabta ee Ciraaq): Ciraaq waxay haysataa: {[{$11.99 trilion)]} oo aheeyd $15.9 Trillion oo kheyraad dabiici ah.!! 2. Dhulka saxaraha ah waxaa ku jira batroolka, gaaska dabiiciga ah, fosfatetada, baaruudka. Ciraaq waa dalka labaad ee ugu soo saarka badan saliidda cayriin ee [[OPEC]]. Waxay ku jirtaa kaalinta shanaad ee adduunka ugu badan ee haysata kaydka saliidda cayriin ee la xaqiijiyay waxayna ku xidhan tahay dhoofinta saliidda cayriin qaddarka ugu badan ee dakhligeeda..!! <ref>https://www.investopedia.com/articles/markets-economy/090516/10-countries-most-natural-resources.asp</ref>. ==Xubin== * [[Jaamacada Carabta]] * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * [[Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka]] ==Waddanmha La Degaan Ciraaq== * {{Flag|Iraq}}: 46,951,000+ * {{Flag|Bangladesh}} 2,200+ *'''{{flag|Arab League}}STS:''':250,000+: *''{{Flag|Pakistan}}'' 2,000+ *''{{Flag|South Korea}}'' 20,000+ ==Sido kale fiiri== * [[Iiraan]] * [[Israaiil]] ==Sido kale fiiri== * [[Baqdaad]]_* * [[Basra]]_* * [[Kuufa]]_* * [[Sadaam Xuseen]] * * * * [[Nuur Al-Maliki]] o * [[Maxamad al-mahdi]] * * [[Jalaal Daalabaani]] o =Tixraac= {{reflist}} [[Category:Ciraaq]] [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] {{Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} 51e5mhm43f7zowdlp0ndgs907qvn7gi 0 2937 307715 283289 2026-09-09T19:43:02Z Soalt 39618 template:Dalalka Aasiya iyo Category:Wadamada Aasiya iyo template:Category:Aasiya 307715 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|15|N|48|E|display=title}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Yemen | native_name = {{big|الجُمهورية اليَمَنية}}<br />''{{transl|ar|DIN-31635|al-Jumhūriyyah al-Yamaniyyah}}'' | common_name = Yemen | image_flag = Flag of Yemen.svg | image_coat = Emblem of Yemen (2).svg | symbol_type = Emblem | image_map = Yemen (orthographic projection).svg | national_motto = <div style="line-height:1.45em;white-space:nowrap;">{{native phrase|ar|{{lower|0.1em|{{big|الله, الوَطَن, الثَورة, الوَحدة}}}}|italics=off}}<br />{{transl|ar|DIN-31635|"Allāh, al-Waṭan, aṯ-Ṯawrah, al-Waḥdah"}}<br />{{small|"God, Country, Revolution, Unity"}}</div> | national_anthem = <div style="line-height:1.45em;white-space:nowrap;">{{native name|ar|{{lower|0.1em|{{big|نشيد اليمن الوطني}}}}|italics=off|nolink=on}}<br />''[[National anthem of Yemen|Nashīd al-Yaman al-waṭanī]]''<br />{{small|''United Republic''}}<br /><center>[[File:United States Navy Band - United Republic.ogg]]</center> | official_languages = [[Carabi]] | demonym = [[Yemeni (disambiguation)|Yemeni]] | capital = [[Sana'a]] | government_type = {{nowrap|Xukun mid ah, jamhuuriyad}} | leader_title1 = [[Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi]] | leader_title2 = Raysulwasaare | leader_name2 = [[Mohammed Basindawa]] | legislature = {{nowrap|Aqalka wakiilada Baarlamaanka}} | area_rank = 50th | area_magnitude = 1 E8 | area_km2 = 527,829 | area_sq_mi = 203,796 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = negligible | population_estimate = 23,833,000<ref name=yearbook2011>{{cite web|title=Statistical Yearbook 2011|url=http://www.cso-yemen.org/publiction/yearbook2011/population.xls|publisher=Central Statistical Organisation|accessdate=24 February 2013|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=9 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009023840/http://www.cso-yemen.org/publiction/yearbook2011/population.xls|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2011 | population_estimate_rank = 96th | population_census = 19,685,000<ref name=yearbook2011/> | population_census_year = 2004 | population_density_km2 = 44.7 | population_density_sq_mi = 115.7 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 160th | GDP_PPP_year = 2011 | GDP_PPP = $57.966 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=62&pr.y=1&sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=474&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= |title=Yemen |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=24 April 2012}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $2,306<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = $14.675 billion<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_rank = | GDP_nominal_year = 2011 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $1,340<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2011 <!--Please use the year to which the HDI data refers, not the year of its publication--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.462 <!--number only--> | HDI_ref =<ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Complete.pdf |title=Human Development Report 2011 |publisher=The United Nations |accessdate=18 October 2011}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 154th | FSI = {{nowrap|93.2 {{decrease}} 3.4}} | FSI_year = 2007 | FSI_rank = 24th | FSI_category = <span style="color:#f00;white-space:nowrap;">Alert</span> | sovereignty_type = Establishment | established_event1 = [[North Yemen]] independence from the [[Ottoman Empire]]<sup>a</sup> | established_date1 = <br />1 November 1918 | established_event2 = [[South Yemen]] independence<sup>b</sup> | established_date2 = <br />30 November 1967 | established_event3 = [[Yemeni unification|Unification]] | established_date3 = 22 May 1990 | currency = [[Yemeni rial]] | currency_code = YER | country_code = YEM | time_zone = | utc_offset = +3 | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | drives_on = right<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newssafety.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&layout=blog&id=28&Itemid=100385 |title=Yemen |publisher=International News Safety Institute |accessdate=14 October 2009 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=5 Bisha Shanaad 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505191038/http://www.newssafety.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&layout=blog&id=28&Itemid=100385 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Yemen|+967]] | cctld = [[.ye]] | footnote_a = From the [[Ottoman Empire]]. | footnote_b = From the [[United Kingdom]]. }} '''Yemen''' ([[Af-Carabi]]: اليَمَن), ama '''Jamhuuriyadda Yemen''' waa wadan ku yaalo [[Bariga Dhexe]]. Yemen waxee xuduud la leedahay wadamada [[Sacuudi Carabiya]] oo ka xigta [[Woqooyi]]ga iyo [[Galbeed]]ka xeebta [[Baddacas]], iyo [[Cumaan]] oo ka xigta [[Bari]]ga, Dhinaca [[Koonfur]]ta waxaa ka xiga [[Gacanka Cadmeed]] iyo [[Bada Carabeed]], dhinaca [[Galbeed]]ka neh waxaa ka xiga [[Bada Cas]], wadanka caasimadiisa waa [[Sanca]].wadanka Yemen waa wadanka kaliya ee Bariga dhexe oo isticmaalo Jamhuuriyad. yemen waa wadan aad u duqsan waxaana aad looga caabudaa diinta islaamka, dhinaca dhaqaalaha yemen uma taajirsano sida wadamada kale ee carabta, wadanka waxoo leeyahy shidaal iyo saliid, laakiin wax soo saarkooda aad ayoo u yaryahay. ==Xubin== * [[IMF]] * * [[Bankiga Aduunka]] * * * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * * * [[Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka]] * * * * [[Unionka Mediterraneanka]] (baarlimentka waziirada “ Jaamacada (Ummadda) Carabta)..”.:• ==Waddanmaha la Degaan Yemen== *'''{{Flag|Egypt}}''':121+Mil++: **{{Flag|Jordan}}:1,200+ **{{Flag|Syria}}:2,000++ ***{{Flag|Kuwait}}:950,000+ ***{{Flag|Iraq}}:124,000+ ****{{Flag|Palestine}}:950,000+ *****{{Flag|Sudan}}:25,000+ *****{{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}:35,000+ [<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm |date=20220819192938 }}</ref>]. *''{{Flag|Eritrea}}'' 4,940,000++: [<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/p/People%2527s_Republic_of_China.htm {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/p/People%2527s_Republic_of_China.htm |date=20220722083009 }}</ref> == Taariikh == Yemen waa wadan aad u duqsan waxoona leeyahay guryo taariikhi ah oo ladhisay kumanaansano kahor, ilaa hadda dadka yemaniga waxee isticmaalaan dhaqanka guryihii ladhisi jiray waagaas.Wadanka Yemen waxoo xornimo ka helay [[Dawlada Cosmaniya]] iyo gumeestihii [[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska]]. Wadanka Yemen waxoo markiisa hore u kala qeebsanaa [[Woqooyi]] Yemen iyo [[Koonfurta]] yemen , taariikhda marka ee eheed 1962dii ayaa [[koonfurta]] Yemen la midowday woqooyiga Yemen, waa markii wadanka laisku dhahay Jamhuuriyada yemen. ==Magaloyiinka== * [[Ibb|Ibb]] * [[Sanca|Sanca]] * [[Marib|Mareb]] * [[Cadan|Cadan]] * [[Ta'izz|Ta'ezz]] * [[Al Mahwit]] * [[Al Mukalla]] * [[Hadhramaut]] ==Sido Kale fiiri== *[[Yemeni rial]] *Arabian Degaanka tectonic =Tixraac= {{reflist}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} [[Category:Aasiya]] [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] dz4a4dnkcq3se3jyeepntxg6t5ztv7u 0 2954 307709 295388 2026-09-09T19:33:33Z Soalt 39618 Category:Wadamada Aasiya 307709 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Suuriya |native_name = |common_name = |image_flag = Flag of Syria (2025-).svg |image_coat = Emblem of Syria (2025–present).svg |national_anthem = |image_map = Syria (orthographic projection).svg |national_anthem = |official_languages = [[Af-Carabi]] |capital = [[Dimishiq]] |government_type = |leader_title1 = [[Madaxweyne]] |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = Raysulwasaare |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |legislature = |largest_city = [[Aleppo]] |latd=33 |latm=30 |latNS=N |longd=36 |longm=18 |longEW=E |area_rank = 89th |area_magnitude = 1 E11 |area_km2 = 186475 |area_sq_mi = 71479 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |percent_water = 1.1 |population_estimate = 22,530,746<ref name="CIA"/> |population_estimate_rank = 53rd |population_estimate_year = July 2012 |population_census = |population_census_year = |population_density_km2 = 118.3 |population_density_sq_mi = 306.5 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = 101st |GDP_PPP = {{nowrap|$107.831 billion<ref name=CIA>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2009&ey=2010&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=59&pr1.y=13&c=463&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= |title=Syria |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=22 April 2012}}</ref><!--end nowrap:-->}} |GDP_PPP_rank = |GDP_PPP_year = 2012 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $5,100<ref name="CIA"/> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = |GDP_nominal_year = 2025 |GDP_nominal = {{nowrap|7.057 Billion<ref name="CIA" />}} |GDP_nominal_rank = |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $2,802<ref name="CIA" /> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = |established_event1 = [[Independence]] from [[Ottoman Empire]] |established_date1 = 1 September 1918 |established_event2 = [[Independence]] from France |established_date2 = 17 April 1946 |established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[Secession]] from the<br />[[United Arab Republic]]}} |established_date3 = 28 September 1961 |Gini_year = 2004 |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini = 35.8 <!--number only--> |Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=World Bank GINI index |publisher=Data.worldbank.org |date= |accessdate=2013-01-22}}</ref> |Gini_rank = |HDI_year = 2011 |HDI_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI = 0.632 <!--number only--> |HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Table1.pdf |title=Human Development Report 2010 |year=2010 |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=5 November 2010 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=21 Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121150504/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Table1.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |HDI_rank = 119th |currency = [[Syrian pound]] |currency_code = SYP |country_code = SY |time_zone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]] |utc_offset = +2 |time_zone_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]] |utc_offset_DST = +3 |drives_on = Midig |calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Syria|+963]]<sup>b</sup> |cctld = [[.sy]] |footnote_a = }} '''Suuriya''' ({{lang-en|Syria}}; {{lang-ar|{{big|سوريا}}}} ama {{lang|ar|{{big|سورية}}}}) waa dal ku yaala [[Bariga Dhexe]] ee qaarada [[Aasiya]]. Dalkaan wuxuu xuduud la leeyahay wadamada [[Lubnaan]], [[Israaiil]], [[Urdun]], [[Turki]] iyo [[Ciraaq]]. magaalo madaxda wadanka waa [[Dimishiq]]. Suuriya waxaa degen dad gaaraaya ilaa 22,505,000 oo qof qiyaastii. Suuriya waxeey ka midtahay wadamada aadka ugud xadaarad fog dunida, waxeeyna leedahay taariikh aad u dheer, Suuriya waxeey jiri jirtay kumanaan sano kahor, waxaana soo gumeestay dawladihii cosmaaniyiinta iyo Faransiiska. Af-Ingiriisi, magaca "Suuriya" ayaa horay u dhigma Levant (oo lagu yaqaan Carabi sida al-Sham), halka gobolka casriga ahi uu ku yaallo goobaha boqortooyooyinka dhawrka ah iyo boqortooyooyinka, oo ay ku jirto ilbaxnimada Eblan ee 3-ta mitul ee BC. Magaalada caasimadda Damascus iyo magaalada ugu weyn Aleppo waxay ka mid yihiin magaalooyinka ugu da 'weyn ee dunida ku nool. Xilligii Islaamka, Damascus wuxuu ahaa kursiga Umayyad Khaliifka iyo caasimadda gobolka ee Mamluk Sultanate ee Masar. Dawlad casri ah oo Suuriya ah ayaa la aasaasay qarnigii 20aad kaddib qarniyo badan oo Ottoman ah iyo mudo gaaban oo Faransiis ah, oo matalayay dawlad goboleedka ugu wayn ee Carabtu ka soo baxdo kuwii hore ee gobollada Siiriya ee xukumayay Suuriya. Waxa uu helay xornimad-xor ah sida Jamhuuriyadda Baarlamaanka 24-kii October 1945, markii Jamhuriyadda Suuriya ay noqotay xubin aasaasi ah oo Qaramada Midoobey ah, oo ah sharci sharci ahaan lagu soo afjaray Faransiis Mandaqadii hore - inkasta oo ciidamada Faransiisku aanay ka tagin dalka ilaa April 1946. Muddadii xorriyadda madax-bannaaniddu waxay ahayd mid baqdin leh, tiro badan oo ciidamo milatari ah iyo afgambi isku dayey in ay waddanku ku dhufteen muddadii 1949-71. Sannadkii 1958-kii, Suuriya waxay ku biirtay urur xeeladaysan oo Masar la yiraahdo Jamhuuriyadda Carabta, taas oo joojisay mujaahidiintii Siiriya 1961-kii. Jamhuuriyaddu waxa loo beddelay Jamhuuriyadda Carabta dhammaadkii 1961 kadib Diisambar 1 dastuuri ah, oo ahaa mid sii xoogaysanaya ilaa Ba'athaanka Guutada Dimoqraadiga, tan iyo markii Xisbiga Ba'ath uu hayo awoodiisa. Suuriya waxay hoos tagtay Sharciga Xaaladaha Degdega ah laga bilaabo 1963 illaa 2011, si wax ku ool ah u hakisay inta badan dastuurka ilaalinta muwaadiniinta Bashar al-Assad wuxuu ahaa madaxweynaha tan iyo sanadkii 2000, waxaana ka soo hor jeeday aabihiis Hafez al-Assad, 14-kii shaqaale ka ahaa 1971 ilaa 2000. [[File:Ghouta_rebels_in_1925.jpg|thumb|right|400px|]] [[File:Al-Hamidiyah_Souq_02.jpg|thumb|right|400px|]] [[File:LatakiaSkyline.png|thumb|right|400px|Magaaloyinka Latkaiya]] Tan iyo bishii Maarso 2011, Suuriya waxaa lagu soo rogay colaado hubaysan, iyada oo ay jiraan tiro ka mid ah wadamada gobolka iyo kuwa kale ee ku lug leh howlgalka militariga ama haddii kale. Sidaas darteed, tiro ka mid ah hay'ado siyaasadeed oo is-daba-joog ah ayaa ka soo baxay dhulalka Suuriya, oo ay ku jiraan mucaaradka Suuriya, Rojava, Tahrir al-Sham iyo Dawladda Islaamiga ah ee Ciraaq iyo Levant. Suuriya ayaa kaalinta ugu dambeysa ku leh caalamkii caalamiga ahaa ee nabadda, taasoo ka dhigaysa waddanka ugu xoogga badan adduunka sababo la xiriira dagaalka, inkasta oo noloshu si caadi ah u socoto inta badan dadkeeda marka loo eego December 2017. Dagaalku wuxuu keenay 470,000 dhimasho (Febraayo 2016) 7.6 milyan oo qof oo gudaha ku barokacay (Julaay 2015 qiyaasta qiyaasta) iyo in ka badan 5 milyan oo qaxooti ah (Julaay 2017 diiwaangelisay by UNHCR), sameynta qiimayntu waa ay adagtahay sannadihii la soo dhaafay. Laga soo bilaabo qiyaastii 10,000 BC, Suuriya waxay ka mid ahayd xarumaha dhaqanka Neolithic (oo loo yaqaan Pre-Pottery Neolithic A) halkaas oo beeraha iyo lo'da ay u muuqdeen markii ugu horeysay ee aduunka. Xilliga Neolithic ee soo socda (PPNB) waxaa matala guryaha qaylo-dhaanta ah ee dhaqanka Mureybet. Waqtiga dufanka hore ee Neolithic, dadka ayaa isticmaala maraakiib ka samaysan dhagax, gyps iyo lime gubtay (Vaisselle blanche). Raadinta qalabka wax lagu cuno ee ka soo jeeda Anatolia waa caddaynta xiriirka hore ee ganacsiga. Magaalooyinka Hamokar iyo Emar ayaa door muhiim ah ka ciyaaray xilligii Neolithic iyo Bronze Age. Arkaeologists waxay muujiyeen in jinsiyada Suuriya ay ahayd mid ka mid ah kuwii ugu da'da weynaa ee dhulka, laga yaabee inay ka soo baxeen oo keliya kuwa Mesopotamia. ==Daadka La Degaan Suuriya== **{{Flag|Jordan}}:200+ **{{Flag|Iraq}} 200+ **{{Flag|Palestine}}: 500+ ==Sido Kale Fiiri== * [[Turkiga]] * [[Iiraan]] ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} [[Category:Suuriya]] [[Category:Aasiya]] [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] osncluur1mnjh5ygpr3ilwhd0gsfnmj 0 3082 307646 294964 2026-09-09T17:32:21Z Soalt 39618 template:dalalka afrika iyo category:wadamada afrika 307646 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |native_name = {{collapsible list |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-left:3.0em;font-size:80%; |title = {{resize|90%|Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Nayjeeriya}} |liststyle = font-weight:normal; | <center>{{native name|ha|{{small|Jamhuriyar Taraiyar Nijeriya}}|fontsize=68%}}</center> | <center>{{native name|yo|{{small|Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àpapọ̀ Nàìjíríà}}|fontsize=68%}}</center> | <center>{{native name|ig|{{small|Ọ̀hàńjíkọ̀ Ọ̀hànézè Naìjíríyà}}|fontsize=68%}}</center> | <center>{{native name|ff|{{small|Republik Federaal bu Niiseriya'}}|fontsize=68%}}</center> }} |common_name = Nigeria |image_flag = Flag of Nigeria.svg |image_coat = | image_map = Location Nigeria AU Africa.svg |image_map2 = Nigeria - Location Map (2013) - NGA - UNOCHA.svg |map_caption = {{map caption|countryprefix=|location_color=[[cirdhow]] madow|region=Afrika|region_color=cawl madow|subregion=[[Midowga afrika]]|subregion_color=[[cirdhow]] khafiif ah}} |national_motto = "Midnimada iyo rumaysad, nabad iyo Horumarka" |national_anthem = ''[[Arise, O Compatriots]]''<br /> |demonym = Nayjeerida |official_languages = [[Ingiriis (luqad)|Ingiriis]] |languages_type = Spoken languages |languages = [[Nigerian Pidgin]] |languages_type = Major languages |languages = {{hlist |[[Af-Hawsa|Hawsa]] |[[Af-Igbo|Igbo]] |[[Af-Yoruuba|Yoruuba]]}} |languages2_type = Luqadaha kale<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=ng |title=Languages of Nigeria |publisher=[[Ethnologue]] |accessdate=12 September 2010}}</ref> |languages2 = |largest_city = [[Lagos]] |government_type = Jamhuuriyadda madaxweynaha Federaalka |leader_title1 = [[Madaxweyneyaashii Nayjeeriya|Madaxweyne]] |leader_name1 = [[Bola Tinubu]] |leader_title2 = Madaxweyne ku-xigeen |leader_name2 = [[Yemi Osinbajo]] |legislature = Golaha Qaranka |upper_house = Senate |lower_house = Golaha Wakiilada |sovereignty_type = [[History of Nigeria|Independence]] |sovereignty_note = from the United Kingdom |established_event1 = Unification of [[Protectorate of Southern Nigeria|Southern]] and [[Protectorate of Northern Nigeria|Northern Nigeria]] |established_date1 = 1914 |established_event2 = Declared and recognised |established_date2 = 1 October 1960 |established_event3 = Republic declared |established_date3 = 1 October 1963 |area_rank = 32nd |area_magnitude = 1_E11 |area_km2 = 923,768 |area_sq_mi = 356,667 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |percent_water = 1.4 |population_estimate=174,507,539 |population_estimate_rank = 7th |population_estimate_year = 2013 |population_census = 140,431,790 |population_census_year = 2006 |population_density_km2 = 188.9 |population_density_sq_mi = 489.3 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = 71st |GDP_PPP = $1.018 trillion <ref>{{cite web|author=Data |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.PP.CD |title=GDP, PPP (current international $) &#124; Data &#124; Table |publisher=Data.worldbank.org |accessdate=2014-07-16}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_rank = 19th |GDP_PPP_year = 2021 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $5,600 <ref>{{cite web|author=Data |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.PP.CD/countries |title=GNI per capita, PPP (current international $) &#124; Data &#124; Table |publisher=Data.worldbank.org |accessdate=2014-07-16}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = |GDP_nominal = 517.000 Billion <ref>{{cite web|author=Data |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD/countries |title=GDP (current US$) &#124; Data &#124; Table |publisher=Data.worldbank.org |date= |accessdate=2014-07-28}}</ref> |GDP_nominal_rank = 23rd |GDP_nominal_year = 2021 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $2,760<ref>{{cite web|last=Research |first=Development |url=http://data.worldbank.org/country/nigeria |title=Nigeria &#124; Data |publisher=Data.worldbank.org |accessdate=2014-07-16}}</ref> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = |Gini_year = 2010 |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini = 48.8 <!--number only--> |Gini_ref =<ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |accessdate=2 March 2011}}</ref> |Gini_rank = |HDI_year = 2013<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> |HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI = 0.504 <!--number only--> |HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-summary-en.pdf |title=2014 Human Development Report Summary |date=2014 |accessdate=27 July 2014 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme | pages=21–25}}</ref> |HDI_rank = 152nd |FSI = 95.6 {{increase}} 1.2 |FSI_year = 2007 |FSI_rank = 17th |FSI_category = <span style="color:#F00;">Alert</span> |currency = [[Nigerian naira|Naira]] (₦) |currency_code = NGN |country_code = NGA |time_zone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]] |utc_offset = +1 |time_zone_DST = {{nowrap|not observed}} |utc_offset_DST = +1 |drives_on = right |calling_code = [[+234]] |cctld = [[.ng]] }} '''Nayjeerya''' ({{lang-en|Nigeria}}) waa wadan kuyaala galbeedka afrika caasimadiisuna waa Abuja laakin magaalada ugu weyn waa Lagos waa magaalo ganacsi oo qurux badan waxa uu xad la leeyahay wadamada '''[[ghana]]''', '''[[Niger]]''' '''[[Karamaruun]]''' iyo wadan '''[[Jad]]''' '''Nayjeeriya''' (''Nigeria''), [[Afrika]] Nigeria (oo ku saabsan dhawaaqa maqalka)), asal ahaan waa Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka ee Nigeria, waa Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka ee Galbeedka Afrika, oo xuduud la leh Benin ee galbeedka, Chad iyo Cameroon oo ku yaal bariga, iyo waqooyiga Niger. Xeebta koonfureed waxay ku taal Gacanka Guinea ee ku taala Badweynta Atlantic. Waxay ka kooban tahay 36 dawladood iyo Xarunta Dhexe ee Federaalka, oo ah caasimadda, Abuja. Nigeria waa mid si rasmi ah u ah dalal dimuquraadi ah. Nigeria waxay ku taalla dhowr dal oo boqortooyo ah iyo qabaa'illo qabaa'il ah oo ka soo jeeda millennia. Dalkan casriga ahi wuxuu ka soo jeedaa xukunka Britishka ee gumeysiga ee qarnigii 19aad, waxaana la wareegay qaabka xudduudaha hadda jira ee la jaan qaadaya Koontada Koonfureed ee Nigeria iyo ilaalinta Waqooyiga Nigeria sannadkii [[1914]]. Britain waxay dejisay qaab dhismeed iyo sharci sharci ah iyada oo ku dhaqma sharciyada aan tooska ahayn iyada oo loo marayo madaxda dhaqameedyada . Nigeria waxay noqotay koox madax-bannaan oo madaxbannaan sanadkii [[1960]]-kii. Waxaa soo maray dagaallo sokeeye laga soo bilaabo [[1967]]-kii illaa [[1970]]-kii. Kadibna waxaa is bedelay dawladaha dimoqraadiga ah ee doorashooyinka iyo kali-talisyada militariga illaa ay gaadhay dimoqraadiyad xasilloon sannadkii [[1999]]-kii, iyada oo doorashadii madaxweynenimada ee [[2011]]-ka la tixgeliyey markii ugu horeysay ee si macquul ah xor ah oo cadaalad ah. Nigeria waxaa badanaa lagu magacaabaa "Giant Africa", iyada oo ku xiran dadkeeda iyo dhaqaalaheeda. 186 milyan oo qof, Nigeria waa dalka ugu badan ee ku yaal Afrika iyo kan toddobaad ee ugu dad weyn adduunka. Dalka Nigeria wuxuu ku nool yahay adduunka saddexaad ee ugu weyn adduunka, ka dib Hindiya iyo Shiinaha, iyada oo in ka badan 90 milyan oo ka mid ah dadka ay da'doodu ka yar tahay 18 jir Waddanka waxaa loo arkaa inuu yahay waddan caalami ah iyada oo ay ku noolyihiin in ka badan 500 kooxood, kuwaas oo saddexda ugu weyn ay ka mid yihiin Hausa, Igbo iyo Yoruba; kooxdan qowmiyadeed waxay ku hadlaan in ka badan 500 luqadood oo kala duwan oo lagu aqoonsado dhaqamo kala duwan. Luuqadda rasmiga ah waa Ingiriis. Nigeria waxaa loo kala qaybiyaa qiyaastii kala bar Masiixiyiinta, kuwaas oo inta badan ku nool qaybta koonfureed ee dalka, iyo Muslimiinta, oo inta badan ku nool waqooyiga. Dad tiro yar oo ka mid ah dadku waxay ku dhaqmaan diimaha asaliga ah ee Nigeria, sida kuwa ku dhaqan Igbo iyo Yoruba. ==Sawiro== [[File:2014_Tinubu_Square_Lagos_Nigeria_14640600637.jpg|thumb|right|400px|{{Flag|Nigeria}}]] [[File:2010_Lagos_Nigeria_5284107494.jpg|thumb|right|400px|{{Flag|Nigeria}}]] [[File:NOUN_Senate_Building_Abuja.jpg|thumb|right|400px|{{Flag|Nigeria}}]] ==Xubin== * [[ICAO]] * [[UNICEF]] * [[Ecowas]] * [[UNESCO]] * [[Midowga Afrika]] * [[Bankiga Aduunka]] * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * [[Hayada Cuntada Aduunka]] * [[Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka]] * [[Ururka Caafimaadka Aduunka]] ==Waddnamha degaan Nigeria== *{{Flag|Niger}} 2,00++: *{{Flag|Cameroon}} 20,000++: ==Sido Kale fiiri== * [[Angola]] * [[Ghana]] * [[Togo]] ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Nayjeeriya]] [[Category:Wadamada Afrika]] 6d9i57py6yskolqqkrmhrc5ev2kszw2 0 3179 307607 295310 2026-09-09T14:00:09Z Geedi921 47176 /*tafatir kooban 307607 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Bosaso | other_name = بوصاصو | native_name = <small>''Boosaaso''</small> | nickname = | settlement_type = Magaalo | motto = | image_skyline = Bosacity.jpg | imagesize = 250px | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_map = | mapsize = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Somalia | pushpin_map_caption = Goobta Soomaaliya dhexdeeda | pushpin_relief = 1 | coordinates = {{coord|11|17|19|N|49|10|55|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Wadanka | subdivision_name = {{flag|Somalia}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Maamulgoboleedka Soomaaliya|Maamulka Goboleedka]] | subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Puntland}} | subdivision_type2 = Gobolka | subdivision_name2 = [[Bari (Gobol)|Bari]] | subdivision_type3 =Degmo | subdivision_name3 =[[Degmada Boosaaso|Bosaaso]] | government_footnotes = | government_type = Degmo madax | leader_title = Gudoomiye | leader_name = Cabdiraxmaan Cabdillaahi jinac | established_title = la aasaasay | established_date = Qarnigii 18-aad | area_magnitude = | unit_pref = Metric | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 15 | elevation_ft = | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 30 | area_land_km2 = | population_as_of = 2025 | population_footnotes = {{Cn|date=April 2025}} | population_note = | population_total = 50,000 | population_density_km2 = | timezone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code = | blank_name = [[Kala soocidda cimilada Köppen|Cimilada]] | blank_info = [[Cimilada lamadegaanka|Cimilada kulaylaha lamadegaanka]] | website = {{URL|bosasomunicipality.com}} | name = }} '''Bosaso''' ( [[Af Soomaali|Soomaali]]: Boosaaso , [[Carabi]]: بوصاصو ) , taariikh ahaan loo yaqaan '''Bender Qassim''' waa magaalo ku taal waqooyi bari gobolka Bari ee [[Soomaaliya]]. Waa xarunta degmada Boosaaso . Degmada oo ku taal xeebta koonfureed ee gacanka cadmeed waa magaalo ganacsiyeedka gobolka waana deked weyn oo ku dhex taal maamul goboleedka [[Puntland]]. Magaalada Boosaaso waxaa ku nool dad lagu qiyaasay 1.7 milyan oo qof sanadkii 2023. Magaaladu waxay leedahay dhaqaala kala duwan oo ku salaysan waxbarashada, dawladda, bangiyada, dalxiiska, duulista, cuntada, dharka, saadka, birta, tamarta, daryeelka caafimaadka, soo dhawaynta, tafaariiqda iyo farsamada. Kulliyadaha iyo jaamacadaha badan ee aagga ayaa ka dhigaya xudunta waxbarashada sare ee gobolka, oo ay ku jiraan sharciga, caafimaadka, injineernimada, ganacsiga iyo hal-abuurka ganacsiga. ==Taariikhda== tilmaamaysa in ganacsato Giriigii hore ah ay u shiraacdeen Boosaaso, kuwaas oo qoraalo ka bixiyay istaraatiijiyada iyo deegaanka ay ku taallo magaalada Boosaaso ee hadda jirta oo loo yaqaannay Mosylon wakhtiyadii hore. Ku saabsan 3+1 ⁄2 saacadood oo aan ka soo soconnay Beyt Qaasim, waxa aanu ku nimid Bander Kasin (oo Carabtu u taqaano: Boosaaso) oo la dhisay qiyaastii lixdan sano ka hor. Qaasim Beesha Gabtaanlr waxaa loo tixgeliyey inay yihiin degeyaashii ugu horreeyay oo Kasoo Jeeda Beesha Gabtaanle Moorcase Axmed Harti [[File:BosasoCity.jpg|thumb|Dulmarka Boosaaso]] Qarniyo badan ayay magaaladu ka mid ahayd degaannada ay Leeyiihiin ayna Maamuli jireen qabiilka Dishiishe. Magaaladu waxay ugu dambayntii lagu maamuli lahaa gobolka Bari ee rasmiga ah ee xornimada ka dib. Dadka ku nool Boosaaso waxaa lagu qiyaasaa 700,000 oo qof. Waa magaalada saddexaad ee ugu weyn Soomaaliya marka laga reebo Muqdisho iyo Hargeysa . Iyadoo Boosaaso ay tahay dheri dhalaalaysa, oo ay ku nool yihiin dad ka soo jeeda dhammaan beelaha waaweyn ee Soomaaliyeed , haddana inta badan dadkeedu waxay ka soo jeedaan Harti ee beelaha Daarood . Magaalada Boosaaso waxaa hore loogu yiqiin Bandar Qaasim, magacaas oo ka soo jeeda ganacsade maxalli ah oo ay isku magac yihiin, kaasoo la sheegay inuu markii ugu horreysay soo degay deegaanka qarnigii 14-aad. Waxa la rumaysan yahay in geela uu Qaasim jecel yahay la odhan jiray Boosaas, kaas oo ka soo jeeday magaca hadda magaalada. Magaalada sidaas ayaa markii ugu horeysay loogu yeeri jiray Bandar Qaasim ka dib markii la aasaasay ("magaalada Qaasim"), ka dibna waxaa loogu magac daray Bosaaso ka dib markii aasaasihii aasaasay geela lagu kalsoon yahay. waxayna u soo baxday sidii magaalo xeebeed. Boosaaso agteeda, oo ku taal dhamaadka Togga Baalade , waxaa yaal carro dhererkeedu yahay 2-3-km (1.2-ilaa-1.9-mile) . Dhaqanka deegaanka ayaa ka warramaya in gogosha weyni ay calaamad u tahay qabriga jaaliyad beeleed. Waa qaab dhismeedka ugu weyn ee ka jira guud ahaan gobolka Geeska. ==Juqraafiga== ===Goobta iyo deegaanka=== Boosaaso waxay dhacdaa waqooyi bari Soomaaliya, dhanka xeebta gacanka Cadmeed . Degsiimada u dhow waxaa ka mid ah dhanka bari Rehiss (3.5 km ama 2.5 mayl), waqooyi bari Mareero (14 km ama 8.5 mayl), dhanka galbeed Baalade (3.5 km ama 2 mayl), koonfur galbeed Laasgeel (16.5 km ama 10 mayl), koonfur Lasgoriga (20.5 km ama 13 mayl), iyo ilaa 13 mayl. miles). Magaalooyinka ugu waaweyn dalka ee ugu dhow Boosaaso waa Ceerigaabo (212 km ama 132 miles), Burco (442 km ama 275 miles) iyo Berbera (465 km ama 289 miles). Shimbiris , oo ah meesha ugu sarreysa ee Soomaaliya, waxay ku taallaa qiyaastii 220 km (140 mayl) koonfur-galbeed ee buurta Cal Madow . Bishii June 2014, dowladda Puntland ayaa olole cusub oo dhir beeris ah ka bilowday dowlad goboleedka Puntland, iyadoo wasaaradda deegaanka, duurjoogta iyo dalxiiska ee gobolka ay sheegtay in sanadka dhamaadkiisa ay beeran doonto 25,000 oo geed. Magaalada Boosaaso ayaa kamid ah todobada magaalo ee loo qorsheeyay in laga sameeyo dhiraynta, waxaana magaalooyinkaas kamid ah Garoowe , Qardho , Dhahar , Buuhoodle , Baran iyo Gaalkacyo . Ololahan ayaa qayb ka ah iskaashiga ballaaran ee u dhaxeeya maamulka Puntland iyo Midowga Yurub si loo dejiyo tallaabooyin dhowr ah oo lagu ilaalinayo deegaanka oo laga sameeyay gobolka, ujeeddaduna tahay horumarinta dhiraynta iyo dhiraynta. [[File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Bedding_van_de_rivier_Balada_in_de_omgeving_van_Bender_Gasem_TMnr_60027146.jpg|thumb|Ururinta Tropenmuseum: Sariirta wabiga Balada ee ku dhow Bender Gasem, oo lagu sawiray Georges Revoil, qiyaastii 1881 (Ingiriisi: Baalade Valley near Bendergazim).]] ===Cimilada=== Boosaaso waxay leedahay cimilo saxare ah oo kulul ( Köppen weather classification BWh ). Waxay leedahay huurka qaraabada sanadlaha celcelis ahaan qiyaastii 60%. Celceliska celceliska heerkulka maalinlaha ah ee sanadka oo dhan waa 30 °C (86 °F), oo leh celcelis sanadle ah oo sarreeya 35 °C (95 °F) iyo celceliska hoose ee 25 °C (77 °F). Celceliska heerkulka hooseeya ayaa ah mid qabow inta lagu jiro bilaha jiilaalka ee Diisambar ilaa Febraayo, marka heerkulbeeggu akhriyo caadi ahaan uu gaaro 20 °C (68 °F). Cimiladu si tartiib tartiib ah ayey u kululaataa guga, maadaama xilli roobaadka Abriil uu bilaabmayo. Celceliska heerkulka sare ee dambe ayaa ugu sarreeya bilaha xagaaga ee Juun ilaa Agoosto, marka ay si joogto ah uga sarreeyaan 40 ° C (104 ° F). Kaalay Sebtembar, cimiladu qabow waxay bilaabataa inay mar kale dejiso. Roobabka ayaa gaaray heer sare muddadan, iyadoo celcelis ahaan roobabku gaarayaan 7 mm (0.28 inji) bishii Nofembar. Wadarta roobabka da'ay sanadka oo dhan waa ku dhawaad ​​19 mm (0.75 inji). {{Weather box|location = Bosaso |metric first = Haa |single line = Haa |Jan record high C = 38.5 |Feb record high C = 37.0 |Mar record high C = 38.5 |Apr record high C = 42.1 |May record high C = 45.0 |Jun record high C = 45.0 |Jul record high C = 45.2 |Aug record high C = 45.3 |Sep record high C = 44.7 |Oct record high C = 45.0 |Nov record high C = 36.0 |Dec record high C = 36.0 |year record high C = 45.3 |Jan high C = 29.0 |Feb high C = 30.0 |Mar high C = 31.0 |Apr high C = 34.0 |May high C = 37.0 |Jun high C = 41.0 |Jul high C = 41.0 |Aug high C = 40.0 |Sep high C = 39.0 |Oct high C = 33.0 |Nov high C = 30.0 |Dec high C = 29.0 |year high C = 35.0 |Jan mean C = 25.0 |Feb mean C = 25.0 |Mar mean C = 26.7 |Apr mean C = 28.8 |May mean C = 31.1 |Jun mean C = 35.6 |Jul mean C = 36.1 |Aug mean C = 35.6 |Sep mean C = 33.3 |Oct mean C = 27.8 |Nov mean C = 25.6 |Dec mean C = 25.6 |year mean C = 30.0 |Jan low C = 20.6 |Feb low C = 20.6 |Mar low C = 21.6 |Apr low C = 24.4 |May low C = 26.1 |Jun low C = 30.6 |Jul low C = 31.7 |Aug low C = 30.0 |Sep low C = 28.3 |Oct low C = 22.2 |Nov low C = 21.1 |Dec low C = 20.0 |year low C = 25.0 |Jan record low C = 12.5 |Feb record low C = 14.0 |Mar record low C = 15.0 |Apr record low C = 16.8 |May record low C = 19.0 |Jun record low C = 21.3 |Jul record low C = 23.0 |Aug record low C = 24.5 |Sep record low C = 21.3 |Oct record low C = 14.0 |Nov record low C = 11.5 |Dec record low C = 11.5 |year record low C = 11.5 |rain colour = green |Jan rain mm = 0 |Feb rain mm = 0 |Mar rain mm = 1 |Apr rain mm = 3 |May rain mm = 3 |Jun rain mm = 0 |Jul rain mm = 0 |Aug rain mm = 0 |Sep rain mm = 0 |Oct rain mm = 2 |Nov rain mm = 7 |Dec rain mm = 3 |year rain mm = 19 |Jan humidity = 66 |Feb humidity = 68 |Mar humidity = 64 |Apr humidity = 64 |May humidity = 62 |Jun humidity = 48 |Jul humidity = 40 |Aug humidity = 48 |Sep humidity = 56 |Oct humidity = 70 |Nov humidity = 74 |Dec humidity = 71 |year humidity = 61 | Jan percentsun = 80 | Feb percentsun = 80 | Mar percentsun = 87 | Apr percentsun = 80 | May percentsun = 80 | Jun percentsun = 80 | Jul percentsun = 80 | Aug percentsun = 80 | Sep percentsun = 80 | Oct percentsun = 80 | Nov percentsun = 80 | Dec percentsun = 80 | year percentsun = 81 }} ==Tirakoobka dadweynaha== [[File:Bosaso2009.JPG|thumb|Xaafad ku taal Boosaaso]] Tirada guud ee dadka Bosaaso waxa lagu qiyaasaa ilaa 164,906 qof (2005 st.). Intaa waxaa dheer, Boosaaso waa deked weyn oo ay maraan doonyaha tahriibayaasha ah ee ka imaanaya gudaha dalka iyo sidoo kale dhulalka ku dhow ee gacanka Cadmeed si ay u degaan (mararka qaar si sharci darro ah) ee dalalka Gacanka Faaris . Magaalada Boosaaso oo maanta ay tahay mid dhalaalaysa, dadka deganna ay ka soo kala jeedaan qaybo badan oo ka mid ah Gobolada dalka Somaliya, ayaa haddana inta badan dadka ku dhaqan Magaaladaasi waxay ka soo jeedaan Dishiishe , Majeerteen , Warsangeli iyo qaybaha kale ee Harti ee Daarood . Magaaladu waxay kaloo hoy u tahay barakacayaal dhawaan yimid ==Degmada== [[File:Bosasohorizon.jpg|thumb|Aragtida Boosaaso]] Howlaha magaalada Boosaaso waxaa maamula dowladda hoose ee Boosaaso, hoggaankeeda waxaa magacaabaya xubnaha 29-ka degmo ee deegaanka. Maamulka dowladda hoose ayaa hadda waxaa hogaaminaya Duqa magaalada Cabdisalaan Bashiir Cabdisalaan  oo xilka kala wareegay Yaasiin Mire Maxamuud  oo isaga qudhiisa uu xilka kala wareegay Xasan Cabdallah Xasan .  Mid kasta oo ka mid ah degmooyinka kala duwan ee magaaladu waxa kale oo ay leedahay maamul-hoosaadyo hoose oo u gaar ah, oo ay u dhamaystiran yihiin maayar iyo shaqaale dawladeed. ==Dhaqaalaha== Boosaaso waa magaalo si xawli ah u koraysa. Kahor dagaalkii sokeeye ee Soomaaliya, waxay lahayd dad ka yar 50,000 oo qof. Tan iyo markii uu dagaalku dhacay, dadka Soomaaliyeed ee ka soo jeeda beelaha Harti Daarood waxay bilaabeen inay dib ugu guuraan degaannada ay ka soo jeedaan ee Puntland . Natiijadii socdaalkaas awgeed, dadweynaha Boosaaso iyo warshadaha guryaynta deegaanka aad ayay u kordheen. [[File:Amalbanpun.jpg|thumb|Bangiga Amal ee Bosaaso]] Bishii Disembar 2011, suuq ganacsi oo cusub ayaa laga furay xaafadda Dayaxa ee waqooyiga Boosaaso ("Xiddiga"), una dhow dekedda. Qiyaastii hal kiilomitir nus (550 yd) cabirkeeda, waxaa loo qorsheeyay si loo hubiyo helitaanka gaadhiga. Suuqan ayaa ka dhashay qorshe taxaddar leh oo u dhexeeya madaxda dawladda Puntland iyo wakiilada bulshada rayidka ah. Bishii Sebtembar 2013, Wasiirka Kalluumeysiga Puntland Maxamed Faarax Aadan ayaa sidoo kale ku dhawaaqay in Wasaaradda oo kaashanaysa FAO ay magaalada ka furi doonto suuq cusub oo kalluunka, kaas oo u dhameystiran qaboojiyayaal casri ah. Boosaaso waa xarunta shirkadda Golis Telecom Soomaaliya oo ah shirkadda ugu weyn ee isgaarsiinta waqooyi bari Soomaaliya. Waxaa la aas aasay sanadkii 2002 iyadoo ujeedadeedu tahay sidii dalka loo gaarsiin lahaa adeegyada mobilada ee GSM, khadka tooska ah iyo adeega internet-ka , waxa ay leedahay shabakad balaaran oo isku xirta dhamaan magaalooyinka waaweyn ee dalka iyo in ka badan 40 degmo oo ka kala tirsan Puntland iyo Somaliland . Sida laga soo xigtay The Economist , Golis waxay bixisaa mid ka mid ah qiimaha wicitaanka caalamiga ah ee ugu jaban ee meeraha, US$0.2 wax ka yar meel kasta oo adduunka ah. Intaa waxaa dheer, Netco waxay xarunteedu ku leedahay magaalada. Shirkadaha kale ee isgaarsiinta ee u adeega gobolka waxaa ka mid ah Telcom iyo NationLink . Bishii Sebtembar 2013, wasiir ku xigeenka deegaanka Puntland Burhaan Cilmi Xirsi ayaa sidoo kale ku dhawaaqay qorshe dowladda Puntland ay ku dooneyso in magaalada Boosaaso looga hirgeliyo warshad soo saarta Gaaska . Mashruucan cusub ayaa qeyb ka ah olole ballaaran oo maamulka deegaanka Puntland ay ku doonayaan inay kaga hortagaan xaalufka dhirta iyo sidii ay u horumarin lahaayeen ilo kale oo shidaal. [[File:Bosascem2.jpg|thumb|Mashiinada Sibidhka lagu sameeyo ee duleedka Boosaaso]] Shirkada Kalluumeysiga Xaafuun ayaa la aas aasay sanadkii 1992-dii waxaana lagu aasaasay magaalada Boosaaso. Waxaa loogu magac daray magaalada dekedda ah ee Xaafuun , halkaas oo HFC ay sidoo kale ku leedahay xafiis. Shirkaddu waxay dhoofisaa noocyo kala duwan oo kalluun ah, kuwaas oo ay inta badan u dirto la-hawlgalayaasha Bariga Dhexe. Shirkaddu waxay sahaminaysaa suuqyo dheeraad ah oo caalami ah oo ay ku iibsanayso alaabteeda kalluunka. Waxa kale oo ay ilaalisaa danaha ganacsi ee suuqa guryaha ee Puntland, kuwaas oo ay ka muuqato shirkaddu qaybteeda iibka iyo horumarinta guryaha ee sii kordhaysa. Intaa waxaa dheer, warshadda hargaha iyo saamaha ee Boosaaso waxay xarunteedu tahay magaalada. Shirkad toban jir ah oo wax soo saarta, qaybisa, iibisa, soo dejisa/dhoofinta, waxay farsamaysaa milix-qoyan, milix qallalan, buluug qoyan, limuun leh, la shiiday, iyo hawo/jir qallalan hargaha iyo ariga ee la qalajiyey. Mabda'a dhoofinta buluuga qoyan waa Turkiga, Pakistan, Hindiya iyo Shiinaha. Hargaha geela ee ceeriin iyo haragga idaha iyo ariga ayaa sidoo kale loo dhoofiyaa Imaaraadka Carabta. Bangiyada ganacsiga ee Bosaaso ka shaqeeya waxaa kamid ah Amal Bank iyo Salaam Bank . Salaam Bank waxa uu bixiyaa adeegyada bangiyada gaarka ah iyo bangiyada shirkadaha. Adeegyada bangiyada Islaamiga ah iyo agabkeeda waxaa ka mid ah Mudarabah, Murabaha, Musharakah iyo Istisnaa. Intaa waxaa dheer, bangigu wuxuu bixiyaa bangiyada elektarooniga ah , bangiga SMS , bangiga gacanta iyo lacag-bixinta internetka. Bishii Agoosto 2011, bangigu wuxuu sidoo kale daah-furay adeeg madax-banaan (Kaaftoon) oo uu la wadaagayo Golis Telecom Soomaaliya. ==Gaadiidka== [[File:Bosasairp.jpg|thumb|Gegida caalamiga ah ee Bender Qassim sanadkii 2007, ka hor dayactirka]] Boosaaso waxa dhex mara waddo wayn oo waqooyi-koonfur ah oo dhan 750-km (470 mi). Waxay isku xirtaa magaalooyinka waaweyn ee waqooyiga dalka sida Gaalkacyo iyo Garoowe iyo magaalooyin ku yaal koonfurta. Bishii Juun 2012, Hay'adda Wadooyinka Puntland (PHA) ayaa billowday mashruuc dib u hagaajin iyo dayactir ah oo lagu sameynayo laamiga weyn ee isku xira Boosaaso iyo Garoowe. Hay'adda gaadiidku waxay sidoo kale biloowday dayactirka halbowlaha dhexe ee isku xira magaalada iyo Qardho bishii Oktoobar 2012 .Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa socda qorshayaal lagu dhisayo waddooyin cusub oo isku xira magaalooyinka waaweyn ee gobolka iyo jidka weyn . Bishii June 2014, Madaxweynaha Puntland Cabdiweli Maxamed Cali Gaas oo uu weheliyo Duqa degmada Boosaaso Xasan Cabdallah Xasan iyo mas’uuliyiin kale ayaa sidoo kale daah furay waddo cusub oo laami ah oo dhererkeedu dhan yahay 5.9km (3.7 mi). Mashruucan dhismuhu wuxuu u socdaa dhinaca dekedda Boosaaso, waxaana la dhammaystiray hay'adda UNHABITAT. Sida uu sheegay Cali, maamulkiisu waxa uu qorshaynayaa in uu ugu yaraan 23 milyan oo Yuuro ku maalgeliyo tabarucaadka saaxiibada caalamiga ah ee la mid ah hindisayaasha horumarinta kaabayaasha waddooyinka. Magaaladu waxay leedahay deked weyn oo ah dekeda Boosaaso . Waxa la dhisay badhtamihii 1980-aadkii maamulkii Siyaad Barre si sannad walba loo dhoofiyo xoolaha Bariga Dhexe . Bishii Janaayo 2012, waxaa la bilaabay mashruuc dib u dayactir ah, iyadoo KMC ay qandaraas ku qaadatay inay casriyeyso dekedda Boosaaso. Wajigii koowaad ee hindisaha ayaa lagu arkay nadiifinta agabka aan loo baahnayn ee ka soo baxay barxadda dekedda, waxaana la dhameeyay bishii gudaheeda. Wejiga labaad waxa uu ku saabsan yahay dib u dhiska dekeddu ku teedsan tahay badda ku dheggan, iyada oo ujeedadu tahay in la dejiyo maraakiibta waaweyn. Marka laga soo tago dekedda mashquulka badan, Boosaaso waxay leedahay garoon diyaaradeed oo weyn, garoonka caalamiga ah ee Bender Qassim . Sannadkii 2008, dawladda Puntland waxay heshiis malaayiin dollar ah la gashay shirkadda Dubai Lootah Group, oo ah koox warshadeed goboleed oo ka hawlgasha Bariga Dhexe iyo Afrika. Heshiiskan ayaa dhigaya in wajiga koowaad ee maalgashigan uu ku kacayo 170 milyan oo doolar ( $ 46.28m) waxaana lagu wadaa in la dhiso shirkado cusub oo ka howlgala,maamulka iyo dhismaha xarunta ganacsiga xorta ah ee Boosaaso iyo dhismaha badda iyo garoonka diyaaradaha. Shirkadda Garoonka Boosaaso ayaa loo qorsheeyay inay horumariso dhismaha garoonka si uu u buuxiyo heerarka caalamiga ah, oo ay ku jiraan waddo cusub oo 3.4 KM (2.1 mi) ah, dhismayaal waaweyn iyo kuwo gargaar ah, tagaasida iyo aagagga garoonnada, iyo hareeraha ammaanka. Bishii Disembar 2014, waxaa sidoo kale garoonka diyaaradaha la dhagax dhigay waddo cusub oo ay diyaaraduhu ku ordaan. Shirkadda Dhismaha Injineerinka Madaniga ah ee Shiinaha ayaa hadda loo qorsheeyay in ay cusboonaysiiso dhabaha dayuuradaha ee garoonka ee jira, oo ay ku dhejiso daamur, oo ay ka beddesho 1.8 ilaa 2.65 km (1.12 ilaa 1.65 mayl) iyada oo la raacayo xeerka hawlgalka 4C. ==Waxbarashada== [[File:Eaubosaso2.jpg|thumb|Gelitaanka Jaamacadda Bariga Afrika faraceeda Boosaaso]] Boosaaso waxaa ku yaal dhowr xarumo waxbarasho. Sida ay sheegtay wasaaradda waxbarashada Puntland, degmada Boosaaso waxaa ku yaalla 74 dugsi hoose dhexe . Waxaa ka mid ah Iskuulka Iftin, Alfurqaan, Umul-Qura iyo Gaarisa. Dugsiyada sare ee deegaanka waxaa ka mid ah Xamdaan, Shaafici, Ughaz Yaasiin, Najax, Boosaaso iyo Xaaji Yaasiin. Waxbarashada heer jaamacadeed waxaa bixiya kulliyadda Boosaaso (BC), iyo sidoo kale Puntland Nursing Institute (PNI). Jaamacadda Bariga Afrika (EAU) waxay kaloo ku leedahay faraceeda Boosaaso, oo ka mid ah toddobada xarumood ee ay ku leedahay Puntland. Intaa waxa dheer, Sam Greathouse School of Modern Technology (SG-SMT) waxa ay dawladda hoose kala shaqaynaysay sidii loo dhisi lahaa shabakad ballaadhan oo isku xidha Boosaaso iyo magaalooyinka kale ee waqooyiga Soomaaliya, oo ay ku jiraan Berbera iyo Laascaanood . ==Muuqaallo guud== [[File:Bosaatnight.jpg|thumb|Muuqaallo guud]] [[File:Bosasocityview.jpg|thumb|Magaalada Boosaaso]] ==Soo jiidashada dalxiiska== Biyo Kulule waa il kulul oo ku taal koonfur-bari magaalada, 7 kiiloomitir (4.3 mi) ka baxsan magaalada. Mareero waxay ku taal (25 kiiloomitir (16 mi) jihada bari ee Boosaaso,waxayna caan ku tahay xeebta ciidda cad. Gaca, Laag, Karin , Yalho waxa loo tixgaliyaa inay yihiin meelo la soo booqdo. [[File:Angle_view_of_Biyo_Kulule.jpg|thumb|Biyo Kulule]] [[File:Mareero_Beach.jpg|thumb|Xeebta Mareero]] ==Warbaahinta== Magaalada Boosaaso ayaa waxaa ku sugan dhowr xarumo warbaahin oo gaar loo leeyahay. Radio Daljir oo ah idaacada ugu weyn Puntland ayaa xarunteeda ugu weyn ku leh magaalada. Shabakadda baahinta FM-ta oo ka kooban todobo FM ah ayaa soo gaarta inta badan Puntland iyo sidoo kale qeyb ka mid ah deegaannada ay deriska yihiin ee Galmudug oo dhanka koonfureed ka xiga. Sidoo kale xarunteedu tahay magaalada Boosaaso iyo istuudiyaha ay ku leedahay Garoowe waxaa ka mid ah Idaacadda SBC oo ah idaacada ugu faca weyn uguna weyn Puntland. Intaa waxaa dheer, Idaacadaha Horseed , Al Xigma, iyo Radio One Nation ayaa xarun ku leh magaalada. Bishii Maajo 2013, Radio Garowe ayaa sidoo kale furay idaacad cusub oo FM ah oo laga furay Boosaaso. Magaaladu waxa kale oo ay leedahay kanaalo telefishan oo gaar loo leeyahay iyo istuudyo, Shabakadda Telefishanka Bari (ETN TV) iyo SBC TV. ==Degmooyinka== Boosaaso waxay u qaybsantaa 16 tuulo oo maamul ==Magaalooyinka walaalaha ah== 12 Agoosto 2016 Duqa magaalada Boosaaso Yaasiin Mire Maxamuud iyo Duqa magaalada Betsy Hodges ee Minneapolis ayaa si wada jir ah u saxiixay is-afgaradka rasmiga ah ee xiriirka Magaalada Walaasha, heshiiska waxaa horay u ansixiyay golaha deegaanka Minneapolis oo markii dambe ay isku raaceen golaha deegaanka Boosaaso. {| class="wikitable" "text-align:left;font-size:100%;"| |- ! style="background:#39e; color:white; height:17px; width:120px;"| Wadanka ! ! style="background:#39e; color:white; width:140px;"| Magaalada |- style="color:black; background:white;" |- |! !| {{Flag|United States}} |! !| [[File:Minneapolis seal.png|25px]] [[Minneapolis]]<ref name="Mccanscis">{{cite news|title=Minneapolis City Council Approves New Sister City In Somalia|url=http://minnesota.cbslocal.com/2014/10/10/minneapolis-city-council-approves-new-sister-city-in-somalia/|access-date=10 October 2014|agency=CBS|date=10 October 2014}}</ref> |} ==Tixraac== [https://web.archive.org/web/20150202193210/http://bosasomunicipality.com/districts "Dawladda hoose ee Boosaaso"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20170728203029/https://docs.unocha.org/sites/dms/Somalia/UNDP-POP-RURAL-URBAN%202005.pdf "Gobolada, degmooyinka, iyo dadkooda: Soomaaliya 2005 (qabyo)"] [https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/ancient/periplus.asp "Mashruuca Buugaagta Taariikhda Internetka: Taariikhda Qadiimiga ah"] [https://books.google.com/books?id=fV5C-R1Jr_wC&q=The%2520Majeerteen%2520Sultanate%2520%28Migiurtinia%29%2520was%2520founded&pg=PT80 Meesha Aduunka Ugu Khatarsan: Gudaha Dawlad-goboleedka Soomaaliyeed] [https://web.archive.org/web/20140606220447/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia-World-Environment-Day-celebrated-in-Puntland-Govt-calls-for-tree-plantation_printer.shtml "Soomaaliya: Maalinta Deegaanka Adduunka oo Puntland laga xusay, Dowladda oo ku baaqday in la beero Dhirta"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20161005063105/http://sddr.faoswalim.org/downloads/Long%20Term%20Mean_Monthly__sunshine%20fraction.xls "Waqtiga fog macneheedu waa jajab bille ah oo cadceed ka soo baxa Soomaaliya"] [https://somalia.un.org/en/226965-bringing-school-closer-internally-displaced-children-bosaaso "iskuulku soo dhawaynta caruurta gudaha ku barokacay ee Bosaaso"]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [http://www.villapuntland.com/?p=15257 Waxaa maanta si rasmi ah u furmay kalfadhiga labaad ee golaha deegaanka] {{Wayback|url=http://www.villapuntland.com/?p=15257 |date=20200429183621 }} [http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Puntland_rolls_out_measures_to_avert_deforestation_printer.shtml "Soomaaliya: Puntland oo qaaday tallaabooyin cusub oo looga hortagayo xaalufinta dhirta"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Puntland_rolls_out_measures_to_avert_deforestation_printer.shtml |date=20131004233954 }} [http://puntlandvoice.com/salaam-puntland-bank-boosaaso-oo-soo-bandhigtay-adeeg-loogu-magac-daray-%E2%80%9Ckaaftoon%E2%80%9D/ "Salaam Puntland Bank Boosaaso oo soo bandhigtay Adeeg loogu Magac Daray "Kaaftoon"] {{Wayback|url=http://puntlandvoice.com/salaam-puntland-bank-boosaaso-oo-soo-bandhigtay-adeeg-loogu-magac-daray-%E2%80%9Ckaaftoon%E2%80%9D/ |date=20141016111930 }} [http://sabahionline.com/en_GB/articles/hoa/articles/newsbriefs/2012/06/28/newsbrief-07 "Puntland oo dib u habayn ku samaynaysa Waddada Boosaaso iyo Garoowe"] [http://www.ameinfo.com/176786.html Dowladda Puntland ee Soomaaliya, Maal-gashiga Lootah ayaa kala saxiixday heshiisyo istiraatijiyadeed oo ku kacaya 170-Dhs"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20230709015707/https://www.garoweonline.com/page/show/post/1112/somalia-puntland-president-lays-foundation-stone-for-bossaso-airport-runway "Madaxwaynaha Puntland Oo Dhagax Dhigay Dhabaha Diyaaradaha Ee Garoonka Diyaaradaha Boosaaso"] [http://gallery.mailchimp.com/8f102acd5706302123896fceb/files/Governance_Leadership_and_Management_Programme_for_Somalia.doc "Barnaamij lagu hagaajinayo maamulka, hoggaaminta iyo awoodda maamulka ee saddexda hay'adood ee caafimaadka Soomaaliya"] [http://minnesota.cbslocal.com/2014/10/10/minneapolis-city-council-approves-new-sister-city-in-somalia/ "Golaha Deegaanka Minneapolis Oo Ansixiyey Walaasha Cusub Ee Soomaaliya"] ==Ilaha== [https://books.google.com/books?id=GbJIAAAAYAAJ "Dib-u-eegis Todobaadle ah"] [http://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-4556869&fid=5776&c=somalia Boosaaso – Isku-duwayaasha] ==Xiriirinta dibadda== [https://web.archive.org/web/20150202193210/http://bosasomunicipality.com/districts Dowladda hoose ee Boosaaso] [https://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-4556933&fid=5779&c=somalia, Boosaaso, Soomaaliya] izwcc7zgqonsobj8k5p179vi0fiz2n3 307608 307607 2026-09-09T14:05:47Z Geedi921 47176 /* Taariikhda */ tafatir 307608 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Bosaso | other_name = بوصاصو | native_name = <small>''Boosaaso''</small> | nickname = | settlement_type = Magaalo | motto = | image_skyline = Bosacity.jpg | imagesize = 250px | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_map = | mapsize = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Somalia | pushpin_map_caption = Goobta Soomaaliya dhexdeeda | pushpin_relief = 1 | coordinates = {{coord|11|17|19|N|49|10|55|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Wadanka | subdivision_name = {{flag|Somalia}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Maamulgoboleedka Soomaaliya|Maamulka Goboleedka]] | subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Puntland}} | subdivision_type2 = Gobolka | subdivision_name2 = [[Bari (Gobol)|Bari]] | subdivision_type3 =Degmo | subdivision_name3 =[[Degmada Boosaaso|Bosaaso]] | government_footnotes = | government_type = Degmo madax | leader_title = Gudoomiye | leader_name = Cabdiraxmaan Cabdillaahi jinac | established_title = la aasaasay | established_date = Qarnigii 18-aad | area_magnitude = | unit_pref = Metric | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 15 | elevation_ft = | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 30 | area_land_km2 = | population_as_of = 2025 | population_footnotes = {{Cn|date=April 2025}} | population_note = | population_total = 50,000 | population_density_km2 = | timezone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code = | blank_name = [[Kala soocidda cimilada Köppen|Cimilada]] | blank_info = [[Cimilada lamadegaanka|Cimilada kulaylaha lamadegaanka]] | website = {{URL|bosasomunicipality.com}} | name = }} '''Bosaso''' ( [[Af Soomaali|Soomaali]]: Boosaaso , [[Carabi]]: بوصاصو ) , taariikh ahaan loo yaqaan '''Bender Qassim''' waa magaalo ku taal waqooyi bari gobolka Bari ee [[Soomaaliya]]. Waa xarunta degmada Boosaaso . Degmada oo ku taal xeebta koonfureed ee gacanka cadmeed waa magaalo ganacsiyeedka gobolka waana deked weyn oo ku dhex taal maamul goboleedka [[Puntland]]. Magaalada Boosaaso waxaa ku nool dad lagu qiyaasay 1.7 milyan oo qof sanadkii 2023. Magaaladu waxay leedahay dhaqaala kala duwan oo ku salaysan waxbarashada, dawladda, bangiyada, dalxiiska, duulista, cuntada, dharka, saadka, birta, tamarta, daryeelka caafimaadka, soo dhawaynta, tafaariiqda iyo farsamada. Kulliyadaha iyo jaamacadaha badan ee aagga ayaa ka dhigaya xudunta waxbarashada sare ee gobolka, oo ay ku jiraan sharciga, caafimaadka, injineernimada, ganacsiga iyo hal-abuurka ganacsiga. ==Taariikhda== tilmaamaysa in ganacsato Giriigii hore ah ay u shiraacdeen Boosaaso, kuwaas oo qoraalo ka bixiyay istaraatiijiyada iyo deegaanka ay ku taallo, magaalada Boosaaso ee hadda jirta oo loo yaqaannay Bandar Qasim Ay Ku Dhowayd Raasiga Mosylon oo hadda loo Yaqaan " Raasi Hantaaa" oo Bad Mareenadii Hore Ku Sheegeen in Laga Dhoofin Jiray Xawaashka , Qaasim ee Beesha Gabtaanle waxaa loo tixgeliyey inay yihiin degeyaashii ugu horreeyay oo Kasoo Jeeda Beesha Gabtaanle Moorcase Axmed Harti [[File:BosasoCity.jpg|thumb|Dulmarka Boosaaso]] Qarniyo badan ayay magaaladu ka mid ahayd degaannada ay Leeyiihiin ayna Maamuli jireen qabiilka Dishiishe. Magaaladu waxay ugu dambayntii Noqotay Xarun Laga Maamuli gobolka Bari ee xornimada ka dib. Dadka ku nool Boosaaso waxaa lagu qiyaasaa 700,000 oo qof. Waa magaalada saddexaad ee ugu weyn Soomaaliya marka laga reebo Muqdisho iyo Hargeysa . Iyadoo Boosaaso ay tahay Magaalo ay ku nool yihiin dad ka soo jeeda dhammaan beelaha waaweyn ee Soomaaliyeed , haddana inta badan dadkeedu waxay ka soo jeedaan Harti ee beelaha Daarood . Magaalada Boosaaso waxaa hore loogu yiqiin Bandar Qaasim, magacaas oo ka soo jeeda ganacsade maxalli ah oo ay isku magac yihiin, kaasoo la sheegay inuu markii ugu horreysay soo degay deegaanka qarnigii 14-aad. Waxa la rumaysan yahay in geela uu Qaasim jecel yahay la odhan jiray Boosaas, kaas oo ka soo jeeday magaca hadda magaalada. Magaalada sidaas ayaa markii ugu horeysay loogu yeeri jiray Bandar Qaasim ka dib markii la aasaasay ("magaalada Qaasim"), ka dibna waxaa loogu magac daray Bosaaso ka dib markii aasaasihii aasaasay geela lagu kalsoon yahay. waxayna u soo baxday sidii magaalo xeebeed. Boosaaso agteeda, oo ku taal dhamaadka Togga Baalade , waxaa yaal carro dhererkeedu yahay 2-3-km (1.2-ilaa-1.9-mile) . Dhaqanka deegaanka ayaa ka warramaya in gogosha weyni ay calaamad u tahay qabriga jaaliyad beeleed. Waa qaab dhismeedka ugu weyn ee ka jira guud ahaan gobolka Geeska. ==Juqraafiga== ===Goobta iyo deegaanka=== Boosaaso waxay dhacdaa waqooyi bari Soomaaliya, dhanka xeebta gacanka Cadmeed . Degsiimada u dhow waxaa ka mid ah dhanka bari Rehiss (3.5 km ama 2.5 mayl), waqooyi bari Mareero (14 km ama 8.5 mayl), dhanka galbeed Baalade (3.5 km ama 2 mayl), koonfur galbeed Laasgeel (16.5 km ama 10 mayl), koonfur Lasgoriga (20.5 km ama 13 mayl), iyo ilaa 13 mayl. miles). Magaalooyinka ugu waaweyn dalka ee ugu dhow Boosaaso waa Ceerigaabo (212 km ama 132 miles), Burco (442 km ama 275 miles) iyo Berbera (465 km ama 289 miles). Shimbiris , oo ah meesha ugu sarreysa ee Soomaaliya, waxay ku taallaa qiyaastii 220 km (140 mayl) koonfur-galbeed ee buurta Cal Madow . Bishii June 2014, dowladda Puntland ayaa olole cusub oo dhir beeris ah ka bilowday dowlad goboleedka Puntland, iyadoo wasaaradda deegaanka, duurjoogta iyo dalxiiska ee gobolka ay sheegtay in sanadka dhamaadkiisa ay beeran doonto 25,000 oo geed. Magaalada Boosaaso ayaa kamid ah todobada magaalo ee loo qorsheeyay in laga sameeyo dhiraynta, waxaana magaalooyinkaas kamid ah Garoowe , Qardho , Dhahar , Buuhoodle , Baran iyo Gaalkacyo . Ololahan ayaa qayb ka ah iskaashiga ballaaran ee u dhaxeeya maamulka Puntland iyo Midowga Yurub si loo dejiyo tallaabooyin dhowr ah oo lagu ilaalinayo deegaanka oo laga sameeyay gobolka, ujeeddaduna tahay horumarinta dhiraynta iyo dhiraynta. [[File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Bedding_van_de_rivier_Balada_in_de_omgeving_van_Bender_Gasem_TMnr_60027146.jpg|thumb|Ururinta Tropenmuseum: Sariirta wabiga Balada ee ku dhow Bender Gasem, oo lagu sawiray Georges Revoil, qiyaastii 1881 (Ingiriisi: Baalade Valley near Bendergazim).]] ===Cimilada=== Boosaaso waxay leedahay cimilo saxare ah oo kulul ( Köppen weather classification BWh ). Waxay leedahay huurka qaraabada sanadlaha celcelis ahaan qiyaastii 60%. Celceliska celceliska heerkulka maalinlaha ah ee sanadka oo dhan waa 30 °C (86 °F), oo leh celcelis sanadle ah oo sarreeya 35 °C (95 °F) iyo celceliska hoose ee 25 °C (77 °F). Celceliska heerkulka hooseeya ayaa ah mid qabow inta lagu jiro bilaha jiilaalka ee Diisambar ilaa Febraayo, marka heerkulbeeggu akhriyo caadi ahaan uu gaaro 20 °C (68 °F). Cimiladu si tartiib tartiib ah ayey u kululaataa guga, maadaama xilli roobaadka Abriil uu bilaabmayo. Celceliska heerkulka sare ee dambe ayaa ugu sarreeya bilaha xagaaga ee Juun ilaa Agoosto, marka ay si joogto ah uga sarreeyaan 40 ° C (104 ° F). Kaalay Sebtembar, cimiladu qabow waxay bilaabataa inay mar kale dejiso. Roobabka ayaa gaaray heer sare muddadan, iyadoo celcelis ahaan roobabku gaarayaan 7 mm (0.28 inji) bishii Nofembar. Wadarta roobabka da'ay sanadka oo dhan waa ku dhawaad ​​19 mm (0.75 inji). {{Weather box|location = Bosaso |metric first = Haa |single line = Haa |Jan record high C = 38.5 |Feb record high C = 37.0 |Mar record high C = 38.5 |Apr record high C = 42.1 |May record high C = 45.0 |Jun record high C = 45.0 |Jul record high C = 45.2 |Aug record high C = 45.3 |Sep record high C = 44.7 |Oct record high C = 45.0 |Nov record high C = 36.0 |Dec record high C = 36.0 |year record high C = 45.3 |Jan high C = 29.0 |Feb high C = 30.0 |Mar high C = 31.0 |Apr high C = 34.0 |May high C = 37.0 |Jun high C = 41.0 |Jul high C = 41.0 |Aug high C = 40.0 |Sep high C = 39.0 |Oct high C = 33.0 |Nov high C = 30.0 |Dec high C = 29.0 |year high C = 35.0 |Jan mean C = 25.0 |Feb mean C = 25.0 |Mar mean C = 26.7 |Apr mean C = 28.8 |May mean C = 31.1 |Jun mean C = 35.6 |Jul mean C = 36.1 |Aug mean C = 35.6 |Sep mean C = 33.3 |Oct mean C = 27.8 |Nov mean C = 25.6 |Dec mean C = 25.6 |year mean C = 30.0 |Jan low C = 20.6 |Feb low C = 20.6 |Mar low C = 21.6 |Apr low C = 24.4 |May low C = 26.1 |Jun low C = 30.6 |Jul low C = 31.7 |Aug low C = 30.0 |Sep low C = 28.3 |Oct low C = 22.2 |Nov low C = 21.1 |Dec low C = 20.0 |year low C = 25.0 |Jan record low C = 12.5 |Feb record low C = 14.0 |Mar record low C = 15.0 |Apr record low C = 16.8 |May record low C = 19.0 |Jun record low C = 21.3 |Jul record low C = 23.0 |Aug record low C = 24.5 |Sep record low C = 21.3 |Oct record low C = 14.0 |Nov record low C = 11.5 |Dec record low C = 11.5 |year record low C = 11.5 |rain colour = green |Jan rain mm = 0 |Feb rain mm = 0 |Mar rain mm = 1 |Apr rain mm = 3 |May rain mm = 3 |Jun rain mm = 0 |Jul rain mm = 0 |Aug rain mm = 0 |Sep rain mm = 0 |Oct rain mm = 2 |Nov rain mm = 7 |Dec rain mm = 3 |year rain mm = 19 |Jan humidity = 66 |Feb humidity = 68 |Mar humidity = 64 |Apr humidity = 64 |May humidity = 62 |Jun humidity = 48 |Jul humidity = 40 |Aug humidity = 48 |Sep humidity = 56 |Oct humidity = 70 |Nov humidity = 74 |Dec humidity = 71 |year humidity = 61 | Jan percentsun = 80 | Feb percentsun = 80 | Mar percentsun = 87 | Apr percentsun = 80 | May percentsun = 80 | Jun percentsun = 80 | Jul percentsun = 80 | Aug percentsun = 80 | Sep percentsun = 80 | Oct percentsun = 80 | Nov percentsun = 80 | Dec percentsun = 80 | year percentsun = 81 }} ==Tirakoobka dadweynaha== [[File:Bosaso2009.JPG|thumb|Xaafad ku taal Boosaaso]] Tirada guud ee dadka Bosaaso waxa lagu qiyaasaa ilaa 164,906 qof (2005 st.). Intaa waxaa dheer, Boosaaso waa deked weyn oo ay maraan doonyaha tahriibayaasha ah ee ka imaanaya gudaha dalka iyo sidoo kale dhulalka ku dhow ee gacanka Cadmeed si ay u degaan (mararka qaar si sharci darro ah) ee dalalka Gacanka Faaris . Magaalada Boosaaso oo maanta ay tahay mid dhalaalaysa, dadka deganna ay ka soo kala jeedaan qaybo badan oo ka mid ah Gobolada dalka Somaliya, ayaa haddana inta badan dadka ku dhaqan Magaaladaasi waxay ka soo jeedaan Dishiishe , Majeerteen , Warsangeli iyo qaybaha kale ee Harti ee Daarood . Magaaladu waxay kaloo hoy u tahay barakacayaal dhawaan yimid ==Degmada== [[File:Bosasohorizon.jpg|thumb|Aragtida Boosaaso]] Howlaha magaalada Boosaaso waxaa maamula dowladda hoose ee Boosaaso, hoggaankeeda waxaa magacaabaya xubnaha 29-ka degmo ee deegaanka. Maamulka dowladda hoose ayaa hadda waxaa hogaaminaya Duqa magaalada Cabdisalaan Bashiir Cabdisalaan  oo xilka kala wareegay Yaasiin Mire Maxamuud  oo isaga qudhiisa uu xilka kala wareegay Xasan Cabdallah Xasan .  Mid kasta oo ka mid ah degmooyinka kala duwan ee magaaladu waxa kale oo ay leedahay maamul-hoosaadyo hoose oo u gaar ah, oo ay u dhamaystiran yihiin maayar iyo shaqaale dawladeed. ==Dhaqaalaha== Boosaaso waa magaalo si xawli ah u koraysa. Kahor dagaalkii sokeeye ee Soomaaliya, waxay lahayd dad ka yar 50,000 oo qof. Tan iyo markii uu dagaalku dhacay, dadka Soomaaliyeed ee ka soo jeeda beelaha Harti Daarood waxay bilaabeen inay dib ugu guuraan degaannada ay ka soo jeedaan ee Puntland . Natiijadii socdaalkaas awgeed, dadweynaha Boosaaso iyo warshadaha guryaynta deegaanka aad ayay u kordheen. [[File:Amalbanpun.jpg|thumb|Bangiga Amal ee Bosaaso]] Bishii Disembar 2011, suuq ganacsi oo cusub ayaa laga furay xaafadda Dayaxa ee waqooyiga Boosaaso ("Xiddiga"), una dhow dekedda. Qiyaastii hal kiilomitir nus (550 yd) cabirkeeda, waxaa loo qorsheeyay si loo hubiyo helitaanka gaadhiga. Suuqan ayaa ka dhashay qorshe taxaddar leh oo u dhexeeya madaxda dawladda Puntland iyo wakiilada bulshada rayidka ah. Bishii Sebtembar 2013, Wasiirka Kalluumeysiga Puntland Maxamed Faarax Aadan ayaa sidoo kale ku dhawaaqay in Wasaaradda oo kaashanaysa FAO ay magaalada ka furi doonto suuq cusub oo kalluunka, kaas oo u dhameystiran qaboojiyayaal casri ah. Boosaaso waa xarunta shirkadda Golis Telecom Soomaaliya oo ah shirkadda ugu weyn ee isgaarsiinta waqooyi bari Soomaaliya. Waxaa la aas aasay sanadkii 2002 iyadoo ujeedadeedu tahay sidii dalka loo gaarsiin lahaa adeegyada mobilada ee GSM, khadka tooska ah iyo adeega internet-ka , waxa ay leedahay shabakad balaaran oo isku xirta dhamaan magaalooyinka waaweyn ee dalka iyo in ka badan 40 degmo oo ka kala tirsan Puntland iyo Somaliland . Sida laga soo xigtay The Economist , Golis waxay bixisaa mid ka mid ah qiimaha wicitaanka caalamiga ah ee ugu jaban ee meeraha, US$0.2 wax ka yar meel kasta oo adduunka ah. Intaa waxaa dheer, Netco waxay xarunteedu ku leedahay magaalada. Shirkadaha kale ee isgaarsiinta ee u adeega gobolka waxaa ka mid ah Telcom iyo NationLink . Bishii Sebtembar 2013, wasiir ku xigeenka deegaanka Puntland Burhaan Cilmi Xirsi ayaa sidoo kale ku dhawaaqay qorshe dowladda Puntland ay ku dooneyso in magaalada Boosaaso looga hirgeliyo warshad soo saarta Gaaska . Mashruucan cusub ayaa qeyb ka ah olole ballaaran oo maamulka deegaanka Puntland ay ku doonayaan inay kaga hortagaan xaalufka dhirta iyo sidii ay u horumarin lahaayeen ilo kale oo shidaal. [[File:Bosascem2.jpg|thumb|Mashiinada Sibidhka lagu sameeyo ee duleedka Boosaaso]] Shirkada Kalluumeysiga Xaafuun ayaa la aas aasay sanadkii 1992-dii waxaana lagu aasaasay magaalada Boosaaso. Waxaa loogu magac daray magaalada dekedda ah ee Xaafuun , halkaas oo HFC ay sidoo kale ku leedahay xafiis. Shirkaddu waxay dhoofisaa noocyo kala duwan oo kalluun ah, kuwaas oo ay inta badan u dirto la-hawlgalayaasha Bariga Dhexe. Shirkaddu waxay sahaminaysaa suuqyo dheeraad ah oo caalami ah oo ay ku iibsanayso alaabteeda kalluunka. Waxa kale oo ay ilaalisaa danaha ganacsi ee suuqa guryaha ee Puntland, kuwaas oo ay ka muuqato shirkaddu qaybteeda iibka iyo horumarinta guryaha ee sii kordhaysa. Intaa waxaa dheer, warshadda hargaha iyo saamaha ee Boosaaso waxay xarunteedu tahay magaalada. Shirkad toban jir ah oo wax soo saarta, qaybisa, iibisa, soo dejisa/dhoofinta, waxay farsamaysaa milix-qoyan, milix qallalan, buluug qoyan, limuun leh, la shiiday, iyo hawo/jir qallalan hargaha iyo ariga ee la qalajiyey. Mabda'a dhoofinta buluuga qoyan waa Turkiga, Pakistan, Hindiya iyo Shiinaha. Hargaha geela ee ceeriin iyo haragga idaha iyo ariga ayaa sidoo kale loo dhoofiyaa Imaaraadka Carabta. Bangiyada ganacsiga ee Bosaaso ka shaqeeya waxaa kamid ah Amal Bank iyo Salaam Bank . Salaam Bank waxa uu bixiyaa adeegyada bangiyada gaarka ah iyo bangiyada shirkadaha. Adeegyada bangiyada Islaamiga ah iyo agabkeeda waxaa ka mid ah Mudarabah, Murabaha, Musharakah iyo Istisnaa. Intaa waxaa dheer, bangigu wuxuu bixiyaa bangiyada elektarooniga ah , bangiga SMS , bangiga gacanta iyo lacag-bixinta internetka. Bishii Agoosto 2011, bangigu wuxuu sidoo kale daah-furay adeeg madax-banaan (Kaaftoon) oo uu la wadaagayo Golis Telecom Soomaaliya. ==Gaadiidka== [[File:Bosasairp.jpg|thumb|Gegida caalamiga ah ee Bender Qassim sanadkii 2007, ka hor dayactirka]] Boosaaso waxa dhex mara waddo wayn oo waqooyi-koonfur ah oo dhan 750-km (470 mi). Waxay isku xirtaa magaalooyinka waaweyn ee waqooyiga dalka sida Gaalkacyo iyo Garoowe iyo magaalooyin ku yaal koonfurta. Bishii Juun 2012, Hay'adda Wadooyinka Puntland (PHA) ayaa billowday mashruuc dib u hagaajin iyo dayactir ah oo lagu sameynayo laamiga weyn ee isku xira Boosaaso iyo Garoowe. Hay'adda gaadiidku waxay sidoo kale biloowday dayactirka halbowlaha dhexe ee isku xira magaalada iyo Qardho bishii Oktoobar 2012 .Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa socda qorshayaal lagu dhisayo waddooyin cusub oo isku xira magaalooyinka waaweyn ee gobolka iyo jidka weyn . Bishii June 2014, Madaxweynaha Puntland Cabdiweli Maxamed Cali Gaas oo uu weheliyo Duqa degmada Boosaaso Xasan Cabdallah Xasan iyo mas’uuliyiin kale ayaa sidoo kale daah furay waddo cusub oo laami ah oo dhererkeedu dhan yahay 5.9km (3.7 mi). Mashruucan dhismuhu wuxuu u socdaa dhinaca dekedda Boosaaso, waxaana la dhammaystiray hay'adda UNHABITAT. Sida uu sheegay Cali, maamulkiisu waxa uu qorshaynayaa in uu ugu yaraan 23 milyan oo Yuuro ku maalgeliyo tabarucaadka saaxiibada caalamiga ah ee la mid ah hindisayaasha horumarinta kaabayaasha waddooyinka. Magaaladu waxay leedahay deked weyn oo ah dekeda Boosaaso . Waxa la dhisay badhtamihii 1980-aadkii maamulkii Siyaad Barre si sannad walba loo dhoofiyo xoolaha Bariga Dhexe . Bishii Janaayo 2012, waxaa la bilaabay mashruuc dib u dayactir ah, iyadoo KMC ay qandaraas ku qaadatay inay casriyeyso dekedda Boosaaso. Wajigii koowaad ee hindisaha ayaa lagu arkay nadiifinta agabka aan loo baahnayn ee ka soo baxay barxadda dekedda, waxaana la dhameeyay bishii gudaheeda. Wejiga labaad waxa uu ku saabsan yahay dib u dhiska dekeddu ku teedsan tahay badda ku dheggan, iyada oo ujeedadu tahay in la dejiyo maraakiibta waaweyn. Marka laga soo tago dekedda mashquulka badan, Boosaaso waxay leedahay garoon diyaaradeed oo weyn, garoonka caalamiga ah ee Bender Qassim . Sannadkii 2008, dawladda Puntland waxay heshiis malaayiin dollar ah la gashay shirkadda Dubai Lootah Group, oo ah koox warshadeed goboleed oo ka hawlgasha Bariga Dhexe iyo Afrika. Heshiiskan ayaa dhigaya in wajiga koowaad ee maalgashigan uu ku kacayo 170 milyan oo doolar ( $ 46.28m) waxaana lagu wadaa in la dhiso shirkado cusub oo ka howlgala,maamulka iyo dhismaha xarunta ganacsiga xorta ah ee Boosaaso iyo dhismaha badda iyo garoonka diyaaradaha. Shirkadda Garoonka Boosaaso ayaa loo qorsheeyay inay horumariso dhismaha garoonka si uu u buuxiyo heerarka caalamiga ah, oo ay ku jiraan waddo cusub oo 3.4 KM (2.1 mi) ah, dhismayaal waaweyn iyo kuwo gargaar ah, tagaasida iyo aagagga garoonnada, iyo hareeraha ammaanka. Bishii Disembar 2014, waxaa sidoo kale garoonka diyaaradaha la dhagax dhigay waddo cusub oo ay diyaaraduhu ku ordaan. Shirkadda Dhismaha Injineerinka Madaniga ah ee Shiinaha ayaa hadda loo qorsheeyay in ay cusboonaysiiso dhabaha dayuuradaha ee garoonka ee jira, oo ay ku dhejiso daamur, oo ay ka beddesho 1.8 ilaa 2.65 km (1.12 ilaa 1.65 mayl) iyada oo la raacayo xeerka hawlgalka 4C. ==Waxbarashada== [[File:Eaubosaso2.jpg|thumb|Gelitaanka Jaamacadda Bariga Afrika faraceeda Boosaaso]] Boosaaso waxaa ku yaal dhowr xarumo waxbarasho. Sida ay sheegtay wasaaradda waxbarashada Puntland, degmada Boosaaso waxaa ku yaalla 74 dugsi hoose dhexe . Waxaa ka mid ah Iskuulka Iftin, Alfurqaan, Umul-Qura iyo Gaarisa. Dugsiyada sare ee deegaanka waxaa ka mid ah Xamdaan, Shaafici, Ughaz Yaasiin, Najax, Boosaaso iyo Xaaji Yaasiin. Waxbarashada heer jaamacadeed waxaa bixiya kulliyadda Boosaaso (BC), iyo sidoo kale Puntland Nursing Institute (PNI). Jaamacadda Bariga Afrika (EAU) waxay kaloo ku leedahay faraceeda Boosaaso, oo ka mid ah toddobada xarumood ee ay ku leedahay Puntland. Intaa waxa dheer, Sam Greathouse School of Modern Technology (SG-SMT) waxa ay dawladda hoose kala shaqaynaysay sidii loo dhisi lahaa shabakad ballaadhan oo isku xidha Boosaaso iyo magaalooyinka kale ee waqooyiga Soomaaliya, oo ay ku jiraan Berbera iyo Laascaanood . ==Muuqaallo guud== [[File:Bosaatnight.jpg|thumb|Muuqaallo guud]] [[File:Bosasocityview.jpg|thumb|Magaalada Boosaaso]] ==Soo jiidashada dalxiiska== Biyo Kulule waa il kulul oo ku taal koonfur-bari magaalada, 7 kiiloomitir (4.3 mi) ka baxsan magaalada. Mareero waxay ku taal (25 kiiloomitir (16 mi) jihada bari ee Boosaaso,waxayna caan ku tahay xeebta ciidda cad. Gaca, Laag, Karin , Yalho waxa loo tixgaliyaa inay yihiin meelo la soo booqdo. [[File:Angle_view_of_Biyo_Kulule.jpg|thumb|Biyo Kulule]] [[File:Mareero_Beach.jpg|thumb|Xeebta Mareero]] ==Warbaahinta== Magaalada Boosaaso ayaa waxaa ku sugan dhowr xarumo warbaahin oo gaar loo leeyahay. Radio Daljir oo ah idaacada ugu weyn Puntland ayaa xarunteeda ugu weyn ku leh magaalada. Shabakadda baahinta FM-ta oo ka kooban todobo FM ah ayaa soo gaarta inta badan Puntland iyo sidoo kale qeyb ka mid ah deegaannada ay deriska yihiin ee Galmudug oo dhanka koonfureed ka xiga. Sidoo kale xarunteedu tahay magaalada Boosaaso iyo istuudiyaha ay ku leedahay Garoowe waxaa ka mid ah Idaacadda SBC oo ah idaacada ugu faca weyn uguna weyn Puntland. Intaa waxaa dheer, Idaacadaha Horseed , Al Xigma, iyo Radio One Nation ayaa xarun ku leh magaalada. Bishii Maajo 2013, Radio Garowe ayaa sidoo kale furay idaacad cusub oo FM ah oo laga furay Boosaaso. Magaaladu waxa kale oo ay leedahay kanaalo telefishan oo gaar loo leeyahay iyo istuudyo, Shabakadda Telefishanka Bari (ETN TV) iyo SBC TV. ==Degmooyinka== Boosaaso waxay u qaybsantaa 16 tuulo oo maamul ==Magaalooyinka walaalaha ah== 12 Agoosto 2016 Duqa magaalada Boosaaso Yaasiin Mire Maxamuud iyo Duqa magaalada Betsy Hodges ee Minneapolis ayaa si wada jir ah u saxiixay is-afgaradka rasmiga ah ee xiriirka Magaalada Walaasha, heshiiska waxaa horay u ansixiyay golaha deegaanka Minneapolis oo markii dambe ay isku raaceen golaha deegaanka Boosaaso. {| class="wikitable" "text-align:left;font-size:100%;"| |- ! style="background:#39e; color:white; height:17px; width:120px;"| Wadanka ! ! style="background:#39e; color:white; width:140px;"| Magaalada |- style="color:black; background:white;" |- |! !| {{Flag|United States}} |! !| [[File:Minneapolis seal.png|25px]] [[Minneapolis]]<ref name="Mccanscis">{{cite news|title=Minneapolis City Council Approves New Sister City In Somalia|url=http://minnesota.cbslocal.com/2014/10/10/minneapolis-city-council-approves-new-sister-city-in-somalia/|access-date=10 October 2014|agency=CBS|date=10 October 2014}}</ref> |} ==Tixraac== [https://web.archive.org/web/20150202193210/http://bosasomunicipality.com/districts "Dawladda hoose ee Boosaaso"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20170728203029/https://docs.unocha.org/sites/dms/Somalia/UNDP-POP-RURAL-URBAN%202005.pdf "Gobolada, degmooyinka, iyo dadkooda: Soomaaliya 2005 (qabyo)"] [https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/ancient/periplus.asp "Mashruuca Buugaagta Taariikhda Internetka: Taariikhda Qadiimiga ah"] [https://books.google.com/books?id=fV5C-R1Jr_wC&q=The%2520Majeerteen%2520Sultanate%2520%28Migiurtinia%29%2520was%2520founded&pg=PT80 Meesha Aduunka Ugu Khatarsan: Gudaha Dawlad-goboleedka Soomaaliyeed] [https://web.archive.org/web/20140606220447/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia-World-Environment-Day-celebrated-in-Puntland-Govt-calls-for-tree-plantation_printer.shtml "Soomaaliya: Maalinta Deegaanka Adduunka oo Puntland laga xusay, Dowladda oo ku baaqday in la beero Dhirta"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20161005063105/http://sddr.faoswalim.org/downloads/Long%20Term%20Mean_Monthly__sunshine%20fraction.xls "Waqtiga fog macneheedu waa jajab bille ah oo cadceed ka soo baxa Soomaaliya"] [https://somalia.un.org/en/226965-bringing-school-closer-internally-displaced-children-bosaaso "iskuulku soo dhawaynta caruurta gudaha ku barokacay ee Bosaaso"]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [http://www.villapuntland.com/?p=15257 Waxaa maanta si rasmi ah u furmay kalfadhiga labaad ee golaha deegaanka] {{Wayback|url=http://www.villapuntland.com/?p=15257 |date=20200429183621 }} [http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Puntland_rolls_out_measures_to_avert_deforestation_printer.shtml "Soomaaliya: Puntland oo qaaday tallaabooyin cusub oo looga hortagayo xaalufinta dhirta"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Puntland_rolls_out_measures_to_avert_deforestation_printer.shtml |date=20131004233954 }} [http://puntlandvoice.com/salaam-puntland-bank-boosaaso-oo-soo-bandhigtay-adeeg-loogu-magac-daray-%E2%80%9Ckaaftoon%E2%80%9D/ "Salaam Puntland Bank Boosaaso oo soo bandhigtay Adeeg loogu Magac Daray "Kaaftoon"] {{Wayback|url=http://puntlandvoice.com/salaam-puntland-bank-boosaaso-oo-soo-bandhigtay-adeeg-loogu-magac-daray-%E2%80%9Ckaaftoon%E2%80%9D/ |date=20141016111930 }} [http://sabahionline.com/en_GB/articles/hoa/articles/newsbriefs/2012/06/28/newsbrief-07 "Puntland oo dib u habayn ku samaynaysa Waddada Boosaaso iyo Garoowe"] [http://www.ameinfo.com/176786.html Dowladda Puntland ee Soomaaliya, Maal-gashiga Lootah ayaa kala saxiixday heshiisyo istiraatijiyadeed oo ku kacaya 170-Dhs"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20230709015707/https://www.garoweonline.com/page/show/post/1112/somalia-puntland-president-lays-foundation-stone-for-bossaso-airport-runway "Madaxwaynaha Puntland Oo Dhagax Dhigay Dhabaha Diyaaradaha Ee Garoonka Diyaaradaha Boosaaso"] [http://gallery.mailchimp.com/8f102acd5706302123896fceb/files/Governance_Leadership_and_Management_Programme_for_Somalia.doc "Barnaamij lagu hagaajinayo maamulka, hoggaaminta iyo awoodda maamulka ee saddexda hay'adood ee caafimaadka Soomaaliya"] [http://minnesota.cbslocal.com/2014/10/10/minneapolis-city-council-approves-new-sister-city-in-somalia/ "Golaha Deegaanka Minneapolis Oo Ansixiyey Walaasha Cusub Ee Soomaaliya"] ==Ilaha== [https://books.google.com/books?id=GbJIAAAAYAAJ "Dib-u-eegis Todobaadle ah"] [http://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-4556869&fid=5776&c=somalia Boosaaso – Isku-duwayaasha] ==Xiriirinta dibadda== [https://web.archive.org/web/20150202193210/http://bosasomunicipality.com/districts Dowladda hoose ee Boosaaso] [https://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-4556933&fid=5779&c=somalia, Boosaaso, Soomaaliya] 48nu99doq8ax2n3trb8igpqz3ppfp5d 307609 307608 2026-09-09T14:06:23Z Geedi921 47176 /* Taariikhda */ 307609 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Bosaso | other_name = بوصاصو | native_name = <small>''Boosaaso''</small> | nickname = | settlement_type = Magaalo | motto = | image_skyline = Bosacity.jpg | imagesize = 250px | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_map = | mapsize = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Somalia | pushpin_map_caption = Goobta Soomaaliya dhexdeeda | pushpin_relief = 1 | coordinates = {{coord|11|17|19|N|49|10|55|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Wadanka | subdivision_name = {{flag|Somalia}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Maamulgoboleedka Soomaaliya|Maamulka Goboleedka]] | subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Puntland}} | subdivision_type2 = Gobolka | subdivision_name2 = [[Bari (Gobol)|Bari]] | subdivision_type3 =Degmo | subdivision_name3 =[[Degmada Boosaaso|Bosaaso]] | government_footnotes = | government_type = Degmo madax | leader_title = Gudoomiye | leader_name = Cabdiraxmaan Cabdillaahi jinac | established_title = la aasaasay | established_date = Qarnigii 18-aad | area_magnitude = | unit_pref = Metric | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 15 | elevation_ft = | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 30 | area_land_km2 = | population_as_of = 2025 | population_footnotes = {{Cn|date=April 2025}} | population_note = | population_total = 50,000 | population_density_km2 = | timezone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code = | blank_name = [[Kala soocidda cimilada Köppen|Cimilada]] | blank_info = [[Cimilada lamadegaanka|Cimilada kulaylaha lamadegaanka]] | website = {{URL|bosasomunicipality.com}} | name = }} '''Bosaso''' ( [[Af Soomaali|Soomaali]]: Boosaaso , [[Carabi]]: بوصاصو ) , taariikh ahaan loo yaqaan '''Bender Qassim''' waa magaalo ku taal waqooyi bari gobolka Bari ee [[Soomaaliya]]. Waa xarunta degmada Boosaaso . Degmada oo ku taal xeebta koonfureed ee gacanka cadmeed waa magaalo ganacsiyeedka gobolka waana deked weyn oo ku dhex taal maamul goboleedka [[Puntland]]. Magaalada Boosaaso waxaa ku nool dad lagu qiyaasay 1.7 milyan oo qof sanadkii 2023. Magaaladu waxay leedahay dhaqaala kala duwan oo ku salaysan waxbarashada, dawladda, bangiyada, dalxiiska, duulista, cuntada, dharka, saadka, birta, tamarta, daryeelka caafimaadka, soo dhawaynta, tafaariiqda iyo farsamada. Kulliyadaha iyo jaamacadaha badan ee aagga ayaa ka dhigaya xudunta waxbarashada sare ee gobolka, oo ay ku jiraan sharciga, caafimaadka, injineernimada, ganacsiga iyo hal-abuurka ganacsiga. ==Taariikhda== tilmaamaysa in ganacsato Giriigii hore ah ay u shiraacdeen Boosaaso, kuwaas oo qoraalo ka bixiyay istaraatiijiyada iyo deegaanka ay ku taallo, magaalada Boosaaso ee hadda jirta oo loo yaqaannay Bandar Qasim Ay Ku Dhowayd Raasiga Mosylon oo hadda loo Yaqaan " Raasi Hantaaara" oo Bad Mareenadii Hore Ku Sheegeen in Laga Dhoofin Jiray Xawaashka , Qaasim ee Beesha Gabtaanle waxaa loo tixgeliyey inay yihiin degeyaashii ugu horreeyay oo Kasoo Jeeda Beesha Gabtaanle Moorcase Axmed Harti [[File:BosasoCity.jpg|thumb|Dulmarka Boosaaso]] Qarniyo badan ayay magaaladu ka mid ahayd degaannada ay Leeyiihiin ayna Maamuli jireen qabiilka Dishiishe. Magaaladu waxay ugu dambayntii Noqotay Xarun Laga Maamuli gobolka Bari ee xornimada ka dib. Dadka ku nool Boosaaso waxaa lagu qiyaasaa 700,000 oo qof. Waa magaalada saddexaad ee ugu weyn Soomaaliya marka laga reebo Muqdisho iyo Hargeysa . Iyadoo Boosaaso ay tahay Magaalo ay ku nool yihiin dad ka soo jeeda dhammaan beelaha waaweyn ee Soomaaliyeed , haddana inta badan dadkeedu waxay ka soo jeedaan Harti ee beelaha Daarood . Magaalada Boosaaso waxaa hore loogu yiqiin Bandar Qaasim, magacaas oo ka soo jeeda ganacsade maxalli ah oo ay isku magac yihiin, kaasoo la sheegay inuu markii ugu horreysay soo degay deegaanka qarnigii 14-aad. Waxa la rumaysan yahay in geela uu Qaasim jecel yahay la odhan jiray Boosaas, kaas oo ka soo jeeday magaca hadda magaalada. Magaalada sidaas ayaa markii ugu horeysay loogu yeeri jiray Bandar Qaasim ka dib markii la aasaasay ("magaalada Qaasim"), ka dibna waxaa loogu magac daray Bosaaso ka dib markii aasaasihii aasaasay geela lagu kalsoon yahay. waxayna u soo baxday sidii magaalo xeebeed. Boosaaso agteeda, oo ku taal dhamaadka Togga Baalade , waxaa yaal carro dhererkeedu yahay 2-3-km (1.2-ilaa-1.9-mile) . Dhaqanka deegaanka ayaa ka warramaya in gogosha weyni ay calaamad u tahay qabriga jaaliyad beeleed. Waa qaab dhismeedka ugu weyn ee ka jira guud ahaan gobolka Geeska. ==Juqraafiga== ===Goobta iyo deegaanka=== Boosaaso waxay dhacdaa waqooyi bari Soomaaliya, dhanka xeebta gacanka Cadmeed . Degsiimada u dhow waxaa ka mid ah dhanka bari Rehiss (3.5 km ama 2.5 mayl), waqooyi bari Mareero (14 km ama 8.5 mayl), dhanka galbeed Baalade (3.5 km ama 2 mayl), koonfur galbeed Laasgeel (16.5 km ama 10 mayl), koonfur Lasgoriga (20.5 km ama 13 mayl), iyo ilaa 13 mayl. miles). Magaalooyinka ugu waaweyn dalka ee ugu dhow Boosaaso waa Ceerigaabo (212 km ama 132 miles), Burco (442 km ama 275 miles) iyo Berbera (465 km ama 289 miles). Shimbiris , oo ah meesha ugu sarreysa ee Soomaaliya, waxay ku taallaa qiyaastii 220 km (140 mayl) koonfur-galbeed ee buurta Cal Madow . Bishii June 2014, dowladda Puntland ayaa olole cusub oo dhir beeris ah ka bilowday dowlad goboleedka Puntland, iyadoo wasaaradda deegaanka, duurjoogta iyo dalxiiska ee gobolka ay sheegtay in sanadka dhamaadkiisa ay beeran doonto 25,000 oo geed. Magaalada Boosaaso ayaa kamid ah todobada magaalo ee loo qorsheeyay in laga sameeyo dhiraynta, waxaana magaalooyinkaas kamid ah Garoowe , Qardho , Dhahar , Buuhoodle , Baran iyo Gaalkacyo . Ololahan ayaa qayb ka ah iskaashiga ballaaran ee u dhaxeeya maamulka Puntland iyo Midowga Yurub si loo dejiyo tallaabooyin dhowr ah oo lagu ilaalinayo deegaanka oo laga sameeyay gobolka, ujeeddaduna tahay horumarinta dhiraynta iyo dhiraynta. [[File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Bedding_van_de_rivier_Balada_in_de_omgeving_van_Bender_Gasem_TMnr_60027146.jpg|thumb|Ururinta Tropenmuseum: Sariirta wabiga Balada ee ku dhow Bender Gasem, oo lagu sawiray Georges Revoil, qiyaastii 1881 (Ingiriisi: Baalade Valley near Bendergazim).]] ===Cimilada=== Boosaaso waxay leedahay cimilo saxare ah oo kulul ( Köppen weather classification BWh ). Waxay leedahay huurka qaraabada sanadlaha celcelis ahaan qiyaastii 60%. Celceliska celceliska heerkulka maalinlaha ah ee sanadka oo dhan waa 30 °C (86 °F), oo leh celcelis sanadle ah oo sarreeya 35 °C (95 °F) iyo celceliska hoose ee 25 °C (77 °F). Celceliska heerkulka hooseeya ayaa ah mid qabow inta lagu jiro bilaha jiilaalka ee Diisambar ilaa Febraayo, marka heerkulbeeggu akhriyo caadi ahaan uu gaaro 20 °C (68 °F). Cimiladu si tartiib tartiib ah ayey u kululaataa guga, maadaama xilli roobaadka Abriil uu bilaabmayo. Celceliska heerkulka sare ee dambe ayaa ugu sarreeya bilaha xagaaga ee Juun ilaa Agoosto, marka ay si joogto ah uga sarreeyaan 40 ° C (104 ° F). Kaalay Sebtembar, cimiladu qabow waxay bilaabataa inay mar kale dejiso. Roobabka ayaa gaaray heer sare muddadan, iyadoo celcelis ahaan roobabku gaarayaan 7 mm (0.28 inji) bishii Nofembar. Wadarta roobabka da'ay sanadka oo dhan waa ku dhawaad ​​19 mm (0.75 inji). {{Weather box|location = Bosaso |metric first = Haa |single line = Haa |Jan record high C = 38.5 |Feb record high C = 37.0 |Mar record high C = 38.5 |Apr record high C = 42.1 |May record high C = 45.0 |Jun record high C = 45.0 |Jul record high C = 45.2 |Aug record high C = 45.3 |Sep record high C = 44.7 |Oct record high C = 45.0 |Nov record high C = 36.0 |Dec record high C = 36.0 |year record high C = 45.3 |Jan high C = 29.0 |Feb high C = 30.0 |Mar high C = 31.0 |Apr high C = 34.0 |May high C = 37.0 |Jun high C = 41.0 |Jul high C = 41.0 |Aug high C = 40.0 |Sep high C = 39.0 |Oct high C = 33.0 |Nov high C = 30.0 |Dec high C = 29.0 |year high C = 35.0 |Jan mean C = 25.0 |Feb mean C = 25.0 |Mar mean C = 26.7 |Apr mean C = 28.8 |May mean C = 31.1 |Jun mean C = 35.6 |Jul mean C = 36.1 |Aug mean C = 35.6 |Sep mean C = 33.3 |Oct mean C = 27.8 |Nov mean C = 25.6 |Dec mean C = 25.6 |year mean C = 30.0 |Jan low C = 20.6 |Feb low C = 20.6 |Mar low C = 21.6 |Apr low C = 24.4 |May low C = 26.1 |Jun low C = 30.6 |Jul low C = 31.7 |Aug low C = 30.0 |Sep low C = 28.3 |Oct low C = 22.2 |Nov low C = 21.1 |Dec low C = 20.0 |year low C = 25.0 |Jan record low C = 12.5 |Feb record low C = 14.0 |Mar record low C = 15.0 |Apr record low C = 16.8 |May record low C = 19.0 |Jun record low C = 21.3 |Jul record low C = 23.0 |Aug record low C = 24.5 |Sep record low C = 21.3 |Oct record low C = 14.0 |Nov record low C = 11.5 |Dec record low C = 11.5 |year record low C = 11.5 |rain colour = green |Jan rain mm = 0 |Feb rain mm = 0 |Mar rain mm = 1 |Apr rain mm = 3 |May rain mm = 3 |Jun rain mm = 0 |Jul rain mm = 0 |Aug rain mm = 0 |Sep rain mm = 0 |Oct rain mm = 2 |Nov rain mm = 7 |Dec rain mm = 3 |year rain mm = 19 |Jan humidity = 66 |Feb humidity = 68 |Mar humidity = 64 |Apr humidity = 64 |May humidity = 62 |Jun humidity = 48 |Jul humidity = 40 |Aug humidity = 48 |Sep humidity = 56 |Oct humidity = 70 |Nov humidity = 74 |Dec humidity = 71 |year humidity = 61 | Jan percentsun = 80 | Feb percentsun = 80 | Mar percentsun = 87 | Apr percentsun = 80 | May percentsun = 80 | Jun percentsun = 80 | Jul percentsun = 80 | Aug percentsun = 80 | Sep percentsun = 80 | Oct percentsun = 80 | Nov percentsun = 80 | Dec percentsun = 80 | year percentsun = 81 }} ==Tirakoobka dadweynaha== [[File:Bosaso2009.JPG|thumb|Xaafad ku taal Boosaaso]] Tirada guud ee dadka Bosaaso waxa lagu qiyaasaa ilaa 164,906 qof (2005 st.). Intaa waxaa dheer, Boosaaso waa deked weyn oo ay maraan doonyaha tahriibayaasha ah ee ka imaanaya gudaha dalka iyo sidoo kale dhulalka ku dhow ee gacanka Cadmeed si ay u degaan (mararka qaar si sharci darro ah) ee dalalka Gacanka Faaris . Magaalada Boosaaso oo maanta ay tahay mid dhalaalaysa, dadka deganna ay ka soo kala jeedaan qaybo badan oo ka mid ah Gobolada dalka Somaliya, ayaa haddana inta badan dadka ku dhaqan Magaaladaasi waxay ka soo jeedaan Dishiishe , Majeerteen , Warsangeli iyo qaybaha kale ee Harti ee Daarood . Magaaladu waxay kaloo hoy u tahay barakacayaal dhawaan yimid ==Degmada== [[File:Bosasohorizon.jpg|thumb|Aragtida Boosaaso]] Howlaha magaalada Boosaaso waxaa maamula dowladda hoose ee Boosaaso, hoggaankeeda waxaa magacaabaya xubnaha 29-ka degmo ee deegaanka. Maamulka dowladda hoose ayaa hadda waxaa hogaaminaya Duqa magaalada Cabdisalaan Bashiir Cabdisalaan  oo xilka kala wareegay Yaasiin Mire Maxamuud  oo isaga qudhiisa uu xilka kala wareegay Xasan Cabdallah Xasan .  Mid kasta oo ka mid ah degmooyinka kala duwan ee magaaladu waxa kale oo ay leedahay maamul-hoosaadyo hoose oo u gaar ah, oo ay u dhamaystiran yihiin maayar iyo shaqaale dawladeed. ==Dhaqaalaha== Boosaaso waa magaalo si xawli ah u koraysa. Kahor dagaalkii sokeeye ee Soomaaliya, waxay lahayd dad ka yar 50,000 oo qof. Tan iyo markii uu dagaalku dhacay, dadka Soomaaliyeed ee ka soo jeeda beelaha Harti Daarood waxay bilaabeen inay dib ugu guuraan degaannada ay ka soo jeedaan ee Puntland . Natiijadii socdaalkaas awgeed, dadweynaha Boosaaso iyo warshadaha guryaynta deegaanka aad ayay u kordheen. [[File:Amalbanpun.jpg|thumb|Bangiga Amal ee Bosaaso]] Bishii Disembar 2011, suuq ganacsi oo cusub ayaa laga furay xaafadda Dayaxa ee waqooyiga Boosaaso ("Xiddiga"), una dhow dekedda. Qiyaastii hal kiilomitir nus (550 yd) cabirkeeda, waxaa loo qorsheeyay si loo hubiyo helitaanka gaadhiga. Suuqan ayaa ka dhashay qorshe taxaddar leh oo u dhexeeya madaxda dawladda Puntland iyo wakiilada bulshada rayidka ah. Bishii Sebtembar 2013, Wasiirka Kalluumeysiga Puntland Maxamed Faarax Aadan ayaa sidoo kale ku dhawaaqay in Wasaaradda oo kaashanaysa FAO ay magaalada ka furi doonto suuq cusub oo kalluunka, kaas oo u dhameystiran qaboojiyayaal casri ah. Boosaaso waa xarunta shirkadda Golis Telecom Soomaaliya oo ah shirkadda ugu weyn ee isgaarsiinta waqooyi bari Soomaaliya. Waxaa la aas aasay sanadkii 2002 iyadoo ujeedadeedu tahay sidii dalka loo gaarsiin lahaa adeegyada mobilada ee GSM, khadka tooska ah iyo adeega internet-ka , waxa ay leedahay shabakad balaaran oo isku xirta dhamaan magaalooyinka waaweyn ee dalka iyo in ka badan 40 degmo oo ka kala tirsan Puntland iyo Somaliland . Sida laga soo xigtay The Economist , Golis waxay bixisaa mid ka mid ah qiimaha wicitaanka caalamiga ah ee ugu jaban ee meeraha, US$0.2 wax ka yar meel kasta oo adduunka ah. Intaa waxaa dheer, Netco waxay xarunteedu ku leedahay magaalada. Shirkadaha kale ee isgaarsiinta ee u adeega gobolka waxaa ka mid ah Telcom iyo NationLink . Bishii Sebtembar 2013, wasiir ku xigeenka deegaanka Puntland Burhaan Cilmi Xirsi ayaa sidoo kale ku dhawaaqay qorshe dowladda Puntland ay ku dooneyso in magaalada Boosaaso looga hirgeliyo warshad soo saarta Gaaska . Mashruucan cusub ayaa qeyb ka ah olole ballaaran oo maamulka deegaanka Puntland ay ku doonayaan inay kaga hortagaan xaalufka dhirta iyo sidii ay u horumarin lahaayeen ilo kale oo shidaal. [[File:Bosascem2.jpg|thumb|Mashiinada Sibidhka lagu sameeyo ee duleedka Boosaaso]] Shirkada Kalluumeysiga Xaafuun ayaa la aas aasay sanadkii 1992-dii waxaana lagu aasaasay magaalada Boosaaso. Waxaa loogu magac daray magaalada dekedda ah ee Xaafuun , halkaas oo HFC ay sidoo kale ku leedahay xafiis. Shirkaddu waxay dhoofisaa noocyo kala duwan oo kalluun ah, kuwaas oo ay inta badan u dirto la-hawlgalayaasha Bariga Dhexe. Shirkaddu waxay sahaminaysaa suuqyo dheeraad ah oo caalami ah oo ay ku iibsanayso alaabteeda kalluunka. Waxa kale oo ay ilaalisaa danaha ganacsi ee suuqa guryaha ee Puntland, kuwaas oo ay ka muuqato shirkaddu qaybteeda iibka iyo horumarinta guryaha ee sii kordhaysa. Intaa waxaa dheer, warshadda hargaha iyo saamaha ee Boosaaso waxay xarunteedu tahay magaalada. Shirkad toban jir ah oo wax soo saarta, qaybisa, iibisa, soo dejisa/dhoofinta, waxay farsamaysaa milix-qoyan, milix qallalan, buluug qoyan, limuun leh, la shiiday, iyo hawo/jir qallalan hargaha iyo ariga ee la qalajiyey. Mabda'a dhoofinta buluuga qoyan waa Turkiga, Pakistan, Hindiya iyo Shiinaha. Hargaha geela ee ceeriin iyo haragga idaha iyo ariga ayaa sidoo kale loo dhoofiyaa Imaaraadka Carabta. Bangiyada ganacsiga ee Bosaaso ka shaqeeya waxaa kamid ah Amal Bank iyo Salaam Bank . Salaam Bank waxa uu bixiyaa adeegyada bangiyada gaarka ah iyo bangiyada shirkadaha. Adeegyada bangiyada Islaamiga ah iyo agabkeeda waxaa ka mid ah Mudarabah, Murabaha, Musharakah iyo Istisnaa. Intaa waxaa dheer, bangigu wuxuu bixiyaa bangiyada elektarooniga ah , bangiga SMS , bangiga gacanta iyo lacag-bixinta internetka. Bishii Agoosto 2011, bangigu wuxuu sidoo kale daah-furay adeeg madax-banaan (Kaaftoon) oo uu la wadaagayo Golis Telecom Soomaaliya. ==Gaadiidka== [[File:Bosasairp.jpg|thumb|Gegida caalamiga ah ee Bender Qassim sanadkii 2007, ka hor dayactirka]] Boosaaso waxa dhex mara waddo wayn oo waqooyi-koonfur ah oo dhan 750-km (470 mi). Waxay isku xirtaa magaalooyinka waaweyn ee waqooyiga dalka sida Gaalkacyo iyo Garoowe iyo magaalooyin ku yaal koonfurta. Bishii Juun 2012, Hay'adda Wadooyinka Puntland (PHA) ayaa billowday mashruuc dib u hagaajin iyo dayactir ah oo lagu sameynayo laamiga weyn ee isku xira Boosaaso iyo Garoowe. Hay'adda gaadiidku waxay sidoo kale biloowday dayactirka halbowlaha dhexe ee isku xira magaalada iyo Qardho bishii Oktoobar 2012 .Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa socda qorshayaal lagu dhisayo waddooyin cusub oo isku xira magaalooyinka waaweyn ee gobolka iyo jidka weyn . Bishii June 2014, Madaxweynaha Puntland Cabdiweli Maxamed Cali Gaas oo uu weheliyo Duqa degmada Boosaaso Xasan Cabdallah Xasan iyo mas’uuliyiin kale ayaa sidoo kale daah furay waddo cusub oo laami ah oo dhererkeedu dhan yahay 5.9km (3.7 mi). Mashruucan dhismuhu wuxuu u socdaa dhinaca dekedda Boosaaso, waxaana la dhammaystiray hay'adda UNHABITAT. Sida uu sheegay Cali, maamulkiisu waxa uu qorshaynayaa in uu ugu yaraan 23 milyan oo Yuuro ku maalgeliyo tabarucaadka saaxiibada caalamiga ah ee la mid ah hindisayaasha horumarinta kaabayaasha waddooyinka. Magaaladu waxay leedahay deked weyn oo ah dekeda Boosaaso . Waxa la dhisay badhtamihii 1980-aadkii maamulkii Siyaad Barre si sannad walba loo dhoofiyo xoolaha Bariga Dhexe . Bishii Janaayo 2012, waxaa la bilaabay mashruuc dib u dayactir ah, iyadoo KMC ay qandaraas ku qaadatay inay casriyeyso dekedda Boosaaso. Wajigii koowaad ee hindisaha ayaa lagu arkay nadiifinta agabka aan loo baahnayn ee ka soo baxay barxadda dekedda, waxaana la dhameeyay bishii gudaheeda. Wejiga labaad waxa uu ku saabsan yahay dib u dhiska dekeddu ku teedsan tahay badda ku dheggan, iyada oo ujeedadu tahay in la dejiyo maraakiibta waaweyn. Marka laga soo tago dekedda mashquulka badan, Boosaaso waxay leedahay garoon diyaaradeed oo weyn, garoonka caalamiga ah ee Bender Qassim . Sannadkii 2008, dawladda Puntland waxay heshiis malaayiin dollar ah la gashay shirkadda Dubai Lootah Group, oo ah koox warshadeed goboleed oo ka hawlgasha Bariga Dhexe iyo Afrika. Heshiiskan ayaa dhigaya in wajiga koowaad ee maalgashigan uu ku kacayo 170 milyan oo doolar ( $ 46.28m) waxaana lagu wadaa in la dhiso shirkado cusub oo ka howlgala,maamulka iyo dhismaha xarunta ganacsiga xorta ah ee Boosaaso iyo dhismaha badda iyo garoonka diyaaradaha. Shirkadda Garoonka Boosaaso ayaa loo qorsheeyay inay horumariso dhismaha garoonka si uu u buuxiyo heerarka caalamiga ah, oo ay ku jiraan waddo cusub oo 3.4 KM (2.1 mi) ah, dhismayaal waaweyn iyo kuwo gargaar ah, tagaasida iyo aagagga garoonnada, iyo hareeraha ammaanka. Bishii Disembar 2014, waxaa sidoo kale garoonka diyaaradaha la dhagax dhigay waddo cusub oo ay diyaaraduhu ku ordaan. Shirkadda Dhismaha Injineerinka Madaniga ah ee Shiinaha ayaa hadda loo qorsheeyay in ay cusboonaysiiso dhabaha dayuuradaha ee garoonka ee jira, oo ay ku dhejiso daamur, oo ay ka beddesho 1.8 ilaa 2.65 km (1.12 ilaa 1.65 mayl) iyada oo la raacayo xeerka hawlgalka 4C. ==Waxbarashada== [[File:Eaubosaso2.jpg|thumb|Gelitaanka Jaamacadda Bariga Afrika faraceeda Boosaaso]] Boosaaso waxaa ku yaal dhowr xarumo waxbarasho. Sida ay sheegtay wasaaradda waxbarashada Puntland, degmada Boosaaso waxaa ku yaalla 74 dugsi hoose dhexe . Waxaa ka mid ah Iskuulka Iftin, Alfurqaan, Umul-Qura iyo Gaarisa. Dugsiyada sare ee deegaanka waxaa ka mid ah Xamdaan, Shaafici, Ughaz Yaasiin, Najax, Boosaaso iyo Xaaji Yaasiin. Waxbarashada heer jaamacadeed waxaa bixiya kulliyadda Boosaaso (BC), iyo sidoo kale Puntland Nursing Institute (PNI). Jaamacadda Bariga Afrika (EAU) waxay kaloo ku leedahay faraceeda Boosaaso, oo ka mid ah toddobada xarumood ee ay ku leedahay Puntland. Intaa waxa dheer, Sam Greathouse School of Modern Technology (SG-SMT) waxa ay dawladda hoose kala shaqaynaysay sidii loo dhisi lahaa shabakad ballaadhan oo isku xidha Boosaaso iyo magaalooyinka kale ee waqooyiga Soomaaliya, oo ay ku jiraan Berbera iyo Laascaanood . ==Muuqaallo guud== [[File:Bosaatnight.jpg|thumb|Muuqaallo guud]] [[File:Bosasocityview.jpg|thumb|Magaalada Boosaaso]] ==Soo jiidashada dalxiiska== Biyo Kulule waa il kulul oo ku taal koonfur-bari magaalada, 7 kiiloomitir (4.3 mi) ka baxsan magaalada. Mareero waxay ku taal (25 kiiloomitir (16 mi) jihada bari ee Boosaaso,waxayna caan ku tahay xeebta ciidda cad. Gaca, Laag, Karin , Yalho waxa loo tixgaliyaa inay yihiin meelo la soo booqdo. [[File:Angle_view_of_Biyo_Kulule.jpg|thumb|Biyo Kulule]] [[File:Mareero_Beach.jpg|thumb|Xeebta Mareero]] ==Warbaahinta== Magaalada Boosaaso ayaa waxaa ku sugan dhowr xarumo warbaahin oo gaar loo leeyahay. Radio Daljir oo ah idaacada ugu weyn Puntland ayaa xarunteeda ugu weyn ku leh magaalada. Shabakadda baahinta FM-ta oo ka kooban todobo FM ah ayaa soo gaarta inta badan Puntland iyo sidoo kale qeyb ka mid ah deegaannada ay deriska yihiin ee Galmudug oo dhanka koonfureed ka xiga. Sidoo kale xarunteedu tahay magaalada Boosaaso iyo istuudiyaha ay ku leedahay Garoowe waxaa ka mid ah Idaacadda SBC oo ah idaacada ugu faca weyn uguna weyn Puntland. Intaa waxaa dheer, Idaacadaha Horseed , Al Xigma, iyo Radio One Nation ayaa xarun ku leh magaalada. Bishii Maajo 2013, Radio Garowe ayaa sidoo kale furay idaacad cusub oo FM ah oo laga furay Boosaaso. Magaaladu waxa kale oo ay leedahay kanaalo telefishan oo gaar loo leeyahay iyo istuudyo, Shabakadda Telefishanka Bari (ETN TV) iyo SBC TV. ==Degmooyinka== Boosaaso waxay u qaybsantaa 16 tuulo oo maamul ==Magaalooyinka walaalaha ah== 12 Agoosto 2016 Duqa magaalada Boosaaso Yaasiin Mire Maxamuud iyo Duqa magaalada Betsy Hodges ee Minneapolis ayaa si wada jir ah u saxiixay is-afgaradka rasmiga ah ee xiriirka Magaalada Walaasha, heshiiska waxaa horay u ansixiyay golaha deegaanka Minneapolis oo markii dambe ay isku raaceen golaha deegaanka Boosaaso. {| class="wikitable" "text-align:left;font-size:100%;"| |- ! style="background:#39e; color:white; height:17px; width:120px;"| Wadanka ! ! style="background:#39e; color:white; width:140px;"| Magaalada |- style="color:black; background:white;" |- |! !| {{Flag|United States}} |! !| [[File:Minneapolis seal.png|25px]] [[Minneapolis]]<ref name="Mccanscis">{{cite news|title=Minneapolis City Council Approves New Sister City In Somalia|url=http://minnesota.cbslocal.com/2014/10/10/minneapolis-city-council-approves-new-sister-city-in-somalia/|access-date=10 October 2014|agency=CBS|date=10 October 2014}}</ref> |} ==Tixraac== [https://web.archive.org/web/20150202193210/http://bosasomunicipality.com/districts "Dawladda hoose ee Boosaaso"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20170728203029/https://docs.unocha.org/sites/dms/Somalia/UNDP-POP-RURAL-URBAN%202005.pdf "Gobolada, degmooyinka, iyo dadkooda: Soomaaliya 2005 (qabyo)"] [https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/ancient/periplus.asp "Mashruuca Buugaagta Taariikhda Internetka: Taariikhda Qadiimiga ah"] [https://books.google.com/books?id=fV5C-R1Jr_wC&q=The%2520Majeerteen%2520Sultanate%2520%28Migiurtinia%29%2520was%2520founded&pg=PT80 Meesha Aduunka Ugu Khatarsan: Gudaha Dawlad-goboleedka Soomaaliyeed] [https://web.archive.org/web/20140606220447/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia-World-Environment-Day-celebrated-in-Puntland-Govt-calls-for-tree-plantation_printer.shtml "Soomaaliya: Maalinta Deegaanka Adduunka oo Puntland laga xusay, Dowladda oo ku baaqday in la beero Dhirta"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20161005063105/http://sddr.faoswalim.org/downloads/Long%20Term%20Mean_Monthly__sunshine%20fraction.xls "Waqtiga fog macneheedu waa jajab bille ah oo cadceed ka soo baxa Soomaaliya"] [https://somalia.un.org/en/226965-bringing-school-closer-internally-displaced-children-bosaaso "iskuulku soo dhawaynta caruurta gudaha ku barokacay ee Bosaaso"]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [http://www.villapuntland.com/?p=15257 Waxaa maanta si rasmi ah u furmay kalfadhiga labaad ee golaha deegaanka] {{Wayback|url=http://www.villapuntland.com/?p=15257 |date=20200429183621 }} [http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Puntland_rolls_out_measures_to_avert_deforestation_printer.shtml "Soomaaliya: Puntland oo qaaday tallaabooyin cusub oo looga hortagayo xaalufinta dhirta"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Puntland_rolls_out_measures_to_avert_deforestation_printer.shtml |date=20131004233954 }} [http://puntlandvoice.com/salaam-puntland-bank-boosaaso-oo-soo-bandhigtay-adeeg-loogu-magac-daray-%E2%80%9Ckaaftoon%E2%80%9D/ "Salaam Puntland Bank Boosaaso oo soo bandhigtay Adeeg loogu Magac Daray "Kaaftoon"] {{Wayback|url=http://puntlandvoice.com/salaam-puntland-bank-boosaaso-oo-soo-bandhigtay-adeeg-loogu-magac-daray-%E2%80%9Ckaaftoon%E2%80%9D/ |date=20141016111930 }} [http://sabahionline.com/en_GB/articles/hoa/articles/newsbriefs/2012/06/28/newsbrief-07 "Puntland oo dib u habayn ku samaynaysa Waddada Boosaaso iyo Garoowe"] [http://www.ameinfo.com/176786.html Dowladda Puntland ee Soomaaliya, Maal-gashiga Lootah ayaa kala saxiixday heshiisyo istiraatijiyadeed oo ku kacaya 170-Dhs"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20230709015707/https://www.garoweonline.com/page/show/post/1112/somalia-puntland-president-lays-foundation-stone-for-bossaso-airport-runway "Madaxwaynaha Puntland Oo Dhagax Dhigay Dhabaha Diyaaradaha Ee Garoonka Diyaaradaha Boosaaso"] [http://gallery.mailchimp.com/8f102acd5706302123896fceb/files/Governance_Leadership_and_Management_Programme_for_Somalia.doc "Barnaamij lagu hagaajinayo maamulka, hoggaaminta iyo awoodda maamulka ee saddexda hay'adood ee caafimaadka Soomaaliya"] [http://minnesota.cbslocal.com/2014/10/10/minneapolis-city-council-approves-new-sister-city-in-somalia/ "Golaha Deegaanka Minneapolis Oo Ansixiyey Walaasha Cusub Ee Soomaaliya"] ==Ilaha== [https://books.google.com/books?id=GbJIAAAAYAAJ "Dib-u-eegis Todobaadle ah"] [http://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-4556869&fid=5776&c=somalia Boosaaso – Isku-duwayaasha] ==Xiriirinta dibadda== [https://web.archive.org/web/20150202193210/http://bosasomunicipality.com/districts Dowladda hoose ee Boosaaso] [https://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-4556933&fid=5779&c=somalia, Boosaaso, Soomaaliya] 9j5un9mlmdo19wjz2owhv50af7z7o52 0 3282 307658 300605 2026-09-09T17:42:37Z Soalt 39618 template:dalalka afrika iyo category:wadamada afrika 307658 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Tunisiya | name = {{unbulleted list|{{native name|ar|الجمهورية التونسية}}<br />{{transliteration|ar|al-Jumhūriyyah at-Tūnisiyyah}}}} | common_name = Tunisiya | image_flag = Flag of Tunisia.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Tunisia.svg | coa_size = 70 | national_motto = {{lang|ar|حرية، نظام، عدالة|rtl=yes}}<br />"{{transliteration|ar|Ḥurrīyah, Niẓām, 'Adālah}}"<br />"[[Xorriyad, Kala-danbaysi, Caddaalad]]" | national_anthem = {{lang|ar|حماة الحمى|rtl=yes}}<br />"[[Humat al-Hima]]"<br />({{langx|en|"Difaacayaasha Gidgiga"}})<br />{{center|[[File:Humat al-Hima.ogg]]}} | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Tunisia location (orthographic projection).svg]]|Muuji wareegga dhulka|Muuji khariidadda Tunisiya|default=1}} | map_caption = | capital = [[Tunis]] | largest_city = caasimadda | coordinates = {{Coord|36|49|N|10|11|E|type:city}} | official_languages = [[Af-Carabi Standardka Casriga ah|Carabi]]<ref name="art1">{{cite web|title=Dastuurka Tunisiya, Qodobka 1 |url=http://www.anc.tn/site/main/AR/docs/constit_proj_26012014.pdf |date=26 January 2014 |access-date=10 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209234154/http://www.anc.tn/site/main/AR/docs/constit_proj_26012014.pdf |archive-date=9 February 2014 }} Turjumaadda Jaamacadda Bern: "Tunisiya waa Dawlad xor ah, madax-bannaan oo madax-bannaan; diinteedu waa Islaamka, luqaddeedu waa Carabi, foomkeeduna waa Jamhuuriyadda."</ref> | religion_ref = <ref name="CIA">{{cite web | url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tunisia/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110024851/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tunisia | url-status=dead | archive-date=10 January 2021 | title=Tunisia CIA World Factbook | date=13 March 2024 }}</ref> | religion = {{unbulleted list|99% [[Islaamka Tunisiya|Islaamka Sunniga]]|1% [[Astaamaha dadka ee Tunisiya|kuwa kale]] (oo ay ku jiraan [[Diinta ee Tunisiya#Masiixiyadda|Masiixiyiinta]], [[Taariikhda Yuhuuda ee Tunisiya|Yuhuudda]], [[Islaamka Shiicada]], iyo [[Diinta Baháʼí ee Tunisiya|Baha’i]])<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/new-survey-reveals-drop-religiousity-across-arab-world-especially-north-africa | title=New survey reveals drop-off in religiosity across Arab world, especially North Africa }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2018/06/13/young-adults-around-the-world-are-less-religious-by-several-measures/ | title=2. Young adults around the world are less religious by several measures | date=13 June 2018 }}</ref>}} | languages_type = Af-goobalka maxaliga ah | languages = [[Af-Carabiga Tunisiya]]<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/aeb Arabic, Tunisian Spoken]. Ethnologue (19 February 1999). Retrieved on 5 September 2015.</ref> Lahjadaha laga tirada badan yahay : [[Af-Berberka Jerba]] (Chelha) [[Af-Berberka Matmata]] [[Af-Carabiga Yuhuudda-Tunisiya]] (UNESCO CR) <ref>{{cite web|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000212023|title=Atlas of the world's languages in danger : North Africa and the Middle East}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/apr/15/language-extinct-endangered|title=Endangered Languages}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/TN/languages|title=Tunisia Language Status}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.language-archives.org/language/jbn|title=OLAC resources in and about the Nafusi language}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nafu1238|title=Language Classification}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tunisia/Languages|title=Languages of Tunisia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-tunisia.html|title=What Languages Are Spoken In Tunisia?}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QDq4YV0VT00C&q=Berber-speaking+migrant+communities&pg=PA109|title=Change in Tunisia: Studies in the Social Sciences|last1=Stone|first1=Russell A.|last2=Simmons|first2=John|date=1976|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=9780873953115|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://researchdirect.uws.edu.au/islandora/object/uws:573|title=An outline of the Shilha (Berber) vernacular of Douiret (Southern Tunisia)|publisher=PhD Thesis, Western Sydney University |last=Gabsi |first= Z. |year=2003}}</ref> | languages2_type = Luqadaha qalaad | languages2 = [[Af-Fransiis|Fransiis]] iyo [[Af-Ingiriisi|Ingiriisi]]{{efn|Ingiriisiga waxaa lagu dhigaa laga bilaabo fasalka afraad,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cnp.com.tn/arabic/PDF/CurriculumOFENGLISH.pdf|title=CurriculumOFENGLISH|date=2019}}</ref> waxaana jira koror la dareemi karo oo ku yimid adeegsigeeda dhalinyarada dhexdeeda iyo baahida sii kordheysa ee suuqa shaqada.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=English-medium instruction in Tunisia: Perspectives of students|date=2023|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1112255 |doi-access=free |last1=Abdeljaoued |first1=Marii |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=14 |article-number=1112255 |pmid=37008855 |pmc=10063842 }}</ref>}} | ethnic_groups = {{Tree list}} * 98% [[Carab]]<ref name=CIA/> * 1% [[Berber]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3509799.stm|title=Berbers Populations Distribution|date=12 March 2004 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3509799.stm|title=Q&A: The Berbers|date=12 March 2004 }}</ref> * 1% [[Yuhuud]] iyo kuwa kale<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pjvoice.com/v27/27006tunisia.aspx|title=The Jews of Tunisia|website=www.pjvoice.com}}</ref> {{Tree list/end}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2021 | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name=CIA/> | demonym = [[Dadka Tunisiya|Reer Tunisiya]] | government_type = Midaysan [[jamhuuriyad madaxweyne]] | leader_title1 = [[Madaxweynaha Tunisiya|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Kais Saied]] | leader_title2 = [[Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Tunisiya|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name2 = [[Sara Zaafarani]] | legislature = [[Baarlamaanka Tunisiya|Baarlamaan]] | upper_house = [[Golaha Qaranka ee Gobollada iyo Degmooyinka]] | lower_house = [[Golaha Wakiilada Shacabka]] | sovereignty_type = [[Taariikhda Tunisiya|Aasaaska]] | established_event1 = [[Aghlabids|Imaaraddii Aghlabid]] | established_date1 = 800 | established_event2 = [[Hafsids|Saldanaddii Hafsid]] | established_date2 = 1229 | established_event3 = [[Beylik of Tunis|Beylik-gii Tunis]] | established_date3 = 15 Luulyo 1705 | established_event4 = [[Maxmiyaddii Fransiiska ee Tunisiya|Maxmiyaddii Fransiiska]] | established_date4 = 12 Maayo 1881 | established_event5 = [[Madax-bannaanida Tunisiya|Madax-bannaanida]] iyo [[Boqortooyada Tunisiya|Boqortooyada]] | established_date5 = 20 Maarso 1956 | established_event6 = [[Taariikhda Tunisiya casriga ah|Ku dhawaaqista Jamhuuriyadda]] | established_date6 = 25 Luulyo 1957 | area_km2 = 163610 | area_rank = 91aad <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]]--> | area_sq_mi = 63170 | percent_water = 5.04 | population_estimate = | population_census = 11,972,169<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ins.tn/en/enquetes/population-and-housing-census-2024 | title=National Institute of Statistics}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = | population_estimate_rank = 79aad | population_census_year = 2024 | population_density_km2 = 79 <!--pop est 2011 (164,418 sq km) / land area (155,360) = 96,536 sq mi--> | population_density_sq_mi = 200 | population_density_rank = 134aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $183.73 bilyan<ref name="WEOD2504">{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_rank = 84aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $14,780<ref name="WEOD2504"></ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 111aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $56.290 bilyan<ref name="WEOD2504"></ref> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_rank = 90aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $4,530<ref name="WEOD2504"></ref> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 121aad | Gini = 33.7 <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = 2021 | Gini_change = hoos u dhacay <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=GINI index |publisher=World Bank |access-date=19 January 2013}}</ref> | HDI = 0.746 <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = kordhay <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = <ref>{{cite book |url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report-2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 - A matter of choice: People and possibilities in the age of AI |date=6 May 2025 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |isbn= |publication-date=6 May 2025 |pages= |access-date=6 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506064128/https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report-2025 |archive-date=6 May 2025}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 105aad | currency = [[Dinaarka Tunisiya]] | currency_code = TND | time_zone = [[Wakhtiga Bartamaha Yurub|CET]] | utc_offset = +1 | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | calling_code = [[Lambarrada taleefanka ee Tunisiya|+216]] | cctld = {{ublist |[[.tn]] |{{lang|ar|[[Internationalized country code top-level domain|.تونس]]}}<ref name="iana">{{cite web |url=https://www.iana.org/reports/2010/tunis-report-16jul2010.html |title=Report on the Delegation of تونس. |year=2010 |publisher=Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers |access-date=8 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531054928/https://www.iana.org/reports/2010/tunis-report-16jul2010.html |archive-date=31 May 2012 }}</ref>}} }} '''Tunisiya''',{{efn|Ku dhawaaqida: {{IPAc-en|UK|tj|uː|ˈ|n|ɪ|z|i|ə|,_|-|ˈ|n|ɪ|s|-}}, {{IPAc-en|US|-|ˈ|n|iː|ʒ|ə|,_|-|ˈ|n|iː|ʃ|ə|,_|-|ˈ|n|ɪ|ʒ|ə|,_|-|ˈ|n|ɪ|ʃ|ə}};<ref>{{citation|last=Wells|first=John C.|year=2008|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|edition=3rd|publisher=Longman|isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0}}</ref> {{langx|ar|تونس}} ''{{audio|help=no|tounes bel tounsi.wav|Tūnis}}'', {{IPA|ar|tuː.nɪs|pron}}}} si rasmi ahna loo yiraahdo '''Jamhuuriyadda Tunisiya''',{{efn|{{langx|ar|الجمهورية التونسية}} ''{{audio|help=no|tounesjmr.wav|al-Jumhūrīya at-Tūnisīya}}''; {{langx|fr|République tunisienne}}. Magaca rasmiga ah ee af-Carabiga maxaliga ah wuxuu u turjumayaa si aad ugu dhow "Jamhuuriyadda Tunisiya", sidoo kale turjumaadda rasmiga ah ee Fransiiska ee inta badan la isticmaalo, laakiin turjumaadda Ingiriiska ee "Republic of Tunisia" waxaa Ingiriis ahaan u adeegsada xitaa dawladda Tunisiya ujeeddooyin rasmi ah (tusaale ahaan, magaca ay adeegsato safaaradda Tunisiya ee Washington, D.C.)}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Embassy of the Republic of Tunisia|url=https://www.tunisianembassy.org/|access-date=2021-09-30|publisher=Embassy of the Republic of Tunisia|language=en-US}}</ref> waa dal ku yaal gobolka [[Maghrib]] ee [[Waqooyiga Afrika]]. Waxaa xudduud la wadaaga [[Aljeeriya]] dhanka galbeed iyo koonfur-galbeed, [[Liibiya]] dhanka koonfur-bari, iyo [[Bada Dhexe]] dhanka waqooyi iyo bari. Tunisiya waxay sidoo kale xudduud baddeed la wadaagtaa [[Talyaaniga]] iyada oo loo marayo jasiiradaha [[Sisili]] iyo [[Sardiniya]] dhanka waqooyi iyo [[Malta]] dhanka bari. Waxay leedahay goobo qadiimi ah oo laga qoday oo ku saabsan [[Kartaaj]] kuwaas oo dib u dhacaya qarnigii 9aad BC, iyo sidoo kale Masaajidka Weyn ee [[Kairouan]]. Waxay caan ku tahay dhismaheeda qadiimiga ah, [[Suuqyada Tunis|suuqyada]], iyo xeebaha buluugga ah, waxay ku fadhidaa dhul baaxaddiisu tahay {{convert|163610|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, waxayna leedahay dad gaaraya 12.1 milyan. Waxay ka kooban tahay dhammaadka bari ee [[Buuraha Atlas]] iyo cirifka waqooyi ee saxaraha [[Saxaraha Weyn]]; inta badan dhulkeeda soo harayna waa [[dhul la beeri karo]]. Xeebteeda oo dhererkeedu yahay {{convert|1300|km|mi|abbr=on}} waxaa ku jira isku-xirka Afrikaanka ee qeybaha galbeed iyo bari ee [[Dooxada Badda Dhexe]]. Tunisiya waa hoyga dhibicda ugu waqooyisaneysa Afrika, oo ah [[Cape Angela]]. Waxay ku taal xeebta waqooyi-bari, [[Tunis]] waa caasimadda dalka, taas oo dalka la fkiisa loogu magac daray Tunis. Luqadda rasmiga ah ee Tunisiya waa [[Af-Carabi Standardka Casriga ah|Carabi]]. Inta guud ee dadka Tunisiya waa [[Carab]] iyo [[Muslimiin]]. Af-goobalka [[Af-Carabiga Tunisiya]] waa luqadda ugu hadalka badan, [[Af-Fransiis|Fransiiska]] wuxuu u adeegaa sidii luqad maamul iyo mid waxbarasho xaaladaha qaar, laakiin ma laha maqaam rasmi ah. Laga soo bilaabo xilligii qadiimiga ahaa ee hore, Tunisiya waxaa degganaa dadka u dhashay gobolka ee [[Berber]]. [[Foinikiya|Foinikiyiinta]], oo ah dad [[Luqadaha Semitiga|Semiig]] ah, waxay bilaabeen inay yimaadaan qarnigii 12aad BC, [[Deegaamaynta Foinikiyiinta ee Waqooyiga Afrika|iyagoo degey xeebta oo aasaasay dhowr degmo]], kuwaas oo [[Kartaaj]] ay u soo baxday inay noqoto dalka ugu awoodda badnaa qarnigii 7aad BC. Faracyadii ka yimid degeyaashii Foinikiyiinta waxaa loo yaqaannay [[Dadka Punic]]. [[Kartaaj-tii Qadiimiga ahayd]] waxay ahayd boqortooyo [[Ganaacsi|ganacsi]] weyn iyo xafiiltan ciidan la lahayd [[Jamhuuriyadda Roomanka]] ilaa 146 BC markii [[Goynta Kartaaj (Dagaalkii Saddexaad ee Punic)|lagu jabiyay]] Roomaanka kuwaas oo haystay Tunisiya inta badan 800-da sano ee soo socota. Roomaanku waxay soo hordhigeen [[Masiixiyad|Masiixiyadda]] waxayna ka tageen hiddo dhisid ah sida [[Amphitheatre of El Jem]]. Qarnigii 7aad AD, [[Fathigii Muslimiinta ee Maghrib|Muslimiinta Carabta ayaa qabsaday]] Tunisiya waxayna [[Hijradii Carabta ee Maghrib|la degeen qabiilooyinkooda iyo qoysaskooda]], iyagoo keenay [[Islaam]] iyo [[Dhaqanka Carabta]]. Ka dib guurid weyn oo [[Hijradii Carabta ee Maghrib#Banu Hilal iyo Banu Sulaym (qarnigii 11aad)|Hijradii Carabta]] ee qabiilooyinka [[Banu Hilal]] iyo [[Banu Sulaym]] qarniyadii 11aad-12aad ayaa dardargelisay geeddi-socodkan. Qiyaastii qarnigii 15aad, gobolka Tunisiya ee maanta wuxuu horey u ahaa mid ku dhowaad gebi ahaanba [[Carabayn|Caraboobay]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Holes |first=Clive |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzRtDwAAQBAJ |title=Arabic Historical Dialectology: Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Approaches |year=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-100506-0 |page=42 |language=en}}</ref> Ka dib, sanadkii 1546, [[Boqortooyadii Cusmaniyiinta]] ayaa aasaastay maamul, iyadoo haysatay ilaa 1881, markii [[Qabsashadii Fransiiska ee Tunisiya|Fransiisku qabsaday Tunisiya]]. Sanadkii 1956, [[Madax-bannaanida Tunisiya|Tunisiya waxay qaadatay madax-bannaanida]] iyadoo ah Jamhuuriyadda Tunisiya. Maanta, [[Dhaqanka Tunisiya|dhaqanka Tunisiya]] iyo aqoonsigeedu waxay ku salaysan yihiin isgoyskan qarniyada badan qaatay ee dhaqamada iyo qoomiyadaha kala duwan. Sanadkii 2011, [[Kacdoonkii Tunisiya]], kaas oo ay kicisay qanacnaan la'aan ku saabsan xorriyad la'aanta iyo [[demoqraadiyad|demoqraadiyadda]] hoos timaada xukunkii 24-ka sano ahaa ee Madaxweyne [[Zine El Abidine Ben Ali]], ayaa afgembiyay nidaamkiisii wuxuuna horseeday dhaqdhaqaaqa ballaran ee [[Gu'gii Carabta]] ee gobolka oo dhan. Doorashooyin baarlamaani ah oo xisbiyo badan oo xor ah [[Doorashadii Golaha Maatada ee Tunisiya ee 2011|doorashooyin]] ayaa la qabtay wax yar ka dib; dalku wuxuu haddana u codeeyay baarlamaan 26 Oktoobar 2014,<ref>{{Cite news |url =http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/ARTJAWEB20140625141745/ |title=Tunisie: les législatives fixées au 26 octobre et la présidentielle au 23 novembre |trans-title=Tunisia: legislative elections fixed for 26 October and presidential elections for 23 November|newspaper=Jeune Afrique |language=fr |date=25 June 2014}}</ref> iyo madaxweyne 23 Noofambar 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tunisia holds first post-revolution presidential poll|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-30165471|work=BBC News|date=23 November 2014}}</ref> Gobolka 2014 ilaa 2020, waxaa loo tixgeliyey dalka kaliya ee demoqraaddiga ah ee [[Caalamka Carabta]], sida uu qabo ''[[The Economist Democracy Index]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url =https://infographics.economist.com/2022/democracy-index-2021/index.html |title=Democracy Index 2021|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref>{{efn|[[Lubnaan]] iyo [[Ciraaq]] waa [[Nidaamka qirashada (siyaasadda)|demoqraadiyado qirasho siyasadeed ah]].}} Ka dib [[dib-u-dhac demoqraadi ah]] oo ka dhacay hoos timaada Madaxweyne [[Kais Saied]], Tunisiya waxaa loo qiimeeyay [[nidaam isku-dhaf ah]] sanadkii 2022<ref>{{cite web |title=Democracy Index 2021: The China challenge |url=https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2021/ |website=Economist Intelligence Unit |access-date=2 March 2022 |pages=6–7 |archive-date=8 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108091515/https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2021/ }}</ref> laga bilaabo 2025 ma laha doorashooyin xor iyo cadaalad ah sida uu qabo [[Freedom House]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tunisia: Freedom in the World 2025 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/tunisia/freedom-world/2025 |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=Freedom House |language=en}}</ref> Waa mid ka mid ah waddamada tirada yar ee Afrika ee aadka ugu sarreeya [[Heerka Horumarka Aadanaha]], iyadoo leh mid ka mid ah [[Liiska waddamada Afrika marka loo eego GDP (PPP) qofkiiba|dakhliga qofkiiba ugu sarreeya]] qaaradda, iyadoo ku jirta kaalinta 129aad ee [[Liiska waddamada marka loo eego GDP (nominal) qofkiiba|dakhliga qofkiiba ee GDP]]. Tunisiya waxay si fiican ugu dhex weydaysan tahay beesha caalamka. Waa xubin ka tirsan [[Qaramada Midoobay]], {{Lang|fr|[[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]]}}, [[Ururka Carabta]], [[Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka]], [[Midowga Afrika]], [[Suuqa Wadajirka ah ee Bariga iyo Koonfurta Afrika]], [[Dhaqdhaqaaqa Aan-la-safan]], [[Maxkamadda Dembiyada Caalamiga ah]], [[Kooxda 77]], iyo kuwa kale. Waxay xiriir dhow oo dhaqaale iyo siyaasadeed la leedahay qaar ka mid ah waddamada Yurub, gaar ahaan [[Xiriirka Faransiiska iyo Tunisiya|Faransiiska]] iyo [[Xiriirka Talyaaniga iyo Tunisiya|Talyaaniga]],<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.jolpress.com/italie-matteo-renzi-tunisie-article-824677.html "Pourquoi l'Italie de Matteo Renzi se tourne vers la Tunisie avant l'Europe"]. JOL Journalism Online Press (28 February 2014). {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810115035/http://www.jolpress.com/italie-matteo-renzi-tunisie-article-824677.html|date=10 August 2018}}. Retrieved on 5 September 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ghanmi |first=Monia |date=12 September 2014 |url=http://magharebia.com/fr/articles/awi/articles/2014/09/12/feature-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914025940/http://magharebia.com/fr/articles/awi/articles/2014/09/12/feature-02 |archive-date=14 September 2014 |title=La Tunisie renforce ses relations avec l'Italie |language=fr |trans-title=Tunisia strengthens relations with Italy |work=Magharebia}}</ref> sababo la xiriira isku dhawaanshahooda dhuleed. Tunisiya waxay sidoo kale leedahay [[Heshiiska Ururka Midowga Yurub|heshiis iskaashi]] ay la leedahay [[Midowga Yurub]] waxayna gaartay maqaamka [[isbahaysi weyn oo aan NATO ahayn]] ee [[Maraykanka]]. == Asalka magaca== {{see also|Tunis#Etymology}} Erayga ''Tunisia'' wuxuu ka yimid [[Tunis]], oo ah xarun magaalo oo dhexe iyo caasimadda Tunisiya-da casriga ah. Qaabka hadda jira ee magaca, oo wata horgalaheeda [[Laatiin|Laatiinka]] ee ''{{nowrap|-ia}}'', wuxuu ka yimid [[Af-Fransiis|Fransiiska]] {{lang|fr|Tunisie}},<ref name="Adrian">{{cite book |last=Room |first=Adrian |title=Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features, and Historic Sites |entry=Tunisia |entry-url=https://archive.org/details/placenamesofworl02edroom/page/385/mode/1up |publisher=McFarland |year=2006 |page=385 |isbn=978-0-7864-2248-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Everett-Heath|first=John|title=The Concise Dictionary of World Place-names|entry=Tunisia|entry-url=https://archive.org/details/concisedictionar0000ever/page/534/mode/1up|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2005|page=534|isbn=978-0-19-860537-9}}</ref> kaas oo isna guud ahaan lala xiriiriyo xididka [[Luqadaha Berberiga|Berberiga]] ee {{lang|ber|ⵜⵏⵙ}}, loona qoro {{lang|ber-Latn|tns}}, oo macnaheedu yahay "in la dego" ama "xero".<ref name="peter-ross">{{cite book |first1=Peter M. |last1=Rossi |first2=Wayne Edward |last2=White |title=Articles on the Middle East, 1947–1971: A Cumulation of the Bibliographies from the Middle East Journal |publisher=Pierian Press, [[University of Michigan]] |year=1980 |page=132}}</ref> Mararka qaarkood waxaa sidoo kale lala xiriiriyaa [[Diinta Kartaaj|ilaahadda Kartaaj]] ee [[Tanit]]h (ama Tunit),<ref name="Adrian"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Isaac |title=Names and Their Histories: A Handbook of Historical Geography and Topographical Nomenclature |publisher=BiblioBazaar, LLC |year=2008 |page=281 |isbn=978-0-559-29668-0 }}</ref> iyo magaalada qadiimiga ah ee Tynes.<ref name="ej-brill">{{cite book |last=Houtsma |first=Martijn Theodoor |title=E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936 |publisher=Brill |year=1987 |page=838 |isbn=978-90-04-08265-6 }}</ref><ref name="hann-war">{{cite book |title=[[Ab urbe condita (Livy)|History of Rome]]|volume=Hannibal's War: Books Twenty-one to Thirty |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |page=705 |isbn=978-0-19-283159-0 |author=[[Livy]] |editor1-first=John |editor1-last=Yardley |editor2-last=Hoyos |editor2-first=Dexter |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Erayga ka dhashay Fransiiska ee {{lang|fr|Tunisie}} waxaa lagu qaatay joogitaanka luqadaha Yurub qaarkood iyadoo isbeddel yar lagu sameeyay, iyadoo la keenay magac gooni ah oo loo bixiyay dalka. Luqadaha kale waxay magaca uga tageen sidii uu ahaa, sida [[Af-Ruush|Ruushka]] {{lang|ru|Туни́с}} ({{transliteration|ru|Tunís}}) iyo [[Af-Isbaanish|Isbaanishka]] {{lang|es|Túnez}}. Xaaladdan, magaca isku midka ah ayaa loo adeegsadaa dalka iyo magaaladaba, sida [[Af-Carabi|Carabiga]] {{lang|ar|تونس|rtl=yes}}, waxaana kaliya oo lagu kala garan karaa macnaha qoraalka.<ref name="Adrian" /> Ingiriiska dhexdiisa, Tunisiya ka hor madax-bannaanida waxaa sidoo jiid badanaa loogu yeeri jiray si fudud "Tunis", magacaas oo sii jiray ilaa 1940-meeyadii;{{efn|''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' waxay u qornayd "TUNIS, Regency of, formerly one of the Barbary states of north Africa, but since 1881 a dependency of France,..." daabacaadeedii sagaaad ee 1875–1889,<ref>{{Cite EB9|wstitle=Tunis, Regency of|volume=XXIII|page=619}}</ref> laakiin kabaalkii 1902–1903 (daabacaadda tobnaad) iyo daabacaadeedii caanka ahayd ee kow iyo tobnaad (oo u qornayd "TUNISIA (Regency of Tunis), a country of North Africa, under the protection of France,..."<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Tunisia|volume=XXVII|page=393}}</ref>). Daabacaadihii ''[[New International Encyclopedia]]'' ee 1905 iyo 1916 waxay u qornaayeen "TUNIS (Fr. ''Tunisie''). A French protectorate in North Africa.",<ref>{{cite book|title=The New International Encyclopædia|volume=XIX|entry=Tunis|entry-url=https://archive.org/details/newinternational19gilm/page/535/mode/1up|publisher=Dodd, Mead and Company|date=1905|page=535}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The New International Encyclopædia|volume=XXII|entry=Tunis|entry-url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101064517301&seq=617|publisher=Dodd, Mead and Company|date=1916|page=545}}</ref> halka kabaalkii 1928 uu u qornaa "TUNIS or {{Smallcaps|Tunisia}}. A French protectorate in North Africa..."<ref>{{cite book|title=The New International Encyclopædia|volume=XXV|entry=Tunis|entry-url=https://archive.org/details/newinternational008261mbp/page/n454/mode/1up|publisher=Dodd, Mead and Company|date=1928|page=1311}}</ref>}} iyadoo uu jiro saamaynta Fransiiska, erayga cusub ee "Tunisia", oo laga soo qaatay ''Tunisie'', ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah u hirgalay.<ref name="Adrian" /> Sifada "Tunisian" waxay markii ugu horreysay ka soo muuqatay Ingiriiska sanadkii 1825;<ref>{{Cite OED2|term=Tunisian|volume=18|page=674|isbn=0-19-861230-3|url=https://archive.org/details/OXD1989ENEN/18%20-%20Oxford%20English%20Dictionary%20%281989%29/page/674/mode/1up}}</ref> qaabkii sifaale ee ka horreeyay wuxuu ahaa "Tunisine".<ref>{{Cite OED2|term=Tunisine|volume=18|page=674|isbn=0-19-861230-3|url=https://archive.org/details/OXD1989ENEN/18%20-%20Oxford%20English%20Dictionary%20%281989%29/page/674/mode/1up}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Wadamada Afrika]] pazoaggf0wo5dfmnb8gzkintbjexi3w 0 3330 307699 294983 2026-09-09T19:19:23Z Soalt 39618 Category:Wadamada Aasiya iyo tixraac 307699 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Malaysia<!-- The name of the Federation (official name of the state) according to Art 1(1) of the Federal Constitution is, in Malay and English, Malaysia. Nothing more, nothing less. 'Federation of' was only used for the state that preceded Malaysia – Federation of Malaya. Please do not insert 'Federation of' or 'Persekutuan' for Malay name --> | common_name = Malaysia | image_flag = Flag of Malaysia.svg | alt_flag = A blue rectangle with a gold star and crescent in the canton, with 14 horizontal red and white stripes on the rest of the flag | image_coat = Coat of arms of Malaysia.svg | symbol_type = Coat of arms | alt_coat = Shield showing the symbols of the Malaysian states with a star and crescent above and a motto below, supported by two tigers | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Malaysia (orthographic projection).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Malaysia ASEAN.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Southeast Asia|default=1}} | map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=dark green |region=Asia |subregion= [[ASEAN]] | subregion_color = dark gray}} | national_motto = {{lang|ms|Bersekutu Bertambah Mutu}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mygov.malaysia.gov.my/EN/Main/MsianGov/MsianFlagAndCrest/Pages/MsianFlagAndCrest.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022191931/http://mygov.malaysia.gov.my/EN/Main/MsianGov/MsianFlagAndCrest/Pages/MsianFlagAndCrest.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 October 2013 |title=Malaysian Flag and Coat of Arms |publisher=Malaysian Government |access-date=9 September 2013}}</ref><br />"[[Unity makes strength|Unity is Strength]]" | national_anthem = {{lang|ms|[[Negaraku]]}}<br />"My Country"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Negaraku instrumental.ogg]]}} | capital = {{plainlist| * [[Putrajaya]] (administrative and judicial)<br />{{coord|2|56|N|101|42|E|region:MY|display=inline}} * [[Kuala Lumpur]] (ceremonial and legislative)<br />{{coord|3|8|N|101|41|E|region:MY|display=inline}} }} | largest_city = [[Kuala Lumpur]] | languages_type = '''Official language''' | languages = [[Malaysian language|Malay]]{{efn|Section 9 of the [[National Language Act 1963/67]] states that "The script of the national language shall be the Rumi script: provided that this shall not prohibit the use of the Malay script, more commonly known as the Jawi script, of the national language".}}{{efn|Section 2 of the [[National Language Act 1963/67]] states that "Save as provided in this Act and subject to the safeguards contained in Article 152(1) of the Constitution relating to any other language and the language of any other community in Malaysia the national language shall be used for official purposes".}}{{efn|name=Recognized|See Article 152 of the [[Federal Constitution of Malaysia]] and [[National Language Act 1963/67]].}} | languages_sub = yes | languages2_type = Recognised language | languages2 = [[English language|English]]{{efn|name=Recognized}} | ethnic_groups = {{tree list}} * 69.7% [[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|Bumiputera]] ** 57.3% [[Malaysian Malays|Malay]] ** 12.4% Indigenous groups of [[Sabah]], [[Sarawak]] and [[Orang Asli]] * 22.9% [[Malaysian Chinese|Chinese]] * 6.6% [[Malaysian Indian|Indian]] * 0.8% [[Ethnic origins of people in Malaysia|Others]] | ethnic_groups_year = 2021 | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="2021 pop">{{cite web|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2022/01/17/minister-census-shows-malaysias-oldest-man-and-woman-aged-120-and-118-preli/2035636|title=Minister: Census shows Malaysia's oldest man and woman aged 120 and 118; preliminary census findings to be released in Feb 2022|date=17 January 2022 |publisher=Malaymail|access-date=17 January 2022}}</ref> {{sfn|Department of Statistics Malaysia|2021}} | religion = {{ubl|63.5% [[Islam in Malaysia|Islam]] ([[State religion|official]])<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.jac.gov.my/images/stories/akta/federalconstitution.pdf|title=The States, Religion and Law of the Federation|work=Constitution of Malaysia|publisher=Judicial Appointments Commission|access-date=29 October 2017|quote=Islam is the religion of the Federation; but other religions may be practised in peace and harmony in any part of the Federation.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614105535/http://www.jac.gov.my/images/stories/akta/federalconstitution.pdf|archive-date=14 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>|18.7% [[Buddhism in Malaysia|Buddhism]]|9.1% [[Christianity in Malaysia|Christianity]]|6.1% [[Hinduism in Malaysia|Hinduism]]|0.9% Others|1.8% Unknown}} | religion_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=117&bul_id=akliVWdIa2g3Y2VubTVSMkxmYXp1UT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09|title=Distribution and Basic Demographic Characteristic Report 2020|publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia|date=14 February 2020|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|access-date=29 Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2022|archive-date=22 Bisha Sideedaad 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822014403/https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=117&bul_id=akliVWdIa2g3Y2VubTVSMkxmYXp1UT09&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | religion_year = 2020 | demonym = [[Malaysians|Malaysian]] | government_type = [[Federal monarchy|Federal]] [[parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[constitutional monarchy|constitutional]] [[elective monarchy]] | leader_title1 = [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong|Boqor]] | leader_name1 = [[Ibraahiim bin Eskandar]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Anwar Ibrahim]] | legislature = [[Parliament of Malaysia|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[Dewan Negara]] (Senate) | lower_house = [[Dewan Rakyat]] (House of Representatives) | sovereignty_type = [[Independence Day (Malaysia)|Independence]] | sovereignty_note = from the [[United Kingdom]] | established_event1 = [[Federation of Malaya]] | established_date1 = 31 August 1957<ref>{{cite book|author=Mackay, Derek |title=Eastern Customs: The Customs Service in British Malaya and the Opium Trade|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QM5LImNbYusC&pg=PA240|date=2005|publisher=The Radcliffe Press|isbn=978-1-85043-844-1|pages=240–}}</ref> | established_event2 = [[Sarawak Self-government Day|Sarawak self-governance]] | established_date2 = 22 July 1963 | established_event3 = [[North Borneo Self-government Day|North Borneo self-governance]] | established_date3 = 31 August 1963<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.astroawani.com/perspektif/kenapa-kita-takut-dengan-sejarah-22258|title=31 Ogos 1963, Hari kemerdekaan Sabah yang rasmi|publisher=AWANI|date=14 May 2021|access-date=1 September 2021}}</ref> | established_event4 = [[Proclamation of Malaysia]] | established_date4 = 16 September 1963 | area_rank = 67th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_km2 = 330,803 | area_sq_mi = 127,720 | percent_water = 0.3 | population_estimate = 33,871,431<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Malaysia|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2022 | population_estimate_rank = 43rd | population_census_year = 2020 | population_census = 32,447,385<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cloud.stats.gov.my/index.php/s/ppMYkLC4kyUzHKn#pdfviewer |title=Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020 |publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia |page=48 |access-date=23 March 2022 |archive-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228142122/https://cloud.stats.gov.my/index.php/s/ppMYkLC4kyUzHKn#pdfviewer |url-status=dead }}</ref> | population_density_km2 = 98 | population_density_sq_mi = 254 | population_density_rank = 116th | GDP_PPP_year = 2022 | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.089 trillion <ref name="IMF">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/April|title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2022|date=April 2022|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date=April 19, 2022}}</ref>| GDP_PPP_rank = 31st | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $32,901<ref name="IMF" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 54th | GDP_nominal_year = 2022 | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $439.373 billion<ref name="IMF" /> | GDP_nominal_rank = 34th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $13,268<ref name="IMF" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 66th | Gini_year = 2015 | Gini_change = decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = 41 <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=MY |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |access-date=20 December 2018}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.803<!--number only--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=8 September 2022|access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 62nd | currency = [[Malaysian ringgit|Ringgit]] (RM) | currency_code = MYR | date_format = dd-mm-yyyy | time_zone = [[Malaysian Standard Time|MST]] | utc_offset = [[UTC+8|+8]] | drives_on = left | calling_code = [[+60]] | cctld = [[.my]] }} '''Malaysiya''' waa wadan ku yaalo koonfurta bari ee qaarada [[Aasiya]]. wadankaan wuxuu xuduud la leeyahay wadamada [[Filibiin]], [[Thailand|Tayland]],[[Barunay]], [[Singabuur]] iyo [[Indonesia|Indunisiya]]. Caasimada wadanka waa [[Kuala Lumbur]]. Wadanka malaysiya waxaa degan dad gaaraayo ilaa 28,250,000 oo qof,waxa uuna u dhisanyahay dhinaca federaalka. Malaysiya waxaa degan ajaanib kala duwan, waxaa u badan malaysiyaanka ama malaya oo 50% ah inta kale waa ajaanib iskuugu jirto hindi, shiinees iyo kuwo kale. Wadanka malaysiya markiisa hore wuxuu lahaan jiray magacyo badan, mar waxaa la dhihi jiray (wadanka jasiirada Malaysiya) hadaneh waxaa loo bedelay (malaya) 1946dii marka oo wadanka midoobay waxaa loo bixiyay (midowga malayaasha), kadib neh waxaa loo bedelay (federaalka malaya), 1957ii marka ee xornimada qaateen waxee la midoobay gobolo ka mid ah wadanka [[Singabuur]], isla markaas neh waxaa loo bixiyay (malaysiya), Singabuur waxee malaysiya ka go'day waqti labo sano kayar. Isla markaas neh Wadanka Malaysiya wuxuu ku dadaalay dhaqaalihiisa. Wadanka malaysiya waxee 50ka sano ugu horeeysay ka mid noqotay wadamada ugu dhaqaalaha fiican. Haddada la joogo malaysia waa mid kamid ah wadamada ugu horumarsan dhinaca dhaqaalaha cafimaadka iyo wax barashada [[File:Flag of Malaysia.svg|thumb|Calanka Malaysiya]] [[File:Coat of arms of Malaysia.svg|thumb|Jaakad hubka Malaysiya]] == Taariikh == [[Malaysiya]] waxee leedahay taariikh aad u dheer, waxee jiri jirtay 40,000 oo sano ka hor, waxaa wadanka soo gumeestay gumeestihii [[Ingriiska]] laga soo bilaabo sanadkii 1786 ilaa 1963, ingiriisku wuxuu maamuli jiray ama gumaysan jiray shacabka loo yaqaano malaya, ka hor intii lagu dhaqmin federaaliga. [[File:MalaysianParliament.jpg|thumb|right|194px|]] [[File:MountKinabalu from CheSuiKhorPagodaKK-01.jpg|thumb|right|195px|]] [[File:Klcc.jpg|thumb|right|196px]] [[File:LG logo (2014).svg|thump|left|205px|LG Corps..|Dn’tRemvepl.:}}]] [[File:Samsung Black icon.svg|thump|right|215px|Shmsng Group.|Dn’tRmvpl.:]] Dalka Malaysiya, waxaa u badan dadka Muslimiinta ah ee loo yaqaan malayga waxaa la daga hindi iyo shiinayas. ==Xubin== * [[ADB]] *` * [[AIIB]] *` * [[Asean]] *` * [[Bankiga Aduunka]] * *` * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * *` * [[Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka]]* * ==Waddnamha La Deggan Malaysiya== * {{Flag|Malaysia}} '''31.000.000'''+;++ <Ref>https://www.newsweek.com/rankings/most-loved-brands-asia-pacific-2024/country-japan</Ref>.: * {{Flag|Indonesia}} 190,000++: * {{Flag|Japan}} 2,000+: *{{Flag|Brunei}} 2,000+: * {{Flag|South Korea}} 500+ <ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/s/Soviet_Union.htm {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/s/Soviet_Union.htm |date=20220920163107 }}</ref>.: <Ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_Japanese_companies</Ref>.: ==Sido kale fiiri== *[[Malaysiya visa Dalalka]] =Tixraac= {{reflist}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} {{Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka}} [[Category:Aasiya]] [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] {{commons|Malaysia}} <references /> r0vmq1xdbd6uvcfqrlgyo624bzx6e14 0 3685 307613 294957 2026-09-09T16:22:50Z Soalt 39618 Category:Wadamada Afrika 307613 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Burkina Faso |image_flag = Flag of Burkina Faso.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Burkina Faso.svg |national_motto = {{native phrase|fr|"Unité–Progrès–Justice"|italics=off}}<br/>{{small|"Unity–Progress–Justice"}} |national_anthem = {{nowrap|{{native phrase|fr|[[Une Seule Nuit]] / Ditanyè|nolink=yes}}<br/>{{small|''One Single Night / Hymn of Victory''}}}}<br /><center> </center> |image_map = Location Burkina Faso AU Africa.svg |map_caption = {{map caption |countryprefix= |location_color=[[cirdhow]] |region=[[Afrika]] |region_color=cowlaan |subregion=[[Midowga Afrika]] |subregion_color=[[cirdhow]] khafiif |legend=Location Burkina Faso AU Africa.svg}} |official_languages = [[Faransiiska|Af Faransiis]] |regional_languages = Mòoré<br />Mandinka<br />Bambara |demonym = {{hlist |Burkinabé |Burkinabè |Burkinabe}} |ethnic_groups = {{vunblist | 47.9% Mossi | 10.3% Fulani | 6.9% Lobi | 6.9% Bobo | 6.7% Mandé | 5.3% Senufo | 5.0% Gurunsi | 4.8% Gurma | 3.1% Tuareg }} |ethnic_groups_year = 1995 |capital = [[Ouagadougou]] |latd=12 |latm=20 |latNS=N |longd=1 |longm=40 |longEW=W |largest_city = capital |religion = <!-- See Religion section --> |government_type = [[Madaxweyne]] [[Jamhuuriyad]] |leader_title1 = [[Madaxweyne]] |leader_name1 = Ibraahiim Traauworeey |leader_title2 = [[Ra'iisul wasaare]] |leader_name2 = |sovereignty_type = [[Xoriyad]] |established_event1 = ka qaatey [[Faransiiska]] |established_date1 = 5&nbsp;Ogosto 1960 |area_km2 = 274,200 |area_sq_mi = 105,869 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |area_rank = 74aad |area_magnitude = 1 E11 |percent_water = 0.146% |population_estimate = 17,322,796<ref name="INSD">{{cite web |url=http://www.insd.bf/fr/ |title=Burkina Faso population projection |work=insd.bf |year=2014 |accessdate=1 October 2014 |language=fr |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901021928/http://www.insd.bf/fr/ |archivedate=1 September 2014 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive }}</ref> |population_estimate_year = 2014 |population_estimate_rank = 61aad |population_census = 14,017,262 |population_census_year = 2006 |population_density_km2 = 57.4 |population_density_sq_mi = 148.9 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = 145aad |GDP_PPP_year = 2014 |GDP_PPP = $28&nbsp;billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=25&pr.y=9&sy=2014&ey=2014&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=748&s=PPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Burkina Faso |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=1 October 2014}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita =<ref name="IMF database 2018" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = $17.000 Billion<ref name="IMF database 2018" /> | GDP_nominal_year = | GDP_nominal_rank = | GDP_nominal_per_capita = <ref name="IMF database 2018" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = |GDP_PPP_rank = |GDP_PPP_per_capita = <ref name=imf2/> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = |GDP_nominal = $13&nbsp;billion<ref name=imf1>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=38&pr.y=14&sy=2014&ey=2014&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=748&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC&grp=0&a= |title=Burkina Faso |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=1 October 2014}}</ref> |GDP_nominal_year = 2014 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $790<ref name=imf1/> |HDI_year = 2014 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year --> |HDI_change = increase <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> |HDI = 0.402 <!--number only--> |HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr_2015_statistical_annex.pdf |title=2015 Human Development Report|date=2014 |accessdate=14 December 2015 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> |HDI_rank = 183rd |Gini_year = 2007 |Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> |Gini = 39.5 <!-- number only --> |Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |title=Distribution of family income – Gini index |work=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA |accessdate=1 September 2009 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=13 Bisha Lixaad 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613005439/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |Gini_rank = |currency = [[West African CFA franc]]<ref>CFA Franc BCEAO. Codes: XOF / 952 [http://www.currency-iso.org/dam/downloads/table_a1.xml ISO 4217 currency names and code elements] {{Wayback|url=http://www.currency-iso.org/dam/downloads/table_a1.xml |date=20140407090907 }}. ISO.</ref> |currency_code = XOF |time_zone = [[GMT]] |utc_offset = +0 |time_zone_DST = not observed |utc_offset_DST = +0 |drives_on = right |calling_code = [[+226]] |cctld = [[.bf]] |iso3166code = BF |footnotes = Macluumaadka halkan ku qoran waa qiyaaso la sameeyay sanadkii 2005-ta taasi oo ay soo qaban-qaabisay ururka International Monetary Fund. }} '''Burkina Faso''' waa wadan ku yaal [[Galbeedka Afrika]], waxaa ku hareeraysan lix wadan oo kala ah [[Maali]] oo woqooyi ka ah, [[nayjar]] oo bari ka xigta, [[Benin]] koofur bari, [[Togo]] iyo [[Gaana]] koonfur, iyo [[ivory coast]] oo koonfur galbeed, waxay ka mid tahay wadamada dhaca [[Lamadegaanka Saxara|saxaraha wayn]] ee Afrika, caasimada wadanka waa [[Ouagadougou|'''Ouagadougou''']], 2014 tirikoobkii la sameeyay waxaa lagu qiyaasaa 17.3 milyan oo qof, baaxada wadanku waa  274,200 km² [[File:Assemblee_Nationale_Burkina_Faso.jpg|thumb|right|400px]] [[File:OUAGADOUGOU3.JPG|thumb|right|400px|]] [[File:Air_Burkina_2012.jpg|thumb|right|400px|]] Burkina Faso (UK: / bɜːrˌkiːnə fæsoʊ /, US: / fɑːsoʊ / (ku saabsan codkani wuxuu dhagaystaa); [7] Faransiis: [buʁkina faso]) waa waddan baddan oo ku yaal Galbeedka Afrika. Waxay ka kooban tahay agagaarka qiyaastii 274,200 oo kiilomitir oo isku-wareeg ah (105,900 sq mi) waxaana ku wareegsan lix wadan: Mali ilaa waqooyiga; Niger ilaa bari; Benin ilaa koonfur; Togo iyo Ghana ilaa koonfurta; iyo Ivory Coast ilaa koonfur galbeed. Caasimadiisa waa Ouagadougou. Sanadkii 2017, dadkeeda waxaa lagu qiyaasey in ka badan 20 milyan. [2] Burkina Faso waa dal Faransiis ah, oo Faransiis ah luqadda rasmiga ah ee dawladda iyo ganacsiga. Horaantii loo yaqaanay Jamhuuriyadda Upper Volta (1958-1984), waddanka waxaa lagu magacaabay "Burkina Faso" 4tii Agoosto 1984, ka dibna Madaxweynaha Thomas Sankara. Muwaadiniinteeda waxaa loo yaqaan 'Burkinabé' (b. Qaybta waqooyi-galbeed ee maanta ee Burkina Faso waxaa ku yaalley dadkii ugaadhsiga ahaa ee ka yimid 14000 BC ilaa 5000 BC. Laga soo bilaabo 3aad ilaa qarnigii 13aad, dhaqan dhaqameedka Daarta Bura wuxuu ku sugnaa dhulka xaadirka ah ee koonfur bari Burkina Faso iyo koonfur galbeedka Niger. Kooxaha jinsiyadaha kala duwan ee Burkina Faso, sida Mossi, Fula iyo Dyula, waxay yimaadeen mawjado isdaba jooga inta u dhaxaysa qarniyadii 8aad iyo 15aad. Laga soo bilaabo qarnigii 11aad, dadka Mossi waxay aasaaseen boqortooyooyin kala duwan. 1890-kii, intii lagu gudajiray Dhaqaalaha Yurub ee Afrika, dhulkii Burkina Faso waxaa ku soo duulay Faransiis, koontoroolkii gumeysiga waxaa la aasaasay ka dib dagaalkii u dhaxeeyay 1896 ilaa 1904. Goobtaas waxaa lagu sameeyey Faransiiska Galbeedka Africa 1904, Gobollada Faransiiska ee Upper Volta ayaa la aasaasay 1dii Maarso 1919. Goobta waxaa loo magacaabay meesha ay ku taala koorsooyinka sare ee Waddanka Volta (Black, Red iyo White Volta). Jamhuuriyadda Upper Volta ayaa la dhisay 11kii Disembar 1958 iyada oo loo doortay guddi isku-xukun ah oo dhexmara Jaaliyadda Faransiiska, 5-Agoosto 1960-kii waxay heleen xorriyad buuxda, iyadoo Maurice Yaméogo yahay madaxweyne. Ka dib markii ay ka soo horjeedeen ardayda iyo ururada shaqaale, Yaméogo waxaa laga saaray 1966kii oo kufsi ah, oo ay hogaaminaysay Sangoulé Lamizana, kaasoo noqday madaxweyne. Xukunkiisu wuxuu la mid yahay abaaraha iyo macaluusha, iyo dhibaatooyinka ka soo haya ururada dhaqaalaha ee awoodda leh ee waddanku ka soo jeeday 1980-kii, oo uu hogaaminayey Saye Zerbo. Isagoo ka hadlaaya iska caabbinta ururada shaqaalaha mar labaad, xukuumadda Zerbo ayaa la afgembiyay sanadkii 1982-kii, oo ay hogaaminaysay Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo. dhaqaalaha wadanka ayaa ku tiirsan wax soo saarka beeraha, wuxuu soo saaraa suufka, digirta, galleyda, dhinaca xoolaha lo'da iyoa ariga, ==Xubin== * [[Ecowas]] * * [[Midowga Afrika]] * * * * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * * * ==Waddamnaha La Degaan Burkina Faso== * {{Flag|Mali}}: 25,000+ * {{Flag|Ivory Coast}} 120,500+.: * {{Flag|Senegal}} 21,500+.: * {{Flag|Gambia}}: 21,000+:. ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Burkina Faso]] [[Category:Wadamada Afrika]] oyprvngsxzudxfvmp23tz1qm1wtkt0e 0 3686 307615 300570 2026-09-09T16:24:15Z Soalt 39618 template:dalalka afrika iyo category:wadamada afrika 307615 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Ghana | common_name = Ghana | image_flag = Flag of Ghana.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Ghana.svg | coa_size = 90 | national_motto = "Xorriyad iyo Caddaalad" | motto = | national_anthem = "[[Ilaahay ha Barakeeyo Dhulkayaga Hooyo ee Ghana]]"<div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:National Anthem of Ghana.ogg]]}}</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File: Ghana (orthographic projection).svg|Muuji wareegga dhulka|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Muuji khariidadda Afrika|default=1}} | capital = [[Accra]] | largest_city = caasimadda | coordinates = {{Coord|05|33|18|N|00|11|33|W|type:city}} | official_languages = [[Luqadda Ingiriisiga|Ingiriis]]<ref name="The Ghanaian Government states that English is the official language for the nation">{{cite web |quote=English is the official language of Ghana and is universally used in schools in addition to nine other local languages. The most widely spoken local languages are [[Twi]], Dagbani, Ga and Ewe . |url=http://www.ghanaembassy.org/index.php?page=language-and-religion |title=Language and Religion |publisher=Ghana Embassy |access-date=8 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301155437/https://www.ghanaembassy.org/index.php?page=language-and-religion |archive-date=1 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ghana – 2010 Population and Housing Census">{{cite web |url=http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/2010phc/Census2010_Summary_report_of_final_results.pdf |title=Ghana – 2010 Population and Housing Census {{!}} Summary Report of Final Results|website=Government of Ghana |date=May 2012 |access-date=1 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925192147/http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/2010phc/Census2010_Summary_report_of_final_results.pdf |archive-date=25 September 2013 }}</ref> | languages_type = Luqadaha ay dawladdu maalgeliso | languages = {{hlist|[[Twi]]|[[Lahjada Fante|Fante]]|[[Luqadda Ewe|Ewe]]|[[Dagaare]]|[[Dagbanli]]|[[Adangme]]|[[Luqadda Ga|Ga]]|[[Luqadda Gonja|Gonja]]|[[Luqadda Kasem|Kasem]]|[[Luqadda Nzema|Nzema]]}} | languages2_type = [[Luqadda shaqada|Luqadaha shaqada]] | languages2 = {{hlist|Ingiriis|[[Luqadda Faransiiska|Faransiis]]}} {{hlist|[[Hindi rasmiga ah|Hindi]]<ref name="IMM">{{cite web|title=Immigration into Ghana Since 1990|url=http://www.oecd.org/dev/poverty/46733734.pdf|publisher=Regional Institute for Population Studies (RIPS), University of Ghana, Legon|year=2012|access-date=11 November 2013}}</ref> | [[Carabi]]<ref name="IMM"/> |[[Ingiriiska Ghana]] |[[Ingiriiska Pidginka ee Ghana]] |}} | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |{{Tree list}} * 71.3% [[Masiixiyadda ka jirta Ghana|Masiixiyad]] ** 49.0% [[Budaestanti|Borotestant]] ** 10.0% [[Kaniisadda Kaatooligga ee Ghana|Kaatoolig]] ** 12.3% [[Masiixi]] kale {{Tree list/end}} |19.9% [[Islaamka ka jira Ghana|Islaam]] |3.2% [[Diimaha dhaqanka ee Afrika|Diimaha dhaqanka]] |1.1% [[Diin la'aan ka jirta Ghana|Diin la'aan]] |4.5% Diimaha kale }} | religion_year = 2021 | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list |45.7% [[Dadka Akan|Akan]] |18.5% [[Dadka Mole-Dagbon|Mole-Dagbon]] |12.8% [[Dadka Ewe|Ewe]] |7.1% [[Dadka Ga-Adangbe|Ga-Adangbe]] |6.4% [[Dadka Gurma|Gurma]] |3.2% [[Dadka Guang|Guan]] |2.7% [[Dadka Gurunsi|Gurunsi]] |2.0% [[Dadka Mande|Mande]] |1.6% [[Astaamaha dadka ee Ghana|kuwa kale]] }} | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="statsghana1"/> | ethnic_groups_year = 2021 | religion_ref = <ref name="statsghana1">{{cite web |url=https://census2021.statsghana.gov.gh/gssmain/fileUpload/reportthemelist/2021%20PHC%20General%20Report%20Vol%203C_Background%20Characteristics_181121.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227194122/https://census2021.statsghana.gov.gh/gssmain/fileUpload/reportthemelist/2021%20PHC%20General%20Report%20Vol%203C_Background%20Characteristics_181121.pdf |archive-date=2021-12-27 |url-status=live |title=2021 PHC General Report Vol 3C, Background Characteristics |website=Ghana Statistical Service|date=November 2021}}</ref> | demonym = Reer Ghana | government_type = Midaysan [[Nidaamka madaxtooyada|jamhuuriyad madaxtooyo]] | leader_title1 = [[Madaxweynaha Ghana|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[John Mahama|John Dramani Mahama]] | leader_title2 = [[Madaxweyne ku-xigeenka Ghana|Madaxweyne ku-xigeen]] | leader_name2 = [[Jane Naana Opoku-Agyemang]] | leader_title3 = [[Guddoomiyaha Baarlamaanka Ghana|Guddoomiyaha Baarlamaanka]] | leader_name3 = [[Alban Bagbin]] | leader_title4 = [[Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Ghana|Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare]] | leader_name4 = [[Paul Baffoe-Bonnie|Garsoore Paul Baffoe-Bonnie]] | legislature = [[Baarlamaanka Ghana|Baarlamaan]] | sovereignty_type = [[Taariikhda Ghana|Madaxbannaanida]] | sovereignty_note = ka timid [[Boqortooyada Midowday]] | established_event1 = [[Xukun-hoosaadka Ghana|Xukun-hoosaad]] | established_date1 = 6 Maarso 1957 | established_event2 = Jamhuuriyad | established_date2 = 1 Luulyo 1960 | area_km2 = 240000<ref name="IMFWEO.GH">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=652,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Ghana) |publisher=[[Sanduuqa Lacagta Caalamiga ah]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=14 October 2023 |archive-date=21 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021173139/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=652,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> | area_rank = 80aad | area_sq_mi = 92101 | percent_water = 4.61 (11,000&nbsp;km{{sup|2}}; 4,247&nbsp;mi{{sup|2}}) | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 35,039,451<ref name="pop">{{cite web |title=Ghana Population (2025) |url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/ghana-population/ |language=en |access-date=7 October 2019 |archive-date=17 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260117005506/https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/ghana-population/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 46aad | population_density_km2 = 151 | population_density_sq_mi = 392 | population_density_rank = 90aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $314,592 bilyan<ref name="auto">{{cite web| url= https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/GHA#:~:text=Here's%20some%20information%20about%20Ghana's%20GDP%20from,PPP%2C%20share%20of%20world**%200.14%25%20in%202026 |language=en |publisher = International Monetary Fund | title = World Economic Outlook: Ghana: Datasets | access-date=21 June 2025 |archive-date=28 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428212902/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/April |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = 67aad | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $8,042<ref name="auto"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 136aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $113,494 bilyan<ref name="auto"/> | GDP_nominal_rank = 67aad | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $3,179<ref name="auto"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 137aad | Gini = 44 | Gini_year = 2024 | Gini_change = isku heer | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.statista.com/forecasts/1165084/gini-index-forecast-in-ghana |publisher=Statista |website=statista.com |access-date=19 May 2024 |title=Ghana: gini index 2014–2029 |archive-date=15 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115041322/https://www.statista.com/forecasts/1165084/gini-index-forecast-in-ghana |url-status=live }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.628 | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = kor u kac | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[Barnaamijka Horumarinta ee Qaramada Midoobay]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 143aad | currency = [[Cedi-ga Ghana|Cedi]] | currency_code = GHS | utc_offset = ±00:00 | time_zone = [[Wakhtiga Greenwich|GMT]] | calling_code = [[Lambarrada taleefanka ee Ghana|+233]] | iso3166code = GH | cctld = [[.gh]] | today = }} '''Ghana''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Ghana.ogg|ˈ|ɡ|ɑː|n|ə}} {{respell|GAH|nə}}), si rasmi ahna loo yihaahdo '''Jamhuuriyadda Ghana''', waa dal ku yaal [[Galbeedka Afrika]]. Waxay ku taallaa iyadoo uu ka xigo [[Gacanka Guinea]] iyo [[Badweynta Atlaantigga]] dhanka koonfureed, waxayna xudduud la leedahay [[Xeebta Fool-maroodiga]] dhanka galbeed, [[Burkiina Faaso]] dhanka waqooyi, iyo [[Toogo]] dhanka bari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Ghana – Ministry Of Foreign Affairs |url=https://mfa.gov.gh/index.php/about-ghana/ |access-date=2026-06-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ghana waxay ku fadhidaa dhul baaxaddiisu tahay {{convert|239567|km2|abbr=on}}, kaas oo ku fidsan [[Nidaamka deegaanka|deegaanno]] kala duwan, laga bilaabo [[xeeb]]aha [[savanna]]da ah ilaa [[kaymo kulul ee roobka]]. Iyadoo leh in ka badan 35 milyan oo isku dhex nool,<ref name=pop/> Ghana waxay ku jirtaa [[Liiska waddamada Afrika marka loo eego tirada dadka|kaalinta saddex-iyo-tobnaad ee waddamada ugu dadka badan Afrika]], waana dalka labaad ee ugu dadka badan Galbeedka Afrika. [[Magaalo-madax|Caasimadda]] iyo magaalada ugu dadka badan waa [[Accra]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ed |date=2024-08-13 |title=16 Regions in Ghana |url=https://www.fact-checkghana.com/16-regions-in-ghana/ |access-date=2026-03-28 |website=Fact Check Ghana |language=en}}</ref> Boqortooyadii ugu horreysay ee ka soo ifbaxday Ghana waxay ahaayeen [[Dawladda Bono|Bonoman]] ee dhanka koonfureed iyo [[Boqortooyada Dagbon]] ee dhanka waqooyi, iyadoo Bonoman ay ka jirtay aaggaas intii lagu guda jiray qarnigii 11-aad.<ref name="NP">{{cite book |last1=Danver |first1=Steven L |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vf4TBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 |title=Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues |date=10 March 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-46400-6 |page=25 |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404105202/https://books.google.com/books?id=vf4TBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Boqortooyadii Asante]] iyo boqortooyooyin kale oo ay lahaayeen [[Dadka Akan|Akan]] oo ku yaal koonfurta ayaa soo baxay qarniyadii xigay.<ref>{{cite web |title=Asante Kingdom |date=15 June 2002 |url=http://www.ascleiden.nl/content/webdossiers/asante-kingdom |publisher=[[Afrika-Studiecentrum, Leiden]] |access-date=8 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712214333/http://www.ascleiden.nl/content/webdossiers/asante-kingdom |archive-date=12 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Laga bilaabo qarnigii 15-aad, [[Boqortooyadii Boortaqiiska]], oo ay ku xigeen [[Quwadaha Yurub|quwado kale oo Yurub ah]], ayaa ku tartamay aaggaas si ay u helaan xuquuqda ganacsiga, ilaa markii dambe [[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska|Ingiriisku]] uu si buuxda u hantay maamulka xeebta qarnigii 19-aad. Ka dib in ka badan qarni ay jirtay iska caabin gumeysi, xudduudaha dambe ee dalka ayaa qaab qaatay, kuwaas oo isku daray afar dhul oo gumeysi oo Ingiriis ah oo kala duwan: [[Xeebta Dahabka (gumeysigii Ingiriiska)|Xeebta Dahabka]], [[Ashanti (Gumeysiga Crown)|Ashanti]], [[Dhulalka Waqooyi ee Xeebta Dahabka|Dhulalka Waqooyi]], iyo [[Togoland-ta Ingiriiska]]. Kuwan waxaa loo mideeyay sidii xukun-hoosaad madaxbannaan oo ka tirsan [[Barwaaqo-sooranka]]. 6-dii Maarso 1957, Ghana waxay noqotay [[gumeysi]]kii ugu horreeyay ee ku yaal [[Afrika ka koonfureed Sahara]] ee qaata madaxbannaanida buuxda.<ref name="Universal Newsreel">{{cite video |year=1957 |title=Video: A New Nation: Gold Coast becomes Ghana In Ceremony, 1957/03/07 (1957) |url=https://archive.org/details/1957-03-07_A_New_Nation |publisher=[[Universal Newsreel]] |access-date=20 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128113959/http://archive.org/details/1957-03-07_A_New_Nation |archive-date=28 January 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="First For Sub-Saharan Africa">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/14chapter3.shtml |title=First For Sub-Saharan Africa |publisher=BBC |access-date=29 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101135716/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/14chapter3.shtml |archive-date=1 November 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Exploring Africa – Decolonization">{{cite web |title=Exploring Africa – Decolonization |url=http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/images/decolinization.jpg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602212136/http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/images/decolinization.jpg |archive-date=2 June 2013 |access-date=29 February 2012 |publisher=Exploring Africa – Michigan State University}}</ref> Markay ahayd xukunkii Madaxweyne [[Kwame Nkrumah]], waxay saameyn weyn ku yeelatay [[Xoraynta Afrika|dadaallada ka reebista gumeysiga]] iyo [[U-haajiridda Midnimada Afrika|dhaqdhaqaaqa Pan-Africanism-ka]].<ref name="Ateku">{{cite web |last=Ateku |first=Abdul-Jalilu |date=March 7, 2017 |title=Ghana is 60: An African success story with tough challenges ahead |url=http://theconversation.com/ghana-is-60-an-african-success-story-with-tough-challenges-ahead-74049 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629063944/https://theconversation.com/ghana-is-60-an-african-success-story-with-tough-challenges-ahead-74049 |archive-date=29 June 2021 |access-date=27 June 2021 |website=The Conversation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghanaweb |date=2024-03-13 |title=Sankofa Series: A history of Ghana's 4 republics |website=GhanaWeb |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Sankofa-Series-A-history-of-Ghana-s-4-republics-1921329 |access-date=26 November 2024 |archive-date=13 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313105231/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Sankofa-Series-A-history-of-Ghana-s-4-republics-1921329 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ghana waa dal [[qowmiyado badan]] leh oo ka kooban kooxaha luqadaha iyo diimaha kala duwan;<ref name=popest>{{cite web |title=2020 Population Projection by Sex, 2010–2020 |publisher=Ghana Statistical Service |url=http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/pop_stats.html |access-date=2 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424110616/http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/pop_stats.html |archive-date=24 April 2018 }}</ref> in kasta oo [[Dadka Akan|Akan]] ay yihiin kooxda qowmiyadeed ee ugu weyn, haddana waxay ka dhigan yihiin aqlabiyadda qaraabada ah. Inta badan [[Dadka Ghana|reer Ghana]] waa [[Masiixiyadda ka jirta Ghana|Masiixiyiin]] (71.3%); ku dhowaad shantii meelood meelna waa [[Islaamka ka jira Ghana|Muslimiin]]; meel tobnaadna waxay ku dhaqmaan diimaha dhaqanka ama waxay sheegaan inay diin la'aan yihiin.<ref name="statsghana1"/> Ghana waa [[Dimuqraadiyad dastuuri ah|dimuqraadiyad dastuuri ah]] oo midaysan oo uu hoggaamiyo [[Madaxweynaha Ghana|madaxweyne]] kaas oo ah [[madaxa qaranka]] iyo [[madaxa xukuumadda]].<ref name="Ghana: CIA World FactBook">{{cite web |last1= |title=Ghana |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ghana/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109003331/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ghana/ |archive-date=9 January 2021 |access-date=20 May 2016 |website=CIA World FactBook |publisher=}}</ref> Xagga xasiloonida siyaasadeed ee [[Afrika]], waxay gashay kaalinta toddobaad ee 2022 [[Tusmada Ibrahim ee Maamulka Afrika]] iyo kaalinta shanaad ee 2024 [[Tusmada Dawladaha Nugul]].<ref name="Ateku"/><ref>{{Cite press release |title=Ghana's Economy Expected to Recover Its Potential By 2025, says World Bank Report |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2023/07/19/ghana-economy-expected-to-recover-its-potential-by-2025-says-world-bank-report|date=19 July 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=World Bank |language=en |archive-date=19 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219224816/https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2023/07/19/ghana-economy-expected-to-recover-its-potential-by-2025-says-world-bank-report |url-status=live }}</ref> Ghana waa xubin aasaasi ah oo ka tirsan [[Ghana iyo Dhaqdhaqaaqa dhex-dhexaadka ah|Dhaqdhaqaaqa dhex-dhexaadka ah]] iyo [[Midowga Afrika]], waana xubin ka tirsan [[Qaramada Midoobay]], [[Aagga Nabadda iyo Iskaashiga ee Koonfurta Atlaantigga]], [[Beesha Dhaqaalaha ee Galbeedka Afrika]], [[Kooxda 24]] iyo [[Barwaaqo-sooranka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://m.state.gov/md2860.htm |publisher=[[Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda ee Mareykanka]] |title=Ghana-US relations |date=11 February 2013 |access-date=1 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405184830/http://m.state.gov/md2860.htm |archive-date=5 April 2013}}</ref> ==Asalka magaca== ===Boqortooyadii Ghana=== {{Further| Boqortooyada Ghana}} Magaca ''Ghana'' wuxuu ka yimid [[Boqortooyada Ghana|Wagadu]], oo ahayd boqortooyo ku taal galbeedka Afrika qarniyadii 3-aad ilaa 12-aad; Wagadu waxaa loogu yeeri jiray ''Ghana'' ganacsatadii [[Carab|Carabta]] ahaa ee ku lug lahaa [[ganacsiga dhex-mara Saxaraha]]. Sidoo kale ''Ghana'' waxaa loo maleynayaa inay ka timid magaca ciwaanka ah ''[[Kaya-Magha|Kaya Maghan]]'' ee madaxdii Wagadu, kaas oo u turjumaya ''hoggaamiyaha dahabka''.<ref name="Gestrich">{{cite book |last=Gestrich |first=Nikolas |title=Oxford Research Encyclopedias: African history |chapter=Ghana Empire |year=2019 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.396 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4 |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-396}}</ref> ===Ku dhex-galka aqoonta gumeysiga ka hor=== Isku daygii ugu horreeyay ee lagu xiriirinayo dadka ku nool [[Xeebta Dahabka (gumeysigii Ingiriiska)|Xeebta Dahabka]] iyo Ghana-dii hore waxaa sameeyay Rev. J. B. Anaman qiyaastii bilowgii qarnigii 20-aad. Anaman wuxuu adeegsaday fasiraaddii D. W. Cooley ee qarnigii 19-aad ee ku saabsanayd ilaha juqraafi ee Carabta si uu ugu doodo xiriir taariikhi ah, isagoo soo jeediyay asal kale oo magaca ku xiriirinaya Wangara. {{sfn|Kimble|1963|pp=xvi–xvii}} [[Flora Shaw, Baroness Lugard|Lady Flora Shaw]] ayaa markii dambe isku dubaridday qoraallada Carabta iyo kuwa Yurub labadaba si ay u abuurto sheekooyin faahfaahsan oo ku saabsan boqortooyada. Waxay u soo bandhigtay sidii quwad weyn oo Afrikaan ah oo la barbar dhigi karo dawladihii reer Galbeedka Yurub ee xilligaas jiray.{{sfn|Kimble|1963|p=xvi}} Sida uu sheegay [[Jack Goody]], aragtida ah in [[Dadka Akan|Akan]] ay ka soo jeedaan [[Boqortooyada Ghana|Boqortooyadii Ghana]] ee xilliyadii dhexe waxaa si joogto ah u horumarinayay baridda Rev. W. T. Balmer intii dhexaysay 1907 iyo 1911, kaas oo ardayda baray in Akan ay ka soo guureen boqortooyadii hore ee ku tiil agagaarka [[Webiga Niger|Webiga Niger ee Sare]].{{sfn|Goody|1968|pp=461–462}} Goody wuxieu sheegay in mala-awaalka Balmer uu ka maqnaa caddaymo luqadeed iyo kuwo taariikhi ah, haddana waxa uu markii dambe saameyn ku yeeshay dadkii aqoonyahanka ahaa iyo aqoon-yahannadii wadaniyiinta ahaa.{{sfn|Goody|1968|pp=462–463}} Mala-awaalku wuxuu helay caannimo weyn markii lagu soo bandhigay hay'adaha waxbarashada, gaar ahaan [[Dugsiga Achimota|Achimota]], intii lagu jiray 1920-yadii halkaas oo uu markii dambe ku faafay dugsiyada kale.{{sfn|Kimble|1963|p=xvii}} Aragtida waxaa dhowr jeer lagu baahiyay qoraallada aqooneed ee [[J. B. Danquah]]; wuxuu adeegsaday tarjumaado [[Carabi]] iyo [[Luqadda Faransiiska|Faransiis]] ah si uu u sheego in Akan ay ka soo guureen gobolka Upper Niger. Danquah wuxuu soo jeediyay in ereyga Ghana uu ahaa khalkhal ku yimid Akane ama Akana wuxuuna la xiriiriyay gobolkii hore ee [[Boqortooyada Akkad|Akkad]].{{sfn|Goody|1968|p=468}} Eva L. R. Meyerowitz ayaa sii ballaarisay hadalkan iyada oo u maraysa qoraallo xiriir ah oo doonayay in dib loo dhiso taariikhdii hore. Waxay sheegtay in asalka iyo dhaqanka Akan ay ka yimaadeen aagagga ku yaal [[Saxaraha]] iyo Bariga Dhaxe, waxayna ku doodday in dhaqanka Akan uusan ahayn mid inta badan madowga Afrika ah, laakiin beddelkeeda loo tixgelin karo [[Liibiya]]-[[Berber]] ama ku xiran dhaqamada [[Bada Dhexe|Badda Dhexe]] ama [[Bariga Dhow]].{{sfn|Goody|1968|pp=468–470}} ===Ogolaanshaha qaranka iyo macnaha astaanta ah=== Markay ahayd muddadii horseedday madaxbannaanida, magaca "Ghana" waa la aqbalay waxaana loo qaatay sidii astaan sharaf leh oo gumeysiga ka hor ah, midnimo dhaqameed, iyo sharciyad qaran.<ref name="Gestrich"/> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Wadamada Afrika]] m44gsx3vfdsuf989l177pd305dxhmd1 0 3689 307637 300581 2026-09-09T17:16:03Z Soalt 39618 template:dalalka afrika iyo category:wadamada afrika 307637 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Mali | native_name = {{small|{{name in various languages | name = {{nobold|''(luqadaha rasmiga ah)''}} | bm = {{lang|bm|ߡߊ߬ߟߌ ߞߊ ߝߊߛߏߖߊߡߊߣߊ}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/NkoOfficiel |title=Académie N'Ko Mali ߡߊ߰ߟߌ ߒߞߏ ߟߏ߲ߞߏ߫ ߘߎ߲ߓߎ |website=Twitter.com |author=Académie N’Ko Mali |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514112858/https://twitter.com/NkoOfficiel|archive-date=14 May 2022 |access-date=14 May 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br/>{{transliteration|bm|Mali ka Fasojamana}} | mey = {{lang|mey|جُمْهُورِيَّةْ مَالِي }}<br/>{{transliteration|mey|Jumhūriyet Māli}} | ff = {{lang|ff|𞤈𞤫𞤨𞤵𞤦𞤤𞤭𞤳 𞤦𞤵 𞤃𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭}}<br/>{{transliteration|ff|Republik bu Maali}} | snk = {{lang|snk|Mali Jamaane}} | taq = {{lang|taq|ⵜⴰ隔ⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⵉ}}<br/>{{transliteration|taq|Tagduda n Mali}} | ses = {{lang|ses|Mali Laamaa}} }}}} | common_name = Mali | image_flag = Flag of Mali.svg | image_coat = National coat of arms of Mali.svg | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File: Mali (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Muuji golaha|upright=1.15|default=1}} | map_caption = | image_map2 = | national_motto = {{native phrase|fr|"Un peuple, un but, une foi"|italics=off|nolink=on}}<br/>{{native phrase|bm|"Mɔgɔ kelen, laɲini kelen, dannaya kelen"}}<br/>"Hal shacab, hal hadaf, hal rumayn" | national_anthem = {{native name|fr|"[[Le Mali]]"|italic=no|nolink=on}}{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Malian national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.oga]]}} | official_languages = {{nowrap|'''13 luqadood oo qaran'''<ref name="Lingua 2023">{{cite web |url=https://sgg-mali.ml/JO/2023/mali-jo-2023-13-sp-2.pdf |title=JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE LA REPUBLIQUE DU MALI SECRETARIAT GENERAL DU GOUVERNEMENT - DECRET N°2023-0401/PT-RM DU 22 JUILLET 2023 PORTANT PROMULGATION DE LA CONSTITUTION |date=22 July 2023 |website=sgg-mali.ml |access-date=26 July 2023 |quote=Article 31 : Les langues nationales sont les langues officielles du Mali. |trans-quote=Article 31: The national languages are the official languages of Mali. |lang=fr |archive-date=8 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808203503/https://sgg-mali.ml/JO/2023/mali-jo-2023-13-sp-2.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="LangNat">{{cite web |url=https://sgg-mali.ml/JO/2017/mali-jo-2017-39.pdf |title=JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE LA REPUBLIQUE DU MALI SECRETARIAT GENERAL DU GOUVERNEMENT - DECRET N°2017-0735/P-RM DU 21 AOUT 2017 FIXANT L'ORGANISATION ET LES MODALITES DE FONCTIONNEMENT DES STRUCTURES DE L'EDUCATION NON FORMELLE |date=21 August 2017 |website=sgg-mali.ml |access-date=21 October 2023 |quote=Selon la Loi n°96- 049 du 23 août 1996, les langues nationales du Mali sont : (...) |trans-quote=According to Law No. 96-049 of 23 August 1996, the national languages of Mali are: (...) |lang=fr |archive-date=3 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803235822/https://sgg-mali.ml/JO/2017/mali-jo-2017-39.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>}} {{plainlist| * Bambara * Bobo * Carabiga Xasanaaniya * Bozo * Dogon, Toro So * Fula * Kassonke * Maninke * Minyanka * Senufo, Senara * Songhay, Koyraboro Senni * Soninke * Tamasheq }} | languages_type = Luqadaha lagaga hadlo | languages = {{hlist|Bambara{{efn|Bambara waxay u adeegtaa sidii lingua franca oo ay ku hadlaan ku dhawaad 80% dadka dalka.<ref name=p6/>}}|Fula|Carabi|Soninke|Songhay|Mandinka|Minyanka|Tamasheq|Senufo|Bobo|Bozo|Kassonke|Samogo|Dafing|Dogon}} | languages2_type = Luqadda shaqada | languages2 = {{unbulleted list|Faransiis (''de facto'')<ref name="French">{{cite web |url=https://sgg-mali.ml/JO/2023/mali-jo-2023-13-sp-2.pdf |title=JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE LA REPUBLIQUE DU MALI SECRETARIAT GENERAL DU GOUVERNEMENT - DECRET N°2023-0401/PT-RM DU 22 JUILLET 2023 PORTANT PROMULGATION DE LA CONSTITUTION |date=22 July 2023 |website=sgg-mali.ml |access-date=26 July 2023 |quote=Article 31 : Le français est la langue de travail. L’Etat peut adopter toute autre langue comme langue de travail. |trans-quote=Article 31: French is the working language. The State may adopt any other language as its working language. |lang=fr |archive-date=8 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808203503/https://sgg-mali.ml/JO/2023/mali-jo-2023-13-sp-2.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>}} | ethnic_groups_year = Tiriya weynta 2022 | religion = {{ubl | 96.4% Islaam | 2.3% Masiixiyad | 0.7% Diimaha hiddaha ah ee Afrika | 0.5% Diin la'aan | 0.1% Diimaha kale }} | religion_year = Tiriya weynta 2022 | religion_ref = <ref name="2022census" /> | demonym = Reer Mali | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 35.9% Bambara | 12.8% Fula | 9.4% Senufo | 8.4% Malinke | 8.2% Soninke | 6.1% Dogon | 4.8% Songhai | 3.9% Tuareg | 2.2% Bobo / Bwa | 10.5% Kuwa kale}} | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="2022census">{{cite web |author=Institut National de la Statistique (INSTAT) |title=CINQUIEME RECENSEMENT GENERAL DE LA POPULATION ET DE L’HABITAT (RGPH5) |url=https://www.instat-mali.org/laravel-filemanager/files/shares/rgph/rapport-etat-structure-population-rgph5-rgph.pdf |access-date=8 June 2026 |date=December 2024}}</ref> | capital = Bamako | coordinates = {{Coord|12|39|N|8|0|W|type:city}} | largest_city = Bamako | government_type = Jamhuuriyad madaxtooyo oo midaysan oo hoos timaada koox milatari ah<ref>{{cite news |last1=Booty |first1=Natasha |last2=Pivac |first2=Mark |title=Assimi Goïta: President gets sweeping powers in new Mali constitution |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66282417 |access-date=4 August 2023 |work=BBC News |date=23 July 2023 |archive-date=2 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802043804/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66282417 |url-status=live }}</ref> | leader_title1 = Madaxweyne | leader_name1 = Assimi Goïta | leader_title2 = Ra'iisul Wasaare | leader_name2 = Abdoulaye Maïga (ku-meel-gaar) | legislature = Golaha Ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Qaranka | area_rank = 23aad | area_km2 = 1,240,192 | area_footnote = <ref name="bbc_com">{{cite web |title=Mali country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13881370 |website=BBC News |access-date=17 October 2023 |date=19 October 2023 |archive-date=11 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230911075500/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13881370 |url-status=live }}</ref> | area_sq_mi = 478,839 | percent_water = 1.6 | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 25,200,000<ref name="populationest" /> | population_census = 22,395,489<ref name="2022census" /> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 61aad | population_census_year = 2022 | population_density_km2 = 18 | population_density_sq_mi = 30.3 | population_density_rank = 215aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $72.74 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.ML">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MLI |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 Edition. (Mali) |publisher=International Monetary Fund |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=6 September 2025 |archive-date=17 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017204907/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=678,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = 115aad | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $2,930<ref name="IMFWEO.ML" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 173ad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $23.21 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.ML" /> | GDP_nominal_rank = 121aad | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $936 <ref name="IMFWEO.ML" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 175ad | sovereignty_type = Aasaaskii | established_event1 = Aasaaskii Jamhuuriyadda Suudaan | established_date1 = 24 November 1958 | established_event2 = Ku biiristii Senegal si loo abuuro Federaalka Mali | established_date2 = 4 April 1959 | established_event3 = Madaxbannaanidii ay ka qaadatay Faransiiska | established_date3 = 20 June 1960 | established_event4 = Kala diristii Federaalka Mali | established_date4 = 20 August 1960 | established_event5 = Ku dhawaaqistii Jamhuuriyadda Mali | established_date5 = 22 September 1960 | Gini_year = 2021 | Gini_change = hoos u dhac | Gini = 35.7 | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |access-date=13 June 2026 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208203439/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = kor u kac | HDI = 0.419 | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |date= 6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2023/2024|url= https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/MLI|access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 188aad | currency = Frankiga CFA ee Galbeedka Afrika | currency_code = XOF | utc_offset = ±00:00 | time_zone = Wakhtiga Greenwich | calling_code = +223 | cctld = [[.ml]] | today = }} '''Mali''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Mali.ogg|ˈ|m|ɑː|l|i}}; {{IPA|bm|ma.li}}<br/>{{bulleted list|Farta N'Ko: {{lang|bm-nkoo|ߡߊߟߌ}}|{{langx|ff|𞤃𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭|italics=no}}|{{langx|ar|مالي}}}}}} si rasmi ahna loo yidhaahdo '''Jamhuuriyadda Mali''',{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|bm|Mali ka Fasojamana}}, {{small|Farta N'Ko:}} {{lang|bm-nkoo|ߡߊ߬ߟߌ ߞߊ ߝߊߛߏߖߊߡߊߣߊ}}|{{langx|ff|𞤈𞤫𞤲𞥆𞤣𞤢𞥄𞤲𞤣𞤭 𞤃𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭|Renndaandi Maali|italics=no}}|{{langx|ar|جمهورية مالي|Jumhūriyyāt Mālī}}}}}} waa dal aan bad lahayn oo ku yaal Galbeedka Afrika. Waa dalka siddeedaad ee ugu weyn Afrika iyo dalka 23aad ee ugu weyn adduunka, isagoo leh baaxad dhul oo gaadhaysa 1,240,192 kiilomitir oo laba jibaaran.<ref name="bbc_com" /> Dalku wuxuu waqooyiga xuduud la leedahay Aljeeriya, bariga Nayjer, waqooyi-galbeed Mauritaniya, koonfurta Burkina Faso iyo Xeebta Fool-maroodiga (Ivory Coast), galbeedkana Guinea iyo Senegal. Dadka ku nool Mali waa qiyaastii 25.20 milyan,<ref name="populationest">{{Cite web |title=Mali Population |url=https://www.unfpa.org/data/world-population/ML|date=2025|website=United Nations Population Fund}}</ref> iyadoo 47.19% ka mid ah la qiyaasay inay ka yar yihiin da'da 15 sanno marka la gaadhay 2024.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indexmundi.com/mali/age_structure.html |title=Index Mundi using CIA World Factbook statistics, January 20, 2018, retrieved April 13, 2019 |access-date=14 April 2019 |archive-date=21 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201221011240/https://www.indexmundi.com/mali/age_structure.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Caasimaddeeda iyo magaalada ugu weyn waa Bamako. Luqadda Faransiiska waxay ahayd luqadda rasmiga ah ee Mali ilaa 2022, markaasoo lagu beddelay 13 luqadood oo Afrikaan ah, iyadoo luqadda Bambara ay tahay luqadda koowaad ee inta badan dadka dalkaas deggan.<ref name="p6" /> Xuduudaha waqooyi ee Mali waxay aad ugu qoto dheer yihiin dhexda Saxaraha Weyn. Qaybta koonfureed ee dalka, oo ay ku nool yihiin inta badan dadka deegaanka, waxay ku taal fidsanaanta savanna-da Suudaan, waxaana dhex mara webiyada Niger iyo Senegal. Dhaqaalaha dalku wuxuu ku dhowyahay beeraha iyo macdanta, iyadoo khayraadkeeda dabiiciga ah ee ugu caansan uu ka mid yahay dahabka, oo ka dhigan 80% waxyaabaha ay dibadda u dhoofiso, iyo suufka. Mali waa mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu saboolka ah uguna hooseeya horumarka adduunka.<ref name="ITA" /><ref name="UNCTAD" /> Mali waxay qayb ka ahayd saddex boqortooyo oo isku xigay oo xoog weyn iyo hanti lahaa kuwaas oo xukumayay ganacsiga ka gudba Saxaraha: Boqortooyadii Ghana (oo dalka Ghana loogu magac daray), Boqortooyadii Mali (oo dalka Mali loogu magac daray), iyo Boqortooyadii Songhai. Markii ay ugu sarreysay sannadkii 1300, Boqortooyadii Mali waxay ahayd dalka ugu hantida badnaa Afrika<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2020 |title=Mansa Musa (Musa I of Mali) |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/mansa-musa-musa-i-mali/ |access-date=16 March 2022 |website=National Geographic Society |archive-date=2 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702005708/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/mansa-musa-musa-i-mali/ |url-status=live }}</ref> iyadoo boqorkeedii qarnigii 14aad Mansa Musa la rumeysan yahay inuu ahaa mid ka mid ah shaqsiyaadka ugu hodansan taariikhda adduunka.<ref>[http://www.blackpast.org/gah/mali-empire-ca-1200 Mali Empire (ca. 1200-) | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105194944/https://blackpast.org/gah/mali-empire-ca-1200 |date=5 January 2019 }}. The Black Past. Retrieved 8 October 2012.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 March 2019 |title=Is Mansa Musa the richest man who ever lived? |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47379458 |access-date=16 March 2022 |archive-date=10 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190310072937/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47379458 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is the richest person of all time? |url=https://www.theweek.co.uk/news/people/954992/who-is-the-richest-person-of-all-time |access-date=16 March 2022 |website=The Week UK |date=December 2021 |archive-date=16 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316215840/https://www.theweek.co.uk/news/people/954992/who-is-the-richest-person-of-all-time |url-status=live }}</ref> Marka laga soo tago inay ahayd xarun ganacsi iyo mid macdan qodis, Mali-dii waqtiyadii dhexe waxay ahayd xarun Islaamka, dhaqanka iyo aqoonta, iyadoo Timbuktu ay noqotay meel caan ku ah waxbarashada iyadoo lahayd jaamacaddeeda, oo ah mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu faca weyn adduunka isla markaana weli shaqaysa. Boqortooyadii sii fidsaysay ee Songhai ayaa la wareegtay boqortooyadii 1468, waxaana ku xigay ciidankii Saadiyiinta oo ka adkaaday Songhai 1591. Dhammaadkii qarnigii 19aad, intii lagu jiray Loolankii Afrika, Faransiisku wuxuu la wareegay maamulka Mali, wuxuuna ka dhigay qayb ka mid ah Suudaantii Faransiiska; iyadoo ah Jamhuuriyadda Suudaan, federaal kooban oo ay la gashay Senegal ayaa la aasaasay, kaas oo xorriyadda qaatay 1660. Ka dib ka bixitaankii Senegal, Jamhuuriyadda Mali ayaa la aasaasay. Ka dib muddo dheer oo uu jiray xukun hal xisbi ah, afgambi dhacay 1991 wuxuu horseeday constitution cusub iyo in Mali laga dhigo dal dimuqraadi ah oo nidaamka xisbiyada badan leh. Wixii markaas ka dambeeyay ilaa 2012, Mali waxay la kulantay koritaan dhaqaale iyo xorriyadaha madaniga ah oo kordhay, inkastoo tani ay bilaabay inay dib u dhacdo ka dib 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Priyanka |last=Shankar |title=Timeline: How Mali went from democracy beacon to instability |date=27 April 2026 |access-date=27 April 2026 |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/27/timeline-how-mali-went-from-democracy-beacon-to-instability }}</ref> Tan iyo madaxbannaanidii, waxaa jiray afar kacdoon oo ay ku lug lahaayeen dadka Tuareg-ka, kuwaas oo dhacay 1962 ilaa 1964, 1990 ilaa 1995, 2007 ilaa 2009, iyo tan iyo 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Pezard |last1=Stephanie |first2=Michael |last2=Shurkin |title=Achieving Peace in Northern Mali: Past Agreements, Local Conflicts, and the Prospects for a Durable Settlement |work=RAND Corporation |date=2015 |access-date=26 April 2026 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7249/j.ctt15zc57q }}</ref> Bishii Janaayo 2012, iskahorimaad hubeysan ayaa ka qarxay waqooyiga Mali, kaas oo jabhadaha Tuareg-ka ay kula wareegeen dhul ku yaal waqooyiga, bishii Abriilna waxay ku dhawaaqeen goosashada dawlad cusub oo la yidhaahdo Azawad.<ref>Polgreen, Lydia and Cowell, Alan (6 April 2012) [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/07/world/africa/mali-rebels-proclaim-independent-state-in-north.html?_r=1&adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1333728086-ZXpwSz3KFqUnA4lteq4j4w "Mali Rebels Proclaim Independent State in North"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728182302/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/07/world/africa/mali-rebels-proclaim-independent-state-in-north.html?_r=1&adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1333728086-ZXpwSz3KFqUnA4lteq4j4w |date=28 July 2020 }}, ''The New York Times''</ref> Iskahorimaadka waxaa sii murgiyay afgambi milatari bishii Maarso 2012<ref name="telegraph.co.uk">[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/mali/9161930/UN-Security-council-condemns-Mali-coup.html UN Security Council condemns Mali coup] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128100600/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/mali/9161930/UN-Security-council-condemns-Mali-coup.html |date=28 November 2020 }}. Telegraph (23 March 2012). Retrieved 24 March 2013.</ref> iyo dagaalo dambe oo dhexmaray Tuareg iyo kooxaha kale ee mucaaradka ah. Si looga jawaabo dhulalka la qabsaday, milatariga Faransiisku wuxuu bilaabay Hawlgalkii Serval bishii Janaayo 2013.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2013/01/12/la-france-demande-une-acceleration-de-la-mise-en-place-de-la-force-internationale-au-mali_1816033_3212.html |title=Mali – la France a mené une série de raids contre les islamistes |date=12 January 2013 |work=Le Monde |access-date=13 January 2013 |archive-date=20 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020023450/http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2013/01/12/la-france-demande-une-acceleration-de-la-mise-en-place-de-la-force-internationale-au-mali_1816033_3212.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Bil ka dib, ciidamada Mali iyo kuwa Faransiiska waxay qayb ahaan dib u qabsadeen waqooyiga, inkastoo iskahorimaadku uu sii socday.<ref name="BTI-2026" /> Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta ayaa loo doortay madaxweyne sannadkii 2013, laakiin eedaymo ku saabsan khiyaano intii lagu jiray doorashadii baarlamaanka ee 2020 waxay keentay dibad-baxyo ballaaran. Keïta waxaa xukunka looga tuuray afgambi uu hoggaaminayay Assimi Goïta, iasgoo isku dhisay inuu yahay taliyaha milatariga ee Mali ka dib afgambi kale oo dhacay 2021.<ref name="BTI-2026" /> Sannadkii 2025, dhammaan xisbiyada siyaasadda waa la kala diray waxaana Goïta la siiyay muddo madaxtooyo oo shan sanno ah, oo dib loo cusboonaysiin karo doorasho la'aan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ewokor |first=Chris |date=4 July 2025 |title=Assimi Goïta: Mali military leader granted five-year term in power |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9qxnxxzde8o |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Isbahaysiga JNIM ee xiriirka la leh Al-Qaacida ayaa cunaqabatayn shidaal ku soo rogay magaalooyinka waaweyn, taas oo keentay carqalad dhaqaale,<ref name="ISW-100925" /> sannadkii 2026-na waxay weerar wadajir ah la qaadeen gooni-goosadka Tuareg-ka.<ref name="AP-26042026" /> == Asalka magaca== Magaca ''Mali'' waxaa laga qaatay magaca Boqortooyadii Mali. Waxaa loola jeedaa "meesha uu boqorku ku nool yahay"<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u5HnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7|title=Discovering the Empire of Mali|last=Wolny|first=Philip|date=15 December 2013|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=9781477718896|page=7|access-date=24 August 2020|archive-date=16 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416180418/https://books.google.com/books?id=u5HnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7|url-status=live}}</ref> wuxuuna xambaarsan yahay macnaha xoogga.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/educationalsyste0000sasn|url-access=registration|title=Educational Systems of Africa: Interpretations for Use in the Evaluation of Academic Credentials|last1=Sasnett|first1=Martena Tenney|last2=Sepmeyer|first2=Inez Hopkins|date=1 January 1967|publisher=University of California Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/educationalsyste0000sasn/page/673 673]}}</ref> Socdaalihii reer Maghreb ee qarnigii afar iyo tobnaad Ibn Battuta wuxuu sheegay in caasimadda boqortooyada loogu yeeri jiray Mali.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zf6xAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA231|title=Historical Dictionary of Mali|last1=Imperato|first1=Pascal James|last2=Imperato|first2=Gavin H.|date=25 April 2008|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810864023|page=231|access-date=24 August 2020|archive-date=27 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827043448/https://books.google.com/books?id=zf6xAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA231|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Niane, Djibril (1965). ''Sundiata: An Epic of Old Mali''.</ref> Mid ka mid ah hiddaha dadka Mandinka ayaa sheegaya in boqorkii ugu horreeyay ee halyeeyga ahaa Sundiata Keita uu isku beddelay jeer (hippopotamus) markii uu ku dhintay Webiga Sankarani iyo in ay suurtogal ahayd in deegaanka webigan laga helo tuulooyin loogu yeero "Mali-dii hore". Daraasad lagu sameeyay maahmaahyada reer Mali ayaa lagu ogaaday in Mali-dii hore ay ku taal tuulo la yidhaahdo Malikoma, oo macnaheedu yahay "Mali Cusub", iyo in ''Mali'' ay markii hore ahaan kartay magaca magaalo.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh/bitstream/123456789/8845/1/A%20Study%20of%20Proverbs%20in%20Things%20Fall%20Apart%20and%20Sundiata%3B%20An%20Epic%20of%20Old%20Mali%20(Sundiata)%20-%202014.pdf|title=A STUDY OF PROVERBS IN THINGS FALL APART AND SUNDIATA: AN EPIC OF OLD MALI (SUNDIATA)|last=Aku Adjandeh|first=Evelyn|date=July 2014|publisher=University of Ghana, Legon – Institute of African Studies |page=100|access-date=19 March 2017|archive-date=20 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320054429/http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh/bitstream/123456789/8845/1/A%20Study%20of%20Proverbs%20in%20Things%20Fall%20Apart%20and%20Sundiata%3B%20An%20Epic%20of%20Old%20Mali%20(Sundiata)%20-%202014.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Aragti kale ayaa soo jeedinaysa in ''Mali'' ay tahay dhawaaqa luqadda Fula ee magaca dadka Mande.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LY5Lmc-To7cC&pg=PA92|title=African Glory: The Story of Vanished Negro Civilizations|last=Graft-Johnson|first=John Coleman De|date=1 January 1986|publisher=Black Classic Press|isbn=9780933121034|page=92|access-date=24 August 2020|archive-date=16 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416180445/https://books.google.com/books?id=LY5Lmc-To7cC&pg=PA92|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0001fyle|url-access=registration|title=Introduction to the History of African Civilization: Precolonial Africa|last=Fyle|first=C. Magbaily|date=1999|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=9780761814566|pages=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0001fyle/page/11 11]}}</ref> Waxaa la soo jeediyay in isbeddelka dhawaaqyadu uu keenay isbeddelka, halkaas oo luqadda Fula dhexdeeda qaybta alveolar-ka /nd/ ay u isbeddesho /l/ oo shaqalka ugu dambeeya uu lumiyo dhawaqa sanka isla markaana uu kordho, taas oo keentay in "Manden" uu u isbeddelo /mali/.<ref name=":0" /> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Wadamada Afrika]] oyvo64txj7l2p98ri3to9y0prlq44yh 0 3690 307644 300587 2026-09-09T17:31:12Z Soalt 39618 template:dalalka afrika iyo category:wadamada afrika 307644 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Namibia | common_name = Namibia | native_name = {{small|{{Name in various languages | name = {{nobold|''(luqadaha qaranka)''}} | af = {{lang|af|Republiek van Namibië}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Afrikaans.pdf|title=Communal Land Reform Act, Afrikaans|publisher=Government of Namibia|access-date=18 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225105003/http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Afrikaans.pdf|archive-date=25 February 2016}}</ref> | de = {{lang|de|Republik Namibia}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_German.pdf|title=Communal Land Reform Act, German|publisher=[[Government of Namibia]]|access-date=18 February 2016|archive-date=9 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009105727/https://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_German.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | naq = {{lang|naq|Republiki Namibiab dib}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Nama.pdf|title=Communal Land Reform Act, Khoekhoegowab|publisher=Government of Namibia|access-date=18 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225104943/http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Nama.pdf|archive-date=25 February 2016}}</ref> | kj = {{lang|kj|Orepublika yaNamibia}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://baslerafrika.ch/wp-content/uploads/Neuerwerbungsliste-2013.pdf|title=Communal Land Reform Act, Oshiwambo|publisher=Government of Namibia|access-date=18 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301124906/http://baslerafrika.ch/wp-content/uploads/Neuerwerbungsliste-2013.pdf|archive-date=1 March 2016}}</ref> | hz = {{lang|hz|Orepublika yaNamibia}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Herero.pdf|title=Communal Land Reform Act, Otjiherero|publisher=Government of Namibia|access-date=18 February 2016}} {{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | kwn = {{lang|kwn|Republika zaNamibia}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Rukwangali.pdf|title=Communal Land Reform Act, Rukwangali|publisher=Government of Namibia|access-date=18 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225104955/http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Rukwangali.pdf|archive-date=25 February 2016}}</ref> | tn = {{lang|tn|Rephaboliki ya Namibia}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Setswana.pdf|title=Communal Land Reform Act, Setswana|publisher=Government of Namibia|access-date=18 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225105008/http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Setswana.pdf|archive-date=25 February 2016}}</ref> | loz = {{lang|loz| Namibia ye Lukuluhile}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Lozi.pdf|title=Communal Land Reform Act, Lozi|publisher=Government of Namibia|access-date=18 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225104949/http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Lozi.pdf|archive-date=25 February 2016}}</ref> }}}} | image_flag = Flag of Namibia.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Namibia.svg | national_motto = "Midnimo, Xorriyo, Caddaalad" | national_anthem = "[[Namibia, Land of the Brave]]" | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Namibia (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Muuji golaha|default=1}} | map_caption = | capital = [[Windhoek]] | coordinates = {{Coord|22|34|S|17|5|E|type:city_region:NA}} | largest_city = caasimadda | official_languages = [[English language|Ingiriisi]]<ref>{{Cite web | title=Namibia - The World Factbook | url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/namibia/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110010829/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/namibia | url-status=dead | archive-date=10 January 2021 | access-date=2025-08-04 | website=www.cia.gov}}</ref> | national_languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Afrikaans]] |[[German language in Namibia|Jarmal]] |[[Khoekhoe language|Khoekhoegowab]] |[[Owambo language|Oshiwambo]] |[[Herero language|Otjiherero]] |[[Kwangali language|RuKwangali]] |[[Tswana language|Setswana]] |[[Lozi language|siLozi]] }} | regional_languages = {{unbulleted list | [[ǃKung languages|ǃKung]] | [[Gciriku language|Gciriku]] | [[Mbukushu language|Thimbukushu]] }} | ethnic_groups = {{ unbulleted list | 93.2% [[Demographics of Namibia|U dhashay Afrika]]{{efn-ua|Waxaa ku jira dhammaan kooxaha qowmiyadeed ee u dhashay Afrika}} | 3.6% [[Coloured people in Namibia|Midabka leh]] iyo [[Basters]] | 1.8% [[White Namibians|Caddaan]] | 1.4% [[Asian people|Aasiyaan]] / kuwa kale }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2023 | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="Census2023">{{cite web|url=https://census.nsanamibia.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2023-Population-and-Housing-Census-Main-Report-28-Oct-2024.pdf|title=Namibia 2023 Population and Housing Census Main Report|publisher=Namibia Statistics Agency|access-date=2024-10-30|pages=90–91|archive-date=10 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110234059/https://census.nsanamibia.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2023-Population-and-Housing-Census-Main-Report-28-Oct-2024.pdf}}</ref> | religion = {{unbulleted list |{{Tree list}} * 87.9% [[Christianity in Namibia|Masiixiyad]] ** 43.7% [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia|Luuteriyan]] ** 22.8% [[Catholic Church in Namibia|Kaatoolig]] ** 17.0% [[Diocese of Namibia|Anglikan]] ** 4.4% [[List of Christian denominations|Masiixiyiinta]] kale {{Tree list/end}} |10.5% kuwa kale |1.6% [[Irreligion|diin laawayaal]]}} | religion_year = 2023 | religion_ref = <ref name=":3">{{citation-attribution|{{cite web|title=Namibia Demographic and Health Survey 2013|publisher=[[Ministry of Health and Social Services (Namibia)|Namibia Ministry of Health and Social Services]] and ICF International|date=September 2014|url=https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR298/FR298.pdf|access-date=5 July 2021|pages=29–30|archive-date=18 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618173209/https://www.dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR298/FR298.pdf|url-status=live}}}}</ref>{{efn-ua|Kaliya dadka da'doodu u dhaxayso 15 iyo 49 sanno ayaa la baadhay.}} | demonym = [[Demographics of Namibia|Reer Namibia]] | government_type = Jamhuuriyad badh-madaxtooyo oo midaysan<ref name="Dual" />{{update inline|date=December 2025}} | leader_title1 = [[President of Namibia|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Namibia|Madaxweyne Ku-xigeen]] | leader_name2 = [[Lucia Witbooi]] | leader_title3 = [[Prime Minister of Namibia|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name3 = [[Elijah Ngurare]] | leader_title4 = [[Deputy-Prime Minister of Namibia|Ra'iisul Wasaare Ku-xigeen]] | leader_name4 = Bannaan | leader_title5 = [[Chief Justice of Namibia|Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare]] | leader_name5 = [[Peter Shivute]] | legislature = [[Parliament of Namibia|Baarlamaan]] | upper_house = [[National Council (Namibia)|Golaha Qaranka]] | lower_house = [[National Assembly (Namibia)|Aqlaka Qaranka]] | sovereignty_type = Madaxbannaanida ka qaadatay [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | established_event1 = [[Constitution of Namibia|Dastuurka]] | established_date1 = 9 February 1990 | established_event2 = [[Namibian War of Independence|Madaxbannaanida]] | established_date2 = 21 March 1990 | area_km2 = 825,615 | area_rank = 34aad | area_sq_mi = 318,696 | percent_water = Aad u yar | population_census = {{increase neutral}} 3,022,401<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/namibia-population/|title=Namibia Population (2025)|website=Worldometer}}</ref><ref name="Census2023"/> | population_census_year = 2025 | population_census_rank = 136aad | population_density_km2 = 3.7 | population_density_sq_mi = 1.4 | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $37.73 bilyan<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_rank = 145aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $12,370<ref name="auto1"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 117aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $14.21 bilyan<ref name="auto1"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_rank = 145aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $4,660<ref name="auto1"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 120aad | Gini = 59.1 | Gini_year = 2015 | Gini_change = | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=NA|title=GINI index (World Bank estimate)|publisher=World Bank|access-date=20 January 2019|archive-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328164913/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=NA|url-status=live}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.665 | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = kor u kac | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 136aad | currency = [[Namibian dollar]] <br /> (NAD) <br /> [[South African rand]] (ZAR) | time_zone = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]] | utc_offset = +2 | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | calling_code = [[+264]] | cctld = [[.na]] | footnote_a = | today = }} '''Namibia''',{{efn-ua|{{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Namibia.ogg|n|ə|.|ˈ|m|ɪ|.|b|i|.|ə}},<ref>{{citation|last=Wells|first=John C.|year=2008|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|edition=3rd|publisher=Longman|isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Roach|first=Peter|year=2011|title=Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary|edition=18th|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-15253-2}}</ref> {{respell|nə|MIH|bee|ə}}}} si rasmiga ahna loo yidhaahdo '''Jamhuuriyadda Namibia''', waa dal ku yaal [[Southern Africa|Koonfurta Afrika]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.sahistory.org.za/place/namibia|title=Namibia|website=sahistory.org.za|date=4 March 2025}}</ref> Waxay xuduud la leedahay [[Atlantic Ocean|Badweynta Atlaantigga]] dhanka galbeed, [[Angola]] iyo [[Zambia]] dhanka waqooyi, [[Botswana]] dhanka bari iyo [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] dhanka koonfur; dhanka waqooyi-bari, marka loo dhowaado [[quadripoint|isgoyska afar-geesoodka ah]],<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.info-namibia.com/info/namibias-geography |title=Namibias Geography|website=info-namibia.com|date=4 March 2025}}</ref> [[Zimbabwe]] waxay u jirtaa wax ka yar 200 oo mitir (660 cagood) oo raacda wabiga [[Zambezi]] u dhow [[Kazungula]], Zambia. Caasimadda Namibia iyo magaalada ugu weyn waa [[Windhoek]]. Namibia waa dalka ugu qallalan gobolka [[sub-Saharan Africa|Afrikada ka hooseysa Saxaraha]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/10/23/world/africa/namibia-eye-on-country-profile/index.html|title=Namibia country profile: moving on from a difficult past|author=Peter Shadbolt|publisher=CNN|date=24 October 2012|access-date=3 June 2018|archive-date=20 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220120821/https://edition.cnn.com/2012/10/23/world/africa/namibia-eye-on-country-profile/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> waxaana tan iyo xilliyadii taariikhda ka horreysay deganaa [[Khoekhoe|Khoi]], [[San people|San]], [[Damara people|Damara]] iyo [[Nama people]]. Qiyaastii qarnigii 14aad, [[immigration|soo-galooti]] [[Bantu peoples|dadka Bantu-ga ah]] ayaa yimid qayb ka mid ah [[Bantu expansion|ballaarintii Bantu-ga]]. Labaadkii 1600 [[Owambo people#History|dadka Owambo]] waxay sameysteen boqortooyooyin, sida [[Ondonga]] iyo [[Oukwanyama]].<ref name="Frieda 1991">{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Frieda-Nela |url=https://www.namibiadigitalrepository.com/files/original/e98ba4fc1c8f59083fee9dc64a32083e.pdf |title=Precolonial Communities of Southwestern Africa: A history of Owambo Kingdoms 1600-1920 |publisher=National Archives of Namibia |year=1991 |access-date=2024-03-07 |archive-date=2024-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307225349/https://www.namibiadigitalrepository.com/files/original/e98ba4fc1c8f59083fee9dc64a32083e.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Sannadkii 1884, [[German Empire|Boqortooyadii Jarmalka]] ayaa aasaastay maamul ku saabsan inta badan dhulkaas, iyadoo samaysay gumeysi loo yaqaanno [[German South West Africa|Koonfur-galbeed Afrika ee Jarmalka]]. Intii u dhaxeysay 1904-08, ciidamada Jarmalka waxay qaadeen olole ciqaab ah oo ka dhan ah [[Herero people|dadka Herero]] iyo Nama kaas oo isu beddelay [[Herero and Nama genocide|Xasuuqii ugu horreeyay]] ee qarnigii 20aad. Maamulkii Jarmalka wuxuu dhammaaday xilligii Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka ka dib markii sannadkii 1915 ay jabiyeen ciidamada [[Union of South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Sannadkii 2021, dibloomaasiyiin Jarmal iyo Namibian ah ayaa abuuray "heshiis dib-u-heshiisiin" oo lagu qirayo xadgudubyadii xilligii gumeysiga Jarmalka.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rogers |first=Thomas |date=2023-03-09 |title=The Long Shadow of German Colonialism |url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2023/03/09/the-long-shadow-of-german-colonialism-thomas-rogers/ |access-date=2025-01-20 |work=The New York Review of Books |language=en |volume=70 |issue=4 |issn=0028-7504}}</ref> Sannadkii 1920 [[League of Nations|Ururkii Qaramada]] ayaa maamulka gumeysiga u [[League of Nations mandate|wakiishay]] Koonfur Afrika. [[National Party (South Africa)|Xisbiga Qaranka]], oo loo doortay awoodda sannadkii 1948 gudaha Koonfur Afrika, wuxuu nidaamka [[apartheid|midab-kala-sooca]] ku dabaqay dhulkii markaas loo yaqaannay [[South West Africa|Koonfur-galbeed Afrika]]. Kacdoonno iyo dalabaadyo ku saabsan matalaad siyaasadeed ayaa keenay in [[United Nations|Qaramada Midoobay]] ay si toos ah ula wareegto mas'uuliyadda dhulkaas sannadkii 1966, laakiin Koonfur Afrika waxay sii haysatay maamulka {{lang|la|de facto}} ilaa 1973. Sannadkaas Qaramada Midoobay waxay u aqoonsatay ''South West Africa People's Organisation'', [[SWAPO]], inuu yahay matalaha rasmiga ah ee dadka Namibia. Namibia waxay madaxbannaani ka qaadatay Koonfur Afrika bishii Maarso 1990, ka dib [[South African Border War|Dagaalkii Xudduudaha Koonfur Afrika]]. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, [[Walvis Bay]] iyo [[Penguin Islands]] waxay ku sii jireen gacanta Koonfur Afrika ilaa 1994. Namibia waa [[parliamentary democracy|demoqraadiyad baarlamani ah]]. Beeraha, [[Tourism in Namibia|dalxiiska]] iyo [[Mining in Namibia|wersshadaha macdanta]] – oo ay ku jiraan soo saarista dheemanka, [[Uranium mining|yuuraaniyamka]], [[Gold mining|dahabka]], [[Silver mining|lacagta]] iyo [[base metal|macatidda kale]] – waxay aasaas u yihiin [[Economy of Namibia|dhaqaalaheeda]], halka qaybta wersshadaha wax-soo-saarka ay tahay mid yar marka loo barbardhigo. In kasta oo uu jiro kor u kac weyn oo xagga [[Gross domestic product|GDP]]-ga ah tan iyo markii ay madaxbannaanida heshay,<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Bank Open Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?locations=NA|access-date=3 April 2024|website=World Bank Open Data|archive-date=3 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403153207/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?locations=NA|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Poverty in Namibia|saboolnimada]] iyo [[Wealth inequality|sinnaan la'aanta hantida]] ayay weli yihiin kuwo muuqda. 41% dadka waxaa saameeyay [[Multidimensional Poverty Index|saboolnimo dhinacyo badan leh]],<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|year=2023|title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023|url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/NAM.pdf|access-date=3 April 2024|publisher=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports|archive-date=13 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313135944/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/NAM.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> in ka badan 400,000 oo qofna waxay ku nool yihiin [[informal housing|guryo ku-meel-gaar ah]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 March 2021|title=Namibia's ghetto life: Half million live in shacks countrywide – The Namibian|work=The Namibian |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/203451/archive-read/Namibias-ghetto-life-Half-million-live-in-shacks-countrywide|access-date=3 April 2024|archive-date=12 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312183127/https://www.namibian.com.na/203451/archive-read/Namibias-ghetto-life-Half-million-live-in-shacks-countrywide}}</ref> [[Income disparity|Farqiga dakhliga]] waa mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu sarreeya adduunka iyada oo uu jiro [[Gini coefficient|koofishanka Gini]] oo ahaa 59 sannadkii 2015.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=World Bank Open Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=1W-NA&most_recent_value_desc=true|access-date=3 April 2024|website=World Bank Open Data|archive-date=3 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403153208/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=1W-NA&most_recent_value_desc=true|url-status=live}}</ref> Iyadoo ay ku nool yihiin dad gaadhaya 3.1 milyan oo qof, Namibia waa mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu [[List of countries and territories by population density|dadka yar marka loo eego baaxadda dhulka]] adduunka. Tan iyo dhammaadkii [[Cold War|Dagaalkii Qaboobaa]], waxay soo jiidatay soo-galooti caan ah oo ka yimid Jarmalka, Angola, iyo Zimbabwe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Migration to Namibia 1990-2017 |url=https://worldmapper.org/maps/migration-to-namibia-1990-2017/ |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=Worldmapper |language=en}}</ref> Namibia waa xubin ka tirsan [[United Nations|Qaramada Midoobay]], [[Southern African Development Community|Ururka Horumarinta Koonfurta Afrika]], [[African Union|Midowga Afrika]] iyo Barwaaqosooranka. ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Wadamada Afrika]] 2g88bngb7ps0ckyznffcb75vb96jx7c 0 3711 307645 300591 2026-09-09T17:31:48Z Soalt 39618 template:dalalka afrika iyo category:wadamada afrika 307645 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Niger | native_name = {{native name|ha|Jamhuriyar Nijar}} | common_name = Niger | image_flag = Flag of Niger.svg | flag_alt = Saddex midab oo jiifa (oranji, caddaan, cagaar) oo leh goobo oranji ah bartamaha | flag_size = 100 | image_coat = Coat of arms of Niger.svg | coa_size = 110 | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File: Niger (orthographic projection).svg||Muuji golaha|frameless]]Muuji khariidadda Afrika|default=1}} | map_caption = | image_map2 = | national_motto = ''Fraternité, Travail, Progrès'' ([[French language|Faransiis]])<br>"Walaalnimo, Shaqo, Horumar" | national_anthem = {{native phrase|fr|[[L'Honneur de la Patrie]]|nolink=yes}}<br />"Sharafka Dhulka Hooyo"<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:THE HONOR OF THE FATHERLAND.ogg|Niger National Anthem The Honor of the Fatherland midi]]}}</div><hr/> | official_languages = [[Hausa language|Hawsajis]]<ref name=hausal/> | languages_type = [[National language|Luqadaha qaranka]]<ref name="axl.cefan.ulaval.ca">[http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/afrique/niger-loi-2001-037-LNG.htm République du Niger, "Loi n° 2001-037 du 31 décembre 2001 fixant les modalités de promotion et de développement des langues nationales." L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019123028/http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/afrique/niger-loi-2001-037-LNG.htm |date=19 October 2018 }} (accessed 21 September 2016)</ref> | languages = {{flatlist| * [[Arabic|Carabi]] * [[Buduma language|Buduma]] * [[Fula language|Fulfulde]] * [[Gurma language|Gourmanchéma]] * [[Kanuri language|Kanuri]] * [[Songhoyboro Ciine|Songhai]] * [[Tuareg languages|Tamasheq]] * [[Tasawaq language|Tassawaq]] * [[Tebu languages|Tebu]] * [[Zarma language|Zarma]] }} | religion_ref = <ref name="census"/> | religion_year = 2012 | religion = {{plainlist| * 99.3% [[Islam in Niger|Islaam]] * 0.3% [[Christianity in Niger|Masiixiyad]] * 0.2% [[Animism|Anamiyad]] * 0.1% [[irreligion|diin laawayaal]] }} | demonym = Reer Niger<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/nigerien|title=Nigerien – definition of Nigerien in English from the Oxford Dictionaries|access-date=1 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301230120/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/nigerien|archive-date=1 March 2018}}</ref> | capital = [[Niamey]] | coordinates = {{Coord|13|30|49|N|2|06|32|E|type:city_region:NE}} | largest_city = Niamey | government_type = Jamhuuriyad badh-madaxtooyo oo midaysan oo hoos timaada [[military junta|gole ciidan]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Niger|Madaxweyne]] iyo [[National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland|Guddoomiyaha Golaha Qaranka ee Ilaalinta Dhulka Hooyo]] | leader_name1 = [[Abdourahamane Tchiani]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Niger|Guddoomiye Ku-xigeenka Golaha Qaranka ee Ilaalinta Dhulka Hooyo]] | leader_name2 = [[Salifou Modi]] | leader_title3 = [[Prime Minister of Niger|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name3 = [[Ali Lamine Zeine]] | legislature = [[National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland|Golaha Qaranka ee Ilaalinta Dhulka Hooyo]] | area_rank = 21aad | area_km2 = 1,267,000 | area_sq_mi = 489,678 | percent_water = 0.02 | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 26,342,784<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Niger|access-date=22 June 2023|year=2023}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 56aad | population_density_km2 = 21 | population_density_sq_mi = 54. | population_density_rank = 204aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $61.040 bilyan<ref name="auto4">{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_rank = 128th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $2,100<ref name="auto4"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 176aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $21.870 bilyan<ref name="auto4"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_rank = 123rd | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $751<ref name="auto4"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 181aad | sovereignty_type = [[History of Niger|Madaxbannaanida]] | sovereignty_note = ka qaadatay [[France|Faransiiska]] | established_event1 = Ku dhawaaqistii Jamhuuriyadda | established_date1 = 18 December 1958 | established_event2 = Laga dhawaaqay | established_date2 = 3 August 1960 | established_event3 = [[2023 Nigerien coup d'état|Inqilaabkii 2023]] | established_date3 = 26 July 2023 | established_event4 = Axdiga kumeelgaadhka ah ee 2025 | established_date4 = 26 March 2025<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mamane |first1=Dalatou |title=Niger's junta leader cements his grip on power as he is sworn in as president |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-president-e7763dca5a85e790eeaca43f39237c04 |access-date=5 April 2025 |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=26 March 2025}}</ref> | Gini_year = 2021 | Gini_change = hoos u dhac<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = 32.9<!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref>[http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ World Bank GINI index] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209003326/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI |date=9 February 2015 }}, accessed on 21 January 2016.</ref> | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = kor u kac<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.419 <!--number only--> | HDI_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210204222738/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |url-status= dead |archive-date= 4 February 2021 |title=Gini Index coefficient|publisher=[[The World Factbook]]|access-date=25 March 2024}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 188aad | currency = [[West African CFA franc|Faranka CFA ee Galbeedka Afrika]] | currency_code = XOF | time_zone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]] | utc_offset = +1 | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | drives_on = midig<ref>[http://www.brianlucas.ca/roadside/ Which side of the road do they drive on?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414073422/http://brianlucas.ca/roadside/ |date=14 April 2012 }} Brian Lucas. August 2005. Retrieved 28 January 2009.</ref> | calling_code = [[+227]] | cctld = [[.ne]] | footnote_a = | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="CIA-2021-Niger">{{cite web|title=Africa: Niger – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niger/#people-and-society|website=cia.gov|access-date=1 May 2021|date=27 April 2021|archive-date=30 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330032003/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niger/#people-and-society|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ethnic_groups_year = 2006 | ethnic_groups = {{plainlist| * 53.1% [[Hausa people|Hausa]] * 21.2% [[Zarma people|Zarma]] iyo [[Songhaiborai|Songhay]] * 11.0% [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]] * 6.5% [[Fula people|Fulani]] * 5.9% [[Kanuri people|Kanuri]] * 0.8% [[Gurma people|Gurma]] * 0.4% [[Toubou people|Toubou]] * 0.4% [[Diffa Arabs|Carab]] * 0.9% [[Demographics of Niger#Ethnic groups|kuwa kale]] }} }} '''Niger''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|n|iː|ˈ|ʒ|ɛər|,_|ˈ|n|aɪ|dʒ|ər}} {{respell|nee|ZHAIR|,_|NY|jər}},<ref>[http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2003/07/how_do_you_pronounce_niger.html How Do You Pronounce "Niger"?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314184006/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2003/07/how_do_you_pronounce_niger.html|date=14 March 2012}} from [[Slate.com]], retrieved 4 March 2012</ref><ref>"Niger." ''The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Ed.'' 2003. Houghton Mifflin Company 22 February 2013 [http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Niger thefreedictionary.com/Niger] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512034128/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Niger |date=12 May 2013 }}</ref> {{IPA|fr|niʒɛʁ|lang}}; {{langx|ha|Nijar}}; {{langx|ar|النيجر}}; {{langx|ff|Niiser}}}} si rasmiga ahna loo yidhaahdo '''Jamhuuriyadda Niger''',{{efn|{{langx|ha|Jamhuriyar Nijar}}; {{langx|fr|République du Niger}}}} waa [[landlocked country|dal bad xidhan]] oo ku yaal [[West Africa|Galbeedka Afrika]]. Waa [[unitary state|dawlad midaysan]] oo ay xuduud la leedahay [[Libya]] dhanka [[Libya–Niger border|waqooyi-bari]], [[Chad]] dhanka [[Chad–Niger border|bari]], [[Nigeria]] dhanka [[Niger–Nigeria border|koonfur]], [[Benin]] iyo [[Burkina Faso]] dhanka [[Benin-Niger border|koonfur-galbeed]], [[Mali]] dhanka [[Mali–Niger border|galbeed]], iyo [[Algeria]] dhanka [[Algeria–Niger border|waqooyi-galbeed]]. Waxay ku fadhidaa baaxad dhul oo dhowr ah {{convert|1.27|e6km2|mi2|abbr=unit}}, taas oo ka dhigaysa dalka lixaad ee ugu weyn Afrika, dalka ugu weyn ee bad xidhan Galbeedka Afrika iyo dalka labaad ee ugu weyn ee bad xidhan guud ahaan Afrika marka laga reebo Chad. In ka badan 80% baaxadda dhulkeeda waxay ku taal [[Sahara|Saxaraha]]. Dadkeeda [[Islam in Niger|u badan masiixiyiinta/Muslimiinta]] oo qiyaastii ah {{million|{{UN_Population|Niger}}}}{{UN_Population|ref}} waxay u badan yihiin kuwa ku nool koox-koox dhanka koonfurta iyo galbeedka dalka. Caasimadda, [[Niamey]], waxay ku taal geeska koonfur-galbeed ee Niger iyada oo raacda wabiga magaca la wadaaga ee [[Niger River|Wabiga Niger]]. Ka dib fiditaankii Islaamka ee gobolka, Niger waxay ku taallay hareeraha qaar ka mid ah dawladaha, oo ay ku jiraan [[Kanem–Bornu Empire|Boqortooyadii Kanem-Bornu]] iyo [[Mali Empire|Boqortooyadii Mali]] ka hor inta aan qaybo muhiim ah oo dhulkeeda ka mid ah lagu darin dawladaha u dambeeyay sida [[Sultanate of Agadez|Saldanaddii Agadez]] iyo [[Songhai Empire|Boqortooyadii Songhai]]. Waxaa gumeystay Faransiiska intii uu socday [[Scramble for Africa|U-tartankii Afrika]] qayb ka mid ah [[French West Africa|Afrikada Galbeed ee Faransiiska]], waxayna noqotay [[Colony of Niger|gumeysi gooni ah]] sannadkii 1922. Tan iyo markii ay qaadatay madaxbannaanida sannadkii 1960, Niger waxay la kulantay shan inqilaab iyo afar xilli oo [[military dictatorship|maamul ciidan]] ah. Dastuurka toddobaad iyo kan ugu dambeeyay ee Niger waxaa la meelmariyay sannadkii 2010, iyadoo la aasaasay nidaam xisbiyo badan leh, midaysan oo badh-madaxtooyo ah. Ka dib [[2023 Nigerien coup d'état|inqilaabkii u dambeeyay ee 2023]], dalka waxaa xukumayay [[National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland|Golaha Qaranka ee Ilaalinta Dhulka Hooyo]], oo ah gole ciidan. [[Hausa people|Hausa]] waa kooxda qowmiyadeed ee ugu weyn dalka, iyagoo ka dhigan wax ka badan kala badh dadka dalka. [[Hausa language|Hawsajis]] waa luqadda rasmiga ah ee dalka iyo tan ugu hadalka badan; toban luqadood oo maxalli ah ayaa haysta heerka [[national language|luqadda qaranka]]. Sida laga soo xigtay warbixinta Qaramada Midoobay ee Cabirka Saboolnimada Dhinacyada Badan (MPI) ee sannadkii 2023, Niger waa mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu saboolsan adduunka.<ref>{{Cite report|author=United Nations|date=2023-07-11|title=2023 Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)|url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/2023-global-multidimensional-poverty-index-mpi|language=en|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713210119/https://hdr.undp.org/content/2023-global-multidimensional-poverty-index-mpi|url-status=live}}</ref> Qaybo ka mid ah dalka oo aan saxare ahayn ayaa la kulma abaaro xilliyeed iyo [[desertification|caro-guur/saxaroobid]]. [[Economy of Niger|Dhaqaaluhu]] wuxuu ku urursan yahay [[subsistence agriculture|beeralayda masruufka ah]], iyada oo ay jirto xoogaa beero dhoofin ah dhanka koonfurta oo aan aad u qallalayn, iyo dhoofinta [[raw material|alaabta ceeriin]], oo ay ku jirto [[uranium ore|macdanta yuuraaniyamka]]. Waxay wajahdaa caqabado xagga horumarka ah sababo la xiriira booskeeda bad xidhan, dhulka saxaraha ah, [[literacy rate|heerka akhris-qorista]] oo hooseeya, [[jihadist insurgency in Niger|kacdoonnada jihaadiga ah]], iyo [[fertility rate|heerka dhalmada]] oo sarreeya sababo la xiriira qorshaynta qoyska oo aan la isticmaalin iyo ka dhalashada [[population growth|koritaanka dadka]] oo degdeg ah.<ref name=EconPop>{{cite news|title=Population Explosion|url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21612239-runaway-birth-rates-are-disaster-population-explosion|access-date=3 August 2015|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=16 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729151128/http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21612239-runaway-birth-rates-are-disaster-population-explosion|archive-date=29 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> == Asalka magaca== Magacu wuxuu ka yimid [[Niger River|Wabiga Niger]] oo dhex mara galbeedka dalka. Asalka magaca wabiga lama hubo. Juqraafi-yaqaan reer Alexandria ah [[Ptolemy]] ayaa qoray sharraxaado ku saabsan [[wadi|tooga]] ''{{Lang|grc|Gir}}'' (ee ku dhow [[Algeria]]-da casriga ah) iyo {{Lang|grc|Ni-Gir}} {{Gloss|Gir-ta Hoose}} ee dhanka koonfurta, laga yaabaaba inuu u jeeday Wabiga Niger.<ref name="jeffreys"/> Qoraalka casriga ah ee ''Niger'' waxaa markii ugu horreysay diwaangeliyay aqoon-yahan [[Berber people|Berber]] ah [[Leo Africanus]] sannadkii 1550,<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Niger|volume=19|page=676|first=Frank Richardson|last=Cana}}</ref> iyadoo laga yaabo inay ka tihiin odhaahda [[Tuareg language|Tuareg-ta]] ee ah {{Lang|tmh|(e)gărăw-n-gărăwăn}} oo macneheedu si toos ah u yahay {{Gloss|wabigii wabiyada}}.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hunwick |first=John O. |author-link=John Hunwick |title=Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Sadi's Tarikh al-Sudan down to 1613 and other contemporary documents |publisher=Brill |place=Leiden |orig-date=1999 |year=2003 |isbn=978-90-04-11207-0 |page=275 Fn 22}}</ref> Waxaa jira isku-raac ballaran oo ka dhex jira khubarada luqadda in aanu ka soo jeedin ereyga Laatiinka ah ee {{Lang|la|niger}} {{Gloss|madow}} sidii markii ugu horreysay si khaldan loo aaminsanaa.<ref name="jeffreys">{{cite journal|last1=Jeffreys|first1=Mervyn David Waldegrave|title=Niger: Origins of the Word|journal=Cahiers d'Études africaines|date=1964|volume=4|issue=15|pages=443–451|doi=10.3406/cea.1964.3019|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/cea_0008-0055_1964_num_4_15_3019|access-date=11 August 2023|archive-date=11 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811194204/https://www.persee.fr/doc/cea_0008-0055_1964_num_4_15_3019|url-status=live|issn = 0008-0055}}</ref> Ku dhawaaqista rasmiga ah ee Ingiriisiga waa {{IPAc-en|n|iː|ˈ|ʒ|ɛər}}, halka qaar ka mid ah warbaahinta ku hadasha Ingiriisiga {{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|aɪ|dʒ|ər}} sidoo kale loo isticmaalo. ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Wadamada Afrika]] jjzy7kgjme86q6fxje9immypx66jfq0 0 3712 307652 301526 2026-09-09T17:36:51Z Soalt 39618 template:dalalka afrika iyo category:wadamada afrika 307652 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Senegaal | native_name = {{native name|fr|République du Sénégal}} | common_name = Senegal | image_flag = Flag of Senegal.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Senegal (official version).svg | image_map = Senegal (orthographic projection).svg | map_caption = {{map caption|location_color=dark green}} | image_map2 = | national_motto = {{native phrase|fr|"Un peuple, un but, une foi"|nolink=yes}}<br/>{{native phrase|wo|"Benn Askan, Benn Jubluwaay, Benn Pas-Pas"|nolink=yes}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Raaya ak bàkku Senegaal |trans-title=Calanka iyo halku-dhigga Senegal|url=https://www.presidence.sn/wo/presidence/le-drapeau-et-la-devise-du-senegal |lang=wo |publisher=[[President of Senegal|Presidency of Senegal]]}}</ref><br/>({{langx|en|"Hal Shacab, Hal Hadaf, Hal Caqiido"}}) | national_anthem = {{lang|fr|[[Le Lion rouge]]}}<br />({{langx|en|"Libaaxa Cas"}}){{parabr}}{{center|[[File:National Anthem of Senegal.ogg]]}} | official_languages = [[Af-Faransiis|Faransiis]] | languages_type = [[Aqoonta luqadda|Luqadaha qaranka]] | languages = {{hlist|[[Af-Wolof|Wolof]]{{Efn|name=WolofStatus|Xogta laga helay Xarunta Daraasaadka Afrika ee Jaamacadda Pennsylvania waxay qiyaasaysaa in qiyaastii 90% dadka u dhashay Senegal ay fahmaan ama ku hadlaan Wolof ahaan luqaddooda koowaad ama labaad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=African Studies Center{{!}} African Languages at Penn |url=https://www.africa.upenn.edu/afl/alwolof.htm |access-date=20 March 2023 |website=Center for African Studies at [[University of Pennsylvania]] |archive-date=29 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129152750/https://www.africa.upenn.edu/afl/alwolof.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>}}|[[Af-Serer|Serer]]|[[Af-Diola|Diola]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Falola |first=Toyin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3fhADwAAQBAJ&dq=Arabic+Status+in+Senegal&pg=PT190 |title=Africanizing Knowledge: African Studies Across the Disciplines |date=30 November 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-32438-0 |pages=190 |language=en}}</ref>|[[Af-Pulaar|Pulaar]]|[[Af-Soninke|Soninke]]|[[Af-Mandinka|Mandinka]]{{Efn|name=SenegalNationalLangs|Qodobka 1-aad ee Dastuurka Senegal ee 2001, kaas oo dhigaya in luqadaha qaranka ay yihiin Diola, Malinké, Pular, Sérère, Soninké iyo Wolof.<ref name="Languages">{{Cite web |title=Senegal's Constitution of 2001 with Amendments through 2016 |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Senegal_2016.pdf?lang=en |website=Constitute Project |language=en |access-date=20 March 2023 |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410075501/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Senegal_2016.pdf?lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref>}}}} | ethnic_groups = {{ubl| 39.7% [[Wolof (qoomiyad)|Wolof]] |27.5% [[Fula (qoomiyad)|Fula]] |16.0% [[Serer (qoomiyad)|Serer]] |4.9% [[Mandinka (qoomiyad)|Mandinka]] |4.2% [[Jola (qoomiyad)|Jola]] |2.4% [[Soninke (qoomiyad)|Soninke]] |5.4% [[Qoomiyadaha kale ee Senegal|kuwa kale]]}} | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="CIA Factbook">{{cite web |title=Senegal |date=23 August 2022 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/senegal/ |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en |access-date=23 January 2024 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204143936/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/senegal/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ethnic_groups_year = 2019 | religion = {{ubl | 89% [[Islaamka Senegal|Islaam]] | 10% [[Masiixiyad]] | 1% [[Diimaha Dhaqanka ee Afrika|Diimaha dhaqanka]]}} | religion_year = 2024 | religion_ref = <ref name="Pew Research">{{Cite web |title=Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life / Islam and Christianity in Sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2024/06/sub-saharan-africa-chapter-1.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250518203729/https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2024/06/sub-saharan-africa-chapter-1.pdf |archive-date=May 18, 2025 |website=Pew Research}}</ref> | demonym = Senegalese | capital = [[Dakar]] | coordinates = {{Coord|14|40|N|17|25|W|type:city}} | largest_city = caasimadda | government_type = Jamhuuriyad [[Nidaamka nus-madaxweynaha|nus-madaxweyne]] oo midaysan | leader_title1 = [[Liiska Madaxweynayaasha Senegal|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Bassirou Diomaye Faye]] | leader_title2 = [[Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Senegal|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name2 = [[Ahmadou Al Aminou Lo]] | leader_title3 = [[Guddoomiyaha Golaha Shacabka ee Senegal|Guddoomiyaha Golaha Shacabka]] | leader_name3 = [[Ousmane Sonko]] | legislature = [[Golaha Shacabka (Senegal)|Golaha Shacabka]] | area_rank = 86aad | area_km2 = 196,722<ref name="CIA Factbook"/> | area_sq_mi = 75,955 | percent_water = 2.1 | population_estimate = {{Increase}} 18,847,519<ref name="CIA Factbook"/> | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 68aad | population_census_rank = | population_census = | population_census_year = | population_density_km2 = {{density|18,847,519|196,722}} | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $105.428 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.SN">{{cite web |url= https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april/weo-report?c=722,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2023&ey=2030&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 Edition. (Senegal) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |date=10 April 2025 |access-date=9 August 2025}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = 100aad | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase }} $5,498 <ref name="IMFWEO.SN" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 150aad | GDP_nominal_rank = 103aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $34.728 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.SN" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase }} $1,811<ref name="IMFWEO.SN" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 154aad | established_event1 = Isbeddelka Jamhuuriyadda | established_date1 = 25 Noofambar 1958 | sovereignty_type = [[Taariikhda Senegal|Madax-bannaanida]] | established_event2 = Madax-bannaanida Faransiiska{{efn|Iyada iyo [[Suudaanta Faransiiska]], oo ahaa [[Xiriirka Mali]].}} | established_date2 = 20 Juun 1960 | established_event3 = Ka bixitaankii<br />[[Xiriirka Mali]] | established_date3 = 20 Agoosto 1960 | established_event4 = Kala diristii [[Xiriirka Senegambia]] | established_date4 = 30 Sebtembar 1989 | established_event5 = | established_date5 = | established_event6 = | established_date6 = | Gini_year = 2011 | Gini_change = | Gini = 40.3 | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |access-date=2 March 2011 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225120531/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/%20 |url-status=live }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.530 | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = kordhay | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 169aad | currency = [[CFA franc-ka Galbeedka Afrika]] | currency_code = XOF | country_code = | utc_offset = ±00:00 | time_zone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | calling_code = [[+221]] | cctld = [[.sn]] | flag_p1 = Flag of Mali (1959–1961).svg | today = }} '''Senegaal''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Senegal.ogg|ˌ|s|ɛ|n|ə|ˈ|ɡ|ɔː|l|,_|-|ˈ|ɡ|ɑː|l}};<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Senegal |title=Definition of Senegal |publisher=The Free Dictionary |access-date=6 November 2013 |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523052551/https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Senegal |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Senegal |title=Define Senegal |dictionary=Dictionary.com |access-date=6 November 2013 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304225517/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/senegal |url-status=live }}</ref> {{langx|fr|Sénégal}} {{ipa|fr|seneɡal|}}}} si rasmi ahna loo yiraahdo '''Jamhuuriyadda Senegaal''',{{efn|{{langx|fr|link=no|République du Sénégal}} {{ipa|fr|ʁepyblik dy seneɡal|}}}} waa dalka ugu galbeedsan dhul-waynaha [[Galbeedka Afrika]], wuxuuna ku yaal xeebta [[Badweynta Atlaantik-ga]]. Waxay xuduud la leedahay [[Mauretania]] xagga [[Xuduudda Mauretania–Senegal|waqooyiga]], [[Mali]] xagga [[Xuduudda Mali–Senegal|bari]], [[Gini]] xagga [[Xuduudda Gini–Senegal|koonfur-bari]] iyo [[Gini-Bisaau]] xagga [[Xuduudda Gini-Bisaau–Senegal|koonfur-galbeed]]. Senegal waxay ku dhowdahay inay gebi ahaanba ku hareeraysato dalka [[Gambiya]], oo ah dal fadhiya dhul cariiri ah oo ku teedsan daanta [[Webiga Gambiya]], kaas oo kala sooca gobolka koonfureed ee Senegal ee [[Casamance]] iyo dalka intiisa kale.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2018 |title=Which Countries Border The Gambia? |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/which-countries-border-the-gambia.html |access-date=19 September 2023 |website=WorldAtlas |archive-date=25 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925074027/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/which-countries-border-the-gambia.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2020 |title=Why is The Gambia Surrounded by Senegal? |url=https://www.trazeetravel.com/why-is-the-gambia-surrounded-by-senegal/ |access-date=19 September 2023 |website=Trazee Travel |language=en-US |archive-date=3 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003032201/https://www.trazeetravel.com/why-is-the-gambia-surrounded-by-senegal/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Waxay sidoo kale xuduud badeed la wadaagtaa [[Cape Verde]]. Caasimadda iyo magaalada ugu weyn Senegal waa [[Dakar]]. Senegal waa dalka ugu xagga galbeed ee dhul-waynaha [[Dunidii Hore]], ama [[Afro-Eurasia]].<ref>Janet H. Gritzner, Charles F. Gritzner&nbsp;– 2009, Senegal&nbsp;– Page 8</ref> Magaceeda waxay ka heshay [[Webiga Senegal]], oo xuduud u ah dhanka waqooyi iyo bari.<ref>{{Cite web |last=culturetrip |date=31 May 2018 |title=The Real Story Behind Senegal's Name |url=https://theculturetrip.com/africa/senegal/articles/the-real-story-behind-senegals-name/ |access-date=19 September 2023 |website=Culture Trip |archive-date=6 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206024446/https://theculturetrip.com/africa/senegal/articles/the-real-story-behind-senegals-name/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Cimiladu inta badan waa midda [[Sahel|Sahel-ka]], iyadoo leh [[Xilli-roobaad|xilli roobaad]]. Senegal waxay ku fidsan tahay dhul baaxadiisu tahay ku dhawaad {{convert|197,000|km2}} waxayna leedahay dad dhowr ah oo gaaraya 18 milyan.{{UN Population|ref}} Dawladdu waa [[Nidaamka nus-madaxweynaha|jamhuuriyad nus-madaxweyne ah]]; tan iyo markii la aas-aasay dalka sanadkii 1960-kii, waxaa loo aqoonsaday inuu yahay mid ka mid ah wadamada ugu xasiloon qaaradda Afrika.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overview |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/senegal/overview |access-date=30 November 2022 |publisher=World Bank |archive-date=30 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130123208/https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/senegal/overview |url-status=live }}</ref> Marka loo eego [[Tusmooyinka Dimuqraadiyadda ee V-Dem]] ee 2024, Senegal waxay ku jirtaa kaalinta 68aad ee dimuqraadiyadda doorashooyinka adduunka iyo kaalinta 10aad ee [[dimuqraadiyadda doorashooyinka ee Afrika]].<ref name="vdem_dataset">{{cite web |last=V-Dem Institute |date=2023 |title=The V-Dem Dataset |url=https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/ |access-date=14 October 2023 |archive-date=8 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208183458/https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Dawladdan waxaa loo dhisay sidii qayb ka mid ah madax-bannaanidii [[Galbeedka Afrika ee Faransiiska]] ee ka xorowday [[Xukunkii gumeysiga Faransiiska]]. Taariikhdan darteed, Faransiisku waa luqadda rasmiga ah, laakiin waxaa fahma kaliya dad tirada yar ah.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|author=Jacques Leclerc|date=4 October 2010|title=Sénégal|url=http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/afrique/senegal.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229121849/http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/afrique/senegal.htm|archive-date=29 February 2012|access-date=17 March 2012|website=Trésor de la langue française au Québec}}</ref> [[Luqadaha Senegal|In ka badan 30 luqadood]] ayaa looga hadlaa Senegal. [[Af-Wolof|Wolof]] waa luqadda ugu ballaaran ee loogu hadlo, iyadoo 80% dadku ay ku hadlaan sidii luqaddooda koowaad ama labaad,<ref name="What Languages Are Spoken in Senegal?">{{cite web |last=Pariona |first=Amber |date=27 September 2017 |title=What Languages Are Spoken in Senegal? |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-senegal.html |url-status=live |access-date=4 October 2022 |website=WorldAtlas |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004131156/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-senegal.html}}</ref> iyadoo u adeegta sidii [[Lingua franca|''lingua franca'']] ee Senegal oo barbar socota Faransiiska. [[Af-Carabi|Carabiga]] iyo [[Af-Pulaar|Pulaar]] sidoo kale waxay weli caan ku yihiin bulshooyinka qaar.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gueye |first1=Massamba |date=17 November 2022 |title=Wolof is reclaiming ground in Senegal as the French language wanes |url=https://theconversation.com/wolof-is-reclaiming-ground-in-senegal-as-the-french-language-wanes-194750 |doi=10.64628/AAJ.xvjeydjhj |editor-first1=Moina |editor-first2=Assane |editor-last1=Spooner |editor-last2=Diagne}}</ref> Sida wadamada kale ee Afrika, dalku wuxuu ka kooban yahay [[Aqoonta dadka ee Senegal|isku dhaf ballaaran oo bulshooyin qoomiyado iyo luqado kala duwan leh]], iyadoo kuwa ugu waaweyni ay yihiin [[Wolof (qoomiyad)|Wolof]], [[Fula (qoomiyad)|Fula]], iyo [[Serer (qoomiyad)|Serer]]. Dadka reer Senegal u badan koodu waa [[Muslimiin]].<ref name=":0b">{{cite web |title=Senegal, a Muslim Country that Can't Get Enough Christmas |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_senegal-muslim-country-cant-get-enough-christmas/6181575.html |last=Hammerschlag |first=Annika |date=24 December 2019 |access-date=30 November 2022 |publisher=VOA |archive-date=30 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130123919/https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_senegal-muslim-country-cant-get-enough-christmas/6181575.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Maadaama uu yahay dal soo koraya, Senegal waxaa loo kala saaraa [[Wadamada saboolka ah ee deynta badan lagu leeyahay|dal sabool ah oo deyn badan lagu leeyahay]], iyadoo ku jirta kaalinta hoose ee [[Tusmada Horumarinta Aadanaha]] (169aad ee 193 wadan). Inta badan dadku waxay ku nool yihiin xeebta waxayna ka shaqeeyaan [[Beeraha Senegal|beeraha ama warshadaha kale ee cuntada]]; warshadaha kale ee waaweyn waxaa ka mid ah macdanta, dalxiiska, iyo adeegyada.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Systematic Country Diagnostic of Senegal|date=4 October 2018|publisher=World Bank|doi=10.1596/30852|hdl=10986/30852|s2cid=240089232|url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/336611539873310474/Senegal-Systematic-Country-Diagnostic }}</ref> La'aanta taariikhiga ahayd ee khayraadka dabiiciga ah ee Senegal waxay u weecisay dadaallada dhanka kordhinta akhris-qoraalka iyo guulaha waxbarashada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Senegal, a small country, is good at providing international organisations with leaders |url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/why-senegal-small-country-good-providing-international-organisations-leaders |access-date=30 November 2022 |website=D+C |date=21 November 2014 |language=en |archive-date=30 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130121716/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/why-senegal-small-country-good-providing-international-organisations-leaders |url-status=live }}</ref> Senegal waa xubin ka tirsan [[Midowga Afrika]], Qaramada Midoobay, [[Guddiga Dhaqaalaha ee Galbeedka Afrika]] (ECOWAS), [[Ururka Caalamiga ah ee Francophonie]], [[Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka]], iyo [[Aagga Sahel iyo Saxaraha]]. == Asalka Magaca == Dalka Senegal waxaa loogu magac daray [[Webiga Senegal]]. Magaca webiga wuxuu ka imaan karaa fasiraadda luqadda [[Af-Boortaqiis|Boortaqiiska]] ee magaca [[Af-Zenaga|Zenaga]], oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan [[Sanhaja]].<ref name="fass">{{Cite web|url=https://theculturetrip.com/africa/senegal/articles/the-real-story-behind-senegals-name/|title=The Real Story Behind Senegal's Name|first=Beetle|last=Holloway|website=Culture Trip|date=31 May 2018|access-date=31 December 2018|archive-date=6 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206024446/https://theculturetrip.com/africa/senegal/articles/the-real-story-behind-senegals-name/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sidoo kale, waxay noqon kartaa isku darka ilaaha ugu sarreeya ee [[Diinta Serer|diinta Serer-ka]] (''Rog Sene'') iyo ''o gal,'' oo macnaheedu yahay ‘''biyo’'' marka loo eego [[Af-Serer|luqadda Serer]]. Qoraaga iyo wadaadka reer Faransiis David Boilat wuxuu soo jeediyay in magacu ka yimid weedha [[Af-Wolof|Wolof-ka]] ee ah "sunuu gaal", oo macnaheedu yahay "doonteenna".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Holloway |first=Beetle |date=31 May 2018 |title=The Real Story Behind Senegal's Name |url=https://theculturetrip.com/africa/senegal/articles/the-real-story-behind-senegals-name/ |access-date=19 July 2022 |website=Culture Trip |archive-date=6 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206024446/https://theculturetrip.com/africa/senegal/articles/the-real-story-behind-senegals-name/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Wadamada Afrika]] g58b3joclb881s1du169fonodz7m6ja 0 3713 307624 300575 2026-09-09T16:37:16Z Soalt 39618 template:dalalka afrika iyo category:wadamada afrika 307624 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Jaad | common_name = Jaad | native_name = {{small|{{Name in various languages | name = {{nobold|''(bila luqadaha rasmiga ah)''}} | fr = {{lang|fr|République du Tchad}} | ar = {{lang|ar|جمهورية تشاد|rtl=yes}}<br />{{transliteration|ar|Jumhūriyyat Tshād}} }}}} | image_flag = Flag of Chad.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Chad.svg | symbol_type = Astaanta qaranka | national_motto = {{vunblist |{{native phrase|fr|"Unité, Travail, Progrès"|italics=off}}|"Midnimo, Shaqa, Horumar"}} | national_anthem = {{vunblist |{{native phrase|fr|"La Tchadienne"|nolink=yes|italics=off}}|"Heesta Jaad"}}<div style="padding-top:0.5em;" class="center">[[File:La Tchadienne (instrumental).ogg]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File: Chad (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Muuji golaha|[[File:Location Chad AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Muuji khariidadda Afrika|default=1}} | capital = N'Djamena | coordinates = {{coord|12|06|19|N|15|02|41|E|type:city}} | largest_city = caasimadda | official_languages = {{hlist|Faransiis|Carabi}} | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; | 55.1% Islaam | 41.1% Masiixiyad | 2.4% Diin la'aan | 1.3% Animism | 0.1% kuwa kale }} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref name=":religions2020" /> | demonym = Reer Jaad | government_type = Jamhuuriyad madaxtooyo | leader_title1 = Madaxweyne | leader_name1 = Mahamat Déby | leader_title2 = Ra'iisul Wasaare | leader_name2 = Allamaye Halina | legislature = Baarlamaan laba aqal leh<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ngarbe |first1=Eluard |title=Le MPS lance sa campagne pour le Sénat |url=https://manara.td/le-mps-lance-sa-campagne-pour-le-senat/ |website=Manara Radio Télévision |language=fr-FR |date=4 February 2025}}</ref> | upper_house = Guurtida | lower_house = Golaha Qaranka | sovereignty_type = Madaxbannaanida ka timid Faransiiska | established_event1 = Ismaamul la siiyay | established_date1 = 28 November 1958 | established_event2 = Dawlad madaxbannaan | established_date2 = 11 August 1960 | area_km2 = 1,280,000<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Chad|access-date=22 June 2023|year=2023}}</ref> | area_footnote = | area_rank = 20aad | area_sq_mi = | percent_water = 1.9 | population_estimate = {{Increase}} 19,093,595<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Chad|access-date=22 June 2023|year=2023}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 66aad | population_density_km2 = 14.4 | population_density_rank = 218aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $63.070 bilyan<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025 :Edition (Chad) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] October, 14 2025 |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 147aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $3,240<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025 :Edition (Chad) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] October, 14 2025 |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 179aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $23.560 bilyan<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025 :Edition (Chad) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] October, 14 2025 |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 145aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $1,210<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025 :Edition (Chad) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] October, 14 2025 |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 183aad | Gini = 37.4<!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2022 | Gini_change = hoos u dhac <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204222738/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 February 2021 |title=Gini Index coefficient|publisher=[[The World Factbook]]|access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref> | HDI = 0.416 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2023 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = kor u kac<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url= https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/TCD|title=Human Development Reports 2023/24}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 190aad | currency = Frankiga CFA ee Bartamaha Afrika | currency_code = XAF | time_zone = Wakhtiga Galbeedka Afrika | utc_offset = +01:00 | calling_code = [[+235]] | cctld = [[.td]] | today = }} '''Jaad''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Chad.ogg|tʃ|æ|d}} {{respell|CHAD}}<br />{{bulleted list|{{langx|fr|Tchad}}, {{IPA|fr|tʃa(d)|pron}}|{{langx|ar|تشاد|Tshād|engvar=gb}}, {{IPA|ar|tʃaːd}}}}}} si rasmi ahna loogu yeero '''Jamhuuriyadda Jaad''',{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{Langx|fr|République du Tchad}}|{{langx|ar|جمهورية{{nbsp}}تْشَاد|Jumhūriyyat Tshād|engvar=gb}}}}}} waa dal ku yaal Bartamaha Afrika. Waxaa waqooyiga ka xiga Liibiya, bariga Suudaan, koonfurta Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika, koonfur-galbeed Kaameruun, koonfur-galbeednayjeeriya (ee harada Jaad), iyo galbeedka Nayjer. Jaad waxay leedahay dad tiradoodu gaarayso 19 milyan, kuwaas oo 1.6 milyan oo ka mid ahi ay ku nool yihiin caasimadda iyo magaalada ugu weyn ee N'Djamena. Baaxadda guud ee dhulka oo dhowr ah 1,300,000 km2, Jaad waa dalka shanaad ee ugu weyn Afrika, waana dalka labaatanaad ee ugu weyn adduunka marka loo eego baaxadda dhulka. Luqadaha rasmiga ah ee Jaad waa Faransiis iyo Carabi, iyadoo Faransiisku yahay luqadda guud (lingua franca) iyo luqadda rasmiga ah ee dowladda iyo waxbarashada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Schools in Chad |url=https://www.expat-quotes.com/guides/chad/education/international-schools-in-chad.htm#:~:text=The%20educational%20system%20is%20patterned,secondary%20education%20(six%20years).}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Glottolog 4.8 – Languages of Chad |url=https://glottolog.org/glottolog/language.map.html?country=TD#6/20.468/142.998 |access-date=15 August 2023 |website=glottolog.org |archive-date=15 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815121032/https://glottolog.org/glottolog/language.map.html?country=TD#6/20.468/142.998 |url-status=live }}</ref> Waxay hoy u tahay in ka badan 200 oo qowmiyadood iyo kooxood oo kala duwan xagga luqadda. Islaamka (55.1%) iyo Masiixiyadda (41.1%) waa diimaha ugu waaweyn ee laga rumeeyo Jaad.<ref name=":religions2020">{{cite web |title=Religions in Chad &#124; PEW-GRF |url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/chad#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016 |access-date=11 August 2022 |archive-date=8 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008065049/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/chad#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016 }}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR90/FR90.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR90/FR90.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|title=Enquête Démographique et de Santé 1996–1997}}</ref> Laga bilaabo kun-guurka 7aad BC, bini'aadamka ayaa u soo guuray dooxada Jaad tiro aad u badan. Dhammaadkii kun-guurka 1aad AD, silsilado dawladaha iyo boqortooyooyin ah ayaa ka kacay oo ku dumay aagga Sahel ee Jaad, mid kastaana wuxuu diiradda saaray xakameynta jidka ganacsiga ee Trans-Sahara ee soo mara gobolka. Faransiiska ayaa qabsaday dhulkaas sannadkii 1920-kii wuxuuna ku daray qayb ka mid ah Afrika Equatoria ee Faransiiska. Sannadkii 1960-kii, Jaad waxay heshay madaxbannaani iyadoo uu hoggaaminayo François Tombalbaye. Cadho ka dhalatay siyaasadiisa oo ka dhalatay waqooyiga Muslimka ah ayaa keentay inuu qarxo dagaal sokeeye oo muddo dheer qaatay sannadkii 1965-kii. Sannadkii 1979-kii fallaagada ayaa qabsaday caasimadda waxayna soo afjareen awooddii koonfurta. Taliyayaashii fallaagada ayaa markaas dhexdiis ku dagaalamay ilaa Hissène Habré uu ka adkaaday kuwa la tartamayay. Iskahorimaadkii Jaad iyo Liibiya wuxuu qarxay sannadkii 1978-kii duulaankii Liibiya kaas oo istaagay sannadkii 1987-kii iyadoo ay soo dhexgashay ciidamada Faransiiska (Hawlgalkii Épervier). Hissène Habré waxaa xukunka ka tuuray sannadkii 1990-kii jeneraalkiisii Idriss Déby. Iyadoo la helayo taageerada Faransiiska, casriyeynta Ciidanka Qaranka Jaad ayaa la bilaabay sannadkii 1991-kii. Laga bilaabo 2003, dhibaatada Darfur ee ka jirtay Suudaan ayaa ku kor fiday xadka waxayna carqaladeysay xasilloonida dalka. Dalkaas oo horay u sabool ahaa ayaa la dhibtoonayay sidii uu u qaabili lahaa boqolaal kun oo qaxooti Suudaaniyiin ah oo ku sugnaa bariga Jaad. In kasta oo xisbiyo siyaasadeed oo badani ay ka qaybqaateen xeer-dejinta Jaad, ee Golaha Qaranka, awooddu waxay si adag ugu jirtay gacanta Dhaqdhaqaaqa Badbaadada Waddaniga intii uu xukumayay Madaxweyne Idriss Déby, kaas oo xukunkiisa lagu sifeeyay mid kalagooys ah. Ka dib markii Madaxweyne Déby ay dileen fallaagada FACT bishii Abriil 2021, Golaha Militariga Kumeelgaarka ah ee uu hoggaaminayo wiilkiisa Mahamat Déby ayaa la wareegay maamulka dowladda wuxuuna kala diray Golaha Qaranka.<ref name=":2" /> Mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu horumarsan adduunka, Jaad waxay weli la dhibtoonaysaa rabshado siyaasadeed iyo isku dayo isdaba joog ah oo afgambi. Jaad waxay ku jirtaa kaalinta 4aad ee ugu hooseysa Tusmada Horumarinta Aadanaha waxayna ka mid tahay waddamada ugu saboolsan uguna musuqmaasuqa badan. Inta badan dadka deggan waxay ku nool yihiin saboolnimo iyagoo ah reer miyi iyo beeralay qubaysata. Tan iyo sannadkii 2003, saliidda cayriin waxay noqotay isha koowaad ee dalka ka soo gasha dakhliga dhoofinta. Jaad waxay leedahay taariikh xun xagga xuquuqda aadanaha. ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Wadamada Afrika]] 6oq1mg0xz9exou4db4jr4zzvpvjbej2 0 3714 307657 300604 2026-09-09T17:41:58Z Soalt 39618 template:dalalka afrika iyo category:wadamada afrika 307657 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Togo | common_name = Togo | native_name = {{native name|fr|République togolaise|fontsize=100%}} | image_flag = Flag of Togo.svg | image_coat = Emblem of Togo.svg | coa_size = 70 | symbol_type = Coat of arms | national_motto = {{lang|fr|"Travail, Liberté, Patrie"|italics=no}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.africanlegislaturesproject.org/content/constitution-togo|title=Constitution of Togo|year=2002|access-date=20 November 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214090412/http://www.africanlegislaturesproject.org/content/constitution-togo|archive-date=14 February 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />({{Langx|en|"Shaqo, Xorriyad, Hooyo"}}) | national_anthem = {{lang|fr|"[[Salut à toi, pays de nos aïeux|Terre de nos aïeux]]"|italics=no}}<br />({{Langx|en|"Dhulkii awoweyashay"}}){{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Togolese national anthem.ogg]]}} | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Togo (orthographic projection).svg|Show globe|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Africa|default=1}} | map_caption = | capital = [[Lomé]] | coordinates = {{Coord|6|8|N|1|13|E|type:city|display=inline}} | largest_city = Lomé | official_languages = [[Af-Fransiis|Fransiis]] | languages_type = Luqadaha loogu hadlo | languages = {{collapsible list|bullets=y|title={{nobold|Liiska:}} |[[Af-Ingiriisi|Ingiriisi]] |[[Af-Fransiis|Fransiis]] |[[Af-Ewe|Ewe]] |[[Luqadaha Gbe|Gbe]] |[[Luqadaha Gur|Gur]] |[[Luqadaha Kwa|Kwa]] |[[Af-Kabiye|Kabiye]] |[[Af-Talni|Talensi]] |[[Lahjada Wasa|Wasa]] |[[Af-Aguna|Aguna]] |[[Af-Adja|Aja]] |[[Af-Ngangam|Ngangam]] |[[Af-Ntcham|Ntcham]] |[[Af-Tammari|Tammari]] |[[Af-Tem|Tem]] |[[Af-Ifè|Ifè]] |[[Af-Yoruba|Yoruba]] }} | ethnic_groups = {{collapsible list|title_style=nobold|title={{nobold|[[Dadka Togo|Afrikaan]] (94.4%)}}<ref name="cia">{{cite web|title=Togo|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/|website=CIA World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=26 October 2017|archive-date=12 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012171517/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |[[Aja (qoomiyad)|Aja]], [[Ewe (qoomiyad)|Ewe]] iyo [[Af-Gen|Mina]] (42.4%) |[[Kabye (qoomiyad)|Kabye]] iyo [[Tem (qoomiyad)|Tem]] (25.9%) |[[Akan (qoomiyad)|Akan]] iyo [[Gurma (qoomiyad)|Gurma]] (17.1%) |[[Kposo (qoomiyad)|Kposo]] iyo [[Af-Kebu|Akebu]] (4.1%) |[[Ana (qoomiyad)|Ana-Ife]] (3.2%) |Kooxaha kale ee Galbeedka Afrika (1.7%)}} [[Dadka Togo|aan-Afrikaan ahayn]] (5.6%)<ref name="cia" /> | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |50% [[Masiixiyad]] |33% [[Diimaha dhaqanka ee Afrika|diimaha dhaqanka]] |16% [[Islaamka Togo|Islaam]] |1% [[Diinta Baháʼí]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=221c | title=National Profiles | access-date=7 March 2026 | url-status=live | archive-date=6 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306005400/https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=221c }}</ref>}} | religion_year = 2025 | demonym = [[Dadka Togo|Reer Togo]] | government_type = [[Jamhuuriyad baarlamaan oo midaysan]] oo hoos tanaasusha kalataliye nidaam kali-talis ah oo [[Keligii-talisnimo dhaxaltooyo ah|dhaxaltooyo ah]] | leader_title1 = [[Madaxweynaha Togo|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Jean-Lucien Savi de Tové]] | leader_title2 = [[Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Togo|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name2 = [[Faure Gnassingbé]] | legislature = [[Baarlamaanka Togo|Baarlamaan]] | upper_house = [[Aqalka Sare (Togo)|Aqalka Sare]] | lower_house = [[Golaha Shacabka (Togo)|Golaha Shacabka]] | sovereignty_type = [[Taariikhda Togo|Taariikhda aasaaska]] | sovereignty_note = | established_event1 = [[Togoland|Togoland-tii Jarmalka]] | established_date1 = 5 Luulyo 1884 | established_event2 = [[Togoland-tii Faransiiska]] | established_date2 = 27 Agoosto 1914 | established_event3 = Madax-bannaanida ka qaadashada [[Faransiiska]] | established_date3 = 27 Abriil 1960 | established_event4 = [[Xubinnimada Qaramada Midoobay|Ku biirista]] [[Qaramada Midoobay|QM]] | established_date4 = 20 Sebtembar 1960 | established_event5 = [[Dastuurka Togo|Dastuurka hadda jira]] | established_date5 = 6 Maayo 2024 | area_km2 = 56,785<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=Togo country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14106781 |website=BBC News |access-date=27 January 2021 |date=24 February 2020 |archive-date=14 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014182000/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14106781 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://voyage.gouv.tg/ |title=Accueil - Voyage Togo |access-date=2 March 2024 |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108215213/https://voyage.gouv.tg/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | area_rank = 123aad | area_sq_mi = 22,008 | percent_water = 4.2 | population_census = 8,095,498<ref>{{cite web |title=Togo-Les résultats définitifs du 5e RGPH |url=https://icilome.com/2023/04/togo-les-resultats-definitifs-du-5e-rgph/ |website=Icilome |access-date=1 September 2023 |date=4 April 2023 |archive-date=1 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901233655/https://icilome.com/2023/04/togo-les-resultats-definitifs-du-5e-rgph/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | population_census_year = 2022 | population_census_rank = | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 9,583,381<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Togo|access-date=31 October 2024|year=2024}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 101aad | population_density_km2 = 125.9 | population_density_sq_mi = 243 | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $33.050 bilyan<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en |access-date=9 October 2025 |archive-date=28 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428212902/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/April |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_rank = 147aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $3,470<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en |access-date=9 October 2025 |archive-date=28 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428212902/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/April |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 166aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $10.020 bilyan<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en |access-date=9 October 2025 |archive-date=28 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428212902/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/April |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_rank = 151aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $1,050<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en |access-date=9 October 2025 |archive-date=28 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428212902/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/April |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 171aad | Gini = 43.1 | Gini_year = 2015 | Gini_change = hoos u dhacay | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=27 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727172441/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI |url-status=live }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = kordhay | HDI = 0.571 | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|date=6 May 2025|title=Human Development Report 2023/2024|url=https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/TGO|access-date=6 May 2025|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|language=en|archive-date=12 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812054834/https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/TGO|url-status=live}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 161aad | currency = [[Faranka CFA ee Galbeedka Afrika]] | currency_code = XOF | utc_offset = +00:00 | time_zone = [[Wakhtiga Greenwich|GMT]] | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | drives_on = midig | calling_code = [[Lambarrada taleefanka ee Togo|+228]] | cctld = [[.tg]] | footnote_a = Sida [[Af-Ewe|Ewe]], Mina iyo [[Af-Adja|Aja]]. | footnote_b = Kuwa ugu waaweyn waa [[Ewe (qoomiyad)|Ewe]], Mina, [[Tem (qoomiyad)|Kotokoli Tem]] iyo [[Kabye (qoomiyad)|Kabyè]]. | footnote_c = Inta badan reer Yurub, Hindi iyo Suuriyaan-Lubnaaniis. | footnote_d = Qiyaasaha dalkan waxay si cad xisaabta ugu darayaan saamaynta dhimashada dheeraadka ah ee ay sababto cudurka AIDS; tani waxay keeni kartaa rajada nolosha oo hoos u dhacda, dhimashada dhallaanka iyo heerarka dhimashada oo sarreeya, tirada dadka iyo heerarka koritaanka oo hooseeya, iyo isbeddelada qaybinta dadka marka loo eego da'da iyo jinsiga marka loo eego sidii kale ee laga filayay. | footnote_e = Qiimaynta waxay ku salaysan tahay tirooyinka 2017 ([https://web.archive.org/web/20260118042609/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/ ''CIA World Factbook'' – "Togo"]) | today = }} '''Togo''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Togo.ogg|ˈ|t|oʊ|ɡ|oʊ}} {{respell|TOH|goh}}; {{IPA|fr|toɡo|lang}}}} si rasmi ahna loo yiraahdo '''Jamhuuriyadda Togo''',{{efn|{{langx|fr|République togolaise}}}} waa dal ku yaal [[Galbeedka Afrika]]. Waxaa dacallada ka xiga [[Gana]] dhanka [[Xudduudda Gana iyo Togo|galbeedka]], [[Benin]] dhanka [[Xudduudda Benin iyo Togo|bariga]] iyo [[Burkina Faso]] dhanka [[Xudduudda Burkina Faso iyo Togo|waqooyiga]].<ref name="Republic of Togo">{{cite web |title=Republic of Togo |url=https://www.isdb.org/togo |access-date=26 January 2021 |publisher=[[Islamic Development Bank]] |date=18 November 1998 |language=en |archive-date=3 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203143436/https://www.isdb.org/togo |url-status=live }}</ref> Waa mid ka mid ah [[Waddamada ugu horumarsan yaryar|waddamada ugu horumarsan yaryar]] ee adduunka. Waxay ku fidsan tahay waqooyiga laga bilaabo [[Gacanka Guinea]] (halkaas oo ay ku taallo [[caasimad|caasimaddeeda]], [[Lomé]]) ilaa xudduudda Burkina Faso iyo Togo.<ref name="Republic of Togo" /> Waa dal yar oo kuleyl ah, kaas oo ku fadhiya {{convert|57,000|km2|sqmi|-3|abbr=off}}<ref name="auto"/> lehna [[Dadka|dad]] gaaraya qiyaastii 8 milyan.<ref name="auto"/> Ballaceedu wuxuu ka yar yahay {{convert|115|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} inta u dhaxaysa Gana iyo deriskeeda bari ee Benin.{{UN_Population|ref}} Dad kala duwan ayaa degay xudduudaha Togo-da maanta intii dhaxeysay qarniyadii 11aad iyo 16aad. Intii dhexaysay qarniyadii 16aad iyo 18aad, gobolka xeebta wuxuu inta badan u adeegi jiray xarun [[Ganacsiga addoomada ee Atlaantikada|ganacsiga addoomada ee reer Yurub]], taasoo Togo iyo gobolka ku xeeran ku radday magaca "[[Xeebta Addoomada ee Galbeedka Afrika|Xeebta Addoomada]]". Sanadkii 1884, xilligii [[u-tartanka Afrika]], [[Boqortooyadii Jarmalka|Jarmalka]] ayaa gobolka ka aasaasay dhul maxmiyad ah oo loo bixiyay [[Togoland]]. Ka dib [[Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka]], Togo waxaa lagu wareejiyay [[Faransiiska]] iyadoo wadata xudduudaheeda hadda jira. Togo waxay madax-bannaanideeda ka qaadatay Faransiiska sanadkii 1960.<ref name="cia"/><ref name="icye.org">{{cite web |title=Togo (Partner) – International Cultural Youth Exchange |url=https://www.icye.org/icye-in-the-world/togo/ |website=International cultural youth exchange |access-date=27 January 2021 |archive-date=8 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608015225/https://www.icye.org/icye-in-the-world/togo/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Sanadkii 1967, [[Gnassingbé Eyadéma]] ayaa hoggaamiyay [[Inqilaabkii Togo ee 1967|afgambi milatari oo guulaystay]] wuxuuna noqday madaxweynaha dal nidaamkiisu yahay hal xisbi oo ka horjeeda hanti-wadaagga. Sanadkii 1993, Eyadéma wuxuu la kulmay doorashooyin xisbiyo badan oo ay hareeyeen wax-is-daba-marin, wuxuuna ku guulaystay madaxtinimada saddex jeer. Xilligii uu dhintay, Eyadéma wuxuu ahaa "hoggaamiyaha ugu muddada dheeraa taariikhda casriga ah ee [[Afrika]]", isagoo madaxweyne ahaa muddo 38 sano ah.<ref name=Obituary>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/830774.stm "Obituary: Gnassingbe Eyadema"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630191246/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/830774.stm |date=30 June 2018 }} . (5 Febraayo 2005). [[BBC News]]. Dib loo helay 22 Maayo 2007.</ref> Sanadkii 2005, wiilkiisa [[Faure Gnassingbé]] ayaa loo doortay madaxweyne. Togo waa dal [[Dhulalka kuleylaha|kuleyl ah]], oo dhaca [[Afrika ka hooseysa Saxaraha|Saxaraha ka hooseeya]]<ref name="Republic of Togo"/> kaas oo dhaqaalihiisu uu inta badan ku tiirsan yahay beeraha.<ref name="icye.org"/> Luqadda rasmiga ah waa [[Af-Fransiis|Fransiis]],<ref name="icye.org"/> laakiin [[Luqadaha Togo|luqado kale ayaa loogu hadlaa]], gaar ahaan kuwa ka tirsan [[Luqadaha Gbe|qoyska Gbe]]. [[Masiixiyiin|Masiixiyiinta]] waxay ka dhigtaan 47.8% dadka dalka, taas oo ka dhigaysa kooxda diimeed ee ugu weyn dalka.<ref>{{Citation |title=Togo |date=2023-01-11 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/#people-and-society |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en |access-date=2023-01-13 |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012171517/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/#people-and-society |url-status=dead }}</ref> Togo waa xubin ka tirsan [[Qaramada Midoobay]], [[Midowga Afrika]], [[Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka]], [[Aagga Nabadda iyo Iskaashiga ee Koonfurta Atlaantikada]], [[Ururka Caalamiga ah ee Francophonie|Francophonie]], [[Barwaaqo-sooranka]], iyo [[Aagga Dhaqaalaha ee Galbeedka Afrika]]. == Asalka magaca== Magaca Togo wuxuu ka dhigan yahay "biyaha dhinacooda"<ref>{{cite book|title=Peoples of Africa: Togo-Zimbabwe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rlz2bWRPmvgC&pg=PA531 |year=2001 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-0-7614-7168-4|page=531}}</ref> ama "badda gadaasheeda",<ref name="Togo1920s"/> waxaana laga soo qaatay luqadda [[Af-Ewe|Ewe]] ''to'' ("biyo") iyo ''go'' ("xeeb"). Markii hore wuxuu ula jeeday oo qura magaalada Togo (haddaba ah [[Togoville]]), markii dambena Jarmalku waxay magaca ku ballariyeen dalka oo dhan.<ref name="Togo1920s">{{cite book|last=Dawnay|first=Guy Payan |title=The Army Quarterly| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWAPAQAAIAAJ |year=1926|publisher=William Clowes & Sons, Ltd.|page=315 |quote=In the Ewe language the name ''Togo'' means "Behind the Sea," and it was extended to the whole country by the Germans, as Dr. [[Gustav Nachtigal|Nachtigal]]'s first treaty in 1884 was made with the Chief of Togo.}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Wadamada Afrika]] 3lql7tszl100xgh20z6s55xc9szae2u 0 3780 307630 295893 2026-09-09T16:42:15Z Soalt 39618 Category:Wadamada Afrika 307630 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Midowga Komoros |common_name = Comoros |native_name = {{vunblist|item_style=font-size:88%; | {{native name|ar| الاتحاد القمري|italics=off}}<br />''{{transl|ar|DIN|Midowga Komoros}}'' | {{native name|fr|Union des Comores}} | {{native name|sw|Udzima wa Komori}} }} |image_flag = Flag of the Comoros.svg |image_coat = Seal of the Comoros.svg |symbol_type = Astaanta |image_map = Location Comoros AU Africa.svg |map_caption = {{map caption |countryprefix=the |location_color=dark blue |region=Africa |region_color=dark grey |subregion=the [[African Union]] |subregion_color=light blue}} |national_motto = {{vunblist |{{native phrase|ar|وحدة، تضامن، تنمية|italics=off}} |{{native phrase|fr|"Unité – Solidarité – Développement"|italics=off}} |{{small|"Unity – Solidarity – Development"}}}} |national_anthem = ''[[Udzima wa ya Masiwa]]''{{nbsp|2}}{{small|(Comorian)}}<br />{{small|''The Unity of the Great Islands''}}<br /><center>[[File:National Anthem of Comoros by US Navy Band.ogg]]</center> |official_languages = {{hlist |[[Comorian language|Comorian]]|[[Arabic language|Arabic]]|[[French language|French]]}} |demonym = Comorian |capital = [[Moroni, Comoros|Moroni]] |coordinates = {{Coord|11|41|S|43|16|E|type:city}} |largest_city = capital |religion = [[Sunni Islam]] |government_type = [[Federal state|Federal]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[republic]] |leader_title1 = [[President of the Comoros|President]] |leader_name1 = [[Azali Assoumani]] |leader_title2 = [[Vice President of the Comoros|Vice-Presidents]] |leader_name2 = {{nowrap|{{vunblist|[[Abdallah Said Sarouma]] |[[Djaffar Ahmed Said]] |[[Moustadroine Abdou]]}}}} |legislature = {{nowrap|[[Assembly of the Union of the Comoros|Assembly of the Union]]}} |area_rank = 171th^a <!-- Should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> |area_magnitude = 1_E9 |area_km2 = 1,862 |area_sq_mi = 719 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |percent_water = negligible |population_estimate = {{UN Population|Comoros}}{{UN Population|ref}}^b |population_estimate_year = {{UN Population|Year}} |population_estimate_rank = 163rd |population_census = |population_census_year = |population_density_km2 = 392 |population_densitymi³ = <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = 25th |GDP_PPP_year = 2020 |GDP_PPP = $1.329 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=87&pr.y=7&sy=2014&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=632&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Comoros |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=17 April 2012}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $1,566<ref name=imf2 /> |GDP_PPP_rank = 179th |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 179th |GDP_nominal = $0.800 Billion Dollar <ref name=imf2 /> |GDP_nominal_year = 2020 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $774<ref name=imf2 /> |GDP_nominal_rank = 185th |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 158th |Gini_year = 2004 |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini = 64.3 <!--number only--> |Gini_ref = <ref name="gini-index">{{cite web|title=GINI index|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?order=wbapi_data_value_2007+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&sort=asc&page=1|publisher=World Bank|accessdate=26 July 2013}}</ref> |Gini_rank = |HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> |HDI_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI = 0.497 <!--number only--> |HDI_ref =<ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf|title=2016 Human Development Report|year=2016|accessdate=21 March 2017|publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> |HDI_rank = 160th |sovereignty_type = [[History of the Comoros|Formation]] |established_event1 = Discovery by Portuguese explorers |established_date1 = 1503 |established_event2 = [[Grande Comore|Ngazidja]], [[Anjouan|Ndzuwani]], [[Mohéli|Mwali]] under French rule |established_date2 = 1886 |established_event3 = Protectorate of the Comoros |established_date3 = 5 September 1887 |established_event4 = Territory under [[French Madagascar]] |established_date4 = 9 April 1908 |established_event5 = [[French overseas departments and territories|Overseas territory]] |established_date5 = 27 October 1946 |established_event6 = State of Comoros |established_date6 = 22 December 1961 |established_event7 = Independence from [[France]] |established_date7 = 6 July 1975 |established_event8 = Federal and Islamic Republic of Comoros |established_date8 = 24 May 1978 |established_event9 = Union of the Comoros |established_date9 = 23 December 2001 |established_event10 = [[Constitution of the Comoros|Current constitution]] |established_date10 = 17 May 2009 |currency = [[Comorian franc]] |currency_code = KMF |time_zone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] |utc_offset = +3 |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |drives_on = Right |calling_code = [[+269]] |cctld = [[.km]] |footnote_a = Excluding [[Mayotte]], an overseas department of [[France]]. |footnote_b = Excluding Mayotte. }} [[File:Carte des isles de Comore Johanna ou Anjouan Mohilla ou Moaly et Mayote Bnf40600530t.jpg|thumb|Khariirada Faransiiska ee Comoros, 1747]] [[File:Dhow.jpg|right|thumb|Doomaha Komoros]] [[File:Vanilla plantation in wood dsc00190.jpg|thumb|Geed Vanilla oo kabaxa Komoros]] [[File:Moroni Capital of the Comores Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|thumb|[[Moroni|Moorooni]], Caasimada Komoros]] [[File:Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg|thumb|Calanka Komoros]] '''Komoros''' ama '''Jasiirada Qamar''' ([[Faransiiska|Af faransiiska]]: Union des Comores) Waa wadan aad u yar oo ku yaalo [[Badweynta Hindiya]]. Komoros waxee ka koobanyahay sadex jasiiradood, caasimada waa [[Moroni|Moorooni]]. Wadankaan waxaa uu xornimadiisa ka helay Gumeestihii [[faransiiska]] sanadkii 1975, waxa uuna kamidyahay [[Midowga Afrika]] iyo [[Jaamacada Carabta]]. Komoros waqti dheer ee ka mid ahaan jirtay suldanada [[Cumaan]], wadankaan waxaa looga hadlaa luqadaha af carabiga, farnsiika iyo luqada qamaariga. Dadka ku nool jasiirada Komoros waxaa lagu qiyaasay in 99% raacsanyihiin diinta islaamka. Komoros (/ kɒməroʊz / (ku saabsan codkani wuxuu dhagaystaa); Carabi: جزر القمر, Juzur al-Qumur / Qamar), si rasmi ah Isbahaysiga Comoros (Comorian: Udzima wa Komori, Faransiiska: Union Des Comores, Carabi: الاتحاد القمري Al-Ittihad al-Qumurī / Qamarī), waa jasiirad jasiirad ah oo ku taala Badweynta Hindiya ee ku taalla waqooyiga Mozambique Channel oo ka baxsan xeebta bariga Afrika ee u dhaxaysa waqooyi bari ee Mozambique iyo waqooyiga galbeed ee Madagascar. Magaalada caasimadda ah iyo magaalada ugu weyn ee Comoros waa Moroni. Diinta dadka intiisa badani waa Sunni Islaamka. At 1,660 km2 (640 sq mi), marka laga reebo jasiiradda lagu muransan yahay ee Mayotte, Comoros waa waddanka saddexaad ee ugu yar Afrika ee aagga. Dadweynaha, marka laga reebo Mayotte, ayaa lagu qiyaasay 795,601. [[File:Moroni Mosque Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg|thumb|Mosqueta a Moròni]] [[File:Dhow.jpg|right|thumb|A large [[dhow]] with [[lateen]] sail rigs]] [[File:Vanilla plantation in wood dsc00190.jpg|thumb|A [[vanilla]] plantation]][1] Iyadoo qurba-joogtu abuurtay is-dhexgal dhinacyo kala duwan, jasiiradaha ayaa lagu xusay dhaqankooda iyo taariikhda kala duwan. Goobaha jilicsan waxaa markii hore ku noolaa dadka Bantu ku hadla oo ka yimid Bariga Afrika, oo ay ku biireen soogalootiga Carabta iyo Australiyaanka. Waddanku wuxuu ka kooban yahay saddex jasiiradood oo waaweyn iyo jasiirado yaryar oo yaryar, oo dhan oo ku yaal jasiiradaha Comoro. Jasiiradaha waaweyn waxaa badanaa lagu yaqaan magacooda Faransiis: Gobollada waqooyi-badiba Comer (Ngazidja); Mohéli (Mwali); iyo Anjouan (Nzwani). Intaa ka sokow, waddanku waxa uu dalbanayaa jasiiradda afaraad, oo ah koonfur bari-badi Mayotte (Maore), inkastoo Mayotte uu ka soo horjeestay madaxbannaanida Faransiiska sannadkii 1974-kii, marna maamulin dowlad madax-bannaan oo Comoros ah, oo uu sii waday inuu maamulo Faransiiska hadda sida waaxda dibada). Faransiiska ayaa beeniyay go'aanka Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay kaas oo qeexi doona xornimadda jasiiradda ee jasiiradda. [5] [7] [8] Intaa waxaa dheer, Mayotte wuxuu noqday qaybta dibada iyo gobolka Faransiiska sannadkii 2011 kadib markii afti loo qaaday afti. Comoros waa mid ka mid ah dalalka ugu saboolsan dunida. Kobaca dhaqaalaha iyo dhimista saboolnimada ayaa ah mudnaanta ugu weyn ee dowladda. Marka la eego qiyaasta 14.3%, shaqo la'aanta waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay aad u sarreyso. Beeraha, oo ay ku jiraan kalluumeysiga, ugaarsiga, iyo miyiga, waa qaybta ugu wayn ee dhaqaalaha, 38.4% dadka shaqeeya waxay ka shaqeeyaan qaybta aasaasiga ah [49] Cufnaanta dadweynaha, sida 1000 kiilomitir oo isku wareeg ah oo kuyaal beero-dhuleedka beeraha, maxaa wali ah inta badan miyiga, dhaqaalaha beeraha wuxuu keeni karaa dhibaatada deegaanka ee mustaqbalka dhow, gaar ahaan marka la eego heerka sare ee koritaanka dadweynaha. Sanadkii 2004 kobaca dhaqaalaha dhabta ah ee Comoros wuxuu ahaa mid hooseeya 1.9% isla markaana dhabta dhabta ah ee qofkiiba wuxuu sii waday inuu hoos u dhaco. Hoos u dhacaasi waxaa lagu sharaxay arrimo ay ka mid yihiin maalgashiga hoos u dhacaya, hoos u dhaca isticmaalka, sicir bararka, sicir bararka, iyo kororka sicirka ganacsiga sababtoo ah qayb ka yar qiimaha dalagga beeraha, gaar ahaan vaniljada [49] [[File:Tree map export 2009 Comoros.jpeg|thumb|350px|A proportional representation of the Comoros's exports]] Siyaasadda maaliyadeed waxaa ku xaddidan dakhliga caadiga ah ee maaliyadda, biilka mushaarka ee adeegga bulshada, iyo deyn dibadeed oo ka sarraysa heerka ugu sareeya ee HIPC. Ka mid noqoshada aagga franciska, ee ugu muhiimsan ee xasilloonida, ayaa waliba ka caawiyay inay ku jirto cadaadis ku saabsan sicirka gudaha. [50] Comoros waxay leedahay nidaam gaadiid ku filan, dad dhalinyaro ah oo si degdeg ah u kordhaya, iyo khayraad dabiici ah oo yar. Heerka waxbarashada heerka hoose ee shaqaaluhu wuxuu ka qaybqaataa heerka dhaqdhaqaaqa dhaqaale, shaqo la'aanta, iyo ku tiirsanaan culus ee deeqaha shisheeye iyo gargaarka farsamo. Beeruhu wuxuu ku kordhiyaa 40% miisaaniyadda, wuxuu shaqaaleeyaa 80% shaqaale shaqaale, wuxuuna bixiyaa inta badan dhoofinta. Comoros waa kan ugu weyn ee soo saaraha ylang-ylang, iyo soo saaraha ballaaran ee vanilla ah. [51] Xukuumadda ayaa ku dhibtooneysa in ay kor u qaaddo waxbarashada iyo tababarka farsamada, si ay u khaaskaeyso ganacsiyada iyo ganacsatada, si loo hagaajiyo adeegyada caafimaadka, in la kala saaro dhoofinta, kor u qaadista dalxiiska, iyo in la yareeyo heerka korodhka tirada dadka. Comoros waxay sheeganayaan Banc du Geyser iyo Glorioso Islands oo qayb ka ah aagagga dhaqaale ee gaarka ah. Comoros waa xubin ka mid ah Ururka Sharciga Xirfadaha Ganacsiga ee Afrika (OHADA). [53] <gallery> |An 1808 map refers to the islands as "Camora". File:Queen of Mohéli.jpg|Queen of Mohéli, 1863 File:Franz Sikora 038.jpg|Sultan Said Ali bin Said Omar of Grande Comore (1897) File:Moroni-Place des Assemblées.jpg|Assembly Square, Moroni, 1908 File:Moroni-Port.jpg|Port of Moroni, 1908 File:Anjouan-Sultan Saïd Mohamed.jpg|Sultan Saïd Mohamed of Anjouan, 1920s </gallery> [[File:Flag of the Comoros (1963 to 1975).svg|thumb|[[Flag of the Comoros]] (1963 to 1975)]] [[File:Flag of the Comoros (1975-1978).svg|thumb|[[Flag of the Comoros]] (1975 to 1978)]] [[File:Ikililou Dhoinine 2012.jpg|thumb|[[Ikililou Dhoinine]], [[President of Comoros]] from 2011 to 2016]] [[File:JOUR DE L'AÏDE DHUL HAJJ BANGOI-KOUNI.jpg|thumb|Comorians]] ==Xubin== * [[IORA]] *[[Midowga Afrika]] *[[Qaramada Midoobay]] ==Waddnamha La Degaan Comoros== * {{Flag|Brazil}} 200+ * {{flag|Arab League}} 2000+: * {{Flag|Pakistan}} 2,000++: * {{Flag|Japan}} 300+: * {{Flag|South Korea}} 300++: * {{Flag|South Africa}} 12,000+: * {{Flag|Great Britain}} 500++ == Xigasho == <references /> * https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araplar * https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm |date=20220819192938 }} * https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/a/Arabic_language.htm {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/a/Arabic_language.htm |date=20220920172709 }} * https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/a/African_Union.htm {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Dalalka Afrika]] [[Category:Wadamada Afrika]] 6nt53h2j38bjbzhzfxt1bado3htg1jt 0 3822 307698 295438 2026-09-09T19:18:28Z Soalt 39618 Category:Wadamada Aasiya iyo tixraac 307698 wikitext text/x-wiki ::''Sidoo kale eeg : [[Levant]] {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Lubnaan | common_name = Lubnaan | native_name = {{native name|ar|الجمهورية اللبنانية|italics=off}}<br><small>''{{transl|ar|al-Jumhūrīyah al-Lubnānīyah}}''</small> | image_flag = Flag of Lebanon.svg | image_coat = Coat of Arms of Lebanon.svg | national_anthem = {{unbulleted list |{{lower|0.1em|{{big|[[Lebanese National Anthem|كلّنا للوطن]]}}}} |{{transl|ar|ISO|''Kulluna lil-watan''}} |{{small|''Dhammaanteen waxaan u nahay waddankii hooyo!''}}}} <center>[[File:Lebanese national anthem.ogg]]</center> | image_map = Lebanon (orthographic projection).svg | image_map2 = Lebanon - Location Map (2012) - LBN - UNOCHA.svg | capital = [[Beyruut]] | coordinates = {{Coord|33|54|N|35|32|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Beyruut]] | official_languages = [[Carabi|Carabi]]<ref>Article 11 of the Constitution of Lebanon states: "Arabic is the official national language. A law shall determine the cases in which the French language can be used.</Ref> | recognised_languages = [[Af-Faransiis]] | demonym = Lubnaan | government_type = Unitary, parliamentary<br>multi-confessionalist republic<ref>{{cite web |title=The Lebanese Constitution |publisher=Presidency of Lebanon |url=http://presidency.gov.lb/English/LebaneseSystem/Documents/Lebanese%20Constitution.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=20 August 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119201440/http://presidency.gov.lb/English/LebaneseSystem/Documents/Lebanese%20Constitution.pdf |archivedate=19 January 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> | leader_title1 = Madaxweynaha | leader_name1 = [[Joseph Aoun]] | leader_title2 = Raiisul wasaaraha | leader_name2 = [[Najib Mikati]] | leader_title3 = Gudoomiyaha Baarlamaanka | leader_name3 = [[Nabih Berri]] | legislature = Parliament | established_event1 = [[Gobolka Lubnaan]] | established_date1 = 1 Sebteembar 1920 | established_event2 = Dastuurka | established_date2 = 23 Maye 1926 | established_event3 = Madaxbanaanida | established_date3 = 22 Nofeembar 1943 | established_event4 = Waajibkii Faransiisku wuu dhamaaday | established_date4 = 24 Oktoobar 1945 | established_event5 = Ka bixitaanka ciidamada Faransiiska | established_date5 = 31 Diseembar 1946 | area_km2 = 10452 | area_label = Total | area_rank = 162nd <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 4036 | percent_water = 1.8 | population_estimate = {{UN_Population|Lebanon}}{{UN_Population|ref}} | population_estimate_year = {{UN_Population|Year}} | population_estimate_rank = 112th | population_density_km2 = 560 | population_density_sq_mi = 1,450 | population_density_rank = 21st | GDP_PPP = $88.786&nbsp;billion<ref>[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2015&ey=2022&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=26&pr1.y=13&c=446&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=Lebanon, International Monetary Fund]</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2024 | GDP_PPP_rank = 88th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $19,128 | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 80th | GDP_nominal = $19.915&nbsp;billion | GDP_nominal_year = 2020 | GDP_nominal_rank = 86th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $11,615 | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 71st |Gini = <!--number only--> | Gini_year = |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini_ref = |Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.763 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <Ref>{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=23 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 76th | currency = [[Lebanese pound]] | currency_code = LBP | time_zone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]] | utc_offset = +2 | utc_offset_DST = +3 | time_zone_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]] | drives_on = Right<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adcidl.com/Driving-in-Lebanon.html |title=Driving in Lebanon |publisher=adcidl.com |accessdate=17 January 2013 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=17 Bisha Koobaad 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117000049/http://www.adcidl.com/Driving-in-Lebanon.html |dead-url=yes }}</Ref> | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Lebanon|+961]] | cctld = [[.lb]] | area_magnitude = 1 E10 }} [[File:Flag of Lebanon.svg|thumb|210px|Lubnaan]] [[File:LocationLebanon.svg|thumb|210px|Lubnaan, Aasiya]] [[Lubnaan]] (Carabi: الجمهوريّة اللبنانيّة) waa mid kamida dawladaha [[carbeed]] waxaa ay ku taalaa bariga dhexe waxa ay kaga taalaa qaarada [[aasiya]] koonfur galbeed waxa ay xuduud la leedahay wadamada [[Suuriya]], [[Israaiil]] iyo [[Falastiin]]. Waxa kale oo ay xuduud ku leedahay bada dhexe ama bada cad taariikhda Lubnaan aad ayay u dheertahay waxa ay leedahay. [[File:Walid_Jumblatt_6C2.jpg|thumb|right|210px|Walid Jumblatt {{Flag|Lebanon}}]] ==Taariikhda iyo Xogta== Lubnaan waxa lagu magacaabi jiray ''[[Phoenicia]]'' oo hoos timaada [[Boqortooyada Roomaanka]]. Qaar ka mid ah macbadyada ugu waaweyn ee Qarniyadii waxay ku yaalliin [[Heliopolis (Roman Phoenicia)|Heliopolis]]. Qarnigii siddeedaad [[Carabtii]] waxay qabsadeen Foyniya oo ku soo rogeen diintoodii. Laakiin meelo badan oo buuraha ku hadhay Masiixi sida "Maroniit ah". Lubnaan waxay leedahay laba silsiladood oo buuro ah. Waxay leedahay khad dheer [[xeeb]]. Bedka Lubnaan waa 10,452 kilomitir oo laba jibbaaran. Lubnaan waxay ahayd [[madax-bannaanida|madaxbanaan]] ilaa 1943. [[magaalada caasimadda]] waa [[Bayruut]]. Dheer oo gaadhaysa ilaa 7000 oosano. Siyaasadda haddii aynu hada lubnaan waa wadan siyaasad ahaan dimuquraadi ah waxa xukunka loo qaybsadaa. Hab diimeed ama madhabeed.inta badan dadka lubnaan waacarab. Waxa ay kalahaystaan [[Islaam]] iyo kirista. [[Kiristanka]] lubnaana waa mid kaduwan kadawladaha carbta. Oo waxa ay leeyihiin awood balaadhan. Lubnaniyiintu waaydii hore ayay dabadaha u haajiriin caalamkana meelkasta way kajoogaan. Lubnaan waxa ay dagaalo lagashay dawlada yahuuda kadib markii ay yuhuudu ka qabsadeen koonfurta oo dhan sanadii [[1982]]. Mudabadan kadib lubnaan waxa ay koonfurta dib usoo ceshatay sanadii 2000 taasna waxaa sabab u ahaa xisbiga xisbulah.oo dhuunta u galay dawalda yuhuuda. Dagaalkaa yahuuda kasakaw lubnaan waxa kadhacay dagaalo sokeeye, oo aad udarnaa badhtamihii todobaataneeyadii ilaa dhamaadkii sideetameeyadii 2900 sano kahor miladiga waxa magaca lubnaan 12 jeer lagu sheegay gabayo xiligaas latiriyay. [[Cedar|Cedar]] waa [[calaamadaha qaranka]]. ==Dadweynaha== Ku dhawaad ​​5.2 milyan oo qof ayaa ku nool Lubnaan.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|date=July 2021|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lebanon/#people-and-society|accessdate=|website=CIA|publisher=United States government|archive-date=2021-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111113708/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lebanon/#people-and-society|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ku dhawaad ​​14 milyan oo qof oo Lubnaaniyiin ah ayaa ku nool meel ka baxsan Lubnaan. <ref>{{Cite web|date=March 2018|title=The Lebanese Diaspora: An Exploration of Assimilation and Success in the United States|url=https://digital.sandiego.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1103&context=dissertations}}</ref> ==Gobolada iyo Degmooyinka== * [[Beirut Governorate]] ** Maamulka Beyruut looma qaybin degmooyin wuxuuna ku kooban yahay magaalada [[Beyruut]] * [[Gobolka Nabatieh]] (''Jabal Amel'') ** [[Degmada Bint Jebiil|Bint Jbeil]] ** [[Degmada Xasbaaya|Hasbaya]] ** [[Degmada Marjeeyoon|Marjeyoun]] ** [[Degmada Nabatiye|Nabatieh]] * [[Gobolka Beqaa]] ** [[Degmada Balcad|Baalbek]] ** [[Degmada Hermel|Hermel]] ** [[Degmada Rashaya|Rashaya]] ** [[Degmada Beqaa Galbeed|Western Beqaa]] (''al-Beqaa al-Gharbi'') ** [[Degmada Zahle|Zahle]] * [[Gobolka Waqooyi]] (''al-Shamal'') ** [[Degmada Akkar|Akkar]] ** [[Batroun District|Batroun]] ** [[Bsharri District|Bsharri]] ** [[Koura District|Koura]] ** [[Miniyeh-Danniyeh District|Miniyeh-Danniyeh]] ** [[Tripoli District|Tripoli]] ** [[Zgharta District|Zgharta]] * [[Mount Lebanon Governorate]] (''Jabal Lubnan'') ** [[Aley District|Aley]] ** [[Baabda District|Baabda]] ** [[Byblos]] (''Jbeil'') ** [[Chouf District|Chouf]] ** [[Keserwan District|Keserwan]] ** [[Matn District|Matn]] * [[South Governorate]] (''al-Janoub'') ** [[Jezzine District|Jezzine]] ** [[Sidon District|Sidon]] (''Saida'') ** [[Tyre District|Tyre]] (''Sur'') [[File:Pano Baalbek 1.jpg|thumb|center|500px|Goobta taariikhiga ah ee Bacalbek ([[Heliopolis (Roman Phoenicia)|Heliopolis]]) ee Lubnaan]] ==Xubin== * [[Bankiga Aduunka]] * [[Jaamacada Carabta]] * [[Unionka Mediterraneanka]] * [[Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka]] * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] ==Waddanmaha degaan Lubnaan== *'''{{Flag|Lebanon}}''' 5,592,631+ * {{Flag|Arab League}} 1,500,000+ *{{Flag|Italy}} 12,000+ * {{Flag|France}} 20,000+ * {{Flag|Turkey}} 10,000+ *{{Flag|United Kingdom}} 10,000+ ===Kuwo kale=== * [[Dhibaato Lubnaan]] =Tixraac= {{reflist}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} {{commons|لبنان / Liban}} [[Category:Aasiya]] [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] qfg6vks230oray9at7gq05t6g2t6tmp 0 3837 307659 305881 2026-09-09T17:43:12Z Soalt 39618 template:dalalka afrika iyo category:wadamada afrika 307659 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Côte d'Ivoire | common_name = Ivory Coast | native_name = {{ublist|{{native name|fr|République de Côte d'Ivoire}}|{{native name|dyu|Kɔdiwari Jamana}}}} | image_flag = Flag of Côte d'Ivoire.svg | image_coat = Coat of Arms of the Ivory Coast.svg | coa_size = 100 | national_motto = {{native phrase|fr|'Union – Discipline – Travail'|italics=off}}<br />'Midnimo – Edbitaan – Hawl' | national_anthem = {{lang|fr|[[L'Abidjanaise]]}}<br />({{Langx|en|"Heestii Abidjan"}}) [[File:United States Navy Band - National Anthem of Côte D'Ivoire "L'Abidjanaise".ogg]] {{parabr}}{{center|}} | image_map = {{Switcher| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]] |Muuji khariidadda Afrika|default=1}} | map_caption = | image_map2 = | capital = [[Yamoussoukro]] | coordinates = {{Coord|6|51|N|5|18|W|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Abidjan]] | official_languages = [[Af-Faransiiska Afrika|Faransiis]] | languages_type = Luuqadaha<br />waddaniga ah | languages = {{hlist|[[Af-Ingiriisi|Ingiriis]]|[[Af-Faransiis|Faransiis]]|[[Af-Carabi]]|[[Luuqadaha Bété|Bété]]|[[Luuqadda Dyula|Dyula]]|[[Luuqadda Baoulé|Baoulé]]|[[Lahjada Bono|Abron]]|[[Luuqadda Agni|Agni]]|[[Luuqadaha Senufo|Senoufo]]|[[Luuqadaha Ivory Coast|kuwo kale]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{tree list}} * 78.0% Reer Ivory Coast * * 38.0% [[Dadka Akan|Akan]] * * 22.0% [[Dadka Mandé|Mande-ta Woqooyi]] * * 22.0% Voltaiques/Gur * * 9.1% [[Dadka Kru|Kru]] * * 8.6% [[Dadka Mandé|Mande-ta Koonfureed]] * * 0.3% dadka jinsiyadda la siiyay ee Ivory Coast * 22.0% [[Astaamaha dadka ee Ivory Coast|Ajaanib]]^a {{tree list/end}} | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name=":11" /> | ethnic_groups_year = Tiriya dowladda ee 2021 | religion = {{Ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap; |42.5% [[Islaamka ee Ivory Coast|Islaam]] |{{Tree list}} * 39.8% [[Masiixiyad]] * * 17.0% [[Kaniisadda Kaatooligga ee Ivory Coast|Kaatoolig]] * * 22.8% [[Masiixi]] kale {{Tree list/end}} |12.6% [[Diin la'aan|diin lahayn]] |2.2% [[Diimaha hiddaha ah ee Afrika|diimaha hiddaha ah]] |0.7% diimo kale |2.2% aan ka jawaabin }} | religion_year = Tiriya dowladda ee 2021 | religion_ref = <ref name=":11" /> | demonym = {{unbulleted list|[[Dadka Ivory Coast|Ivorian]]|Reer Ivory Coast}} | government_type = Jamhuuriyad [[Nidaamka madaxtooyada|madaxtooyo]] oo midaysan | leader_title1 = [[Liiska madaxda gobolka ee Ivory Coast|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Alassane Ouattara]] | leader_title2 = [[Madaxweyne ku-xigeenka Ivory Coast|Madaxweyne ku-xigeen]] | leader_name2 = [[Tiémoko Meyliet Koné]] | leader_title3 = [[Liiska madaxda xukuumadda ee Ivory Coast|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name3 = [[Robert Beugré Mambé]] | leader_title4 = Ra'iisul Wasaare ku-xigeen | leader_name4 = [[Téné Birahima Ouattara]] | legislature = [[Baarlamaanka Ivory Coast]] | upper_house = [[Aqoalka Sare ee Ivory Coast|Aqalka Sare]] | lower_house = [[Golaha Shacabka (Ivory Coast)|Golaha Shacabka]] | sovereignty_type = [[Taariikhda Ivory Coast|Taariikhda]] | established_event1 = Aasaaskii Jamhuuriyadda | established_date1 = 4 Diseembar 1958 | established_event2 = [[Xorriyadda]] ka qaadashada Faransiiska | established_date2 = 7 Agoosto 1960 | area_km2 = 322,462 | area_rank = 68aad <!-- Should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 124,502 <!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | percent_water = 1.4<ref name="CIA">{{cite web|title=Côte d'Ivoire|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cote-divoire/|website=The World Factbook|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence|date=30 March 2022|access-date=16 March 2022|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109221218/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cote-divoire|url-status=dead}}</ref> | population_estimate = 31,500,000<ref name="2024_data_sheet">{{cite web|title=2024 World Population Data Sheet|url=https://2024-wpds.prb.org/africa/#western-africa|author=[[Population Reference Bureau]]|access-date=11 December 2024}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = Luulyo 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 49aad | population_census = 29,389,150<ref name="census_2021">{{cite web|title=RGPH 2021 Résultats globaux|url=https://www.ins.ci/RGP2021/RGPH2021-RESULTATS%20GLOBAUX_VF.pdf|author=[[Institut National de la Statistique de Côte d'Ivoire]]|access-date=9 August 2022|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404151119/https://www.ins.ci/RGP2021/RGPH2021-RESULTATS%20GLOBAUX_VF.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> | population_census_year = Diseembar 2021 | population_density_km2 = 97.7 | population_density_sq_mi = 236 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 139aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $202.647 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.CI">{{cite web|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (CI)|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=662,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|date=10 October 2023|access-date=14 October 2023|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203145913/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=662,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|url-status=live}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_rank = 78aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $6,960<ref name="IMFWEO.CI" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 138aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $79.430 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.CI" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = 84aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $2,728<ref name="IMFWEO.CI" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 141aad | Gini = 35.3 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2021 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=Gini Index coefficient|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/|publisher=[[The World Factbook]]|access-date=24 September 2024|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204222738/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.582 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{Cite web|title=Human Development Report 2025|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|language=en|date=6 May 2025|access-date=6 May 2025|archive-date=6 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 157aad | currency = [[CFA franc-ga Galbeedka Afrika]] | currency_code = XOF | utc_offset = ±00:00 | time_zone = [[Waqtiga Greenwich|GMT]] | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | calling_code = [[Lambarrada taleefanka ee Ivory Coast|+225]] | iso3166code = CI | cctld = [[.ci]] | footnote_a = Waxaa ku jira qiyaastii 130,000 oo [[Dadka Lubnaan|Lubnaaniyiin ah]] iyo 14,000 oo [[Dadka Faransiiska|Faransiis ah]]. | footnotes = {{Notelist}} | today = }} '''Ivory Coast''', sidoo kale loo yaqaanno {{lang|fr|'''Côte d'Ivoire'''|italic=no}}{{Efn|Loo dhawaaqo {{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|oʊ|t|_|d|iː|ˈ|v|w|ɑːr}} {{respell|KOHT|_|dee|VWAR}} ee afka Ingiriisiga<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Cambridge Dictionary: English Dictionary|access-date=26 July 2024}}</ref> iyo {{IPA|fr|kot divwaʁ||Fr-Côte-d'Ivoire-fr-Paris.ogg}} ee afka Faransiiska.<ref>{{cite dictionary|title=Cote d'Ivoire definition|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cote%20d%27ivoire|access-date=23 May 2014|archive-date=23 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723020443/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cote%20d%27ivoire|url-status=live}}</ref>}} si rasmi ahna loo yagooray '''Jamhuuriyadda Côte d'Ivoire''', waa dal ku yaalla xeebta koonfureed ee [[Galbeedka Afrika]]. Caasimaddiisa, [[Yamoussoukro]], waxay ku taal bartamaha dalka, halka [[Abidjan]] ay tahay magaalada ugu weyn iyo xarunta dhaqaalaha. Waxay xuduud la leedahay [[Gini]] dhanka [[Xadka Gini iyo Ivory Coast|waqooyi-galbeed]], [[Laybeeriya]] dhanka [[Xadka Ivory Coast iyo Laybeeriya|galbeed]], [[Maali]] dhanka [[Xadka Ivory Coast iyo Maali|waqooyi-galbeed]], [[Burkiina Faaso]] dhanka [[Xadka Burkiina Faaso iyo Ivory Coast|waqooyi-bari]], [[Gana]] dhanka [[Xadka Gana iyo Ivory Coast|bari]], iyo [[Gacanka Gini]] ee [[Badweynta Atlaantik|Atlaantiga]] dhanka koonfureed.<ref>{{Cite thesis|title=ADDING A SOURCE CODE SEARCHING CAPABILITY TO YIOOP|url=https://doi.org/10.31979/etd.nk56-uyfc|publisher=San Jose State University Library|url-access=subscription|last=Parvatneni|first=Snigdha Rao|date=2013|doi=10.31979/etd.nk56-uyfc}}</ref> Iyadoo leh 31.5 milyan oo qof sanadkii 2024, Ivory Coast waa [[Liiska waddamada Afrika marka loo eego tirada dadka|dalka saddexaad ee ugu dadka badan]] Galbeedka Afrika.<ref name="2024_data_sheet" /> Luuqaddeeda rasmiga ah waa [[Af-Faransiis|Faransiis]], luuqadaha waddaniga ahna si ballaaran ayaa loo isticmaalaa, oo ay ku jiraan [[Luuqadaha Bété|Bété]], [[Luuqadda Baoulé|Baoulé]], [[Luuqadda Dyula|Dyula]], [[Luuqadda Dan|Dan]], [[Luuqadda Anyin|Anyin]], iyo [[Luuqadaha Senari|Cebaara Senufo]].<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=Republic of Côte d'Ivoire|url=https://achpr.au.int/en/member-states/cote-divoire|website=African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights|language=en|access-date=30 May 2025}}</ref> Isku gaddoon, waxaa jira ku dhawaad 78 [[Luuqadaha Ivory Coast|luuqadood oo loogu hadlo Ivory Coast]].<ref name=":13" /> Dalku wuxuu leeyahay [[Diinta ee Ivory Coast|shacab kala diimo ah]], oo ay ku jiraan taageerayaal badan oo [[Islaamka ee Ivory Coast|Islaamka]], [[Masiixiyadda ee Ivory Coast|Masiixiyadda]] iyo [[Diimaha hiddaha ah ee Afrika|diimaha hiddaha ah]] oo badanaa wata [[animism]].<ref name=":religions2021" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite web|title=RECENSEMENT GENERAL DE LA POPULATION ET DE L'HABITAT 2021 RESULTATS GLOBAUX DEFINITIFS|url=https://www.caidp.ci/uploads/7113b93cc641ba78c591e9f79a4e729c.pdf|website=Institut National de la Statistique (INS)|language=fr|date=October 2022|access-date=5 August 2023|archive-date=14 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814112828/https://www.caidp.ci/uploads/7113b93cc641ba78c591e9f79a4e729c.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Ivory Coast waxay ahaan jirtay hoy u ahaa dhowr dawladood, oo ay ku jiraan [[Gyaman|Gyaaman]], [[Boqortooyadii Kong]], iyo [[Dadka Baoulé|Baoulé]]. Deegaanku wuxuu noqday [[maxmiyad]] Faransiis ah sanadkii 1843 waxaana loo adkeeyay sidii [[Liiska gumeysigii Faransiiska|gumeysi Faransiis]] sanadkii 1893 intii lagu jiray [[Tartankii Afrika]]. Waxay xorriyadda qaadatay sanadkii 1960, iyadoo uu hoggaaminayay [[Félix Houphouët-Boigny]], oo xukumay dalka ilaa 1993. Marka loo eego heerarka gobolka, Ivory Coast waxay xiriir dhow oo dhanka siyaasadda iyo dhaqaalaha ah la lahayd dariskeeda Galbeedka Afrika iyadoo sii haysata xiriir dhow oo ay la leedahay [[Isbahaysiga Galbeedka|Galbeedka]], [[Françafrique|gaar ahaan Faransiiska]]. Degganaanshaheedii waxaa ruxay [[Inqilaabkii Ivory Coast ee 1999|inqilaab dhacay 1999]] iyo laba dagaal sokeeye—kii koowaad [[Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Koowaad ee Ivory Coast|guntii 2002 iyo 2007]]<ref name="loi">{{cite journal|title=Loi n° 2000-513 du 1er août 2000 portant Constitution de la République de Côte d'Ivoire|url=http://www.jfaconseil.com/jorci/2000/RCI%20JO%202000-30.pdf|volume=42|journal=Journal Officiel de la République de Côte d'Ivoire|issue=30|pages=529–538|language=fr|date=3 August 2000|archive-date=25 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325153412/http://www.jfaconseil.com/jorci/2000/RCI%20JO%202000-30.pdf|url-status=dead}},</ref> iyo markale [[Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Labaad ee Ivory Coast|intii u dhaxeysay 2010–2011]]. Waxay qaadatay [[Dastuurka Ivory Coast|dastuur cusub]] sanadkii 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ivory Coast backs new constitution in landslide vote, opposition cries foul|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20161102-ivory-coast-approves-new-constitution-referendum-opposition-boycott|date=2 November 2016|access-date=8 March 2023|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326030516/https://www.france24.com/en/20161102-ivory-coast-approves-new-constitution-referendum-opposition-boycott|url-status=live}}</ref> Ivory Coast waa jamhuuriyad leh awood fulineed oo xooggan oo la siiyay [[Liiska madaxda gobolka ee Ivory Coast|madaxweynaheeda]]. Iyadoo loo marayo [[Waxsoosaarka kafeega ee Ivory Coast|waxsoosaarka koofiga]] iyo [[Waxsoosaarka kookaha ee Ivory Coast|kookaha]], waxay ahayd quwadda dhaqaalaha ee Galbeedka Afrika intii lagu jiray 1960-gii iyo 1970-gii, ka dibna waxay la kulantay dhibaato dhaqaale 1980-gii, taasi oo gacan ka geysatay xilli qas siyaasadeed iyo mid bulsho ah oo sii dheeraaday ilaa 2011. Ivory Coast waxay haddana la kulantay korriin dhaqaale oo sarreeya tan iyo markii ay soo laabatay nabadda iyo degganaanshaha siyaasadeed ee 2011. Laga soo bilaabo 2012 ilaa 2023, dhaqaaluhu wuxuu ku koray celcelis ahaan 7.1% sannadkii [[Waxsoosaarka Guud ee Gudaha|marka la eego dhabta]], waana heerka labaad ee ugu dhaqsiyaha badan ee korriinka dhaqaalaha ee Afrika iyo kan afraad ee ugu dhaqsiyaha badan adduunka.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Economic Outlook database: October 2023|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=512,914,612,171,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,146,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&s=NGDP_R,&sy=2011&ey=2023&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|author=[[IMF]]|access-date=11 February 2024|archive-date=19 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219102804/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=512,914,612,171,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,146,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&s=NGDP_R,&sy=2011&ey=2023&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|url-status=live}}</ref> Sannadkii 2023, Ivory Coast waxay lahayd GDP per capita-ga labaad ee ugu sarreeya Galbeedka Afrika, iyadoo ku xigta [[Cape Verde]].<ref>{{cite web|title=World Economic Outlook database: October 2023|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=614,638,616,748,618,624,622,626,628,632,636,634,662,642,643,734,644,646,648,652,656,654,664,666,668,674,676,678,684,688,728,692,694,714,716,722,718,724,199,733,738,742,746,754,698,&s=PPPPC,&sy=2023&ey=2023&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|author=[[IMF]]|access-date=11 February 2024}}</ref> Naas kasta oo ay taasi jirto, marka loo eego sahankii ugu dambeeyay ee 2016, 46.1% dadka waxaa weli saameyn ku haya [[Tusaha Saboolnimada ee Dhinacyada Badan|saboolnimada dhinacyada badan]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023 Côte d'Ivoire|url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/CIV.pdf|website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports|date=2023|access-date=15 April 2024|archive-date=16 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416190049/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/CIV.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Sannadkii 2023, Ivory Coast waa dalka ugu weyn adduunka ee dhoofiya digirta kookaha, wuxuuna leeyahay dakhli aad u sarreeya marka loo eego gobolkiisa.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Cocoa beans, whole/broken, raw/roasted – Imports and Exports – 2023|url=https://trendeconomy.com/data/commodity_h2/180100#:~:text=Top%20exporters%20of%20Cocoa%20beans,%2D%205.38%25%20($417%20million)|publisher=Trendeconomy|date=7 November 2024|access-date=20 March 2024|archive-date=25 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125140048/https://trendeconomy.com/data/commodity_h2/180100|url-status=live}}</ref> Dhaqaaluhu weli wuxux si weyn ugu tiirsan yahay beeraha, iyadoo [[Beeraleyda yaryar|beeraleyda yaryar]] ee soo saarta dalagyada lacagta lagu doonayo ay u badan yihiin.<ref name="CIA" /> ==Asalka magaca== Asal ahaan, [[Sahan badeedka Burtuqiiska|ganacsatada-sahamiyayaasha Burtuqiiska]] ee qarniyadii 15aad iyo 16aad waxay u qaybiyeen xeebta galbeed ee Afrika, si qallafsan, afar "xeebood" oo ka tarjumayay kheyraadka laga heli karo xeeb kasta. Xeebta ay u bixiyeen {{lang|pt|Costa do Marfim}}—oo macnaheedu yahay 'xeebta fool-maroodiga', loona turjumay Faransiis ahaan {{lang|fr|Côte d'Ivoire}}—waxay u dhaxaysay wixii loo yaqaanay {{lang|pt|Guiné de Cabo Verde}}, oo loo yaqaanay "Gini-da Sare" ee ku taal {{lang|fr|[[Cap-Vert]]|italic=no}}, iyo Gini-da Hoose.{{sfn|Thornton|1996|pp=53–56}}{{sfn|Lipski|2005|p=39}} Waxaa sidoo kale jiray [[Xeebta Basbaaska]], oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan "Xeebta Siraadka" (Laybeeriyada maanta), "[[Xeebta Dahabka (gobo)|Xeebta Dahabka]]" (Gana), iyo "[[Xeebta Addoomaha ee Galbeedka Afrika|Xeebta Addoomaha]]" (Toogo, Benin iyo Nayjeeriya). Sida kuwaas oo kale, magaca ''Ivory Coast'' wuxuu ka tarjumayay ganacsigii weynaa ee ka jiray qaybtaas gaarka ah ee xeebta: dhoofinta [[fool-maroodiga]].{{sfn|Duckett|1853|p=594}}{{sfn|Thornton|1996|pp=53–56}}{{sfn|Homans|1858|p=14}}{{sfn|Lipski|2005|p=39}}{{sfn|Plée|1868|p=146}} Magacyada kale ee deegaanka loo yaqaanay waxaa ka mid ahaa {{lang|fr|Côte de Dents}},{{Efn|[[Joseph Vaissète]], buuggiisii 1755 ee {{lang|fr|Géographie historique, ecclésiastique et civile}}, wuxuu ku liisgreeyay magaca sidii {{lang|fr|La Côte des Dents}} ('Xeebta Ilkaha'), laakiin wuxuu xusay in {{lang|fr|Côte de Dents}} ay tahay qaabka ugu saxan.{{sfn|Vaissète|1755|pp=185–186}}|name=teeths}} oo macnaheedu yahay 'Xeebta Ilkaha', markale ka tarjumaysa ganacsiga fool-maroodiga;{{sfn|Blanchard|1818|p=57}}{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=100}}{{sfn|Duckett|1853|p=594}}{{sfn|Lipski|2005|p=39}}{{sfn|Plée|1868|p=146}}{{sfn|Walckenaer|1827|p=35}} {{lang|fr|Côte de Quaqua}}, oo loogu magac daray dadkii ay reer Holland u bixiyeen ''Quaqua'' (ama ''Kwa Kwa'');{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=100}}{{sfn|Thornton|1996|pp=53–56}}{{sfn|Vaissète|1755|pp=185–186}} Xeebta Shanta iyo Lixda Xariijimood, oo loogu magac daray nooc ka mid ah dharka cudbiga ah ee halkaas lagu gadan jiray;{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=100}} iyo ''Côte du Vent'',{{Efn|{{lang|fr|Côte du Vent}} mararka qaarkood waxay muujinaysay isku-darka xeebaha "Ivory" iyo "Siraadka", ama mararka qaar xeebta "Siraadka" oo kaliya.{{sfn|Duckett|1853|p=594}}{{sfn|Thornton|1996|pp=53–56}}|name=vent}} Xeebta Dabaylaha, sababo la xiriira xaaladaha cimilada maxaliga ah ee xeebta ka baxsan.{{sfn|Duckett|1853|p=594}}{{sfn|Thornton|1996|pp=53–56}} Qarnigii 19aad, isticmaalku wuxuu u guuray {{lang|fr|Côte d'Ivoire}}.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=100}} Xeebta dawladda casriga ahi si sax ah uma wada eka wixii ay ganacsatadii qarniyadii 15aad iyo 16aad u yaqaaneen xeebta "Ilkaha" ama "Ivory", taasi oo loo haystay inay ka soo bilaabato [[Cape Palmas]] ilaa [[Cape Three Points]] taas oo hadda u qaybsan dawladaha casriga ah ee Gana iyo Ivory Coast (iyadoo qayb yar ay haysato Laybeeriya).{{sfn|Blanchard|1818|p=57}}{{sfn|Homans|1858|p=14}}{{sfn|Walckenaer|1827|p=35}}{{sfn|Vaissète|1755|pp=185–186}} Waxay sii haysatay magaca intii lagu jiray xukunkii Faransiiska iyo xorriyaddii 1960.<ref name="WDL1">{{cite web|title=The Ivory Coast|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/643|publisher=[[World Digital Library]]|access-date=16 February 2013|archive-date=4 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204073233/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/643/|url-status=live}}</ref> Magaca muddo dheer ayaa si dhab ah loogu turjumay luuqado kale,{{Efn|Turjumaadaha dhabta ah waxaa ka mid ah {{langx|de|Elfenbeinküste}}, {{langx|it|Costa d'Avorio}}, {{langx|fi|Norsunluurannikko}}, {{langx|ru|Бе́рег Слоно́вой Ко́сти}}, iyo {{langx|en|Ivory Coast|italic=no}}.{{sfn|David|2000|p=7}}|name=trans}} taasi oo xukuumaddii xorriyadda ka dib ay u aragtay dhibaato sii kordheysa mar kasta oo xiriirkeeda caalamiga ah uu dhaafsiisanyahay fagaaraha ku hadla Af-Faransiiska. Sidaa darteed, bishii Abriil 1986, xukuumaddu waxay ku dhawaaqday in '''{{lang|fr|Côte d'Ivoire}}''' (ama, si buuxda, {{lang|fr|République de Côte d'Ivoire}}{{sfn|Auzias|Labourdette|2008|p=9}}) ay ahaan doonto magaceeda rasmiga ah ee ujeedooyinka hab-maamuuska dublamaasiyadeed, tan iyo markaasna waxay si rasmi ah u diidday inay aqoonsato wax turjumaad ah oo laga bixiyo Faransiiska loona turjumayo luuqado kale marka ay la macaamilayso caalamka.{{sfn|David|2000|p=7}}{{sfn|Lea|Rowe|2001|p=127}}{{sfn|Jessup|1998|p=351}} In kasta oo ay jirtay codsiga xukuumadda Ivory Coast, turjumaada Ingiriisiga ah ee "Ivory Coast" (badanaa "''the'' Ivory Coast") ayaa weli si joogto ah loogu isticmaalaa Ingiriisiga meelo kala duwan oo warbaahinta iyo daabacadaha ah. Dawlado badan ayaa u isticmaala "Côte d'Ivoire" sababo dublamaasiyadeed, sida ay u isticmaalaan xarumahooda warbaahineed, sida [[CCTV News (Chinese)|CCTV News]] ee Shiinaha. Ururada kale ee isticmaala "Côte d'Ivoire" waxaa ka mid ah [[Central Intelligence Agency]] ee buuggooda ''[[The World Factbook|World Factbook]]''<ref name="CIA" /> iyo ururada isboortiga caalamiga ah ee [[FIFA]]<ref>{{cite web|title=CAF Member Associations|url=http://www.cafonline.com/en-us/memberassociations.aspx|publisher=[[Confederation of African Football]]|access-date=20 July 2017|archive-date=25 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170725110443/http://www.cafonline.com/en-us/memberassociations.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> iyo [[Guddiga Olombikada Caalamiga ah|IOC]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Côte d'Ivoire|url=https://www.olympic.org/cote-d-voire|publisher=[[International Olympic Committee]]|access-date=20 July 2017|archive-date=18 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718054551/https://www.olympic.org/cote-d-ivoire|url-status=live}}</ref> (iyagoo tixraacaya [[Xulka kubadda cagta qaranka ee Ivory Coast|xulkooda kubadda cagta qaranka]] iyo kooxaha Olombikada ee ciyaaraha caalamiga ah iyo baahinta rasmiga ah), ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Cote d'Ivoire|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/139651/Cote-dIvoire|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|access-date=20 June 2010|archive-date=18 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618075934/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/139651/Cote-dIvoire|url-status=live}}</ref> iyo ''[[National Geographic Society]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Places Directory|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/destination/cote-divoire?source=A-to-Z|publisher=[[National Geographic Society]]|date=25 June 2008|access-date=20 June 2010|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308101113/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/destination/cote-divoire?source=A-to-Z|url-status=live}}</ref> [[BBC]]-du badanaa waxay u isticmaashaa "Ivory Coast" labadaba warbixinnada wararka iyo boggeeda ku saabsan dalka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Country profile: Ivory Coast|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1043014.stm|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=24 February 2010|access-date=30 April 2010|archive-date=15 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100415042400/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1043014.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Si la mid ah, ''[[The Economist]]'' wuxuu sheegayaa "...Ivory Coast, ''faal'' Côte d'Ivoire..."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wroe|first=Ann|title=The Economist Style Guide: The Bestselling Guide to English Usage|url=https://archive.org/details/economiststylegu0000annw|publisher=Profile Books|year=2018|isbn=978 1 78125 831 6|edition=12th|location=Great Britain|page=[https://archive.org/details/economiststylegu0000annw/page/112 112]|language=en}}</ref> [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]], [[Fox News]], ''[[The Times]]'', ''[[The New York Times]]'', [[Shirkadda Baahinta ee Koonfur Afrika]], iyo [[CBC News|Shirkadda Baahinta ee Kanada]] dhamaantood waxay u isticmaalaan "Ivory Coast" si gaar ah ama ugu weyn.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}} ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Wadamada Afrika]] hh90s8l732zh09nrwixjh81gieogqe6 0 3845 307691 263142 2026-09-09T19:10:50Z Soalt 39618 template:Dalalka Aasiya iyo Category:Wadamada Aasiya 307691 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|42|00|N|43|30|E|display=title}} {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Joorjiya<br/>Georgia |native_name = {{nobold|საქართველო}}<br/>{{small|''Sakartvelo''}} |common_name = Georgia |linking_name = Georgia (country) |image_flag = Flag of Georgia.svg |image_coat = Greater coat of arms of Georgia.svg |national_motto = <br/>ძალა ერთობაშია<br/>''Dzala Ertobashia''<br/>{{small|''Midnimo waa awood''}} |national_anthem = <br/>თავისუფლება<br/>''Tavisupleba''<br/>{{small|''Xoriyad''}}<br /><center>[[File:Georgian national anthem.oga]]</center> |image_map = Georgia (orthographic projection with inset).svg |map_caption = Meesha wadanka Joorjiya dhaco. |capital = [[Tibiliisi]]<br>[[Kutaisi]] {{small|(Sharcidejinta)}} |latd=41 |latm=43 |latNS=N |longd=44 |longm=47 |longEW=E |largest_city =[[Tibiliisi]] |official_languages = Joorjiyaan<ref>. In [[Abkhazia]], also [[Abkhaz language|Abkhazian]].</ref> |languages_type = Spoken languages<ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf |access-date=2016-09-13 |archive-date=2017-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010074805/http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |ethnic_groups_year = 2014 |ethnic_groups = Joorjiyaan – 86.8%<br />[[Aserbiijaan]] – 6.2%<br />[[Armania]] – 4.5%<br />Kuwo kale – 2.8% |demonym = Joorjiyaan |government_type = {{nowrap|[[Madaxweyne]]}} [[Jamhuriyadda]]{{Ref label|regime|a}} |leader_title1 = Madaxweyne |leader_name1 = Giorgi Margvelashvili |leader_title2 = Gudoomiyaha Baarlamaanka |leader_name2 = David Usupashvili |leader_title3 = Raiisalwasaare |leader_name3 = Giorgi Kvirikashvili |legislature = Baarlamaan |sovereignty_type = Madaxbanaani |established_event1 = [[Ruushka|ka qaatey Boqortooyadii Ruushka]] |established_date1 = 26 May 1918 |established_event2 = [[Midowga Sofiyet]] |established_date2 = 25 February 1921 |established_event3 = {{nowrap|ka qatey [[Midowga Sofiyet]]}} <div style="text-align:right;">Ku dhawaaqey<br/>Dhamaystiray</div> |established_date3 = <br/>9 April 1991<br/>25 December 1991 |area_rank = 120th |area_magnitude = 1 E10 |area_km2 = 69,700 |area_sq_mi = 26,911 |area_footnote = |percent_water = |population_estimate = 3,720,400{{Ref label|population|b|}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geostat.ge/index.php?action=page&p_id=152&lang=eng|title=Population|publisher=|accessdate=2 May 2016}}</ref> |population_estimate_rank = 131st |population_estimate_year = 2016 |population_census = 3,713,804{{Ref label|population|b|}}<ref name="2014 Census">{{cite web|url=http://census.ge/files/results/Census_release_ENG.pdf|title=2014 General Population Census Main Results General Information — '''National Statistics Office of Georgia'''|publisher=|accessdate=2 May 2016|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=8 Bisha Sideedaad 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808154843/http://census.ge/files/results/Census_release_ENG.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |population_census_year =2014 |population_density_km2 = 53.5 |population_density_sq_mi = 138.6 |population_density_rank = 137th |GDP_PPP = {{nowrap|$35.6 billion<ref>{{cite web |title=World GDP Ranking 2015 |url=https://knoema.com/nwnfkne/world-gdp-ranking-2015-data-and-charts |access-date=13 May 2016}}</ref>}} |GDP_PPP_rank = 117th |GDP_PPP_year = 2015 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $9,500 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = |GDP_nominal = {{nowrap|$14.372 billion<ref>{{cite web |title=GDP of Georgia |url=http://www.geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/georgian/nad/pres-relizi_2015_GEO.pdf |publisher=GEOSTAT |access-date=13 May 2016 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=14 Bisha Sagaalaad 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914212327/http://www.geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/georgian/nad/pres-relizi_2015_GEO.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref>}} |GDP_nominal_rank = |GDP_nominal_year = 2015 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $3,863 |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = |Gini_year = 2013 |Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady -->Hoos udhac |Gini = 40.0 <!-- number only --> |Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |accessdate=November 21, 2015}}</ref> |Gini_rank = |HDI_year = 2014 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> |HDI_change = increase <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> |HDI = 0.754 <!-- number only --> |HDI_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr_2015_statistical_annex.pdf |title=2015 Human Development Report |date=2015 |accessdate=15 December 2015 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> |HDI_rank = 76th |currency = Joorjiyaan lari (₾) |currency_code = GEL |time_zone = GET |utc_offset = +4 |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |DST_note = |date_format = |drives_on = [[Midig iyo bidix baabuur wadis|midig]] |calling_code = [[+995]] |iso3166code = GE |ISO_3166–1_alpha2 = GE |ISO_3166–1_alpha3 = GEO |ISO_3166–1_numeric = 268 |cctld = [[.ge]] [[.გე]] |footnote_a = {{Note|regime}} Moved in 2013 from a president-parliamentary system to a premier-presidential system. |footnote_b = {{Note|population}} Excluding [[Occupied territories of Georgia|occupied territories]]. }} [[File:Flag_of_Georgia.svg|thumb|]] [[File:Europe location GEO2.png|thumb|Georgia]] [[File:Georgia cities01.png|thumb|right]] '''Joorjiya''' waa wadan ku yaalo [[Bari]]ga [[Yurub]] iyo [[Galbeed]]ka [[Aasiya]]. Caasimada Joorgia waa [[Tibiliisi]]. Gobolada Joorjiya waxee gaarayaan 53 gobol.tirada dadka neh waxaa lagu qiyaasaa.ilaa.3,720,400 (2016) Georgia (Georgian: Somali, transliter .: sakartvelo, IPA: [sɑkʰɑrtʰvɛlɔ] (ku saabsan codkan maqalka)) waa wadan ka jira gobolka Caucasus ee Eurasia. Waxay ku taallaa dhinaca galbeedka Aasiya iyo Bariga Yurub, waxay ku xiran tahay galbeedka Badda Badda, waqooyiga Ruushka, koonfurta ee Turkiga iyo Armenia, iyo koonfurta bari ee Azerbaijan. Magaalada caasimada ah iyo magaalada ugu weyn waa Tbilisi. Georgia waxay daboosho dhulalka 69,700 oo kiilomitir oo isku wareeg ah (26,911 sq mi), dadkuna waa 2017, qiyaastii 3.718 milyan. Georgia waa jamhuuriyad madax-madaxbanaan, iyada oo dawladdu dooratay iyada oo loo marayo dimuqraadiyad wakiil. [3] Intii lagu jiray xilligii fasalka, boqortooyo madaxbannaan ayaa la aasaasay hadda waxa Georgia, sida Colchis, oo markii dambe loo yaqaano Lazica iyo Iberia. Reer Georgiyadu waxay qabteen mabaadi'da qarnigii 4aad. Caqiidada guud waxay ahayd muhiima aad u weyn xagga midnimada iyo midnimada siyaasadeed ee waddamada Griigi hore. Boqortooyada Midowday ee Georgia waxay gaartay dahab dahab ah xilligii boqornimada David King IV iyo Boqor Tamar 12-aad iyo horraantii 13-aad. Intaas ka dib, boqortooyadii ayaa hoos u dhacday waxayna ugu danbayntii burburisay hoos-u-dhaca awoodaha kala duwan ee gobollada, oo ay ku jiraan Mucaaradka, Boqortooyada Ciraaq, iyo dibad-baxyo isdaba-joog ah oo Iran ah. Boqolkii 18aad, Boqortooyada Bariga ee Boqortooyada ee Kartli-Kakheti waxay ku dhejisey boqortooyadii Boqortooyada Ruushka, oo si toos ah u dhigtay boqortooyadii 1801-kii, waxaana lagu guuleystay Boqortooyada Imraneti ee 1810kii. Xukunka Ruushka ee Georgia ayaa ugu danbeyn lagu qaddariyay heshiisyada kala duwan ee nabadda iyadoo Iran iyo Ottomans iyo dhulalka Giriigga ah ee soo hadhay ay ku dhajiyeen Boqortooyada Ruushka ee ku jirta qaab-qurxoon ee koorsada qarnigii 19-aad. Intii lagu jiray dagaalkii sokeeye ee ka dambeeyey kacdoonka Ruushka ee 1917kii, Georgia waxay si kooban u noqotay qayb ka mid ah Xiriirka Transcaucasian kadibna wuxuu u soo baxay Jamhuuriyad madax-bannaan ka hor intii aan la soo dhicin Ciidankii Ciidanka Xoogga ee 1921 kaas oo abuuray dawlad ka kooban soviirada shaqaalaha iyo beeraha. Sucuudiga Georgia ayaa lagu dari doonaa Federaalka cusub ee Transcaucasian kaas oo 1922-kii noqon lahaa Jamhuuriyad aasaasi ah Midowga Soofiyeeti. Sanadii 1936-kii, Xiriirka Transcaucasian Federation waa la tirtiray, Georgia ayaana u soo baxday Jamhuuriyadda Midowday. Intii lagu guda jiray Dagaalkii Waddaniga Weyn, ku dhawaad ​​700,000 oo Giriig ah ayaa ku dagaalamayay Ciidanka Laanqayrta Cas ee Jarmalka. Ka dib markii hogaamiyaha Soviet Sovet Joseph Stalin, oo ah reer hebel ah, wuxuu geeriyooday 1953-dii, waxaa lagu soo bandhigay munaasabad lagu soo bandhigay Nikita Khrushchev iyo dib-u-habeynkii deenishka, taas oo keentay geerida ku dhowaad boqol arday ah 1956-dii. iyada oo ay musuqmaasuq ba'an iyo kor u ==Visa Joorjiya== * <s>Taiwan</s> ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} {{Dalalka Yurub}} [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] [[Category:Yurub]] b9w3mgm9pykwlfvgupzfcbbid8s0i8g 0 3865 307687 300283 2026-09-09T18:25:24Z Soalt 39618 Category:Wadamada Aasiya 307687 wikitext text/x-wiki {{bad template}} {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyada Indunisiya |native_name = ''Republik Indonesia'' |common_name = Indonesia |image_flag = Flag of Indonesia.svg |image_coat = National emblem of Indonesia Garuda Pancasila.svg |symbol_type = National emblem |image_map = Indonesia (orthographic projection).svg |map_caption = <!--{{map caption |location_color=green |region=[[ASEAN]] |region_color=dark grey |legend=Location Indonesia ASEAN.svg}}--> |national_motto = |national_anthem = |official_languages = [[Af-Indunisi]] |demonym = |capital = [[Jakarta]] |latd=6 |latm=10.5 |latNS=S |longd=106 |longm=49.7 |longEW=E |largest_city = capital |government_type = |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |legislature = |upper_house = |lower_house = |area_rank = 15th |area_magnitude = 1 E+12 |area_km2 = 1,904,569 <!--http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2004/Table03.pdf--> |area_sq_mi = 735,358 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |area_label = [[Land area|Dhul]] |area_label2 = [[Water area|Biyo (%)]] |area_data2 = 4.85 |percent_water = |population_census = 268,624,363<ref name="imf2"/> |population_census_year = 2020 |population_census_rank = 4th |population_density_km2 = auto |population_density_sq_mi = 322.87 |population_density_rank = 84th |GDP_PPP_year = 2013 |GDP_PPP = $1.285 trillion<ref name = "imf2">{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=70&pr.y=2&sy=2013&ey=2013&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=536&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Indonesia |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=27 October 2013}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_rank = 15th |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $5,182<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 124th |GDP_nominal_year = 2022 |GDP_nominal = $1.267.468 Trillion<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_rank = 16th |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $3,499<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 115th |Gini_year = 2022 |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini = 35.6 <!--number only--> |Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |accessdate=2 March 2011}}</ref> |Gini_rank = |HDI_year = 2019 |HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI = 0.707 <!--number only--> |HDI_ref = <ref name="UNDP">{{cite web |title=Indonesia Country Profile: Human Development Indicators |accessdate=27 April 2013 |year=2012 |url=http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/IDN.html |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=5 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105044427/http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/IDN.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |HDI_rank = 113st |sovereignty_type = |sovereignty_note = |established_event2 = |established_date2 = |established_event3 = |established_date3 = |currency = [[Indonesian rupiah|Rupiah]] (Rp) |currency_code = IDR |time_zone = various |utc_offset = +7 to +9 |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |drives_on = left <!--Note that this refers to the side of the road used, not the seating of the driver--> |calling_code = [[+62]] |cctld = [[.id]] |website = [http://www.indonesia.go.id/en.html indonesia.go.id] }} '''Jamhuuriyada Indunisiya''' ([[Af-Indunisi|Indunisi]]: ''Indonesia'', [[Af-Ingiriisi|Ingiriisi]]: ''Republic of Indonesia'') waa dawlad kutaala Koonfur Bariga Aasiya'''[[Aasiya|,]]''' waana Dawladda ugu weyn dalalka [[Islaam|Islaamka]] marka la eego xaga dadka ama tirada dadka, laakiin dastuurka Indunisiya. Ma lagu qorin ama lagu darin Dastuurka Indunisiya in diinta [[Islaam|Islaamka]] ay tahay Diinta Dalka waxayna macneheedu tahay ''Dalku'' waa Cilmaani sida dalalka Cilmaaniga ah ee "Afartanka Afar" dalal ee [[Yurub]]<REF>https://www.worldometers.info/geography/how-many-countries-in-europe/</REF> iyo labada Qaaradood [[Ameerika]] da "soddon iyo shan" dalal ah. == Taariikhda == In kasta oo ganacsatada Muslimiinta ah ay markii ugu horreysay yimaadeen Koonfur-bari Aasiya horraantii xilligii Islaamka, haddana caddaynta ugu horreysay ee dadka Muslimiinta ah ee Indonesia waxay dib ugu noqotaa qarnigii 13-aad ee Waqooyiga Sumatra. Islaamku si tartiib tartiib ah ayuu ugu faafay qaybaha kale ee Indonesia, dhammaadkii qarnigii 16-aadna, waxay ahayd diinta ugu badan Java iyo Sumatra. Inta badan dadka Islaamka qaatay waxay lahaayeen caadooyin isku dhafan oo ay saameeyeen dhaqanka iyo diinta labadaba, caadooyinkan iyo dhaqamadani waxay sameeyeen qaabka ugu badan ee Islaamka ee Indonesia, gaar ahaan Java. Imaatinka ugu horreeya ee Yurub ee Indonesia wuxuu ahaa 1512 markii maraakiibta ganacsiga ee Bortuqiiska, oo uu hoggaaminayay Francisco Serrao, ay yimaadeen oo ay doonayeen inay kaligood ku maamulaan ilaha lawska, toon, iyo basbaaska cubeb ee Moluccas. Kadib khilaaf ayaa ka dhex dhacay ganacsatada Holland iyo Ingiriiska, sannadkii 1602-kii, Dutch-ku waxay aasaaseen Shirkadda Dutch East India (SOV), iyagoo noqday awoodda Yurub ee ugu weyn. Ka dib markii ay musalaftay 1800-kii, dawladda Dutch-ku waxay dhistay gumeysigii Dutch East Indies ee la qarameeyay. === Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka ka hor === Indonesia waxay leedahay taariikh qoran ilaa qarnigii 7aad iyo aad u dheer [[taariikhda afka]]. Kahor inta uusan gumeysigii Nederland imaanin 1596, inta badan waxa hadda Indonesia loo yaqaan waxay ahaayeen boqortooyooyin badan oo kala duwan. Inta badan waa ay is dagaalayeen. Indoniisiya waxa [[gumaystay]] [[Netherlands]] qarnigii 17aad waxaana loo beddelay [[Holand East Indies]]. Muddadaas, Nederlaanku waxa ay qabsadeen kumanaan [[Dadka Malagasy]] ah [[Madagascar]] waxayna ku qasbeen inay ka shaqeeyaan [[basbaaska]] [[ Dhirta | Dhirta ]] ee dhulalkooda iyagoo ah[[Adoonsi | addoomo]].<ref>{{cite speech|title=Xusuustii Madagascar| first=Wendy | last=Wilson-Fall|dhacdo=[[Howard University|HU]] Taxanaha Palaver|goob=[[Washington, D.C.]]|url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B-Pg_qGpuws}}</ref> Nederlaanku waxay ula dhaqmeen jasiiradaha sida hantidooda ilaa [[Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka]]. Intii lagu guda jiray [[Dagaalkii IIaad ee Adduunka]], [[Jabaan]] ayaa ka saaray Holland oo la wareegay gacan ku haynta Indonesia. Ka dib markii Japan ay isu dhiibtay dagaalka, Indonesia waxay sheegatay [[madaxbanaanideeda]] 17-kii Ogosto 1945. Baaqa waxaa akhriyay [[Sukarno]] Jakarta. Sukarno ka dib wuxuu noqday Madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee Indonesia. [[File:LocationIndonesia.svg|250px|thumb|Indonesia]] Ciidamada Ingiriiska ayaa u soo galay dalka Indonesia si ay u soo celiyaan nabadda iyo in ay badbaadiyaan dadka reer Yurub ee maxaabiista u ahaa Jabbaan. Ciidamada Ingiriiska waxa ay sidoo kale haysteen shaqada ay u rareen 300,000 oo askari oo Japan ah. Jamhuuriyadii Indoniisiya waxay la dagaalameen ciidamadii Ingiriiska, sababtoo ah waxaa la filayey in Ingiriisku uu Indonesia ku celiyo Holland. Xisbiga Jamhuuriga Indonesia ayaa dilay qaar badan oo ka mid ah maxaabiista Japan, ka hor inta aan dalkooda loo dirin. Waxay kaloo bilaabeen inay dilaan dadka ka soo jeeda [[kooxaha laga tirada badan yahay]] kuwaas oo laga yaabo inay ka soo horjeedaan Jamhuuriyadda cusub. Dad badan oo Yurub iyo Indonesia u dhashay ayaa la dilay. Ganacsato badan oo Shiinees ah iyo kooxo kale oo laga tiro badan yahay ayaa la dilay ama laga dhigay guri la'aan. Java waxaa joogay kumanaan guri la'aan ah. Sannadkii 1946-kii, Nederlaanku wuu soo noqday. Markii Ingiriisku baxay 1947, waxa Indonesia joogay 55,000 oo askari oo Nederlaan ah. Ficilka Nederlandka waxaa loo yaqaan "Alaabada Hawl-galka" ama "Falalka Politionele". Indoniisiya Republicans-ka waxay la dagaallameen Holland ilaa 1949. Laakiin Jamhuuriga Indonesia ayaa ahaa kuwo si xun u abaabulan oo inta badan dhexdooda dagaallama. Markii Nederlaanku ay ku qasbeen askartii Jamhuuriga meelo kala duwan, waxay u guureen ciidamo badan ilaa laga helayo 100,000 oo askari oo Nederland ah. Holland ayaa diiday inay adeecaan [[Qaramada Midoobay]] oo sheegay inay joojiyaan dagaalka Indonesia. Mareykanka ayaa soo qaban qaabiyay shirar dhex maray madaxda Holland iyo Indonesia. Holland ayaa ugu dambeyntii ogolaatay in ay aqoonsato madaxbanaanida Indonesia bishii November 1949-kii. Dagaaladii iyo ururkii xumaa awgeed, waxa ay qaadatay wakhti dheer in dalku nabad noqdo, [[dhaqaalaha]] uu hagaago. Askar badan oo Indonesian ah ayaa dhintay, inta u dhaxaysa 45,000 iyo 100,000. Sidoo kale, waxaa dhintay tiro aad u badan oo [[ciidan|shacab]] ah, Indooniisiya, reer Yurub iyo Shiinaha; laga yaabee ilaa 200,000. ==Dadka iyo dhaqanka== Indunisiya waxaa ku nool dad ka kala socda kooxo dhaqameedyo kala duwan, waxayna leeyihiin in ka badan 700 oo qoomiyadood. Waxaa saameeya [[Hindida]], [[Shiineeska]], [[Carabta]], [[Malayga]] iyo [[Yurubiyaanka]]. Gorgorka Jawa-ga waa shimbirka qaranka. ==Xubin== * [[ADB]] * [[AIIB]] * [[OECD]] * [[Bankiga Aduunka]] * [[Kooxda Labaatanka]] * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] ==Waddamaha Le Degan Indonesia== * {{Flag|Bangladesh}} 200+ * {{Flag|Arab League}} States''' 4.5 Millions'''+ * {{Flag|Pakistan}} 2,500+ * {{Flag|Japan}} 300,000++ *{{Flag|South Korea}} 200,000 [[File:MPRDPRDPDBuilding.jpg|thumb|right|195px|Guriga Baarlamaanka Indunisiya, Jakarta.]] Wadankani waxa uu ka koobanyahay 34 gobol. waxa ayna u kala baxaan sidan. * [[Jakarta]] * [[Banten]] *[[Bengkulu]] * [[Jawa Barat]] * [[Jawa tengah]] * [[Kalimantan Selatan]] * [[Kalimantan Timur]] * [[Kalimantan tengah]] * [[Kalimantan Barat]] * [[Sulawesi Utara]] * [[Sulawesi Tengah]] * [[Sulawesi Barat]] * [[Sulawesi Tenggara]] * [[Sulawesi Selatan]] * [[Nusa Tenggara Timur]] * [[Nusa Tenggara Barat]] * [[Sumatera Utara]] * [[Jambi]] * [[Gorontalo]] * [[Lampung]] * [[Maluku]] * [[Maluku Utara]] * [[Papua Barat]] * [[Papua]] == Maamul hoosaadyo == {{selfref|Qaybtani ma laha tixraacyo iyo tafatir xun}} Waxa jirta indunisiya gobolo haysta maamul hoosaad oo aan lamid ahayn gobalada kale kuwana waxaa kamida. [[Aceh]] & [[Yogyakarta]] matalan goboladaas haysta ismaamul hoosaadka waxa ay xaq u leeyihiin in wixii ku saabsan qaanuunka lagu dhameeyo gudaha gobolka iyada oo aan caasimada waxba looga bahan. Indonisiya waa dal wayn waxa uu ka koobanyahay in ku dhaw 2000 oo jasiiradood sanadii [[2002]] waxa dalka ka goay gobolka la odhan jiray [[taymuurta bari.]] oo hadeer dawld ah. ==Madaxdii Indunisiya== {{selfref|Qaybtani ma laha tixraacyo iyo tafatir xun}} Indunisiya kadib markii ay madax banaanida qaadatay waxa xukumay oo talada wadanka qabtay ahaana madaxwaynihii ugu horeeyay. Axmad Sokarno. waxa [[Axmad Sookaarno]] ku xigay oo wadanka waxnbadan xukumay. [[Cali Soharto]]. oo xukumay indoniisa mudo ku dhaw afartan sano ilaa xukunka laga tuuray sanadii 1998. Kadib waxaa talada qabtay masaxwayne. Cabdi raxmaan waxiid. Waxaa kale oo iyana madaxwayne kanoqatay wadankaas gabadh uu dhalay madaxwaynihii ugu horeeyay ee wadankaas oo magaceedu yahay ([[Miigawaati Sokarnio Buturi]]). Hada waxaa madaxwayne ka ah wiiwido banban yoodayoono. ==Albumka== {{selfref|Naga caawi turjumaada boggan.}} </br> <gallery widths="120" heights="120px" perrow="auto" style="border: 5px solid #a86; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -moz-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -webkit-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); border-radius: 0.5em; -moz-border-radius: 0.5em; -webkit-border-radius: 0.5em;"> File:Museum Nasional Indonesia.jpg|National Museum of Indonesia in [[Central Jakarta]] File:Jakarta Skyline Part 2.jpg|[[Wisma 46]], Indonesia's tallest office building, in the middle of Jakarta skyscraper. File:Central Jakarta.JPG|Jalan Thamrin, the main avenue in Central Jakarta File:Gambir Station Platform.jpg|A train at [[Gambir]] station in [[Central Jakarta]] File:BungKarno-indonoob.JPG|The [[Bung Karno Stadium]] is capable of hosting more than 80,000 spectators File:Indonesia 2002 CIA map.png|Map of Indonesia File:Indonesia provinces english.png|Provinces of Indonesia File:Jalan malioboro - Jogjakarta.JPG|Malioboro, the most famous street in Yogyakarta city Image:transjogja.jpg|Trans Jogja Bus. A bus rapid transit system in Yogyakarta city File:SOTO FOOD.jpg|A selection of [[Indonesian cuisine|Indonesian food]], including ''Soto Ayam'' (chicken soup), ''sate kerang'' ([[satay|shellfish kebabs]]), ''telor pindang'' (preserved eggs), ''perkedel'' (fritter), and ''es teh manis'' (sweet iced tea) File:Indonesian Army infantryman participating in the GPOI.jpg|An Indonesian Army infantryman participating in the U.N.'s Global Peacekeeping Operation Initiative Image:Panser side left.JPG|Pindad Panser "Anoa" shown during Indo Defense and Aerospace Expo 2008 |Indonesian Naval vessels Image:AURI B-25.jpg|B-25 Mitchell bombers of the AURI in the 1950s Image:Jmnei.jpg|A [[Javanese people|Javanese]] engineer closes one of the gun bay doors on a Dutch [[Brewster Buffalo|Buffalo]], January 1942. |[[Mazda6]] used by the Jakarta Metro Highway Patrol (''Ditlantas Polda Metro Jaya'') as a patrol car |[[Mitsubishi Lancer]] used by Vital Object Protection of Indonesian National Police File:ID_diesel_loco_CC_201-05_060327_4217_kta.jpg|GE U20C in Indonesia, #CC201-05 File:Diesel locomotive CC 203 22 at Gambir Station.jpg|GE U20C "Full-Width Cabin" in Indonesia, #CC203-22 File:ID_diesel_loco_CC_204-06_060403_2512_mri.jpg|GE U20C full computer control locomotive in Indonesia, #CC204-06 </gallery> ==Sido kale fiiri== *[[Indunisiya visa Dalalka]] == Tixraacyada == * https://www.worldometers.info/geography/how-many-countries-in-latin-america/ * https://www.worldometers.info/geography/how-many-countries-in-northern-america/ {{commonscat|Indonesia|Indunisiya}} <references/> {{Dalalka Aasiya}} {{Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka}} [[Category:Aasiya]] [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] {{commons|Indonesia}} 4qptevlid9bq9xknxy3zyetmy3yaicm 0 3913 307641 305151 2026-09-09T17:20:42Z Soalt 39618 template:dalalka afrika iyo category:wadamada afrika 307641 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Masar''' ([[Carabi]] : مصر , romanized: loogu dhawaaqo [[Carabi|Carabi Masaarida]] : [mɑsˤr] ), si rasmi ah '''Jamhuuriyadda Carbeed ee Masar''' , waa waddan ku baahsan geeska waqooyi-bari ee [[Afrika]] iyo koonaha koonfur-galbeed ee Aasiya iyada oo la sii marayo Gacanka Siinaay. Waxa waqooyi kabadda Mediterranean-,[[Falastiin]] (Marinka Gaza) iyo [[Israaiil]] waqooyi-bari,baddacasoo bari ka xigta, Suudaanoo dhanka koonfureed ah iyo Liibiya oo galbeed ah; Gacanka Caqaba ee waqooyi bari Masar ayaa kala qaybiya Urdun iyo Sucuudiga. Qaahira waa caasimadda,magaalada ugu weyn, iyo hormuudka xarunta dhaqanka, halka Alexandria waa magaalada labaad ee ugu weyn iyo xudunta muhiimka ah ee warshadaha iyo dalxiiska. Iyadoo ay ku nool yihiin in ka badan 107 milyan, Masar waa saddexda wadan ee ugu dadka badan Afrika iyo 15-aad ee ugu dadka badan adduunka. {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Carbeed Masar | name = {{native name|ar|جمهورية مصر العربية}}<br />{{resize|}} | common_name = Egypt | image_flag = Flag of Egypt.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Egypt (Official).svg | image_map = EGY orthographic.svg | map_caption = Goobta Jamhuuriyadda Masar | national_anthem = "[[Bilady, Bilady, Bilady]]"<br />{{lang|ar|"بلادي، بلادي، بلادي"}}<br />({{Lang-so|"Dalkayga, dalkayga, dalkayga""}})<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:Bilady, Bilady, Bilady.ogg]]}}</div> | official_languages = [[Carabi|Carabi]] | national_languages = [[Carabi|Carabi Masar]]{{ref label|offlang|a}} | languages = | religion = [[Islam]] 90% (mostly [[Sunni]])<br>[[Christianity]] 10% ([[Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria|Coptic]]) | demonym = Masar <br> Masri, [[Islam]] | capital = [[Qaahira]] | coordinates = {{Coord|30|2|N|31|13|E|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | government_type = [[Dawlad midaysan|Midaysan]] [[Hab-madaxweynenimo-hoosaad|Nidaam madaxweyne]]<br />[[jamhuuriyada]] | leader_title1 = [[Madaxweynaha Masar|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]] | leader_title2 = [[Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Masar|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name2 = [[Mustafa Madbouly]] | leader_title3 = [[Guddoomiyaha Golaha Wakiilada (Masar)|Afhayeenka Aqalka]] | leader_name3 = Cali Abdel Aal | legislature = Baarlamaanka | upper_house = golaha guurtida qaranka | lower_house = Golaha Wakiilada | established_event1 = Midaynta [[Masar Sare iyo Hoose|Sare<br />iyo Masar Hoose]]<ref name="goldschmidt_oldest_nation">{{cite book |last1=Goldschmidt |first1=Arthur |title=Modern Egypt: The Formation of a Nation-State |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YmZyAAAAMAAJ |year=1988 |publisher=Westview Press |location=Boulder, CO |isbn=978-0-86531-182-4 |page=5 |quote=Among the peoples of the ancient Near East, only the Egyptians have stayed where they were and remained what they were, although they have changed their language once and their religion twice. In a sense, they constitute the world's oldest nation. For most of their history, Egypt has been a state, but only in recent years has it been truly a nation-state, with a government claiming the allegiance of its subjects on the basis of a common identity. |access-date=20 June 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5309.htm |title=Background Note: Egypt |date=10 November 2010 |publisher=[[United States Department of State]] [[Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs]] |access-date=5 March 2011 }}</ref><!--end nowrap:-->{{ref label|estevent|b|}} | established_date1 = [[Circa|c.]] 3150 BC | established_event2 = Maxamed Cali oo la caleema saaray | established_date2 = 9 July 1805<ref>{{cite book |author=Pierre Crabitès |title=Ibrahim of Egypt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1NbCRckI3EoC&pg=PA1 |access-date=10 February 2013 |year=1935 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-81121-7 |page=1 |quote=...&nbsp;on July 9, 1805, Constantinople conferred upon Muhammad Ali the pashalik of Cairo&nbsp;... }}</ref> | established_event3 = [[Ku Dhawaaqida Madaxbanaanida Masar|Madaxbanaanida]] ka<br /> [[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska ee great Biriten iyo Ireland|Boqortooyada Ingiriiska]] | established_date3 = 28 Febraayo 1922 | established_event4 = [[Kacaankii Masar 1952kii|Maalinta Kacaanka]] | established_date4 = 23 Julaay 1952 | established_event5 = Jamhuuriyadda ayaa lagu dhawaaqay | established_date5 = 18 June 1953 | established_event6 = [[Dastuurka Masar|Dastuurka hadda jira]] | established_date6 = 18 Janaayo 2014 | area_rank = 29aad | area_km2 = 1,010,408<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.capmas.gov.eg/pdf/EgyptinFigures2015/EgyptinFigures/Tables/PDF/1-%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86/pop.pdf |title=Total area km2, pg.15 |publisher=Capmas.Gov – Arab Republic of Egypt |access-date=8 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321110107/http://capmas.gov.eg/pdf/EgyptinFigures2015/EgyptinFigures/Tables/PDF/1-%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86/pop.pdf |archive-date=21 March 2015 }}</ref> | area_sq_mi = 387,048 | percent_water = 0.632 | population_estimate = [[File:Increase Neutral.svg|12px|border]] 109,450,000 <ref>{{cite web |title=الجهاز المركزي للتعبئة العامة والإحصاء |url=http://www.capmas.gov.eg/ |website=www.capmas.gov.eg |access-date=12 February 2020 |archive-date=7 Bisha Sagaalaad 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907025744/https://www.capmas.gov.eg/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=أقل زيادة في 10 سنوات.. رحلة الوصول إلى 100 مليون مصري (إنفوجرافيك) |url=https://www.masrawy.com/news/news_economy/details/2020/2/11/1722317/%D8%A3%D9%82%D9%84-%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-10-%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-100-%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%A5%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%83- |website=www.masrawy.com |access-date=12 February 2020 |archive-date=12 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212144159/https://www.masrawy.com/news/news_economy/details/2020/2/11/1722317/%D8%A3%D9%82%D9%84-%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-10-%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-100-%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%A5%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%83- |url-status=dead }}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 15aad | population_census = [[File:Increase Neutral.svg|12px|border]] 94,798,827 | population_census_year = [[Tirakoobka Masar#2017|2017]] | population_census_rank = | population_density_km2 = 108.32 | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = 99aad | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $2.372 tilyan<ref name="IMFWEOEG">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=64&pr.y=17&sy=2017&ey=2024&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=469&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = 17aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $21,668<ref name="IMFWEOEG" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 87aad | GDP_nominal = [[File:Decrease2.svg|12px|border]] $347.342 tilyan<ref name="IMFWEOEG" /> | GDP_nominal_rank = 42aad | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = [[File:Decrease2.svg|12px|border]] $3,174<ref name="IMFWEOEG" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 133aad | Gini_year = 2019 | Gini_change = hoos u dhac<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = [[File:Decrease2.svg|12px|border]] 31.9 <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=GINI index |publisher=World Bank |access-date=8 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209003326/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI |archive-date=9 February 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = kordhin<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = {{increase}} 0.754 <!--number only--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite book|title=Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|date=15 December 2020|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|isbn=978-92-1-126442-5|pages=343–346|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 100aad | currency = [[Egyptian pound]] (E£) | currency_code = EGP | time_zone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]] | utc_offset = +2{{ref label|dst|c}} | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | drives_on = Sax | calling_code = [[+20]] | cctld = {{unbulleted list |[[.eg]] |{{lang|ar|[[مصر.]]}}}} | official_website = [https://www.egypttourpackages.com/ Egypt ] | footnote_a = | footnote_b = | footnote_c = }} Masar waxay leedahay mid ka mid ah taariikhda ugu dheer ee waddan kasta, iyada oo raadinaysa dhaxalkeeda webiga Nile Delta ilaa 6aad-4aad millennia BCE. Markii loo tixgeliyey ilbaxnimada , Masar hore waxay aragtay qaar ka mid ah horumarradii ugu horreeyay ee qorista, beeraha, magaalaynta, diinta habaysan iyo dawladda dhexe. Masar waxay ahayd xarun hore oo muhiim u ah Masiixiyadda , ka dib waxay qaadatay Islaamka qarnigii toddobaad wixii ka dambeeyay. Alexandria , caasimaddeedii hore ee Masar iyo hadda magaalada labaad ee ugu weyn, waxay ahayd xudunta aqoonta caalamiga ah iyada oo loo marayo maktabadeeda . Qahira waxay noqotay caasimadii Khilaafadii Faatimid qarnigii tobnaad iyo Mamluk Sultanate ee xigtay qarnigii 13aad. Masar waxay markaas ka mid noqotay Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta sannadkii 1517kii, ilaa uu taliyihii degaanka Muxammad Cali ka asaasay Masar casriga ah oo ah Khedivate iskeed u madaxbannaan 1867. Dalka waxa qabsaday Boqortooyadii Ingriiska oo ay weheliso Suudaan oo xornimada qaadatay 1922-kii oo boqortooyo ah . Kacaankii 1952 ka dib Masar waxay ku dhawaaqday jamhuuriyad . Intii u dhaxaysay 1958 iyo 1961 Masar waxay ku biirtay Suuriya si ay u samaystaan ​​Jamhuuriyad Carbeed . Masar waxa ay dhawr dagaal oo hubaysan la gashay Israa’iil sannadihii 1948 , 1956 , 1967 iyo 1973 , waxaanay si joogto ah u qabsatay Marinka Qaza ilaa 1967. 1978kii, Masar waxa ay saxeexday heshiiskii Camp David , kaas oo u aqoonsaday Israa’iil beddelkeeda inay ka baxdo Siinaydii la haystay. Ka dib kacdoonkii Carabta ee horseeday kacdoonkii Masar 2011 iyo afgambigii Xusni Mubaarak , dalka waxa soo food saaray qalalaase siyaasadeed oo daba dheeraaday ; Doorashadii ugu horeysay ee dimoqraadi ah oo dhacday 2012-kii ayaa natiijadeedu ahayd muddo gaaban, dawladdii ay isku haysteen Ikhwaanul Muslimiinka ee Mohamed Morsi , oo ay afgambiyeen militariga ka dib mudaaharaadyo waaweyn 2013kii Dowladda hadda jirta waa jamhuuriyad madaxtinimo-gaar ah oo uu hoggaamiyo Abdel Fattah el-Sisi , kaas oo la doortay 2014-kii balse waxaa loo arkaa mid kalitalis ah . Masar waa waddan soo koraya oo leh dhaqaalaha labaad ee ugu weyn Afrika Waxaa loo arkaa inay tahay quwad goboleed ku taal Bariga Dhexe, Waqooyiga Afrika iyo dunida Muslimka iyo awood dhexe oo adduunka ah. Islaamku waa diinta rasmiga ah , Carabigana waa luqadda rasmiga ah. Masar waxay xubin ka tahay Qaramada Midoobay, Dhaqdhaqaaqa Aan Isbahaysiga ahayn , Jaamacadda Carabta , Midowga Afrika , Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka , Madasha Dhallinyarada Adduunka , iyo xubin ka tirsan BRICS . ==Magacyada== Magaca Ingiriisiga "Masar" wuxuu ka yimid Giriiggii hore " Aígyptos " (" Αἴγυπτος "), iyada oo loo sii marayo Faransiiska Dhexe "Masar" iyo Laatiinka " Aegyptus ". Waxa ay ka muuqataa kiniiniyada tooska ah ee Giriiga hore sida "a-ku-pi-ti-yo". Sifada "aigýpti-"/"aigýptios" waxaa loo soo amaahday Coptic sida " gyptios ", oo halkaas laga soo qaatay Carabi sida " qubṭī ", oo dib loo sameeyay" قبط "( qubṭ ), halka Ingiriisi" Copt ". Juquraafigii hore ee Giriigga Strabo wuxuu bixiyay etymology folk isagoo sheegaya in " Αἴγυπτος " (Aigýptios) uu asal ahaan ka soo baxay xarun ka " Aἰγαίου ὑπτίως " ( Aegaeou huptiōs theegean ), oo macneheedu yahay " Aegaeou huptiōs ". Soo-jiidashada dhabta ah waxaa loo maleynayaa inay ka timid ḥwt-kꜣ-ptḥ ( Hutkaptah , ku dhawaaqida Masar ee dambe [ħəjˌkojpəˈtaħ] ), " Macbadka Ka of Ptah ," oo ah erey magaalada Memphis . " Miṣr " ( ku dhawaaqida Carabiga: [misˤɾ] ; " مِصر ") waa Carabiga Qur'aanka ee qadiimiga ah iyo magaca rasmiga ah ee casriga ah ee Masar, halka " Maṣr " ( ku dhawaaqida Carabiga Masar: [mɑsˤɾ] ; مَصر ) waa ku dhawaaqida maxaliga ah ee Carabiga Masar . Magaca hadda ee Masar, Misr/Misir/Misru, wuxuu ka yimid magacii hore ee Semitic-ga . Eraygu wuxuu asal ahaan ka dhigan yahay " Ilbaxnimo " ama " Metropolis ". Miṣr Carabi qadiimiga ah (Masar Carabi Carabi Maṣr ) waxay si toos ah ula socotaa Cibraaniga Baybalka Miṣráyīm ( מִצְרַיִם / מִצְרָיִם), oo macneheedu yahay "labada cidhiidhi", tixraaca kala soocida predynastic ee Sare iyo Hoose Masar . Sido kale dhowr luqadood oo Semitic ah lagu sheegay sida Mesru , Misir iyo Masar Marqaatiga ugu da'da weyn ee magacan Masar waa Akkadian "mi-iṣ-ru" ("miṣru") ee la xidhiidha miṣru/missirru/miṣaru , oo macneheedu yahay "xuduuda" ama "xuduudda". Boqortooyada Neo-Assyrian waxay adeegsatay ereyga la soo saaray , Mu-ṣur . Magacii hore ee Masar ee wadanku waxa uu ahaa ( 𓆎 🅓 🏏 📊) km.t , oo macneheedu yahay dhul madow, oo ay u badan tahay inay tixraacayso carrada madow ee barwaaqada ah ee bannaanka daadadka webiga Niil , oo ka duwan deshret ( ⟨ dšṛt ⟩ ), ama "dhul cas" saxaraha . Magacan waxaa caadi ahaan loogu dhawaaqaa Kemet , laakiin malaha waxaa loogu dhawaaqaa [kuːmat] Masaaridii hore.  Magaca waxaa loo aqoonsaday inuu yahay K(h)ēmə ( Bohairic Coptic : ⲭⲏⲙⲓ , Sahidic Coptic : ⲕⲏⲙⲉ ) ee marxaladda Coptic ee luqadda Masar, wuxuuna u muuqday Giriiggii hore sida Χημία ( Khēmía ). Magac kale wuxuu ahaa ⟨ tꜣ-mry ⟩ "dhulka webiga jiinka". Masar sare iyo hoose magacyadoodu waxay ahaayeen Ta-Seme'aw ( ⟨ tꜣ-šmꜥw ⟩ ) "sedgeland" iyo Ta-Mehew ( ⟨ tꜣ mḥw ⟩ ) "waqooyiga", siday u kala horreeyaan. ==Taariikhda== ===Taariikhda hore iyo Masar hore=== [[File:Derr_(_125_miles_south_of_Aswan,_right_bank)._Temple_dedicated_to_Pa_-_Horakhti.jpg|thumb|Macbadka Derr ayaa burburay 1960kii]] Waxaa jira cadaymo muujinaya dhagax-dhagaxyo lagu sameeyay hareeraha dhulka webiga Niil iyo dhulka saxaraha ah. Millenniyadii 10-aad ee BCE , dhaqankii ugaadhsadayaasha iyo kalluumaysatada waxa beddelay dhaqan-shiidid hadhuudh . Isbeddellada cimiladu ama daaqsintii ku dhawaad ​​8000 BCE waxay bilaabeen inay xaalufiyaan dhul-dhaqatada Masar, taasoo samaysa Saxaraha . Qabiiladii hore waxay u haajireen webiga Niil halkaas oo ay ka dhisteen dhaqaale beeralay ah oo deggen iyo bulsho dhexe oo badan. Ilaa 6000 BC, dhaqanka Neolithic ayaa xidid ku yeeshay dooxada Niil. Intii lagu jiray xilligii Neolithic, dhaqammo badan oo horudhac ah ayaa si madax-bannaan u horumariyay Masar Sare iyo Hoose . Dhaqanka Badariyaanka iyo taxanihii Naqada ee dhaxalka lahaa ayaa guud ahaan loo arkaa inay horudhac u yihiin Masar fir-fircooneed . Meesha ugu horraysa ee loo yaqaanay Masaarida Hoose, Merimda, waxay ka horraysa Badariyaanka ilaa toddoba boqol oo sano. Bulshooyinka Masaarida Hoose ee wakhtigan waxay la noolaayeen dhiggooda koonfurta in ka badan laba kun oo sano, dhaqan ahaan way ka duwan yihiin, laakiin xidhiidh joogto ah oo ganacsi. Caddaynta ugu horraysa ee la og yahay ee qoraallada hieroglyphic ee Masaarida waxay soo muuqdeen xilliyadii hore ee weelasha dheriga ee Naqada III, oo ku taariikhaysnaa qiyaastii 3200 BC. [[File:All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg|thumb|Giza Necropolis waa kan ugu da'da weyn mucjisooyinka qadiimiga ah iyo kan kaliya ee weli jira.]] Waxaa la aasaasay boqortooyo midaysan c.  3150 BCE by King Menes , taasoo keentay in taxane taxane ah oo xukumay Masar saddexdii kun ee soo socda. Dhaqanka Masaarida wuxuu kobcay muddadaas dheer wuxuuna ahaa Masaar si gaar ah diintiisa , fankiisa , luqaddiisa iyo caadooyinkiisa. Labadii boqortooyo ee ugu horreeyay ee Masar midaysan waxay dejiyeen marxaladda xilligii Boqortooyada Hore , c.  2700–2200 BCE, kaas oo dhisay Ahraamyo badan , gaar ahaan Ahraamta Saddexaad ee Boqortooyada Djoser iyo Boqortooyadii Afraad ee Giza Ahraamta . Muddadii dhexe ee koowaad waxa ay keentay wakhti qalalaase siyaasadeed ilaa 150 sano. Daadka Niilka ee xooggan iyo xasilinta dawladda, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay dib u soo celisay barwaaqada dalka ee Boqortooyada Dhexe c.  2040 BCE, oo gaadhay meeshii ugu sarreysay xilligii Fircoon Amenemhat III . Muddadii labaad ee midnimo la'aantu waxay ku bishaaraysay imaatinka boqortooyadii ugu horreysay ee ajnabiga ah ee xukunka Masar, tii Semitic Hyksos . Soo duulay Hyksos waxay la wareegeen inta badan Masar Hoose qiyaastii 1650 BC waxayna ka aasaaseen caasimad cusub Avaris . Waxa meesha ka saaray xoogagii Masar sare ee uu hogaaminayey Axmose I , kaas oo dhidibada u taagay Boqortooyadii Sideed iyo Tobnaad oo ka raray magaalada Memphis , una raray Thebes . Boqortooyada Cusub c.  1550-1070 BCE waxay ka bilaabantay Boqortooyadii Sideed iyo tobnaad, iyada oo calaamad u ah kor u kaca Masar oo ah awood caalami ah oo ballaarisay intii lagu jiray fidinta ugu weyn ee boqortooyo ilaa koonfurta ilaa Tombos ee Nubia , oo ay ku jiraan qaybo ka mid ah Levant ee bari. Muddadan waxaa lagu xusay qaar ka mid ah Faraaciintii caanka ahaa , oo ay ku jiraan Hatshepsut , Thutmose III , Akhenaten iyo xaaskiisa Nefertiti , Tutankhamun iyo Ramesses II . Hadalkii ugu horreeyay ee taariikh ahaan la caddeeyo ee tawxiidku waxa uu yimid muddadan sida Atenism . Xidhiidhada soo noqnoqda ee quruumaha kale waxay keeneen fikrado cusub Boqortooyada Cusub. Dalka waxaa markii dambe ku duulay oo qabsaday Liibiya , Nuubiyiin iyo Ashuur , laakiin Masaaridii u dhalatay ayaa aakhirkii ka saaray oo dib ula wareegay talada dalkooda. [[File:BD_Weighing_of_the_Heart.jpg|thumb|Miisaanka Qalbiga ee ka yimid kitaabka dhintay ee Ani]] 525 BCE, Boqortooyadii Achaemenid , oo uu hogaaminayey Cambyses II , ayaa bilaabay qabsashadooda Masar, ugu dambeyntiina waxay qabsadeen Fircoon Psamtik III dagaalkii Pelusium . Cambyses II ayaa markaa la wareegay magaca rasmiga ah ee Fircoon , laakiin waxa uu Masar ka xukumay gurigiisa Susa ee Faaris (Iran casriga ah), isaga oo Masar ku hoos jira xukunka satrapy . Boqortooyadii Masar oo dhan todoba iyo labaatanaad , laga soo bilaabo 525 ilaa 402 BCE, marka laga reebo Petubastis III , waxa ay ahayd gebi ahaanba muddo Achaemenid ah, iyada oo boqorada Achaemenid dhamaantood la siiyay magaca Fircoon. Dhowr kacdoon oo ku-meel-gaar ah oo lagu guuleystay oo ka dhan ah Achaemenids ayaa calaamadeeyay qarnigii shanaad ee BCE, laakiin Masar weligeed ma awoodin inay si joogto ah u afgembiso Achaemenids. Boqortooyadii Soddonaad waxa ay ahayd boqortooyadii ugu dambaysay ee xukunta dalka intii lagu jiray waagii Fircooniga. Waxay mar kale ku dhacday Achaemenids 343 BCE ka dib markii Fircoon, Boqor Nectanebo II , lagaga adkaaday dagaalka. Soddon iyo kow ee Boqortooyada Masar , si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma sii socon muddo dheer, maadaama Achaemenids la riday dhowr sano ka dib Alexander the Great . Guud ahaan Giriigga Macedonia ee Alexander, Ptolemy I Soter , ayaa aasaasay Boqortooyada Ptolemaic ===Batlamyo iyo Roman Masar=== [[File:Denderah3_Cleopatra_Cesarion.jpg|thumb|Boqoradda Ptolemaic Cleopatra VII iyo wiilkeeda oo uu qoray Julius Caesar, Caesarion , oo ku yaal Macbadka Dendera]] Boqortooyada Ptolemaic waxay ahayd dawlad Hellenistic ah oo awood leh , oo ka soo bilaabantay koonfurta Suuriya ee bari, ilaa Cyrene oo galbeed ah, iyo koonfurta ilaa xudduudaha Nubia. Alexandria waxay noqotay magaalo-madaxeed iyo xarunta dhaqanka iyo ganacsiga Giriiga . Si ay u helaan aqoonsi ay ka helaan shacbigii Masar ee u dhashay, waxay isku magacaabeen in ay yihiin kuwii dhaxlay Faraaciintii. Ptolemiyadii dambe waxay qaateen caadooyinka Masaarida, iyaga laftooda ayaa lagu sawiray taallooyinkii dadweynaha ee qaabka Masar iyo labbiska, waxayna ka qaybqaateen nolosha diinta Masaarida. Laydhka Alexandria (Pharos of Alexandria) waxaa la dhisay qiyaastii 280 BCE jasiiradda Faaris, oo u dhow Alexandria, Masar. waxa ay noqotay mid ka mid ah todobada mucjiso ee dunidii hore, taas oo ay weheliyaan Ahraamta waaweyni ay sidoo kale saldhig u ahayd Masar. Dhererkeeda waxaa lagu qiyaasay in uu ahaa ilaa 100-130 mitir, taas oo ka dhigtay mid ka mid ah dhismayaasha ugu dheer ee wakhtigeeda. Ujeeddadu waxay tahay: badmaaxiinta la hagayo si nabad ah oo ay ku galaan dekedda mashquulka badan ee Alexandria. Waxaa si xun u waxyeeleeyay dhulgariirkii u dhexeeyay qarniyadii 10-aad iyo 14-aad, waxaana ugu dambeyntii la waayay 1303-dii AD, balse dhagxaanteeda ayaa markii dambe dib loogu isticmaalay dhismayaal kale, sida Daarta Qaitbay . Hogaamiyihii ugu dambeeyay ee khadka Ptolemaic wuxuu ahaa Cleopatra VII , oo isdilay ka dib aaska jacaylkeeda Mark Antony , ka dib markii Octavian uu qabsaday Alexandria oo ciidamadeeda calooshood u shaqeystayaal ah ay carareen. Ptolemies waxa ay la kulmeen fallaagada Masaarida u dhalatay waxayna ku lug lahaayeen dagaallo shisheeye iyo kuwo sokeeye oo horseeday hoos u dhaca boqortooyada iyo qabsashada Roomaanka. Masiixiyadda waxa Masar keenay Saint Mark the Evangelist qarnigii 1aad. Boqortooyadii Diocletian (284-305 CE) waxay calaamad u ahayd isbeddelkii Roomaanka ilaa xilligii Byzantine ee Masar, markii tiro badan oo Masiixiyiin Masaar ah la silciyey. Axdiga Cusub ayaa markaas loo turjumay Masar. Kadib Golaha Chalcedon ee CE 451, Kaniisad Coptic Masaar oo kala duwan ayaa si adag loo aasaasay. ===Qarnigii 7aad - 1517)=== [[File:C9B5617-Pano.jpg|thumb|Masjidka Camr ibn al-Cas ee Qaahira, oo loo aqoonsaday inuu yahay kan ugu da'da weyn Afrika]] Byzantines waxay awood u yeesheen inay dib u soo ceshadaan xukunka dalka ka dib duullaan kooban oo Sasanid Faaris ah horaantii qarnigii 7aad ee dagaalkii Byzantine-Sasanian ee 602-628 muddadaas oo ay aasaaseen gobol cusub oo gaaban muddo toban sano ah oo loo yaqaan Sasanian Masar , ilaa 639-42, markii Masar lagu soo duulay oo ay qabsadeen Carabtii Islaamka . Markii ay ka adkaadeen ciidamadii Bizantine ee Masar, Carabtu waxay keeneen Islaamka dalka. In muddo ah muddadaas, Masaarida waxay bilaabeen inay ku dhex milmaan caqiidadooda cusub iyo caqiidada asalka ah iyo dhaqamada wadaniga ah, taasoo keentay amarro kala duwan oo suufi ah oo soo kordhay ilaa maantadan la joogo. Cibaadooyinkan hore waxay ka badbaadeen xilligii Coptic Christianity . Sannadkii 639-kii waxa Masar loo diray ciidan uu hoggaaminayo khaliifkii labaad ee Cumar oo uu madax u ahaa Camr bin Al Caas . Waxay ku jabiyeen ciidankii Roomaanka dagaalkii Heliopolis. Amr waxa uu u sii socday dhanka Alexandria, kaas oo isu dhiibay heshiis la saxeexay 8 November 641. Alexandria waxa dib loogu soo celiyay Boqortooyada Byzantine 645, laakiin waxaa dib u qabsaday Amr 646. 654-kii duullaan duullaan ah oo uu soo diray Constans II waa la diiday. Carabtu waxay aasaaseen caasimadda Masar oo lagu magacaabo Fustat , taas oo markii dambe la gubay xilligii Saliibiyiinta. Qaahira ayaa markii dambe la dhisay sanadkii 969 si ay u koraan si ay u noqoto magaalada ugu weyn uguna qanisan khaliifada Carabta , waxa ay ka xigtaa Baqdaad kaliya . [[File:ساحة مسجد احمد بن طولون.jpg|thumb|Masjidka Ibnu Tuluun ee Qaahira, ee Axmad Ibnu Tuluun]] Xilligii Cabbaasiyiinta waxaa lagu asteeyay canshuuro cusub, Copts-na waxay mar kale ka gadoodeen sannadkii afraad ee xukunka Cabbaasiyiinta. Bilawgii qarnigii 9-aad waxa dib u bilaabmay hab-dhaqankii lagu maamuli lahaa Masar oo loo maro guddoomiye Abdallah ibn Tahir , kaas oo go'aansaday inuu dego Baqdaad , isaga oo u soo diray ku xigeen Masar si uu u xukumo isaga. Sannadkii 828dii kacdoon kale oo Masari ayaa qarxay, 831kiina Copts waxay ku biireen Muslimiintii u dhalatay ee ka soo horjeeday dawladda. Ugu dambayntii awooddii Cabbaasiyiinta ee Baqdaad waxay horseedday in guud ahaan guud ahaan ay la wareegaan xukunka Masar, haddana ay hoos imanayaan xulafada Cabbaasiyiinta, Boqortooyada Tulunid (868-905) iyo Boqortooyada Ikhshidid (935-969) waxay ka mid ahaayeen kuwii ugu guusha badnaa ee ka horyimid Khaliifkii Cabbaasiyiinta [[File:مسـجد الحاكم بأمر الله 06.jpg|thumb|Masjidka Al-Xakiim ee Qaahira, ee Al-Xakiim Bi-Amr Allah , khaliifkii lixaad, sida uu u dayactiray Daawdi Bohra]] Hogaamiyeyaashii Muslimiintu waxay gacanta ku hayeen Masar lixdii qarni ee soo socota, iyadoo Qaahira ahayd xaruntii Khilaafadii Faadimiinta . Dhammaadkii boqortooyadii Ayyubid , Mamluks , oo ah Turco - Circassian militariga, ayaa la wareegay xukunka qiyaastii 1250. Dhamaadkii qarnigii 13aad, Masar waxay isku xirtay Badda Cas, Hindiya, Malaya, iyo Bariga Hindiya.  Badhtamihii Qarnigii 14aad ee Dhimashada Madaw waxa ay dishay 40% dadka dalka. ===Xilligii hore ee casriga: Cusmaaniyiinta Masar (1517-1867)=== [[File:Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Baron_Lejeune_001.jpg|thumb|Napoleon wuxuu ku jabiyay ciidamadii Mamluk ee Dagaalkii Ahraamta , 21 Luulyo 1798, oo uu rinjiyeeyay Lejeune .]] Masar waxa qabsaday Turkiga 1517, ka dib waxa ay noqotay gobol ka mid ah Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta . Milatarigii difaacu waxa uu dhaawac u geystay bulshada rayidka ah iyo hay’adihii dhaqaalaha. Diciifnimada nidaamka dhaqaalaha oo ay weheliso saamaynta daacuunka ayaa Masar ka dhigtay mid u nugul duullaanka shisheeye. Ganacsatadii Bortuqiisku waxay la wareegeen ganacsigoodii. Intii u dhaxaysay 1687 iyo 1731, Masar waxay la kulantay lix macaluul. Macaluushii 1784 waxay ku kacday qiyaastii lix meelood meel dadkeeda. Masar waxa ay mar walba ahayd gobol ay adag tahay in ay maamulaan salaadiinta Cusmaaniyiinta , taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay awoodda iyo saamaynta joogtada ah ee Mamluuk , oo ah darafkii milatariga Masar ee dalka soo xukumayay qarniyo badan. Masar waxay sii ahaan jirtay maamul-goboleed hoos yimaada Mamluks ilaa ay ku soo duuleen ciidamadii Faransiiska ee Napoleon Bonaparte 1798. Ka dib markii Faransiisku ka adkaaday Ingiriiska, waxaa bilaabmay loolan awoodeed oo saddex geesood ah oo dhex maray Turkidii Cusmaaniyiinta , Mamluk Masaarida oo Masar xukumayay qarniyo, iyo calooshood u shaqeystayaal Albania ah oo u adeegaya Cusmaaniyiinta. [[File:ModernEgypt,_Muhammad_Ali_by_Auguste_Couder,_BAP_17996.jpg|thumb|Muxammad Cali waxa uu ahaa aasaasihii boqortooyadii Muxamed Cali iyo Khediifkii ugu horeeyey ee Masar iyo Suudaan.]] Ka dib markii Faransiiska la ceyriyay, waxaa awoodda la wareegay 1805-tii Muhammad Ali Pasha , oo ahaa taliyihii militariga Albania ee ciidamadii Cusmaaniyiinta ee Masar. Muxamed Cali waxa uu xasuuqay Mamluuqa waxa uuna aasaasay boqortooyo ka talin jirtay Masar ilaa kacaankii 1952. Bilawgii 1820-kii ee suufka aadka u dheeraa waxa uu beeralayda u bedelay mid ka mid ah dhaqalaha kaash-ka-soo-saarka ee ka hor dhamaadka qarniga, isaga oo xoogga saaray lahaanshaha dhulka iyo u wareejinta wax soo saarka dhinaca suuqyada caalamiga ah. Maxamed Cali waxa uu la wareegay Waqooyiga Suudaan (1820-1824), Suuriya (1833), iyo qaybo ka mid ah Carabta iyo Anatolia . Sannadkii 1841kii, quwadihii reer Yurub oo ka baqayey in uu xukunka ka tuuro Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta lafteeda, ayaa ku khasbay in uu inta badan qabsashadiisa ku soo celiyo Cusmaaniyiinta. Hamigiisa ciidan waxa uu u baahnaa in uu dalka dib u casriyeeyo: waxa uu dhisay warshado, nidaamka kanaalka waraabka iyo gaadiidka, waxa uu dib u habayn ku sameeyay shaqaalaha dawladda. Wuxuu dhisay dawlad ciidan ah oo ku dhawaad ​​​​boqolkiiba afar ka mid ah dadka u adeegaya ciidanka si ay Masar u gaarsiiyaan meel awood leh oo ku taal Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta si ay u muujiyaan inay la mid yihiin xeeladaha Soofiyeedka (iyada oo aan shuuci ahayn) oo la qabtay qarnigii 20aad. [[File:Egypt_under_Muhammad_Ali_Dynasty_map_en.png|thumb|Masar oo hoos tagta Boqortooyada Maxamed Cali]] Muhammad Ali Pasha waxa uu ka soo saaray milatariga mid ku shiray dhaqanka corvée ilaa ciidan weyn oo la casriyeeyay. Waxa uu soo bandhigay qoritaanka beeralayda lab ee Masar qarnigii 19-aad, waxana uu qaaday hab cusub oo uu ku abuurayo ciidankiisii ​​weynaa, isaga oo ku xoojinaya tiro iyo xirfad. Waxbarashada iyo tababarka ciidamada cusub waxay noqotay mid waajib ah; Fikradaha cusub waxaa sidoo kale lagu xoojiyay go'doomin. Nimanka waxa lagu hayay dhufeysyo si ay uga fogaadaan in la carqaladeeyo korriimadooda iyaga oo ah unug ciidan oo lagu xisaabtamo. Ciilkii hab-nololeedkii ciidannimo ayaa aakhirkii ka baxay raggii, waxaana qabsaday fikrad cusub oo qarannimo iyo faan ku dhisan. Waxay ahayd iyadoo la kaashanayo cutubkan cusub ee dhowaan dib u dhashay ee Muxammad Cali uu xukunkiisa ku soo rogay Masar. Siyaasadda uu Mohammad Ali Pasha raacay intii uu xukunka hayay ayaa qayb ahaan sharraxaysa sababta tirada Masar marka la barbar dhigo dalalka kale ee Waqooyiga-Afrika iyo Bariga Dhexe oo kordhay oo keliya heer aad u yar, maaddaama maalgelinta waxbarashada dheeraadka ah ay ka dhaceen oo keliya qaybta militariga iyo warshadaha. Muxammad Cali waxa si kooban xilka u kala wareegay wiilkiisii ​​Ibraahim (Sebtember 1848), ka dibna uu awoowe u ahaa Cabbaas I (Noofambar 1848), ka dibna Saciid (1854), iyo Ismaaciil (1863) oo dhiirigeliyay cilmiga iyo beeraha, kana mamnuucay addoonsiga Masar. Masar oo hoos tagta boqortooyadii Muxamed Cali waxay magac ahaan ahaan jirtay gobol Cusmaaniyiin ah. Waxaa la siiyay heerka dawlad-goboleed madaxbannaan ama Khedivate (1867-1914) ee 1867. Suez Canal , oo la dhisay iyada oo lala kaashanayo Faransiiska, ayaa la dhameeyay 1869. Dhismaheeda waxaa maalgeliyay bangiyada Yurub. Lacago badan ayaa sidoo kale ku baxay mas’uulnimo iyo musuqmaasuq. Canshuuraha cusub ayaa sababay niyad jab caan ah. Sannadkii 1875-kii Ismaaciil waxa uu ka fogaaday in uu kaco isaga oo ka iibiyay dhammaan saamigii Masar ee kanaalka dawladda Ingiriiska. Saddex sano gudahood tani waxay keentay in la soo rogo koontaroolayaasha Ingiriiska iyo Faransiiska kuwaas oo ku fadhiistay golaha wasiirada Masar, iyo, "awoodda dhaqaale ee dammaanad-qaadayaasha gadaashooda, waxay ahaayeen awoodda dhabta ah ee dawladda", Xaalado kale sida cudurrada faafa (cudurka lo'da ee 1880-meeyadii), daadadka iyo dagaalladu waxay keeneen hoos u dhaca dhaqaalaha waxayna kordhiyeen ku tiirsanaanta Masar ee deynta shisheeye xitaa dheeraad ah. [[File:Tel-el-Kebir.JPG|thumb|Dagaalkii Tel el-Kebir ee 1882 wakhtigaas oo ahaa dagaalkii Anglo-Masar]] Ku qanacsanaan la'aanta maxalliga ah ee Khedive iyo faragelinta reer Yurub ayaa horseeday abuuritaanka kooxihii ugu horreeyay ee waddaniyiinta 1879, iyadoo Axmed 'Urabi uu ahaa shakhsi caan ah. Ka dib markii ay korodhay xiisado iyo kacdoono wadani ah, Boqortooyada Ingiriisku waxay ku soo duushay Masar 1882-kii, oo ay ku burburisay ciidankii Masar ee Battle of Tell El Kebir oo si millatari u qabsaday dalka. 64​​​​​ Sannadkii 1899-kii, waxa la saxeexay Anglo-Masar Agreement Condominium: Heshiisku waxa uu sheegay in Suudaan ay si wadajir ah u maamuli doonaan Khedivate ee Masar iyo Boqortooyada Ingiriiska. Xakamaynta dhabta ah ee Suudaan waxay ku jirtay gacanta Ingiriiska oo keliya. Sannadkii 1906-dii, dhacdadii Denshawai waxay keentay dad badan oo Masaari ah oo dhexdhexaad ah inay ku biiraan dhaqdhaqaaqa waddaniyiinta. ===Saldanada iyo Boqortooyada Masar=== [[File:Fuad_I_of_Egypt,_Edward_VIII,_%26_Mohamed_Sa%27id_Pa%C5%9Fa.jpg|thumb|Fuad I ee Masar iyo Edward, Prince of Wales , 1932]] [[File:1stAlameinBritDefense.jpg|thumb|Ciidanka lugta Ingiriiska ee u dhow El Alamein , 17 Luulyo 1942]] 1914kii Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta waxay gashay dagaalkii 1aad ee aduunka iyagoo isbahaysi la leh boqortooyooyinkii dhexe; Khedive Abbas II (kaas oo sannadihii hore aad ugu sii kordhay cadaawadda Ingiriiska) waxa uu go’aansaday in uu dagaalka ku taageero dalka hooyo. Go’aankaas ka dib, Ingiriisku waxa uu si xoog ah xilka uga qaaday, kuna beddelay walaalkiis Xuseen Kaamel . Huseen Kamel waxa uu ku dhawaaqay in Masar ay ka madax banaan tahay Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta, isaga oo qaatay magaca Suldaanka Masar . Wax yar ka dib xornimada, Masar waxaa lagu dhawaaqay inay tahay maxmiyad Boqortooyada Midowday. [[File:Cairo-Demonstrations1919.jpg|thumb|Wadaniyiin dhedig ah oo mudaaharaad ka dhigaya Qaahira , 1919]] Ka dib dagaalkii 1aad ee aduunka , Saad Zaghlul iyo Xisbiga Wafd ayaa u horseeday dhaqdhaqaaqa wadaninimada Masar aqlabiyadda golaha sharci dejinta. Markii Ingiriisku u masaafuriyey Zaghlul iyo asxaabtiisii ​​Malta 8-dii Maarso 1919, waddanku wuxuu ka kacay kacaankiisii ​​ugu horreeyay ee casriga ah . Kacdoonku wuxuu horseeday in dawladda UK ay ku dhawaaqdo madaxbannaanida Masar 22kii Febraayo 1922 . inkasta oo magac ahaan ay madax banaan tahay, Boqortooyadu wali waxa ay ku hoos jirtay gumaysigii millatari ee Ingiriiska, Ingiriiskuna waxa uu weli saamayn weyn ku lahaa dawladda. Sannadkii 1923kii, dawladdii cusbayd waxay diyaarisay oo hirgelisay dastuur ku salaysan hab baarlamaan . Xisbiga Waddaniga ah ee Wafd ayaa ku guuleystay guul weyn doorashadii 1923-1924 waxaana Saad Zaghloul loo magacaabay ra'iisul wasaaraha cusub. Sannadkii 1936-kii, waxaa la soo gebagebeeyey heshiiskii Anglo-Masar , waxaana ciidamadii Ingiriisku ka baxay Masar, marka laga reebo kanaalka Suweys. Heshiisku ma xallin su'aasha Suudaan , taas oo, iyada oo la raacayo shuruudaha Anglo-Masar Condominium Agreement ee 1899, oo dhigaya in Sudan ay si wadajir ah u maamulaan Masar iyo Ingiriiska, laakiin awoodda dhabta ah ay ku sii jirto gacanta Ingiriiska. Britain waxay Masar u adeegsatay inay saldhig u noqoto hawlgallada Isbahaysiga ee gobolka oo dhan, gaar ahaan dagaalladii Waqooyiga Afrika ee Talyaaniga iyo Jarmalka. Mudnaanteeda ugu sareysa waxay ahayd gacan ku haynta Bariga Mediterranean-ka, iyo gaar ahaan in Suez Canal ay u furan tahay maraakiibta ganacsiga iyo xiriirka militari ee Hindiya iyo Australia. Markii dagaalku bilaabmay Sebtembar 1939, Masar waxay ku dhawaaqday sharciga dagaalka waxayna goysay xiriirkii diblomaasiyadeed ee Jarmalka. Waxay xiriirka diblomaasiyadeed u jartay Talyaaniga 1940-kii, balse waligiis dagaal kuma dhawaaqin, xitaa markii ay ciidamada Talyaanigu soo galeen Masar. Ciidanka Masar wax dagaal ah may samayn. Bishii Juun 1940-kii Boqorku wuxuu shaqada ka eryay Ra'iisul Wasaarihii Aly Maher, kaasoo si liidata ula qabsaday Ingiriiska. Xukuumad cusub oo isbahaysi ah ayaa la dhisay iyadoo ra'iisul wasaare laga dhigay Xasan Pasha Sabri oo madax-bannaan. Ka dib qalalaasihii wasiirnimo ee Febraayo 1942, danjire Sir Miles Lampson , wuxuu ku cadaadiyay Farook in la helo dawlad Wafd ama Wafd-isbahaysi ah oo beddela xukuumaddii Hussein Sirri Pasha . Habeenimadii 4-tii Febraayo 1942-kii, ciidamada Ingiriiska iyo taangiyada ayaa ku hareeraysan qasriga Abdeen ee Qaahira, Lampsonna wuxuu u bandhigay Farouk amar kama-dambays ah . Faaruuq wuu ka hadlay, Nahhasna wax yar ka dib wuxuu soo dhisay dowlad. Sannadkii 1947-kii, inta badan ciidamadii Ingiriiska waxaa loo daadgureeyay aagga kanaalka Suweys, inkastoo ciidanka Ingiriisku ay saldhig ciidan ku lahaayeen aaggaas. Dareenka wadaninimo, ee ka soo horjeeda Ingiriiska ayaa sii waday inay koraan dagaalka ka dib. Dareenka boqortooyo-diidka ayaa sii kordhay ka dib wax-qabadkii foosha xumaa ee Boqortooyada ee Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Carabta iyo Israa’iil . Doorashadii 1950-kii waxa si weyn ugu guulaystay xisbigii wadaniga ahaa ee Wafd , Boqorkuna waxa uu ku qasbanaaday in uu Mostafa El-Nahas u magacaabo raysal wasaare cusub. Sannadkii 1951kii, Masar waxay ka baxday heshiiskii Anglo-Masar ee 1936 waxayna ku amartay dhammaan ciidamadii Ingiriiska ee hadhay inay ka baxaan kanaalka Suweys. Markii Ingiriisku diiday in uu ka baxo saldhiga ay ku leeyihiin agagaarka kanaalka Suweys, dawladda Masar ayaa jartay biyihii, diidayna in cuntada la galiyo saldhiga Kanaalka Suweys, waxa ay ku dhawaaqday in ay qaadacday badeecooyinka Ingiriiska, shaqaalaha Masaaridana ka mamnuucday in ay gudaha u galaan saldhigga, isla markaana ay kafaalo qaadaan weerarada jabhadaha. 24-kii Janaayo 1952, Jabhadda Masaarida ayaa weerar xooggan ku qaaday ciidamadii Ingiriiska ee ku sugnaa agagaarka kanaalka Suweys, xilligaasi oo la arkayay ciidamada Booliiska Masar oo gacan siinaya jabhadda. Isagoo ka jawaabaya, 25kii Janaayo, General George Erskine wuxuu diray taangiyo British ah iyo ciidan lug ah si ay u hareereeyaan saldhigga bilayska ee Ismailia. Taliyaha bilayska ayaa u yeedhay Wasiirka Arrimaha Gudaha, Fouad Serageddin , oo ah gacanta midig ee Nahas, si uu u waydiiyo haddii uu isa soo dhiibo ama uu dagaalamo. Serageddin waxa uu ku amray booliiska in ay la dagaalamaan "ilaa ninka ugu dambeeya iyo xabbada u dambaysa". Dagaalkan ayaa la sheegay in lagu dilay 43 askari oo ka tirsan ciidamada Biritishka iyo 3 askari oo ka tirsan ciidamada Biritishka. Dhacdadii Ismaaciiliya waxay aad uga cadhaysiisay Masar. Maalintii xigtay, 26 Janaayo 1952 waxay ahayd "Sabti madow" , sida loo yaqaanay rabshadihii ka dhanka ahaa Ingiriiska, kaas oo arkay in badan oo ka mid ah faras-magaalaha Qaahira kaas oo Khedive Ismail the Magnificent uu dib u dhisay qaabkii Paris, gubtay. Faaruuq wuxuu ku eedeeyay Wafd inay ka dambeeyeen rabshadihii Sabtidii Madow, wuxuuna Nahas ka ceyriyay ra'iisul wasaare maalintii xigtay. Waxaa lagu bedelay Aly Maher Pasha . 22-23 Luulyo 1952, Dhaqdhaqaaqa Saraakiisha Xorta ah , oo ay hogaaminayaan Muxammad Naguib iyo Gamal Abdel Nasser , ayaa bilaabay inqilaab ( Kacaankii Masar ee 1952 ) oo ka dhan ahaa boqorka. Faaruuq I ayaa carshiga ka qaaday wiilkiisa Fouad II , kaas oo ahaa, wakhtigaas, ilmo todoba bilood jir ah. Qoyska boqortooyada ayaa maalmo ka dib ka ambabaxay Masar, waxaana la sameeyay Golaha Boqortooyada, oo uu hoggaamiyo Amiir Muhammad Abdel Moneim . Goluhu waxa uu haystay awood magac-u-yaal oo keliya, awoodda dhabta ahna waxa ay ku jirtay gacanta Golaha Taliskii Kacaanka , oo ay hoggaaminayeen Naguib iyo Naasir. Rajada caanka ah ee dib-u-habaynta degdegga ah ayaa horseeday rabshadihii shaqaalaha ee Kafr Dawar 12 Agoosto 1952. Ka dib tijaabo gaaban oo lagu sameeyay xukunka madaniga ah, Saraakiisha Xorta ah waxay baabi'iyeen Boqortooyada iyo dastuurkii 1923 waxayna ku dhawaaqeen Masar Jamhuuriyad 18 June 1953. Naguib ayaa lagu dhawaaqay inuu yahay madaxweyne, halka Nasser loo magacaabay ra'iisul wasaare. ===Masar oo Jamhuuri ah oo hoos imanaysa Nasser (1952-1970)=== Kadib kacdoonkii 1952 ee dhaqdhaqaaqa saraakiisha xorta ah , xukunka Masar wuxuu u wareegay gacan militari waxaana la mamnuucay dhammaan xisbiyada siyaasadeed. 18-kii Juun 1953-kii, Jamhuuriyadda Masar ayaa lagu dhawaaqay, iyadoo General Muhammad Naguib uu ahaa Madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee Jamhuuriyadda, isagoo xilkaas hayay wax yar ka yar hal sano iyo bar. Jamhuuriyadda Masar (1953-1958) ayaa lagu dhawaaqay. [[File:Nasser_in_Mansoura,_1960.jpg|thumb|Madaxweynihii Masar Gamal Abdel Nasser ee Mansoura, 1960kii]] Naguib waxaa lagu qasbay inuu is casilo 1954-tii Gamal Abdel Nasser  - Pan-Arabist iyo naqshadihii dhabta ahaa ee dhaqdhaqaaqa 1952 - ka dibna waxaa lagu riday xabsi guri . Iscasilaadii Naguib ka dib, jagada madaxweynanimo waxay banaanaatay ilaa laga soo dooranayo Naasir 1956. Bishii Oktoobar 1954, Masar iyo Boqortooyada Ingiriiska waxay ku heshiiyeen in la baabi'iyo heshiiskii Anglo-Masar ee Condominium ee 1899 iyo in Suudaan la siiyo madaxbannaani; heshiisku wuxuu dhaqan galay 1dii Janaayo 1956kii. Naasir waxa uu xilka madaxweynenimo la wareegay bishii June 1956 waxa uuna bilaabay in uu xukumo taariikhda Masar casriga ah . Ciidamada Ingriisku waxay dhammeeyeen ka bixitaankoodii ay ka baxeen Suweys Canal Zone 13 June 1956. Wuxuu qarameeyay kanaalka Suweys 26 Luulyo 1956; Qaabka cadawtinimada leh ee uu u wajahay Israa’iil iyo waddaniyad dhaqaale ayaa kicisay bilawgii dagaalkii labaad ee Carabta iyo Israa’iil (Xiisadda Suweys), kaas oo Israa’iil (oo taageero ka helaysa Faransiiska iyo Boqortooyada Ingiriiska) ay qabsatay gacanka Sinai iyo kanaalka. Dagaalku wuxuu soo afjarmay sababtoo ah US iyo USSR faragelin diblomaasiyadeed iyo xaaladdii hore ayaa dib loo soo celiyay. [[File:Port_Said_from_air.jpg|thumb|Qiiqa ayaa ka kacay haamaha saliidda ee ku ag yaal Kanaalka Suweys ku dhuftay intii lagu jiray weerarkii ugu horreeyay ee Anglo-Faransiiska Masar, 5tii Noofambar 1956.]] Sannadkii 1958kii, Masar iyo Suuriya waxay samaysteen midow madax-bannaan oo loo yaqaan Jamhuuriyaddii Carabtu . Midawgu waxa uu ahaa mid muddo kooban socday,waxana uu dhamaaday 1961 markii ay Suuriya ka go’day. Inta lagu guda jiro inta badan jiritaankeeda, Jamhuriyadda Carabtu waxay sidoo kale ku jirtay isbahaysi dabacsan oo ay la lahayd Waqooyiga Yemen (ama Boqortooyada Mutawakkilite ee Yemen), oo loo yaqaan United Arab State . Horraantii 1960-meeyadii, Masar waxa ay si buuxda uga qayb qaadatay dagaalka sokeeye ee Waqooyiga Yemen . Inkastoo dhowr dhaq-dhaqaaq ciidan iyo shirar nabadeed, haddana dagaalku wuxuu noqday mid is-mariwaa ah. Badhtamihii May 1967kii, Midowga Soofiyeeti wuxuu soo saaray digniino Naasir ku wajahan weerar ay Israa'iil ku hayso Suuriya. In kasta oo madaxa shaqaalaha Mohamed Fawzi uu ku caddeeyey inay yihiin "aan sal iyo raad lahayn", Naasir wuxuu qaaday saddex tallaabo oo isku xigta oo dagaalka ka dhigay mid lama huraan ah: 14kii May wuxuu ciidamadiisa geeyay Sinai oo u dhow xudduudda Israa'iil, 19-kii May wuxuu eryay nabad-ilaaliyeyaashii Qaramada Midoobay ee fadhigoodu ahaa xudduudda Sinai Peninsula ee Israa'iil, wuxuuna xiray 23 May ee Shiicada Israel. On 26 May Nasser wuxuu ku dhawaaqay, "Dagaalku wuxuu noqon doonaa mid guud, ujeedadayada aasaasiga ahna waxay noqon doontaa inaan burburino Israa'iil". Taasi waxay soo dedejisay bilawgii dagaalkii saddexaad ee Carabta Israa’iil (Dagaalka Lixda Maalmood) ee Israa’iil ay ku weerartay Masar, kuna qabsatay Gacanka Siinaay iyo Marinka Qaza , oo Masar ay qabsatay tan iyo dagaalkii Carabta iyo Israa’iil ee 1948-kii . Intii lagu jiray dagaalkii 1967, waxaa la sameeyay sharciga degdega ah , wuxuuna jiray ilaa 2012, marka laga reebo fasax 18 bilood ah 1980/81. Sida uu qabo sharcigan, awoodda booliiska ayaa la kordhiyay, xuquuqaha dastuuriga ah ayaa la laalay, faafreebna waa la sharciyeeyay. Waqtigii dhicistii Boqortooyada Masar horaantii 1950-meeyadii, in ka yar nus milyan Masaari ah ayaa loo tixgeliyey dabaqadda sare iyo hodan, afar milyan oo dabaqadda dhexe ah iyo 17 milyan oo dabaq hoose ah iyo sabool. In ka yar kala bar dhammaan carruurta da'da dugsiga hoose ayaa dhiganayay dugsiga, intooda badan waxay ahaayeen wiilal. Siyaasadaha Naasir ayaa tan bedelay. Dib-u-habaynta iyo qaybinta dhulka, kobaca weyn ee waxbarashada jaamacadda, iyo taageerada dawladda ee warshadaha qaranka waxay si weyn u wanaajiyeen isu socodka bulshada waxayna hoos u dhigtay qalooca bulshada. Laga soo bilaabo sannad dugsiyeedkii 1953-54 ilaa 1965-66, guud ahaan is-diiwaangelinta dugsiyada dadwaynaha in ka badan labanlaabmay. Malaayiin masaari ah oo hore u faqiir ahaa, waxbarasho iyo shaqooyin ay ka heleen qaybaha bulshada, ayaa ku biiray dabaqadda dhexe. Dhakhaatiir, injineero, macalimiin, qareenno, saxafiyiin, ayaa ka kooban inta ugu badan ee bararka dabaqadda dhexe ee Masar ee Naasir. Intii lagu guda jiray 1960-meeyadii, dhaqaalaha Masar wuxuu ka socday gaabis ilaa qarka u saaran inuu burburo, bulshadu waxay noqotay mid xor ah, rafcaankii Nasserna aad buu u yaraaday. ===Masar oo ay xukumayeen Saadaat iyo Mubarak (1971-2011)=== [[File:Egyptian_Armor.jpg|thumb|Taangiyada Masar oo ku sii socda saxaraha Siinay intii lagu jiray Dagaalkii Yom Kippur , 1973]] [[File:Begin,_Carter_and_Sadat_at_Camp_David_1978.jpg|thumb|U dabaal degaya saxiixii 1978dii Heshiiskii Camp David : Menachem Begin , Jimmy Carter , Anwar Sadat]] Sannadkii 1970-kii, Madaxweyne Naasir wuu dhintay, waxaana xilka kala wareegay Anwar Sadat . Muddadii uu jiray , Sadat waxa uu Masar ka beddelay dagaalkii qaboobaa ee Midowgii Soofiyeeti una beddelay Maraykanka, isaga oo eryay la-taliyayaashii Soofiyeedka 1972. Masar waxa loo beddelay Jamhuuriyadda Carabta ee Masar 1971. Sadat waxa uu bilaabay siyaasadda dib-u-habaynta dhaqaalaha Infitah , isaga oo hoos u dhigaya mucaaradka diimeed iyo kuwa cilmaaniga ah. Sannadkii 1973-kii, Masar, oo ay weheliso Suuriya, waxay bilaabeen dagaalkii afraad ee Carabta iyo Israa'iil (Yom Kippur War), weerar lama filaan ah oo ay dib ugu soo ceshadeen qayb ka mid ah dhulka Siinay oo ay Israa'iil qabsatay lix sano ka hor. 1975, Sadat waxa uu bedelay siyaasadii dhaqaale ee Naasir waxa uuna damcay in uu isticmaalo caannimadiisa si uu u dhimo qawaaniinta dawlada una dhiiri galiyo maalgashiga shisheeye isagoo adeegsanaya barnaamijkiisii ​​Infitah. Iyadoo loo marayo siyaasaddan, dhiirigelinta sida canshuur dhimista iyo canshuuraha soo dejinta ayaa soo jiitay maalgashadayaasha qaarkood, laakiin maalgelinta ayaa inta badan lagu jiheeyay khatar yar iyo ganacsiyo faa'iido leh sida dalxiiska iyo dhismaha, oo laga tagayo warshadaha dhallaanka Masar. Sababtoo ah baabi'inta kabidda cuntada aasaasiga ah, waxay keentay rabshadihii rootiga ee Masar 1977 . Sadat waxa uu booqasho taariikhi ah ku tagay Qudus 1977-kii , taas oo horseedday 1979kii Masar iyo Israa’iil axdi nabadeed oo ay Israa’iil uga baxday Siinay. Taa beddelkeeda, Masar waxay u aqoonsatay Israa'iil inay tahay waddan madaxbannaan oo sharci ah. Hindisaha Saadaat waxa uu ka dhaliyay khilaaf aad u weyn wadamada Carabta ,waxana uu horseeday in Masar laga saaro ururka Jaamacadda Carabta ,balse waxaa taageeray inta badan Masaarida. Sadat waxa dilay xagjir Islaami ah bishii Oktoobar 1981kii. [[File:Hosni_Mubarak_-_Official_Photo.JPG|thumb|Xusni Mubaarak -Madaxweynihii Masar ee 1981 ilaa 2011]] Xusni Mubaarak ayaa xukunka qabtay kadib markii la dilay Saadaat oo afti loo qaaday oo uu ahaa musharaxa kaliya. Wuxuu noqday hogaamiye kale oo taariikhda Masar maamula . Xusni Mubaarak waxa uu dib u xaqiijiyay xidhiidhka Masar iyo Israa’iil uu weli qaboojiyay xiisadda kala dhaxaysa dalalka Carabta ee deriska la ah Masar. Gudaha, Mubarak waxa uu la kulmay dhibaatooyin halis ah. Saboolnimo baahsan iyo shaqo la'aan ayaa keentay in qoysaska reer miyiga ah ay u qulqulaan magaalooyinka sida Qaahira halkaas oo ay ku dhamaadeen xaafadaha isku raranta ah, iyaga oo si dirqi ah u maareynaya si ay u noolaadaan. 25kii Febraayo 1986 , Booliska Nabadsugida ayaa bilaabay rabshado, iyagoo ka soo horjeeda wararka sheegaya in muddo xileedkooda loogu kordhinayo saddex ilaa afar sano. Hoteelo, goobo lagu caweeyo, maqaayado iyo goobo casino ayaa lagu weeraray magaalada Qaahira, waxaana magaalooyinka kale ka dhacay rabshado. Bandow maalintii ah ayaa lagu soo rogay. Saddex maalmood ayay ciidanka ku qaadatay inuu soo celiyo nidaamka. 107 qof ayaa ku dhintay. [[File:Cairo_north.JPG|thumb|Qaahira waxay noqotay magaalo weyn oo ay ku nool yihiin in ka badan 22 milyan.]] Sanadihii 1980-meeyadii, 1990-meeyadii, iyo 2000-meeyadii, weerarrada argagixisanimada ee Masar waxay noqdeen kuwo aad u badan oo daran, waxayna bilaabeen in la beegsado Copts Masiixiyiinta , dalxiisayaasha ajnabiga ah iyo saraakiisha dawladda. Sagaashameeyadii koox Islaami ah , Al-Gamaca al-Islamiyya , waxay ku hawlanayd olole fidsan oo fidsan, laga soo bilaabo dilalkii iyo isku daygii dil ee qorayaasha iyo aqoonyahannada caanka ah, ilaa la beegsado soo noqnoqda ee dalxiisayaasha iyo ajaanibka. Dhaawac culus ayaa loo geystay qaybta ugu weyn ee dhaqaalaha Masar -dalxiiska -iyo dhinaca dawladda, laakiin sidoo kale waxay burburisay hab-nololeedyada dad badan oo ay kooxdu ku tiirsan tahay taageerada. Intii lagu jiray xukunkii Mubaarak, masraxa siyaasadda waxaa gacanta ku hayay Xisbiga Dimuqraadiga Qaranka , kaas oo uu abuuray Sadat 1978. Waxa uu soo saaray 1993-kii Syndicates Law, 1995 Law Saxafada, iyo 1999kii sharciga ururada aan dawliga ahayn kaas oo curyaamiyay xoriyatul qawlka iyo xoriyatul qawlka iyadoo lagu soo rogay xeerar cusub iyo ciqaab adag oo ku saabsan xadgudubyada. Natiijo ahaan, dabayaaqadii 1990-meeyadii siyaasadda baarlamaanku waxay noqotay mid aan khusayn oo dariiqooyinkii kale ee lagu muujin lahaa siyaasadda ayaa sidoo kale la xaddiday. Qaahira waxay ku kortay meel magaalo weyn ah oo ay ku nool yihiin in ka badan 22 milyan. 17kii Noofambar 1997, 62 qof, oo u badnaa dalxiisayaal, ayaa lagu xasuuqay meel u dhow Luxor . Dabayaaqadii Febraayo 2005, Mubarak wuxuu ku dhawaaqay dib u habeyn lagu sameeyay sharciga doorashada madaxweynaha, taasoo u gogol xaareysa doorashada musharrixiinta badan markii ugu horreysay tan iyo dhaqdhaqaaqii 1952-kii . Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sharciga cusub ayaa xaddiday musharixiinta, wuxuuna horseeday in Mubarak uu si fudud ugu guuleysto mar kale doorashada. Tirada codbixiyayaashu waxay ka yaraayeen 25%. Goob-joogayaasha doorashadu waxay kaloo ku eedeeyeen inay xukuumaddu faragelin ku hayso hannaanka doorashada. Doorashadii ka dib, Mubarak wuxuu xidhay Ayman Nour , oo ahaa kii labaad. Warbixinta Human Rights Watch ee 2006 ee Masar ayaa si faahfaahsan u faahfaahisay xadgudubyada xuquuqda bini'aadamka ee halista ah ee hoos yimaada xukunkii Mubaarak, oo ay ku jiraan jirdil joogto ah , xarig aan sabab lahayn iyo dacwado la horgeeyo maxkamadaha milatariga iyo kuwa dawladda. Sannadkii 2007, Amnesty International ayaa soo saartay warbixin ay ku sheegtay in Masar ay noqotay xarun caalami ah oo lagu jirdilo, halkaas oo waddamo kale ay u soo diraan tuhmanayaal su'aalo la waydiiyo, inta badan qayb ka ah dagaalka ka dhanka ah argagixisada . Wasaaradda arrimaha dibadda ee Masar ayaa si degdeg ah u soo saartay war-saxaafadeedkan. Isbeddelka dastuuriga ah ee loo codeeyay 19-kii Maarso 2007 wuxuu mamnuucay xisbiyada inay diinta u adeegsadaan saldhig u ah dhaqdhaqaaqyo siyaasadeed, waxay oggolaadeen diyaarinta sharciga cusub ee la-dagaallanka argagixisada, oggolaaday awood ballaaran oo bilays ah oo xarig iyo ilaalin ah, wuxuuna siiyay madaxweynaha awood uu ku kala diro baarlamaanka oo uu joojiyo la socodka doorashada garsoorka. Sannadkii 2009, Dr. Ali El Deen Hilal Dessouki, Xoghayaha Warbaahinta ee Xisbiga Dimuqraadiga Qaranka ( NDP ), ayaa Masar ku tilmaamay " Nidaamka siyaasadeed" fircooniga ah , iyo dimoqraadiyadda inay tahay " hadaf mustaqbalka fog ah". Dessouki ayaa sidoo kale sheegay in "xarunta dhabta ah ee awooda Masar ay tahay militariga". ===Kacaanka, qalalaasaha siyaasadeed iyo kala-guurka (2011- hadda)=== [[File:Tahrir_Square_on_February11.png|thumb|]] [[File:TahrirSquareAgainstMorsi.jpg|thumb|Sare: Dabaaldegyo ka dhacay fagaaraha Taxriir kadib markii lagu dhawaaqay in Xusni Mubaarak uu xilka iska casilayo. Gunta: Mudaaharaadyo ka dhacay fagaaraha Taxriir ee lagaga soo horjeedo madaxweyne Morsi 27kii Noofambar 2012.]] 25kii Janaayo 2011, waxaa billowday mudaaharaadyo ballaaran oo looga soo horjeedo dowladda Mubarak. 11kii Febraayo 2011, Mubaarik wuu iscasilay oo ka cararay Qaahira. Dabaaldegyo farxadeed ayaa ka dhacay fagaaraha Taxriir ee magaalada Qaahira warkaas. Milateriga Masar ayaa markaas la wareegay awoodda maamulka. Maxamed Xuseen Tantaawi , guddoomiyaha golaha sare ee ciidamada qalabka sida ayaa si ku meel gaar ah u noqday madaxa qaranka . 13kii Febraayo 2011, milatarigu waxay kala direen baarlamaanka waxayna laaleen dastuurkii. Afti dastuuri ah ayaa la qabtay 19-kii Maarso 2011. 28kii Noofambar 2011, Masar waxa ay qabatay doorashadii ugu horreysay ee baarlamaanka tan iyo markii taliskii hore uu xukunka hayay. Dadka u soo baxay doorashada ayaa ahaa kuwo aad u sarreeya mana jiraan warar sheegaya khaladaad weyn ama rabshado. Maxamed Mursi oo ka tirsanaa ururka Ikhwaanul Muslimiinka ayaa loo doortay madaxweynaha Masar 24 June 2012 . 2dii Agoosto 2012, ra'iisul wasaaraha Masar Hisham Qandil ayaa ku dhawaaqay golahiisa wasiirada oo ka kooban 35 xubnood oo ka kooban 28 cusub, oo ay ku jiraan afar ka tirsan Ikhwaanul Muslimiin. Kooxaha liberaaliga iyo cilmaaniyiinta ayaa ka baxay golaha deegaanka sababtoo ah waxay aaminsanaayeen in ay soo rogi doonto dhaqamo Islaami ah oo adag, halka taageerayaasha Ikhwaanul Muslimiinka ay taageereen Morsi. 22kii Noofambar 2012, Madaxweyne Morsi waxa uu soo saaray bayaan ku meel gaar ah oo uu kaga hortagayo go'aamadii uu soo saaray oo uu ku doonayay in uu ilaaliyo shaqada golaha deegaanka. Talaabadan ayaa horseeday mudaaharaadyo waaweyn iyo falal rabshado wata oo Masar oo dhan ka dhacay. 5tii Diseembar 2012, tobanaan kun oo qof oo taageersan iyo kuwa ka soo horjeeday Madaxweyne Morsi ayaa isku dhacay, dagaalkaas oo lagu tilmaamay inuu ahaa dagaalkii ugu ba'naa ee dhexmara Islaamiyiinta iyo cadawgooda tan iyo kacaankii dalka. Mohamed Morsi wuxuu soo bandhigay "wadahadal qaran" oo uu la yeesho hogaamiyayaasha mucaaradka laakiin wuxuu diiday inuu joojiyo aftidii dastuuriga ahayd ee December 2012 . 3 Luulyo 2013, ka dib mowjad dadwayne oo ka xumaaday xad-gudubyada ismaamulka ah ee dawladdii Ikhwaanul Muslimiinka ee Morsi , militariga ayaa Morsi ka xayuubiyay xafiiska, kala diray Golaha Shuurada waxayna soo saareen dawlad ku meel gaar ah. 4-tii Luulyo 2013, 68-sano jir ah Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Dastuuriga ah ee Masar Adly Mansour ayaa loo dhaariyay inuu noqdo ku-simaha madaxweynaha dowladda cusub kaddib markii xilka laga tuuray Morsi. Maamulka cusub ee Masar ayaa gacan bir ah ku qabtay ururka Ikhwaanul Muslimiinka iyo taageerayaashiisa, iyagoo xabsiga u taxaabay kumannaan qof, waxayna xoog ku kala eryeen mudaaharaadyadii taageersanaa Mursi iyo Ikhwaanka. Qaar badan oo ka mid ah hogaamiyayaasha Ikhwaanul Muslimiinka iyo dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha ayaa midkood lagu xukumay dil ama xabsi daa'in maxkamado wadareedyo xiriir ah. 18kii Jannaayo 2014, dawladda ku meel gaadhka ah waxay dejisay dastuur cusub ka dib afti ay ku ansixiyeen aqlabiyad aqlabiyad ah oo codbixiyayaashu (98.1%). 38.6% codbixiyeyaashii diwaan gashanaa ayaa ka qaybqaatay aftida tiro ka badan 33% ee u codeeyay afti intii uu xilka hayay Morsi. Doorashadii bishii Juun 2014, Abdel Fattah el-Sisi ayaa ku guuleystay boqolkiiba 96.1%. 8dii Juun 2014, Abdel Fatah el-Sisi ayaa si rasmi ah loogu dhaariyay inuu noqdo madaxweynaha cusub ee Masar. Madaxweyne el-Sisi, Masar waxay hirgelisay siyaasad adag oo lagu xakameynayo xadka marinka Qaza, oo ay ku jirto burburinta tunnelyada u dhexeeya marinka Gaza iyo Siinay. Bishii Abriil 2018, El-Sisi ayaa mar labaad lagu doortay cod aqlabiyad ah doorashada iyada oo aysan jirin mucaarad dhab ah. Bishii Abriil 2019, baarlamaanka Masar ayaa kordhiyey muddada madaxweynenimada oo ahayd afar ilaa lix sano. Madaxweyne Abdel Fattah al-Sisi ayaa sidoo kale loo oggolaaday inuu mar saddexaad u tartamo doorashada soo socota ee 2024. Xilligii El-Sisi Masar ayaa la sheegay in ay dib ugu soo laabatay kali talisnimo. Dib-u-habeyn cusub oo dastuuri ah ayaa la hirgeliyay, taasoo macnaheedu yahay in la xoojinayo doorka militariga iyo xaddididda mucaaradka siyaasadeed. Isbeddellada dastuuriga ah ayaa lagu aqbalay afti bishii Abriil 2019. Bishii Diseembar 2020, natiijooyinka kama dambaysta ah ee doorashada baarlamaanka ayaa xaqiijiyay aqlabiyad cad oo ah kuraasta Masar ee Mostaqbal Watan ( Mustaqbalka Qaranka ) Xisbiga, oo si weyn u taageersan madaxweyne El-Sisi. Xisbigu xitaa wuxuu kordhiyey aqlabiyadiisa, qayb ahaan sababtoo ah xeerarka cusub ee doorashada. ==Juqraafiga== [[File:Egypt_Topography.png|thumb|Muuqaalka Masar]] Masar waxay u dhaxaysaa loolka 22° iyo 32°N , iyo longitudes 25° iyo 35°E . 1,001,450 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (386,660 sq mi), waa dalka 30-aad ee ugu wayn aduunka. Iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay oomanaha aadka u daran ee cimilada Masar, xarumaha dadku waxay ku urursan yihiin dooxada Niilka cidhiidhiga ah iyo Delta, taasoo la micno ah in qiyaastii 99% dadku ay isticmaalaan qiyaastii 5.5% guud ahaan bedka dhulka. 98% Masaarida waxay ku nool yihiin 3% dhulka. [[File:Sand_Dunes_(Qattara_Depression).jpg|thumb|Niyad -jabka Qattara ee waqooyiga galbeed ee Masar]] Masar waxa ay xad la wadaagtaa Liibiya dhanka galbeed, koonfurta Sudan, iyo marinka Qaza iyo Israel oo bari ah. Waddan ka gudba qaaradaha , waxay leedahay buundada dhulka (Isthmus of Suez) ee u dhaxaysa Afrika iyo Aasiya, oo ay maraan marin-biyoodka la maraayo ( Suez Canal ) oo isku xidha Badda Mediterranean-ka iyo Badweynta Hindiya ee marinka Badda Cas. Marka laga yimaaddo dooxada Niil, dhulka Masar intiisa badan waa saxare, oo ay ku yaalliin dhawr doog oo kala firidhsan. Dabayshu waxay abuurtaa dunyo ciid ah oo aad u sarreeya oo sarreeya in ka badan 30 mitir (100 ft). Masar waxa ku jira qaybo ka mid ah saxaraha Saxaraha iyo saxaraha Liibiya . Jasiiradda Siinaay waxay martigelisaa buurta ugu sarreysa Masar, Mount Catherine oo dhererkeedu yahay 2,642 mitir. Badda Cas Riviera , oo ku taal bariga jasiiradda, ayaa caan ku ah hodantinimada reefs-ka iyo nolosha badda. Magaalooyinka iyo magaalooyinka waxaa ka mid ah Alexandria , magaalada labaad ee ugu weyn; Aswaan ; Asyut ; Qaahira , caasimadda casriga ah ee Masar iyo magaalada ugu weyn; El Mahalla El Kubra ; Giza , goobta Ahraamta Khufu; Hurghada ; Luxor ; Kom Ombo ; Dekedda Safaga ; Dekedda ayaa tidhi ; Sharm El Sheikh ; Suez , halkaas oo ay ku taal cidhifka koonfureed ee Kanaalka Suweys; Zagazig ; iyo Minya . Dhul-badeedka waxaa ka mid ah Bahariya , Dakhla , Farafra , Kharga iyo Siwa . Ilaaliyeyaasha waxaa ka mid ah Beerta Qaranka ee Ras Mohamed, Protectorate Zaranik iyo Siwa. 13-kii Maarso 2015, waxaa lagu dhawaaqay qorshe la soo jeediyay caasimadda cusub ee Masar ===Cimilada=== [[File:Temperature_Bar_Chart_Africa-Egypt--1901-2020--2021-07-13.png|thumb|Sawirka kororka heerkulka Masar ee saacadaha dheeraadka ah]] Inta badan roobabka Masar ayaa da'a bilaha jiilaalka.  Koonfurta Qaahira, celceliska roobabku waxay ku dhow yihiin kaliya 2 ilaa 5 mm (0.1 ilaa 0.2 in) sannadkii iyo inta u dhaxaysa sannado badan. Meel aad u khafiif ah oo xeebta waqooyi ah roobabku waxay noqon karaan ilaa 410 mm (16.1 in), badiyaa inta u dhaxaysa Oktoobar iyo Maarso. Barafka ayaa ku da'a buuraha Sinai iyo qaar ka mid ah magaalooyinka waqooyi ee xeebaha sida Damietta , Baltim iyo Sidi Barrani , marar dhif ahna Alexandria. Baraf aad u yar ayaa ka da'ay Qaahira 13-kii December 2013, waana markii ugu horreysay muddo tobanaan sano ah. Barafka waxaa sidoo kale loo yaqaan badhtamaha Siinay iyo badhtamaha Masar. Masar waxay leedahay cimilo kuleyl, qorrax leh iyo qallayl aan caadi ahayn. Celcelis ahaan heerkulka sare ayaa sarreeya waqooyiga laakiin aad iyo aad ayuu u sarreeyaa inta kale ee dalka inta lagu jiro xagaaga. Dabaylaha qaboobaha ee Mediterranean-ka ayaa si joogto ah uga dhaca xeebta woqooyiga badda, taas oo ka caawisa in la helo heerkul dhexdhexaad ah, gaar ahaan wakhtiga ugu sarreeya ee xilliga xagaaga. Khamaseen waa dabayl kulul oo qalalan oo ka timaada saxaraha baaxadda leh ee koonfurta , waxayna dhacdaa guga ama horraanta xagaaga. Waxay keentaa ciid kulul iyo qaybo boodh ah, waxayna badanaa keentaa heerkul maalintii ka sarreeya 40 ° C (104 ° F) iyo mararka qaarkood in ka badan 50 ° C (122 ° F) gudaha gudaha, halka qoyaanka qaraabada ah uu hoos ugu dhici karo 5% ama xitaa ka yar. Kahor inta aan la dhisin biyo xidheenka Aswan , wabiga Niil ayaa sanad walba fatahay, isaga oo buuxiya ciidda Masar. Tani waxay Masar siisay goos goos joogto ah sannadaha oo dhan. Cimilada kulul iyo qalalan ee Masar ayaa waxaa sii kordheysa cidhiidhiga cimilada, taasoo keentay heerkul aad u daran, abaaro, fatahaado, iyo sare u kaca heerka badda.   Sida waddan aad u nugul, isbeddelladan deegaanku waxay khatar gelinayaan sugnaanta cuntada, helitaanka biyaha, caafimaadka bulshada, iyo xasilloonida dhaqaalaha. ===Kala duwanaanshaha noolaha=== [[File:Eastern_Imperial_Eagle_cr.jpg|thumb|Eagle Imperial Bari waa xayawaanka qaranka Masar.]] Masar waxa ay saxiixday Rio Convention on Diversity Biological on 9 June 1992 , waxayna noqotay qayb ka mid ah shirweynihii 2 June 1994 . iyo dhirta, Qorshuhu wuxuu sheegay in tiradan soo socota ee noocyada kooxaha kala duwan laga diiwaan geliyay Masar: algae (1483 nooc), xayawaanka (qiyaastii 15,000 nooc oo ka badan 10,000 oo cayayaan ah), fangaska (in ka badan noocyada 627), monera (319 nooc), dhirta (2426 nooc), protozoans (371 nooc). Qaar ka mid ah kooxaha waaweyn, tusaale ahaan fungus-sameeya lichen iyo gooryaanka nematode, tirada lama aqoon. Marka laga reebo kooxaha yaryar iyo kuwa si wanaagsan loo bartay sida amphibians, shimbiraha, kalluunka, naasleyda iyo xamaaratada, tirada badan ee tirooyinkaas waxay u badan tahay inay kordhiyaan maadaama noocyo kale oo dheeraad ah laga diiwaan geliyay Masar. Wixii fangaska, oo ay ku jiraan noocyada lichen-samaynta, tusaale ahaan, shaqada ku xigtay ayaa muujisay in in ka badan 2200 nooc ayaa laga diiwaan geliyey Masar, iyo tirada kama dambaysta ah ee dhammaan fangaska dhab ahaantii ka dhacaya dalka ayaa la filayaa in ay aad u badan. Cawska, 284 nooc oo dhalasho iyo mid dabiici ah ayaa lagu aqoonsaday oo lagu duubay Masar. ==Dowladda== [[File:AbdelFattah_Elsisi_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Abdel Fattah el-Sisi waa madaxweynaha hadda ee Masar .]] Golaha Wakiilada , oo xubnahooda loo doorto inay xilka hayaan shan sano, waxay ku takhasusaan sharciyada. Doorashooyinka waxa la qabtay intii u dhaxaysay November 2011 iyo January 2012 , kuwaas oo markii dambe la kala diray. Ka dib mowjad diidmo ah oo ay dadweynuhu ka qaadeen dawladda Ikhwaanul Muslimiinka ee Madaxweyne Maxamed Mursi , 3dii Luulyo 2013 markaas Janaraal Abdel Fattah el-Sisi wuxuu ku dhawaaqay in Morsi xilka laga qaaday iyo in la laalo dastuurka . Guddiga dastuurka oo ka kooban 50 xubnood ayaa la sameeyay si ay wax uga bedelaan dastuurka , kaasoo markii dambe loo daabacay codeynta dadweynaha waxaana la ansixiyay 18kii Janaayo 2014. Doorashada soo socota ee baarlamaanka ayaa lagu dhawaaqay in la qabto 6 bilood gudahood marka dastuurka la ansixiyo 18 Janaayo 2014, waxaana la qabtay laba weji, 17 Oktoobar ilaa 2 December 2015. Markii hore, baarlamaanka ayaa la dhisay ka hor inta aan la dooran madaxweynaha, laakiin madaxweynaha ku-meel-gaarka ah Adly Mansour ayaa riixay taariikhda. Doorashadii madaxtinimada Masar ee 2014 waxay dhacday 26-28 May. Tirokoobyada rasmiga ah ayaa muujinaya in ay u soo baxeen 25,578,233 ama 47.5%, iyadoo Abdel Fattah el-Sisi uu ku guuleystay 23.78 milyan oo cod, ama 96.9% marka la barbardhigo 757,511 (3.1%) Hamdeen Sabahi . 2024, iyada oo qayb ka ah warbixinteeda Xorriyadda Adduunka , Freedom House ayaa ku qiimeysay xuquuqda siyaasadeed ee Masar 6 (iyadoo 40 ay ka dhigan tahay kuwa ugu xorta ah iyo 0 ugu yar), iyo xorriyadda madaniga ah ee 12 (iyadoo 60 ay tahay dhibcaha ugu sarreeya iyo 0 ugu hooseeya), taas oo siisay qiimeynta xorriyadda "Xornimada Maaha".Marka loo eego 2023 V-Dem Democracy tusaha Masar waa dalka sideedaad ee ugu dimuqraadiga yar Afrika . Daabacaadda 2023 ee Tusaha Dimuqraadiyadda Dhaqaale-yahanku waxa uu Masar u kala saarayaa "maamul ka amar-qaata", oo leh dhibco dhan 2.93. Masar waxay leedahay dhaqanka baarlamaanka ee joogtada ah ee ugu da'da weyn dunida Carabta. Shirkii ugu horreeyay ee caanka ah waxaa la aasaasay 1866. Waxaa la kala diray natiijadii gumeysigii Ingiriiska ee 1882-kii, Ingiriisku wuxuu oggolaaday oo keliya hay'ad la-tashi ah inay fadhiisato. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, 1923, si kastaba ha ahaatee, ka dib markii lagu dhawaaqay madax-bannaanida dalka, dastuur cusub ayaa qeexaya boqortooyada baarlamaanka. ===xiriirka dibadda=== [[File:Hosni_Mubarak_with_George_W._Bush.jpg|thumb|]] [[File:Sisi_and_Putin_meeting_on_16_August_2014_(1).jpg|thumb|Sare: Madaxweynihii hore ee Xusni Mubaarak iyo Madaxweynihii hore ee Maraykanka George W. Bush oo ku sugnaa Camp David 2002. Gunta: Madaxweyne Abdel Fattah el-Sisi iyo Madaxweynaha Ruushka Vladimir Putin ee Sochi, Agoosto 2014.]] Siyaasadda arrimaha dibadda Masar waxa qaabeeya mawqifkeeda istaraatiijiyadeed ee juqraafiyeed, dhaxalka taariikheed, iyo saamaynta diblomaasiyadeed ee Afrika, badda Mediterranean-ka, iyo Koonfur-galbeed ee Aasiya. Sida xubin aasaasi ah oo ka mid ah Dhaqdhaqaaqa Aan Isbahaysiga ahayn iyo Qaramada Midoobay, Masar waxay sii waday mawqif aan daacad ahayn iyada oo door muhiim ah ka ciyaaraysa diblomaasiyadda gobolka. Qaahira, oo taariikh ahaan ah isgoysyada ganacsiga iyo dhaqanka, ayaa weli ah xarunta saamaynta maskaxeed iyo siyaasadeed ee gobolka. Maraykanku waxa uu ahaa saaxiibka muhiimka ah, isaga oo Masar siinaya US $ 1.3 bilyan oo gargaar milatari sannadkii 2015 . Xiligii madaxweyne Donald Trump , xiriirku wuu soo fiicnaaday, booqashadii Abdel Fattah el-Sisi ee 2017 ee Aqalka Cad ayaa noqoneysa tii ugu horreysay ee madaxweyne Masar uu ku tago siddeed sano. Xidhiidhka Ruushka ayaa sii xoogaystay ka dib markii Morsi xilka laga tuuray, iyadoo labada dal ay balaadhiyeen iskaashiga milatari iyo xidhiidhka ganacsi. Sidoo kale, xiriirka Shiinaha ayaa sii qoto dheereeyay, isaga oo ku dhameeyay sameynta "iskaashi istaraatiijiyadeed oo dhamaystiran" 2014. 2024 Masar iyo Midowga Yurub waxay sare u qaadeen xidhiidhkooda "iskaashi istiraatijiyadeed oo dhamaystiran", iyagoo xoogga saaraya iskaashiga siyaasadeed, iyo iskaashiga dhaqaalaha. Intaa waxaa dheer, labada dhinacba waxay ka shaqeynayaan sii xoojinta xiriirka ganacsiga ee hoos yimaada Heshiiska Ururka, taageeridda xasilloonida dhaqaale ee Masar, iyo xoojinta dadaallada ka hortagga argagixisada. Masar ayaa weli ah dhexdhexaadiyaha saamaynta leh ee isku dhacyada Bariga Dhexe, gaar ahaan dhexdhexaadinta xabbad joojinta Gaza iyo fududaynta geeddi-socodka nabadda ee Israel iyo Falastiin . Sidoo kale waa dal xubin ka ah Midowga Afrika iyo Jaamacadda Carabta , oo martigelinaya xarunta Jaamacadda Carabta ee Qaahira. Jaamacadda Carabta waxay si ku meel gaar ah ugu guurtay Tunis sannadkii 1978-kii iyagoo ka soo horjeeda heshiiskii Masar iyo Israa'iil ee nabadda , laakiin waxay ku soo noqdeen Qaahira 1989. Masar waxay sidoo kale xiriir dhaqaale oo xooggan la sameysatay waddamada Khaliijka sida Sacuudi Carabiya iyo Imaaraadka Carabta , labaduba waxay bixiyeen balaayiin doolar oo kaalmo dhaqaale ah. ===Milatari=== [[File:Defense.gov_photo_essay_090421-N-0696M-106.jpg|thumb|Askarta ilaalada sharafta Masar]] Ciidamada Qalabka Sida ee Masar waxay ka kooban yihiin aasaaska militariga Masar, oo ka kooban Ciidanka Masar , Ciidanka Badda , Ciidanka Cirka , iyo Ciidamada Difaaca Cirka ee hoos yimaada kormeerka tooska ah ee Madaxa Shaqaalaha, oo xaruntoodu tahay Xarunta Taliska Istiraatiijiga ah ee Gobolka , oo loo yaqaan Octagon, oo ku taal caasimadda cusub ee maamulka . Milatarigu waxa uu inta badan kormeeraa difaaca dibadda laakiin waxa uu sidoo kale ka ciyaaraa door gudaha ah, isaga oo ka caawinaya booliiska ilaalinta kaabayaasha muhiimka ah inta lagu jiro xaaladaha degdegga ah iyo hawlgallada ka hortagga argagixisada. Waxay sidoo kale ka qaybqaataan hawlgallada nabad ilaalinta ee ajnabiga ah waxayna galaan dhoolatus ciidan oo laba geesood ah iyo kuwa caalami ah. Milatarigu waxa uu leeyahay saamayn siyaasadeed oo mug leh, isaga oo si madaxbanaan u shaqaynaya oo ka hadhay sharciyo badan oo rayid ah. Tiro aad u badan oo xog ciidan ah laguma soo bandhigo si guud, oo ay ku jiraan xogta miisaaniyadda, magacyada saraakiisha guud iyo cabbirka ciidanka (taas oo loo arko sirta dawladda). Intaa waxaa dheer, ciidanku waa darawalka ugu weyn ee muuqaalka dhaqaalaha Masar, ku hawlan horumarinta kaabayaasha, wax soo saarka alaabta macaamiisha, iyo hantida maguurtada ah iyada oo loo marayo Ururka Mashaariicda Adeegga Qaranka . Warshadaha difaaca ayaa sidoo kale si wanaagsan loo dhisay, iyaga oo soo saara hubka fudud, baabuurta gaashaaman, iyo maraakiibta badda, iyadoo la ilaalinayo heshiisyada wax soo saarka ee shatiga leh ee lala galo wadamada sida Jarmalka iyo Mareykanka . Iyada oo leh xoog shaqaale firfircoon oo ah 438,500 iyo 479,000 kayd, waa mid ka mid ah militariga ugu weyn uguna qalabaysan gobolka. Milatarigu waxa uu ka shaqeeyaa hub kala duwan oo ka kooban casri casri ah oo reer galbeed ah, waagii Soofiyeedka, iyo qalabka dalka laga soo saaro, kuwaas oo asal ahaan ka soo jeeda Shiinaha, Faransiiska, Jarmalka, Talyaaniga, Ruushka, iyo Maraykanka. Dadaaladii ugu dambeeyay ayaa diiradda lagu saaray casriyeynta iyo soo iibinta hubka horumarsan. Masar waa mid ka mid ah waddamo yar oo gobolka ah si ay u haystaan ​​satalaytka basaaska, oo hawada sare u dirtay EgyptSat 1 ee 2007, waxaa ku xiga EgyptSat 2 ee 2014 . Sannadkii 2023, Masar waxay bilawday Horus-1 iyo Horus-2, qiyaastii hal bil ayay u dhaxaysay. Wadanku wuxuu sidoo kale dhigay MisrSat-2 wareega wareega sanadka dambe. Saddexdooduba waa dayax-gacmeedyo indho-indheyn heersare ah. Sannadkii 2024, laba bilood ka dib markii la bilaabay MisrSat-2, waddanku wuxuu si guul leh u dhammaystiray wejigii hore ee hawlgalka ee NEXSAT-1, oo ah kii ugu horreeyay ee tijaabo ah ee dayax-gacmeedka Dunida, isagoo gaadhay heerar muhiim ah sida horumarinta software-ka wadaniga ah ee dusha sare leh, nidaamyada xakamaynta dabeecadda sare, iyo si madax-bannaan u qabashada iyo habaynta sawirka sare ee qaranka Masar awoodaha. Shaqaalaynta waa qasab ragga da'doodu tahay 18-30, oo leh waajibaad adeeg oo u dhexeeya 14 ilaa 36 bilood, taas oo ku xidhan heerka waxbarashada, oo ay ku xigto waajibaad kayd ah oo sagaal sano ah. Diiwaangelinta ikhtiyaariga ah waxay suurtogal u tahay da'da 16 ragga iyo 17 haweenka. ===Sharciga=== [[File:Egyptian_High_Court_of_Justice.jpg|thumb|Maxkamada sare ee cadaalada oo ku taal bartamaha magaalada Qaahira]] Nidaamka sharcigu wuxuu ku salaysan yahay shareecada Islaamka iyo madaniga (gaar ahaan Napoleonic codes ); iyo dib-u-eegis garsoor oo ay sameyso Maxkamadda Sare, oo aqbasha awoodda Maxkamadda Caalamiga ah ee Cadaaladda ee qasabka ah oo keliya iyada oo la haysto. Awoodda ugu sarraysa ee garsoorka Masar waa Maxkamadda Sare ee Dastuuriga ah , oo ku taal degmada Maadi ee Qaahira. Fiqhiga Islaamku waa isha ugu muhiimsan ee sharciga. Maxkamadaha shareecada iyo qadiyada waxaa maamula oo shati ka siisay wasaarada cadaalada . Sharciga xaaladda qofka ee maamula arrimaha sida guurka, furriinka iyo xannaanaynta ubadka waxa xukuma shareecada. Maxkamadda qoyska dhexdiisa, marag-furka haweeneydu waxay qiimaysaa kala badh markhaatiga ninka. 26kii Diisambar 2012, Ikhwaanul Muslimiinka waxay isku dayeen inay dhisaan dastuur cusub oo muran badan dhaliyay. Waxaa lagu ansixiyay dadweynuhu afti la qabtay 15-22 December 2012 iyadoo lagu taageeray 64%, laakiin kaliya 33% ka qaybqaadashada codbixiyayaasha. ​​Waxay bedeshay Dastuurkii Ku-Meel-Gaarka ahaa ee Masar 2011 , oo la ansixiyay kacaankii ka dib Xeerka ciqaabtu wuxuu ahaa mid gaar ah maadaama uu ka kooban yahay " Sharciga cayda ". Nidaamka maxkamada ee hadda jira wuxuu ogol yahay ciqaab dil ah oo ay ku jirto shaqsi maqan oo la isku dayay isagoo maqan . Dhowr Maraykan ah iyo Kanadiyaanka ayaa lagu xukumay dil 2012. 18kii Jannaayo 2014, dawladda ku meel gaadhka ah waxay ku guulaysatay inay dhisto dastuur cilmaani ah .Madaxweynaha waxaa loo doortay muddo afar sano ah wuxuuna xilka hayn karaa 2 xilli. Baarlamaanku waxa uu xilka ka qaadi karaa madaxweynaha. Marka loo eego dastuurka, waxaa jira dammaanad ah sinnaanta jinsiga iyo xorriyadda fikirka oo dhammaystiran . Milatarigu waxa uu awood u leeyahay inuu u magacaabo wasiirka gaashaandhigga qaranka labada xilli ee soo socda oo buuxa tan iyo markii dastuurku dhaqan galay. Sida ku cad dastuurka, xisbiyada siyaasaddu kuma salayn karaan "diinta, jinsiyadda, jinsiga ama juqraafiga". ===Xuquuqda Aadanaha=== [[File:Neither_Morsi_nor_the_military_-_Egypt%27s_Third_Square_Movement_seeks_an_alternative_vision_for_the_future.jpg|thumb|Mudaaharaadayaal ka soo jeeda fagaaraha saddexaad, kuwaas oo aan taageersanayn dawladdii hore ee Morsi iyo ciidamada qalabka sida, 31 July 2013]] Golaha Qaranka ee Xuquuqul Insaanka waxaa la aasaasay 2003dii, laakiin waxa uu la kulmay dhaleeceyn uga timid dadka u dhaqdhaqaaqa oo ku doodaya in ay u adeegto sidii qalab dacaayad dawladeed si loo caddeeyo xadgudubyada xuquuqda aadanaha iyo sharciyada cabudhinta sida sharciga degdegga ah.  Masar ayaa lagu tiriyaa wadamada ugu xun xoriyada diimaha, iyadoo si weyn loogu takooray dadka laga tirada badan yahay sida Coptic Christian , Bahá'ís , iyo kooxaha kale ee Muslimiinta. Warbixin ay soo saartay 2009 ee Pew Forum on Religion & Life Life ayaa Masar ka gashay kaalinta shanaad ee ugu liidata caalamka marka loo eego xoriyada diimaha, halka komishanka Maraykanka ee xoriyada diimaha caalamiga ah uu Masar galiyay liiska ay ilaalinayso sababtoo ah xadgudubyada ay dawladu u dul qaadanayso. Sahan ay samaysay Pew 2010 waxay ogaatay in 84% Masaarida ay taageereen ciqaabta dilka ah ee riddada , 77% taageeray goynta tuugada, iyo 82% ay ogolaadeen in dhagax lagu dilo sinada .  Tan iyo wixii ka dambeeyay afgambigii Masar ee 2013-kii , waxaa sii xoogeystay caburinta siyaasadeed, iyadoo la xiray dad badan iyo cadaadisyo adag oo ka dhan ah mucaaradka. Intii lagu jiray August 2013 fadhi-ku-dirir , 595 mudaaharaadayaal ah ayaa la dilay, taasoo ka dhigaysa 14 Agoosto 2013 maalintii ugu dhimashada badnayd taariikhda casriga ah ee Masar.  Tan iyo markaas, qiyaastii 60,000 maxaabiis siyaasadeed ayaa weli ku jira xabsiyada.  Masar ayaa sidoo kale soo saartay cambaareyn caalami ah oo lagu xukumay dil wadareed, oo uu ku jiro xukun 2014-kii oo 529 qof lagu xukumay dil hal dhageysi ah. Qaramada Midoobay iyo kooxaha xuquuqul insaanka ayaa cambaareeyay maxkamadayntaas oo ay ku tilmaameen xad-gudub weyn oo sharciga caalamiga ah .  Khaniisnimada ayaa weli ah mid dambiile ah, iyadoo 95% dadka Masaarida ah ay ka soo horjeedaan aqbalaaddeeda, sida lagu sheegay sahan ay samaysay Pew 2013 . Ra'yi ururin ay samaysay Thomson Reuters Foundation , oo ku salaysan qiimaynta khubarada ku takhasusay xuquuqda haweenka, ayaa Qaahira ku qiimeeyay megacity-ka ugu xun ee haweenka, qiimaynta magaalooyinka ku saabsan dhibaataynta galmada, helitaanka daryeelka caafimaadka, dhaqamada waxyeelada leh, iyo fursadaha dhaqaale. ===Xoriyadda saxaafadda=== Saxafiyiinta Aan Xuduudka Lahayn ayaa Masar ka gashay Qiimaynta Xorriyadda Saxaafadda Adduunka ee 2017 oo ay ku jirto lambarka 160 ee 180-ka waddan. Ugu yaraan 18 suxufi ayaa lagu xidhay Masar, laga bilaabo Agoosto 2015 . Sharci cusub oo ka dhan ah argagixisada ayaa la soo saaray Agoosto 2015 kaas oo ugu hanjabaya xubnaha warbaahinta ganaaxyo u dhexeeya ilaa US $ 25,000 ilaa $ 60,000 qaybinta macluumaadka khaldan ee falalka argagixisada ee gudaha dalka "kaas oo ka duwan bayaannada rasmiga ah ee Waaxda Difaaca Masar. ===Qaybaha maamulka=== Masar waxay u qaybsantaa 27 gobol. Gobollada ayaa loo sii kala qaybiyay gobollo. Goboladu waxay ka kooban yihiin magaalooyin iyo tuulooyin. Maamul goboleed kastaa waxa uu leeyahay caasimad, mararka qaar waxa uu sitaa magac la mid ah kan gobolka. [[File:Egypt_-_Administrative_Divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.png|thumb|Maamul goboleedyada Masar]] 1. Matrouh 2. Alexandria 3. Beheira 4. Kafr El Sheikh 5. Dakahlia 6. Damietta 7. Port Said 8. North Sinai 9. Gharbia 10. Monufia 11. Qalyubia 12. Sharqia 13. Ismailia 14. Giza 15. Faiyum Cazzey 15 19. Beni Suef 20. Minya 21. New Valley 22. Asyut 23. Red Sea 24. Sohag 25. Qena 26. Luxor 27. Aswan ==Dhaqaalaha== [[File:GDP_per_capita_development_of_Egypt.svg|thumb|Isbeddelka qofkasta GDP ee Masar, 1820-2018. Tirooyinka ayaa sicir bararka-isku-habboon ee doolarka caalamiga ah ee 2011.]] Dhaqaalaha Masar waa kan labaad ee ugu weyn Afrika , wuxuuna ku jiraa 42-aad adduunka oo dhan sida 2025. Waa dhaqaale suuq weyn oo soo koraya , oo lagu calaamadeeyay xubinnimada ururada sida Midowga Afrika , Jaamacadda Carabta , BRICS , iyo ka qaybgalka Aagga Ganacsiga Xorta ah ee Qaaradda Afrika (AfCFTA). Dhaqaalaha Masar ayaa si weyn u kobcay tan iyo horraantii 2000-meeyadii, isaga oo u gudbaya nidaam ku jihaysan suuqa iyada oo loo marayo dib-u-habayn maaliyadeed iyo mid lacageed, dadaallada gaarka loo leeyahay, iyo dhiirigelinta maalgashiga shisheeye. Tallaabooyinkani waxay gacan ka geysteen xasilloonida dhaqaalaha sare iyo kor u kaca shaqo la'aanta iyo heerka saboolnimada. Saldhigga warshadaha Masar waa kala duwan yahay, oo ka kooban wax soo saarka kiimikaad , Electronics , macdanta , birta , wax soo saarka baabuurta , daawooyinka , iyo dunta . Warshadaha kiimikada waa mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu weyn Masar, oo ka kooban caagadaha , caag , waraaqaha , saabuunta , rinjiga , bacriminta , iyo dhalooyinka . Kiimikooyinka batroolka oo keliya ayaa ka qayb qaata ku dhawaad ​​12% wax soo saarka warshadaha, oo lagu qiimeeyo ku dhawaad ​​$7 bilyan sanadkii. Iyada oo la saadaaliyay dhoofinta $ 9 bilyan ee 2024, dawladdu waxay ku taageertaa waaxda horumarinta kaabayaasha, maalgashiga tignoolajiyada, iyo heshiisyada ganacsiga. Qalabka elektaroonigga ah iyo qalabka guriga, Masar waxay isu dhigtay inay noqoto xarun wax soo saar leh iyada oo loo marayo hindiseyaal ay ka mid yihiin "Masar waxay samaysaa Electronics," iyada oo shirkado badan oo caalami ah ay warshado ka sameysteen dalka, oo ay ku jiraan Electrolux , Samsung , Hisense , Beko , iyo Haier . Masar waa wax soo saarka birta ugu sarreeya Afrika, kaalinta 20aad adduunka oo dhan, iyada oo leh 9.8 milyan oo tan 2022 iyo dhoofinta saddex laablaaban ilaa 1.54 milyan tan 2023. [[File:MCV_C127_EV,_Busworld_Europe_2023,_Brussels_(P1140238).jpg|thumb|Korantada buuxda ee MCV C127 EV, oo lagu sameeyay Masar suuqa Jarmalka]] Warshadaha baabuurta ee Masar, oo ay hogaaminayaan shirkadda El Nasr Automotive Production Company iyo shirkado gaar loo leeyahay sida Ghabbour Group iyo MCV , ayaa balaadhiyey iyada oo la kaashanaysa wax-soo-saareyaasha caalamiga ah, iyaga oo soo saaray gaadiid rakaab iyo ganacsi oo kala duwan oo loogu talagalay suuqyada maxalliga ah iyo kuwa dhoofinta labadaba. Istaraatiijiyadda dawladda ee 2024-2030 waxay higsanaysaa in ay kordhiso wax soo saarka ilaa 500,000 oo baabuur sannadkii, kor u qaadida dhoofinta, iyo in la sameeyo wax soo saarka baabuurta korontada ee maxaliga ah 2025, isku dhafka EVs gaadiidka dadweynaha iyo kobcinta xarun baabuurta ee suuqyada gobolka iyo caalamiga ah. Warshadaha dahabka ee Masar ayaa si xawli ah u balaadhay, iyadoo ay ka danbeyso kaydka aan la faa'iidaysan iyo dib u habaynta ay dawladu hogaaminayso ee looga dan leeyahay in la casriyeeyo qaybta. Daah-furka wareegyada dalabaadka caalamiga ah waxa ay calaamad u ahayd ka-qaybgalka qaybta gaarka ah, oo soo jiidatay ciyaartoy waaweyn sida AngloGold Ashanti iyo Alexander Nubia International . Macdanta Sukari , oo ah hawl-galkii dahabka casriga ahaa ee ugu horreeyay ee Masar, ayaa noqday udub dhexaadka dadaalladan, oo si weyn uga qayb qaatay wax soo saarka. Dawladdu waxay tan iyo markii ay soo bandhigtay dib-u-habayn qaabdhismeedka si kor loogu qaado saamiga GDP ee macdanta ilaa 5-6% 2030, oo ay ku jiraan hindisayaasha digitization iyo siyaasadaha maalgashiga u saaxiibka ah. Tallaabooyinkani waxay kiciyeen kororka dhoofinta dahabka, oo gaadhay $ 2.17 bilyan 2024, ku dhawaad ​​​​laba jibaar sannadkii hore, iyadoo Masar ay rabtay inay ka mid noqoto 10ka dahab ee ugu sarreeya adduunka 2027. Qaybta beeralayda Masar ayaa weli ah mid lama huraan u ah dhaqaalaheeda, in kasta oo qaybteeda wax-soo-saarka iyo shaqaalaynta ay hoos u dhacday muddo ka dib. Masar waxay soo saartaa xaddi la taaban karo oo sarreen ah , galley, sonkor, miro, khudaar , calafka , iyo bariiska , weli waxay ku tiirsan tahay sarreenka iyo galleyda laga keeno, ugu horrayn Ukraine iyo Ruushka, in kasta oo waxsoosaarku uu horumaray tan iyo 1970. Ku tiirsanaantani waxay ka timaadaa baahida gudaha ee sareeysa, oo ay kaxeyso kabitaanno iyo doorbid cunto karinta ah ee dhulka, iyo sidoo kale beerashada Masar. dalagga dhoofinta. Biyo Xireenka Sare ee Aswan, oo la dhameeyay 1971, ayaa si weyn u hagaajiyay xasilloonida waraabka. Laga soo bilaabo 2010, 3.6 milyan hektar ayaa la beeray , iyadoo dowladdu ay beegsaneyso 4.8 milyan hektar 2030 . Dadaalada lagu xakamaynayo beeraha ayaa wanaajiyay is-waafajinta qiimaha suuqyada caalamiga ah, laakiin isbedelka cimilada iyo biyo la'aanta ayaa sii socota inay keenaan caqabado mustaqbalka fog ah. [[File:Central_business_district_2,_New_Administrative_Capital.jpg|thumb|Xarunta dhexe ee ganacsiga ee caasimadda cusub ee Masar]] Masar waxa ay ka mid tahay shanta waddan ee ugu horeeya ee hela xawaaladaha adduunka , kuwaas oo gaadhay $23.7 bilyan 10-kii bilood ee ugu horreeyay 2024, taas oo ah korodh 45.3% sannadkii hore. Soo gelitaankan ayaa muhiim u ah kaydka shisheeye ee Masar iyo dakhliga qoyska. Tan iyo 1979kii, Masar waxay heshay kaalmo shisheeye oo Maraykan ah oo la taaban karo , celcelis ahaan $1.5 bilyan sanadkii, iyadoo ku dhawaad ​​$200 milyan loo qoondeeyay kaalmada dhaqaale inta soo hartayna lagu jiheeyo gargaarka milatari ee soo iibinta nidaamyada hubka alaab-qeybiyeyaasha Mareykanka. Mid ka mid ah dhacdooyinka dhaqaale ee ugu muhiimsan Masar sannadihii la soo dhaafay ayaa ahaa sabbeynta lacagta 2024, taas oo keentay hoos u dhaca 38% lacagta qaranka, Pound Masar , ka dib markii ay heleen in ka badan 50 bilyan oo doolar oo maalgelin caalami ah. Tallaabadan, oo ay weheliso heshiisyo istiraatijiyadeed oo lala galay IMF , Bangiga Adduunka , EU , iyo dawladaha Khaliijka , waxay hagaajisay aragtida deynta Masar. Dawladdu waxa kale oo ay hirgelisay tallaabooyin maaliyadeed si kor loogu qaado saamiga cashuurta iyo dakhliga iyo dardargelinta ganacsiga gaarka loo leeyahay ee shirkadaha dawladdu leedahay si loo xoojiyo maaliyadda dawladda. Natiijo ahaan, rubuci ugu dambeeyay ee 2024, maalgashiga gaarka ah ee Masar ayaa dhaaftay maalgashiga dadweynaha rubuci labaad ee isku xiga, iyada oo lagu xisaabtamayo in ka badan kala badh tirada guud ee maalgashiga. Maalgelinta gaarka ah ayaa kor u kacday 35.4% sannadkiiba, halka maalgashiga dadweynuhu uu hoos u dhacay 25.7%. Isbedelkaani wuxuu ka dhigan yahay dib-u-dheellitir weyn oo ku saabsan muuqaalka dhaqaalaha Masar, oo calaamad u ah ka bixitaan la taaban karo oo ka yimid awoodda maalgashiga dadweynaha ee taariikhda dhaqaale ee dalka ee dhow. ===Dalxiiska=== [[File:Camel_and_the_pyramids.jpg|thumb|Dalxiisayaal fuushan awr hortii Ahraamta Khafre . Giza Necropolis waa mid ka mid ah meelaha ugu waaweyn ee loo dalxiis tago ee Masar.]] Dalxiiska waa mid ka mid ah qaybaha ugu muhiimsan dhaqaalaha Masar. 2024 waxa la arkay rikoor 15.7 milyan oo dalxiisayaal ah, taas oo kor u dhaaftay 14.9 milyan sanadka 2023. Kobacan, oo ay hogaaminayaan dadaalka dawladda ee lagu xoojinayo taageerada amniga iyo dalxiiska, ayaa ka tarjumaysa soo kabashada xooggan ee hoos u dhaca masiibada keentay ee 2020. Dakhliga dalxiiska ayaa sidoo kale kor u kacay, isagoo gaadhay $14.1 bilyan, taasoo muujinaysa horumar joogto ah sannadihii hore.  Istaraatiijiyadda dalxiiska Masar waxay rabta inay soo jiidato 30 milyan oo dalxiisayaal ah marka la gaaro 2028, iyadoo diiradda la saarayo hagaajinta kaabayaasha, mashaariicda heersare ah sida Matxafka Masar ee Grand , iyo kor u qaadista khibradaha booqdayaasha. 2024, suuqyada dalxiiska ee ugu sarreeya dalka waxaa ka mid ah Jarmalka, Ruushka, iyo Sacuudi Carabiya. Giza Necropolis waa mid ka mid ah meelaha ugu caansan ee dalxiiska ee Masar; waa tan kaliya ee ka mid ah Todobada Cajiib ee Adduunki Hore ee wali jira. Xeebaha Masar ee ku yaal badda Mediterranean-ka iyo badda cas, kuwaas oo gaaraya in ka badan 3,000 kiiloomitir (1,900 mayl), sidoo kale waa goobo loo dalxiis tago; xeebaha Gacanka Aqaba , Safaga , Sharm el-Sheikh , Hurghada , Luxor , Dahab , Ras Sidr iyo Marsa Alam waa goobo caan ah. ===Tamarta=== [[File:Darfeel_plat.png|thumb|Meel xeebta ku taal oo ku taal Beerta Gaaska Darfeel]] Masar waxa ay leedahay tamar kala duwan oo ku salaysan ugu horayn dhuxusha, saliida, gaaska dabiiciga ah, iyo tamarta biyaha . Kaydka dhuxusha ee waqooyi bari ee Sinai waxa ay soo saartaa qiyaastii 600,000 tan (660,000 oo tan gaaban) sanadkii. Wax soo saarka saliida Masar waxa uu ku urursan yahay saxaraha Galbeed, Gacanka Suweys , iyo Niil Delta, iyada oo wax soo saarka saliidda cayriin ee ugu sarreysa uu gaadhay ku dhawaad ​​941,000 bbl/d (149,600 m 3 / d) 1993 ka hor inta aanu hoos u dhicin 630,000 bbl/d ( 100,03000 ) m . Hoos u dhac ayaa Masar u beddeshay soo dejinta saliidda saafiga ah 2008-2009, taasoo keentay isbeddel istaraatiiji ah oo ku wajahan gaaska dabiiciga ah. Gaaska dabiiciga ah ayaa tan iyo markaas noqday mid muhiim u ah dhaqaalaha Masar, isagoo soo jiidanaya maalgashi shisheeye oo la taaban karo iyo mudnaanta dowladda ee warshadaha batroolka iyo dhoofinta gaaska. Sannadkii 2009, qiyaastii 38% gaasta dabiiciga ah ee dalka laga soo saaro ayaa loo qoondeeyay dhoofinta. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, kor u kaca baahida gudaha ayaa keentay Masar in ay mudnaanta siiso isticmaalka maxaliga ah ee dhoofinta 2014, si weyn u yareynaya gaaska loo heli karo suuqyada caalamiga ah. Sannadkii 2015, Eni wuxuu helay gaaska Zohr , kaydka gaaska dabiiciga ah ee ugu weyn ee Mediterranean, oo leh qiyaastii 30 trillion cubic feet oo gaas ah. Wax soo saarku wuxuu bilaabmay Diseembar 2017, isagoo gaadhay 2.7 bilyan cubic fuudh maalintii (bcf/d) 2019, ayaa si weyn u wanaajinaya rajada tamarta Masar. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, arrimaha farsamada ee dhawaanahan ayaa hoos u dhigay wax soo saarka Zohr, taasoo keentay Masar inay xaqiijiso gaas dheeri ah oo laga keeno Qubrus si loo ilaaliyo dhoofinta Yurub iyada oo loo marayo marinnada LNG. Hawlgallada qodista cusub ayaa la qorsheeyay si loo soo celiyo awoodda wax-soo-saarka Zohr. Shirkadaha caalamiga ah ee batroolka, gaar ahaan BP, ayaa maalgashi ballaaran ku sameeyay horumarinta gaaska dabiiciga ah ee Masar. 2015, BP waxay ballan-qaadday $ 12 ugu horreyn mashruuca West Nile Delta, oo hadda soo saarta ku dhawaad ​​​​1 bcf / d, oo ay weheliso beero kale oo muhiim ah sida Atoll (300 milyan cubic cagood maalintii) iyo Waqooyiga Damietta, iyada oo wax soo saarka Qattameya laga bilaabo 2020. Masar waxay hadda dhisaysaa xarunteedii ugu horreysay ee tamarta Nukliyeerka, Wershadda Korantada Nukliyeerka ee El Dabaa , oo ku taal gobolka waqooyi ee xeebta, oo ay ku maalgelisay US $ 25 amaah ah oo ka timid Ruushka. ===Gaadiidka=== [[File:Metro-1-l.jpg|thumb|Metro-ga Qaahira (line 2)]] Gaadiidka Masar waxa uu inta badan ku urursan yahay agagaarka Qaahira, iyada oo la raacayo qaabka degitaanka wabiga Niil. Shabakadda tareenada ee dalka oo dhererkeedu yahay 4,800-km (3,000 mi) waxaa maamula Khadadka Tareennada Qaranka Masar , iyadoo qadkeeda ugu weyni uu ka socdo Alexandria ilaa Aswan . Sannadkii 2021, Masar waxay bilawday $4.5 bilyan oo doolar mashruuc tareen xawaare sare leh oo isku xidhaya Ain Sokhna , Mersa Matruh , iyo Alexandria , ka dib waxa lagu kordhiyey waddooyinka isku xidha Greater Qaahira ilaa Aswan iyo Luxor ilaa Hurghada iyo Safaga . Metro -ga Qaahira waxa ay ku shaqaysaa saddex xariiq, iyada oo laynka afraadna la dhisayo, waxana uu qorshaynayaa ballaadhin dheeraad ah mustaqbalka. Dhanka kale, laba khad monorail ah ayaa sidoo kale laga dhisayaa magaalada, oo ay weheliso nidaamka metro ee Alexandria . Masar waxa ay samaysay balaadhinta kaabayaasha waaweyn ee wadooyinka iyada oo loo marayo Mashruuca Wadooyinka Qaranka , kordhinta wadarta guud ee wadooyinka waaweyn ku dhawaad ​​30% laga bilaabo 23,500 km 2014 ilaa 30,500 km 2024 Kaalinta 18-aad sanadka 2024. Waaxda duulista ee Masar waxa hogaaminaya EgyptAir , oo ah diyaarad siday calanka dalka iyo diyaarada diyaaradeed ee ugu weyn, waxaana la aasaasay 1932-kii Talaat Harb . Hadda ay dawladdu leedahay, EgyptAir waxa ay ka hawlgashaa xudunta Madaarka Caalamiga ah ee Qaahira , iyada oo la qorsheeyay adeegyada rakaabka iyo xamuulka in ka badan 75 goobood oo ku kala baahsan Bariga Dhexe, Yurub, Afrika, Aasiya, iyo Ameerika. Duulimaadyada hadda ee shirkadu waxay ka kooban yihiin 80 diyaaradood [[File:Capesize_bulk_carrier_at_Suez_Canal_Bridge.JPG|thumb|Buundada Kanaalka Suweys]] Suez Canal , oo ah marin-biyood macmal ah oo heer-badeed ah, ayaa isku xidha badda Mediterranean-ka iyo badda cas, taas oo awood u siinaysa maraakiibta tooska ah ee isaga kala goosha Yurub iyo Aasiya iyada oo aan la dhex marin Afrika. Sannadkii 2023 waxay Masar u soo saartay dakhli dhan $9.4 bilyan. Waxa la furay Noofambar 1869, kii 193.30 kiiloomitir ( 120)+1⁄ 8 mi) Kanaalka wuxuu ka socdaa Port Said ee waqooyiga ilaa Port Tawfiiq ee koonfurta, iyadoo Ismaaciiliya ay ku taal3 kiiloomitir ( 1) .+7 ⁄ 8 mayl) galbeedka barteeda dhexe. Kanalku waa 24 mitir (79 cagood) qoto dheer iyo 205 m (673 ft) balac ah ilaa 2010 , oo ka kooban 22 km (14 mi) kanaalka gelitaanka woqooyi, 162.25 km ( 100)+7 ⁄ 8 mi) qaybta ugu weyn, iyo9 km ( 5+1⁄ 2 mi) kanaalka gelitaanka koonfurta . Ballah By-Pass iyo harada weyn ee qadhaadhka ah waxay bixiyaan dhibco maris ah oo ku teedsan kanaalka, kaas oo ku shaqeeya bilaa quful, taasoo u oggolaanaysa biyaha badda inay si xor ah u qulqulaan. Balaadhinta la dhamaystiray 2015 waxay kordhisay awoodeeda maalinlaha ah 49 ilaa 97 markab, taas oo yaraysay wakhtiyada gaadiidka iyo kor u qaadida ganacsiga baddaha caalamiga ah. On 26 August 2014, Masar waxay soo jeedisay Kanaalka Suez ee Cusub , haadka maraakiibta barbar socda ee loogu talagalay in lagu kordhiyo awoodda taraafikada. Mashruucan ayaa la soo gebagebeeyey bishii Luulyo 2015, waxaana daah-furka rasmiga ah uu dhacay 6dii Agoosto 2015, oo ay ka soo qayb galeen dad caalami ah iyo duullimaadyo ciidan. ===Biyo-helidda iyo nadaafadda=== [[File:Egypt_sat.png|thumb|Dhulka waraabka cagaarka ah ee ku teedsan webiga Niil ee dhex yaal saxaraha iyo webiga Niil]] Biyaha Masar waxay si aad ah ugu tiirsan yihiin webiga Niilka , kaas oo bixiya ku dhawaad ​​90% wadarta kheyraadka biyaha ee dalka, iyada oo saami sanadle ah oo ah 55 bilyan cubic mitir, aan isbeddelin tan iyo 1954. 0.5 bilyan oo mitir kuyuubik oo dheeraad ah ayaa ka imanaya ilo aan la cusboonaysiin karin. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, baahida qaranku waxa ay dhaaftaa 90 bilyan oo mitir kuyuub ah sannadkii, taas oo abuuraysa yaraanta biyaha joogtada ah. Natiijo ahaan, saamiga biyaha ee qofkasta Masar ayaa hoos u dhacay 570 mitir kuyuubik 2018, taas oo aad uga hooseysa heerka 1,000 mitir kuyuub ee heerka caalamiga ah ee biyo yaraanta. Si taas wax looga qabto, dawladdu waxay mudnaan siisay maamul hufan oo biyo ah, gaar ahaan wax ka qabashada kororka dadweynaha iyo ballaarinta beeraha. Iyadoo ay jiraan caqabadahaas, helitaanka biyuhu aad ayay u soo hagaagtay. Intii u dhaxaysay 1990 iyo 2010, daboolka biyaha tuubooyinka ayaa kor u kacay 89% ilaa 100% magaalooyinka iyo 39% ilaa 93% dhulka miyiga, taas oo meesha ka saartay saxaro furan ee gobolada miyiga iyo in la gaadho meel u dhow caalamka oo dhan oo laga helo ilo biyood oo hagaagay . Sannadkii 2015, 90% dadku waxay heleen biyo la cabbo oo si badbaado leh loo maareeyey, taasoo korodhay ilaa 96.9% sanadka 2019. Sidoo kale , daboolida fayadhowrka saxda ah ayaa ka korodhay 50% 2015 ilaa 66.2% 2019, halka boqolkiiba biyaha wasakhda ah ee la daweeyay marka loo eego wadarta biyaha wasakhda ahi ay kor uga kacday 50% ilaa 64.7% isla muddadaas. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, goldaloolooyinka kaabayaasha nadaafadda ayaa taariikh ahaan u horseeday walaac caafimaad, iyadoo warbixintii 2007 lagu qiyaasay 17,000 carruur ah inay sannad walba u dhintaan cudurrada shubanka ee la xidhiidha nadaafad-darrada. Masar waxa ay maalgashi la taaban karo ku samaysay kaabayaasha daaweynta biyaha wasakhda ah taas oo qayb ka ah istaraatiijiyadeeda ballaadhan ee maaraynta biyaha. Sannadkii 2021-kii, waxaa la dhameeyay warshadda daaweynta biyaha wasakhda ah ee Bahr El Baqar, taasoo noqotay tan ugu weyn adduunka xilligaas, iyada oo awooddeedu tahay 5 milyan oo mitir kuyuub ah maalintii. Biyaha la daweeyay ee xaruntan waxaa loo qoondeeyay waraabinta 342,000 acres oo hoos timaada Qorshaha Horumarinta Gacanka Siinaay. Sannadkii 2023, Masar waxa ay daah-furtay warshadda daaweynta biyaha wasakhda ee Delta , oo dhaaftay Bahr El Baqar oo ah xarunta ugu wayn ee biyaha wasakhda ah ee caalamka oo dhan, oo leh awood dhan 7.5 milyan cubic mitir maalintii. Qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah istaraatiijiyada fidinta beeraha ee Masar, warshadu waxay taageertaa mashruuca dib u soo celinta New Delta iyada oo sidoo kale yareyneysa wasakheynta harada Mariout iyo badda Mediterranean . Marka la eego cimilada qalalan ee Masar iyo la'aanta roobka la mahadiyo, beeruhu waxay gebi ahaanba ku tiirsan yihiin waraabka. Wabiga Niil, oo uu maamulo biyo xidheenka sare ee Aswan , waxa uu sii daayaa celcelis ahaan 55 bilyan oo mitir kuyuubik ah, kuwaas oo 46 bilyan oo mitir kuyuubik ah loo weeciyey kanaalada waraabka. Waraabkani wuxuu joogteeyaa 33,600 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (13,000 mayl laba jibaaran) oo dhul beereed ah oo ku yaal dooxada Niil iyo Delta Nile, taasoo soo saarta celcelis ahaan 1.8 dalag sanadkii. ==Tirakoobka dadweynaha== [[File:Egypt_2010_population_density1.png|thumb|Cufnaanta dadweynaha Masar (dadka halkii km2 )]] Masar waa dalka ugu dadka badan wadamada Carabta waana dalka saddexaad ee ugu dadka badan qaarada Afrika , waxaana ku nool ilaa 95 milyan ilaa 2017 . Dadkeeda ayaa si xawli ah u kordhay min 1970 ilaa 2010 iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay horumarka caafimaadka iyo korodhka wax soo saarka beeraha oo uu awooday Kacaankii Cagaaran . Dadka Masar waxa lagu qiyaasaa 3 milyan markii Napoleon uu ku soo duulay dalka 1798. Inta badan dadkeeda waxay ku nool yihiin meel u dhow bangiyada webiga Niil , aagga qiyaastii 40,000 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (15,000 sq mi), halkaas oo laga helayo dhulka kaliya ee la beeran karo . Gobollada waaweyn ee saxaraha Sahara , oo ka kooban inta badan dhulka Masar, ayaa ah kuwo aan deganayn. Qiyaastii 43% dadka Masar deggan waxay ku nool yihiin guud ahaan magaalooyinka dalka, oo badi ku faafay xarumaha dadku ku badan yahay ee Qaahira, Alexandria iyo magaalooyinka kale ee waaweyn ee Webiga Niil. Dadka Masar aad bay u deggan yihiin, iyagoo ku urursan hareeraha webiga Niil (gaar ahaan Qaahira iyo Alexandria), ee Delta iyo meel u dhow kanaalka Suweys. Masaarida waxa loo qaybiyaa dad ahaan kuwa ku nool xarumaha waaweyn ee magaalooyinka iyo fellahin , ama beeralayda, kuwaas oo degan tuulooyinka miyiga ah. Wadarta guud ee aagga la deggan yahay waxay ka kooban tahay 77,041 km² , taasoo ka dhigaysa cufnaanta jireed in ka badan 1,200 qof halkii km2 , oo la mid ah Bangladesh. Iyadoo socdaalka lagu xaddiday Naasir, kumannaan xirfadlayaal Masaar ah ayaa loo diray dibadda iyadoo loo eegayo dagaalkii qaboobaa ee Carabta . Socdaalka Masar ayaa la xoreeyay 1971, oo hoos yimaada Madaxweyne Sadat, oo gaadhay tirooyinka rikoodhka ka dib dhibaatadii saliidda ee 1973. Qiyaastii 2.7 milyan oo Masaari ah ayaa ku nool dibadda. Qiyaastii 70% muhaajiriinta Masar waxay ku nool yihiin wadamada Carabta (923,600 Sacuudi Carabiya, 332,600 Liibiya, 226,850 Jordan, 190,550 Kuwait ah inta kale ee gobolka) iyo 30% soo hartay waxay ku nool yihiin inta badan Yurub iyo Waqooyiga Ameerika (318,000 gudaha Mareykanka, 10 Kanada 90,000 oo Talyaani ah). Habka u haajiridda dalalka aan Carabta ahayn waxa uu socday ilaa 1950-meeyadii ===Qowmiyadaha=== Qowmiyadda Masar ayaa ilaa hadda ah qowmiyadda ugu badan dalka, oo ka kooban 99.7% tirada guud ee dadweynaha. Qowmiyadaha laga tirada badan yahay waxaa ka mid ah Abazas , Turki , Giriiga , Qabiilada Carabta Bedouin ee ku nool saxaraha bari iyo Jasiiradda Siinaay , Siwis ee Berber ku hadla ( Amazigh ) ee Siwa Oasis , iyo beelaha Nubian ee ku urursan webiga Niil. Waxa kale oo jira bulshooyinka Beja qabiilka ah oo ku urursan koonaha koonfur bari ee dalka, iyo tiro ka mid ah qabaa'ilka Dom oo u badan Niil Delta iyo Faiyum kuwaas oo si tartiib tartiib ah u milmay markii magaalayntu korodho. Masar waxay martigelisaa dadka soogalootiga ah ee ka badan 9 milyan, oo ka kooban 8.7% wadarta guud ee dadka dalka, sida uu sheegay Ururka Caalamiga ah ee Socdaalka. Muhaajiriintan ayaa ka soo kala jeeda 133 waddan, kooxaha ugu badan waa Suudaan (4 milyan), Suuriyaan (1.5 milyan), Yemeniyiin (1 milyan), Liibiyaan (1 milyan), oo wadar ahaan ka ah 80% dhammaan muhaajiriinta caalamiga ah ee Masar. ===Luuqadaha=== Afka rasmiga ah ee Masar waa Suugaanta Carabiga . Luuqadaha lagu hadlo waa: Carabiga Masar (68%), Saciidi Carabi (29%), Bedawi Carabiga Bari (1.6%), Carabiga Suudaan (0.6%), Domari (0.3%), Nobiin (0.3%), Beja (0.1%), Siwi iyo kuwo kale. Intaa waxaa dheer , Giriiga, Armenian iyo Talyaani , iyo dhawaanahan, afafka Afrika sida Amxaariga iyo Tigrigna waa luqadaha ugu muhiimsan ee muhaajiriinta. Luqadaha ajnabiga ah ee ugu waaweyn ee lagu barto dugsiyada, sida ay u kala horreeyaan, waa Ingiriisi, Faransiis, Jarmal iyo Talyaani. Taariikh ahaan Masaarida ayaa lagu hadli jiray, marxaladda ugu dambeysa ee ay tahay Coptic Masaarida . Coptic-ka lagu hadlo inta badan waa dabar go'ay qarnigii 17-aad laakiin waxaa laga yaabaa inuu ku badbaaday jeebab go'doonsan oo ku yaal Masar Sare dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad. Waxay weli u isticmaashaa sidii luqadda diinta ee Kaniisadda Coptic Orthodox ee Alexandria . Waxay samaysaa laan gaar ah oo ka mid ah qoyska afafka Afroasiatic . ===Diinta=== [[File:Mosque-Madrassa_of_Sultan_Hassan_(4).jpg|thumb|Madarasada-Masaajidka Suldaan Xasan]] Islaamku waa diinta dawladda Masar. Masar waxa ay leedahay Muslimiinta ugu badan ee ku nool dunida Carabta iyo dunida lixaad ee Muslimiinta ugu badan , oo ka dhigan boqolkiiba shan dhammaan Muslimiinta caalamka. Masar sidoo kale waxay leedahay dadka ugu badan ee Masiixiyiinta Bariga Dhexe iyo Waqooyiga Afrika . Xogta rasmiga ah ee ku saabsan diinta ayaa ka maqan sababtoo ah dareenka bulshada iyo siyaasadda. Qiyaastii 85-90% waxaa loo aqoonsaday inay yihiin Muslim, 10-15% inay yihiin Masiixiyiin Coptic ah , iyo 1% sida mad-habyada kale ee Masiixiyiinta; Qiyaasaha kale ayaa sheegaya in dadka Masiixiyiinta ahi ay yihiin 15-20%. Masar waxay ahayd xarun hore oo hormuud u ahayd diinta Masiixiga ilaa waayihii dambe . Kaniisadda Coptic Orthodox ee Alexandria waxaa la aasaasay qarnigii ugu horreeyay waxayna weli tahay kaniisadda ugu weyn Masar. Markii Islaamku yimid qarnigii toddobaad, Masar si tartiib tartiib ah ayaa loo Islaamay oo noqotay waddan Muslimiin u badan. Lama garanayo goorta Muslimiintu gaadheen aqlabiyad, si kala duwan loo qiyaasay c.  1000 CE ilaa dhamaadkii qarnigii 14aad. Masar waxay u soo ifbaxday inay noqoto xarunta siyaasadda iyo dhaqanka ee dunida muslimka . Markii Anwar Sadat , Islaamku noqday diinta rasmiga ah ee dawladda iyo Shareecada oo ah isha ugu weyn ee sharciga. [[File:StMarkCathAlex.jpg|thumb|St. Mark Coptic Cathedral ee Alexandria]] Inta badan Muslimiinta Masar waxay u hoggaansamaan laanta Islaamka Sunniga . Muslimiinta aan la aqoonsan waxay ka yihiin qiyaastii 12% dadweynaha. Waxaa kaloo jira Shiicada laga tirada badan yahay. Xarunta Arimaha Bulshada ee Jerusalem ayaa ku qiyaastay dadka Shiicada ah 1 ilaa 2.2 milyan waxayna qiyaasi kartaa ilaa 3 milyan. Dadka reer Axmadiya waxa lagu qiyaasaa in ka yar 50,000, halka Salafiga (Sunni ultra-conservative-ku) lagu qiyaaso shan ilaa lix milyan. Qaahira waxay caan ku tahay minaaradaha masaajidka ee tirada badan , waxaana loogu magac daray "Magaalada 1,000 Minarets". Magaaladu waxay kaloo martigelisaa Jaamacadda Al-Azhar , taasoo loo arko inay tahay machadka ugu sarreeya ee tacliinta sare iyo fiqhiga Islaamka. Waxaa la aasaasay dabayaaqadii qarnigii tobnaad, iyada oo qiyaasaha qaarkood ay tahay jaamacadda labaad ee ugu da'da weyn si joogto ah uga shaqeysa adduunka. Waxaa lagu qiyaasaa in 15 milyan oo Masaari ah ay raacaan awaamiirta suufiyada , iyada oo hoggaanka suufiyada ay sheegeen in tiradu ay aad uga badan tahay, maadaama qaar badan oo suufi ah oo Masaar ah aan si rasmi ah uga diiwaangashanayn nidaamka suufiyada. Ugu yaraan 305 qof ayaa lagu dilay weerar bishii Nofembar 2017 lagu qaaday masaajid Suufi ah oo ku yaal Sinai. Dadka Masiixiyiinta ah ee Masar ku nool in ka badan 90% waxay ka tirsan yihiin Kaniisadda Coptic Ortodokska ee Alexandria, Kaniisadda Masiixiga ee Oriental Ortodokska . Masiixiyiinta kale ee Masaarida u dhashay waa kuwa raacsan Kaniisadda Coptic Catholic Church , Kaniisadda Evangelical ee Masar iyo mabda'aha kale ee Protestant ee kala duwan . Bulshooyinka Masiixiyiinta ah ee aan u dhalan ayaa inta badan laga helaa gobollada magaalooyinka Qaahira iyo Alexandria, sida Syro-Lubnaan , kuwaas oo ka tirsan kaniisadaha Katooliga ee Giriigga , Ortodokska Giriigga , iyo Maronite Catholic . Dawladda Masar waxay aqoonsan tahay saddex diimood oo keliya: Islaamka, Masiixiyadda iyo Yuhuudda. Diimaha kale iyo kooxaha laga tirada badan yahay ee Muslimiinta, sida Bahaʼii Faith iyo bulshooyinka Axmadiya , ma aqoonsana dawladu waxayna wajahaan cadaadis ay dawladdu ku hayso, taas oo ku tilmaantay kooxahan inay khatar ku yihiin amniga qaranka Masar. Shakhsiyaadka, gaar ahaan Bahá'ís iyo cawaaniyiin, doonaya inay diintooda ku daraan (ama la'aantooda) dawladdooda qasabka ah ee kaararka aqoonsiga la siiyay ayaa loo diiday awooddan , waxaana lagu dhejiyay booska midkoodna inay helin aqoonsi loo baahan yahay ama inay ka been sheegaan caqiidadooda. Go'aan maxkamadeed 2008 ayaa u oggolaaday xubnaha diimaha aan la aqoonsan inay helaan aqoonsi oo ay ka tagaan goobta diinta oo bannaan. ===Waxbarashada=== [[File:UIS_Literacy_Rate_Egypt_population_plus15_1980_2015.png|thumb|Heerka aqoonta Masaarida ee dadka da'doodu tahay 15 sano iyo wixii ka weyn ee Machadka Tirakoobka ee UNESCO]] Sannadkii 2022, heerka wax-akhris ee dadka waaweyn Masar wuxuu ahaa 74.5%, marka la barbar dhigo 71.1 % 2017 . [[File:CairoUniv.jpg|thumb|Jaamacadda Qaahira]] Nidaam waxbarasho oo u eg Yurub ayaa markii ugu horreysay Masar ka hirgelisay Cusmaaniyiintu horraantii qarnigii 19-aad si ay u kobciyaan fasal ka mid ah saraakiisha iyo saraakiisha ciidamada daacadda ah. Ingriiska markii uu qabsaday, maalgelinta waxbarashada ayaa si weyn loo xakameeyay, iyo iskuulada cilmaaniga ah, oo markii hore ahaa lacag la'aan, waxay bilaabeen inay bixiyaan lacag.  Sanadihii 1950-aadkii, Madaxweyne Naasir waxa uu u wajahnaa waxbarashada lacag la’aanta ah ee dhammaan Masaarida.  Manhajka Masaarida wuxuu saameeyay nidaamyada kale ee waxbarashada Carabta, kuwaas oo inta badan shaqaaleysiiya macalimiin Masaari ah oo tababaran. Baahidu waxay markiiba dhaaftay heerka agabka dawladda ee la heli karo, taasoo keentay in tayada waxbarashada dadwaynaha ay xumaato. Maanta isbeddelkani wuxuu ku dhammaaday saami-qaybsiga macallimiinta-ardayga oo liita (badanaa qiyaastii hal ilaa konton) iyo sinnaan la'aanta jinsiga ee joogtada ah.  Waxbarashada aasaasiga ah, oo ay ku jiraan lix sano oo dugsi hoose ah iyo saddex sano oo dugsi diyaarin ah, waa xuquuq carruurta Masaarida ah laga bilaabo lix jir. [ 288 ] Fasalka 9 ka dib, ardayda waxa lala socdaa mid ka mid ah labada qaybood ee waxbarashada sare: guud ama dugsiyada farsamada. Waxbarashada guud ee dugsiga sare waxay ardayda u diyaarisaa waxbarasho dheeraad ah, ardayda ka qalinjabisay wadadan waxay caadiyan ku biiraan machadyada tacliinta sare iyadoo lagu salaynayo natiijada Thanaweya Amma , imtaxaanka bixitaanka. 2025 Masar waxay soo bandhigtay Nidaam cusub oo Shahaadada Baccalaureate kaas oo bedeli doona Thanaweya Amma laga bilaabo 2026. Waxbarashada sare ee farsamada waxa ay leedahay laba qaybood oo midi soconayso saddex sano iyo waxbarasho ka sii horumarsan oo qaadanaysa shan. Ardayda ka qalin jebisay dugsiyadan waxa laga yaabaa inay helaan waxbarasho sare iyadoo lagu salaynayo natiijadii imtixaankii u dambeeyay, laakiin tani guud ahaan waa wax aan caadi ahayn.  Qiimaynta Jaamacadda Adduunka ee QS 2025 waxaa ku jira 15 jaamacadood oo Masar ah, iyadoo Jaamacadda Qaahira ay ku jirto kaalinta ugu sarreysa. Jaamacadda Mareykanka ee Qaahira ayaa raacda, iyadoo sare u qaadaysa booskeeda kaalinta 410aad. Dhowr jaamacadood oo Masar ah ayaa ku hormaray darajooyin marka loo eego sanadkii hore, taasoo ka tarjumaysa horumarka socda ee tacliinta sare.  Dalku waxa uu hadda furayaa machadyo cilmi-baadhiseed oo cusub oo ujeeddadiisu tahay in la casriyeeyo cilmi-baadhista iyo horumarinta; Tusaalaha ugu dambeeyay waa Zewail City of Science and Technology . Masar waxa ay gashay kaalinta 86-aad ee Tusaha Hal-abuurka Caalamiga ah ee 2024 ===Caafimaadka=== [[File:مستشفى سرطان الاطفال 57357.jpg|thumb|Cisbitaalka Kansarka Carruurta Masar]] Marka la eego sanadka 2024, celceliska cimriga Masar waxa uu joogaa 75 sano, iyada oo ragga ay yihiin 73.8 sano iyo 76.2 sano dumarka. Helitaanka daryeelka caafimaadka ayaa si weyn u soo hagaagtay magaalooyinka iyo miyiga labadaba, iyada oo barnaamijyada tallaalku hadda daboolayaan 98% dadweynaha. Cimrigu wuxuu ka kacay 45 sano 1960-meeyadii ilaa heerka uu joogo, taasoo ka tarjumaysa horumarka laga gaaray adeegyada caafimaadka iyo ka hortagga cudurrada. Heerka dhimashada dhallaanka ayaa sidoo kale aad hoos ugu dhacday, isagoo hoos uga dhacay 101-132 dhimasho 1,000kii dhallaanka nool sannadihii 1970-meeyadii iyo 1980-meeyadii ilaa 50-60 1,000kiiba 2000, iyo in ka badan 16-18 1,000kii 2024 - kii Wasaaradda caafimaadka iyo dadwaynaha ayaa dusha kala socota inta badan cisbitaalada dawliga ah, halka wasaaradda tacliinta sare iyo cilmi baadhista sayniska ay maamusho cusbitaalada jaamacadaha, iyadoo bixisa adeegyo caafimaad oo bilaash ah. Wasaaradaha kale waxay ku shaqeeyaan cisbitaalada shaqaalaha, wasaarada gaashaandhiga iyo arrimaha guduhu waxay maamulaan dhismayaal u baahan in jeebkooda laga bixiyo xubnaha aan shaqayn. Qaybta gaarka loo leeyahay waxay bixisaa qiyaastii 60% adeegyada daryeelka caafimaadka, oo ay ku jiraan macaash-doon iyo hay'ado aan faa'iido doon ahayn, isbitaallada gaarka loo leeyahay, farmashiyeyaasha, iyo dhakhaatiir madax-bannaan. Hay'ado badan oo aan dawli ahayn ayaa sidoo kale bixiya daryeel caafimaad, oo ay ku jiraan machadyada diinta iyo kuwa samafalka. Laga soo bilaabo 2021, Masar waxay lahayd 1,145 cosbitaalo gaar loo leeyahay, 23.69% korodhay tan iyo 2011. Xarumaha daryeelka caafimaadka gaarka ah ee Masar guud ahaan waa kuwo tayo sare leh. Masar waxa ay siisaa qaxootiga iyo magangelyo-doonka helitaanka daryeelka caafimaadka dadweynaha si la siman muwaadiniinta, taas oo u oggolaanaysa in ay ku helaan daryeel xarumaha caafimaadka bilaash ama qiimo jaban. Warbixin ay soo saartay hay’adda caafimaadka adduunka ee WHO sannadkii 2008dii ayaa lagu qiyaasay in 91.1% gabdhaha iyo haweenka Masar ee da’doodu u dhaxayso 15 ilaa 49 jir lagu sameeyay gudniinka fircooniga ah . Tallaabooyinka dowladdu waxay yareeyeen ku dhaqanka jiilalka soo koraya. Sannadkii 2014, heerarku waxay hoos ugu dhaceen 10.4% magaalooyinka iyo 15.9% miyiga gabdhaha da'doodu u dhaxayso 1-14. Bishii Juun 2025 Wasiirka Wadajirka Bulshada ayaa ku dhawaaqday in boqolkiiba gabdhaha da'doodu u dhaxayso 15 ilaa 17 ee lagu sameeyay dhaqankan ay hoos ugu dhacday 37 boqolkiiba 2021, marka la barbardhigo 61 boqolkiiba 2014. Taageerada dadweynaha ee gudniinka fircooniga ayaa sidoo kale hoos u dhacay, iyada oo saamiga haweenka oggolaaday dhaqankan ay hoos u dhacday boqolkiiba 75 ee sharci dejinta 201. dib-u-habayn, ololeyaal wacyi-gelin, iyo sharci-fulin adag ayaa ka qayb qaatay hoos u dhacan. Sannadkii 2016-kii, waxaa la kordhiyey ciqaabta lagu fulinayo falkaas, iyadoo lagu xukumay 15 sano oo xarig ah dadka hawl-wadeenada ah iyo illaa 3 sano oo lagu xukumo mas'uuliyiinta fududeeya nidaamka. ==Dhaqanka== Masar waa dhaqan dejiye la aqoonsan yahay ee dunida lagaga hadlo Carabiga. Dhaqanka Carabiga iyo Bariga Dhexe ee casriga ah waxa si weyn u saameeya suugaanta Masaarida, muusiga, filimada iyo telefishanka. Masar waxa ay heshay door hoggaamineed oo heer gobol ah intii lagu jiray 1950-meeyadii iyo 1960-meeyadii, taasoo sii kordhinaysa kor u kaca dhaqanka Masar ee dunida lagaga hadlo Carabiga. [[File:حديقة الأزهر ومسجد محمد على.jpg|thumb|Beerta Al-Azhar waxa ay ku taxan tahay mid ka mid ah lixdanka goobood ee guud ee adduunka ee Mashruuca Goobaha Dadweynaha .]] Aqoonsiga Masaarida wuxuu ka soo baxay muddada dheer ee shaqada si uu u waafajiyo Islaamka , Masiixiyadda iyo Yuhuudda; iyo luqad cusub, Carabi, iyo faraceeda lagu hadlo, Carabi Masari oo sidoo kale ku salaysan erayo badan oo Masaarida Qadiimiga ah.  Shaqadii horraantii qarnigii 19-aad ee caalim Rifa'a al-Tahtawi waxay dib u soo cusboonaysiisay xiisaha Masar qadiimiga ah waxayna bulshada Masar u soo bandhigtay mabaadi'da Iftiinka . Tahtawi waxa ay la aas aasay dib-u-habeerihii waxbarashada Cali Mubaarak oo ahaa dugsigii Masar ee dhaladka ahaa kaas oo waxyi ka raadiyay culimadii Masar ee dhexe, sida Suyuti iyo Maqrizi , kuwaas oo laftoodu bartay taariikhda , luqadda iyo qadiimiga  Masar Dib u soo noolaynta Masar waxay gaartay heerkii ugu sarreeyey dabayaaqadii qarniyadii 19-aad iyo horraantii 20-aad iyadoo ay sameeyeen dad ay ka mid yihiin Muhammad Abduh , Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed , Muhammad Loutfi Goumah , Tawfiq el-Hakim , Louis Awad , Qaasim Amiin , Salama Moussa , Taha Hussein iyo Mahmoud Mokhtar . Waxay been abuureen waddo xor ah Masar oo lagu muujiyey inay ka go'an tahay xorriyadda shakhsi ahaaneed, cilmaaninimada iyo rumaysadka sayniska si loo horumariyo.  [[File:The_judgement_of_the_dead_in_the_presence_of_Osiris.jpg|thumb|Muuqaalka "miisaanka wadnaha" ee kitaabka dhintay]] Masaaridu waxay ka mid ahaayeen ilbaxnimadihii ugu waaweynaa ee ugu horeeyay ee lagu habeeyo qaybaha naqshadaynta ee fanka iyo dhismaha . Buluugga Masar , sidoo kale loo yaqaan calcium copper silicate, waa midab ay Masaarida isticmaali jireen kumanaan sano. Waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inuu yahay midabka ugu horreeya ee synthetic. Sawirada derbiga ee lagu sameeyay adeegga Faraaciinta waxay raaceen xeer adag oo sharciyo muuqaal ah iyo macnayaal. Ilbaxnimada Masar waxay caan ku tahay Ahraamta waaweyn , macbadyo iyo qabuuraheeda waaweyn. Tusaalooyinka caanka ah waxaa ka mid ah Ahraamta Djoser oo uu naqshadeeyay naqshadeeye hore iyo injineer Imhotep , Sphinx , iyo macbadka Abu Simbel . Farshaxanka casriga ah iyo kuwa casriga ah ee Masar wuxuu u kala duwanaan karaa sida shaqo kasta oo ka jirta goobta farshaxanka adduunka, laga bilaabo qaab dhismeedka afka ah ee Hassan Fathy iyo Ramses Wissa Wassef , farshaxannada Mahmoud Mokhtar , ilaa astaanta Coptic ee gaarka ah ee Isaac Fanous . Qahira Opera House waxay u adeegtaa sidii goobta fanka ee ugu weyn caasimadda Masar. ===Suugaanta=== [[File:Naguib_Mahfouz_HR.jpg|thumb|Naguib Mahfouz , qoraagii ugu horreeyay ee ku hadla luqadda Carabiga ee ku guuleysta abaalmarinta Nobel ee suugaanta]] Suugaanta Masaarida waxay ka soo bilaabataa Masartii hore waana qaar ka mid ah suugaanta ugu horraysa. Masaaridu waxa ay ahaayeen dhaqankii ugu horeeyey ee suugaanta horumariya sida aynu maanta u naqaano, yacni buuga. Waa cunsur dhaqameed muhiim u ah nolosha Masar. Qorayaal iyo abwaanno reer Masar ah ayaa ka mid ahaa kuwii ugu horreeyay ee tijaabiyey qaababka casriga ah ee suugaanta Carabiga , qaababka ay soo saareen ayaa si weyn looga dayday guud ahaan dunida Carabta. Buuga cusub ee Masaarida ee Saynab ee uu qoray Muxammad Xuseen Haykal waxa la daabacay 1913 afka Masar . Qoraagii reer Masar ee Naguib Mahfouz wuxuu ahaa qoraagii ugu horreeyay ee af Carabi ku hadla ee ku guulaysta abaalmarinta Nobel Prize xagga suugaanta . Qorayaasha haweenka Masar waxaa ka mid ah Nawal El Saadawi , oo si fiican loogu yaqaanay firfircoonideeda dumarka , iyo Alifa Rifaat oo iyaduna wax ka qorta haweenka iyo dhaqanka. Gabayada afka qalaad lagu yiraahdo waxaa laga yaabaa inay tahay nooca suugaanta ee ugu caansan Masar, oo ay matalaan shuqulladii Ahmed Fouad Negm (Fagumi), Salah Jaheen iyo Abdel Rahman el-Abnudi . ===Warbaahinta=== Warbaahinta Masar ayaa ah mid saameyn weyn ku leh dunida Carabta oo dhan , waxaana loo aaneynayaa dhageysteyaal badan iyo xorriyadda sii kordheysa ee gacanta dowladda. Xorriyadda saxaafaddu waxay dammaanad ka tahay dastuurka; si kastaba ha ahaatee, sharciyo badan ayaa weli xaddidaya xuquuqdan. ===Shineemo=== [[File:Suad_Husni.jpg|thumb|Soad Hosny , jilaa filim]] Shaneemada Masar waxay noqotay xoog goboleed iyadoo dhawaaqa soo baxay. 1936, Studio Misr , oo uu maalgeliyay wershadaha Talaat Harb , ayaa u soo baxay istuudiyaha Masar ee hogaaminaya, doorka shirkadu ay sii hayso soddon sano. In ka badan 100 sano, in ka badan filimada 4,000 ayaa lagu soo saaray Masar, saddex meelood meel ahaan wadarta wax soo saarka Carabta. Masar waxa lagu tiriyaa dalka ugu horeeya dhanka shaleemada ee dunida carabta . Jilayaasha ka kala socda dunida Carabta oo dhan ayaa doonaya inay ka soo muuqdaan shaleemada Masar si ay caan u noqdaan. Bandhiga Filimada Caalamiga ah ee Qaahira ayaa lagu qiimeeyay mid ka mid ah 11-ka xafladood ee aduunka oo dhan qiimayn heersare ah ka helay Ururka Caalamiga ah ee Soosaarayaasha Filimada. Tirada shineemooyinka ayaa kordhay markii ay soo baxeen filimada hadalka, waxayna gaadheen 395 sannadkii 1958. Tiradani waxay bilawday inay hoos u dhacdo ka dib markii la aasaasay telefishanka 1960 iyo aasaaska qaybta dadweynaha ee shineemooyinka 1962. Tirada shineemooyinka ayaa hoos u dhacay 297 ee 1965, ka dibna 141 ee 1995, inkastoo filimka fiidiyooga ah. Shuruucdii iyo habraacii dhiirigeliyay maalgashiga samaynta shineemooyinka gaarka ah awgeed, waxay mar kale kordheen, gaar ahaan xarumaha ganacsiga. Tiradoodu waxay gaadhay 200 sannadkii 2001 iyo 400 sannadkii 2009. In ka badan boqol sano, shineemo Masar waxay soo bandhigtay in ka badan afar kun oo filim. [[File:Ancient_Egyptians_playing_music.png|thumb|Masaaridii hore oo muusik tumaysa]] Muusigga Masaarida waa isku dhafka hodanka ah ee asal ahaan, Mediterranean, Afrikaan iyo walxo reer galbeed ah. Waxay ahayd qayb ka mid ah dhaqanka Masar tan iyo waayihii hore. Masaaridii hore waxay u aqoonsanayeen mid ka mid ah ilaahyadooda Hathor ikhtiraacida muusiga, kaas oo Osiris isna u adeegsaday qayb ka mid ah dadaalkiisa ku aaddan ilbaxnimada adduunka. Masaaridu waxay isticmaalayeen qalab muusig ilaa waagaas. Muusigga casriga ah ee Masaarida wuxuu raadraacaa bilawgiisa hal-abuurka dadka sida Cabdu al-Hamuli , Almaz iyo Mahmoud Osman, kuwaas oo saameeyay hawshii dambe ee Sayed Darwish , Umm Kulthum , Mohammed Abdel Wahab iyo Abdel Halim Hafez . Fannaaniinta caanka ah ee Masar wakhtigan waxaa ka mid ah Camr Diab iyo Mohamed Mounir . ===Qoob ka ciyaar=== [[File:Tanoura_Dancing.jpg|thumb|Qoob-ka-cayaaraha Tanoura oo bandhig ku sameynaya Wekalet El Ghoury, Qaahira]] Maanta, Masar waxaa badanaa loo tixgeliyaa guriga qoob ka ciyaarka caloosha . Ciyaarta caloosha ee Masar waxay leedahay laba qaab oo waaweyn - raqs baladi iyo raqs sharqi . Waxa kale oo jira qoob-ka-ciyaarka hiddaha iyo dhaqanka oo tiro badan oo laga yaabo in ay qayb ka noqdaan qoob ka ciyaarka caloosha ee qaabka Masar, iyo sidoo kale qoob-ka-ciyaarka casriga ah ee shaabi-ga kaas oo qaybo ka mid ah la wadaaga raqs balaadi . ===Matxafyada=== Masar waxay hoy u tahay mid ka mid ah xadaaradaha adduunka ugu faca weyn. Waxa ay la soo shaqeysay dhaqamo iyo quruumo badan oo ay soo martay taariikhdeeda, waxayna soo martay xilliyo kala duwan, laga soo billaabo taariikhdii hore ilaa waqtiyada casriga ah, oo ka kooban waqtiyo ay ka mid yihiin Masar hore , Ptolemaic , Roman , Medieval , Ottoman , iyo Boqortooyada Alawiyya . Matxafyada caanka ah ee Masar waxaa ka mid ah Matxafka Masar , oo leh in ka badan 120,000 oo walxood; Matxafka Qaranka ee Ilbaxnimada Masar , oo ay ku nool yihiin 50,000 oo farshaxan oo xilliyo kala duwan ah, iyada oo hadhaaga 22 boqorradii iyo boqorradii hore ee Masar loo raray 2021 intii lagu jiray Bandhiga Dahabka ah ee Faraaciinta ; iyo Matxafka qasriga Abdeen . Matxafka Grand Egypt (GEM) waa madxaf la dhisayo oo lagu keydin doono agabkii hore ee Masar ugu badnaa ee adduunka, waxaa lagu tilmaamay inuu yahay madxafka qadiimiga ah ee ugu weyn adduunka. [ 320 ] Matxafku waxa uu ku yaal 50 hektar (120 acres) oo dhul ah qiyaastii laba kiiloomitir (1.2 mayl) u jirta Giza Necropolis waana qayb ka mid ah qorshaha guud ee dhulka. Waxaa loo qorsheeyay inuu furmo 3-da Luulyo 2025. [[File:Egyptian_Museum_in_Cairo_in_May_2015.JPG|thumb|Matxafka Masar ee Qaahira]] [[File:CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg|thumb|Maaskarada aaska Tutankhamun waa mid ka mid ah meelaha ugu waaweyn ee soo jiidashada Matxafka Masar ee Qaahira.]] ===Xafladaha=== Masar waxa ay u dabbaaldegtaa dabbaaldegyo badan iyo dabbaaldegyo diimeed, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan mulid . Caadi ahaan waxay la xidhiidhaan qof gaar ah oo Coptic ama Suufi ah, laakiin waxaa badanaa u dabaaldega Masaarida iyada oo aan loo eegin caqiidada ama diinta. Iiddii gu'ga ee Sham en Nisim ( Coptic : Ϭⲱⲙ'ⲛⲛⲓⲥⲓⲙ shom en nisim ) waxaa u dabaaldegay Masaarida kumanaan sano, sida caadiga ah inta u dhaxaysa bilaha Masar ee Paremoude (Abriil) iyo Pashon (May), ka dib Axadda Easter. [[File:Egyptian_food_Koshary.jpg|thumb|Kushari , mid ka mid ah cuntooyinka qaranka Masar]] Cunnada Masar waxay si aad ah ugu tiirsan tahay digirta iyo cuntooyinka khudradda. Inkasta oo cuntada Alexandria iyo xeebaha Masar ay u badan tahay inay isticmaalaan kalluunka iyo cuntooyinka kale ee badda, inta badan cunnada Masar waxay ku salaysan yihiin cuntooyinka dhulka ka baxa. Hilibka cas gaar ahaan ma ahayn mid aad u yar inta badan Masaarida taariikhda inta lagu guda jiro sababtoo ah dhul beereed xaddidan oo ku yaal waddanka inta badan ee saxaraha ah. Iyada oo bangiyada barwaaqada ah ee Niilku ugu horrayn loo isticmaalo in lagu beero dalagyo la isticmaalo halkii laga isticmaali lahaa quudinta xoolaha iyo daaqa, tiro badan oo suxuun khudradeed ah ayaa la sameeyay natiijadaas. Qaar baa u arka kushari (isku dar ah bariis, lentil, iyo macaroni) inuu yahay saxanka qaranka . Biladaha Fulka (digirta fava-ga la shiiday) waa mid ka mid ah cuntooyinka ugu caansan. Fava bean waxaa loo isticmaalaa samaynta falafel (sidoo kale loo yaqaan "ta'miya"), taas oo laga yaabo inay ka timid Masar oo ku fiday qaybaha kale ee Bariga Dhexe. Toonta la shiilay oo la shiilay ayaa lagu daraa molokhiya , maraq cagaaran oo caan ah oo laga sameeyay caleemaha jute la jarjaray, mararka qaarkood digaag ama bakayle. ===Ciyaaraha=== [[File:Crowd_in_Cairo_Stadium.jpg|thumb|Dadweyne ku sugnaa garoonka Qaahira oo daawanayay xulka qaranka Masar]] Kubada cagta waa ciyaarta ugu caansan qaranka Masar. Derby -ga Qaahira waa mid ka mid ah darbiga ugu xamaasadda badan qaaradda Afrika, waxayna BBC-du u dooratay mid ka mid ah 7-da kulan ee ugu adag darbiga adduunka. Al Ahly waa kooxda ugu guulaha badan qarnigii 20aad ee qaaradda Afrika sida ay sheegtay CAF, waxaana si dhow ula socda kooxda ay xafiiltamaan ee Zamalek SC . Waxaa loo yaqaannaa " Naadigii Afrika ee Qarniga ". Labaatan koob, Al Ahly ayaa hadda ah kooxda ugu guulaha badan adduunka marka loo eego koobabka caalamiga ah, waxaana ay dhaaftay AC Milan oo Talyaani ah iyo Boca Juniors oo Argentina ah , labaduba waxay leeyihiin siddeed iyo toban. Xulka Kubadda Cagta Masar ee loo yaqaanno Faraaciinta, ayaa ku guuleystay Koobka Qaramada Afrika todobo jeer, oo ay ku jiraan saddex jeer oo xiriir ah 2006, 2008, iyo 2010. Waxaa lagu tiriyaa xulka ugu guulaha badan Afrika iyo mid soo gaaray 10-ka sare ee qiimeynta FIFA, Masar ayaa u soo baxday Koobka Adduunka ee FIFA saddex jeer. Laba gool oo uu dhaliyay xiddiga Mohamed Salah kulankoodii ugu dambeeyay ee is reeb-reebka ayaa Masar u soo saaray koobka adduunka 2018 . Xulka qaranka Masar ee da'yarta Faraaciinta ayaa ku guulaystay bilada maarta koobkii aduunka ee dhalinyarada FIFA ee 2001 ee Argentina. Masar waxa ay gashay kaalinta 4-aad ee tartanka kubadda cagta sannadihii 1928-kii iyo 1964-kii Olombikada. Squash iyo tennis waa ciyaaraha kale ee caanka ah ee Masar. Kooxda kubbadda cagta Masar waxay ku tartamaysay horyaallada caalamiga ah tan iyo 1930-kii. Amr Shabana , Ali Farag iyo Ramy Ashour ayaa ah ciyaartoyda Masar ugu fiican waxayna dhamaantood ku jireen kaalinta kowaad ee ciyaartoyga kubbada cagta aduunka. Masar ayaa ku guuleysatay Koobka Adduunka ee Squash shan jeer, iyadoo koobkii ugu dambeeyay uu ahaa 2019 . 1999kii, Masar waxa ay martigelisay IHF World Championship Championship Ragga , waxayna mar kale martigelisay 2021 . Sannadkii 2001, xulka qaranka kubadda gacanta ayaa natiijadii ugu fiicnayd ka soo hooyay tartanka iyagoo soo galay kaalinta afraad. Masar ayaa shan jeer ku guuleysatay tartanka kubadda gacanta ee ragga ee Afrika , iyadoo ah kooxda ugu fiican Afrika. Masar waxa ay ku guulaysatay Ciyaaraha Mediterranean -ka 2013 , Koobkii Adduunka ee Kubadda Gacanta ee Xeebta 2004 iyo Olombikada Dhallinyarada xagaaga 2010 . Dhammaan dalalka Afrika, xulka kubbadda koleyga Masar ayaa heysta rikoorka bandhigga ugu wacnaa ee Koobka Adduunka ee Kubadda Koleyga iyo Ciyaaraha Olombikada xagaaga . Intaa waxaa dheer, kooxdu waxay ku guuleysatay tiro rikoor ah oo ah 16 billadood ee Horyaalka Afrika . Masar waxay ka qayb qaadatay ciyaaraha Olombikada xagaaga ilaa 1912 waxayna martigelisay tartamo kale oo caalami ah oo ay ka mid yihiin ciyaarihii Mediterranean-ka ee ugu horeeyay 1951, 1991 All-Africa Games , 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup iyo 1953 , 1965 iyo 2007 ee Ciyaaraha Pan Arab . ==Xubin== *[[IMF]] *[[Midowga Afrika]] *[[Bankiga Aduunka]] *[[Amaah - Paris club]] *[[Jaamacada Carabta]] *[[Qaramada Midoobay]] *[[Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka]] ==Waddanmaha Le Deggan Massaridha== * {{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}:35,000+ * {{Flag|Somaliland}} 14000 * {{Flag|Spain}} 3000 ==Maggaloyiinka== * [[Aswan]] * [[Qaahiro]] * [[Askandariya]] * [[Giza Pyramids]] * [[Jasiira (Qaahiro)]] ==Hadhaarada Masseyridha== Wadanka masar Marka Hore Dadka Asalkoodi Waxay Ahayeen « Africans » Madaxwene Ay DUNIDA uGU jECLAYEEN Wuxuu Ahaa Siyaad Barre waxaa la carbeeyay sanadka marka oo ahaa 639kii, waa markii oo wadanka soo galay qoomiyado carab ah, isla markaas neh dadka masaarida ee bareen luqada af carabiga iyo diinta islaamka, sanadka marka oo ahaa 969kii wadanka waxaa qabsaday shiicada, isla markaas neh waxee sameeyeen wadanka masar, caasimadooda neh waxee ka dhigteen qaahiro. wadankaan waxoo jiray ilaa sanadka marka oo ahaa 1171. Waqtigaas kadib wadanka waxaa qabsaday dad [[Salaaxudiin]] ah, isla markaas neh wadanka diintiisa waxee isku badashay [[sunna]] * [[Siinaa]]_ * [[Jamaal Cabdinaasir]] * [[Yuusuf Alqardaawi]] * [[Biyomareenka Suwees]] {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Egyptian governorates<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151019093240/http://www.msrintranet.capmas.gov.eg/pdf/EgyptinFigures2015/EgyptinFigures/Tables/PDF/1-%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86/pop.pdf Egypt in Figures 2015, CAPMAS]</ref> ! No. on<br>map ! Name ! Area (km²) ! Population (2015) ! Population density (2015) ! Capital |- |01 |[[El Qaahiro Governorate|Qaahiro]] |align = right | {{nts|3,085}} |align = right | {{nts|9,655,000}} |align = right | {{nts|3,009}} |[[El Qahirah]] |- |02 |[[Alexandria Governorate|Alexandria]] |align = right | {{nts|2300}} |align = right | {{nts|4,812,186}} |align = right | {{nts|2092}} |[[Alexandria]] |- |27 |[[Aswan Governorate|Aswan]] |align = right | {{nts|62726}} |align = right | {{nts|1431488}} |align = right | {{nts|23}} |[[Aswan]] |- |22 |[[Asyut Governorate|Asyut]] |align = right | {{nts|25926}} |align = right | {{nts|4245215}} |align = right | {{nts|164}} |[[Asyut]] |- |03 |[[Beheira Governorate|Beheira]] |align = right | {{nts|9826}} |align = right | {{nts|5804262}} |align = right | {{nts|591}} |[[Damanhur]] |- |19 |[[Beni Suef Governorate|Beni Suef]] |align = right | {{nts|10954}} |align = right | {{nts|2856812}} |align = right | {{nts|261}} |[[Beni Suef]] |- |16 |[[Cairo Governorate|Cairo]] |align = right | {{nts|3085}} |align = right | {{nts|9278441}} |align = right | {{nts|3008}} |[[Cairo]] |- |05 |[[Dakahlia Governorate|Dakahlia]] |align = right | {{nts|3538}} |align = right | {{nts|5949001}} |align = right | {{nts|1681}} |[[Mansoura, Egypt|Mansoura]] |- |06 |[[Damietta Governorate|Damietta]] |align = right | {{nts|910}} |align = right | {{nts|1330843}} |align = right | {{nts|1462}} |[[Damietta]] |- |15 |[[Faiyum Governorate|Faiyum]] |align = right | {{nts|6068}} |align = right | {{nts|3170150}} |align = right | {{nts|522}} |[[Faiyum]] |- |09 |[[Gharbia Governorate|Gharbia]] |align = right | {{nts|1942}} |align = right | {{nts|4751865}} |align = right | {{nts|2447}} |[[Tanta]] |- |14 |[[Giza Governorate|Giza]] |align = right | {{nts|13184}} |align = right | {{nts|7585115}} |align = right | {{nts|575}} |[[Giza]] |- |13 |[[Ismailia Governorate|Ismailia]] |align = right | {{nts|5067}} |align = right | {{nts|1178641}} |align = right | {{nts|233}} |[[Ismailia]] |- |04 |[[Kafr El Sheikh Governorate|Kafr El Sheikh]] |align = right | {{nts|3467}} |align = right | {{nts|3172753}} |align = right | {{nts|915}} |[[Kafr El Sheikh]] |- |26 |[[Luxor Governorate|Luxor]] |align = right | 55 |align = right | {{nts|1147058}} |align = right | 20855.6 |[[Luxor]] |- |11 |[[Matruh Governorate|Matruh]] |align = right | {{nts|166563}} |align = right | {{nts|447846}} |align = right | {{nts|2.7}} |[[Marsa Matruh]] |- |20 |[[Minya Governorate|Minya]] |align = right | {{nts|32279}} |align = right | {{nts|5156702}} |align = right | {{nts|160}} |[[Minya, Egypt|Minya]] |- |10 |[[Monufia Governorate|Monufia]] |align = right | {{nts|2499}} |align = right | {{nts|3941293}} |align = right | {{nts|1577}} |[[Shibin El Kom]] |- |21 |[[New Valley Governorate|New Valley]] |align = right | {{nts|440098}} |align = right | {{nts|225416}} |align = right | {{nts|0.5}} |[[Kharga]] |- |08 |[[North Sinai Governorate|North Sinai]] |align = right | {{nts|28992}} |align = right | {{nts|434781}} |align = right | {{nts|15}} |[[Arish]] |- |07 |[[Port Said Governorate|Port Said]] |align = right | {{nts|1345}} |align = right | {{nts|666599}} |align = right | {{nts|496}} |[[Port Said]] |- |11 |[[Qalyubia Governorate|Qalyubia]] |align = right | {{nts|1124}} |align = right | {{nts|5105972}} |align = right | {{nts|4543}} |[[Banha]] |- |25 |[[Qena Governorate|Qena]] |align = right | {{nts|10798}} |align = right | {{nts|3045504}} |align = right | {{nts|282}} |[[Qena]] |- |23 |[[Red Sea Governorate|Red Sea]] |align = right | {{nts|119099}} |align = right | {{nts|345775}} |align = right | {{nts|2.9}} |[[Hurghada]] |- |12 |[[Al Sharqia Governorate|Sharqia]] |align = right | {{nts|4911}} |align = right | {{nts|6485412}} |align = right | {{nts|1321}} |[[Zagazig]] |- |24 |[[Sohag Governorate|Sohag]] |align = right | {{nts|11022}} |align = right | {{nts|4603861}} |align = right | {{nts|418}} |[[Sohag]] |- |18 |[[South Sinai Governorate|South Sinai]] |align = right | {{nts|31272}} |align = right | {{nts|167426}} |align = right | {{nts|5.4}} |[[El Tor, Egypt|El Tor]] |- |17 |[[Suez Governorate|Suez]] |align = right | {{nts|9002}} |align = right | {{nts|622859}} |align = right | {{nts|69}} |[[Suez]] |-class="sortbottom" ! colspan=2 | Total ! 1,010,407 ! 87,963,276 ! |} ==Xubinka Tahay:== * [[IMF]] *[[Midowga Afrika]] * [[Bankiga Aduunka]] *[[Jaamacada Carabta]] * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * [[Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka]] ==sido kale fiiri== * [[Algeria]] * [[Sudan]] ==Tixraac== [http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/LastPage.aspx?Category_ID=1155 "Ku dhawaaqida Dastuuriga ah: Marxalad Cusub oo Taariikhda Masaarida Weyn"] [http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/281789/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-Sisi-meets-world-Evangelical-churches-deleg.aspx "Sisi Masar ayaa la kulmay wafdi kaniisadaha Evangelical ee adduunka ee Qaahira"] [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/egypt-tries-to-silence-its-critics-in-the-united-states-by-jailing-their-relatives/2020/07/08/c93a809e-c053-11ea-864a-0dd31b9d6917_story.html "Masar waxay isku daydaa in ay aamusiso dhaleeceynteeda gudaha Mareykanka iyada oo xireysa eheladooda"] [https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2023/10/03/egypts-rushed-election-shows-abdel-fattah-al-sisi-is-nervous "Doorashada Masar ee degdega ah waxay muujinaysaa Abdel-Fattah al-Sisi inuu walaacsan yahay"] [https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/president-trump-condemn-sham-egyptian-election "Madaxweyne Trump, Cambaareeyay Doorashadan Masar ee Sham"] [https://www.politico.com/news/2021/07/12/egypt-spy-boss-jail-american-498983 "Booqashadii DC, madaxa sirdoonka Masar wuxuu ku andacoonayaa in Maraykanku uu qoraal ahaan ku aqbalay - in la xidho u dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha Maraykanka"] [https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/03/15/eu-deal-egypt-rewards-authoritarianism-betrays-eu-values "EU Heshiiskii Masar wuxuu abaal-marin ku siinayaa kali-talisnimo, wuxuu khiyaameeyaa 'Qiimaha EU' | Human Rights Watch"] [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/11/061121232204.htm "Falkaanaha Icelandiga ah ayaa Macluul Taariikhi ah ka dhaliyey Masar, Daraasaddu waxay muujisay] [https://web.archive.org/web/20120107135218/http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/012/034kggwf.asp "Dimuqraadiyadda Wabiga Niil: Sheekada Ayman Nuur iyo Masar ee isku dayga dhibaatada leh ee doorashooyin xor ah"] [https://huffingtonpost.com/2011/02/11/mubarak-red-sea-egypt_n_821812.html "Mubarak Oo Iska Casilay Madaxtinimadii Masar, Ciidamada Qalabka Sida Si Ay Xukunka Ula Wareegaan"] [https://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/25/world/africa/egypt-politics "Madaxweynaha cusub ee Masar oo u guuray xafiiskiisa, wuxuu bilaabay inuu doorto golaha wasiirada] [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/9699801/Violence-breaks-out-across-Egypt-as-protesters-decry-Mohammed-Morsis-constitutional-coup.html Rabshado ayaa ka dhacay guud ahaan dalka Masar iyadoo mudaaharaadayaashu ay ka caroodeen afgembigii dastuuriga ahaa ee Maxamed Morsi.] [http://iodeweb1.vliz.be/odin/bitstream/1834/383/1/Hamza.pdf "Isticmaalka Dhulka iyo Maareynta Xeebta ee Waddamada Saddexaad: Masar sida kiis"] [https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/capital-weather-gang/wp/2013/12/13/rare-snow-in-cairo-jerusalem-paralyzed-in-historic-snow/ "Duufaanta baraf ee Baybalka ah: Dhirbaaxo naadir ah oo ku yaal Qaahira, Yeruusaalem oo cag ka badan curyaantay"] [http://english.ahram.org.eg/News/92617.aspx "Masar waxay Qabanaysaa Doorashada Madaxtinimada Marka hore: Madaxweynaha Ku Meel Gaarka ah"] [https://enlargement.ec.europa.eu/news/joint-declaration-strategic-and-comprehensive-partnership-between-arab-republic-egypt-and-european-2024-03-17_en "Baaq wadajir ah oo ku saabsan iskaashiga istiraatijiyadeed iyo is-kaashiga buuxa ee u dhexeeya Jamhuuriyadda Carabta ee Masar iyo Midowga Yurub"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20180720132456/http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/21822/1/s1-ln210934022089525479-1939656818Hwf-2143436348IdV150395290621093402PDF_HI0001.pdf "Barayaasha Naasir iyo Kacdoonka guud ahaan al-Watan al-'Carabi: Raadinta Siyaasadda Arrimaha Dibadda ee Muhiimadda Socdaalka Gobolka Masar, 1952-1967"] [http://jcpa.org/article/egypts-shiite-minority-between-the-egyptian-hammer-and-the-iranian-anvil/ "Shiicada laga tirada badan yahay ee Masar: Inta u dhaxaysa Hammer Masar iyo Anvil Iran"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20140125104510/http://www.ewtn.com/library/CHISTORY/EGPTCATH.HTM "Catholics ee Masar waxay ka tarjumayaan Kaniisadda hodanka ah iyo caadooyinka kala duwan"] [https://egyptianstreets.com/2025/01/09/egypt-introduces-baccalaureate-certificate-system-as-alternative-to-thanaweya-amma/ "Masar Waxay Soo Bandhigtay Nidaamka Shahaadada Baccalaureate Sida Beddelka Thanaweya Amma"] [http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/242112/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-parliament-passes-bill-designating-FGM-a-fe.aspx "Baarlamaanka Masar oo ansixiyay sharciga gudniinka fircooniga ah dambi culus, wuxuuna soo rogay ciqaab adag"] [http://www.tbsjournal.com/Archives/Fall05/Levinson.html "Plus ca Beddel: Doorka Warbaahintu Ku Leedahay Doorashadii Ugu Horreysay Ee Madaxtinimada Masar"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.tbsjournal.com/Archives/Fall05/Levinson.html |date=20060816171126 }} [https://www.theguardian.com/football/2017/oct/08/world-cup-round-up-egypt-poland-qualify "Rigooradii soo daahay ee Mohamed Salah ayaa siisay Masar markii ugu horeysay ee u soo baxdo Koobka Adduunka tan iyo 1990"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121113212042/http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/cid//sid/2902/_/1950_FIBA_World_Championship_for_Men/index.html "1950 Koobka Adduunka ee Ragga"]FIBA 9 Juun 2012. Waxaa laga kaydiyay asalka 13 November 2012 . 9 June 2012 {{reflist}} {{Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka}} {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Wadamada Afrika]] 8oljy543ohtf836kxhxjh6pmfv910lm 0 4129 307678 269369 2026-09-09T18:07:39Z Soalt 39618 Category:Wadamada Aasiya 307678 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dalalka |native_name = <span style="line-height:1.33em;">Suldaanada Cumaan </span> |conventional_long_name = سلطنة عمان |common_name = Cumaan |qaaradda = [[Bariga dhexe]] |sawir_calan = Flag_of_Oman.svg |sawir_qaran = |image_map = Oman in its region.svg |astaan_calan = Nashid as-Salaam as-Suldaan |astaan_calan = |image_map = |caasimadda = [[Muscad]] |luuqadaha = [[Af-Carabi]] |caasimada = [[Muscad]] |Dawladda = &nbsp; |darajo_hogaamiye1 = [[Suldaan]] |Madaxweyne]] |darajo_hogaamiye2 = [[Ra'iisul wasaare]] |magac_hogaamiye1 = Qaboos bin Saciid Al Saciid |magac_hogaamiye2 = Fahad bin Maxamuud al Saciid |sovereignty_type = '''K''' |sovereignty_note = |established_event1 = |established_date1 = [[1744]] |area = 309,550 km2 |areami² = 119,498 |biyo = micno la aan |population_estimate = 2,845,000 |population_estimate_year = 2009 |lacagta = Riyaalka Cumaan (OMR) |wakhti = Sammar DST |furaha_debedda = 968 }} [[w:ar:oman]] '''Cumaan''' waa wadan ku yaalo koonfurta bari ee [[jasiirad]] dhuleedka [[Bariga Dhexe]].Cumaan waxee xuduud la leedahay wadamada [[Sacuudi Carabiya]], [[Imaaraatka Carabta|Imaaraadka Carabta]] iyo [[Yemen]].Wadankaan waxaa xukumo dowlad suldaaneed, ninka suldaanka ah ayaa doorto wasiirada maamulo dalka, run ahaantii asiga ayaa haayo xukumada wadanka dhan, shacabka cumaan neh aad ayee ula jiraan ama ee garab istaagsanyihiin suldaanka xukumada 30ka sano haayo.Wadanka tartiib tartiib oo u noqonooyaan wadan dimoqraadiyad ah, 1990kii suldaanka waxoo ku dhawaaqay in ee shacabka doortaan xildhibaano lataliye ah golaha (Majlis ash-Shura), doorashadaas neh dad aad u yar ayaa ka soo qeeb galay. 2003ii waxaa la hirgaliyay in da'da doorashada ee noqoto 21jir,dadkii da'daas qabay ama ka weynaa waxee doorteen 84kursi, waxeena dadkaas tiradooda ahaayeen ilaa 190,000 oo qof. Cumaan maanta waxaa ka shaqeeyo shirkado badan oo ajaanib oo wadamo badan ka kala yimaaday,shirkadahaas neh waxaa loogu tala galay in ee dadka cumaanka ah ee shaqo geeyaan. wadanka waxoo ku dadaalooyaa horumarinta bulshada, dhaqaalaha cumaan neh aad ayee u kordhoosaa. [[File:Bahla_Fort-109699.jpg|thumb|right|195px|]] [[File:Traditional_Omani_Food.jpg|thumb|right|195px|]] [[File:Nakhalfarms.jpg|thumb|right|195px|]] [[File:Portsmouth_korvet_Al-Shamikh_Oman_18-10-2011_15-15-51.png|thumb|right|195px|]] ==Taariiqda cumaan== ==Xubin== *_[[IMF]] _-_-_-_-_: **[[Bankiga Aduunka]]_* _-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-___-_:. * [[Jaamacada Carabta]]_* _-_-_-___-_-_-__—_-_-_-:..:.: * [[Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka]]_* * _-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-__-_-_-_-_-__: * [[Qaramada Midoobay]]_* _-_-_-___-_-_-_-_-_-_-___-.: ==Waddanmaha Degaanka Oman== * {{Flag|Bahrain}}: 40,000+ * {{Flag|Qatar}}:30,000+ * {{Flag|Kuwait}}:20,000+ * {{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}:120,000+ * {{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}:50,000++ {{commons|‎عمان (سلطنة)‏}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} [[Category:Aasiya]] [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] fn38tfi0weyqpg4faxa38dt9ve5o352 0 4384 307679 305812 2026-09-09T18:10:29Z Soalt 39618 template:Dalalka Aasiya iyo Category:Wadamada Aasiya 307679 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Dawladda Falastiin |common_name = Palestine |native_name = {{native name|ar|دولة فلسطين|italics=off}}<br>''{{transl|ar|Dawlat Filasṭīn}}'' |image_flag = Flag of Palestine.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Palestine.svg |symbol_width = 70px |national_anthem = "{{lang|ar|{{big|فدائي}}}}"<br />{{lower|0.1em|"[[Fida'i]]"<ref>{{cite web|title=Palestinian National Authority |access-date=8 June 2014 |website=World Statesmen.org |url=http://worldstatesmen.org/Palestinian_National_Authority.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208062450/http://worldstatesmen.org/Palestinian_National_Authority.htm |archive-date=8 February 2014 |deadurl=no |publisher=Ben Cahoon |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Palestine |accessdate=8 June 2014 |website=nationalanthems.info |url=http://www.nationalanthems.info/ps.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331034257/http://www.nationalanthems.info/ps.htm |archive-date=31 March 2014 |format=includes audio |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref>}}<br />"Jabhad"<br><center> </center> |image_map = State of Palestine (orthographic projection).svg |map_width = 220px |map_caption = Dhul ay sheegato Dawladda Falastiin (cagaaran)<ref name=only1967/><br>Dhul sidoo kale ay sheegatay Israaiil (cagaar khafiif ah) |capital={{unbulleted list |item1_style=white-space:nowrap;margin-bottom:2px;|[[Jerusalem]]:-){{ref label|capital|ii|}}<ref name=Bissiop433>{{cite book |title=The World: A Third World Guide 1995–96 |url=https://archive.org/details/worldthirdworldg0000unse |editor=Bissio, Robert Remo |location=[[Montevideo]] |publisher=[[ITeM|Instituto del Tercer Mundo]] |year=1995 |page=[https://archive.org/details/worldthirdworldg0000unse/page/443 443] |isbn=978-0-85598-291-1}}</ref><ref name=Lapidoth>{{cite web|first1=Ruth |last1=Lapidoth |author1-link=Ruth Lapidoth |title=Jerusalem: Some Legal Issues |date=2011 |access-date=5 June 2014 |website=The Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies |url=http://www.jiis.org/.upload/lapidoth-jerusalem.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605013337/http://www.jiis.org/.upload/lapidoth-jerusalem.pdf |archive-date=5 June 2014 |deadurl=no |format=PDF |page=26 |quote=The attitude of the Palestinians was expressed inter alia in 1988 and 2002. When the Palestine National Council proclaimed in November 1988 the establishment of a Palestinian State, it asserted that Jerusalem was its capital. In October 2002, the Palestinian Legislative Council adopted the Law on the Capital, which stipulates that Jerusalem is the capital of the Palestinian State, the main seat of its three branches of government. The State of Palestine is the sovereign of Jerusalem and of its holy places. Any statute or agreement that diminishes the rights of the Palestinian State in Jerusalem is invalid. This statute can be amended only with the consent of two-thirds of the members of the Legislative Council. The 2003 Basic Law also asserts that Jerusalem is the capital of the State of Palestine. |df= }} Reprinted from: [[Rüdiger Wolfrum|Wolfrum, Rüdiger]] (ed.) (online 2008, print 2011). ''[[Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law|The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law]]''. Oxford University Press.</ref> |[[Baytulaxam]]:-) }} |status = [[List of states with limited recognition|Partially recognized state]], [[United Nations General Assembly observers|UN observer state]]<br>[[International recognition of the State of Palestine|Recognized by 136 UN member states]] |capital_type = {{unbulleted list |item1_style=white-space:nowrap;margin-top:2px;margin-bottom:2px;|Proclaimed capital |Administrative<br>center }} |largest_city =•[[Marinka Gaza]]:-) |official_languages = [[Carabi]] |demonym = Palestinian |government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[republic]]<ref name=declaration1988>{{cite web|title=Declaration of Independence (1988) (UN Doc) |date=18 November 1988 |accessdate=8 June 2014 |website=State of Palestine Permanent Observer Mission to the United Nations |url=http://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/palestine/cache/offonce/pid/12353 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608203237/http://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/palestine/cache/offonce/pid/12353 |archive-date=8 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |publisher=United Nations |df= }}</ref><!-- Articles in Wikipedia may not be used as citations; I have cited the published document --> |leader_title1 = [[President of the State of Palestine|President]] |leader_name1 = [[Mahmoud Abbas]]^b |leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of the State of Palestine|Prime Minister]] |leader_name2 = [[Rami Hamdallah]] |leader_title3 = [[Palestinian National Council|Speaker of Parliament]] |leader_name3 = [[Salim Zanoun]] |legislature = [[Palestinian National Council|National Council]] |sovereignty_type = [[State of Palestine#History|Formation]] |established_event1 = [[Palestinian Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] |established_date1 = 15 November 1988 |established_event2 = [[United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19|UNGA observer state resolution]] |established_date2 = 29 November 2012 |established_event3 = Sovereignty dispute with [[Israel]] |established_date3 = {{nowrap|''Ongoing''^c{{ref label|control|iii|}}<ref>{{cite web|first1=Maayana |last1=Miskin |title=PA Weighs 'State of Palestine' Passport |date=5 December 2012 |accessdate=8 June 2014 |website=israelnationalnews.com |url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/162844#.U5TD6vmICm6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121207082503/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/162844 |archive-date=7 December 2012 |deadurl=no |publisher=Arutz Sheva |quote=A senior PA official revealed the plans in an interview with ''Al-Quds'' newspaper. The change to 'state' status is important because it shows that 'the state of Palestine is occupied,' he said. |df= }}</ref><ref name="Limitations">{{cite news|title=State of Palestine name change shows limitations|url=https://news.yahoo.com/state-palestine-name-change-shows-limitations-200641448.html|agency=AP|date=17 January 2013|quote=Israel remains in charge of territories the world says should one day make up that state.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110025703/http://news.yahoo.com/state-palestine-name-change-shows-limitations-200641448.html |archivedate=10 January 2013 }}</ref><!--end nowrap:-->}} |area_km2 = 6,020 <ref>{{cite book |chapterurl=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf |chapter=Table 3, Population by sex, annual rate of population increase, surface area and density |title=Demographic Yearbook |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm |date=2012 |publisher=[[United Nations Statistics Division]] |accessdate=28 January 2018 }}</ref> <!-- Area should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> |area_rank = 163rd <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> |area_footnote = |area_sq_mi = 2,320 <!-- Area should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> |percent_water=3.5<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/we.html |title=The World Factbook: Middle East: West Bank |website=cia.gov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506164505/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/we.html |archive-date=6 May 2014 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=7 April 2014 |accessdate=8 June 2014 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref> |area_label2 = [[West Bank]] |area_data2 = 5,860&nbsp;km{{smallsup|2}} |area_label3 = [[Gaza Strip]] |area_data3 = 360&nbsp;km{{smallsup|2}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gz.html |title=The World Factbook: Middle East: Gaza Strip |website=cia.gov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608204417/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gz.html |archive-date=8 June 2014 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=12 May 2014 |accessdate=8 June 2014 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref> |population_estimate=4,550,368<ref>{{cite web|title=Estimated Population in the Palestinian Territory Mid-Year by Governorate,1997–2016 |accessdate=8 June 2014 |website=Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics |url=http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_Rainbow/Documents/gover_e.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608204943/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_Rainbow/Documents/gover_e.htm |archive-date=8 June 2014 |publisher=State of Palestine |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref> |population_estimate_year = 2014 |population_estimate_rank = 123rd |population_census_year = |population_density_km2 = 731 |population_density_sq_mi = 1,895 |population_density_rank = |GDP_PPP = {{nowrap|$11.95 billion^a}} |GDP_PPP_year = 2008^a |GDP_PPP_rank = – |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $2,900^a |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = – |Gini = 35.5 |Gini_year = 2009 |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini_ref=<ref>{{cite web|title=GINI Index: West Bank and Gaza |accessdate=8 June 2014 |website=The World Bank: Data |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608054636/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI |archive-date=8 June 2014 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref> |Gini_rank = |HDI = 0.677<!--number only, between 0 and 1--> |HDI_year = 2014<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> |HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr_2015_statistical_annex.pdf |title=2015 Human Development Report |date=2015 |accessdate=15 December 2015 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> |HDI_rank = 113th |currency = {{unbulleted list |[[Egyptian pound]] ([[ISO 4217|EGP]]) |[[Israeli new shekel]] (ILS) |[[Jordanian dinar]] (JOD)<ref>According to [http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace+Process/Guide+to+the+Peace+Process/Gaza-Jericho+Agreement+Annex+IV+-+Economic+Protoco.htm Article 4 of the 1994 Paris Protocol]. The Protocol allows the Palestinian Authority to adopt multiple currencies. In the [[West Bank]], the Israeli new sheqel and Jordanian dinar are widely accepted; while in the [[Gaza Strip]], the Israeli new sheqel and Egyptian pound are widely accepted.</ref>| (see also [[Palestinian currency]])}} |time_zone = [[Palestine Standard Time]] |utc_offset = +2 |utc_offset_DST = +3 |time_zone_DST = [[Palestine Summer Time]] |date_format = dd/mm/yyyy<!--numeric dates (dd-mm-yyyy, yyyy.mm.dd, etc.) plus era (CE, AD, AH, etc.)--> |drives_on = right |calling_code = [[+970]] |iso3166code = PS |cctld = [[.ps]] |footnote_a = Population and economy statistics and rankings are based on data from the [[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics|PCBS]]. |footnote_b = Also the leader of the state's government.{{big|{{ref label|PLOChair|iv|}}}} |footnote_c = The territories claimed are under [[Israeli-occupied territories|Israeli occupation]]. |country_code = PLE }}{{Coord|31.6253|N|35.1453|E|source:wikidata|display=title}} '''Falastiin''', ([[Carabi]]: فلسطين, [[Hebrew|Af-Cibriga]]: ארץ ישראל ) waa wadan ku yaalo bariga dhexe ee [[Qaarad]]a [[Aasiya]]. Falastiin, waxa ay Xuduud la leedahay wadamada [[Masar]], [[Urdun]], [[suuriya]], [[Lubnaan]] iyo [[Israaiil]]. Markii hore dhulka waxaa degenaan jiray carab falastiin ah iyo yahuud aad u yareed, waxaana lagu qiyaasaa in ee falastiinta ee gaarayaan in ka badan 8 miliyan oo qof, (dad tiriskii 1997), qaxootiga falastiinta waxee kala degenyihiin wadamada [[Urdun]] 3miliyan , [[Lubnaan]] 400,000 iyo wadamada kale ee carabta in kabadan 800,000 oo falastiin ah, Qaar neh waxee kala degenyihiin wadamada aduunka, [[Yurub]], [[Ameerika]], iyo [[Aasiya]], Falastiinta badankooda ama 3diiba 1 waxuu ku jiraa Kaamamka qaxootiga.dadka reer falastiin hadii ay hal meel wada degaan yuhuuda waxay ku keeni kartaa war war aad u badan. == Taariikh == ::''Shaxdan tusmada waa in la hagaajiyaa.'' Taariikhda Falastiin waxa ay inbadan kuxusantahay qoraalada diiniga ha ee yuhuudiga masiixiga iyo islaamka.falastiin waa dhulka nabiyda iyo rususha,waana qibladii islaamka ee ugu horaysay. Falastiin waxa ilaa hada kadhisan dhismayaal taariikh aad iyo aad udheer leh oo cadaynaya taariikhda soojireenka ah ee israaiil ay leedahay. falastiin waxa ayleedahay taariikh soo jiitamaysay xiliyo aad iyo aad u fog waa dhulkii ay kunoolaayeen shacabkii looyaqaanay [[Kanaan]] magaca falastiin cidiibixisay waxa ay ahaayeen giriigii hore markaas oo ay magaca falastiin u bixiyiin dhulka xeebaha ah ee wadnka falastiin.xiliyada qaar magaca falastiin waxa loogu yeedhi jiray dhulka falastiin iyo wadanka Urdun oo wadan socda. == Kaalinta Diimeed == Falastiin ahmiyad wayn ayay u leedahay sadexda diimood ee samawiga ah amaba diimaha samada kasoo dagay .Yuhuudiga Kiristanka iyo Islaamka.taariikha Falastiin soomaray,waxaa kamid ahaa qaar dagaalada iyo muranada kataagnaa ay ahaayeen murano iyo dagaalo diimeed.Sida [[Weeraradii Siliibiyiinta]] sidoo kale marmarka qaarkood dagaalka ka dhexeeya carabta iyo israaiil waxa uu noqdaa dagaal diimeed. === Islaamka === Islaamka kaalin wayn ayay falastiin kuleedahay,waa dhulkii barakaysnaa ee ilaahay [[Qur'aan]]kiisa ku sheegay,ilaahay suurada [[Isra]] waxa uu kusheegay "in [[Masjid Al-Aqsa|Misaajidka Al-Aqsa]] iyo hareerihiisuba ay barakaysanyihiin". Ilaahay markalale kitaabkiisa kariimka ayuu ku sheegay "Dhulka Falastiin marka uu yidhi kor ahaaye" [[File:Al-Khader.jpg|thumb|195px|]] [[File:Palestine_breakfast.jpg|thumb|195px|]] [[File:Placa_dels_màrtirs_Nablus.jpg|thumb|right|195px|]] ==Xubin== * [[Jaamacada Carabta]] * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * [[Unionka Mediterraneanka]] == Sidoo kale Eeg == * [[Maamulka Falastiin]] * [[Daanta galbeed]] {{commonscat|Palestine}} =Tixraac= {{reflist}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] 6elpq2v41m9hq2qouenazfpnkonnow9 0 4471 307705 295441 2026-09-09T19:28:03Z Soalt 39618 template:Dalalka Aasiya iyo Category:Wadamada Aasiya iyo tixraac 307705 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Country in Western Asia}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Boqortooyada Sacuudi Carabiya | common_name = | native_name = | image_flag = Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg | image_coat = | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = {{nowrap|لَا إِلٰهَ إِلَّا ٱلله، مُحَمَّدٌ رَسُوْلُ ٱلله}}<Br/>"{{transl|ar|Lā ʾilāha ʾillā Llāh, Muḥammadur rasūlu Llāh}}"<br />"Waxaan qira'yaa in uusan jirin ilaah, [[Ilaahay|Alle]] mooyee, waxana qirayaa in uu [[Nebi Maxamed c.s|Muxamed]] yahay rasuulkii Alle. (''[[Shahaadah]]'') | national_anthem = {{lang|ar|ٱلنَّشِيْد ٱلْوَطَنِي ٱلسُّعُوْدِي}}<Br/>"[[Aash Al Maleek|{{transl|ar|an-Našīd al-Waṭanīy as-Suʿūdī}}]]" <Br/> "Aash Al Maleek"<Br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Saudi Arabian national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.oga|center]]</div> | image_map = Saudi Arabia (orthographic projection).svg | capital = [[Madina]]: | coordinates = {{Coord|24|39|N|46|46|E|type:city_region:SA}} | largest_city = [[Madiina Al-munawara]] | official_languages = [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]]<ref name="">CIA World Factbook</ref>{{cite web |title=Basic Law of Governance |url=https://www.moe.gov.sa/en/TheMinistry/AboutKSA/Pages/System-of-Governance.aspx |website=Ministry of Education |publisher=Ministry of Education – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia |access-date=1 September 2020 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=5 Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205091610/https://www.moe.gov.sa/en/TheMinistry/AboutKSA/Pages/System-of-Governance.aspx |dead-url=yes }}<!-- Do not edit without talkpage consensus. --> | regional_languages = | religion = {{unbulleted list |93.0% [[Islam in Saudi Arabia|Islam]] ([[State religion|official]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Saudi Arabia - The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saudi-arabia/ |website=CIA |publisher=CIA |access-date=30 May 2021 |archive-date=19 Bisha Saddexaad 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319180722/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saudi-arabia |url-status=dead }}</ref> *:85–90% [[Sunni Islam in Saudi Arabia|Sunni]] *:10–15% [[Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia|Shia]] |4.4% [[Christianity in Saudi Arabia|Christianity]] |1.1% [[Hinduism in Saudi Arabia|Hinduism]] |0.3% [[Buddhism in Saudi Arabia|Buddhism]] |0.2% [[Irreligion in Saudi Arabia|Unaffiliated]] }} | demonym = {{unbulleted list |[[Saudis|Saudi]]|Saudi Arabian}} | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Islamic state|Islamic]] [[absolute monarchy]] | leader_title1 = [[King of Saudi Arabia|Boqor]] | leader_name1 = [[Salman bin 'Abd al-'Aziz Al Sa'ud]]: | leader_title2 = [[Prince of Saudi Arabia|Prince of Saudi Arabia]] | leader_name2 = [[Prince Mohammed bin Salman]] | legislature = none{{efn|There is a [[Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia|Consultative Assembly]], or Shura Council, which has no legislative power.<Ref>{{cite book|first1=Robert W.|last1=Hefner|title=Remaking Muslim Politics: Pluralism, Contestation, Democratization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MmmVMCBej8oC&q=Saudi%2520%2522consultative%2520assembly%2522%2520no%2520legislative%2520power&pg=PA202|publisher=Princeton University Press|date=2009|isbn=978-1-4008-2639-1|page=202}}</ref> As its role is only consultative it is not considered to be a legislature.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-06-06|title=Analysts: Saudi Arabia Nervous About Domestic Discontent |publisher= VoA News - English|url=https://www.voanews.com/middle-east/analysts-saudi-arabia-nervous-about-domestic-discontent|website=www.voanews.com}}</Ref> }} | sovereignty_type = [[History of Saudi Arabia|Establishment]] | established_event1 = [[Emirate of Diriyah|First Saudi State]] | established_date1 = 1744 | established_event2 = [[Emirate of Nejd|Second Saudi State]] | established_date2 = 1824 | established_event3 = [[Emirate of Riyadh]] | established_date3 = 13 January 1902 | established_event4 = [[Unification of Saudi Arabia|Unification]] | established_date4 = 23 September 1932 | established_event5 = [[United Nations Charter|Admitted]][[United Nations Conference on International Organization|to the]] [[United Nations]] | established_date5 = 24 October 1945 | established_event6 = [[Basic Law of Saudi Arabia|Current constitution]] | established_date6 = 31 January 1992 | area_km2 = 2,149,690<Ref>name="CIA World Factbook"</Ref> | area_rank = 12th | area_sq_mi = 830,000 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> | percent_water = 0.7 | population_estimate = 34,218,169<Ref>name=population>{{cite web|title=The total population – General Authority for Statistics|url=https://www.stats.gov.sa/en/indicators/1|website=stats.gov.sa|access-date=31 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403082640/https://www.stats.gov.sa/en/indicators/1|archive-date=3 April 2019|url-status=dead}}</Ref> | population_census = | population_estimate_year = 2019 | population_estimate_rank = 40th | population_census_year = | population_density_km2 = 15 | population_density_sq_mi = 38.8 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> | population_density_rank = 174th | GDP_PPP = $1.924 trillion <Ref>name=imf2>{{cite web |url= https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2017&ey=2024&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=86&pr1.y=9&c=456&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Saudi Arabia |publisher=International Monetary Fund}}</Ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2022 | GDP_PPP_rank = 14th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $56,817<ref>name=imf2 </ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 12th | GDP_nominal = $1180.289 Trillion Dollars | GDP_nominal_year = 2022 | GDP_nominal_rank = 18th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $23,566. | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 35th | Gini = 45.9 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2013 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saudi-arabia/ |title=The World Factbook |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |website=CIA.gov |access-date=28 May 2019 |archive-date=19 Bisha Saddexaad 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319180722/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saudi-arabia |url-status=dead }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.854 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2019<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref> name="UNHDR">{{cite book|title=Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|date=15 December 2020|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|isbn=978-92-1-126442-5|pages=343–346|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 40th | currency = [[Sacuudi riyaal| Sacuudi riyaal]] | currency_code = SAR | time_zone = [[Arabia Standard Time|AST]] | utc_offset = +3 | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy ([[Hijri year|AH]]) | drives_on = Right | calling_code = +966 | cctld = {{unbulleted list|.sa |السعودية.}} | today = | ethnic_groups = 69% [[Arabs|Arab]] <Br/> 31% [[Afro-Arabs|Afro-Arab]] | ethnic_groups_year = 2017 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sa.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702033527/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sa.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-07-02|title=The World Factbook|date=2 July 2014}}</Ref> | religion_ref = <Ref> name=pewl>{{cite web|title=Religious Composition by Country|url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2012/12/globalReligion-tables.pdf|archive-date=23 March 2018|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all|access-date=10 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323215031/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2012/12/globalReligion-tables.pdf}}</Ref> | religion_year = 2013 }} [[W:Tr:Suudi Arabistan]] [[w:arc:ܣܥܘܕܝܐ]] '''Sacuudiga''' ama '''Boqortooyada Sacuudi Carabiya''' ([[Af-Carabi]] المملكة العربية السعودية ) waa wadan muslin ah oo ku yaala qaarada Aasiya, gaar ahaan mandiqada [[Bariga Dhexe|bariga dhexe]]. waxayna xad lawadagtaa, wadamada [[Urdun]], [[Kuweyt]], , [[Baxrayn]], iyo [[Imaaraatka carabta]]. Waxaa kale oo xad lawadaagaa Gacanka faarisiga, oo kaga beegan dhinaca [[Woqooyi]] [[Bari]] iyo [[Baddacas]] oo [[Galbeed]]ah dadka sucuudiga tiradooda waxaa lagu qiyaasaa, in ka badan 35* miliyan oo qof.(2020).: [[File:Saudi_Exchange_Logo.svg|thumb|right|400px|]] [[File:Riyad_Bank_logo.svg|thumb|right|400px|]] [[File:Flynas_Logo.svg|thumb|right|400px|]] [[File:Chicken_Saleeg.jpg|thumb|right|400px|]] *_Boqortooyada waxaa yimaada sanadkii in la badan 2 milyan oo ruux Sacuudi Carabiya (/ ˌsɔːdi əreɪbiə / (ku saabsan dhawaaqa maqalka), / ˌsaʊ- / (ku saabsan codkan maqal); Carabi: السعودية as-Sucuudiyyah ama as-Sacuudiyyah), si rasmi ah Boqortooyada Sacuudi Carabiya (BSC; Carabi: المملكة العربية السعودية al-Mamlakah al-Carabiyyah as-Sucuudiyyah, ku saabsan codkani (caawimaad · info)}}}, waa dal ku yaal galbeedka Aasiya oo ka kooban qaybta jasiiradda Carabta. Sacuudi Carabiya ayaa ah gobolka ugu weyn ee madaxbannaan ee Bariga Dhexe, oo ah juqraafi ahaana shanaad ee ugu weyn Asia, tan labaad ee dunida Carabta ka dib Algeria iyo 12 -aad ee adduunka ugu weyn. . Sacuudi Carabiya ayaa xuddun u ah Jordan iyo Ciraaq waqooyi, Kuwait ilaa waqooyi bari, Qadar, Bahrain iyo Imaaraadka Imaaraadka Carabta xagga bari, Oman ilaa koonfur iyo yemen xagga koonfureed. Waxaa laga soocay Israel iyo </nowiki>[[Masar]] by Gacanka Cadaba. Waa waddanka keliya ee leh xeebta Badda Cas iyo xeebta Gacanka, oo badi dhulkeeda waxay ka kooban tahay lamadegaan, dhul hoose iyo buuro. Sacuudi Carabiya waa dhaqaalaha ugu weyn ee Bariga Dhexe ilaa Oktoobar 2018 iyo 18aad ee adduunka ugu weyn. Xuduuda hadda ka jirta Sacuudi Carabiya waxay ahayd goobo dhaqameedyo iyo dhaqamo qadiimi ah. Taariikhda Sacuudi Carabiya waxay muujineysaa qaar ka mid ah raadintii hore ee hawlaha bani-aadamka adduunka. Diinta labaad ee adduunka ugu weyn, Islaam, ayaa ka soo baxay maalinta casriga ah ee Sacuudi Carabiya. Horraantii 7aad, Nabiga Islaamka wuxuu midoobey dadweynaha Carabta isla markaana abuuray nidaam diimeed oo Islaami ah. Kadib markii uu geeriyooday 632, taageerayaashiisa si degdeg ah ayey u balaariyeen dhulka xukunka Muslimka ee ka baxsan Carabta, oo ka adkaaday dhulalka waaweyn ee dhulalka ah (laga bilaabo Iberian Peninsula ee galbeedka ilaa maalinta casriga ah ee Pakistan ee Bariga). Carabta oo ka soo jeeda waqooyiga Suudaan taariikhda casriga ah waxay aasaaseen Rashiidun (632-661), Umayyad (661-750), Abbasid (750-1517) iyo Fatimid (909-1171) Khaliifad iyo sidoo kale dhulal badan oo kale oo Asia ah, Afrika iyo Europe. Deegaanka Sacuudi Carabiya wuxuu hore u ahaan jirey afar gobol oo kala duwan: Hejaz, Najd iyo qaybo ka mid ah Bariga Carabta (Al-Ahsa) iyo Koonfurta Carabta ('Asir') Boqortooyada Sacuudi Carabiya waxaa aasaasay sannadkii 1932 by Ibn Saud. Waxa uu ku biiray afartan gobol hal waddan iyada oo loo marayo qabsashooyin taxane ah oo laga bilaabo 1902 la qabsaday Riyadh, oo ah aabaha gurigiisa oo ka tirsan qoyskiisa, House of Saud. Sacuudi Carabiya ayaa tan iyo markii uu ahaa boqortooyo baddan, si wax-ku-ool ah oo kali-talisnimo ah loo maamulay khadadka islaamka. Dhaqdhaqaaqa diiniga ah ee Wahhabi ee kuyaal Sunniga Islaamka waxaa loo yaqaan "muhiimada ugu muhiimsan ee dhaqanka Sacuudiga" == Taariikh == Sacuudiga waxee ka mid tahay wadamada Adoonta lahaan jirtay, wadanka sacuudiga waxaa la sameeyay sanadka marka oo ahaa 1902, ninka sameeyay waxa uu ahaa [[Cabdul Casiis al Sacuudi|Ibn Sacuudi]], waxaana boqortooyada Sacuudiga noqday sanadka marka oo ahaa 1932, cabdul casiis wuxuu dhalay caruur ka badan 50 ruux. Waxaana markii ugu horeesay dhaxlay boqortooyada Wiilkiisa sanadka marka uu ahaa. 1964 kii. Magaciisana waxaa la dhihi jiray (Faysal bin Cabdul Casiis Al sacuudi) wuxuuna bilaabay in uu keeno adoomo. wuxuuna sacuudiga ka abuuray goobo waxbarasho.Sida iskuulo iyo meelaha kale ee cilmiga diiniga lagu barto iyo goobo caafimaad.Sida isbitaalada. Siyaasiyiinta wadanka sacuudiga ma eesan jeclaan jirin siyaasada wadamada reer galbeedka Sida wadanka Boqortootada ingiriiska (English) iyo wadanka kale ee maraykanka (america). Markii uu bilaawday Dagaalkii Gacanka oo u dhaxeeyay [[Qaramada Midoobay]] (QM) iyo wadanka Ciraaq sanadka marka uu ahaay 1991, sacuudiga waxee militari soo dhoobtay xuduudkeeda, isla markaas sacuudiga waxaa lagu soo weeraray sawaariiq waxeena ku dhaceen magaalada (Riyaad) ee caasimada wadanka sacuudiga Waqtigaas kadib sacuudiga waxuu saaxiib fiican la noqday wadanka mareykanka(america) Boqorkii sacuudi carabiya ee 《Fahad bin Cabdul Casiis Al Sacuudi》 waxuu ahaan jiray boqor iyo raiisul wasaare oo loo doortay sanadka marka uu ahaa 1982 kii waxuuna dhintay sabadka marka uu ahaa 2005 tii Kadibna waxaa bedelay [[Cabdullahi bin Cabdul Casiis Al Sacuudi]]. Sacuudi Carabiya waxay ku dhawaad ​​80% Jasiiradda Carabta (Xuduudaha ugu weyn adduunka), oo u dhaxeeya waddooyinka u dhaxeeya 16 ° iyo 33 ° N, iyo dhererka 34 ° iyo 56 ° E. Sababta oo ah xuduudaha koonfureed ee waddanka Imaaraadka Carabta iyo Oman ma aha mid si sax ah loo calaamadeeyay, cabbirka saxda ah ee waddanka lama yaqaan. [292] Caqabada CIA ee dunidu waxay ku qiyaastay 2,149,690 km2 (830,000 sq mi) iyo liisaska Sacuudi Carabiya oo ah gobolka 13aad ee ugu wayn dunida. Waa juquraafi ahaan waddanka ugu weyn ee Qaadka Carbeed. ==UN Tiroka== '''682''' Juqraafiyada Sucuudigu waxay ku badan tahay xeebta Carbeed, oo la xidhiidha semi-lama-degaanka iyo geed-geedka (eeg muuqaalka dayax-gacmeedka) iyo dhowr buurood iyo goobo dhaadheer. Xaqiiqdii, waxaa jira tiro ka mid ah loola xiriiriyey oo ay ku jiraan 647,500 km2 (250,001 sq m) Rub 'al khali ("Quarter Boos") oo ku yaalla qaybta koonfur bari ee dalka, xeebta aduunka ee ugu weyn ee cagaaran. Waxaa jira harooyin yar oo dalka ka mid ah laakiin aan lahayn wabiyada joogtada ah, si kastaba ha ahaatee wadada ayaa aad u badan. Meelaha bacrin ah waa in laga helaa kaydka alaabooyinka dhulka, basaska, iyo oases. Muuqaalka ugu muhiimsan ee ugu muhiimsan waa bareegga dhexe ee ka soo baxa Badda Cas oo si tartiib ah ugu soo degaya Caddaanka iyo Gacanka Ciraaq. Xeebta Badda Cas, waxaa jira cirif dhuxul ah, oo loo yaqaan Tihamah barbar socda taas oo ku socota dabagal balaadhan. Gobolka Koonfur galbeed ee Asir waa buuro, waxaana ku jira 3,133 m (10,279 ft) Buur Sawda, oo ah meesha ugu sarraysa dalka. Marka laga reebo gobolka koofur galbeed ee Asir, Sacuudi Carabiya waxay leedahay cimilo cilad ah oo leh heerkul aad u sarreeya iyo heerkulka khafiifka ah ee habeenkii. Heerkulka xagaaga ee celceliska heerkulkiisu waa 45 ° C (113 ° F), laakiin wuxuu noqon karaa mid u sareeya 54 ° C (129 ° F). Xilliga jiilaalka heerkulku wuxuu yareeyaa 0 ° C (32 ° F). Guga iyo dayrta kuleylku waa diirimaad, heerkulka celcelis ahaan qiyaastii 29 ° C (84 ° F). Roobka sannadlaha ah ayaa aad u hooseeya. Goobta Asir waxay ku kala duwantahay in ay saameyn ku yeelato maraakiibta Hindiya, inta badan waxay dhacaan inta u dhexeysa bilaha Oktoobar ilaa Maarso. Celcelis ahaan 300 mm (12 in) oo ah roobabku waxay dhacaan muddadan, taas oo qiyaastii 60% roobabkii sanadlaha ahaa.!!` ==Boqolkiiba IMF== 2.1% <ref>http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2009-09/16/content_8696547.htm</ref>. =Xubin= *[[Bankiga Aduunka]] *[[Jaamacada Carabta]] *[[Qaramada Midoobay]] *[[Kooxda Labaatanka]] ==Waddanmaha La Deggan Saudi Arabia== * {{Flag|Bahrain}}: 50,000+ * {{Flag|Qatar}}:100,000+ * {{Flag|Kuwait}}: 20,000+ * {{Flag|Oman}}: 30,000+ * {{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}:10,000++ The very large expatriate communities also speak their own languages, the most numerous of which, according to 2019* data: are Bengali (~1,500,000), Tagalog (~900,000), Eastern Punjabi (~800,000), Urdu (~750,000), Egyptian Arabic (~650,000), Rohingya, North Levantine Arabic (both ~500,000)[489] and Malayalam.[490].<ref>https://www.internationalinvestment.net/news/4026204/250-expats-left-saudi-arabia-3q2020</ref>. <ref>https://www.expatfocus.com/general/these-five-countries-have-the-highest-percentage-of-expats-find-out-why-2514</ref>. Non-{{flag|Arab League}} States: Countries migrant workers come mainly from: '''[[ Midowga Yurub]]''', '''[[Great Britain]]''', ''[[Bangladesh]]'', '''[[Bakistaan]]''', ''[[Indonesia]]'', ''[[Philippines]]'', and many others at 12.49+ millions.!!` <ref>https://www.arabnews.com/saudi-arabia/news/875131</ref>. Duurjoogta waxaa ka mid ah Leopard Carbeed, Jahannamo, Dhallinyaro, Dhoobleey, Koontooyin, Gaadhi, bisad ciid, iyo jerboa. Xayawaanka sida xayawaanka, oryx, leopards iyo cheetahs waxay ahaayeen kuwo badan illaa qarnigii 19aad, markii xayawaan ballaadhan ay hoos u dhigtay xayawaankan. Shimbiraha waxaa ka mid ah falcons (oo la qabto oo loo tababaray sidii loo ugaadhsiin lahaa), gorgortanka, maqaarka, waraaqaha, qashinka, iyo bulubyada. Waxaa jira noocyo kala duwan oo abeesooyin ah, kuwaas oo intooda badani yihiin kuwo qarxa. Sucuudi Carabiya waxay ku nooshahay nolol aad u qoto dheer. Deegaanka Badu-yo gaar ahaan waa nidaam hodan ah oo kala duwan. In ka badan 1200 nooc oo kalluun ayaa laga diiwaangeliyey Badda Cas, 10% oo ka mid ah kuwaan ayaa laga helaa meel kale.[https://www.saudi-expatriates.com/2015/05/foreign-workers-population-in-ksa.html] .[<Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/3/17/mbs-mbz-a-special-bond-between-two-gulf-princes</Ref>]. [https://www.globalmediainsight.com/blog/saudi-arabia-population-statistics] [https://www.expatica.com/sa/moving/about/an-introduction-to-saudi-arabia-71251/#:~:text=Saudi%20Arabia%20is%20the%20Middle,population%20(around%2033%20million)] ==Eqtisaadka iyo Dhaqaale == Sacuudigu waa dowlada waa ugu weyn Dawladaha [[Carabta]] & [[Islaamka]] iyo kan siddeed iyo tobnaad ee ugu weyn [[aduunka]]. Xubin joogta ah iyo aasaasaha '''[[OPEC]]'''. [[Sacuudi Carabiya]] sidoo kale waa qayb ka mid ah golaha '''[[Kooxda Labaatanka]]''' oo ah mid ka mid ah dhaqaalaha ugu weyn [[aduunka]]. Dhaqaaluhu wuxuu si weyn ugu tiirsan yahay ilaalinta iyo adeegyada ay taageeraan dawladda qaranka iyo qoyska boqortooyada.` Iyada oo lagu qiyaasay qiimihiisu yahay US$ ''33.00'' trillion, [[Sacuudi Carabiya]] waxa uu leeyahay kaydka khayraadka dabiiciga ah ee labaad ee ugu qiimaha badan. Inta badan kaydka Sucuudigu waxa uu ku jiraa qaab batroolka iyo gaasta dabiiciga ah. Dalku wuxuu leeyahay kaydka kaydka batroolka ee la xaqiijiyay ee labaad, iyo kaydka gaaska dabiiciga ah ee shanaad ee ugu wayn. Sacuudiga ayaa hadda ah dalka ugu badan ee dhoofiya batroolka [[aduunka]].!! '''[[Saudi aramco]]''', ama '''Saudi Arabian Oil Company''', waa shirkadda ugu weyn adduunka marka la eego suuq-geynta suuqa oo dhan US$ '''9.8''' trillion, in kasta oo saamiyadeeda ganacsigu ay ku fadhiyaan US$ ''2.36'' Trillion, wax yar ka horreeya '''[[Abbal]] Inc'''. Shirkaddu waa shirkadda ugu weyn ee isku dhafka ah ee saliidda iyo gaaska. Waxay xarunteedu tahay Dhahran, [[Sacuudi Carabiya]] waxayna ka shaqeysaa adduunka oo dhan, iyadoo shaqaaleysiisay in ka badan 70,000 oo qof. Shirkadda ayaa si guud u shaacbaxday Diseembar 2019 markii ay iibisay US$ '''1.98''' tiriliyan oo saami ah, taasoo ah bixinta ugu weyn ee bilawga ah ee dadweynaha taariikhda.<ReF>https://www.fxcm.com/markets/insights/10-largest-companies-in-world-market-cap/</Ref>.!! [[Sacuudi Carabiya]] waxa uu kamid yahay wadanka ugu soo saaritaanka badan shiidaalka ceyriinka ah iyo saliida sisaa darteed sacuudiga waa in uu '''[[Midowga Yurub]]''' da iyo '''[[Midowga Afrika]]''' da la saaxiibto.<Ref>https://incorporated.zone/largest-companies-by-market-cap-in-the-world/</Ref>.!! ==Sido kale Fiiri== * {{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}.:: * [[Somaliland]]:.. * {{Flag|Somalia}}:.. =Tixraac= {{reflist}} {{Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] 7wvojs9auwl8gei1hatdh9mwgktdvx9 0 4526 307683 305905 2026-09-09T18:16:46Z Soalt 39618 Category:Wadamada Aasiya 307683 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Imaaraatka Carabta''' ( UAE ), oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Imaaraadka Carabta , waa waddan ku yaal Galbeedka [[Aasiya]] , oo ku yaal cidhifka bari ee [[Jasiiradda Carabta]] . Waa boqortooyo federaal ah oo dastuuri ah oo ka kooban todobo imaaradood , iyadoo [[Abu Dabi|Abu Dhabi]] ay u adeegto caasimad qaran halka [[Dubay]] ay tahay magaalada ugu weyn dalka . Waxa ay xuduud dhuleed la wadaagtaa Cumaan bari iyo waqooyi-bari, iyo Sucuudiga oo koonfur-galbeed ka xiga; iyo sidoo kale xudduudaha badda ee gacanka Faaris ee Qatar iyo Iran , iyo Cumaan ee Gacanka Cumaan . Ilaa 2024 , Imaaraadku waxa lagu qiyaasaa in ka badan 10 milyan, kuwaas oo ah qowmiyado badan. Islaamku waa diinta rasmiga ah , Carabigana waa luqadda rasmiga ah, halka Ingiriisiga uu yahay luqadda ugu badan ee lagaga hadlo iyo luqadda ganacsiga. {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Imaaraadka Carabta | common_name = UAE | native_name = الإمارات العربية المتحدة ([[Carabi]]) | image_flag = Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg | flag_type = [[Flag of the United Arab Emirates|Flag]] | image_coat = Emblem of the United Arab Emirates.svg | symbol_type = [[Emblem of the United Arab Emirates|Emblem]] | national_anthem = [[File:UAE national anthem.ogg]] | image_map = United Arab Emirates (orthographic projection).svg | map_width = 250px | map_caption = Goobta Imaaraadka Carabta (cagaaran) ee Jasiiradda Carabta | image_map2 = {{maplink |frame=yes | frame-width=250 |frame-height=250 |frame-align=center | text= '''United Arab Emirates''' | type=line|id=Q878|stroke-width=1|stroke-colour=#0000ff|title=UAE }} | capital = [[Abu Dabi|Abu Dhabi]] | coordinates = {{Coord|24|28|N|54|22|E|type:city}} | largest_city = <!-- Don't change to Abu Dhabi without a citation -->[[Dubai]]<br />{{coord|25|15|N|55|18|E|display=inline}} | official_languages = [[Carabi|Carabi]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Fact sheet |url=https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/fact-sheet |website=United Arab Emirates |publisher=U.ae |access-date=31 August 2020 |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118101755/https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/fact-sheet |url-status=live }}</ref> | common_languages = [[Emirati Arabic]], [[English language|English]]{{efn|English is the most commonly spoken language in the UAE.<ref name="Siemund">{{cite journal |last1=Siemund |first1=Peter |last2=Al-Issa |first2=Ahmad |last3=Leimgruber |first3=Jakob R. E. |title=Multilingualism and the role of English in the United Arab Emirates |journal=World Englishes |date=June 2021 |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=191–204 |doi=10.1111/weng.12507 |s2cid=219903631 |language=en |issn=0883-2919|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="visitdubai">{{cite web |title=What Languages are Spoken in Dubai? {{!}} Visit Dubai |url=https://www.visitdubai.com/en/articles/spoken-languages-in-dubai#:~:text=Absolutely.,English%20is%20always%20an%20option. |website=www.visitdubai.com |publisher=Dubai Department of Economy and Tourism |access-date=15 May 2023 |language=en |archive-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115224604/https://www.visitdubai.com/en/articles/spoken-languages-in-dubai#:~:text=Absolutely.,English%20is%20always%20an%20option. |url-status=live }}</ref>}} | ethnic_groups = * 59.4% [[Koonfurta Aasiya]] ** 38.2% [[Indians in the United Arab Emirates|Hindi]] ** 9.5% [[Bangladeshis in the United Arab Emirates|Bangladeshi]] ** 9.4% [[Pakistanis in the United Arab Emirates|Bakistani]] ** 2.3% [[South Asian ethnic groups|kuwa kale]] * 11.6% [[Emiratis|Imaaraadka Carabta]] * 10.2% [[Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates#Egyptians|Masar]] * 6.1% [[Filipinos in the United Arab Emirates|Filibiin]] * 12.8% [[Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates|Kuwa kale]] | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="WorldFactbook" /> | ethnic_groups_year = 2015 | religion = {{tree list}} *74.5% [[Islam in the United Arab Emirates|Islam]] ([[State religion|official]]) **63.3% [[Sunni Islam]] **6.7% [[Shia Islam in the United Arab Emirates|Shia Islam]] **4.4% [[Islamic schools and branches|other]] *12.9% [[Christianity in the United Arab Emirates|Christianity]] *6.2% [[Hinduism in the United Arab Emirates|Hinduism]] *3.2% [[Religion in the United Arab Emirates|Buddhism]] *1.3% [[Irreligion in the United Arab Emirates|Agnosticism]] *1.9% [[Religion in the United Arab Emirates|other]] {{tree list/end}} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref name="WorldFactbook" /> | demonym = [[Imaaraadka Carabta|Imaaraadka ]]<ref name=WorldFactbook /> | government_type = Madaxweynaha Federaalka [[boqortooyo dastuuri ah]]{{refn|<ref>{{cite book|last=Stewart|first=Dona J.|title=The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural Perspectives|publisher=Routledge|date=2013|location=London and New York|isbn=978-0-415-78243-2|page=155}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Day|first=Alan John|title=Political Parties of The World|url=https://archive.org/details/politicalparties0004daya|publisher=Stockton|date=1996|isbn=1-56159-144-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/politicalparties0004daya/page/599 599]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://elaws.moj.gov.ae/MainArabicTranslation.aspx?val=UAE-MOJ_LC-En/00_CONSTITUTION/UAE-LC-En_1971-07-18_00000_Dos.html&np=&lmp=undefined|title=United Arab Emirates Constitution|work=UAE Ministry of Justice|access-date=10 October 2018|archive-date=11 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011053637/https://elaws.moj.gov.ae/MainArabicTranslation.aspx?val=UAE-MOJ_LC-En/00_CONSTITUTION/UAE-LC-En_1971-07-18_00000_Dos.html&np=&lmp=undefined|url-status=live}}</ref>}} | leader_title1 = [[Madaxwaynaha]] | leader_name1 = [[Maxamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]] | leader_title2 = [[Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name2 = [[Maxamed bin Rashiid Al Maktoum]] | leader_title3 = [[Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Imaaraadka Carabta|Madaxweyne ku xigeenada]] | leader_name3 = {{plainlist| * Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum * [[Mansuur bin Zayed Al Nahyan]] }} | legislature = {{plainlist| * [[Golaha Sare ee Federaalka]] }} | sovereignty_type = [[Taariikhda|Dhisidda]] | established_event1 = [[Maxmiyadda Ingiriiska]] oo qayb ka ah [[Dawladaha Gaarka ah]] | established_date1 = 1820 and 1892 | established_event2 = [[Maalinta Qaranka ( Imaaraadka Carabta)|Madaxbanaanida]] oo ka yimid Boqortooyada Ingiriiska | established_date2 = 2 December 1971 | established_event3 = Admission of [[Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah|Ras Al Khaimah]] | established_date3 = 10 February 1972 | area_km2 = 83,600 | area_rank = 114aad | area_sq_mi = 32,278 <!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | percent_water = Dayacan | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate = 11,027,129<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistics by Subject - Population |url=https://fcsc.gov.ae/en-us/Pages/Statistics/Statistics-by-Subject.aspx#/?folder=Demography%20and%20Social/Population/Population&subject=Demography%20and%20Social |access-date=2 November 2023 |website=Federal Competitiveness and Statistics Centre |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204085440/https://fcsc.gov.ae/en-us/Pages/Statistics/Statistics-by-Subject.aspx#/?folder=Demography%20and%20Social/Population/Population&subject=Demography%20and%20Social |url-status=live }}</ref> | population_density_km2 = 132 | population_density_sq_mi = 341.6<!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | population_density_rank = 83aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $905.23 billion<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Databases |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/SPROLLs/world-economic-outlook-databases |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_rank = 36aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $81,680<ref name="auto"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 13aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $548.60 billion<ref name="auto"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_rank = 28aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $49,550<ref name="auto"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 21aad | Gini = 26 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2018 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) – United Arab Emirates|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AE|website=data.worldbank.org|publisher=World Bank|access-date=30 March 2020|archive-date=30 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330025458/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AE|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/|title=Gini Index coefficient|publisher=[[The World Factbook]]|access-date=24 September 2024|archive-date=17 Bisha Todobaad 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717071854/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison|url-status=dead}}</ref> | HDI = 0.940 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2023 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 15aad | currency = [[United Arab Emirates dirham|UAE dirham]] | currency_code = AED | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in the United Arab Emirates|+971]] | time_zone = [[Time in the United Arab Emirates|GST]] | utc_offset = +04:00 | cctld = {{unbulleted list |[[.ae]] |[[emarat|امارات.]]}} | footnotes = <div style="background:#ddf;padding:0.2em;font-size:135%;text-align:center;">'''[[Portal:United Arab Emirates|United Arab Emirates portal]]'''</div> | linking_name = }} ==Xubin== * [[IMF]]_* * [[ Bankiga Aduunka]]_* * [[ Jaamacada Carabta]]_* * [[ Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka]]_* * [[Qaramada Midoobay]]_*_* ==Waddanamha Deggan Emmaratka== * {{Flag|Bahrain}}: 20,000+ * {{Flag|Qatar}}:10,000+ * {{Flag|Kuwait}}: 20,000+ * {{Flag|Oman}}: 30,000+ * {{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}:50,000++ ==sido kale fiiri== * [[Oman]] * [[Somaliland]] * [[Egypt]] * [[Turkey]] *[[Imaaraatka Carabta Visa Dalalka]] {{commons|الإمارات العربية المتحدة / United Arab Emirates‏}} Imaaraatka Carabta ee hadda jira waxa uu ku yaalaa dhexda dhexe ee Bariga Carabta oo wadaaga dhaqanka badweynta . Boqortooyadii Boortaqiisku waxay timid gobolka qiyaastii 1500 waxayna saldhigyo ka sameysatay dhulkaas iyagoo dagaal kula jira Faaris . Ka dib markii la eryay, Nederlaanku waxay xakameeyeen cidhiidhiga waxayna dejiyeen awoodda badda ee caalamiga ah. Qarnigii 19aad, iyadoo luul noqday dhaqaale weyn, budhcad-badeedda gacanka ay sababeen qaar ka mid ah qabaa'ilka maxalliga ah ayaa sababay in Ingiriisku yimaado, taas oo keentay in sheekhyadu ay heshiis la samaystaan ​​iyaga oo abuuraya Dawlado run ah , si wax ku ool ah u ilaalinaya aagga Sucuudiga iyo Cumaan ee ku andacoonaya suzerainty in ka badan. Dawladaha dhabta ah waxay sii ahaan jireen maxmiyad Ingiriis ah ilaa madax-bannaani buuxda sida Isutagga Imaaraadka Carabta ee 1971. Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan , taliyaha Abu Dhabi iyo madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee dalka (1971-2004), wuxuu kormeeray horumarka degdegga ah ee Emirates isagoo maalgelinaya dakhliga saliidda cusub ee la helay daryeelka caafimaadka, waxbarashada, iyo kaabayaasha. Caalami ahaan, UAE waxaa loo arkaa quwad dhexe iyo magaalada Dubia waxay u adeegtaa sidii xarun caalami ah. Kaliya 11% dadka ayaa ah Imaaraatka udhashay wadankaas oo ay ka tiro badan yihiin ajaanibka iyo shaqaalaha soogalootiga , kuwaas oo intooda badan ka yimid Koonfurta Aasiya . Imaaraadka Carabta waxa uu leeyahay kaydka saliidda ee toddobaad ee ugu weyn adduunka iyo kaydka gaasta dabiiciga ah ee toddobaad ee ugu weyn . Dalku wuxuu leeyahay dhaqaalaha ugu kala duwan ee xubnaha Golaha Iskaashiga Khaliijka (GCC), ka dib markii ay noqdeen kuwo aan ku tiirsanayn kheyraadka dabiiciga ah qarniga 21aad oo sii kordheysa diiradda dalxiiska iyo ganacsiga. Waa xubin ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay , Jaamacadda Carabta , Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka , OPEC , Dhaqdhaqaaqa Aan Isbahaysiga ahayn , Ururka Ganacsiga Adduunka , iyo BRICS . Imaaraadku sidoo kale waa saaxiibka wadahadalka ee Ururka Iskaashiga Shanghai . Golaha Sare ee Federaalka oo ka kooban toddobada Amiir ee talada haya ayaa ah maamulka ugu sarreeya dowlad goboleedyada, iyagoo si wadajir ah hal xubin u magacaabaya Madaxweynaha Federaalka oo isna soo magacaabaya Ra’iisul Wasaare, isaga laftiisa ayaa soo dhisaya Golaha Wasiirada . [ 27 ] Dawlad awood leh , UAE guud ahaan waa xor marka loo eego heerarka gobolka [ 17 ] waxayna si heer sare ah ugu jirtaa dhowr tilmaame bulsheed sida guriyeynta, daryeelka caafimaadka, waxbarashada iyo badbaadada shakhsi ahaaneed, iyo sidoo kale gobolka ugu sarreeya ee Heerka Horumarinta Aadanaha . [ 28 ] Ururada xuquuqal insaanku waxay tixgeliyaan UAE heerka hoose ee xuquuqda bini'aadamka, oo ay ku hooseeyaan tusmada xorriyadda aadanaha . Arintaan ayaa waxaa sabab u ah wararka sheegaya in dadka dhaliila dowladda loo geysto xarig iyo jirdil, qoysas ay hey’adaha ammaanka dowladda dhibaateeyaan, iyo kiisas la sheegay in si qasab ah lagu waayay . [ 29 ] Xuquuqda shakhsiga ah sida xorriyaadka shirarka , ururrada , ra'yi dhiibashada , iyo xorriyadda saxaafadda ayaa si ba'an loo cabudhiyaa. ==Asalka erayga == Imaaraatka carabta waxaa loogu magac daray todobada imaaradood ee samaystay federaal ee kala ah imaarada Abu Dhabi , imaarada dubai , imaarada cajmaan , imaarada sharjah , imaarada ras al khaimah , imaarada umm al quwain , imaarada fujairah . ==Taariikhda== ===Qadiimiga=== [[File:Cántaro (26738115330).jpg|thumb|Qarnigii 2aad ee BCE weel laga helay goobta qadiimiga Mleiha ee Sharjah]] Aaladaha dhagaxa ah ee la helay ayaa daaha ka qaaday in la degay dad ka yimid Afrika ilaa 127,000 oo sano ka hor iyo qalab dhagax ah oo loo isticmaalo qalitaanka xoolaha oo laga helay xeebaha Carabta ayaa tilmaamaya in xitaa deegaan ka sii da'weyn 130,000 sano ka hor. Waqti ka dib, xiriiro ganacsi oo firfircoon ayaa la kobciyay ilbaxnimada Mesobotaamiya , Iran, iyo dhaqanka Harappan ee Dooxada Indus. Xidhiidhku wuu sii socday oo wuu sii ballaadhay, malaha waxa dhiirigeliyay ka ganacsiga naxaasta ee Buuraha Xajar , kaas oo bilaabmay qiyaastii 3,000 BC. Ilaha Sumerian waxay ka hadlaan ilbaxnimada Magan , taas oo loo aqoonsaday inay ka kooban tahay UAE iyo Cumaan casriga ah. Waxa jira lix xilli oo ay dadku degeen oo leh dhaqammo gaar ah oo ka jira gobolka Islaamka ka hor, kuwaas oo ay ku jiraan xilligii Hafit laga bilaabo 3,200 ilaa 2,600 BCE, dhaqanka Umm Al Nar ee 2,600 ilaa 2,000 BCE, iyo dhaqanka Wadi Suq laga bilaabo 2,000 ilaa 1,300 BCE. Laga soo bilaabo 1,200 BC ilaa imaatinka Islaamka ee Bariga Carabta, iyada oo loo marayo saddex qarni oo bir ah oo kala duwan iyo xilligii Mleiha , aagga waxaa si kala duwan u qabsaday Achaemenids iyo ciidamada kale, waxaana la arkayay dhismayaal deyr leh iyo beero ballaaran oo ay ugu wacan tahay horumarinta nidaamka waraabka ee Falaj ===Islaamka=== Fidinta Islaamka ee cidhifka waqooyi-bari ee Jasiiradda Carabta ayaa loo malaynayaa inay si toos ah uga timid warqad uu nebi Islaamku Muxammad u diray madaxdii Cumaan sannadkii 630-kii. Tani waxay keentay in koox ka mid ah madaxda ay u safraan Madiina , oo soo galaan diinta Islaamka, ka dibna ay wateen kacdoono guul leh oo ka dhan ah Sassanids aan la jeclayn , oo xeebaha ka talinayay wakhtigaas. Ka dib dhimashadii Muxammad , bulshooyinka cusub ee Islaamka ee koonfurta Gacanka Faaris waxay ku hanjabeen inay burburaan, oo ay la socdaan kacdoono ka dhan ah hoggaamiyayaasha Muslimiinta . Khaliifkii Abuu Bakar wuxuu ka soo diray ciidan uu ka soo diray caasimadda Madiina oo dhameeyay dib u qabsashadii dhulkii ( Dagaalladii Ridda ) ee uu la galay dagaalkii Dibba oo loo malaynayo in lagu dilay 10,000 oo qof. Tani waxay xaqiijisay hufnaanta Khilaafada iyo midaynta Jasiiradda Carabta oo hoos imanaysa Khilaafada Raashidun ee dhawaan soo shaac baxday . Sanadkii 637, Julfar (oo ku taal aagga Ras Al Khaimah ) waxay ahayd deked muhiim ah oo loo isticmaali jiray goob laga soo abaabulo duullaankii Islaamka ee Boqortooyadii Sasaniya . Aagga Al Ain / Buraimi Oasis waxaa loo yaqaanay Tu'am waxayna ahayd goob ganacsi oo muhiim u ah waddooyinka geela ee u dhexeeya xeebta iyo gudaha Carabta. Meesha ugu horraysa ee Kiristaanka ee Imaaraadka waxa markii ugu horreysay la helay sagaashamaadkii, dhisme ballaadhan oo monastic ah oo ku yaalla waxa hadda loo yaqaan Jasiiradda Sir Bani Yas oo soo taxnayd qarnigii toddobaad. Malaha Nestorian oo la dhisay 600 CE, kaniisaddu waxay u muuqataa in si nabad ah looga tagay 750 CE. Waxay samaysaa xidhiidh naadir ah oo jireed oo la xidhiidha dhaxalka Masiixiyadda, kaas oo loo malaynayo inuu ku faafay jasiiradda 50 ilaa 350 CE ka dib waddooyinka ganacsiga. Dhab ahaantii, qarnigii shanaad, Cumaan wuxuu lahaa hoggaamiyaha kiniisadda la odhan jiray John - hoggaamiyaha kiniisaddii ugu dambeeyay ee Cumaan wuxuu ahaa Etienne, 676 CE. ===Waagii Bortuqiisku=== [[File:Forte de doba.jpg|thumb|Sawir gacmeedkii Boqortooyadii Boortaqiiska ee Doba Fortress [ pt ] ee Dibba Al-Hisn sanadkii 1620]] Deegaanka saxaraha ah ee qallafsan ayaa horseeday in ay soo baxaan "qabiilka badan", kooxaha reer guuraaga ah oo ku noolaaday dhaq-dhaqaaqyo kala duwan oo dhaqaale, oo ay ku jiraan xannaanada xoolaha, beeraha, iyo ugaarsiga. Dhaqdhaqaaqa xilliyeedka ee kooxahani ma keenin oo kaliya isku dhacyo soo noqnoqda oo u dhexeeya kooxaha laakiin sidoo kale waxay abuureen deegaamayn xilliyeed iyo xilli-xilliyeedyo iyo xarumo. Kooxahan waxa ay sameysteen kooxo qabiilo ah oo magacyadooda ay wataan Imaaraatka casriga ah, oo ay ku jiraan Bani Yas iyo Al Bu Falah ee Abu Dhabi , Al Ain, Liwa , iyo xeebta galbeed; Dhawahir , Awamir, Al Ali , iyo Manaasirkii gudaha ; Sharqiiyinkii xeebta bari ; iyo Qawaasimkii waqooyi. Markii ay ballaarteen boqortooyooyinkii gumeysiga Yurub , Boortaqiis , Ingiriisi , iyo ciidamada Nederland waxay ka soo muuqdeen gobolka Gacanka Faaris. Qarnigii 18-aad, ururka Bani Yas wuxuu ahaa xoogga ugu sarreeya inta badan aagga hadda loo yaqaan Abu Dhabi, halka Waqooyiga Al Qawasim (Al Qasimi) uu xukumayay ganacsiga badda. Bortuqiisku waxay ku adkaysteen inay saameyn ku yeeshaan degsiimooyinka xeebaha, iyagoo dhistay qalcado ka dib qabsashadii qarnigii 16aad ee dhiigga ee beelaha xeebaha ee Albuquerque iyo taliyayaashii Bortuqiisku ee raacay isaga - gaar ahaan xeebta bari ee Muscat , Sohar , iyo Khor Fakkan . Xeebta koonfureed ee Gacanka Faaris waxa Ingiriisku u yaqaannay " Xeebta Budhcad-badeedda ", sida doomaha federaalka Al Qawasim ay dhibaateeyeen maraakiibta calanka Ingiriiska ee qarnigii 17aad ilaa qarnigii 19aad. Eedaynta budhcad-badeednimada waxaa ku muransan taariikhyahannada casriga ah ee Imaaraatka, oo uu ku jiro taliyaha hadda ee Sharjah, Sheikh Sultan Al Qasimi , buuggiisa 1986 ee Khuraafaadka Budhcad-badeedda Carabta ee Gacanka . [[File:Persian Gulf 1507-1750.gif|thumb|Purple - Boortaqiis oo ku yaal Gacanka Faaris qarnigii 16aad iyo 17aad. Magaalooyinka waaweyn, dekedaha, iyo jidadka.]] [[File:Ras Al Khaimah under attack, 1809 01.jpg|thumb|Sawir muujinaya gubashada magaalada xeebta ah iyo dekedda Imaaradda Ras Al Khaimah intii lagu jiray ololihii Gacanka Faaris ee 1809]] Socdaalkii Ingiriiska ee lagu ilaalinayay jidadkooda ganacsi ee Hindiya ayaa horseeday olole ka dhan ah Ras Al Khaimah iyo dekedaha kale ee xeebta, oo ay ku jiraan ololihii Gacanka Faaris ee 1809 iyo ololihii guusha badnaa ee 1819 . Sannadkii xigay, Ingiriiska iyo tiro ka mid ah hoggaamiyeyaasha maxalliga ah ayaa saxeexay heshiis xabbad-joojin badeed ah , taasoo keentay ereyga Dawlad-goboleedka , kaas oo u yimid inuu qeexo xaaladda imaaradaha xeebaha. Heshiis dheeraad ah ayaa la saxeexay 1843 iyo 1853-kii, waxaa la isku raacay Heshiiskii Badda ee Joogtada ah . Tan waxaa lagu daray 'Heshiiska Gaarka ah', ee la saxiixay 1892, kaas oo ka dhigay Waddamada Xaqiiqda ah maxmiyad Ingiriis ah. Sida ku cad heshiiskii 1892-kii, shuyuukhdii xaqa ahayd waxay ku heshiiyeen in aan dhulna laga tuurin marka laga reebo Ingiriis iyo in aanay xidhiidh la samayn dawlad shisheeye oo aan Ingiriis ahayn iyaga oo aan raalli ka ahayn. Taa baddalkeeda, Ingiriisku wuxuu ballanqaaday inuu ka ilaalinayo Xeebta Trucial dhammaan gardarrada badda iyo inuu caawiyo haddii weerar dhulka ah. Bilayska badda ee Ingiriiska waxa uu ka dhigan yahay in maraakiibta luulku ay ku shaqayn karaan ammaan sugan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, mamnuucida Ingiriiska ee ganacsiga addoonta waxay ka dhigan tahay ilo dhaqaale oo muhiim ah ayaa lumay sheekhyada iyo ganacsatada qaarkood. Sannadkii 1869kii, qabiilka Qubaysat waxa ay degeen Khor Al Cadaaid oo ay isku dayeen in ay taageero ka helaan Cusmaaniyiinta. Khor Al Cadaaid waxaa xilligaas sheegan jiray Abu Dhabi, taas oo uu taageeray Ingiriiska. Sannadkii 1906dii, Deganaanshaha Siyaasadda Ingiriiska, Percy Cox , ayaa qoraal u xaqiijiyay taliyihii Abu Dhabi, Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan ('Zayed the Great'), in Khor Al Cadaaid uu ka tirsan yahay sheekhnimadiisa. ===Waagii Ingiriiska iyo helista shidaalka=== [[File:Dhayah Fort showing hilltop location.jpg|thumb|Dhayah Fort at the hill top. In 1819 it was the last Al-Qasimi stronghold to fall in the Persian Gulf campaign of 1819. The fall of Dhayah was to pave the way for the signing of the General Maritime Treaty of 1820.]] Intii lagu guda jiray qarniyadii 19-aad iyo horraantii 20-aad, warshadaha luulka ayaa horumaray, taasoo dakhliga iyo shaqadaba siin jirtay dadka Gacanka Faaris. Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka wuxuu saameyn ba'an ku yeeshay warshadaha, laakiin waxay ahayd niyad-jabka dhaqaale ee dabayaaqadii 1920-meeyadii iyo horraantii 1930-meeyadii, oo ay weheliso abuuritaanka luul-dhaqameedka , kaas oo tirtiray ganacsiga. Hadhaagii ganacsiga ayaa aakhirkii meesha ka baxay wax yar ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka , markii dawlada cusub ee xornimada qaadatay ee Hindiya ay canshuur culus ku soo rogtay luul dibadda laga keeno. Hoos u dhaca luulku wuxuu keenay dhibaato dhaqaale oo aad u daran oo ka jirta Dawladaha Xaqiiqda ah. Sannadkii 1922-kii, dawladda Ingriisku waxay ballan-qaadyo ka samaysay taliyayaashii Dawlad-goboleedka oo aan heshiisyo la saxeexin shirkado shisheeye ogolaansho la'aan. Iyadoo la ogsoon yahay suurtogalnimada horumarinta khayraadka dabiiciga ah sida saliidda, ka dib markii laga helay Faaris (laga bilaabo 1908) iyo Mesopotamia (laga bilaabo 1927), shirkad shidaal oo British ah, Shirkadda Shidaalka Ciraaq (IPC), ayaa muujisay xiisaha gobolka. Shirkadda Saliida ee Anglo-Persian (APOC, oo markii dambe noqotay British Petroleum , ama BP) waxay lahayd 23.75% saamiga IPC. Laga soo bilaabo 1935kii, heshiisyada badda ee lagu sahaminayo shidaalka waxaa bixiyay taliyayaasha maxalliga ah, iyadoo APOC ay saxiixday tii ugu horreysay oo ay wakiil ka tahay Petroleum Concessions Ltd (PCL), oo ah shirkad xiriirisa IPC. APOC waxaa laga hor istaagay inay horumariso gobolka oo keliya sababtoo ah xannibaadaha Heshiiska Khadka Cas , kaas oo u baahan inuu ku shaqeeyo IPC. Tiro door ah oo u dhexeeya PCL iyo taliyayaasha dhabta ah ayaa la kala saxeexday, taasoo dakhli waxtar u leh bulshooyinka soo maray faqriga ka dib burburkii ganacsiga luul. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, hantida saliidda ee madaxda ay ka arki karaan dakhliga ka soo xerooda wadamada ku xeeran ayaa ahaa mid aan la garanayn. Godadki ugu horeeyay ee Abu Dhabi waxa qoday shirkadii IPC ee ka shaqaynaysay, Petroleum Development (Trucial Coast) Ltd (PDTC) ee Ras Sadr 1950kii, iyada oo god dhererkiisu dhan yahay 13,000 cagood (4,000-mitir) godad qodis ah oo qaatay sanad in la qodo kana soo baxo qalalan, waxaana ku baxay lacag aad u badan oo £1 million ah wakhtigaa [[File:Mid-20th century Dubai.JPG|thumb|Dubai 1950kii: aagga sawirkan wuxuu muujinayaa Bur Dubai oo ku yaal xagga hore (oo ku taal Al-Fahidi Fort), Deira oo ku taal midigta dhexe ee dhinaca kale ee qulqulka, iyo Al Shindagha (bidix) iyo Al Ras (midig) ee gadaasha qulqulka, laga bilaabo Deira.]] Ingriisku waxa uu sameeyay xafiis horumarineed oo ka caawiyay horumarada yaryar ee imaaradaha. Todobadii sheekh ee imaaradaha ayaa markaas go’aan ku gaaray in la sameeyo gole ka shaqeeya arrimaha dhexdooda, waxayna la wareegeen xafiiskii horumarinta. 1952, waxay samaysteen Golaha Dawladaha Trucial, waxayna u magacaabeen Adi Al Bitar , Dubai's Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum ' lataliyaha sharciga, xoghaye guud iyo lataliyaha sharciga ee golaha. Golahan ayaa la joojiyay markii la dhisay Imaaraadka Carabta. Dabeecadda qabiilka ee bulshada iyo qeexitaan la'aanta xudduudaha u dhexeeya imaaradaha ayaa had iyo jeer keena khilaaf, lagu dhammeeyo dhexdhexaadin ama, marar dhif ah, xoog. Cuman Scouts Trucial waxay ahayd ciidan yar oo Ingiriisku u isticmaalo ilaalinta nabadda. Sanadkii 1953, shirkad hoos timaada BP , D'Arcy Exploration Ltd, waxay ka heshay heshiis dhinaca badda ah taliyihii Abu Dhabi. BP waxay ku biirtay Compagnie Française des Pétroles (kadib Total ) si ay u sameeyaan shirkado ka shaqeeya, Abu Dhabi Marine Areas Ltd (ADMA) iyo Dubai Marine Areas Ltd (DUMA). Dhowr sahan oo saliidda hoosteeda ah ayaa la sameeyay, oo uu ku jiro mid uu hogaaminayo sahamiyaha caanka ah ee badda Jacques Cousteau . Sannadkii 1958-kii, riig sabeynayay ayaa laga soo jiiday Hamburg , Jarmalka , waxaana la dhigay sariirta Umm Shaif luul, oo ku taal biyaha Abu Dhabi, halkaas oo qodista laga bilaabay. Bishii Maarso, waxay ku dhufatay saliid samaynta dhagaxa sare ee Thamama. Tani waxay ahayd markii ugu horreysay ee la helo ganacsigii ugu horreeyay ee Xeebta Trucial, taasoo keentay dhoofinta ugu horreysa ee saliidda 1962. ADMA waxay sahan dheeraad ah ka samaysay Zakum iyo meelo kale, shirkado kale waxay sameeyeen ganacsiyo ganacsi sida saliidda Fateh ee Dubai iyo beerta Mubarak ee Sharjah (oo lala wadaago Iran). Dhanka kale, sahaminta xeebaha waxaa hor istaagay muran dhuleed. Sanadkii 1955, Boqortooyada Midowday (UK) waxay wakiil ka ahayd Abu Dhabi iyo Cumaan khilaafkii Sucuudiga ee ku saabsanaa Buraimi Oasis . Heshiis 1974 dhex maray Abu Dhabi iyo Sacuudi Carabiya ayaa u muuqday mid lagu xaliyay murankii xudduudda ee Abu Dhabi iyo Sacuudiga , laakiin tan lama ansixin. Xadka Imaaraadku la leeyahay Cumaan waxa la ansixiyay 2008. PDTC waxay sii waday sahaminta badda ee ka fog aagga lagu muransan yahay, iyada oo qoday shan godad oo kale oo iyaguna qalalan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, 27kii Oktoobar 1960, shirkaddu waxay heshay shidaal tiro ganacsi ah ceelka Murban No. 3 ee xeebta u dhow Tarif. Sannadkii 1962, PDTC waxay noqotay Shirkadda Shidaalka ee Abu Dhabi . Markii dakhliga saliidda uu kordhay, taliyaha Abu Dhabi, Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan , wuxuu qabtay barnaamij dhisme oo ballaaran, dhisidda dugsiyo, guriyeynta, isbitaallada, iyo waddooyinka. Markii dhoofinta saliidda ee Dubai la bilaabay 1969, Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum , oo ah taliyaha Dubai, wuxuu awooday inuu maalgeliyo dakhliga ka soo baxa kaydka xaddidan ee la helay si uu u kiciyo dhaqdhaqaaqa kala-duwan ee abuurista magaalada casriga ah ee caalamiga ah ee Dubai ===Madaxbanaanida=== [[File:Flag-hoisting at the Union Declaration.jpg|thumb|Sawir taariikhi ah oo muujinaya markii ugu horreysay oo madaxda imaaraadku ay ka taageen calanka Imaaraadka Carabta ee ku yaal Aqalka Midowga ee Dubai 2dii Disembar 1971]] Sannadkii 1966kii, waxa caddaatay in dawladda Ingiriisku aanay awood u lahayn inay maamusho oo ay ilaaliso Dawladaha Saxda ah , oo hadda loo yaqaan Imaaraadka Carabta. Xubnaha baarlamaanka Ingiriiska (MPs) ayaa ka dooday diyaargarowga ciidamada badda ee boqortooyada si ay u difaacaan sheekhyada . 24-kii Janaayo 1968, Ra'iisul Wasaarihii Ingiriiska Harold Wilson wuxuu ku dhawaaqay go'aanka dowladda, oo uu xaqiijiyay March 1971 Ra'iisul Wasaarihii Edward Heath , si loo soo afjaro xiriirka heshiiska ee toddobada sheekh ee dhabta ah. Maalmo ka dib markii lagu dhawaaqay, taliyaha Abu Dhabi, Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan , oo ka baqaya nuglaanshaha, ayaa isku dayay inuu ku qanciyo Ingiriiska si ay u ixtiraamaan heshiisyada ilaalinta isaga oo bixinaya kharashka buuxa ee ku haynta Ciidamada Qalabka Sida ee Ingiriiska ee Imaaraadka. Dawladda Ingiriiska ee muxaafidka ah ayaa diiday dalabkaas. Ka dib markii xildhibaanka xisbiga shaqaalaha Goronwy Roberts uu u sheegay Sheikh Zayed warka ka bixitaanka Ingiriiska, sagaalka sheekh ee Khaliijka Persian waxay isku dayeen inay sameeyaan midowga imaaradaha Carabta, laakiin bartamihii 1971 wali way awoodi waayeen inay ku heshiiyaan shuruudaha midowga inkastoo xiriirka heshiiska Ingiriiska uu dhacayo December ee sanadkaas. Cabsida nuglaanta ayaa la xaqiiqsaday maalin ka hor xornimada. Koox burburiye Iiraaniyiin ah ayaa ka jabtay dhoolatus ay ku sameynayeen gacanka hoose, iyagoo u shiraacday jasiiradaha Tunb . Jasiiradaha waxa lagu qabsaday xoog , shacab iyo difaacyo carbeed si isku mid ah ayaa loo ogolaaday inay cararaan. Markab dagaal oo Ingiriis ah ayaa istaagay intii uu socday duulaanka. Koox wax burburisa ayaa iyana u soo dhawaaday jasiiradda Abuu Muusa . Laakin halkaas, Sheikh Khalid bin Mohammed Al-Qasimi wuxuu horey ula xaajooday shahka Iran, jasiiradda ayaa si degdeg ah loogu kireeyay Iran $ 3 milyan sanadkii. Dhanka kale, Sacuudi Carabiya ayaa sheeganeysa in Abu Dhabi ay ku badan tahay. Waxay ahayd ilaa 1974kii markii heshiis xuduudeed lala saxeexday Sucuudiga, kaas oo si rasmi ah u calaamadaynaya soohdimaha u dhexeeya Imaaraadka iyo Sucuudiga. Dareenka Qatarta Imaaraatka ee Iran ayaa saameyn ku yeelatay taageeradii dhaqaale ee Ciraaq intii uu socday dagaalkii Iran iyo Ciraaq Asal ahaan loogu talagalay inay ka mid noqoto Isutagga Imaaraadka Carabta ee la soo jeediyay, Bahrain waxay xorowday bishii Agoosto, iyo Qatar Sebtembar 1971. Markii heshiiskii Sheikhdoms ee Ingiriiska iyo Ingiriiska uu dhacay 1dii Disembar 1971, labada imaaradoodba waxay noqdeen madax-bannaani buuxda. 2dii Diisambar 1971, lix ka mid ah imaaradaha (Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Sharjah, iyo Umm Al Quwain) waxay ogolaadeen inay galaan urur la magac baxay Imaaraadka Carabta. Ras al-Khaimah wuxuu ku biiray ka dib, 10 Janaayo 1972. Bishii Febraayo 1972, Golaha Qaranka ee Federaalka (FNC) ayaa la sameeyay; waxay ahayd gole la tashi oo ka kooban 40 xubnood oo ay soo magacaabeen todobada masuul. Imaaraadku wuxuu ku biiray Jaamacadda Carabta 6 December 1971 iyo Qaramada Midoobay 9 December. Waxay ahayd xubin aasaasi ah oo ka tirsan Golaha Iskaashiga Khaliijka bishii Maajo 1981, iyadoo Abu Dhabi ay martigelisay shirkii ugu horreeyay ee GCC . ===Aabayaashii asaasay=== Asaasayaashii Imaaraadka Carabta waxaa ka mid ahaa: Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan ee Abu Dhabi ; Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum ee Dubai ; Khaalid bin Muxammad Al Qasimi ee Sharjah ; Rashid bin Xumaid Al Nuaimi of Ajman ; Axmad bin Rashid Al Mucalla ee Umm Al Quwain ; Saqr bin Mohammed Al Qasimi of Ras Al Khaimah iyo Mohammed bin Hamad Al Sharqi of Fujairah . ===Xornimada ka dib=== [[File:Burj Khalifa (worlds tallest building) and the Dubai skyline (25781049892).jpg|thumb|Skyline ee Dubai]] Imaaraadku waxa uu taageeray hawlgallada milatari ee Maraykanka iyo dawladaha kale ee isbahaysiga ee ku hawlanaa dagaalkii khaliijka ee ka dhanka ahaa Saddam Hussein ee Baathist Ciraaq (1991), iyo sidoo kale hawlgallada taageeraya dagaalka caalamiga ah ee argagixisada Geeska Afrika ee saldhigga hawada ee Al Dhafra ee ku yaala meel ka baxsan Abu Dhabi. Saldhigga cirku wuxuu kaloo taageeray hawlgallada Isbahaysiga intii lagu jiray Dagaalkii Gacanka Faaris ee 1991 iyo Hawlgalkii Ilaalada Waqooyi . Wadanku waxa uu hore u saxeexay heshiis difaac milatari oo Maraykan ah 1994 iyo mid Faransiis ah 1995. Bishii Janaayo 2008, Faransiiska iyo UAE waxay saxiixeen heshiis u oggolaanaya Faransiiska inuu saldhig milatari oo joogto ah ka sameysto imaarada Abu Dhabi. Imaaraadku wuxuu ku biiray hawlgallada milatari ee caalamiga ah ee Liibiya Maarso 2011. 2-dii Noofambar 2004, madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee Imaaraadka, Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan , ayaa geeriyooday. Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan ayaa loo doortay madaxweynaha Imaaraadka Carabta . Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan ayaa xilka kala wareegay Sheikh Khalifa oo ah dhaxal sugaha Abu Dhabi. Bishii Janaayo 2006, Sheikh Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum , ra'iisul wasaarihii Imaaraadka iyo xaakimkii Dubai, ayaa dhintay, iyo Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum ayaa qaatay labada door. Doorashadii ugu horreysay ee heer qaran ah ayaa la qabtay 16kii Disembar 2006. Tiro codbixiyeyaal ah ayaa doortay kala bar xubnaha Golaha Qaranka ee Federaalka . Imaaraadku wuxuu si weyn uga badbaaday kacdoonkii Carabta , kaas oo ay dalal kale soo mareen; si kastaba ha ahaatee, 60 ka mid ah dhaq-dhaqaaqa Imaaraatka ee ka tirsan Al Islaax ayaa gacanta lagu dhigay, kuwaas oo lagu eedeyay in ay isku dayeen afgambi iyo isku daygii ay ku doonayeen in ay ku dhistaan ​​dowlad Islaami ah oo ka dhisan Imaaraadka. Anigoo ka duulaya mudaaharaadyadii ka dhacay Baxrayn ee u dhow, bishii Nofembar 2012 Imaaraadku wuxuu mamnuucay jeesjeeska khadka tooska ah ee dawladdiisa ama isku dayga lagu abaabulayo mudaharaadyada dadweynaha iyada oo loo marayo warbaahinta bulshada. Janaayo 29, 2020, Faafida COVID-19 ayaa la xaqiijiyay inuu gaaray Imaaraadka . Laba bilood ka dib, bishii Maarso, dawladdu waxay ku dhawaaqday xidhitaanka xarumaha dukaamaysiga, dugsiyada, iyo goobaha cibaadada, marka lagu daro soo rogida bandow 24 saacadood ah, iyo joojinta dhammaan duulimaadyada rakaabka ee Emirates . Tani waxay keentay hoos u dhac dhaqaale oo weyn, kaas oo aakhirkii horseeday inay midoobaan in ka badan 50% hay'adaha federaalka ee Imaaraadka Carabta . 29kii Agoosto 2020, Imaaraadku wuxuu xidhiidh diblomaasiyadeed oo caadi ah la samaystay Israa'iil , isagoo gacan ka helaya Maraykanka , waxay la saxeexdeen Baxreyn Heshiiskii Abraham 9kii Febraayo 2021, Imaaraadku wuxuu gaaray guul taariikhi ah markii baaritaankeedii, loogu magac daray Hope , uu si guul leh u gaaray meeraha Mars . Imaaraadku wuxuu noqday waddankii ugu horreeyay ee dunida Carabta ah ee gaadha Mars, waa waddankii shanaad ee si guul leh ku gaadhay Mars, iyo waddankii labaad, ka dib baadhitaan Hindi ah , si uu ugu wareego Mars isku daygii ugu horreeyay. 14 May 2022, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan ayaa loo doortay madaxweynaha cusub ee Imaaraadka kadib geeridii Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan ==Juqraafiga== [[File:Satellite image of United Arab Emirates in October.jpg|thumb|Sawirka dayax-gacmeedka ee Imaaraadka Carabta]] Imaaraadka Carabta waxa uu ku yaalaa Bariga Dhexe , waxa uu xad la leeyahay Gacanka Cumaan iyo Gacanka Faaris , waxa uu u dhexeeyaa Cumaan iyo Sucuudiga ; waxa ay ku taal meel istaraatiiji ah oo in yar ka xigta marin biyoodka Hormuz , oo ah marin muhiim u ah saliida cayriin ee aduunka . UAE waxay u dhaxaysaa 22°30' iyo 26°10' waqooyi loolka iyo inta u dhaxaysa 51° iyo 56°25′ east longitude. Waxay xuduud dhan 530 kiiloomitir (330 mi) la wadaagtaa Sucuudiga galbeed, koonfur, iyo koonfur-bari, iyo 450 kiiloomitir (280 mi) oo xuduud ah oo ay la leedahay Cumaan ee koonfur-bari iyo waqooyi-bari. Soohdinta dhulka ee Qatar ee aagga Khor Al Cadaaid waa qiyaastii sagaal iyo toban kiiloomitir (12 mayl) ee waqooyi-galbeed; si kastaba ha ahaatee, waa isha khilaaf joogta ah . Ka dib bixitaankii millatari ee Ingiriisku ka baxay Imaaraadka sannadkii 1971-kii, lagana aasaasay dawlad cusub, Imaaraadku waxa ay sheegteen jasiiradaha Abu Muusa ee ay Iiraan gumaysan jirtay iyo Tunbiyada Weyn iyo tan ka yarba, markii ay Iran qabsatay intii uu Ingiriisku xukumayay, taas oo keentay in Iiraan la isku haysto oo aan weli xal loo helin. Imaaraadku sidoo kale wuxuu ku muransan yahay sheegashada jasiiradaha kale ee ka dhanka ah dawladda ay jaarka yihiin ee Qatar. Imaaradda ugu weyn, Abu Dhabi , waxay ka dhigan tahay 87% bedka guud ee Imaaraadka, 67,340 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (26,000 sq mi). Imaarada ugu yar, Ajman , waxa ay ka kooban tahay 259 km2 ( 100 sq mi). Xeebta Imaaraadku waxay fidsan tahay ku dhawaad ​​650 km (404 mi) oo ku teedsan xeebta koonfureed ee Gacanka Faaris , oo ay muddo kooban hakisay meel go'doonsan oo ka tirsan Saldanada Cumaan. Lix ka mid ah imaaradaha waxay ku yaalliin gacanka Faaris, ta toddobaadna, Fujairah, waxay ku taal xeebta bari ee jasiiradda iyadoo si toos ah u gelaysa Gacanka Cumaan. Inta badan xeebta waxay ka kooban tahay weel milix ah oo fidsan 8-10 km (5.0-6.2 mi) gudaha gudaha. Dekadda ugu weyn ee dabiiciga ahi waxay ku taal Dubai, in kasta oo dekedo kale lagu jeexjeexay Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, iyo meelo kale. Jasiirado badan ayaa laga helaa Gacanka Faaris, lahaanshaha qaar ka mid ahina waxay ahayd mawduuc muran caalami ah oo ka dhexeeya Iran iyo Qatar labadaba . Jasiiradaha yaryar, iyo sidoo kale dhul-badeedyo badan oo shacaab ah iyo bacaad-is-beddelasho, ayaa khatar ku ah socodka. Mawjadaha xooggan iyo dabaylaha mararka qaarkood waxay sii adkeeyaan dhaqdhaqaaqa markabka ee u dhow xeebta. Imaaraadku wuxuu kaloo leeyahay fidsan xeebta Al Bāţinah ee Gacanka Cumaan. Jasiiradda Musandam , oo ah cidhifka Carabta ee marin biyoodka Hormuz, iyo Madha waa dhulkii Cumaan ee ay kala qaybiyeen Imaaraadku. [[File:View from Jebel Jais - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Waddooyinka taga Jebel Jais , buurta ugu dheer Imaaraadka (1,892 m), ee Ras Al Khaimah]] Koonfurta iyo galbeedka Abu Dhabi, godad bacaad ah oo rogrogan ayaa ku biiraya Rub al-Khali (Qarter Madhan) ee Sucuudiga. Meesha saxaraha ah ee Abu Dhabi waxaa ku jira laba oases oo muhiim ah oo leh biyo ku filan oo dhulka hoostiisa ah oo loogu talagalay degsiimooyinka joogtada ah iyo beerashada. Liwa Oasis oo ballaadhan waxa ay ku taal koonfurta oo u dhaw xuduudka aan la cayimin ee Sucuudiga. Qiyaastii 100 km (62 mi) waqooyi-bari ee Liwa waa Al-Buraimi oasis, kaas oo ku fidsan labada dhinac ee xudduudda Abu Dhabi iyo Cumaan. Harada Zakher ee Al Ain waa haro bini'aadanku sameeyay oo u dhow xudduudda Cumaan taas oo laga sameeyay biyo wasakh ah oo la daweeyay. Kahor inta aysan ka bixin aaggaas 1971-kii, Ingriisku wuxuu xadeeyay xudduudaha gudaha ee toddobada imaaradood si ay uga hor-tagaan murannada dhuleed ee carqaladayn kara samaynta federaalka. Guud ahaan madaxda imaaraadku waxay aqbaleen faragelintii Ingriiska, laakiin marka la eego muranka xuduudeed ee u dhexeeya Abu Dhabi iyo Dubai, iyo sidoo kale Dubai iyo Sharjah, sheegashooyinka iska soo horjeeda lama xalin ilaa markii Imaaraadku xoroobay. Soohdimaha ugu murugsan waxay ahaayeen buuraha Hajar-galbeed , halkaas oo shan ka mid ah imaaradaha ay ku muransanaayeen in ka badan toban deegaan ===Kala duwanaanshaha noolaha=== [[File:1501200713074 Acacia tortilis.jpg|thumb |Geedaha Acacia ee ka baxa xaafado saxare ah oo u dhow Fujairah]] Imaaraadku wuxuu ka kooban yahay dhulalka soo socda ee dhulalka: Al-Hajar montane dhulalka iyo dhirta geedaha, Gacanka Cumaan ee saxaraha ah iyo saxaraha-yar , iyo Al-Hajar foothill xeric geedo iyo geedo yaryar . Geeduhu waxay koraan timirta , qudhacyada , iyo geedaha eucalyptus . Saxaraha dhexdiisa, flora waa mid aad u yar oo ka kooban caws iyo geedo qodax leh. Xayawaanka wadaniga ah ayaa ku dhawaaday inay dabar go’aan sababtoo ah ugaarsi xooggan, taas oo keentay barnaamij lagu ilaalinayo Jasiiradda Sir Bani Yas oo uu bilaabay Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan 1970-meeyadii, taasoo keentay badbaadada, tusaale ahaan, Oryx Carabta , Geela Carabta , iyo shabeelka . Kalluunka xeebaha iyo naasleyda ayaa ka kooban inta badan mackerel , kalluun , iyo tuna , iyo sidoo kale shark iyo nibiriyada. ===Cimilada=== Cimilada Imaaraadku waa dhul-kuleelo-hoosaad oomane leh xagaaga kulayl iyo jiilaal diiran. Cimilada waxaa loo kala saaraa cimilo saxare ah. Bilaha ugu kulul waa Julaay iyo Agoosto, marka celceliska heerkulka ugu sarreeya uu gaaro 45 °C (113 °F) ee bannaanka xeebta . Buuraha Xajar, heerkulku aad buu u hooseeyaa, taasoo ka dhalatay kor u kaca. Celceliska heerkulka ugu yar bilaha January iyo February waa inta u dhaxaysa 10 iyo 14 °C (50 iyo 57 °F). Inta lagu jiro bilaha xagaaga dambe, dabaysha qoyan ee koonfur bari ee loo yaqaan Sharqi (ie "Easterner") ayaa gobolka xeebta ka dhigta mid aan wanaagsanayn. Celceliska roobabka sanadlaha ah ee aagga xeebuhu waxa ay ka yar yihiin 120 mm (4.7 in), laakiin meelaha buuraleyda ah qaarkood roobabka sannadlaha ahi waxa ay gaadhaan 350 mm (13.8 in). Roobabka ka da'a gobolka xeebta ayaa si kooban u da'a, roobab mahiigaan ah ayaa dillaaca bilaha jiilaalka, mararka qaarkoodna ay sababaan daadad ku soo rogmado sariiraha wabiyada ee sida caadiga ah qalalan . Gobolku wuxuu u nugul yahay marmar, duufaanno boodh rabshado wata , kuwaas oo si ba'an u yarayn kara aragtida. 28kii Diseembar 2004, baraf ayaa laga duubay UAE markii ugu horeysay, oo ku yaal kooxda buurta Jebel Jais ee Ras al-Khaimah. Dhawr sano ka dib, waxaa la arkay baraf iyo roobdhagaxyaale badan. Kooxda buurta Jebel Jais waxa soo maray baraf kaliya laba jeer tan iyo markii la bilaabay diiwaanada. ==Dowladda iyo siyaasadda== [[File:His Highness Sheikh Mohammed Bin Zayed Al Nahyan, at Hyderabad House, in New Delhi on February 11, 2016.jpg|thumb|Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan madaxwayne ilaa 2022]] [[File:Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum (15-02-2021) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Mohammed Rashid Al MaktoumRaiisel wasaare iyo madaxwayne ku xigeen ilaa 2006]] ===Dowladda=== Imaaraatka Carabta waa boqortooyo dastuuri ah oo federaal ah oo ka kooban federaal ka kooban todobo qabiil oo la iska dhaxlo oo la iska dhaxlo unugyo siyaasadeed oo la yiraahdo Shiikhdoms . Waxaa maamula Gole Sare oo Federaal ah oo ka kooban Sheikhyada Abu Dhabi , Ajman , Fujairah , Sharjah , Dubai , Ras Al Khaimah , iyo Umm Al Quwain . Dhammaan mas'uuliyadaha aan la siin dowladda federaalka waxay ku kooban yihiin imaaradaha gaarka ah. Boqolkiiba dakhliga imaarad kasta waxaa loo qoondeeyay miisaaniyadda dhexe ee UAE. Imaaraadku wuxuu adeegsadaa magaca Sheekh halkii Amiir si uu ula jeedo madaxda imaaradaha gaarka ah. Ciwaanka waxaa loo adeegsadaa nidaamka maamul ee u qaabaysan sheekhnimada iyadoo la raacayo dhaqanka qabaa'ilka Carabta , halkaasoo Sheekh uu ula jeedo hoggaamiye, oday, ama caaqilka qabiilka oo ka qayb qaata go'aan qaadashada la wadaago xertiisa. Madaxweynaha iyo ku xigeenkiisa waxaa dooranaya Golaha Sare ee Federaalka . Caadi ahaan, Madaxa qoyska Al Nahyan , ee fadhigoodu yahay Abu Dhabi, ayaa haya madaxweynaha iyo madaxa qoyska Al Maktoum , oo fadhigiisu yahay Dubai, ra'iisul wasaaraha. Dhammaan ra'iisul wasaarayaasha mid ka mid ah ayaa isla markaa noqday madaxweyne ku xigeen. Dawladda federaalku waxay ka kooban tahay saddex qaybood: Sharci-dejin : Gole Sare oo Federaal ah oo aan hal aqal ahayn iyo Golaha Qaranka ee Federaalka ee la-talinta (FNC). Fulinta : Madaxweynaha , ahna taliyaha guud ee ciidamada, ra'iisul wasaaraha , iyo golaha wasiirada . Garsoorka : Maxkamadda Sare iyo Maxkamadaha hoose ee federaalka [[File:Palacio Presidencial de los Emiratos, sede del Poder Ejecutivo Nacional..jpg|thumb |]] Dawlada Imaaraatka e-Government waa kordhinta dawlada dhexe ee UAE qaab elegroonig ah. Golaha Wasiirrada ee UAE ( Af-Carabi : مجلس الوزراء ) waa laanta fulinta ee dawladda uu hogaamiyo ra'iisul wasaaruhu. Ra'iisul wasaaraha oo uu soo magacaabo Golaha Sare ee Federaalka , ayaa magacaabaya wasiirrada. Golaha Wasiirada ayaa ka kooban 22 xubnood, waxaana ay maamulaan dhammaan arrimaha gudaha iyo dibadda ee Federaalka sida uu qabo sharciga dastuuriga ah iyo federaalka. Bishii Diseembar 2019, Imaaraadku wuxuu noqday dalka keliya ee Carbeed, iyo mid ka mid ah shanta waddan ee adduunka, si ay u helaan sinnaanta jinsiga ee hay'ad sharci-dejineed oo qaran, iyada oo aqalkeeda hoose 50 boqolkiiba haween ah. Imaaraadku waa dalka kaliya ee adduunka ee leh Wasaaradda Dulqaadka , Wasaaradda Farxadda , iyo Wasaaradda Sirdoonka Artificial. Imaaraadku waxa kale oo uu leeyahay wasaarad muuqaal ah oo lagu magacaabo Wasaaradda suurtagalka ah, oo loogu talagalay in lagu xalliyo caqabadaha iyo horumarinta tayada nolosha. Imaaraadku waxa kale oo uu leeyahay Golaha Dhallinyarada Qaranka , kaas oo uu ku matalo golaha wasiirrada UAE Wasiirka Dhallinyarada. Hay’adda sharci-dejinta ee Imaaraadka waa Golaha Qaranka ee Federaalka oo qabanqaabiya doorashooyin dalka oo dhan afartii sanaba mar. FNC waxay ka kooban tahay 40 xubnood oo laga soo kala xulay imaaradaha oo dhan. Imaaraad kasta waxaa loo qoondeeyay kuraas gaar ah si loo xaqiijiyo matalaad buuxda. Kala badh waxaa soo magacaabaya saldanada Imaaraatka ka dhisan, halka qeybta kalena ay soo doorteen tiro yar oo Imaaraat ah, oo hadda ah 33%, oo ay soo xulaan madaxda imaaraad kasta.Sharci ahaan, xubnaha golaha waa in ay si siman u qaybsadaan ragga iyo dumarka. FNC waxay ku xaddidan tahay door wada tashi ah . Imaaraatka Carabta waa boqortooyo federaal ah oo kali talis ah . Sida laga soo xigtay New York Times , Imaaraadku waa "ka-talisnimo leh dhalasho horumar, dawlad casri ah". Imaaraatka waxa lagu tilmaamay inay tahay "Qabiil madax-bannaani" halkaasoo toddobada boqortooyo ee ka kooban yahay ay hoggaamiyaan saldanad qabiil oo hab iskeed u madaxbannaan. Ma jiraan hay'ado si dimoqraadi ah loo soo doortay, mana jirto ballanqaad rasmi ah oo ku aaddan xorriyadda hadalka. Sida laga soo xigtay ururada xuquuqul insaanka, waxaa jira xad-gudubyo nidaamsan oo xuquuqul insaanka, oo ay ku jiraan jirdilka iyo waayitaanka qasabka ah ee dhaleeceynta dowladda. Imaaraadku wuxuu ku liitaa tusaha xorriyadda ee cabbiraya xorriyadaha madaniga ah iyo xuquuqda siyaasadeed . Imaaraadku sannad walba waxa lagu qiimeeyaa "Non Free" warbixinta sannadlaha ah ee Freedom House 's Freedom in the World , taas oo cabbiraysa xorriyadaha madaniga ah iyo xuquuqda siyaasadeed. Imaaraadku sidoo kale wuxuu ku jiraa meel aad u liidata tusmada xorriyadda saxaafadda ee suxufiyiinta aan xuduudda lahayn . Tusaha isbeddelka Bertelsmann wuxuu UAE ku sifeeyaa "Boqortooyo dhexdhexaad ah". Dalku waxa uu ku jiray 91 ka mid ah 137 dawladood waxana uu aad uga hooseeyaa celceliska dhibcaha horumarka ee dimuqraadiyadda. Marka loo eego 2023 V-Dem Democracy tusaha , Isutagga Imaaraatka Carabta waa dalka saddexaad ee ugu dimuqraadiga yar Bariga Dhexe . ===Qaybaha maamulka=== Imaaraadka Carabta waxa uu ka kooban yahay todobo imaaradood. Imaaradda Dubia waa imaaradaha ugu dadka badan oo leh 35.6% dadweynaha Imaaraadka. Emirate -ka Abu Dhabi waxa uu haystaa 31.2%, taasoo la macno ah in saddex meelood laba meel dadka Imaaraadka ay ku nool yihiin Abu Dhabi ama Dubai midkood. Abu Dhabi waxa ay leedahay bed dhan 67,340 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (26,000 square miles), taas oo ah 86.7% bedka guud ee dalka, marka laga reebo jasiiradaha. Waxay leedahay xeeb dhererkeedu ka badan yahay 400 km (250 mi) waxayna u qaybsantaa arrimo maamul saddex gobol oo waaweyn. Imaaradda Dubai waxay ku fidsan tahay xeebta Gacanka Faaris ee Imaaraadka ilaa 72 km (45 mi). Dubia waxay leedahay bed dhan 3,885 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (1,500 square miles), oo u dhiganta 5% bedka guud ee dalka, marka laga reebo jasiiradaha. Imaarada Sharjah waxay ku fidsan tahay qiyaastii 16 km (10 mayl) ee xeebta Gacanka Faaris ee Imaaraadka Carabta iyo in ka badan 80 km (50 mi) gudaha. Imaarada waqooyi oo ay ku jiraan Fujairah, Ajman, Ras al-Khaimah, iyo Umm al-Qaiwain dhamaantood waxay leeyihiin bedka guud ee 3,881 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (1,498 mayl laba jibaaran). Waxaa jira laba aag oo si wadajir ah loo maamulo. Mid waxaa si wadajir ah u maamula Cumaan iyo Ajman, ka kalena Fujairah iyo Sharjah. Waxaa jira carro weyn oo Cumaan ah oo uu ku hareereysan yahay dhulka Imaaraadka Carabta, oo loo yaqaan Wadi Madha . Waxay ku taallaa kala badh u dhexeeya Jasiiradda Musandam iyo Cumaan inteeda kale ee Imaarada Sharjah . Waxay daboolaysaa qiyaastii 75 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (29 mayl laba jibaaran) xuduuda waxaa la dejiyay 1969. Geeska waqooyi-bari ee Madha ayaa ugu dhow wadada Khor Fakkan-Fujairah, oo u jirta 10 mitir (33 cagood). Dhulka Cumaan ee Madha, waxaa ku yaal carro Imaaraatka oo lagu magacaabo Nahwa , oo sidoo kale iska leh imaarada Sharjah. Waxay qiyaastii siddeed kiiloomitir (5.0 mayl) u jirtaa waddo wasakh ah oo galbeed ka xigta magaalada New Madha. Waxay ka kooban tahay ilaa afartan guri oo leh rug caafimaad iyo telefoon isweydaarsi u gaar ah ===Xiriirka dibadda=== [[File:President Trump and The First Lady Participate in an Abraham Accords Signing Ceremony (50346677397).jpg|thumb|Wasiirka Arrimaha Dibadda ee Emirate-ka Carabta Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan (midigta fog) markii uu saxiixay heshiiskii Abraham]] Imaaraadka Carabta ayaa xiriir diblomaasiyadeed iyo mid ganacsi oo ballaaran la leh inta badan dalalka iyo xubnaha Qaramada Midoobay . Waxay kaalin mug leh ka ciyaartaa OPEC , waxayna ka mid tahay xubnihii aasaasay Golaha Iskaashiga Khaliijka (GCC). Imaaraadku waa xubin ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay iyo dhowr hay'adood oo gaar ah ( ICAO , ILO , UPU , WHO , WIPO ), iyo sidoo kale Bankiga Adduunka , IMF , Jaamacadda Carabta , Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka (OIC) iyo Dhaqdhaqaaqa aan Isbahaysiga ahayn . Sidoo kale, waa goobjooge ka tirsan Ururka Internationale de la Francophonie . Waddamada intooda badan waxay xafiisyo diblomaasiyadeed ku leeyihiin caasimadda Abu Dhabi iyadoo qunsuliyadaha ugu badani ay ku yaalliin magaalada ugu weyn Imaaraadka Carabta, Dubai . Xidhiidhka arrimaha dibadda ee Imaaraatka waxa si weyn u dhiirigeliya aqoonsiga iyo xidhiidhka dalalka Carabta . Isutagga Imaaraatka Carabta waxay xidhiidh adag la leedahay Bahrain, China, Egypt, France, India, Jordan, Pakistan, Russia, Saudi Arabia, and the United States. Ka dib ka bixitaankii Ingiriiska ee Imaaraadka 1971 iyo aasaaskii Imaaraadku dawlad ahaan, Imaaraadku waxay ku murmeen xuquuqaha saddex jasiiradood oo ku yaal Gacanka Faaris oo ka dhan ah Iran, oo kala ah Abu Musa , Tunb weyn , iyo Tunb yar . Imaaraatka Carabta ayaa isku dayay in ay arintaan geeyaan maxkamada caalamiga ah ee cadaalada , balse Iran ayaa ku gacan seyrtay fikradaas. Pakistan waxay ahayd waddankii ugu horreeyay ee si rasmi ah u aqoonsada Imaaraadka Carabta markii la dhisay. Imaaraadka Carabta oo ay weheliyaan dalal badan oo Bariga Dhexe iyo Afrikaan ah ayaa xiriirka diblomaasiyadeed u jaray Qatar bishii Juun 2017 sababo la xiriira eedeymaha Qatar ee ah in Qatar ay tahay dowlad taageerta argagixisada , taasoo keentay xiisadda diblomaasiyadeed ee Qatar . Xidhiidhka ayaa dib loo soo celiyay bishii Janaayo 2021. Imaaraadku wuxuu aqoonsaday Israa'iil Agoosto 2020, isagoo gaadhay heshiis nabadeed oo taariikhi ah oo Israa'iil iyo Isutagga Imaaraadka Carabta ah oo horseedaya in si buuxda loo caadiyeeyo xidhiidhka labada waddan. ===Milatari=== [[File:Baynunah-class corvette Al Dhafra P-173 at NAVDEX.JPG|thumb|Baynunah -class corvette ee ciidamada badda ee Imaaraadka Carabta]] [[File:F-16e block60.jpg|thumb |F-16 Desert Falcon ee Ciidanka Cirka ee Imaaraadka Carabta]] Ciidamada Imaaraatka Carabta ayaa ka kooban 44,000 oo askari oo firfircoon , 2,500 oo askari iyo 46 markab oo ciidamada badda ah , 4,500 askari iyo 386 diyaaradood oo ciidamada cirka ah iyo 12,000 oo askari oo ka tirsan ciidamada ilaalada madaxtooyada . 2022 wadanku waxa uu ku kharash gareeyay US$20.4 bilyan difaaca, taas oo ah 4% GDP. Imaaraatka Carabta ayaa lagu tiriyaa in uu yahay kan ugu awooda badan dhanka ciidamada wadamada Khaliijka.  In kasta oo markii hore ay tiro yaraayeen, ciidamada qalabka sida ee Imaaraadku aad ayay u kordheen sannadihii la soo dhaafay, waxaana hadda lagu qalabeeyay qaar ka mid ah hababka hubka ee ugu casrisan, oo laga soo iibsaday dalal kala duwan oo militariga reer galbeedka ah, oo ay ugu horreeyaan Faransiiska, Mareykanka, iyo UK. Saraakiisha badankoodu waa kuwa ka qalin jabiyay Akadeemiyada Militariga Boqortooyada Ingiriiska ee Sandhurst , iyadoo qaar kalena ay ka soo baxeen Akadeemiyada Militariga Mareykanka ee West Point , Royal Military College, Duntroon ee Australia, iyo St Cyr , akadeemiyada militariga ee Faransiiska. Faransiiska iyo Maraykanku waxay ciyaareen doorarka istaraatiijiyadeed ee ugu muhiimsan heshiisyada iskaashiga difaaca iyo bixinta agab milatari.  Qaar ka mid ah ciidamada Imaaraatka Carabta la geeyay waxaa ka mid ah guuto lugta ah oo ka tirsan ciidamada Qaramada Midoobay ee UNOSOM II ee Soomaaliya 1993, guutadii 35aad ee Mechanized Infantry ee Soomaaliya, Kosovo , guutooyin u socday Kuwait intii uu socday dagaalkii Ciraaq , howlgalladii miino baarista ee Lubnaan , Howlgalka Xoreynta Afgaanistaan , Faragelinta Mareykanka uu hoggaamiyo ee Liibiya , faragelintii Yemen ee uu hoggaamiyo Mareykanka iyo Suuriya . Doorka ciidan ee fir fircoon ee wax ku oolka ah, inkastoo ay yar yihiin shaqaale firfircoon, ayaa keentay in millatariga Imaaraatka lagu naanayso "Little Sparta" ee Generalada Ciidamada Qalabka Sida ee Mareykanka iyo xoghayihii hore ee difaaca Mareykanka James Mattis .  Imaaraadku wuxuu soo farageliyay dagaalka sokeeye ee Liibiya si uu u taageero General Khalifa Haftar ee Ciidanka Qaranka Liibiya ee dagaalka kula jira dawladda caalamku aqoonsan yahay ee Axdiga Qaranka (GNA).  Tusaalooyinka hantida militariga ee la geeyay waxaa ka mid ah fulinta aagga duulimaadka ka caagan ee Liibiya iyadoo loo dirayo lix UAEAF F-16 iyo lix Mirage 2000 oo ah diyaaradaha dagaalka ee doorka badan ,  ciidamo dhulka ah oo la geynayo Afgaanistaan, 30 UAEAF F -16s iyo ciidamada dhulka ee la geeyay Koonfurta Yemen bartilmaameedyada Suuriya.  Imaaraadku waxa uu bilaabay soo saarista tiro badan oo qalab milatari ah, si loo yareeyo ku tiirsanaanta shisheeye iyo caawinta warshadaha qaranka. Tusaalooyinka horumarinta millatariga qaranka waxaa ka mid ah shirkadda Abu Dhabi Shipbuilding (ADSB), oo soo saarta maraakiib kala duwan oo qandaraasle ah oo ku jira Barnaamijka Baynunah , barnaamij lagu naqshadeeyo, horumarinta, iyo soo saarista corvettes ee loogu talagalay hawlgalka biyaha gacmeed ee Gacanka Faaris . Imaaraadku waxa kale oo uu soo saarayaa hubka iyo rasaasta Caracal International , gaadiidka dagaalka ee Nimr LLC , iyo diyaaradaha aan duuliyaha lahayn ee si wada jir ah u soo saara shirkadda Imaaraad ee Difaaca Warshadaha . Imaaraadku waxa uu ka shaqeeyaa General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon F-16E Block 60 nooc gaar ah oo si aan rasmi ahayn loo yaqaan " Desert Falcon ", oo ay soo saartay General Dynamics oo kaashanaysa Imaaraadka Carabta iyo gaar ahaan Ciidanka Cirka ee Imaaraadka Carabta . Ciidanka Isutagga Imaaraatka Carabta ayaa ka shaqeeya taangiga Leclerc oo la habeeyey waana ta kaliya ee ka shaqeysa taangiga marka laga reebo Ciidanka Faransiiska. Bandhigga ugu weyn ee difaaca iyo shirka Bariga Dhexe, Bandhigga Difaaca Caalamiga ah , wuxuu ka dhacaa Abu Dhabi sannadkiiba mar. Imaaraadku wuxuu soo rogay adeeg ciidan oo qasab ah ragga qaangaarka ah, tan iyo 2014-kii, muddo 16 bilood ah si loo ballaariyo ciidamadooda kaydka ah. Khasaaraha nafeed ee ugu badan taariikhda ciidamada Imaaraatka Carabta ayaa dhacay Jimcihii 4-tii Sebtembar 2015, kaas oo 52 askari lagu dilay deegaanka Marib ee bartamaha Yaman oo loo adeegsaday gantaal Tochka ah oo lala beegsaday kayd hub ah oo sababay qarax weyn ===Sharciga=== [[File:Police helicopter at sunset (Unsplash).jpg|thumb |Diyaarad Helicopter ah oo Bilayska Dubai ah oo ku duulaysa qorrax dhaca]] Isutagga Imaaraadka Carabta waxa ay leedahay nidaam maxkamadeed oo federaal ah, imaaradaha Abu Dhabi , Dubai , iyo Ras Al Khaimah sidoo kale waxay leeyihiin habab maxkamadeed oo maxalli ah. Nidaamka garsoorka Imaaraadku waxa uu ka soo jeedaa nidaamka sharciga madaniga ah iyo shareecada . Nidaamka maxkamaduhu wuxuu ka kooban yahay maxkamadaha madaniga ah iyo maxkamadaha shareecada. Maxkamadaha shareecada islaamku waxay leeyihiin awood gaar ah arimaha sharciga qoyska muslimka ah, halka maxkamadaha madaniga ahi ay qabtaan dhamaan arimaha kale ee sharciga ah. Ilaa Sebtembar 2020, ciqaabta jidhku hadda ma ahan qaab ciqaabeed sharci ah sida uu dhigayo sharciga federaalka UAE. Sida ku cad wareegtada, qaababka sharciga ah ee ciqaabtu waa aargoosiga iyo bixinta lacagta dhiigga, ciqaabta dilka, xabsi daa'im, xabsi ku meel gaar ah, xarig aan xad lahayn, iyo ganaaxyo. Qodobka 1aad ee Xeerka Ciqaabta Federaalka waxa wax laga beddelay 2020 si uu u sheego in Shareecada Islaamku ay khusayso oo keliya ciqaabta magta iyo dhiigga; Horey maqaalku wuxuu u sheegay in " sharciga Islaamka lagu dabaqi doono dembiyada ciqaabta caqiidada, ciqaabta ciqaabta iyo lacagta dhiigga." Kahor 2020, karbaashka , dhagxaanta , goynta , iyo iskutallaabta waxay ahaayeen ciqaabo farsamo oo sharci ah dembiyada dembiyada sida sinada , galmada ka hor , iyo isticmaalka daroogada ama khamriga. Taariikhda dhow, Imaaraadku wuxuu ku dhawaaqay inuu doonayo inuu u dhaqaaqo xeer sharci oo dulqaad badan, iyo inuu meesha ka saaro ciqaabta jirka guud ahaan si loo helo ciqaab gaar ah. Iyadoo sharciyada khamriga iyo wada-noolaanshaha la sii daayay ka hor 2020 World Expo , sharciyada Imaaraadku waxay noqdeen kuwo si isa soo taraysa loo aqbali karo booqdayaasha ka imanaya wadamada aan muslimka ahayn. [[File:Dubai Police at work (12385410394) (cropped).jpg|thumb |Mootada Baabuurta sare ee Booliska Dubai ee Jumeirah Road]] Maxkamadaha shareecada islaamku waxay leeyihiin awood gaar ah oo ku saabsan arrimaha sharciga qoyska Muslimka sida guurka, furriinka, xannaanaynta carruurta, iyo dhaxalka.  Haweenka Muslimiinta ah waa inay ka helaan ogolaansho nin mas'uul ah si ay u guursadaan oo ay dib u guursadaan. Shuruuddan waxa ay ka timid shareecada shareecada waxana ay ahayd sharci federaal ah ilaa 2005 . Qurbajoogta aan Muslimka ahayn waxay mas'uul ka ahaayeen xukunnada shareecada ee guurka, furriinka, xannaanada carruurta, iyo dhaxalka, si kastaba ha ahaatee, sharciga federaalka ayaa la bedelay si loo soo bandhigo sharciga sharciga shakhsi ahaaneed ee aan shareecada ahayn ee dadka aan muslimka ahayn. Dhowaan, imaaradda Abu Dhabi waxay furtay maxkamad qoys oo sharciga madaniga ah oo loogu talagalay dadka aan muslimka ahayn waxayna Dubai ku dhawaaqday in dadka aan muslimka ahayn ay dooran karaan guurka madaniga ah.  Riddada waa fal-dembiyeed farsamo ahaan weyn oo Imaaraadka ka jira, si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma jiraan kiisas la diiwaangeliyay oo murtad lagu fuliyay. caydu waa sharci darro; Qurbajoogta ku lug leh aflagaadada Islaamka ayaa mas'uul ka ah masaafurinta. Sodomigu waa sharci darro waxaana lagu ciqaabayaa ugu yaraan 6 bilood oo xadhig ah ama ganaax ama labadaba, laakiin sharciga ma khuseeyo "marka laga reebo cabasho ka timid ninka ama mas'uulka sharciga ah", laakiin ciqaabta waa la laali karaa haddii cabashada la dhaafo.  Sannadkii 2013-kii, nin Imaaraati ah ayaa lagu soo oogay dacwad isaga oo lagu eedeeyay "gacan qaadka".  Sababo la xiriira kastamka maxalliga ah, bandhigga kalgacalka dadweynaha ee meelaha caamka ah qaarkood waa sharci-darro waxayna keeni kartaa in la masaafuriyo , laakiin gacmaha is-qabsiga waa loo dul-qaadanayaa.  Qurbajoogtii Dubai ayaa loo tarxiilay dhunkashada meel fagaare ah. Marar badan, maxkamadaha Imaaraadku waxay xidheen dumar soo sheegay kufsi. Sharciga federaalka ee UAE ayaa mamnuucaya in lagu dhaariyo baraha bulshada.  Qoob ka ciyaarka dhexdiisa waa sharci darro gudaha UAE.  Bishii Noofambar 2020, UAE waxay ku dhawaaqday inay mamnuucday khamriga, waxay qaadday mamnuucidda lammaanaha aan isqabin ee wada nool, waxayna soo afjartay ciqaabta naxariista leh ee dilka sharafta . Ajaanibta ku nool Imaaraadka ayaa loo ogolaaday inay raacaan sharciga dalkooda hooyo ee ku saabsan furriinka iyo dhaxalka.  Inkasta oo sharciyada shareecada ee xaddidaya qalabka khamaarka iyo mishiinnada UAE, waddanku wuxuu siiyay shatiga ganacsigiisa ugu horreeya ee ganacsiga Wynn Resorts kaas oo horumarinaya dalxiis qaali ah, oo ay ku jiraan 224.000 sq ft (20.800 m 2 ) qaybta casino, ee Al Marjan Island ee Ras Al Khaimah . Bishii Sebtembar 2023, Imaaraadku wuxuu aasaasay Maamulka Guud ee Ciyaaraha Ganacsiga ee Ganacsiga (GCGRA), isagoo ka dhawaajiyay qorshihiisa sharciyaynta khamaarka . GCGRA waxay qeexday qaab-dhismeed dhamaystiran oo ay ku jiraan shatiyada casinos, mashiinnada booska , iyo miisaska turubka , iyo sidoo kale bakhtiyaa-nasiibka , ciyaaraha internetka , iyo wagering isboortiga. GCGRA waxay xooga saartaa ciyaaraha masuuliyada leh, waxay u baahan tahay hawl wadeenada inay hirgaliyaan barnaamijyada ciyaaraha ee mas'uul ka ah bulshada oo ay maraan xisaab hubin labadii sanaba mar. Barnaamijyadan waxaa ka mid ah waxbarashada cayaartoyga, suuqgeyn mas'uul ka ah, tababarka shaqaalaha, iyo qorshayaasha qiimeynta si loo cabbiro waxtarkooda. Hawl wadeenada ciyaaraha waa in ay ku lahaadaan "sharaf u qalma" gudaha UAE, oo lagu qeexay shirkad kasta oo UAE ah oo hawlo ganacsi oo la taaban karo ku leh xukunka. GCGRA waxa kale oo ay amar ku bixisaa qalabka maaraynta ciyaartoyga, oo ay ku jiraan xadaynta deebaajiga iyo wakhtiyada qaboojinta ciyaaraha khadka tooska ah.  Shatiga ugu horreeya ee bakhtiyaanasiibka waxaa la siiyay Game LLC, oo hoos yimaada calanka 'UAE Lottery'. Tallaabadan ayaa ka sarraysa hawl-wadeennada bakhtiyaanasiibka sida Mahzooz iyo Big Ticket, kuwaas oo aan hadda si sharci ah loo oggolayn inay bixiyaan adeegyadooda. Ciyaartoyda waxaa looga baahan yahay inay la xiriiraan hawl wadeenada ciyaaraha shatiga leh si ay uga fogaadaan ganaaxyada daran. Xeerarka ayaa sidoo kale qeexaya in hawl-wadeenadu ay awood u siiyaan ciyaartoydu inay iska xakameeyaan goobaha ciyaaraha ee khadka ah ugu yaraan 72 saacadood marka la codsado. Tani waa qayb ka mid ah hindisaha ballaadhan ee lagu xaqiijinayo ammaan iyo mas'uul ka ah jawiga ciyaaraha ganacsiga ee UAE. Talaabada Imaaraadku ku sharciyeynayo ciyaaraha ayaa loo arkaa inay tahay tilaabo istiraatijiyadeed oo lagu wanaajinayo dalxiiska iyo qaybteeda madadaalada, iyada oo ka faa’iidaysanaysa kaabayaashiisa jira iyo deegaan ganacsi oo saaxiibtinimo leh. Horumarkan ayaa la filayaa inuu soo jiito hawl-wadeennada ciyaaraha oo si weyn uga qayb qaata dhaqaalaha dalka. Wadanku ma laha sharciyo rasmi ah oo ciyaaraha rasmiga ah, sidaas darteed faahfaahinta mashruuca ee casino si buuxda looma soo bandhigin dadweynaha. Muwaadiniinta maxalliga ah looma ogola khamaarka, taas oo weli ah mamnuuc sharci iyo dhaqameed. ===Xuquuqda Aadanaha=== Laamaha ammaanka dowladda ee Imaaraadka ayaa lagu eedeeyay xadgudubyo ka dhan ah xuquuqda aadanaha oo ay ka mid yihiin dad si qasab ah loo waayay, xarig aan loo meel dayin iyo jirdil. Warbixinta sanadlaha ah ee Freedom House ee xoriyada aduunka ayaa ku dartay Imaaraatka Carabta kuwa aan xor ahayn sanad walba tan iyo 1999, sanadkii ugu horeeyay ee diiwaanada laga heli karo shabakadooda. Xorriyadda isu-ururinta sidoo kale aad baa loo yareeyey. Ururada iyo NGO-yada waxaa looga baahan yahay inay iska diiwaan geliyaan dowladda; si kastaba ha ahaatee, labaatan kooxood oo aan siyaasadda ku jirin ayaa la sheegay inay dalka ka hawlgalayeen diiwaangelin la’aan. Dhammaan ururada waa in loo gudbiyaa habraacyada faafreebka oo dhammaan daabacadaha waa in marka hore ay ansixiyaan dowladda. Warbixin-sannadeedkeeda 2013, Amnesty International waxay dhaleecaysay rikoorka liita ee UAE ee arrimaha xuquuqda aadanaha; muujinta xaddidaadda xorriyadda hadalka iyo isu imaatinka, adeegsiga xarig aan sabab lahayn iyo jirdil, iyo adeegsiga ciqaabta dilka. Imaaraadku wuu ka baxsaday kacdoonkii Carabta ; iyo tan iyo 2011, ururada xuquuqul insaanka waxay ku andacoonayaan in dawladdu ay si isa soo taraysa u fulisay dad si qasab ah loo waayay . [ baahi loo qabo ] Ururka Carabta ee Xuquuqda Aadanaha ayaa marqaatiyo ka helay eedaysaneyaal sheegtay in lagu afduubay, lagu jirdilay laguna tacaddiyeeyey xarumaha dadka lagu hayo; waxay sheegeen 16 hab oo jir dil ah oo ay ku jiraan garaacid, hanjabaad koronto iyo diidmo daryeel caafimaad. Tallaabooyin cadaadis ah, oo ay ku jiraan masaafurinta, ayaa lagu dabaqay ajaanibta iyadoo lagu saleynayo eedeymaha isku dayga lagu carqaladeynayo xasilloonida dalka. Arrinta xadgudubka galmada ee haweenka guryaha ka shaqeeya waa qayb kale oo walaac leh, gaar ahaan marka la eego in shaqaalaha gurigu aysan ku jirin sharciga shaqada ee UAE ee 1980 ama sharciga qabyada ah ee shaqada ee 2007 . Amnesty International ayaa sheegtay in rag u dhashay dalka Qatar ay dowladda Imaaraatka Carabta afduubatay, waxaana la sheegay inay ka qariyeen qoysaskooda xogta ku saabsan halka ay ku danbeeyeen raggaasi. Sida laga soo xigtay ururada qaar, in ka badan 4,000 shiicada shiicada ah ayaa laga soo tarxiilay Imaaraadka; oo ay ku jiraan qoysaska Shiicada Lubnaan oo lagu eedeeyay inay u damqadeen Xisbullah . Sannadkii 2013-kii, 94 qof oo u dhaqdhaqaaqa Imaaraatka ayaa lagu hayay xabsiyo qarsoodi ah waxaana la soo taagay maxkamad iyaga oo lagu eedeeyay inay isku dayeen inay afgembiyaan dowladda; Ehelka eedaysanaha ayaa loo xiray tweet-ka ku saabsan maxkamadeynta, waxaana lagu xukumay 10 bilood oo xabsi ah. Waayidii ugu dambeysay ee qasabka ah waxaa ku lug leh saddex gabdhood oo walaalo ah oo ka yimid Abu Dhabi . Sara Jacobs waxay qabatay jilayaal shisheeye, oo ay ku jiraan UAE, mas'uul ka ah dhibaatada bini'aadantinimo ee Suudaan . Waxay muujisay aragtideeda bishii Maarso 2024 booqashadii ay ku tagtay xeryaha qaxootiga, iyadoo sheegtay in carruurta Suudaan ay la nool yihiin dhaawacyo aad u ballaaran. Wakiilka Maraykanka ayaa sidoo kale ku andacooday in si degdeg ah dagaalka loo soo afjari karo hadii la joojiyo ku lug lahaanshaha wadamada sida Imaaraatka Carabta. Jacobs waxa kale oo uu sheegay in Maraykanku uu damiir ahaan waajib ku yahay inuu qaado tillaabooyinka iyo joojinta hubka Imaaraadka, ilaa Imaaraadku joojiyo hubka uu siiyo RSF-ta. 29-kii Maarso 2024, Suudaan waxay dacwad rasmi ah oo ka kooban 78 bog u gudbisay Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay (UNSC), iyadoo ku eedeysay Imaaraadka inay qorsheynayaan oo ay taageeraan maleeshiyada Rapid Support Forces (RSF) ee ka dhanka ah ciidamada Suudaan. Imaaraatka ayaa lagu eedeeyay in ay kaalmo ka qaadaneysay Chad , oo u shaqayn jirtay sidii marin loogu talagalay saadka milatari iyo calooshood u shaqeystayaal si ay u gaaraan RSF ee Suudaan. Hay'adaha xuquuqul insaanka ayaa tilmaamay in colaada Sudan ay ka mid tahay "dhibaatada bini'aadantinimo ee ugu xun aduunka", halka wadamada shisheeye sida UAE ay sii wadeen inay hub iyo qalab siiyaan dhinacyada is haya. Wararka ayaa sidoo kale daaha ka qaaday in Imaaraatka Carabta ay sheegteen in ay qaadeen olole bini'aadantinimo oo gargaar loogu fidinayo dadka Suudaan. Dhab ahaantii, waxa ay balaadhinaysay hawl-gal qarsoodi ah oo hub, lacag iyo xataa diyaaradaha aan duuliyaha lahayn ee aan duuliyaha lahayn ee aan duuliyaha lahayn ee xoogga leh u gudbinaysay maleeshiyada Suudaan. Saraakiishu waxay sheegeen in Imaaraadku doorkii ugu saamaynta badnaa ka ciyaarayay sidii uu u hurin lahaa xiisadda, iyagoo dhinaca kale ballan qaaday inay fududayn doonaan. Bishii Oktoobar 2024, Suudaan waxay warqad labaad oo rasmi ah u qortay UNSC, iyadoo ugu baaqday inay tallaabo adag ka qaado gardarrada joogtada ah ee Imaaraadku ku hayo Suudaan. Wasaaradda arrimaha dibadda Suudaan ayaa sidoo kale sheegtay in Imaaraadku aanu ahayn taageere dadban oo kaliya ee RSF, balse uu yahay "ciyaaryahan safka hore ah oo xun oo dagaalka gardarada ah" ka dhanka ah Suudaan. Bishii Disembar 2024, ECDHR waxay iftiimisay arrimaha xuquuqul insaanka ee UAE iyo maqnaanshaha madax-bannaanida garsoorka, inta badan waxay diiradda saaraysaa maxkamadaynta caddaalad-darrada ah ee u horseedaysa eedaysanayaasha inay wajahaan xaalado xadhig ah. Dacwadaha noocan oo kale ah ayaa inta badan loo qabtaa si qarsoodi ah oo qareennada eedaysanayaasha waa la dayacay inay helaan galka dacwadaha iyo waraaqaha maxkamadda. Sharciga Imaaraatka Carabta ee 2014-ka ee ka hortagga argagixisanimada waxaa loo adeegsadaa in lagu dhaqan geliyo mamnuucista safarka, xabsi daa’im iyo xitaa dil toogasho ah dadka naqdiya nidaamka iyo kuwa maamula urur. ECDHR ayaa sheegtay in sharciga Imaaraatka Carabta u degsan la dagaalanka argigixisada uu yahay mid lagu caburinayo xoriyatul qawlka waxayna ku baaqday in dowlada imaaraadku ay wax ka badasho. Isagoo tilmaamay in nidaamka garsoorka dalka uu u baahan yahay hufnaan iyo madax-bannaani dheeraad ah, hay’adda xuquuqul insaanka ayaa sheegtay in loo baahan yahay in la sameeyo guddi madax-bannaan oo dib u eegis ku sameeya dhammaan eedeymaha la xiriira jirdilka, xarigga qarsoodiga ah, iyo maxkamadeynnada caddaalad-darrada ah. Bishii Janaayo 2025, Human Rights Watch (HRW) ayaa daabacday warbixin muujineysa xadgudubyada ka dhanka ah xuquuqul insaanka ee Imaaraadku geystay 2024-kii, iyadoo inta badan diiradda saareysa maxkamadeynta baahsan ee aan cadaaladda ahayn. Waxay tilmaamtay kiiska ku lug leh xad-gudubyo badan oo muhiim ah, halkaas oo 44 qof oo ka mid ahaa "UAE94" si xaqdarro ah loogu xukumay laguna xukumay eedo la xiriira argagixisanimo. HRW waxay dhaleecaysay adeegsiga Imaaraatka Carabta Xeerka Ciqaabta Federaalka iyo Xeerka Dembiyada Internetka si ay u aamusiyaan dhaleecaynta dawladda, saxafiyiinta, mucaaradka iyo dadka u dhaqdhaqaaqa, iyadoo la xaddiday xorriyaddooda hadalka. Bishii Luulyo 2024, mas'uuliyiinta Imaaraatka ayaa 57 Bangladeshi u dhashay ku xukumay xabsi daa'in, sababo la xiriira mudaaharaadyo ka dhacay Imaaraadka oo looga soo horjeedo dowladdooda. Warbixintu waxa ay ku eedaysay Imaaraatka in ay caddeeyeen muuqaalkeeda iyada oo martigelinaysa dhacdooyin waaweyn oo caalami ah sida COP28, kuwaas oo la kulmay dhaleecayn ku saabsan ka qayb qaadashada joogtada ah ee wax soo saarka shidaalka iyo xadgudubyada xuquuqda aadanaha. Waxay kaloo walaac ka muujisay doorka Imaaraadku ku leeyahay hubaynta iyo taageerada RSF ee colaadda Suudaan, iyadoo dhanka kale jabinaysa cunaqabataynta hubka ee Qaramada Midoobay. HRW waxay ku boorisay UNSC inay cusboonaysiiyaan oo ay xoojiyaan cunaqabataynta Suudaan ee 1591, iyo inay cunaqabatayn ku soo rogaan kuwa ku xadgudba, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa Imaaraadka. ===Shaqaale muhaajiriin ah=== [[File:Burj Dubai Construction Workers on 25 January 2008 Pict 2.jpg|thumb |Laba shaqaale buluug ah oo u dhashay Koonfur Aasiya oo sawir la galay Burj Khalifa oo gadaal ka taagan]] Shaqaalaha soo galootiga ah ee ku sugan Imaaraadka looma ogola inay ku biiraan ururada shaqaalaha ama shaqo joojin sameeyaan. Kuwa shaqo joojinta sameeya waxay halis gelin karaan xabsiga iyo masaafurinta, sida lagu arkay 2014 markii daraasiin shaqaale ah loo tarxiilay shaqo joojin. Isutagga Ururka Shaqaalaha Caalamiga ah ayaa ugu baaqay Qaramada Midoobay inay baarto caddaymaha sheegaya in kumanaan ka mid ah shaqaalaha muhaajiriinta ah ee Imaaraadka loola dhaqmo sidii shaqo addoonnimo. 2019, baaritaan uu sameeyay The Guardian ayaa shaaca ka qaaday in kumanaan ka mid ah shaqaalaha dhismaha ee soogalootiga ah ee ka shaqeeya kaabayaasha iyo mashaariicda dhismaha bandhigga Imaaraadka Carabta ee Expo 2020 ay ku shaqeynayeen jawi aan ammaan ahayn. Qaar ayaa xitaa la kulmay xaalado halis ah oo ay sabab u tahay arrimaha wadnaha iyo xididdada dhiigga. Saacado dheer oo qorraxdu ku jireen ayaa ka dhigay kuwo u nugul istaroogga kulaylka. Warbixin la soo saaray bishii Janaayo 2020 ayaa iftiimisay in loo shaqeeyayaasha Imaaraatka Carabta ay si xun uga faa’iidaystaan ​​shaqaalaha Hindida oo ay ku qaataan fiisaha dalxiiska , taas oo ka sahlan kana jaban warqadaha shaqada . Shaqaalahan soogalootiga ah ayaa u furan in lagu xad-gudbo shaqada , halkaas oo ay sidoo kale ka baqayaan ka-faa'iidaysiga sharci-darrada awgeed. Ka sokow, arrintu wali waa mid aan la garanayn maadaama xogta fiisaha booqashada aan lagu haynin labadaba UAE iyo Hindida socdaalka iyo diiwaannada shaqada. 2dii Maajo 2020, Qunsulka Guud ee India ee Dubai , Vipul, ayaa xaqiijiyay in in ka badan 150,000 oo Hindi ah oo ku nool Isutagga Imaaraadka Carabta ay isu diwaangaliyeen in lagu celiyo dalkoodii iyada oo loo marayo ikhtiyaarka diiwaangelinta elektaroonigga ah ee ay bixiso qunsuliyadaha Hindiya ee Imaaraadka. Marka loo eego tirooyinka, 25% codsadayaasha ayaa waayay shaqooyinkoodii halka ku dhawaad ​​15% ay ku xayiran yihiin dalka sababo la xiriira xannibaadda. Ka sokow, 50% wadarta codsadayaasha waxay ka yimaadeen gobolka Kerala , India. 9kii Oktoobar 2020, The Telegraph ayaa soo warisay in shaqaale badan oo muhaajiriin ah laga tagay, maadaama ay ku waayeen shaqooyinkooda iyada oo lagu jiro dhaqaalaha sii adkeynaya COVID-19 dartiis . Ururo kala duwan oo xuquuqul insaanka u dooda ayaa walaac xoogan ka muujiyay xadgudubka lagu eedeeyay shaqaalaha soogalootiga ah ee ay ku kacayaan qandaraaslayaasha waaweyn ee qabanqaabinaya Expo 2020. Bixiyaha xalinta ganacsiga ee UAE German Pavilion ayaa sidoo kale lagula xisaabtamayaa xadgudubka shaqaalaha muhaajiriinta ah. ===Siyaasadda deegaanka=== Dalku waa hormuudka soo saarista saliidda iyo gaasta . Isticmaalkeeda tamarta qofkiiba waa ku dhawaad ​​370 Gigajoule . qiiqa kaarboon laba ogsaydh ee Imaaraatku qofkiiba waa mid aad u sarreeya, isagoo kaalinta lixaad ka galay dalalka caalamka. Dhawaan, waxay samaysay dadaallo ay nafteeda ku sii waari karto. Waxaa ka mid ah: Dejinta yoolka lagu dhimayo qiiqa GHG 31% marka la barbardhigo xaalad ganacsi marka la gaaro 2030 lana gaaro eber saafiga ah 2050. Daah-furka barnaamij si looga dhigo 3-da qaybood ee ugu badan ee qiiqa sii daaya, 40% tamar hufan . Daahfurka qaar ka mid ah barnaamijyada la xidhiidha dhismaha cagaaran . Dib u habeynta 30,000 oo dhismo oo keliya, waa in ay jartaa 1 milyan oo tan oo qiiq ah. Kor u qaadida gaadiidka dadweynaha iyo qaar kale. Sida laga soo xigtay ilo rasmi ah, gudaha Dubai, "saamiga gaadiidka tirada badan ee dhaqdhaqaaqa dadku wuxuu kordhay min 6 boqolkiiba 2006 ilaa 20.61 boqolkiiba 2022." Si wada jir ah USA wadanku wuxuu 17 bilyan oo doolar ku maalgaliyay beero waara ==Dhaqaalaha== Isutagga Imaaraatka xirmooyinka ayaa ka soo baxay isku dhafka qabiilada Baadiyaha ilaa mid ka mid ah dowladaha ugu qanisan ilaalinta ku dhow 50 sano gudahood, iyaga oo ku faanaya mid ka mid ah GDP-ga ugu sarreeya (PPP) tirooyinka ilaalinta. Kobaca dhaqaaluhu waxa uu ahaa mid wanagsan oo joogto ah ilaa taariikhda isbahaysigan da'da yar ee imaaradaha oo leh hakad kooban oo hoos u dhac dhaqaale ah, tusaale ahaan xiisadii dhaqaale iyo dhaqaale ee caalamka sanadihii 2008-09, iyo sano oo isku dhafan oo sano 2015 ilaa 2019. Intii u koobay 2000 iyo 2018 . Waa dhaqaalaha labaad ee ugu weyn GCC ( ka dib ganacsiga), with a nominal gross domestic product (GDP) of US$414.2 billion, and a real GDP of 392.8 billion constant 2010 USD in 2018 Tan iyo markii ay xornimada qaateen 1971, dhaqaalaha Imaaraadka waxa uu kor u kacay ku dhawaad ​​231 jeer ilaa 1.45 trillion ganacsiga ilaa 1.2 trillion AED, kobaca ku dhawaad ​​28 jeer laga soo bilaabo 1981 ilaa 2012 Hadda, Imaaraadku wuxuu ka mid yahay waddamada ugu qanisan adduunka, iyadoo GDP qofkiiba uu ku dhawaad ​​80% ka sarreeya celceliska OECD [[File:The view from the 43rd floor of the Four Points by Sheraton Hotel - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Dubai xarun maaliyadeed oo caalami ah]] Sida cajiibka ah ee kobaca dhaqaale ee Imaaraadka, wadarta dadka waxay kor u kacday qiyaastii 550,000 1975 ilaa 10 milyan 2018. Kobacani wuxuu inta badan sabab u yahay qulqulka shaqaalaha ajnabiga ah ee dalka soo galaya, taas oo ka dhigaysa dadka qaranka ee laga tirada badan yahay. Imaaraadku waxa uu leeyahay nidaam u gaar ah suuqa shaqada, kaas oo deganaanshaha UAE ay ku xidhan tahay xeerarka fiisaha adag. Nidaamkani waa faa'iido weyn marka la eego xasilloonida dhaqaalaha guud, maadaama saadka shaqaaluhu uu si dhakhso ah ula qabsado baahida inta lagu jiro wareegyada ganacsiga dhaqaalaha. Tani waxay u ogolaanaysaa dawladda in shaqo la'aanta dalka ka jirta ay ku hayso heer aad u hooseeya oo ka yar 3%, sidoo kale waxay siinaysaa dawladda fursad dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan siyaasadda dhaqaalaha - halkaas oo dawladaha kale ay inta badan u baahan yihiin inay sameeyaan is-dhaafsi u dhexeeya la dagaalanka shaqo la'aanta iyo la dagaalanka sicir-bararka. Intii u dhaxaysay 2014 iyo 2018, hoyga iyo cuntada, waxbarashada, macluumaadka iyo isgaarsiinta, farshaxanka iyo madadaalada, iyo waaxaha hantida maguurtada ah ayaa si xad dhaaf ah uga shaqeeyay dhanka kobaca, halka dhismaha, saadka, adeegyada xirfada, dadweynaha, iyo saliida iyo gaaska ay hoos u dhacday. Dhanka tartanka, bishii Juun 2024 ayaa la sheegay in Imaaraadku uu kor u kacay saddex meelood oo uu galay kaalinta 7aad ee 10ka waddan ee ugu sarreeya tartanka IMD World. Qiimeyntan waxaa soo saaray Xarunta Tartanka Adduunka ee Machadka Horumarinta Maareynta (IMD) ee Switzerland ===Dalxiiska=== [[File:Palm Island Resort.jpg|thumb |Palm Jumeirah ee Dubai]] [[File:DubaiMallAquariumDSC 7260.JPG|thumb |Dubia Mall]] Dalxiiska wuxuu u shaqeeyaa sidii waax kobac ah oo loogu talagalay dhammaan dhaqaalaha UAE. Dubai waa meesha ugu sareysa ee loo dalxiis tago ee Bariga Dhexe. [ 193 ] Marka loo eego sanadlaha MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index, Dubai waa meesha shanaad ee dalxiiska ugu caansan adduunka. Dubai waxay haysataa ilaa 66% dhaqaalaha dalxiiska Imaaraadka Carabta, iyadoo Abu Dhabi ay leedahay 16% iyo Sharjah 10%. Dubai waxay soo dhawaysay 10 milyan oo dalxiisayaal ah 2013kii. Imaaraadku wuxuu leeyahay kaabayaashii dhaqaale ee ugu horumarsanaa uguna horumarsanaa gobolka. Ilaa 1980-meeyadii, Imaaraadku waxa uu balaayiin doollar ku bixinayey kaabayaasha dhaqaalaha. Horumarradan ayaa si gaar ah uga muuqda imaaradaha waaweyn ee Abu Dhabi iyo Dubai. Imaarada waqooyi ayaa si degdeg ah u raacaya qaabkaas, iyaga oo siinaya dhiirigelin weyn horumarinta guryaha iyo guryaha ganacsiga. Kharashka dalxiiska ee soo gelaya UAE ee 2019 ayaa ahaa 118.6 boqolkiiba kharashka dalxiiska ee dibadda ka baxa. Laga bilaabo 6 Janaayo 2020, fiisooyinka dalxiiska ee Imaaraadka Carabta waxay shaqeynayaan shan sano. Waxaa la saadaaliyay in socdaalka iyo warshadaha dalxiisku ay ku biirin doonaan ilaa 280.6 bilyan dirham Imaaraadka Carabta Imaaraadka Carabta marka la gaaro 2028. Dalxiiska ugu weyn ee dalka waxaa ka mid ah Burj Khalifa caanka ah ee Dubai , munaaradda ugu dheer adduunka; Jasiiradaha Adduunka iyo Palm Jumeirah sidoo kale Dubai; Masjidka weyn ee Sheikh Zayed iyo Yas Marina Circuit ee Abu Dhabi ; Buuraha Al Xajar ee Fujairah . Gaarka ah ee nolosha saxaraha dabiiciga ah ee dalka, gaar ahaan kuwa reer Baadiyaha ah , ayaa sidoo kale fududeynaya warshadaha dalxiiska ee dalka. Imaaraadku wuxuu kala duwanayn doonaa qaybtiisa dalxiiska iyadoo la bilaabayo khamaarka casino . Wynn Al Marjan Island ee Ras Al Khaimah ayaa ka muuqan doona casino ugu horeysay ee dalka iyo sidoo kale waxay noqon doontaa dalka ugu horeysay ee dalxiiska isku dhafan marka la furo 2027. Abu Dhabi ayaa lagu wadaa inay noqoto guriga Disneyland Abu Dhabi , beerta mawduuca Disney ee ugu horeysa ee Bariga Dhexe ===Gaadiidka=== Gegida caalamiga ah ee Dubai ayaa noqday gagida diyaaradaha ugu mashquulka badan aduunka ee ay raacaan taraafikada rakaabka caalamiga ah sanadkii 2014, isagoo dhaafay London Heathrow . Gegida caalamiga ah ee Abu Dhabi waa madaarka labaad ee ugu weyn UAE. Sababo la xiriira balaarinta lagu dhawaaqay ee garoonka Al Maktoum 28ka Abriil 2024, Gegida Caalamiga ah ee Dubia waa la xirayaa marka la dhammeeyo balaadhinta garoonka Al Maktoum. [[File:Dubai Roads on 8 May 2008 Pict 2.jpg|thumb |E 311 , waddo weyn oo ku taal Imaaraadka]] Abu Dhabi , Dubai , Sharjah , Ajman , Umm Al Quwain , iyo Ras Al Khaimah waxaa isku xidha jidka wayn ee E11 , kaas oo ah wadada ugu dheer dalka imaaraadka carabta. Dubai gudaheeda, marka lagu daro Metro Dubai , Tram Dubai iyo Palm Jumeirah Monorail waxay sidoo kale isku xiraan qaybo gaar ah oo magaalada ah. Waxa kale oo jira bas, tagsi, abra (doonta dhaqameed), iyo shabakad taxi-biyood oo ay maamusho RTA. T1 , nidaamka taraamka laba-dabaq ee ku yaal Downtown Dubai , waxay shaqeynayeen 2015 ilaa 2019. Salik, oo macneheedu yahay "furan" ama "cad", waa nidaamka aruurinta lacagaha elektaroonigga ah ee Dubai oo la bilaabay bishii Luulyo 2007 waana qayb ka mid ah nidaamka maareynta ciriiriga gaadiidka ee Dubai. Mar kasta oo mid ka mid ah uu soo maro barta lacag bixinta ee Salik, lacagta ayaa laga jarayaa koontada taleefoonka ee darawalada iyadoo la isticmaalayo tignoolajiyada horumarsan ee Soo noqnoqoshada Raadiyaha (RFID). Waxaa jira afar dhibcood oo Salik ah oo la dhigo goobaha istiraatiijiga ah ee Dubai: buundada Al Maktoum , buundada Al Garhoud , iyo hareeraha wadada Sheikh Zayed ee Al Safa iyo Al Barsha [[File:5018 Dubai Metro in Dubai UAE.png|thumb|Tareenka metro ee Dubai . Dubai Metro waa nidaamkii ugu horreeyay ee deg deg ah ee Jasiiradda Carabta waxayna ahayd shabakadda metro darawal la'aanta ugu dheer adduunka ilaa 2016.]] 1,200 km (750 mi) oo tareen dalka oo dhan ah ayaa dhismihiisa lagu wadaa kaas oo isku xiri doona dhamaan magaalooyinka waaweyn iyo dekedaha. Dubia Metro waa shabkada tareenada magaalo ee ugu horeyay ee Jasiirada Carabta . Dekadaha ugu waaweyn ee Imaaraadka Carabta waxaa ka mid ah Dekedda Khaliifa , Dekedda Zayed , Dekedda Jebel Cali , Dekedda Rashiid , Dekedda Khaalid , Dekedda Siciid , iyo Dekedda Khor Fakkan. Imaaraadku waxay sii kordhayaan horumarinta saadka iyo dekedahooda si ay uga qayb qaataan ganacsiga u dhexeeya Yurub iyo Shiinaha ama Afrika. Ujeedadaas awgeed, dekedaha si degdeg ah ayaa loo balaadhinayaa, waxaana lagu samaynayaa maalgashi xagga farsamada ah. Imaaraadku taariikh ahaan waa qayb ka mid ah Jidka Xariirta Badda ee ka baxa xeebta Shiinaha ilaa koonfurta iyadoo la sii marayo cirifka koonfureed ee Hindiya ilaa Mombasa , halkaas oo la sii maro Badda Cas ee Suez Canal ilaa Mediterranean-ka, halkaas ilaa gobolka Sare ee Adriatic iyo xuddunta waqooyiga Talyaaniga ee Trieste oo leh isku xirka tareenka ee Bartamaha Yurub , Bariga Yurub, iyo Waqooyiga Badda . ===Isgaarsiinta=== Imaaraadka waxaa ka shaqeeya laba shirkadood oo isgaarsiineed , Etisalat iyo Emirates Integrated Telecommunications Company ("du"). Etisalat waxa ay ku shaqaynaysay monopoly ilaa du ay bilawday shaqada mobilada bishii February 2007. Macaamiisha Internetka waxa la eryay in ay korodho 0.904 milyan 2007 ilaa 2.66 milyan sanadka 2012 . Adeegyada wireless-ka ee 5G ayaa lagu rakibay dalka oo dhan sanadka 2019 iyadoo lala kaashanayo Huawei . ===VAT=== Dawladda Imaaraadku waxay dalka ka hirgalisay cashuurta qiimaha lagu kordhiyey (VAT) laga bilaabo 1-da January 2018, iyada oo ku kacaysa halbeeg dhan 5%. [ 259 ] Iyadoo ay dawladdu wali hagaajin karto habaynta saxda ah ee VAT, uma badna in wax cashuuro cusub ah la soo saari doono mustaqbalka la filayo. Canshuuraha dheeraadka ah ayaa burburin doona mid ka mid ah waxyaabaha ugu muhiimsan ee Imaaraadku ku soo jiito ganacsiyada dalka ka jira, waxayna culeys weyn saaraysaa dhaqaalaha. ==Tirakoobka dadweynaha== [[File:Dubai banner 2.jpg|thumb|Skyline of Dubai , magaalada ugu weyn ee Imaaraadka Carabta]] Marka loo eego qiyaas uu sameeyay Baanka Adduunka , tirada dadka UAE ee 2020 waxay ahayd 9,890,400. Soo galootigu waxay ahaayeen 88.52% halka Imaaraadku ka dhigay inta soo hadhay 11.48%. Isku dheelitir la'aantan gaarka ah waxaa sabab u ah heerka socdaalka saafiga ah ee sida gaarka ah u sarreeya ee dalka oo ah 21.71, kan ugu sarreeya adduunka . Dhalashada UAE aad bay u adag tahay in la helo aan ka ahayn fayl-garayn oo keliya oo lagu bixiyo xaalado gaar ah. [[File:Palm jumeirah core.jpg|thumb |Guryaha la deggan yahay ee Palm Jumeirah ee timirta ee Dubai]] Imaaraadku isir ahaan wuu kala duwan yahay. Shanta jinsiyadood ee ugu dadka badan imaaradaha Dubai, Sharjah, iyo Ajman waa Hindi (25%), Pakistani (12%), Emirati (9%), Bangladeshi (7%), iyo Filibiin (5%). Muhaajiriinta ka yimid Yurub, Australia, iyo Waqooyiga Ameerika waxay ka kooban yihiin ku dhawaad ​​100,000 oo dadweynaha ah. Inta kale ee dadwaynaha waxay ka soo jeedaan dawladaha kale ee Carabta . Qiyaastii 88% dadka ku nool Imaaraadka Carabta waa magaalo. Celceliska rajada noloshu waxay ahayd 76.7 2012, oo ka sarraysa waddan kasta oo Carbeed. Marka la eego saamiga lab / dhedig ee 2.2 lab ee dheddigga kasta ee tirada guud ee dadweynaha iyo 2.75 ilaa 1 kooxda da'da 15-65 , Isku dheelitir la'aanta jinsiga UAE ayaa ah tan labaad ee ugu sareysa adduunka ka dib Qatar. ===Luuqad=== Casriga casriga ah Carabi waa luqadda qaranka ee Imaaraadka Carabta. Ingiriisigu waa luqadda ugu badan ee lagu hadlo, ka dib heshiisyada Ingiriisiga Ingiriiska . Emirati Carabi , noocyo kala duwan oo ah Gacanka Carabiga , waxaa ku hadla afka hooyo dadka Imaaraadku. Islaamku waa diinta ugu weyn waana diinta rasmiga ah ee dawladda Imaaraadka Carabta. Dawladdu waxay raacdaa siyaasad u dulqaadanaysa diimaha kale oo marar dhif ah ayay faragelisaa hawlaha diineed ee dadka aan muslimka ahayn. Waxa jira Sunni ka badan Shiicada Muslimiinta ku nool Imaaraadka Carabta, iyo 85% dadka Imaaraadku waa Muslimiin Sunni ah. Inta badan 15% ee soo hadhay waa Muslimiin Shiico ah, kuwaas oo ku badan Imaaradaha Dubai iyo Sharjah . In kasta oo aan la hayn tirokoob rasmi ah oo ku saabsan burburka u dhexeeya Sunniga iyo Shiicada Muslimiinta ee degan dadka aan dhalashada haysan, haddana qiyaasaha warbaahintu waxay soo jeedinayaan in ka yar 20% dadka Muslimiinta ah ee aan dhalashada haysanin ay yihiin Shiico. Masjidka weyn ee Sheikh Zayed ee Abu Dhabi waa masaajidka ugu weyn dalka waana goob dalxiis oo weyn. Cibadi waxay ku badan tahay Cumaaniyiinta Imaaraadka, halka saamaynta suufiyada ay sidoo kale jiraan. Masiixiyiinta ayaa 9% ka ah tirada guud ee dadka Imaaraadka Carabta, marka loo eego tirakoobkii 2005; qiyaasaha 2010 ayaa soo jeediyay tiro dhan 12.6%. Roman Catholics iyo Protestants waxay sameeyaan qaybo muhiim ah oo ka mid ah Masiixiyiinta laga tirada badan yahay. Wadanku waxa uu leeyahay in ka badan 52 kaniisadood 2023. Masiixiyiin badan oo ku sugan Isutagga Imaaraadka Carabta ayaa asal ahaan ka soo jeeda Aasiya, Afrikaan, iyo Yurub, oo ay la socdaan waddamada Bariga Dhexe sida Lubnaan, Suuriya, iyo Masar. Isutagga Imaaraatka Carabta waxay ka kooban tahay qayb ka mid ah Vicariate Rasuullada ee Koonfurta Carbeed iyo Basharka Rasuullada Vicar Paul Hinder wuxuu xaruntiisu tahay Abu Dhabi . Jaaliyad yar oo Yuhuudi ah ayaa ku nool Imaaraadka Carabta. Kahor 2023, waxaa jiray hal sunagog oo caan ah oo ku yaal Dubai , kaas oo furnaa ilaa 2008 iyo sunagogga sidoo kale soo dhaweeya booqdayaasha. Sunagog kale, Moses Ben Maimon Synagogue ayaa la dhameeyay 2023 iyada oo qayb ka ah dhismaha Guriga Qoyska Abraham ee Abu Dhabi . Laga bilaabo 2019, sida uu qabo Rabbi Marc Schneier oo ka tirsan aasaaska fahamka qowmiyadaha , waxaa lagu qiyaasaa inay jiraan ilaa 150 qoys ilaa 3,000 oo Yuhuud ah oo si xor ah ugu nool oo cibaadaysanaya gudaha UAE Koonfurta Aasiya ee Imaaraadka Carabta ayaa ah qowmiyadda ugu badan dalka. In ka badan 2 milyan oo muhaajiriin Hindi ah (badanaa ka yimid gobollada koonfureed ee Kerala , Andhra Pradesh , Xeebta Karnataka , iyo Tamil Nadu ) ayaa lagu qiyaasaa inay ku nool yihiin UAE. Waxaa hadda jira saddex macbadyo Hindu ah oo ku yaal waddanka. Diimaha kale ayaa sidoo kale ka jira Imaaraadka Carabta, oo ay ku jiraan Jainism , Sikhism , Budhiism , Juudism , Bahá'ís , iyo Druze . Wasiirka arrimaha dibadda iyo iskaashiga caalamiga ah ee Imaaraatka Carabta, Abdullah bin Zayed , ayaa sanadka 2019 ku dhawaaqay nashqadaynta iyo dhismaha guriga Abrahamic Family House , kaas oo u shaqayn doona sidii dhismo diimo ah oo ay ku yaalaan macbad , masaajid iyo kaniisad ku taal Jaziirada Sadiyat ee Abu Dhabi . ===Waxbarashada=== [[File:UniversityCityHall.jpg|thumb |Hall City Hall waa dhismaha ugu weyn ee ku yaal magaalada Jaamacadda ee Sharjah . Xafladaha qalin-jabinta ee Jaamacadda Mareykanka ee Sharjah , Jaamacadda Sharjah , iyo Kulliyadaha Tignoolajiyada Sare ayaa si gaar ah halkan loogu qabtaa.]] Nidaamka waxbarashada ilaa heerka dugsiga sare waxaa maamula Wasaaradda Waxbarashada dhammaan imaaradaha marka laga reebo Abu Dhabi, halkaas oo ay ka hooseeyeen waxbarashada waxbarashada iyo Aqoonta . dugsiyada sare waxay u qaybsan yihiin dugsiyo hoose , dugsi dhexe iyo dugsi sare . Dugsiyadda dawliga ah ayaa ah kuwa ay maaddo macalliso, manhajka waxbarashada waxa loo sameeyay si uu u waafajiyo himilooyinka calaamadaha ee saldhigga. Dhexdhexaadka waxbarashada ee dugsiga dadwaynaha waa Carabi iyadoo muuqalka la saarayo saliimka luqadaha. Waxa kale oo jira dugsiyo badan oo gaar loo leeyahay oo si caalami ah loo aqoonsan yahay. Dugsiyada Dawliga ah ee dalka waa u bilaash baxay, halka sababta laga qaado dugsiyada gaarka loo leeyahay ay kala duwan yihiin. Nidaamka waxbarashada sare waxa la socda tacliinta sare. Wasaaraddu waxay kaloo mas'uul ka tahay inay ardayda geliso machadyada buuga ee jaamacadda . Heerka aqoonta dadka waaweyn ee 2015 waxay ahayd 93.8%. Imaaraadku waxa uu muujinayay uu u qaboojiyeey iyo cilmi- maqal. Shirkadaha waxaa ka mid ah samaynta tayeynta cilmi-baarista CERT iyo waxay hoos u dhigtay Masdar ee Sayniska iyo Tign-ka tayada iyo horumarinta ganacsiga. Marka loo eego QS Rankings, Jaamacadda ugu sareysa ee dalka waa Jaamacadda Jaamacadda (421-430th baahinta oo dhan), Jaamacadda Khalifa (441-450th baahinta oo dhan), Jaamacadda Mareykanka ee Sharjah (431-440th), iyo Jaamacadda Sharjah (551-600th fiirsashada). Ikhtiyaarka koowaad 33aad ka galay Tusaha Hal-abuurka Caalamiga ah ee 2021, marka loo eego 36th ee 2019. ===Caafimaadka=== Cimriga nolosha ee dhalashada UAE waa 76.96 sano.  Cudurka wadnaha waa sababta ugu weyn ee dhimashada UAE, oo ka kooban 28% wadarta dhimashada; Sababaha kale ee ugu waaweyn waa shilalka iyo dhaawacyada , malignancies , iyo cilladaha ku dhasha . Marka loo eego xogta Ururka Caafimaadka Adduunka ee 2016 , 34.5% dadka qaangaarka ah ee ku nool UAE waa kuwo caafimaad ahaan cayilan , oo leh index mass index (BMI) oo ah 30 ama ka badan.  Bishii Febraayo 2008, Wasaaradda Caafimaadka ayaa soo bandhigtay istaraatiijiyad caafimaad oo shan sano ah oo loogu talagalay waaxda caafimaadka dadweynaha ee imaaradaha woqooyiga, taas oo hoos imaanaysa qorshaheeda oo, si ka duwan Abu Dhabi iyo Dubai, aan lahayn maamulo daryeel caafimaad oo gaar ah. Istaraatiijiyadu waxay diiradda saaraysaa midaynta siyaasadda daryeelka caafimaadka iyo hagaajinta helitaanka adeegyada daryeelka caafimaadka qiimo macquul ah, isla markaana yaraynaysa ku tiirsanaanta daaweynta dibadda. Wasaaraddu waxay qorsheyneysaa inay ku darto saddex isbitaal oo hadda ah 14, iyo 29 xarumaha caafimaadka aasaasiga ah ee hadda jira 86. Sagaal ayaa la qorsheeyay in la furo 2008.  Soo bandhigida caymiska caafimaadka ee qasabka ah ee Abu Dhabi ee loogu talagalay qurba-joogta iyo kuwa ku tiirsan waxay ahayd darawal weyn oo dib-u-habeyn ku ah siyaasadda daryeelka caafimaadka. Muwaaddiniinta Abu Dhabi waxaa la keenay nidaamka laga soo bilaabo 1 Juun 2008 Dubai waxay raacday shaqaalaheeda dawladda. Ugu dambayntii, sida uu dhigayo sharciga federaalka, Imaaraad kasta iyo qurbe-joog kasta oo dalka ku nool waxa uu dabooli doonaa caymis caafimaad oo khasab ah oo hoos imanaya nidaam midaysan oo khasab ah. Dalku wuxuu ka faa'iiday dalxiisayaal caafimaad oo ka kala yimid dhammaan Golaha Iskaashiga ee Dawladaha Carabta ee Gacanka . Imaaraadku waxa uu soo jiitaa dalxiisayaasha caafimaad ee doonaya qalliinka isqurxinta iyo hababka horumarsan, qalliinka wadnaha iyo laf dhabarta, iyo daawaynta ilkaha, maadaama adeegyada caafimaad ay ka heer sarreeyaan dalalka kale ee Carabta ee Gacanka Faaris ==Dhaqanka== [[File:UAE Folk Dance- Khaliji.jpg|thumb |Dumarku timahooda dhinac bay u rogaan oo waxay xidhaan dhar-dhaqameed midabyo dhalaalaya leh iyagoo soo bandhigaya qoob-ka-ciyaarka Imaaraatka.]] Dhaqanka imaaraadku waxa uu ku salaysan yahay dhaqanka Carabta waxaana saamayn ku yeeshay dhaqamada Faaris , Hindiya iyo Bariga Afrika . Qaab dhismeedka Carabta iyo Carabta waxyooday waa qayb ka mid ah muujinta aqoonsiga Imaaraatka maxalliga ah. Saamaynta Carabtu ku leedahay dhaqanka imaaraatka waxay si muuqata uga dhex muuqanaysaa qaab dhismeedka Imaaraatka ee soo jireenka ah iyo fanka dadweynaha . Tusaale ahaan, munaaradda dabaysha ee gaarka ah oo kor u kacda dhismayaasha Imaaraatka ee dhaqanka, Barjeel , waxay noqotay calaamad lagu garto dhismaha Imaaraatka waxaana loo aaneynayaa saameynta Carabta. Saamayntan waxa ay ka timid ganacsatadii ka soo qaxday nidaamkii cashuuraha ee Faaris horraantii qarnigii 19aad iyo lahaanshaha Imaaraatka ee dekedaha ku yaal xeebta Carabta, tusaale ahaan dekedda Al Qassimi ee Lingeh. Isutagga Imaaraadka Carabta waxa ku nool bulsho kala duwan. Dhaqaalaha Dubai wuxuu aad ugu tiirsan yahay ganacsiga caalamiga ah iyo dalxiiska, waana u furan yahay dadka soo booqda, halka bulshada Abu Dhabi ay aad u badan tahay gudaha maadaama dhaqaalaha magaaladu uu diiradda saarayo soo saarista shidaalka. Fasaxyada waaweyn ee Imaaraadka Carabta waxaa ka mid ah Ciidul Fitriga , oo ku beegan dhammaadka Ramadaan , iyo maalinta Qaranka (2 Disembar), oo ku astaysan aasaaska Imaaraadka Carabta. Ragga Imaaraatka ah waxay door bidaan inay xidhaan kandura , khamiis cad oo dhererka anqawga ah oo laga tolo dhogorta ama suufka, dumarka Imaaraatkuna waxay xidhaan abaya , maro madow oo ka badan oo daboolaya inta badan qaybaha jidhka. Gabayaagii ugu horeyay ee Imaaraatka laga yaqaan waa Ibnu Majid , waxa uu dhashay intii u dhaxaysay 1432 ilaa 1437 kuna dhashay Ras Al-Khaymah. Qoraaga Imaaraatka ee ugu caansan waa Mubarak Al Oqaili (1880-1954), Salem bin Ali al Owais (1887-1959), iyo Ahmed bin Sulayem (1905-1976). Saddex kale oo gabayaa ah oo Sharjah ah, oo loo yaqaan kooxda Xiirah, ayaa la arkayaa in ay si weyn u saameeyeen Apollo iyo gabayada Romantic . Bandhiga Caalamiga ah ee Buugaagta Sharjah waa kan ugu da'da weyn uguna weyn dalka. Liiska matxafyada Imaaraadka Carabta waxaa ku jira qaar ka mid ah sumcadda gobolka, oo ay ugu caansan tahay Sharjah oo leh Degmada Heritage oo ka kooban 17 madxaf, oo 1998-kii ahayd Caasimadda Dhaqanka ee Dunida Carabta. Dubia, aagga Al Quoz ayaa soo jiitay tiro ka mid ah goobaha farshaxanka iyo sidoo kale matxafyada sida Matxafka Gaarka ah ee Salsali . Abu Dhabi waxay ka dhistay jaziiradda Sadiyat xaafad dhaqameed . Lix mashruuc oo waaweyn ayaa la qorsheeyay, oo ay ku jiraan Guggenheim Abu Dhabi iyo Louvre Abu Dhabi . Dubai waxa kale oo ay qorshaynaysaa in ay dhisto madxafka Kunsthal iyo degmo loogu talo galay galleries iyo fanaaniinta. Dhaqanka imaaraadku waa qayb ka mid ah dhaqanka Carabta bari . Liwa waa nooc ka mid ah muusiga iyo qoob ka ciyaarka lagu sameeyo gudaha, gaar ahaan bulshooyinka ay ku jiraan faraca dadka Bantu ee ka soo jeeda gobolka harooyinka waaweyn ee Afrika . Bandhiga Desert Rock Festival ee Dubai sidoo kale waa xaflad kale oo weyn oo ka kooban farshaxanada birta culus iyo dhagaxyada. Shineemada Imaaraadka Carabta ayaa ah mid aad u yar laakiin way sii fidaysaa. ===Cunto=== [[File:Luqaimat.jpg|thumb|Qaxwaha Carabiga oo leh lugaimat , macaan imaaraad dhaqameed]] Cunto-dhaqameedka Imaaraatku waxa ay had iyo jeer ahaan jireen bariis, kalluun, iyo hilib. Dadka Imaaraatka Carabta ayaa inta badan cuntadooda ka qaatay wadamada kale ee Galbeedka iyo Koonfurta Aasiya sida Iran, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Pakistan, iyo India. Cuntooyinka badda ayaa qarniyo badan ahaa tiir-dhexaadka cuntada Imaaraatka. Hilibka iyo bariiska ayaa ah cuntooyinka kale ee daruuriga ah, oo ay ku jiraan wan iyo hilib lo'aad oo ay door bidaan ariga iyo hilibka lo'da. Cabitaanada caanka ah waa qaxwaha iyo shaaha, kuwaas oo lagu kabi karo karoom ama saffron si ay u helaan dhadhan gaar ah. Cuntooyinka dhaqanka ee Emirate-ka ee caanka ah waxaa ka mid ah seddexda , machboos , khubisa , khameer , iyo rootiga chabab iyo kuwo kale halka lugaimat uu yahay macmacaan caan ah oo imaarati ah. Saamaynta dhaqanka reer galbeedka, cuntada degdega ah waxay noqotay mid aad caan u ah dhalinyarada, ilaa heer la qabtay olole lagu muujinayo khatarta cuntooyinka degdega ah ee xad-dhaafka ah. Khamriga waa la ogol yahay in lagu adeego oo kaliya makhaayadaha hoteelada iyo baararka. Dhammaan goobaha lagu caweeyo waa loo ogolyahay inay iibiyaan khamriga. Suuqyada waaweyn ee gaarka ah ayaa laga yaabaa inay iibiyaan khamriga, laakiin alaabtan waxaa lagu iibiyaa qaybo gaar ah. Sidoo kale, hilibka doofaarka, kaas oo xaaraan ah (aan loo ogolayn Muslimiinta), waxaa lagu iibiyaa qaybo kala duwan dhammaan dukaamada waaweyn ee waaweyn. Inkasta oo khamriga la cabbo, waa sharci-darro in lagu sakhraamo meel fagaare ah ama lagu kaxeeyo baabuur leh raad khamri ah oo dhiigga ku jira ===Ciyaaraha=== [[File:Yas Marina Circuit, October 12, 2018 SkySat (cropped).jpg|thumb |Yas Marina Circuit ee Abu Dhabi]] Formula One ayaa si gaar ah caan uga ah Imaaraadka Carabta, waxaana sanad walba tartanka Grand Prix lagu qabtaa wareegga Yas Marina ee Yas Island ee Abu Dhabi. Tartanku waxa uu dhacaa fiidkii,waxana uu ahaa Grand Prix-gii ugu horeeyay ee bilaaba maalinta oo dhammi habeenka. Ciyaaraha kale ee caanka ah waxaa ka mid ah tartanka geela , falconry , fuulista dulqaadka , iyo tennis-ka . Imaarada Dubai waxay sidoo kale hoy u tahay laba koorso oo Golf ah oo waaweyn : Dubai Golf Club iyo Emirates Golf Club . Marka laga reebo dhinaca wakhtiga firaaqada, ciyaaruhu waxa ay qayb muhiim ah ka qaadan karaan qaabaynta aqoonsiga qaranka. Falconry, tusaale ahaan, waxay u shaqaynaysay sidii astaan ​​qaran tan iyo markii la aasaasay 1971. Marka laga reebo baahsanaanta qaranka ee falconry, Imaaraadku wuxuu door laxaad leh ka qaatay caalami ahaan isku dubaridka aqoonsiga UNESCO ee aqoonsiga falconry inuu yahay dhaxal aan la taaban karin . Waagii hore waxa la isticmaali jiray ciyaalka geela, taas oo keentay dhaleecayn baahsan. Ugu dambeyntii, Imaaraadku wuxuu soo saaray sharci mamnuucaya isticmaalka carruurta ee ciyaaraha, taasoo keentay in si degdeg ah meesha looga saaro ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan jockey-yada carruurta. Dhowaan robot jockeys ayaa la soo bandhigay si looga gudbo dhibaatada jookooyinka geela ee carruurta taasoo ahayd arrin ku saabsan xadgudubyada xuquuqda aadanaha. Ansar Burney ayaa inta badan lagu amaanaa shaqada uu ka qabtay deegaankan ===Kubadda Cagta=== [[File:Abu Dhabi Zayed Sports City Stadium 1.jpg|thumb |Zayed Sports City Stadium ee Abu Dhabi]] Kubadda cagta waa ciyaar caan ka ah Imaaraadka. Al Nasr , Al Ain , Al Wasl , Sharjah , Al Wahda , iyo Shabab Al Ahli waa kooxaha ugu caansan oo ku raaxaysanaya sumcadda horyaalada gobolka. Xiriirka Kubadda Cagta Isutagga Imaaraadka Carabta ayaa la aas aasay 1971-kii tan iyo xilligaas waxa uu waqti iyo dadaalba u huray sidii uu ciyaarta u horumarin lahaa, una abaabuli lahaa barnaamijyada dhalinyarada , iyo in kor loo qaado awoodda ciyaartoydiisa oo keliya, balse sidoo kale mas’uuliyiinta iyo macallimiinta ku lugta leh xulalka gobollada. Imaaraadku wuxuu u soo baxay Koobka Adduunka ee FIFA 1990 , isagoo la socday Masar . Waa markii saddexaad ee isku xigta ee Koobka Adduunka oo ay ka soo baxaan laba waddan oo Carab ah, ka dib Kuwait iyo Algeria 1982 , iyo Ciraaq iyo Algeria mar kale 1986 . Imaaraadku waxa uu ku guuleystey Koobka Gacanka laba jeer: Koobkii ugu horreeyey ee uu qaado January 2007 oo lagu qabtay Abu Dhabi iyo kii labaad ee January 2013, oo lagu qabtay Bahrain .  wadanku waxa uu marti galiyay koobka AFC Asia 2019 . Xulka Imaaraatka Carabta ayaa u soo gudbay semi-finalka,halkaas oo ay kaga adkaadeen xulka Qatar  ===Cricket=== [[File:Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium-01.jpg|thumb |Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium ee Abu Dhabi]] Cricket-ku waa mid ka mid ah ciyaaraha ugu caansan Imaaraadka Carabta, sababta oo ah waxaa sabab u ah dadka ka soo qaxay dalalka SAARC , Boqortooyada Ingiriiska, iyo Australia. Xarunta Dhexe ee Golaha Cricket-ka Caalamiga ah (ICC) waxay ku taallaa dhismaha magaalada Dubai ee isboortiga tan iyo 2005, oo ay ku jiraan ICC Academy oo la aasaasay 2009. [ 360 ] Waxaa jira tiro ka mid ah goobaha cricket-ka caalamiga ah ee UAE, kuwaas oo inta badan loo isticmaalo tartamada caalamiga ah iyo "dhexdhexaad" taxane laba geesood ah oo ay ugu wacan tahay cimilada deegaanka iyo heerka Dubai ee xarun gaadiidka. Tartamada caalamiga ah ee xusida mudan ee ay marti galisay Imaaraadku waxa ka mid ahaa 2014 ka 19 Cricket World Cup , 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup , iyo saddex koob oo Asia Cup ah (1984, 1995, iyo 2018). Garoomada xusida mudan waxaa ka mid ah Garoonka Ururka Cricket-ka Sharjah ee Sharjah , Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium ee Abu Dhabi , iyo Dubia International Cricket Stadium ee Dubai. The Emirates Cricket Board (ECB) waxay xubin ka noqotay ICC ee 1990. Kooxda qaranka ee cricket-ka UAE ayaa u soo baxay Koobka Adduunka ee Cricket laba jeer ( 1996 iyo 2015 ) iyo ICC Men's T20 World Cup laba jeer ( 2014 iyo 2022 ). Kooxda haweenka qaranka si la mid ah waa mid ka mid ah kooxaha isku dhafka ah ee ugu xoogan Aasiya, gaar ahaan ka qayb qaadashada Isreebreebka Haweenka Adduunka 2018 ee ICC . Ka dib weerarkii 2009 ee lagu qaaday kooxda Cricket-ka qaranka Sri Lanka , Imaaraadku waxa ay u adeegeen sidii guriga dhabta ah ee kooxda cricket-ka qaranka Pakistan muddo ku dhow toban sano, iyo sidoo kale martigelinta Pakistan Super League . Imaaraadku waxa kale oo uu marti galiyay hal daabacaad oo buuxa ee Horyaalka Hindiya (IPL) ee 2020 iyo laba qaybood oo qayb ka mid ah Horyaalka Hindiya (IPL) ee 2014 iyo 2021. ==Tixraacyo== [http://people.exeter.ac.uk/nsaa201/UAE%20Federal%20Boundaries.pdf "Xuduudaha Federaalka ee Imaaraadka Carabta"] [https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/data/browser/#/?pa=00000000000000000000000000000000002&c=vvvvuvo&ct=0&tl_id=5-A&vs=INTL.57-1-AFG-TBPD.A&vo=0&v=H&start=2014&end=2016 "Soosaarista Saliid Ceyriin oo ay ku jirto Condensate Lease 2016"] [http://countrystudies.us/persian-gulf-states/84.htm Isutagga Imaaraadka Carabta – Dhaqaalaha] [http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/government/historic-uae-oman-accord-involves-272km-of-border-1.119592 "Heshiiska taariikhiga ah ee Imaaraadka iyo Cumaan wuxuu ku lug leeyahay 272 km oo xuduud ah] [http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/sun-sets-on-british-empire-as-uae-raises-its-flag#page5 "Qorraxdu waxay ku dhacday Boqortooyada Ingiriiska iyadoo Imaaraadku calankiisa kor u qaaday"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20150704222708/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/tonb " Jasiiradaha Tonb (Greater iyo Ka yar), laba jasiiradood oo yaryar oo muhiimad istiraatiiji ah oo lagu doodi karo oo ku yaal Gacanka Persian bari, koonfurta cidhifka galbeed ee jasiiradda Qešm"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20111119060814/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O209-TrucialOmanorTrucialStats.html "Oman ama Dawlado Xaqiiq ah - Asalka Cumaan Xaqiiqda ah ama Dawladaha Xaqiiqda ah | Encyclopedia.com: Qaamuuska Oxford ee Magacyada Goobaha Adduunka"] [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-53770859 "Israa'iil iyo Imaaraadku waxay galeen heshiis taariikhi ah si loo caadiyeeyo xiriirka"] [http://www.uaeprison.com/uae_disputes.htm "Khilaafaadka Imaaraatka Carabta, Khilaafaadka Imaaraatka Caalamiga ah, Khilaafka Imaaraatka Carabta, Khilaafka Imaaraatka Carabta, Khilaafka Imaaraatka Carabta, Sheegashada Saddex Jaziiradood, Jaziirada Abu Muusa, Tumba Weyn & Tumbo Yar, Taariikhda Jasiiradaha, Khayraadka Shaqaalaha UAE, Imaaraadka Carabta"] [https://books.google.com/books?id=Le0Ryxzh7cQC&q=musandam Sharaftu waxay ku jirtaa Qanacsanaan: Nolosha Kahor Saliidda ee Ras Al-Khaimah (UAE) iyo Gobollada deriska ah qaarkood] [https://responsiblestatecraft.org/2020/01/24/why-the-relationship-between-russia-and-the-united-arab-emirates-is-strengthening/ "Waa maxay sababta uu u xoojinayo xiriirka Ruushka iyo Imaaraadka Carabta"] [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/07/united-arab-emirates-to-relax-islamic-laws-on-personal-freedoms "Imaaraatka Carabta waxay dhaleeceeyeen khamriga, waxayna meesha ka saartay mamnuucidda lammaanaha aan isqabin inay wada noolaadaan"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20141225122354/http://www.amnestyusa.org/sites/default/files/uaa25614.pdf "Tallaabada Degdega ah: Waajibkii La Dhaqan Galiyay ee Muwaadiniinta Qatar"] [https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/pakistan-not-to-play-home-matches-in-uae-anymore-pcb-ceo/story-tYo1UuA3czorquuVluZzxL.html "Pakistan yaanay ku ciyaarin guriga UAE mar dambe: Maamulaha PCB"] [https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ipl-2020-to-be-held-in-uae-from-september-19-to-november-10/story-GeHbVaf1f4zv07p3V8RGwO.html "IPL 2020 oo la qabanayo laga bilaabo Sebtembar 19 ilaa Noofambar 10"] [https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/heritage/first-images-of-abu-dhabi-s-abrahamic-family-house-under-construction-released-1.1241661 "Sawirradii ugu horreysay ee Guriga Qoyska Ibraahim ee Abu Dhabi oo la dhisayo ayaa la sii daayay"] [https://www.mk.co.kr/en/world/10979447 <nowiki>"[Pilot Johan's Arab Nights-18] Luuqadda Imaaraadka Carabta (UAE) waa Carabi, sida na.. - MK"</nowiki>] [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/transport/11372616/Dubai-overtakes-Heathrow-to-become-worlds-busiest-airport.html "Dubai waxay dhaaftay Heathrow si ay u noqoto kan aduunka ugu mashquulka badan"] {{Dalalka Aasiya}} [[Category:Dalalka carabta]] {{Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka}} [[Category:Aasiya]] [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] 886akacz46r4glh5lqrd4lji1acgiv8 307684 307683 2026-09-09T18:21:23Z Soalt 39618 tixraac 307684 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Imaaraatka Carabta''' ( UAE ), oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Imaaraadka Carabta , waa waddan ku yaal Galbeedka [[Aasiya]] , oo ku yaal cidhifka bari ee [[Jasiiradda Carabta]] . Waa boqortooyo federaal ah oo dastuuri ah oo ka kooban todobo imaaradood , iyadoo [[Abu Dabi|Abu Dhabi]] ay u adeegto caasimad qaran halka [[Dubay]] ay tahay magaalada ugu weyn dalka . Waxa ay xuduud dhuleed la wadaagtaa Cumaan bari iyo waqooyi-bari, iyo Sucuudiga oo koonfur-galbeed ka xiga; iyo sidoo kale xudduudaha badda ee gacanka Faaris ee Qatar iyo Iran , iyo Cumaan ee Gacanka Cumaan . Ilaa 2024 , Imaaraadku waxa lagu qiyaasaa in ka badan 10 milyan, kuwaas oo ah qowmiyado badan. Islaamku waa diinta rasmiga ah , Carabigana waa luqadda rasmiga ah, halka Ingiriisiga uu yahay luqadda ugu badan ee lagaga hadlo iyo luqadda ganacsiga. {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Imaaraadka Carabta | common_name = UAE | native_name = الإمارات العربية المتحدة ([[Carabi]]) | image_flag = Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg | flag_type = [[Flag of the United Arab Emirates|Flag]] | image_coat = Emblem of the United Arab Emirates.svg | symbol_type = [[Emblem of the United Arab Emirates|Emblem]] | national_anthem = [[File:UAE national anthem.ogg]] | image_map = United Arab Emirates (orthographic projection).svg | map_width = 250px | map_caption = Goobta Imaaraadka Carabta (cagaaran) ee Jasiiradda Carabta | image_map2 = {{maplink |frame=yes | frame-width=250 |frame-height=250 |frame-align=center | text= '''United Arab Emirates''' | type=line|id=Q878|stroke-width=1|stroke-colour=#0000ff|title=UAE }} | capital = [[Abu Dabi|Abu Dhabi]] | coordinates = {{Coord|24|28|N|54|22|E|type:city}} | largest_city = <!-- Don't change to Abu Dhabi without a citation -->[[Dubai]]<br />{{coord|25|15|N|55|18|E|display=inline}} | official_languages = [[Carabi|Carabi]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Fact sheet |url=https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/fact-sheet |website=United Arab Emirates |publisher=U.ae |access-date=31 August 2020 |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118101755/https://u.ae/en/about-the-uae/fact-sheet |url-status=live }}</ref> | common_languages = [[Emirati Arabic]], [[English language|English]]{{efn|English is the most commonly spoken language in the UAE.<ref name="Siemund">{{cite journal |last1=Siemund |first1=Peter |last2=Al-Issa |first2=Ahmad |last3=Leimgruber |first3=Jakob R. E. |title=Multilingualism and the role of English in the United Arab Emirates |journal=World Englishes |date=June 2021 |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=191–204 |doi=10.1111/weng.12507 |s2cid=219903631 |language=en |issn=0883-2919|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="visitdubai">{{cite web |title=What Languages are Spoken in Dubai? {{!}} Visit Dubai |url=https://www.visitdubai.com/en/articles/spoken-languages-in-dubai#:~:text=Absolutely.,English%20is%20always%20an%20option. |website=www.visitdubai.com |publisher=Dubai Department of Economy and Tourism |access-date=15 May 2023 |language=en |archive-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115224604/https://www.visitdubai.com/en/articles/spoken-languages-in-dubai#:~:text=Absolutely.,English%20is%20always%20an%20option. |url-status=live }}</ref>}} | ethnic_groups = * 59.4% [[Koonfurta Aasiya]] ** 38.2% [[Indians in the United Arab Emirates|Hindi]] ** 9.5% [[Bangladeshis in the United Arab Emirates|Bangladeshi]] ** 9.4% [[Pakistanis in the United Arab Emirates|Bakistani]] ** 2.3% [[South Asian ethnic groups|kuwa kale]] * 11.6% [[Emiratis|Imaaraadka Carabta]] * 10.2% [[Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates#Egyptians|Masar]] * 6.1% [[Filipinos in the United Arab Emirates|Filibiin]] * 12.8% [[Expatriates in the United Arab Emirates|Kuwa kale]] | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="WorldFactbook" /> | ethnic_groups_year = 2015 | religion = {{tree list}} *74.5% [[Islam in the United Arab Emirates|Islam]] ([[State religion|official]]) **63.3% [[Sunni Islam]] **6.7% [[Shia Islam in the United Arab Emirates|Shia Islam]] **4.4% [[Islamic schools and branches|other]] *12.9% [[Christianity in the United Arab Emirates|Christianity]] *6.2% [[Hinduism in the United Arab Emirates|Hinduism]] *3.2% [[Religion in the United Arab Emirates|Buddhism]] *1.3% [[Irreligion in the United Arab Emirates|Agnosticism]] *1.9% [[Religion in the United Arab Emirates|other]] {{tree list/end}} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref name="WorldFactbook" /> | demonym = [[Imaaraadka Carabta|Imaaraadka ]]<ref name=WorldFactbook /> | government_type = Madaxweynaha Federaalka [[boqortooyo dastuuri ah]]{{refn|<ref>{{cite book|last=Stewart|first=Dona J.|title=The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural Perspectives|publisher=Routledge|date=2013|location=London and New York|isbn=978-0-415-78243-2|page=155}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Day|first=Alan John|title=Political Parties of The World|url=https://archive.org/details/politicalparties0004daya|publisher=Stockton|date=1996|isbn=1-56159-144-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/politicalparties0004daya/page/599 599]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://elaws.moj.gov.ae/MainArabicTranslation.aspx?val=UAE-MOJ_LC-En/00_CONSTITUTION/UAE-LC-En_1971-07-18_00000_Dos.html&np=&lmp=undefined|title=United Arab Emirates Constitution|work=UAE Ministry of Justice|access-date=10 October 2018|archive-date=11 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011053637/https://elaws.moj.gov.ae/MainArabicTranslation.aspx?val=UAE-MOJ_LC-En/00_CONSTITUTION/UAE-LC-En_1971-07-18_00000_Dos.html&np=&lmp=undefined|url-status=live}}</ref>}} | leader_title1 = [[Madaxwaynaha]] | leader_name1 = [[Maxamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]] | leader_title2 = [[Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name2 = [[Maxamed bin Rashiid Al Maktoum]] | leader_title3 = [[Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Imaaraadka Carabta|Madaxweyne ku xigeenada]] | leader_name3 = {{plainlist| * Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum * [[Mansuur bin Zayed Al Nahyan]] }} | legislature = {{plainlist| * [[Golaha Sare ee Federaalka]] }} | sovereignty_type = [[Taariikhda|Dhisidda]] | established_event1 = [[Maxmiyadda Ingiriiska]] oo qayb ka ah [[Dawladaha Gaarka ah]] | established_date1 = 1820 and 1892 | established_event2 = [[Maalinta Qaranka ( Imaaraadka Carabta)|Madaxbanaanida]] oo ka yimid Boqortooyada Ingiriiska | established_date2 = 2 December 1971 | established_event3 = Admission of [[Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah|Ras Al Khaimah]] | established_date3 = 10 February 1972 | area_km2 = 83,600 | area_rank = 114aad | area_sq_mi = 32,278 <!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | percent_water = Dayacan | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate = 11,027,129<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistics by Subject - Population |url=https://fcsc.gov.ae/en-us/Pages/Statistics/Statistics-by-Subject.aspx#/?folder=Demography%20and%20Social/Population/Population&subject=Demography%20and%20Social |access-date=2 November 2023 |website=Federal Competitiveness and Statistics Centre |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204085440/https://fcsc.gov.ae/en-us/Pages/Statistics/Statistics-by-Subject.aspx#/?folder=Demography%20and%20Social/Population/Population&subject=Demography%20and%20Social |url-status=live }}</ref> | population_density_km2 = 132 | population_density_sq_mi = 341.6<!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | population_density_rank = 83aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $905.23 billion<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Databases |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/SPROLLs/world-economic-outlook-databases |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_rank = 36aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $81,680<ref name="auto"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 13aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $548.60 billion<ref name="auto"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_rank = 28aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $49,550<ref name="auto"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 21aad | Gini = 26 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2018 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) – United Arab Emirates|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AE|website=data.worldbank.org|publisher=World Bank|access-date=30 March 2020|archive-date=30 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330025458/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AE|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/|title=Gini Index coefficient|publisher=[[The World Factbook]]|access-date=24 September 2024|archive-date=17 Bisha Todobaad 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717071854/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison|url-status=dead}}</ref> | HDI = 0.940 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2023 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 15aad | currency = [[United Arab Emirates dirham|UAE dirham]] | currency_code = AED | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in the United Arab Emirates|+971]] | time_zone = [[Time in the United Arab Emirates|GST]] | utc_offset = +04:00 | cctld = {{unbulleted list |[[.ae]] |[[emarat|امارات.]]}} | footnotes = <div style="background:#ddf;padding:0.2em;font-size:135%;text-align:center;">'''[[Portal:United Arab Emirates|United Arab Emirates portal]]'''</div> | linking_name = }} ==Xubin== * [[IMF]]_* * [[ Bankiga Aduunka]]_* * [[ Jaamacada Carabta]]_* * [[ Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka]]_* * [[Qaramada Midoobay]]_*_* ==Waddanamha Deggan Emmaratka== * {{Flag|Bahrain}}: 20,000+ * {{Flag|Qatar}}:10,000+ * {{Flag|Kuwait}}: 20,000+ * {{Flag|Oman}}: 30,000+ * {{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}:50,000++ {{commons|الإمارات العربية المتحدة / United Arab Emirates‏}} Imaaraatka Carabta ee hadda jira waxa uu ku yaalaa dhexda dhexe ee Bariga Carabta oo wadaaga dhaqanka badweynta . Boqortooyadii Boortaqiisku waxay timid gobolka qiyaastii 1500 waxayna saldhigyo ka sameysatay dhulkaas iyagoo dagaal kula jira Faaris . Ka dib markii la eryay, Nederlaanku waxay xakameeyeen cidhiidhiga waxayna dejiyeen awoodda badda ee caalamiga ah. Qarnigii 19aad, iyadoo luul noqday dhaqaale weyn, budhcad-badeedda gacanka ay sababeen qaar ka mid ah qabaa'ilka maxalliga ah ayaa sababay in Ingiriisku yimaado, taas oo keentay in sheekhyadu ay heshiis la samaystaan ​​iyaga oo abuuraya Dawlado run ah , si wax ku ool ah u ilaalinaya aagga Sucuudiga iyo Cumaan ee ku andacoonaya suzerainty in ka badan. Dawladaha dhabta ah waxay sii ahaan jireen maxmiyad Ingiriis ah ilaa madax-bannaani buuxda sida Isutagga Imaaraadka Carabta ee 1971. Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan , taliyaha Abu Dhabi iyo madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee dalka (1971-2004), wuxuu kormeeray horumarka degdegga ah ee Emirates isagoo maalgelinaya dakhliga saliidda cusub ee la helay daryeelka caafimaadka, waxbarashada, iyo kaabayaasha. Caalami ahaan, UAE waxaa loo arkaa quwad dhexe iyo magaalada Dubia waxay u adeegtaa sidii xarun caalami ah. Kaliya 11% dadka ayaa ah Imaaraatka udhashay wadankaas oo ay ka tiro badan yihiin ajaanibka iyo shaqaalaha soogalootiga , kuwaas oo intooda badan ka yimid Koonfurta Aasiya . Imaaraadka Carabta waxa uu leeyahay kaydka saliidda ee toddobaad ee ugu weyn adduunka iyo kaydka gaasta dabiiciga ah ee toddobaad ee ugu weyn . Dalku wuxuu leeyahay dhaqaalaha ugu kala duwan ee xubnaha Golaha Iskaashiga Khaliijka (GCC), ka dib markii ay noqdeen kuwo aan ku tiirsanayn kheyraadka dabiiciga ah qarniga 21aad oo sii kordheysa diiradda dalxiiska iyo ganacsiga. Waa xubin ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay , Jaamacadda Carabta , Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka , OPEC , Dhaqdhaqaaqa Aan Isbahaysiga ahayn , Ururka Ganacsiga Adduunka , iyo BRICS . Imaaraadku sidoo kale waa saaxiibka wadahadalka ee Ururka Iskaashiga Shanghai . Golaha Sare ee Federaalka oo ka kooban toddobada Amiir ee talada haya ayaa ah maamulka ugu sarreeya dowlad goboleedyada, iyagoo si wadajir ah hal xubin u magacaabaya Madaxweynaha Federaalka oo isna soo magacaabaya Ra’iisul Wasaare, isaga laftiisa ayaa soo dhisaya Golaha Wasiirada . [ 27 ] Dawlad awood leh , UAE guud ahaan waa xor marka loo eego heerarka gobolka [ 17 ] waxayna si heer sare ah ugu jirtaa dhowr tilmaame bulsheed sida guriyeynta, daryeelka caafimaadka, waxbarashada iyo badbaadada shakhsi ahaaneed, iyo sidoo kale gobolka ugu sarreeya ee Heerka Horumarinta Aadanaha . [ 28 ] Ururada xuquuqal insaanku waxay tixgeliyaan UAE heerka hoose ee xuquuqda bini'aadamka, oo ay ku hooseeyaan tusmada xorriyadda aadanaha . Arintaan ayaa waxaa sabab u ah wararka sheegaya in dadka dhaliila dowladda loo geysto xarig iyo jirdil, qoysas ay hey’adaha ammaanka dowladda dhibaateeyaan, iyo kiisas la sheegay in si qasab ah lagu waayay . [ 29 ] Xuquuqda shakhsiga ah sida xorriyaadka shirarka , ururrada , ra'yi dhiibashada , iyo xorriyadda saxaafadda ayaa si ba'an loo cabudhiyaa. ==Asalka erayga == Imaaraatka carabta waxaa loogu magac daray todobada imaaradood ee samaystay federaal ee kala ah imaarada Abu Dhabi , imaarada dubai , imaarada cajmaan , imaarada sharjah , imaarada ras al khaimah , imaarada umm al quwain , imaarada fujairah . ==Taariikhda== ===Qadiimiga=== [[File:Cántaro (26738115330).jpg|thumb|Qarnigii 2aad ee BCE weel laga helay goobta qadiimiga Mleiha ee Sharjah]] Aaladaha dhagaxa ah ee la helay ayaa daaha ka qaaday in la degay dad ka yimid Afrika ilaa 127,000 oo sano ka hor iyo qalab dhagax ah oo loo isticmaalo qalitaanka xoolaha oo laga helay xeebaha Carabta ayaa tilmaamaya in xitaa deegaan ka sii da'weyn 130,000 sano ka hor. Waqti ka dib, xiriiro ganacsi oo firfircoon ayaa la kobciyay ilbaxnimada Mesobotaamiya , Iran, iyo dhaqanka Harappan ee Dooxada Indus. Xidhiidhku wuu sii socday oo wuu sii ballaadhay, malaha waxa dhiirigeliyay ka ganacsiga naxaasta ee Buuraha Xajar , kaas oo bilaabmay qiyaastii 3,000 BC. Ilaha Sumerian waxay ka hadlaan ilbaxnimada Magan , taas oo loo aqoonsaday inay ka kooban tahay UAE iyo Cumaan casriga ah. Waxa jira lix xilli oo ay dadku degeen oo leh dhaqammo gaar ah oo ka jira gobolka Islaamka ka hor, kuwaas oo ay ku jiraan xilligii Hafit laga bilaabo 3,200 ilaa 2,600 BCE, dhaqanka Umm Al Nar ee 2,600 ilaa 2,000 BCE, iyo dhaqanka Wadi Suq laga bilaabo 2,000 ilaa 1,300 BCE. Laga soo bilaabo 1,200 BC ilaa imaatinka Islaamka ee Bariga Carabta, iyada oo loo marayo saddex qarni oo bir ah oo kala duwan iyo xilligii Mleiha , aagga waxaa si kala duwan u qabsaday Achaemenids iyo ciidamada kale, waxaana la arkayay dhismayaal deyr leh iyo beero ballaaran oo ay ugu wacan tahay horumarinta nidaamka waraabka ee Falaj ===Islaamka=== Fidinta Islaamka ee cidhifka waqooyi-bari ee Jasiiradda Carabta ayaa loo malaynayaa inay si toos ah uga timid warqad uu nebi Islaamku Muxammad u diray madaxdii Cumaan sannadkii 630-kii. Tani waxay keentay in koox ka mid ah madaxda ay u safraan Madiina , oo soo galaan diinta Islaamka, ka dibna ay wateen kacdoono guul leh oo ka dhan ah Sassanids aan la jeclayn , oo xeebaha ka talinayay wakhtigaas. Ka dib dhimashadii Muxammad , bulshooyinka cusub ee Islaamka ee koonfurta Gacanka Faaris waxay ku hanjabeen inay burburaan, oo ay la socdaan kacdoono ka dhan ah hoggaamiyayaasha Muslimiinta . Khaliifkii Abuu Bakar wuxuu ka soo diray ciidan uu ka soo diray caasimadda Madiina oo dhameeyay dib u qabsashadii dhulkii ( Dagaalladii Ridda ) ee uu la galay dagaalkii Dibba oo loo malaynayo in lagu dilay 10,000 oo qof. Tani waxay xaqiijisay hufnaanta Khilaafada iyo midaynta Jasiiradda Carabta oo hoos imanaysa Khilaafada Raashidun ee dhawaan soo shaac baxday . Sanadkii 637, Julfar (oo ku taal aagga Ras Al Khaimah ) waxay ahayd deked muhiim ah oo loo isticmaali jiray goob laga soo abaabulo duullaankii Islaamka ee Boqortooyadii Sasaniya . Aagga Al Ain / Buraimi Oasis waxaa loo yaqaanay Tu'am waxayna ahayd goob ganacsi oo muhiim u ah waddooyinka geela ee u dhexeeya xeebta iyo gudaha Carabta. Meesha ugu horraysa ee Kiristaanka ee Imaaraadka waxa markii ugu horreysay la helay sagaashamaadkii, dhisme ballaadhan oo monastic ah oo ku yaalla waxa hadda loo yaqaan Jasiiradda Sir Bani Yas oo soo taxnayd qarnigii toddobaad. Malaha Nestorian oo la dhisay 600 CE, kaniisaddu waxay u muuqataa in si nabad ah looga tagay 750 CE. Waxay samaysaa xidhiidh naadir ah oo jireed oo la xidhiidha dhaxalka Masiixiyadda, kaas oo loo malaynayo inuu ku faafay jasiiradda 50 ilaa 350 CE ka dib waddooyinka ganacsiga. Dhab ahaantii, qarnigii shanaad, Cumaan wuxuu lahaa hoggaamiyaha kiniisadda la odhan jiray John - hoggaamiyaha kiniisaddii ugu dambeeyay ee Cumaan wuxuu ahaa Etienne, 676 CE. ===Waagii Bortuqiisku=== [[File:Forte de doba.jpg|thumb|Sawir gacmeedkii Boqortooyadii Boortaqiiska ee Doba Fortress [ pt ] ee Dibba Al-Hisn sanadkii 1620]] Deegaanka saxaraha ah ee qallafsan ayaa horseeday in ay soo baxaan "qabiilka badan", kooxaha reer guuraaga ah oo ku noolaaday dhaq-dhaqaaqyo kala duwan oo dhaqaale, oo ay ku jiraan xannaanada xoolaha, beeraha, iyo ugaarsiga. Dhaqdhaqaaqa xilliyeedka ee kooxahani ma keenin oo kaliya isku dhacyo soo noqnoqda oo u dhexeeya kooxaha laakiin sidoo kale waxay abuureen deegaamayn xilliyeed iyo xilli-xilliyeedyo iyo xarumo. Kooxahan waxa ay sameysteen kooxo qabiilo ah oo magacyadooda ay wataan Imaaraatka casriga ah, oo ay ku jiraan Bani Yas iyo Al Bu Falah ee Abu Dhabi , Al Ain, Liwa , iyo xeebta galbeed; Dhawahir , Awamir, Al Ali , iyo Manaasirkii gudaha ; Sharqiiyinkii xeebta bari ; iyo Qawaasimkii waqooyi. Markii ay ballaarteen boqortooyooyinkii gumeysiga Yurub , Boortaqiis , Ingiriisi , iyo ciidamada Nederland waxay ka soo muuqdeen gobolka Gacanka Faaris. Qarnigii 18-aad, ururka Bani Yas wuxuu ahaa xoogga ugu sarreeya inta badan aagga hadda loo yaqaan Abu Dhabi, halka Waqooyiga Al Qawasim (Al Qasimi) uu xukumayay ganacsiga badda. Bortuqiisku waxay ku adkaysteen inay saameyn ku yeeshaan degsiimooyinka xeebaha, iyagoo dhistay qalcado ka dib qabsashadii qarnigii 16aad ee dhiigga ee beelaha xeebaha ee Albuquerque iyo taliyayaashii Bortuqiisku ee raacay isaga - gaar ahaan xeebta bari ee Muscat , Sohar , iyo Khor Fakkan . Xeebta koonfureed ee Gacanka Faaris waxa Ingiriisku u yaqaannay " Xeebta Budhcad-badeedda ", sida doomaha federaalka Al Qawasim ay dhibaateeyeen maraakiibta calanka Ingiriiska ee qarnigii 17aad ilaa qarnigii 19aad. Eedaynta budhcad-badeednimada waxaa ku muransan taariikhyahannada casriga ah ee Imaaraatka, oo uu ku jiro taliyaha hadda ee Sharjah, Sheikh Sultan Al Qasimi , buuggiisa 1986 ee Khuraafaadka Budhcad-badeedda Carabta ee Gacanka . [[File:Persian Gulf 1507-1750.gif|thumb|Purple - Boortaqiis oo ku yaal Gacanka Faaris qarnigii 16aad iyo 17aad. Magaalooyinka waaweyn, dekedaha, iyo jidadka.]] [[File:Ras Al Khaimah under attack, 1809 01.jpg|thumb|Sawir muujinaya gubashada magaalada xeebta ah iyo dekedda Imaaradda Ras Al Khaimah intii lagu jiray ololihii Gacanka Faaris ee 1809]] Socdaalkii Ingiriiska ee lagu ilaalinayay jidadkooda ganacsi ee Hindiya ayaa horseeday olole ka dhan ah Ras Al Khaimah iyo dekedaha kale ee xeebta, oo ay ku jiraan ololihii Gacanka Faaris ee 1809 iyo ololihii guusha badnaa ee 1819 . Sannadkii xigay, Ingiriiska iyo tiro ka mid ah hoggaamiyeyaasha maxalliga ah ayaa saxeexay heshiis xabbad-joojin badeed ah , taasoo keentay ereyga Dawlad-goboleedka , kaas oo u yimid inuu qeexo xaaladda imaaradaha xeebaha. Heshiis dheeraad ah ayaa la saxeexay 1843 iyo 1853-kii, waxaa la isku raacay Heshiiskii Badda ee Joogtada ah . Tan waxaa lagu daray 'Heshiiska Gaarka ah', ee la saxiixay 1892, kaas oo ka dhigay Waddamada Xaqiiqda ah maxmiyad Ingiriis ah. Sida ku cad heshiiskii 1892-kii, shuyuukhdii xaqa ahayd waxay ku heshiiyeen in aan dhulna laga tuurin marka laga reebo Ingiriis iyo in aanay xidhiidh la samayn dawlad shisheeye oo aan Ingiriis ahayn iyaga oo aan raalli ka ahayn. Taa baddalkeeda, Ingiriisku wuxuu ballanqaaday inuu ka ilaalinayo Xeebta Trucial dhammaan gardarrada badda iyo inuu caawiyo haddii weerar dhulka ah. Bilayska badda ee Ingiriiska waxa uu ka dhigan yahay in maraakiibta luulku ay ku shaqayn karaan ammaan sugan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, mamnuucida Ingiriiska ee ganacsiga addoonta waxay ka dhigan tahay ilo dhaqaale oo muhiim ah ayaa lumay sheekhyada iyo ganacsatada qaarkood. Sannadkii 1869kii, qabiilka Qubaysat waxa ay degeen Khor Al Cadaaid oo ay isku dayeen in ay taageero ka helaan Cusmaaniyiinta. Khor Al Cadaaid waxaa xilligaas sheegan jiray Abu Dhabi, taas oo uu taageeray Ingiriiska. Sannadkii 1906dii, Deganaanshaha Siyaasadda Ingiriiska, Percy Cox , ayaa qoraal u xaqiijiyay taliyihii Abu Dhabi, Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan ('Zayed the Great'), in Khor Al Cadaaid uu ka tirsan yahay sheekhnimadiisa. ===Waagii Ingiriiska iyo helista shidaalka=== [[File:Dhayah Fort showing hilltop location.jpg|thumb|Dhayah Fort at the hill top. In 1819 it was the last Al-Qasimi stronghold to fall in the Persian Gulf campaign of 1819. The fall of Dhayah was to pave the way for the signing of the General Maritime Treaty of 1820.]] Intii lagu guda jiray qarniyadii 19-aad iyo horraantii 20-aad, warshadaha luulka ayaa horumaray, taasoo dakhliga iyo shaqadaba siin jirtay dadka Gacanka Faaris. Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka wuxuu saameyn ba'an ku yeeshay warshadaha, laakiin waxay ahayd niyad-jabka dhaqaale ee dabayaaqadii 1920-meeyadii iyo horraantii 1930-meeyadii, oo ay weheliso abuuritaanka luul-dhaqameedka , kaas oo tirtiray ganacsiga. Hadhaagii ganacsiga ayaa aakhirkii meesha ka baxay wax yar ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka , markii dawlada cusub ee xornimada qaadatay ee Hindiya ay canshuur culus ku soo rogtay luul dibadda laga keeno. Hoos u dhaca luulku wuxuu keenay dhibaato dhaqaale oo aad u daran oo ka jirta Dawladaha Xaqiiqda ah. Sannadkii 1922-kii, dawladda Ingriisku waxay ballan-qaadyo ka samaysay taliyayaashii Dawlad-goboleedka oo aan heshiisyo la saxeexin shirkado shisheeye ogolaansho la'aan. Iyadoo la ogsoon yahay suurtogalnimada horumarinta khayraadka dabiiciga ah sida saliidda, ka dib markii laga helay Faaris (laga bilaabo 1908) iyo Mesopotamia (laga bilaabo 1927), shirkad shidaal oo British ah, Shirkadda Shidaalka Ciraaq (IPC), ayaa muujisay xiisaha gobolka. Shirkadda Saliida ee Anglo-Persian (APOC, oo markii dambe noqotay British Petroleum , ama BP) waxay lahayd 23.75% saamiga IPC. Laga soo bilaabo 1935kii, heshiisyada badda ee lagu sahaminayo shidaalka waxaa bixiyay taliyayaasha maxalliga ah, iyadoo APOC ay saxiixday tii ugu horreysay oo ay wakiil ka tahay Petroleum Concessions Ltd (PCL), oo ah shirkad xiriirisa IPC. APOC waxaa laga hor istaagay inay horumariso gobolka oo keliya sababtoo ah xannibaadaha Heshiiska Khadka Cas , kaas oo u baahan inuu ku shaqeeyo IPC. Tiro door ah oo u dhexeeya PCL iyo taliyayaasha dhabta ah ayaa la kala saxeexday, taasoo dakhli waxtar u leh bulshooyinka soo maray faqriga ka dib burburkii ganacsiga luul. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, hantida saliidda ee madaxda ay ka arki karaan dakhliga ka soo xerooda wadamada ku xeeran ayaa ahaa mid aan la garanayn. Godadki ugu horeeyay ee Abu Dhabi waxa qoday shirkadii IPC ee ka shaqaynaysay, Petroleum Development (Trucial Coast) Ltd (PDTC) ee Ras Sadr 1950kii, iyada oo god dhererkiisu dhan yahay 13,000 cagood (4,000-mitir) godad qodis ah oo qaatay sanad in la qodo kana soo baxo qalalan, waxaana ku baxay lacag aad u badan oo £1 million ah wakhtigaa [[File:Mid-20th century Dubai.JPG|thumb|Dubai 1950kii: aagga sawirkan wuxuu muujinayaa Bur Dubai oo ku yaal xagga hore (oo ku taal Al-Fahidi Fort), Deira oo ku taal midigta dhexe ee dhinaca kale ee qulqulka, iyo Al Shindagha (bidix) iyo Al Ras (midig) ee gadaasha qulqulka, laga bilaabo Deira.]] Ingriisku waxa uu sameeyay xafiis horumarineed oo ka caawiyay horumarada yaryar ee imaaradaha. Todobadii sheekh ee imaaradaha ayaa markaas go’aan ku gaaray in la sameeyo gole ka shaqeeya arrimaha dhexdooda, waxayna la wareegeen xafiiskii horumarinta. 1952, waxay samaysteen Golaha Dawladaha Trucial, waxayna u magacaabeen Adi Al Bitar , Dubai's Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum ' lataliyaha sharciga, xoghaye guud iyo lataliyaha sharciga ee golaha. Golahan ayaa la joojiyay markii la dhisay Imaaraadka Carabta. Dabeecadda qabiilka ee bulshada iyo qeexitaan la'aanta xudduudaha u dhexeeya imaaradaha ayaa had iyo jeer keena khilaaf, lagu dhammeeyo dhexdhexaadin ama, marar dhif ah, xoog. Cuman Scouts Trucial waxay ahayd ciidan yar oo Ingiriisku u isticmaalo ilaalinta nabadda. Sanadkii 1953, shirkad hoos timaada BP , D'Arcy Exploration Ltd, waxay ka heshay heshiis dhinaca badda ah taliyihii Abu Dhabi. BP waxay ku biirtay Compagnie Française des Pétroles (kadib Total ) si ay u sameeyaan shirkado ka shaqeeya, Abu Dhabi Marine Areas Ltd (ADMA) iyo Dubai Marine Areas Ltd (DUMA). Dhowr sahan oo saliidda hoosteeda ah ayaa la sameeyay, oo uu ku jiro mid uu hogaaminayo sahamiyaha caanka ah ee badda Jacques Cousteau . Sannadkii 1958-kii, riig sabeynayay ayaa laga soo jiiday Hamburg , Jarmalka , waxaana la dhigay sariirta Umm Shaif luul, oo ku taal biyaha Abu Dhabi, halkaas oo qodista laga bilaabay. Bishii Maarso, waxay ku dhufatay saliid samaynta dhagaxa sare ee Thamama. Tani waxay ahayd markii ugu horreysay ee la helo ganacsigii ugu horreeyay ee Xeebta Trucial, taasoo keentay dhoofinta ugu horreysa ee saliidda 1962. ADMA waxay sahan dheeraad ah ka samaysay Zakum iyo meelo kale, shirkado kale waxay sameeyeen ganacsiyo ganacsi sida saliidda Fateh ee Dubai iyo beerta Mubarak ee Sharjah (oo lala wadaago Iran). Dhanka kale, sahaminta xeebaha waxaa hor istaagay muran dhuleed. Sanadkii 1955, Boqortooyada Midowday (UK) waxay wakiil ka ahayd Abu Dhabi iyo Cumaan khilaafkii Sucuudiga ee ku saabsanaa Buraimi Oasis . Heshiis 1974 dhex maray Abu Dhabi iyo Sacuudi Carabiya ayaa u muuqday mid lagu xaliyay murankii xudduudda ee Abu Dhabi iyo Sacuudiga , laakiin tan lama ansixin. Xadka Imaaraadku la leeyahay Cumaan waxa la ansixiyay 2008. PDTC waxay sii waday sahaminta badda ee ka fog aagga lagu muransan yahay, iyada oo qoday shan godad oo kale oo iyaguna qalalan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, 27kii Oktoobar 1960, shirkaddu waxay heshay shidaal tiro ganacsi ah ceelka Murban No. 3 ee xeebta u dhow Tarif. Sannadkii 1962, PDTC waxay noqotay Shirkadda Shidaalka ee Abu Dhabi . Markii dakhliga saliidda uu kordhay, taliyaha Abu Dhabi, Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan , wuxuu qabtay barnaamij dhisme oo ballaaran, dhisidda dugsiyo, guriyeynta, isbitaallada, iyo waddooyinka. Markii dhoofinta saliidda ee Dubai la bilaabay 1969, Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum , oo ah taliyaha Dubai, wuxuu awooday inuu maalgeliyo dakhliga ka soo baxa kaydka xaddidan ee la helay si uu u kiciyo dhaqdhaqaaqa kala-duwan ee abuurista magaalada casriga ah ee caalamiga ah ee Dubai ===Madaxbanaanida=== [[File:Flag-hoisting at the Union Declaration.jpg|thumb|Sawir taariikhi ah oo muujinaya markii ugu horreysay oo madaxda imaaraadku ay ka taageen calanka Imaaraadka Carabta ee ku yaal Aqalka Midowga ee Dubai 2dii Disembar 1971]] Sannadkii 1966kii, waxa caddaatay in dawladda Ingiriisku aanay awood u lahayn inay maamusho oo ay ilaaliso Dawladaha Saxda ah , oo hadda loo yaqaan Imaaraadka Carabta. Xubnaha baarlamaanka Ingiriiska (MPs) ayaa ka dooday diyaargarowga ciidamada badda ee boqortooyada si ay u difaacaan sheekhyada . 24-kii Janaayo 1968, Ra'iisul Wasaarihii Ingiriiska Harold Wilson wuxuu ku dhawaaqay go'aanka dowladda, oo uu xaqiijiyay March 1971 Ra'iisul Wasaarihii Edward Heath , si loo soo afjaro xiriirka heshiiska ee toddobada sheekh ee dhabta ah. Maalmo ka dib markii lagu dhawaaqay, taliyaha Abu Dhabi, Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan , oo ka baqaya nuglaanshaha, ayaa isku dayay inuu ku qanciyo Ingiriiska si ay u ixtiraamaan heshiisyada ilaalinta isaga oo bixinaya kharashka buuxa ee ku haynta Ciidamada Qalabka Sida ee Ingiriiska ee Imaaraadka. Dawladda Ingiriiska ee muxaafidka ah ayaa diiday dalabkaas. Ka dib markii xildhibaanka xisbiga shaqaalaha Goronwy Roberts uu u sheegay Sheikh Zayed warka ka bixitaanka Ingiriiska, sagaalka sheekh ee Khaliijka Persian waxay isku dayeen inay sameeyaan midowga imaaradaha Carabta, laakiin bartamihii 1971 wali way awoodi waayeen inay ku heshiiyaan shuruudaha midowga inkastoo xiriirka heshiiska Ingiriiska uu dhacayo December ee sanadkaas. Cabsida nuglaanta ayaa la xaqiiqsaday maalin ka hor xornimada. Koox burburiye Iiraaniyiin ah ayaa ka jabtay dhoolatus ay ku sameynayeen gacanka hoose, iyagoo u shiraacday jasiiradaha Tunb . Jasiiradaha waxa lagu qabsaday xoog , shacab iyo difaacyo carbeed si isku mid ah ayaa loo ogolaaday inay cararaan. Markab dagaal oo Ingiriis ah ayaa istaagay intii uu socday duulaanka. Koox wax burburisa ayaa iyana u soo dhawaaday jasiiradda Abuu Muusa . Laakin halkaas, Sheikh Khalid bin Mohammed Al-Qasimi wuxuu horey ula xaajooday shahka Iran, jasiiradda ayaa si degdeg ah loogu kireeyay Iran $ 3 milyan sanadkii. Dhanka kale, Sacuudi Carabiya ayaa sheeganeysa in Abu Dhabi ay ku badan tahay. Waxay ahayd ilaa 1974kii markii heshiis xuduudeed lala saxeexday Sucuudiga, kaas oo si rasmi ah u calaamadaynaya soohdimaha u dhexeeya Imaaraadka iyo Sucuudiga. Dareenka Qatarta Imaaraatka ee Iran ayaa saameyn ku yeelatay taageeradii dhaqaale ee Ciraaq intii uu socday dagaalkii Iran iyo Ciraaq Asal ahaan loogu talagalay inay ka mid noqoto Isutagga Imaaraadka Carabta ee la soo jeediyay, Bahrain waxay xorowday bishii Agoosto, iyo Qatar Sebtembar 1971. Markii heshiiskii Sheikhdoms ee Ingiriiska iyo Ingiriiska uu dhacay 1dii Disembar 1971, labada imaaradoodba waxay noqdeen madax-bannaani buuxda. 2dii Diisambar 1971, lix ka mid ah imaaradaha (Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Sharjah, iyo Umm Al Quwain) waxay ogolaadeen inay galaan urur la magac baxay Imaaraadka Carabta. Ras al-Khaimah wuxuu ku biiray ka dib, 10 Janaayo 1972. Bishii Febraayo 1972, Golaha Qaranka ee Federaalka (FNC) ayaa la sameeyay; waxay ahayd gole la tashi oo ka kooban 40 xubnood oo ay soo magacaabeen todobada masuul. Imaaraadku wuxuu ku biiray Jaamacadda Carabta 6 December 1971 iyo Qaramada Midoobay 9 December. Waxay ahayd xubin aasaasi ah oo ka tirsan Golaha Iskaashiga Khaliijka bishii Maajo 1981, iyadoo Abu Dhabi ay martigelisay shirkii ugu horreeyay ee GCC . ===Aabayaashii asaasay=== Asaasayaashii Imaaraadka Carabta waxaa ka mid ahaa: Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan ee Abu Dhabi ; Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum ee Dubai ; Khaalid bin Muxammad Al Qasimi ee Sharjah ; Rashid bin Xumaid Al Nuaimi of Ajman ; Axmad bin Rashid Al Mucalla ee Umm Al Quwain ; Saqr bin Mohammed Al Qasimi of Ras Al Khaimah iyo Mohammed bin Hamad Al Sharqi of Fujairah . ===Xornimada ka dib=== [[File:Burj Khalifa (worlds tallest building) and the Dubai skyline (25781049892).jpg|thumb|Skyline ee Dubai]] Imaaraadku waxa uu taageeray hawlgallada milatari ee Maraykanka iyo dawladaha kale ee isbahaysiga ee ku hawlanaa dagaalkii khaliijka ee ka dhanka ahaa Saddam Hussein ee Baathist Ciraaq (1991), iyo sidoo kale hawlgallada taageeraya dagaalka caalamiga ah ee argagixisada Geeska Afrika ee saldhigga hawada ee Al Dhafra ee ku yaala meel ka baxsan Abu Dhabi. Saldhigga cirku wuxuu kaloo taageeray hawlgallada Isbahaysiga intii lagu jiray Dagaalkii Gacanka Faaris ee 1991 iyo Hawlgalkii Ilaalada Waqooyi . Wadanku waxa uu hore u saxeexay heshiis difaac milatari oo Maraykan ah 1994 iyo mid Faransiis ah 1995. Bishii Janaayo 2008, Faransiiska iyo UAE waxay saxiixeen heshiis u oggolaanaya Faransiiska inuu saldhig milatari oo joogto ah ka sameysto imaarada Abu Dhabi. Imaaraadku wuxuu ku biiray hawlgallada milatari ee caalamiga ah ee Liibiya Maarso 2011. 2-dii Noofambar 2004, madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee Imaaraadka, Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan , ayaa geeriyooday. Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan ayaa loo doortay madaxweynaha Imaaraadka Carabta . Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan ayaa xilka kala wareegay Sheikh Khalifa oo ah dhaxal sugaha Abu Dhabi. Bishii Janaayo 2006, Sheikh Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum , ra'iisul wasaarihii Imaaraadka iyo xaakimkii Dubai, ayaa dhintay, iyo Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum ayaa qaatay labada door. Doorashadii ugu horreysay ee heer qaran ah ayaa la qabtay 16kii Disembar 2006. Tiro codbixiyeyaal ah ayaa doortay kala bar xubnaha Golaha Qaranka ee Federaalka . Imaaraadku wuxuu si weyn uga badbaaday kacdoonkii Carabta , kaas oo ay dalal kale soo mareen; si kastaba ha ahaatee, 60 ka mid ah dhaq-dhaqaaqa Imaaraatka ee ka tirsan Al Islaax ayaa gacanta lagu dhigay, kuwaas oo lagu eedeyay in ay isku dayeen afgambi iyo isku daygii ay ku doonayeen in ay ku dhistaan ​​dowlad Islaami ah oo ka dhisan Imaaraadka. Anigoo ka duulaya mudaaharaadyadii ka dhacay Baxrayn ee u dhow, bishii Nofembar 2012 Imaaraadku wuxuu mamnuucay jeesjeeska khadka tooska ah ee dawladdiisa ama isku dayga lagu abaabulayo mudaharaadyada dadweynaha iyada oo loo marayo warbaahinta bulshada. Janaayo 29, 2020, Faafida COVID-19 ayaa la xaqiijiyay inuu gaaray Imaaraadka . Laba bilood ka dib, bishii Maarso, dawladdu waxay ku dhawaaqday xidhitaanka xarumaha dukaamaysiga, dugsiyada, iyo goobaha cibaadada, marka lagu daro soo rogida bandow 24 saacadood ah, iyo joojinta dhammaan duulimaadyada rakaabka ee Emirates . Tani waxay keentay hoos u dhac dhaqaale oo weyn, kaas oo aakhirkii horseeday inay midoobaan in ka badan 50% hay'adaha federaalka ee Imaaraadka Carabta . 29kii Agoosto 2020, Imaaraadku wuxuu xidhiidh diblomaasiyadeed oo caadi ah la samaystay Israa'iil , isagoo gacan ka helaya Maraykanka , waxay la saxeexdeen Baxreyn Heshiiskii Abraham 9kii Febraayo 2021, Imaaraadku wuxuu gaaray guul taariikhi ah markii baaritaankeedii, loogu magac daray Hope , uu si guul leh u gaaray meeraha Mars . Imaaraadku wuxuu noqday waddankii ugu horreeyay ee dunida Carabta ah ee gaadha Mars, waa waddankii shanaad ee si guul leh ku gaadhay Mars, iyo waddankii labaad, ka dib baadhitaan Hindi ah , si uu ugu wareego Mars isku daygii ugu horreeyay. 14 May 2022, Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan ayaa loo doortay madaxweynaha cusub ee Imaaraadka kadib geeridii Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan ==Juqraafiga== [[File:Satellite image of United Arab Emirates in October.jpg|thumb|Sawirka dayax-gacmeedka ee Imaaraadka Carabta]] Imaaraadka Carabta waxa uu ku yaalaa Bariga Dhexe , waxa uu xad la leeyahay Gacanka Cumaan iyo Gacanka Faaris , waxa uu u dhexeeyaa Cumaan iyo Sucuudiga ; waxa ay ku taal meel istaraatiiji ah oo in yar ka xigta marin biyoodka Hormuz , oo ah marin muhiim u ah saliida cayriin ee aduunka . UAE waxay u dhaxaysaa 22°30' iyo 26°10' waqooyi loolka iyo inta u dhaxaysa 51° iyo 56°25′ east longitude. Waxay xuduud dhan 530 kiiloomitir (330 mi) la wadaagtaa Sucuudiga galbeed, koonfur, iyo koonfur-bari, iyo 450 kiiloomitir (280 mi) oo xuduud ah oo ay la leedahay Cumaan ee koonfur-bari iyo waqooyi-bari. Soohdinta dhulka ee Qatar ee aagga Khor Al Cadaaid waa qiyaastii sagaal iyo toban kiiloomitir (12 mayl) ee waqooyi-galbeed; si kastaba ha ahaatee, waa isha khilaaf joogta ah . Ka dib bixitaankii millatari ee Ingiriisku ka baxay Imaaraadka sannadkii 1971-kii, lagana aasaasay dawlad cusub, Imaaraadku waxa ay sheegteen jasiiradaha Abu Muusa ee ay Iiraan gumaysan jirtay iyo Tunbiyada Weyn iyo tan ka yarba, markii ay Iran qabsatay intii uu Ingiriisku xukumayay, taas oo keentay in Iiraan la isku haysto oo aan weli xal loo helin. Imaaraadku sidoo kale wuxuu ku muransan yahay sheegashada jasiiradaha kale ee ka dhanka ah dawladda ay jaarka yihiin ee Qatar. Imaaradda ugu weyn, Abu Dhabi , waxay ka dhigan tahay 87% bedka guud ee Imaaraadka, 67,340 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (26,000 sq mi). Imaarada ugu yar, Ajman , waxa ay ka kooban tahay 259 km2 ( 100 sq mi). Xeebta Imaaraadku waxay fidsan tahay ku dhawaad ​​650 km (404 mi) oo ku teedsan xeebta koonfureed ee Gacanka Faaris , oo ay muddo kooban hakisay meel go'doonsan oo ka tirsan Saldanada Cumaan. Lix ka mid ah imaaradaha waxay ku yaalliin gacanka Faaris, ta toddobaadna, Fujairah, waxay ku taal xeebta bari ee jasiiradda iyadoo si toos ah u gelaysa Gacanka Cumaan. Inta badan xeebta waxay ka kooban tahay weel milix ah oo fidsan 8-10 km (5.0-6.2 mi) gudaha gudaha. Dekadda ugu weyn ee dabiiciga ahi waxay ku taal Dubai, in kasta oo dekedo kale lagu jeexjeexay Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, iyo meelo kale. Jasiirado badan ayaa laga helaa Gacanka Faaris, lahaanshaha qaar ka mid ahina waxay ahayd mawduuc muran caalami ah oo ka dhexeeya Iran iyo Qatar labadaba . Jasiiradaha yaryar, iyo sidoo kale dhul-badeedyo badan oo shacaab ah iyo bacaad-is-beddelasho, ayaa khatar ku ah socodka. Mawjadaha xooggan iyo dabaylaha mararka qaarkood waxay sii adkeeyaan dhaqdhaqaaqa markabka ee u dhow xeebta. Imaaraadku wuxuu kaloo leeyahay fidsan xeebta Al Bāţinah ee Gacanka Cumaan. Jasiiradda Musandam , oo ah cidhifka Carabta ee marin biyoodka Hormuz, iyo Madha waa dhulkii Cumaan ee ay kala qaybiyeen Imaaraadku. [[File:View from Jebel Jais - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Waddooyinka taga Jebel Jais , buurta ugu dheer Imaaraadka (1,892 m), ee Ras Al Khaimah]] Koonfurta iyo galbeedka Abu Dhabi, godad bacaad ah oo rogrogan ayaa ku biiraya Rub al-Khali (Qarter Madhan) ee Sucuudiga. Meesha saxaraha ah ee Abu Dhabi waxaa ku jira laba oases oo muhiim ah oo leh biyo ku filan oo dhulka hoostiisa ah oo loogu talagalay degsiimooyinka joogtada ah iyo beerashada. Liwa Oasis oo ballaadhan waxa ay ku taal koonfurta oo u dhaw xuduudka aan la cayimin ee Sucuudiga. Qiyaastii 100 km (62 mi) waqooyi-bari ee Liwa waa Al-Buraimi oasis, kaas oo ku fidsan labada dhinac ee xudduudda Abu Dhabi iyo Cumaan. Harada Zakher ee Al Ain waa haro bini'aadanku sameeyay oo u dhow xudduudda Cumaan taas oo laga sameeyay biyo wasakh ah oo la daweeyay. Kahor inta aysan ka bixin aaggaas 1971-kii, Ingriisku wuxuu xadeeyay xudduudaha gudaha ee toddobada imaaradood si ay uga hor-tagaan murannada dhuleed ee carqaladayn kara samaynta federaalka. Guud ahaan madaxda imaaraadku waxay aqbaleen faragelintii Ingriiska, laakiin marka la eego muranka xuduudeed ee u dhexeeya Abu Dhabi iyo Dubai, iyo sidoo kale Dubai iyo Sharjah, sheegashooyinka iska soo horjeeda lama xalin ilaa markii Imaaraadku xoroobay. Soohdimaha ugu murugsan waxay ahaayeen buuraha Hajar-galbeed , halkaas oo shan ka mid ah imaaradaha ay ku muransanaayeen in ka badan toban deegaan ===Kala duwanaanshaha noolaha=== [[File:1501200713074 Acacia tortilis.jpg|thumb |Geedaha Acacia ee ka baxa xaafado saxare ah oo u dhow Fujairah]] Imaaraadku wuxuu ka kooban yahay dhulalka soo socda ee dhulalka: Al-Hajar montane dhulalka iyo dhirta geedaha, Gacanka Cumaan ee saxaraha ah iyo saxaraha-yar , iyo Al-Hajar foothill xeric geedo iyo geedo yaryar . Geeduhu waxay koraan timirta , qudhacyada , iyo geedaha eucalyptus . Saxaraha dhexdiisa, flora waa mid aad u yar oo ka kooban caws iyo geedo qodax leh. Xayawaanka wadaniga ah ayaa ku dhawaaday inay dabar go’aan sababtoo ah ugaarsi xooggan, taas oo keentay barnaamij lagu ilaalinayo Jasiiradda Sir Bani Yas oo uu bilaabay Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan 1970-meeyadii, taasoo keentay badbaadada, tusaale ahaan, Oryx Carabta , Geela Carabta , iyo shabeelka . Kalluunka xeebaha iyo naasleyda ayaa ka kooban inta badan mackerel , kalluun , iyo tuna , iyo sidoo kale shark iyo nibiriyada. ===Cimilada=== Cimilada Imaaraadku waa dhul-kuleelo-hoosaad oomane leh xagaaga kulayl iyo jiilaal diiran. Cimilada waxaa loo kala saaraa cimilo saxare ah. Bilaha ugu kulul waa Julaay iyo Agoosto, marka celceliska heerkulka ugu sarreeya uu gaaro 45 °C (113 °F) ee bannaanka xeebta . Buuraha Xajar, heerkulku aad buu u hooseeyaa, taasoo ka dhalatay kor u kaca. Celceliska heerkulka ugu yar bilaha January iyo February waa inta u dhaxaysa 10 iyo 14 °C (50 iyo 57 °F). Inta lagu jiro bilaha xagaaga dambe, dabaysha qoyan ee koonfur bari ee loo yaqaan Sharqi (ie "Easterner") ayaa gobolka xeebta ka dhigta mid aan wanaagsanayn. Celceliska roobabka sanadlaha ah ee aagga xeebuhu waxa ay ka yar yihiin 120 mm (4.7 in), laakiin meelaha buuraleyda ah qaarkood roobabka sannadlaha ahi waxa ay gaadhaan 350 mm (13.8 in). Roobabka ka da'a gobolka xeebta ayaa si kooban u da'a, roobab mahiigaan ah ayaa dillaaca bilaha jiilaalka, mararka qaarkoodna ay sababaan daadad ku soo rogmado sariiraha wabiyada ee sida caadiga ah qalalan . Gobolku wuxuu u nugul yahay marmar, duufaanno boodh rabshado wata , kuwaas oo si ba'an u yarayn kara aragtida. 28kii Diseembar 2004, baraf ayaa laga duubay UAE markii ugu horeysay, oo ku yaal kooxda buurta Jebel Jais ee Ras al-Khaimah. Dhawr sano ka dib, waxaa la arkay baraf iyo roobdhagaxyaale badan. Kooxda buurta Jebel Jais waxa soo maray baraf kaliya laba jeer tan iyo markii la bilaabay diiwaanada. ==Dowladda iyo siyaasadda== [[File:His Highness Sheikh Mohammed Bin Zayed Al Nahyan, at Hyderabad House, in New Delhi on February 11, 2016.jpg|thumb|Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan madaxwayne ilaa 2022]] [[File:Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum (15-02-2021) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Mohammed Rashid Al MaktoumRaiisel wasaare iyo madaxwayne ku xigeen ilaa 2006]] ===Dowladda=== Imaaraatka Carabta waa boqortooyo dastuuri ah oo federaal ah oo ka kooban federaal ka kooban todobo qabiil oo la iska dhaxlo oo la iska dhaxlo unugyo siyaasadeed oo la yiraahdo Shiikhdoms . Waxaa maamula Gole Sare oo Federaal ah oo ka kooban Sheikhyada Abu Dhabi , Ajman , Fujairah , Sharjah , Dubai , Ras Al Khaimah , iyo Umm Al Quwain . Dhammaan mas'uuliyadaha aan la siin dowladda federaalka waxay ku kooban yihiin imaaradaha gaarka ah. Boqolkiiba dakhliga imaarad kasta waxaa loo qoondeeyay miisaaniyadda dhexe ee UAE. Imaaraadku wuxuu adeegsadaa magaca Sheekh halkii Amiir si uu ula jeedo madaxda imaaradaha gaarka ah. Ciwaanka waxaa loo adeegsadaa nidaamka maamul ee u qaabaysan sheekhnimada iyadoo la raacayo dhaqanka qabaa'ilka Carabta , halkaasoo Sheekh uu ula jeedo hoggaamiye, oday, ama caaqilka qabiilka oo ka qayb qaata go'aan qaadashada la wadaago xertiisa. Madaxweynaha iyo ku xigeenkiisa waxaa dooranaya Golaha Sare ee Federaalka . Caadi ahaan, Madaxa qoyska Al Nahyan , ee fadhigoodu yahay Abu Dhabi, ayaa haya madaxweynaha iyo madaxa qoyska Al Maktoum , oo fadhigiisu yahay Dubai, ra'iisul wasaaraha. Dhammaan ra'iisul wasaarayaasha mid ka mid ah ayaa isla markaa noqday madaxweyne ku xigeen. Dawladda federaalku waxay ka kooban tahay saddex qaybood: Sharci-dejin : Gole Sare oo Federaal ah oo aan hal aqal ahayn iyo Golaha Qaranka ee Federaalka ee la-talinta (FNC). Fulinta : Madaxweynaha , ahna taliyaha guud ee ciidamada, ra'iisul wasaaraha , iyo golaha wasiirada . Garsoorka : Maxkamadda Sare iyo Maxkamadaha hoose ee federaalka [[File:Palacio Presidencial de los Emiratos, sede del Poder Ejecutivo Nacional..jpg|thumb |]] Dawlada Imaaraatka e-Government waa kordhinta dawlada dhexe ee UAE qaab elegroonig ah. Golaha Wasiirrada ee UAE ( Af-Carabi : مجلس الوزراء ) waa laanta fulinta ee dawladda uu hogaamiyo ra'iisul wasaaruhu. Ra'iisul wasaaraha oo uu soo magacaabo Golaha Sare ee Federaalka , ayaa magacaabaya wasiirrada. Golaha Wasiirada ayaa ka kooban 22 xubnood, waxaana ay maamulaan dhammaan arrimaha gudaha iyo dibadda ee Federaalka sida uu qabo sharciga dastuuriga ah iyo federaalka. Bishii Diseembar 2019, Imaaraadku wuxuu noqday dalka keliya ee Carbeed, iyo mid ka mid ah shanta waddan ee adduunka, si ay u helaan sinnaanta jinsiga ee hay'ad sharci-dejineed oo qaran, iyada oo aqalkeeda hoose 50 boqolkiiba haween ah. Imaaraadku waa dalka kaliya ee adduunka ee leh Wasaaradda Dulqaadka , Wasaaradda Farxadda , iyo Wasaaradda Sirdoonka Artificial. Imaaraadku waxa kale oo uu leeyahay wasaarad muuqaal ah oo lagu magacaabo Wasaaradda suurtagalka ah, oo loogu talagalay in lagu xalliyo caqabadaha iyo horumarinta tayada nolosha. Imaaraadku waxa kale oo uu leeyahay Golaha Dhallinyarada Qaranka , kaas oo uu ku matalo golaha wasiirrada UAE Wasiirka Dhallinyarada. Hay’adda sharci-dejinta ee Imaaraadka waa Golaha Qaranka ee Federaalka oo qabanqaabiya doorashooyin dalka oo dhan afartii sanaba mar. FNC waxay ka kooban tahay 40 xubnood oo laga soo kala xulay imaaradaha oo dhan. Imaaraad kasta waxaa loo qoondeeyay kuraas gaar ah si loo xaqiijiyo matalaad buuxda. Kala badh waxaa soo magacaabaya saldanada Imaaraatka ka dhisan, halka qeybta kalena ay soo doorteen tiro yar oo Imaaraat ah, oo hadda ah 33%, oo ay soo xulaan madaxda imaaraad kasta.Sharci ahaan, xubnaha golaha waa in ay si siman u qaybsadaan ragga iyo dumarka. FNC waxay ku xaddidan tahay door wada tashi ah . Imaaraatka Carabta waa boqortooyo federaal ah oo kali talis ah . Sida laga soo xigtay New York Times , Imaaraadku waa "ka-talisnimo leh dhalasho horumar, dawlad casri ah". Imaaraatka waxa lagu tilmaamay inay tahay "Qabiil madax-bannaani" halkaasoo toddobada boqortooyo ee ka kooban yahay ay hoggaamiyaan saldanad qabiil oo hab iskeed u madaxbannaan. Ma jiraan hay'ado si dimoqraadi ah loo soo doortay, mana jirto ballanqaad rasmi ah oo ku aaddan xorriyadda hadalka. Sida laga soo xigtay ururada xuquuqul insaanka, waxaa jira xad-gudubyo nidaamsan oo xuquuqul insaanka, oo ay ku jiraan jirdilka iyo waayitaanka qasabka ah ee dhaleeceynta dowladda. Imaaraadku wuxuu ku liitaa tusaha xorriyadda ee cabbiraya xorriyadaha madaniga ah iyo xuquuqda siyaasadeed . Imaaraadku sannad walba waxa lagu qiimeeyaa "Non Free" warbixinta sannadlaha ah ee Freedom House 's Freedom in the World , taas oo cabbiraysa xorriyadaha madaniga ah iyo xuquuqda siyaasadeed. Imaaraadku sidoo kale wuxuu ku jiraa meel aad u liidata tusmada xorriyadda saxaafadda ee suxufiyiinta aan xuduudda lahayn . Tusaha isbeddelka Bertelsmann wuxuu UAE ku sifeeyaa "Boqortooyo dhexdhexaad ah". Dalku waxa uu ku jiray 91 ka mid ah 137 dawladood waxana uu aad uga hooseeyaa celceliska dhibcaha horumarka ee dimuqraadiyadda. Marka loo eego 2023 V-Dem Democracy tusaha , Isutagga Imaaraatka Carabta waa dalka saddexaad ee ugu dimuqraadiga yar Bariga Dhexe . ===Qaybaha maamulka=== Imaaraadka Carabta waxa uu ka kooban yahay todobo imaaradood. Imaaradda Dubia waa imaaradaha ugu dadka badan oo leh 35.6% dadweynaha Imaaraadka. Emirate -ka Abu Dhabi waxa uu haystaa 31.2%, taasoo la macno ah in saddex meelood laba meel dadka Imaaraadka ay ku nool yihiin Abu Dhabi ama Dubai midkood. Abu Dhabi waxa ay leedahay bed dhan 67,340 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (26,000 square miles), taas oo ah 86.7% bedka guud ee dalka, marka laga reebo jasiiradaha. Waxay leedahay xeeb dhererkeedu ka badan yahay 400 km (250 mi) waxayna u qaybsantaa arrimo maamul saddex gobol oo waaweyn. Imaaradda Dubai waxay ku fidsan tahay xeebta Gacanka Faaris ee Imaaraadka ilaa 72 km (45 mi). Dubia waxay leedahay bed dhan 3,885 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (1,500 square miles), oo u dhiganta 5% bedka guud ee dalka, marka laga reebo jasiiradaha. Imaarada Sharjah waxay ku fidsan tahay qiyaastii 16 km (10 mayl) ee xeebta Gacanka Faaris ee Imaaraadka Carabta iyo in ka badan 80 km (50 mi) gudaha. Imaarada waqooyi oo ay ku jiraan Fujairah, Ajman, Ras al-Khaimah, iyo Umm al-Qaiwain dhamaantood waxay leeyihiin bedka guud ee 3,881 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (1,498 mayl laba jibaaran). Waxaa jira laba aag oo si wadajir ah loo maamulo. Mid waxaa si wadajir ah u maamula Cumaan iyo Ajman, ka kalena Fujairah iyo Sharjah. Waxaa jira carro weyn oo Cumaan ah oo uu ku hareereysan yahay dhulka Imaaraadka Carabta, oo loo yaqaan Wadi Madha . Waxay ku taallaa kala badh u dhexeeya Jasiiradda Musandam iyo Cumaan inteeda kale ee Imaarada Sharjah . Waxay daboolaysaa qiyaastii 75 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (29 mayl laba jibaaran) xuduuda waxaa la dejiyay 1969. Geeska waqooyi-bari ee Madha ayaa ugu dhow wadada Khor Fakkan-Fujairah, oo u jirta 10 mitir (33 cagood). Dhulka Cumaan ee Madha, waxaa ku yaal carro Imaaraatka oo lagu magacaabo Nahwa , oo sidoo kale iska leh imaarada Sharjah. Waxay qiyaastii siddeed kiiloomitir (5.0 mayl) u jirtaa waddo wasakh ah oo galbeed ka xigta magaalada New Madha. Waxay ka kooban tahay ilaa afartan guri oo leh rug caafimaad iyo telefoon isweydaarsi u gaar ah ===Xiriirka dibadda=== [[File:President Trump and The First Lady Participate in an Abraham Accords Signing Ceremony (50346677397).jpg|thumb|Wasiirka Arrimaha Dibadda ee Emirate-ka Carabta Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan (midigta fog) markii uu saxiixay heshiiskii Abraham]] Imaaraadka Carabta ayaa xiriir diblomaasiyadeed iyo mid ganacsi oo ballaaran la leh inta badan dalalka iyo xubnaha Qaramada Midoobay . Waxay kaalin mug leh ka ciyaartaa OPEC , waxayna ka mid tahay xubnihii aasaasay Golaha Iskaashiga Khaliijka (GCC). Imaaraadku waa xubin ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay iyo dhowr hay'adood oo gaar ah ( ICAO , ILO , UPU , WHO , WIPO ), iyo sidoo kale Bankiga Adduunka , IMF , Jaamacadda Carabta , Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka (OIC) iyo Dhaqdhaqaaqa aan Isbahaysiga ahayn . Sidoo kale, waa goobjooge ka tirsan Ururka Internationale de la Francophonie . Waddamada intooda badan waxay xafiisyo diblomaasiyadeed ku leeyihiin caasimadda Abu Dhabi iyadoo qunsuliyadaha ugu badani ay ku yaalliin magaalada ugu weyn Imaaraadka Carabta, Dubai . Xidhiidhka arrimaha dibadda ee Imaaraatka waxa si weyn u dhiirigeliya aqoonsiga iyo xidhiidhka dalalka Carabta . Isutagga Imaaraatka Carabta waxay xidhiidh adag la leedahay Bahrain, China, Egypt, France, India, Jordan, Pakistan, Russia, Saudi Arabia, and the United States. Ka dib ka bixitaankii Ingiriiska ee Imaaraadka 1971 iyo aasaaskii Imaaraadku dawlad ahaan, Imaaraadku waxay ku murmeen xuquuqaha saddex jasiiradood oo ku yaal Gacanka Faaris oo ka dhan ah Iran, oo kala ah Abu Musa , Tunb weyn , iyo Tunb yar . Imaaraatka Carabta ayaa isku dayay in ay arintaan geeyaan maxkamada caalamiga ah ee cadaalada , balse Iran ayaa ku gacan seyrtay fikradaas. Pakistan waxay ahayd waddankii ugu horreeyay ee si rasmi ah u aqoonsada Imaaraadka Carabta markii la dhisay. Imaaraadka Carabta oo ay weheliyaan dalal badan oo Bariga Dhexe iyo Afrikaan ah ayaa xiriirka diblomaasiyadeed u jaray Qatar bishii Juun 2017 sababo la xiriira eedeymaha Qatar ee ah in Qatar ay tahay dowlad taageerta argagixisada , taasoo keentay xiisadda diblomaasiyadeed ee Qatar . Xidhiidhka ayaa dib loo soo celiyay bishii Janaayo 2021. Imaaraadku wuxuu aqoonsaday Israa'iil Agoosto 2020, isagoo gaadhay heshiis nabadeed oo taariikhi ah oo Israa'iil iyo Isutagga Imaaraadka Carabta ah oo horseedaya in si buuxda loo caadiyeeyo xidhiidhka labada waddan. ===Milatari=== [[File:Baynunah-class corvette Al Dhafra P-173 at NAVDEX.JPG|thumb|Baynunah -class corvette ee ciidamada badda ee Imaaraadka Carabta]] [[File:F-16e block60.jpg|thumb |F-16 Desert Falcon ee Ciidanka Cirka ee Imaaraadka Carabta]] Ciidamada Imaaraatka Carabta ayaa ka kooban 44,000 oo askari oo firfircoon , 2,500 oo askari iyo 46 markab oo ciidamada badda ah , 4,500 askari iyo 386 diyaaradood oo ciidamada cirka ah iyo 12,000 oo askari oo ka tirsan ciidamada ilaalada madaxtooyada . 2022 wadanku waxa uu ku kharash gareeyay US$20.4 bilyan difaaca, taas oo ah 4% GDP. Imaaraatka Carabta ayaa lagu tiriyaa in uu yahay kan ugu awooda badan dhanka ciidamada wadamada Khaliijka.  In kasta oo markii hore ay tiro yaraayeen, ciidamada qalabka sida ee Imaaraadku aad ayay u kordheen sannadihii la soo dhaafay, waxaana hadda lagu qalabeeyay qaar ka mid ah hababka hubka ee ugu casrisan, oo laga soo iibsaday dalal kala duwan oo militariga reer galbeedka ah, oo ay ugu horreeyaan Faransiiska, Mareykanka, iyo UK. Saraakiisha badankoodu waa kuwa ka qalin jabiyay Akadeemiyada Militariga Boqortooyada Ingiriiska ee Sandhurst , iyadoo qaar kalena ay ka soo baxeen Akadeemiyada Militariga Mareykanka ee West Point , Royal Military College, Duntroon ee Australia, iyo St Cyr , akadeemiyada militariga ee Faransiiska. Faransiiska iyo Maraykanku waxay ciyaareen doorarka istaraatiijiyadeed ee ugu muhiimsan heshiisyada iskaashiga difaaca iyo bixinta agab milatari.  Qaar ka mid ah ciidamada Imaaraatka Carabta la geeyay waxaa ka mid ah guuto lugta ah oo ka tirsan ciidamada Qaramada Midoobay ee UNOSOM II ee Soomaaliya 1993, guutadii 35aad ee Mechanized Infantry ee Soomaaliya, Kosovo , guutooyin u socday Kuwait intii uu socday dagaalkii Ciraaq , howlgalladii miino baarista ee Lubnaan , Howlgalka Xoreynta Afgaanistaan , Faragelinta Mareykanka uu hoggaamiyo ee Liibiya , faragelintii Yemen ee uu hoggaamiyo Mareykanka iyo Suuriya . Doorka ciidan ee fir fircoon ee wax ku oolka ah, inkastoo ay yar yihiin shaqaale firfircoon, ayaa keentay in millatariga Imaaraatka lagu naanayso "Little Sparta" ee Generalada Ciidamada Qalabka Sida ee Mareykanka iyo xoghayihii hore ee difaaca Mareykanka James Mattis .  Imaaraadku wuxuu soo farageliyay dagaalka sokeeye ee Liibiya si uu u taageero General Khalifa Haftar ee Ciidanka Qaranka Liibiya ee dagaalka kula jira dawladda caalamku aqoonsan yahay ee Axdiga Qaranka (GNA).  Tusaalooyinka hantida militariga ee la geeyay waxaa ka mid ah fulinta aagga duulimaadka ka caagan ee Liibiya iyadoo loo dirayo lix UAEAF F-16 iyo lix Mirage 2000 oo ah diyaaradaha dagaalka ee doorka badan ,  ciidamo dhulka ah oo la geynayo Afgaanistaan, 30 UAEAF F -16s iyo ciidamada dhulka ee la geeyay Koonfurta Yemen bartilmaameedyada Suuriya.  Imaaraadku waxa uu bilaabay soo saarista tiro badan oo qalab milatari ah, si loo yareeyo ku tiirsanaanta shisheeye iyo caawinta warshadaha qaranka. Tusaalooyinka horumarinta millatariga qaranka waxaa ka mid ah shirkadda Abu Dhabi Shipbuilding (ADSB), oo soo saarta maraakiib kala duwan oo qandaraasle ah oo ku jira Barnaamijka Baynunah , barnaamij lagu naqshadeeyo, horumarinta, iyo soo saarista corvettes ee loogu talagalay hawlgalka biyaha gacmeed ee Gacanka Faaris . Imaaraadku waxa kale oo uu soo saarayaa hubka iyo rasaasta Caracal International , gaadiidka dagaalka ee Nimr LLC , iyo diyaaradaha aan duuliyaha lahayn ee si wada jir ah u soo saara shirkadda Imaaraad ee Difaaca Warshadaha . Imaaraadku waxa uu ka shaqeeyaa General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon F-16E Block 60 nooc gaar ah oo si aan rasmi ahayn loo yaqaan " Desert Falcon ", oo ay soo saartay General Dynamics oo kaashanaysa Imaaraadka Carabta iyo gaar ahaan Ciidanka Cirka ee Imaaraadka Carabta . Ciidanka Isutagga Imaaraatka Carabta ayaa ka shaqeeya taangiga Leclerc oo la habeeyey waana ta kaliya ee ka shaqeysa taangiga marka laga reebo Ciidanka Faransiiska. Bandhigga ugu weyn ee difaaca iyo shirka Bariga Dhexe, Bandhigga Difaaca Caalamiga ah , wuxuu ka dhacaa Abu Dhabi sannadkiiba mar. Imaaraadku wuxuu soo rogay adeeg ciidan oo qasab ah ragga qaangaarka ah, tan iyo 2014-kii, muddo 16 bilood ah si loo ballaariyo ciidamadooda kaydka ah. Khasaaraha nafeed ee ugu badan taariikhda ciidamada Imaaraatka Carabta ayaa dhacay Jimcihii 4-tii Sebtembar 2015, kaas oo 52 askari lagu dilay deegaanka Marib ee bartamaha Yaman oo loo adeegsaday gantaal Tochka ah oo lala beegsaday kayd hub ah oo sababay qarax weyn ===Sharciga=== [[File:Police helicopter at sunset (Unsplash).jpg|thumb |Diyaarad Helicopter ah oo Bilayska Dubai ah oo ku duulaysa qorrax dhaca]] Isutagga Imaaraadka Carabta waxa ay leedahay nidaam maxkamadeed oo federaal ah, imaaradaha Abu Dhabi , Dubai , iyo Ras Al Khaimah sidoo kale waxay leeyihiin habab maxkamadeed oo maxalli ah. Nidaamka garsoorka Imaaraadku waxa uu ka soo jeedaa nidaamka sharciga madaniga ah iyo shareecada . Nidaamka maxkamaduhu wuxuu ka kooban yahay maxkamadaha madaniga ah iyo maxkamadaha shareecada. Maxkamadaha shareecada islaamku waxay leeyihiin awood gaar ah arimaha sharciga qoyska muslimka ah, halka maxkamadaha madaniga ahi ay qabtaan dhamaan arimaha kale ee sharciga ah. Ilaa Sebtembar 2020, ciqaabta jidhku hadda ma ahan qaab ciqaabeed sharci ah sida uu dhigayo sharciga federaalka UAE. Sida ku cad wareegtada, qaababka sharciga ah ee ciqaabtu waa aargoosiga iyo bixinta lacagta dhiigga, ciqaabta dilka, xabsi daa'im, xabsi ku meel gaar ah, xarig aan xad lahayn, iyo ganaaxyo. Qodobka 1aad ee Xeerka Ciqaabta Federaalka waxa wax laga beddelay 2020 si uu u sheego in Shareecada Islaamku ay khusayso oo keliya ciqaabta magta iyo dhiigga; Horey maqaalku wuxuu u sheegay in " sharciga Islaamka lagu dabaqi doono dembiyada ciqaabta caqiidada, ciqaabta ciqaabta iyo lacagta dhiigga." Kahor 2020, karbaashka , dhagxaanta , goynta , iyo iskutallaabta waxay ahaayeen ciqaabo farsamo oo sharci ah dembiyada dembiyada sida sinada , galmada ka hor , iyo isticmaalka daroogada ama khamriga. Taariikhda dhow, Imaaraadku wuxuu ku dhawaaqay inuu doonayo inuu u dhaqaaqo xeer sharci oo dulqaad badan, iyo inuu meesha ka saaro ciqaabta jirka guud ahaan si loo helo ciqaab gaar ah. Iyadoo sharciyada khamriga iyo wada-noolaanshaha la sii daayay ka hor 2020 World Expo , sharciyada Imaaraadku waxay noqdeen kuwo si isa soo taraysa loo aqbali karo booqdayaasha ka imanaya wadamada aan muslimka ahayn. [[File:Dubai Police at work (12385410394) (cropped).jpg|thumb |Mootada Baabuurta sare ee Booliska Dubai ee Jumeirah Road]] Maxkamadaha shareecada islaamku waxay leeyihiin awood gaar ah oo ku saabsan arrimaha sharciga qoyska Muslimka sida guurka, furriinka, xannaanaynta carruurta, iyo dhaxalka.  Haweenka Muslimiinta ah waa inay ka helaan ogolaansho nin mas'uul ah si ay u guursadaan oo ay dib u guursadaan. Shuruuddan waxa ay ka timid shareecada shareecada waxana ay ahayd sharci federaal ah ilaa 2005 . Qurbajoogta aan Muslimka ahayn waxay mas'uul ka ahaayeen xukunnada shareecada ee guurka, furriinka, xannaanada carruurta, iyo dhaxalka, si kastaba ha ahaatee, sharciga federaalka ayaa la bedelay si loo soo bandhigo sharciga sharciga shakhsi ahaaneed ee aan shareecada ahayn ee dadka aan muslimka ahayn. Dhowaan, imaaradda Abu Dhabi waxay furtay maxkamad qoys oo sharciga madaniga ah oo loogu talagalay dadka aan muslimka ahayn waxayna Dubai ku dhawaaqday in dadka aan muslimka ahayn ay dooran karaan guurka madaniga ah.  Riddada waa fal-dembiyeed farsamo ahaan weyn oo Imaaraadka ka jira, si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma jiraan kiisas la diiwaangeliyay oo murtad lagu fuliyay. caydu waa sharci darro; Qurbajoogta ku lug leh aflagaadada Islaamka ayaa mas'uul ka ah masaafurinta. Sodomigu waa sharci darro waxaana lagu ciqaabayaa ugu yaraan 6 bilood oo xadhig ah ama ganaax ama labadaba, laakiin sharciga ma khuseeyo "marka laga reebo cabasho ka timid ninka ama mas'uulka sharciga ah", laakiin ciqaabta waa la laali karaa haddii cabashada la dhaafo.  Sannadkii 2013-kii, nin Imaaraati ah ayaa lagu soo oogay dacwad isaga oo lagu eedeeyay "gacan qaadka".  Sababo la xiriira kastamka maxalliga ah, bandhigga kalgacalka dadweynaha ee meelaha caamka ah qaarkood waa sharci-darro waxayna keeni kartaa in la masaafuriyo , laakiin gacmaha is-qabsiga waa loo dul-qaadanayaa.  Qurbajoogtii Dubai ayaa loo tarxiilay dhunkashada meel fagaare ah. Marar badan, maxkamadaha Imaaraadku waxay xidheen dumar soo sheegay kufsi. Sharciga federaalka ee UAE ayaa mamnuucaya in lagu dhaariyo baraha bulshada.  Qoob ka ciyaarka dhexdiisa waa sharci darro gudaha UAE.  Bishii Noofambar 2020, UAE waxay ku dhawaaqday inay mamnuucday khamriga, waxay qaadday mamnuucidda lammaanaha aan isqabin ee wada nool, waxayna soo afjartay ciqaabta naxariista leh ee dilka sharafta . Ajaanibta ku nool Imaaraadka ayaa loo ogolaaday inay raacaan sharciga dalkooda hooyo ee ku saabsan furriinka iyo dhaxalka.  Inkasta oo sharciyada shareecada ee xaddidaya qalabka khamaarka iyo mishiinnada UAE, waddanku wuxuu siiyay shatiga ganacsigiisa ugu horreeya ee ganacsiga Wynn Resorts kaas oo horumarinaya dalxiis qaali ah, oo ay ku jiraan 224.000 sq ft (20.800 m 2 ) qaybta casino, ee Al Marjan Island ee Ras Al Khaimah . Bishii Sebtembar 2023, Imaaraadku wuxuu aasaasay Maamulka Guud ee Ciyaaraha Ganacsiga ee Ganacsiga (GCGRA), isagoo ka dhawaajiyay qorshihiisa sharciyaynta khamaarka . GCGRA waxay qeexday qaab-dhismeed dhamaystiran oo ay ku jiraan shatiyada casinos, mashiinnada booska , iyo miisaska turubka , iyo sidoo kale bakhtiyaa-nasiibka , ciyaaraha internetka , iyo wagering isboortiga. GCGRA waxay xooga saartaa ciyaaraha masuuliyada leh, waxay u baahan tahay hawl wadeenada inay hirgaliyaan barnaamijyada ciyaaraha ee mas'uul ka ah bulshada oo ay maraan xisaab hubin labadii sanaba mar. Barnaamijyadan waxaa ka mid ah waxbarashada cayaartoyga, suuqgeyn mas'uul ka ah, tababarka shaqaalaha, iyo qorshayaasha qiimeynta si loo cabbiro waxtarkooda. Hawl wadeenada ciyaaraha waa in ay ku lahaadaan "sharaf u qalma" gudaha UAE, oo lagu qeexay shirkad kasta oo UAE ah oo hawlo ganacsi oo la taaban karo ku leh xukunka. GCGRA waxa kale oo ay amar ku bixisaa qalabka maaraynta ciyaartoyga, oo ay ku jiraan xadaynta deebaajiga iyo wakhtiyada qaboojinta ciyaaraha khadka tooska ah.  Shatiga ugu horreeya ee bakhtiyaanasiibka waxaa la siiyay Game LLC, oo hoos yimaada calanka 'UAE Lottery'. Tallaabadan ayaa ka sarraysa hawl-wadeennada bakhtiyaanasiibka sida Mahzooz iyo Big Ticket, kuwaas oo aan hadda si sharci ah loo oggolayn inay bixiyaan adeegyadooda. Ciyaartoyda waxaa looga baahan yahay inay la xiriiraan hawl wadeenada ciyaaraha shatiga leh si ay uga fogaadaan ganaaxyada daran. Xeerarka ayaa sidoo kale qeexaya in hawl-wadeenadu ay awood u siiyaan ciyaartoydu inay iska xakameeyaan goobaha ciyaaraha ee khadka ah ugu yaraan 72 saacadood marka la codsado. Tani waa qayb ka mid ah hindisaha ballaadhan ee lagu xaqiijinayo ammaan iyo mas'uul ka ah jawiga ciyaaraha ganacsiga ee UAE. Talaabada Imaaraadku ku sharciyeynayo ciyaaraha ayaa loo arkaa inay tahay tilaabo istiraatijiyadeed oo lagu wanaajinayo dalxiiska iyo qaybteeda madadaalada, iyada oo ka faa’iidaysanaysa kaabayaashiisa jira iyo deegaan ganacsi oo saaxiibtinimo leh. Horumarkan ayaa la filayaa inuu soo jiito hawl-wadeennada ciyaaraha oo si weyn uga qayb qaata dhaqaalaha dalka. Wadanku ma laha sharciyo rasmi ah oo ciyaaraha rasmiga ah, sidaas darteed faahfaahinta mashruuca ee casino si buuxda looma soo bandhigin dadweynaha. Muwaadiniinta maxalliga ah looma ogola khamaarka, taas oo weli ah mamnuuc sharci iyo dhaqameed. ===Xuquuqda Aadanaha=== Laamaha ammaanka dowladda ee Imaaraadka ayaa lagu eedeeyay xadgudubyo ka dhan ah xuquuqda aadanaha oo ay ka mid yihiin dad si qasab ah loo waayay, xarig aan loo meel dayin iyo jirdil. Warbixinta sanadlaha ah ee Freedom House ee xoriyada aduunka ayaa ku dartay Imaaraatka Carabta kuwa aan xor ahayn sanad walba tan iyo 1999, sanadkii ugu horeeyay ee diiwaanada laga heli karo shabakadooda. Xorriyadda isu-ururinta sidoo kale aad baa loo yareeyey. Ururada iyo NGO-yada waxaa looga baahan yahay inay iska diiwaan geliyaan dowladda; si kastaba ha ahaatee, labaatan kooxood oo aan siyaasadda ku jirin ayaa la sheegay inay dalka ka hawlgalayeen diiwaangelin la’aan. Dhammaan ururada waa in loo gudbiyaa habraacyada faafreebka oo dhammaan daabacadaha waa in marka hore ay ansixiyaan dowladda. Warbixin-sannadeedkeeda 2013, Amnesty International waxay dhaleecaysay rikoorka liita ee UAE ee arrimaha xuquuqda aadanaha; muujinta xaddidaadda xorriyadda hadalka iyo isu imaatinka, adeegsiga xarig aan sabab lahayn iyo jirdil, iyo adeegsiga ciqaabta dilka. Imaaraadku wuu ka baxsaday kacdoonkii Carabta ; iyo tan iyo 2011, ururada xuquuqul insaanka waxay ku andacoonayaan in dawladdu ay si isa soo taraysa u fulisay dad si qasab ah loo waayay . [ baahi loo qabo ] Ururka Carabta ee Xuquuqda Aadanaha ayaa marqaatiyo ka helay eedaysaneyaal sheegtay in lagu afduubay, lagu jirdilay laguna tacaddiyeeyey xarumaha dadka lagu hayo; waxay sheegeen 16 hab oo jir dil ah oo ay ku jiraan garaacid, hanjabaad koronto iyo diidmo daryeel caafimaad. Tallaabooyin cadaadis ah, oo ay ku jiraan masaafurinta, ayaa lagu dabaqay ajaanibta iyadoo lagu saleynayo eedeymaha isku dayga lagu carqaladeynayo xasilloonida dalka. Arrinta xadgudubka galmada ee haweenka guryaha ka shaqeeya waa qayb kale oo walaac leh, gaar ahaan marka la eego in shaqaalaha gurigu aysan ku jirin sharciga shaqada ee UAE ee 1980 ama sharciga qabyada ah ee shaqada ee 2007 . Amnesty International ayaa sheegtay in rag u dhashay dalka Qatar ay dowladda Imaaraatka Carabta afduubatay, waxaana la sheegay inay ka qariyeen qoysaskooda xogta ku saabsan halka ay ku danbeeyeen raggaasi. Sida laga soo xigtay ururada qaar, in ka badan 4,000 shiicada shiicada ah ayaa laga soo tarxiilay Imaaraadka; oo ay ku jiraan qoysaska Shiicada Lubnaan oo lagu eedeeyay inay u damqadeen Xisbullah . Sannadkii 2013-kii, 94 qof oo u dhaqdhaqaaqa Imaaraatka ayaa lagu hayay xabsiyo qarsoodi ah waxaana la soo taagay maxkamad iyaga oo lagu eedeeyay inay isku dayeen inay afgembiyaan dowladda; Ehelka eedaysanaha ayaa loo xiray tweet-ka ku saabsan maxkamadeynta, waxaana lagu xukumay 10 bilood oo xabsi ah. Waayidii ugu dambeysay ee qasabka ah waxaa ku lug leh saddex gabdhood oo walaalo ah oo ka yimid Abu Dhabi . Sara Jacobs waxay qabatay jilayaal shisheeye, oo ay ku jiraan UAE, mas'uul ka ah dhibaatada bini'aadantinimo ee Suudaan . Waxay muujisay aragtideeda bishii Maarso 2024 booqashadii ay ku tagtay xeryaha qaxootiga, iyadoo sheegtay in carruurta Suudaan ay la nool yihiin dhaawacyo aad u ballaaran. Wakiilka Maraykanka ayaa sidoo kale ku andacooday in si degdeg ah dagaalka loo soo afjari karo hadii la joojiyo ku lug lahaanshaha wadamada sida Imaaraatka Carabta. Jacobs waxa kale oo uu sheegay in Maraykanku uu damiir ahaan waajib ku yahay inuu qaado tillaabooyinka iyo joojinta hubka Imaaraadka, ilaa Imaaraadku joojiyo hubka uu siiyo RSF-ta. 29-kii Maarso 2024, Suudaan waxay dacwad rasmi ah oo ka kooban 78 bog u gudbisay Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay (UNSC), iyadoo ku eedeysay Imaaraadka inay qorsheynayaan oo ay taageeraan maleeshiyada Rapid Support Forces (RSF) ee ka dhanka ah ciidamada Suudaan. Imaaraatka ayaa lagu eedeeyay in ay kaalmo ka qaadaneysay Chad , oo u shaqayn jirtay sidii marin loogu talagalay saadka milatari iyo calooshood u shaqeystayaal si ay u gaaraan RSF ee Suudaan. Hay'adaha xuquuqul insaanka ayaa tilmaamay in colaada Sudan ay ka mid tahay "dhibaatada bini'aadantinimo ee ugu xun aduunka", halka wadamada shisheeye sida UAE ay sii wadeen inay hub iyo qalab siiyaan dhinacyada is haya. Wararka ayaa sidoo kale daaha ka qaaday in Imaaraatka Carabta ay sheegteen in ay qaadeen olole bini'aadantinimo oo gargaar loogu fidinayo dadka Suudaan. Dhab ahaantii, waxa ay balaadhinaysay hawl-gal qarsoodi ah oo hub, lacag iyo xataa diyaaradaha aan duuliyaha lahayn ee aan duuliyaha lahayn ee aan duuliyaha lahayn ee xoogga leh u gudbinaysay maleeshiyada Suudaan. Saraakiishu waxay sheegeen in Imaaraadku doorkii ugu saamaynta badnaa ka ciyaarayay sidii uu u hurin lahaa xiisadda, iyagoo dhinaca kale ballan qaaday inay fududayn doonaan. Bishii Oktoobar 2024, Suudaan waxay warqad labaad oo rasmi ah u qortay UNSC, iyadoo ugu baaqday inay tallaabo adag ka qaado gardarrada joogtada ah ee Imaaraadku ku hayo Suudaan. Wasaaradda arrimaha dibadda Suudaan ayaa sidoo kale sheegtay in Imaaraadku aanu ahayn taageere dadban oo kaliya ee RSF, balse uu yahay "ciyaaryahan safka hore ah oo xun oo dagaalka gardarada ah" ka dhanka ah Suudaan. Bishii Disembar 2024, ECDHR waxay iftiimisay arrimaha xuquuqul insaanka ee UAE iyo maqnaanshaha madax-bannaanida garsoorka, inta badan waxay diiradda saaraysaa maxkamadaynta caddaalad-darrada ah ee u horseedaysa eedaysanayaasha inay wajahaan xaalado xadhig ah. Dacwadaha noocan oo kale ah ayaa inta badan loo qabtaa si qarsoodi ah oo qareennada eedaysanayaasha waa la dayacay inay helaan galka dacwadaha iyo waraaqaha maxkamadda. Sharciga Imaaraatka Carabta ee 2014-ka ee ka hortagga argagixisanimada waxaa loo adeegsadaa in lagu dhaqan geliyo mamnuucista safarka, xabsi daa’im iyo xitaa dil toogasho ah dadka naqdiya nidaamka iyo kuwa maamula urur. ECDHR ayaa sheegtay in sharciga Imaaraatka Carabta u degsan la dagaalanka argigixisada uu yahay mid lagu caburinayo xoriyatul qawlka waxayna ku baaqday in dowlada imaaraadku ay wax ka badasho. Isagoo tilmaamay in nidaamka garsoorka dalka uu u baahan yahay hufnaan iyo madax-bannaani dheeraad ah, hay’adda xuquuqul insaanka ayaa sheegtay in loo baahan yahay in la sameeyo guddi madax-bannaan oo dib u eegis ku sameeya dhammaan eedeymaha la xiriira jirdilka, xarigga qarsoodiga ah, iyo maxkamadeynnada caddaalad-darrada ah. Bishii Janaayo 2025, Human Rights Watch (HRW) ayaa daabacday warbixin muujineysa xadgudubyada ka dhanka ah xuquuqul insaanka ee Imaaraadku geystay 2024-kii, iyadoo inta badan diiradda saareysa maxkamadeynta baahsan ee aan cadaaladda ahayn. Waxay tilmaamtay kiiska ku lug leh xad-gudubyo badan oo muhiim ah, halkaas oo 44 qof oo ka mid ahaa "UAE94" si xaqdarro ah loogu xukumay laguna xukumay eedo la xiriira argagixisanimo. HRW waxay dhaleecaysay adeegsiga Imaaraatka Carabta Xeerka Ciqaabta Federaalka iyo Xeerka Dembiyada Internetka si ay u aamusiyaan dhaleecaynta dawladda, saxafiyiinta, mucaaradka iyo dadka u dhaqdhaqaaqa, iyadoo la xaddiday xorriyaddooda hadalka. Bishii Luulyo 2024, mas'uuliyiinta Imaaraatka ayaa 57 Bangladeshi u dhashay ku xukumay xabsi daa'in, sababo la xiriira mudaaharaadyo ka dhacay Imaaraadka oo looga soo horjeedo dowladdooda. Warbixintu waxa ay ku eedaysay Imaaraatka in ay caddeeyeen muuqaalkeeda iyada oo martigelinaysa dhacdooyin waaweyn oo caalami ah sida COP28, kuwaas oo la kulmay dhaleecayn ku saabsan ka qayb qaadashada joogtada ah ee wax soo saarka shidaalka iyo xadgudubyada xuquuqda aadanaha. Waxay kaloo walaac ka muujisay doorka Imaaraadku ku leeyahay hubaynta iyo taageerada RSF ee colaadda Suudaan, iyadoo dhanka kale jabinaysa cunaqabataynta hubka ee Qaramada Midoobay. HRW waxay ku boorisay UNSC inay cusboonaysiiyaan oo ay xoojiyaan cunaqabataynta Suudaan ee 1591, iyo inay cunaqabatayn ku soo rogaan kuwa ku xadgudba, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa Imaaraadka. ===Shaqaale muhaajiriin ah=== [[File:Burj Dubai Construction Workers on 25 January 2008 Pict 2.jpg|thumb |Laba shaqaale buluug ah oo u dhashay Koonfur Aasiya oo sawir la galay Burj Khalifa oo gadaal ka taagan]] Shaqaalaha soo galootiga ah ee ku sugan Imaaraadka looma ogola inay ku biiraan ururada shaqaalaha ama shaqo joojin sameeyaan. Kuwa shaqo joojinta sameeya waxay halis gelin karaan xabsiga iyo masaafurinta, sida lagu arkay 2014 markii daraasiin shaqaale ah loo tarxiilay shaqo joojin. Isutagga Ururka Shaqaalaha Caalamiga ah ayaa ugu baaqay Qaramada Midoobay inay baarto caddaymaha sheegaya in kumanaan ka mid ah shaqaalaha muhaajiriinta ah ee Imaaraadka loola dhaqmo sidii shaqo addoonnimo. 2019, baaritaan uu sameeyay The Guardian ayaa shaaca ka qaaday in kumanaan ka mid ah shaqaalaha dhismaha ee soogalootiga ah ee ka shaqeeya kaabayaasha iyo mashaariicda dhismaha bandhigga Imaaraadka Carabta ee Expo 2020 ay ku shaqeynayeen jawi aan ammaan ahayn. Qaar ayaa xitaa la kulmay xaalado halis ah oo ay sabab u tahay arrimaha wadnaha iyo xididdada dhiigga. Saacado dheer oo qorraxdu ku jireen ayaa ka dhigay kuwo u nugul istaroogga kulaylka. Warbixin la soo saaray bishii Janaayo 2020 ayaa iftiimisay in loo shaqeeyayaasha Imaaraatka Carabta ay si xun uga faa’iidaystaan ​​shaqaalaha Hindida oo ay ku qaataan fiisaha dalxiiska , taas oo ka sahlan kana jaban warqadaha shaqada . Shaqaalahan soogalootiga ah ayaa u furan in lagu xad-gudbo shaqada , halkaas oo ay sidoo kale ka baqayaan ka-faa'iidaysiga sharci-darrada awgeed. Ka sokow, arrintu wali waa mid aan la garanayn maadaama xogta fiisaha booqashada aan lagu haynin labadaba UAE iyo Hindida socdaalka iyo diiwaannada shaqada. 2dii Maajo 2020, Qunsulka Guud ee India ee Dubai , Vipul, ayaa xaqiijiyay in in ka badan 150,000 oo Hindi ah oo ku nool Isutagga Imaaraadka Carabta ay isu diwaangaliyeen in lagu celiyo dalkoodii iyada oo loo marayo ikhtiyaarka diiwaangelinta elektaroonigga ah ee ay bixiso qunsuliyadaha Hindiya ee Imaaraadka. Marka loo eego tirooyinka, 25% codsadayaasha ayaa waayay shaqooyinkoodii halka ku dhawaad ​​15% ay ku xayiran yihiin dalka sababo la xiriira xannibaadda. Ka sokow, 50% wadarta codsadayaasha waxay ka yimaadeen gobolka Kerala , India. 9kii Oktoobar 2020, The Telegraph ayaa soo warisay in shaqaale badan oo muhaajiriin ah laga tagay, maadaama ay ku waayeen shaqooyinkooda iyada oo lagu jiro dhaqaalaha sii adkeynaya COVID-19 dartiis . Ururo kala duwan oo xuquuqul insaanka u dooda ayaa walaac xoogan ka muujiyay xadgudubka lagu eedeeyay shaqaalaha soogalootiga ah ee ay ku kacayaan qandaraaslayaasha waaweyn ee qabanqaabinaya Expo 2020. Bixiyaha xalinta ganacsiga ee UAE German Pavilion ayaa sidoo kale lagula xisaabtamayaa xadgudubka shaqaalaha muhaajiriinta ah. ===Siyaasadda deegaanka=== Dalku waa hormuudka soo saarista saliidda iyo gaasta . Isticmaalkeeda tamarta qofkiiba waa ku dhawaad ​​370 Gigajoule . qiiqa kaarboon laba ogsaydh ee Imaaraatku qofkiiba waa mid aad u sarreeya, isagoo kaalinta lixaad ka galay dalalka caalamka. Dhawaan, waxay samaysay dadaallo ay nafteeda ku sii waari karto. Waxaa ka mid ah: Dejinta yoolka lagu dhimayo qiiqa GHG 31% marka la barbardhigo xaalad ganacsi marka la gaaro 2030 lana gaaro eber saafiga ah 2050. Daah-furka barnaamij si looga dhigo 3-da qaybood ee ugu badan ee qiiqa sii daaya, 40% tamar hufan . Daahfurka qaar ka mid ah barnaamijyada la xidhiidha dhismaha cagaaran . Dib u habeynta 30,000 oo dhismo oo keliya, waa in ay jartaa 1 milyan oo tan oo qiiq ah. Kor u qaadida gaadiidka dadweynaha iyo qaar kale. Sida laga soo xigtay ilo rasmi ah, gudaha Dubai, "saamiga gaadiidka tirada badan ee dhaqdhaqaaqa dadku wuxuu kordhay min 6 boqolkiiba 2006 ilaa 20.61 boqolkiiba 2022." Si wada jir ah USA wadanku wuxuu 17 bilyan oo doolar ku maalgaliyay beero waara ==Dhaqaalaha== Isutagga Imaaraatka xirmooyinka ayaa ka soo baxay isku dhafka qabiilada Baadiyaha ilaa mid ka mid ah dowladaha ugu qanisan ilaalinta ku dhow 50 sano gudahood, iyaga oo ku faanaya mid ka mid ah GDP-ga ugu sarreeya (PPP) tirooyinka ilaalinta. Kobaca dhaqaaluhu waxa uu ahaa mid wanagsan oo joogto ah ilaa taariikhda isbahaysigan da'da yar ee imaaradaha oo leh hakad kooban oo hoos u dhac dhaqaale ah, tusaale ahaan xiisadii dhaqaale iyo dhaqaale ee caalamka sanadihii 2008-09, iyo sano oo isku dhafan oo sano 2015 ilaa 2019. Intii u koobay 2000 iyo 2018 . Waa dhaqaalaha labaad ee ugu weyn GCC ( ka dib ganacsiga), with a nominal gross domestic product (GDP) of US$414.2 billion, and a real GDP of 392.8 billion constant 2010 USD in 2018 Tan iyo markii ay xornimada qaateen 1971, dhaqaalaha Imaaraadka waxa uu kor u kacay ku dhawaad ​​231 jeer ilaa 1.45 trillion ganacsiga ilaa 1.2 trillion AED, kobaca ku dhawaad ​​28 jeer laga soo bilaabo 1981 ilaa 2012 Hadda, Imaaraadku wuxuu ka mid yahay waddamada ugu qanisan adduunka, iyadoo GDP qofkiiba uu ku dhawaad ​​80% ka sarreeya celceliska OECD [[File:The view from the 43rd floor of the Four Points by Sheraton Hotel - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Dubai xarun maaliyadeed oo caalami ah]] Sida cajiibka ah ee kobaca dhaqaale ee Imaaraadka, wadarta dadka waxay kor u kacday qiyaastii 550,000 1975 ilaa 10 milyan 2018. Kobacani wuxuu inta badan sabab u yahay qulqulka shaqaalaha ajnabiga ah ee dalka soo galaya, taas oo ka dhigaysa dadka qaranka ee laga tirada badan yahay. Imaaraadku waxa uu leeyahay nidaam u gaar ah suuqa shaqada, kaas oo deganaanshaha UAE ay ku xidhan tahay xeerarka fiisaha adag. Nidaamkani waa faa'iido weyn marka la eego xasilloonida dhaqaalaha guud, maadaama saadka shaqaaluhu uu si dhakhso ah ula qabsado baahida inta lagu jiro wareegyada ganacsiga dhaqaalaha. Tani waxay u ogolaanaysaa dawladda in shaqo la'aanta dalka ka jirta ay ku hayso heer aad u hooseeya oo ka yar 3%, sidoo kale waxay siinaysaa dawladda fursad dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan siyaasadda dhaqaalaha - halkaas oo dawladaha kale ay inta badan u baahan yihiin inay sameeyaan is-dhaafsi u dhexeeya la dagaalanka shaqo la'aanta iyo la dagaalanka sicir-bararka. Intii u dhaxaysay 2014 iyo 2018, hoyga iyo cuntada, waxbarashada, macluumaadka iyo isgaarsiinta, farshaxanka iyo madadaalada, iyo waaxaha hantida maguurtada ah ayaa si xad dhaaf ah uga shaqeeyay dhanka kobaca, halka dhismaha, saadka, adeegyada xirfada, dadweynaha, iyo saliida iyo gaaska ay hoos u dhacday. Dhanka tartanka, bishii Juun 2024 ayaa la sheegay in Imaaraadku uu kor u kacay saddex meelood oo uu galay kaalinta 7aad ee 10ka waddan ee ugu sarreeya tartanka IMD World. Qiimeyntan waxaa soo saaray Xarunta Tartanka Adduunka ee Machadka Horumarinta Maareynta (IMD) ee Switzerland ===Dalxiiska=== [[File:Palm Island Resort.jpg|thumb |Palm Jumeirah ee Dubai]] [[File:DubaiMallAquariumDSC 7260.JPG|thumb |Dubia Mall]] Dalxiiska wuxuu u shaqeeyaa sidii waax kobac ah oo loogu talagalay dhammaan dhaqaalaha UAE. Dubai waa meesha ugu sareysa ee loo dalxiis tago ee Bariga Dhexe. [ 193 ] Marka loo eego sanadlaha MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index, Dubai waa meesha shanaad ee dalxiiska ugu caansan adduunka. Dubai waxay haysataa ilaa 66% dhaqaalaha dalxiiska Imaaraadka Carabta, iyadoo Abu Dhabi ay leedahay 16% iyo Sharjah 10%. Dubai waxay soo dhawaysay 10 milyan oo dalxiisayaal ah 2013kii. Imaaraadku wuxuu leeyahay kaabayaashii dhaqaale ee ugu horumarsanaa uguna horumarsanaa gobolka. Ilaa 1980-meeyadii, Imaaraadku waxa uu balaayiin doollar ku bixinayey kaabayaasha dhaqaalaha. Horumarradan ayaa si gaar ah uga muuqda imaaradaha waaweyn ee Abu Dhabi iyo Dubai. Imaarada waqooyi ayaa si degdeg ah u raacaya qaabkaas, iyaga oo siinaya dhiirigelin weyn horumarinta guryaha iyo guryaha ganacsiga. Kharashka dalxiiska ee soo gelaya UAE ee 2019 ayaa ahaa 118.6 boqolkiiba kharashka dalxiiska ee dibadda ka baxa. Laga bilaabo 6 Janaayo 2020, fiisooyinka dalxiiska ee Imaaraadka Carabta waxay shaqeynayaan shan sano. Waxaa la saadaaliyay in socdaalka iyo warshadaha dalxiisku ay ku biirin doonaan ilaa 280.6 bilyan dirham Imaaraadka Carabta Imaaraadka Carabta marka la gaaro 2028. Dalxiiska ugu weyn ee dalka waxaa ka mid ah Burj Khalifa caanka ah ee Dubai , munaaradda ugu dheer adduunka; Jasiiradaha Adduunka iyo Palm Jumeirah sidoo kale Dubai; Masjidka weyn ee Sheikh Zayed iyo Yas Marina Circuit ee Abu Dhabi ; Buuraha Al Xajar ee Fujairah . Gaarka ah ee nolosha saxaraha dabiiciga ah ee dalka, gaar ahaan kuwa reer Baadiyaha ah , ayaa sidoo kale fududeynaya warshadaha dalxiiska ee dalka. Imaaraadku wuxuu kala duwanayn doonaa qaybtiisa dalxiiska iyadoo la bilaabayo khamaarka casino . Wynn Al Marjan Island ee Ras Al Khaimah ayaa ka muuqan doona casino ugu horeysay ee dalka iyo sidoo kale waxay noqon doontaa dalka ugu horeysay ee dalxiiska isku dhafan marka la furo 2027. Abu Dhabi ayaa lagu wadaa inay noqoto guriga Disneyland Abu Dhabi , beerta mawduuca Disney ee ugu horeysa ee Bariga Dhexe ===Gaadiidka=== Gegida caalamiga ah ee Dubai ayaa noqday gagida diyaaradaha ugu mashquulka badan aduunka ee ay raacaan taraafikada rakaabka caalamiga ah sanadkii 2014, isagoo dhaafay London Heathrow . Gegida caalamiga ah ee Abu Dhabi waa madaarka labaad ee ugu weyn UAE. Sababo la xiriira balaarinta lagu dhawaaqay ee garoonka Al Maktoum 28ka Abriil 2024, Gegida Caalamiga ah ee Dubia waa la xirayaa marka la dhammeeyo balaadhinta garoonka Al Maktoum. [[File:Dubai Roads on 8 May 2008 Pict 2.jpg|thumb |E 311 , waddo weyn oo ku taal Imaaraadka]] Abu Dhabi , Dubai , Sharjah , Ajman , Umm Al Quwain , iyo Ras Al Khaimah waxaa isku xidha jidka wayn ee E11 , kaas oo ah wadada ugu dheer dalka imaaraadka carabta. Dubai gudaheeda, marka lagu daro Metro Dubai , Tram Dubai iyo Palm Jumeirah Monorail waxay sidoo kale isku xiraan qaybo gaar ah oo magaalada ah. Waxa kale oo jira bas, tagsi, abra (doonta dhaqameed), iyo shabakad taxi-biyood oo ay maamusho RTA. T1 , nidaamka taraamka laba-dabaq ee ku yaal Downtown Dubai , waxay shaqeynayeen 2015 ilaa 2019. Salik, oo macneheedu yahay "furan" ama "cad", waa nidaamka aruurinta lacagaha elektaroonigga ah ee Dubai oo la bilaabay bishii Luulyo 2007 waana qayb ka mid ah nidaamka maareynta ciriiriga gaadiidka ee Dubai. Mar kasta oo mid ka mid ah uu soo maro barta lacag bixinta ee Salik, lacagta ayaa laga jarayaa koontada taleefoonka ee darawalada iyadoo la isticmaalayo tignoolajiyada horumarsan ee Soo noqnoqoshada Raadiyaha (RFID). Waxaa jira afar dhibcood oo Salik ah oo la dhigo goobaha istiraatiijiga ah ee Dubai: buundada Al Maktoum , buundada Al Garhoud , iyo hareeraha wadada Sheikh Zayed ee Al Safa iyo Al Barsha [[File:5018 Dubai Metro in Dubai UAE.png|thumb|Tareenka metro ee Dubai . Dubai Metro waa nidaamkii ugu horreeyay ee deg deg ah ee Jasiiradda Carabta waxayna ahayd shabakadda metro darawal la'aanta ugu dheer adduunka ilaa 2016.]] 1,200 km (750 mi) oo tareen dalka oo dhan ah ayaa dhismihiisa lagu wadaa kaas oo isku xiri doona dhamaan magaalooyinka waaweyn iyo dekedaha. Dubia Metro waa shabkada tareenada magaalo ee ugu horeyay ee Jasiirada Carabta . Dekadaha ugu waaweyn ee Imaaraadka Carabta waxaa ka mid ah Dekedda Khaliifa , Dekedda Zayed , Dekedda Jebel Cali , Dekedda Rashiid , Dekedda Khaalid , Dekedda Siciid , iyo Dekedda Khor Fakkan. Imaaraadku waxay sii kordhayaan horumarinta saadka iyo dekedahooda si ay uga qayb qaataan ganacsiga u dhexeeya Yurub iyo Shiinaha ama Afrika. Ujeedadaas awgeed, dekedaha si degdeg ah ayaa loo balaadhinayaa, waxaana lagu samaynayaa maalgashi xagga farsamada ah. Imaaraadku taariikh ahaan waa qayb ka mid ah Jidka Xariirta Badda ee ka baxa xeebta Shiinaha ilaa koonfurta iyadoo la sii marayo cirifka koonfureed ee Hindiya ilaa Mombasa , halkaas oo la sii maro Badda Cas ee Suez Canal ilaa Mediterranean-ka, halkaas ilaa gobolka Sare ee Adriatic iyo xuddunta waqooyiga Talyaaniga ee Trieste oo leh isku xirka tareenka ee Bartamaha Yurub , Bariga Yurub, iyo Waqooyiga Badda . ===Isgaarsiinta=== Imaaraadka waxaa ka shaqeeya laba shirkadood oo isgaarsiineed , Etisalat iyo Emirates Integrated Telecommunications Company ("du"). Etisalat waxa ay ku shaqaynaysay monopoly ilaa du ay bilawday shaqada mobilada bishii February 2007. Macaamiisha Internetka waxa la eryay in ay korodho 0.904 milyan 2007 ilaa 2.66 milyan sanadka 2012 . Adeegyada wireless-ka ee 5G ayaa lagu rakibay dalka oo dhan sanadka 2019 iyadoo lala kaashanayo Huawei . ===VAT=== Dawladda Imaaraadku waxay dalka ka hirgalisay cashuurta qiimaha lagu kordhiyey (VAT) laga bilaabo 1-da January 2018, iyada oo ku kacaysa halbeeg dhan 5%. [ 259 ] Iyadoo ay dawladdu wali hagaajin karto habaynta saxda ah ee VAT, uma badna in wax cashuuro cusub ah la soo saari doono mustaqbalka la filayo. Canshuuraha dheeraadka ah ayaa burburin doona mid ka mid ah waxyaabaha ugu muhiimsan ee Imaaraadku ku soo jiito ganacsiyada dalka ka jira, waxayna culeys weyn saaraysaa dhaqaalaha. ==Tirakoobka dadweynaha== [[File:Dubai banner 2.jpg|thumb|Skyline of Dubai , magaalada ugu weyn ee Imaaraadka Carabta]] Marka loo eego qiyaas uu sameeyay Baanka Adduunka , tirada dadka UAE ee 2020 waxay ahayd 9,890,400. Soo galootigu waxay ahaayeen 88.52% halka Imaaraadku ka dhigay inta soo hadhay 11.48%. Isku dheelitir la'aantan gaarka ah waxaa sabab u ah heerka socdaalka saafiga ah ee sida gaarka ah u sarreeya ee dalka oo ah 21.71, kan ugu sarreeya adduunka . Dhalashada UAE aad bay u adag tahay in la helo aan ka ahayn fayl-garayn oo keliya oo lagu bixiyo xaalado gaar ah. [[File:Palm jumeirah core.jpg|thumb |Guryaha la deggan yahay ee Palm Jumeirah ee timirta ee Dubai]] Imaaraadku isir ahaan wuu kala duwan yahay. Shanta jinsiyadood ee ugu dadka badan imaaradaha Dubai, Sharjah, iyo Ajman waa Hindi (25%), Pakistani (12%), Emirati (9%), Bangladeshi (7%), iyo Filibiin (5%). Muhaajiriinta ka yimid Yurub, Australia, iyo Waqooyiga Ameerika waxay ka kooban yihiin ku dhawaad ​​100,000 oo dadweynaha ah. Inta kale ee dadwaynaha waxay ka soo jeedaan dawladaha kale ee Carabta . Qiyaastii 88% dadka ku nool Imaaraadka Carabta waa magaalo. Celceliska rajada noloshu waxay ahayd 76.7 2012, oo ka sarraysa waddan kasta oo Carbeed. Marka la eego saamiga lab / dhedig ee 2.2 lab ee dheddigga kasta ee tirada guud ee dadweynaha iyo 2.75 ilaa 1 kooxda da'da 15-65 , Isku dheelitir la'aanta jinsiga UAE ayaa ah tan labaad ee ugu sareysa adduunka ka dib Qatar. ===Luuqad=== Casriga casriga ah Carabi waa luqadda qaranka ee Imaaraadka Carabta. Ingiriisigu waa luqadda ugu badan ee lagu hadlo, ka dib heshiisyada Ingiriisiga Ingiriiska . Emirati Carabi , noocyo kala duwan oo ah Gacanka Carabiga , waxaa ku hadla afka hooyo dadka Imaaraadku. Islaamku waa diinta ugu weyn waana diinta rasmiga ah ee dawladda Imaaraadka Carabta. Dawladdu waxay raacdaa siyaasad u dulqaadanaysa diimaha kale oo marar dhif ah ayay faragelisaa hawlaha diineed ee dadka aan muslimka ahayn. Waxa jira Sunni ka badan Shiicada Muslimiinta ku nool Imaaraadka Carabta, iyo 85% dadka Imaaraadku waa Muslimiin Sunni ah. Inta badan 15% ee soo hadhay waa Muslimiin Shiico ah, kuwaas oo ku badan Imaaradaha Dubai iyo Sharjah . In kasta oo aan la hayn tirokoob rasmi ah oo ku saabsan burburka u dhexeeya Sunniga iyo Shiicada Muslimiinta ee degan dadka aan dhalashada haysan, haddana qiyaasaha warbaahintu waxay soo jeedinayaan in ka yar 20% dadka Muslimiinta ah ee aan dhalashada haysanin ay yihiin Shiico. Masjidka weyn ee Sheikh Zayed ee Abu Dhabi waa masaajidka ugu weyn dalka waana goob dalxiis oo weyn. Cibadi waxay ku badan tahay Cumaaniyiinta Imaaraadka, halka saamaynta suufiyada ay sidoo kale jiraan. Masiixiyiinta ayaa 9% ka ah tirada guud ee dadka Imaaraadka Carabta, marka loo eego tirakoobkii 2005; qiyaasaha 2010 ayaa soo jeediyay tiro dhan 12.6%. Roman Catholics iyo Protestants waxay sameeyaan qaybo muhiim ah oo ka mid ah Masiixiyiinta laga tirada badan yahay. Wadanku waxa uu leeyahay in ka badan 52 kaniisadood 2023. Masiixiyiin badan oo ku sugan Isutagga Imaaraadka Carabta ayaa asal ahaan ka soo jeeda Aasiya, Afrikaan, iyo Yurub, oo ay la socdaan waddamada Bariga Dhexe sida Lubnaan, Suuriya, iyo Masar. Isutagga Imaaraatka Carabta waxay ka kooban tahay qayb ka mid ah Vicariate Rasuullada ee Koonfurta Carbeed iyo Basharka Rasuullada Vicar Paul Hinder wuxuu xaruntiisu tahay Abu Dhabi . Jaaliyad yar oo Yuhuudi ah ayaa ku nool Imaaraadka Carabta. Kahor 2023, waxaa jiray hal sunagog oo caan ah oo ku yaal Dubai , kaas oo furnaa ilaa 2008 iyo sunagogga sidoo kale soo dhaweeya booqdayaasha. Sunagog kale, Moses Ben Maimon Synagogue ayaa la dhameeyay 2023 iyada oo qayb ka ah dhismaha Guriga Qoyska Abraham ee Abu Dhabi . Laga bilaabo 2019, sida uu qabo Rabbi Marc Schneier oo ka tirsan aasaaska fahamka qowmiyadaha , waxaa lagu qiyaasaa inay jiraan ilaa 150 qoys ilaa 3,000 oo Yuhuud ah oo si xor ah ugu nool oo cibaadaysanaya gudaha UAE Koonfurta Aasiya ee Imaaraadka Carabta ayaa ah qowmiyadda ugu badan dalka. In ka badan 2 milyan oo muhaajiriin Hindi ah (badanaa ka yimid gobollada koonfureed ee Kerala , Andhra Pradesh , Xeebta Karnataka , iyo Tamil Nadu ) ayaa lagu qiyaasaa inay ku nool yihiin UAE. Waxaa hadda jira saddex macbadyo Hindu ah oo ku yaal waddanka. Diimaha kale ayaa sidoo kale ka jira Imaaraadka Carabta, oo ay ku jiraan Jainism , Sikhism , Budhiism , Juudism , Bahá'ís , iyo Druze . Wasiirka arrimaha dibadda iyo iskaashiga caalamiga ah ee Imaaraatka Carabta, Abdullah bin Zayed , ayaa sanadka 2019 ku dhawaaqay nashqadaynta iyo dhismaha guriga Abrahamic Family House , kaas oo u shaqayn doona sidii dhismo diimo ah oo ay ku yaalaan macbad , masaajid iyo kaniisad ku taal Jaziirada Sadiyat ee Abu Dhabi . ===Waxbarashada=== [[File:UniversityCityHall.jpg|thumb |Hall City Hall waa dhismaha ugu weyn ee ku yaal magaalada Jaamacadda ee Sharjah . Xafladaha qalin-jabinta ee Jaamacadda Mareykanka ee Sharjah , Jaamacadda Sharjah , iyo Kulliyadaha Tignoolajiyada Sare ayaa si gaar ah halkan loogu qabtaa.]] Nidaamka waxbarashada ilaa heerka dugsiga sare waxaa maamula Wasaaradda Waxbarashada dhammaan imaaradaha marka laga reebo Abu Dhabi, halkaas oo ay ka hooseeyeen waxbarashada waxbarashada iyo Aqoonta . dugsiyada sare waxay u qaybsan yihiin dugsiyo hoose , dugsi dhexe iyo dugsi sare . Dugsiyadda dawliga ah ayaa ah kuwa ay maaddo macalliso, manhajka waxbarashada waxa loo sameeyay si uu u waafajiyo himilooyinka calaamadaha ee saldhigga. Dhexdhexaadka waxbarashada ee dugsiga dadwaynaha waa Carabi iyadoo muuqalka la saarayo saliimka luqadaha. Waxa kale oo jira dugsiyo badan oo gaar loo leeyahay oo si caalami ah loo aqoonsan yahay. Dugsiyada Dawliga ah ee dalka waa u bilaash baxay, halka sababta laga qaado dugsiyada gaarka loo leeyahay ay kala duwan yihiin. Nidaamka waxbarashada sare waxa la socda tacliinta sare. Wasaaraddu waxay kaloo mas'uul ka tahay inay ardayda geliso machadyada buuga ee jaamacadda . Heerka aqoonta dadka waaweyn ee 2015 waxay ahayd 93.8%. Imaaraadku waxa uu muujinayay uu u qaboojiyeey iyo cilmi- maqal. Shirkadaha waxaa ka mid ah samaynta tayeynta cilmi-baarista CERT iyo waxay hoos u dhigtay Masdar ee Sayniska iyo Tign-ka tayada iyo horumarinta ganacsiga. Marka loo eego QS Rankings, Jaamacadda ugu sareysa ee dalka waa Jaamacadda Jaamacadda (421-430th baahinta oo dhan), Jaamacadda Khalifa (441-450th baahinta oo dhan), Jaamacadda Mareykanka ee Sharjah (431-440th), iyo Jaamacadda Sharjah (551-600th fiirsashada). Ikhtiyaarka koowaad 33aad ka galay Tusaha Hal-abuurka Caalamiga ah ee 2021, marka loo eego 36th ee 2019. ===Caafimaadka=== Cimriga nolosha ee dhalashada UAE waa 76.96 sano.  Cudurka wadnaha waa sababta ugu weyn ee dhimashada UAE, oo ka kooban 28% wadarta dhimashada; Sababaha kale ee ugu waaweyn waa shilalka iyo dhaawacyada , malignancies , iyo cilladaha ku dhasha . Marka loo eego xogta Ururka Caafimaadka Adduunka ee 2016 , 34.5% dadka qaangaarka ah ee ku nool UAE waa kuwo caafimaad ahaan cayilan , oo leh index mass index (BMI) oo ah 30 ama ka badan.  Bishii Febraayo 2008, Wasaaradda Caafimaadka ayaa soo bandhigtay istaraatiijiyad caafimaad oo shan sano ah oo loogu talagalay waaxda caafimaadka dadweynaha ee imaaradaha woqooyiga, taas oo hoos imaanaysa qorshaheeda oo, si ka duwan Abu Dhabi iyo Dubai, aan lahayn maamulo daryeel caafimaad oo gaar ah. Istaraatiijiyadu waxay diiradda saaraysaa midaynta siyaasadda daryeelka caafimaadka iyo hagaajinta helitaanka adeegyada daryeelka caafimaadka qiimo macquul ah, isla markaana yaraynaysa ku tiirsanaanta daaweynta dibadda. Wasaaraddu waxay qorsheyneysaa inay ku darto saddex isbitaal oo hadda ah 14, iyo 29 xarumaha caafimaadka aasaasiga ah ee hadda jira 86. Sagaal ayaa la qorsheeyay in la furo 2008.  Soo bandhigida caymiska caafimaadka ee qasabka ah ee Abu Dhabi ee loogu talagalay qurba-joogta iyo kuwa ku tiirsan waxay ahayd darawal weyn oo dib-u-habeyn ku ah siyaasadda daryeelka caafimaadka. Muwaaddiniinta Abu Dhabi waxaa la keenay nidaamka laga soo bilaabo 1 Juun 2008 Dubai waxay raacday shaqaalaheeda dawladda. Ugu dambayntii, sida uu dhigayo sharciga federaalka, Imaaraad kasta iyo qurbe-joog kasta oo dalka ku nool waxa uu dabooli doonaa caymis caafimaad oo khasab ah oo hoos imanaya nidaam midaysan oo khasab ah. Dalku wuxuu ka faa'iiday dalxiisayaal caafimaad oo ka kala yimid dhammaan Golaha Iskaashiga ee Dawladaha Carabta ee Gacanka . Imaaraadku waxa uu soo jiitaa dalxiisayaasha caafimaad ee doonaya qalliinka isqurxinta iyo hababka horumarsan, qalliinka wadnaha iyo laf dhabarta, iyo daawaynta ilkaha, maadaama adeegyada caafimaad ay ka heer sarreeyaan dalalka kale ee Carabta ee Gacanka Faaris ==Dhaqanka== [[File:UAE Folk Dance- Khaliji.jpg|thumb |Dumarku timahooda dhinac bay u rogaan oo waxay xidhaan dhar-dhaqameed midabyo dhalaalaya leh iyagoo soo bandhigaya qoob-ka-ciyaarka Imaaraatka.]] Dhaqanka imaaraadku waxa uu ku salaysan yahay dhaqanka Carabta waxaana saamayn ku yeeshay dhaqamada Faaris , Hindiya iyo Bariga Afrika . Qaab dhismeedka Carabta iyo Carabta waxyooday waa qayb ka mid ah muujinta aqoonsiga Imaaraatka maxalliga ah. Saamaynta Carabtu ku leedahay dhaqanka imaaraatka waxay si muuqata uga dhex muuqanaysaa qaab dhismeedka Imaaraatka ee soo jireenka ah iyo fanka dadweynaha . Tusaale ahaan, munaaradda dabaysha ee gaarka ah oo kor u kacda dhismayaasha Imaaraatka ee dhaqanka, Barjeel , waxay noqotay calaamad lagu garto dhismaha Imaaraatka waxaana loo aaneynayaa saameynta Carabta. Saamayntan waxa ay ka timid ganacsatadii ka soo qaxday nidaamkii cashuuraha ee Faaris horraantii qarnigii 19aad iyo lahaanshaha Imaaraatka ee dekedaha ku yaal xeebta Carabta, tusaale ahaan dekedda Al Qassimi ee Lingeh. Isutagga Imaaraadka Carabta waxa ku nool bulsho kala duwan. Dhaqaalaha Dubai wuxuu aad ugu tiirsan yahay ganacsiga caalamiga ah iyo dalxiiska, waana u furan yahay dadka soo booqda, halka bulshada Abu Dhabi ay aad u badan tahay gudaha maadaama dhaqaalaha magaaladu uu diiradda saarayo soo saarista shidaalka. Fasaxyada waaweyn ee Imaaraadka Carabta waxaa ka mid ah Ciidul Fitriga , oo ku beegan dhammaadka Ramadaan , iyo maalinta Qaranka (2 Disembar), oo ku astaysan aasaaska Imaaraadka Carabta. Ragga Imaaraatka ah waxay door bidaan inay xidhaan kandura , khamiis cad oo dhererka anqawga ah oo laga tolo dhogorta ama suufka, dumarka Imaaraatkuna waxay xidhaan abaya , maro madow oo ka badan oo daboolaya inta badan qaybaha jidhka. Gabayaagii ugu horeyay ee Imaaraatka laga yaqaan waa Ibnu Majid , waxa uu dhashay intii u dhaxaysay 1432 ilaa 1437 kuna dhashay Ras Al-Khaymah. Qoraaga Imaaraatka ee ugu caansan waa Mubarak Al Oqaili (1880-1954), Salem bin Ali al Owais (1887-1959), iyo Ahmed bin Sulayem (1905-1976). Saddex kale oo gabayaa ah oo Sharjah ah, oo loo yaqaan kooxda Xiirah, ayaa la arkayaa in ay si weyn u saameeyeen Apollo iyo gabayada Romantic . Bandhiga Caalamiga ah ee Buugaagta Sharjah waa kan ugu da'da weyn uguna weyn dalka. Liiska matxafyada Imaaraadka Carabta waxaa ku jira qaar ka mid ah sumcadda gobolka, oo ay ugu caansan tahay Sharjah oo leh Degmada Heritage oo ka kooban 17 madxaf, oo 1998-kii ahayd Caasimadda Dhaqanka ee Dunida Carabta. Dubia, aagga Al Quoz ayaa soo jiitay tiro ka mid ah goobaha farshaxanka iyo sidoo kale matxafyada sida Matxafka Gaarka ah ee Salsali . Abu Dhabi waxay ka dhistay jaziiradda Sadiyat xaafad dhaqameed . Lix mashruuc oo waaweyn ayaa la qorsheeyay, oo ay ku jiraan Guggenheim Abu Dhabi iyo Louvre Abu Dhabi . Dubai waxa kale oo ay qorshaynaysaa in ay dhisto madxafka Kunsthal iyo degmo loogu talo galay galleries iyo fanaaniinta. Dhaqanka imaaraadku waa qayb ka mid ah dhaqanka Carabta bari . Liwa waa nooc ka mid ah muusiga iyo qoob ka ciyaarka lagu sameeyo gudaha, gaar ahaan bulshooyinka ay ku jiraan faraca dadka Bantu ee ka soo jeeda gobolka harooyinka waaweyn ee Afrika . Bandhiga Desert Rock Festival ee Dubai sidoo kale waa xaflad kale oo weyn oo ka kooban farshaxanada birta culus iyo dhagaxyada. Shineemada Imaaraadka Carabta ayaa ah mid aad u yar laakiin way sii fidaysaa. ===Cunto=== [[File:Luqaimat.jpg|thumb|Qaxwaha Carabiga oo leh lugaimat , macaan imaaraad dhaqameed]] Cunto-dhaqameedka Imaaraatku waxa ay had iyo jeer ahaan jireen bariis, kalluun, iyo hilib. Dadka Imaaraatka Carabta ayaa inta badan cuntadooda ka qaatay wadamada kale ee Galbeedka iyo Koonfurta Aasiya sida Iran, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Pakistan, iyo India. Cuntooyinka badda ayaa qarniyo badan ahaa tiir-dhexaadka cuntada Imaaraatka. Hilibka iyo bariiska ayaa ah cuntooyinka kale ee daruuriga ah, oo ay ku jiraan wan iyo hilib lo'aad oo ay door bidaan ariga iyo hilibka lo'da. Cabitaanada caanka ah waa qaxwaha iyo shaaha, kuwaas oo lagu kabi karo karoom ama saffron si ay u helaan dhadhan gaar ah. Cuntooyinka dhaqanka ee Emirate-ka ee caanka ah waxaa ka mid ah seddexda , machboos , khubisa , khameer , iyo rootiga chabab iyo kuwo kale halka lugaimat uu yahay macmacaan caan ah oo imaarati ah. Saamaynta dhaqanka reer galbeedka, cuntada degdega ah waxay noqotay mid aad caan u ah dhalinyarada, ilaa heer la qabtay olole lagu muujinayo khatarta cuntooyinka degdega ah ee xad-dhaafka ah. Khamriga waa la ogol yahay in lagu adeego oo kaliya makhaayadaha hoteelada iyo baararka. Dhammaan goobaha lagu caweeyo waa loo ogolyahay inay iibiyaan khamriga. Suuqyada waaweyn ee gaarka ah ayaa laga yaabaa inay iibiyaan khamriga, laakiin alaabtan waxaa lagu iibiyaa qaybo gaar ah. Sidoo kale, hilibka doofaarka, kaas oo xaaraan ah (aan loo ogolayn Muslimiinta), waxaa lagu iibiyaa qaybo kala duwan dhammaan dukaamada waaweyn ee waaweyn. Inkasta oo khamriga la cabbo, waa sharci-darro in lagu sakhraamo meel fagaare ah ama lagu kaxeeyo baabuur leh raad khamri ah oo dhiigga ku jira ===Ciyaaraha=== [[File:Yas Marina Circuit, October 12, 2018 SkySat (cropped).jpg|thumb |Yas Marina Circuit ee Abu Dhabi]] Formula One ayaa si gaar ah caan uga ah Imaaraadka Carabta, waxaana sanad walba tartanka Grand Prix lagu qabtaa wareegga Yas Marina ee Yas Island ee Abu Dhabi. Tartanku waxa uu dhacaa fiidkii,waxana uu ahaa Grand Prix-gii ugu horeeyay ee bilaaba maalinta oo dhammi habeenka. Ciyaaraha kale ee caanka ah waxaa ka mid ah tartanka geela , falconry , fuulista dulqaadka , iyo tennis-ka . Imaarada Dubai waxay sidoo kale hoy u tahay laba koorso oo Golf ah oo waaweyn : Dubai Golf Club iyo Emirates Golf Club . Marka laga reebo dhinaca wakhtiga firaaqada, ciyaaruhu waxa ay qayb muhiim ah ka qaadan karaan qaabaynta aqoonsiga qaranka. Falconry, tusaale ahaan, waxay u shaqaynaysay sidii astaan ​​qaran tan iyo markii la aasaasay 1971. Marka laga reebo baahsanaanta qaranka ee falconry, Imaaraadku wuxuu door laxaad leh ka qaatay caalami ahaan isku dubaridka aqoonsiga UNESCO ee aqoonsiga falconry inuu yahay dhaxal aan la taaban karin . Waagii hore waxa la isticmaali jiray ciyaalka geela, taas oo keentay dhaleecayn baahsan. Ugu dambeyntii, Imaaraadku wuxuu soo saaray sharci mamnuucaya isticmaalka carruurta ee ciyaaraha, taasoo keentay in si degdeg ah meesha looga saaro ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan jockey-yada carruurta. Dhowaan robot jockeys ayaa la soo bandhigay si looga gudbo dhibaatada jookooyinka geela ee carruurta taasoo ahayd arrin ku saabsan xadgudubyada xuquuqda aadanaha. Ansar Burney ayaa inta badan lagu amaanaa shaqada uu ka qabtay deegaankan ===Kubadda Cagta=== [[File:Abu Dhabi Zayed Sports City Stadium 1.jpg|thumb |Zayed Sports City Stadium ee Abu Dhabi]] Kubadda cagta waa ciyaar caan ka ah Imaaraadka. Al Nasr , Al Ain , Al Wasl , Sharjah , Al Wahda , iyo Shabab Al Ahli waa kooxaha ugu caansan oo ku raaxaysanaya sumcadda horyaalada gobolka. Xiriirka Kubadda Cagta Isutagga Imaaraadka Carabta ayaa la aas aasay 1971-kii tan iyo xilligaas waxa uu waqti iyo dadaalba u huray sidii uu ciyaarta u horumarin lahaa, una abaabuli lahaa barnaamijyada dhalinyarada , iyo in kor loo qaado awoodda ciyaartoydiisa oo keliya, balse sidoo kale mas’uuliyiinta iyo macallimiinta ku lugta leh xulalka gobollada. Imaaraadku wuxuu u soo baxay Koobka Adduunka ee FIFA 1990 , isagoo la socday Masar . Waa markii saddexaad ee isku xigta ee Koobka Adduunka oo ay ka soo baxaan laba waddan oo Carab ah, ka dib Kuwait iyo Algeria 1982 , iyo Ciraaq iyo Algeria mar kale 1986 . Imaaraadku waxa uu ku guuleystey Koobka Gacanka laba jeer: Koobkii ugu horreeyey ee uu qaado January 2007 oo lagu qabtay Abu Dhabi iyo kii labaad ee January 2013, oo lagu qabtay Bahrain .  wadanku waxa uu marti galiyay koobka AFC Asia 2019 . Xulka Imaaraatka Carabta ayaa u soo gudbay semi-finalka,halkaas oo ay kaga adkaadeen xulka Qatar  ===Cricket=== [[File:Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium-01.jpg|thumb |Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium ee Abu Dhabi]] Cricket-ku waa mid ka mid ah ciyaaraha ugu caansan Imaaraadka Carabta, sababta oo ah waxaa sabab u ah dadka ka soo qaxay dalalka SAARC , Boqortooyada Ingiriiska, iyo Australia. Xarunta Dhexe ee Golaha Cricket-ka Caalamiga ah (ICC) waxay ku taallaa dhismaha magaalada Dubai ee isboortiga tan iyo 2005, oo ay ku jiraan ICC Academy oo la aasaasay 2009. [ 360 ] Waxaa jira tiro ka mid ah goobaha cricket-ka caalamiga ah ee UAE, kuwaas oo inta badan loo isticmaalo tartamada caalamiga ah iyo "dhexdhexaad" taxane laba geesood ah oo ay ugu wacan tahay cimilada deegaanka iyo heerka Dubai ee xarun gaadiidka. Tartamada caalamiga ah ee xusida mudan ee ay marti galisay Imaaraadku waxa ka mid ahaa 2014 ka 19 Cricket World Cup , 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup , iyo saddex koob oo Asia Cup ah (1984, 1995, iyo 2018). Garoomada xusida mudan waxaa ka mid ah Garoonka Ururka Cricket-ka Sharjah ee Sharjah , Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium ee Abu Dhabi , iyo Dubia International Cricket Stadium ee Dubai. The Emirates Cricket Board (ECB) waxay xubin ka noqotay ICC ee 1990. Kooxda qaranka ee cricket-ka UAE ayaa u soo baxay Koobka Adduunka ee Cricket laba jeer ( 1996 iyo 2015 ) iyo ICC Men's T20 World Cup laba jeer ( 2014 iyo 2022 ). Kooxda haweenka qaranka si la mid ah waa mid ka mid ah kooxaha isku dhafka ah ee ugu xoogan Aasiya, gaar ahaan ka qayb qaadashada Isreebreebka Haweenka Adduunka 2018 ee ICC . Ka dib weerarkii 2009 ee lagu qaaday kooxda Cricket-ka qaranka Sri Lanka , Imaaraadku waxa ay u adeegeen sidii guriga dhabta ah ee kooxda cricket-ka qaranka Pakistan muddo ku dhow toban sano, iyo sidoo kale martigelinta Pakistan Super League . Imaaraadku waxa kale oo uu marti galiyay hal daabacaad oo buuxa ee Horyaalka Hindiya (IPL) ee 2020 iyo laba qaybood oo qayb ka mid ah Horyaalka Hindiya (IPL) ee 2014 iyo 2021. =Sidoo kale fiiri= * [[Oman]] * [[Somaliland]] * [[Egypt]] * [[Turkey]] [http://people.exeter.ac.uk/nsaa201/UAE%20Federal%20Boundaries.pdf "Xuduudaha Federaalka ee Imaaraadka Carabta"] [https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/data/browser/#/?pa=00000000000000000000000000000000002&c=vvvvuvo&ct=0&tl_id=5-A&vs=INTL.57-1-AFG-TBPD.A&vo=0&v=H&start=2014&end=2016 "Soosaarista Saliid Ceyriin oo ay ku jirto Condensate Lease 2016"] [http://countrystudies.us/persian-gulf-states/84.htm Isutagga Imaaraadka Carabta – Dhaqaalaha] [http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/government/historic-uae-oman-accord-involves-272km-of-border-1.119592 "Heshiiska taariikhiga ah ee Imaaraadka iyo Cumaan wuxuu ku lug leeyahay 272 km oo xuduud ah] [http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/sun-sets-on-british-empire-as-uae-raises-its-flag#page5 "Qorraxdu waxay ku dhacday Boqortooyada Ingiriiska iyadoo Imaaraadku calankiisa kor u qaaday"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20150704222708/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/tonb " Jasiiradaha Tonb (Greater iyo Ka yar), laba jasiiradood oo yaryar oo muhiimad istiraatiiji ah oo lagu doodi karo oo ku yaal Gacanka Persian bari, koonfurta cidhifka galbeed ee jasiiradda Qešm"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20111119060814/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O209-TrucialOmanorTrucialStats.html "Oman ama Dawlado Xaqiiq ah - Asalka Cumaan Xaqiiqda ah ama Dawladaha Xaqiiqda ah | Encyclopedia.com: Qaamuuska Oxford ee Magacyada Goobaha Adduunka"] [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-53770859 "Israa'iil iyo Imaaraadku waxay galeen heshiis taariikhi ah si loo caadiyeeyo xiriirka"] [http://www.uaeprison.com/uae_disputes.htm "Khilaafaadka Imaaraatka Carabta, Khilaafaadka Imaaraatka Caalamiga ah, Khilaafka Imaaraatka Carabta, Khilaafka Imaaraatka Carabta, Khilaafka Imaaraatka Carabta, Sheegashada Saddex Jaziiradood, Jaziirada Abu Muusa, Tumba Weyn & Tumbo Yar, Taariikhda Jasiiradaha, Khayraadka Shaqaalaha UAE, Imaaraadka Carabta"] [https://books.google.com/books?id=Le0Ryxzh7cQC&q=musandam Sharaftu waxay ku jirtaa Qanacsanaan: Nolosha Kahor Saliidda ee Ras Al-Khaimah (UAE) iyo Gobollada deriska ah qaarkood] [https://responsiblestatecraft.org/2020/01/24/why-the-relationship-between-russia-and-the-united-arab-emirates-is-strengthening/ "Waa maxay sababta uu u xoojinayo xiriirka Ruushka iyo Imaaraadka Carabta"] [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/07/united-arab-emirates-to-relax-islamic-laws-on-personal-freedoms "Imaaraatka Carabta waxay dhaleeceeyeen khamriga, waxayna meesha ka saartay mamnuucidda lammaanaha aan isqabin inay wada noolaadaan"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20141225122354/http://www.amnestyusa.org/sites/default/files/uaa25614.pdf "Tallaabada Degdega ah: Waajibkii La Dhaqan Galiyay ee Muwaadiniinta Qatar"] [https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/pakistan-not-to-play-home-matches-in-uae-anymore-pcb-ceo/story-tYo1UuA3czorquuVluZzxL.html "Pakistan yaanay ku ciyaarin guriga UAE mar dambe: Maamulaha PCB"] [https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ipl-2020-to-be-held-in-uae-from-september-19-to-november-10/story-GeHbVaf1f4zv07p3V8RGwO.html "IPL 2020 oo la qabanayo laga bilaabo Sebtembar 19 ilaa Noofambar 10"] [https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/heritage/first-images-of-abu-dhabi-s-abrahamic-family-house-under-construction-released-1.1241661 "Sawirradii ugu horreysay ee Guriga Qoyska Ibraahim ee Abu Dhabi oo la dhisayo ayaa la sii daayay"] [https://www.mk.co.kr/en/world/10979447 <nowiki>"[Pilot Johan's Arab Nights-18] Luuqadda Imaaraadka Carabta (UAE) waa Carabi, sida na.. - MK"</nowiki>] [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/transport/11372616/Dubai-overtakes-Heathrow-to-become-worlds-busiest-airport.html "Dubai waxay dhaaftay Heathrow si ay u noqoto kan aduunka ugu mashquulka badan"] =Tixraac= {{reflist}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} [[Category:Dalalka carabta]] {{Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka}} [[Category:Aasiya]] [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] g4vuss13a3t6atzv5vguetj5vfk4t1l 0 4570 307681 301530 2026-09-09T18:13:03Z Soalt 39618 Category:Wadamada Aasiya 307681 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dalalka |native_name = Jamhuuriyadda Hantiwadaaga ee Fiyetnam <br />{{lang|vi|Cộng hòa Xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam}} |conventional_long_name = |common_name = Vietnam |qaaradda = [[Aasiya]] |sawir_calan = Flag_of_Vietnam.svg |sawir_qaran = Emblem of Vietnam.svg |image_map = |astaan_calan = [[Độc lập - Tự do - Hạnh phúc]]''<small><br />"Wadannimo- Xornimo - Farxad"</small> |caasimadda = [[Hanoi]] |luuqadaha = [[Af-Vietnamese]] |caasimada = [[Hanoi]] |Dawladda = &nbsp; |darajo_hogaamiye1 = [[Madaxweyne]] |<nowiki>Madaxweyne]]</nowiki> |darajo_hogaamiye2 = [[Ra'iisul wasaare]] |qaab dowladeed = [[Gobolka hantiwadaagga]] |magac_hogaamiye1 = Nguyễn Minh Triết |magac_hogaamiye2 = Nguyễn Tấn Dũng |sovereignty_type = '''Ka xoroobey''' |sovereignty_note = Gumeystihii [[Faransiiska]] |established_event1 = Taariikhda |established_date1 = 2 [[Sebteembar]], 1945 |area = 331,690 km2 |areami² = 128,527 |biyo = 1.3 |population_estimate = 98,500,000 <sup>2</sup> |population_estimate_year = 2016 |lacagta = dong (VND) |wakhti = (UTC) |furaha_debedda = +84 |footnote1 = }} [[File:Bandovietnam-final-fill-scale-fr.svg|thumb|Vietnam]] '''Vietnam''' waa dawlad kutaala [[koonfur]]ta [[bari]] ee qaarada [[Asiya]]. Wadankaan waxoo xuduud la leeyhay wadamada [[Shiinaha]], [[Laos]] iyo [[Kambodiya]]. magaalo madaxda wadanka waa [[Hanoi]]. Wadankaan waxaa degan dad ka badan 85miliyan oo qof, waa wadanka 13aad oo ugu dadka tirada badan aduunka. Waddanka: / ˌvjɛtnæm, -nɑːm /, US: / ˌviːətnɑːm, -næm / (ku saabsan codkani wuxuu dhagaystaa); [10] Vietnamese: Việt Nam ayaa loo yaqaan [vîət nāːm] (ku saabsan codkan maqal)), ee Vietnam (Vietnam: Công hòi Xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam), waa wadamada bariga ee ku yaal jasiiradda Indochina. Iyadoo lagu qiyaasay 94.6 milyan oo qof ilaa sanadka 2016, waa dalka 15-aad ee adduunka, iyo wadanka 9-aad ee ugu badan Asia. Wadanka Vietnam waxaa xuduud u leh Shiinaha waqooyiga, Laos, ilaa waqooyi-galbeed, Kambodiya, koonfur galbeed, Thailand oo ku taal Gacanka Thailand ee koonfur galbeed, iyo Filibiin, Malaysia iyo Indonesia oo ku yaalla Badweynta Koonfurta Shiinaha xagga bari iyo koonfur. Magaalada caasimadda ah waxay ahayd Hanoi tan iyo markii la isku keeney Waqooyiga iyo Koonfurta Sannadkii 1976-kii, iyada oo Ho Chi Minh City u ahayd magaalada ugu badan. Qaybta waqooyiga ee Vietnam waxay qayb ka ahayd Imperial China muddo ka badan sanad, laga bilaabo 111 BC ilaa AD 939. Dowlad madaxbannaan oo madaxbannaan oo Vietnam ah ayaa la sameeyay 939, kadib guushii Vietnam ee Battle of Bạch River. Hantidhowrka Horumarinta ee Vietnam wuxuu kor u kacay sidii waddanku u ballaariyay juquraafi ahaan iyo siyaasad ahaanba Koonfurta Aasiya, illaa jasiiradda Indochina lagu soo afjaray Faransiis qarnigii 19-aad. Ka dib markii la qabsaday Jarmalka 1940-kii, Vietnamese-ka waxay ku dagaalameen xukunka Faransiiska ee Dagaalka Indochina. 2dii Sebtembar 1945 Madaxweynaha Hoog Chí Minh ayaa ku dhawaaqay xornimada Vietnam ee ka timid Faransiiska oo ku hoos qoran magaca cusub ee Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ee Vietnam. Sanadkii 1954, Vietnam waxay ku dhawaaqday guushii Battle of Dien Bien Phu, oo dhacday intii u dhaxaysay Maarso iyo May 1954 waxayna ku dhufatay guuldaradii weynaa ee Faransiiska. Intaas ka dib, Vietnam waxa loo kala qaybiyay laba dawladood oo ku tartamaya, Waqooyiga Vietnam (rasmi ah Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ee Vietnam) iyo Koonfurta Vietnam (si rasmi ah Jamhuuriyadda Vietnam). Khilaafka udhaxeeya labada dhinac ayaa waxa uu ku sii xoogeysanayaa waxa loo yaqaano Dagaalkii Vietnam, iyada oo fara-galin culus oo Maraykanku ka soo galo dhinaca Koonfuurta Vietnam tan iyo 1965-kii illaa 1973-dii. Dagaalku wuxuu ku dhamaaday guushii North Vietnam ee 1975. Wadanka Vietnam ayaa markaa la isku raacay dawlad ka tirsan xisbiyada, laakiin waxay ahayd mid liitay oo siyaasad ahaan loo go'doomiyay. 1986-kii, Xisbiga Tigreega ee Vietnam wuxuu bilaabay dib-u-habayn dhaqaale iyo siyaasadeed oo bilaabay waddada Vietnam si uu u dhexgalo dhaqaalaha aduunka. [12] Sannadkii 2000, waxay xiriirkii diblomaasiyadeed la laheyd dhammaan waddamada. Tan iyo sanadkii 2000, heerka horumarka dhaqaalaha ee Vietnam wuxuu ka mid ahaa kuwa adduunka ugu sareeya, [12] iyo, sannadkii 2011, waxa uu ku jirey Heerka Kobcinta Caalamiga ah ee Korantada ee 11ka Dhaqaale ee waaweyn. Dibuhabaynta dhaqaale ee guulaystay waxay keentay in uu ku biiro Ururka Caalamiga ah ee Ganacsiga sannadkii 2007. Vietnam ayaa xubin ka ah Ururka Iskaashiga Dhaqaalaha ee Aasiyada Koonfur-Galbeed, Iskaashiga Dhaqaalaha Asia iyo Iskaashiga Caalamiga ah iyo Ururka Caalamiga ah ee de la Francophonie ==Xubin== * [[AIIB]] * [[Bankiga Aduunka]] * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] ==waddanmaha degeen Vietnam== * {{Flag|China}} PR’China; 234,300+; * {{Flag|Indonesia}}; 500+ == Taariikh == Fiyetnam waxee ka mid aheed dhul markiisa hore laisku dhihi jiray [[Farasiiska indoshiina]], waxaana gumeesan jiray gumeestihii [[faransiiska]] taariikhda marka ee eheed 1800. Gumeesigaan waxaa qabsaday Dawladda [[Jabaan]] waqtigii oo socday [[Dagaalkii Labaad ee Aduunka]]. Dhamaadkii dagaaladii aduunka wadanka waxaa ka dhashtay dowlad cusub oo komunist ah, waxaana hogaaminaayay nin lagu magacaabo [[Ho Chi Minh]] oo markiisa hore ka mid ahaan jiray Jabhad la dhoho [[Viet Minh]] oo u dagaalami jirtay xoreenta fiyetnam. Dagaal ayaa u dhaxeeyay ciidamada faransiiska iyo jabhada Viet Minh taariikhda marka ee eheed 1946dii ilaa 1954tii, dagaalkaas waxaa la dhihi jiray [[Dagaalkii Indoshiina]]. Dagaalkaas waxoo dhamaaday markii ciidamadii faransiiska lagu jabshay magaalada [[Dien Bien Phu]].Waqtigaas ka dib, mareykanka ayaa soo galay wadanka si oo u joojiyo xukunka komunistiga ah oo ka jira dalka fiyetnam. Taariikhda marka ee eheed 1959 ilaa 1975tii waxaa socday [[Dagaalkii Fiyetnam]], oo u dhaxeeyay waqooyiga fiyetnam iyo Koonfurta fiyetnam, dagaalkaas neh waxoo ku dhamaaday Komunistiga woqooyiga fiyetnam oo ku guuleesatay dagaalka, isla markaas neh ee wadanka mideeyeen. Taariikhda marka ee eheed 1976dii marka ee fiyetnam u dirtay ciidamo wadanka ee dariska yihiin ee [[Kambodiya]], waxaa weerar ku soo qaaday wadanka [[Shiinaha]], dagaalkaas neh waxoo ku dhamaaday sixida xuduudka shiinaha iyo fiyetnam. ciidamada fiyetnaamiiska aad ayee uuga adkaayeen kuwa shiinaha. == Deegaanka Vietnam == wadankani waxa uu ka koobanyahay 63 gobol.waxa ayna u kala baxaan sidan.. * [[Hanoi]] * [[Binh Thuan]] * [[Ninh Thuan]] * [[Quang Binh]] * [[Quang Tri]] * [[Thua Thien-Hue]] * [[Quang Nam]] * [[Quang Ngai]] {{Dalalka Aasiya}} [[Category:Fiyetnam]] [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] sd4qzjplu6bc9m2g8qwaarv5d2w714b 0 4606 307712 269096 2026-09-09T19:38:43Z Soalt 39618 Category:Wadamada Aasiya 307712 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dalalka |native_name = Boqortooyada Haashimit ee Urdun<br />''المملكة الأردنية الهاشميه '' |conventional_long_name = '''' |common_name = Urdun |qaaradda = [[Bariga Dhexe]] |sawir_calan = Flag of Jordan.svg |sawir_qaran = |image_map = Urdun |astaan_calan = [[عاش المليك]] ''<small><br />"Boqorka hanoolaado |image_map = LocationJordan.svg |caasimadda = [[Camaan]] |luuqadaha = [[Af-Carabi]] |caasimada = [[Cuman]] |Dawladda = &nbsp; |darajo_hogaamiye1 = [[Boqor]] | GDP_PPP_year = 2017 | GDP_PPP_rank = 87th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $11,54O | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 86th | GDP_nominal = $41.692 billion | GDP_nominal_year = 2017 | GDP_nominal_rank = 92nd | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $5,292 | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 95th |Madaxweyne]] |darajo_hogaamiye2 = [[Ra'iisul wasaare]] |magac_hogaamiye1 = Cabdullahi II. |magac_hogaamiye2 = Cown Al Khasaawna: |sovereignty_type = '''Ka xoroobey''' |sovereignty_note = Gumeystihii [[Ingiriis]]ka |established_event1 = Taariikhda |established_date1 = 25 [[Maajo]], [[1946]] |area = 92,300 km2 |areami² = 35,637 |biyo = 0.8 |population_estimate = 6,316,000<sup>2</sup> |population_estimate_year = 2009 |lacagta = Urdun Dinaar |wakhti = Summer (DST) |furaha_debedda = 962 |footnote1 = }} '''Urdun''' (الأردن) waa maamul madaxbanaan oo ah boqortooyada Haashimiyad ee Urdun (Carabi: المملكة الأردنية الهاشمية, Al-Mamlakah Al-Urdunnīyah Al-Hāshimīyah) waa Gobolka Carabta ee ku yaal galbeedka Aasiya, oo ku taal Bankiga Bariga ee Webiga Jordan. Jordan waxaa xuddey Sacuudi Carabiya koonfurta, Ciraaq xagga waqooyi-bari, Suuriya woqooyiga, Israiil iyo [[Falastiin]] xagga galbeedka. Badda Dhimatay ayaa ku taal xudduudaha galbeedka, waddankuna waxa uu leeyahay xeebta yaryar ee [[Badda Cas]] ee koonfurta-galbeed ee aadka u xoogan, laakiin si kale ayaa loo wiiqay. Jordan waa istaraatijiyad ku taala bartamaha Asia, [[Afrika]] iyo [[Yurub]]. Magaalada caasimadda ah ee Cammaan, waa magaalooyinka ugu badan ee dadku u badan yahay iyo sidoo kale xarun dhaqaale, siyaasadeed iyo dhaqameed. Imminka waxa uu [[Urdun]] ku noolaa dadka tan iyo xilligii Baleyolitiik. Saddex boqortooy oo xasillooni ah ayaa ka soo baxayey dhammaadkii Daaha Cagaasha: Caamoos, Moo'aab iyo Edom. Hogaamiyaasha dambe waxay ka mid yihiin Boqortooyada Nabata, Boqortooyada Roomaanka, Boqortooyada Boqortooyada. Kadib Carabta Carbeed oo ka soo horjeeday Cusmaani sanadkii 1916 intii lagu jiray Dagaalkii Dunida I, boqortooyadii Boqortooyada waxaa loo qaybiyay Ingiriiska iyo Faransiiska. Emirate of Transjordan waxaa la aasaasay 1921 by Hashemite, ka dibna Emir, Abdullah I, iyo emirate wuxuu noqday ''British Guardianate'' ah. 1946-kii, Jordan waxay noqotay waddan madax-bannaan oo si rasmi ah loogu aqoonsaday Boqortooyada Hashemite ee Transjordan, laakiin waxa loo beddelay 1949-kii boqortooyadii Hashemite ee dalka Jordan ka dib markii waddanku uu qabsaday Bankiga Galbeedka intii lagu jiray dagaalkii 1948-kii dagaalkii Carabta oo uu ku biiray ilaa uu lumay Israiil sanadkii 1967-dii. Jordan ayaa ku dhawaaqday dalabkii dhulkii 1988-kii, waxaana uu noqday mid ka mid ah laba dawladood oo Carbeed ah si ay heshiis ugu saxiixdeen [[Israiil]] 1994-kii. Urdun waa xubin muhiim u ah Ururka [[Jaamacadda Carabta]] iyo Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka. Waddanku waa boqortooyo dastuuri ah, laakiin boqorku wuxuu leeyahay awood ballaaran oo sharci iyo sharci-dajin ah. ==Xubin== * [[IMF]] * * [[Bankiga Aduunka]] * * * [[Jaamacada Carabta]]* * * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * * * [[Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka]] * * ==Daadka Deggan Urdun== * {{flag|Jordan}}: 12,Millions++: **{{Flag|Palestine}}: 2,2,000+ * {{Flag|Bangladesh}} 100+: * {{Flag|Arab League}} 4.500,000+<ref name="">https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/a/Arabic_language.htm {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/a/Arabic_language.htm |date=20220920172709 }}</ref> * {{Flag|Pakistan}} 200+ * {{Flag|France}} 2,000+ [<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/a/Arabic_language.htm {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/a/Arabic_language.htm |date=20220920172709 }}</ref>]. [[File:Amman.jpg|thumb|195px|right|Vista d'Amman.]] [[File:View_of_Abdali_project_2018.jpg|thumb|right|195px|{{Flag|Jordan}}]] [[File:The King of Jordan, 2013.jpg|195px|thumb|right|]] [[File:Petra_metzes.jpg|thumb|right|195px|Cunnto Urdun]] ==Sido kale fiiri== * [[Masar]] * [[Falastiin]] * [[Israaiil]] * [[Bangalidesh]] * [[Bakistaan]] * [[Filibiin]] * [[Hindiya]] * [[Turkiga]] ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} [[Category:Aasiya]] [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] load8o3uhonatw32un4gipkge38gv5q 0 4734 307673 284054 2026-09-09T18:02:33Z Soalt 39618 Category:Wadamada Aasiya 307673 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|26|01|39|N|50|33|00|E|region:BH_type:country|display=title}} {{Dalalka |native_name = ''Boqortooyada Baxrayn<br />مملكة البحرين |conventional_long_name = Mamlakat al-Baxrayn |common_name = Kiinya |qaarada = [[Bariga Dhexe]] |sawir_calan = Flag_of_Bahrain.svg |astaan_calan = [[Baxrayni]] |image_map = LocationBahrain.png |caasimada = [[Manama]] |luuqadaha = [[Af-Carabi]] |Dawladda = Baxrayn |magac_hogaamiye1 = [[Boqor]] |magac_hogaamiye2 = [[Ra'iisul wasaare]] |magac_hogaamiye1 = Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifah |magac_hogaamiye2 = Khalifah ibn Sulman Al Khalifah |sovereignty_type = Ka xoroobey |sovereignty_note = [[Iran]] 1783 iyo [[Ingriis]]ka |established_event1 = Taakiikh |established_date1 = 16 [[Diseembar]], 1971 |area = 765 km² |areami² = 295 |biyo = 0 |population_estimate = 1,378,000 |population_estimate_year = [[2016]] |lacagta = Baxrayn Dinar |wakhti = (UTC+3) |furaha_debeda = 973 |footnote1 = |footnote2 = }} '''Baxrayn''' ama '''Boqortooyada Baxrayn'''([[af-Carabi]] مملكة البحرين Mamlakat al-Baxrayn. waa wadan carbeed oo ku yaalo [[Bariga Dhexe]]. Baxrayn waxee ka koobantahay Jasiirado, waxeena u dhaxeesaa ama Xad la wadaagtaa [[Sacuudi carabiya]] iyo Qatar. [[File:Persian Gulf economy map PL.png||thumb|Mapa economica del Golf Persic]] [[File:British political agency in Manama.png|right|thumb|200px|The British political agency, circa 1900.]] [[File:Khamis Mosque Minaret.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Khamis Mosque]].]] Bahrain oo ka hadlaya codkani: Arbacada: البحرين al-Baḥrayn IPA: (ku saabsan codkan maqalka)), si rasmi ah Boqortooyada Bahrain (Carabi: مملكة البحرين Ku saabsan codkan Mamlakat al- Baḥreyn), waa boqortooyo dastuuri ah oo ku yaala bariga Persian. Waa waddan jasiirad ah oo ka kooban jasiirado yaryar oo ku yaala bariga Bahrain, oo u dhaxeeya Xeebta Jasiiradda iyo xeebta bari ee Sacuudi Carabiya, kaas oo ku xiran 25 kilomitir (16 mi) King Fahd Causeway. Dadka reer Bahrain waxay yihiin 1,234,571 (2010), oo ay ku jiraan 666,172 aan ahayn dadka aan muwaadiniinta ahayn [8] Waa 765.3 kilomitir kilomitir (295.5 sq mm), taas oo ka dhigaysa waddanka saddexaad ee ugu yar Asia Aasiya ka dib Maldives iyo Singapore. Baxreyn waa goobta uu ka kooban yahay ilbaxnimadii hore ee Dilmuun. [10] Waxay ahayd tan ugu caansan taariikhda kalluumaysiga kalluumeysiga, kuwaas oo loo tixgeliyey inay ugu fiican adduunka qarnigii 19aad. [11] Bahrain waxa uu ahaa mid ka mid ah goobihii ugu horreeyay ee lagu beddelay Islaamka, 628 CE. Ka dib markii uu xukunka xukunka Carabta, Bahrain waxa u degay Portugal 1521, kuwaas oo markaa laga soo tuuray 1602 Shah Shah Abbas I oo ka mid ah Boqortooyada Safafid ee ku taal Boqortooyada Faaris. Sanadkii 1783, Bani Utbah waxay qabsadeen Bahrain oo ka timid Nasr Al-Madxur, tan iyo markii xukunka laga tuuray qoyska boqortooyada Al Khalifa, iyadoo Ahmed al Fateh uu ahaa Bahrain markii ugu horeysay. Bilihii 1800maadkii, ka dib markii heshiisyadii ku-meel-gaadhka ahaa ee Ingiriisku, Baxraynku wuxuu noqday ilaaliye Boqortooyada Ingiriiska. Sannadkii 1971, Bahrain waxay ku dhawaaqday xornimo. Bahrain waxaa lagu dhawaaqay boqortooyo sannadkii 2002-dii. Sanadkii 2011, waddanka ayaa la kulmay mudaaharaadyo ay ku dhiirigelisay Bisha Cas ee gobolka. [12] Boqortooyada boqortooyada al-Khalifa ee boqortooyada al-Khalifa ayaa lagu eedeeyay laguna dhaleeceeyay xad-gudubyada xuquuqda aadanaha, oo ay ka mid yihiin xabsiyo, jirdil iyo dil loo gaystay mucaarad, mucaarad siyaasadeed iyo shiicada Muslimiinta. [14] ==Xubin== * [[IMF]] * * [[ Bankiga Aduunka]] * * * [[Jaamacada Carabta]] * * * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * * ==Waddanmaha Deggan Bahrine== * {{Flag|Bahrain}}:30,000+ * {{Flag|Qatar}}:20,000+ * {{Flag|Kuwait}}:20,000+ * {{Flag|Oman}}: 30,000+ * {{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}:10,000+ [[File:AradFort.jpg|thumb|195px]] [[File:Manama Souq 1965.JPG|thumb|195px|1965]] [[File:AncientTombsOfBahrain.svg|thumb|195px|1980s]] [[File:Modern Manama.jpg|thumb|Manama Harbor]] [[File:Manama-nightview.jpg|thumb|Manama night view]] [[File:Progressive Bahrain.jpg|thumb|Road View]] [[File:Muhammad Bahrain letter facsimile.png|thumb|195px]] {{Dalalka Aasiya}} {{commons|البحرين / Bahrain}} [[Category:Aasiya]] [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] poccpkb9zxjm7yzr8wppovw5bbiwe40 0 4735 307649 300817 2026-09-09T17:34:43Z Soalt 39618 template:dalalka afrika iyo category:wadamada afrika 307649 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Sishalis | common_name = Sishalis | native_name = {{small|{{name in various languages | name = {{nobold|''(luuqadaha kale ee rasmiga ah)''}} | fr = {{lang|fr|République des Seychelles}} | crs = {{lang|crs|Repiblik Sesel}} }}}} | image_flag = Flag of Seychelles.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Seychelles.svg | symbol_type = Coat of arms | national_motto = {{native phrase|la|Finis Coronat Opus|italics=off}}<br />"Dhamaadku Waxuu Guleeyaa Shaqada" | national_anthem = [[Koste Seselwa]] (Kreole-ka Sishalis)<br/>"Midowga Sishalis"<br /><div style="padding-top:0.5em;" class="center">[[File:Koste_Seselwa_(instrumental).ogg]]</div> | image_map = Location Seychelles AU Africa.svg | map_caption = {{map caption |countryprefix= |location_color=dark blue |region=Africa |region_color=dark grey |subregion=the [[African Union]] |subregion_color=light blue}} | capital = [[Victoria, Seychelles|Fiktooriya]] | coordinates = {{Coord|4|37|S|55|27|E|type:city}} | largest_city = caasimadda | languages_type = Luuqadaha rasmiga ah | languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Seychellois Creole|Kreole]] |[[English language|Ingiriisi]] |[[French language|Faransiis]]}}<ref> https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Seychelles_2017 - Dastuurka Sishalis - “Luuqadaha Qaranka ee Sishalis waa Kreole, Ingiriisi iyo Faransiis”</ref> | languages2_type = Luuqadaha laga tirada badan yahay | languages2 = {{unbulleted list |[[Tamil language|Tamiil]]}} | ethnic_groups = 97% [[Seychellois Creole people|Kreole-ka Sishalis]]{{efn|Waa qowmiyadda asalka ah ee ugu badan dalka; dadka kreole-ka ah waxay asal ahaan isugu jiraan qowmiyado ka yimid dhul-weynaha [[East Africa|Afrikaanka Bari]] iyo dadka [[Malagasy peoples|Malagasi]]. Waxay ka dhumaan aqlabiyadda ballaaran ee dadka dalka deggan.<ref name="CIAPop">{{cite web | title=SeychellesThe World Factbook | website=- | date=2023-07-12 | url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/seychelles/#people-and-society | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723184004/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/seychelles/#people-and-society | url-status=dead | archive-date=23 July 2023 | access-date=2023-07-20}}</ref>}}<br> 3% kuwa kale{{efn|Qowmiyadaha laga tirada badan yahay ee aan u dhalan Sishalis waxaa ka mid ah kooxihii yaryaraa ee ka koobnaa [[French people|Faransiis]], [[Indian people|Hindi]], [[Chinese people|Shiinees]], iyo [[Arabs|Carab]].<ref name="CIAPop"/>}} | ethnic_groups_year = | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |74.9% [[Christianity|Masiixi]] |5.4% [[Hinduism in Seychelles|Hindoos]] |2.4% [[Islam in Seychelles|Islaam]] |5.1% kale |12.2% aan la sheegin }} | religion_year = 2022 | religion_ref = <ref name=2022Census/> | demonym = {{unbulleted list |Sishaliis |Sishaliise |Seselwa {{small|(Kreole)}}}} | government_type = Jamhuuriyad [[presidential system|madaxweyne ah]] oo midaysan | leader_title1 = [[President of Seychelles|Madaxweynaha]] | leader_name1 = [[Patrick Herminie]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice-President of Seychelles|Madaxweyne ku-xigeenka]] | leader_name2 = [[Sebastien Pillay]] | leader_title3 = Gudoomiyaha Golaha Qaranka | leader_name3 = [[Azarel Ernesta]] | legislature = [[National Assembly (Seychelles)|Golaha Qaranka]] | sovereignty_type = Madaxbannaani | sovereignty_note = ka timid [[United Kingdom|Boqortooyada Midowday]] | established_event1 = Ku dhawaaqistii Madaxbannaanida | established_date1 = 29 Juun 1976 | area_km2 = 457 | area_rank = 181aad <!-- Should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 177 | percent_water = Aad u yar | population_estimate = 121,355<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-31 |title=MID-YEAR 2024 ESTIMATED RESIDENT POPULATION (ERP) |url=http://www.nbs.gov.sc/downloads/1620-mid-2024-estimated-resident-population/download |website=National Bureau of Statistics}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 200aad | population_census_year = 2022 | population_density_km2 = 262.3 | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = 67aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $4.490 bilyan<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025: Edition (Seychelles) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] October, 14 2025 |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 177aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $43,850<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025: Edition (Seychelles) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] October, 14 2025 |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 49aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $2.250 bilyan<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025: Edition (Seychelles) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] October, 14 2025 |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 186aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $21,940<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025: Edition (Seychelles) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] October, 14 2025 |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 50aad | Gini = 32.1 | Gini_year = 2019 | Gini_change = <!-- Increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = <ref name=gini-index>{{cite web|title=GINI index|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=SC&order=wbapi_data_value_2007+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&page=1&sort=asc|publisher=World Bank|access-date=20 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121072813/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=SC&order=wbapi_data_value_2007+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&page=1&sort=asc|archive-date=21 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.848<!-- Number only --> | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year --> | HDI_change = kordhay<!-- Increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 54aad | currency = [[Seychellois rupee|Rubiga Sishalis]] | currency_code = SCR | time_zone = [[Seychelles Time|SCT]] | utc_offset = +04:00 | drives_on = bidix | calling_code = [[+248]] | cctld = [[.sc]] | today = }} '''Sishalis'''{{efn|Loo tixgeliyo kalgacal ama wadajir. Joogitaanka qodobka qeexan ("the Seychelles") isna wuu kala duwan yahay.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Motschenbacher |first1=Heiko |title=Greece, the Netherlands and (the) Ukraine: A Corpus-Based Study of Definite Article Use with Country Names |journal=Names |date=2 January 2020 |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=1–16 |doi=10.1080/00277738.2020.1731241 |hdl=11250/2676009 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>}} ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Seychelles.ogg|s|eɪ|ˈ|ʃ|ɛ|l|(|z|)}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|eɪ|ʃ|ɛ|l|(|z|)}};<ref>{{cite EPD|18}}</ref><ref>{{cite LPD|3}}</ref> {{IPA|fr|sɛʃɛl|lang}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.langenscheidt.com/french-german/seychelles|title=Seychelles – English translation in German – Langenscheidt dictionary French-German|access-date=29 December 2018|language=en, de, fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.larousse.fr/dictionnaires/francais-anglais/Seychelles/121797|title=Traduction: Seychelles – Dictionnaire français-anglais Larousse|access-date=29 December 2018|language=en, fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.pons.com/translate?q=Seychelles&l=enfr&in=fr&lf=fr|title=Seychelles {{!}} French » English {{!}} PONS|access-date=29 December 2018|language=en, fr}}</ref> {{small|ama}} {{IPA|fr|seʃɛl|}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/french-english/seychelles|title=English Translation of "Seychelles" {{!}} Collins French-English Dictionary|access-date=29 December 2018|language=en, fr}}</ref>), si rasmi ahna loo yiraahdo '''Jamhuuriyadda Sishalis''' ({{langx|fr|link=no|République des Seychelles}}; [[Seychellois Creole|Kreole-ka Sishalis]]: {{lang|crs|Repiblik Sesel}}),<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | url=https://www.britannica.com/facts/Seychelles | title=Seychelles Facts &#124; Britannica | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica }}</ref> waa [[archipelagic country|dal jasiirado ah]] oo ka kooban 115 jasiiradood<ref>{{cite web|url=https://unsdg.un.org/sites/default/files/2023-11/Seychelles_Cooperation_Framework_2024-2028.pdf|title=United Nations Sustainable Development Cooperation Framework for Seychelles 2024 - 2028|access-date=2026-05-30|date=2023|publisher=[[United Nations]]|page=15}}</ref> kuna yaalla [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]]. Caasimaddiisa iyo magaalada ugu weyn, oo ah [[Victoria, Seychelles|Fiktooriya]], waxay dhanka bari {{convert|1500|km|nmi|abbr=off|round=50}} kaga beegan tahay dhul-weynaha [[Africa|Afrika]]. Wadamada iyo dhulalka jasiiradaha ah ee u dhow waxaa ka mid ah [[Maldives|Maaldiyfis]], [[Comoros|Komoros]], [[Madagascar|Madagaskar]], [[Mauritius|Moriishas]], iyo [[French Fifth Republic|Faransiiska]] [[overseas departments and regions of France|goboladiisa iyo waaxyaha dibadda]] ee [[Mayotte|Mayotte]] iyo [[Réunion]] dhanka koonfureed; iyo [[Chagos Archipelago|Jasiiradaha Chagos]] dhanka bari. Sishalis waa [[list of African countries by area|dalka ugu yar Afrika]] sidoo kale waa [[list of African countries by population|dalka madaxbannaan ee ugu dadka yar Afrika]], iyadoo lagu qiyaasay dadkiisa 100,600 qof sannadkii 2022.<ref name="World Bank Open Data v619">{{cite web | title=World Bank Open Data | website=World Bank Open Data | url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=SC | language=la | access-date=2023-07-20}}</ref> Jasiiradaha Sishalis ma lahayn wax dad ah ka hor intaan xiriir joogto ah oo dibadda ah lala samayn. In kasta oo badmaaxiinta Carabta iyo Sawaaxiliga ay u degeen inay jasiiradaha horay u ogaayeen iyagoo u maraya marinada [[Indian Ocean trade|ganacsiga Badweynta Hindiya]], haddana ma jiraan wax caddaynaya inay jireen deegaanno rasmi ah ka hor intaan reer Yurub ku lug yeelan. Jasiiradaha waxaa markii ugu horreysay diwaangeliyay reer Yurub qarnigii 16aad, laakiin lama degganayn ilaa qarnigii 18aad, markaasoo Faransiisku si rasmi ah u sheegtay. Intii lagu guda jiray xilligii gumeysiga Faransiiska, dadka Afrikaanka ah ee la addoonsaday—kuwaas oo badankoodood horey loogu soo qabtay shabakadaha hadda jira ee Afrikaanka, [[Arab slave trade|ganacsiga addoonta ee Carabta]], iyo [[Indian Ocean slave trade|ganacsiga addoonta ee Badweynta Hindiya]]—ayaa loo keenay jasiiradaha si ay uga shaqeeyaan beeraha waaweyn. Waxay la kulantay dano iska soo horjeeda oo ka imaanayay Faransiiska iyo Ingiriiska ilaa ay si buuxda u gashay gacanta Ingiriiska horraantii qarnigii 19aad. Ka dib markii Ingiriisku la wareegay maamulka horraantii qarnigii 19aad, addoonsigii waa la baabiiyay waxaana hadhow qayb ahaan lagu beddelay shaqaale qandaraasleyaal ah oo laga keenay Hindiya. Tan iyo markii ay ku dhawaaqday madaxbannaanida Boqortooyada Midowday sannadkii 1976, waxay ka horumartay bulsho inta badan ku tiirsan [[Agriculture|beeraha]] una guurtay dhaqaale suuq xor ah oo kala duwan, kaasoo lagu yaqaanno waxqabadka [[service sector|waaxda adeegga]], [[public sector|waaxda guud]], iyo [[tourism|dalxiiska]]. Intii u dhaxeysay 1976 ilaa 2015, wax-soosaarka guud ee dalka ee magaca ah ([[GDP]]) wuxuu kor u kacay ku dhowaad 700%, halka [[purchasing power parity|awoodda iibsiga]] ay kor u kacday ku dhowaad 1600%. Tan iyo dhammaadkii 2010-maadkii, xukuumaddu waxay qaadday tillaabooyin lagu dhiiragelinayo [[wikt: foreign investment|maalgashiga shisheeye]]. Tan iyo bilowgii qarniga 21aad, Sishalis waxay leedahay [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|GDP-ga qofkiiba ee magaca ah]] ee ugu sarreeya iyo darajada [[Human Development Index|Tusmada Horumarka Aadanaha]] ee ugu sarreysa waddan kasta oo Afrikaan ah.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Bank Country and Lending Groups – World Bank Data Help Desk |url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups |publisher=[[World Bank]]}}{{date?}}</ref> Marka loo eego [[V-Dem Democracy indices|Tusmooyinka Dimuqraadiyadda V-Dem]] ee 2024, Sishalis waxay ku jirtaa kaalinta 43aad ee dimuqraadiyadaha doorashada ee adduunka oo dhan, waxayna kaalinta 1aad kaga jirtaa [[democracy in Africa|dimuqraadiyadda xorta ah ee Afrika]], iyo kaalinta 2aad ee dimuqraadiyadaha doorashada ee qaaradda.<ref name="vdem_dataset">{{cite web |last=V-Dem Institute |date=2023 |title=The V-Dem Dataset |url=https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/ |access-date=14 October 2023}}</ref> Dhaqanka iyo bulshada Sishalis waa isku dhaf ka kooban saamaynta Faransiiska, Ingiriiska, Hindida iyo Afrikaanka, iyadoo ay ku jiraan canaasiir Shiinees ah. Dalku waa xubin ka tirsan [[United Nations|Qaramada Midoobay]], [[African Union|Midowga Afrika]], [[Southern African Development Community|Ururka Horumarinta Bulshada Afrikaanka Koonfureed]], iyo [[Commonwealth of Nations|Caddaaladda Quruumaha]]. == Taariikhda == {{Main|History of Seychelles}} [[File:Gama_armada_of_1502_(Livro_de_Lisuarte_de_Abreu).jpg|thumb|left|Reer Yurubkii ugu horreeyay ee ogaada Sishalis waxay ahaayeen [[4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)|Cisbitaalkii 4aad ee Boortaqiiska Hindiya]], oo uu hoggaaminayay [[Vasco da Gama]].]] ===Taariikhda hore=== Sishalis ma lahayn wax dad ah inta badan taariikhda la diwaangeliyay, in kasta oo jilitaanka hababka socdaalka ee [[Austronesian peoples|dadka Ostrooneesiyanka]] ay muujinayaan suurtogalnimada weyn inay booqdeen jasiiradaha.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fitzpatrick |first1=Scott M. |last2=Callaghan |first2=Richard |chapter=Seafaring simulations and the Origin of Prehistoric Settlers to Madagascar |page=52 |title=Islands of Inquiry: Colonisation, Seafaring and the Archaeology of Maritime Landscapes |editor1-last=O'Connor |editor1-first=Sue |editor2-last=Clark |editor2-first=Geoffrey |editor3-last=Leach |editor3-first=Foss |series=Terra Australis |issue=29 |publisher=ANU E Press |location=Canberra, ACT, Australia |url=https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/33708/1/459300.pdf |date=2008 |isbn=9781921313905}}</ref> Qubuuraha la arki karay ilaa 1910 ee Anse Lascars ee Jasiiradda Silhouette ayaa sidoo kale loo qiyaasay inay leeyihiin ganacsatadii dambe ee [[Maldivians|Maaldiyfiis]] iyo [[Arabs|Carabta]] ee booqan jiray jasiiradaha.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guébourg |first=Jean-Louis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lsfav10mYCMC |title=Les Seychelles |date=2004 |publisher=Ed. Karthala |isbn=2-84586-358-6 |location=Paris |language=fr |oclc=419931142 |pages=27–28 |via=Google Books}}</ref> [[Vasco da Gama]] iyo [[4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)|Cisbitaalkiisa 4aad ee Boortaqiiska Hindiya]] waxay ogaadeen Sishalis 15kii Maarso 1503; aragtida ugu horreysay waxaa sameeyay [[Thomé Lopes]] isagoo saaran ''Rui Mendes de Brito''. Maraakiibtii Da Gama waxay dhoween jasiirad dheer, malaha waa [[Silhouette Island|Jasiiradda Silhouette]], maalintii xigtayna waxay dhoween [[Desroches Island|Jasiiradda Desroches]]. Ka dib, Boortaqiisku waxay khariidad ku sameeyeen koox ka kooban toddoba jasiiradood waxayna u bixiyeen ''The Seven Sisters (Toddobada Walaalood).''<ref>{{cite web |title=Seychelles: Settlement and the development of the plantation economy (1770–1944) |publisher=Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa |url=https://www.eisa.org/wep/seyoverview1.htm |access-date=2026-07-01 |archive-date=2023-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411214438/https://www.eisa.org/wep/seyoverview1.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Soo degistii ugu horreysay ee la diwaangeliyay waxay ahayd bishii Janaayo 1609, oo ay sameeyeen shaqaalihii markabka ''Ascension'' ee uu hoggaaminayay Kabtan [[Alexander Sharpeigh]] intii lagu guda jiray safarkii afraad ee Shirkadda Ingiriiska ee [[East India Company]]. Maadaama ay ahayd marin ganacsi oo u dhaxeeya Afrika iyo Aasiya, jasiiradaha waxaa la sheegay inay mararka qaar isticmaali jireen burcad-badeedda ilaa Faransiisku ka bilaabay inuu la wareego maamulka 1756 markaasoo Dhagaxii Lahaanshaha uu dhigay [[Mahé, Seychelles|Mahé]] Kabtan [[Corneille Nicholas Morphey]]. Jasiiradaha waxaa loogu magac daray siyaasiga Faransiiska ah ee [[Jean Moreau de Séchelles]], waxayna si rasmi ah qayb uga ahaayeen gumeysigii [[Isle de France (Mauritius)|Isle de France]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=National Assembly of Seychelles |title=Our History |url=http://www.nationalassembly.sc/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&id=16&Itemid=53 |access-date=12 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628122148/http://www.nationalassembly.sc/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&id=16&Itemid=53 |archive-date=28 June 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bishii Ogosto 1770, markabkii Faransiiska ee ''Thélémaque'' oo uu hoggaaminayay Kabtan Leblanc Lécore ayaa jasiiradda [[Ste. Anne Island]] keenay 15 qof oo caddaan ah oo degeysa iyo 13 addoon ah oo Afrikaan iyo Hindi ah.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Govinden |first=Gerard |date=2020-08-27 |title=250th Anniversary of First Settlement |url=https://nation.sc/articles/5891/250th-anniversary-of-first-settlement |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=Seychelles Nation |language=en}}</ref> Intii lagu guda jiray [[French Revolutionary Wars|Dagaaladii Kacaanka Faransiiska]], markabka dagaalka ee [[Royal Navy|Ciidanka Badda ee Boqortooyada]] ee [[HMS Orpheus (1780)|HMS ''Orpheus'']] oo uu hoggaaminayay Kabtan Henry Newcombe ayaa yimid Mahé 16kii Maajo 1794. {{ill|Jean-Baptiste Quéau de Quinssy|fr}}, oo ahaa maamulaha sare ee Sishalis, ayaa diiday inuu iska caabiyo ''Orpheus'' wuxuuna taa beddelkeeda si guul leh ula xaajooday Ingiriiska, taasoo keentay in jasiiraduhu ay sii ahaadaan kuwo hoos yimaada maamulka Faransiiska sidii dhul "dhexaad ah". Ka dib markii ciidamada Ingiriisku ay dhammaystireen [[invasion of Isle de France|duullaankoodii Isle de France]] bishii Diseembar 1810, waxay la wareegeen maamulka Sishalis, taasoo lagu rasmeeyay [[Treaty of Paris (1814)|Heshiiskii Baariis ee 1814]] kaasoo soo afjaray [[War of the Sixth Coalition|Dagaalkii Isbahaysiga Lixaad]]. Sishalis waxay noqotay [[crown colony|gumeysi boqortooyo]] oo ka go'an Moriishas sannadkii 1903. [[Elections in Seychelles|Doorashooyinka Sishalis]] waxaa la qabtay 1966 iyo 1970. {{multiple image | align = right | total_width = 250 | image1 = Seychelles 1953 coronation stamp.JPG | image2 = Queen Elizabeth Seychelles stamp 1977.jpg | footer = Tikidhada boostada ee Sishalis oo wata sawirka [[Queen Elizabeth II|Boqorad Elizabeth II]] }} [[File:Victoria Seychelles 1900s.jpg|thumb|left|Fiktooriya, Sishalis 1900-aadkii]] === Madaxbannaanida === Sannadkii 1976, Sishalis waxay madaxbannaani ka qaadatay [[United Kingdom|Boqortooyada Midowday]] iyadoo noqotay jamhuuriyad. Tan iyo xilligaas waxay xubin ka noqotay [[Commonwealth of Nations|Ururka Barwaaqosooranka]].<ref name="History of Seychelles">{{cite web |url=http://www.seychelles.com/en/about_seychelles/history.php |title=History of Seychelles |publisher=seychelles.com |year=2009 |access-date=9 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100608091646/http://www.seychelles.com/en/about_seychelles/history.php |archive-date=8 June 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sannadadii 1970-aadkii Sishalis waxay ahayd "goobta la rabo in lagu arko dadka, goob ay ku ciyaaraan xiddigaha filimada iyo dadka caalamiga ah ee hodanka ah".<ref name="telegraph.co.uk">Joanna Symons (21 March 2005). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/africaandindianocean/seychelles/732553/Seychelles-Lifes-a-breeze-near-the-equator.html "Seychelles: Life's a breeze near the equator"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504225308/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/africaandindianocean/seychelles/732553/Seychelles-Lifes-a-breeze-near-the-equator.html |date=4 May 2018 }}. ''Telegraph.co.uk''.</ref> Sannadkii 1977, [[1977 Seychelles coup d'état|Inqilaab]] uu sameeyay [[France-Albert René]] ayaa xilka ka tuuray madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee jamhuuriyadda, [[James Mancham]].<ref name="africanhistory.about.com">{{cite web |url=http://africanhistory.about.com/od/seychelles/p/SeychellesHist1.htm |title=africanhistory.about.com |work=About.com Education |publisher=africanhistory.about.com |access-date=23 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314184227/http://africanhistory.about.com/od/seychelles/p/SeychellesHist1.htm |archive-date=14 March 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> René wuxuu niyad-jabiyay ku tiirsanaanta xad-dhaafka ah ee dalxiiska wuxuuna ku dhawaaqay inuu rabo "inuu Sishalis u hayo dadka Sishalis".<ref name="telegraph.co.uk"/> Dastuurkii 1979 wuxuu ku dhawaaqay [[One party rule in Seychelles|gole hantiwadaag ah oo hal xisbi ah]], kaasoo jiray ilaa 1991.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seychelles – Return to a Multiparty System |url=https://countrystudies.us/seychelles/26.htm |website=countrystudies.us}}</ref> Sannadadii 1980-aadkii waxaa jiray isku dayo inqilaab oo xiriir ah oo ka dhanka ah Madaxweyne René, kuwaas oo qaarkood ay taageerayeen Afrikaanka Koonfureed. Sannadkii 1981, [[Mike Hoare]] ayaa hoggaaminayay koox ka kooban 43 calooshood u shaqaystayaal u dhashay Afrikaanka Koonfureed oo iska dhigay ciyaartoy rugby ah oo fasax ku jira intii lagu guda jiray [[1981 Seychelles coup d'état attempt|Isku daygii inqilaabka Sishalis ee 1981]].<ref name="telegraph.co.uk"/> Waxaa jiray dagaal dhexmaray madaarka, inta badan calooshood u shaqaystayaashuna hadhow waxay ku baxsadeen markab [[Air India]] ah oo la afduubay.<ref name="telegraph.co.uk"/> Hoggaamiyaha afduubkan wuxuu ahaa calooshood u shaqayste Jarmal ah oo la oron jiray D. Clodo, kaasoo horey uga tirsanaan jiray [[Rhodesian Special Air Service|Rhodesian SAS]].<ref>Hoare, Mike The Seychelles Affair (Transworld, London, 1986; {{ISBN|0-593-01122-8}})</ref> Clodo hadhow waxaa la horkeenay maxkamad ku taala Afrikaanka Koonfureed (halkaas oo lagu siidayay) iyo sidoo kale dalkiisa hoose ee Jarmalka arrimo la xiriira burcad-badeednimo hawada ah.<ref>Bartus László: Maffiaregény {{ISBN|9634405967}}, Budapest 2001</ref> Sannadkii 1986, isku day inqilaab oo uu hoggaaminayay Wasiirka Gaashaandhiga Sishalis, Ogilvy Berlouis, ayaa sababay in Madaxweyne René uu caawimaad weydiisto Hindiya. Intii lagu guda jiray [[Operation Flowers are Blooming|Hawlgalkii Flowers are Blooming]], Ciidanka Badda ee Hindiya markabkooda {{sclass|Nilgiri|frigate|1||1972}} {{INS|Vindhyagiri|F42|2}} ayaa yimid Port Victoria si uu gacan uga geysto ka hortagga inqilaabka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brewster |first1=David |last2=Rai |first2=Ranjit |title=Flowers are blooming: the story of the India Navy's secret operation in the Seychelles |journal=Naval Review: Annual Review of World Seapower |date=2011 |volume=99 |issue=1 |pages=58–62 |hdl=1885/13331 }}</ref> Qabyo-qoraalkii ugu horreeyay ee dastuurka cusub wuxuu ku guuldarraystay inuu helo 60% codbixiyayaasha loo baahnaa sannadkii 1992, laakiin nooc wax laga beddelay ayaa la ansixiyay 1993.<ref>{{cite web |title=FAO.org |url=https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC132619/ |website=www.fao.org}}</ref> Bishii Janaayo 2013, Sishalis waxay ku dhawaaqday xaalad degdeg ah ka dib markii duufaanta kuleylaha ah ee [[cyclone Felleng]] ay sababtay roobab mahiigaan ah, daadad iyo dhul go'ayna ay burburiyeen boqolaal guri.<ref name="UN">{{cite web|url=http://www.un-spider.org/about-us/news/en/6428/2013-02-01t161200/international-chapter-activated-flooding-republic-seychelles|title=International Chapter activated for flooding in the Republic of Seychelles|publisher=United Nation|access-date=1 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203214223/http://www.un-spider.org/about-us/news/en/6428/2013-02-01t161200/international-chapter-activated-flooding-republic-seychelles|archive-date=3 February 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="AL">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/weather/2013/01/201312993838165255.html|title=State of Emergency declared in the Seychelles|publisher=Aljazeera|access-date=1 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130060303/http://www.aljazeera.com/weather/2013/01/201312993838165255.html|archive-date=30 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Ka dib inqilaabkii 1977, madaxweynuhu wuxuu mar walba matalayay isku xisbi siyaasadeed ilaa bishii Oktoobar [[2020 Seychellois general election|Doorashadii Guud ee Sishalis ee 2020]], taasoo ahayd mid taariikhi ah maadaama xisbiga mucaaradka uu guulaystay. [[Wavel Ramkalawan]] wuxuu noqodka madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee aan matalin United Seychelles (magaca hadda ee horey loo oran jiray Seychelles People's Progressive Front).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/25/seychelles-election-marks-first-opposition-victory-in-44-years|title=Seychelles election marks first opposition victory in 44 years|website=[[TheGuardian.com]] |date=25 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54692210|title=Seychelles elections: How a priest rose to become president|work=BBC News|date=28 October 2020}}</ref> Bishii Janaayo 2023, Sishalis waxay ku dhawaaqday heerarkii ugu dambeeyay ee dhammaystirka qorshaheeda booska badda. Waxay noqon doontaa aagga labaad ee ugu weyn badweynta marka loo eego baaxadda oo gaareysa {{convert|1.35|e6km2|sqmi|abbr=unit}} iyadoo ku xigta [[Norway]], si loo taageero [[blue economy|dhaqaalaheeda buluugga ah]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ocean conservation: Seychelles' marine spatial plan in final stages of completion |url=http://www.seychellesnewsagency.com/articles/18023/Ocean+conservation+Seychelles+marine+spatial+plan+in+final+stages+of+completion |website=www.seychellesnewsagency.com}}</ref> Bishii Oktoobar 2025, [[2025 Seychellois general election|doorashadii madaxweynenimo ee wareeggii labaad]] waxaa ku guuleystay afhayeenkii hore ee baarlamaanka ahna hoggaamiyaha ugu weyn ee mucaaradka, [[Patrick Herminie]], taasoo la micno ah in xisbiga Herminie ee [[United Seychelles]] (US) uu dib ugu soo laabtay xukunka.<ref>{{cite news |title=Seychelles presidential election: Opposition leader Patrick Herminie defeats Wavel Ramkalawan |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cy7p72rj2geo |work=www.bbc.com |date=12 October 2025}}</ref> Maalintii 26kii Oktoobar 2025, Patrick Herminie waxaa loo dhaqan-galiyay inuu yahay madaxweynihii lixaad ee Sishalis.<ref name="reuters.com">{{cite news |title=Patrick Herminie sworn in as Seychelles sixth president |url=https://www.reuters.com/video/watch/idRW693627102025RP1/ |access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Wadamada Afrika]] 3xvuklig65oxjqtsx0z24aj5ky3tgn8 0 4736 307685 305770 2026-09-09T18:23:47Z Soalt 39618 template:Dalalka Aasiya iyo Category:Wadamada Aasiya 307685 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah ee Iiraan | common_name = Iiraan | native_name = <templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css"/><span class="nobold">{{native name|fa|جمهوری اسلامی ایران|italics=off}}<br />{{transliteration|fa|Jomhuri-ye Eslâmi-ye Irân}}</span> | image_flag = Flag of Iran (official).svg | image_coat = Emblem of Iran.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert | symbol_type = Astaanta | national_motto = {{ubl | {{lang|ar|اَللَّٰهُ أَكْبَرُ}} | {{transliteration|ar|Allāhu ʾAkbar}} (''[[Takbiir]]'') | "[[Ilaah ee Islaamka|Ilaah]] baa Weyn" | (''[[de jure]]'') | {{lang|fa|استقلال، آزادی، جمهوری اسلامی}} | {{transliteration|fa|Esteqlâl, Âzâdi, Jomhuri-ye Eslâmi}} | "Madaxbannaani, xorriyad, Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah" | (''[[de facto]]''){{sfn|Temperman|2010|p=87}} }} | national_anthem = {{lang|fa|مهر خاورan}}<br />''[[Mehr-e Khavaran|Mehr-e Khâvarân]]''<br />"Cadceedda Bari"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Sorud-e Mellí-e Yomhurí-e Eslamí-e Irán (instrumental).oga]]}} | image_map = {{switcher|[[File:Iran (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Muuji globe-ka|[[File:Iran - Location Map (2013) - IRN - UNOCHA.svg|frameless]]|Muuji khariidadda Iiraan}} | map_width = 250px | capital = [[Tehran]] | coordinates = {{#invoke:Coordinates|coord|35|41|N|51|25|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Tehran]] | official_languages = [[Af-Faarsi|Faarsi]] | languages2_type = Hejacaad gaar ah | demonym = [[Dadka Iiraan|Iiraani]] | government_type = Midaysan [[nidaamka madaxweynenimo|madaxweynenimo]] tayaquraadi ah [[Jamhuuriyad Islaami ah]] oo hoos timaada kalitalis [[authoritarianism|maamul adag]]{{efn|Awoodda kama dambaysta ah waxay u xilsaaran tahay [[Hogaamiyaha Sare ee Iiraan|Hogaamiyaha Sare]], oo ah jago ka sarreysa Madaxweynaha.}} | leader_title1 = [[Hogaamiyaha Sare ee Iiraan|Hogaamiyaha Sare]] | leader_name1 = ''[[Doorashada Hogaamiyaha Sare ee Iiraan 2026|Bannaan]]{{efn|[[Golaha Hogaaminta Ku-meel-gaarka ah]], oo ka kooban Madaxweyne Masoud Pezeshkian, Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare [[Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i]], iyo Ayatollah [[Alireza Arafi]], ayaa si ku-meel-gaar ah u gudan doona waajibaadka ilaa hogaamiye sare oo cusub laga [[Doorashada Hogaamiyaha Sare ee Iiraan 2026|dooranayo]].{{refn|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Motamedi|first=Maziar|date=2026-03-01|title=Iran forms interim council to oversee transition after Khamenei's killing|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2026/3/1/iran-to-form-interim-council-to-oversee-transition-after-khameneis-killing|access-date=2026-03-01|website=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Reals|first=Tucker|last2=|first2=|last3=|first3=|last4=|last5=|first5=|last6=|first6=|last7=|first7=|last8=|first8=|last9=|first9=|date=2026-03-01|title=Iran names three men for interim Leadership Council to pick next supreme leader|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/live-updates/us-iran-war-israel-supreme-leader-khamenei-funeral-day-2/|access-date=2026-03-01|website=CBS News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>https://www.cbsnews.com/live-updates/israel-us-attack-iran-trump-says-major-combat-operations/#post-update-a08fca3a</ref><ref>https://www.cbsnews.com/live-updates/israel-us-attack-iran-trump-says-major-combat-operations/#post-update-7d54fc15</ref>}}}} | leader_title2 = [[Madaxweynaha Iiraan|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name2 = [[Masoud Pezeshkian]] | leader_title3 = [[Madaxweyne kuxigeenka Iiraan|Madaxweyne kuxigeen]] | leader_name3 = [[Mohammad Reza Aref]] | leader_title4 = [[Liiska guddoomiyeyaasha Baarlamaanka Iiraan|Guddoomiyaha Golaha]] | leader_name4 = [[Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf]] | leader_title5 = [[Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Iiraan|Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare]] | leader_name5 = [[Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i]] | legislature = [[Golaha La-talinta Islaamka]] | sovereignty_type = [[Taariikhda Iiraan|Abuuritaanka]] | established_event1 = [[Boqortooyadii Meediya]] | established_date1 = {{circa|678 CH}} | established_event2 = [[Boqortooyadii Akhaamenid]] | established_date2 = 550 CH | established_event3 = [[Boqortooyadii Paartiya]] | established_date3 = 247 CH | established_event4 = [[Boqortooyadii Sasaaniyiinta]] | established_date4 = 224 CD | established_event5 = [[Iranian Intermezzo]] | established_date5 = 821 | established_event6 = [[Safawi Iiraan]] | established_date6 = 22 Diseembar 1501 | established_event7 = [[Afshari Iiraan]] | established_date7 = 22 Janaayo 1736 | established_event8 = [[Zand Iiraan]] | established_date8 = 1751 | established_event9 = [[Qaajaari Iiraan]] | established_date9 = 20 Maarso 1794 | established_event10 = [[Kacaankii Dastuuriga ahaa ee Faaris|Kacaankii Dastuuriga]] | established_date10 = 12 Diseembar 1905 | established_event11 = [[Pahlavi Iiraan]] | established_date11 = 15 Diseembar 1925 | established_event12 = [[Kacaankii Iiraan]] | established_date12 = 11 Febraayo 1979 | established_event13 = [[Dastuurka Iiraan|Dastuurka hadda jira]] | established_date13 = 3 Diseembar 1979 | established_event14 = [[Aafti-dastuurka Iiraan ee 1989|Wax ka badalida dastuurka]] | established_date14 = 28 Luulyo 1989 | area_km2 = 1,648,195 | area_rank = 17aad | area_sq_mi = 636,372 | percent_water = 1.63 (ilaa 2015)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surface water and surface water change |url=https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER |access-date=11 October 2020 |publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) |archive-date=24 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324133453/https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER |url-status=live}}</ref> | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 92,417,681<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/iran-population/ |title=Iran Population (2025) |website=Worldometer}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 17aad | population_density_km2 = {{#expr: 85961000/1648195 round 0}} | population_density_sq_mi = {{#expr: 85961000/636372 round 0}} | population_density_rank = 163aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.879 tiriliyan<ref name="IMFWEO.IR">{{cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0)|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025 Edition. (Iran) |website= |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |date=14 October 2025 |access-date=13 November 2025}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = 22aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $21,473<ref name="IMFWEO.IR" /> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 88aad | GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $356.513 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.IR" /> | GDP_nominal_rank = 42aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $4,074<ref name="IMFWEO.IR" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 132aad | Gini = 35.9 | Gini_year = 2023 | Gini_change = korodh | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |title=Gini Index coefficient |work=[[The World Factbook]] |access-date=24 September 2024 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717071854/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison |url-status=dead}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.799 | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = korodh | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 75aad | currency = [[Riyaalka Iiraan]] ({{nq|{{wikt-lang|fa|ریال}}}}) | currency_code = IRR | time_zone = [[Waqtiga Halbeegga ee Iiraan|IRST]] | utc_offset = +3:30 | calling_code = [[+98]] | cctld = {{unbulleted list |[[.ir]] |[[.ir|ایران.]]}} | drives_on = midig }} '''Iiraan''', si rasmi ahna loo yiraahdo '''Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah ee Iiraan''', laguna yaqaanay '''Faaris''', waa dal ku yaalla [[Galbeedka Aasiya]]. Waxay xuduud la leedahay [[Ciraaq]] dhanka galbeed, [[Turkiya]], [[Asarbayjan]], iyo [[Armeeniya]] dhanka waqooyi-galbeed, [[Badda Kasbiya]] dhanka waqooyi, [[Turkmenistaan]] dhanka waqooyi-bari, [[Afgaanistaan]] dhanka bari, [[Bakistaan]] dhanka koonfur-bari, iyo [[Gacanka Cumaan]] iyo [[Gacanka Faaris]] dhanka koonfureed. Iyadoo ay ku nool yihiin dad ka badan 92 milyan, Iiraan waxay fadhidaa kaalinta 17aad ee caalamka xagga [[Liiska dalalka marka loo eego bedka|baaxadda dhulka]] iyo [[Liiska dalalka marka loo eego dadka|tirada dadka]] waana [[Liiska dalalka Aasiya marka loo eego bedka|dalka lixaad ee ugu weyn]] Aasiya. Waxay u qaybsantaa [[Gobollada Iiraan|shan gobol]] oo ka kooban [[Gobollada Iiraan|31 gobol (provinces)]]. [[Tehran]] waa caasimadda qaranka, [[Liiska magaalooyinka Iiraan|magaalada ugu weyn]], iyo xarunta maaliyadda. Iiraan waa hoyga mid ka mid ah ilbaxnimooyinka ugu da'da weyn caalamka ee aan kala go'in, waxaana markii ugu horreysay la isugu keenay [[Boqortooyadii Meediya|dal]] ahaan [[Meediyiinta]] hoostooda qarnigii 7aad CH, waxayna gaartay baaxaddii ugu weyneyd qarnigii 6aad CH, markii [[Kuruska Weyn]] uu aasaasay [[Boqortooyadii Akhaamenid]]. [[Alesandarka Weyn]] ayaa qabsaday boqortooyada qarnigii 4aad CH. Kacdoon Iiraani ah oo dhacay qarnigii 3aad CH ayaa dhisay [[Boqortooyadii Paartiya]], taasoo markii dambe dalka xoreysay. Qarnigii 3aad CD, Paartiyadii waxaa beddelay [[Boqortooyadii Sasaaniyiinta]], taasoo horseedday xilli dahabi ah oo ka mid ah [[Taariikhda Iiraan|taariikhda ilbaxnimada Iiraan]]. Muddadaas, Iiraantii hore waxay aragtay horumarradii ugu horreeyay ee qoraalka, beeraha, magaalo-falka, diinta, iyo maamulka. Iiraan oo mar ahaan jirtay xarun [[Zoroastrianism|Soroastariyiinta]], waxay martay [[Islaaminta Iiraan|Islaamin]] ka dib [[Qabsashadii Faaris ee Muslimiinta|qabsashadii Muslimiinta ee qarnigii 7aad CD]]. Hal-abuurka [[Suugaanta Faaris]], [[Falsafadda Iiraan]], xisaabta, [[Daawada qadiimiga ah ee Iiraan|daawada]], xiddigiska iyo [[Farshaxanka Faaris]] ayaa dib u soo cusboonaaday xilligii [[Waayihii Dahabiga ahaa ee Islaamka]] iyo [[Iranian Intermezzo]], xilli ay [[Boqortooyooyinka Muslimiinta ee Iiraan|boqortooyooyinka Muslimiinta Iiraan]] soo afjareen xukunkii Carabta oo ay dib u soo nooleeyeen [[Af-Faarsi|luuqadda Faaris]]. Waxaa xilligan ku xigay xukunkii [[Boqortooyadii Saljuuqiyiinta]] iyo [[Boqortooyadii Khwaarismiyiinta]], [[Qabsashadii Mongol ee Faaris|qabsashadii Mongoliinta]] iyo [[Renaissance-ka Timuriyeed]] qarnigii 11aad ilaa 14aad. Qarnigii 16aad, [[Boqortooyadii Safawiyiinta]] ee u dhalatay dalka ayaa dib u dhistay dawlad Iiraani ah oo midaysan iyadoo [[Shiicada|Shiicada Laba-iyo-tobnaad]] ka dhigtay [[Diinta dawladda|diinta rasmiga ah]], taasoo dhigtay aasaaska dawladda casriga ah ee Iiraan. Xilligii [[Boqortooyadii Afshariyiinta]] ee qarnigii 18aad, Iiraan waxay ahayd quwad caalami ah oo hormuud ah, laakiin waxay lumisay maqaamkaas ka dib markii [[Qaajaariyiinta]] ay la wareegeen awoodda 1790-meeyadii. Bilowgii qarnigii 20aad waxaa dhacay [[Kacaankii Dastuuriga ahaa ee Faaris]] iyo dhismihii [[Boqortooyadii Pahlavi]] oo uu aasaasay [[Reza Shah]], kaasoo xilkii ka tuuray Shaahii ugu dambeeyay ee Qaajaariyiinta 1925-kii. Ka dib [[Qabsashadii Ingiriiska iyo Soofiyeeti ee Iiraan|duulaankii Ingiriiska iyo Soofiyeeti ee Iiraan 1941-kii]], wiilkiisa [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] ayaa xilka qabtay. Isku dayadii uu [[Mohammad Mosaddegh]] ku doonayay inuu [[Qaramaynta warshadaha saliidda Iiraan|ku qarameeyo warshadaha saliidda]] waxay horseedday [[Inqilaabkii Iiraan ee 1953|inqilaabkii Ingiriis-Ameerika ee 1953-kii]]. [[Kacaankii Iiraan]] ee 1979-kii ayaa xilkii ka tuuray boqortooyada, waxaana la dhisay Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah ee Iiraan oo uu hormuud ka ahaa [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], oo ahaa [[Hogaamiyaha Sare ee Iiraan|hogaamiyihii ugu horreeyay ee dalka]]. 1980-kii, [[Duulaankii Ciraaq ee Iiraan|Ciraaq ayaa soo weerartay Iiraan]], taasoo dhalisay [[Dagaalkii Iiraan iyo Ciraaq]] oo socday siddeed sano, kaasoo ku dhammaaday ismari-waa. Iiraan tan iyo markaas waxay ku lug lahayd [[dagaallo wakiilnimo]] ay la gashay [[Dagaalka wakiilnimo ee Iiraan iyo Israa'iil|Israa'iil]] iyo [[Dagaalka wakiilnimo ee Iiraan iyo Sacuudiga|Sacuudi Carabiya]]; bishii Juun 2025, duqeymaha Israa'iil ee Iiraan waxay kiciyeen xiisado horseeday [[Dagaalkii Laba-iyo-tobanka Maalmood]]. Dagaalkaas ka dib iyo iyadoo ay jirto [[Xiisadda dhaqaale ee Iiraan|xiisad dhaqaale oo sii kordhaysa]], waxaa dhici karta in [[Dibadbaxyada Iiraan ee 2025–2026|dibadbaxyadii ugu weynaa tan iyo 1979-kii]] ay dillaaceen dhammaadkii Diseembar 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=As protests surge, the Iranian regime's options are narrowing |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2026/01/09/as-protests-surge-the-iranian-regimes-options-are-narrowing |url-access=limited |access-date=9 January 2026 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=9 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Doucet |first1=Lyse |title=Iran's rulers face biggest challenge since 1979 revolution |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3ve572edzqo |website=BBC |access-date=12 January 2026 |quote=Iran's rulers are confronting their most serious challenge since their own 1979 revolution.}}</ref> [[Maraykanka]] iyo [[Israa'iil]] ayaa bilaabay [[Isqabqabsiga Iiraan ee 2026|weerar weyn oo ka dhanka ah Iiraan]] iyagoo ujeedkeedu yahay [[beddelidda nidaamka]] dhammaadkii Febraayo 2026.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sanger|first=David E.|author-link=David E. Sanger|date=February 28, 2026|title=For Trump, the Iran Attack Is the Ultimate War of Choice|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/02/28/us/politics/trump-iran-attack.html|url-access=subscription|access-date=March 1, 2026}}</ref> Dawladda Iiraan waa [[Tayaquraadiyad Islaami ah]]{{efn|Iiraan waxaa lagu tilmaamay "jamhuuriyad tayaquraadi ah".}} oo ay maamulaan hay'ado la doortay iyo kuwo aan la dooran, iyadoo awoodda kama dambaysta ah ay u xilsaaran tahay hogaamiyaha sare. In kasta oo ay [[Doorashooyinka Iiraan|qabato doorashooyin]], xafiisyada muhiimka ah, oo ay ku jiraan madaxa dawladda iyo milatariga, ma khuseeyaan codka dadweynaha. Dawladda Iiraan waa [[authoritarianism|maamul kalitalis ah]] kaas oo si weyn loogu dhaleeceeyay caalamka sababo la xiriira [[Xuquuqda aadanaha ee Iiraan|diiwaankeeda liita ee xuquuqda aadanaha]], oo ay ka mid yihiin xayiraadaha saaran [[xorriyadda isu-uimaatinka]], [[Xorriyadda hadalka ee Iiraan|hadalka]], iyo [[Warbaahinta Iiraan|saxaafadda]], iyo sidoo kale [[Xuquuqda dumarka ee Iiraan|la dhaqanka haweenka]], [[Laga tirada badan yahay ee Iiraan|dadka laga tirada badan yahay]], iyo [[Maxaabiista siyaasadeed ee Iiraan|mucaaradka siyaasadeed]]. Kormeerayaasha caalamiga ah ayaa walaac ka muujiyay caddaaladda geeddi-socodka doorashooyinka, gaar ahaan hubinta murashaxiinta ee hay'adaha aan la dooran sida [[Golaha Ilaalada]]. Iiraan waxay leedahay [[Dhaqaalaha dhexe|dhaqaale qorshaysan]] oo leh [[Shirkadaha dawladda|lahaanshaha dawladeed]] oo weyn qaybaha muhiimka ah, inkasta oo [[Ganacsiga gaarka ah|ganacsiga gaarka ahi]] uu garab jiro. Waa [[quwad dhexdhexaad ah]], sababtoo ah kaydka weyn ee [[shidaalka]] (oo ay ku jirto adduunka labaad ee ugu weyn [[Gaaska dabiiciga ah ee Iiraan|gaaska dabiiciga ah]] iyo [[Liiska dalalka ee kaydka saliidda|kaalinta saddexaad ee kaydka saliidda ee la hubo]]), meesha ay ku taallo oo muhiim u ah juquraafi-siyaasadeedka, iyo doorkeeda xarun caalami ah ee [[Shiicada]]. Iiraan waa dal leh [[Nuclear latency|aqoonta nukliyeerka]] oo leh [[Barnaamijka nukliyeerka ee Iiraan|mid ka mid ah barnaamijyada nukliyeerka ee loogu baadhista badan yahay]], kaas oo ay sheegtay inuu yahay uun ujeeddooyin madani ah; hase yeeshee, [[IAEA]], oo ah hay'ad ka tirsan [[Qaramada Midoobay]] (QM) oo loo xilsaaray la socodka soo saarista [[hubka nukliyeerka]], ayaa laba jeer ogaatay in Iiraan aysan u hoggaansamin waajibaadkeeda ilaalinta.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kerr |first1=Paul |title=Iran's Nuclear Program: Tehran's Compliance with International Obligations |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R40094 |publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=12 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mills |first1=Claire |last2=Curtis |first2=John |title=Israel-Iran 2025: Developments in Iran's nuclear programme and military action |url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-10284/ |website=House of Commons Library |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=12 January 2026 |quote =In June 2025, the IAEA Board of Governors adopted a resolution which, for the first time since 2005, formally found Iran to be non-compliant with its nuclear safeguards obligations }}</ref> Waa xubin aasaasi ah oo ka tirsan QM iyo [[Xiriirka dibadda ee Iiraan|xubin ka tirsan ururro badan oo caalami ah]]. Iiraan waxay leedahay 29 goobood oo ah [[Liiska Goobaha Dhaxalka Adduunka ee Iiraan|UNESCO World Heritage Sites]] (kaalinta 10aad ee adduunka) waxayna fadhidaa kaalinta 4aad ee [[dhaxalka dhaqanka ee aan la taaban karin]] ama hantida aadanaha. == Taariikhda == {{Main|Taariikhda Iiraan}} === Taariikh ka hor === {{Main|Prehistory of Iran}} Joogitaanka ugu horreeya ee bani'aadamka ee Iiraan la yaqaan waxay ku beegan tahay qiyaastii 800,000 oo sano ka hor, xilligii [[Middle Paleolithic]].<ref name="bishi">Biglari, F. and Shidrang, S., (2006) The Lower Paleolithic Occupation of Iran, Near Eastern Archeology 69 (3–4): 160-168</ref> Goobo badan oo [[Middle Paleolithic]] ah ayaa la helay, badanaaba [[Buuraha Sagros]] ee galbeedka Iiraan iyo qaar ka mid ah goobaha la xiriira [[Neanderthal]]-ka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Biglari |first1=Fereidoun |last2=Shidrang |first2=Sonia |year=2019 |title=Rescuing the Paleolithic Heritage of Hawraman, Kurdistan, Iranian Zagros |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/706536 |journal=Near Eastern Archaeology |volume=82 |issue=4 |pages=226–235 |doi=10.1086/706536 |s2cid=212851965 |issn=1094-2076 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>J.D. Vigne, J. Peters and D. Helmer, ''First Steps of Animal Domestication'', Proceedings of the 9th Conference of the International Council of Archaeozoology, Durham, August 2002, {{ISBN|1-84217-121-6}}</ref> [[Dhaqankii Sarsiyaan]] ayaa laga diwaangeliyey Iiraan xilligii [[Epipaleolithic]] (25,000–11,500 sano ka hor).<ref>Deborah I. Olszewski: "The Zarzian in the Context of the Epipaleolithic Middle East", in: ''Humanities'' 19 (2012) 1-20, page 2.</ref> Beeruhu waxay markii ugu horreysay ka soo muuqdeen Iiraan qiyaastii 12,000 oo sano ka hor oo ay weheliyaan degsiimooyin si fiican loo diwaangeliyey ee [[Fertile Crescent]]. Goobta [[Chogha Golan]] waxay ka muuqatay beerashadii ugu horreysay ee qamadiga [[emmer]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Early humans in Iran were growing wheat 12,000 years ago |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/science/science-news/early-humans-iran-were-growing-wheat-12-000-years-ago-f6C10536898 |publisher=NBC News |date=4 July 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Goobta casriga ah ee [[Ganj Dareh]] waxay sidoo kale ka muuqataa dhaqashada ugu horreysay ee la yaqaan ee [[riyo|riyaha]] qiyaastii 10,000 oo sano ka hor.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=The Initial Domestication of Goats (''Capra hircus'') in the Zagros Mountains 10,000 Years Ago |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2000-03-24_287_5461/page/2254 |journal=Science |bibcode=2000Sci...287.2254Z |last1=Zeder |first1=Melinda A. |last2=Hesse |first2=Brian |year=2000 |volume=287 |issue=5461 |pages=2254–2257 |doi=10.1126/science.287.5461.2254 |pmid=10731145}}</ref> Magaalada qadiimiga ah ee [[Susa]], oo noqon lahayd caasimadda [[Elam]] ka dibna caasimadda boqortooyadii Akhaamenid, ayaa markii ugu horreysay la degay 4400–4200 CH, waxayna ku dhowdahay goobta casriga ah ee [[Shush, Iiraan]].<ref name="Elam">{{cite book |title=The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State |url=https://archive.org/details/archaeologyofela0000prof |first=D. T. |last=Potts |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1999 |isbn=0-521-56358-5}}</ref>{{rp|46–47}}<ref>{{cite web |title=SUSA |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/susa-parent/?highlight=Susa |website=Encyclopaedia Iranica}}</ref> [[Dhaqankii Kura–Araxes]] ({{circa|3400|2000 CH}}) wuxuu ka jiray waqooyi-galbeed Iiraan iyo [[Kawkas]].<ref name="books.google.nl2">{{cite book |last=Kushnareva |first=K. Kh. |title=The Southern Caucasus in Prehistory: Stages of Cultural and Socioeconomic Development from the Eighth to the Second Millennium B.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e1PNO7urjHQC&pg=PA44 |year=1997 |publisher=UPenn Museum of Archaeology |isbn=978-0-924171-50-5 |access-date=8 May 2016 |archive-date=13 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913110041/https://books.google.com/books?id=e1PNO7urjHQC&pg=PA44 |url-status=live}}, page 44</ref> _america_helped_saddam_as_he_gassed_iran?page=0%2C2 |archive-date=15 September 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Era Khamenei ==== {{further|2009 Iranian presidential election protests|Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action|Assassination of Qasem Soleimani|Mahsa Amini protests|2024 Iran–Israel conflict|Iran–Israel war|2025–2026 Iranian protests}} Markii uu dhimanayay sannadkii 1989, Khomeini wuxuu magacaabay Golaha Dib-u-habaynta Dastuurka oo ka kooban 25 xubnood, kuwaas oo u magacaabay [[Ali Khamenei]] inuu noqdo Hoggaamiyaha Sare ee xiga, waxayna isbeddel ku sameeyeen dastuurka Iiraan.<ref>Abrahamian, ''History of Modern Iran'', (2008), p.182</ref> In kasta oo Khamenei uu ka maqnaa "soo jiidashadii iyo maqaamkii wadaadnimo" ee Khomeini, haddana wuxuu dhisay shabakad taageerayaal ah oo ku dhex jira ciidanka qalabka sida iyo [[Bonyad|mu'asasada diimeed]] ee dhaqaalaha awoodda u leh.<ref>"Who's in Charge?" by Ervand Abrahamian ''London Review of Books'', 6 November 2008</ref> [[File:Ayatollah Ali Khamenei at the Great Conference of Basij members at Azadi stadium October 2018 033.jpg|thumb|Ali Khamenei oo jooga Shirweynihii weynaa ee xubnaha [[Basij]] ee [[Azadi Stadium]], Oktoobar 2018]] Madaxweyne [[Akbar Rafsanjani]] wuxuu xoogga saaray siyaasadda ganacsiga u janjeerta ee dib loogu dhisayo dhaqaalaha, isagoon ka tanaasulin mabda'ii kacaanka. Wuxuu taageeray suuqa xorta ah, isagoo doorbidaya in la gaar yeelo warshadaha qaranka iyo inuu mowqif dhexdhexaad ah ka istaago heer caalami. Sannadkii 1997, waxaa Rafsanjani beddelay [[Iranian reform movement|isbeddel-doonkii]] dhexdhexaadka ahaa ee [[Mohammad Khatami]], kaas oo xukuumaddiisu u qareentay xorriyadda hadalka, xiriir diblomaasiyadeed oo wax ku ool ah oo lala yeesho Aasiya iyo Midowga Yurub, iyo siyaasad taageeraysa suuqa xorta ah iyo maalgashiga shisheeye. [[2005 Iranian presidential election|Doorashadii madaxtinimo ee 2005]] waxay awoodda u keentay musharraxa muxaafidka ah, caanka ah, ee wadaniyadda u janjeera ee [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]]. Waxaa lagu yaqiinnay aragtiyihiisa adag, nukliyeeraynta, iyo [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel|colaadda uu u qabo Israa'iil]], [[Saudi Arabia]], Boqortooyada Ingiriiska, Maraykanka iyo dawladaha kale. Wuxuu ahaa madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee uu u yeero [[Islamic Consultative Assembly|baarlamaanka]] si uu uga jawaabo su'aalo ku saabsan madaxtinimadiisa.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 June 2012 |title=Ahmadinejad critic Larijani re-elected Iran speaker |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-18328882 |access-date=10 May 2024 |work=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB |archive-date=10 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510171821/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-18328882 |url-status=live}}</ref> Sannadkii 2013, waxaa madaxweyne loo doortay [[Hassan Rouhani]] oo ahaa dhex-dhexaad isbeddel-doon ah. Wuxuu dhiirigeliyay xorriyadda shakhsi ahaaneed, helitaanka macluumaadka, iyo horumarinta xuquuqda haweenka. Wuxuu horumariyay xiriirka diblomaasiyadeed isagoo adeegsanaya is-dhaafsiga waraaqo dib u heshiisiin ah.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Borger |first1=Julian |last2=Dehghan |first2=Saeed Kamali |date=19 September 2013 |title=Hassan Rouhani sets out his vision for a new and free Iran |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/19/hassan-rouhani-vision-iran-free |access-date=10 May 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=12 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112101132/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/19/hassan-rouhani-vision-iran-free |url-status=live}}</ref> Heshiiska [[Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action]] waxaa lagu gaaray [[Vienna]] sannadkii 2015, intii u dhaxeysay Iiraan, [[P5+1]] ([[permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|xubnaha joogtada ah ee Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay]] + Jarmalka) iyo Midowga Yurub. Wada-xaajoodyadu waxay udub dhexaad u ahaayeen joojinta [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1929|cunaqabataynta dhaqaale]] iyadoo beddelkeeda Iiraan laga xaddidayo soo saarista [[enriched uranium|yuraaniyamka la hodmey]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Kutsch, Tom |date=14 July 2015 |title=Iran, world powers strike historic nuclear deal |url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/7/14/iran-world-powers-strike-historic-nuclear-deal.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715175516/http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/7/14/iran-world-powers-strike-historic-nuclear-deal.html |archive-date=15 July 2015 |access-date=15 July 2015 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> Sannadkii 2018, Maraykanka oo uu hoggaaminayay Madaxweyne [[First presidency of Donald Trump|Donald Trump]] ayaa ka baxay heshiiska, waxaana lagu soo rogay cunaqabatayn cusub. Tani waxay meesha ka saartay qodobbadii dhaqaalaha waxayna Iiraan keentay [[nuclear latency|heerka u dhow nukliyeerka]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brewer |first=Eric |date=25 June 2024 |title=Iran's New Nuclear Threat |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/iran/irans-new-nuclear-threat |access-date=2 July 2024 |work=Foreign Affairs |language=en-US |issn=0015-7120}}</ref> Sannadkii 2020, jeneraalka [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|IRGC]] [[Qasem Soleimani]], oo ahaa qofka 2-aad ee ugu awoodda badan Iiraan,<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2020 |title=U.S. killing of Iran's second most powerful man risks regional conflagration |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-security-blast-soleimani-analysi/u-s-killing-of-irans-second-most-powerful-man-risks-regional-conflagration-idUSKBN1Z21TJ/ |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=7 May 2024 |archive-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418120615/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-security-blast-soleimani-analysi/u-s-killing-of-irans-second-most-powerful-man-risks-regional-conflagration-idUSKBN1Z21TJ/ |url-status=live}}</ref> waxaa [[Assassination of Qasem Soleimani|dilay Maraykanka]], taas oo kordhisay [[Iran–United States relations|xiisadda u dhaxeysa labada dhinac]].<ref name="Roelants">Carolien Roelants, khabiir ku xeel dheer Iiraan ee ''[[NRC Handelsblad]]'', dooddii ka dhacday ''[[Buitenhof (TV series)|Buitenhof]]'' ee telefishinka Nederlaan, 5 Janaayo 2020.</ref> [[Operation Martyr Soleimani|Iiraan waxay uga jawaabtay weerar lagu qaaday saldhigyada cirka ee Maraykanka ee Ciraaq]], kaas oo ahaa weerarkii ugu weynaa ee gantaallada ballistic-ga ah ee abid lagu qaado dad Maraykanka ah;<ref>{{Citation |title=Never-before-seen video of the attack on Al Asad Airbase |date=28 February 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGP7hZQuTL0 |access-date=8 January 2024 |language=en |archive-date=23 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223104408/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGP7hZQuTL0 |url-status=live}}</ref> 110 ayaa qabay [[Traumatic brain injury|dhaawacyo maskaxda ah]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=109 US troops diagnosed with brain injuries from Iran attack |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/2/10/109-us-troops-diagnosed-with-brain-injuries-from-iran-attack |access-date=7 April 2024 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=7 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407113740/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/2/10/109-us-troops-diagnosed-with-brain-injuries-from-iran-attack |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pentagon admits 109 brain injuries in Iran attack |url=https://www.dw.com/en/109-us-service-members-were-injured-in-the-iran-missile-attack/a-52331039 |access-date=7 April 2024 |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |language=en |archive-date=7 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407113741/https://www.dw.com/en/109-us-service-members-were-injured-in-the-iran-missile-attack/a-52331039 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Starr |first=Barbara |date=10 February 2020 |title=Over 100 US troops have been diagnosed with traumatic brain injuries following Iran strike |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/10/politics/traumatic-brain-injuries-iran-strike/index.html |access-date=7 April 2024 |publisher=[[CNN]] |language=en |archive-date=7 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407113740/https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/10/politics/traumatic-brain-injuries-iran-strike/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> 8-dii Janaayo, [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] ee Iiraan ayaa soo riday diyaaraddii [[Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752]], iyadoo dishay 176 rayid ah, taas oo horseeday [[Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests|mudaaharaadyo dalka oo dhan ka dhacay]]. Baaritaan caalami ah ayaa keenay in dawladdu ay qirato in gantaal dhulka laga rido lagu soo riday diyaaradda.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-crash/ukrainian-airplane-with-180-aboard-crashes-in-iran-fars-idUSKBN1Z70EL |title=Ukrainian airplane with 180 aboard crashes in Iran: Fars |date=8 January 2020 |work=Reuters |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108035747/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-crash/ukrainian-airplane-with-180-aboard-crashes-in-iran-fars-idUSKBN1Z70EL |archive-date=8 January 2020 |access-date=8 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-51077788 |work=BBC |title=Demands for justice after Iran's plane admission |date=11 January 2020 |access-date=11 January 2020}}</ref> Muxaafidka adag ee [[Ebrahim Raisi]] ayaa laga adkaaday doorashadii madaxtinimo ee 2017, laakiin wuxuu mar kale isu taagay [[2021 Iranian presidential election|doorashadii 2021]], isagoo beddelay Rouhani.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Motamedi |first1=Maziar |title=Hardliner Raisi elected Iran's new president |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/19/raisi-wins-irans-presidential-election-amid-low-turnout |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=1 September 2021 |access-date=2 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901094359/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/19/raisi-wins-irans-presidential-election-amid-low-turnout |url-status=live}}</ref> Muddadii uu Raisi xilka hayay, Iiraan waxay [[Nuclear program of Iran|xoojisay hodminta yuraaniyamka]], waxay hor istaagtay baaritaannada caalamiga ah, waxay ku biirtay SCO iyo BRICS, waxay [[Iran and the Russian invasion of Ukraine|taageertay]] [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|duullaankii Ruushka ee Yukrayn]] waxayna soo celisay xiriirkii ay la lahayd Sacuudi Carabiya. Bishii Abriil 2024, [[Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus|weerarkii cirka ee Israa'iil ee qunsuliyadda Iiraan ee Dimishiq]] ayaa lagu dilay taliye ka tirsan IRGC.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Several killed in Israeli strike on Iranian consulate in Damascus |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/1/several-killed-in-israeli-strike-on-iranian-consulate-in-damascus-reports |access-date=1 May 2024 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430180537/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/1/several-killed-in-israeli-strike-on-iranian-consulate-in-damascus-reports |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2024 |title=Israeli strike on Iran's consulate in Syria killed 2 generals and 5 other officers, Iran says |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-syria-airstrike-iranian-embassy-edca34c52d38c8bc57281e4ebf33b240 |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=[[AP News]] |language=en |archive-date=19 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419075609/https://apnews.com/article/israel-syria-airstrike-iranian-embassy-edca34c52d38c8bc57281e4ebf33b240 |url-status=live}}</ref> Iiraan waxay [[April 2024 Iranian strikes on Israel|uga jawaabtay]] iyadoo u adeegsatay [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|UAVs]], [[Cruise missile|gantaallada cruise-ka]] iyo [[ballistic missile|ballistic-ga]]; 9 ka mid ah ayaa ku dhacay Israa'iil.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Jack Dutton |date=15 April 2024 |title=How Iran's attack on Israel is disrupting air traffic |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2024/04/how-irans-attack-israel-disrupting-air-traffic |access-date=1 May 2024 |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501174027/https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2024/04/how-irans-attack-israel-disrupting-air-traffic |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Toossi |first=Sina |date=2 May 2024 |title=Iran Has Defined Its Red Line With Israel |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/04/18/iran-has-defined-its-red-line-with-israel/ |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501174027/https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/04/18/iran-has-defined-its-red-line-with-israel/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 April 2024 |title=What was in wave of Iranian attacks and how were they thwarted? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68811273 |access-date=1 May 2024 |language=en-GB |archive-date=14 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414091527/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68811273 |url-status=live}}</ref> Waxay ahayd weerarkii diyaaradaha aan duuliyaha lahayn ee ugu weynaa taariikhda,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The largest drone attack in history |url=http://iranpress.com/aliaspage/277652 |access-date=1 May 2024 |website= |language=en}}</ref> weerarkii gantaallada ee ugu weynaa taariikhda Iiraan,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Motamedi |first=Maziar |title='True Promise': Why and how did Iran launch a historic attack on Israel? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/14/true-promise-why-and-how-did-iran-launch-a-historic-attack-on-israel |access-date=1 May 2024 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=14 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414145020/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/14/true-promise-why-and-how-did-iran-launch-a-historic-attack-on-israel |url-status=live}}</ref> weerarkeedii ugu horreeyay ee toos ah oo ay ku qaaddo Israa'iil<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2024 |title=Iran launches first-ever direct attack on Israel |url=https://abc7ny.com/israel-gaza-live-updates-iran-launches-dozens-of-drones-in-retaliatory-strike/14656640/ |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=ABC7 New York |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501174027/https://abc7ny.com/israel-gaza-live-updates-iran-launches-dozens-of-drones-in-retaliatory-strike/14656640/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2024 |title=How Israel could respond to Iran's drone and missile assault |url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20240418-how-israel-could-respond-to-iran-s-drone-and-missile-assault |access-date=1 May 2024 |publisher=[[France 24]] |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501174029/https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20240418-how-israel-could-respond-to-iran-s-drone-and-missile-assault |url-status=live}}</ref> iyo markii ugu horreysay [[1991 Iraqi missile attacks against Israel|tan iyo 1991]] oo Israa'iil ay si toos ah u weerarto dawlad.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Johny |first=Stanly |date=14 April 2024 |title=By attacking Israel, Iran turns shadow war into direct conflict |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/analysis-three-takeaways-from-irans-attack-on-israel/article68064678.ece |access-date=1 May 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=14 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414203401/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/analysis-three-takeaways-from-irans-attack-on-israel/article68064678.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> Bishii Maajo 2024, Raisi waxaa lagu dilay [[2024 Varzaqan helicopter crash|shil helicopter]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Who died alongside Iran's President Raisi in the helicopter crash? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/5/20/who-died-alongside-irans-president-raisi-in-the-helicopter-crash |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=19 May 2024 |access-date=2 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519213002/https://apnews.com/article/helicopter-iran-raisi-crash-azerbaijan-3ef9fe5772fb06f6d9dcc371b115923f |url-status=live}}</ref> Iiraanna waxay qabatay [[2024 Iranian presidential election|doorasho madaxtinimo]], markaas oo isbeddel-doonkii iyo wasiirkii hore ee [[Ministry of Health and Medical Education|Wasaaradda Caafimaadka]], [[Masoud Pezeshkian]], la doortay.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2024 |title=Masoud Pezeshkian, a heart surgeon who rose to power in parliament, now Iran's president-elect |url=https://apnews.com/article/iran-presidential-runoff-election-masoud-pezeshkian-profile-a07e9921fa8c25b1a05333e128c03916 |access-date=6 July 2024 |website=[[AP News]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Fassihi |first1=Farnaz |last2=Vinograd |first2=Cassandra |date=6 July 2024 |title=Reformist Candidate Wins Iran's Presidential Election |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/05/world/middleeast/iran-election-reformist-wins.html |access-date=6 July 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=6 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706034614/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/05/world/middleeast/iran-election-reformist-wins.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Bishii Oktoobar, Iiraan waxay [[October 2024 Iranian strikes on Israel|ridday]] 180 gantaallada ballistic-ga ah oo ku wajahan Israa'iil si looga aarguto dilalkii [[Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh|Ismail Haniyeh]], [[2024 Hezbollah headquarters strike|Hassan Nasrallah]] iyo [[Abbas Nilforoushan]]. Israa'iil waxay [[October 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran|weerartay]] goobo milatari oo Iiraan ah.<ref>{{cite news |title=What we know about Israel's attack on Iran |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cgr0yvrx4qpo |work=[[BBC News]] |archive-date=27 October 2024 |access-date=31 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241027231243/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cgr0yvrx4qpo |url-status=live}}</ref> Bishii Maajo 2025, xukuumadda Iiraan waxay amar ku bixisay [[2025 Afghan deportation from Iran|masaafurin ballaaran]] oo lagu sameynayo qiyaastii afar milyan oo [[Afghan diaspora|muhaajiriin Afgaanistaan ah]] iyo qaxooti ku nool Iiraan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Iran tells millions of Afghans to leave or face arrest on day of deadline |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/7/6/iran-tells-millions-of-afghans-to-leave-or-face-arrest-on-day-of-deadline |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=6 July 2025}}</ref> [[File:تقدیم پیام پادشاه عربستان به رهبر انقلاب 07.jpg|thumb|Ayatollah [[Ali Khamenei]] oo ay weheliyaan Wasiirka Gaashaandhigga [[Saudi Arabia]] [[Khalid bin Salman Al Saud|Khalid bin Salman]] iyo Janaraal [[Mohammad Bagheri (general)|Mohammad Bagheri]] 17-kii Abriil 2025]] Wiiqidda [[Axis of Resistance|xulafada muhiimka ah iyo kooxaha u adeega]] Iiraan tan iyo 2023 waxay ka dhigtay xukuumadda Iiraan mid daciif ah oo go'doon ah.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Iran's leader hopes America can save his faltering regime |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2025/05/01/irans-leader-hopes-america-can-save-his-faltering-regime |access-date=25 May 2025 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |issn=0013-0613}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2024 |title=Iran in a 'position of unprecedented weakness' after the fall of Assad in Syria |url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20241209-iran-position-unprecedented-weakness-after-fall-of-assad-syria-proxies-hezbollah-middle-east |access-date=25 May 2025 |publisher=[[France 24]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2025 |title=The fall of Assad has exposed the extent of the damage to Iran's axis of resistance |url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/2024/12/fall-assad-has-exposed-extent-damage-irans-axis-resistance |access-date=25 May 2025 |website=Chatham House |language=en}}</ref> Horraantii 2025, Iiraan waxay si xawli ah u hormarinaysay barnaamijkeeda nukliyeerka.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Barnes |first=Joe |date=31 January 2025 |title=Iran 'secretly building nuclear missiles that can hit Europe' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2025/01/31/iran-nuclear-warhead-europe-revolutionary-guard-north-korea/ |access-date=28 April 2025 |work=The Telegraph |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}</ref> Dadka falanqeeya waxay ka digeen in dhaqdhaqaaqaas uu dhaafay wax kasta oo qiil rayid ah u yeelan kara.<ref name="Economist20250128">{{Cite news |title=Iran's alarming nuclear dash will soon test Donald Trump |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2025/01/28/irans-alarming-nuclear-dash-will-soon-test-donald-trump |access-date=23 February 2025 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |issn=0013-0613}}</ref> Iiraan iyo Maraykanka waxay [[2025–2026 Iran–United States negotiations|bilaabeen wada-xaajoodyo]] heshiis nukliyeer oo cusub ah, laakiin horumarka ayaa istaagay. Bishii Juun, [[International Atomic Energy Agency|IAEA]] waxay ogaatay in Iiraan aysan u hoggaansamin waajibaadkeeda nukliyeerka;<ref name="Euronews20250612">{{Cite web |title=UN nuclear watchdog finds Iran in non-compliance with its obligations |url=https://www.euronews.com/2025/06/12/un-nuclear-watchdog-finds-iran-in-non-compliance-with-nuclear-obligations |access-date=12 June 2025 |website=Euro News |date=12 June 2025}}</ref> iyadoo taas ka jawaabaysa, Iiraan waxay ku dhawaaqday kicinta xarun hodmin oo cusub.<ref name="CNN20250612">{{Cite web |last1=Salem |first1=Mostafa |last2=Pleitgen |first2=Frederik |date=12 June 2025 |title=Iran threatens nuclear escalation after UN watchdog board finds it in breach of obligations |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/06/12/middleeast/iran-threatens-nuclear-escalation-iaea-intl |access-date=12 June 2025 |publisher=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref> 13-kii Juun 2025, Israa'iil waxay weeraro ka bilowday Iiraan oo dhan, iyadoo beegsanaysa xarumaha nukliyeerka ayna dishay xubno sarsare oo ka tirsan hoggaanka milatariga Iiraan.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Shotter |first1=James |last2=Sevastopulo |first2=Demetri |last3=England |first3=Andrew |last4=Bozorgmehr |first4=Najmeh |date=13 June 2025 |title=Israel launches air strikes against Iran commanders and nuclear sites |url=https://www.ft.com/content/46b1a363-c805-4800-abbf-6b47b9602ef2 |access-date=13 June 2025 |work=Financial Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Fassihi |first1=Farnaz |last2=Nauman |first2=Qasim |last3=Boxerman |first3=Aaron |last4=Kingsley |first4=Patrick |last5=Bergman |first5=Ronen |date=13 June 2025 |title=Israel Strikes Iran's Nuclear Program, Killing Top Military Officials: Live Updates |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2025/06/12/world/israel-iran-us-nuclear |access-date=13 June 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Iiraan waxay ugu jawaabtay weeraro gantaallo ah, colaadduna waxay keentay [[Twelve-Day War|dagaal toos ah]] oo u dhaxeeya labadooda. 22-kii Juun, [[United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites|Maraykanka ayaa weeraray xarumaha nukliyeerka ee Iiraan]];<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 June 2025 |title=Trump says US has attacked three nuclear sites in Iran |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jun/21/trump-us-nuclear-strikes-iran |access-date=22 June 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Iiraanna waxay [[Iranian strikes on Al Udeid Air Base|weerartay saldhigyada Maraykanka ee Qatar]] taas ka dhalatay. 24-kii Juun, Israa'iil iyo Iiraan waxay ku heshiiyeen xabbad-joojin ka dib markii uu Maraykanku ku adkeeyay.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 June 2025 |title=Trump says Iran and Israel agree to a ceasefire |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/trump-says-iran-israel-agree-ceasefire-2025-06-23/ |access-date=23 June 2025 |work=[[Reuters]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-iran-israel-ceasefire-agreement-terms-b5fc5cc8a8c32b4899646130b496798a |title=A whirlwind 48 hours: How Trump's Israel-Iran ceasefire agreement came together |date=24 June 2025 |website=AP News}}</ref> Tan iyo bishii Diseembar 2025, Iiraan waxaa ka jiray [[2025–2026 Iranian protests|mudaaharaadyo ballaaran]] oo ka dhacay magaalooyinka kuwaas oo loogu baaqayo in la rido Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah, taas oo ka dhalatay niyad-jab ku saabsan [[Iranian economic crisis|xiisadda dhaqaale]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Parent |first1=Deepa |last2=Christou |first2=William |date=31 December 2025 |title='We want the mullahs gone': economic crisis sparks biggest protests in Iran since 2022 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/dec/31/we-want-the-mullahs-gone-economic-crisis-sparks-biggest-protests-in-iran-since-2022 |access-date=1 January 2026 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> {{As of|2026|01|13}}, ''[[Iran International]]'' waxay ku qiyaastay in ugu yaraan 12,000 oo mudaaharaadayaal ah lagu dilay gudaha [[2026 Internet blackout in Iran|xannibaadda internet-ka]], iyadoo ciidamada ammaanka ee dawladdu ay kordhiyeen isticmaalka rasaasta dilaaga ah ee ka dhanka ah mudaaharaadayaasha.<ref name="2000killed">{{cite news |date=10 January 2026 |title=Mass killings reported as security forces use live fire on Iran protesters |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202601103903 |access-date=10 January 2026 |publisher=Iran International}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Sparks |first=John |date=9 January 2026 |title=Iran's leaders facing most serious threat since 1979 revolution |url=https://news.sky.com/story/irans-leaders-facing-most-serious-threat-since-1979-revolution-13492604 |access-date=9 January 2026 |website=Sky News |language=en}}</ref><ref>https://www.iranintl.com/en/202601130145</ref> {{As of|2026|01|17}}, qiyaasuhu waxay soo jeediyeen in ugu yaraan 16,500 oo qof lagu dilay ku dhawaad 330,000 oo kalena lagu dhaawacay [[2026 Iran massacres|xasuuqyadii Iiraan ee 2026]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lamb |first=Christina |date=17 January 2026 |title=Iran report says 16,500 dead in 'genocide under digital darkness' |url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/middle-east/article/iran-young-protesters-news-nsdztp5t2 |access-date=18 January 2026 |website=The Sunday Times |language=en}}</ref> 28-kii Febraayo 2026, [[United States|Maraykanka]] iyo [[Israel|Israa'iil]] waxay fuliyeen [[2026 Israeli–United States strikes on Iran|weeraro milatari oo isku dubaridan]] oo ka dhan ah bartilmaameedyo dhowr ah oo ku yaalla Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah ee Iiraan, taas oo muujinaysa kor u kac weyn oo ku yimid xiisadda soo jireenka ah ee u dhaxeysa [[Tehran]] iyo [[Israel–United States relations|isbahaysiga Maraykanka iyo Israa'iil.]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Liptak |first=Kevin |last2=Ebrahim |first2=Nadeen |last3=Liebermann |first3=Oren |date=2026-02-28 |title=US carrying out strikes against Iran, three US officials say |url=https://edition.cnn.com/world/live-news/israel-iran-attack-02-28-26-hnk-intl |access-date=2026-02-28 |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Iyadoo ay socdeen weeraro gantaallo ah oo baaxad leh oo ay Maraykanka iyo Israa'iil ku qaadeen Iiraan qayb ka mid ah [[2026 Israeli–United States strikes on Iran|Operation Epic Fury]], sarkaal Israa'iili ah oo aan magaciisa la sheegin ayaa sheegay in la helay maydka Ali Khamenei. Ma jirin qof si cad u beddelaya Khamenei.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-28 |title=What to know about Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei |url=https://apnews.com/article/raw/iran-khamenei-supreme-leader-nuclear-protests-military-487aa76fd32f398f2ca37d316e543760 |access-date=2026-03-01 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> == Juquraafi == {{Main|Juquraafiga Iiraan}} {{See also|Xuduudaha Iiraan|Beeraha Iiraan|Liiska buuraha Iiraan|Liiska jasiiradaha Iiraan}} [[File:Iran-geographic map.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Geography of Iran#Topography|Topografiyada Iiraan]]]] Iiraan waxay leedahay bed gaaraya {{convert|1648195|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}. Waa [[List of Asian countries by area|dalka lixaad ee ugu weyn qaaradda Aasiya]] iyo kan labaad ee ugu weyn Galbeedka Aasiya.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Iran's Strategy in the Strait of Hormuz |url=https://thediplomat.com/2012/07/irans-strategy-in-the-strait-of-hormuz/ |magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208071232/https://thediplomat.com/2012/07/irans-strategy-in-the-strait-of-hormuz/ |archive-date=8 December 2015 |access-date=29 November 2015}}</ref> Waxay dhacdaa inta u dhaxaysa loolka 24° iyo 40° N iyo dhigaha 44° iyo 64° E. Waxay xuduud la leedahay dhanka waqooyi-galbeed [[Armenia]], gobolka go'an ee [[Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic|Nakhchivan]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/azerbaijan/ |title=CIA – The World Factbook |access-date=7 April 2012 |archive-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127171042/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/azerbaijan/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> iyo Jamhuuriyadda [[Azerbaijan]]; dhanka waqooyi waxaa ka xiga [[Caspian Sea|Badda Casbiya]]; waqooyi-bari [[Turkmenistan]]; bari waxaa ka xiga [[Afghanistan]] iyo Pakistan; koonfur waxaa ka xiga [[Persian Gulf|Khaliijka Faaris]] iyo [[Gulf of Oman|Khaliijka Cumaan]]; dhanka galbeedna [[Iraq]] iyo Turkiga. Iiraan waxay ku taal aag u nugul dhulgariirka.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/which-country-has-most-earthquakes |title=Which country has the most earthquakes? |date=2 May 2010 |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |access-date=22 May 2021 |archive-date=22 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522195818/https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/which-country-has-most-earthquakes |url-status=live}}</ref> Celcelis ahaan, dhulgariir cabbirkiisu yahay 7.0 ama ka badan wuxuu dhacaa tobankii sanno mar.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ilna.news/fa/tiny/news-11875 |script-title=fa:هر ده سال، یک زلزله ۷ ریشتری در کشور رخ می‌دهد &#124; خبرگزاری ایلنا |date=13 October 2012 |access-date=5 August 2022 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328151114/https://www.ilna.ir/بخش-اخبار-47/11875-هر-ده-سال-یک |url-status=live}}</ref> Inta badan dhulgariirradu waa kuwo gacmeed ah (shallow-focus), waxayna keeni karaan burbur weyn, sida [[2003 Bam earthquake|dhulgariirkii Bam ee 2003]]. Iiraan waxay u badan tahay [[Iranian Plateau|Dhul-sareedka Iiraan]], iyadoo qaybteeda koonfur-galbeed ay saaran tahay [[Arabian plate|huurada Carabta]]. Waa mid ka mid ah dalalka ugu buuraha badan adduunka; muuqaalkeeda waxaa u badan silsilado buuro ah oo kala sooca dooxooyinka ama dhul-sareedyada. Galbeedka Iiraan oo dadku ku badan yahay ayaa ah meesha ugu buuraha badan, waxaana ku yaal silsilado ay ka mid yihiin [[Caucasus Mountains|Caucasus]], [[Zagros Mountains|Zagros]], iyo [[Alborz]]. [[Mount Damavand]] waa halka ugu sarreysa dalka, jooggeedu waa {{convert|5610|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, waana foolkaanooyinka ugu sarreeya Aasiya. Buuraha Iiraan waxay saameyn ku lahaayeen siyaasadda iyo dhaqaalaha dalkaas muddo qarniyo ah. Waqooyiga Iiraan waxaa qariyay dhul-daaqsimeedka doogga ah ee [[Hyrcanian forests|kaymaha Hyrcanian]], oo u dhow xeebaha koonfureed ee Badda Casbiya. Dhanka bari wuxuu u badan yahay dooxooyin saxare ah, sida [[Dasht-e Kavir|Saxaraha Kavir]], oo ah saxaraha ugu weyn dalka, iyo [[Dasht-e Loot|Saxaraha Lut]], iyo sidoo kale harooyin cusbo leh. Saxaraha Lut waa meesha ugu kulul ee laga diiwaan geliyay dusha sare ee dhulka, iyadoo 70.7 °C laga diiwaan geliyay sannadkii 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2009 |title=The 5 Hottest Deserts in the World |url=https://www.mapquest.com/travel/survival/wilderness/5-hottest-deserts-on-earth.htm |access-date=31 December 2023 |website=MapQuest Travel |language=en-us |archive-date=31 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231121804/https://www.mapquest.com/travel/survival/wilderness/5-hottest-deserts-on-earth.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Bannaanlo ballaaran ayaa laga helaa xeebaha Casbiya iyo cirifka waqooyi ee Khaliijka Faaris, halkaas oo Iiraan ay xuduud ka leedahay webiga [[Shatt al-Arab|Arvand]]. Bannaanlo yaryar oo aan isku xirneyn ayaa ku yaal inta kale ee xeebta Khaliijka Faaris, [[Strait of Hormuz|Marinka Hormuz]], iyo Khaliijka Cumaan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Iranian Student Organization (IrSO) |url=https://www.unl.edu/irso/geography |access-date=28 January 2024 |website= |archive-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128122610/https://www.unl.edu/irso/geography |url-status=live}}</ref> === Cimilada === {{main|Cimilada Iiraan}} [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map IRN present.svg|thumb|Khariidadda [[Köppen climate classification|noocyada cimilada]] ee Iiraan]] Cimilada Iiraan waa mid kala duwan, laga bilaabo [[Desert climate|engeg]] iyo [[semi-arid climate|nus-engeg]], ilaa [[subtropics|kuleyl-xigeen]] ka jira xeebta Casbiya iyo kaymaha waqooyiga.<ref name="HaftlangLang2003">{{cite book |author1=Kiyanoosh Kiyani Haftlang |author2=Kiyānūsh Kiyānī Haft Lang |title=The Book of Iran: A Survey of the Geography of Iran |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gecy7sqblqoC&pg=PA17 |year=2003 |publisher=Alhoda UK |isbn=978-964-94491-3-5 |page=17}}</ref> Cirifka waqooyi ee Iiraan, heerkulku dhif iyo naadir ayuu hoos ugu dhacaa dhibicda barafka (freezing), aaggaasna waa mid qoyan. Heerkulka xagaaga dhif ayuu ka sarreeyaa {{convert|29|°C|°F|1}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-Rainfall-Temperature-Sunshine-in-Iran |title=Weather and Climate: Iran, average monthly Rainfall, Sunshine, Temperature, Humidity, Wind Speed |newspaper=World Weather and Climate Information |access-date=29 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922105410/https://weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-Rainfall-Temperature-Sunshine-in-Iran |archive-date=22 September 2015}}</ref> Roobka sannadlaha ah waa {{convert|680|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} bannaanada bari iyo in ka badan {{convert|1700|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} dhanka galbeed. Isku-duwaha Qaramada Midoobay ee Iiraan ayaa sheegay in "[[Water scarcity|Biyo-yaraantu]] ay tahay caqabadda ugu weyn ee xagga amniga bini'aadamka ee maanta ka jirta Iiraan".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.yahoo.com/farming-reforms-offer-hope-irans-water-crisis-131227395.html |title=Farming reforms offer hope for Iran's water crisis |last1=Moghtader |first1=Michelle |date=3 August 2014 |agency=[[Reuters]] |access-date=4 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140807031853/http://news.yahoo.com/farming-reforms-offer-hope-irans-water-crisis-131227395.html |archive-date=7 August 2014}}</ref> Dhanka galbeed, deegaannada ku yaal dooxada Zagros waxay leeyihiin heerkul hoose iyo qaboobeyaal adag, oo leh baraf culus. Dooxooyinka bari iyo kuwa dhexe waa engeg, roobkuna wuxuu ka yaryahay {{convert|200|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}. Heerkulka xagaaga ee celceliska ah wuxuu gaari karaa {{convert|38|°C|1}}. Bannaanada xeebaha koonfureed ee Khaliijka Faaris iyo Khaliijka Cumaan waxay leeyihiin qaboobeyaal dhexdhexaad ah, iyo xagaayo aad u qoyan oo kulul. Roobka sannadlaha ah wuxuu u dhaxeeyaa {{convert|135|to|355|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Nagarajan2010">{{cite book |author=R. Nagarajan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x1505bxl0EkC&pg=PA383 |title=Drought Assessment |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2010 |isbn=978-90-481-2500-5 |page=383}}</ref> === Kala-duwanaanshaha Noolaha === {{See also|Duurjoogta Iiraan|Liiska jardiinooyinka qaranka Iiraan|Kaymaha Iiraan}} [[File:Persian Leopard sitting.jpg|thumb|[[Persian leopard|Libaax-badhka Faaris]], oo u dhashay [[Iranian Plateau|Dhul-sareedka Iiraan]]]] Ku dhowaad 60% Iiraan waa buuraley, in ka yar 10% na waa kaymo. Qiyaastii 120 milyan oo hektar oo kaymo iyo beero ah ayaa dawladdu leedahay. Kaymaha Iiraan waxaa loo qaybin karaa shan goobood: gobolka Hyrcanian oo ka kooban suunka cagaaran ee dhanka waqooyi; gobolka [[Turan]], oo u badan kuwo ku kala firirsan bartamaha Iiraan; gobolka [[Zagros Mountains|Zagros]], oo u badan kaymo geed-ballood (oak) ah dhanka galbeed; gobolka Khaliijka Faaris, oo ku kala firirsan suunka xeebta koonfureed; iyo gobolka [[Arasbaran|Arasbarani]], oo ay ku jiraan noocyo dhif ah. In ka badan 8,200 oo nooc oo [[plant|dhir]] ah ayaa ka baxa. Waxaa jira in ka badan 200 oo aag oo la ilaaliyo si loo dhowro duurjoogta, iyadoo in ka badan 30 ay yihiin [[national park|jardiinooyin qaran]]. Duurjoogta Iiraan waxaa ka mid ah 34 nooc oo fiidmeerta ah, [[Indian grey mongoose|shabeel-biyeedka Hindida]], [[golden jackal|dawaco-cas]], [[Indian wolf|yeyda]], [[fox|dawacooyinka]], [[striped hyena|waraabaha xariijimaha leh]], [[leopard|shabeelka]], [[brown bear|madax-madowga]] iyo [[Asian black bear|oromada madow ee Aasiya]]. Noocyada [[Ungulate|xayawaanka qofka leh]] waxaa ka mid ah [[wild boar|doofaarka duurka]], [[red deer|deerada cas]], iyo [[goitered gazelle|deerada goitered]].<ref name="Fast2005">{{cite book |author=April Fast |title=Iran: The Land |url=https://archive.org/details/iranland0000fast |year=2005 |publisher=Crabtree Publishing Company |isbn=978-0-7787-9315-1}}</ref> [[Asiatic cheetah|Shabeelka Aasiya]] ee khatarta weyn ugu jira dabar-goynta wuxuu ku haray oo kaliya Iiraan. Iiraan waxay weysay dhamaan [[Asiatic lion|libaaxyadii Aasiya]] iyo [[Caspian tiger|shabeel-dharihii Casbiya]] horraantii qarnigii 20-aad. Iiraan waxay hoy u tahay in ka badan 570 nooc oo shimbiraha ah sida [[pheasant]], [[partridge]], [[stork]], [[eagle|gorgorka]] iyo [[falcon|shaqrada]]. == Dawladda iyo Siyaasadda == {{Main|Dawladda Iiraan|Siyaasadda Iiraan}} === Hoggaamiyaha Sare === {{Main|Hoggaamiyaha Sare ee Iiraan}} {{Multiple image | direction = horizontal | align = right | caption_align = center | total_width = 320 | image1 = Emblem of Iran.svg | image2 = Masoud Pezeshkian 2025 (cropped).jpg | image3 = Mohammad Reza Aref, July 2025 (cropped).jpg | caption1 = ''Bannaan''<br /><small>[[Supreme Leader of Iran|Hoggaamiyaha Sare]] </small> | caption2 = [[Masoud Pezeshkian]]<br /><small>[[President of Iran|Madaxweynaha]] </small> | caption3 = [[Mohammad Reza Aref]]<br /><small>[[Vice President of Iran|Madaxweyne ku-xigeenka]] </small> }} [[File:Ayatollah Ali Khamenei met with Pakistani Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif 1404-3-10.jpg|thumb|Hoggaamiyaha Sare Ayatollah [[Ali Khamenei]] oo la jooga Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Pakistan [[Shehbaz Sharif]] 26-kii May 2025]] Hoggaamiyaha Sare,{{efn|{{langx|fa|رهبر معظم|Rahbar-e Moazam}}}} ama ''Rahbar'', waa [[head of state|madaxa dawladda]] waana qofka mas'uulka ka ah kormeerka siyaasadda. Madaxweynuhu wuxuu leeyahay awood xaddidan marka loo eego ''Rahbar''. Wasiiro muhiim ah ayaa lagu soo doortaa heshiiska ''Rahbar'', kaas oo leh go'aanka ugu dambeeya ee siyaasadda dibadda.<ref name="reuters.com">{{cite news |date=8 January 2018 |title=In jab at rivals, Rouhani says Iran protests about more than economy |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-rallies-rouhani/in-jab-at-hardliners-rouhani-says-iran-protests-were-not-only-economic-idUSKBN1EX0S9 |newspaper=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> ''Rahbar'' wuxuu si toos ah ugu lug leeyahay magacaabista wasiirrada gaashaandhigga, sirdoonka iyo arrimaha dibadda. ''Rahbar'' wuxuu si toos ah u xukumaa siyaasadda gobolka. Safiirada loo diro dalalka Carabta, tusaale ahaan, waxaa soo doorta [[Quds Force|Ciidanka Quds]], kuwaas oo si toos ah ugu warbixiya Rahbar.<ref name="english.aawsat.com">{{cite web |last=Al-awsat |first=Asharq |date=25 September 2017 |title=Khamenei Orders New Supervisory Body to Curtail Government |url=https://english.aawsat.com/amir-taheri/features/khamenei-orders-new-supervisory-body-curtail-government}}</ref> ''Rahbar'' wuxuu amri karaa in sharciyada la beddelo. [[Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order|Setad]], oo ah shirkad dawladu leedahay oo hoos timaada ''Rahbar'', ayaa lagu qiimeeyay $95 bilyan sannadkii 2013, xisaabaadkeeduna waa sir xitaa [[Iranian parliament|baarlamaanka]] laguma soo bandhigo. ''Rahbar'' waa [[commander-in-chief|taliyaha guud]] ee [[Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran|Ciidanka Qalabka Sida]], wuxuu xukumaa sirdoonka milatariga iyo hawlgallada amniga, wuxuuna leeyahay awoodda kaliya ee uu ku iclaamin karo dagaal ama nabad. ''Rahbar'' wuxuu sidoo kale magacaabaa madaxda garsoorka, shabakadaha raadiyaha iyo telefishinka dawladda, taliyayaasha booliska iyo milatariga, iyo xubnaha [[Guardian Council|Golaha Ilaalada]]. [[Assembly of Experts|Golaha Khubarada]] ayaa mas'uul ka ah doorashada ''Rahbar'' waxayna leeyihiin awood ay xilka kaga qaadaan. Ilaa iyo hadda, Golaha Khubarada ma tartamin go'aan kasta oo ''Rahbar'' uu gaaray, ismana isku dayin inay xilka ka qaadaan. Qaar badan ayaa raba inay aamminsan yihiin in Golaha Khubarada uu noqday gole maamuus oo kaliya oo aan lahayn awood dhab ah. Nidaamka siyaasadeed wuxuu ku saleysan yahay [[Constitution of Iran|dastuurka dalka]]. Sida laga soo xigtay tusmooyinka caalamiga ah, Iiraan waxay ku jirtaa heer hoose xagga cabbirada dimuqraadiyadda, gaar ahaan sinnaanta ragga iyo haweenka, xorriyadda ururrada, iyo xorriyadda hadalka. === Madaxweynaha === {{Main|Madaxweynaha Iiraan}} [[File:Presidential Administration of Iran building.jpg|thumb|Albaabka laga galo madaxtooyada Iiraan, halkaas oo golaha wasiiradu ku kulmaan]] Madaxweynuhu waa [[head of government|madaxa xukuumadda]] iyo maamulka labaad ee ugu sarreeya Hoggaamiyaha Sare ka dib. Madaxweynaha waxaa lagu soo doortaa [[universal suffrage|codbixin guud]] muddo 4 sanno ah. Doorashada ka hor, musharraxiinta waa inay oggolaansho ka helaan [[Guardian Council|Golaha Ilaalada]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2024 |title=Council of Guardians {{!}} Definition, Role, Selection, & History |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Council-of-Guardians |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> Madaxweynaha waxaa dib loo dooran karaa hal mar oo kaliya. Madaxweynuhu waa guddoomiyaha [[Supreme National Security Council|Golaha Amniga Qaranka]], wuxuuna leeyahay awood uu ku iclaamiyo [[state of emergency|xaalad degdeg ah]] ka dib marka baarlamaanku ansixiyo. Madaxweynuhu wuxuu mas'uul ka yahay dhaqangelinta dastuurka iyo fulinta go'aannada iyo siyaasadaha guud ee uu qeexay ''Rahbar'', marka laga reebo arrimaha si toos ah ugu xiran ''Rahbar''. Madaxweynuhu wuxuu magacaabaa wasiirrada, iyadoo ay ku xiran tahay ansixinta Baarlamaanka iyo ''Rahbar'', kaas oo eryi kara ama dib u soo celin kara wasiir kasta. Sideed madaxweyne ku-xigeen ayaa hoos timaada madaxweynaha, iyo sidoo kale gole wasiirro oo ka kooban 22 wasiir. === Golaha Ilaalada === {{Main|Golaha Ilaalada}} Musharraxiinta madaxweynaha iyo baarlamaanka waa in ay ansixiyaan 12-ka xubnood ee Golaha Ilaalada (dhammaan xubnahooda waxaa magacaaba Hoggaamiyaha Sare) ka hor inta aysan u tartamin xilka si loo xaqiijiyo daacadnimadooda.<ref>{{cite book |author=Chibli Mallat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5oB4_tohQegC |title=The Renewal of Islamic Law |date=2004 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]}}</ref> Hoggaamiyaha Sare wuxuu ka noqon karaa go'aannada Golaha Ilaalada. Dastuurku wuxuu siinayaa golaha saddex waajibaad: awoodda diidmada (veto) ee sharciyada uu soo saaro [[Majlis of Iran|baarlamaanka]], kormeerka doorashooyinka, iyo ansixinta ama ka saarista musharraxiinta u tartamaya doorashooyinka maxalliga ah, baarlamaanka, madaxtooyada, ama Golaha Khubarada. Goluhu wuxuu burin karaa sharci kasta haddii uu ka soo horjeedo [[sharia|shariicada Islaamka]] ama dastuurka. === Ciidanka === {{Main|Military history of Iran}} [[File:Sejjil missile launch - November 2008 (21).jpg|thumb|upright=.7|[[Medium-range ballistic missile|MRBM]] [[Sejjil]]. Iiraan waa quwadda 6-aad ee [[Ballistic missile|gantaalaha]] adduunka, waana dalka 5-aad ee caalamka ee leh farsamada [[Hypersonic missile|gantaalaha haaybarsanik-ga]]]] Ciidanka waxaa loo qaabeeyey qaab midaysan, kaas oo ah [[Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces]], oo ka kooban [[Islamic Republic of Iran Army]], oo ay ku jiraan [[Islamic Republic of Iran Army Ground Forces|Ciidanka Dhulka]], [[Islamic Republic of Iran Air Defense Force|Ciidanka Difaaca Cirka]], [[Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force|Ciidanka Cirka]], iyo [[Islamic Republic of Iran Navy|Ciidanka Badda]]; iyo [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]], oo ka kooban [[Islamic Republic of Iran Revolutionary Guard Corps Ground Forces|Ciidanka Dhulka]], [[Islamic Republic of Iran Revolutionary Guard Corps Aerospace Force|Ciidanka Hawada Sare]], [[Islamic Republic of Iran Revolutionary Guard Corps Navy|Ciidanka Badda]], [[Quds Force]], iyo [[Basij]]; iyo sidoo kale [[Police Command of the Islamic Republic of Iran|Taliska Booliska]] (Faraja), kaas oo qabta shaqo u dhiganta [[Gendarmerie|jandarmaari]]. In kasta oo IRIAF ay ilaaliso madaxbannaanida dalka qaab dhaqameed, IRGC waxaa loo xilsaaray inay sugto hufnaanta Jamhuuriyadda kana hortagto faragelinta shisheeye, afgembiyaasha, iyo rabshadaha gudaha.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7064353.stm "Profile: Iran's Revolutionary Guards"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227172931/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7064353.stm|date=27 December 2008}}. [[BBC News]]. 18 October 2009.</ref> Sanadkii 2019, Mareykanka oo uu hoggaaminayo [[Donald Trump|Madaxweyne Donald Trump]] ayaa si rasmi ah ugu calaamadiyay Ilaalada Kacaanka urur argagixiso shisheeye. Waa markii ugu horreysay oo qayb ka mid ah dawlad shisheeye loo aqoonsado urur argagixiso.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-to-designate-iranian-guard-corps-a-foreign-terrorist-organization-11554499401|title=U.S. to Designate Iranian Guard Corps a Foreign Terror Group|last1=Gordon|first1=Michael R.|date=5 April 2019|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=7 April 2019|last2=Strobel|first2=Warren P.|language=en-US|issn=0099-9660|last3=Youssef|first3=Nancy A.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/label-iran-revolutionary-guard-corps-terrorist-group-190406061535338.html|title=US 'to label Iran's Revolutionary Guard Corps a terrorist group'|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref> [[Conscription in Iran|Tan iyo 1925]], dhammaan muwaadiniinta labka ah ee jira 18 sano waa inay u adeegaan qiyaastii 14 bilood IRIAF ama IRGC.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2024 |script-title=fa:اخبار سیاسی ۲۶ اسفند؛ کمک رهبرانقلاب به زندانیان نیازمند/تایید کاهش مدت سربازی |url=https://www.isna.ir/news/1402122618464/اخبار-سیاسی-۲۶-اسفند-کمک-رهبرانقلاب-به-زندانیان-نیازمند-تایید |access-date=16 March 2024 |website= |language=fa |archive-date=16 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316122351/https://www.isna.ir/news/1402122618464/اخبار-سیاسی-۲۶-اسفند-کمک-رهبرانقلاب-به-زندانیان-نیازمند-تایید |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2024 |script-title=fa:تایید مصوبه کاهش مدت سربازی در شورای نگهبان |url=https://www.ekhtebar.ir/تایید-مصوبه-کاهش-مدت-سربازی-در-شورای-نگ/ |access-date=16 March 2024 |website= |language=fa-IR |archive-date=16 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316171553/https://www.ekhtebar.ir/تایید-مصوبه-کاهش-مدت-سربازی-در-شورای-نگ/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Iiraan waxay leedahay in ka badan 610,000 oo askari oo firfircoon iyo qiyaastii 350,000 oo kayd ah, taas oo ka dhigan ugu yaraan in ka badan hal milyan oo shaqaale ciidan ah, waana mid ka mid ah [[List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel|boqolleyda ugu sarreysa ee muwaadiniinta leh tababarka ciidan]] ee adduunka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hussain |first=Murtaza |title=Why war with Iran would spell disaster |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2012/9/12/why-war-with-iran-would-spell-disaster |access-date=15 March 2024 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=29 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229012940/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2012/9/12/why-war-with-iran-would-spell-disaster |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Seth G. |chapter=Regular Military Power |pages=19–27 |jstor=resrep29480.7 |jstor-access=free |title=Containing Tehran: Understanding Iran's Power and Exploiting Its Vulnerabilities |date=2020 |publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies |isbn=978-1-4422-8149-3}}</ref> Basij, oo ah maleeshiyo iskaa wax u qabso ah oo ka tirsan IRGC, waxay leedahay in ka badan 20 milyan oo xubnood, kuwaas oo 600,000 ay diyaar u yihiin u yeeritaan degdeg ah, 300,000 oo kayd ah, iyo hal milyan oo la abaabuli karo markii loo baahdo.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=fa:ارتش بیست میلیونی |url=http://www.imam-khomeini.ir/fa/n151194/ارتش_بیست_میلیونی |access-date=15 March 2024 |website= |archive-date=15 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315102527/http://www.imam-khomeini.ir/fa/n151194/ارتش_بیست_میلیونی |url-status=live}}</ref> Faraja, oo ah ciidanka booliska ee Iiraan, waxay leedahay in ka badan 260,000 oo shaqaale firfircoon. Inta badan hay'adaha tirakoobka kuma daraan Basij iyo Faraja warbixinadooda qiimeynta. Iiraan waxay ku jirtaa kaalinta 7-aad ee tirada ciidamada firfircoon<ref>{{Cite web |author=Sinéad Baker |author2=Thibault Spirlet |title=The world's most powerful militaries in 2023, ranked |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/ranked-world-most-powerful-militaries-2023-firepower-us-china-russia-2023-5 |access-date=28 December 2023 |website=[[Business Insider]] |language=en-US |archive-date=24 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224124226/https://www.businessinsider.com/ranked-world-most-powerful-militaries-2023-firepower-us-china-russia-2023-5 |url-status=live}}</ref> iyo kaalinta 9-aad ee baaxadda ciidamada dhulka iyo kuwa gaashaaman. Ciidamada qalabka sida ee Iiraan ayaa ah kuwa ugu weyn Galbeedka Aasiya, waxayna ka kooban yihiin raxan diyaaradaha qumman ee ugu weyn Bariga Dhexe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Ghorbani: Iran helicopter fleet, strongest in Middle East |url=http://iranpress.com/aliaspage/7560 |access-date=24 December 2023 |website=Iran Press |language=en |archive-date=24 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224125731/https://iranpress.com/aliaspage/7560 |url-status=live}}</ref> Iiraan waxay ka mid tahay 15-ka waddan ee ugu sarreeya dhinaca miisaaniyadda ciidanka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2022 |title=Iran Boosts Military Budget To Stand Among Top 15 |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202204261827 |access-date=10 December 2023 |website=Iran International |archive-date=10 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210121648/https://www.iranintl.com/en/202204261827 |url-status=live}}</ref> Sanadkii 2021, kharashka milatariga ayaa kordhay markii ugu horreysay muddo afar sano ah, isagoo gaaray $24.6 bilyan, taas oo ah 2.3% wax soo saarka guud ee dalka (GDP).<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2023 |title=Iran Military Spending=Defense Budget 1960–2023 |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/IRN/iran/military-spending-defense-budget |access-date=10 December 2023 |website=Macrotrends |archive-date=10 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210121648/https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/IRN/iran/military-spending-defense-budget |url-status=live}}</ref> Tan iyo kacaankii Islaamiga ahaa, si ay uga gudubto cunaqabateynta dibadda, Iiraan waxay horumarisay warshado milatari oo gudaha ah oo awood u leh inay soo saaraan [[tank]]-yo, [[armoured personnel carrier|gaadiidka gaashaaman ee ciidanka]], [[missile|gantaalo]], [[submarine|maraakiibta quusta]], [[Iranian frigate Jamaran|markabka gantaalaha xambaara]], nidaamyada [[radar]]-ka, [[helicopter|diyaaradaha qumman]], [[Navy|maraakiibta dagaalka]], iyo [[fighter aircraft|diyaaradaha dagaalka]].<ref name="AskariMohseni2010">{{cite book |author1=Hossein Askari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GxdtLyJZxDUC&pg=PA93 |title=The Militarization of the Persian Gulf: An Economic Analysis |author2=Amin Mohseni |author3=Shahrzad Daneshvar |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-84980-186-7 |page=93}}</ref> Sidaas darteed, Iiraan waxay leedahay arsenal-ka ugu weyn uguna kala duwan ee [[ballistic missile|gantaalaha balastikada]] ee Bariga Dhexe, waana dalka 5-aad ee adduunka ee leh farsamada [[Hypersonic missile|gantaalaha haaybarsanik-ga]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Motamedi |first=Maziar |date=6 June 2023 |title=Fattah: Iran unveils its first hypersonic missile |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/6/fattah-iran-unveils-its-first-hypersonic-missile |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |access-date=6 December 2023 |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606223808/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/6/fattah-iran-unveils-its-first-hypersonic-missile |url-status=live}}</ref> Iiraan waxay sidoo kale naqshadaysaa oo soo saartaa noocyo kala duwan oo [[unmanned aerial vehicle|diyaaradaha aan duuliyaha lahayn]] (UAV). Sidoo kale waa mid ka mid ah shanta waddan ee adduunka ee leh awoodda [[cyberwarfare|dagaalka internetka]]. === Barnaamijka Nukliyeerka === {{Main|Nuclear program of Iran}} Barnaamijka nukliyeerka ee Iiraan wuxuu soo bilaabmay 1950-meeyadii.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2007 |title=An atomic threat made in America |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/nation-world/chi-061209atoms-day1-story-htmlstory.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405050620/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-061209atoms-day1-story,0,2034260.htmlstory |archive-date=5 April 2014 |access-date=28 December 2023 |website=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}</ref> Iiraan waxay dib u soo noolaysay kacaankii Islaamiga ka dib, barnaamijkeeda kobcinta nukliyeerka wuxuu noqday mawduuc laga yeesho wada xaajoodyo caalami ah oo xooggan iyo cunaqabateyn.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2012 |title=Iran's Nuclear Program – Council on Foreign Relations |work=Council on Foreign Relations |url=http://www.cfr.org/iran/irans-nuclear-program/p16811 |access-date=1 May 2024 |archive-date=20 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220182315/http://www.cfr.org/iran/irans-nuclear-program/p16811}}</ref> Sanadkii 2015, Iiraan iyo [[P5+1]] waxay ku heshiiyeen [[Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action|Heshiiska Nukliyeerka]], ujeedkiisuna ahaa in la soo afjaro cunaqabateynta dhaqaale beddelkeedana la xaddido soo saarista [[enriched uranium|yuraaniyamka la kobciyey]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran Deal |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/node/328996 |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=The White House |language=en |archive-date=27 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427112948/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/node/328996 |url-status=live}}</ref> Si kasta ha ahaatee, 2018-kii, [[United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action|Mareykanka ayaa isaga baxay]] heshiiska intii uu jiray maamulkii Trump, waxaana dib loogu soo rogay cunaqabateyn. Tan waxaa kala kulmay iska caabin Iiraan iyo xubnaha kale ee P5+1.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fox |first=Kara |date=8 May 2018 |title=European leaders 'disappointed' in Trump's withdrawal from Iran deal |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/08/europe/iran-deal-world-leaders-react/index.html |access-date=1 May 2024 |publisher=[[CNN]] |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501174028/https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/08/europe/iran-deal-world-leaders-react/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Sanad ka dib, Iiraan waxay bilowday inay dhimto u hoggaansanaanteeda heshiiska. Markay ahayd 2020, Iiraan waxay ku dhawaaqday inaysan dhowri doonin wax xaddidid ah oo uu dhigayo heshiisku.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2020 |title=Iran abandons enrichment limits in further step back from nuclear deal |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20200105-iran-abandons-enrichment-limits-in-further-step-back-from-nuclear-deal |access-date=1 May 2024 |publisher=[[France 24]] |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501174027/https://www.france24.com/en/20200105-iran-abandons-enrichment-limits-in-further-step-back-from-nuclear-deal |url-status=live}}</ref> Guulaha tan iyo markaas laga gaaray waxay Iiraan keeneen meel u dhow heerka loogu yeero [[Nuclear latency|marinka nukliyeerka]]. === Saamaynta Gobolka === {{Main|Iranian influence in Lebanon|Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war|Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)}} [[File:Iranian Influence (2).png|thumb|Iiraan iyo [[sphere of influence|aagga saamaynteeda]]]] Saamaynta muuqata ee Iiraan waxaa mararka qaarkood lagu sifeeyaa "Bilowga Boqortooyada Cusub ee Faaris".<ref>{{Cite news |author=Fereydoun Khavand |date=14 September 2017 |title=Are We Witnessing The Dawn Of A New Persian Empire? |work=Radio Farda |url=https://en.radiofarda.com/a/iran-influence-in-middle-east-new-empire/28735042.html |access-date=31 January 2024}}</ref> Qaar ka mid ah falanqeeyayaasha ayaa saamaynta Iiraan la xiriiriya dhaxalka qaran ee dalka, [[Achaemenid Empire|boqortooyadii]] hore iyo [[History of Iran|taariikhda]] qani ah ee ay leedahay. Kacaanka ka dib, Iran waxay kordhisay saamaynta ay ku leedahay gobolka iyo dibaddaba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2015 |title=The Challenge of Iran |url=https://iranprimer.usip.org/resource/challenge-iran |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=[[United States Institute of Peace]] |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174231/https://iranprimer.usip.org/resource/challenge-iran}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran, a Geopolitical Player in the Middle East |url=https://www.iemed.org/publication/iran-a-geopolitical-player-in-the-middle-east/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |website= |language=en-US |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174232/https://www.iemed.org/publication/iran-a-geopolitical-player-in-the-middle-east/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=G. P. F. |date=16 February 2018 |title=Iranian Expansion Spreads Beyond the Middle East |url=https://geopoliticalfutures.com/iranian-expansion-spreads-beyond-middle-east/ |access-date=31 January 2024 |website=Geopolitical Futures |language=en-US |archive-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131115020/https://geopoliticalfutures.com/iranian-expansion-spreads-beyond-middle-east/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New report reveals extent of Iran's growing Middle East influence |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/11/7/new-report-reveals-extent-of-irans-growing-middle-east-influence |access-date=31 January 2024 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131115020/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/11/7/new-report-reveals-extent-of-irans-growing-middle-east-influence |url-status=live}}</ref> Waxay dhistay ciidamo millatari oo leh shabakad ballaaran oo ka kooban xubno dawladeed iyo kuwo aan dawli ahayn, laga bilaabo Xisbullah ee Lubnaan sanadkii 1982.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kane |first=J. Robert |year=2018 |title=A Life Cycle Analysis of Hezbollah: Where the Group Came from and Where It Is Going |journal=American Intelligence Journal |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=67–73 |jstor=26566567}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hezbollah's Record on War & Politics |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/hezbollahs-record-war-politics |access-date=30 January 2024 |website= |date=25 October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131093311/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/hezbollahs-record-war-politics |url-status=live}}</ref> Ciidanka Ilaalada Kacaanka ee IRGC ayaa fure u ahaa saamaynta Iran, iyadoo loo marayo Cududda Quds.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 April 2019 |title=Profile: Iran's Revolutionary Guards |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-47852262 |access-date=30 January 2024 |language=en-GB |archive-date=16 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316054026/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-47852262 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hezbollah's Regional Activities in Support of Iran's Proxy Networks |url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/hezbollahs-regional-activities-support-irans-proxy-networks |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=[[Middle East Institute]] |language=en |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513224544/https://www.mei.edu/publications/hezbollahs-regional-activities-support-irans-proxy-networks |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=DeVore |first=Marc R. |year=2012 |title=Exploring the Iran-Hezbollah Relationship: A Case Study of how State Sponsorship affects Terrorist Group Decision-Making |journal=Perspectives on Terrorism |volume=6 |issue=4/5 |pages=85–107 |jstor=26296878}}</ref> Deganaansho la'aanta Lubnaan (laga bilaabo 1980-meeyadii),<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kliot |first=N. |year=1987 |title=The Collapse of the Lebanese State |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=54–74 |doi=10.1080/00263208708700688 |jstor=4283154}}</ref> Ciraaq (laga bilaabo 2003)<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 March 2023 |title=War, insurgency, IS and instability: Iraq since the 2003 US invasion |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/19/war-insurgency-is-and-instability-iraq-since-the-2003-us-invasion |access-date=30 January 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> iyo Yemen (laga bilaabo 2014)<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2023 |title=The Saudi-led War in Yemen: Frequently Asked Questions {{!}} Friends Committee On National Legislation |url=https://www.fcnl.org/issues/middle-east-iran/saudi-led-war-yemen-frequently-asked-questions |access-date=30 January 2024 |website= |language=en |archive-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128135958/https://www.fcnl.org/issues/middle-east-iran/saudi-led-war-yemen-frequently-asked-questions |url-status=live}}</ref> waxay Iran u ogolaatay inay dhisto xulafo xooggan iyo saldhigyo ka baxsan xuduudaheeda. Iran waxay saamayn weyn ku lahayd adeegyada bulshada, waxbarashada, dhaqaalaha iyo siyaasadda Lubnaan,<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor=resrep20960.6 |title=Hezbollah's Intervention in the Syrian Conflict |last1=Ali |first1=Mohanad Hage |journal=Power Points Defining the Syria-Hezbollah Relationship |date=30 January 2024 |pages=8–13 |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Akbar |first=Ali |date=8 August 2023 |title=Iran's soft power in the Middle East via the promotion of the Persian language |journal=Contemporary Politics |language=en |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=424–445 |doi=10.1080/13569775.2023.2169305 |issn=1356-9775 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lubnaanna waxay Iran siisaa marin ay ka gasho [[Badda Mediterranean-ka]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tehran's Corridor to the Mediterranean Sea – EUROPolitika |url=https://www.europolitika.com/tehrans-corridor-to-the-mediterranean-sea/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |language=tr |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174232/https://www.europolitika.com/tehrans-corridor-to-the-mediterranean-sea/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2023 |title=Iran Threatens Mediterranean Closure Over Gaza Without Saying How |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/iran-threatens-mediterranean-closure-over-gaza-without-saying-how/7409793.html |access-date=30 January 2024 |publisher=Voice of America |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174231/https://www.voanews.com/a/iran-threatens-mediterranean-closure-over-gaza-without-saying-how/7409793.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Guulaha istiraatiijiyadeed ee Xisbullah ay ka gaartay Israa'iil, sida guushii calaamadda u ahayd intii uu socday [[Dagaalkii Lubnaan ee 2006|Dagaalkii 2006 ee Israa'iil iyo Xisbullah]], waxay sare u qaaday saamaynta Iran ee [[Levant]] waxayna xoojisay soo jiidashadeeda guud ahaan [[Dunida Islaamka]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran Thrives In The Levant On Weakened States Threatened By Sunni Radicalism |url=https://www.hoover.org/research/iranian-corridor-middle-east-geopolitics-sectarianism-and-economic-integration |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=Hoover Institution |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174230/https://www.hoover.org/research/iranian-corridor-middle-east-geopolitics-sectarianism-and-economic-integration |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA560123 |title=How to Contain Iranian Influence in the Levant |language=en |access-date=30 January 2024 |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174232/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA560123 |url-status=live}}</ref> Duulaankii [[Duulaankii Ciraaq ee 2003|Mareykanka ee Ciraaq sanadkii 2003]] iyo imaatinkii [[Dawladda Islaamka|ISIS]] badhtamihii 2010-yadii ka dib, Iran waxay maalgelisay oo tababartay kooxo maleeshiyo ah oo Ciraaq jooga.<ref name="Institute for the Study of War">{{Cite web |title=Institute for the Study of War |url=http://dev-isw.bivings.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325065358/https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-march-24 |archive-date=25 March 2022 |access-date=23 March 2024 |website=Institute for the Study of War |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Luca Nevola |author2=Miran Feyli |date=23 May 2023 |title=The Muqawama and Its Enemies: Shifting Patterns in Iran-Backed Shiite Militia Activity in Iraq |url=https://acleddata.com/2023/05/23/the-muqawama-and-its-enemies-shifting-patterns-in-iran-backed-shiite-militia-activity-in-iraq/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=ACLED |language=en-US |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174231/https://acleddata.com/2023/05/23/the-muqawama-and-its-enemies-shifting-patterns-in-iran-backed-shiite-militia-activity-in-iraq/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Crispin Smith |author2=Michael Knights |date=20 March 2023 |title=Remaking Iraq: How Iranian-Backed Militias Captured the Country |url=https://www.justsecurity.org/85566/remaking-iraq-how-iranian-backed-militias-captured-the-country/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=Just Security |language=en-US |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174230/https://www.justsecurity.org/85566/remaking-iraq-how-iranian-backed-militias-captured-the-country/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Dagaalkii Iran iyo Ciraaq iyo dhicitaankii [[Saddam Hussein]] ka dib, Iran waxay qaabaysay siyaasadda Ciraaq.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Much Influence Does Iran Have in Iraq? |url=https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/how-much-influence-does-iran-have-iraq |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=Council on Foreign Relations |language=en |archive-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330011242/https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/how-much-influence-does-iran-have-iraq |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran is still the main foreign power in Iraq |url=https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/iran-is-still-the-main-foreign-power-in-iraq-121476 |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=ISPI |language=en-US |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130175734/https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/iran-is-still-the-main-foreign-power-in-iraq-121476 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Motamedi |first=Maziar |title=Where does Iran stand on neighbouring Iraq's political turmoil? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/8/31/where-does-iran-stand-on-neighbouring-iraqs-political-turmoil |access-date=30 January 2024 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174230/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/8/31/where-does-iran-stand-on-neighbouring-iraqs-political-turmoil |url-status=live}}</ref> Ka dib halgankii Ciraaq ee ka dhanka ahaa ISIS ee 2014, shirkado lala xiriiriyo IRGC sida [[Khatam-al Anbiya Construction Headquarters|Khatam al-Anbiya]], waxay bilaabeen inay dhisaan waddooyin, xarumo koronto, hoteello iyo ganacsiyo Ciraaq dhexdeeda ah, iyagoo abuuray marin dhaqaale oo ku kacaya qiyaastii $9 bilyan ka hor [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=fa:افزایش صادرات ایران به عراق تا 9 میلیارد دلار/ در تجارت با منطقه جایگاه مناسبی نداریم |url=https://khabarfarsi.com/u/111389054 |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=KhabarFarsi.com |language=fa |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174231/https://khabarfarsi.com/u/111389054 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Achaemenid Empire 500 BCE.jpg|thumb|Boqortooyadii Achaemenid sanadkii 500 BC]] Intii uu socday [[Dagaalkii sokeeye ee Yemen (2014–ilaa hadda)|Dagaalkii sokeeye ee Yemen]] Iran waxay taageero millatari siisay Xuutiyiinta,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Houthis, Iran, and tensions in the Red Sea |url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/houthis-iran-and-tensions-red-sea |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=Middle East Institute |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174230/https://www.mei.edu/publications/houthis-iran-and-tensions-red-sea |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2021 |title=How Iran Helped Houthis Expand Their Reach |url=https://warontherocks.com/2021/08/how-iran-helped-houthis-expand-their-reach/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=War on the Rocks |language=en-US |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174230/https://warontherocks.com/2021/08/how-iran-helped-houthis-expand-their-reach/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lester |first=Stephanie |date=19 December 2019 |title=Media Guide: Iran and the Yemeni Civil War |url=http://www.us-iran.org/resources/2019/12/19/media-guide-iran-and-the-yemeni-civil-war |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=American Iranian Council |language=en-US |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174230/http://www.us-iran.org/resources/2019/12/19/media-guide-iran-and-the-yemeni-civil-war |url-status=live}}</ref> oo ah dhaqdhaqaaq Shiico [[Zaydism|Zaydi]] ah oo la dagaalamayay dawladda [[Sunni Islam|Sunniga]] ee Yemen ilaa 2004,<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 2023 |title=5 Things to Know About the Houthis, Their Attacks on Israel and the U.S., and Their Treatment of Yemen's Jews {{!}} AJC |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/5-things-to-know-about-the-houthis-their-attacks-on-israel-and-the-us-and-their-treatment-of |access-date=30 January 2024 |website= |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174230/https://www.ajc.org/news/5-things-to-know-about-the-houthis-their-attacks-on-israel-and-the-us-and-their-treatment-of |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ignatius |first=David |date=16 January 2024 |title=Opinion {{!}} The Houthis sink an arrow into the West's Achilles' heel |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2024/01/16/red-sea-houthis-supply-chain-disruption/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=17 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117171545/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2024/01/16/red-sea-houthis-supply-chain-disruption/ |url-status=live}}</ref> kuwaas oo helay [[Xiisadda Badda Cas|awood ballaaran]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yemen's Houthi rebels seize cargo ship in Red Sea |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/19/yemens-houthi-rebels-seize-cargo-ship-in-red-sea-israel-blames-iran |access-date=23 March 2024 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324024030/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/19/yemens-houthi-rebels-seize-cargo-ship-in-red-sea-israel-blames-iran |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2024 |title=A ship earlier hit by Yemen's Houthi rebels sinks in the Red Sea, the first vessel lost in conflict |url=https://apnews.com/article/yemen-houthi-rebels-rubymar-sinks-red-sea-fb64a490ce935756337ee3606e15d093 |access-date=23 March 2024 |website=[[AP News]] |language=en |archive-date=23 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323071241/https://apnews.com/article/yemen-houthi-rebels-rubymar-sinks-red-sea-fb64a490ce935756337ee3606e15d093 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Clinch |first=first=Matt |date=25 March 2022 |title=Yemen's Houthis claim attack on Aramco facility after reports of a huge fire in Saudi city of Jeddah |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/03/25/reports-of-huge-fire-at-aramco-oil-facility-in-saudi-arabia.html |access-date=23 March 2024 |publisher=[[CNBC]] |language=en |archive-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326083516/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/03/25/reports-of-huge-fire-at-aramco-oil-facility-in-saudi-arabia.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Iran waxay saamayn weyn ku leedahay Afgaanistaan iyada oo loo marayo kooxaha maleeshiyada ah sida [[Liwa Fatemiyoun|Qaybta Fatemiyoun]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2018 |title=Mission Accomplished? What's Next for Iran's Afghan Fighters in Syria |url=https://warontherocks.com/2018/02/mission-accomplished-whats-next-irans-afghan-fighters-syria/ |access-date=25 March 2024 |website=War on the Rocks |language=en-US |archive-date=14 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514235532/https://warontherocks.com/2018/02/mission-accomplished-whats-next-irans-afghan-fighters-syria/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2021 |title=Iran's Tricky Balancing Act in Afghanistan |url=https://warontherocks.com/2021/07/irans-tricky-balancing-act-in-afghanistan/ |access-date=25 March 2024 |website=War on the Rocks |language=en-US |archive-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322050754/https://warontherocks.com/2021/07/irans-tricky-balancing-act-in-afghanistan/ |url-status=live}}</ref> iyo [[Xisbullah Afgaanistaan]]<ref>{{cite web |author1=Ari Heistein |author2=James West |date=20 November 2015 |title=Syria's Other Foreign Fighters: Iran's Afghan and Pakistani Mercenaries |url=https://nationalinterest.org/feature/syrias-other-foreign-fighters-irans-afghan-pakistani-14400 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=National Interest}}</ref><ref name="aijac">{{cite web |author=Oved Lobel |date=16 November 2018 |title=Afghanistan: The Forgotten Front Against Iran |url=https://aijac.org.au/fresh-air/afghanistan-the-forgotten-front-against-iran/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=aijac.org}}</ref> iyo sidoo kale Pakistan iyada oo loo marayo kooxaha maleeshiyada ah sida [[Liwa Zainabiyoun|Guutada Zainabiyoun]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2016 |title=Meet the Zainebiyoun Brigade: An Iranian Backed Pakistani Shia Militia Fighting in Syria – The OSINT Blog |work=The OSINT Blog |url=https://theosintblog.com/2016/04/28/meet-the-zainebiyoun-brigade-an-iranian-backed-pakistani-shia-militia-fighting-in-syria/ |access-date=25 March 2024 |archive-date=2 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502213753/https://theosintblog.com/2016/04/28/meet-the-zainebiyoun-brigade-an-iranian-backed-pakistani-shia-militia-fighting-in-syria/ |url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> iyo [[Sipah-e-Muhammad Pakistan]].<ref name="pakistantoday.com.pk">{{Cite web |title='200 Iranian-trained Sipah-e-Muhammad activists hunting down ASWJ workers' |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/05/26/%E2%80%98200-iranian-trained-sipah-e-muhammad-activists-hunting-down-aswj-workers%E2%80%99/ |access-date=2018-07-26 |website=www.pakistantoday.com.pk |language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726135021/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/05/26/%E2%80%98200-iranian-trained-sipah-e-muhammad-activists-hunting-down-aswj-workers%E2%80%99/|archive-date=2018-07-26}}</ref> Suuriya dhexdeeda, Iran waxay taageertay Madaxweyne [[Bashar al-Assad]];<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Terrill |first=W. Andrew |year=2015 |title=Iran's Strategy for Saving Asad |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_middle-east-journal_spring-2015_69_2/page/222 |journal=Middle East Journal |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=222–236 |doi=10.3751/69.2.1 |jstor=43698235}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2012 |title=Iran's Evolving Policy on Syria |url=https://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2012/jul/30/iran%E2%80%99s-evolving-policy-syria |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=[[United States Institute of Peace]] |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174231/https://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2012/jul/30/iran%E2%80%99s-evolving-policy-syria}}</ref> labada waddan waxay ahaayeen xulafo muddo dheer soo jiray.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Samii |first=Abbas William |year=2008 |title=A Stable Structure on Shifting Sands: Assessing the Hizbullah-Iran-Syria Relationship |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_middle-east-journal_winter-2008_62_1/page/32 |journal=Middle East Journal |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=32–53 |doi=10.3751/62.1.12 |jstor=25482471}}</ref><ref name="Institute for the Study of War"/> Iran waxay taageero millatari iyo dhaqaale oo weyn siisay dawladda Assad,<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2023 |title=Why is Iran Involved in Syria: A Look at Multifaceted Reasons |work=Best Diplomats &#124; New York |url=https://bestdiplomats.org/why-is-iran-involved-in-syria/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |language=en-US |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174231/https://bestdiplomats.org/why-is-iran-involved-in-syria/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran Update, September 20, 2023 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/iran-update-september-20-2023 |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=Critical Threats |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174232/https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/iran-update-september-20-2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> sidaas darteed waxay saldhig weyn ku lahayd Suuriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=After 7 years of war, Assad has won in Syria. What's next for Washington? |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/after-7-years-of-war-assad-has-won-in-syria-whats-next-for-washington/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=Brookings |language=en-US |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174231/https://www.brookings.edu/articles/after-7-years-of-war-assad-has-won-in-syria-whats-next-for-washington/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Syria's Stalemate Has Only Benefitted Assad and His Backers |url=https://www.usip.org/publications/2023/03/syrias-stalemate-has-only-benefitted-assad-and-his-backers |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=United States Institute of Peace |language=en |archive-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318081024/https://www.usip.org/publications/2023/03/syrias-stalemate-has-only-benefitted-assad-and-his-backers}}</ref> Iran waxay muddo dheer taageertay ururada ku yaala [[Waqooyiga Afrika]] ee dalalka sida [[Aljeeriya]] iyo [[Tunisia]]. Iran waxay soo dhoweysay [[Xamaas]] qayb ahaan si ay gacan uga geysato wiiqidda caannimada [[Ururka Xoreynta Falastiin|Ururka Xoreynta Falastiin]] (PLO).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran and Hamas beyond the borders of the Middle East |url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/iran-and-hamas-beyond-borders-middle-east |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=[[Middle East Institute]] |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174231/https://www.mei.edu/publications/iran-and-hamas-beyond-borders-middle-east |url-status=live}}</ref> Taageerada Iran ee Xamaas waxay si cad u soo baxday sannadihii dambe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Skare |first=Erik |date=18 December 2023 |title=Iran, Hamas, and Islamic Jihad: A marriage of convenience |url=https://ecfr.eu/article/iran-hamas-and-islamic-jihad-a-marriage-of-convenience/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=ECFR |language=en-GB |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116122514/https://ecfr.eu/article/iran-hamas-and-islamic-jihad-a-marriage-of-convenience/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hamas-Iran Relationship {{!}} The Washington Institute |url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/hamas-iran-relationship |access-date=30 January 2024 |website= |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174230/https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/hamas-iran-relationship |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hamas And Israel: Iran's Role |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/hamas-and-israel-irans-role |access-date=30 January 2024 |website= |date=10 October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174231/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/hamas-and-israel-irans-role |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Jake Tapper |author2=Katie Bo Lillis |date=14 November 2023 |title=Found document suggests Iran sought to help Hamas make its own weapons ahead of attack, sources say |publisher=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/14/politics/document-iran-hamas-weapons/index.html |access-date=30 January 2024 |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174230/https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/14/politics/document-iran-hamas-weapons/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Sida laga soo xigtay sirdoonka Mareykanka, Iran si buuxda uma maamusho kooxahan dawliga ah iyo kuwa aan dawliga ahayn.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2024 |title=US intelligence officials estimate Tehran does not have full control of its proxy groups |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/02/01/iran-proxies-intel-houthis-00139099 |website=Politico |access-date=15 March 2024 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329202849/https://www.politico.com/news/2024/02/01/iran-proxies-intel-houthis-00139099 |url-status=live}}</ref> === Xuquuqda aadanaha iyo faafreebka === {{Main|Xuquuqda aadanaha ee Iran|Faafreebka Iran}} {{See also|Ciqaabta dilka ee Iran|Cadaadiska siyaasadeed ee Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah ee Iran}} [[File:EvinHouseofDetention.jpg|thumb|Albaabka laga galo [[Xabsiga Evin]], oo la aasaasay 1972. [[Vice Media|VICE]] waxay ku tilmaantay xabsiga "meesha argagaxa leh ee halyeeyga ah oo qofna uusan rabin inuu ku dambeyno."<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=voA0cS1JiGQ |title=VICE Guide to Iran with Suroosh Alvi |date=15 April 2020 |last=VICE |access-date=17 May 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref>|225x225px]] Dawladda Iran ayaa lagu cambaareeyay ururo caalami ah iyo dawlado kala duwan inay ku xad-gudubto xuquuqda aadanaha.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 January 2019 |title=Iran |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2019/iran |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430053909/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2019/iran |archive-date=30 April 2019 |access-date=30 April 2019 |website=}}</ref> Dawladdu waxay inta badan dhibaataysay oo xirtay dadka dhaleeceeya dawladda. Sharciga Iran ma aqoonsana [[Xuquuqda LGBT ee Iran|jihada galmada]]. [[Xuquuqda LGBT ee Iran|Dhaqdhaqaaqa galmada ee u dhexeeya xubnaha isku jinsiga ah]] waa sharci darro waana [[Ciqaabta dilka ee khaniisnimada|lagu ciqaabaa dil]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Daniel |last=Avery |title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal |url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974 |work=Newsweek |date=4 April 2019 |access-date=17 August 2019 |archive-date=11 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Iran defends execution of gay people |url=https://www.dw.com/en/iran-defends-execution-of-gay-people/a-49144899 |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=12 June 2019 |access-date=17 August 2019 |archive-date=9 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109074057/https://www.dw.com/en/iran-defends-execution-of-gay-people/a-49144899 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ciqaabta dilka]] waa ciqaab sharci ah, marka loo eego BBC-da, Iran "waxay fulisaa dilal ka badan waddan kasta, marka laga reebo Shiinaha".<ref>{{cite news |title=Iran halts execution of three protesters after online campaign |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-53463685 |publisher=[[BBC]] |access-date=17 May 2024 |archive-date=7 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907110937/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-53463685 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ergeyga Gaarka ah ee Qaramada Midoobay [[Javaid Rehman]] ayaa soo sheegay takoor ka dhan ah dhowr qowmiyadood oo laga tiro badan yahay oo Iran jooga.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 October 2019 |title=Iran: UN expert says ethnic, religious minorities face discrimination |work=[[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] |location=New York |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2019/10/iran-un-expert-says-ethnic-religious-minorities-face-discrimination |access-date=12 December 2023 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212074243/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2019/10/iran-un-expert-says-ethnic-religious-minorities-face-discrimination |url-status=live}}</ref> Koox khubaro ah oo ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay sanadkii 2022 ayaa ku boriyay Iran inay joojiso "cadaadiska nidaamsan" ee ka dhanka ah diimaha laga tirada badan yahay, iyagoo raaciyay in xubno ka tirsan [[Baháʼí Faith|Diinta Bahaa'iga]] la xiray, laga mamnuucay jaamacadaha, ama guryahooda la dumiyay.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2022 |title=Rights experts urge Iran to end 'systematic persecution' of religious minorities |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/08/1125162 |access-date=12 December 2023 |website=[[UN News]] |language=en |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212074243/https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/08/1125162 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=UN Rights Experts Call On Iran To Stop Persecution Of Baha'is, Other Religious Minorities |language=en |work=[[RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty]] |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-bahai-faith-persecution-un-rights-religious-minorities/31999696.html |access-date=12 December 2023 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212074243/https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-bahai-faith-persecution-un-rights-religious-minorities/31999696.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Sannadkii 2024, baaritaan uu sameeyay Ergeyga Gaarka ah ee Qaramada Midoobay ayaa lagu soo gabagabeeyay in Iran ay gashay [[xasuuq]] ka dhan ah dadka siyaasadda iyo diimaha laga tirada badan yahay intii uu socday [[Xasuuqii Iran ee 1981–1982|xasuuqyadii 1981–1982]] iyo [[Toogashadii 1988 ee maxaabiista siyaasadeed ee Iran|dilalkii wadajirka ahaa ee 1988]].<ref name="ShahinClerical">{{cite journal |last1=Nasiri |first1=Shahin |title=Clerical Sovereignty and its Absolute Others: Religious Genocide in Iran |journal=[[Journal of Genocide Research]] |date=25 September 2025 |volume=28 |pages=1–25 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14623528.2025.2566533#abstract |access-date=24 October 2025 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |issn=1462-3528}}</ref> Faafreebka waxaa lagu qiimeeyaa mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu daran adduunka oo dhan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran |url=https://rsf.org/en/iran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119053026/https://rsf.org/en/iran |archive-date=19 January 2018 |access-date=9 September 2017 |website=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2016 |title=The World Press Freedom Index |url=https://rsf.org/en/world-press-freedom-index |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419141729/https://rsf.org/en/world-press-freedom-index |archive-date=19 April 2019 |access-date=17 May 2019 |website=[[Wariyayaasha aan Xuduudda Lahayn]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2019 |title=Freedom in the World 2019, Iran |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2019/iran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430053909/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2019/iran |archive-date=30 April 2019 |access-date=17 May 2019 |website=Freedom House}}</ref> Iran waxay leedahay [[Faafreebka internetka ee Iran|faafreeb internet oo adag]], iyadoo dawladdu ay si joogto ah u xannibto baraha bulshada iyo baraha kale.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Chloe |date=21 November 2019 |title=Iran's internet blackout enters fifth day as government claims victory over protesters |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/11/21/irans-internet-blackout-enters-fifth-day-amid-fuel-price-protests.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191122155819/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/11/21/irans-internet-blackout-enters-fifth-day-amid-fuel-price-protests.html |archive-date=22 November 2019 |access-date=24 November 2019 |publisher=[[CNBC]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mihalcik |first=Carrie |title=Iran's internet has been shut down for days amid protests |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/irans-internet-has-been-shut-down-for-days-amid-protests/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191126051521/https://www.cnet.com/news/irans-internet-has-been-shut-down-for-days-amid-protests/ |archive-date=26 November 2019 |access-date=24 November 2019 |publisher=[[CNET]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="TechCrunch">{{Cite web |date=17 November 2019 |title=Iran shuts down country's internet in the wake of fuel protests |url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/11/17/iran-shuts-down-countrys-internet-in-the-wake-of-fuel-protests/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125171635/https://techcrunch.com/2019/11/17/iran-shuts-down-countrys-internet-in-the-wake-of-fuel-protests/ |archive-date=25 November 2020 |access-date=24 November 2019 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref> Laga soo bilaabo Janaayo 2021, mas'uuliyiintu waxay xannibeen dhowr barood oo baraha bulshada ah.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=MacLellan |first1=Stephanie |date=9 January 2018 |title=What You Need to Know about Internet Censorship in Iran |url=https://www.cigionline.org/articles/what-you-need-know-about-internet-censorship-iran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124164741/https://www.cigionline.org/articles/what-you-need-know-about-internet-censorship-iran |archive-date=24 November 2020 |access-date=11 November 2020 |website=Centre for International Governance Innovation |language=en}}</ref> Natiijooyinkii doorashada 2006 ayaa si weyn loogu muransanaa, taas oo keentay [[Mudaharaadyadii doorashada madaxweynaha ee Iran ee 2009|mudaharaadyo]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Landry |first=Carole |date=25 June 2009 |title=G8 calls on Iran to halt election violence |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jSWPwBGmOByDmvG6OPfqesxJ2O7Q |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110312135716/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jSWPwBGmOByDmvG6OPfqesxJ2O7Q |archive-date=12 March 2011 |access-date=18 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tait |first1=Robert |last2=Black |first2=Ian |last3=Tran |first3=Mark |date=17 June 2009 |title=Iran protests: Fifth day of unrest as regime cracks down on critics |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jun/17/iran-protests-day-five |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221142529/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jun/17/iran-protests-day-five |archive-date=21 December 2016 |access-date=14 December 2016 |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=5 July 2009 |title=Iran clerics defy election ruling |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8134904.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010065919/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8134904.stm |archive-date=10 October 2017 |access-date=18 June 2011 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=7 September 2009 |title=Is this government legitimate? |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/iran/2009/07/090704_op_brief_majma_qom.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409060631/http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/iran/2009/07/090704_op_brief_majma_qom.shtml |archive-date=9 April 2015 |access-date=18 June 2011 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> [[Mudaharaadyadii Iran ee 2017–18]] ayaa ku baahay dalka oo dhan iyadoo looga jawaabayay xaaladda dhaqaale iyo siyaasadeed.<ref>{{cite news |last=Erdbrink |first=Thomas |date=4 August 2018 |title=Protests Pop Up Across Iran, Fueled by Daily Dissatisfaction |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/04/world/middleeast/iran-protests.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023212544/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/04/world/middleeast/iran-protests.html |archive-date=23 October 2023 |access-date=5 August 2022 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Waxaa si rasmi ah loo xaqiijiyay in kumanaan mudaaharaadayaal ah la xiray.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 January 2019 |title=Iran arrested 7,000 in crackdown on dissent during 2018 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-46984649 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528144810/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-46984649 |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=5 August 2022 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> [[Mudaharaadyadii Iran ee 2019–20]] waxay ka bilaabmeen 15kii Noofambar magaalada [[Ahvaz]], waxayna ku baaheen dalka oo dhan ka dib markii ay dawladdu ku dhawaaqday kor u kac qiimaha shidaalka ah oo gaaraya ilaa 300%.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 November 2019 |title=In Pictures: Iranians protest against the increase in fuel prices |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/pictures-iranians-protest-increase-fuel-prices-191117091345643.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191119060103/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/pictures-iranians-protest-increase-fuel-prices-191117091345643.html |archive-date=19 November 2019 |access-date=19 November 2019 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> [[Xiritaanka Internetka ee Iran ee 2019|Internetka oo la damiyay muddo toddobaad ah]] ayaa calaamadeeyay mid ka mid ah xiritaankii ugu darraa ee internetka ee waddan kasta, iyo cadaadiskii dawladeed ee ugu dhiigga badnaa ee mudaaharaadayaasha.<ref>{{cite web |last=Shutdown |first=Iran Internet |title=A web of impunity: The killings Iran's internet shutdown hid |url=https://iran-shutdown.amnesty.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110235750/https://iran-shutdown.amnesty.org/ |archive-date=10 January 2021 |access-date=15 January 2021}}</ref> Tobanaan kun ayaa la xiray boqolaalna waa la dilay dhowr maalmood gudahood sida ay sheegeen goobjoogayaal caalami ah oo dhowr ah, oo ay ku jirto [[Amnesty International]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Special Report: Iran's leader ordered crackdown on unrest – 'Do whatever it takes to end it' |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-protests-specialreport/special-report-irans-leader-ordered-crackdown-on-unrest-do-whatever-it-takes-to-end-it-idUSKBN1YR0QR |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223095916/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-protests-specialreport/special-report-irans-leader-ordered-crackdown-on-unrest-do-whatever-it-takes-to-end-it-idUSKBN1YR0QR |archive-date=23 December 2019 |access-date=23 December 2019 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> [[Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752]] wuxuu ahaa duulimaad caalami ah oo rakaab rayid ah oo ka yimid Tehran kuna socday [[Kyiv]], oo ay maamusho [[Ukraine International Airlines]]. 8-dii Janaayo 2020, Boeing 737–800 oo duulaysay marinkaas ayaa waxaa soo riday IRGC waxyar ka dib markii ay kacday, iyadoo dishay dhammaan 176-dii qof ee saarnaa taasna waxay keentay [[Mudaharaadyadii Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752|mudaaharaadyo]]. Baaritaan caalami ah ayaa horseeday in dawladdu ay qirato soo ridista, iyadoo ugu yeertay "qalad bini'aadam".<ref>{{cite news |date=8 January 2020 |title=Ukrainian airplane with 180 aboard crashes in Iran: Fars |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-crash/ukrainian-airplane-with-180-aboard-crashes-in-iran-fars-idUSKBN1Z70EL |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108035747/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-crash/ukrainian-airplane-with-180-aboard-crashes-in-iran-fars-idUSKBN1Z70EL |archive-date=8 January 2020 |access-date=8 January 2020 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=11 January 2020 |title=Demands for justice after Iran's plane admission |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-51077788 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112185600/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-51077788 |archive-date=12 January 2020 |access-date=11 January 2020 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> [[Mudaharaadyadii Mahsa Amini|Mudaharaadyo kale oo looga soo horjeedo dawladda]] ayaa bilowday 16-kii Sebtembar 2022 ka dib markii haweeney lagu magacaabo [[Dhimashadii Mahsa Amini|Mahsa Amini ay ku dhimatay gacanta booliiska]] ka dib markii ay xireen [[Guidance Patrol]], oo loo yaqaan "booliiska asluubta".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who are Iran's 'morality police'? – DW – 12/04/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/who-are-irans-morality-police/a-63200711 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023065624/https://www.dw.com/en/who-are-irans-morality-police/a-63200711 |archive-date=23 October 2023 |access-date=23 October 2023 |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 September 2022 |title=Protests flare across Iran in violent unrest over woman's death |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/tehran-governor-accuses-protesters-attacks-least-22-arrested-2022-09-20/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927195508/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/tehran-governor-accuses-protesters-attacks-least-22-arrested-2022-09-20/ |archive-date=27 September 2022 |access-date=23 September 2022 |work=[[Reuters]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Leonhardt |first1=David |date=26 September 2022 |title=Iran's Ferocious Dissent |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/26/briefing/iran-protests-mahsa-amini.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927061245/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/26/briefing/iran-protests-mahsa-amini.html |archive-date=27 September 2022 |access-date=27 September 2022 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=16 September 2022 |title=Iranian woman dies 'after being beaten by morality police' over hijab law |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/sep/16/iranian-woman-dies-after-being-beaten-by-morality-police-over-hijab-law |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920020636/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/sep/16/iranian-woman-dies-after-being-beaten-by-morality-police-over-hijab-law |archive-date=20 September 2022 |access-date=22 September 2022 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref> Cadaadiskii dawladdu ay saartay mudaaharaadyada ayaa Qaramada Midoobay ay ku tilmaantay [[danbi ka dhan ah bini'aadantinimada]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2024 |title=Iran committed crimes against humanity during protest crackdown, UN says |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/8/iran-committed-crimes-against-humanity-during-protest-crackdown-un-says |access-date=6 September 2025 |publisher=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> == Dhaqaalaha == {{Main|Dhaqaalaha Iran}} {{See also|Kaalmooyinka Iran|Bangiyada iyo caymiska ee Iran}} Laga bilaabo {{As of|2024}}, Iran waxay leedahay dhaqaalaha [[Liiska wadamada marka loo eego GDP (PPP)|19-aad ee ugu weyn adduunka marka loo eego GDP-ga lagu hagaajiyay PPP]]. Waa [[Dhaqaale isku dhafan|isku dhafka]] [[Dhaqaalaha qorshaysan|qorshaynta dhexe]], [[lahaanshaha dawladda]] ee saliidda iyo shirkadaha kale ee waaweyn, beeraha tuulooyinka, iyo ganacsiga gaarka ah ee yar-yar iyo mashaariicda adeegga.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.traveldocs.com/ir/economy.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608192955/http://www.traveldocs.com/ir/economy.htm |archive-date=8 June 2011 |title=Iran economy |access-date=18 June 2011}}</ref> Adeegyadu waxay ku darsadaan boqolkiiba ugu weyn ee GDP-ga, waxaa ku xiga warshadaha ([[Macdanta Iran|macdanta]] iyo wax soo saarka) iyo [[Beeraha Iran|beeraha]].<ref>[http://www.turquoisepartners.com/iraninvestment/IIM-AprMay12.pdf ''Iran Investment Monthly''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.turquoisepartners.com/iraninvestment/IIM-AprMay12.pdf |date=20131031023806 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031023806/http://www.turquoisepartners.com/iraninvestment/IIM-AprMay12.pdf |date=31 October 2013 }}. Turquoise Partners (April 2012). Retrieved 24 July 2012.</ref> Dhaqaalaha waxaa lagu gartaa waaxda hydrocarbon-ka, wax soo saarka iyo adeegyada maaliyadda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overview |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/iran/overview |access-date=24 December 2023 |publisher=World Bank |language=en |archive-date=4 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704155746/https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/iran/overview |url-status=live}}</ref> Iyadoo leh 10% [[Kaydka saliidda ee Iran|kaydka saliidda]] adduunka iyo 15% [[Kaydka Gaaska dabiiciga ah ee Iran|kaydka gaaska]], Iran waa [[quwad weyn oo dhinaca tamarta ah]]. In ka badan [[Warshadaha Iran|40 warshadood]] ayaa si toos ah ugu lug leh [[Sarrifka saamiyada ee Tehran]]. [[File:Tehran Stock Exchange 3513534.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|[[Sarrifka saamiyada ee Tehran]]]] Tehran waa xarunta xoogga dhaqaale ee Iran.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Tehran (Iran): People – Britannica Online Encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/585619/Tehran/276311/Economy |access-date=21 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121123001337/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/585619/Tehran/276311/Economy |archive-date=23 November 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> Qiyaastii 30% shaqaalaha waaxda guud ee Iran iyo 45% shirkadaheeda warshadaha ee waaweyn waxay ku yaallaan halkaas, kala bar shaqaalaha shirkadahaasna waxay u shaqeeyaan dawladda.<ref>{{cite web |author=Cordesman, Anthony H. |date=23 September 2008 |title=The US, Israel, the Arab States and a Nuclear Iran. Part One: Iranian Nuclear Programs |url=http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/081006_iran_nuclear.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806042511/http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/081006_iran_nuclear.pdf |archive-date=6 August 2010 |access-date=25 September 2010 |work=Center for Strategic and International Studies}}</ref> [[Bangiga Dhexe ee Iran]] ayaa ka mas'uul ah horumarinta iyo ilaalinta lacagta: [[Rial-ka Iran]]. Dawladdu ma aqoonsana [[Liiska ururada shaqaalaha ee Iran|ururada shaqaalaha]] marka laga reebo golayaasha shaqaalaha ee Islaamiga ah, kuwaas oo ku xiran ogolaanshaha loo shaqeeyayaasha iyo adeegyada amniga.<ref name="ayatoil">{{cite news |title=Iran's banned trade unions: Aya-toiling |url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21576408-though-watched-and-muzzled-independent-labour-unions-are-stirring-aya-toiling |access-date=23 June 2013 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=20 April 2013 |archive-date=23 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623080810/http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21576408-though-watched-and-muzzled-independent-labour-unions-are-stirring-aya-toiling |url-status=live}}</ref> Iran waxay ahayd dalkii ugu horeeyay ee soo bandhiga [[Dakhliga aasaasiga ah ee caalamiga ah|dakhliga aasaasiga ah ee qaranka]] deyrta 2010.<ref>{{cite news |date=23 June 2011 |title=Iran's bold economic reform: Economic jihad |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2011/06/23/economic-jihad |newspaper=The Economist}}</ref> Shaqo la'aantu waxay ahayd 9% sanadkii 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/iran/unemployment-rate |title=Iran Unemployment Rate |access-date=7 June 2024 |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108141105/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/iran/unemployment-rate |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Siyaasadda Iran#Miisaaniyadda|Dhimista miisaaniyadda]] waxay ahayd dhibaato raagto, badanaa waxaa ugu wacan [[Kaalmooyinka Iran|kaalmooyinka dawladeed ee waaweyn]], oo ay ku jiraan agabka cuntada iyo gaar ahaan shidaalka, oo wadartoodu gaartay $100 bilyan sanadkii 2022 tamarta oo kaliya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202205093109 |title=Senior Official Says Iran Paying $100 Billion In Energy Subsidies |website=Iran International |date=9 May 2022 |access-date=7 June 2024 |archive-date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604142038/https://www.iranintl.com/en/202205093109 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.payvand.com/news/07/jan/1295.html |title=Ahmadinejad's Achilles Heel: The Iranian Economy |website= |access-date=18 June 2011 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010061417/http://www.payvand.com/news/07/jan/1295.html}}</ref> Sannadkii 2010, qorshaha dib-u-habaynta dhaqaalaha wuxuu ahaa in la yareeyo kaalmooyinka si tartiib-tartiib ah laguna beddelo gargaar bulsho oo bartilmaameed ah. Ujeeddadu waa in loo guuro xaggii qiimaha suuqa xorta ah iyo in la kordhiyo wax soo saarka iyo cadaaladda bulshada.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://go.worldbank.org/KQD2RP3RX0 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20110210062245/http://go.worldbank.org/KQD2RP3RX0 |archive-date=10 February 2011 |title=Iran – Country Brief |access-date=30 January 2010}}</ref> Maamulku wuxuu sii wadaa dib-u-habaynta, wuxuuna tilmaamayaa inuu kala duwanayn doono dhaqaalaha saliidda ku tiirsan. Iran waxay horumarisay [[Bioteknoolajiyadda Iran|bioteknoolajiyadda]], [[Nanotechnoolajiyadda Iran|nanotechnoolajiyadda]], iyo warshadaha [[Daawooyinka Iran|daawooyinka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nanovip.com/nanotechnology-companies/iran |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114070827/http://www.nanovip.com/nanotechnology-companies/iran |archive-date=14 November 2006 |title=List of Iranian Nanotechnology companies |access-date=21 June 2013}}</ref> Dawladdu waxay [[Gaar u lahaanshaha Iran|gaar u leedahay warshadaha]]. Iran waxay leedahay warshado wax soo saar oo hormuud u ah samaynta baabuurta, gaadiidka, agabka dhismaha, qalabka guryaha, cuntada iyo agabka beeraha, hubka, daawooyinka, tignoolajiyada macluumaadka, iyo petrochemicals ee Bariga Dhexe.<ref name="Economy">{{cite web |url=https://www.uktradeinvest.gov.uk/ukti/appmanager/ukti/countries?_nfls=false&_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=CountryType1&navigationPageId=/iran |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060213220829/https://www.uktradeinvest.gov.uk/ukti/appmanager/ukti/countries?_nfls=false&_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=CountryType1&navigationPageId=%2Firan |archive-date=13 February 2006 |title=UK Trade & Investment |date=13 February 2006 |access-date=21 June 2013}}</ref> Waxay ka mid tahay shanta soo saara ee ugu sarreeya adduunka ee [[apricot]]-ka, [[cherry|jeeriga]], [[qajaarka]], [[timirta]], [[bergamot|fiigga]], [[pistachio]]-ga, [[walnut]]-ka, [[Kiwifruit]]-ka iyo [[qaraha]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL |title=FAOSTAT |website=FAO |access-date=7 June 2024 |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Cunaqabataynta caalamiga ah ee ka dhanka ah Iran]] ayaa waxyeelo u geysatay dhaqaalaha.<ref name="everend">{{cite news |title=Iran and sanctions: When will it ever end? |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2012/08/18/when-will-it-ever-end |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |access-date=23 June 2013 |date=18 August 2012 |archive-date=30 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530021803/http://www.economist.com/node/21560596 |url-status=live}}</ref> Iran waa mid ka mid ah saddex waddan oo aan weli ansixin [[Heshiiska Paris]] si loo xaddido [[Isbeddelka cimilada ee Bariga Dhexe iyo Waqooyiga Afrika|isbeddelka cimilada]], inkastoo aqoonyahanadu ay sheegaan inay u wanaagsan tahay dalka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Larch |first1=Mario |last2=Wanner |first2=Joschka |title=The consequences of non-participation in the Paris Agreement |journal=European Economic Review |date=April 2024 |volume=163 |article-number=104699 |doi=10.1016/j.euroecorev.2024.104699 |hdl=10419/302105 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] q6xfw617tomyjmbo39ull8dmxzo6a48 307686 307685 2026-09-09T18:24:02Z KiranBOT 41360 removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v3.1.1-current 307686 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah ee Iiraan | common_name = Iiraan | native_name = <templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css"/><span class="nobold">{{native name|fa|جمهوری اسلامی ایران|italics=off}}<br />{{transliteration|fa|Jomhuri-ye Eslâmi-ye Irân}}</span> | image_flag = Flag of Iran (official).svg | image_coat = Emblem of Iran.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert | symbol_type = Astaanta | national_motto = {{ubl | {{lang|ar|اَللَّٰهُ أَكْبَرُ}} | {{transliteration|ar|Allāhu ʾAkbar}} (''[[Takbiir]]'') | "[[Ilaah ee Islaamka|Ilaah]] baa Weyn" | (''[[de jure]]'') | {{lang|fa|استقلال، آزادی، جمهوری اسلامی}} | {{transliteration|fa|Esteqlâl, Âzâdi, Jomhuri-ye Eslâmi}} | "Madaxbannaani, xorriyad, Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah" | (''[[de facto]]''){{sfn|Temperman|2010|p=87}} }} | national_anthem = {{lang|fa|مهر خاورan}}<br />''[[Mehr-e Khavaran|Mehr-e Khâvarân]]''<br />"Cadceedda Bari"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Sorud-e Mellí-e Yomhurí-e Eslamí-e Irán (instrumental).oga]]}} | image_map = {{switcher|[[File:Iran (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Muuji globe-ka|[[File:Iran - Location Map (2013) - IRN - UNOCHA.svg|frameless]]|Muuji khariidadda Iiraan}} | map_width = 250px | capital = [[Tehran]] | coordinates = {{#invoke:Coordinates|coord|35|41|N|51|25|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Tehran]] | official_languages = [[Af-Faarsi|Faarsi]] | languages2_type = Hejacaad gaar ah | demonym = [[Dadka Iiraan|Iiraani]] | government_type = Midaysan [[nidaamka madaxweynenimo|madaxweynenimo]] tayaquraadi ah [[Jamhuuriyad Islaami ah]] oo hoos timaada kalitalis [[authoritarianism|maamul adag]]{{efn|Awoodda kama dambaysta ah waxay u xilsaaran tahay [[Hogaamiyaha Sare ee Iiraan|Hogaamiyaha Sare]], oo ah jago ka sarreysa Madaxweynaha.}} | leader_title1 = [[Hogaamiyaha Sare ee Iiraan|Hogaamiyaha Sare]] | leader_name1 = ''[[Doorashada Hogaamiyaha Sare ee Iiraan 2026|Bannaan]]{{efn|[[Golaha Hogaaminta Ku-meel-gaarka ah]], oo ka kooban Madaxweyne Masoud Pezeshkian, Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare [[Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i]], iyo Ayatollah [[Alireza Arafi]], ayaa si ku-meel-gaar ah u gudan doona waajibaadka ilaa hogaamiye sare oo cusub laga [[Doorashada Hogaamiyaha Sare ee Iiraan 2026|dooranayo]].{{refn|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Motamedi|first=Maziar|date=2026-03-01|title=Iran forms interim council to oversee transition after Khamenei's killing|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/1/iran-to-form-interim-council-to-oversee-transition-after-khameneis-killing|access-date=2026-03-01|website=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Reals|first=Tucker|last2=|first2=|last3=|first3=|last4=|last5=|first5=|last6=|first6=|last7=|first7=|last8=|first8=|last9=|first9=|date=2026-03-01|title=Iran names three men for interim Leadership Council to pick next supreme leader|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/live-updates/us-iran-war-israel-supreme-leader-khamenei-funeral-day-2/|access-date=2026-03-01|website=CBS News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>https://www.cbsnews.com/live-updates/israel-us-attack-iran-trump-says-major-combat-operations/#post-update-a08fca3a</ref><ref>https://www.cbsnews.com/live-updates/israel-us-attack-iran-trump-says-major-combat-operations/#post-update-7d54fc15</ref>}}}} | leader_title2 = [[Madaxweynaha Iiraan|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name2 = [[Masoud Pezeshkian]] | leader_title3 = [[Madaxweyne kuxigeenka Iiraan|Madaxweyne kuxigeen]] | leader_name3 = [[Mohammad Reza Aref]] | leader_title4 = [[Liiska guddoomiyeyaasha Baarlamaanka Iiraan|Guddoomiyaha Golaha]] | leader_name4 = [[Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf]] | leader_title5 = [[Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Iiraan|Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare]] | leader_name5 = [[Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i]] | legislature = [[Golaha La-talinta Islaamka]] | sovereignty_type = [[Taariikhda Iiraan|Abuuritaanka]] | established_event1 = [[Boqortooyadii Meediya]] | established_date1 = {{circa|678 CH}} | established_event2 = [[Boqortooyadii Akhaamenid]] | established_date2 = 550 CH | established_event3 = [[Boqortooyadii Paartiya]] | established_date3 = 247 CH | established_event4 = [[Boqortooyadii Sasaaniyiinta]] | established_date4 = 224 CD | established_event5 = [[Iranian Intermezzo]] | established_date5 = 821 | established_event6 = [[Safawi Iiraan]] | established_date6 = 22 Diseembar 1501 | established_event7 = [[Afshari Iiraan]] | established_date7 = 22 Janaayo 1736 | established_event8 = [[Zand Iiraan]] | established_date8 = 1751 | established_event9 = [[Qaajaari Iiraan]] | established_date9 = 20 Maarso 1794 | established_event10 = [[Kacaankii Dastuuriga ahaa ee Faaris|Kacaankii Dastuuriga]] | established_date10 = 12 Diseembar 1905 | established_event11 = [[Pahlavi Iiraan]] | established_date11 = 15 Diseembar 1925 | established_event12 = [[Kacaankii Iiraan]] | established_date12 = 11 Febraayo 1979 | established_event13 = [[Dastuurka Iiraan|Dastuurka hadda jira]] | established_date13 = 3 Diseembar 1979 | established_event14 = [[Aafti-dastuurka Iiraan ee 1989|Wax ka badalida dastuurka]] | established_date14 = 28 Luulyo 1989 | area_km2 = 1,648,195 | area_rank = 17aad | area_sq_mi = 636,372 | percent_water = 1.63 (ilaa 2015)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surface water and surface water change |url=https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER |access-date=11 October 2020 |publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) |archive-date=24 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324133453/https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER |url-status=live}}</ref> | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 92,417,681<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/iran-population/ |title=Iran Population (2025) |website=Worldometer}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 17aad | population_density_km2 = {{#expr: 85961000/1648195 round 0}} | population_density_sq_mi = {{#expr: 85961000/636372 round 0}} | population_density_rank = 163aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.879 tiriliyan<ref name="IMFWEO.IR">{{cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0)|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025 Edition. (Iran) |website= |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |date=14 October 2025 |access-date=13 November 2025}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = 22aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $21,473<ref name="IMFWEO.IR" /> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 88aad | GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $356.513 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.IR" /> | GDP_nominal_rank = 42aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $4,074<ref name="IMFWEO.IR" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 132aad | Gini = 35.9 | Gini_year = 2023 | Gini_change = korodh | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |title=Gini Index coefficient |work=[[The World Factbook]] |access-date=24 September 2024 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717071854/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison |url-status=dead}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.799 | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = korodh | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 75aad | currency = [[Riyaalka Iiraan]] ({{nq|{{wikt-lang|fa|ریال}}}}) | currency_code = IRR | time_zone = [[Waqtiga Halbeegga ee Iiraan|IRST]] | utc_offset = +3:30 | calling_code = [[+98]] | cctld = {{unbulleted list |[[.ir]] |[[.ir|ایران.]]}} | drives_on = midig }} '''Iiraan''', si rasmi ahna loo yiraahdo '''Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah ee Iiraan''', laguna yaqaanay '''Faaris''', waa dal ku yaalla [[Galbeedka Aasiya]]. Waxay xuduud la leedahay [[Ciraaq]] dhanka galbeed, [[Turkiya]], [[Asarbayjan]], iyo [[Armeeniya]] dhanka waqooyi-galbeed, [[Badda Kasbiya]] dhanka waqooyi, [[Turkmenistaan]] dhanka waqooyi-bari, [[Afgaanistaan]] dhanka bari, [[Bakistaan]] dhanka koonfur-bari, iyo [[Gacanka Cumaan]] iyo [[Gacanka Faaris]] dhanka koonfureed. Iyadoo ay ku nool yihiin dad ka badan 92 milyan, Iiraan waxay fadhidaa kaalinta 17aad ee caalamka xagga [[Liiska dalalka marka loo eego bedka|baaxadda dhulka]] iyo [[Liiska dalalka marka loo eego dadka|tirada dadka]] waana [[Liiska dalalka Aasiya marka loo eego bedka|dalka lixaad ee ugu weyn]] Aasiya. Waxay u qaybsantaa [[Gobollada Iiraan|shan gobol]] oo ka kooban [[Gobollada Iiraan|31 gobol (provinces)]]. [[Tehran]] waa caasimadda qaranka, [[Liiska magaalooyinka Iiraan|magaalada ugu weyn]], iyo xarunta maaliyadda. Iiraan waa hoyga mid ka mid ah ilbaxnimooyinka ugu da'da weyn caalamka ee aan kala go'in, waxaana markii ugu horreysay la isugu keenay [[Boqortooyadii Meediya|dal]] ahaan [[Meediyiinta]] hoostooda qarnigii 7aad CH, waxayna gaartay baaxaddii ugu weyneyd qarnigii 6aad CH, markii [[Kuruska Weyn]] uu aasaasay [[Boqortooyadii Akhaamenid]]. [[Alesandarka Weyn]] ayaa qabsaday boqortooyada qarnigii 4aad CH. Kacdoon Iiraani ah oo dhacay qarnigii 3aad CH ayaa dhisay [[Boqortooyadii Paartiya]], taasoo markii dambe dalka xoreysay. Qarnigii 3aad CD, Paartiyadii waxaa beddelay [[Boqortooyadii Sasaaniyiinta]], taasoo horseedday xilli dahabi ah oo ka mid ah [[Taariikhda Iiraan|taariikhda ilbaxnimada Iiraan]]. Muddadaas, Iiraantii hore waxay aragtay horumarradii ugu horreeyay ee qoraalka, beeraha, magaalo-falka, diinta, iyo maamulka. Iiraan oo mar ahaan jirtay xarun [[Zoroastrianism|Soroastariyiinta]], waxay martay [[Islaaminta Iiraan|Islaamin]] ka dib [[Qabsashadii Faaris ee Muslimiinta|qabsashadii Muslimiinta ee qarnigii 7aad CD]]. Hal-abuurka [[Suugaanta Faaris]], [[Falsafadda Iiraan]], xisaabta, [[Daawada qadiimiga ah ee Iiraan|daawada]], xiddigiska iyo [[Farshaxanka Faaris]] ayaa dib u soo cusboonaaday xilligii [[Waayihii Dahabiga ahaa ee Islaamka]] iyo [[Iranian Intermezzo]], xilli ay [[Boqortooyooyinka Muslimiinta ee Iiraan|boqortooyooyinka Muslimiinta Iiraan]] soo afjareen xukunkii Carabta oo ay dib u soo nooleeyeen [[Af-Faarsi|luuqadda Faaris]]. Waxaa xilligan ku xigay xukunkii [[Boqortooyadii Saljuuqiyiinta]] iyo [[Boqortooyadii Khwaarismiyiinta]], [[Qabsashadii Mongol ee Faaris|qabsashadii Mongoliinta]] iyo [[Renaissance-ka Timuriyeed]] qarnigii 11aad ilaa 14aad. Qarnigii 16aad, [[Boqortooyadii Safawiyiinta]] ee u dhalatay dalka ayaa dib u dhistay dawlad Iiraani ah oo midaysan iyadoo [[Shiicada|Shiicada Laba-iyo-tobnaad]] ka dhigtay [[Diinta dawladda|diinta rasmiga ah]], taasoo dhigtay aasaaska dawladda casriga ah ee Iiraan. Xilligii [[Boqortooyadii Afshariyiinta]] ee qarnigii 18aad, Iiraan waxay ahayd quwad caalami ah oo hormuud ah, laakiin waxay lumisay maqaamkaas ka dib markii [[Qaajaariyiinta]] ay la wareegeen awoodda 1790-meeyadii. Bilowgii qarnigii 20aad waxaa dhacay [[Kacaankii Dastuuriga ahaa ee Faaris]] iyo dhismihii [[Boqortooyadii Pahlavi]] oo uu aasaasay [[Reza Shah]], kaasoo xilkii ka tuuray Shaahii ugu dambeeyay ee Qaajaariyiinta 1925-kii. Ka dib [[Qabsashadii Ingiriiska iyo Soofiyeeti ee Iiraan|duulaankii Ingiriiska iyo Soofiyeeti ee Iiraan 1941-kii]], wiilkiisa [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] ayaa xilka qabtay. Isku dayadii uu [[Mohammad Mosaddegh]] ku doonayay inuu [[Qaramaynta warshadaha saliidda Iiraan|ku qarameeyo warshadaha saliidda]] waxay horseedday [[Inqilaabkii Iiraan ee 1953|inqilaabkii Ingiriis-Ameerika ee 1953-kii]]. [[Kacaankii Iiraan]] ee 1979-kii ayaa xilkii ka tuuray boqortooyada, waxaana la dhisay Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah ee Iiraan oo uu hormuud ka ahaa [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], oo ahaa [[Hogaamiyaha Sare ee Iiraan|hogaamiyihii ugu horreeyay ee dalka]]. 1980-kii, [[Duulaankii Ciraaq ee Iiraan|Ciraaq ayaa soo weerartay Iiraan]], taasoo dhalisay [[Dagaalkii Iiraan iyo Ciraaq]] oo socday siddeed sano, kaasoo ku dhammaaday ismari-waa. Iiraan tan iyo markaas waxay ku lug lahayd [[dagaallo wakiilnimo]] ay la gashay [[Dagaalka wakiilnimo ee Iiraan iyo Israa'iil|Israa'iil]] iyo [[Dagaalka wakiilnimo ee Iiraan iyo Sacuudiga|Sacuudi Carabiya]]; bishii Juun 2025, duqeymaha Israa'iil ee Iiraan waxay kiciyeen xiisado horseeday [[Dagaalkii Laba-iyo-tobanka Maalmood]]. Dagaalkaas ka dib iyo iyadoo ay jirto [[Xiisadda dhaqaale ee Iiraan|xiisad dhaqaale oo sii kordhaysa]], waxaa dhici karta in [[Dibadbaxyada Iiraan ee 2025–2026|dibadbaxyadii ugu weynaa tan iyo 1979-kii]] ay dillaaceen dhammaadkii Diseembar 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=As protests surge, the Iranian regime's options are narrowing |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2026/01/09/as-protests-surge-the-iranian-regimes-options-are-narrowing |url-access=limited |access-date=9 January 2026 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=9 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Doucet |first1=Lyse |title=Iran's rulers face biggest challenge since 1979 revolution |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3ve572edzqo |website=BBC |access-date=12 January 2026 |quote=Iran's rulers are confronting their most serious challenge since their own 1979 revolution.}}</ref> [[Maraykanka]] iyo [[Israa'iil]] ayaa bilaabay [[Isqabqabsiga Iiraan ee 2026|weerar weyn oo ka dhanka ah Iiraan]] iyagoo ujeedkeedu yahay [[beddelidda nidaamka]] dhammaadkii Febraayo 2026.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sanger|first=David E.|author-link=David E. Sanger|date=February 28, 2026|title=For Trump, the Iran Attack Is the Ultimate War of Choice|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/02/28/us/politics/trump-iran-attack.html|url-access=subscription|access-date=March 1, 2026}}</ref> Dawladda Iiraan waa [[Tayaquraadiyad Islaami ah]]{{efn|Iiraan waxaa lagu tilmaamay "jamhuuriyad tayaquraadi ah".}} oo ay maamulaan hay'ado la doortay iyo kuwo aan la dooran, iyadoo awoodda kama dambaysta ah ay u xilsaaran tahay hogaamiyaha sare. In kasta oo ay [[Doorashooyinka Iiraan|qabato doorashooyin]], xafiisyada muhiimka ah, oo ay ku jiraan madaxa dawladda iyo milatariga, ma khuseeyaan codka dadweynaha. Dawladda Iiraan waa [[authoritarianism|maamul kalitalis ah]] kaas oo si weyn loogu dhaleeceeyay caalamka sababo la xiriira [[Xuquuqda aadanaha ee Iiraan|diiwaankeeda liita ee xuquuqda aadanaha]], oo ay ka mid yihiin xayiraadaha saaran [[xorriyadda isu-uimaatinka]], [[Xorriyadda hadalka ee Iiraan|hadalka]], iyo [[Warbaahinta Iiraan|saxaafadda]], iyo sidoo kale [[Xuquuqda dumarka ee Iiraan|la dhaqanka haweenka]], [[Laga tirada badan yahay ee Iiraan|dadka laga tirada badan yahay]], iyo [[Maxaabiista siyaasadeed ee Iiraan|mucaaradka siyaasadeed]]. Kormeerayaasha caalamiga ah ayaa walaac ka muujiyay caddaaladda geeddi-socodka doorashooyinka, gaar ahaan hubinta murashaxiinta ee hay'adaha aan la dooran sida [[Golaha Ilaalada]]. Iiraan waxay leedahay [[Dhaqaalaha dhexe|dhaqaale qorshaysan]] oo leh [[Shirkadaha dawladda|lahaanshaha dawladeed]] oo weyn qaybaha muhiimka ah, inkasta oo [[Ganacsiga gaarka ah|ganacsiga gaarka ahi]] uu garab jiro. Waa [[quwad dhexdhexaad ah]], sababtoo ah kaydka weyn ee [[shidaalka]] (oo ay ku jirto adduunka labaad ee ugu weyn [[Gaaska dabiiciga ah ee Iiraan|gaaska dabiiciga ah]] iyo [[Liiska dalalka ee kaydka saliidda|kaalinta saddexaad ee kaydka saliidda ee la hubo]]), meesha ay ku taallo oo muhiim u ah juquraafi-siyaasadeedka, iyo doorkeeda xarun caalami ah ee [[Shiicada]]. Iiraan waa dal leh [[Nuclear latency|aqoonta nukliyeerka]] oo leh [[Barnaamijka nukliyeerka ee Iiraan|mid ka mid ah barnaamijyada nukliyeerka ee loogu baadhista badan yahay]], kaas oo ay sheegtay inuu yahay uun ujeeddooyin madani ah; hase yeeshee, [[IAEA]], oo ah hay'ad ka tirsan [[Qaramada Midoobay]] (QM) oo loo xilsaaray la socodka soo saarista [[hubka nukliyeerka]], ayaa laba jeer ogaatay in Iiraan aysan u hoggaansamin waajibaadkeeda ilaalinta.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kerr |first1=Paul |title=Iran's Nuclear Program: Tehran's Compliance with International Obligations |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R40094 |publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=12 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mills |first1=Claire |last2=Curtis |first2=John |title=Israel-Iran 2025: Developments in Iran's nuclear programme and military action |url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-10284/ |website=House of Commons Library |publisher=UK Parliament |access-date=12 January 2026 |quote =In June 2025, the IAEA Board of Governors adopted a resolution which, for the first time since 2005, formally found Iran to be non-compliant with its nuclear safeguards obligations }}</ref> Waa xubin aasaasi ah oo ka tirsan QM iyo [[Xiriirka dibadda ee Iiraan|xubin ka tirsan ururro badan oo caalami ah]]. Iiraan waxay leedahay 29 goobood oo ah [[Liiska Goobaha Dhaxalka Adduunka ee Iiraan|UNESCO World Heritage Sites]] (kaalinta 10aad ee adduunka) waxayna fadhidaa kaalinta 4aad ee [[dhaxalka dhaqanka ee aan la taaban karin]] ama hantida aadanaha. == Taariikhda == {{Main|Taariikhda Iiraan}} === Taariikh ka hor === {{Main|Prehistory of Iran}} Joogitaanka ugu horreeya ee bani'aadamka ee Iiraan la yaqaan waxay ku beegan tahay qiyaastii 800,000 oo sano ka hor, xilligii [[Middle Paleolithic]].<ref name="bishi">Biglari, F. and Shidrang, S., (2006) The Lower Paleolithic Occupation of Iran, Near Eastern Archeology 69 (3–4): 160-168</ref> Goobo badan oo [[Middle Paleolithic]] ah ayaa la helay, badanaaba [[Buuraha Sagros]] ee galbeedka Iiraan iyo qaar ka mid ah goobaha la xiriira [[Neanderthal]]-ka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Biglari |first1=Fereidoun |last2=Shidrang |first2=Sonia |year=2019 |title=Rescuing the Paleolithic Heritage of Hawraman, Kurdistan, Iranian Zagros |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/706536 |journal=Near Eastern Archaeology |volume=82 |issue=4 |pages=226–235 |doi=10.1086/706536 |s2cid=212851965 |issn=1094-2076 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>J.D. Vigne, J. Peters and D. Helmer, ''First Steps of Animal Domestication'', Proceedings of the 9th Conference of the International Council of Archaeozoology, Durham, August 2002, {{ISBN|1-84217-121-6}}</ref> [[Dhaqankii Sarsiyaan]] ayaa laga diwaangeliyey Iiraan xilligii [[Epipaleolithic]] (25,000–11,500 sano ka hor).<ref>Deborah I. Olszewski: "The Zarzian in the Context of the Epipaleolithic Middle East", in: ''Humanities'' 19 (2012) 1-20, page 2.</ref> Beeruhu waxay markii ugu horreysay ka soo muuqdeen Iiraan qiyaastii 12,000 oo sano ka hor oo ay weheliyaan degsiimooyin si fiican loo diwaangeliyey ee [[Fertile Crescent]]. Goobta [[Chogha Golan]] waxay ka muuqatay beerashadii ugu horreysay ee qamadiga [[emmer]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Early humans in Iran were growing wheat 12,000 years ago |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/science/science-news/early-humans-iran-were-growing-wheat-12-000-years-ago-f6C10536898 |publisher=NBC News |date=4 July 2013 |language=en}}</ref> Goobta casriga ah ee [[Ganj Dareh]] waxay sidoo kale ka muuqataa dhaqashada ugu horreysay ee la yaqaan ee [[riyo|riyaha]] qiyaastii 10,000 oo sano ka hor.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=The Initial Domestication of Goats (''Capra hircus'') in the Zagros Mountains 10,000 Years Ago |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2000-03-24_287_5461/page/2254 |journal=Science |bibcode=2000Sci...287.2254Z |last1=Zeder |first1=Melinda A. |last2=Hesse |first2=Brian |year=2000 |volume=287 |issue=5461 |pages=2254–2257 |doi=10.1126/science.287.5461.2254 |pmid=10731145}}</ref> Magaalada qadiimiga ah ee [[Susa]], oo noqon lahayd caasimadda [[Elam]] ka dibna caasimadda boqortooyadii Akhaamenid, ayaa markii ugu horreysay la degay 4400–4200 CH, waxayna ku dhowdahay goobta casriga ah ee [[Shush, Iiraan]].<ref name="Elam">{{cite book |title=The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State |url=https://archive.org/details/archaeologyofela0000prof |first=D. T. |last=Potts |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1999 |isbn=0-521-56358-5}}</ref>{{rp|46–47}}<ref>{{cite web |title=SUSA |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/susa-parent/?highlight=Susa |website=Encyclopaedia Iranica}}</ref> [[Dhaqankii Kura–Araxes]] ({{circa|3400|2000 CH}}) wuxuu ka jiray waqooyi-galbeed Iiraan iyo [[Kawkas]].<ref name="books.google.nl2">{{cite book |last=Kushnareva |first=K. Kh. |title=The Southern Caucasus in Prehistory: Stages of Cultural and Socioeconomic Development from the Eighth to the Second Millennium B.C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e1PNO7urjHQC&pg=PA44 |year=1997 |publisher=UPenn Museum of Archaeology |isbn=978-0-924171-50-5 |access-date=8 May 2016 |archive-date=13 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913110041/https://books.google.com/books?id=e1PNO7urjHQC&pg=PA44 |url-status=live}}, page 44</ref> _america_helped_saddam_as_he_gassed_iran?page=0%2C2 |archive-date=15 September 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Era Khamenei ==== {{further|2009 Iranian presidential election protests|Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action|Assassination of Qasem Soleimani|Mahsa Amini protests|2024 Iran–Israel conflict|Iran–Israel war|2025–2026 Iranian protests}} Markii uu dhimanayay sannadkii 1989, Khomeini wuxuu magacaabay Golaha Dib-u-habaynta Dastuurka oo ka kooban 25 xubnood, kuwaas oo u magacaabay [[Ali Khamenei]] inuu noqdo Hoggaamiyaha Sare ee xiga, waxayna isbeddel ku sameeyeen dastuurka Iiraan.<ref>Abrahamian, ''History of Modern Iran'', (2008), p.182</ref> In kasta oo Khamenei uu ka maqnaa "soo jiidashadii iyo maqaamkii wadaadnimo" ee Khomeini, haddana wuxuu dhisay shabakad taageerayaal ah oo ku dhex jira ciidanka qalabka sida iyo [[Bonyad|mu'asasada diimeed]] ee dhaqaalaha awoodda u leh.<ref>"Who's in Charge?" by Ervand Abrahamian ''London Review of Books'', 6 November 2008</ref> [[File:Ayatollah Ali Khamenei at the Great Conference of Basij members at Azadi stadium October 2018 033.jpg|thumb|Ali Khamenei oo jooga Shirweynihii weynaa ee xubnaha [[Basij]] ee [[Azadi Stadium]], Oktoobar 2018]] Madaxweyne [[Akbar Rafsanjani]] wuxuu xoogga saaray siyaasadda ganacsiga u janjeerta ee dib loogu dhisayo dhaqaalaha, isagoon ka tanaasulin mabda'ii kacaanka. Wuxuu taageeray suuqa xorta ah, isagoo doorbidaya in la gaar yeelo warshadaha qaranka iyo inuu mowqif dhexdhexaad ah ka istaago heer caalami. Sannadkii 1997, waxaa Rafsanjani beddelay [[Iranian reform movement|isbeddel-doonkii]] dhexdhexaadka ahaa ee [[Mohammad Khatami]], kaas oo xukuumaddiisu u qareentay xorriyadda hadalka, xiriir diblomaasiyadeed oo wax ku ool ah oo lala yeesho Aasiya iyo Midowga Yurub, iyo siyaasad taageeraysa suuqa xorta ah iyo maalgashiga shisheeye. [[2005 Iranian presidential election|Doorashadii madaxtinimo ee 2005]] waxay awoodda u keentay musharraxa muxaafidka ah, caanka ah, ee wadaniyadda u janjeera ee [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]]. Waxaa lagu yaqiinnay aragtiyihiisa adag, nukliyeeraynta, iyo [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel|colaadda uu u qabo Israa'iil]], [[Saudi Arabia]], Boqortooyada Ingiriiska, Maraykanka iyo dawladaha kale. Wuxuu ahaa madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee uu u yeero [[Islamic Consultative Assembly|baarlamaanka]] si uu uga jawaabo su'aalo ku saabsan madaxtinimadiisa.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 June 2012 |title=Ahmadinejad critic Larijani re-elected Iran speaker |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-18328882 |access-date=10 May 2024 |work=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB |archive-date=10 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510171821/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-18328882 |url-status=live}}</ref> Sannadkii 2013, waxaa madaxweyne loo doortay [[Hassan Rouhani]] oo ahaa dhex-dhexaad isbeddel-doon ah. Wuxuu dhiirigeliyay xorriyadda shakhsi ahaaneed, helitaanka macluumaadka, iyo horumarinta xuquuqda haweenka. Wuxuu horumariyay xiriirka diblomaasiyadeed isagoo adeegsanaya is-dhaafsiga waraaqo dib u heshiisiin ah.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Borger |first1=Julian |last2=Dehghan |first2=Saeed Kamali |date=19 September 2013 |title=Hassan Rouhani sets out his vision for a new and free Iran |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/19/hassan-rouhani-vision-iran-free |access-date=10 May 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=12 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112101132/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/19/hassan-rouhani-vision-iran-free |url-status=live}}</ref> Heshiiska [[Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action]] waxaa lagu gaaray [[Vienna]] sannadkii 2015, intii u dhaxeysay Iiraan, [[P5+1]] ([[permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|xubnaha joogtada ah ee Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay]] + Jarmalka) iyo Midowga Yurub. Wada-xaajoodyadu waxay udub dhexaad u ahaayeen joojinta [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1929|cunaqabataynta dhaqaale]] iyadoo beddelkeeda Iiraan laga xaddidayo soo saarista [[enriched uranium|yuraaniyamka la hodmey]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Kutsch, Tom |date=14 July 2015 |title=Iran, world powers strike historic nuclear deal |url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/7/14/iran-world-powers-strike-historic-nuclear-deal.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715175516/http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/7/14/iran-world-powers-strike-historic-nuclear-deal.html |archive-date=15 July 2015 |access-date=15 July 2015 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> Sannadkii 2018, Maraykanka oo uu hoggaaminayay Madaxweyne [[First presidency of Donald Trump|Donald Trump]] ayaa ka baxay heshiiska, waxaana lagu soo rogay cunaqabatayn cusub. Tani waxay meesha ka saartay qodobbadii dhaqaalaha waxayna Iiraan keentay [[nuclear latency|heerka u dhow nukliyeerka]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brewer |first=Eric |date=25 June 2024 |title=Iran's New Nuclear Threat |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/iran/irans-new-nuclear-threat |access-date=2 July 2024 |work=Foreign Affairs |language=en-US |issn=0015-7120}}</ref> Sannadkii 2020, jeneraalka [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|IRGC]] [[Qasem Soleimani]], oo ahaa qofka 2-aad ee ugu awoodda badan Iiraan,<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2020 |title=U.S. killing of Iran's second most powerful man risks regional conflagration |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-security-blast-soleimani-analysi/u-s-killing-of-irans-second-most-powerful-man-risks-regional-conflagration-idUSKBN1Z21TJ/ |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=7 May 2024 |archive-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418120615/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-security-blast-soleimani-analysi/u-s-killing-of-irans-second-most-powerful-man-risks-regional-conflagration-idUSKBN1Z21TJ/ |url-status=live}}</ref> waxaa [[Assassination of Qasem Soleimani|dilay Maraykanka]], taas oo kordhisay [[Iran–United States relations|xiisadda u dhaxeysa labada dhinac]].<ref name="Roelants">Carolien Roelants, khabiir ku xeel dheer Iiraan ee ''[[NRC Handelsblad]]'', dooddii ka dhacday ''[[Buitenhof (TV series)|Buitenhof]]'' ee telefishinka Nederlaan, 5 Janaayo 2020.</ref> [[Operation Martyr Soleimani|Iiraan waxay uga jawaabtay weerar lagu qaaday saldhigyada cirka ee Maraykanka ee Ciraaq]], kaas oo ahaa weerarkii ugu weynaa ee gantaallada ballistic-ga ah ee abid lagu qaado dad Maraykanka ah;<ref>{{Citation |title=Never-before-seen video of the attack on Al Asad Airbase |date=28 February 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGP7hZQuTL0 |access-date=8 January 2024 |language=en |archive-date=23 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223104408/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lGP7hZQuTL0 |url-status=live}}</ref> 110 ayaa qabay [[Traumatic brain injury|dhaawacyo maskaxda ah]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=109 US troops diagnosed with brain injuries from Iran attack |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/2/10/109-us-troops-diagnosed-with-brain-injuries-from-iran-attack |access-date=7 April 2024 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=7 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407113740/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/2/10/109-us-troops-diagnosed-with-brain-injuries-from-iran-attack |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pentagon admits 109 brain injuries in Iran attack |url=https://www.dw.com/en/109-us-service-members-were-injured-in-the-iran-missile-attack/a-52331039 |access-date=7 April 2024 |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |language=en |archive-date=7 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407113741/https://www.dw.com/en/109-us-service-members-were-injured-in-the-iran-missile-attack/a-52331039 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Starr |first=Barbara |date=10 February 2020 |title=Over 100 US troops have been diagnosed with traumatic brain injuries following Iran strike |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/10/politics/traumatic-brain-injuries-iran-strike/index.html |access-date=7 April 2024 |publisher=[[CNN]] |language=en |archive-date=7 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407113740/https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/10/politics/traumatic-brain-injuries-iran-strike/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> 8-dii Janaayo, [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] ee Iiraan ayaa soo riday diyaaraddii [[Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752]], iyadoo dishay 176 rayid ah, taas oo horseeday [[Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests|mudaaharaadyo dalka oo dhan ka dhacay]]. Baaritaan caalami ah ayaa keenay in dawladdu ay qirato in gantaal dhulka laga rido lagu soo riday diyaaradda.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-crash/ukrainian-airplane-with-180-aboard-crashes-in-iran-fars-idUSKBN1Z70EL |title=Ukrainian airplane with 180 aboard crashes in Iran: Fars |date=8 January 2020 |work=Reuters |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108035747/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-crash/ukrainian-airplane-with-180-aboard-crashes-in-iran-fars-idUSKBN1Z70EL |archive-date=8 January 2020 |access-date=8 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-51077788 |work=BBC |title=Demands for justice after Iran's plane admission |date=11 January 2020 |access-date=11 January 2020}}</ref> Muxaafidka adag ee [[Ebrahim Raisi]] ayaa laga adkaaday doorashadii madaxtinimo ee 2017, laakiin wuxuu mar kale isu taagay [[2021 Iranian presidential election|doorashadii 2021]], isagoo beddelay Rouhani.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Motamedi |first1=Maziar |title=Hardliner Raisi elected Iran's new president |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/19/raisi-wins-irans-presidential-election-amid-low-turnout |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=1 September 2021 |access-date=2 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901094359/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/19/raisi-wins-irans-presidential-election-amid-low-turnout |url-status=live}}</ref> Muddadii uu Raisi xilka hayay, Iiraan waxay [[Nuclear program of Iran|xoojisay hodminta yuraaniyamka]], waxay hor istaagtay baaritaannada caalamiga ah, waxay ku biirtay SCO iyo BRICS, waxay [[Iran and the Russian invasion of Ukraine|taageertay]] [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|duullaankii Ruushka ee Yukrayn]] waxayna soo celisay xiriirkii ay la lahayd Sacuudi Carabiya. Bishii Abriil 2024, [[Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus|weerarkii cirka ee Israa'iil ee qunsuliyadda Iiraan ee Dimishiq]] ayaa lagu dilay taliye ka tirsan IRGC.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Several killed in Israeli strike on Iranian consulate in Damascus |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/1/several-killed-in-israeli-strike-on-iranian-consulate-in-damascus-reports |access-date=1 May 2024 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=30 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430180537/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/1/several-killed-in-israeli-strike-on-iranian-consulate-in-damascus-reports |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2024 |title=Israeli strike on Iran's consulate in Syria killed 2 generals and 5 other officers, Iran says |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-syria-airstrike-iranian-embassy-edca34c52d38c8bc57281e4ebf33b240 |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=[[AP News]] |language=en |archive-date=19 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419075609/https://apnews.com/article/israel-syria-airstrike-iranian-embassy-edca34c52d38c8bc57281e4ebf33b240 |url-status=live}}</ref> Iiraan waxay [[April 2024 Iranian strikes on Israel|uga jawaabtay]] iyadoo u adeegsatay [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|UAVs]], [[Cruise missile|gantaallada cruise-ka]] iyo [[ballistic missile|ballistic-ga]]; 9 ka mid ah ayaa ku dhacay Israa'iil.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Jack Dutton |date=15 April 2024 |title=How Iran's attack on Israel is disrupting air traffic |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2024/04/how-irans-attack-israel-disrupting-air-traffic |access-date=1 May 2024 |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501174027/https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2024/04/how-irans-attack-israel-disrupting-air-traffic |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Toossi |first=Sina |date=2 May 2024 |title=Iran Has Defined Its Red Line With Israel |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/04/18/iran-has-defined-its-red-line-with-israel/ |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501174027/https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/04/18/iran-has-defined-its-red-line-with-israel/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 April 2024 |title=What was in wave of Iranian attacks and how were they thwarted? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68811273 |access-date=1 May 2024 |language=en-GB |archive-date=14 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414091527/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-68811273 |url-status=live}}</ref> Waxay ahayd weerarkii diyaaradaha aan duuliyaha lahayn ee ugu weynaa taariikhda,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The largest drone attack in history |url=http://iranpress.com/aliaspage/277652 |access-date=1 May 2024 |website= |language=en}}</ref> weerarkii gantaallada ee ugu weynaa taariikhda Iiraan,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Motamedi |first=Maziar |title='True Promise': Why and how did Iran launch a historic attack on Israel? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/14/true-promise-why-and-how-did-iran-launch-a-historic-attack-on-israel |access-date=1 May 2024 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=14 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414145020/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/14/true-promise-why-and-how-did-iran-launch-a-historic-attack-on-israel |url-status=live}}</ref> weerarkeedii ugu horreeyay ee toos ah oo ay ku qaaddo Israa'iil<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2024 |title=Iran launches first-ever direct attack on Israel |url=https://abc7ny.com/israel-gaza-live-updates-iran-launches-dozens-of-drones-in-retaliatory-strike/14656640/ |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=ABC7 New York |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501174027/https://abc7ny.com/israel-gaza-live-updates-iran-launches-dozens-of-drones-in-retaliatory-strike/14656640/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2024 |title=How Israel could respond to Iran's drone and missile assault |url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20240418-how-israel-could-respond-to-iran-s-drone-and-missile-assault |access-date=1 May 2024 |publisher=[[France 24]] |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501174029/https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20240418-how-israel-could-respond-to-iran-s-drone-and-missile-assault |url-status=live}}</ref> iyo markii ugu horreysay [[1991 Iraqi missile attacks against Israel|tan iyo 1991]] oo Israa'iil ay si toos ah u weerarto dawlad.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Johny |first=Stanly |date=14 April 2024 |title=By attacking Israel, Iran turns shadow war into direct conflict |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/analysis-three-takeaways-from-irans-attack-on-israel/article68064678.ece |access-date=1 May 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=14 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414203401/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/analysis-three-takeaways-from-irans-attack-on-israel/article68064678.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> Bishii Maajo 2024, Raisi waxaa lagu dilay [[2024 Varzaqan helicopter crash|shil helicopter]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Who died alongside Iran's President Raisi in the helicopter crash? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/5/20/who-died-alongside-irans-president-raisi-in-the-helicopter-crash |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=19 May 2024 |access-date=2 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519213002/https://apnews.com/article/helicopter-iran-raisi-crash-azerbaijan-3ef9fe5772fb06f6d9dcc371b115923f |url-status=live}}</ref> Iiraanna waxay qabatay [[2024 Iranian presidential election|doorasho madaxtinimo]], markaas oo isbeddel-doonkii iyo wasiirkii hore ee [[Ministry of Health and Medical Education|Wasaaradda Caafimaadka]], [[Masoud Pezeshkian]], la doortay.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2024 |title=Masoud Pezeshkian, a heart surgeon who rose to power in parliament, now Iran's president-elect |url=https://apnews.com/article/iran-presidential-runoff-election-masoud-pezeshkian-profile-a07e9921fa8c25b1a05333e128c03916 |access-date=6 July 2024 |website=[[AP News]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Fassihi |first1=Farnaz |last2=Vinograd |first2=Cassandra |date=6 July 2024 |title=Reformist Candidate Wins Iran's Presidential Election |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/05/world/middleeast/iran-election-reformist-wins.html |access-date=6 July 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=6 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706034614/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/05/world/middleeast/iran-election-reformist-wins.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Bishii Oktoobar, Iiraan waxay [[October 2024 Iranian strikes on Israel|ridday]] 180 gantaallada ballistic-ga ah oo ku wajahan Israa'iil si looga aarguto dilalkii [[Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh|Ismail Haniyeh]], [[2024 Hezbollah headquarters strike|Hassan Nasrallah]] iyo [[Abbas Nilforoushan]]. Israa'iil waxay [[October 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran|weerartay]] goobo milatari oo Iiraan ah.<ref>{{cite news |title=What we know about Israel's attack on Iran |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cgr0yvrx4qpo |work=[[BBC News]] |archive-date=27 October 2024 |access-date=31 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241027231243/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cgr0yvrx4qpo |url-status=live}}</ref> Bishii Maajo 2025, xukuumadda Iiraan waxay amar ku bixisay [[2025 Afghan deportation from Iran|masaafurin ballaaran]] oo lagu sameynayo qiyaastii afar milyan oo [[Afghan diaspora|muhaajiriin Afgaanistaan ah]] iyo qaxooti ku nool Iiraan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Iran tells millions of Afghans to leave or face arrest on day of deadline |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/7/6/iran-tells-millions-of-afghans-to-leave-or-face-arrest-on-day-of-deadline |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=6 July 2025}}</ref> [[File:تقدیم پیام پادشاه عربستان به رهبر انقلاب 07.jpg|thumb|Ayatollah [[Ali Khamenei]] oo ay weheliyaan Wasiirka Gaashaandhigga [[Saudi Arabia]] [[Khalid bin Salman Al Saud|Khalid bin Salman]] iyo Janaraal [[Mohammad Bagheri (general)|Mohammad Bagheri]] 17-kii Abriil 2025]] Wiiqidda [[Axis of Resistance|xulafada muhiimka ah iyo kooxaha u adeega]] Iiraan tan iyo 2023 waxay ka dhigtay xukuumadda Iiraan mid daciif ah oo go'doon ah.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Iran's leader hopes America can save his faltering regime |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2025/05/01/irans-leader-hopes-america-can-save-his-faltering-regime |access-date=25 May 2025 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |issn=0013-0613}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2024 |title=Iran in a 'position of unprecedented weakness' after the fall of Assad in Syria |url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20241209-iran-position-unprecedented-weakness-after-fall-of-assad-syria-proxies-hezbollah-middle-east |access-date=25 May 2025 |publisher=[[France 24]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2025 |title=The fall of Assad has exposed the extent of the damage to Iran's axis of resistance |url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/2024/12/fall-assad-has-exposed-extent-damage-irans-axis-resistance |access-date=25 May 2025 |website=Chatham House |language=en}}</ref> Horraantii 2025, Iiraan waxay si xawli ah u hormarinaysay barnaamijkeeda nukliyeerka.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Barnes |first=Joe |date=31 January 2025 |title=Iran 'secretly building nuclear missiles that can hit Europe' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2025/01/31/iran-nuclear-warhead-europe-revolutionary-guard-north-korea/ |access-date=28 April 2025 |work=The Telegraph |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}</ref> Dadka falanqeeya waxay ka digeen in dhaqdhaqaaqaas uu dhaafay wax kasta oo qiil rayid ah u yeelan kara.<ref name="Economist20250128">{{Cite news |title=Iran's alarming nuclear dash will soon test Donald Trump |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2025/01/28/irans-alarming-nuclear-dash-will-soon-test-donald-trump |access-date=23 February 2025 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |issn=0013-0613}}</ref> Iiraan iyo Maraykanka waxay [[2025–2026 Iran–United States negotiations|bilaabeen wada-xaajoodyo]] heshiis nukliyeer oo cusub ah, laakiin horumarka ayaa istaagay. Bishii Juun, [[International Atomic Energy Agency|IAEA]] waxay ogaatay in Iiraan aysan u hoggaansamin waajibaadkeeda nukliyeerka;<ref name="Euronews20250612">{{Cite web |title=UN nuclear watchdog finds Iran in non-compliance with its obligations |url=https://www.euronews.com/2025/06/12/un-nuclear-watchdog-finds-iran-in-non-compliance-with-nuclear-obligations |access-date=12 June 2025 |website=Euro News |date=12 June 2025}}</ref> iyadoo taas ka jawaabaysa, Iiraan waxay ku dhawaaqday kicinta xarun hodmin oo cusub.<ref name="CNN20250612">{{Cite web |last1=Salem |first1=Mostafa |last2=Pleitgen |first2=Frederik |date=12 June 2025 |title=Iran threatens nuclear escalation after UN watchdog board finds it in breach of obligations |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/06/12/middleeast/iran-threatens-nuclear-escalation-iaea-intl |access-date=12 June 2025 |publisher=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref> 13-kii Juun 2025, Israa'iil waxay weeraro ka bilowday Iiraan oo dhan, iyadoo beegsanaysa xarumaha nukliyeerka ayna dishay xubno sarsare oo ka tirsan hoggaanka milatariga Iiraan.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Shotter |first1=James |last2=Sevastopulo |first2=Demetri |last3=England |first3=Andrew |last4=Bozorgmehr |first4=Najmeh |date=13 June 2025 |title=Israel launches air strikes against Iran commanders and nuclear sites |url=https://www.ft.com/content/46b1a363-c805-4800-abbf-6b47b9602ef2 |access-date=13 June 2025 |work=Financial Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Fassihi |first1=Farnaz |last2=Nauman |first2=Qasim |last3=Boxerman |first3=Aaron |last4=Kingsley |first4=Patrick |last5=Bergman |first5=Ronen |date=13 June 2025 |title=Israel Strikes Iran's Nuclear Program, Killing Top Military Officials: Live Updates |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2025/06/12/world/israel-iran-us-nuclear |access-date=13 June 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Iiraan waxay ugu jawaabtay weeraro gantaallo ah, colaadduna waxay keentay [[Twelve-Day War|dagaal toos ah]] oo u dhaxeeya labadooda. 22-kii Juun, [[United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites|Maraykanka ayaa weeraray xarumaha nukliyeerka ee Iiraan]];<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 June 2025 |title=Trump says US has attacked three nuclear sites in Iran |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/jun/21/trump-us-nuclear-strikes-iran |access-date=22 June 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Iiraanna waxay [[Iranian strikes on Al Udeid Air Base|weerartay saldhigyada Maraykanka ee Qatar]] taas ka dhalatay. 24-kii Juun, Israa'iil iyo Iiraan waxay ku heshiiyeen xabbad-joojin ka dib markii uu Maraykanku ku adkeeyay.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 June 2025 |title=Trump says Iran and Israel agree to a ceasefire |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/trump-says-iran-israel-agree-ceasefire-2025-06-23/ |access-date=23 June 2025 |work=[[Reuters]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-iran-israel-ceasefire-agreement-terms-b5fc5cc8a8c32b4899646130b496798a |title=A whirlwind 48 hours: How Trump's Israel-Iran ceasefire agreement came together |date=24 June 2025 |website=AP News}}</ref> Tan iyo bishii Diseembar 2025, Iiraan waxaa ka jiray [[2025–2026 Iranian protests|mudaaharaadyo ballaaran]] oo ka dhacay magaalooyinka kuwaas oo loogu baaqayo in la rido Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah, taas oo ka dhalatay niyad-jab ku saabsan [[Iranian economic crisis|xiisadda dhaqaale]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Parent |first1=Deepa |last2=Christou |first2=William |date=31 December 2025 |title='We want the mullahs gone': economic crisis sparks biggest protests in Iran since 2022 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/dec/31/we-want-the-mullahs-gone-economic-crisis-sparks-biggest-protests-in-iran-since-2022 |access-date=1 January 2026 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> {{As of|2026|01|13}}, ''[[Iran International]]'' waxay ku qiyaastay in ugu yaraan 12,000 oo mudaaharaadayaal ah lagu dilay gudaha [[2026 Internet blackout in Iran|xannibaadda internet-ka]], iyadoo ciidamada ammaanka ee dawladdu ay kordhiyeen isticmaalka rasaasta dilaaga ah ee ka dhanka ah mudaaharaadayaasha.<ref name="2000killed">{{cite news |date=10 January 2026 |title=Mass killings reported as security forces use live fire on Iran protesters |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202601103903 |access-date=10 January 2026 |publisher=Iran International}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Sparks |first=John |date=9 January 2026 |title=Iran's leaders facing most serious threat since 1979 revolution |url=https://news.sky.com/story/irans-leaders-facing-most-serious-threat-since-1979-revolution-13492604 |access-date=9 January 2026 |website=Sky News |language=en}}</ref><ref>https://www.iranintl.com/en/202601130145</ref> {{As of|2026|01|17}}, qiyaasuhu waxay soo jeediyeen in ugu yaraan 16,500 oo qof lagu dilay ku dhawaad 330,000 oo kalena lagu dhaawacay [[2026 Iran massacres|xasuuqyadii Iiraan ee 2026]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lamb |first=Christina |date=17 January 2026 |title=Iran report says 16,500 dead in 'genocide under digital darkness' |url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/middle-east/article/iran-young-protesters-news-nsdztp5t2 |access-date=18 January 2026 |website=The Sunday Times |language=en}}</ref> 28-kii Febraayo 2026, [[United States|Maraykanka]] iyo [[Israel|Israa'iil]] waxay fuliyeen [[2026 Israeli–United States strikes on Iran|weeraro milatari oo isku dubaridan]] oo ka dhan ah bartilmaameedyo dhowr ah oo ku yaalla Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah ee Iiraan, taas oo muujinaysa kor u kac weyn oo ku yimid xiisadda soo jireenka ah ee u dhaxeysa [[Tehran]] iyo [[Israel–United States relations|isbahaysiga Maraykanka iyo Israa'iil.]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Liptak |first=Kevin |last2=Ebrahim |first2=Nadeen |last3=Liebermann |first3=Oren |date=2026-02-28 |title=US carrying out strikes against Iran, three US officials say |url=https://edition.cnn.com/world/live-news/israel-iran-attack-02-28-26-hnk-intl |access-date=2026-02-28 |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Iyadoo ay socdeen weeraro gantaallo ah oo baaxad leh oo ay Maraykanka iyo Israa'iil ku qaadeen Iiraan qayb ka mid ah [[2026 Israeli–United States strikes on Iran|Operation Epic Fury]], sarkaal Israa'iili ah oo aan magaciisa la sheegin ayaa sheegay in la helay maydka Ali Khamenei. Ma jirin qof si cad u beddelaya Khamenei.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-28 |title=What to know about Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei |url=https://apnews.com/article/raw/iran-khamenei-supreme-leader-nuclear-protests-military-487aa76fd32f398f2ca37d316e543760 |access-date=2026-03-01 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> == Juquraafi == {{Main|Juquraafiga Iiraan}} {{See also|Xuduudaha Iiraan|Beeraha Iiraan|Liiska buuraha Iiraan|Liiska jasiiradaha Iiraan}} [[File:Iran-geographic map.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Geography of Iran#Topography|Topografiyada Iiraan]]]] Iiraan waxay leedahay bed gaaraya {{convert|1648195|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}. Waa [[List of Asian countries by area|dalka lixaad ee ugu weyn qaaradda Aasiya]] iyo kan labaad ee ugu weyn Galbeedka Aasiya.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Iran's Strategy in the Strait of Hormuz |url=https://thediplomat.com/2012/07/irans-strategy-in-the-strait-of-hormuz/ |magazine=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208071232/https://thediplomat.com/2012/07/irans-strategy-in-the-strait-of-hormuz/ |archive-date=8 December 2015 |access-date=29 November 2015}}</ref> Waxay dhacdaa inta u dhaxaysa loolka 24° iyo 40° N iyo dhigaha 44° iyo 64° E. Waxay xuduud la leedahay dhanka waqooyi-galbeed [[Armenia]], gobolka go'an ee [[Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic|Nakhchivan]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/azerbaijan/ |title=CIA – The World Factbook |access-date=7 April 2012 |archive-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127171042/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/azerbaijan/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> iyo Jamhuuriyadda [[Azerbaijan]]; dhanka waqooyi waxaa ka xiga [[Caspian Sea|Badda Casbiya]]; waqooyi-bari [[Turkmenistan]]; bari waxaa ka xiga [[Afghanistan]] iyo Pakistan; koonfur waxaa ka xiga [[Persian Gulf|Khaliijka Faaris]] iyo [[Gulf of Oman|Khaliijka Cumaan]]; dhanka galbeedna [[Iraq]] iyo Turkiga. Iiraan waxay ku taal aag u nugul dhulgariirka.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/which-country-has-most-earthquakes |title=Which country has the most earthquakes? |date=2 May 2010 |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |access-date=22 May 2021 |archive-date=22 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522195818/https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/which-country-has-most-earthquakes |url-status=live}}</ref> Celcelis ahaan, dhulgariir cabbirkiisu yahay 7.0 ama ka badan wuxuu dhacaa tobankii sanno mar.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ilna.news/fa/tiny/news-11875 |script-title=fa:هر ده سال، یک زلزله ۷ ریشتری در کشور رخ می‌دهد &#124; خبرگزاری ایلنا |date=13 October 2012 |access-date=5 August 2022 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328151114/https://www.ilna.ir/بخش-اخبار-47/11875-هر-ده-سال-یک |url-status=live}}</ref> Inta badan dhulgariirradu waa kuwo gacmeed ah (shallow-focus), waxayna keeni karaan burbur weyn, sida [[2003 Bam earthquake|dhulgariirkii Bam ee 2003]]. Iiraan waxay u badan tahay [[Iranian Plateau|Dhul-sareedka Iiraan]], iyadoo qaybteeda koonfur-galbeed ay saaran tahay [[Arabian plate|huurada Carabta]]. Waa mid ka mid ah dalalka ugu buuraha badan adduunka; muuqaalkeeda waxaa u badan silsilado buuro ah oo kala sooca dooxooyinka ama dhul-sareedyada. Galbeedka Iiraan oo dadku ku badan yahay ayaa ah meesha ugu buuraha badan, waxaana ku yaal silsilado ay ka mid yihiin [[Caucasus Mountains|Caucasus]], [[Zagros Mountains|Zagros]], iyo [[Alborz]]. [[Mount Damavand]] waa halka ugu sarreysa dalka, jooggeedu waa {{convert|5610|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, waana foolkaanooyinka ugu sarreeya Aasiya. Buuraha Iiraan waxay saameyn ku lahaayeen siyaasadda iyo dhaqaalaha dalkaas muddo qarniyo ah. Waqooyiga Iiraan waxaa qariyay dhul-daaqsimeedka doogga ah ee [[Hyrcanian forests|kaymaha Hyrcanian]], oo u dhow xeebaha koonfureed ee Badda Casbiya. Dhanka bari wuxuu u badan yahay dooxooyin saxare ah, sida [[Dasht-e Kavir|Saxaraha Kavir]], oo ah saxaraha ugu weyn dalka, iyo [[Dasht-e Loot|Saxaraha Lut]], iyo sidoo kale harooyin cusbo leh. Saxaraha Lut waa meesha ugu kulul ee laga diiwaan geliyay dusha sare ee dhulka, iyadoo 70.7 °C laga diiwaan geliyay sannadkii 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2009 |title=The 5 Hottest Deserts in the World |url=https://www.mapquest.com/travel/survival/wilderness/5-hottest-deserts-on-earth.htm |access-date=31 December 2023 |website=MapQuest Travel |language=en-us |archive-date=31 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231121804/https://www.mapquest.com/travel/survival/wilderness/5-hottest-deserts-on-earth.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Bannaanlo ballaaran ayaa laga helaa xeebaha Casbiya iyo cirifka waqooyi ee Khaliijka Faaris, halkaas oo Iiraan ay xuduud ka leedahay webiga [[Shatt al-Arab|Arvand]]. Bannaanlo yaryar oo aan isku xirneyn ayaa ku yaal inta kale ee xeebta Khaliijka Faaris, [[Strait of Hormuz|Marinka Hormuz]], iyo Khaliijka Cumaan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography {{!}} Iranian Student Organization (IrSO) |url=https://www.unl.edu/irso/geography |access-date=28 January 2024 |website= |archive-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128122610/https://www.unl.edu/irso/geography |url-status=live}}</ref> === Cimilada === {{main|Cimilada Iiraan}} [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map IRN present.svg|thumb|Khariidadda [[Köppen climate classification|noocyada cimilada]] ee Iiraan]] Cimilada Iiraan waa mid kala duwan, laga bilaabo [[Desert climate|engeg]] iyo [[semi-arid climate|nus-engeg]], ilaa [[subtropics|kuleyl-xigeen]] ka jira xeebta Casbiya iyo kaymaha waqooyiga.<ref name="HaftlangLang2003">{{cite book |author1=Kiyanoosh Kiyani Haftlang |author2=Kiyānūsh Kiyānī Haft Lang |title=The Book of Iran: A Survey of the Geography of Iran |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gecy7sqblqoC&pg=PA17 |year=2003 |publisher=Alhoda UK |isbn=978-964-94491-3-5 |page=17}}</ref> Cirifka waqooyi ee Iiraan, heerkulku dhif iyo naadir ayuu hoos ugu dhacaa dhibicda barafka (freezing), aaggaasna waa mid qoyan. Heerkulka xagaaga dhif ayuu ka sarreeyaa {{convert|29|°C|°F|1}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-Rainfall-Temperature-Sunshine-in-Iran |title=Weather and Climate: Iran, average monthly Rainfall, Sunshine, Temperature, Humidity, Wind Speed |newspaper=World Weather and Climate Information |access-date=29 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922105410/https://weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-Rainfall-Temperature-Sunshine-in-Iran |archive-date=22 September 2015}}</ref> Roobka sannadlaha ah waa {{convert|680|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} bannaanada bari iyo in ka badan {{convert|1700|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} dhanka galbeed. Isku-duwaha Qaramada Midoobay ee Iiraan ayaa sheegay in "[[Water scarcity|Biyo-yaraantu]] ay tahay caqabadda ugu weyn ee xagga amniga bini'aadamka ee maanta ka jirta Iiraan".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.yahoo.com/farming-reforms-offer-hope-irans-water-crisis-131227395.html |title=Farming reforms offer hope for Iran's water crisis |last1=Moghtader |first1=Michelle |date=3 August 2014 |agency=[[Reuters]] |access-date=4 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140807031853/http://news.yahoo.com/farming-reforms-offer-hope-irans-water-crisis-131227395.html |archive-date=7 August 2014}}</ref> Dhanka galbeed, deegaannada ku yaal dooxada Zagros waxay leeyihiin heerkul hoose iyo qaboobeyaal adag, oo leh baraf culus. Dooxooyinka bari iyo kuwa dhexe waa engeg, roobkuna wuxuu ka yaryahay {{convert|200|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}. Heerkulka xagaaga ee celceliska ah wuxuu gaari karaa {{convert|38|°C|1}}. Bannaanada xeebaha koonfureed ee Khaliijka Faaris iyo Khaliijka Cumaan waxay leeyihiin qaboobeyaal dhexdhexaad ah, iyo xagaayo aad u qoyan oo kulul. Roobka sannadlaha ah wuxuu u dhaxeeyaa {{convert|135|to|355|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Nagarajan2010">{{cite book |author=R. Nagarajan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x1505bxl0EkC&pg=PA383 |title=Drought Assessment |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2010 |isbn=978-90-481-2500-5 |page=383}}</ref> === Kala-duwanaanshaha Noolaha === {{See also|Duurjoogta Iiraan|Liiska jardiinooyinka qaranka Iiraan|Kaymaha Iiraan}} [[File:Persian Leopard sitting.jpg|thumb|[[Persian leopard|Libaax-badhka Faaris]], oo u dhashay [[Iranian Plateau|Dhul-sareedka Iiraan]]]] Ku dhowaad 60% Iiraan waa buuraley, in ka yar 10% na waa kaymo. Qiyaastii 120 milyan oo hektar oo kaymo iyo beero ah ayaa dawladdu leedahay. Kaymaha Iiraan waxaa loo qaybin karaa shan goobood: gobolka Hyrcanian oo ka kooban suunka cagaaran ee dhanka waqooyi; gobolka [[Turan]], oo u badan kuwo ku kala firirsan bartamaha Iiraan; gobolka [[Zagros Mountains|Zagros]], oo u badan kaymo geed-ballood (oak) ah dhanka galbeed; gobolka Khaliijka Faaris, oo ku kala firirsan suunka xeebta koonfureed; iyo gobolka [[Arasbaran|Arasbarani]], oo ay ku jiraan noocyo dhif ah. In ka badan 8,200 oo nooc oo [[plant|dhir]] ah ayaa ka baxa. Waxaa jira in ka badan 200 oo aag oo la ilaaliyo si loo dhowro duurjoogta, iyadoo in ka badan 30 ay yihiin [[national park|jardiinooyin qaran]]. Duurjoogta Iiraan waxaa ka mid ah 34 nooc oo fiidmeerta ah, [[Indian grey mongoose|shabeel-biyeedka Hindida]], [[golden jackal|dawaco-cas]], [[Indian wolf|yeyda]], [[fox|dawacooyinka]], [[striped hyena|waraabaha xariijimaha leh]], [[leopard|shabeelka]], [[brown bear|madax-madowga]] iyo [[Asian black bear|oromada madow ee Aasiya]]. Noocyada [[Ungulate|xayawaanka qofka leh]] waxaa ka mid ah [[wild boar|doofaarka duurka]], [[red deer|deerada cas]], iyo [[goitered gazelle|deerada goitered]].<ref name="Fast2005">{{cite book |author=April Fast |title=Iran: The Land |url=https://archive.org/details/iranland0000fast |year=2005 |publisher=Crabtree Publishing Company |isbn=978-0-7787-9315-1}}</ref> [[Asiatic cheetah|Shabeelka Aasiya]] ee khatarta weyn ugu jira dabar-goynta wuxuu ku haray oo kaliya Iiraan. Iiraan waxay weysay dhamaan [[Asiatic lion|libaaxyadii Aasiya]] iyo [[Caspian tiger|shabeel-dharihii Casbiya]] horraantii qarnigii 20-aad. Iiraan waxay hoy u tahay in ka badan 570 nooc oo shimbiraha ah sida [[pheasant]], [[partridge]], [[stork]], [[eagle|gorgorka]] iyo [[falcon|shaqrada]]. == Dawladda iyo Siyaasadda == {{Main|Dawladda Iiraan|Siyaasadda Iiraan}} === Hoggaamiyaha Sare === {{Main|Hoggaamiyaha Sare ee Iiraan}} {{Multiple image | direction = horizontal | align = right | caption_align = center | total_width = 320 | image1 = Emblem of Iran.svg | image2 = Masoud Pezeshkian 2025 (cropped).jpg | image3 = Mohammad Reza Aref, July 2025 (cropped).jpg | caption1 = ''Bannaan''<br /><small>[[Supreme Leader of Iran|Hoggaamiyaha Sare]] </small> | caption2 = [[Masoud Pezeshkian]]<br /><small>[[President of Iran|Madaxweynaha]] </small> | caption3 = [[Mohammad Reza Aref]]<br /><small>[[Vice President of Iran|Madaxweyne ku-xigeenka]] </small> }} [[File:Ayatollah Ali Khamenei met with Pakistani Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif 1404-3-10.jpg|thumb|Hoggaamiyaha Sare Ayatollah [[Ali Khamenei]] oo la jooga Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Pakistan [[Shehbaz Sharif]] 26-kii May 2025]] Hoggaamiyaha Sare,{{efn|{{langx|fa|رهبر معظم|Rahbar-e Moazam}}}} ama ''Rahbar'', waa [[head of state|madaxa dawladda]] waana qofka mas'uulka ka ah kormeerka siyaasadda. Madaxweynuhu wuxuu leeyahay awood xaddidan marka loo eego ''Rahbar''. Wasiiro muhiim ah ayaa lagu soo doortaa heshiiska ''Rahbar'', kaas oo leh go'aanka ugu dambeeya ee siyaasadda dibadda.<ref name="reuters.com">{{cite news |date=8 January 2018 |title=In jab at rivals, Rouhani says Iran protests about more than economy |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-rallies-rouhani/in-jab-at-hardliners-rouhani-says-iran-protests-were-not-only-economic-idUSKBN1EX0S9 |newspaper=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> ''Rahbar'' wuxuu si toos ah ugu lug leeyahay magacaabista wasiirrada gaashaandhigga, sirdoonka iyo arrimaha dibadda. ''Rahbar'' wuxuu si toos ah u xukumaa siyaasadda gobolka. Safiirada loo diro dalalka Carabta, tusaale ahaan, waxaa soo doorta [[Quds Force|Ciidanka Quds]], kuwaas oo si toos ah ugu warbixiya Rahbar.<ref name="english.aawsat.com">{{cite web |last=Al-awsat |first=Asharq |date=25 September 2017 |title=Khamenei Orders New Supervisory Body to Curtail Government |url=https://english.aawsat.com/amir-taheri/features/khamenei-orders-new-supervisory-body-curtail-government}}</ref> ''Rahbar'' wuxuu amri karaa in sharciyada la beddelo. [[Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order|Setad]], oo ah shirkad dawladu leedahay oo hoos timaada ''Rahbar'', ayaa lagu qiimeeyay $95 bilyan sannadkii 2013, xisaabaadkeeduna waa sir xitaa [[Iranian parliament|baarlamaanka]] laguma soo bandhigo. ''Rahbar'' waa [[commander-in-chief|taliyaha guud]] ee [[Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran|Ciidanka Qalabka Sida]], wuxuu xukumaa sirdoonka milatariga iyo hawlgallada amniga, wuxuuna leeyahay awoodda kaliya ee uu ku iclaamin karo dagaal ama nabad. ''Rahbar'' wuxuu sidoo kale magacaabaa madaxda garsoorka, shabakadaha raadiyaha iyo telefishinka dawladda, taliyayaasha booliska iyo milatariga, iyo xubnaha [[Guardian Council|Golaha Ilaalada]]. [[Assembly of Experts|Golaha Khubarada]] ayaa mas'uul ka ah doorashada ''Rahbar'' waxayna leeyihiin awood ay xilka kaga qaadaan. Ilaa iyo hadda, Golaha Khubarada ma tartamin go'aan kasta oo ''Rahbar'' uu gaaray, ismana isku dayin inay xilka ka qaadaan. Qaar badan ayaa raba inay aamminsan yihiin in Golaha Khubarada uu noqday gole maamuus oo kaliya oo aan lahayn awood dhab ah. Nidaamka siyaasadeed wuxuu ku saleysan yahay [[Constitution of Iran|dastuurka dalka]]. Sida laga soo xigtay tusmooyinka caalamiga ah, Iiraan waxay ku jirtaa heer hoose xagga cabbirada dimuqraadiyadda, gaar ahaan sinnaanta ragga iyo haweenka, xorriyadda ururrada, iyo xorriyadda hadalka. === Madaxweynaha === {{Main|Madaxweynaha Iiraan}} [[File:Presidential Administration of Iran building.jpg|thumb|Albaabka laga galo madaxtooyada Iiraan, halkaas oo golaha wasiiradu ku kulmaan]] Madaxweynuhu waa [[head of government|madaxa xukuumadda]] iyo maamulka labaad ee ugu sarreeya Hoggaamiyaha Sare ka dib. Madaxweynaha waxaa lagu soo doortaa [[universal suffrage|codbixin guud]] muddo 4 sanno ah. Doorashada ka hor, musharraxiinta waa inay oggolaansho ka helaan [[Guardian Council|Golaha Ilaalada]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2024 |title=Council of Guardians {{!}} Definition, Role, Selection, & History |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Council-of-Guardians |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> Madaxweynaha waxaa dib loo dooran karaa hal mar oo kaliya. Madaxweynuhu waa guddoomiyaha [[Supreme National Security Council|Golaha Amniga Qaranka]], wuxuuna leeyahay awood uu ku iclaamiyo [[state of emergency|xaalad degdeg ah]] ka dib marka baarlamaanku ansixiyo. Madaxweynuhu wuxuu mas'uul ka yahay dhaqangelinta dastuurka iyo fulinta go'aannada iyo siyaasadaha guud ee uu qeexay ''Rahbar'', marka laga reebo arrimaha si toos ah ugu xiran ''Rahbar''. Madaxweynuhu wuxuu magacaabaa wasiirrada, iyadoo ay ku xiran tahay ansixinta Baarlamaanka iyo ''Rahbar'', kaas oo eryi kara ama dib u soo celin kara wasiir kasta. Sideed madaxweyne ku-xigeen ayaa hoos timaada madaxweynaha, iyo sidoo kale gole wasiirro oo ka kooban 22 wasiir. === Golaha Ilaalada === {{Main|Golaha Ilaalada}} Musharraxiinta madaxweynaha iyo baarlamaanka waa in ay ansixiyaan 12-ka xubnood ee Golaha Ilaalada (dhammaan xubnahooda waxaa magacaaba Hoggaamiyaha Sare) ka hor inta aysan u tartamin xilka si loo xaqiijiyo daacadnimadooda.<ref>{{cite book |author=Chibli Mallat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5oB4_tohQegC |title=The Renewal of Islamic Law |date=2004 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]}}</ref> Hoggaamiyaha Sare wuxuu ka noqon karaa go'aannada Golaha Ilaalada. Dastuurku wuxuu siinayaa golaha saddex waajibaad: awoodda diidmada (veto) ee sharciyada uu soo saaro [[Majlis of Iran|baarlamaanka]], kormeerka doorashooyinka, iyo ansixinta ama ka saarista musharraxiinta u tartamaya doorashooyinka maxalliga ah, baarlamaanka, madaxtooyada, ama Golaha Khubarada. Goluhu wuxuu burin karaa sharci kasta haddii uu ka soo horjeedo [[sharia|shariicada Islaamka]] ama dastuurka. === Ciidanka === {{Main|Military history of Iran}} [[File:Sejjil missile launch - November 2008 (21).jpg|thumb|upright=.7|[[Medium-range ballistic missile|MRBM]] [[Sejjil]]. Iiraan waa quwadda 6-aad ee [[Ballistic missile|gantaalaha]] adduunka, waana dalka 5-aad ee caalamka ee leh farsamada [[Hypersonic missile|gantaalaha haaybarsanik-ga]]]] Ciidanka waxaa loo qaabeeyey qaab midaysan, kaas oo ah [[Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces]], oo ka kooban [[Islamic Republic of Iran Army]], oo ay ku jiraan [[Islamic Republic of Iran Army Ground Forces|Ciidanka Dhulka]], [[Islamic Republic of Iran Air Defense Force|Ciidanka Difaaca Cirka]], [[Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force|Ciidanka Cirka]], iyo [[Islamic Republic of Iran Navy|Ciidanka Badda]]; iyo [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]], oo ka kooban [[Islamic Republic of Iran Revolutionary Guard Corps Ground Forces|Ciidanka Dhulka]], [[Islamic Republic of Iran Revolutionary Guard Corps Aerospace Force|Ciidanka Hawada Sare]], [[Islamic Republic of Iran Revolutionary Guard Corps Navy|Ciidanka Badda]], [[Quds Force]], iyo [[Basij]]; iyo sidoo kale [[Police Command of the Islamic Republic of Iran|Taliska Booliska]] (Faraja), kaas oo qabta shaqo u dhiganta [[Gendarmerie|jandarmaari]]. In kasta oo IRIAF ay ilaaliso madaxbannaanida dalka qaab dhaqameed, IRGC waxaa loo xilsaaray inay sugto hufnaanta Jamhuuriyadda kana hortagto faragelinta shisheeye, afgembiyaasha, iyo rabshadaha gudaha.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7064353.stm "Profile: Iran's Revolutionary Guards"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227172931/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7064353.stm|date=27 December 2008}}. [[BBC News]]. 18 October 2009.</ref> Sanadkii 2019, Mareykanka oo uu hoggaaminayo [[Donald Trump|Madaxweyne Donald Trump]] ayaa si rasmi ah ugu calaamadiyay Ilaalada Kacaanka urur argagixiso shisheeye. Waa markii ugu horreysay oo qayb ka mid ah dawlad shisheeye loo aqoonsado urur argagixiso.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-to-designate-iranian-guard-corps-a-foreign-terrorist-organization-11554499401|title=U.S. to Designate Iranian Guard Corps a Foreign Terror Group|last1=Gordon|first1=Michael R.|date=5 April 2019|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=7 April 2019|last2=Strobel|first2=Warren P.|language=en-US|issn=0099-9660|last3=Youssef|first3=Nancy A.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/label-iran-revolutionary-guard-corps-terrorist-group-190406061535338.html|title=US 'to label Iran's Revolutionary Guard Corps a terrorist group'|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref> [[Conscription in Iran|Tan iyo 1925]], dhammaan muwaadiniinta labka ah ee jira 18 sano waa inay u adeegaan qiyaastii 14 bilood IRIAF ama IRGC.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2024 |script-title=fa:اخبار سیاسی ۲۶ اسفند؛ کمک رهبرانقلاب به زندانیان نیازمند/تایید کاهش مدت سربازی |url=https://www.isna.ir/news/1402122618464/اخبار-سیاسی-۲۶-اسفند-کمک-رهبرانقلاب-به-زندانیان-نیازمند-تایید |access-date=16 March 2024 |website= |language=fa |archive-date=16 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316122351/https://www.isna.ir/news/1402122618464/اخبار-سیاسی-۲۶-اسفند-کمک-رهبرانقلاب-به-زندانیان-نیازمند-تایید |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2024 |script-title=fa:تایید مصوبه کاهش مدت سربازی در شورای نگهبان |url=https://www.ekhtebar.ir/تایید-مصوبه-کاهش-مدت-سربازی-در-شورای-نگ/ |access-date=16 March 2024 |website= |language=fa-IR |archive-date=16 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316171553/https://www.ekhtebar.ir/تایید-مصوبه-کاهش-مدت-سربازی-در-شورای-نگ/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Iiraan waxay leedahay in ka badan 610,000 oo askari oo firfircoon iyo qiyaastii 350,000 oo kayd ah, taas oo ka dhigan ugu yaraan in ka badan hal milyan oo shaqaale ciidan ah, waana mid ka mid ah [[List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel|boqolleyda ugu sarreysa ee muwaadiniinta leh tababarka ciidan]] ee adduunka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hussain |first=Murtaza |title=Why war with Iran would spell disaster |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2012/9/12/why-war-with-iran-would-spell-disaster |access-date=15 March 2024 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=29 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229012940/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2012/9/12/why-war-with-iran-would-spell-disaster |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Seth G. |chapter=Regular Military Power |pages=19–27 |jstor=resrep29480.7 |jstor-access=free |title=Containing Tehran: Understanding Iran's Power and Exploiting Its Vulnerabilities |date=2020 |publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies |isbn=978-1-4422-8149-3}}</ref> Basij, oo ah maleeshiyo iskaa wax u qabso ah oo ka tirsan IRGC, waxay leedahay in ka badan 20 milyan oo xubnood, kuwaas oo 600,000 ay diyaar u yihiin u yeeritaan degdeg ah, 300,000 oo kayd ah, iyo hal milyan oo la abaabuli karo markii loo baahdo.<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=fa:ارتش بیست میلیونی |url=http://www.imam-khomeini.ir/fa/n151194/ارتش_بیست_میلیونی |access-date=15 March 2024 |website= |archive-date=15 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315102527/http://www.imam-khomeini.ir/fa/n151194/ارتش_بیست_میلیونی |url-status=live}}</ref> Faraja, oo ah ciidanka booliska ee Iiraan, waxay leedahay in ka badan 260,000 oo shaqaale firfircoon. Inta badan hay'adaha tirakoobka kuma daraan Basij iyo Faraja warbixinadooda qiimeynta. Iiraan waxay ku jirtaa kaalinta 7-aad ee tirada ciidamada firfircoon<ref>{{Cite web |author=Sinéad Baker |author2=Thibault Spirlet |title=The world's most powerful militaries in 2023, ranked |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/ranked-world-most-powerful-militaries-2023-firepower-us-china-russia-2023-5 |access-date=28 December 2023 |website=[[Business Insider]] |language=en-US |archive-date=24 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224124226/https://www.businessinsider.com/ranked-world-most-powerful-militaries-2023-firepower-us-china-russia-2023-5 |url-status=live}}</ref> iyo kaalinta 9-aad ee baaxadda ciidamada dhulka iyo kuwa gaashaaman. Ciidamada qalabka sida ee Iiraan ayaa ah kuwa ugu weyn Galbeedka Aasiya, waxayna ka kooban yihiin raxan diyaaradaha qumman ee ugu weyn Bariga Dhexe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Ghorbani: Iran helicopter fleet, strongest in Middle East |url=http://iranpress.com/aliaspage/7560 |access-date=24 December 2023 |website=Iran Press |language=en |archive-date=24 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224125731/https://iranpress.com/aliaspage/7560 |url-status=live}}</ref> Iiraan waxay ka mid tahay 15-ka waddan ee ugu sarreeya dhinaca miisaaniyadda ciidanka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2022 |title=Iran Boosts Military Budget To Stand Among Top 15 |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202204261827 |access-date=10 December 2023 |website=Iran International |archive-date=10 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210121648/https://www.iranintl.com/en/202204261827 |url-status=live}}</ref> Sanadkii 2021, kharashka milatariga ayaa kordhay markii ugu horreysay muddo afar sano ah, isagoo gaaray $24.6 bilyan, taas oo ah 2.3% wax soo saarka guud ee dalka (GDP).<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2023 |title=Iran Military Spending=Defense Budget 1960–2023 |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/IRN/iran/military-spending-defense-budget |access-date=10 December 2023 |website=Macrotrends |archive-date=10 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210121648/https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/IRN/iran/military-spending-defense-budget |url-status=live}}</ref> Tan iyo kacaankii Islaamiga ahaa, si ay uga gudubto cunaqabateynta dibadda, Iiraan waxay horumarisay warshado milatari oo gudaha ah oo awood u leh inay soo saaraan [[tank]]-yo, [[armoured personnel carrier|gaadiidka gaashaaman ee ciidanka]], [[missile|gantaalo]], [[submarine|maraakiibta quusta]], [[Iranian frigate Jamaran|markabka gantaalaha xambaara]], nidaamyada [[radar]]-ka, [[helicopter|diyaaradaha qumman]], [[Navy|maraakiibta dagaalka]], iyo [[fighter aircraft|diyaaradaha dagaalka]].<ref name="AskariMohseni2010">{{cite book |author1=Hossein Askari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GxdtLyJZxDUC&pg=PA93 |title=The Militarization of the Persian Gulf: An Economic Analysis |author2=Amin Mohseni |author3=Shahrzad Daneshvar |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-84980-186-7 |page=93}}</ref> Sidaas darteed, Iiraan waxay leedahay arsenal-ka ugu weyn uguna kala duwan ee [[ballistic missile|gantaalaha balastikada]] ee Bariga Dhexe, waana dalka 5-aad ee adduunka ee leh farsamada [[Hypersonic missile|gantaalaha haaybarsanik-ga]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Motamedi |first=Maziar |date=6 June 2023 |title=Fattah: Iran unveils its first hypersonic missile |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/6/fattah-iran-unveils-its-first-hypersonic-missile |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |access-date=6 December 2023 |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606223808/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/6/fattah-iran-unveils-its-first-hypersonic-missile |url-status=live}}</ref> Iiraan waxay sidoo kale naqshadaysaa oo soo saartaa noocyo kala duwan oo [[unmanned aerial vehicle|diyaaradaha aan duuliyaha lahayn]] (UAV). Sidoo kale waa mid ka mid ah shanta waddan ee adduunka ee leh awoodda [[cyberwarfare|dagaalka internetka]]. === Barnaamijka Nukliyeerka === {{Main|Nuclear program of Iran}} Barnaamijka nukliyeerka ee Iiraan wuxuu soo bilaabmay 1950-meeyadii.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2007 |title=An atomic threat made in America |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/nation-world/chi-061209atoms-day1-story-htmlstory.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405050620/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-061209atoms-day1-story,0,2034260.htmlstory |archive-date=5 April 2014 |access-date=28 December 2023 |website=[[Chicago Tribune]]}}</ref> Iiraan waxay dib u soo noolaysay kacaankii Islaamiga ka dib, barnaamijkeeda kobcinta nukliyeerka wuxuu noqday mawduuc laga yeesho wada xaajoodyo caalami ah oo xooggan iyo cunaqabateyn.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2012 |title=Iran's Nuclear Program – Council on Foreign Relations |work=Council on Foreign Relations |url=http://www.cfr.org/iran/irans-nuclear-program/p16811 |access-date=1 May 2024 |archive-date=20 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220182315/http://www.cfr.org/iran/irans-nuclear-program/p16811}}</ref> Sanadkii 2015, Iiraan iyo [[P5+1]] waxay ku heshiiyeen [[Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action|Heshiiska Nukliyeerka]], ujeedkiisuna ahaa in la soo afjaro cunaqabateynta dhaqaale beddelkeedana la xaddido soo saarista [[enriched uranium|yuraaniyamka la kobciyey]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran Deal |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/node/328996 |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=The White House |language=en |archive-date=27 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427112948/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/node/328996 |url-status=live}}</ref> Si kasta ha ahaatee, 2018-kii, [[United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action|Mareykanka ayaa isaga baxay]] heshiiska intii uu jiray maamulkii Trump, waxaana dib loogu soo rogay cunaqabateyn. Tan waxaa kala kulmay iska caabin Iiraan iyo xubnaha kale ee P5+1.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fox |first=Kara |date=8 May 2018 |title=European leaders 'disappointed' in Trump's withdrawal from Iran deal |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/08/europe/iran-deal-world-leaders-react/index.html |access-date=1 May 2024 |publisher=[[CNN]] |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501174028/https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/08/europe/iran-deal-world-leaders-react/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Sanad ka dib, Iiraan waxay bilowday inay dhimto u hoggaansanaanteeda heshiiska. Markay ahayd 2020, Iiraan waxay ku dhawaaqday inaysan dhowri doonin wax xaddidid ah oo uu dhigayo heshiisku.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2020 |title=Iran abandons enrichment limits in further step back from nuclear deal |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20200105-iran-abandons-enrichment-limits-in-further-step-back-from-nuclear-deal |access-date=1 May 2024 |publisher=[[France 24]] |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501174027/https://www.france24.com/en/20200105-iran-abandons-enrichment-limits-in-further-step-back-from-nuclear-deal |url-status=live}}</ref> Guulaha tan iyo markaas laga gaaray waxay Iiraan keeneen meel u dhow heerka loogu yeero [[Nuclear latency|marinka nukliyeerka]]. === Saamaynta Gobolka === {{Main|Iranian influence in Lebanon|Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war|Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)}} [[File:Iranian Influence (2).png|thumb|Iiraan iyo [[sphere of influence|aagga saamaynteeda]]]] Saamaynta muuqata ee Iiraan waxaa mararka qaarkood lagu sifeeyaa "Bilowga Boqortooyada Cusub ee Faaris".<ref>{{Cite news |author=Fereydoun Khavand |date=14 September 2017 |title=Are We Witnessing The Dawn Of A New Persian Empire? |work=Radio Farda |url=https://en.radiofarda.com/a/iran-influence-in-middle-east-new-empire/28735042.html |access-date=31 January 2024}}</ref> Qaar ka mid ah falanqeeyayaasha ayaa saamaynta Iiraan la xiriiriya dhaxalka qaran ee dalka, [[Achaemenid Empire|boqortooyadii]] hore iyo [[History of Iran|taariikhda]] qani ah ee ay leedahay. Kacaanka ka dib, Iran waxay kordhisay saamaynta ay ku leedahay gobolka iyo dibaddaba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2015 |title=The Challenge of Iran |url=https://iranprimer.usip.org/resource/challenge-iran |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=[[United States Institute of Peace]] |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174231/https://iranprimer.usip.org/resource/challenge-iran}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran, a Geopolitical Player in the Middle East |url=https://www.iemed.org/publication/iran-a-geopolitical-player-in-the-middle-east/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |website= |language=en-US |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174232/https://www.iemed.org/publication/iran-a-geopolitical-player-in-the-middle-east/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=G. P. F. |date=16 February 2018 |title=Iranian Expansion Spreads Beyond the Middle East |url=https://geopoliticalfutures.com/iranian-expansion-spreads-beyond-middle-east/ |access-date=31 January 2024 |website=Geopolitical Futures |language=en-US |archive-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131115020/https://geopoliticalfutures.com/iranian-expansion-spreads-beyond-middle-east/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New report reveals extent of Iran's growing Middle East influence |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/11/7/new-report-reveals-extent-of-irans-growing-middle-east-influence |access-date=31 January 2024 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131115020/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/11/7/new-report-reveals-extent-of-irans-growing-middle-east-influence |url-status=live}}</ref> Waxay dhistay ciidamo millatari oo leh shabakad ballaaran oo ka kooban xubno dawladeed iyo kuwo aan dawli ahayn, laga bilaabo Xisbullah ee Lubnaan sanadkii 1982.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kane |first=J. Robert |year=2018 |title=A Life Cycle Analysis of Hezbollah: Where the Group Came from and Where It Is Going |journal=American Intelligence Journal |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=67–73 |jstor=26566567}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hezbollah's Record on War & Politics |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/hezbollahs-record-war-politics |access-date=30 January 2024 |website= |date=25 October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131093311/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/hezbollahs-record-war-politics |url-status=live}}</ref> Ciidanka Ilaalada Kacaanka ee IRGC ayaa fure u ahaa saamaynta Iran, iyadoo loo marayo Cududda Quds.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 April 2019 |title=Profile: Iran's Revolutionary Guards |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-47852262 |access-date=30 January 2024 |language=en-GB |archive-date=16 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316054026/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-47852262 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hezbollah's Regional Activities in Support of Iran's Proxy Networks |url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/hezbollahs-regional-activities-support-irans-proxy-networks |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=[[Middle East Institute]] |language=en |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513224544/https://www.mei.edu/publications/hezbollahs-regional-activities-support-irans-proxy-networks |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=DeVore |first=Marc R. |year=2012 |title=Exploring the Iran-Hezbollah Relationship: A Case Study of how State Sponsorship affects Terrorist Group Decision-Making |journal=Perspectives on Terrorism |volume=6 |issue=4/5 |pages=85–107 |jstor=26296878}}</ref> Deganaansho la'aanta Lubnaan (laga bilaabo 1980-meeyadii),<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kliot |first=N. |year=1987 |title=The Collapse of the Lebanese State |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=54–74 |doi=10.1080/00263208708700688 |jstor=4283154}}</ref> Ciraaq (laga bilaabo 2003)<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 March 2023 |title=War, insurgency, IS and instability: Iraq since the 2003 US invasion |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/mar/19/war-insurgency-is-and-instability-iraq-since-the-2003-us-invasion |access-date=30 January 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> iyo Yemen (laga bilaabo 2014)<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2023 |title=The Saudi-led War in Yemen: Frequently Asked Questions {{!}} Friends Committee On National Legislation |url=https://www.fcnl.org/issues/middle-east-iran/saudi-led-war-yemen-frequently-asked-questions |access-date=30 January 2024 |website= |language=en |archive-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128135958/https://www.fcnl.org/issues/middle-east-iran/saudi-led-war-yemen-frequently-asked-questions |url-status=live}}</ref> waxay Iran u ogolaatay inay dhisto xulafo xooggan iyo saldhigyo ka baxsan xuduudaheeda. Iran waxay saamayn weyn ku lahayd adeegyada bulshada, waxbarashada, dhaqaalaha iyo siyaasadda Lubnaan,<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor=resrep20960.6 |title=Hezbollah's Intervention in the Syrian Conflict |last1=Ali |first1=Mohanad Hage |journal=Power Points Defining the Syria-Hezbollah Relationship |date=30 January 2024 |pages=8–13 |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Akbar |first=Ali |date=8 August 2023 |title=Iran's soft power in the Middle East via the promotion of the Persian language |journal=Contemporary Politics |language=en |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=424–445 |doi=10.1080/13569775.2023.2169305 |issn=1356-9775 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lubnaanna waxay Iran siisaa marin ay ka gasho [[Badda Mediterranean-ka]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tehran's Corridor to the Mediterranean Sea – EUROPolitika |url=https://www.europolitika.com/tehrans-corridor-to-the-mediterranean-sea/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |language=tr |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174232/https://www.europolitika.com/tehrans-corridor-to-the-mediterranean-sea/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2023 |title=Iran Threatens Mediterranean Closure Over Gaza Without Saying How |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/iran-threatens-mediterranean-closure-over-gaza-without-saying-how/7409793.html |access-date=30 January 2024 |publisher=Voice of America |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174231/https://www.voanews.com/a/iran-threatens-mediterranean-closure-over-gaza-without-saying-how/7409793.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Guulaha istiraatiijiyadeed ee Xisbullah ay ka gaartay Israa'iil, sida guushii calaamadda u ahayd intii uu socday [[Dagaalkii Lubnaan ee 2006|Dagaalkii 2006 ee Israa'iil iyo Xisbullah]], waxay sare u qaaday saamaynta Iran ee [[Levant]] waxayna xoojisay soo jiidashadeeda guud ahaan [[Dunida Islaamka]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran Thrives In The Levant On Weakened States Threatened By Sunni Radicalism |url=https://www.hoover.org/research/iranian-corridor-middle-east-geopolitics-sectarianism-and-economic-integration |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=Hoover Institution |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174230/https://www.hoover.org/research/iranian-corridor-middle-east-geopolitics-sectarianism-and-economic-integration |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA560123 |title=How to Contain Iranian Influence in the Levant |language=en |access-date=30 January 2024 |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174232/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA560123 |url-status=live}}</ref> Duulaankii [[Duulaankii Ciraaq ee 2003|Mareykanka ee Ciraaq sanadkii 2003]] iyo imaatinkii [[Dawladda Islaamka|ISIS]] badhtamihii 2010-yadii ka dib, Iran waxay maalgelisay oo tababartay kooxo maleeshiyo ah oo Ciraaq jooga.<ref name="Institute for the Study of War">{{Cite web |title=Institute for the Study of War |url=http://dev-isw.bivings.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325065358/https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-march-24 |archive-date=25 March 2022 |access-date=23 March 2024 |website=Institute for the Study of War |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Luca Nevola |author2=Miran Feyli |date=23 May 2023 |title=The Muqawama and Its Enemies: Shifting Patterns in Iran-Backed Shiite Militia Activity in Iraq |url=https://acleddata.com/2023/05/23/the-muqawama-and-its-enemies-shifting-patterns-in-iran-backed-shiite-militia-activity-in-iraq/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=ACLED |language=en-US |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174231/https://acleddata.com/2023/05/23/the-muqawama-and-its-enemies-shifting-patterns-in-iran-backed-shiite-militia-activity-in-iraq/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Crispin Smith |author2=Michael Knights |date=20 March 2023 |title=Remaking Iraq: How Iranian-Backed Militias Captured the Country |url=https://www.justsecurity.org/85566/remaking-iraq-how-iranian-backed-militias-captured-the-country/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=Just Security |language=en-US |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174230/https://www.justsecurity.org/85566/remaking-iraq-how-iranian-backed-militias-captured-the-country/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Dagaalkii Iran iyo Ciraaq iyo dhicitaankii [[Saddam Hussein]] ka dib, Iran waxay qaabaysay siyaasadda Ciraaq.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Much Influence Does Iran Have in Iraq? |url=https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/how-much-influence-does-iran-have-iraq |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=Council on Foreign Relations |language=en |archive-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330011242/https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/how-much-influence-does-iran-have-iraq |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran is still the main foreign power in Iraq |url=https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/iran-is-still-the-main-foreign-power-in-iraq-121476 |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=ISPI |language=en-US |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130175734/https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/iran-is-still-the-main-foreign-power-in-iraq-121476 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Motamedi |first=Maziar |title=Where does Iran stand on neighbouring Iraq's political turmoil? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/8/31/where-does-iran-stand-on-neighbouring-iraqs-political-turmoil |access-date=30 January 2024 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174230/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/8/31/where-does-iran-stand-on-neighbouring-iraqs-political-turmoil |url-status=live}}</ref> Ka dib halgankii Ciraaq ee ka dhanka ahaa ISIS ee 2014, shirkado lala xiriiriyo IRGC sida [[Khatam-al Anbiya Construction Headquarters|Khatam al-Anbiya]], waxay bilaabeen inay dhisaan waddooyin, xarumo koronto, hoteello iyo ganacsiyo Ciraaq dhexdeeda ah, iyagoo abuuray marin dhaqaale oo ku kacaya qiyaastii $9 bilyan ka hor [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=fa:افزایش صادرات ایران به عراق تا 9 میلیارد دلار/ در تجارت با منطقه جایگاه مناسبی نداریم |url=https://khabarfarsi.com/u/111389054 |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=KhabarFarsi.com |language=fa |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174231/https://khabarfarsi.com/u/111389054 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Achaemenid Empire 500 BCE.jpg|thumb|Boqortooyadii Achaemenid sanadkii 500 BC]] Intii uu socday [[Dagaalkii sokeeye ee Yemen (2014–ilaa hadda)|Dagaalkii sokeeye ee Yemen]] Iran waxay taageero millatari siisay Xuutiyiinta,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Houthis, Iran, and tensions in the Red Sea |url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/houthis-iran-and-tensions-red-sea |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=Middle East Institute |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174230/https://www.mei.edu/publications/houthis-iran-and-tensions-red-sea |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 August 2021 |title=How Iran Helped Houthis Expand Their Reach |url=https://warontherocks.com/2021/08/how-iran-helped-houthis-expand-their-reach/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=War on the Rocks |language=en-US |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174230/https://warontherocks.com/2021/08/how-iran-helped-houthis-expand-their-reach/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lester |first=Stephanie |date=19 December 2019 |title=Media Guide: Iran and the Yemeni Civil War |url=http://www.us-iran.org/resources/2019/12/19/media-guide-iran-and-the-yemeni-civil-war |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=American Iranian Council |language=en-US |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174230/http://www.us-iran.org/resources/2019/12/19/media-guide-iran-and-the-yemeni-civil-war |url-status=live}}</ref> oo ah dhaqdhaqaaq Shiico [[Zaydism|Zaydi]] ah oo la dagaalamayay dawladda [[Sunni Islam|Sunniga]] ee Yemen ilaa 2004,<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 2023 |title=5 Things to Know About the Houthis, Their Attacks on Israel and the U.S., and Their Treatment of Yemen's Jews {{!}} AJC |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/5-things-to-know-about-the-houthis-their-attacks-on-israel-and-the-us-and-their-treatment-of |access-date=30 January 2024 |website= |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174230/https://www.ajc.org/news/5-things-to-know-about-the-houthis-their-attacks-on-israel-and-the-us-and-their-treatment-of |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ignatius |first=David |date=16 January 2024 |title=Opinion {{!}} The Houthis sink an arrow into the West's Achilles' heel |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2024/01/16/red-sea-houthis-supply-chain-disruption/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=17 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117171545/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2024/01/16/red-sea-houthis-supply-chain-disruption/ |url-status=live}}</ref> kuwaas oo helay [[Xiisadda Badda Cas|awood ballaaran]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yemen's Houthi rebels seize cargo ship in Red Sea |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/19/yemens-houthi-rebels-seize-cargo-ship-in-red-sea-israel-blames-iran |access-date=23 March 2024 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324024030/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/19/yemens-houthi-rebels-seize-cargo-ship-in-red-sea-israel-blames-iran |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2024 |title=A ship earlier hit by Yemen's Houthi rebels sinks in the Red Sea, the first vessel lost in conflict |url=https://apnews.com/article/yemen-houthi-rebels-rubymar-sinks-red-sea-fb64a490ce935756337ee3606e15d093 |access-date=23 March 2024 |website=[[AP News]] |language=en |archive-date=23 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323071241/https://apnews.com/article/yemen-houthi-rebels-rubymar-sinks-red-sea-fb64a490ce935756337ee3606e15d093 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Clinch |first=first=Matt |date=25 March 2022 |title=Yemen's Houthis claim attack on Aramco facility after reports of a huge fire in Saudi city of Jeddah |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/03/25/reports-of-huge-fire-at-aramco-oil-facility-in-saudi-arabia.html |access-date=23 March 2024 |publisher=[[CNBC]] |language=en |archive-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326083516/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/03/25/reports-of-huge-fire-at-aramco-oil-facility-in-saudi-arabia.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Iran waxay saamayn weyn ku leedahay Afgaanistaan iyada oo loo marayo kooxaha maleeshiyada ah sida [[Liwa Fatemiyoun|Qaybta Fatemiyoun]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2018 |title=Mission Accomplished? What's Next for Iran's Afghan Fighters in Syria |url=https://warontherocks.com/2018/02/mission-accomplished-whats-next-irans-afghan-fighters-syria/ |access-date=25 March 2024 |website=War on the Rocks |language=en-US |archive-date=14 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514235532/https://warontherocks.com/2018/02/mission-accomplished-whats-next-irans-afghan-fighters-syria/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2021 |title=Iran's Tricky Balancing Act in Afghanistan |url=https://warontherocks.com/2021/07/irans-tricky-balancing-act-in-afghanistan/ |access-date=25 March 2024 |website=War on the Rocks |language=en-US |archive-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322050754/https://warontherocks.com/2021/07/irans-tricky-balancing-act-in-afghanistan/ |url-status=live}}</ref> iyo [[Xisbullah Afgaanistaan]]<ref>{{cite web |author1=Ari Heistein |author2=James West |date=20 November 2015 |title=Syria's Other Foreign Fighters: Iran's Afghan and Pakistani Mercenaries |url=https://nationalinterest.org/feature/syrias-other-foreign-fighters-irans-afghan-pakistani-14400 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=National Interest}}</ref><ref name="aijac">{{cite web |author=Oved Lobel |date=16 November 2018 |title=Afghanistan: The Forgotten Front Against Iran |url=https://aijac.org.au/fresh-air/afghanistan-the-forgotten-front-against-iran/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=aijac.org}}</ref> iyo sidoo kale Pakistan iyada oo loo marayo kooxaha maleeshiyada ah sida [[Liwa Zainabiyoun|Guutada Zainabiyoun]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2016 |title=Meet the Zainebiyoun Brigade: An Iranian Backed Pakistani Shia Militia Fighting in Syria – The OSINT Blog |work=The OSINT Blog |url=https://theosintblog.com/2016/04/28/meet-the-zainebiyoun-brigade-an-iranian-backed-pakistani-shia-militia-fighting-in-syria/ |access-date=25 March 2024 |archive-date=2 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502213753/https://theosintblog.com/2016/04/28/meet-the-zainebiyoun-brigade-an-iranian-backed-pakistani-shia-militia-fighting-in-syria/ |url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> iyo [[Sipah-e-Muhammad Pakistan]].<ref name="pakistantoday.com.pk">{{Cite web |title='200 Iranian-trained Sipah-e-Muhammad activists hunting down ASWJ workers' |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/05/26/%E2%80%98200-iranian-trained-sipah-e-muhammad-activists-hunting-down-aswj-workers%E2%80%99/ |access-date=2018-07-26 |website=www.pakistantoday.com.pk |language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726135021/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/05/26/%E2%80%98200-iranian-trained-sipah-e-muhammad-activists-hunting-down-aswj-workers%E2%80%99/|archive-date=2018-07-26}}</ref> Suuriya dhexdeeda, Iran waxay taageertay Madaxweyne [[Bashar al-Assad]];<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Terrill |first=W. Andrew |year=2015 |title=Iran's Strategy for Saving Asad |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_middle-east-journal_spring-2015_69_2/page/222 |journal=Middle East Journal |volume=69 |issue=2 |pages=222–236 |doi=10.3751/69.2.1 |jstor=43698235}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2012 |title=Iran's Evolving Policy on Syria |url=https://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2012/jul/30/iran%E2%80%99s-evolving-policy-syria |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=[[United States Institute of Peace]] |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174231/https://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2012/jul/30/iran%E2%80%99s-evolving-policy-syria}}</ref> labada waddan waxay ahaayeen xulafo muddo dheer soo jiray.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Samii |first=Abbas William |year=2008 |title=A Stable Structure on Shifting Sands: Assessing the Hizbullah-Iran-Syria Relationship |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_middle-east-journal_winter-2008_62_1/page/32 |journal=Middle East Journal |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=32–53 |doi=10.3751/62.1.12 |jstor=25482471}}</ref><ref name="Institute for the Study of War"/> Iran waxay taageero millatari iyo dhaqaale oo weyn siisay dawladda Assad,<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2023 |title=Why is Iran Involved in Syria: A Look at Multifaceted Reasons |work=Best Diplomats &#124; New York |url=https://bestdiplomats.org/why-is-iran-involved-in-syria/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |language=en-US |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174231/https://bestdiplomats.org/why-is-iran-involved-in-syria/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran Update, September 20, 2023 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/iran-update-september-20-2023 |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=Critical Threats |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174232/https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/iran-update-september-20-2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> sidaas darteed waxay saldhig weyn ku lahayd Suuriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=After 7 years of war, Assad has won in Syria. What's next for Washington? |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/after-7-years-of-war-assad-has-won-in-syria-whats-next-for-washington/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=Brookings |language=en-US |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174231/https://www.brookings.edu/articles/after-7-years-of-war-assad-has-won-in-syria-whats-next-for-washington/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Syria's Stalemate Has Only Benefitted Assad and His Backers |url=https://www.usip.org/publications/2023/03/syrias-stalemate-has-only-benefitted-assad-and-his-backers |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=United States Institute of Peace |language=en |archive-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318081024/https://www.usip.org/publications/2023/03/syrias-stalemate-has-only-benefitted-assad-and-his-backers}}</ref> Iran waxay muddo dheer taageertay ururada ku yaala [[Waqooyiga Afrika]] ee dalalka sida [[Aljeeriya]] iyo [[Tunisia]]. Iran waxay soo dhoweysay [[Xamaas]] qayb ahaan si ay gacan uga geysato wiiqidda caannimada [[Ururka Xoreynta Falastiin|Ururka Xoreynta Falastiin]] (PLO).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran and Hamas beyond the borders of the Middle East |url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/iran-and-hamas-beyond-borders-middle-east |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=[[Middle East Institute]] |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174231/https://www.mei.edu/publications/iran-and-hamas-beyond-borders-middle-east |url-status=live}}</ref> Taageerada Iran ee Xamaas waxay si cad u soo baxday sannadihii dambe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Skare |first=Erik |date=18 December 2023 |title=Iran, Hamas, and Islamic Jihad: A marriage of convenience |url=https://ecfr.eu/article/iran-hamas-and-islamic-jihad-a-marriage-of-convenience/ |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=ECFR |language=en-GB |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116122514/https://ecfr.eu/article/iran-hamas-and-islamic-jihad-a-marriage-of-convenience/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hamas-Iran Relationship {{!}} The Washington Institute |url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/hamas-iran-relationship |access-date=30 January 2024 |website= |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174230/https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/hamas-iran-relationship |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hamas And Israel: Iran's Role |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/hamas-and-israel-irans-role |access-date=30 January 2024 |website= |date=10 October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174231/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/hamas-and-israel-irans-role |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Jake Tapper |author2=Katie Bo Lillis |date=14 November 2023 |title=Found document suggests Iran sought to help Hamas make its own weapons ahead of attack, sources say |publisher=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/14/politics/document-iran-hamas-weapons/index.html |access-date=30 January 2024 |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130174230/https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/14/politics/document-iran-hamas-weapons/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Sida laga soo xigtay sirdoonka Mareykanka, Iran si buuxda uma maamusho kooxahan dawliga ah iyo kuwa aan dawliga ahayn.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2024 |title=US intelligence officials estimate Tehran does not have full control of its proxy groups |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/02/01/iran-proxies-intel-houthis-00139099 |website=Politico |access-date=15 March 2024 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329202849/https://www.politico.com/news/2024/02/01/iran-proxies-intel-houthis-00139099 |url-status=live}}</ref> === Xuquuqda aadanaha iyo faafreebka === {{Main|Xuquuqda aadanaha ee Iran|Faafreebka Iran}} {{See also|Ciqaabta dilka ee Iran|Cadaadiska siyaasadeed ee Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah ee Iran}} [[File:EvinHouseofDetention.jpg|thumb|Albaabka laga galo [[Xabsiga Evin]], oo la aasaasay 1972. [[Vice Media|VICE]] waxay ku tilmaantay xabsiga "meesha argagaxa leh ee halyeeyga ah oo qofna uusan rabin inuu ku dambeyno."<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=voA0cS1JiGQ |title=VICE Guide to Iran with Suroosh Alvi |date=15 April 2020 |last=VICE |access-date=17 May 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref>|225x225px]] Dawladda Iran ayaa lagu cambaareeyay ururo caalami ah iyo dawlado kala duwan inay ku xad-gudubto xuquuqda aadanaha.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 January 2019 |title=Iran |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2019/iran |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430053909/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2019/iran |archive-date=30 April 2019 |access-date=30 April 2019 |website=}}</ref> Dawladdu waxay inta badan dhibaataysay oo xirtay dadka dhaleeceeya dawladda. Sharciga Iran ma aqoonsana [[Xuquuqda LGBT ee Iran|jihada galmada]]. [[Xuquuqda LGBT ee Iran|Dhaqdhaqaaqa galmada ee u dhexeeya xubnaha isku jinsiga ah]] waa sharci darro waana [[Ciqaabta dilka ee khaniisnimada|lagu ciqaabaa dil]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Daniel |last=Avery |title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal |url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974 |work=Newsweek |date=4 April 2019 |access-date=17 August 2019 |archive-date=11 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211204842/https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Iran defends execution of gay people |url=https://www.dw.com/en/iran-defends-execution-of-gay-people/a-49144899 |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=12 June 2019 |access-date=17 August 2019 |archive-date=9 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109074057/https://www.dw.com/en/iran-defends-execution-of-gay-people/a-49144899 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ciqaabta dilka]] waa ciqaab sharci ah, marka loo eego BBC-da, Iran "waxay fulisaa dilal ka badan waddan kasta, marka laga reebo Shiinaha".<ref>{{cite news |title=Iran halts execution of three protesters after online campaign |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-53463685 |publisher=[[BBC]] |access-date=17 May 2024 |archive-date=7 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907110937/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-53463685 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ergeyga Gaarka ah ee Qaramada Midoobay [[Javaid Rehman]] ayaa soo sheegay takoor ka dhan ah dhowr qowmiyadood oo laga tiro badan yahay oo Iran jooga.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 October 2019 |title=Iran: UN expert says ethnic, religious minorities face discrimination |work=[[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] |location=New York |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2019/10/iran-un-expert-says-ethnic-religious-minorities-face-discrimination |access-date=12 December 2023 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212074243/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2019/10/iran-un-expert-says-ethnic-religious-minorities-face-discrimination |url-status=live}}</ref> Koox khubaro ah oo ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay sanadkii 2022 ayaa ku boriyay Iran inay joojiso "cadaadiska nidaamsan" ee ka dhanka ah diimaha laga tirada badan yahay, iyagoo raaciyay in xubno ka tirsan [[Baháʼí Faith|Diinta Bahaa'iga]] la xiray, laga mamnuucay jaamacadaha, ama guryahooda la dumiyay.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2022 |title=Rights experts urge Iran to end 'systematic persecution' of religious minorities |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/08/1125162 |access-date=12 December 2023 |website=[[UN News]] |language=en |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212074243/https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/08/1125162 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=UN Rights Experts Call On Iran To Stop Persecution Of Baha'is, Other Religious Minorities |language=en |work=[[RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty]] |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-bahai-faith-persecution-un-rights-religious-minorities/31999696.html |access-date=12 December 2023 |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212074243/https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-bahai-faith-persecution-un-rights-religious-minorities/31999696.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Sannadkii 2024, baaritaan uu sameeyay Ergeyga Gaarka ah ee Qaramada Midoobay ayaa lagu soo gabagabeeyay in Iran ay gashay [[xasuuq]] ka dhan ah dadka siyaasadda iyo diimaha laga tirada badan yahay intii uu socday [[Xasuuqii Iran ee 1981–1982|xasuuqyadii 1981–1982]] iyo [[Toogashadii 1988 ee maxaabiista siyaasadeed ee Iran|dilalkii wadajirka ahaa ee 1988]].<ref name="ShahinClerical">{{cite journal |last1=Nasiri |first1=Shahin |title=Clerical Sovereignty and its Absolute Others: Religious Genocide in Iran |journal=[[Journal of Genocide Research]] |date=25 September 2025 |volume=28 |pages=1–25 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14623528.2025.2566533#abstract |access-date=24 October 2025 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |issn=1462-3528}}</ref> Faafreebka waxaa lagu qiimeeyaa mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu daran adduunka oo dhan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran |url=https://rsf.org/en/iran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119053026/https://rsf.org/en/iran |archive-date=19 January 2018 |access-date=9 September 2017 |website=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2016 |title=The World Press Freedom Index |url=https://rsf.org/en/world-press-freedom-index |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419141729/https://rsf.org/en/world-press-freedom-index |archive-date=19 April 2019 |access-date=17 May 2019 |website=[[Wariyayaasha aan Xuduudda Lahayn]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2019 |title=Freedom in the World 2019, Iran |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2019/iran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430053909/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2019/iran |archive-date=30 April 2019 |access-date=17 May 2019 |website=Freedom House}}</ref> Iran waxay leedahay [[Faafreebka internetka ee Iran|faafreeb internet oo adag]], iyadoo dawladdu ay si joogto ah u xannibto baraha bulshada iyo baraha kale.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Chloe |date=21 November 2019 |title=Iran's internet blackout enters fifth day as government claims victory over protesters |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/11/21/irans-internet-blackout-enters-fifth-day-amid-fuel-price-protests.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191122155819/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/11/21/irans-internet-blackout-enters-fifth-day-amid-fuel-price-protests.html |archive-date=22 November 2019 |access-date=24 November 2019 |publisher=[[CNBC]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mihalcik |first=Carrie |title=Iran's internet has been shut down for days amid protests |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/irans-internet-has-been-shut-down-for-days-amid-protests/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191126051521/https://www.cnet.com/news/irans-internet-has-been-shut-down-for-days-amid-protests/ |archive-date=26 November 2019 |access-date=24 November 2019 |publisher=[[CNET]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="TechCrunch">{{Cite web |date=17 November 2019 |title=Iran shuts down country's internet in the wake of fuel protests |url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/11/17/iran-shuts-down-countrys-internet-in-the-wake-of-fuel-protests/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125171635/https://techcrunch.com/2019/11/17/iran-shuts-down-countrys-internet-in-the-wake-of-fuel-protests/ |archive-date=25 November 2020 |access-date=24 November 2019 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref> Laga soo bilaabo Janaayo 2021, mas'uuliyiintu waxay xannibeen dhowr barood oo baraha bulshada ah.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=MacLellan |first1=Stephanie |date=9 January 2018 |title=What You Need to Know about Internet Censorship in Iran |url=https://www.cigionline.org/articles/what-you-need-know-about-internet-censorship-iran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124164741/https://www.cigionline.org/articles/what-you-need-know-about-internet-censorship-iran |archive-date=24 November 2020 |access-date=11 November 2020 |website=Centre for International Governance Innovation |language=en}}</ref> Natiijooyinkii doorashada 2006 ayaa si weyn loogu muransanaa, taas oo keentay [[Mudaharaadyadii doorashada madaxweynaha ee Iran ee 2009|mudaharaadyo]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Landry |first=Carole |date=25 June 2009 |title=G8 calls on Iran to halt election violence |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jSWPwBGmOByDmvG6OPfqesxJ2O7Q |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110312135716/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jSWPwBGmOByDmvG6OPfqesxJ2O7Q |archive-date=12 March 2011 |access-date=18 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tait |first1=Robert |last2=Black |first2=Ian |last3=Tran |first3=Mark |date=17 June 2009 |title=Iran protests: Fifth day of unrest as regime cracks down on critics |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jun/17/iran-protests-day-five |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221142529/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jun/17/iran-protests-day-five |archive-date=21 December 2016 |access-date=14 December 2016 |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=5 July 2009 |title=Iran clerics defy election ruling |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8134904.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010065919/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8134904.stm |archive-date=10 October 2017 |access-date=18 June 2011 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=7 September 2009 |title=Is this government legitimate? |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/iran/2009/07/090704_op_brief_majma_qom.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409060631/http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/iran/2009/07/090704_op_brief_majma_qom.shtml |archive-date=9 April 2015 |access-date=18 June 2011 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> [[Mudaharaadyadii Iran ee 2017–18]] ayaa ku baahay dalka oo dhan iyadoo looga jawaabayay xaaladda dhaqaale iyo siyaasadeed.<ref>{{cite news |last=Erdbrink |first=Thomas |date=4 August 2018 |title=Protests Pop Up Across Iran, Fueled by Daily Dissatisfaction |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/04/world/middleeast/iran-protests.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023212544/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/04/world/middleeast/iran-protests.html |archive-date=23 October 2023 |access-date=5 August 2022 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Waxaa si rasmi ah loo xaqiijiyay in kumanaan mudaaharaadayaal ah la xiray.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 January 2019 |title=Iran arrested 7,000 in crackdown on dissent during 2018 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-46984649 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528144810/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-46984649 |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=5 August 2022 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> [[Mudaharaadyadii Iran ee 2019–20]] waxay ka bilaabmeen 15kii Noofambar magaalada [[Ahvaz]], waxayna ku baaheen dalka oo dhan ka dib markii ay dawladdu ku dhawaaqday kor u kac qiimaha shidaalka ah oo gaaraya ilaa 300%.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 November 2019 |title=In Pictures: Iranians protest against the increase in fuel prices |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/pictures-iranians-protest-increase-fuel-prices-191117091345643.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191119060103/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/pictures-iranians-protest-increase-fuel-prices-191117091345643.html |archive-date=19 November 2019 |access-date=19 November 2019 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> [[Xiritaanka Internetka ee Iran ee 2019|Internetka oo la damiyay muddo toddobaad ah]] ayaa calaamadeeyay mid ka mid ah xiritaankii ugu darraa ee internetka ee waddan kasta, iyo cadaadiskii dawladeed ee ugu dhiigga badnaa ee mudaaharaadayaasha.<ref>{{cite web |last=Shutdown |first=Iran Internet |title=A web of impunity: The killings Iran's internet shutdown hid |url=https://iran-shutdown.amnesty.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110235750/https://iran-shutdown.amnesty.org/ |archive-date=10 January 2021 |access-date=15 January 2021}}</ref> Tobanaan kun ayaa la xiray boqolaalna waa la dilay dhowr maalmood gudahood sida ay sheegeen goobjoogayaal caalami ah oo dhowr ah, oo ay ku jirto [[Amnesty International]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Special Report: Iran's leader ordered crackdown on unrest – 'Do whatever it takes to end it' |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-protests-specialreport/special-report-irans-leader-ordered-crackdown-on-unrest-do-whatever-it-takes-to-end-it-idUSKBN1YR0QR |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223095916/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-protests-specialreport/special-report-irans-leader-ordered-crackdown-on-unrest-do-whatever-it-takes-to-end-it-idUSKBN1YR0QR |archive-date=23 December 2019 |access-date=23 December 2019 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> [[Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752]] wuxuu ahaa duulimaad caalami ah oo rakaab rayid ah oo ka yimid Tehran kuna socday [[Kyiv]], oo ay maamusho [[Ukraine International Airlines]]. 8-dii Janaayo 2020, Boeing 737–800 oo duulaysay marinkaas ayaa waxaa soo riday IRGC waxyar ka dib markii ay kacday, iyadoo dishay dhammaan 176-dii qof ee saarnaa taasna waxay keentay [[Mudaharaadyadii Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752|mudaaharaadyo]]. Baaritaan caalami ah ayaa horseeday in dawladdu ay qirato soo ridista, iyadoo ugu yeertay "qalad bini'aadam".<ref>{{cite news |date=8 January 2020 |title=Ukrainian airplane with 180 aboard crashes in Iran: Fars |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-crash/ukrainian-airplane-with-180-aboard-crashes-in-iran-fars-idUSKBN1Z70EL |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108035747/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-crash/ukrainian-airplane-with-180-aboard-crashes-in-iran-fars-idUSKBN1Z70EL |archive-date=8 January 2020 |access-date=8 January 2020 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=11 January 2020 |title=Demands for justice after Iran's plane admission |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-51077788 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112185600/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-51077788 |archive-date=12 January 2020 |access-date=11 January 2020 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> [[Mudaharaadyadii Mahsa Amini|Mudaharaadyo kale oo looga soo horjeedo dawladda]] ayaa bilowday 16-kii Sebtembar 2022 ka dib markii haweeney lagu magacaabo [[Dhimashadii Mahsa Amini|Mahsa Amini ay ku dhimatay gacanta booliiska]] ka dib markii ay xireen [[Guidance Patrol]], oo loo yaqaan "booliiska asluubta".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who are Iran's 'morality police'? – DW – 12/04/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/who-are-irans-morality-police/a-63200711 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023065624/https://www.dw.com/en/who-are-irans-morality-police/a-63200711 |archive-date=23 October 2023 |access-date=23 October 2023 |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 September 2022 |title=Protests flare across Iran in violent unrest over woman's death |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/tehran-governor-accuses-protesters-attacks-least-22-arrested-2022-09-20/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927195508/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/tehran-governor-accuses-protesters-attacks-least-22-arrested-2022-09-20/ |archive-date=27 September 2022 |access-date=23 September 2022 |work=[[Reuters]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Leonhardt |first1=David |date=26 September 2022 |title=Iran's Ferocious Dissent |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/26/briefing/iran-protests-mahsa-amini.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927061245/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/26/briefing/iran-protests-mahsa-amini.html |archive-date=27 September 2022 |access-date=27 September 2022 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=16 September 2022 |title=Iranian woman dies 'after being beaten by morality police' over hijab law |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/sep/16/iranian-woman-dies-after-being-beaten-by-morality-police-over-hijab-law |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920020636/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/sep/16/iranian-woman-dies-after-being-beaten-by-morality-police-over-hijab-law |archive-date=20 September 2022 |access-date=22 September 2022 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref> Cadaadiskii dawladdu ay saartay mudaaharaadyada ayaa Qaramada Midoobay ay ku tilmaantay [[danbi ka dhan ah bini'aadantinimada]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2024 |title=Iran committed crimes against humanity during protest crackdown, UN says |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/8/iran-committed-crimes-against-humanity-during-protest-crackdown-un-says |access-date=6 September 2025 |publisher=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> == Dhaqaalaha == {{Main|Dhaqaalaha Iran}} {{See also|Kaalmooyinka Iran|Bangiyada iyo caymiska ee Iran}} Laga bilaabo {{As of|2024}}, Iran waxay leedahay dhaqaalaha [[Liiska wadamada marka loo eego GDP (PPP)|19-aad ee ugu weyn adduunka marka loo eego GDP-ga lagu hagaajiyay PPP]]. Waa [[Dhaqaale isku dhafan|isku dhafka]] [[Dhaqaalaha qorshaysan|qorshaynta dhexe]], [[lahaanshaha dawladda]] ee saliidda iyo shirkadaha kale ee waaweyn, beeraha tuulooyinka, iyo ganacsiga gaarka ah ee yar-yar iyo mashaariicda adeegga.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.traveldocs.com/ir/economy.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608192955/http://www.traveldocs.com/ir/economy.htm |archive-date=8 June 2011 |title=Iran economy |access-date=18 June 2011}}</ref> Adeegyadu waxay ku darsadaan boqolkiiba ugu weyn ee GDP-ga, waxaa ku xiga warshadaha ([[Macdanta Iran|macdanta]] iyo wax soo saarka) iyo [[Beeraha Iran|beeraha]].<ref>[http://www.turquoisepartners.com/iraninvestment/IIM-AprMay12.pdf ''Iran Investment Monthly''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.turquoisepartners.com/iraninvestment/IIM-AprMay12.pdf |date=20131031023806 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031023806/http://www.turquoisepartners.com/iraninvestment/IIM-AprMay12.pdf |date=31 October 2013 }}. Turquoise Partners (April 2012). Retrieved 24 July 2012.</ref> Dhaqaalaha waxaa lagu gartaa waaxda hydrocarbon-ka, wax soo saarka iyo adeegyada maaliyadda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overview |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/iran/overview |access-date=24 December 2023 |publisher=World Bank |language=en |archive-date=4 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704155746/https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/iran/overview |url-status=live}}</ref> Iyadoo leh 10% [[Kaydka saliidda ee Iran|kaydka saliidda]] adduunka iyo 15% [[Kaydka Gaaska dabiiciga ah ee Iran|kaydka gaaska]], Iran waa [[quwad weyn oo dhinaca tamarta ah]]. In ka badan [[Warshadaha Iran|40 warshadood]] ayaa si toos ah ugu lug leh [[Sarrifka saamiyada ee Tehran]]. [[File:Tehran Stock Exchange 3513534.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|[[Sarrifka saamiyada ee Tehran]]]] Tehran waa xarunta xoogga dhaqaale ee Iran.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Tehran (Iran): People – Britannica Online Encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/585619/Tehran/276311/Economy |access-date=21 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121123001337/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/585619/Tehran/276311/Economy |archive-date=23 November 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> Qiyaastii 30% shaqaalaha waaxda guud ee Iran iyo 45% shirkadaheeda warshadaha ee waaweyn waxay ku yaallaan halkaas, kala bar shaqaalaha shirkadahaasna waxay u shaqeeyaan dawladda.<ref>{{cite web |author=Cordesman, Anthony H. |date=23 September 2008 |title=The US, Israel, the Arab States and a Nuclear Iran. Part One: Iranian Nuclear Programs |url=http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/081006_iran_nuclear.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806042511/http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/081006_iran_nuclear.pdf |archive-date=6 August 2010 |access-date=25 September 2010 |work=Center for Strategic and International Studies}}</ref> [[Bangiga Dhexe ee Iran]] ayaa ka mas'uul ah horumarinta iyo ilaalinta lacagta: [[Rial-ka Iran]]. Dawladdu ma aqoonsana [[Liiska ururada shaqaalaha ee Iran|ururada shaqaalaha]] marka laga reebo golayaasha shaqaalaha ee Islaamiga ah, kuwaas oo ku xiran ogolaanshaha loo shaqeeyayaasha iyo adeegyada amniga.<ref name="ayatoil">{{cite news |title=Iran's banned trade unions: Aya-toiling |url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21576408-though-watched-and-muzzled-independent-labour-unions-are-stirring-aya-toiling |access-date=23 June 2013 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=20 April 2013 |archive-date=23 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623080810/http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21576408-though-watched-and-muzzled-independent-labour-unions-are-stirring-aya-toiling |url-status=live}}</ref> Iran waxay ahayd dalkii ugu horeeyay ee soo bandhiga [[Dakhliga aasaasiga ah ee caalamiga ah|dakhliga aasaasiga ah ee qaranka]] deyrta 2010.<ref>{{cite news |date=23 June 2011 |title=Iran's bold economic reform: Economic jihad |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2011/06/23/economic-jihad |newspaper=The Economist}}</ref> Shaqo la'aantu waxay ahayd 9% sanadkii 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/iran/unemployment-rate |title=Iran Unemployment Rate |access-date=7 June 2024 |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108141105/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/iran/unemployment-rate |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Siyaasadda Iran#Miisaaniyadda|Dhimista miisaaniyadda]] waxay ahayd dhibaato raagto, badanaa waxaa ugu wacan [[Kaalmooyinka Iran|kaalmooyinka dawladeed ee waaweyn]], oo ay ku jiraan agabka cuntada iyo gaar ahaan shidaalka, oo wadartoodu gaartay $100 bilyan sanadkii 2022 tamarta oo kaliya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202205093109 |title=Senior Official Says Iran Paying $100 Billion In Energy Subsidies |website=Iran International |date=9 May 2022 |access-date=7 June 2024 |archive-date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604142038/https://www.iranintl.com/en/202205093109 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.payvand.com/news/07/jan/1295.html |title=Ahmadinejad's Achilles Heel: The Iranian Economy |website= |access-date=18 June 2011 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010061417/http://www.payvand.com/news/07/jan/1295.html}}</ref> Sannadkii 2010, qorshaha dib-u-habaynta dhaqaalaha wuxuu ahaa in la yareeyo kaalmooyinka si tartiib-tartiib ah laguna beddelo gargaar bulsho oo bartilmaameed ah. Ujeeddadu waa in loo guuro xaggii qiimaha suuqa xorta ah iyo in la kordhiyo wax soo saarka iyo cadaaladda bulshada.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://go.worldbank.org/KQD2RP3RX0 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20110210062245/http://go.worldbank.org/KQD2RP3RX0 |archive-date=10 February 2011 |title=Iran – Country Brief |access-date=30 January 2010}}</ref> Maamulku wuxuu sii wadaa dib-u-habaynta, wuxuuna tilmaamayaa inuu kala duwanayn doono dhaqaalaha saliidda ku tiirsan. Iran waxay horumarisay [[Bioteknoolajiyadda Iran|bioteknoolajiyadda]], [[Nanotechnoolajiyadda Iran|nanotechnoolajiyadda]], iyo warshadaha [[Daawooyinka Iran|daawooyinka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nanovip.com/nanotechnology-companies/iran |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114070827/http://www.nanovip.com/nanotechnology-companies/iran |archive-date=14 November 2006 |title=List of Iranian Nanotechnology companies |access-date=21 June 2013}}</ref> Dawladdu waxay [[Gaar u lahaanshaha Iran|gaar u leedahay warshadaha]]. Iran waxay leedahay warshado wax soo saar oo hormuud u ah samaynta baabuurta, gaadiidka, agabka dhismaha, qalabka guryaha, cuntada iyo agabka beeraha, hubka, daawooyinka, tignoolajiyada macluumaadka, iyo petrochemicals ee Bariga Dhexe.<ref name="Economy">{{cite web |url=https://www.uktradeinvest.gov.uk/ukti/appmanager/ukti/countries?_nfls=false&_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=CountryType1&navigationPageId=/iran |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060213220829/https://www.uktradeinvest.gov.uk/ukti/appmanager/ukti/countries?_nfls=false&_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=CountryType1&navigationPageId=%2Firan |archive-date=13 February 2006 |title=UK Trade & Investment |date=13 February 2006 |access-date=21 June 2013}}</ref> Waxay ka mid tahay shanta soo saara ee ugu sarreeya adduunka ee [[apricot]]-ka, [[cherry|jeeriga]], [[qajaarka]], [[timirta]], [[bergamot|fiigga]], [[pistachio]]-ga, [[walnut]]-ka, [[Kiwifruit]]-ka iyo [[qaraha]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL |title=FAOSTAT |website=FAO |access-date=7 June 2024 |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Cunaqabataynta caalamiga ah ee ka dhanka ah Iran]] ayaa waxyeelo u geysatay dhaqaalaha.<ref name="everend">{{cite news |title=Iran and sanctions: When will it ever end? |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2012/08/18/when-will-it-ever-end |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |access-date=23 June 2013 |date=18 August 2012 |archive-date=30 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530021803/http://www.economist.com/node/21560596 |url-status=live}}</ref> Iran waa mid ka mid ah saddex waddan oo aan weli ansixin [[Heshiiska Paris]] si loo xaddido [[Isbeddelka cimilada ee Bariga Dhexe iyo Waqooyiga Afrika|isbeddelka cimilada]], inkastoo aqoonyahanadu ay sheegaan inay u wanaagsan tahay dalka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Larch |first1=Mario |last2=Wanner |first2=Joschka |title=The consequences of non-participation in the Paris Agreement |journal=European Economic Review |date=April 2024 |volume=163 |article-number=104699 |doi=10.1016/j.euroecorev.2024.104699 |hdl=10419/302105 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] bsnvnwtskzryzr523npqttd8konvbd0 0 4738 307640 304338 2026-09-09T17:18:23Z Soalt 39618 template:dalalka afrika iyo category:wadamada afrika 307640 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Boqortooyada Marooko | common_name = Marooko | native_name = {{ubl|{{native name|ar|المملكة المغربية|italic=no}}|{{resize|80%|{{transliteration|ar|al-Mamlakah al-Maghribiyah}}}}|{{native name|ber|ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|italic=no|paren=omit}} ([[Standard Moroccan Amazigh|Tamazight]])|{{resize|80%|{{transliteration|zgh|Tageldit n Lmeɣrib}}}}}} | image_flag = Flag of Morocco.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Morocco.svg | national_motto = {{native phrase|ar|{{lower|0.1em|ٱللَّٰه، ٱلْوَطَن، ٱلْمَلِك&nbsp;}}|italics=off|nolink=on|paren=omit}}<br />"Allāh, al-Waṭan, al-Malik"<br />"Illaah, Dalka, Boqorka"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Morocco |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Morocco_2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006043401/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Morocco_2011 |archive-date=6 October 2022 |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=ConstituteProject.org |language=en}}</ref> | national_anthem = {{native phrase|ar|{{lower|0.1em|ٱلنَّشِيْد ٱلْوَطَنِي&nbsp;}}|italics=off|nolink=on|paren=omit}}<br />"an-Našīd al-Waṭanīy"<br />"[[Cherifian Anthem|Heesta Shariifka]]"<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:National Anthem of Morocco.ogg]]}}</div> | image_map = Morocco (orthographic projection, WS claimed).svg | map_width = 250px | map_caption = Goobta ay Marooko ku taal waqooyi-galbeed [[Afrika]] {{legend|darkgreen|Dhulka rasmiga ah ee Marooko}} {{legend|limegreen|[[Saxarada Galbeed]], oo ah [[United Nations list of non-self-governing territories|dhul]] la sheegtay qayb ahaanna [[Moroccan-occupied Western Sahara|ay haysato Marooko]]}} | capital = [[Rabat]] | coordinates = {{Coord|34|02|N|6|51|W|type:city(580,000)_region:MA-RAB}} | largest_city = [[Casablanca]]<br />{{coord|33|32|N|7|35|W|type:city(3,710,000)_region:MA-CAS|display=inline}} | official_languages = {{hlist |[[Af-Carabi|Carabi]]|[[Standard Moroccan Tamazight|Tamazight]]}} | languages_type = [[Languages of Morocco|Luqadaha laguda hadlo]]<br />{{nobold|(2024)<ref name="RGPH 2024">{{Cite web |last=Gauthier |first=Christophe |title=كلمة افتتاحية للسيد المندوب السامي للتخطيط بمناسبة الندوة الصحفية الخاصة بتقديم معطيات الإحصاء العام للسكان والسكنى 2024 |url=https://www.hcp.ma/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B7-%D8%A8%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A9_a4025.html |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=hcp.ma |publisher=Site institutionnel du Haut-Commissariat au Plan du Royaume du Maroc |language=fr }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>}} | languages = {{Tree list}} * 92.7% [[Af-Carabi|Carabi]] ** 91.9% [[Moroccan Arabic|Carabida Marooko]] ** 0.8% [[Hassaniya Arabic|Carabida Xasaaniya]] * 24.8% [[Berber languages|Luqadaha Berberiga]] ** 14.2% [[Shilha language|Tashelhit]] ** 7.4% [[Central Atlas Tamazight|Tamazight]] ** 3.2% [[Tarifit]] {{Tree list/end}} | languages2_type = Luqadaha qalaad | languages2 = {{hlist|[[Af-Faransiis|Faransiis]]{{efn|[[French language in Morocco|Luqadda Faransiiska ee Marooko]] waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa dukumentiyada rasmiga ah ee dawladda iyo bulshada ganacsiga, in kasta oo aysan lahayn xaalad rasmi ah: "Faransiis (inta badan luqadda ganacsiga, dawladda, iyo dibloomaasiyadda)..."<ref name="CIA">{{cite web |date=12 January 2022 |title=Morocco |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/morocco/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202191738/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/morocco/ |archive-date=2 December 2022 |access-date=23 January 2021 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |place=US}}</ref><ref name="diplomatie.gouv.fr">{{cite web |title=Présentation du Maroc |url=https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/maroc/presentation-du-maroc/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207193614/https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/maroc/presentation-du-maroc/ |archive-date=7 February 2023 |access-date=20 December 2020 |website=diplomatie.gouv.fr |publisher=Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères |language=fr}}</ref>}}|[[Af-Ingiriisi|Ingiriisi]]|[[Af-Isbaanish|Isbaanish]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hyde |first1=Martin |date=October 1994 |title=The teaching of English in Morocco: the place of culture |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_elt-journal_1994-10_48_4/page/295 |journal=ELT Journal |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=295–305 |doi=10.1093/elt/48.4.295 |issn=0951-0893}}</ref>}} | ethnic_groups = Eeg [[#Ethnic groups|Qowmiyadaha]] | religion = {{Tree list}} * 99.68% [[Islam in Morocco|Islaam]] ([[State religion|rasmi ah]]) ** 99.23% [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] ** 0.45% [[Shia Islam|Shiico]] * 0.3% [[Religion in Morocco|kuwa kale]] ** 0.13% [[Agnosticism|cilmi-la'aanayaal]] ** 0.10% [[Baháʼí Faith in Morocco|Bahá'í]] ** 0.09% [[Christianity in Morocco|Masiixiyiin]] ** 0.01% [[Moroccan Jews|Yuhuud]] {{Tree list/end}} | religion_ref = <ref name="CIA" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Regional Profiles: Morocco |url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=155c&u=23r |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905001136/https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=155c&u=23r |archive-date=5 September 2022 |access-date=5 September 2022 |website=thearda.com |publisher=World Religion Database, The Association of Religion Data Archives}}</ref> | demonym = [[Moroccans|Marookaan]] | government_type = Boqortooyo dastuuri ah oo isku darsan oo baarlamaan hal deegaan ah<ref name="Const1">{{Cite book |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Morocco_2011 |title=Constitution of the Kingdom of Morocco |publisher=William S. Hein & Co. |year=2012 |location=Getzville |language=en |translator=Jefri J. Ruchti |access-date=6 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006043401/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Morocco_2011 |archive-date=6 October 2022 |url-status=live}} Markii ugu horreysay ee lagu daabacay Warsidaha Rasmiga ah 30 Luulyo 2011.</ref> | leader_title1 = [[King of Morocco|Boqorka]] | leader_name1 = [[Mohammed VI of Morocco|Maxamed VI]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Morocco|Raysal Wasaaraha]] | leader_name2 = [[Aziz Akhannouch]] | legislature = [[Parliament of Morocco|Baarlamaanka]] | upper_house = [[House of Councillors (Morocco)|Golaha La-tashatayaasha]] | lower_house = [[House of Representatives (Morocco)|Golaha Wakiillada]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of Morocco|Aasaaska]] | established_event1 = [[Idrisid dynasty|Boqortooyadii Idirisiyada]] | established_date1 = 788 | established_event2 = [[Almoravid dynasty|Boqortooyadii Almofaraad]] | established_date2 = 1040 | established_event3 = [[Almohad Caliphate|Khaliifadii Almohad]] | established_date3 = 1121 | established_event4 = [[Marinid dynasty|Boqortooyadii Mariniyiinta]] | established_date4 = 1244 | established_event5 = [[Wattasid dynasty|Boqortooyadii Watasiyiinta]] | established_date5 = 1472 | established_event6 = [[Saadi Sultanate|Boqortooyadii Saacadiyiinta]] | established_date6 = 1510 | established_event7 = [[Alawi dynasty|Boqortooyadii Calawiyiinta]] (boqortooyada hadda jirta) | established_date7 = 1631 | established_event8 = [[Treaty of Fez|Heshiiskii Fez]] | established_date8 = 30 Maarso 1912 | established_event9 = [[Revolution of the King and the People|Dhamaadkii maxmiyadda]] | established_date9 = 2 Maarso 1956<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ce jour-là : le 18 novembre 1955 à Rabat, Mohammed V annonce la fin du protectorat français sur le Maroc |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/374370/politique/jour-18-novembre-1955-a-rabat-roi-mohammed-v-annonce-fin-protectorat-francais-maroc/ |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=JeuneAfrique.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref> | established_event11 = Dastuurka hadda jira | established_date11 = 29 Luulyo 2011 | area_km2 = 446,550 | area_footnote = {{efn|Bedka dhan {{convert|446,300|km2|abbr=on}} kama mid aha dhulalka lagu muransan yahay, halka {{convert|716550|km2|abbr=on}} ay ku jiraan dhulalka ay Marooko sheegato ee ay qayb ahaanna maamusho ee [[Saxarada Galbeed]] (oo ay u sheegato sidii [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]] jabhadda [[Polisario Front]]). Marooko waxay sidoo kale sheegataa [[Ceuta]] iyo [[Melilla]], kuwaas oo ka dhigan qiyaastii {{convert|22.8|km2|abbr=on}} oo dhul dheeri ah oo la sheegtay.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Trinidad |first=Jamie |date=2012 |title=An Evaluation of Morocco's Claims to Spain's Remaining Territories in Africa |journal=[[The International and Comparative Law Quarterly]] |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=961–975 |doi=10.1017/S0020589312000371 |issn=0020-5893 |jstor=23279813}}</ref>}} | area_rank = 57aad | area_sq_mi = 172,317 | percent_water = 0.056 (250 km{{sup|2}}) | population_census = 36,828,330<ref>{{cite web |date=22 November 2024 |title=Recensement général de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH 2024) |url=https://www.hcp.ma/Population-legale-du-Royaume-du-Maroc-repartie-par-regions-provinces-et-prefectures-et-communes-selon-les-resultats-du_a3974.html |access-date=11 December 2024 |website=hcp.ma |publisher=Haut Commissariat au Plan |language=fr}}</ref> | population_estimate_rank = 38aad | population_census_year = 2024 | population_density_km2 = 79.0 | population_density_sq_mi = 189.3 | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $424.870 bilyan<ref name="World Economic Outlook Database-2025">{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_rank = 57aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $11,270<ref name="World Economic Outlook Database-2025"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 122aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $165.840 bilyan<ref name="World Economic Outlook Database-2025"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_rank = 58aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $4,440<ref name="World Economic Outlook Database-2025"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 123aad | Gini = 40.5 | Gini_year = 2022 | Gini_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Inégalité sociale {{!}} Site institutionnel du Haut-Commissariat au Plan du Royaume du Maroc |url=https://www.hcp.ma/Inegalite-sociale_r508.html |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=www.hcp.ma}}</ref> | HDI = 0.710 | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = kordhay | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |website=undp.org |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 120aad | currency = [[Moroccan dirham|Dirhamka Marooko]] | currency_code = MAD | time_zone = | utc_offset = +0 | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = +1 | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Morocco|+212]] | cctld = {{ublist |[[.ma]] |{{lang|ar|[[Internationalized country code top-level domain|.المغرب]]}} | population_rank = | today = }} | religion_year = 2020 }} '''Marooko''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Morocco.ogg|m|ə|ˈ|r|ɒ|k|oʊ}}<br />{{bulleted list|{{langx|ar|المغرب|engvar=gb|al-Maghrib|halka ay qorraxdu u dhacdo; galbeedka}} {{IPA|ar|ælˈmaɣrɪb||Pronunciation of Morocco in Arabic.ogg}}||{{langx|zgh|engvar=gb|links=no|ⵍ幕ⵖⵔⵉⴱ|Lmeɣrib}}|{{langx|fr|Maroc}}, {{IPA|fr|maʁɔk|IPA}}}}}} si rasmi ahna loo yaqaanno '''Boqortooyada Marooko''',{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|ar|engvar=gb|links=no|المملكة المغربية|al-Mamlakah al-Maghribiyah|boqortooyada Galbeed}}|{{langx|zgh|engvar=gb|links=no|ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|Tageldit n Lmeɣrib}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.ircam.ma/sites/default/files/Parutions/documents/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%94%20%E2%B5%8F%20%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%9C%20%E2%B5%8F%20%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%96%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%B1.pdf |publisher=[[Royal Institute of Amazigh Culture]] |year=2021 |isbn=978-9920-739-39-9 |language=zgh |translator-last=Ladimat |translator-first=Mohammed |script-title=zgh:ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍ幕ⵖⵔⵉⴱ |trans-title=Constitution of the Kingdom of Morocco |via=ircam.ma}}</ref>|{{langx|fr|links=no|Royaume du Maroc}}}}}} waa dal ku yaal gobolka [[Maghreb]] ee [[Waqooyiga Afrika]]. Waxay xeebo ku leedahay [[Bada Dhexe]] dhanka waqooyi iyo [[Badweynta Atlaantikada]] dhanka galbeed, waxayna xuduud dhuleed la leedahay [[Aljeeriya]] dhanka [[Algeria–Morocco border|bari]]; gobollada yaryar ee [[Isbayn|Isbaanishka]] leeyahay ee [[Enclave and exclave|gudaha ku yaal]] ee [[Ceuta]], [[Melilla]] iyo [[Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera]] dhanka [[Morocco–Spain border|waqooyi]], kuwaas oo ay sheegato iyada iyo dhowr jasiiradood oo yaryar oo [[Plazas de soberanía|ay Isbayn maamusho]];<ref>{{cite news |year=2018 |title=Ceuta, Melilla profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14114627 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519055108/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14114627 |archive-date=19 May 2020 |access-date=13 November 2018 |work=bbc.com |publisher=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> iyo dhulka lagu muransan yahay ee [[Saxarada Galbeed]] dhanka [[Morocco–Western Sahara border|koonfureed]], kaas oo ay Marooko qayb ahaan haysatay tan iyo 1975. Marooko waxay sidoo kale sheegataa inay xuduud la wadaagto [[Muritaniya]] iyada oo soo mareysa dhulka lagu muransan yahay ee Saxarada Galbeed. Waxay leedahay dad tiradoodu qiyaastii tahay 37 milyan. Caasimaddeedu waa [[Rabat]], halka magaalada ugu weenna ay tahay [[Casablanca]]. Gobolka ay Marooko ka kooban tahay waxaa la degganaa tan iyo xilligii [[Paleolithic]], in ka badan 300,000 oo sano ka hor. [[Idrisid dynasty|Boqortooyadii Idirisiyada]] waxaa aasaasay [[Idris I of Morocco|Idris I]] sanadkii 788, Marookona waxaa markii dambe xukumay boqortooyooyin kale oo madax-bannaan, iyadoo gaartay meeshii ugu sarreysay ee ay ku lahayd [[regional power|awood gobolka]] qarniyadii 11aad iyo 12aad, xilligii boqortooyooyinkii [[Almoravid dynasty|Almoravid]] iyo [[Almohad Caliphate|Almohad]], labaduba waxay ahaayeen boqortooyooyin Berber ah, markaas oo ay maamuli jireen inta badan [[Iberian Peninsula|Jasiiradda Iberian]] iyo Maghreb. Qarniyadii 15aad iyo 16aad, Marooko waxay la kulantay hanjabaado dibadda ah oo ku aaddan madax-bannaanideeda, iyadoo [[Portuguese Empire|Bortuqiisku]] uu qabsaday dhulal qaar, [[Ottoman Empire|Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyadana]] ay uga timid dhanka bari. Saldanadihii [[Marinid Sultanate|Marinid]] iyo [[Saadi Sultanate|Saadi]] waxay iska caabiyeen xukunkii shisheeye, Marookona waxay ahayd dalka keliya ee Waqooyiga Afrika ee ka badbaaday xukunkii Cusmaaniyiinta. Boqortooyadii Saadi waxay ballaarisay dhulkeeda iyada oo u martay [[Moroccan invasion of the Songhai Empire|qabsashadii]] [[Songhai Empire|Boqortooyadii Songhai]] dhammaadkii qarnigii 16aad. [[Alawi dynasty|Boqortooyadii Calawiyiinta]], oo dalka xukuma ilaa maantadan la joogo, waxay awoodda la wareegeen 1631, labadii qarni ee ku xigayna waxay ballaariyeen xiriirka [[diplomatic|dibloomaasiyadeed]] iyo kan ganacsi ee ay la lahaayeen [[Western world|caalamka reer Galbeedka]]. Goobta istiraatiijiga ah ee Marooko ee u dhow afka Bada Dhexe waxay soo jiidatay xiisaha Yurub markale. Sanadkii 1912, Faransiiska iyo Isbayn waxay dalka ka aasaaseen [[Morocco#French and Spanish protectorates|maxmiyado]] waxayna u magacaabeen [[Tangier]] inay noqoto [[Tangier International Zone|aag caalami ah]], halka Sultan-ku uu ahaa madax-banaanida rasmiga ah ee leh awood xaddidan oo ka hooseysa xukunka gumeysiga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historical Documents - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950v05/d944 |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=history.state.gov}}</ref> Ka dib rabshado goos-goos ah iyo [[Revolution of the King and the People|kacdoono]] looga soo horjeeday xukunkii gumeysiga, Marooko waxay dib u heshay xorriyaddeedii waxayna dib u midoobay 1956 iyadoo uu hoggaaminayo Sultan [[Mohammed V of Morocco|Maxamed V]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-22 |title=Muḥammad V |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad-V-sultan-of-Morocco |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Tan iyo xorriyaddii, Marooko waxay ahaan jirtay mid deggeneyd. Waxay leedahay [[List of African countries by GDP (nominal)|dhaqaalaha shanaad ee ugu weyn]] Afrika waxayna saameyn weyn ku leedahay Afrika iyo [[Arab world|caalamka Carabta]] labadaba; waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay tahay [[middle power|awood dhexe]] ee arrimaha caalamka waxayna xubin ka tahay [[Arab League|Jaamacadda Carabta]], [[Arab Maghreb Union|Midowga Maghreb ee Carabta]], [[Union for the Mediterranean|Midowga Midaysan ee Bada Dhexe]], iyo [[African Union|Midowga Afrika]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Balfour |first=Rosa |date=March 2009 |title=The Transformation of the Union for the Mediterranean |journal=Mediterranean Politics |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=99–105 |doi=10.1080/13629390902747491 |issn=1362-9395 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Waa mid ka mid ah dalalka yar ee Afrika ee ku jira meel sare marka loo eego [[Human Development Index|Tusaha Horumarka Aadanaha]] waana dhaqaalaha warshadaha ee ugu horeeysa Afrika.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Adeyemi |first=Segun |date=2026-05-27 |title=Morocco knocks South Africa off top spot as Africa's leading industrial economy |url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/local/markets/morocco-knocks-south-africa-off-top-spot-as-africas-leading-industrial-economy/72s5yed |access-date=2026-05-28 |website=Business Insider Africa |language=en}}</ref> Marooko waa [[Unitary state|dawlad midaysan]] oo semi-[[constitutional monarchy|boqortooyo dastuuri ah]] oo leh baarlamaan la doortay. [[Executive (government)|Laanta fulinta]] waxaa hoggaamiya [[King of Morocco|Boqorka Marooko]] iyo [[Prime Minister of Morocco|raysal wasaaraha]], halka [[Legislature|awoodda sharci-dejinta]] ay u xilsaaran tahay labada aqal ee baarlamaanka: [[House of Representatives (Morocco)|Golaha Wakiillada]] iyo [[House of Councillors (Morocco)|Golaha La-tashatayaasha]]. Awoodda garsoorku waxay ku dhex jirtaa Maxkamadda Dastuuriga ah, oo dib u eegi karta ansaxnimada sharciyada, doorashooyinka, iyo aftida.<ref>{{cite web |title=Morocco: Remove Obstacles to Access to the Constitutional Court |url=https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Morocco-Access-Const-Ct-Advocacy-Position-paper-2018-ENG.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721222938/https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Morocco-Access-Const-Ct-Advocacy-Position-paper-2018-ENG.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2021 |website=icj.org |publisher=International Commission of Jurists}}</ref> Boqorku wuxuu leeyahay awoodo fulineed iyo sharci-dejineed oo ballaaran, gaar ahaan [[Royal Moroccan Armed Forces|ciidanka]], siyaasadda dibadda iyo arrimaha diinta; wuxuu soo saari karaa [[Moroccan Dahir|''dahirs'']], kuwaas oo ah wareegtooyin leh awood sharci, wuxuuna sidoo kale kala diri karaa baarlamaanka ka dib marka uu la tashado [[List of heads of government of Morocco|raysal wasaaraha]] iyo guddoomiyaha maxkamadda dastuuriga ah. Marooko waxaa loo kala saaraa inay tahay [[hybrid regime|nidaam isku darsan]] waxayna, laga bilaabo 2025, haysataa darajada ugu sarreysa caalamka Carabta, marka loo eego ''[[The Economist Democracy Index]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Democracy Index 2025 |url=https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2025/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260428212930/https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2025/ |archive-date=2026-04-28 |access-date=2026-05-21 |website=Economist Intelligence Unit |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Islam|Islaamku]] waa diinta rasmiga ah ee ugu weyn, iyadoo ku dhowaad dhammaan dadku ay isku aqoonsan yihiin Muslimiin. [[Arabic language|Af-Carabi]] iyo [[Berber language|Berber]] waa luqadaha rasmiga ah, in kasta oo lahjada Marooko ee Carabiga (oo gudaha looga yaqaan Darija) si ballaaran loogu hadlo loona tixgeliyo luqadda guud. [[culture of Morocco|Dhaqanka Marooko]] waa isku dhafka dhaqamada [[Arab culture|Carabta]], [[Berbers|Berberiga]], [[Europe|Yurub]] (gaar ahaan [[Al-Andalus|Andalusian]]),<ref>David A. Wacks; Colonial al-Andalus: Spain and the Making of Modern Moroccan Culture. Comparative Literature 1 December 2020; 72 (4): 460-462. doi: <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1215/00104124-8537775</nowiki></ref> iyo [[Culture of Africa|Afrika]]. Marooko waxay sheegataa lahaanshaha [[United Nations list of non-self-governing territories|dhulka aan ismaamulin]] ee [[Saxarada Galbeed]], kaas oo ay u magacawday [[Moroccan-occupied Western Sahara|Gobolladeeda Koonfureed]]. Sanadkii 1975, ka dib markii Isbayn [[Madrid Accords|ay ogolaatay inay ka baxdo dhulkaas]] oo ay xukankiisa u wareejiso Marooko iyo [[Muritaniya]], dagaal dhuumaalaysi ah ayaa ka dhex qarxay awoodahaas iyo qaar ka mid ah [[Sahrawi people|dadka deegaanka]]. Sanadkii 1979, Muritaniya waxay ka tanaasushay [[Tiris al-Gharbiyya|sheegashadeeda]] aaggaas, laakiin dagaalku wuxuu sii waday inuu kordho. Sanadkii 1991, waxaa la gaaray heshiis xabad joojin ah, laakiin arrinta madax-bannaanidu weli wey dhex taallaa. Maanta, Marooko waxay haysataa qiyaastii labo meelood saddex meel dhulkaas,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hernández |first=M. Padrón |date=January 2, 2025 |title='The Moroccan king wants Western Sahara without its people': an argument for Western Sahara as a settler colony |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/2201473X.2025.2456386 |journal=Settler Colonial Studies |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=126–143 |doi=10.1080/2201473X.2025.2456386 |issn=2201-473X|doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Western Sahara peace process|dadaallada lagu xallinayo khilaafkana]] ilaa hadda wey ku guuldareysteen inay jebiyaan ismari-waaga siyaasadeed. == Asalka iyo magaca == Erayga [[Af-Ingiriisi|Ingiriisiga]] ah ee ''Morocco'' waa [[anglicisation|Ingiriisayn]] laga keenay magaca [[Af-Isbaanish|Isbaanishka]] u yaqaan dalka, {{lang|es|Marruecos}}, oo laga soo qaatay magaca magaalada [[Marrakesh]], taas oo ahayd caasimaddii [[Almoravid dynasty|Boqortooyadii Almofaraad]], [[Almohad Caliphate|Khaliifadii Almohad]], iyo [[Saadian dynasty|Boqortooyadii Saacadiyiinta]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country names |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/country-name#morocco |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207212750/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/country-name#morocco |archive-date=7 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=The CIA World Factbook}}</ref> Xilligii boqortooyadii Almofaraad, magaalada Marrakesh waxaa lagu aasaasay magaca {{lang|tzm-Latn|Tāmurākušt}}, oo laga soo qaatay magacii hore ee magaalada ee [[Berber languages|Berberiga]] ee ahaa {{lang|tzm-Latn|amūr n Yakuš}} ({{Literally|dhulkii/dalkii Ilaah}}).<ref>{{Citation |last=Ghouirgate |first=Mehdi |title=Chapitre VIII. Le calife en son palais: maintenir son rang |date=2020-02-27 |work=L'Ordre almohade (1120–1269): Une nouvelle lecture anthropologique |pages=357–402 |url=http://books.openedition.org/pumi/12060 |access-date=2023-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002162449/https://books.openedition.org/pumi/12060 |archive-date=2 October 2023 |url-status=live |series=Tempus |place=Toulouse |publisher=Presses universitaires du Midi |language=fr |isbn=978-2-8107-0867-3}}</ref> Af-Ingiriisiga, shaqalka koowaad waa la beddelay, waxaana u muuqata in uu saameeyay erayga "Moor."<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hareir |first1=Idris El |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qVYT4Kraym0C&pg=PA375 |title=The Spread of Islam Throughout the World |last2=Mbaye |first2=Ravane |date=1 January 2011 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-104153-2 |language=en}}</ref> Magaca rasmiga ah ee Marooko ee [[Af-Carabi|Carabiga]] casriga ah waa {{transliteration|ar|al-Maghrib}} ({{lang|ar|المغرب}}, {{Translation|dhulkii qorrax dhaca; galbeedka}}), iyadoo magaca rasmiga ah ee Boqortooyada ee Carabiga uu yahay {{transliteration|ar|al-Mamlakah al-Maghribīyah}} ({{lang|ar|المملكة المغربية}}; {{Translation|boqortooyadii qorrax dhaca; boqortooyada galbeed}}).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maghreb, en arabe Maghrib ou Marhrib (" le Couchant ") |url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/autre-region/Maghreb/131068 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122095454/https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/autre-region/Maghreb/131068 |archive-date=22 January 2023 |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=Encyclopédie Larousse |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Introduction |date=1987 |work=A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period |pages=1–25 |editor-last=Abun-Nasr |editor-first=Jamil M. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/history-of-the-maghrib-in-the-islamic-period/introduction/0A276AD37271D71955A8C28E6578F617 |access-date=2023-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616132301/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/history-of-the-maghrib-in-the-islamic-period/introduction/0A276AD37271D71955A8C28E6578F617 |archive-date=16 June 2018 |url-status=live |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/cbo9780511608100.003 |isbn=978-0-521-33767-0 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maghreb |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Maghreb |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913035240/https://www.britannica.com/place/Maghreb |archive-date=13 September 2023 |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=morocco {{!}} Etymology of morocco by etymonline |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/morocco |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203085844/https://www.etymonline.com/word/morocco |archive-date=3 December 2023 |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=www.etymonline.com |language=en}}</ref> Taariikh ahaan, Marooko waxay qayb ka ahayd waxa juqraafiyaystayaashii Muslimiinta ay ugu yeeri jireen af-Carabi {{Ill|al-Maghrib al-Aqṣā|ar|المغرب الأقصى|italic=y}} ({{lang|ar|المغرب الأقصى}}, 'Galbeedka ugu fog [ee caalamka Islaamka]' kaas oo qeexaya qiyaastii aagga u dhexeeya [[Tiaret]] ilaa [[Badweynta Atlaantikada]]) taas oo ka duwan gobollada deriska la ah ee {{Ill|al-Maghrib al-Awsaṭ|ar|المغرب الأوسط|italic=y}} ({{lang|ar|المغرب الأوسط}}, 'Galbeedka Dhexe': [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] ilaa [[Béjaïa]]) iyo {{Ill|al-Maghrib al-Adnā|ar|المغرب الأدنى|italic=y}} ({{lang|ar|المغرب الأدنى}}, 'Galbeedka ugu dhow': [[Alexandria]] ilaa Tripoli). [[Af-Turki|Turkiga]], Marooko waxaa loo yaqaanaa {{lang|tr|Fas}}, magacaas oo laga soo qaatay caasimaddeedii qarniyadii dhexe ee [[Fes]] ({{Lang|ar|فاس}}).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC |title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia |date=2007 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-919-5 |editor-last=Dumper |editor-first=Michael R. T. |page=151 |access-date=10 March 2024 |editor-last2=Stanley |editor-first2=Bruce E. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316174542/https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC |archive-date=16 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bressolette |first=Henri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kNzeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 |title=A la découverte de Fès |publisher=L'Harmattan |year=2016 |isbn=978-2-343-09022-1 |chapter=Fondation de Fès El Bali par Idriss Ier et Idriss II |access-date=2021-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720213942/https://books.google.com/books?id=kNzeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 |archive-date=20 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Qaybaha kale ee caalamka Islaamka, tusaale ahaan suugaanta Carabiga ee Masaarida iyo Bariga Dhexe ka hor bartamihii qarnigii 20-aad, Marooko waxaa caadi ahaan loogu yeeri jiray {{lang|ar-Latn|Murrakush}} ({{lang|ar|مراكش}}).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gershovich |first=Moshe |title=French Military Rule in Morocco |date=12 October 2012 |isbn=978-0-203-04498-8 |doi=10.4324/9780203044988}}</ref> Eraygan waxaa weli loo isticmaalaa in lagu tixraaco Marooko maanta dhowr luqadood oo [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iraani]] ah, oo ay ku jiraan [[Af-Faarsi|Faarisiga]], [[Urdu]], iyo [[Af-Bunjaabi|Bunjaabiga]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=مراکش - معنی در دیکشنری آبادیس |trans-title=Morocco |url=https://abadis.ir/fatofa/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B4/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=abadis.ir |language=fa |archive-date=9 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209233102/https://abadis.ir/fatofa/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B4/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Marooko waxaa kale oo siyaasad ahaan loogu yeeri jiray ereyo kala duwan oo muujinaya [[Sharifism|hiddaha Shariifka]] ee [[Alawi dynasty|Boqortooyadii Calawiyiinta]], sida {{Transliteration|ar|al-Mamlakah ash-Sharīfah}} ({{Lang|ar|المملكة الشريفة}}), {{Transliteration|ar|al-Iyālah ash-Sharīfah}} ({{Lang|ar|الإيالة الشريفة}}) iyo {{Transliteration|ar|al-Imbarāṭūriyyah ash-Sharīfah}} ({{Lang|ar|الإمبراطورية الشريفة}}), kuwaas oo loo turjumay af-Faransiis ahaan {{Lang|fr|l'Empire chérifien}} iyo af-Ingiriis ahaan 'Sharifian Empire'.<ref>{{Cite book |last=ملين |first=نبيل |title=فكرة الدستور في المغرب: وثائق ونصوص (19012011) |publisher=Tīl Kīl Mīdiyā |year=2017 |isbn=978-9954-28-764-4 |language=ar |oclc=994641823}}</ref> {{Cite journal |last=Laskier |first=Michael M. |date=1 September 2019 |title=Prelude to Colonialism: Moroccan Muslims and Jews through Western Lenses, 1860–1912 |url=https://www.berghahnjournals.com/view/journals/european-judaism/52/2/ej520209.xml |url-status=live |journal=European Judaism |language=en |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=111–128 |doi=10.3167/ej.2019.520209 |issn=0014-3006 |s2cid=203553804 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105195922/https://www.berghahnjournals.com/view/journals/european-judaism/52/2/ej520209.xml |archive-date=5 November 2022 |access-date=5 November 2022}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Wadamada Afrika]] 4g8nci7g6zvkof3r01yin3fp04ge8q5 0 4739 307621 301387 2026-09-09T16:32:38Z Soalt 39618 tixraac iyo template:dalalka afrika iyo category:wadamada afrika 307621 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Giinyada Dhulbareed''', ​​si rasmi ah '''Jamhuuriyadda Giinyada Dhulbareed''' , waa waddan ku yaal xeebta galbeed ee Afrikada Dhexe . Waxay leedahay bed dhan 28,000 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (11,000 sq mi). Markii hore gumaystihii Guinia Isbaanishka , madax-bannaanideeda ka dib magaceeda waxaa loola jeedaa meesha ay ku taal meel u dhow Equator iyo gobolka [[Afrika]] ee Guinea . Laga soo bilaabo 2024 , waddanku wuxuu lahaa dad tiradoodu dhan tahay 1,795,834, in ka badan 85% kuwaas oo xubno ka ah dadka Fang , oo ah qowmiyadda ugu sareysa dalka. Dadka Bubi , asal ahaan ka soo jeeda Biyoko , waa kooxda labaad ee ugu badan qiyaastii 6.5% dadweynaha {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Giinyada Dhulbareed | common_name = Equatorial Guinea | native_name = {{unbulleted list|{{native name|en|Republic of Equatorial Guinea}}|{{native name|ar|غينيا الاستوائية}}}} | image_flag = Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Equatorial Guinea.svg | symbol_type = Coat of arms | national_motto = {{native name|so|Midnimo, Nabad, Cadaalad}}<br />"Midnimo, Nabad, Caddaalad" | national_anthem = {{native name|so|[[Aan ku soconno waddooyinka farxadeena baaxadda leh]]|nolink=yes}}<br />''Let Us Walk Treading the Paths of Our Immense Happiness''<br />{{center|[[File:Equatorial Guinea's national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.oga]]}} | image_map = GNQ orthographic.svg | map_caption = | capital = [[Malabo]] (''current'')<br /> {{Coord|3|45|N|8|47|E|type:city_region:GQ}}<br>[[Magaalada Nabadda]] (''oo la dhisayo''') | largest_city = [[Bata, Equatorial Guinea|Bata]] | official_languages = {{Plain list| * [[Isbaanish|Isbaanish]] * [[Faransiis|Faransiis]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/africa/equatorial-guinea/history-language-culture/|title=History, language and culture in Equatorial Guinea|access-date=13 September 2021|archive-date=13 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913122636/https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/africa/equatorial-guinea/history-language-culture/|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Bortaqiis|Bortaqiis]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://appablog.wordpress.com/2011/10/17/equatorial-guinea-adds-portuguese-as-the-countrys-third-official-language/|title=Equatorial Guinea Adds Portuguese as the Country's Third Official Language|date=14 October 2011|access-date=26 September 2022|archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926213007/https://appablog.wordpress.com/2011/10/17/equatorial-guinea-adds-portuguese-as-the-countrys-third-official-language/|url-status=live}}</ref>}} | regional_languages = {{Collapsible list |framestyle=border:none; padding:0; |[[Luuqada fangka|fangka]] |[[Luuqada Buube|Buube]] |[[Kiriolka Annobon]] |[[Luuqada Kombe|Kombe]] |[[lluqadda Kwasio|Kwasio]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list| 85.7% [[lDad fang ah|Fangka]]| 6.5% [[Reer Bubi|Bubi]]| 3.6% [[Tirakoobka dadka Equatorial Guinea#Peoples considered as natives|Ndowe]]| 1.6% Annobon| 1.1% [[Kwasio people|Bujeba]]| 1.1% Kuwa kale}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2020<ref name=CIA>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/equatorial-guinea/ Equatorial Guinea] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/equatorial-guinea/ |date=20210109235259 }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109235259/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/equatorial-guinea |date=9 January 2021 }}. Cia World Factbook.</ref> | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap;|88.7% [[Christianity]]|5.0% [[Irreligious|no religion]]|4.0% [[Islam]]|1.7% [[African Traditional Religion|traditional faiths]]|0.6% [[Religion in Equatorial Guinea|other]]s}} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/equatorial-guinea#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2016|title=Religions in Equatorial Guinea &#124; PEW-GRF|website=Global Religious Futures|access-date=19 April 2022|archive-date=9 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409020658/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/equatorial-guinea#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2016}}</ref> | demonym = {{unbulleted list|[[Tirakoobka dadka Equatorial Guinea|Equatoguinean]]|[[Tirakoobka dadka Equatorial Guinea|Equatorial Guinean]]}} | government_type = Midaysan [[Jamhuuriyadda Madaxweyne|Jamhuuriyadda Madaxwayne]] ka amar-qaata [[Dynasty#Kalitalisnimo dhaxal gal ah|Kaligii talisnimo dhaxal gal ah]]<ref>{{Cite web|first=Paul|last=Melly|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-57176712|title=Africa's political dynasties: How presidents groom their sons for power|date=2021-05-30|access-date=2025-04-20|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=Equatorial Guinea 2020 Human Rights Report|url=https://gq.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/194/EQUATORIAL-GUINEA-2020-HUMAN-RIGHTS-REPORT.pdf|website=U.S. Embassy in Equatorial Guinea|access-date=8 August 2021|section=Section 3. Freedom to Participate in the Political Process|page=15|date=2020|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716074830/https://gq.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/194/EQUATORIAL-GUINEA-2020-HUMAN-RIGHTS-REPORT.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Democracy Index 2020|url=https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2020/|access-date=17 December 2021|website=Economist Intelligence Unit|language=en-GB|archive-date=3 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303040250/https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2020/|url-status=live}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[Liiska Madaxweynayaasha Equatorial Guinea|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo]] | leader_title2 = [[Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Equatorial Guinea|Madaxweyne ku xigeenka]] | leader_name2 = [[Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue]] | leader_title3 = [[Liiska Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Equatorial Guinea|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name3 = [[Manuel Osa Nsue Nsua]] | leader_title4 = [[Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare]] | leader_name4 = Joaquín Asong Owono Mbang | legislature = [[Baarlamaanka Equatorial Guinea|Baarlamaanka]] | upper_house = [[Guurtida (Equatorial Guinea)|Guurtida]] | lower_house = [[Golaha Wakiilada (Equatorial Guinea)|Golaha wakiilada]] | sovereignty_type = Madaxbanaanida | sovereignty_note = ka [[Isbayn|Isbayn]] | established_event1 = Lagu dhawaaqay | established_date1 = 12 October 1968 | area_km2 = 28,050 | area_rank = 141st <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 10,830 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = dayacan | population_estimate = 1,795,834 <ref name="CIAWorldFactbook">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Equatorial Guinea|access-date=2 September 2024|year=2024}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 154aad | population_density_km2 = 67 | population_density_sq_mi = <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 147aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $33.001 billion<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_rank = 149aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $20,017<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 92aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $12.680 billion<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_rank = 149aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $7,750<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 95aad | Gini = <!--number only--> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.674 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR" /> | HDI_rank = 133aad | currency = [[Farankii Afrikada Dhexe ee CFA]] | currency_code = XAF | time_zone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]] | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | calling_code = [[+240]] | cctld = [[.gq]] | footnote_a = Oo ay ku jiraan [[Equatoguinean Isbaanish]] ('Isbaanishka Equatorial Guinea). | today = }} Equatorial Guinea waxay ka kooban tahay laba qaybood. Gobolka dhul weynaha, Río Muni , waxaa xuduud la leh Cameroon dhanka waqooyi iyo Gabon ee koonfurta iyo bari. Waxay leedahay inta badan dadka waana meesha ay ku taal Bata , magaalada ugu weyn Equatorial Guinea, iyo Ciudad de la Paz , caasimadda mustaqbalka ee mustaqbalka ee dalka. Jasiiradaha yar yar ee Río Muni waxaa ka mid ah Corisco , Elobey Grande , iyo Elobey Chico . Gobolka insular wuxuu ka kooban yahay jasiiradaha Bioko (oo hore Fernando Po) ee Gacanka Guinea iyo Annobón . Jasiiradda Bioko waa qaybta waqooyi ee dalka Equatorial Guinea waana goobta ay ku taal caasimadda dalka ee Malabo . Jasiiradda São Tomé iyo Príncipe ee ku hadasha Boortaqiisku waxay ku taal inta u dhaxaysa Bioko iyo Annobón. Equatorial Guinea waxa ay xornimada ka qaadatay Spain 1968-kii, markaas oo uu maamuli jiray kaligii taliskii dhiigyacabka ahaa ee Madaxweyne Francisco Macías Nguema . Sannadkii 1972-kii ayuu ku dhawaaqay inuu yahay madaxweyne inta uu nool yahay , balse waxaa afgambi ku qabsaday 1979-kii wiil uu adeer u ahaa, Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo , kaasoo tan iyo xilligaas ahaa madaxweynaha dalkaas. Taliskii Obiang waxa kale oo si weyn loogu sifeeyey kali talisnimo goobjoogayaal shisheeye. Tan iyo bartamihii 1990-meeyadii, Equatorial Guinea waxa ay noqotay mid ka mid ah dalalka Saxaraha ka hooseeya ee Afrika ugu badan ee soo saara saliidda. Kadib waxa ay noqotay dalka ugu qanisan Afrika qofkiiba; si kastaba ha ahaatee, hantida ayaa ah mid si aad ah loo qaybiyay, iyadoo dad yar ay ka faa'iideysanayaan hodantinimada saliidda. Wadanku wuxuu ku jiraa 133rd ee 2023 Tusmada Horumarinta Aadanaha , iyada oo in ka yar kala badh dadku ay helaan biyo nadiif ah oo la cabbo iyo 7.9% carruurta dhimanaysa ka hor intaanay shan sano gaarin. Maadaama Equatorial Guinea uu yahay gumeysi hore oo Isbaanish ah, Isbaanishku waa luqadda rasmiga ah ee ugu weyn. Faransiiska iyo (ilaa 2010 ) Bortuqiisku sidoo kale si rasmi ah ayaa loo dhigay. Waa dalka kaliya ee madax banaan ee Afrika halkaas oo Isbaanishku yahay luqad rasmi ah. Dawlada Equatorial Guinea waa kali talis iyo suldaane waxayna leedahay mid ka mid ah diiwaanada xuquuqul insaanka ee ugu xun aduunka , waxayna si joogta ah ugu jirtaa "kuwa ugu xun" sahan sanadeedka Freedom House ee xuquuqda siyaasadeed iyo madaniga . Saxafiyiinta aan xuduuda lahayn ayaa Obiang ku qiimeeyay mid ka mid ah "ugaadhayasha" xoriyada saxaafada. Ka ganacsiga dadka waa dhibaato weyn, iyadoo warbixinta ka ganacsiga dadka ee Mareykanka ay ku tilmaantay Equatorial Guinea inay tahay isha iyo dalka loo socdo shaqada qasabka ah iyo ka ganacsiga galmada. Dalku waa xubin ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay , Midowga Afrika , Francophonie , OPEC , iyo CPLP ==Taariikhda== Doofaradu waxay u badan tahay inay mar ku noolaayeen gobolka qaarada ee hadda loo yaqaan Equatorial Guinea, laakiin maanta waxa laga helaa jeebab go'doonsan oo ku yaal koonfurta Río Muni. hijrada Bantu waxay u badan tahay inay bilaabmeen qiyaastii 2,000 BC oo ka yimid inta u dhaxaysa koonfur-bari Nigeria iyo waqooyi-galbeed Cameroon (Grassfields). Waa inay degeen qaaradaha Equatorial Guinea qiyaastii 500 BC ugu dambayn. Degsiimooyinka ugu horreeya ee Jasiiradda Bioko waxay ku taariikhaysan yihiin AD 530. Dadka Annobón , oo asal ahaan ka soo jeeda Angola , waxaa soo bandhigay Bortuqiisku iyagoo sii maraya jasiiradda Sao Tomé ===Xidhiidhkii ugu horeeyay ee Yurub iyo xeerka Boortaqiis (1472-1778)=== [[File:1729 West Africa map (Cameroon & Nigeria).jpg|thumb|Xukunka Bortaqiis-ka ee Equatorial Guinea wuxuu socday laga bilaabo imaatinka Fernão do Pó (Fernando Pó) 1472 ilaa 1778 Heshiiskii El Pardo]] Sahamiyaha Boortaqiiska ee Fernando Pó , oo raadinaya waddo Hindiya, ayaa loo tiriyaa inuu yahay Yurub ugu horeysay si uu u arko jasiiradda Bioko, 1472. Waxa uu ugu yeeray Formosa ("Quruxda"), laakiin si dhakhso ah ayay u qaadatay magaca sahankeeda Yurub. Fernando Pó iyo Annobón waxaa gumeystay Portugal 1474. Warshadihii ugu horreeyay waxaa laga dhisay jasiiradaha ku dhawaad ​​1500 iyadoo Bortuqiisku ay si degdeg ah u aqoonsadeen wanaagga jasiiradaha oo ay ku jiraan ciidda volcano iyo dhulalka sare ee u adkaysta cudurrada. Inkasta oo ay jiraan faa'iidooyin dabiici ah, dadaalladii ugu horreeyay ee Bortuqiisku 1507 si ay u abuuraan beero sonkor ah iyo magaalo u dhow waxa hadda loo yaqaan '''Konsiiebthiión''' ee Fernando Pó ayaa ku guuldareystay Bubi cadaawad iyo qandho awgeed. ===Xukunkii hore ee Isbaanishka iyo kiraynta Ingiriiska (1778-1844)=== [[File:África Ecuatorial Española.svg|thumb|Kobcinta hantida Isbaanishka iyo sheegashooyinka Gacanka Guinea, 1778-1968 (Isbaanish)]] Sanadkii 1778, Boqorada Maria I ee Portugal iyo Boqor Charles III ee Spain waxay saxiixeen Heshiiskii El Pardo kaas oo ku wareejiyay Bioko , jasiiradaha ku xiga, iyo xuquuqda ganacsiga ee Bight of Biafra inta u dhaxaysa webiyada Niger iyo Ogoue ilaa Spain iyadoo lagu beddelayo meelo badan oo Koonfurta Ameerika ah oo hadda ah Galbeedka Brazil. Brigadier Felipe José, Count of Arjelejos ayaa si rasmi ah ula wareegay Bioko oo ka yimid Portugal 21kii Oktoobar 1778. Ka dib markii uu u dhoofay Annobón si uu u haysto, Count wuxuu u dhintay cudur uu qabtay Bioko iyo shaqaalihii qandho-xumada ayaa la gooyay. Shaqaalihii markabka waxay ku dageen São Tomé halkii ay ku xidheen maamulka Bortuqiisku ka dib markii ay 80% raggoodii ku waayeen xanuun. Natiijadii masiibadaas awgeed, Spain ayaa markaa ka walaacsanayd inay si weyn u maalgeliso hantideeda cusub. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inkastoo dib u dhac ku yimid Isbaanishka ayaa bilaabay inay u isticmaalaan jasiiradda saldhig u ah ganacsiga addoonta ee dhul weynaha u dhow. Intii u dhaxaysay 1778 iyo 1810, dhulka waxa noqday Equatorial Guinea waxa maamulay ku xigeenka Río de la Plata , oo fadhigeedu ahaa Buenos Aires . Isaga oo aan doonayn in uu si weyn u maalgeliyo horumarinta Fernando Pó, laga bilaabo 1827 ilaa 1843, Isbaanishku waxa uu ka kiraystay saldhig ku yaal Malabo oo ku taal Bioko Boqortooyada Midowday ee Boqortooyada Midowday taas oo ay raadineysay qayb ka mid ah dadaalkeeda si loo xakameeyo ganacsiga addoonta ee transatlantic . Iyadoo aan la helin ogolaansho Isbaanish ah, Ingiriisku wuxuu u guuray xarunta dhexe ee Guddiga Isku-dhafka ah ee Xakamaynta Taraafikada Addoomaha Fernando Pó 1827, ka hor inta aan dib loogu celin Sierra Leone iyada oo la raacayo heshiis Spain 1843. Go'aanka Isbaanishka ee baabi'inta addoonsiga 1817 ee ku adkeysiga Ingiriiska ayaa waxyeello u geystay dakhliga gumeysiga iyo dakhliga la ogaaday in uu kasbaday qiimaha dakhliga hanti aan faa'iido lahayn. Heshiis ay Spain ku iibisay gumaysigeeda Afrikaanka ah ee Ingiriiska ayaa la joojiyay 1841 sababtoo ah ra'yiga dadweynaha ee magaalada iyo mucaaradka Isbaanishka. ===Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad (1844-1900)=== [[File:(1897) Golfo de Guinea.jpg|thumb|Khariidadda hantida Isbaanishka ee 1897, ka hor heshiiskii Paris (1900)]] Sannadkii 1844-kii, Ingiriisku wuxuu jasiiradda dib ugu soo celiyay gacanta Isbaanishka, aaggana waxaa loo yaqaan "Territorios Españoles del Golfo de Guinea". Sababo la xiriira cudurrada faafa, Spain wax badan ma gelin gumeysiga, iyo 1862, dillaaca qandhada jaalaha ah ayaa dilay qaar badan oo ka mid ah caddaanka oo degay jasiiradda. Iyadoo taasi jirto, beero beero ayaa sii waday in ay abuuraan muwaadiniin gaar ah ilaa nuskii dambe ee qarnigii 19-aad. Beeraha Fernando Pó waxaa inta badan maamuli jiray koox madow oo Creole ah , oo markii dambe loo yaqaan Fernandinos . Ingriisku waxa uu dejiyay ilaa 2,000 oo reer Sierraliyon ah, waxa uu halkaa ku sii daayay addoomo intii ay xukunka hayeen, waxaana sii socday tahriibka ka imanaya Galbeedka Afrika iyo Galbeedka Hindiya ka dib markii Ingiriisku ka baxay. Tiro ka mid ah addoommadii Angola ee la sii daayay, Bortuqiisku-Afrika crioles iyo muhaajiriin ka yimid Nigeria, iyo Liberia ayaa sidoo kale bilaabay in la dejiyo gumeysiga, halkaas oo ay si degdeg ah u bilaabeen inay ku biiraan kooxda cusub. Isku dhafka maxalliga ah waxaa lagu daray Cubans, Filibiin, Yuhuud iyo Isbaanish midabyo kala duwan leh, kuwaas oo qaar badan oo ka mid ah loo masaafuriyey Afrika dambiyo siyaasadeed ama kuwo kale, iyo sidoo kale qaar ka mid ah degayaasha oo ay taageerto dawladda. Sannadkii 1870-kii, saadaasha caddaanka ee ku noolaa jasiiradda ayaa aad loo hagaajiyay ka dib markii la soo jeediyay in ay ku nool yihiin buuraha sare, iyo 1884 in badan oo ka mid ah mishiinnada maamulka ugu yar iyo beeraha muhiimka ah waxay u guureen Basile boqolaal mitir oo ka sarreeya heerka badda. Henry Morton Stanley waxa uu Fernando Pó ku calaamadiyay "Jowhar aan Isbayn poliseyn" diidmada in la sameeyo siyaasad noocaas ah. Inkasta oo ay wanaajiyeen fursadaha badbaadada ee dadka reer Yurub ee ku nool jasiiradda, Mary Kingsley , oo ku sii jirtay jasiiradda, ayaa weli ku tilmaantay Fernando Pó "qaab aan raaxo lahayn oo dil ah" oo loogu talagalay Isbaanishka loo magacaabay halkaas. Waxa kale oo jiray qulqulka socdaalka ka imanayay jasiiradaha dariska ah ee Bortuqiisku, addoommadii baxsaday, iyo beeralayda mustaqbalka. Inkasta oo qaar ka mid ah Fernandinos ay ahaayeen kuwo Catholic iyo Isbaanish ku hadla, qiyaastii sagaal meelood meel ka mid ah waxay ahaayeen Protestant iyo Ingiriisi ku hadla habeenkii dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka, iyo pidgin Ingiriisi wuxuu ahaa luqadda jasiiradda. Dadka reer Siiraliyoon ayaa si gaar ah loogu meeleeyay sidii beeralay iyadoo shaqaalaysiinta shaqaalaha ee xeebta Windward ay sii socotay. Fernandinos waxay noqdeen ganacsato iyo dhexdhexaadin u dhexeeya dadka u dhashay iyo Yurubiyaanka. Addoon xor ah oo ka soo jeeda Galbeedka Hindiya iyada oo loo marayo Sierra Leone oo lagu magacaabo William Pratt ayaa aasaasay dalagga kookaha ee Fernando Pó. ===Horraantii qarnigii [[20]]aad (1900-1945)=== [[File:Eq_Guinea_1900_ES.PNG|thumb|Xuduudaha ka dib heshiiskii 1900 ee dhulkii noqon lahaa Isbaanishka Guinea , ilaa madax-bannaanida 1968]] [[Isbania|Isbeyn]] ma aysan qabsan dhul ballaaran oo ku yaalla Bight of Biafra oo ay xaq ugu lahayd heshiis , Faransiiskuna wuxuu balaadhiyey qabsashadiisa iyadoo kharashka ku baxaya dhulka ay Spain sheeganayso. Madrid kaliya waxay taageertay sahaminta ragga sida Manuel Iradier oo saxiixay heshiisyo gudaha ah ilaa Gabon iyo Cameroon, taasoo ka tagtay dhul badan oo ka baxsan "shaqsi wax ku ool ah" sida ay dalbadeen shuruudaha Shirkii Berlin 1885 . Taageerada ugu yar ee dawladeed ee ku darista dhul weynaha waxay ku timid natiijada ra'yiga dadweynaha iyo baahida shaqaale ee Fernando Pó. Heshiiskii Paris ee 1900kii wuxuu Spain uga tagay dhul-badeedka qaaradda ee Río Muni, kaliya 26,000 km 2 oo ka mid ah 300,000km 2 oo ku fidsan bari ilaa webiga Ubangi oo ay Isbaanishka markii hore sheegteen. Bahdilaadda wada xaajoodka Franco-Spanish, oo ay weheliso masiibada Cuba waxay keentay madaxa kooxda gorgortanka Isbaanishka, Pedro Gover y Tovar , oo is dilay isaga oo ku safraya guriga 21 Oktoobar 1901. Iradier qudhiisu wuxuu ku dhintay rajo-beel 1911; Tobannaan sano ka dib, dekedda Cogo waxaa loo beddelay Puerto Iradier sharaftiisa. Xeerarka dhulka ee la soo saaray 1904-1905 waxay doorbideen Isbaanishka, iyo badi beeralayda waaweyn ee dambe ayaa ka yimid Spain ka dib. Waxaa heshiis lala galay Liberia 1914 si loo soo dejiyo shaqaale jaban. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, si kastaba ha ahaatee, si kastaba ha ahaatee, dawladda Liberia waxay soo afjartay heshiiska ka dib markii ay soo shaac baxday xaaladda shaqaalaha Liberian ee Fernando Pó ee Warbixinta Christy taas oo hoos u dhigtay madaxweynihii waddanka Charles DB King ee 1930. [[File:Corisco-Saliendo_de_misa-1910.jpg|thumb|Korsiika 1910kii]] Dabayaaqadii qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad, Bubi waxaa laga ilaaliyay dalabaadka beeralayda adeegayaasha Isbaanishka Claretian , kuwaas oo aad u saameeyay gumeysiga ugu dambeyntiina waxay u abaabuleen Bubi kooxo yar oo hawlgallo ah oo xasuusinaya dhimista caanka ah ee Jesuit ee Paraguay . Galitaanka Katooliga waxa sii kordhiyey laba kacdoon oo yaryar sannadihii 1898 iyo 1910 iyaga oo ka mudaaharaadaya qoritaanka shaqada qasabka ah ee beeraha. Bubi ayaa hubka laga dhigay 1917, waxayna ka tageen iyagoo ku tiirsan adeegayaasha. Shaqala'aan aad u daran ayaa si ku meel gaar ah loo xaliyay qulqulka qaxootiga ee Jarmalka Kamerun , oo ay la socdaan kumanaan askar Jarmal ah oo caddaan ah oo joogay jasiiradda dhowr sano. Intii u dhaxaysay 1926 iyo 1959, Bioko iyo Río Muni waxay ku midoobeen gumaysigii Isbaanishka Guinea . Dhaqaaluhu waxa uu ku salaysnaa beero kacao iyo kafeega oo waaweyn iyo wax-is -goosad-jarida iyo shaqaaluhu waxay u badnaayeen shaqaale qandaraasle oo ka yimid Laybeeriya , Nigeria , iyo Cameroun . Intii u dhaxaysay 1914 iyo 1930 , qiyaastii 10,000 Liberian ah ayaa aaday Fernando Po iyada oo la raacayo heshiis shaqaale ah oo la joojiyay gebi ahaanba 1930 . Ololeyaal ayaa la qaaday si loo jabiyo dadka Fang sannadihii 1920-meeyadii, xilligaasi oo Laybeeriya ay billowday in ay dhimato shaqaalaysiinta. Waxaa jiray garisyo ka tirsan ilaalada gumeysiga oo dhan 1926-kii, gumeysiga oo dhanna waxaa loo tixgeliyey 'nabadiyay' 1929. [[File:Iberia-_vuelo_inaugural_a_Bata_(Guinea)_(1941)_(5811105541).jpg|thumb|Duulimaadkii ugu horreeyay ee Iberia oo ka yimid Madrid kuna socday Bata , 1941]] Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Isbaanishka ayaa saameyn weyn ku yeeshay gumeysiga. Koox ka kooban 150 caddaan ah oo Isbaanish ah, oo ay ku jiraan Guddoomiyaha Guud iyo Ku-Xigeenka Guud ee Río Muni, ayaa abuuray xisbi hantiwadaag ah oo lagu magacaabo Front Popular in the enclave kaas oo ka soo horjeeda danaha milkiilayaasha Fernando Pó. Markii dagaalku qarxay Francisco Franco wuxuu amar ku bixiyay ciidamada qaranka ee fadhigoodu yahay Canaries si ay u xaqiijiyaan xukunka Equatorial Guinea. Bishii Sebtembar 1936, ciidamada qaranka oo ay taageerayaan Falangists oo ka socda Fernando Pó ayaa la wareegay Río Muni, kaas oo hoos yimaada Guddoomiyaha Guud Luiz Sanchez Guerra Saez iyo ku xigeenkiisa Porcel ayaa taageeray dawladda Jamhuuriga. Bishii Nofembar, Jabhadda caanka ah iyo taageerayaasheeda waa la jebiyey waxaana Equatorial Guinea ay u xaqiijisay Franco. Taliyaha shaqada gacanta ku haya, Juan Fontan Lobé, waxaa loo magacaabay Guddoomiyaha Guud ee Franco wuxuuna bilaabay inuu si dheeraad ah u maamulo Isbaanishka gudaha gudaha. Río Muni wuxuu si rasmi ah u lahaa in ka yar 100,000 oo qof 1930-meeyadii; U baxsashada Cameroun ama Gabon way fududahay. Fernando Pó ayaa sidaas ku sii waday inay la ildaran tahay shaqo yaraan. Faransiisku wuxuu si kooban u oggolaaday shaqaaleysiinta Cameroun, isha ugu weyn ee shaqaduna waxay ahayd Igbo laga soo tahriibiyay doonyaha Calabar ee Nigeria . Qaraarkan ayaa horseeday in Fernando Pó uu noqdo mid ka mid ah meelaha ugu wax soo saarka badan Afrika ee wax soo saarka beeraha kadib dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka . ===Sanadihii ugu dambeeyay ee xukunka Isbaanishka (1945-1968)=== [[File:Naval_Infantry_in_Spanish_Guinea_1964.jpg|thumb|Booliska Rayidka Ah iyo Kuwii Kale ee Isbaanishka Giinyada 1964kii]] [[File:Fraga_na_sinatura_da_independencia_de_Guinea_Ecuatorial.jpg|thumb|Saxiixa madax-banaanida Giinyada Dhulbareed ee wasiirka Isbaanishka Manuel Fraga oo uu weheliyo madaxweynaha cusub ee Giinyada Dhulbareed Masiias Nguema 12 Oktoobar 1968]] Siyaasad ahaan, taariikhda gumeysiga ka dib waxay leedahay saddex weji oo si cadaalad ah u kala duwan: ilaa 1959, markii maqaamkeeda laga soo kiciyey "gumeysi" ilaa "gobol", iyadoo la raacayo habka Boqortooyada Boortaqiiska ; intii u dhaxaysay 1960 iyo 1968, markii Madrid ay isku dayday in qayb ka mid ah gumaystaha laga saaro oo looga golleeyahay in lagu ilaaliyo dhulka qayb ka mid ah nidaamka Isbaanishka; iyo laga bilaabo 1968-kii, ka dib markii uu dhulku noqday Jamhuuriyad madaxbannaan . Wajigii kowaad waxa uu ka koobnaa in yar oo aan ahayn sii socoshada siyaasadihii hore; kuwanu waxay si dhow u shabahaan siyaasadaha Portugal iyo France, gaar ahaan in loo qaybiyo dadka loo qaybiyo aqlabiyad aad u badan oo lagu xukumo 'dadka u dhashay' ama aan muwaadiniinta ahayn, iyo tiro aad u yar (oo ay weheliyaan caddaanka) waxay qirteen heerka madaniga ah sida emancipados , oo la mid ah dhaqanka magaalada oo ah habka kaliya ee la ogol yahay ee horumarinta. Marxaladdan "gobolka" waxay aragtay bilawga qarannimada , laakiin waxay u badan tahay kooxo yaryar oo ka magan-galay gacantii aabbaha ee Caudillo ee Cameroun iyo Gabon. Waxay samaysteen laba jidh: Movimiento Nacional de Liberación de la Guinea (MONALIGE), iyo Idea Popular de Guinea Ecuatorial (IPGE). Dabayaaqadii 1960-aadkii, qaarada Afrika inteeda badan ayaa la siiyay xornimo. Isbaanishka oo og isbedelkan, ayaa bilaabay inuu kordhiyo dadaalka loogu diyaargaroobayo dalka madax-bannaanida. Wax -soo-saarka guud ee qaranka qofkiiba 1965kii wuxuu ahaa $466, taasoo ahayd tan ugu sarreysa Afrikada madow; Isbaanishku waxay garoon diyaaradeed caalami ah ka dhisteen Santa Isabel, xarun talefishin waxayna kordhiyeen heerka wax-akhrisnimada ilaa 89%. Sannadkii 1967-kii, tirada sariiraha cusbitaalka qofkiiba ee Equatorial Guinea ayaa ka sarreeyay Spain lafteeda, iyadoo 1637 sariirood ay ku yaalleen 16 isbitaal. Dhammaadkii taliskii gumeysiga, tirada Afrikaanka ee tacliinta sare waxay ahayd laba lambar oo keliya. Go'aan 9 Agoosto 1963, oo lagu ansixiyay afti 15 December 1963, ayaa siisay dhulka cabbirka madaxbannaanida iyo horumarinta maamulka koox 'dhexdhexaad' ah, Movimiento de Unión Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial (MUNGE). Tani waxay ahayd mid aan lagu guulaysan, iyo, iyada oo cadaadiska sii kordhaya ee isbeddelka ee UN-ka, Madrid ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah loogu qasbay inay u oggolaato socodka qarannimada. Laba go'aan oo Golaha Guud ah ayaa la soo saaray 1965-kii oo lagu amrayay Spain inay madaxbannaanida siiso gumeysiga, 1966-kii, guddi Qaramada Midoobay ah ayaa socdaal ku tagay dalka ka hor intaysan ku talin wax la mid ah. Iyaga oo ka jawaabaya, Isbaanishku wuxuu ku dhawaaqay inay qabanayaan shir dastuuri ah 27 Oktoobar 1967 si ay uga wada xaajoodaan dastuur cusub oo loo sameeyo Equatorial Guinea oo madax-bannaan. Shirkan waxaa ka soo qayb galay 41 ergo oo maxali ah iyo 25 Isbaanish ah. Dadka Afrikaanka ah waxa ay u kala qaybsameen Fernandinos iyo Bubi oo dhinac ah, kuwaas oo ka baqay inay lumiyaan mudnaanta iyo 'daaqsanaanta' aqlabiyadda Fang, iyo waddaniyiinta Río Muni Fang dhinaca kale. Shirka, hogaamiyaha Fang, madaxwaynihii ugu horeeyay Francisco Macías Nguema , ayaa jeediyay khudbad muran badan dhalisay oo uu ku sheegay in Adolf Hitler uu "badbaadiyay Afrika". Sagaal fadhi ka dib, shirku waa la hakiyay sababtoo ah ismari waa u dhexeeya "ururiyiinta" iyo " gooni-goosadka " kuwaas oo doonayay Fernando Pó gooni ah. Macías wuxuu go'aansaday inuu u safro Qaramada Midoobay si uu u xoojiyo wacyiga caalamiga ah ee arrinta, iyo khudbadihiisii ​​​​hore ee New York waxay gacan ka geysteen in Spain ay magacawdo taariikhda madaxbannaanida iyo doorashooyinka guud. Bishii Luulyo 1968-kii ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan hoggaamiyeyaasha Bubi waxay aadeen UN-ta New York si ay isugu dayaan oo ay kor ugu qaadaan wacyiga qaddiyaddooda, laakiin bulshada adduunku ma xiisaynaynin inay ka dhiidhiyaan waxyaabaha gaarka ah ee madaxbannaanida gumeysiga. 1960-meeyadii waxa ay ahaayeen xilli rajo weyn laga qabay mustaqbalka dalalkii Afrikaanka ahaa ee gumeysan jiray, kooxihii ka ag dhawaa madaxda Yurub, sida Bubi, si wanaagsan looma eegin. ===Madax-bannaanidii Macías (1968-1979)=== [[File:Don_Francisco_Macias.jpg|thumb|Francisco Macías Nguema , Madaxweynihii ugu horeeyay ee Equatorial Guinea 1968-dii, wuxuu uu noqday kaligii taliye ilaa uu afgambi ku qabsaday 1979-kii.]] Xornimada Spain waxay qaadatay 12 Oktoobar 1968, duhurnimadii caasimadda Malabo. Dalka cusub wuxuu noqday Jamhuuriyadda Equatorial Guinea (taariikhda waxaa loo dabaaldegaa maalinta madax-bannaanida dalka Macías waxa uu madaxweyne ka noqday doorashada kaliya ee xor iyo xalaal ah ee dalka ka dhacday ilaa maanta . Isbaanishka (oo uu xukumo Franco ) ayaa taageeray Macías doorashada; Ololihiisa intiisa badan waxa uu ku lug lahaa booqasho uu ku tagay dhulka miyiga ah ee Río Muni oo uu u ballan qaaday in ay heli doonaan guryaha iyo xaasaska Isbaanishka haddii ay isaga u codeeyaan. Waxa uu ku guuleystay wareegii labaad ee codbixinta. Intii lagu jiray dagaalkii sokeeye ee Nigeria , Fernando Pó waxaa ku noolaa shaqaale badan oo Biafra-taageeraya Ibo muhaajiriin ah, qaxooti badan oo ka yimid gobolka go'ay ayaa u qaxay jasiiradda. Guddiga Caalamiga ah ee Laanqeyrta Cas ayaa bilaabay in ay duulimaadyo gargaar ah ka wadaan Equatorial Guinea, laakiin Macías ayaa si deg deg ah u xiray duulimaadyadii, isaga oo diiday in ay u duuliyaan shidaalka naaftada ee baabuurtooda ama taangiyada Ogsajiinta ee hawlaha caafimaadka. Gooni-goosadka Biafra waxay gaajo u gaajoonayeen inay is dhiibaan iyaga oo aan taageero caalami ah helin. Ka dib markii uu Xeer Ilaaliyaha Guud ka cawday " xad-dhaaf ah iyo si xun ula dhaqanka" saraakiisha dawladda, Macías wuxuu lahaa 150 eedaysanayaal afgambi oo lagu toogtay habeenkii Christmas Eve 1969, kuwaas oo dhammaantood ahaa mucaarad siyaasadeed. Macias Nguema waxa uu sii xoojiyay awoodihiisa wadarta ah isaga oo mamnuucay xisbiyo siyaasadeed oo mucaarad ah July 1970 isaga oo naftiisa ka dhigay madaxwaynihii nolosha 1972. Waxa uu xidhiidhka u jaray Spain iyo Galbeedka. In kasta oo uu dhaleeceeyay Marxism , oo uu u arkayay " gumaysi cusub ", Equatorial Guinea waxa ay xidhiidh gaar ah la lahayd dawladaha shuuciga ah , gaar ahaan Shiinaha, Cuba, Jarmalka Bari iyo USSR . Macias Nguema waxa uu la saxeexday heshiis ganacsi oo door bideeya iyo heshiiska maraakiibta ee Midowga Soofiyeeti. Soofiyeedka ayaa sidoo kale amaah ku siiyay Equatorial Guinea. Heshiiska maraakiibta ayaa siiyay Soofiyeedka ogolaanshaha mashruuca horumarinta kalluumeysiga ee tijaabada ah iyo sidoo kale saldhigga ciidamada badda ee Luba . Taa baddalkeeda, USSR waxay ahayd inay kalluun siiso Equatorial Guinea. Shiinaha iyo Kuuba waxay sidoo kale siiyeen noocyo kala duwan oo ah dhaqaale, ciidan, iyo kaalmo farsamo Equatorial Guinea, taas oo ka heshay cabbirka saamaynta halkaas. USSR, waxaa jirtay faa'iido ah in laga helo dagaalka Angola laga bilaabo marinka saldhigga Luba iyo markii dambe ee garoonka caalamiga ah ee Malabo . Sannadkii 1974-kii, Golaha Kaniisadaha Adduunka waxay caddeeyeen in dad aad u tiro badan lagu dilay tan iyo 1968-kii xukun argagaxiso oo socda . Rubuc ka mid ah dadka oo dhan ayaa u qaxay dalka dibadiisa, ayay yiraahdeen, halka "xabsiyada ay buux dhaafiyeen, si walbana ay u sameeyeen hal xero oo dadka lagu ciqaabo". Dadka 300,000 ka mid ah, waxaa lagu qiyaasay 80,000 oo la dilay. Marka laga reebo in lagu eedeeyay xasuuq ka dhan ah qowmiyadaha laga tirada badan yahay ee Bubi , Macias Nguema wuxuu amar ku bixiyay dhimashada kumanaan qof oo looga shakisan yahay inay ka soo horjeedaan, la xiray kaniisadaha wuxuuna madax ka ahaa burburka dhaqaalaha iyada oo muwaadiniin xirfad leh iyo ajaanib ay ka carareen dalka. ===Obiang (1979- hadda)=== [[File:Teodoro_Obiang_Nguema_Mbasogo_with_Obamas_2014.jpg|thumb|Obiang iyo madaxweynaha Maraykanka Obama iyo xaasaskooda 2014kii]] Wiil uu adeer u yahay Macías Nguema, Teodoro Obiang ayaa adeerkii ka saaray 3 Agoosto 1979, afgambi dhiig badan ku daatay ; in ka badan laba toddobaad oo dagaal sokeeye ayaa socday ilaa Macías Nguema la qabsaday. Waxa la isku dayay oo la toogtay wax yar ka dib, iyada oo Obiang uu ku guuleystay isaga oo ah dhiig yar, laakiin weli madax-weyne awood leh. Sannadkii 1995-kii, shirkadda Mobil , oo ah shirkad shidaal oo Maraykan ah, ayaa shidaal ka heshay Equatorial Guinea. Intaa ka dib wadanku waxa uu soo maray horumar dhaqaale oo xawli ah, laakiin dakhliga ka soo gala hantida shidaalka ee dalka ma gaadhin dadka, dalkuna waxa uu ku hooseeyaa heerka qaramada midoobay ee horumarka bini’aadanka. 7.9% carruurtu waxay dhintaan ka hor da'da 5 sano jir, in ka badan 50% dadku ma helaan biyo nadiif ah oo ay cabbaan . Obiang ayaa si weyn loogu tuhunsan yahay inuu u isticmaalo hantida saliidda ee dalka si uu naftiisa [ 59 ] iyo saaxiibadiisa ugu taajiro. Sannadkii 2006, Forbes waxay ku qiyaastay hantidiisa gaarka ah $600 milyan. Sannadkii 2011, dawladdu waxay ku dhawaaqday inay qorshaynayso caasimad cusub oo uu dalku yeesho, oo lagu magacaabo Oyala . Magaalada waxaa loo bixiyay Ciudad de la Paz ("Magaalada Nabadda") 2017. Laga bilaabo Febraayo 2016 , Obiang wuxuu ahaa kaligii taliye labaad ee ugu muddada dheer Afrika. Equatorial Guinea waxaa loo doortay xubin aan joogto ahayn oo ka tirsan Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay 2018-2019. 7-dii Maarso 2021, waxaa jiray qaraxyo rasaas ah oo ka dhacay saldhig ciidan oo u dhow magaalada Bata , oo sababay dhimashada 107. Bishii Nofembar 2022, Obiang ayaa dib loo doortay doorashadii guud ee Equatorial Guinea ee 2022 isagoo helay 99.7% codadka iyada oo lagu eedeeyay musuqmaasuqa mucaaradka. 2024 waxaa la daabacay in calooshood u shaqeystayaal ka socda Kooxda Wagner (oo hadda loo yaqaan "Africa Corps") ay galeen Equatorial Guinea codsi ka yimid Teodoro Obiang . Marka loo eego kuwa ka soo horjeeda, ujeeddada calooshood u shaqeystayaasha waxay ahayd inay gacan ka geystaan ​​xoojinta isku xigxiga mala awaalka ah ee awoodda Obiang ee wiilkiisa " Teodorín ". Maajo 19, 2025 Maxkamadda Caalamiga ah ee Caddaaladda (ICJ) waxay siisay Equatorial Guinea madaxbannaanida Jasiiradda Mbanie , Jasiiradda Cocoteros, iyo Jasiiradda Conga iyadoo ka jawaabaysa sheegashada dhuleed ee deriska la ah Gabon ay samaynaysay tan iyo 1972. ==Dowladda iyo siyaasadda== [[File:Autobahnbau_in_Oyala.JPG|thumb|Dhismaha Jidka Ciudad de la Paz ee 2010. Ciudad de la Paz waxay noqon doontaa caasimadda mustaqbalka ee Equatorial Guinea.]] [[File:Presidential_palace_in_malabo_equatorial_guinea.png|thumb|Madaxtooyada Teodoro Obiang ee Malabo]] Madaxweynaha hadda ee Equatorial Guinea waa Teodoro Obiang. Dastuurkii 1982-kii ee Equatorial Guinea waxa uu siiyay awoodo ballaaran, oo ay ku jiraan magacaabista iyo xil ka qaadista xubnaha golaha wasiirada, sameynta sharciyo digreeto, kala diris Golaha Wakiilada, gorgortanka iyo ansixinta heshiisyada iyo inuu noqdo taliyaha guud ee ciidamada qalabka sida. Dastuurku waxa uu qaranka ku qeexay in ay tahay dawlad midaysan. Sida laga soo xigtay Human Rights Watch , kaligii taliska ee Madaxweyne Obiang wuxuu u adeegsaday kobcinta saliidda si uu u sii taajiro oo uu naftiisa ugu hodmo kharashaadka dadka dalka. Laga soo bilaabo Agoosto 1979, qaar ka mid ah 12 ayaa la dareemay isku dayo afgambi oo aan guulaysan. Sida laga soo xigtay bogga BBC-da ee March 2004, siyaasadda dalka waxaa u badan xiisado kala dhexeeya wiilka Obiang, Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue [[File:Equatorial_Guinea_Map.png|thumb|Khariidadda Equatorial Guinea oo ay samaysay CIA- du 1992kii]] Sannadkii 2004-tii, diyaarad siday calooshood-u-shaqaystayaal ayaa lagu qabtay Zimbabwe xilli lagu eedeeyay inay u socdeen inay afgambiyaan Obiang. Warbixin November 2004 lagu magacaabay Mark Thatcher oo ah taageere dhaqaale isku daygii afgambi ee Equatorial Guinea 2004 ee uu abaabulay Simon Mann . Akoonno kala duwan ayaa sidoo kale lagu magacaabay MI6 ee Boqortooyada Ingiriiska , CIA-da Mareykanka , iyo Spain inay yihiin taageerayaasha afgambiga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, warbixinta Amnesty International ee la sii daayay Juun 2005 ee ku saabsan maxkamadaynta kuwa lagu eedeeyay in ay ku lug lahaayeen ayaa iftiimisay in xeer ilaalintu ku guuldareysatay in ay soo saarto caddayn dhamaystiran oo ah in iskuday afgambi uu dhab ahaantii dhacay. Simon Mann ayaa laga sii daayay xabsiga 3 Noofambar 2009 sababo bini'aadantinimo. Tan iyo 2005, Military Professional Resources Inc. , oo ah shirkad caalami ah oo gaar loo leeyahay oo fadhigeedu yahay Maraykanka , ayaa ka shaqaynaysay Equatorial Guinea si ay u tababarto ciidamada booliska dhaqamada ku haboon ee xuquuqul insaanka. Sannadkii 2006dii, Xoghayaha Arrimaha Dibedda ee Maraykanka Condoleezza Rice ayaa ku ammaantay Obiang inuu yahay "saaxiib wanaagsan" inkastoo si isdaba joog ah loo dhaleeceeyay diiwaankiisa xuquuqul insaanka iyo xorriyadda madaniga ah. Wakaaladda Horumarinta Caalamiga ah ee Maraykanku waxay heshiis is-afgarad ah (MOU) la gashay Obiang bishii Abriil 2006 si loo sameeyo sanduuqa horumarinta bulshada ee dalka, iyada oo fulinaysa mashaariicda dhinacyada caafimaadka, waxbarashada, arrimaha haweenka iyo deegaanka. Sannadkii 2006dii, Obiang waxa uu saxeexay go’aan ka dhan ah jidh-dilka oo mamnuucaya dhammaan noocyada xadgudubyada iyo daawaynta aan habboonayn ee Equatorial Guinea, waxaanu u wakiishay cusboonaysiinta iyo casriyaynta xabsiga Black Beach sannadkii 2007 si loo hubiyo in si bini'aadannimo ah loola dhaqmo maxaabiista Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xadgudubyada xuquuqul insaanka ayaa sii socday. Human Rights Watch iyo Amnesty International oo ka mid ah ururada kale ee aan dowliga ahayn ayaa diiwaangeliyay xadgudubyada xuquuqda aadanaha ee ka dhaca xabsiyada, oo ay ku jiraan jirdil, garaacis, dhimasho aan sabab lahayn iyo xarig sharci darro ah. Obiang ayaa dib loo doortay si uu ugu adeego muddo dheer 2009 doorasho Midowga Afrika oo loo arko "in waafaqsan sharciga doorashada".Obiang wuxuu dib u magacaabay ra'iisul wasaare Ignacio Milam Tang 2010. [[File:Teodoro_Obiang_detail,_1650FRP051.jpg|thumb|Sida laga soo xigtay BBC-da, Madaxweyne Obiang Nguema "waxa ay hay'adaha xuquuqul insaanka ku tilmaameen mid ka mid ah keligii taliyeyaasha ugu naxariista daran Afrika]] Bishii Nofeembar 2011, dastuur cusub ayaa la ansixiyay. Codeynta dastuurka ayaa la qaaday, inkastoo aan qoraalka iyo nuxurka midna loo soo bandhigin dadweynaha ka hor codeynta. Sida uu dhigayo dastuurka cusub, madaxweynuhu wuxuu ku koobnaa ugu badnaan laba xilli oo toddoba sano ah, wuxuuna noqon lahaa madaxa dawladda iyo madaxa dawladda, sidaas darteed meesha ayuu ka saarayaa ra'iisul wasaaraha. Dastuurka cusub ayaa sidoo kale soo bandhigay shaxda madaxweyne ku xigeenka, waxaana uu ku baaqay in la sameeyo golaha guurtida oo ka kooban 70 xubnood oo ka kooban 55 mudane oo ay shacabku soo doorteen, 15 ka kalena uu soo magacaabayo madaxweynaha. Isku shaandheyntan soo socota ee golaha wasiirada ayaa waxaa lagu shaaciyay in labo madaxweyne ku xigeen ay yeelan doonaan taasoo si cad u jebisay dastuurkii hadda dhaqan galay. Bishii Oktoobar 2012, inta lagu guda jiro wareysi lala yeeshay Christiane Amanpour CNN , Obiang ayaa la weydiiyay haddii uu ka tagayo dhamaadka muddada hadda (2009-2016) maadaama dastuurka cusub uu xaddiday tirada shuruudaha laba waxaana dib loo doortay ugu yaraan 4 jeer . Obiang waxa uu ku jawaabay in uu diiday in uu dhinac ka tago sababtoo ah dastuurka cusubi ma ahayn mid dib u laabanaya oo xadka labada wakhti waxa uu noqonayaa mid la dabaqi karo oo kaliya laga bilaabo 2016. Doorashadii dhacday 26kii May 2013 waxay isugu geysay tartankii guurtida, aqalka hoose iyo maayarrada hal xidhmo. Si la mid ah doorashooyinkii hore oo dhan, tan waxaa cambaareeyay mucaaradka, waxaana sidoo kale ku guuleystay Obiang's PDGE. Intii uu socday tartanka doorashada, xisbiga talada haya waxa uu qabtay doorashooyin gudaha ah, kuwaas oo markii dambe meesha laga saaray. Clara Nsegue Eyi iyo Natalia Angue Edjodjomo, isku duwayaasha Movimiento de Protesta Popular (Dhaqdhaqaaqa Mudaaharaadyada Dadka), ayaa la xiray. Waxa la xidhay 13kii May. Waxay ku baaqeen mudaaharaad nabadeed oo ka dhacay fagaaraha Plaza de la Mujer 15ka May. Isku duwaha Enrique Nsolo Nzo ayaa sidoo kale la xiray waxaana loo gudbiyay saldhiga dhexe ee booliska ee Malabo. Nsolo Nzo ayaa la sii daayay galinka dambe ee maalintaas iyadoo aan wax dacwad ah lagu soo oogin. Wax yar ka dib doorashadii, xisbiga mucaaradka ah ee Convergence for Social Democracy (CPDS) ayaa ku dhawaaqay inay u socdaan si nabad ah oo ay uga soo horjeedaan doorashada 26 May ee 25 June. Wasiirka arrimaha gudaha Clemente Engonga ayaa diiday in uu fasaxo mudaaharaadka sababo la xiriira in ay "qallafi karto" dalka iyo CPDS waxay go'aansatay in ay horay u socoto, iyada oo sheeganeysa xuquuq dastuuri ah. Habeenimadii 24-kii Juun, xarunta CPDS ee Malabo waxaa hareereeyey saraakiil bilays ah oo aad u hubaysan si kuwa gudaha ku jira aysan u bixin oo ay si wax ku ool ah u joojiyaan mudaaharaadka. Dhowr xubnood oo hormuud ka ah CPDS ayaa lagu xiray Malabo kuwa kalena Bata ayaa laga reebay inay raacaan dhowr duulimaad oo maxalli ah oo ku socday Malabo. [[File:Владимир Путин с Президентом Экваториальной Гвинеи.jpg|thumb|Obiang oo la jooga Madaxweynaha Ruushka Faladimir Butiin Sebtember 26, 2024]] 2016, Obiang waxaa dib loogu doortay todobo sano oo dheeri ah doorasho taas oo, sida uu qabo Freedom House , ay ragaadiyeen rabshado bilays ah, xarig iyo jirdil ka dhan ah kooxaha mucaaradka. Ka dib doorashooyinkii guud ee 2022 , Xisbiga Dimuqraadiga ee Equatorial Guinea ee Madaxweyne Obiang ayaa haysta dhammaan 100-ka kursi ee Rugta Ku Xigeennada iyo dhammaan kuwa ku jira Senetka. Mucaaradku waa mid aan ka jirin dalka oo laga soo abaabulo Isbaanishka inta badan gudaha Isbahaysiga dimuqraadiga ah ee Dimuqraadiyadda Bulshada. Inta badan warbaahinta waxaa gacanta ku haya dowladda; TV-yada gaarka loo leeyahay, kuwa kooxda Asonga, waxaa iska leh qoyska madaxweynaha. Daabacaada 2024, Transparency International waxay ku abaalmarisay Equatorial Guinea wadarta guud ee dhibcaha 13 marka loo eego tusmahooda musuqmaasuqa (CPI). CPI waxay ku qiimeysaa wadamada heerka musuqmaasuqa dadweynaha ee loo arko inay eber aad u musuqmaasuq badan tahay oo 100 aad u nadiif ah. Equatorial Guinea waxa ay gashay kaalinta 173aad marka la isku daro 180 wadan. Freedom House, oo ah urur u ololeeya dimoqraadiyadda iyo NGO-ga xuquuqal insaanka, ayaa ku tilmaamay Obiang inuu yahay mid ka mid ah " kaligii-talisyada ku nool adduunka ugu kleptocratic ", waxayna ka cawdeen dawladda Maraykanka oo soo dhawaysay maamulkiisa oo ay saliid ka iibsatay. Marka loo eego 2023 V-Dem Democracy tusmooyinka , Equatorial Guinea waa dalka 7-aad ee ugu dimuqraadiga yar Afrika ===Ciidamada qalabka sida=== [[File:Antonov_An-72P,_Equatorial_Guinea_-_Air_Force_AN1593110.jpg|thumb|Antonov An-72 P oo ka tirsan ciidamada qalabka sida ee Equatorial Guinea oo kor loo qaaday]] Ciidamada Qalabka Sida ee Equatorial Guinea waxa ay ka kooban yihiin ku dhawaad ​​2,500 oo xubnood oo adeeg ah. Ciidanku waxa uu leeyahay ku dhawaad ​​1,400 oo askari, booliiska 400 oo askari, ciidanka badda 200 oo askari, iyo ciidanka cirka ilaa 120 xubnood. Waxaa sidoo kale jira gendarmerie , laakiin tirada xubnaha lama oga. Marka loo eego Tusaha Nabadda Caalamiga ah ee 2024 , Equatorial Guinea waa dalka 94-aad ee ugu nabadda badan adduunka ==Juqraafiga== Equatorial Guinea waxay ku taal xeebta galbeed ee Afrikada Dhexe . Wadanku wuxuu ka kooban yahay dhul-weynaha, Río Muni , oo xuduud la leh Cameroon oo woqooyi ah iyo Gabon bari iyo koonfur, iyo shan jasiiradood oo yaryar, Bioko , Corisco , Annobón , Elobey Chico (Small Elobey), iyo Elobey Grande (Great Elobey). Biyoko, oo ah goobta caasimadda, Malabo , waxay ku taal qiyaastii 40 kiiloomitir (25 mi) xeebta Cameroon. Jasiiradda Annobón waxay qiyaastii 350 kiiloomitir (220 mi) galbeed-koonfur-galbeed ka xigtaa Cape Lopez ee Gabon. Corisco iyo labada jasiiradood ee Elobey waxay ku yaalliin Corisco Bay, oo ku taal soohdinta Río Muni iyo Gabon. Equatorial Guinea waxay u dhaxaysaa loolka 4°N iyo 2°S , iyo longitudes 5° iyo 12°E . In kasta oo magaceeda, ma jiro qayb ka mid ah dhulka waddanku ku yaal dhulbaraha - waxay ku taal waqooyiga hemisphere, marka laga reebo Gobolka Annobón , oo qiyaastii 155 km (96 mi) koonfur ka xigta dhulbaraha. ===Cimilada=== [[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_GNQ_present.svg|thumb|Kala soocida cimilada Köppen ee Equatorial Guinea]] Equatorial Guinea waxay leedahay cimilo kuleyl ah oo leh xilliyo qoyan iyo kuwo qalalan. Laga bilaabo Juun ilaa Ogosto, Río Muni waa engegan yahay oo Biyoko qoyan; laga bilaabo Disembar ilaa Febraayo, dib u dhac ayaa dhaca. Inta u dhaxaysa, waxaa jira isbeddel tartiib tartiib ah. Roobka ama ceeryaamo ayaa maalin walba ku dhaca Annobón, halkaas oo maalin aan daruur lahayn aan waligood la diiwaan gelin. Heerkulka Malabo, Bioko, wuxuu u dhexeeyaa 16 °C (61 °F) ilaa 33 °C (91 °F), inkastoo koonfurta Moka Plateau, heerkulka sare ee caadiga ahi uu yahay 21 ° C (70 °F). Río Muni, celceliska heerkulka waa ilaa 27 °C (81 °F). Roobabka sannadlaha ahi waxay ku kala duwan yihiin 1,930 mm (76 in) ee Malabo ilaa 10,920 mm (430 in) ee Ureka , Bioko, laakiin Río Muni xoogaa wuu ka qallalay. ===“Deegaanka noolaha=== [[File:Share_Of_Forest_Area_In_Total_Land_Area,_Top_Countries_(2021).svg|thumb|Saamiga kaynta guud ahaan bedka dhulka, dalalka ugu sarreeya (2021). Equatorial Guinea waxay leedahay boqolkiiba toddobaad ee ugu sarreeya daboolka kaynta adduunka]] Equatorial Guinea waxa ay ka kooban tahay dhawr gobol Gobolka Río Muni wuxuu ku yaalaa gudaha kaymaha xeebta Atlantic Equatorial marka laga reebo balasyada mangroves ee Bartamaha Afrika ee xeebta, gaar ahaan agagaarka webiga Muni . Kaymaha xeebaha ee Cross-Sanaga-Bioko ayaa daboolaya inta badan Biyoko iyo qaybaha ku dhow ee Cameroon iyo Nigeria ee ku yaal dhul weynaha Afrika, iyo Buuraha Kameroon iyo Kaynta Montane ee Ecoregion waxay dabooshaa dhulka sare ee Bioko iyo Buurta Cameroon ee u dhow . São Tomé, Principe, iyo Annobón qoyan ee kaymaha hoose waxay daboolayaan dhammaan Annobón, iyo sidoo kale São Tomé iyo Principe. Wadanku waxa uu lahaa 2018 kaymaha tusmaynta hufnaanta dhuleed celcelis ahaan buundada 7.99/10, isaga oo ku qiimeeyay 30aad aduunka 172 wadan. ===Muqaalo=== [[File:Annobon_Island_Equatorial_Guinea.jpg|thumb|Annobon]] [[File:Islotes_Horacio_1.JPG|thumb|Islote Horacio]] [[File:Dschungel_bei_Oyala.JPG|thumb|Meel u dhow Ciudad de la Paz]] [[File:Nationalpark Monte Alén.jpg|thumb|Beerta Qaranka ee Monte Alén]] [[File:The_Great_Bioko_mountain.jpg|thumb|Pico Basilé]] ===Duurjoogta=== Equatorial Guinea waxaa ku nool daanyeero kala duwan, shabeel, baffalo , antelope , maroodi , hippopotamuses , yaxaaska iyo masaska kala duwan oo ay ku jiraan pythons '''Duurjoogta Equatorial Guinea''' [[File:Dissotis_sp_Bioko201310.jpg|thumb|Dissotis]] [[File:Soja_en_Mongomo.png|thumb|Soybean]] [[File:Rhampholeon_spectrum_63850438.jpg|thumb|Spectral pygmy chameleon]] [[File:Yellow-billed_Turacos_in_Equatorial_Guinea_2006.jpg|thumb|turaco-jaalle]] [[File:Gorilla_019.jpg|thumb|Gorilla galbeed]] ===Qaybaha maamulka=== Equatorial Guinea waxa ay u qaybsantaa sideed gobol . Gobolka ugu cusub waa Djibloho , oo la sameeyay 2017 oo xarunteedu tahay Ciudad de la Paz , caasimadda mustaqbalka ee dalka. Sideeda gobol waa sidan soo socota (lambaradu waxay u dhigmaan kuwa khariidada ku yaal; magaalo madax-goboleedyadu waxay ka muuqdaan jaantus): Annobón ( San Antonio de Palé ) Biyoko Norte ( Malabo ) Biyoko Sur ( Luba ) Centro Sur ( Eviyong ) Djibloho ( Ciudad de la Paz ) Kié-Ntem ( Ebebiyín ) Litoral ( Bata ) Wele-Nzas ( Mongomo ) Goboladu waxay u sii kala qaybsan yihiin 19 degmo iyo 37 degmo . ==Dhaqaalaha== Ka hor inta aan qaranku xornimada ka qaadan Isbayn, Equatorial Guinea waxa ay u dhoofisay kookaha , qaxwada iyo alwaaxa, inta badan waxa ay u dhoofin jirtay gumaystaha Spain, laakiin sidoo kale waxa ay u dhoofisay Jarmalka iyo UK. 1 Janaayo 1985, waddanku wuxuu noqday xubinta ugu horreysa ee Afrikaanka ah ee aan ku hadlin Faransiiska ee aagga Faransiiska , isagoo qaatay CFA franc lacagtiisa. Lacagta qaranka, ekwetale , ayaa hore loogu xidhay peseta Isbaanishka [[File:Gepetrol_HQ_Malabo_2013.jpg|thumb|Tower Gepetrol ee Malabo, 2013]] Helitaanka kayd weyn oo saliid ah 1996 iyo ka faa'iidaysigeeda ka dib waxay gacan ka geysatay korodhka dakhliga dawladda. Laga bilaabo 2004 , Equatorial Guinea waa dalka saddexaad ee ugu soo saarka badan saliidda ee ka hooseeya saxaraha Afrika . Wax-soo-saarkeeda saliidda ayaa kor u kacay ilaa 360,000 foosto maalintii (57,000 m 3 /d), marka loo eego 220,000 oo keliya laba sano ka hor. Shirkadaha shidaalka ee Equatorial Guinea waxaa ka mid ah ExxonMobil , Marathon Oil , Kosmos Energy iyo Chevron . Bishii Luulyo 2004, Senate-ka Mareykanka ayaa daabacay baaritaan lagu sameeyay Bankiga Riggs , oo ah bangi fadhigiisu yahay Washington kaas oo inta badan dakhliga saliidda Equatorial Guinea la bixiyo ilaa dhowaan, oo sidoo kale u banki u ahaa Chile 's Augusto Pinochet . Warbixinta Senetka ayaa muujisay ugu yaraan 35 milyan oo doolar oo ay ka baxeen Obiang, qoyskiisa iyo saraakiisha sarsare ee nidaamka. Madaxweynaha ayaa diiday inuu wax khalad ah sameeyay. Riggs Bank bishii Febraayo 2005 waxa uu bixiyay $9 milyan oo dib u celinta bangiga Pinochet, wax soo celin ah looma samaynin dhinaca Equatorial Guinea. Dhirta, beerashada, iyo kalluumeysiga ayaa sidoo kale ah qaybaha ugu muhiimsan ee wax soo saarka guud ee dalka (GDP). Beerashada maciishada ayaa u badan. Beeruhu waa isha ugu weyn ee shaqo ee dalka, iyadoo dakhliga soo gala 57% qoysaska miyiga ah iyo shaqo abuurka 52% shaqaalaha.Laga soo bilaabo 2000 ilaa 2010, Equatorial Guinea waxay lahayd celceliska celceliska sanadlaha korodhka GDP, 17%. Equatorial Guinea waa xubin ka tirsan Ururka Iswaafajinta Sharciga Ganacsiga Afrika (OHADA). Equatorial Guinea sidoo kale waa xubin ka tirsan Ururka Lacagta iyo Dhaqaalaha Afrikada Dhexe (CEMAC), oo ah qayb hoosaad ka kooban in ka badan 50 milyan oo qof. Equatorial Guinea waxay isku dayday in loo ansixiyo sidii Waddan u hoggaansamaya Hufnaanta Warshadaha Warshadaha (EITI). Dalku wuxuu helay darajada musharax 22kii Febraayo 2008; markii Equatorial Guinea ay codsatay in lagu kordhiyo wakhtiga lagu dhamaystirayo ansixinta EITI, gudida EITI ma ogola in la kordhiyo. Sida laga soo xigtay Bangiga Adduunka , Equatorial Guinea ayaa leh dakhliga ugu sarreeya ee wadarta guud (GNI) ee waddan kasta oo Afrikaan ah, 83 jeer ayaa ka weyn GNI qofkiiba Burundi , oo ah waddanka ugu saboolsan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Equatorial Guinea waxa ay haysataa faqri ba'an oo ay keentay sinnaan la'aanta hantida . Marka loo eego Warbixinta Horumarinta Aadanaha ee Qaramada Midoobay ee 2016, Equatorial Guinea waxay lahayd GDP qofkiiba $21,517, mid ka mid ah heerarka ugu sarreeya ee hantida Afrika. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waa mid ka mid ah dalalka ugu sinnaanta badan adduunka marka loo eego Gini index , iyada oo boqolkiiba 70 dadku ku nool yihiin hal dollar maalintii. Wadanku wuxuu ku jiraa 145th ee 189 ee Tusaha Horumarinta Aadanaha ee Qaramada Midoobay ee 2019. Hydrocarbons waxay ka yihiin 97% dhoofinta gobolka, waana xubin ka tirsan Ururka Soosaarayaasha Shidaalka Afrika . Sannadka 2020, waxa uu wajahayaa sannadkii siddeedaad ee hoos u dhaca dhaqaalaha, taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay musuqmaasuqa baahsan . Dhaqaalaha Equatorial Guinea ayaa la filayey inuu kordho 2.6% sanadka 2021, saadaashaas oo ku salaysnayd in si guul leh loo dhammeeyo mashruuc gaas weyn ah iyo soo kabashada dhaqaalaha aduunka qaybta labaad ee sanadka. Laakiin dalka ayaa la filayaa inuu dib ugu soo laabto hoos u dhaca sanadka 2022, iyadoo hoos u dhaca GDP dhabta ah ee ku saabsan 4.4%. Sannadkii 2022, isugaynta Gini ee dalka waxa ay ahayd 58.8. == Gaadiidka == [[File:Aerial_view_of_Malabo_Airport.jpeg|thumb|Madaarka Caalamiga ah ee Malabo ( Aeropuerto de Malabo ee Isbaanishka), ee Punta Europa , jasiiradda Bioko]] [[File:Malabo_a_13-oct-01.jpg|thumb| Dekedda Malabo]] Wershadaha batroolka ee ballaaran ee dalka ka jira awgeed, shirkado caalami ah oo la aqoonsan yahay ayaa u duulay garoonka caalamiga ah ee Malabo , kaasoo, bishii May 2014, uu xiriir toos ah la lahaa Yurub iyo Galbeedka Afrika . Waxaa jira saddex garoon diyaaradeed oo ku yaal Equatorial Guinea- Gegada Diyaaradaha Caalamiga ah ee Malabo , Gegida Diyaaradaha ee Bata iyo Gegida Diyaaradaha ee Annobón ee jasiiradda Annobón . Gegida caalamiga ah ee Malabo waa garoonka kaliya ee caalamiga ah. Diyaarad kasta oo ka diiwaan gashan Equatorial Guinea waxay ka soo muuqanaysaa liiska diyaaradaha xambaara ee laga mamnuucay Midowga Yurub (EU), taasoo ka dhigan in laga mamnuucay inay ka shaqeyso adeegyada nooc kasta oo ay tahay gudaha Midowga Yurub. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xamuulka qaada waxay bixiyaan adeega magaalooyinka Yurub ilaa caasimada. ==Tirakoobka dadweynaha== [[File:Equatorial_Guinea_population.svg|thumb|Jadwalka wakhtiga ee dadka Giinyiintu inta u dhaxaysa 1960 iyo 2017. Dadka ku nool kumanaan qof.]] '''Dadka ku nool Giinyada Dhulbareed''' Sannadka 1950kii 2000 0.6 2020 1.4 Inta badan dadka Equatorial Guinea waxay asal ahaan ka soo jeedaan Bantu . Kooxda qowmiyadda ugu weyn, Fang , ayaa asal ahaan ka soo jeeda dhul weynaha, laakiin u haajiridda la taaban karo ee Jasiiradda Biyoko tan iyo qarnigii 20aad waxay ka dhigan tahay in dadka Fang ay ka badan yihiin kuwii hore ee Bubi degganaa. Fang wuxuu ka kooban yahay 80% dadweynaha wuxuuna ka kooban yahay ilaa 67 qabiil. Kuwa ku nool qaybta waqooyi ee Río Muni waxay ku hadlaan Fang-Ntumu, halka kuwa koonfurta ay ku hadlaan Fang-Okah; labada lahjadood way ku kala duwan yihiin laakiin waa kuwo la isku fahmi karo. Lahjadaha Fang ayaa sidoo kale looga hadlaa qaybo ka mid ah Cameroon (Bulu) iyo Gabon ee deriska la ah. Lahjadahani, in kasta oo weli la fahmi karo, ayaa aad u kala duwan. Bubi, oo ka kooban 15% dadweynaha, waxay asal ahaan ka soo jeedaan Jasiiradda Biyoko. Khadka soo jireenka ah ee u dhexeeya kooxaha qowmiyadaha Fang iyo 'Beach' (gudaha) waxay ahayd tuulada Niefang (xadka Fang), bariga Bata. Kooxaha qowmiyadaha xeebaha, mararka qaarkood loo yaqaan Ndowe ama "Playeros" ( Dadka Xeebta ee Isbaanishka): Combes , Bujebas , Balengues , iyo Bengas oo ku yaal dhul weynaha iyo jasiiradaha yaryar, iyo Fernandinos , oo ah beesha Krio ee ku taal Jasiiradda Bioko waxay ka kooban yihiin 5% dadweynaha. Reer Yurub (badanaa ka soo jeeda Isbaanishka ama Bortuqiisku , qaar ka mid ah abtirsiinyada Afrikaanka ah) ayaa sidoo kale ku nool dalka, laakiin inta badan qowmiyadaha Isbaanishka ayaa ka tagay xorriyadda ka dib. [[File:Bubi children from Equatorial Guinea.jpg|thumb|Carruurta Equatorial Guinea ee ku abtirsada Bubi]] Tiro sii kordheysa oo ajaanib ah oo ka kala yimid dalalka deriska la ah Cameroon , Nigeria, iyo Gabon ayaa u soo haajiray dalka. Marka loo eego Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations (2002) 7% jasiiradaha Bioko waxay ahaayeen Igbo . Equatorial Guinea waxay heshay Aasiyaan iyo Afrikaan asal ah oo ka yimid waddamo kale si ay uga shaqeeyaan beeraha kookaha iyo kafeega. Afrikaan kale oo madow waxay ka yimaadeen Liberia , Angola, iyo Mozambique . Inta badan dadka Asia waa Shiinaha , oo ay ku nool yihiin tiro yar oo Hindi ah ===Luuqadaha=== [[File:Malabo_(16511251451).jpg|thumb|Qoraal ubaxeed oo leh magaca dalka oo ku qoran Isbaanishka Malabo]] Tan iyo markii ay xornimada qaadatay 1968, luqadda rasmiga ah ee Equatorial Guinea waxay ahayd Isbaanishka (kala duwanaanshaha maxalliga ah waa Equatoguinean Isbaanishka ), kaas oo u dhaqma sida luqadda franca ee kooxaha qowmiyadaha kala duwan. Sannadkii 1970kii, intii lagu jiray xukunkii Macías, Isbaanish waxa beddelay Fang , oo ah luqadda kooxda qowmiyadeeda ugu badan , oo uu Macías ka tirsan yahay. Go'aankaas waxaa dib loo celiyay 1979 ka dib dhicitaankii Macías. Isbaanishku wuxuu ahaan jiray luqadda rasmiga ah ee kali ah ilaa 1998, markii Faransiiska lagu daray kii labaad, maadaama ay hore ugu biirtay Bulshada Dhaqaalaha iyo Lacagta ee Bartamaha Afrika (CEMAC), kuwaas oo xubnahooda aasaasay ay yihiin quruumo ku hadla Faransiiska, laba ka mid ah (Cameroon iyo Gabon) oo ku wareegsan gobolkeeda qaaradaha. Boortaqiis waxaa loo qaatay luqadeeda rasmiga ah ee saddexaad ee 2010. Isbaanishku waa luqad rasmi ah tan iyo 1844. Wali waa luqadda waxbarashada iyo maamulka. 67.6% dadka Equatorial Guinea ayaa ku hadli kara, gaar ahaan kuwa ku nool caasimadda Malabo . Faransiiska waxa kaliya oo rasmi ah loo sameeyay si uu ugu biiro Francophonie , lagumana hadlo gudaha, marka laga reebo magaalooyinka xuduudka qaarkood; iyo Bortuqiisku waxa kaliya oo si rasmi ah loo dhigay si ay ugu biiraan Bulshada Wadamada Luuqada Boortaqiiska , sidaa awgeed sidoo kale laguma hadlo gudaha, inkasta oo Annobonese iyo Catholics maxaliga ahi ay xidhiidh la leeyihiin luqadda. Luqadaha Aborijiniska waxaa loo aqoonsan yahay inay yihiin qaybo ka mid ah "dhaqanka qaranka" (Sharciga Dastuuriga ah No. 1/1998, 21 January). Luqadaha asaliga ah (qaar ka mid ah creoles ) waxaa ka mid ah Fang , Bube , Benga , Ndowe , Balengue , Bujeba , Bissio, Gumu, Igbo , Pichinglis , Fa d'Ambô iyo Baseke oo ku dhow dabar go'an . Inta badan qawmiyadaha Afrika waxay ku hadlaan luqadaha Bantu [[File:Lenguas_de_Guinea_Ecuatorial.png|thumb|Afafka Afrika ee Equatorial Guinea iyo deegaankeeda]] Fa d'Ambô , oo ah Bortuqiisku, waxaa laga isticmaalaa Gobolka Annobón , Malabo, iyo dhul weynaha Equatorial Guinea. Dad badan oo deegaanka Bioko ah ayaa sidoo kale ku hadli kara Isbaanishka, gaar ahaan caasimadda, iyo luqadda ganacsiga maxalliga ah, Pichinglis , oo ah Ingiriis ku salaysan criole. Isbaanish in badan loogama hadlo Annobón. Dawlada iyo waxbarashada, Isbaanish ayaa loo isticmaalaa. Boortaqiis aan la dhisin waxa u adeegsada luuqad liturgical ah oo ay isticmaalaan Catholics maxalliga ah. Beesha qowmiyadeed ee Annobonese waxay isku dayday inay xubin ka noqoto Bulshada Waddamada Luuqadaha Boortaqiiska (CPLP). Dawladdu waxay maalgelisay Instituto Internacional da Língua Portuguesa (IILP) daraasad bulsho oo ku taal Annobón. Waxay diiwaangelisay xidhiidh xooggan oo lala yeesho dadyowgii reer Bortuqiisku ee ku nool São Tomé iyo Príncipe, Cape Verde iyo Guinea-Bissau. Xidhiidhka taariikhiga ah iyo dhaqanka awgeed, sannadkii 2010, sharci-dejintu waxay wax ka beddeleen qodobka 4 ee dastuurka Equatorial Guinea si ay u dhisaan Bortuqiisku luqadda rasmiga ah ee Jamhuuriyadda. Tani waxay ahayd dadaal ay dowladdu ku horumarinayso isgaarsiinteeda, ganacsigeeda, iyo xiriirkeeda laba geesoodka ah ee ay la leedahay waddamada ku hadla afka Boortaqiiska. Waxa kale oo ay aqoonsan tahay xidhiidhka dheer ee taariikhiga ah ee Portugal iyo dadka ku hadla Portuguese-ka ee Brazil, São Tomé iyo Principe, iyo Cape Verde. Qaar ka mid ah dhiirigelinta Equatorial Guinea ee raadinta xubinnimada Bulshada Waddamada Luuqadaha Boortaqiiska (CPLP) waxaa ka mid ah helitaanka dhowr barnaamijyo xirfadeed iyo isweydaarsi tacliimeed iyo fududaynta wareegga xuduudaha ee muwaadiniinta. Qaadashada Boortaqiisku sida luqadda rasmiga ah waxay ahayd shuruudaha aasaasiga ah ee lagu codsanayo aqbalaadda CPLP. Intaa waxaa dheer, dalka ayaa loo sheegay in ay tahay in ay qaataan dib-u-habeyn siyaasadeed oo ogolaanaya dimoqraadiyad wax ku ool ah iyo ixtiraamka xuquuqda aadanaha. Baarlamaanka qaranka ayaa ka dooday sharcigan Oktoobar 2011. Bishii Febraayo 2012, wasiirka arrimaha dibadda ee Equatorial Guinea ayaa heshiis la saxiixday IILP oo ku saabsan horumarinta Bortuqiisku ee dalka. Bishii Luulyo 2012, CPLP waxay diiday Equatorial Guinea xubin buuxda, ugu horrayn sababta oo ah waxay sii socotaa xad-gudubyada halista ah ee xuquuqda aadanaha. Dawladdu waxay kaga jawaabtay sharciyaynta axsaabta siyaasadda, waxayna ku dhawaaqday joojinta ciqaabta dilka, waxayna bilawday wadahadal ay la yeelato dhammaan qaybaha siyaasadda. Intaa waxaa dheer, IILP waxay ka hubisay dhulka dawladda dhismaha xarumaha dhaqanka luqadda Boortaqiiska ee Bata iyo Malabo. Shirweynihii tobnaad ee Dili bishii Luulyo 2014, Equatorial Guinea waxaa loo aqbalay xubin CPLP ah. Baabi'inta ciqaabta dilka iyo horumarinta Boortaqiiska sida luqadda rasmiga ah waxay ahaayeen shuruudo oggolaansho ah ===Diinta=== [[File:Santa_Isabel_Malabo_20131224_140204.jpg|thumb|Santa Isabel Cathedral ee Malabo]] Diinta ugu weyn ee Equatorial Guinea waa diinta kiristaanka , caqiidada 93% ee dadweynaha. Roman Catholics ayaa ah aqlabiyadda (88%), halka kuwa laga tirada badan yahay ay yihiin Protestant (5%). Dadka, 2% waxay raacaan Islaamka (badanaa Sunni ). Inta soo hartay ee 5% waxay ku dhaqmaan Aniism , Baháʼí , iyo caqiidooyinka kale, iyo caqiidooyinka dhaqan-dhaqameedka ayaa inta badan lagu dhex daraa Catholicism. ===Caafimaadka=== Barnaamijyada duumada ee Equatorial Guinea horraantii qarnigii 21aad waxay ku guulaysteen dhimista caabuqa duumada iyo dhimashada . Barnaamijkoodu wuxuu ka kooban yahay laba jeer sannadkiiba buufin hadhaaga gudaha ah (IRS), soo bandhigida daaweynta isku-dhafka ah ee artemisinin (ACTs), isticmaalka daawaynta ka-hortagga ah ee haweenka uurka leh (IPTp), iyo soo bandhigida maro-kaneecada-la daweeyay muddo dheer (LLINs). Dadaalkoodu waxa uu keenay in la dhimo dhammaan sababaha dhimashada shanta sano ka yar 152 ilaa 55 dhimasho 1,000kii dhallaanka nool (hoos u dhacay 64%), hoos u dhac ku soo beegmay bilawga barnaamijka. Bishii Juun 2014, afar xaaladood oo dabaysha ah ayaa la soo sheegay, taasoo ka dhigaysa waddankii ugu horreeyay ee cudurkaas ka dillaaca. ===Waxbarashada=== [[File:Ministerio_de_Educaci%C3%B3n,_Ciencia_y_Deportes_(Malabo)_(6510104101).jpg|thumb|Wasaaradda Waxbarashada, Sayniska iyo Ciyaaraha ( Ministerio de Educación, Ciencia y Deportes ee Isbaanishka)]] Wadamada ka hooseeya Saxaraha Afrika, Equatorial Guinea waxay leedahay mid ka mid ah heerarka ugu sarreeya ee wax-akhris. Sida laga soo xigtay Buugga Xaqiiqada Adduunka ee Hay'adda Sirdoonka Dhexe, laga bilaabo 2015 , 95.3% dadka da'doodu tahay 15 iyo wixii ka weyn waxay awoodeen inay wax ku akhriyaan waxna ku qoraan dalka. [ 154 ] Intii uu joogay Francisco Macias , carruur yar ayaa helay nooc kasta oo waxbarasho ah. Xilligii Madaxweyne Obiang, heerka aqoon-la'aanta ayaa hoos uga dhacay 73% ilaa 13%, tirada ardayda dugsiyada hoose waxay kor uga kacday 65,000 1986 ilaa in ka badan 100,000 1994. Waxbarashadu waa lacag la'aan waana qasab carruurta da'doodu u dhaxayso 6 iyo 14. Dawladda Equatorial Guinea waxay la kaashatay shirkadda Hess Corporation iyo Akadeemiyada Horumarinta Waxbarashada (AED) si loo sameeyo barnaamij waxbarasho oo dhan $20 milyan oo loogu talagalay macallimiinta dugsiyada hoose si ay u baraan farsamooyinka horumarinta carruurta ee casriga ah. Hadda waxa jira 51 dugsiyo moodeel ah oo barbaarintooda firfircooni ay noqon doonto dib-u-habayn heer qaran ah. Wadanku wuxuu leeyahay hal jaamacad, Universidad Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial (UNGE), oo xarun ku leh Malabo iyo Kuliyadda Caafimaadka oo ku taal Bata ee dhul weynaha. Sannadkii 2009-kii waxay jaamacaddu soo saartay 110-kii dhakhtar ee ugu horreeyay ee heer qaran ah. Dugsiga caafimaadka ee Bata waxaa taageera dawlada Cuba oo ay ka shaqeeyaan barayaasha caafimaadka Cuba iyo dhakhaatiirta ==Dhaqanka== [[File:Centro_Cultural_de_Espa%C3%B1a_en_Malabo.jpg|thumb|Centro Cultural de España (Xarunta Dhaqanka ee Spain) ee Malabo]] Bishii Juun 1984, Shirweynihii Dhaqanka ee Isbaanishka-Afrika ee ugu horreeyay ayaa la qabtay si loo sahamiyo aqoonsiga dhaqameed ee Equatorial Guinea. ===Dalxiiska=== [[File:Sipopo_(16517963802).jpg|thumb|Hotel ku yaal Sipopo]] Laga bilaabo 2020 , Equatorial Guinea ma laha Xarunta Dhaxalka Adduunka ee UNESCO ama goobo ku habboon Liiska Dhaxalka Adduunka. Wadanku sidoo kale malaha wax dhaxal ah oo dukumeenti ah oo ku qoran Xusuusta Barnaamijka Adduunka ee UNESCO ama wax hidde dhaqameed ah oo aan la taaban karin oo ku qoran Liiska Dhaxalka Dhaqanka ee aan la taaban karin ee UNESCO . Soo jiidashada dalxiisku waa rubuci gumeysiga ee Malabo, qaybta koonfureed ee Bioko halkaas oo tamashleyaashu ay booqan karaan qulqulka Iladyi iyo xeebaha fog ee leh qoolleyda buul, Bata oo leh xeebteeda Paseo Maritimo iyo munaaradda xorriyadda, Mongomo oo leh basilica (kaniisadda labaad ee Catholic ee ugu weyn Afrika) iyo caasimadda cusub ee la qorsheeyay oo la dhisay Ciudad de la Paz . ===Warbaahinta iyo isgaarsiinta=== [[File:UNED-GQ_IMG_6269_(6510136445).jpg|thumb|Daabacaadda majaladda telefishanka Malabeando ee Xarunta Dhaqanka ee Isbeyn ee Malabo]] Habka ugu muhiimsan ee isgaarsiinta Equatorial Guinea waa seddex idaacadood oo FM ah oo ay dowladdu maamusho : BBC World Service , Radio France Internationale iyo Gabon oo xarunteedu tahay Africa No 1 laga sii daayo FM ee Malabo. Waxa kale oo jira raadiye madax bannaan oo la yidhaahdo Radio Macuto; waa idaacad ku salaysan mareegaha iyo isha wararka oo caan ku ah daabacaadda wararka ka soo yeedha nidaamka Obiang. Waxa kale oo jira shan idaacadood oo mawjadaha gaaban . Televisión de Guinea Ecuatorial , shabakada telefishinka, waa mid ay dawladu maamusho. Barnaamijka TV-ga caalamiga ah ee RTVGE waxa laga heli karaa satalaytka Afrika, Yurub, iyo Ameerika iyo adduunka oo dhan iyada oo la adeegsanayo internetka. Waxaa jira laba wargeys iyo laba joornaal. Equatorial Guinea ayaa kaalinta 161-aad ka gashay 179-ka waddan ee 2012-ka ee tusmada xorriyadda saxaafadda ee suxufiyiinta aan xuduudda lahayn . Ilaalada ayaa sheegtay in warbaahinta qaranka ay u hogaansanto awaamiirta wasaaradda warfaafinta. Inta badan shirkadaha warbaahintu waxay ku dhaqmaan is- faafreeb , waxaana sharciga ka mamnuucaya inay dhaleeceeyaan dadka caanka ah. Warbaahinta ay dowladdu leedahay iyo idaacada gaarka loo leeyahay ee ugu weyn waxaa hoos yimaada agaasimaha wiilka madaxweynaha, Teodor Obiang . Soo gelida teleefanada dhulka waa yar yahay, iyadoo 100kii qofba laba khad oo keliya la heli karo. Waxa jira hal qof oo GSM-ka ah oo ka shaqeeya taleefoonka gacanta, kaasoo daboolaya Malabo , Bata , iyo magaalooyin badan oo dhul-weynaha ah. Laga bilaabo 2009 , ku dhawaad ​​40% dadku waxay iska diiwaan galiyeen adeegyada teleefoonka gacanta. Bixiyaha taleefanka kaliya ee Equatorial Guinea waa Orange . Sida laga soo xigtay Bangiga Adduunka, waxaa jiray in ka badan hal milyan oo isticmaalayaasha internetka ah 2022. ===Muusiga=== Hababka Pan-Afrika sida soukous iyo makossa waa caan, sida reggaeton , dabinka Latin , reggae iyo rock and roll ===Shineemo=== Sannadkii 2014-kii, filimka South African-Dutch-Equatorial Guinea ee riwaayadda halka waddadu ka baxdo ayaa lagu toogtay dalka. Waxa kale oo jira Documentary-ga Qoraaga ah ee ka soo jeeda waddan aan lahayn dukaamada buugaagta . Waxay si cad u naqdaysaa nidaamka Obiang ===Ciyaaraha=== Equatorial Guinea ayaa loo doortay inay si wadajir ah u martigeliso Koobka Qaramada Afrika 2012 iyadoo la kaashanaysa Gabon , waxayna martigelisay daabacaadda 2015 . Dalka ayaa sidoo kale loo doortay inuu martigeliyo Koobka Kubadda Cagta Haweenka Afrika ee 2008 , kaasoo ay ku guuleysteen. Xulka qaranka haweenka ayaa u soo baxay koobkii aduunka ee 2011 ee ka dhacay dalka Jarmalka. Bishii Juun 2016, Equatorial Guinea ayaa loo doortay inay martigeliso Koobka Kubadda Cagta Haweenka Afrika ee 2008 , kaasoo ay ku guuleysteen. Xulka qaranka haweenka ayaa u soo baxay koobkii aduunka ee 2011 ee ka dhacay dalka Jarmalka. Bishii Juun 2016, Equatorial Guinea ayaa loo doortay inay Guinea ayaa loo doortay inay martigeliso ciyaaraha 12-aad ee Afrika 2019. Equatorial Guinea waxay caan ku tahay dabaasha Eric Moussambani ,oo lagu naaneeso "Eric the Eel" iyo Paula Barila Bolopa , "Paula the Crawler", oo ka qayb galay ciyaaraha Olombikada xagaaga ee 2000[[File:Estadio_de_Bata_(15896733814).jpg|thumb|Estadio de Bata ee Bata]] ==Sidoo kale fiiri== [https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april "Database-ka Muuqaalka Dhaqaalaha Adduunka, Abriil 2025"] [https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.MORT?most_recent_value_desc=true "Heerka dhimashada, ka yar 5 (1,000kii dhallaanka nool) | Xog"] [https://books.google.com/books?id=YqeTEAAAQBAJ Isbarbardhigga Nidaamyada Siyaasadeed: Hordhac Mawduuc ah oo ku Saabsan Siyaasadda Isbarbardhigga,] [https://books.google.com/books?id=YqeTEAAAQBAJ Qormada] [https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20110131191445/http://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/special_report/88.pdf Kuwa ugu Xun 2010. Bulshooyinka ugu Cadaadiska badan Adduunka] [http://www.opensourceguinea.org/2013/03/enrique-martino-clandestine-recruitment.html "Shabakadaha Qorista Qarsoon ee Biafra: Jawaabta Fernando Pó ee Su'aasha Shaqaalaha, 1926-1945"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20071229043459/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/africa/article2530772.ece "Qofkii afgambiga sameeyay ayaa nolosha ku wajahaya xabsiga ugu caansan Afrika"] [https://apnews.com/international-news-general-news-f44f66bb37c44cd7811f8230532b0bec "Equatorial Guinea ayaa ku guulaysatay kursiga Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay in kasta oo kooxaha xuquuqda ay walaac ka muujiyeen"] [https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20250519-%C3%AElots-disput%C3%A9s-la-cour-internationale-de-justice-donne-raison-%C3%A0-la-guin%C3%A9e-%C3%A9quatoriale-face-au-gabon https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20250519-%C3%AElots-disput%C3%A9s-la-cour-internationale-de-justice-donne-raison-%C3%A0-la-guin%C3%A9e-%Criaaubon-faceto] [https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2013/05/equatorial-guinea-targets-opposition-ahead-elections/ "Equatorial Guinea waxay beegsanaysaa mucaaradka ka hor doorashada"] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7723057 "Beddelka anthropogenic ee kaymaha macneheedu waa 40% kaliya ee kaymaha soo hadhay waxay leeyihiin hufnaan deegaaneed sare - Qalabka Dheeriga ah"] [https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/chevron-equatorial-guinea-sign-production-sharing-agreement-offshore-oil-block-2021-12-09/ "Chevron, Equatorial Guinea waxay saxiixday heshiis wax-soo-saar wadaag ah oo ku saabsan xannibaadda badda"] [https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx "Rajada Dadweynaha Adduunka 2022: Tusiyeyaasha tirakoobka ee gobol, degaan iyo waddan, sannad kasta 1950-2100"] {{Wayback|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx |date=20230306213755 }} [http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=134&lang=en Oficina de Información y Prensa de Guinea Ecuatorial, Ministerio de Información, Cultura y Turismo] [http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=703 "Bortigu waxay noqon doontaa luqadda saddexaad ee rasmiga ah ee Jamhuuriyadda Equatorial Guinea"] [https://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/abstract/80/6/882?ijkey=42e57e2ed496ad1cc91ad3c34a8636edd294d458&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha Kor u kaca badbaadada carruurta ka dib afar sano oo Xakamaynta Duumada degdega ah] {{Wayback|url=https://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/abstract/80/6/882?ijkey=42e57e2ed496ad1cc91ad3c34a8636edd294d458&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha |date=20110510015151 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20050420123724/http://www.times-olympics.co.uk/archive/swimmings19o.html "London 2012 Olympics: sida Eric 'the Eel' Moussambani uu u dhiirigeliyay jiilka barkada dabaasha ee Ciyaaraha Sydney"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20140710234957/http://www.brazilnews.net/index.php/sid/223187509/scat/24437442923341f1/ht/Detection-of-poliovirus-in-Sao-Paulo-airport-sewage-WHO "Ogaanshaha cudurka dabaysha ee wasakhda madaarka São Paulo: WHO"] =Tixraac= {{reflist}} {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Wadamada Afrika]] ny5iaxzq6n0a5eyk2h8ttyk02005qh8 0 5052 307662 305263 2026-09-09T17:50:13Z Soalt 39618 tixraac 307662 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bad template}} {{Medium low article}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Afghanistan | common_name = Afghanistan | native_name = {{native name|ps|د افغانستان اسلامي امارت|italic=no}}<br/>{{small|{{lang|ps|Də Afġānistān Islāmī Imārat|italic=yes}}}}<Br> {{native name|prs|امارت اسلامی افغانستان}}<br>{{small|{{lang|prs|Emārat-e Eslāmi-ye Afghānestān}}}} | image_flag = Flag of the Taliban.svg | flag_caption = Flag | image_coat =Arms of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.svg | alt_coat = Coat of arms<ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=http://law.acku.edu.af/fa/download/file/fa/12686/77746 |access-date=2021-10-17 |archive-date=2019-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603201955/http://law.acku.edu.af/fa/download/file/fa/12686/77746 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | national_motto = ''[[Shahada|lā ʾilāha ʾillà l-Lāh, Muḥammadun rasūlu l-Lāh]]''<br />{{lang|ar|لا إله إلا الله محمد رسول الله}} ([[Classical Arabic|Arabic]])<br />"There is no god but [[God in Islam|God]]. [[Muhammad]] is the messenger of God."{{efn|The ''[[Shahādah]]'' (Statement of faith) is sometimes translated into English as 'There is no god but Allah', using the [[romanization]] of the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] word ''[[Allāh]]'' instead of its translation. The word ''Allāh'' ({{lang-ar|ٱلله}}) literally translates as ''the God'', as the prefix 'Al-' is the definite article.<ref>* {{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |title=God |work=Islam: Empire of Faith |publisher=PBS}} * 'Islam and Christianity', ''Encyclopedia of Christianity'' (2001): Arabic-speaking Christians and Jews also refer to God as ''Allah''. * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Allah |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online |author=L. Gardet}}</ref>}} | national_anthem = {{lang|ps|دا د باتورانو کور}}<br>{{transl|ps|Dā də bātorāno kor}}<br /><!--{{transl|}}<br />-->{{center|"[[This is the Home of the Brave]]"<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|title=BBCNazer.com {{!}} زندگى و آموزش {{!}} حرف های مردم: سرود ملی|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/nazer/lifeandlearning_dari/story/2007/08/070830_ws-aep-pt-national-anthem.shtml|access-date=18 August 2021|website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref name="Amirzai">{{Cite web|last=Amirzai|first=Shafiq l|title=د ملي سرود تاریخ {{!}} روهي|url=https://rohi.af/news/35829|access-date=18 August 2021|website=Rohi.Af|language=ps|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=17 Bisha Sideedaad 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817072227/https://rohi.af/news/35829|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="nunn.asia">{{Cite web|date=16 January 2018|title=ملا فقیر محمد درویش د جهادي ترنم منل شوی سرخیل|url=https://www.nunn.asia/113730/%d9%85%d9%84%d8%a7-%d9%81%d9%82%db%8c%d8%b1-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%af-%d8%af%d8%b1%d9%88%db%8c%d8%b4-%d8%af-%d8%ac%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d8%b1%d9%86%d9%85-%d9%85%d9%86%d9%84-%d8%b4%d9%88%db%8c/|access-date=18 August 2021|website=نن ټکی اسیا|language=ps|archive-date=20 Bisha Sagaalaad 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920102707/https://www.nunn.asia/113730/%d9%85%d9%84%d8%a7-%d9%81%d9%82%db%8c%d8%b1-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%af-%d8%af%d8%b1%d9%88%db%8c%d8%b4-%d8%af-%d8%ac%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d8%b1%d9%86%d9%85-%d9%85%d9%86%d9%84-%d8%b4%d9%88%db%8c/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Tharoor">{{Cite news|last=Tharoor|first=Ishaan|date=19 June 2013|title=The Taliban's Qatar Office: Are Prospects for Peace Already Doomed?|language=en-US|work=Time|url=https://world.time.com/2013/06/19/the-talibans-qatar-office-are-prospects-for-peace-already-doomed/|access-date=19 August 2021|issn=0040-781X|archive-date=19 Bisha Sideedaad 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819021327/https://world.time.com/2013/06/19/the-talibans-qatar-office-are-prospects-for-peace-already-doomed/|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} {{center|}} | image_map = Afghanistan (orthographic projection).svg | map_caption = | capital = [[Kabul]] | coordinates = {{Coord|34|31|N|69|11|E|region:AF_source:geonames|display=inline,title}}<ref>[{{geonameslink|gnid=1149361|name=islamic-republic-of-afghanistan}} Islamic Republic of Afghanistan] in [{{geonamesabout}} Geonames.org (cc-by)]</ref> | largest_city = Kabul | languages_type = [[Languages of Afghanistan|Major languages]] | languages = {{plainlist| *[[Pashto]] *[[Dari Persian]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 42% [[Pashtun]] | 27% [[Tajiks|Tajik]] | {{figure space}}9% [[Hazaras|Hazara]] | {{figure space}}9% [[Uzbeks|Uzbek]] | {{figure space}}4% [[Aimaq people|Aimaq]] | {{figure space}}3% [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] | {{figure space}}2% [[Baloch people|Baloch]] | {{figure space}}4% [[Ethnic groups in Afghanistan|others]] }} | ethnic_groups_ref = {{Efn|The last census in Afghanistan was conducted in 1979, and was itself incomplete. Due to the [[Afghanistan conflict (1978–present)|ongoing conflict]] in the country, no official census has been conducted since.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://afghanistan.unfpa.org/en/node/15230|title = Population Matters|date = 3 March 2016|ciwaan = Nuqul Archive|access-date = 17 Bisha Tobnaad 2021|archive-date = 16 Bisha Sideedaad 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210816021136/https://afghanistan.unfpa.org/en/node/15230|dead-url = yes}}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/afghanistans-ethnic-mosaic/articleshow/85552093.cms | title=Afghanistan's ethnic mosaic| author=timesofindia| date= 23 August 2021| publisher= | via=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/afghanistan-population | title="Afghanistan Population 2021"| author=World Population Review| date= 19 September 2021| publisher= | via=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1258799/afghanistan-share-of-population-by-ethnic-group/ | title=Distribution of Afghan population by ethnic group 2020| author=statista.com| date= 20 August 2021| publisher= | via=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://reliefweb.int/report/afghanistan/afghan-ethnic-groups-brief-investigation | title=Afghan Ethnic Groups: A Brief Investigation| author=reliefweb.int| date= 14 August 2011| publisher= | via=}}</ref> | ethnic_groups_year = 2019 unofficial estimates | religion = {{unbulleted list | 99.7% [[Islam in Afghanistan|Islam]] ([[State religion|official]]) | {{figure space}}0.3% [[Demographics of Afghanistan#Religion|others]] }} | demonym = [[Afghan]]{{Efn|Other names that have been used as demonyms are '''Afghani'''<ref>Dictionary.com. [[The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]], Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/afghani Reference.com] (Retrieved 13 November 2007).</ref> and '''Afghanistani'''.<ref>Dictionary.com. [[WordNet]] 3.0. [[Princeton University]]. [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/afghanistani Reference.com] (Retrieved 13 November 2007). {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328102257/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/afghanistani |date=28 March 2014}}</ref>|name="Demonym"|group="Note"}}<ref name="Constitution of Afghanistan">{{cite web|title=Constitution of Afghanistan|url=https://www.afghanembassy.us/about-afghanistan/constitution/|year=2004|access-date=16 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920112856/http://www.afghanembassy.us/about-afghanistan/constitution/|archive-date=20 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Afghan {{!}} meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |publisher=the Cambridge English Dictionary |isbn=9781107660151 |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/afghan }}</ref> | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Islamic state|Islamic]] [[caretaker government]] under an [[autocracy]]{{efn|name="Akhundzada"|Taliban Supreme Commander [[Hibatullah Akhundzada]] has no official position in the country's caretaker government, but is widely believed to wield ultimate authority and is expected to be given an official role soon.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Zucchino|first=David|date=1 September 2021|title=Shifting to Governing, Taliban Will Name Supreme Afghan Leader|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/01/world/asia/afghanistan-taliban-government-leader.html|access-date=14 September 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>}} | leader_title1 = [[Head of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan|Head]]{{efn|name="Akhundzada"}}<!--{{efn|name=Emir|The official title is [[Amir al-Mu'minin]] (in English: Commander of the Faithful). The position is often referred to in English as simply "[[Emir]]".}}--> | leader_name1 = {{nowrap|[[Hibatullah Akhundzada]]}} | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Afghanistan|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Hasan Akhund]] ([[Acting (law)|acting]]) | leader_title3 = [[Deputy prime minister|First Deputy Prime Minister]] | leader_name3 = [[Abdul Ghani Baradar]] (acting) | leader_title5 = [[Deputy prime minister|Second Deputy Prime Minister]] | leader_name5 = [[Abdul Salam Hanafi]] (acting) | leader_title6 = [[Deputy prime minister|Third Deputy Prime Minister]] | leader_name6 = [[Abdul Kabir]] (acting) | legislature = <!--TBA--> | sovereignty_type = [[History of Afghanistan|Formation]] | established_event1 = {{nowrap|[[Hotak dynasty|Hotak Empire]]}} | established_date1 = 1709–1738 | established_event2 = {{nowrap|[[Durrani Empire]]}} | established_date2 = 1747–1823 | established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[Emirate of Afghanistan|Emirate]]}} | established_date3 = 1823–1839 | established_event4 = {{nowrap|[[Durrani Empire|Restoration of Durrani Empire]]}} | established_date4 = 1839–1842 | established_event5 = {{nowrap|[[Emirate of Afghanistan|Restoration of Emirate]]}} | established_date5 = 1842–1926 | established_event6 = {{nowrap|[[Second Anglo-Afghan War|Protected State]]|Protected State of [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]}} | established_date6 = 26 May 1879 | established_event7 = [[Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919|Independence]] | established_date7 = [[Afghan Independence Day|19 August 1919]] | established_event8 = {{nowrap|[[Kingdom of Afghanistan|Formation of Kingdom]]}} | established_date8 = 9 June 1926 | established_event9 = {{nowrap|[[Republic of Afghanistan|Declaration of Republic]]}} | established_date9 = 17 July 1973 | established_event10 = [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]] | established_date10 = [[Saur Revolution|27–28 April 1978]] | established_event11 = [[Islamic State of Afghanistan|Islamic State]] | established_date11 = 28 April 1992 | established_event12 = [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Islamic Emirate]] | established_date12 = 7 September 1996 | established_event13 = {{nowrap|[[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan|Islamic Republic]]}} | established_date13 = 26 January 2004 | established_event14 = [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|Restoration of Islamic Emirate]] | established_date14 = 15 August 2021 | area_km2 = 652,864<ref>Central Statistics Office Afghanistan</ref> | area_rank = 40th | area_sq_mi = 252,072 | percent_water = negligible | population_estimate = 32,890,171<ref>Central Statistics Office Afghanistan, 2020.</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 43rd | population_density_km2 = 48.08 | population_density_sq_mi = 119 | population_density_rank = 174th | GDP_PPP = $72.911&nbsp;billion<ref name="imf2">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=63&pr.y=8&sy=2018&ey=2023&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Afghanistan |publisher=International Monetary Fund |access-date=14 November 2018}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2018 | GDP_PPP_rank = 96th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $2,024<ref name="imf2"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 169th | GDP_nominal = $21.657&nbsp;billion<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2018 | GDP_nominal_rank = 111st | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $493<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 177th | HDI = 0.511<!-- number only --> | HDI_year = 2019<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year --> | HDI_change = increase<!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite book|title=Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|date=15 December 2020|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|isbn=978-92-1-126442-5|pages=343–346|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 169th | currency = [[Afghan afghani|Afghani]] (افغانی) | currency_code = AFN | time_zone = D† | utc_offset = +4:30<br />[[Solar Hijri calendar|Solar Calendar]] | drives_on = [[Right- and left-hand traffic#Afghanistan|right]] | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Afghanistan|+93]] | cctld = [[.af]]<br />[[افغانستان.]] | today = }} [[File:Kabul,_Afghanistan_view.jpg|thumb|right|300px|]] [[File:Afghanistan in its region.svg|thumb|right|300px|Afqaanistan]] [[File:Afghan_cuisine.jpg|thumb|right|300px|]] [[File:Afghan_Palo.jpg|thumb|right|300px|]] [[File:Bala_Hisar_Fort.jpg|thumb|right|300px|]] '''Afqaanistan''' ama '''Jamuuriyadda islaamiga Afqaanistan''' [[Farsi]] جمهوری اسلامی افغانستان) waa wadan [[dhul xiran]] oo ku yaalo koonfurta ama bartamaha [[Aasiya]].Wadankaan waxaa ku badan Buuraha, waxoona xuduud la leeyahay wadamada [[Bakistaan]], [[Iiraan]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Tadsjikistan]], [[Usbekistan]] iyo [[Shiinaha]]. Wadankaan caasimadiisa waa [[Kabul]]. Magaca afqaanistan waxaa loola jeedaa dhulka afqaanka. Afgaanistaan waxay leedahay taariikh aad iyo aad u dheer. waxa uu wadankani soomaray dagaalo sokeeye oo aad iyo aad u badan. afgaanistaan waxaa laogyahy in ay tahy sababta koobaad ee keentay in uu burburo [[Midowga Sofiyet]] ilaa xiligii uu dhacay [[Midowga Sofiyet]] sanadii 1989 waxa afgaanistraan ka bilaabmay dagaalo sokeeye oo aad iyo aad ubadan ilaa hadana ka socda. == deegaan ahaan == Deegaanka ay kutaalo afgaanistaan waa dhul buuralay ah waxa ciida afgaanistaan ku yaala buuro aad ubadan afgaanistaan malaha wax dekada anma bada. === magaalooyinka uguwaawayn === * [[kabul]] oo ah caasimada * [[qandahaar]] caasimada labaad * [[waharaat]] ==Xubin== * [[ADB]] * * [[AIIB]] * * [[IORA]] * * [[ICAO]] * * [[UNICEF]] * * [[UNESCO]] * *[[Bankiga Aduunka]] * * *[[Qaramada Midoobay]] * * {{Commons|United Nations}} ==Waddnmaha Degaan Afganistan==: * {{Flag|Taiwan}} 200+* * {{Flag|Turkey}} 200+* <ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm |date=20220819192938 }}</ref>. * {{Flag|United States}} 200+ * {{Flag|China}} PR China; 200,000++:[<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/p/People%2527s_Republic_of_China.htm {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/p/People%2527s_Republic_of_China.htm |date=20220722083009 }}</ref>]. Afgaanistaan waxa ay leedahay jawi aad iyo aad uxun xiliga [[Jiilaal]]ka oo Barafka ayaa aad iyo aad ugadaha. ==hoos u dhaca gobolka== Afganistan waxay ahayd 40-kii sano ee la soo dhaafay colaadaha lala galo quruumaha kale, waxa ay ku xiran yihiin iran sida dadwaynaha, War saxaafadeed ka soo baxa Afganisatan ayaa muujinaya ixtiraam la'aanta hoggaamiyeyaasha caalamka. * [https://news.sky.com/story/justin-trudeaus-lost-twin-abdul-salam-maftoon-finds-fame-in-afghan-talent-show-11608014] ==Sido Kale fiiri== * [[Bakistaan]] * [[Hindiya]] * [[Bangladesh]] =Tixraac= {{reflist}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} {{Commonscat|Afghanistan}} [[Category:Afgaanistaan]] <references /> lmpjh53plsyvhpj80rkcqzdomqvql54 307670 307662 2026-09-09T18:00:17Z Soalt 39618 Category:Wadamada Aasiya 307670 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bad template}} {{Medium low article}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Afghanistan | common_name = Afghanistan | native_name = {{native name|ps|د افغانستان اسلامي امارت|italic=no}}<br/>{{small|{{lang|ps|Də Afġānistān Islāmī Imārat|italic=yes}}}}<Br> {{native name|prs|امارت اسلامی افغانستان}}<br>{{small|{{lang|prs|Emārat-e Eslāmi-ye Afghānestān}}}} | image_flag = Flag of the Taliban.svg | flag_caption = Flag | image_coat =Arms of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.svg | alt_coat = Coat of arms<ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=http://law.acku.edu.af/fa/download/file/fa/12686/77746 |access-date=2021-10-17 |archive-date=2019-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603201955/http://law.acku.edu.af/fa/download/file/fa/12686/77746 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | national_motto = ''[[Shahada|lā ʾilāha ʾillà l-Lāh, Muḥammadun rasūlu l-Lāh]]''<br />{{lang|ar|لا إله إلا الله محمد رسول الله}} ([[Classical Arabic|Arabic]])<br />"There is no god but [[God in Islam|God]]. [[Muhammad]] is the messenger of God."{{efn|The ''[[Shahādah]]'' (Statement of faith) is sometimes translated into English as 'There is no god but Allah', using the [[romanization]] of the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] word ''[[Allāh]]'' instead of its translation. The word ''Allāh'' ({{lang-ar|ٱلله}}) literally translates as ''the God'', as the prefix 'Al-' is the definite article.<ref>* {{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |title=God |work=Islam: Empire of Faith |publisher=PBS}} * 'Islam and Christianity', ''Encyclopedia of Christianity'' (2001): Arabic-speaking Christians and Jews also refer to God as ''Allah''. * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Allah |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online |author=L. Gardet}}</ref>}} | national_anthem = {{lang|ps|دا د باتورانو کور}}<br>{{transl|ps|Dā də bātorāno kor}}<br /><!--{{transl|}}<br />-->{{center|"[[This is the Home of the Brave]]"<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|title=BBCNazer.com {{!}} زندگى و آموزش {{!}} حرف های مردم: سرود ملی|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/nazer/lifeandlearning_dari/story/2007/08/070830_ws-aep-pt-national-anthem.shtml|access-date=18 August 2021|website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref name="Amirzai">{{Cite web|last=Amirzai|first=Shafiq l|title=د ملي سرود تاریخ {{!}} روهي|url=https://rohi.af/news/35829|access-date=18 August 2021|website=Rohi.Af|language=ps|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=17 Bisha Sideedaad 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817072227/https://rohi.af/news/35829|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="nunn.asia">{{Cite web|date=16 January 2018|title=ملا فقیر محمد درویش د جهادي ترنم منل شوی سرخیل|url=https://www.nunn.asia/113730/%d9%85%d9%84%d8%a7-%d9%81%d9%82%db%8c%d8%b1-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%af-%d8%af%d8%b1%d9%88%db%8c%d8%b4-%d8%af-%d8%ac%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d8%b1%d9%86%d9%85-%d9%85%d9%86%d9%84-%d8%b4%d9%88%db%8c/|access-date=18 August 2021|website=نن ټکی اسیا|language=ps|archive-date=20 Bisha Sagaalaad 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920102707/https://www.nunn.asia/113730/%d9%85%d9%84%d8%a7-%d9%81%d9%82%db%8c%d8%b1-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%af-%d8%af%d8%b1%d9%88%db%8c%d8%b4-%d8%af-%d8%ac%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d8%b1%d9%86%d9%85-%d9%85%d9%86%d9%84-%d8%b4%d9%88%db%8c/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Tharoor">{{Cite news|last=Tharoor|first=Ishaan|date=19 June 2013|title=The Taliban's Qatar Office: Are Prospects for Peace Already Doomed?|language=en-US|work=Time|url=https://world.time.com/2013/06/19/the-talibans-qatar-office-are-prospects-for-peace-already-doomed/|access-date=19 August 2021|issn=0040-781X|archive-date=19 Bisha Sideedaad 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819021327/https://world.time.com/2013/06/19/the-talibans-qatar-office-are-prospects-for-peace-already-doomed/|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} {{center|}} | image_map = Afghanistan (orthographic projection).svg | map_caption = | capital = [[Kabul]] | coordinates = {{Coord|34|31|N|69|11|E|region:AF_source:geonames|display=inline,title}}<ref>[{{geonameslink|gnid=1149361|name=islamic-republic-of-afghanistan}} Islamic Republic of Afghanistan] in [{{geonamesabout}} Geonames.org (cc-by)]</ref> | largest_city = Kabul | languages_type = [[Languages of Afghanistan|Major languages]] | languages = {{plainlist| *[[Pashto]] *[[Dari Persian]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 42% [[Pashtun]] | 27% [[Tajiks|Tajik]] | {{figure space}}9% [[Hazaras|Hazara]] | {{figure space}}9% [[Uzbeks|Uzbek]] | {{figure space}}4% [[Aimaq people|Aimaq]] | {{figure space}}3% [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] | {{figure space}}2% [[Baloch people|Baloch]] | {{figure space}}4% [[Ethnic groups in Afghanistan|others]] }} | ethnic_groups_ref = {{Efn|The last census in Afghanistan was conducted in 1979, and was itself incomplete. Due to the [[Afghanistan conflict (1978–present)|ongoing conflict]] in the country, no official census has been conducted since.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://afghanistan.unfpa.org/en/node/15230|title = Population Matters|date = 3 March 2016|ciwaan = Nuqul Archive|access-date = 17 Bisha Tobnaad 2021|archive-date = 16 Bisha Sideedaad 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210816021136/https://afghanistan.unfpa.org/en/node/15230|dead-url = yes}}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/afghanistans-ethnic-mosaic/articleshow/85552093.cms | title=Afghanistan's ethnic mosaic| author=timesofindia| date= 23 August 2021| publisher= | via=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/afghanistan-population | title="Afghanistan Population 2021"| author=World Population Review| date= 19 September 2021| publisher= | via=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1258799/afghanistan-share-of-population-by-ethnic-group/ | title=Distribution of Afghan population by ethnic group 2020| author=statista.com| date= 20 August 2021| publisher= | via=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://reliefweb.int/report/afghanistan/afghan-ethnic-groups-brief-investigation | title=Afghan Ethnic Groups: A Brief Investigation| author=reliefweb.int| date= 14 August 2011| publisher= | via=}}</ref> | ethnic_groups_year = 2019 unofficial estimates | religion = {{unbulleted list | 99.7% [[Islam in Afghanistan|Islam]] ([[State religion|official]]) | {{figure space}}0.3% [[Demographics of Afghanistan#Religion|others]] }} | demonym = [[Afghan]]{{Efn|Other names that have been used as demonyms are '''Afghani'''<ref>Dictionary.com. [[The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]], Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/afghani Reference.com] (Retrieved 13 November 2007).</ref> and '''Afghanistani'''.<ref>Dictionary.com. [[WordNet]] 3.0. [[Princeton University]]. [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/afghanistani Reference.com] (Retrieved 13 November 2007). {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328102257/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/afghanistani |date=28 March 2014}}</ref>|name="Demonym"|group="Note"}}<ref name="Constitution of Afghanistan">{{cite web|title=Constitution of Afghanistan|url=https://www.afghanembassy.us/about-afghanistan/constitution/|year=2004|access-date=16 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920112856/http://www.afghanembassy.us/about-afghanistan/constitution/|archive-date=20 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Afghan {{!}} meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |publisher=the Cambridge English Dictionary |isbn=9781107660151 |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/afghan }}</ref> | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Islamic state|Islamic]] [[caretaker government]] under an [[autocracy]]{{efn|name="Akhundzada"|Taliban Supreme Commander [[Hibatullah Akhundzada]] has no official position in the country's caretaker government, but is widely believed to wield ultimate authority and is expected to be given an official role soon.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Zucchino|first=David|date=1 September 2021|title=Shifting to Governing, Taliban Will Name Supreme Afghan Leader|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/01/world/asia/afghanistan-taliban-government-leader.html|access-date=14 September 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>}} | leader_title1 = [[Head of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan|Head]]{{efn|name="Akhundzada"}}<!--{{efn|name=Emir|The official title is [[Amir al-Mu'minin]] (in English: Commander of the Faithful). The position is often referred to in English as simply "[[Emir]]".}}--> | leader_name1 = {{nowrap|[[Hibatullah Akhundzada]]}} | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Afghanistan|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Hasan Akhund]] ([[Acting (law)|acting]]) | leader_title3 = [[Deputy prime minister|First Deputy Prime Minister]] | leader_name3 = [[Abdul Ghani Baradar]] (acting) | leader_title5 = [[Deputy prime minister|Second Deputy Prime Minister]] | leader_name5 = [[Abdul Salam Hanafi]] (acting) | leader_title6 = [[Deputy prime minister|Third Deputy Prime Minister]] | leader_name6 = [[Abdul Kabir]] (acting) | legislature = <!--TBA--> | sovereignty_type = [[History of Afghanistan|Formation]] | established_event1 = {{nowrap|[[Hotak dynasty|Hotak Empire]]}} | established_date1 = 1709–1738 | established_event2 = {{nowrap|[[Durrani Empire]]}} | established_date2 = 1747–1823 | established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[Emirate of Afghanistan|Emirate]]}} | established_date3 = 1823–1839 | established_event4 = {{nowrap|[[Durrani Empire|Restoration of Durrani Empire]]}} | established_date4 = 1839–1842 | established_event5 = {{nowrap|[[Emirate of Afghanistan|Restoration of Emirate]]}} | established_date5 = 1842–1926 | established_event6 = {{nowrap|[[Second Anglo-Afghan War|Protected State]]|Protected State of [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]}} | established_date6 = 26 May 1879 | established_event7 = [[Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919|Independence]] | established_date7 = [[Afghan Independence Day|19 August 1919]] | established_event8 = {{nowrap|[[Kingdom of Afghanistan|Formation of Kingdom]]}} | established_date8 = 9 June 1926 | established_event9 = {{nowrap|[[Republic of Afghanistan|Declaration of Republic]]}} | established_date9 = 17 July 1973 | established_event10 = [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]] | established_date10 = [[Saur Revolution|27–28 April 1978]] | established_event11 = [[Islamic State of Afghanistan|Islamic State]] | established_date11 = 28 April 1992 | established_event12 = [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Islamic Emirate]] | established_date12 = 7 September 1996 | established_event13 = {{nowrap|[[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan|Islamic Republic]]}} | established_date13 = 26 January 2004 | established_event14 = [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|Restoration of Islamic Emirate]] | established_date14 = 15 August 2021 | area_km2 = 652,864<ref>Central Statistics Office Afghanistan</ref> | area_rank = 40th | area_sq_mi = 252,072 | percent_water = negligible | population_estimate = 32,890,171<ref>Central Statistics Office Afghanistan, 2020.</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 43rd | population_density_km2 = 48.08 | population_density_sq_mi = 119 | population_density_rank = 174th | GDP_PPP = $72.911&nbsp;billion<ref name="imf2">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=63&pr.y=8&sy=2018&ey=2023&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Afghanistan |publisher=International Monetary Fund |access-date=14 November 2018}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2018 | GDP_PPP_rank = 96th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $2,024<ref name="imf2"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 169th | GDP_nominal = $21.657&nbsp;billion<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2018 | GDP_nominal_rank = 111st | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $493<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 177th | HDI = 0.511<!-- number only --> | HDI_year = 2019<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year --> | HDI_change = increase<!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite book|title=Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|date=15 December 2020|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|isbn=978-92-1-126442-5|pages=343–346|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 169th | currency = [[Afghan afghani|Afghani]] (افغانی) | currency_code = AFN | time_zone = D† | utc_offset = +4:30<br />[[Solar Hijri calendar|Solar Calendar]] | drives_on = [[Right- and left-hand traffic#Afghanistan|right]] | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Afghanistan|+93]] | cctld = [[.af]]<br />[[افغانستان.]] | today = }} [[File:Kabul,_Afghanistan_view.jpg|thumb|right|300px|]] [[File:Afghanistan in its region.svg|thumb|right|300px|Afqaanistan]] [[File:Afghan_cuisine.jpg|thumb|right|300px|]] [[File:Afghan_Palo.jpg|thumb|right|300px|]] [[File:Bala_Hisar_Fort.jpg|thumb|right|300px|]] '''Afqaanistan''' ama '''Jamuuriyadda islaamiga Afqaanistan''' [[Farsi]] جمهوری اسلامی افغانستان) waa wadan [[dhul xiran]] oo ku yaalo koonfurta ama bartamaha [[Aasiya]].Wadankaan waxaa ku badan Buuraha, waxoona xuduud la leeyahay wadamada [[Bakistaan]], [[Iiraan]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Tadsjikistan]], [[Usbekistan]] iyo [[Shiinaha]]. Wadankaan caasimadiisa waa [[Kabul]]. Magaca afqaanistan waxaa loola jeedaa dhulka afqaanka. Afgaanistaan waxay leedahay taariikh aad iyo aad u dheer. waxa uu wadankani soomaray dagaalo sokeeye oo aad iyo aad u badan. afgaanistaan waxaa laogyahy in ay tahy sababta koobaad ee keentay in uu burburo [[Midowga Sofiyet]] ilaa xiligii uu dhacay [[Midowga Sofiyet]] sanadii 1989 waxa afgaanistraan ka bilaabmay dagaalo sokeeye oo aad iyo aad ubadan ilaa hadana ka socda. == deegaan ahaan == Deegaanka ay kutaalo afgaanistaan waa dhul buuralay ah waxa ciida afgaanistaan ku yaala buuro aad ubadan afgaanistaan malaha wax dekada anma bada. === magaalooyinka uguwaawayn === * [[kabul]] oo ah caasimada * [[qandahaar]] caasimada labaad * [[waharaat]] ==Xubin== * [[ADB]] * * [[AIIB]] * * [[IORA]] * * [[ICAO]] * * [[UNICEF]] * * [[UNESCO]] * *[[Bankiga Aduunka]] * * *[[Qaramada Midoobay]] * * {{Commons|United Nations}} ==Waddnmaha Degaan Afganistan==: * {{Flag|Taiwan}} 200+* * {{Flag|Turkey}} 200+* <ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm |date=20220819192938 }}</ref>. * {{Flag|United States}} 200+ * {{Flag|China}} PR China; 200,000++:[<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/p/People%2527s_Republic_of_China.htm {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/p/People%2527s_Republic_of_China.htm |date=20220722083009 }}</ref>]. Afgaanistaan waxa ay leedahay jawi aad iyo aad uxun xiliga [[Jiilaal]]ka oo Barafka ayaa aad iyo aad ugadaha. ==hoos u dhaca gobolka== Afganistan waxay ahayd 40-kii sano ee la soo dhaafay colaadaha lala galo quruumaha kale, waxa ay ku xiran yihiin iran sida dadwaynaha, War saxaafadeed ka soo baxa Afganisatan ayaa muujinaya ixtiraam la'aanta hoggaamiyeyaasha caalamka. * [https://news.sky.com/story/justin-trudeaus-lost-twin-abdul-salam-maftoon-finds-fame-in-afghan-talent-show-11608014] ==Sido Kale fiiri== * [[Bakistaan]] * [[Hindiya]] * [[Bangladesh]] =Tixraac= {{reflist}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} {{Commonscat|Afghanistan}} [[Category:Afgaanistaan]] [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] ds5y2mine3pkzsfhuj8zbnti6zdnyis 0 5053 307664 296887 2026-09-09T17:52:30Z Soalt 39618 tixraac 307664 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Islāmī Jumhūriyah Bākistān | common_name = Bakistan | native_name ={{native name|ur|{{nobold|{{Nastaliq|اِسلامی جمہوریہ پاكِستان}}}}|italics=off}}<br />{{small|{{transl|ur|ALA-LC|''Islāmī Jumhūriyah Pākistān''}}}}<ref name="LatinSpelling">{{cite book |author=James Minahan |title=The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems [2 Volumes] |date=23 December 2009 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-34497-8 |page=141}}</ref> | image_flag = Flag of Pakistan.svg | image_coat = | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = {{Transl|ur|''[[Īmān, Ittihād, Nazam]]''}}<br />{{native name|ur|{{Nastaliq|ایمان، اتحاد، نظم}}|italics=off|nolink=on}}<br />{{small|"Faith, Unity, Discipline"}}&nbsp;{{lower|0.2em|<ref name="The State Emblem">{{cite web |title=The State Emblem |url=http://www.infopak.gov.pk/Eemblem.aspx |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701023430/http://www.infopak.gov.pk/Eemblem.aspx |archivedate=1 July 2007 |publisher=Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, [[Government of Pakistan]]. |access-date=18 December 2013}}</ref><!--end lower:-->}} | national_anthem = {{transl|ur|ALA-LC|''[[Qaumi Taranah|Qaumī Tarānah]]''}}<br />{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|قَومی ترانہ}}}}<br /><center>{{small|"The National Anthem"}}<ref>{{cite web |title=National Symbols and Things of Pakistan |url=https://soundcloud.com/azeem-iftikhar-25958679/pakistan-national-anthem-2018 |work=Government of Pakistan |access-date=27 May 2014 }}</ref><br />[[File:Pakistan anthem - United States Navy Band.ogg]]</center> | image_map = Pakistan (orthographic projection).svg | map_width = 220px | map_caption = Area controlled by Pakistan shown in dark green; claimed but uncontrolled region shown in light green | capital = [[Islamabad]] | coordinates = {{Coord|33|40|N|73|10|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Karachi]]<br />{{small|{{coord|24|51|36|N|67|00|36|E|display=inline}}}} | official_languages = {{hlist |[[English language|English]]|[[Urdu]]<ref>{{cite web |title=SC orders immediate implementation of Urdu as official language |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/952913/sc-orders-implementation-of-urdu-as-official-language/ |publisher=[[The Express Tribune]] |date=7 September 2015|access-date=8 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan to replace English with Urdu as official language |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/928480/pakistan-to-replace-english-with-urdu-as-official-language/ |publisher=[[The Express Tribune]] |date=29 July 2015|access-date=8 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/Pakistan/288574-PM-approves-implementation-of-Urdu-language-in-gov |title=PM approves implementation of Urdu language in govt departments – Pakistan – Dunya News |work=dunyanews.tv}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1193624 |title=PM, president to deliver speeches in Urdu on foreign trips, SC told |author=Irfan Haider |work=dawn.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thenewsteller.com/pakistan/govt-submits-plan-to-supreme-court-to-promote-urdu-as-official-language/19569/ |title=Govt. submits plan to Supreme Court to promote Urdu as official language |work=The News Teller |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |access-date=2018-06-28 |archive-date=2018-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226143037/https://www.thenewsteller.com/pakistan/govt-submits-plan-to-supreme-court-to-promote-urdu-as-official-language/19569/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref>}} | regional_languages = {{collapsible list |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%; |title = [[Languages of Pakistan|Provincial level]] |[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]{{dot}} [[Pashto language|Pashto]]{{dot}}[[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]{{dot}} [[Balochi language|Balochi]]{{dot}}[[Saraiki language|Saraiki]]{{dot}}[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]{{dot}}[[Brahui language|Brahui]]{{dot}}[[Hindko language|Hindko]]{{dot}}[[Shina language|Shina]]{{dot}}[[Balti language|Balti]]{{dot}}[[Khowar language|Khowar]]{{dot}}[[Burushaski]]{{dot}}[[Kohistani language|Kohistani]]{{dot}}[[Wakhi language|Wakhi]]{{dot}}[[Yidgha language|Yidgha]]{{dot}}[[Dameli language|Dameli]]{{dot}}[[Kalash language|Kalasha]]{{dot}}[[Gawar-Bati language|Gawar-Bati]]{{dot}}[[Domaaki language|Domaaki]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Population by Mother Tongue |url=https://www.census.gov.pk/MotherTongue.htm |publisher=Population Census Organization, Government of Pakistan |access-date=28 December 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912021653/http://www.census.gov.pk/MotherTongue.htm |archivedate=12 September 2011}}</ref>.<ref name="">State.gov</ref> }} | languages_type = [[National language]] | languages = [[Urdu]]<ref name="">National language</ref>. | ethnic_groups = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; | 48% [[Punjabis]] | 8% [[Pashtuns]] | 12% [[Sindhis]] | 10% [[Saraiki people|Saraiki]]s | 8% [[Muhajir people|Muhajirs]] | 3% [[Baloch people|Baloch]]s | 11% Others<ref name="cia">[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html#pk "Pakistan"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html#pk |date=20190106010801 }} The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency.</ref> }} | ethnic_groups_year = | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; | 96.4% [[Islam]] {{small|(Official)}}<ref name="Article_2" /> | 1.5% [[Hinduism in Pakistan|Hinduism]] | 1.5% [[Christianity in Pakistan|Christianity]]<ref name="LoC">{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Pakistan.pdf |title=Country Profile: Pakistan |date=February 2005 |work=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]] on Pakistan |quote=''Religion: Approximately 1.6 percent of the population is Hindu, 1.6 percent is Christian, and 0.3 percent belongs to other religions, such as Bahaism and Sikhism.''}}</ref> | 0.6% [[Religion in Pakistan|Others]] }} | demonym = [[Pakistani]] | government_type = [[Federal parliamentary republic|Federal parliamentary constitutional republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Pakistan|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Mamnoon Hussain]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Nasirul Mulk]] | leader_title3 = [[Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan|Chairman of the Senate]] | leader_name3 = [[Sadiq Sanjrani]] | leader_title4 = [[Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan|Speaker of the Assembly]] | leader_name4 = | leader_title5 = [[Chief Justice of Pakistan|Chief Justice]] | leader_name5 = [[Mian Saqib Nisar]] | legislature = ''[[Majlis-e-Shoora Pakistan]]'' | upper_house = [[Senate of Pakistan|Aiwan-e-Bala]] | lower_house = [[National Assembly of Pakistan|Qaumi Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = [[Pakistan Movement|Independence]] | sovereignty_note = from the [[British India]] <ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan Independent from British India |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/08/15/indian-independence-day-everything-need-know-partition-india/ |website=www.telegraph.co.uk |accessdate=26 June 2018}}</ref> | established_event1 = | established_date1 = | established_event2 = | established_date2 = | established_event3 = | established_date3 = | established_event4 = [[Dominion of Pakistan|Dominion]] | established_date4 = 14 August 1947 | established_event5 = [[Islamic Republic]] | established_date5 = 23 March 1956 | established_event6 = [[Constitution of Pakistan|Current constitution]] | established_date6 = 14 August 1973 | area_km2 = 881,913 | area_footnote = {{efn|"Includes data for Pakistani territories of Kashmir; [[Azad Kashmir]] ({{convert|13297|km2|sqmi|disp=or|abbr=on}}) and [[Gilgit–Baltistan]] ({{convert|72520|km2|sqmi|disp=or|abbr=on}}).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/pakistan.aspx |title=Pakistan statistics |publisher=Geohive |access-date=20 April 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406012611/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/pakistan.aspx |archivedate=6 April 2013}}</ref> Excluding these territories would produce an area figure of {{convert|796,095|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}."}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldatlas.com/as/pk/where-is-pakistan.html |title=Where is Pakistan?|work=worldatlas.com}}</ref> | area_rank = 33rd | area_sq_mi = 307,374 | percent_water = 2.86 | population_density_km2 = 244.4 | population_density_sq_mi = 633 | population_density_rank = 56th | population_census = 212,742,631 <ref name=census>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk |title=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics - 6th Population and Housing Census |website=www.pbscensus.gov.pk |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |access-date=2021-08-08 |archive-date=2017-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015113737/http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by population|5th]]) | population_census_year = 2017 | GDP_PPP = {{nowrap|$1.060 trillion<ref name="imf2">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=52&pr.y=11&sy=2016&ey=2020&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=564&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Pakistan |publisher=International Monetary Fund | access-date=15 January 2017}}</ref>}} | GDP_PPP_year = 2017 | GDP_PPP_rank = 25th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $5,374<ref name="imf2" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 137th | GDP_nominal = {{nowrap|$304.4 billion<ref>{{cite news |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1412545/pakistan-now-300-billion-economy-gdp-growth-5-3/ |title=Pakistan is now a $300-billion economy |work=The Express Tribune |date=18 May 2017 |accessdate=18 May 2017}}</ref>}} | GDP_nominal_year = 2017 | GDP_nominal_rank = 42nd | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $1,629<ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_17/Economic_Indicators.pdf |access-date=2018-06-28 |archive-date=2019-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411211445/http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_17/Economic_Indicators.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 145th | Gini = 30.7 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2013 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?end=2013&locations=PK&start=1987&view=chart |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher=World Bank |access-date=28 February 2017 |archive-date=26 Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226143016/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?end=2013&locations=PK&start=1987&view=chart%20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.550 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = steady<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=Human Development Report 2016 |date=2016 |access-date=26 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 147th | currency = [[Pakistani rupee]] (₨) | currency_code = PKR | time_zone = [[Pakistan Standard Time|PST]] | utc_offset = +5{{sup|b}} | drives_on = [[Right- and left-hand traffic|left]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_28-7-2005_pg3_5 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110085150/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_28-7-2005_pg3_5 |archivedate=10 January 2012 |title=Driving—the good, the bad and the ugly |author=Miguel Loureiro |date=28 July 2005 |work=Daily Times |access-date=6 February 2014 |location=Pakistan}}</ref> | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Pakistan|+92]] | cctld = [[.pk]] | official_website = {{URL|http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/}} | footnote_a = See also [[Pakistani English]].:{{note|Alpha|α}} | footnote_b = | area_magnitude = }} [[W:Es:Pakistán]] [[W:It:Pakistan]] [[W:tr: Pakistan]] '''Bakistaan''' ( [[Af-Urdu]] پاکِستان ama '''Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga Bakistaan''' [[Af-Urdu]] اسلامی جمہوریہ پاکِستان waa wadan ku yaalo koonfur[[Aasiya]]. Dadka wadankaan waxeey gaarayan in ka badan 200` Milyan. o Wadankaan waxoo xuduud la leeyahay wadamada [[Iiraan]], [[Afqaanistan]], [[Shiinaha]] iyo [[Hindiya]]. Koonfurta wadanka waxaa ka xigto [[Bada Carbeed]]. Wadanka Bakistaan waxaa la abaabulay 1947kii, markii hore Bakistaan iyo Bangaladesh waxee ka tirsanaan jireen [[Hindiya|Ingriiska Hindiya]]. magaca Bakistaan micnahiisa waxaa waaye wadanka runta ah, waxaana loola jeeday in oo yahay wadanka runta ee islaamka. Caasimadda Bakistan. [[File:Food_street_lahore_by_kamran.jpg|thumb|right|192px|]] [[File:Schraubenziege_-_Markhor.jpg|thumb|right|193px|]] Pakistan (Urdun: Afqaanistaan), si rasmi ah Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah ee Pakistan (Urdun: اسلامی جمہوریہ پاکستان), waa dal Koonfurta Aasiya ah. Waa dalka shanaad ee ugu tirada badan dadweynaha oo leh dad ka badan 212,742,631 qof. Meelahaas, waa dalka 33-aad ee ugu ballaaran, oo leh 881,913 kilomitir kilomitir (340,509 mayl laba jibaaran). Pakistan waxay leedahay xeebta u jirta 1,046 kilomitir oo xeebta Carbeed iyo Gacanka Cumaan ee koonfurta ka xigta Hindiya ilaa bari, Afgaanistaan ​​iyo galbeedka, Iran oo koonfur galbeed, iyo Shiinaha waqooyi bari. Waxaa si kala-sooc ah looga soocay Soomaaliya Wakhan Corridor ee waqooyi-galbeed, sidoo kale wuxuu la wadaagaa xuduudda badda Oman. Xuduuda hadda ee Pakistan ah waxay ka dhigan tahay dhaqamo qadiimiga ah, oo ay ku jiraan Mehrgarh oo ka mid ah Neolithic iyo Dhuxusha Da'da Dhuxusha Indus, oo markii dambe ka soo wareegtay boqortooyooyinkii ay xukumeen dad diimooyin iyo dhaqamo kala duwan, Hindiya, Indo-Giriig, Muslimiinta, Turco-Mongolis, Afqaanistaan, iyo Sikhs. Aagga waxaa xukuma boqortooyo badan oo kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan boqortooyada reer Aasiya, boqortooyadii Alexander III ee Macedon, Boqortooyada Seleucid, Boqortooyada Midowday Maurya, Boqortooyada Gupta, Carabta Umayyad Khaliifka, Sultanate Delhi, Boqortooyada Mughal, Boqortooyada Afganistaan ​​ee Durrani, Boqortooyada Sikhiga (qayb ahaan), iyo, ugu dambayn, Boqortooyada Ingiriiska. Pakistan waa waddanka kaliya ee lagu abuuray magaca Islaamka. Dhaqdhaqaaqa Pakistan oo ay hoggaaminayaan Muhammad Ali Jinnah iyo halganka hoose ee madaxbanaanida madaxbanaani, Pakistan waxaa la aasaasay sannadkii 1947 sidii waddan madaxbannaan oo loogu talagalay Muslimiinta Hindida ah. Waa waddan qowmiyadeed iyo luqad ahaan kala duwan, oo leh juquraafi kala duwan iyo duur joogta ah. Markii hore madaxweyne, Pakistan ayaa ansixisay dastuur sanadkii 1956, noqoshada Jamhuuriyadda Islaamka. Dagaalkii sokeeye ee qarnigii 1971-kii waxa uu sababay in la jebiyo bariga Pakistan oo ah waddanka cusub ee Bangladesh. 1973-kii Pakistaanku waxay qaateen dastuur cusub oo abuuraya, iyada oo ay weheliso xildhibaanadii hore ee barlamaanka, dawlad federaali ah oo ku salaysan Islaamka oo ka kooban afar gobol iyo saddex degmo oo federaali ah. Dastuurka cusub ayaa sidoo kale qeexaya in dhammaan sharciyadu ay waafaqsan yihiin amarrada Islaamka sida ku cad Quraanka iyo Sunnah. ==Xubin== * [[IMF]]_* _-_—_-_-_- * [[AIIB]]_* -_—-_—_-_-_. * [[Bankiga Aduunka]]_* _—__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-. * [[Qaramada Midoobay]]_* _-__-_-_-_-__-_-_-_—_-_-.: * [[Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka]]_* _-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_—_-_-_-_.: Pakistan ayaa leh ciidamadda lixaad ee ugu xooggan caalamka, sidoo kale waa awood nukliyeerka ah iyo sidoo kale hubka nukliyeerka caddeeyay. gobolka, kan labaad ee Koonfurta Aasiya iyo quruunta kaliya ee dunida Muslimka ah si ay u helaan xaaladdan. Pakistan waxay leedahay dhaqaaleyn yar oo warshad leh oo leh qaybta beeraha oo isku dhafan iyo adeegyo sii kordhaya. [38] [39] Dhaqdhaqaaqa Pakistan waa 24-jir ee dunida ugu weyn iyada oo la eegayo awooda wax iibsiga iyo 41-aad ee ugu weyn. [[File:Pakistan in its region (claimed and disputed hatched).svg|thumb|right|194px|Bakistaan]] [[File:Bird eye view of Islamabad.jpeg|thumb|195px|right| اسلام آباد گاؤں۔.]] ==Sido kale fiiri== {{commons|پاکستان / Pakistan}} * [[Afgaanistan]] * [[Asia]] *[[Bakistaan Visa Dalalka]] =Tixraac= {{reflist}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} {{Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka}} [[Category:Bakistaan]] 6ch2bkhmdybg3ty8k65fnk9pa2zzq1x 307672 307664 2026-09-09T18:01:32Z Soalt 39618 Category:Wadamada Aasiya 307672 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Islāmī Jumhūriyah Bākistān | common_name = Bakistan | native_name ={{native name|ur|{{nobold|{{Nastaliq|اِسلامی جمہوریہ پاكِستان}}}}|italics=off}}<br />{{small|{{transl|ur|ALA-LC|''Islāmī Jumhūriyah Pākistān''}}}}<ref name="LatinSpelling">{{cite book |author=James Minahan |title=The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems [2 Volumes] |date=23 December 2009 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-34497-8 |page=141}}</ref> | image_flag = Flag of Pakistan.svg | image_coat = | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = {{Transl|ur|''[[Īmān, Ittihād, Nazam]]''}}<br />{{native name|ur|{{Nastaliq|ایمان، اتحاد، نظم}}|italics=off|nolink=on}}<br />{{small|"Faith, Unity, Discipline"}}&nbsp;{{lower|0.2em|<ref name="The State Emblem">{{cite web |title=The State Emblem |url=http://www.infopak.gov.pk/Eemblem.aspx |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701023430/http://www.infopak.gov.pk/Eemblem.aspx |archivedate=1 July 2007 |publisher=Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, [[Government of Pakistan]]. |access-date=18 December 2013}}</ref><!--end lower:-->}} | national_anthem = {{transl|ur|ALA-LC|''[[Qaumi Taranah|Qaumī Tarānah]]''}}<br />{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|قَومی ترانہ}}}}<br /><center>{{small|"The National Anthem"}}<ref>{{cite web |title=National Symbols and Things of Pakistan |url=https://soundcloud.com/azeem-iftikhar-25958679/pakistan-national-anthem-2018 |work=Government of Pakistan |access-date=27 May 2014 }}</ref><br />[[File:Pakistan anthem - United States Navy Band.ogg]]</center> | image_map = Pakistan (orthographic projection).svg | map_width = 220px | map_caption = Area controlled by Pakistan shown in dark green; claimed but uncontrolled region shown in light green | capital = [[Islamabad]] | coordinates = {{Coord|33|40|N|73|10|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Karachi]]<br />{{small|{{coord|24|51|36|N|67|00|36|E|display=inline}}}} | official_languages = {{hlist |[[English language|English]]|[[Urdu]]<ref>{{cite web |title=SC orders immediate implementation of Urdu as official language |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/952913/sc-orders-implementation-of-urdu-as-official-language/ |publisher=[[The Express Tribune]] |date=7 September 2015|access-date=8 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan to replace English with Urdu as official language |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/928480/pakistan-to-replace-english-with-urdu-as-official-language/ |publisher=[[The Express Tribune]] |date=29 July 2015|access-date=8 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dunyanews.tv/index.php/en/Pakistan/288574-PM-approves-implementation-of-Urdu-language-in-gov |title=PM approves implementation of Urdu language in govt departments – Pakistan – Dunya News |work=dunyanews.tv}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1193624 |title=PM, president to deliver speeches in Urdu on foreign trips, SC told |author=Irfan Haider |work=dawn.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thenewsteller.com/pakistan/govt-submits-plan-to-supreme-court-to-promote-urdu-as-official-language/19569/ |title=Govt. submits plan to Supreme Court to promote Urdu as official language |work=The News Teller |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |access-date=2018-06-28 |archive-date=2018-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226143037/https://www.thenewsteller.com/pakistan/govt-submits-plan-to-supreme-court-to-promote-urdu-as-official-language/19569/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref>}} | regional_languages = {{collapsible list |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%; |title = [[Languages of Pakistan|Provincial level]] |[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]{{dot}} [[Pashto language|Pashto]]{{dot}}[[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]{{dot}} [[Balochi language|Balochi]]{{dot}}[[Saraiki language|Saraiki]]{{dot}}[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]{{dot}}[[Brahui language|Brahui]]{{dot}}[[Hindko language|Hindko]]{{dot}}[[Shina language|Shina]]{{dot}}[[Balti language|Balti]]{{dot}}[[Khowar language|Khowar]]{{dot}}[[Burushaski]]{{dot}}[[Kohistani language|Kohistani]]{{dot}}[[Wakhi language|Wakhi]]{{dot}}[[Yidgha language|Yidgha]]{{dot}}[[Dameli language|Dameli]]{{dot}}[[Kalash language|Kalasha]]{{dot}}[[Gawar-Bati language|Gawar-Bati]]{{dot}}[[Domaaki language|Domaaki]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Population by Mother Tongue |url=https://www.census.gov.pk/MotherTongue.htm |publisher=Population Census Organization, Government of Pakistan |access-date=28 December 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912021653/http://www.census.gov.pk/MotherTongue.htm |archivedate=12 September 2011}}</ref>.<ref name="">State.gov</ref> }} | languages_type = [[National language]] | languages = [[Urdu]]<ref name="">National language</ref>. | ethnic_groups = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; | 48% [[Punjabis]] | 8% [[Pashtuns]] | 12% [[Sindhis]] | 10% [[Saraiki people|Saraiki]]s | 8% [[Muhajir people|Muhajirs]] | 3% [[Baloch people|Baloch]]s | 11% Others<ref name="cia">[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html#pk "Pakistan"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html#pk |date=20190106010801 }} The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency.</ref> }} | ethnic_groups_year = | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; | 96.4% [[Islam]] {{small|(Official)}}<ref name="Article_2" /> | 1.5% [[Hinduism in Pakistan|Hinduism]] | 1.5% [[Christianity in Pakistan|Christianity]]<ref name="LoC">{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Pakistan.pdf |title=Country Profile: Pakistan |date=February 2005 |work=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]] on Pakistan |quote=''Religion: Approximately 1.6 percent of the population is Hindu, 1.6 percent is Christian, and 0.3 percent belongs to other religions, such as Bahaism and Sikhism.''}}</ref> | 0.6% [[Religion in Pakistan|Others]] }} | demonym = [[Pakistani]] | government_type = [[Federal parliamentary republic|Federal parliamentary constitutional republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Pakistan|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Mamnoon Hussain]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Nasirul Mulk]] | leader_title3 = [[Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan|Chairman of the Senate]] | leader_name3 = [[Sadiq Sanjrani]] | leader_title4 = [[Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan|Speaker of the Assembly]] | leader_name4 = | leader_title5 = [[Chief Justice of Pakistan|Chief Justice]] | leader_name5 = [[Mian Saqib Nisar]] | legislature = ''[[Majlis-e-Shoora Pakistan]]'' | upper_house = [[Senate of Pakistan|Aiwan-e-Bala]] | lower_house = [[National Assembly of Pakistan|Qaumi Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = [[Pakistan Movement|Independence]] | sovereignty_note = from the [[British India]] <ref>{{cite web |title=Pakistan Independent from British India |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/08/15/indian-independence-day-everything-need-know-partition-india/ |website=www.telegraph.co.uk |accessdate=26 June 2018}}</ref> | established_event1 = | established_date1 = | established_event2 = | established_date2 = | established_event3 = | established_date3 = | established_event4 = [[Dominion of Pakistan|Dominion]] | established_date4 = 14 August 1947 | established_event5 = [[Islamic Republic]] | established_date5 = 23 March 1956 | established_event6 = [[Constitution of Pakistan|Current constitution]] | established_date6 = 14 August 1973 | area_km2 = 881,913 | area_footnote = {{efn|"Includes data for Pakistani territories of Kashmir; [[Azad Kashmir]] ({{convert|13297|km2|sqmi|disp=or|abbr=on}}) and [[Gilgit–Baltistan]] ({{convert|72520|km2|sqmi|disp=or|abbr=on}}).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/pakistan.aspx |title=Pakistan statistics |publisher=Geohive |access-date=20 April 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406012611/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/pakistan.aspx |archivedate=6 April 2013}}</ref> Excluding these territories would produce an area figure of {{convert|796,095|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}."}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldatlas.com/as/pk/where-is-pakistan.html |title=Where is Pakistan?|work=worldatlas.com}}</ref> | area_rank = 33rd | area_sq_mi = 307,374 | percent_water = 2.86 | population_density_km2 = 244.4 | population_density_sq_mi = 633 | population_density_rank = 56th | population_census = 212,742,631 <ref name=census>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk |title=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics - 6th Population and Housing Census |website=www.pbscensus.gov.pk |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |access-date=2021-08-08 |archive-date=2017-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015113737/http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ([[List of countries and dependencies by population|5th]]) | population_census_year = 2017 | GDP_PPP = {{nowrap|$1.060 trillion<ref name="imf2">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=52&pr.y=11&sy=2016&ey=2020&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=564&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Pakistan |publisher=International Monetary Fund | access-date=15 January 2017}}</ref>}} | GDP_PPP_year = 2017 | GDP_PPP_rank = 25th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $5,374<ref name="imf2" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 137th | GDP_nominal = {{nowrap|$304.4 billion<ref>{{cite news |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1412545/pakistan-now-300-billion-economy-gdp-growth-5-3/ |title=Pakistan is now a $300-billion economy |work=The Express Tribune |date=18 May 2017 |accessdate=18 May 2017}}</ref>}} | GDP_nominal_year = 2017 | GDP_nominal_rank = 42nd | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $1,629<ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_17/Economic_Indicators.pdf |access-date=2018-06-28 |archive-date=2019-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411211445/http://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_17/Economic_Indicators.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 145th | Gini = 30.7 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2013 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?end=2013&locations=PK&start=1987&view=chart |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher=World Bank |access-date=28 February 2017 |archive-date=26 Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226143016/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?end=2013&locations=PK&start=1987&view=chart%20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.550 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = steady<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=Human Development Report 2016 |date=2016 |access-date=26 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 147th | currency = [[Pakistani rupee]] (₨) | currency_code = PKR | time_zone = [[Pakistan Standard Time|PST]] | utc_offset = +5{{sup|b}} | drives_on = [[Right- and left-hand traffic|left]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_28-7-2005_pg3_5 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110085150/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_28-7-2005_pg3_5 |archivedate=10 January 2012 |title=Driving—the good, the bad and the ugly |author=Miguel Loureiro |date=28 July 2005 |work=Daily Times |access-date=6 February 2014 |location=Pakistan}}</ref> | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Pakistan|+92]] | cctld = [[.pk]] | official_website = {{URL|http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/}} | footnote_a = See also [[Pakistani English]].:{{note|Alpha|α}} | footnote_b = | area_magnitude = }} [[W:Es:Pakistán]] [[W:It:Pakistan]] [[W:tr: Pakistan]] '''Bakistaan''' ( [[Af-Urdu]] پاکِستان ama '''Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga Bakistaan''' [[Af-Urdu]] اسلامی جمہوریہ پاکِستان waa wadan ku yaalo koonfur[[Aasiya]]. Dadka wadankaan waxeey gaarayan in ka badan 200` Milyan. o Wadankaan waxoo xuduud la leeyahay wadamada [[Iiraan]], [[Afqaanistan]], [[Shiinaha]] iyo [[Hindiya]]. Koonfurta wadanka waxaa ka xigto [[Bada Carbeed]]. Wadanka Bakistaan waxaa la abaabulay 1947kii, markii hore Bakistaan iyo Bangaladesh waxee ka tirsanaan jireen [[Hindiya|Ingriiska Hindiya]]. magaca Bakistaan micnahiisa waxaa waaye wadanka runta ah, waxaana loola jeeday in oo yahay wadanka runta ee islaamka. Caasimadda Bakistan. [[File:Food_street_lahore_by_kamran.jpg|thumb|right|192px|]] [[File:Schraubenziege_-_Markhor.jpg|thumb|right|193px|]] Pakistan (Urdun: Afqaanistaan), si rasmi ah Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah ee Pakistan (Urdun: اسلامی جمہوریہ پاکستان), waa dal Koonfurta Aasiya ah. Waa dalka shanaad ee ugu tirada badan dadweynaha oo leh dad ka badan 212,742,631 qof. Meelahaas, waa dalka 33-aad ee ugu ballaaran, oo leh 881,913 kilomitir kilomitir (340,509 mayl laba jibaaran). Pakistan waxay leedahay xeebta u jirta 1,046 kilomitir oo xeebta Carbeed iyo Gacanka Cumaan ee koonfurta ka xigta Hindiya ilaa bari, Afgaanistaan ​​iyo galbeedka, Iran oo koonfur galbeed, iyo Shiinaha waqooyi bari. Waxaa si kala-sooc ah looga soocay Soomaaliya Wakhan Corridor ee waqooyi-galbeed, sidoo kale wuxuu la wadaagaa xuduudda badda Oman. Xuduuda hadda ee Pakistan ah waxay ka dhigan tahay dhaqamo qadiimiga ah, oo ay ku jiraan Mehrgarh oo ka mid ah Neolithic iyo Dhuxusha Da'da Dhuxusha Indus, oo markii dambe ka soo wareegtay boqortooyooyinkii ay xukumeen dad diimooyin iyo dhaqamo kala duwan, Hindiya, Indo-Giriig, Muslimiinta, Turco-Mongolis, Afqaanistaan, iyo Sikhs. Aagga waxaa xukuma boqortooyo badan oo kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan boqortooyada reer Aasiya, boqortooyadii Alexander III ee Macedon, Boqortooyada Seleucid, Boqortooyada Midowday Maurya, Boqortooyada Gupta, Carabta Umayyad Khaliifka, Sultanate Delhi, Boqortooyada Mughal, Boqortooyada Afganistaan ​​ee Durrani, Boqortooyada Sikhiga (qayb ahaan), iyo, ugu dambayn, Boqortooyada Ingiriiska. Pakistan waa waddanka kaliya ee lagu abuuray magaca Islaamka. Dhaqdhaqaaqa Pakistan oo ay hoggaaminayaan Muhammad Ali Jinnah iyo halganka hoose ee madaxbanaanida madaxbanaani, Pakistan waxaa la aasaasay sannadkii 1947 sidii waddan madaxbannaan oo loogu talagalay Muslimiinta Hindida ah. Waa waddan qowmiyadeed iyo luqad ahaan kala duwan, oo leh juquraafi kala duwan iyo duur joogta ah. Markii hore madaxweyne, Pakistan ayaa ansixisay dastuur sanadkii 1956, noqoshada Jamhuuriyadda Islaamka. Dagaalkii sokeeye ee qarnigii 1971-kii waxa uu sababay in la jebiyo bariga Pakistan oo ah waddanka cusub ee Bangladesh. 1973-kii Pakistaanku waxay qaateen dastuur cusub oo abuuraya, iyada oo ay weheliso xildhibaanadii hore ee barlamaanka, dawlad federaali ah oo ku salaysan Islaamka oo ka kooban afar gobol iyo saddex degmo oo federaali ah. Dastuurka cusub ayaa sidoo kale qeexaya in dhammaan sharciyadu ay waafaqsan yihiin amarrada Islaamka sida ku cad Quraanka iyo Sunnah. ==Xubin== * [[IMF]]_* _-_—_-_-_- * [[AIIB]]_* -_—-_—_-_-_. * [[Bankiga Aduunka]]_* _—__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-. * [[Qaramada Midoobay]]_* _-__-_-_-_-__-_-_-_—_-_-.: * [[Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka]]_* _-__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_—_-_-_-_.: Pakistan ayaa leh ciidamadda lixaad ee ugu xooggan caalamka, sidoo kale waa awood nukliyeerka ah iyo sidoo kale hubka nukliyeerka caddeeyay. gobolka, kan labaad ee Koonfurta Aasiya iyo quruunta kaliya ee dunida Muslimka ah si ay u helaan xaaladdan. Pakistan waxay leedahay dhaqaaleyn yar oo warshad leh oo leh qaybta beeraha oo isku dhafan iyo adeegyo sii kordhaya. [38] [39] Dhaqdhaqaaqa Pakistan waa 24-jir ee dunida ugu weyn iyada oo la eegayo awooda wax iibsiga iyo 41-aad ee ugu weyn. [[File:Pakistan in its region (claimed and disputed hatched).svg|thumb|right|194px|Bakistaan]] [[File:Bird eye view of Islamabad.jpeg|thumb|195px|right| اسلام آباد گاؤں۔.]] ==Sido kale fiiri== {{commons|پاکستان / Pakistan}} * [[Afgaanistan]] * [[Asia]] *[[Bakistaan Visa Dalalka]] =Tixraac= {{reflist}} {{Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} [[Category:Bakistaan]] [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] 1k0x8czc6dbzvwihwvrlyffsza9dp4z 0 5290 307700 289215 2026-09-09T19:20:46Z Soalt 39618 template:Dalalka Aasiya iyo Category:Wadamada Aasiya 307700 wikitext text/x-wiki ::''Bogga "[[Mongoliya]]" halkan ayaa laga soo toosiyay." {{Coord|46|N|105|E|scale:20000000_source:GNS|display=title}} {{Dalalka |native_name = Mongolia |conventional_long_name = jamhuuriyada Mongolia |common_name = Mongolia |qaaradda = [[Aasiya]]. |sawir_calan = Flag_of_Mongolia.svg |sawir_qaran = |image_map = Mongolia (orthographic projection).svg |astaan_calan = [[Calanka Mangooliya]] |image_map = [[File:Monggol ulus.svg|50px]]<!--unicode:ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ--><br />Mongγol ulus<br />Монгол улс <br />''Mongol uls'' |caasimadda = [[Ulan Bator]]| |caasimada = |Dawladda = Mongoliya |darajo_hogaamiye1 = [[Madaxweyne]] |darajo_hogaamiye2 = [[madaxwayne kuxigeen]] |magac_hogaamiye1 = [[Tsakhiagiin Elbegdor]] |magac_hogaamiye2 = [[Sükhbaataryn Batbold]] |sovereignty_type = '''Ka xoroobey''' |sovereignty_note = Gumeystihii Shiinaha |established_event1 = Taariikhda |established_date1 = 26 [[Juun]], [[1960]] |area = 1,564,115.75 km2 (19th) |areami² = 68000 |biyo = 1.6 |population_estimate = 2,754,685[3] 0<sup>3</sup> |population_estimate_year = 2008 |lacagta = |Magaca internetka = |wakhti = (UTC+7 to +8[6][7][8]) |furaha_debedda = |furaha internetka = |furaha telefonka = }} '''Mongoliya''' ([[Mongoliya|Afka Mangoliyaan]]: Монгол Улс/Mongol Uls) waa dawlad kutaala bariga badhtamaha aasiya waxa ay u dhaxaysaa wadamada [[Ruush]] iyo [[Shiinaha]] waxaana u caasimada magaalada [[Ulan Bator]] waxa ay kujirataa meel xidhan mana laha wax dakada amaba meelna bad ugama dhawa.mangoliya waxa gumaysanaysay waedanka shiinaha intii u dhaxaysay 1691 ilaa 1911 kadib waxa gacanta kudhigay wadankii [[Midowga Sofiyet]] 1919 ilaa 1929 kadib waxa ay madaxbanaani qaadatay sanadii 1929 laakiin waxa ay kuxidhnayd midawgii saofiyet ilaa intii uu kadhacay 1990.mangoliya waxa lagaga hadlaa luqada rasmiga ha ee wadanka oo looyaqaano [[Lahalah]] luqada ugu isticmaalka badani waa luqada ruushka. == Dhulka iyo dadka == masaafada wadanka mangooliya waxa aygaadhaysaa 1,565,000 kiiloo mitir oo isskuwareeg ah waana wadan aad uwayn. laakiin dadka kunool mangooliya marka looeegoo wadankooda oo aad iyo aad uwayn iyagu waxa ay gaadhayaan sadax milyan oo qof waana dad aad uyar. [[File:State_emblem_of_Mongolia.svg|thumb|right|240px|]] {{Dalalka Aasiya}} [[Category:Aasiya]] [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] {{commons|Монгол улс}} dxux3oi6nj77ej0iss6b83nnep8temr 0 5378 307661 307593 2026-09-09T17:48:31Z Soalt 39618 template:Dalalka Aasiya 307661 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Ee Armiiniya | common_name = Armenia | native_name = {{small|Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն<br />{{native name|hy|Hayastani Hanrapetut’yun}}}} | image_flag = Flag of Armenia.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Armenia.svg | national_motto = | national_anthem = <br />[[Mer Hayrenik|Մեր Հայրենիք]]<br />''Mer Hayrenik''<br />{{smaller|"Our Fatherland"}}<br />[[File:Mer Hayrenik |instrumental.ogg|center]] | image_map = Armenia (orthographic projection).svg | image_map2 = Armenia - Location Map (2013) - ARM - UNOCHA.svg | capital = [[Yerevan]] | coordinates = {{Coord|40|11|N|44|31|E|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[Armenian language|Armenian]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Constitution of Armenia, Article |2=20 |url=http://www.president.am/en/constitution-2015/ |publisher=president.am |access-date=2018-07-29 |archive-date=2017-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223102232/http://www.president.am/en/constitution-2015/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | national_languages = | languages_type = | languages_sub = | languages = | languages2_type = | languages2_sub = | languages2 = | ethnic_groups = {{Unbulleted list |98.1% [[Armenians]] |&nbsp;&nbsp;1.2% [[Yazidis in Armenia|Yazidis]] |&nbsp;&nbsp;0.4% [[Russians in |Armenia|Russians]] |&nbsp;&nbsp;0.3% other<ref>Asatryan, Garnik; Arakelova, Victoria (Yerevan 2002). |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110511044234/http://www.hra.am/file/minorities_en.pdf The Ethnic Minorities in Armenia]. Part of the [[Organization for |Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]]. |at [[WebCite]] (16 April 2010).</ref><ref>Ministry of Culture of Armenia [http://mincult.am/datas/media/azg.poqr.%20ev%20xorhurd%20mshak.nax.%20(1).doc |"The ethnic minorities in Armenia. Brief information"] {{Wayback|url=http://mincult.am/datas/media/azg.poqr.%20ev%20xorhurd%20mshak.nax.%20(1).doc |date=20171010143439 }}. As per the most recent census in 2011. [http://mincult.am/national_minority.html "National minority"] {{Wayback|url=http://mincult.am/national_minority.html |date=20170216082403 }}.</ref>}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2011 | religion = [[Armenian Apostolic Church]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.am/parliament.php?id=constitution&lang=eng|title=National Assembly of |the Republic of Armenia - Official Web Site - parliament.am|website=www.parliament.am}}</ref> | religion_year = | demonym = [[Armenians|Armenian]] | government_type = {{nowrap|[[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]]}} [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Armenia|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Armen Sarkissian]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Armenia|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Nikol Pashinyan]] | leader_title3 = [[President of the National Assembly of Armenia|President of the National Assembly]] | leader_name3 = [[Ara Babloyan]] | legislature = [[National Assembly (Armenia)|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = Formation and independence | established_event1 = Traditional date | established_date1 = 2492 BC | established_event2 = [[Hayasa-Azzi]] | established_date2 = 1500–1290 BC | established_event3 = [[Shupria|Arme-Shupria]]<ref>[[David Marshall Lang|Lang, David Marshall]]. ''Armenia: Cradle of Civilization''. London: Allen and |Unwin, 1970, p. 114. {{ISBN|0-04-956007-7}}.</ref><ref>Redgate, Anna Elizabeth. ''The Armenians''. Cornwall: Blackwell, 1998, pp. 16–19, 23, 25, 26 |||(map), 30–32, 38, 43 {{ISBN|0-631-22037-2}}.</ref> | established_date3 = 14th century–1190 BC | established_event4 = [[Urartu]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Redgate |first=A. E. |title=The Armenians |year=2000 |publisher=Blackwell |location=Oxford |isbn=0-631-22037-2 |page=5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e3nef10a3UcC&dq |edition=Reprint |quote=However, the most easily identifiable ancestors |of the later Armenian nation are the Urartians.}}</ref> | established_date4 = 860–590 BC | established_event5 = [[Orontid dynasty]] | established_date5 = 6th century BC | established_event6 = {{nowrap|[[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Kingdom of Greater<br />Armenia]] united under<br />the [[Artaxiad Dynasty]]<ref>{{cite |book |editor1-last=de Laet |editor1-first=Sigfried J. |editor2-last=Herrmann |editor2-first=Joachim |title=History of Humanity: From the seventh century |B.C. to the seventh century A.D. |date=1996 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-92-3-102812-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?|id=WGUz01yBumEC&pg=PA128 128] |edition=1st |quote=The ruler of the part known as Greater Armenia, Artaxias (Artashes), the founder of a new dynasty, |managed to unite the country...}}</ref><!--end nowrap:-->}} | established_date6 = 190 BC<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia Americana: Ankara to Azusa |date=2005 |publisher=[[Scholastic Library Publishing]] |page=393 |quote=It was named for Artaxias, a general of Antiochus the Great, who founded the kingdom of Armenia about 190 B.C.}}</ref> | established_event7 = [[Arsacid dynasty of Armenia|Arsacid dynasty]] | established_date7 = 52–428 | established_event8 = [[Bagratid Armenia]] | established_date8 = 885–1045 | established_event9 = [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia|Kingdom of Cilicia]] | established_date9 = 1198–1375 | established_event10 = [[First Republic of Armenia]] [[Declaration of Independence of Armenia (1918)|declared]] | established_date10 = <br />28 May 1918 | established_event11 = [[Independence Day (Armenia)|Independence]] from the [[Soviet Union]] | established_date11 = 21 September 1991 | area_km2 = 29,743 | area_rank = 138th | area_sq_mi = 11,484 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 4.71<ref name="cia-fact">{{cite web|title=The World Fact Book – Armenia |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-|factbook/geos/am.html |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |accessdate=17 July 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100719074837/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/am.html |archivedate=19 July 2010 |deadurl=no |df=dmy}}</ref> | population_estimate = {{UN_Population|Armenia}}{{UN_Population|ref}} | population_census = {{nowrap|{{decrease}} 3,018,854<ref name="Armenia information">{{cite web |url=http://www.armstat.am/file/doc/99475033.pdf |title=Statistical Service of Armenia|publisher=Armstat |accessdate=20 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="News.am">{{cite news |title=Armenia Population |url=http://countrymeters.info/en/Armenia |agency=countrymeters.info}}</ref><!--end nowrap:-->}} | population_estimate_year = {{UN_Population|Year}} | population_census_year = 2011 | population_census_rank = 134th | population_density_km2 = 101.5 | population_density_sq_mi = 262.9 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 99th | GDP_PPP = {{nowrap|$28,282 billion<ref name="IMF GDP">{{cite web|title=Report for Selected Countries and |Subjects|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?|sy=2017&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=43&pr1.y=12&c=911&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|work=[[World Economic Outlook]] |Database, April 2018|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|accessdate=17 January 2018|location=Washington, D.C.|date=4 October 2017}}</ref><!--end |nowrap:-->}} | GDP_PPP_year = 2017 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $9,456<ref name="IMF GDP"/> | GDP_nominal = {{nowrap|$11,548 billion<ref name="IMF GDP"/>}} | GDP_nominal_year = 2017 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $3,861<ref name="IMF GDP"/> | Gini = 31.5 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2013 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name=WB1>{{cite web |url= http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI |title= Gini index |publisher=[[World Bank]] |accessdate= 12 |May 2016}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.743 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015 <!--Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |title=Human Development Report 2016 |year=2016 |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=28 September 2017 |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 84th | currency = [[Armenian dram|Dram]]&nbsp;([[Armenian dram sign|֏]]) | currency_code = AMD | time_zone = [[Armenia Time|AMT]] | utc_offset = +4 | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Armenia|+374]] | patron_saint = [[Gregory the Illuminator|St. Gregory]] | cctld = {{unbulleted list |[[.am]] |[[.հայ]]}} }} [[File:Flag_of_Armenia.svg|thumb|]] '''Armania''' waa wadan [[Dhul xiran]] oo ku yaalo, bariga [[Yurub]] iyo galbeedka [[Aasiya]]. Ermeniya: Հայաստան, translit. Hayastan, IPA: [hɑjɑstɑn]), si rasmi ah Jamhuuriyadda Armenia (Erman: ermen: Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն, translation. Hayastani Hanrapetut'yun, IPA: [hɑjɑstɑni hɑnɾɑpɛtutʰjun]), waa waddan ku yaal gobolka Koofurta Caucasus ee Eurasia. Waxaa ku yaala galbeedka Aasiya ee ku yaala Jasiiradaha Erman, waxaa xuduud la leh Turkiga galbeedka, Georgia waqooyiga, xaqiiqda madaxbannaan ee Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ah iyo Azerbaayadaha bari, iyo Iran iyo Azerbaijan oo ka baxsan Nakhchivan koonfurta. Ergayga Ergaygu waa mid madaxbannaan, badan oo xisbi qaran oo leh dhaqan dhaqameed. Urartu waxaa la aasaasay 860 BC iyo qarnigii 6aad ee BC waxa lagu beddelay Satrapy Armenia. Boqortooyada Armenia waxay gaartay heerkeedii Tigranes ee Weyn ee qarnigii 1aad ee qarnigii 21aadna waxay noqotay waddanka ugu horreeya ee dunida oo dhan lagu dhaqmo diinta rasmiga ah ee dabayaaqada 3aad ama horraantii 4aad AD. Taariikhda rasmiga ah ee aqbalaadda dawlad-goboleedku waa 301. Boqortooyada Ereyga ah ee qadiimka ah ayaa kala qaybisay Byzantine iyo Sasanian Empires wareeggii qarnigii 5aad. Sida ku xusan barxada Bagratuni, Boqortooyada Bagratid ee Armenia waxaa lagu soo celiyay qarnigii 9aad. Diidmada oo ay sababtay dagaallada ka dhanka ah Beniantiin, boqortooyadu waxay ku dhufteen 1045, Ereyga waxaa ugu dambeeyay markii ay soo weerareen Turjubaanka Turki. Ereyga Ereyga ah iyo Boqortooyada Ciliga Armenia waxay ku taallaa xeebta badda Mediterranean intii u dhaxaysay qarniyadii 11aad iyo 14aad. =Tixraac= {{reflist}} {{Western Asia}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} {{Dalalka Yurub}} [[Category:Yurub]] r5nabcf98l5hatj68qwdrgtswjsg6lp 307668 307661 2026-09-09T17:59:12Z Soalt 39618 Category:Wadamada Aasiya 307668 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Ee Armiiniya | common_name = Armenia | native_name = {{small|Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն<br />{{native name|hy|Hayastani Hanrapetut’yun}}}} | image_flag = Flag of Armenia.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Armenia.svg | national_motto = | national_anthem = <br />[[Mer Hayrenik|Մեր Հայրենիք]]<br />''Mer Hayrenik''<br />{{smaller|"Our Fatherland"}}<br />[[File:Mer Hayrenik |instrumental.ogg|center]] | image_map = Armenia (orthographic projection).svg | image_map2 = Armenia - Location Map (2013) - ARM - UNOCHA.svg | capital = [[Yerevan]] | coordinates = {{Coord|40|11|N|44|31|E|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[Armenian language|Armenian]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Constitution of Armenia, Article |2=20 |url=http://www.president.am/en/constitution-2015/ |publisher=president.am |access-date=2018-07-29 |archive-date=2017-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223102232/http://www.president.am/en/constitution-2015/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | national_languages = | languages_type = | languages_sub = | languages = | languages2_type = | languages2_sub = | languages2 = | ethnic_groups = {{Unbulleted list |98.1% [[Armenians]] |&nbsp;&nbsp;1.2% [[Yazidis in Armenia|Yazidis]] |&nbsp;&nbsp;0.4% [[Russians in |Armenia|Russians]] |&nbsp;&nbsp;0.3% other<ref>Asatryan, Garnik; Arakelova, Victoria (Yerevan 2002). |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110511044234/http://www.hra.am/file/minorities_en.pdf The Ethnic Minorities in Armenia]. Part of the [[Organization for |Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]]. |at [[WebCite]] (16 April 2010).</ref><ref>Ministry of Culture of Armenia [http://mincult.am/datas/media/azg.poqr.%20ev%20xorhurd%20mshak.nax.%20(1).doc |"The ethnic minorities in Armenia. Brief information"] {{Wayback|url=http://mincult.am/datas/media/azg.poqr.%20ev%20xorhurd%20mshak.nax.%20(1).doc |date=20171010143439 }}. As per the most recent census in 2011. [http://mincult.am/national_minority.html "National minority"] {{Wayback|url=http://mincult.am/national_minority.html |date=20170216082403 }}.</ref>}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2011 | religion = [[Armenian Apostolic Church]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.am/parliament.php?id=constitution&lang=eng|title=National Assembly of |the Republic of Armenia - Official Web Site - parliament.am|website=www.parliament.am}}</ref> | religion_year = | demonym = [[Armenians|Armenian]] | government_type = {{nowrap|[[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]]}} [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Armenia|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Armen Sarkissian]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Armenia|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Nikol Pashinyan]] | leader_title3 = [[President of the National Assembly of Armenia|President of the National Assembly]] | leader_name3 = [[Ara Babloyan]] | legislature = [[National Assembly (Armenia)|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = Formation and independence | established_event1 = Traditional date | established_date1 = 2492 BC | established_event2 = [[Hayasa-Azzi]] | established_date2 = 1500–1290 BC | established_event3 = [[Shupria|Arme-Shupria]]<ref>[[David Marshall Lang|Lang, David Marshall]]. ''Armenia: Cradle of Civilization''. London: Allen and |Unwin, 1970, p. 114. {{ISBN|0-04-956007-7}}.</ref><ref>Redgate, Anna Elizabeth. ''The Armenians''. Cornwall: Blackwell, 1998, pp. 16–19, 23, 25, 26 |||(map), 30–32, 38, 43 {{ISBN|0-631-22037-2}}.</ref> | established_date3 = 14th century–1190 BC | established_event4 = [[Urartu]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Redgate |first=A. E. |title=The Armenians |year=2000 |publisher=Blackwell |location=Oxford |isbn=0-631-22037-2 |page=5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e3nef10a3UcC&dq |edition=Reprint |quote=However, the most easily identifiable ancestors |of the later Armenian nation are the Urartians.}}</ref> | established_date4 = 860–590 BC | established_event5 = [[Orontid dynasty]] | established_date5 = 6th century BC | established_event6 = {{nowrap|[[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Kingdom of Greater<br />Armenia]] united under<br />the [[Artaxiad Dynasty]]<ref>{{cite |book |editor1-last=de Laet |editor1-first=Sigfried J. |editor2-last=Herrmann |editor2-first=Joachim |title=History of Humanity: From the seventh century |B.C. to the seventh century A.D. |date=1996 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-92-3-102812-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?|id=WGUz01yBumEC&pg=PA128 128] |edition=1st |quote=The ruler of the part known as Greater Armenia, Artaxias (Artashes), the founder of a new dynasty, |managed to unite the country...}}</ref><!--end nowrap:-->}} | established_date6 = 190 BC<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia Americana: Ankara to Azusa |date=2005 |publisher=[[Scholastic Library Publishing]] |page=393 |quote=It was named for Artaxias, a general of Antiochus the Great, who founded the kingdom of Armenia about 190 B.C.}}</ref> | established_event7 = [[Arsacid dynasty of Armenia|Arsacid dynasty]] | established_date7 = 52–428 | established_event8 = [[Bagratid Armenia]] | established_date8 = 885–1045 | established_event9 = [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia|Kingdom of Cilicia]] | established_date9 = 1198–1375 | established_event10 = [[First Republic of Armenia]] [[Declaration of Independence of Armenia (1918)|declared]] | established_date10 = <br />28 May 1918 | established_event11 = [[Independence Day (Armenia)|Independence]] from the [[Soviet Union]] | established_date11 = 21 September 1991 | area_km2 = 29,743 | area_rank = 138th | area_sq_mi = 11,484 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 4.71<ref name="cia-fact">{{cite web|title=The World Fact Book – Armenia |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-|factbook/geos/am.html |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |accessdate=17 July 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100719074837/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/am.html |archivedate=19 July 2010 |deadurl=no |df=dmy}}</ref> | population_estimate = {{UN_Population|Armenia}}{{UN_Population|ref}} | population_census = {{nowrap|{{decrease}} 3,018,854<ref name="Armenia information">{{cite web |url=http://www.armstat.am/file/doc/99475033.pdf |title=Statistical Service of Armenia|publisher=Armstat |accessdate=20 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="News.am">{{cite news |title=Armenia Population |url=http://countrymeters.info/en/Armenia |agency=countrymeters.info}}</ref><!--end nowrap:-->}} | population_estimate_year = {{UN_Population|Year}} | population_census_year = 2011 | population_census_rank = 134th | population_density_km2 = 101.5 | population_density_sq_mi = 262.9 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 99th | GDP_PPP = {{nowrap|$28,282 billion<ref name="IMF GDP">{{cite web|title=Report for Selected Countries and |Subjects|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?|sy=2017&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=43&pr1.y=12&c=911&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|work=[[World Economic Outlook]] |Database, April 2018|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|accessdate=17 January 2018|location=Washington, D.C.|date=4 October 2017}}</ref><!--end |nowrap:-->}} | GDP_PPP_year = 2017 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $9,456<ref name="IMF GDP"/> | GDP_nominal = {{nowrap|$11,548 billion<ref name="IMF GDP"/>}} | GDP_nominal_year = 2017 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $3,861<ref name="IMF GDP"/> | Gini = 31.5 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2013 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name=WB1>{{cite web |url= http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI |title= Gini index |publisher=[[World Bank]] |accessdate= 12 |May 2016}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.743 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015 <!--Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |title=Human Development Report 2016 |year=2016 |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=28 September 2017 |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 84th | currency = [[Armenian dram|Dram]]&nbsp;([[Armenian dram sign|֏]]) | currency_code = AMD | time_zone = [[Armenia Time|AMT]] | utc_offset = +4 | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Armenia|+374]] | patron_saint = [[Gregory the Illuminator|St. Gregory]] | cctld = {{unbulleted list |[[.am]] |[[.հայ]]}} }} [[File:Flag_of_Armenia.svg|thumb|]] '''Armania''' waa wadan [[Dhul xiran]] oo ku yaalo, bariga [[Yurub]] iyo galbeedka [[Aasiya]]. Ermeniya: Հայաստան, translit. Hayastan, IPA: [hɑjɑstɑn]), si rasmi ah Jamhuuriyadda Armenia (Erman: ermen: Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն, translation. Hayastani Hanrapetut'yun, IPA: [hɑjɑstɑni hɑnɾɑpɛtutʰjun]), waa waddan ku yaal gobolka Koofurta Caucasus ee Eurasia. Waxaa ku yaala galbeedka Aasiya ee ku yaala Jasiiradaha Erman, waxaa xuduud la leh Turkiga galbeedka, Georgia waqooyiga, xaqiiqda madaxbannaan ee Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ah iyo Azerbaayadaha bari, iyo Iran iyo Azerbaijan oo ka baxsan Nakhchivan koonfurta. Ergayga Ergaygu waa mid madaxbannaan, badan oo xisbi qaran oo leh dhaqan dhaqameed. Urartu waxaa la aasaasay 860 BC iyo qarnigii 6aad ee BC waxa lagu beddelay Satrapy Armenia. Boqortooyada Armenia waxay gaartay heerkeedii Tigranes ee Weyn ee qarnigii 1aad ee qarnigii 21aadna waxay noqotay waddanka ugu horreeya ee dunida oo dhan lagu dhaqmo diinta rasmiga ah ee dabayaaqada 3aad ama horraantii 4aad AD. Taariikhda rasmiga ah ee aqbalaadda dawlad-goboleedku waa 301. Boqortooyada Ereyga ah ee qadiimka ah ayaa kala qaybisay Byzantine iyo Sasanian Empires wareeggii qarnigii 5aad. Sida ku xusan barxada Bagratuni, Boqortooyada Bagratid ee Armenia waxaa lagu soo celiyay qarnigii 9aad. Diidmada oo ay sababtay dagaallada ka dhanka ah Beniantiin, boqortooyadu waxay ku dhufteen 1045, Ereyga waxaa ugu dambeeyay markii ay soo weerareen Turjubaanka Turki. Ereyga Ereyga ah iyo Boqortooyada Ciliga Armenia waxay ku taallaa xeebta badda Mediterranean intii u dhaxaysay qarniyadii 11aad iyo 14aad. =Tixraac= {{reflist}} {{Western Asia}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} {{Dalalka Yurub}} [[Category:Yurub]] [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] rdayeigfspbfhzoa2s7mjr2veaxdax8 0 5379 307669 294968 2026-09-09T17:59:38Z Soalt 39618 Category:Wadamada Aasiya 307669 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyada Azerbaijan | common_name = Azerbaijan | native_name = {{native name|az|Azərbaycan Respublikası}} | image_flag = Flag of Azerbaijan.svg | alt_flag = Three equally sized horizontal bands of blue, red, and green, with a white crescent and an eight-pointed star centered in the red band | image_coat = Coat of arms of Azerbaijan.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = <!-- The Republic of Azerbaijan has no official, constitutionally fixed motto --> | national_anthem = {{vunblist |''[[Azərbaycan marşı]]'' |{{small|"March of Azerbaijan"}}|<center>[[File:Azerbaijan national anthem (vocal version).ogg]]</center>}} | image_map = Azerbaijan (orthographic projection).svg | map_caption = Location of Azerbaijan (green) | capital = [[Baku]] | largest_city = capital | coordinates = {{Coord|40|25|N|49|50|E|type:city}} | official_languages = [[Azerbaijani]] | ethnic_groups_year = 2009<ref name="auto">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131110034957/http://www.azstat.org/statinfo/demoqraphic/az/AP_/AZ_1.shtml The State Statistical Committee of the Azerbaijan Republic, The ethnic composition of the population according to the 2009 census.] {azstat.org</ref> | ethnic_groups = {{Unbulleted list |91.60% [[Azerbaijani people|Azerbaijani]] |2.02% [[Lezgian people|Lezgian]]|1.35% [[Armenians in Azerbaijan|Armenian]]|1.34% [[Russians in Azerbaijan|Russian]]|1.26% [[Talysh people|Talysh]]|item3_style=padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em|2.43% [[Azerbaijan#Ethnic groups|others]]}} | languages_type = Ethnic minority languages | languages = [[Avar language|Avar]], [[Budukh language|Budukh]], [[Georgian language|Georgian]], [[Juhuri language|Juhuri]], [[Khinalug language|Khinalug]], [[Kryts language|Kryts]], [[Af-Kurdish]], [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]], [[Af-Ruush]], [[Rutul language|Rutul]], [[Talysh language|Talysh]], [[Tat language (Caucasus)|Tat]], [[Tsakhur language|Tsakhur]] and [[Udi language|Udi]] | demonym = Azerbaijani | government_type = {{nowrap|[[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Dominant-party system|dominant-party]]}} {{nowrap|[[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[republic]]}}<ref name="LaPorte2016">{{cite book |last=LaPorte |first=Jody |author-link=<!-- Jody LaPorte --> |year=2016 |chapter=Semi-presidentialism in Azerbaijan |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/978-1-137-38781-3_4 |chapter-format=PDF |editor1-last=Elgie |editor1-first=Robert |editor1-link=Robert Elgie (academic) |editor2-last=Moestrup |editor2-first=Sophia |editor2-link=Sophia Moestrup |title=Semi-Presidentialism in the Caucasus and Central Asia |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/978-1-137-38781-3 |location=London |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |publication-date=15 May 2016 |pages=91–117 |doi=10.1057/978-1-137-38781-3_4 |isbn=978-1-137-38780-6 |lccn=2016939393 |oclc=6039791976 |access-date=13 October 2017 |quote=LaPorte examines the dynamics of semi-presidentialism in Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan’s regime is a curious hybrid, in which semi-presidential institutions operate in the larger context of authoritarianism. The author compares formal Constitutional provisions with the practice of politics in the country, suggesting that formal and informal sources of authority come together to enhance the effective powers of the presidency. In addition to the considerable formal powers laid out in the Constitution, Azerbaijan’s president also benefits from the support of the ruling party and informal family and patronage networks. LaPorte concludes by discussing the theoretical implications of this symbiosis between formal and informal institutions in Azerbaijan’s semi-presidential regime. |postscript=. |ref=harv }}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[Madaxweynaha Azerbaijan|Madaxweynaha]] | leader_name1 = [[Ilham Aliyev]] | leader_title2 = [[Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Azerbaijan|Madaxweyne kuxigeenka]] | leader_name2 = [[Mehriban Aliyeva]] | leader_title3 = [[Raiisul wasaaraha Azerbaijan|Raiisul wasaaraha]] | leader_name3 = [[Novruz Mammadov]] | legislature = [[Golaha Qaranka Azerbaijan|Golaha Qaranka]] | sovereignty_type = [[Taariikhda Azerbaijan|Formation]] | established_event1 = [[Jamhuuriyadda dimuqraadiga Azerbaijan|Jamhuuriyadda dimuqaraadiga]] | established_date1 = 28 May 1918 | established_event2 = [[Jamhuuriyadda hantiwadaagga sofiyetka Azerbaijan|Jamhuuriyadda hantiwadaagga Sofiyet]] | established_date2 = 28 April 1920 | established_event3 = Ka xoroobay Midowga Sofiyet [[Midowga Sofiyet]] | established_date3 = 30 Agoosto 1991 (ku dhawaaqday)<br />18 October 1991 (madaxbanaani)<br />25 December 1991 (dhamaatay) | established_event4 = [[Alma-Ata Protocol|Xubin buuxda ka noqotay CIS]] | established_date4 = 21 Deceembar 1991 | established_event5 = [[Go'aanka Golaha Amniga ee Qaramada Midoobay 742|u qirtay]] [[Qaramada Midoobay]] | established_date5 = 2 March 1992 | established_event6 = {{nowrap|[[Dastuurka Azerbaijan|Dastuurka]] la ansixiyay}} | established_date6 = 12 Noveemaer 1995 | area_km2 = 86600 | area_rank = 111th | area_sq_mi = 33436 <!--Do not remove [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 1.6 | population_estimate = 9,911,646<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/azerbaijan-population/ |title=Azərbaycanda demoqrafik vəziyyət |language=Azerbaijani |publisher=Azərbaycan Respublikasının Dövlət Statistika Komitəsi |date=13 October 2017}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2018 | population_estimate_rank = 91st | population_density_km2 = 113 | population_density_sq_mi = 293 <!--Do not remove [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 99th | GDP_PPP = $175&nbsp;billion<ref name="imf2"> {{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=66&pr.y=6&sy=2015&ey=2022&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=912&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Azerbaijan |publisher=International Monetary Fund }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2018 | GDP_PPP_rank = 72nd | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $17,857<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 71st | GDP_nominal = $39.207 billion <ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2018 | GDP_nominal_rank = 110th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $4,097<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 110th | Gini = 31.8 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2018 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AZ |title=Gini Index|publisher=World Bank |accessdate=13 December 2017}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.759 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2018<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2016 – "Human Development for everyone"|date=2016|accessdate=21 March 2017|publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 78th | currency = [[Azerbaijani manat|Manat]] (₼) | currency_code = AZN | time_zone = [[Waqtiga Azerbaijan|AZT]] ([[UTC+04]]) | utc_offset_DST = | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Furaha taleefonka Azerbaijan|+994]] | cctld = [[.az]] }} '''Aserbiijaan''' ([[Azerbaijani]] Azərbaycan) waa dowlad kamida ah lixda dawladood oo asal ahaan kasoojeeda wadanka [[Turkiga|turkiga]] kuna yaala inta u dhaxaysa [[yurub]] iyo [[aasiya]] gaar ahaan wadankan waxa uu ku yaalaa mandaqada aadka u baaxda wayn ee [[qafqaas]] waxa uu dhanka [[bari]] xuduud kala leeyahay [[Bada Qaswiin]] dhanka [[waqooyina]] wadanka [[ruushka]] wadanka [[joorjiya]] dhanka [[waqooyi galbeed]] dhanka [[galbeed]] kana wadanka [[Armania]] dhanka koonfureedna wadanka [[iiraan]] waxa kale oo wadankani uu xuduud aad u yar la leeyahay wadanka [[turki]] [[File:Armenia - Guèrra d'Aut Karabagh.png|thumb|250px|Posicions respectivas a l'eissida de la Guèrra d'Aut Karabagh.]] Azerbaijan, waa wadan ku yaal Koonfurta Caucasus ee Eurasia ee iskutallaabta ee Bariga Yurub iyo Galbeedka Aasiya. Waxaa xuduud u leh badda Caspian oo ku taal bariga, Ruushka waqooyiga, Georgia ee waqooyi-galbeed, Armenia ee galbeedka iyo Iran si koonfurta. Nakhchivan oo ku taala Armenia ayaa ku xiran waqooyiga iyo bari, Iran oo ah dhinaca koonfureed iyo galbeed, waxana uu ku yaal xudduudda 11km oo dheer leh Turkiga waqooyi galbeed. Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ah ee Azerbaijan ayaa ku dhawaaqday xoriyadeeda sannadkii 1918, waxayna noqotay waddankii ugu horreeyay ee dimoqraadiga ah ee dunida Muslimka ah. Wadanku wuxuu ku biiray Midawga Soofiyeeti 1920kii oo ahaa Jamhuuriyadda Soofiyeeti ee Soofiyeeti. Jamhuuriyadda casriga ah ee Azerbaijan waxay ku dhawaaqday xoriyaddeedii 30kii Agoosto 1991, ka hor inta aan si rasmi ah loo tirtirin USSR bishii Disembar 1991-kii. Bishii Sebtembar 1991kii, badi Ermeni ah ee ka soo horjeeda gobolka Nagorno-Karabakh ayaa ka gaabsaday inay samaystaan ​​Jamhuuriyadda Artsakh. Gobollada iyo toddoba degmo oo xaafad ka baxsan waxay u noqdeen kuwo madaxbannaan oo dhammaystirmay dhammaadkii dagaalkii Nagor-Karabakh 1994. Gobolladaasi waxaa loo aqoonsaday inay yihiin kuwo caalamku aqoonsan yahay oo qayb ka ah Azerbaijan, iyadoo xal waara xaaladda Nagorno-Karabakh, laga helo wadahadal ay fududeeyeen OSCE. == Taariikh == Wadankani waxa uu horay uga mid ahaan jiray [[Midowga Sofiyet]] waxa uu wadankani aad ugu qani yahay shiidaalka hada waxa madaxwayne u ah xaydar caliyeef waana wadan kamida wadamada ururka [[islaamka]] caasimada wadanka waxa lagu magacaabaa [[Baku]]. ==Dhaqanka== {{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | header = [[Gobanimo: Azerbaijani rug|Xarshad Azerbaijani]] iyo [[Kalaghai]], oo ah [[UNESCO]] [[Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity|Hal-abuur aan la taaban karin oo Qaran ah]] | image1 = Şəkil-Bico xalçası (1).jpg | alt1 = Xarshad Azerbaijani oo ka socota kooxda Shirvan, tuulada Bijo, qarnigii 19-aad | caption1 = Xarshad Azerbaijani oo ka socota kooxda Shirvan | width1 = 210 | image2 = Azərbaycan ipəyindən kəlağayılar 1.JPG | alt2 = Kalaghai-da xariir ah | caption2 = Kalaghai-da xariir ah | width2 = 200 }} Dhaqanka Azerbaijan wuxuu ka soo farcamay saameyno kala duwan oo taariikhi ah, taasoo ka dhigtay dadka Azerbaijan kuwo laba-dhaqan ah. Dhaqamada qaranka ayaa si xooggan loo ilaaliyaa, in kasta oo ay jiraan saameyno Galbeed iyo dhaqanka macaamiisha caalamiga ah. Tusaale ahaan, Novruz Bayram waa ciid qoyska lagu wadaago oo ka timid xafladda dhaqameed ee sanadka cusub ee diinta Zoroastrianism. Dharka dhaqameed iyo qarameed ee Azerbaijan waxaa ka mid ah chokha iyo papakhi, oo labaduba astaan u ah dhaqanka iyo taariikhda dalka. Azerbaijan waxaa ku yaal idaacado ku baxa luqado kala duwan sida Ruushka, Joorjiya, Kurdish, Lezgian iyo Talysh, kuwaas oo maalgelin ka helaya dowladda. Idaacadahaan waxaa ka mid ah barnaamijyo maxalli ah oo ku baxa luqadaha Avar iyo Tat, gaar ahaan magaalooyinka Balakan iyo Khachmaz. Magaalada Baku waxaa lagu daabacaa dhowr wargeys oo ku qoran luqadaha Ruush, Kurdish (''Dengi Kurd''), Lezgian (''Samur'') iyo Talysh. Ururka Yuhuudda "Sokhnut" wuxuu daabacaa wargeyska ''Aziz''. ==Tixraac== {{commons|Azərbaycan}} {{reflist}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} {{Western Asia}} {{Dalalka Yurub}} [[Category:Aserbiijaan]] [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] tby84icmzvqtoyv3xr2z0nvk5u7i4rf 0 5381 307675 268361 2026-09-09T18:04:48Z Soalt 39618 Category:Wadamada Aasiya 307675 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|27.417|90.435|region:BT|format=dms|display=title}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Boqortooyada Butaan | common_name = Bhutan | native_name = འབྲུག་རྒྱལ་ཁབ (Druk Gyal Khap) | image_flag = Flag of Bhutan.svg | image_coat = Emblem of Bhutan.svg | coa_size = 90 | symbol_type = Emblem | national_anthem = {{lang|dz|འབྲུག་ཙན་དན་}}<br />{{transliteration|dz|[[Druk Tsenden]]}}<br />"The Thunder Dragon Kingdom" <center> </center> | image_map = Bhutan (orthographic projection).svg | alt_map = | map_caption = | image_map2 = | alt_map2 = | capital = [[Thimphu]] | coordinates = {{Coord|27|28.0|N|89|38.5|E|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[Dzongkha]] | demonym = Bhutanese | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[semi-constitutional monarchy]] | leader_title1 = [[Druk Gyalpo]] | leader_name1 = [[Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck]] | leader_title2 = [[List of Prime Ministers of Bhutan|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Lotay Tshering]] | legislature = [[Parliament of Bhutan|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[National Council (Bhutan)|National Council]] | lower_house = [[National Assembly (Bhutan)|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of Bhutan|Formation]] | established_event1 = Unification of Bhutan | established_date1 = 1616–1634 | established_event2 = Period of [[Druk Desi|Desi administration]] | established_date2 = 1650–1905 | established_event3 = Start of the [[Wangchuck dynasty]] | established_date3 = 17 December 1907 | established_event5 = [[Bhutan–India relations#1949 treaty|Indo-Bhutan Treaty]] | established_date5 = 8 August 1949 | established_event6 = [[United Nations|UN membership]] | established_date6 = 21 September 1971 | established_event7 = [[Constitution of Bhutan|Constitutional monarchy]] | established_date7 = 18 July 2008 | area_km2 = 38,394 | area_rank = 133rd | area_sq_mi = 14,824 <!--38,394 km2--> | percent_water = 1.1 | population_estimate = {{UN_Population|Bhutan}}{{UN_Population|ref}} | population_estimate_rank = 165th | population_estimate_year = {{UN_Population|Year}} | population_density_km2 = 19.3<!--754388 / 38394--> | population_density_sq_mi = 53.0<!--754388 / 14824--> | population_density_rank = 162nd | population_census = 727,145<ref>{{cite web |title=Bhutan |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/Bhutan.html |website=City Population |access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-date=5 October 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031005003408/https://www.citypopulation.de/Bhutan.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | population_census_year = 2022 | GDP_PPP = $9.8 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web|url = https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/April/weo-report?c=514,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2021&ey=2023&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|title = Bhutan|publisher = International Monetary Fund|access-date = 30 September 2022|archive-date = 30 September 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220930062203/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/April/weo-report?c=514,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2021&ey=2023&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|url-status = live}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2022 | GDP_PPP_rank = 166th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $12,970<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 95th | GDP_nominal = $2.6 billion<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2022 | GDP_nominal_rank = 178th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $3,144<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 124th | Gini = 37.4 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2017 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url = http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title = Gini Index |publisher = World Bank |access-date = 22 September 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140608054636/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI |archive-date = 8 June 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.666 <!--number only, between 0 and 1--> | HDI_year = 2021 <!--Please use the year to which the HDI data refers and not the publication year--> | HDI_change = decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=8 September 2022|access-date=8 September 2022|archive-date=8 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908114232/http://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 127th | currency = [[Bhutanese ngultrum|Ngultrum]] (BTN)<br /> [[Indian rupee]] (₹) (INR) | currency_code = | time_zone = [[Bhutan Time|BTT]] | utc_offset = +06 | date_format = YYYY-MM-DD | drives_on = Left<ref>{{cite web |title=List of left- & right-driving countries |url=https://www.worldstandards.eu/cars/list-of-left-driving-countries/ |website=WorldStandards |access-date=16 November 2022 |archive-date=10 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110051742/https://www.worldstandards.eu/cars/list-of-left-driving-countries/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Bhutan|+975]] | cctld = [[.bt]] | footnote_a = The population of Bhutan had been estimated based on the reported figure of about 1 million in the 1970s when the country had joined the United Nations and precise statistics were lacking.<big><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/073f330f9a61c6b0c1256aca004f2ea8?OpenDocument |title = Treaty Bodies Database – Document – Summary Record – Bhutan |publisher = [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] (UNHCHR) |date = 5 June 2001 |access-date = 23 April 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090110224443/http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/073f330f9a61c6b0c1256aca004f2ea8?OpenDocument |archive-date = 10 January 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref></big> Thus, using the annual increase rate of 2–3%, the most population estimates were around 2 million in 2000. A national census was carried out in 2005 and it turned out that the population was 672,425. Consequently, [[United Nations Population Division]] reduced its estimation of the country's population in the 2006 revision<big><ref>{{cite web|url=http://esa.un.org/unpp |title=World Population Prospects |publisher=[[United Nations]] |year=2008 |access-date=4 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107202521/http://esa.un.org/unpp/ |archive-date=7 January 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref></big> for the whole period from 1950 to 2000. | religion = {{plainlist| * 84.3% [[Buddhism in Bhutan|Buddhism]] ([[State religion|official]]) * 11.3% [[Hinduism in Bhutan|Hinduism]] * 3.2% [[Bon in Bhutan|Bon]] * 0.7% [[Christianity in Bhutan|Christianity]] * 0.5% [[Religion in Bhutan|Other]] }} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref name="pew2010">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-tables.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213072625/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-tables.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Pew Research Center – Global Religious Landscape 2010 – religious composition by country|archive-date=13 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="arda2015">{{cite web |url=https://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_26_2.asp |title=Bhutan, Religion And Social Profile &#124; National Profiles &#124; International Data |website=Thearda.com |date= |access-date=2022-07-17 |archive-date=17 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717141512/https://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_26_2.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> | today = }} '''Butaan''' ama '''Boqortooyada Butaan''' waa wadan [[Dhul xiran]] oo ku yaalo koonfurta [[Aasiya]] Bhutan (/ buːtɑːn /; འབྲུག་ ཡུལ་ Druk Yul), si rasmi ah Boqortooyada Bhutan (འབྲུག་ རྒྱལ་ཁཁབ་ Druk Gyal Khap), waa waddan baddan oo ku yaal Koonfurta Aasiya. Waxay ku taallaa dhinaca waqooyiga bari ee waqooyiga, gobolka Sikkim ee Hindiya iyo dooxada Chumbi ee [[Tibet]] ee galbeedka, gobolka Arunachal Pradesh ee bariga Hindiya, iyo dalalka Assam iyo West Bengal ee koonfurta. Bhutan waa joqraafi ahaan Koonfurta Aasiya waana gobolka labaad ee ugu tirada badan gobolka ka dib Maldives. Thimphu waa caasimadeeda iyo magaalada ugu weyn, halka Phuntsholing waa xarunta dhaqaalaha. Madax-bannaanida Bhutan waxay ku jirtey qarniyo badan, waligeedna weligeed laguma dhicin taariikhdeeda. Waxaa lagu soo bandhigay waddada Tibaaxda ee Waddada Tibet, Hindiya iyo Koonfur Bari ee Asia, gobolka Bhutanese waxay soo saareen aqoonsi qaran oo kala duwan oo ku salaysan Buddhism. Waxaa hoggaaminaya hoggaamiye ruuxi ah oo loo yaqaano "Zhabdrung Rinpoche", dhulku wuxuu ka kooban yahay fiefdoms badan oo lagu xukumo sida Buddhist fiqi ahaan. Ka dib dagaalkii sokeeye qarnigii 19aad, Golaha Wakiilku wuxuu dib u midoobey waddanka waxana uu xiriir la sameeyey Boqortooyada Ingiriiska. Bhutan waxay sii wadeen iskaashi istiraatiiji ah oo lala yeeshay Hindiya intii lagu jiray kor u kaca wada xaajoodka Shiinaha, waxaana xuduud la leh xuduudaha dalka China. Sannadkii 2008, waxay ka gudubtay Boqortooyadii buuxsantay Boqortooyada Dastuuriga ah waxayna qabatay doorashadii ugu horreysay ee Golaha Qaranka ee Bhutan. Golaha Qaranka ee Bhutan wuxuu ka mid yahay baarlamanka xorta ah ee dimoqraadiga Bhutanese. Muuqaalka dalka waxaa uu ka bilaabmaa bannaanka hoose ee dhulka hoostiisa ee koonfurta ilaa buuraha sare ee waqooyiga ee waqooyiga, halkaas oo ay ku jirto dusha sare ee 7,000 mitir (23,000 ft). Buuraha ugu sarreeya ee magaalada Bhutan waa Gangkhar Puensum, taas oo sidoo kale ah musharax adag oo loogu talagalay buurta ugu sarraysa aduunka oo dhan. Waxaa sidoo kale jira duur joogta kala duwan oo ku yaal Bhutan. Koonfurta Aasiya, Bhutan ayaa markii ugu horreysay ku jirta xorriyadda dhaqaalaha, fududaynta ganacsiga, iyo nabadda; labaad ee dakhliga qofkiiba; waana waddanka ugu musuqmaasuqa badan ilaa 2016. Si kastaba ha noqotee, Bhutan ayaa weli ah waddanka ugu horumarsan. Hydroelectricity waxay xisaabisaa saamiga ugu badan ee dhoofinta. Dawladdu waa dimuqraadiyad baarlamaani ah; Madaxa dawladda waa Boqorka Bhutan, oo loo yaqaan 'Dragon King'. Bhutan waxay xiriirka diblomaasiyadeed la leedahay 52 waddan iyo Midowga Yurub, laakiin xiriir toos ah kuma laha shan ka mid ah xubnaha joogtada ah ee Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay. Waa xubin ka mid ah Qaramada Midoobay, SAARC, BIMSTEC iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa aan ku haboonayn. Ciidammada Bhutan waxay ku sii jirayaan xiriir xooggan oo ciidamada militariga ah la leh ciidamada Hindiya. Bhutan sidoo kale waa la xusuusin karaa hormarinta fikradda farxada guud ee qaranka. [[File:ThimphuView.jpg|thumb|430px|left|Vista de Thimphu]] =Tixraac= {{reflist}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] [[Category:Aasiya]] {{commons|འབྲུག་ རྒྱལ་ཁབ་}} mglxk1kp867trpjsgqdki0i07vf41cs 307676 307675 2026-09-09T18:05:41Z Soalt 39618 sawar hagaajin 307676 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|27.417|90.435|region:BT|format=dms|display=title}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Boqortooyada Butaan | common_name = Bhutan | native_name = འབྲུག་རྒྱལ་ཁབ (Druk Gyal Khap) | image_flag = Flag of Bhutan.svg | image_coat = Emblem of Bhutan.svg | coa_size = 90 | symbol_type = Emblem | national_anthem = {{lang|dz|འབྲུག་ཙན་དན་}}<br />{{transliteration|dz|[[Druk Tsenden]]}}<br />"The Thunder Dragon Kingdom" <center> </center> | image_map = Bhutan (orthographic projection).svg | alt_map = | map_caption = | image_map2 = | alt_map2 = | capital = [[Thimphu]] | coordinates = {{Coord|27|28.0|N|89|38.5|E|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[Dzongkha]] | demonym = Bhutanese | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[semi-constitutional monarchy]] | leader_title1 = [[Druk Gyalpo]] | leader_name1 = [[Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck]] | leader_title2 = [[List of Prime Ministers of Bhutan|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Lotay Tshering]] | legislature = [[Parliament of Bhutan|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[National Council (Bhutan)|National Council]] | lower_house = [[National Assembly (Bhutan)|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of Bhutan|Formation]] | established_event1 = Unification of Bhutan | established_date1 = 1616–1634 | established_event2 = Period of [[Druk Desi|Desi administration]] | established_date2 = 1650–1905 | established_event3 = Start of the [[Wangchuck dynasty]] | established_date3 = 17 December 1907 | established_event5 = [[Bhutan–India relations#1949 treaty|Indo-Bhutan Treaty]] | established_date5 = 8 August 1949 | established_event6 = [[United Nations|UN membership]] | established_date6 = 21 September 1971 | established_event7 = [[Constitution of Bhutan|Constitutional monarchy]] | established_date7 = 18 July 2008 | area_km2 = 38,394 | area_rank = 133rd | area_sq_mi = 14,824 <!--38,394 km2--> | percent_water = 1.1 | population_estimate = {{UN_Population|Bhutan}}{{UN_Population|ref}} | population_estimate_rank = 165th | population_estimate_year = {{UN_Population|Year}} | population_density_km2 = 19.3<!--754388 / 38394--> | population_density_sq_mi = 53.0<!--754388 / 14824--> | population_density_rank = 162nd | population_census = 727,145<ref>{{cite web |title=Bhutan |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/Bhutan.html |website=City Population |access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-date=5 October 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031005003408/https://www.citypopulation.de/Bhutan.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | population_census_year = 2022 | GDP_PPP = $9.8 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web|url = https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/April/weo-report?c=514,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2021&ey=2023&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|title = Bhutan|publisher = International Monetary Fund|access-date = 30 September 2022|archive-date = 30 September 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220930062203/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/April/weo-report?c=514,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2021&ey=2023&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|url-status = live}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2022 | GDP_PPP_rank = 166th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $12,970<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 95th | GDP_nominal = $2.6 billion<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2022 | GDP_nominal_rank = 178th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $3,144<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 124th | Gini = 37.4 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2017 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url = http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title = Gini Index |publisher = World Bank |access-date = 22 September 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140608054636/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI |archive-date = 8 June 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.666 <!--number only, between 0 and 1--> | HDI_year = 2021 <!--Please use the year to which the HDI data refers and not the publication year--> | HDI_change = decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=8 September 2022|access-date=8 September 2022|archive-date=8 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908114232/http://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 127th | currency = [[Bhutanese ngultrum|Ngultrum]] (BTN)<br /> [[Indian rupee]] (₹) (INR) | currency_code = | time_zone = [[Bhutan Time|BTT]] | utc_offset = +06 | date_format = YYYY-MM-DD | drives_on = Left<ref>{{cite web |title=List of left- & right-driving countries |url=https://www.worldstandards.eu/cars/list-of-left-driving-countries/ |website=WorldStandards |access-date=16 November 2022 |archive-date=10 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110051742/https://www.worldstandards.eu/cars/list-of-left-driving-countries/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Bhutan|+975]] | cctld = [[.bt]] | footnote_a = The population of Bhutan had been estimated based on the reported figure of about 1 million in the 1970s when the country had joined the United Nations and precise statistics were lacking.<big><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/073f330f9a61c6b0c1256aca004f2ea8?OpenDocument |title = Treaty Bodies Database – Document – Summary Record – Bhutan |publisher = [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] (UNHCHR) |date = 5 June 2001 |access-date = 23 April 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090110224443/http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/073f330f9a61c6b0c1256aca004f2ea8?OpenDocument |archive-date = 10 January 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref></big> Thus, using the annual increase rate of 2–3%, the most population estimates were around 2 million in 2000. A national census was carried out in 2005 and it turned out that the population was 672,425. Consequently, [[United Nations Population Division]] reduced its estimation of the country's population in the 2006 revision<big><ref>{{cite web|url=http://esa.un.org/unpp |title=World Population Prospects |publisher=[[United Nations]] |year=2008 |access-date=4 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107202521/http://esa.un.org/unpp/ |archive-date=7 January 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref></big> for the whole period from 1950 to 2000. | religion = {{plainlist| * 84.3% [[Buddhism in Bhutan|Buddhism]] ([[State religion|official]]) * 11.3% [[Hinduism in Bhutan|Hinduism]] * 3.2% [[Bon in Bhutan|Bon]] * 0.7% [[Christianity in Bhutan|Christianity]] * 0.5% [[Religion in Bhutan|Other]] }} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref name="pew2010">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-tables.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213072625/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-tables.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Pew Research Center – Global Religious Landscape 2010 – religious composition by country|archive-date=13 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="arda2015">{{cite web |url=https://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_26_2.asp |title=Bhutan, Religion And Social Profile &#124; National Profiles &#124; International Data |website=Thearda.com |date= |access-date=2022-07-17 |archive-date=17 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717141512/https://www.thearda.com/internationalData/countries/Country_26_2.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> | today = }} '''Butaan''' ama '''Boqortooyada Butaan''' waa wadan [[Dhul xiran]] oo ku yaalo koonfurta [[Aasiya]] Bhutan (/ buːtɑːn /; འབྲུག་ ཡུལ་ Druk Yul), si rasmi ah Boqortooyada Bhutan (འབྲུག་ རྒྱལ་ཁཁབ་ Druk Gyal Khap), waa waddan baddan oo ku yaal Koonfurta Aasiya. Waxay ku taallaa dhinaca waqooyiga bari ee waqooyiga, gobolka Sikkim ee Hindiya iyo dooxada Chumbi ee [[Tibet]] ee galbeedka, gobolka Arunachal Pradesh ee bariga Hindiya, iyo dalalka Assam iyo West Bengal ee koonfurta. Bhutan waa joqraafi ahaan Koonfurta Aasiya waana gobolka labaad ee ugu tirada badan gobolka ka dib Maldives. Thimphu waa caasimadeeda iyo magaalada ugu weyn, halka Phuntsholing waa xarunta dhaqaalaha. Madax-bannaanida Bhutan waxay ku jirtey qarniyo badan, waligeedna weligeed laguma dhicin taariikhdeeda. Waxaa lagu soo bandhigay waddada Tibaaxda ee Waddada Tibet, Hindiya iyo Koonfur Bari ee Asia, gobolka Bhutanese waxay soo saareen aqoonsi qaran oo kala duwan oo ku salaysan Buddhism. Waxaa hoggaaminaya hoggaamiye ruuxi ah oo loo yaqaano "Zhabdrung Rinpoche", dhulku wuxuu ka kooban yahay fiefdoms badan oo lagu xukumo sida Buddhist fiqi ahaan. Ka dib dagaalkii sokeeye qarnigii 19aad, Golaha Wakiilku wuxuu dib u midoobey waddanka waxana uu xiriir la sameeyey Boqortooyada Ingiriiska. Bhutan waxay sii wadeen iskaashi istiraatiiji ah oo lala yeeshay Hindiya intii lagu jiray kor u kaca wada xaajoodka Shiinaha, waxaana xuduud la leh xuduudaha dalka China. Sannadkii 2008, waxay ka gudubtay Boqortooyadii buuxsantay Boqortooyada Dastuuriga ah waxayna qabatay doorashadii ugu horreysay ee Golaha Qaranka ee Bhutan. Golaha Qaranka ee Bhutan wuxuu ka mid yahay baarlamanka xorta ah ee dimoqraadiga Bhutanese. Muuqaalka dalka waxaa uu ka bilaabmaa bannaanka hoose ee dhulka hoostiisa ee koonfurta ilaa buuraha sare ee waqooyiga ee waqooyiga, halkaas oo ay ku jirto dusha sare ee 7,000 mitir (23,000 ft). Buuraha ugu sarreeya ee magaalada Bhutan waa Gangkhar Puensum, taas oo sidoo kale ah musharax adag oo loogu talagalay buurta ugu sarraysa aduunka oo dhan. Waxaa sidoo kale jira duur joogta kala duwan oo ku yaal Bhutan. Koonfurta Aasiya, Bhutan ayaa markii ugu horreysay ku jirta xorriyadda dhaqaalaha, fududaynta ganacsiga, iyo nabadda; labaad ee dakhliga qofkiiba; waana waddanka ugu musuqmaasuqa badan ilaa 2016. Si kastaba ha noqotee, Bhutan ayaa weli ah waddanka ugu horumarsan. Hydroelectricity waxay xisaabisaa saamiga ugu badan ee dhoofinta. Dawladdu waa dimuqraadiyad baarlamaani ah; Madaxa dawladda waa Boqorka Bhutan, oo loo yaqaan 'Dragon King'. Bhutan waxay xiriirka diblomaasiyadeed la leedahay 52 waddan iyo Midowga Yurub, laakiin xiriir toos ah kuma laha shan ka mid ah xubnaha joogtada ah ee Golaha Ammaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay. Waa xubin ka mid ah Qaramada Midoobay, SAARC, BIMSTEC iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa aan ku haboonayn. Ciidammada Bhutan waxay ku sii jirayaan xiriir xooggan oo ciidamada militariga ah la leh ciidamada Hindiya. Bhutan sidoo kale waa la xusuusin karaa hormarinta fikradda farxada guud ee qaranka. [[File:ThimphuView.jpg|thumb|430px|centre|Vista de Thimphu]] =Tixraac= {{reflist}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] [[Category:Aasiya]] {{commons|འབྲུག་ རྒྱལ་ཁབ་}} nzllmcp7o8npvcttvwwtyxu23yab58x 0 5383 307610 300568 2026-09-09T16:10:45Z Soalt 39618 template:Dalalka Afrika, xiriirida sixid 307610 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika | native_name = {{small|{{Name in various languages | name = {{nobold|''(luqadaha rasmiga ah)''}} | sg = {{lang|sg|Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka}} | fr = {{lang|fr|République centrafricaine}} }}}} | image_flag = Flag of the Central African Republic.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Central African Republic.svg | symbol_type = [[Astaan-gacmeedka Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika|Astaan-gacmeedka]] | coa_size = 105px | national_motto = {{plainlist| * {{Native phrase|sg|"Zo Kwe Zo"}} * "Dadka oo dhan waa dad" * {{Native phrase|fr|"Unité, Dignité, Travail"}} * "Midnimo, Sharaf, Shaqo" }} | national_anthem = {{plainlist| * {{Native phrase|sg|E Zingo|nolink=yes}} * {{Native phrase|fr|[[La Renaissance]]|nolink=no}} * "Kicita" }}{{center|[[File:La Renaissance (1960s recording).ogg]]}} | image_map = {{switcher|[[File:Central African Republic (centered orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Muuji wareegga dhulka|[[File:Location Central African Republic AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Muuji khariidadda Afrika|default=1}} | map_caption = | image_map2 = | capital = [[Bangui]] | coordinates = {{Coord|4|22|N|18|35|E|type:city}} | largest_city = caasimadda | official_languages = {{hlist|[[Luqadda Faransiiska|Faransiis]]|[[Luqadda Sango|Sango]] <small>(wada-rasmi ah)</small><ref name="Samarin 2000 301–334">{{cite book |last=Samarin |first=William J. |chapter=The Status of Sango in Fact and Fiction: On the One-Hundredth Anniversary of its Conception |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jSByTfudlIcC&pg=PA301 |editor-last=McWhorter |editor-first=John H. |editor-link=John McWhorter |title=Language Change and Language Contact in Pidgins and Creoles |publisher=John Benjamins |series=Creole language library |volume=21 |year=2000 |pages=301–334 |isbn=9789027252432}}</ref>}} | national_languages = {{hlist|[[Luqadda Sango|Sango]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{hlist|[[Baggara|Carabtii Baggara]]|[[Dadka Baka (Cameroon iyo Gabon)|Baka]]|[[Dadka Banda|Banda]]|[[Dadka Aka|Bayaka]]|[[Dadka Fula|Fula]]|[[Dadka Gula|Gula]]|[[Dadka Gbaya|Gbaya]]|[[Dadka Kara|Kara]]|[[Dadka Kresh|Kresh]]|[[Dadka Mbaka|Mbaka]]|[[Dadka Mandja|Mandja]]|[[Dadka Ngbandi|Ngbandi]]|[[Dadka Runga|Runga]]|[[Dadka Sara|Sara]]|[[Dadka Vidiri|Vidiri]]|[[Wodaabe]]|[[Dadka Yakoma|Yakoma]]|[[Dadka Yulu|Yulu]]| [[Dadka Kanuri|Kanuri]]|[[Dadka Zande|Zande]]|[[Astaamaha dadka ee Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika#Kooxaha qowmiyadeed|kuwa kale]]}} | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |73.2% [[Masiixiyad]] |13.9% [[Islaamka ka jira Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika|Islaam]] |12.0% [[Diimaha Dhaqanka ee Afrika|diimaha dhaqanka]] |0.9% [[Diimaha ka jira Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika|kuwa kale]] / [[Diin la'aan|midna]] }} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=44c#IRFDEMOG|title=National Profiles|website=www.thearda.com|access-date=1 March 2023|archive-date=1 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301181352/https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=44c#IRFDEMOG|url-status=live}}</ref> | demonym = [[Astaamaha dadka ee Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika|Reer Bartamaha Afrika]] | government_type = Midaysan [[Nidaamka madaxtooyada|jamhuuriyad madaxtooyo]] | leader_title1 = [[Liiska madaxda qaranka ee Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Faustin-Archange Touadéra]] | leader_title2 = [[Liiska madaxda xukuumadda ee Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika|Raiisel Wasaare]] | leader_name2 = [[Félix Moloua]] | leader_title3 = [[Liiska madaxda Golaha Qaranka ee Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika|Guddoomiyaha Golaha Qaranka]] | leader_name3 = [[Simplice Sarandji]] | legislature = [[Golaha Qaranka (Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika)|Golaha Qaranka]] | sovereignty_type = [[Madaxbannaanida]] | established_event1 = Jamhuuriyadda la aasaasay | established_date1 = 1 Diseembar 1958 | established_event2 = ka timid [[Faransiiska]] | established_date2 = 13 Agoosto 1960 | established_event3 = [[Boqortooyada Bartamaha Afrika]] la aasaasay | established_date3 = 4 Diseembar 1976 | established_event4 = [[Raleejayntii Bokassa I iyo Catherine|Raleejayntii Bokassa I]] | established_date4 = 4 Diseembar 1977 | established_event5 = [[Hawlgalkii Caban|Xilka ka tuuriddii Bokassa I iyo soo celintii jamhuuriyadda]] | established_date5 = 21 Sebteembar 1979 | area_km2 = 622,984 | area_rank = 44aad <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 240,534 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = | population_estimate = {{Decrease}} 5,513,282<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Central African Republic|access-date=22 June 2023|year=2023}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 121aad | population_density_km2 = 8.6 | population_density_sq_mi = 22 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 221aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $7.940 bilyan<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025: Edition (Central African Republic) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |publisher=[[Sanduuqa Lacagta Caalamiga ah]] October, 14 2025 |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 170aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $1,390<ref name="auto"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 190aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $3.710 bilyan<ref name="auto"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 182nd | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $650<ref name="auto"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 191aad | Gini = 43<!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2021 | Gini_change = hoos u dhac | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank Group |access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref> | HDI = 0.414 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = kor u kac <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|title=HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2025 A matter of choice People and possibilities in the age of AI|website=hdr.undp.org}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 191aad | currency = {{plainlist| * [[Faranka CFA ee Bartamaha Afrika]] (XAF) }} | time_zone = [[Wakhtiga Galbeedka Afrika|WAT]] | utc_offset = +01:00 | drives_on = midig<ref>[http://www.brianlucas.ca/roadside/ Which side of the road do they drive on?] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414073422/http://brianlucas.ca/roadside/ |date=14 April 2012}} Brian Lucas. August 2005. Retrieved 28 January 2009.</ref> | calling_code = [[+236]] | iso3166code = CF | cctld = [[.cf]] | ethinc_groups_year = | today = }} '''Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika''' ama '''{{lang|fr|Centrafrique}}'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/central_african_republic.htm|title=Central African Republic – CAR – Country Profile – Nations Online Project|website=www.nationsonline.org|access-date=28 October 2020|archive-date=5 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105231847/https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/central_african_republic.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (loo soo gaabiyay '''CAR''') waa dal ku dhex xidhan oo ku yaal [[Badhtamaha Afrika]]. Waxay xuduud la leedahay [[Jaad]] dhanka waqooyiga, [[Suudaan]] dhanka waqooyi-bari, [[Koonfurta Suudaan]] dhanka bari, [[Jamhuuriyada Dimuqaraadiga Kongo]] dhanka koonfurta, [[Jamhuuriyadda Kongo]] dhanka koonfur-galbeed, iyo [[Kamiruun]] dhanka galbeedka. Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika waxay ku fadhidaa dhul baaxaddiisu tahay qiyaastii {{convert|620000|km2|sqmi}}. Markay ahayd 2024, waxay lahayd dad tiradoodu tahay 5,357,744, oo ka kooban qiyaastii 80 kooxood oo [[Qowmiyadaha|qowmiyadeed]] ah.<ref>{{citation |last=Mudge |first=Lewis |title=World Report 2019: Rights Trends in Central African Republic |date=2018-12-11 |work= |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2019/country-chapters/central-african-republic |access-date=2024-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530235536/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2019/country-chapters/central-african-republic |archive-date=30 May 2019 |chapter=Central African Republic: Events of 2018}}</ref> Maadaama ay ahaan jirtay gumeysi Faransiis oo loogu magac daray Ubangi-Shari. [[Af-Faransiis]] waa luqadda kow oo rasmiga ah. Af Sango, oo luqad creole ah oo ku salaysan luqadda Ngbandi, ay tahay luqadda qaranka iyo tan labaad ee rasmiga ah.<ref name="Samarin 2000 301–334"/><ref name="profile">{{cite news |date=2011-04-20 |title=Central African Republic country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13150040 |access-date=2025-03-17 |publisher=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Caasimaddeeda iyo magaalada ugu weyn waa Bangui, oo ku taal xadka koonfureed ee ay la leedahay [[Jamhuuriyada Dimuqaraadiga Kongo]]. =Cimiladda= Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika badankeedu waxay ka kooban tahay [[savanna]] nooca Suudaan-Gini ah, laakiin dalku wuxuu sidoo kale leeyahay aag [[Sahel]]o-[[Savanna Bari ee Suudaan|Suudaan]] ah dhanka waqooyiga iyo [[Muuqaalka dhirta iyo savannada ee Kongo Waqooyi|aag kaymo dhul-baraha ah]] dhanka koonfurta. Labo meelood oo meel dalka ka mid ah waxay ku dhex jirtaa dooxada [[Webiga Ubangi]] (kaas oo ku shuba [[Webiga Kongo]]), halka saddex meelood oo meedka soo hartay ay ku taalo dooxada [[Webiga Jaari]], kaas oo ku shuba [[Hordada Jaad]]. =Taariiq= Waxa maanta loo yaqaan Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika waxaa la degganaa ugu yaraan tan iyo 8000 sanad [[Kalandarka Miilaadiga|miilaadiga ka hor]]. Xuduudaha dalka waxaa dejiyay Faransiiska, kaas oo bilaabay inuu qaybo ka mid ah ku daro [[Kongada Faransiiska]] dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad, sannadkii 1903-diina wuxuu aasaasay gumeysigii goonida ahaa ee [[Ubangi-Shari]], oo qayb ka ahaa [[Afrika weyn ee Faransiiska]]. Ka dib markii ay xorriyadda ka qaadatay Faransiiska 1960-kii, Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika waxaa xukumay hoggaamiyayaal taxane ah oo keligood taliyayaal ah, oo uu ku jiro [[Jean-Bedel Bokassa]] oo u beddelay magaca dalka [[Boqortooyada Bartamaha Afrika]] soona xukumay sidii boqor ka dhashay 1976 ilaa 1979.<ref name="Bokassa">[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/03/jean-bedel-bokassa-posthumous-pardon 'Cannibal' dictator Bokassa given posthumous pardon] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301025416/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/03/jean-bedel-bokassa-posthumous-pardon |date=1 March 2017}}. ''The Guardian''. 3 December 2010</ref> [[Dagaalkii Baadiyaha ee Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika]] wuxuu bilaamay 2004, in kasta oo heshiis nabadeed la galay 2007 iyo mid kale 2011, [[Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika|dagaalkii sokeeye wuxuu dib u bilowday]] 2012. Dagaalka sokeeye wuxuu sii xumeeyay taariikhda xun ee dalka ee [[Xuquuqda aadanaha ee Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika|xuquuqda aadanaha]], taasoo lagu garto xadgudubyo baahsan oo sii kordhaya oo ay geysanayaan kooxaha hubeysan ee kala duwan ee ka qeyb qaadanaya. =Dhaqaalaha= In kasta oo dalku leeyahay tiro aad u badan oo [[khayraadka dabiiciga ah]], sida kaydka [[yuraaniyamka]], [[shidaalka ceeriin]], [[dahab]], [[dheemman]], [[kobalt]], [[loox]], iyo [[tamarta biyaha]],<ref name=CIA/> iyo sidoo kale dhul beereed aad u baaxad weyn, Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika waxay ku jirtaa tobanka dal ee ugu saboolka ah dunida, iyadoo lahayd [[Waxsoosaarka Guud ee Gudaha|GDP]] per capita ee ugu hooseeya xagga awoodda wax-iibsiga (PPP) ee adduunka marka ay ahayd 2017.<ref name="IMF 2017">[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2017&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=55&pr1.y=9&c=512%2C946%2C914%2C137%2C612%2C546%2C614%2C962%2C311%2C674%2C213%2C676%2C911%2C548%2C193%2C556%2C122%2C678%2C912%2C181%2C313%2C867%2C419%2C682%2C513%2C684%2C316%2C273%2C913%2C868%2C124%2C921%2C339%2C948%2C638%2C943%2C514%2C686%2C218%2C688%2C963%2C518%2C616%2C728%2C223%2C836%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C359%2C960%2C453%2C423%2C968%2C935%2C922%2C128%2C714%2C611%2C862%2C321%2C135%2C243%2C716%2C248%2C456%2C469%2C722%2C253%2C942%2C642%2C718%2C643%2C724%2C939%2C576%2C644%2C936%2C819%2C961%2C172%2C813%2C132%2C726%2C646%2C199%2C648%2C733%2C915%2C184%2C134%2C524%2C652%2C361%2C174%2C362%2C328%2C364%2C258%2C732%2C656%2C366%2C654%2C734%2C336%2C144%2C263%2C146%2C268%2C463%2C532%2C528%2C944%2C923%2C176%2C738%2C534%2C578%2C536%2C537%2C429%2C742%2C433%2C866%2C178%2C369%2C436%2C744%2C136%2C186%2C343%2C925%2C158%2C869%2C439%2C746%2C916%2C926%2C664%2C466%2C826%2C112%2C542%2C111%2C967%2C298%2C443%2C927%2C917%2C846%2C544%2C299%2C941%2C582%2C446%2C474%2C666%2C754%2C668%2C698%2C672&s=PPPPC&grp=0&a= World Economic Outlook Database, January 2018] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503062812/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2017&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=55&pr1.y=9&c=512,946,914,137,612,546,614,962,311,674,213,676,911,548,193,556,122,678,912,181,313,867,419,682,513,684,316,273,913,868,124,921,339,948,638,943,514,686,218,688,963,518,616,728,223,836,516,558,918,138,748,196,618,278,624,692,522,694,622,142,156,449,626,564,628,565,228,283,924,853,233,288,632,293,636,566,634,964,238,182,662,359,960,453,423,968,935,922,128,714,611,862,321,135,243,716,248,456,469,722,253,942,642,718,643,724,939,576,644,936,819,961,172,813,132,726,646,199,648,733,915,184,134,524,652,361,174,362,328,364,258,732,656,366,654,734,336,144,263,146,268,463,532,528,944,923,176,738,534,578,536,537,429,742,433,866,178,369,436,744,136,186,343,925,158,869,439,746,916,926,664,466,826,112,542,111,967,298,443,927,917,846,544,299,941,582,446,474,666,754,668,698,672&s=PPPPC&grp=0&a= |date=3 May 2018}}, [http://www.imf.org/external/ns/cs.aspx?id=28 International Monetary Fund] {{webarchive |url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20060214005019/http://www.imf.org/external/ns/cs.aspx?id=28 |date=14 February 2006}}. Database updated on 12 April 2017. Accessed on 21 April 2017.</ref> Markay ahayd 2023, marka loo eego [[Tusmada Horumarinta Aadanaha]] (HDI), dalku wuxuu lahaa heerka saddexaad ee ugu hooseeya ee horumarinta aadanaha, isagoo ku jira kaalinta 191 ee 193 dal. Dalku wuxuu galay kaalinta labaad ee ugu hooseysa [[Tusmada Horumarinta Aadanaha ee la hagaajiyay sinnaan-la'aanta]] (IHDI), isagoo ku jira kaalinta 164-aad ee 165 dal.<ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdi_table.pdf|title=Human Development Index and its components|access-date=27 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915042654/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdi_table.pdf|archive-date=15 September 2018}}</ref> Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika waxaa sidoo kale lagu qiyaasaa inay tahay dalka ugu caafimaadka daran,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1188069/worlds-unhealthiest-countries/|title=These are the world's unhealthiest countries |date=25 September 2016|work=The Express Tribune|access-date=17 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801171519/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1188069/worlds-unhealthiest-countries/|archive-date=1 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> iyo sidoo kale dalka ugu xun ee dhalinyaradu ku noolaadaan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.trust.org/item/20161020230325-xtrrw/|title=Central African Republic worst country in the world for young people – study|author=<!-- not stated -->|website=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]|access-date=1 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805184326/http://news.trust.org/item/20161020230325-xtrrw|archive-date=5 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika waa xubin ka tirsan [[Qaramada Midoobay]], [[Midowga Afrika]], [[Beesha Dhaqaalaha ee Gobolka Bartamaha Afrika]], {{lang|fr|[[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]]|italic=no}} iyo [[Dhaqdhaqaaqa dhex-dhexaadka ah]]. == Asalka magaca == Magaca Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika wuxuu ka yimid goobta dhuleed ee uu dalku ku yaal ee gobolka dhexe ee Afrika iyo nooca dawladnimo ee jamhuuriyadda ah. Intii u dhaxeysay 1976 ilaa 1979, dalka waxaa loo yaqiinnay [[Boqortooyada Bartamaha Afrika]]. Xilligii gumeysiga, magaca dalku wuxuu ahaa [[Ubangi-Shari]] ({{langx|fr|Oubangui-Chari}}), magacaas oo laga keenay laba webi oo waaweyn iyo dariiqyada biyaha ee Bartamaha Afrika – [[Webiga Ubangi|Ubangi]] iyo [[Webiga Jaari|Jaari]]. [[Barthélemy Boganda]], oo ahaa [[Liiska madaxda xukuumadda ee Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika|ra'iisul wasaarihii]] ugu horreeyay ee dalka, ayaa doorbiday magaca "Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika" beddelkii Ubangi-Shari, waxaana la sheegay inay taasi ka dambeysay sababtoo ah wuxuu hiigsanayay [[Dawladaha Midayso ee Laatiinka Afrika|midnimo weyn oo ay yeeshaan waddamada]] ku yaal [[Bartamaha Afrika]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Palmer |first=Brian |date=9 March 2012 |title=Why Does the Central African Republic Have Such a Boring Name? |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2012/03/joseph-kony-video-why-does-central-african-republic-have-such-a-boring-name.html |website=Slate |access-date=2 May 2022 |archive-date=2 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502212254/https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2012/03/joseph-kony-video-why-does-central-african-republic-have-such-a-boring-name.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Wadamada Afrika]] h8jyqo1nqq6qg4ljiu0mr36owvflmg4 307611 307610 2026-09-09T16:13:42Z Soalt 39618 tixraacyo iyo Asalka magaca weyneynaaye 307611 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika | native_name = {{small|{{Name in various languages | name = {{nobold|''(luqadaha rasmiga ah)''}} | sg = {{lang|sg|Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka}} | fr = {{lang|fr|République centrafricaine}} }}}} | image_flag = Flag of the Central African Republic.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Central African Republic.svg | symbol_type = [[Astaan-gacmeedka Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika|Astaan-gacmeedka]] | coa_size = 105px | national_motto = {{plainlist| * {{Native phrase|sg|"Zo Kwe Zo"}} * "Dadka oo dhan waa dad" * {{Native phrase|fr|"Unité, Dignité, Travail"}} * "Midnimo, Sharaf, Shaqo" }} | national_anthem = {{plainlist| * {{Native phrase|sg|E Zingo|nolink=yes}} * {{Native phrase|fr|[[La Renaissance]]|nolink=no}} * "Kicita" }}{{center|[[File:La Renaissance (1960s recording).ogg]]}} | image_map = {{switcher|[[File:Central African Republic (centered orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Muuji wareegga dhulka|[[File:Location Central African Republic AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Muuji khariidadda Afrika|default=1}} | map_caption = | image_map2 = | capital = [[Bangui]] | coordinates = {{Coord|4|22|N|18|35|E|type:city}} | largest_city = caasimadda | official_languages = {{hlist|[[Luqadda Faransiiska|Faransiis]]|[[Luqadda Sango|Sango]] <small>(wada-rasmi ah)</small><ref name="Samarin 2000 301–334">{{cite book |last=Samarin |first=William J. |chapter=The Status of Sango in Fact and Fiction: On the One-Hundredth Anniversary of its Conception |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jSByTfudlIcC&pg=PA301 |editor-last=McWhorter |editor-first=John H. |editor-link=John McWhorter |title=Language Change and Language Contact in Pidgins and Creoles |publisher=John Benjamins |series=Creole language library |volume=21 |year=2000 |pages=301–334 |isbn=9789027252432}}</ref>}} | national_languages = {{hlist|[[Luqadda Sango|Sango]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{hlist|[[Baggara|Carabtii Baggara]]|[[Dadka Baka (Cameroon iyo Gabon)|Baka]]|[[Dadka Banda|Banda]]|[[Dadka Aka|Bayaka]]|[[Dadka Fula|Fula]]|[[Dadka Gula|Gula]]|[[Dadka Gbaya|Gbaya]]|[[Dadka Kara|Kara]]|[[Dadka Kresh|Kresh]]|[[Dadka Mbaka|Mbaka]]|[[Dadka Mandja|Mandja]]|[[Dadka Ngbandi|Ngbandi]]|[[Dadka Runga|Runga]]|[[Dadka Sara|Sara]]|[[Dadka Vidiri|Vidiri]]|[[Wodaabe]]|[[Dadka Yakoma|Yakoma]]|[[Dadka Yulu|Yulu]]| [[Dadka Kanuri|Kanuri]]|[[Dadka Zande|Zande]]|[[Astaamaha dadka ee Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika#Kooxaha qowmiyadeed|kuwa kale]]}} | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |73.2% [[Masiixiyad]] |13.9% [[Islaamka ka jira Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika|Islaam]] |12.0% [[Diimaha Dhaqanka ee Afrika|diimaha dhaqanka]] |0.9% [[Diimaha ka jira Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika|kuwa kale]] / [[Diin la'aan|midna]] }} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=44c#IRFDEMOG|title=National Profiles|website=www.thearda.com|access-date=1 March 2023|archive-date=1 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301181352/https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=44c#IRFDEMOG|url-status=live}}</ref> | demonym = [[Astaamaha dadka ee Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika|Reer Bartamaha Afrika]] | government_type = Midaysan [[Nidaamka madaxtooyada|jamhuuriyad madaxtooyo]] | leader_title1 = [[Liiska madaxda qaranka ee Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Faustin-Archange Touadéra]] | leader_title2 = [[Liiska madaxda xukuumadda ee Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika|Raiisel Wasaare]] | leader_name2 = [[Félix Moloua]] | leader_title3 = [[Liiska madaxda Golaha Qaranka ee Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika|Guddoomiyaha Golaha Qaranka]] | leader_name3 = [[Simplice Sarandji]] | legislature = [[Golaha Qaranka (Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika)|Golaha Qaranka]] | sovereignty_type = [[Madaxbannaanida]] | established_event1 = Jamhuuriyadda la aasaasay | established_date1 = 1 Diseembar 1958 | established_event2 = ka timid [[Faransiiska]] | established_date2 = 13 Agoosto 1960 | established_event3 = [[Boqortooyada Bartamaha Afrika]] la aasaasay | established_date3 = 4 Diseembar 1976 | established_event4 = [[Raleejayntii Bokassa I iyo Catherine|Raleejayntii Bokassa I]] | established_date4 = 4 Diseembar 1977 | established_event5 = [[Hawlgalkii Caban|Xilka ka tuuriddii Bokassa I iyo soo celintii jamhuuriyadda]] | established_date5 = 21 Sebteembar 1979 | area_km2 = 622,984 | area_rank = 44aad <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 240,534 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = | population_estimate = {{Decrease}} 5,513,282<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Central African Republic|access-date=22 June 2023|year=2023}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 121aad | population_density_km2 = 8.6 | population_density_sq_mi = 22 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 221aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $7.940 bilyan<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025: Edition (Central African Republic) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |publisher=[[Sanduuqa Lacagta Caalamiga ah]] October, 14 2025 |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 170aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $1,390<ref name="auto"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 190aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $3.710 bilyan<ref name="auto"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 182nd | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $650<ref name="auto"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 191aad | Gini = 43<!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2021 | Gini_change = hoos u dhac | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank Group |access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref> | HDI = 0.414 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = kor u kac <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|title=HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2025 A matter of choice People and possibilities in the age of AI|website=hdr.undp.org}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 191aad | currency = {{plainlist| * [[Faranka CFA ee Bartamaha Afrika]] (XAF) }} | time_zone = [[Wakhtiga Galbeedka Afrika|WAT]] | utc_offset = +01:00 | drives_on = midig<ref>[http://www.brianlucas.ca/roadside/ Which side of the road do they drive on?] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414073422/http://brianlucas.ca/roadside/ |date=14 April 2012}} Brian Lucas. August 2005. Retrieved 28 January 2009.</ref> | calling_code = [[+236]] | iso3166code = CF | cctld = [[.cf]] | ethinc_groups_year = | today = }} '''Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika''' ama '''{{lang|fr|Centrafrique}}'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/central_african_republic.htm|title=Central African Republic – CAR – Country Profile – Nations Online Project|website=www.nationsonline.org|access-date=28 October 2020|archive-date=5 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105231847/https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/central_african_republic.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (loo soo gaabiyay '''CAR''') waa dal ku dhex xidhan oo ku yaal [[Badhtamaha Afrika]]. Waxay xuduud la leedahay [[Jaad]] dhanka waqooyiga, [[Suudaan]] dhanka waqooyi-bari, [[Koonfurta Suudaan]] dhanka bari, [[Jamhuuriyada Dimuqaraadiga Kongo]] dhanka koonfurta, [[Jamhuuriyadda Kongo]] dhanka koonfur-galbeed, iyo [[Kamiruun]] dhanka galbeedka. Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika waxay ku fadhidaa dhul baaxaddiisu tahay qiyaastii {{convert|620000|km2|sqmi}}. Markay ahayd 2024, waxay lahayd dad tiradoodu tahay 5,357,744, oo ka kooban qiyaastii 80 kooxood oo [[Qowmiyadaha|qowmiyadeed]] ah.<ref>{{citation |last=Mudge |first=Lewis |title=World Report 2019: Rights Trends in Central African Republic |date=2018-12-11 |work= |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2019/country-chapters/central-african-republic |access-date=2024-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530235536/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2019/country-chapters/central-african-republic |archive-date=30 May 2019 |chapter=Central African Republic: Events of 2018}}</ref> Maadaama ay ahaan jirtay gumeysi Faransiis oo loogu magac daray Ubangi-Shari. [[Af-Faransiis]] waa luqadda kow oo rasmiga ah. Af Sango, oo luqad creole ah oo ku salaysan luqadda Ngbandi, ay tahay luqadda qaranka iyo tan labaad ee rasmiga ah.<ref name="Samarin 2000 301–334"/><ref name="profile">{{cite news |date=2011-04-20 |title=Central African Republic country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13150040 |access-date=2025-03-17 |publisher=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Caasimaddeeda iyo magaalada ugu weyn waa Bangui, oo ku taal xadka koonfureed ee ay la leedahay [[Jamhuuriyada Dimuqaraadiga Kongo]]. =Cimiladda= Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika badankeedu waxay ka kooban tahay [[savanna]] nooca Suudaan-Gini ah, laakiin dalku wuxuu sidoo kale leeyahay aag [[Sahel]]o-[[Savanna Bari ee Suudaan|Suudaan]] ah dhanka waqooyiga iyo [[Muuqaalka dhirta iyo savannada ee Kongo Waqooyi|aag kaymo dhul-baraha ah]] dhanka koonfurta. Labo meelood oo meel dalka ka mid ah waxay ku dhex jirtaa dooxada [[Webiga Ubangi]] (kaas oo ku shuba [[Webiga Kongo]]), halka saddex meelood oo meedka soo hartay ay ku taalo dooxada [[Webiga Jaari]], kaas oo ku shuba [[Hordada Jaad]]. =Taariiq= Waxa maanta loo yaqaan Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika waxaa la degganaa ugu yaraan tan iyo 8000 sanad [[Kalandarka Miilaadiga|miilaadiga ka hor]]. Xuduudaha dalka waxaa dejiyay Faransiiska, kaas oo bilaabay inuu qaybo ka mid ah ku daro [[Kongada Faransiiska]] dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad, sannadkii 1903-diina wuxuu aasaasay gumeysigii goonida ahaa ee [[Ubangi-Shari]], oo qayb ka ahaa [[Afrika weyn ee Faransiiska]]. Ka dib markii ay xorriyadda ka qaadatay Faransiiska 1960-kii, Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika waxaa xukumay hoggaamiyayaal taxane ah oo keligood taliyayaal ah, oo uu ku jiro [[Jean-Bedel Bokassa]] oo u beddelay magaca dalka [[Boqortooyada Bartamaha Afrika]] soona xukumay sidii boqor ka dhashay 1976 ilaa 1979.<ref name="Bokassa">[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/03/jean-bedel-bokassa-posthumous-pardon 'Cannibal' dictator Bokassa given posthumous pardon] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301025416/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/03/jean-bedel-bokassa-posthumous-pardon |date=1 March 2017}}. ''The Guardian''. 3 December 2010</ref> [[Dagaalkii Baadiyaha ee Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika]] wuxuu bilaamay 2004, in kasta oo heshiis nabadeed la galay 2007 iyo mid kale 2011, [[Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika|dagaalkii sokeeye wuxuu dib u bilowday]] 2012. Dagaalka sokeeye wuxuu sii xumeeyay taariikhda xun ee dalka ee [[Xuquuqda aadanaha ee Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika|xuquuqda aadanaha]], taasoo lagu garto xadgudubyo baahsan oo sii kordhaya oo ay geysanayaan kooxaha hubeysan ee kala duwan ee ka qeyb qaadanaya. =Dhaqaalaha= In kasta oo dalku leeyahay tiro aad u badan oo [[khayraadka dabiiciga ah]], sida kaydka [[yuraaniyamka]], [[shidaalka ceeriin]], [[dahab]], [[dheemman]], [[kobalt]], [[loox]], iyo [[tamarta biyaha]],<ref name=CIA/> iyo sidoo kale dhul beereed aad u baaxad weyn, Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika waxay ku jirtaa tobanka dal ee ugu saboolka ah dunida, iyadoo lahayd [[Waxsoosaarka Guud ee Gudaha|GDP]] per capita ee ugu hooseeya xagga awoodda wax-iibsiga (PPP) ee adduunka marka ay ahayd 2017.<ref name="IMF 2017">[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2017&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=55&pr1.y=9&c=512%2C946%2C914%2C137%2C612%2C546%2C614%2C962%2C311%2C674%2C213%2C676%2C911%2C548%2C193%2C556%2C122%2C678%2C912%2C181%2C313%2C867%2C419%2C682%2C513%2C684%2C316%2C273%2C913%2C868%2C124%2C921%2C339%2C948%2C638%2C943%2C514%2C686%2C218%2C688%2C963%2C518%2C616%2C728%2C223%2C836%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C359%2C960%2C453%2C423%2C968%2C935%2C922%2C128%2C714%2C611%2C862%2C321%2C135%2C243%2C716%2C248%2C456%2C469%2C722%2C253%2C942%2C642%2C718%2C643%2C724%2C939%2C576%2C644%2C936%2C819%2C961%2C172%2C813%2C132%2C726%2C646%2C199%2C648%2C733%2C915%2C184%2C134%2C524%2C652%2C361%2C174%2C362%2C328%2C364%2C258%2C732%2C656%2C366%2C654%2C734%2C336%2C144%2C263%2C146%2C268%2C463%2C532%2C528%2C944%2C923%2C176%2C738%2C534%2C578%2C536%2C537%2C429%2C742%2C433%2C866%2C178%2C369%2C436%2C744%2C136%2C186%2C343%2C925%2C158%2C869%2C439%2C746%2C916%2C926%2C664%2C466%2C826%2C112%2C542%2C111%2C967%2C298%2C443%2C927%2C917%2C846%2C544%2C299%2C941%2C582%2C446%2C474%2C666%2C754%2C668%2C698%2C672&s=PPPPC&grp=0&a= World Economic Outlook Database, January 2018] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503062812/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2017&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=55&pr1.y=9&c=512,946,914,137,612,546,614,962,311,674,213,676,911,548,193,556,122,678,912,181,313,867,419,682,513,684,316,273,913,868,124,921,339,948,638,943,514,686,218,688,963,518,616,728,223,836,516,558,918,138,748,196,618,278,624,692,522,694,622,142,156,449,626,564,628,565,228,283,924,853,233,288,632,293,636,566,634,964,238,182,662,359,960,453,423,968,935,922,128,714,611,862,321,135,243,716,248,456,469,722,253,942,642,718,643,724,939,576,644,936,819,961,172,813,132,726,646,199,648,733,915,184,134,524,652,361,174,362,328,364,258,732,656,366,654,734,336,144,263,146,268,463,532,528,944,923,176,738,534,578,536,537,429,742,433,866,178,369,436,744,136,186,343,925,158,869,439,746,916,926,664,466,826,112,542,111,967,298,443,927,917,846,544,299,941,582,446,474,666,754,668,698,672&s=PPPPC&grp=0&a= |date=3 May 2018}}, [http://www.imf.org/external/ns/cs.aspx?id=28 International Monetary Fund] {{webarchive |url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20060214005019/http://www.imf.org/external/ns/cs.aspx?id=28 |date=14 February 2006}}. Database updated on 12 April 2017. Accessed on 21 April 2017.</ref> Markay ahayd 2023, marka loo eego [[Tusmada Horumarinta Aadanaha]] (HDI), dalku wuxuu lahaa heerka saddexaad ee ugu hooseeya ee horumarinta aadanaha, isagoo ku jira kaalinta 191 ee 193 dal. Dalku wuxuu galay kaalinta labaad ee ugu hooseysa [[Tusmada Horumarinta Aadanaha ee la hagaajiyay sinnaan-la'aanta]] (IHDI), isagoo ku jira kaalinta 164-aad ee 165 dal.<ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdi_table.pdf|title=Human Development Index and its components|access-date=27 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915042654/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdi_table.pdf|archive-date=15 September 2018}}</ref> Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika waxaa sidoo kale lagu qiyaasaa inay tahay dalka ugu caafimaadka daran,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1188069/worlds-unhealthiest-countries/|title=These are the world's unhealthiest countries |date=25 September 2016|work=The Express Tribune|access-date=17 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801171519/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1188069/worlds-unhealthiest-countries/|archive-date=1 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> iyo sidoo kale dalka ugu xun ee dhalinyaradu ku noolaadaan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.trust.org/item/20161020230325-xtrrw/|title=Central African Republic worst country in the world for young people – study|author=<!-- not stated -->|website=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]|access-date=1 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805184326/http://news.trust.org/item/20161020230325-xtrrw|archive-date=5 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika waa xubin ka tirsan [[Qaramada Midoobay]], [[Midowga Afrika]], [[Beesha Dhaqaalaha ee Gobolka Bartamaha Afrika]], {{lang|fr|[[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]]|italic=no}} iyo [[Dhaqdhaqaaqa dhex-dhexaadka ah]]. =Asalka magaca= Magaca Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika wuxuu ka yimid goobta dhuleed ee uu dalku ku yaal ee gobolka dhexe ee Afrika iyo nooca dawladnimo ee jamhuuriyadda ah. Intii u dhaxeysay 1976 ilaa 1979, dalka waxaa loo yaqiinnay [[Boqortooyada Bartamaha Afrika]]. Xilligii gumeysiga, magaca dalku wuxuu ahaa [[Ubangi-Shari]] ({{langx|fr|Oubangui-Chari}}), magacaas oo laga keenay laba webi oo waaweyn iyo dariiqyada biyaha ee Bartamaha Afrika – [[Webiga Ubangi|Ubangi]] iyo [[Webiga Jaari|Jaari]]. [[Barthélemy Boganda]], oo ahaa [[Liiska madaxda xukuumadda ee Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika|ra'iisul wasaarihii]] ugu horreeyay ee dalka, ayaa doorbiday magaca "Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika" beddelkii Ubangi-Shari, waxaana la sheegay inay taasi ka dambeysay sababtoo ah wuxuu hiigsanayay [[Dawladaha Midayso ee Laatiinka Afrika|midnimo weyn oo ay yeeshaan waddamada]] ku yaal [[Bartamaha Afrika]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Palmer |first=Brian |date=9 March 2012 |title=Why Does the Central African Republic Have Such a Boring Name? |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2012/03/joseph-kony-video-why-does-central-african-republic-have-such-a-boring-name.html |website=Slate |access-date=2 May 2022 |archive-date=2 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502212254/https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2012/03/joseph-kony-video-why-does-central-african-republic-have-such-a-boring-name.html |url-status=live }}</ref> =Tixraacyo= {{Reflist}} {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Wadamada Afrika]] 61ximymnh0r80cshza0j3a9tdcqtxpz 0 5396 307693 294975 2026-09-09T19:13:25Z Soalt 39618 Category:Wadamada Aasiya 307693 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = {{nowrap|Jamhuuriyadda Qasaagstaan}} | common_name = Qasaagstaan | native_name = {{unbulleted list |{{native name|kk|{{lower|0.2em|Қазақстан Республикасы&nbsp;}}|italics=off}}<br />''{{small|Qazaqstan Respýblıkasy}}'' |{{native name|ru|{{lower|0.2em|Республика Казахстан&nbsp;}}|italics=off}}<br />''{{small|Respublika Kazakhstan}}'' }} | image_flag = Flag of Kazakhstan.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Kazakhstan.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = | national_anthem = [[Meniń Qazaqstanym|Менің Қазақстаным]]<br />{{transl|kk|Meniń Qazaqstanym}}<br />{{small|"My Kazakhstan"}}<br /><center>[[File:National anthem of Kazakhstan, performed by the United States Navy Band.wav]]</center> | image_map = Kazakhstan (orthographic projection).svg | map_caption = {{map caption |location_color= green}} | capital = [[Nur-Sultan]] | coordinates = {{Coord|51|10|N|71|26|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Almaty]] | official_languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] {{small|(official state language)}} |[[Russian language|Russian]]{{small| (used as official)<ref>[http://adilet.zan.kz/eng/docs/K950001000_ "Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan"]. zan.kz.</ref>}}}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 66.48% [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] | 20.61% [[Russians in Kazakhstan|Russian]] | 12.91% others }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2016<ref name="KZ2016">{{cite web |url=http://stat.gov.kz/getImg?id=ESTAT118979 |title=Численность населения Республики Казахстан по отдельным этносам на начало 2016 года |date= |accessdate=2017-05-24 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014084023/http://stat.gov.kz/getImg?id=ESTAT118979 |archivedate=14 October 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> | demonym = [[Kazakhstani (disambiguation)|Kazakhstani]]{{efn|Kazakhstani includes all citizens, in contrast to Kazakh, which is the demonym for ethnic [[Kazakhs]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Schneider|first1=Johann F.|last2=Larsen|first2=Knud S.|last3=Krumov|first3=Krum|last4=Vazow|first4=Grigorii|title=Advances in International Psychology: Research Approaches and Personal Dispositions, Socialization Processes and Organizational Behavior|date=2013|publisher=Kassel university press GmbH|isbn=978-3-86219-454-4|page=164|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=p_TauaCvBdUC|language=en|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227164424/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=p_TauaCvBdUC|archivedate=27 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref>}}<ref name="CIA">[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/kz.html Kazakhstan] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/kz.html |date=20181226010136 }} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030062537/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/kz.html |date=30 October 2017 }}. ''CIA World Factbook''.</ref> | government_type = [[Jamhuuriya|Jamhuuriyadda]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[midayanka]] | leader_title1 = [[Madaxweynaha Kazakhstan|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Qaasim-Jomaart Tooqayeef]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Kazakhstan|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Askar Manin]] | legislature = [[Parliament of Kazakhstan|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[Senate of Kazakhstan|Senate]] | lower_house = [[Mazhilis]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of Kazakhstan|Formation]] | established_event1 = [[Kazakh Khanate]] | established_date1 = 1465 | established_event2 = [[Calaash Autonomy]] | established_date2 = 13 December 1917 | established_event3 = [[Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1920–25)|Kirghiz ASSR]] | established_date3 = 26 August 1920 | established_event4 = [[Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic|Kazak ASSR]] | established_date4 = {{nowrap|19 June 1925}} | established_event5 = [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic|Kazakh SSR]] | established_date5 = 5 December 1936 | established_event6 = Declared Sovereignty | established_date6 = 25 October 1990 | established_event7 = Reconstituted as the Republic of Kazakhstan | established_date7 = 10 December 1991 | established_event8 = Declared Independence from the [[Midowga Sofiyet|MJHS]] | established_date8 = 16 December 1991 | established_event9 = [[Alma-Ata Protocol|CIS Accession]] | established_date9 = 21 December 1991 | established_event10 = [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|Recognized]] | established_date10 = {{nowrap|26 December 1991}} | established_event11 = [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 732|Admitted to the]] [[United Nations]] | established_date11 = 2 March 1992 | established_event12 = {{nowrap|[[Constitution of Kazakhstan|Current constitution]]}} | established_date12 = 30 August 1995 | area_km2 = 2,724,900 | area_rank = 9th | area_sq_mi = 1,052,085 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 1.7 | population_estimate = {{UN Population|Kazakhstan}}{{UN Population|ref}} | population_estimate_year = {{UN Population|Year}} | population_estimate_rank = 64th | population_density_km2 = 6.49 | population_density_sq_mi = 16.82 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 227th | GDP_PPP = $497 billion<ref name=IMF>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=35&pr.y=2&sy=2015&ey=2022&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=916&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Kazakhstan |publisher=International Monetary Fund |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227164424/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=35&pr.y=2&sy=2015&ey=2022&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=916&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |archivedate=27 February 2018 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2018 | GDP_PPP_rank = 42nd | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $26,929<ref name=IMF /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 53rd | GDP_nominal = $170 billion<ref name=IMF /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2018 | GDP_nominal_rank = 50th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $9,224<ref name=IMF /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 54th | Gini = 26.4 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2013 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name=WB1>{{cite web |url= http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI |title= Gini index |publisher= [[World Bank]] |accessdate= 21 November 2015 |deadurl= no |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20150209003326/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI |archivedate= 9 February 2015 |df= dmy-all }}</ref> | HDI = 0.788 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2014<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr_2015_statistical_annex.pdf |title=2015 Human Development Report |year=2015 |accessdate=14 December 2015 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319110553/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr_2015_statistical_annex.pdf |archivedate=19 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> | HDI_rank = 56th | currency = [[Kazakhstani tenge|Tenge]] (₸) | currency_code = KZT | time_zone = [[Time in Kazakhstan|West{{\}}East]] | utc_offset = [[UTC+05:00|+5]]{{\}}[[UTC+06:00|+6]] | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | drives_on = right | calling_code = +7-6xx, +7-7xx | cctld = {{unbulleted list |[[.kz]] |[[.қаз]]}} | area_magnitude = 1 E12 | country_code = KAZ }} '''Kazakhstan''': si rasmi ah Jamhuuriyadda Qasaagstaan (Kazakh: Қазақстан Ҷумҳурии, translation. Qazaqstan Jamhuuriyadda Afqanistaan, Republic of Kazakhstan, waa waddanka ugu ballaaran adduunka, iyo sagaalaadkii ugu weynaa adduunka, oo leh qiyaastii 2,724,900 oo kilomitir (1,052,100 sq mi). Kazakhstan waa waddanka ugu weyn ee Dhexe Aasiya dhaqaale ahaan, taasoo dhalinaysa 60% GDP-ga gobolka, ugu horrayn iyada oo loo marayo warshad saliideed / gaas ah. Waxa kale oo uu leeyahay khayraadka macdanta oo ballaaran. Kazakhstan waxay si rasmi ah u aheyd dimuqraadiyad, cilmaani, jaamacadeed, dastuuri ah oo leh dhaqamo kala duwan. Kazakhstan waxay xuduudaha la wadaagtaa Ruushka, Shiinaha, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, iyo Turkiga, iyo sidoo kale qayb weyn oo ka mid ah badda Caspian. Goobta gawaarida waxaa ka mid ah dhulal-dhuleed, steppe, taiga, canyons dhagax, buuraha, deltas, buuraha barafka lagu daboolo, iyo lamadegaanka. Kazakhstan waxaa lagu qiyaasay 18 milyan oo qof sida 2014. Marka la eego dhulkeeda ballaadhan, cufnaanta dadweynaha waxay ka mid tahay kuwa ugu hooseeya, iyada oo in ka yar 6 qof halkii kilomitir oo isku wareeg ah (15 qof halkii sq). Caasimaddu waa Astana, halkaasoo laga soo qaaday 1997 oo ka timid magaalada Alaska ee magaalada ugu weyn. Xuduudda Giriiggu waxay taariikh ahaan ku nool yihiin reer miyiga Turkiga kuwaas oo raadinaya awoowo ay u lahaayeen waddammo badan oo Turkiga ah sida Turkic Khaganate iwm. Qarnigii 13aad, dhulku wuxuu ku biiray Boqortooyada Midowday ee ku taal Genghis Khan. Qarnigii 16aad, Kazakhstan waxay u muuqatay koox gooni ah, oo loo qaybiyay seddex moos (laanta aabaha ee ku yaal dhulal gaar ah). Ruushka waxay bilaabeen in ay ka hor tagaan bartamaha Kazakhstan 18-aad, iyo qarniyadii 19-aad, waxay si toos ah u xukumeen dhammaan gawaarida oo qayb ka ah Boqortooyada Ruushka. Ka dib 1917 Ruushka Ruushka, iyo dagaalkii sokeeye ee xigay, dhul-beereedka waxaa la sameeyay dhowr jeer. Sanadkii 1936-kii, waxaa loo doortay Jamhuuriyadda Soofiyeeti ee Soofiyeeti, qayb ka mid ah Midowga Soofiyeeti. '''Kasakhstan''' ama '''jamhuuriyadda kaskhastan''' waa wadan ween oo [[Dhax kujir]] ah, waa wadanka 9aad oo ugu ween aduunka.kasakhstan waxee ku taalaa galbeedka [[Aasiya]]. == Tixraacyo == <references group="lower-alpha"/> {{Reflist}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} [[Category:Aasiya]] [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] tpavponl0vzrb9k0yit8f4fslm8yb7j 0 5397 307694 294972 2026-09-09T19:14:00Z Soalt 39618 Category:Wadamada Aasiya iyo tixraac 307694 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | coordinates = {{Coord|42|52|N|74|36|E|type:city}} | languages_type = [[Official language]]s<ref>{{cite web |title=Constitution |publisher=[[Government of Kyrgyz Republic]] |quote=<br/>Article 5<br/>1. The state language of the Kyrgyz Republic shall be the Kyrgyz language.<br/>2. In the Kyrgyz Republic, the Russian language shall be used in the capacity of an official language.}}</ref> | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriya Qargiska | native_name = {{native name|ky|Кыргыз Республикасы|italics=off}}<br/>{{native name|ru|Республика Кыргызстан|italics=off}} | image_flag = Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg | image_coat = Emblem of Kyrgyzstan.svg | common_name = Kyrgyzstan | symbol_type = Emblem | national_anthem = <br/>Кыргыз Республикасынын Мамлекеттик Гимни <br>''[[National Anthem of the Kyrgyz Republic|Kyrgyz Respublikasının Mamlekettik Gimni]]''<br/>{{small|''National Anthem of the Kyrgyz Republic''}}<br/><center>[[File:National Anthem of Kyrgyzstan.ogg]]</center> | image_map = Kyrgyzstan (orthographic projection).svg | map_caption = {{map caption |location_color= green}} | capital = [[Bishkek]] | largest_city = capital | languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]] {{small|(national and official)}} |[[Russian language|Russian]] {{small|(official)}}}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 73.0% [[Kyrgyzs|Kyrgyz]]<ref name=number/> | 14.6% [[Uzbeks|Uzbek]] | 6.0% [[Russians|Russian]] | 6.4% others }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2016 | demonym = Kyrgyzstani<ref name="factbook">[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/kg.html Kyrgysztan] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/kg.html |date=20151127011116 }} in the CIA [[World Factbook]].</ref> | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Kyrgyzstan|President]] | leader_name1 = {{nowrap|[[Sooronbay Jeenbekov]]}} | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Muhammetkaliy Abulgaziyev]] | legislature = [[Supreme Council (Kyrgyzstan)|Supreme Council]] | established_event1 = [[Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast|Kara-Kirghiz AO]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)|Independence]] {{nobold|from the [[Soviet Union]]}} | established_event2 = [[Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic|Kirghiz SSR]] | established_date1 = 14 October 1924 | established_event3 = Independence declared | established_date2 = 5 December 1936 | established_event5 = Recognized | established_date3 = 31 August 1991 | established_date5 = 25 December 1991 | established_event4 = [[Alma-Ata Protocol|CIS full membership]] | established_date4 = 21 December 1991 | established_event6 = [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 736|Admitted to the]] [[United Nations]] | established_date6 = 2 March 1992 | established_event7 = [[Constitution of Kyrgyzstan|Current constitution]] | established_date7 = 27 June 2010 | area_km2 = 199,951 | area_rank = 85th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]]--> | area_sq_mi = 77,181 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 3.6 | population_estimate = 6,019,480<ref name=number>{{cite web | url=http://www.stat.kg/ru/opendata/category/312/| title=Национальный состав населения (оценка на начало года, человек) | publisher=stat.kg}}</ref> | population_census = 5,362,800 | population_estimate_year = 2016 | population_estimate_rank = 110th | population_census_year = 2009 | population_density_km2 = 27.4 | population_density_rank = 176th | population_density_sq_mi = 71 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | GDP_PPP = $22.639 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=56&pr.y=17&sy=2015&ey=2022&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=917&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title= Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |work = World Economic Outlook Database |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2017 | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $3,653<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = $7.061 billion<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2017 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $1,139<ref name=imf2/> | Gini = 27.4 | Gini_year = 2012 | Gini_ref = <ref name=WB1>{{cite web |url= http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI |title= Gini index |publisher=[[World Bank]] |accessdate= 12 May 2016}}</ref> | HDI = 0.664 <!--number only, between 0 and 1--> | HDI_year = 2016 <!--Please use the year to which the HDI data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url= http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2016|date=2017|quote=Table 1: Human Development Index and its components|publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> | HDI_rank = 120th | currency = [[Kyrgyzstani som|Som]] | currency_code = KGS | time_zone = [[Kyrgyzstan Time|KGT]] | utc_offset = +6 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[+996]] | iso3166code = KG | cctld = [[.kg]] | religion = [[Islam]], [[Christianity]] (<small>[[Russian Orthodox Church|Russian Orthodoxy]])</small> | area_magnitude = 1 E11 }} '''Qargistan''' (Кыргызстан) [[Rush]] ahaan, Waa dal ku yaala Eshiyada dhaxe waxa ay xad la leedahay [[shiinaha]], [[Tajakistan]],[[uzbakistan]] iyo [[Qasagistan]], Magaala madaxdeedu waa Bashkik. [[1991]] waxa ay ka xuroowday Midowgii soofiyeet. Ruush: Kirgiziya [kʲɪrɡʲizʲɪjə] ama Kyrgyzstan [kɨrɡɨstan] Kiriqiyaanka Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Waxaa ka xayiray Kazakhstan, waqooyiga, Uzbekistan, dhanka galbeed iyo koonfur galbeed, dalka koonfur galbeed iyo Shiinaha oo ku yaalla bariga, magaaladeeda iyo magaalada ugu weyn waa Bishkek. Taariikhda diiwaangalinta ee Kyrgyzstan ayaa ku jirta 2,000 oo sanno, waxa ku jira dhaqanno kala duwan iyo boqortooyooyin. Inkastoo juquraafi ahaan ay go'doomiyeen dhulalkoodii aadka u sarreeyay, taas oo gacan ka gaysatay ilaalinta dhaqankeedii qadiimiga ahayd, Kyrgyzstan waxay ku jirtay isbeddelada dhowr quraan oo waaweyn oo qayb ka ah waddooyinka Waddooyinka iyo jidadka kale ee ganacsiga iyo dhaqanka. In kasta oo ay muddo dheer ku nooleyd qabaa'il madaxbannaan iyo qabaa'illimo, haddana Kyrgyzstan ayaa si ku-meel-gaar ah u dhacday xukunka shisheeye isla markaana ay u dhalatay dawlad qaran-dawlad kaliya ka dib burburkii Midowga Soofiyeedka 1991-kii. Tan iyo markii madax-bannaanida, Kyrgyzstan waxay si rasmi ah u ahaan jirtey jamhuuriyad baarlamaan oo midaysan, inkastoo ay sii wado in ay adkeyso isku dhacyada qowmiyadda, kacdoonka, dhibaatooyinka dhaqaale, Kyrgyzstan waa xubin ka mid ah Dawlada Federaalka Ku-Meel Gaarka ah, Ururka Midowga Yurub, Ururka Iskaashiga Amniga Wadajirka, Ururka iskaashiga Shiinaha, Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka, Golaha Turkiga, Beesha Türksoy iyo Qaramada Midoobay. Qowmiyadaha qowmiyadaha kala duwan ee reer galbeedka waxay ka kooban yihiin 6 milyan oo qof. Giriiggu wuxuu aad ugu dhow yahay luuqadaha kale ee Turkiga, inkastoo Ruushku uu si ballaaran u hadlay oo uu yahay luqad rasmi ah, oo ah dhaxal qarnigii Ruushka ah. Inta badan dadka ayaa ah muslimiin aan diin ku lahayn. Marka laga soo tago asalkiisa Turkiga, dhaqanka Kiristaanka wuxuu ka kooban yahay qaybo ka mid ah saamiga Farsiga, Mongolian, iyo Ruushka. ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} [[Category:Aasiya]] [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] t77v8brdr8jz57lefba0ays50kkn5pd 0 5399 307697 278264 2026-09-09T19:17:35Z Soalt 39618 Category:Wadamada Aasiya 307697 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqradiga Shacabka Laoka |common_name = Laos |native_name = {{unbulleted list |{{nobold|{{lang|lo|ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວ}}}} ([[Lao language|Lao]]) |{{small|''Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao''}}<br />{{lang|fr|République démocratique populaire lao}} ([[French language|French]])}} |image_flag = Flag of Laos.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Laos.svg |symbol_type = Emblem |national_motto = {{lang|lo|ສັນຕິພາບ ເອກະລາດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ເອກະພາບ ວັດທະນາຖາວອນ}}<br />{{small|({{lang-en|"Nabad, independence, dimuqradiya, midnimo iyo prosperity"}})}} |national_anthem = "[[Pheng Xat Lao]]"<br />{{small|({{lang-en|"Lao National Anthem"}})}}<br /><center>[[File:National Anthem of Laos.ogg]]</center> |image_map = Location Laos ASEAN.svg |map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=green |region=[[ASEAN]] |region_color=dark grey |legend=Location Laos ASEAN.svg}} |capital = [[Fiyeentiyaan]] |coordinates = {{Coord|17|58|N|102|36|E|type:city}} |largest_city = capital |official_languages = [[Lao language|Lao]] |recognised_languages = [[French language|French]]<ref>http://www.studycountry.com/guide/LA-language.htm</ref> |languages_type = Spoken languages |languages = {{hlist|[[Lao language|Lao]]|[[Hmong language|Hmong]]|[[Khmu language|Khmu]]|[[French language|French]]}} |ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 53.2% [[Lao people|Lao]] | 11% [[Khmu people|Khmu]] | 9.2% [[Hmong people|Hmong]] | 3.4% Phouthay | 3.1% [[Tai people|Tai]] | 2.5% Makong | 2.2% [[Katang people|Katang]] | 2.0% [[Lu people|Lue]] | 1.8% [[Akha people|Akha]] | 11.6% other<sup>a</sup> }} |ethnic_groups_year = 2005<ref name="cia.gov"/> |demonym = Laotian <br />[[Lao people|Lao]] |government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] [[One-party state|one-party]] [[socialist state|socialist]] [[republic]] |leader_title1 = [[General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party|Party General Secretary]] |leader_name1 = [[Bounnhang Vorachith]] |leader_title2 = [[Madaxweynaha Laos|Madaxweyne]] |leader_name2 = [[Bounnhang Vorachith]] |leader_title3 = [[Madaxweyne ku xigeenaha Laos|Vice President]] |leader_name3 = [[Phankham Viphavanh]] |leader_title4 = [[Prime Minister of Laos|Prime Minister]] |leader_name4 = [[Thongloun Sisoulith]] |leader_title5 = [[President of the National Assembly of Laos|President of the National Assembly]] |leader_name5 = [[Pany Yathotou]] |legislature = [[National Assembly (Laos)|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of Laos|Formation]] | established_event1 = [[Lan Xang|Kingdom of Lan Xang]] | established_date1 = 1354–1707 | established_event2 = Fall of Lan Xang, [[Kingdom of Luang Phrabang]], [[Kingdom of Vientiane]], [[Kingdom of Champasak]] and [[Muang Phuan|Principality of Phuan]] | established_date2 = 1707–1778 | established_event3 = Vassal of [[Thonburi Kingdom|Thonburi]] and [[Rattanakosin Kingdom|Siam]] | established_date3 = 1778–1893 | established_event4 = [[Chao Anu Rebellion|War of Succession]] | established_date4 = 1826–1828 | established_event5 = [[French Indochina]] | established_date5 = 1893–1949 | established_event6 = Independence {{nobold|from [[France]]}} | established_date6 = 19 July 1949 | established_event7 = Declared Independence | established_date7 = 22 October 1953 |established_event8 = [[Laotian civil war]] | established_date8 = 9 November 1953 – 2 December 1975 |established_event9 = [[List of monarchs of Laos|Lao Monarchy]] abolished |established_date9 = 2 December 1975 |established_event10 = [[Constitution of Laos|Current constitution]] |established_date10 = 14 August 1991 |established_event11 = [[ASEAN Declaration]] |established_date11 = 23 July 1997 |area_km2 = 237,955 |area_rank = 82nd <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]]--> |area_sq_mi = 91,428.991 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |percent_water = 2 |population_estimate = {{UN_Population|Lao People's Democratic Republic}}{{UN_Population|ref}} |population_census = 7,096,376 6,492,228<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/laos.aspx |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-11-20 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113204058/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/laos.aspx |archivedate=13 November 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> |population_estimate_year = {{UN_Population|Year}} |population_estimate_rank = 104th |population_census_year = 2015 |population_density_km2 = 26.7 |population_density_sq_mi = <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = 177th |GDP_PPP = $53.752 billion<ref name="IMF database 2018">{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2017&ey=2019&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=36&pr1.y=7&c=544&s=NGDP_RPCH%2CNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2018, Laos |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |date=April 2018 |accessdate=28 April 2018 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> <!--Do not edit!--> |GDP_PPP_year = 2018 |GDP_PPP_rank = |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $7,932<ref name="IMF database 2018" /> <!--Do not edit!--> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = |GDP_nominal = $18.337 billion<ref name="IMF database 2018" /> <!--Do not edit!--> |GDP_nominal_year = 2018 |GDP_nominal_rank = |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $2,706<ref name="IMF database 2018" /> <!--Do not edit!--> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = |Gini = 36.7 <!--number only--> |Gini_year = 2008 |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/staedy--> |Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url = http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher = World Bank |accessdate = 2 March 2011}}</ref> |Gini_rank = |HDI = 0.586 <!--number only--> |HDI_year = 2015 <!--Please use the year in which the HDI data refers to and not the publication year--> |HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url = http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title = 2016 Human Development Report |date=2016 |accessdate = 21 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> |HDI_rank = 138th |currency = [[Lao kip|Kip]] (₭) |currency_code = LAK |time_zone = [[UTC+07:00|ICT]] |utc_offset = |utc_offset_DST = |time_zone_DST = |date_format = dd/mm/yyyy |drives_on = right |calling_code = [[+856]] |iso3166code = LA |cctld = [[.la]] |footnote_a = Including [[List of ethnic groups in Laos|over 100 smaller ethnic groups]]. |religion = [[Buddhism in Laos|Buddhism]] 64.7%<br> [[Laotian folk religion]] 31.4%<br> [[Christianity in Laos|Christianity]] 1.7%<br> [[Islam]] 0.8%<br> Other 1.3% |area_magnitude = 1 E11 }} Laos (lɑːoʊs / (ku saabsan codkani waa dhagaystaa), [8] / laʊs, lɑːɒs, leɪɒs /; [9] [10] Lao: ລາວ, Lao: láːw], Lāo; Muwaadiniinta Dimoqraadiga ah (Lao: ເມືອງ ລາວ, Muang Lao), waa waddan baddan oo ku yaal wadnaha jasiiradda Indochina ee gobolka Woqooyi Bari ee Koonfur-bari, waxaa xuduud u leh Myanmar (Burma) iyo Shiinaha oo waqooyi-galbeed, Vietnam ilaa bari, Cambodia ilaa koonfur-galbeed, iyo Thailand ilaa galbeed iyo koonfur-galbeed [11] Liibaaniya maanta ayaa raadineysa aqoonsigeeda taariikheed iyo dhaqameed ee boqortooyada Lan Xang Homo Khao (Boqortooyada Milyan Elephants ee ku jirta White Parasol), taas oo jirtay afar qarniyadood oo ka mid ah boqortooyooyinkii ugu ballaadhnaa ee Koonfur Bari Asia. Maaddaama Lan Xang uu ku yaalo bartamaha jamhuuriyada Aasiya, boqortooyadu waxa ay awood u yeelatay in ay noqoto xarun caan ah oo ganacsi miyir-beel ah, oo dhaqaale ahaan iyo dhaqan ahaanba hodan ku ahaado. [12] Ka dib markii muddo colaado ah, Lan Xang wuxuu u gooyey saddex boqortooyo kala duwan - Luang Phrabang, Vientiane iyo Champasak. Sanadkii 1893, waxa uu noqday ilaaliye Faransiis, iyada oo saddexda dhuleed ay midoobeen si ay u sameeyaan waxa haatan loo yaqaano waddanka Laos. Waxay si kooban u heshay xorriyaddii 1945 ka dib markii ay shaqeynaysay Japan, laakiin waxaa laga codsaday Faransiiska ilaa ay ku guuleysteen madaxbannaanidii 1949-kii. Laos waxay madaxbannaanayd 1953-dii, iyada oo xukunka dastuuriga ah ee hoos yimaada Sisavang Vong. Muddo yar ka dib xorriyadda ka dib, dagaallo sokeeye oo dhaadheer ayaa soo afjarey xukunkii, markii dhaqdhaqaaqa Communist-ka Xisbigu u yimid awoodda 1975-kii. Sanadihii ugu horreeyay ee xukunka Communist, Laos wuxuu ku tiirsanaa kaalmo milatari iyo mid dhaqaale oo ay taageerto Midowga Soofiyeeti illaa iyo intii ay burburtay 1991 . [[File:Laos map of Köppen climate classification.svg|thumb|Laos map of Köppen climate classification]] [[File:Mekong River (Luang Prabang).jpg|thumb|[[Mekong River]] flowing through [[Luang Prabang]] ]] [[File:Laos ricefields.JPG|thumb|[[Paddy fields]] in Laos]] [[File:Pha That Luang, Vientiane, Laos.jpg|thumb|[[Pha That Luang]] in [[Vientiane]] is the national symbol of Laos.]] [[File:Laos - Division territòriala vèrs 1750.png|thumb|Division territòriala d'Indochina vèrs 1750.]] [[File:Laos - Reiaume de Lan Xang.png|thumb|right|[[Lan Xang]] e l'Asia dau Sud-Èst en [[1400]].]] {| style="float:left;" | {| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:90%;" |- style="font-size:100%; text-align:right;" ! scope="col" | No. ! scope="col" | [[Provinces of Laos|Subdivisions]] ! scope="col" | Capital ! scope="col" | Area (km<sup>2</sup>) ! scope="col" | Population |- | 1 || [[Attapeu Province|Attapeu]] || [[Attapeu]] ([[Samakkhixay District]]) || style="text-align:right"|10,320|| style="text-align:right"|114,300 |- | 2 || [[Bokeo Province|Bokeo]] || [[Ban Houayxay]] ([[Houay Xay District|Houayxay District]]) || style="text-align:right"|6,196|| style="text-align:right"|149,700 |- | 3 || [[Bolikhamxai Province|Bolikhamsai]] || [[Paksan]] ([[Paksane District]]) ||style="text-align:right"|14,863|| style="text-align:right"|214,900 |- | 4 || [[Champasak Province|Champasak]] || [[Pakse]] ([[Pak Sé District|Pakse District]]) || style="text-align:right"|15,415|| style="text-align:right"|575,600 |- | 5 || [[Houaphanh Province|Hua Phan]] || [[Xam Neua]] ([[Xam Neua District|Xamneua District]]) || style="text-align:right"|16,500|| style="text-align:right"|322,200 |- | 6 || [[Khammouane Province|Khammouane]] || [[Thakhek]] ([[Thakhek District]]) ||style="text-align:right"|16,315|| style="text-align:right"|358,800 |- | 7 || [[Luang Namtha Province|Luang Namtha]] || [[Luang Namtha]] ([[Namtha District]]) || style="text-align:right"|9,325|| style="text-align:right"|150,100 |- | 8 || [[Luang Prabang Province|Luang Prabang]] || [[Luang Prabang]] ([[Luang Prabang District|Louangprabang District]]) || style="text-align:right"|16,875|| style="text-align:right"|408,800 |- | 9 || [[Oudomxay Province|Oudomxay]] || [[Muang Xay]] ([[Xay District]]) || style="text-align:right"|15,370|| style="text-align:right"|275,300 |- | 10 || [[Phongsaly Province|Phongsali]] || [[Phongsali]] ([[Phongsaly District]]) || style="text-align:right"|16,270|| style="text-align:right"|199,900 |- | 11 || [[Sainyabuli Province|Sayabouly]] || [[Sainyabuli|Sayabouly]] ([[Xayabury District]]) || style="text-align:right"|16,389|| style="text-align:right"|382,200 |- | 12 || [[Salavan Province|Salavan]] || [[Salavan (city)|Salavan]] ([[Saravane District|Salavan District]]) || style="text-align:right"|10,691|| style="text-align:right"|336,600 |- | 13 || [[Savannakhet Province|Savannakhet]] || [[Savannakhet]] ([[Khanthaboury District|Khanthabouly District]]) || style="text-align:right"|21,774|| style="text-align:right"|721,500 |- | 14 || [[Sekong Province|Sekong]] || [[Sekong]] ([[Lam Mam District|Lamarm District]]) || style="text-align:right"|7,665|| style="text-align:right"|83,600 |- | 15 || [[Vientiane Capital]] || [[Viangchan]] ([[Vientiane|Chanthabouly District]]) || style="text-align:right"|3,920|| style="text-align:right"|726,000 |- | 16 || [[Vientiane Province]] || [[Phonhong]] ([[Muang Phon-Hong|Phonhong District]]) || style="text-align:right"|15,927|| style="text-align:right"|373,700 |- | 17 || [[Xiangkhouang Province|Xieng Khouang]] || [[Phonsavan]] ([[Pek District]]) || style="text-align:right"|15,880|| style="text-align:right"|229,521 |- | 18 || [[Xaisomboun Province]] || [[Anouvong District|Anouvong]] ([[Anouvong District]]) || style="text-align:right"|8,300|| style="text-align:right"|82,000 |} !<small>An updated map of the Laos provinces (from 2014).</small><center>[[File:Map_of_the_provinces_of_Laos._Updated_2015.png|upright=2]] |} =Tixraac= {{reflist}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} [[Category:Aasiya]] [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] {{commons|ປະເທດລາວ}} ssu9ui4c530gdlukrfc5vey27ndqdaz 0 5402 307714 284183 2026-09-09T19:41:19Z Soalt 39618 Category:Wadamada Aasiya 307714 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|40|00|N|127|00|E|display=title}} {{Infobox country|conventional_long_name=Jamhuuriyadda Dimoqraadiga Shacabka ee Kuuriya|native_name=조선민주주의인민공화국|name=Woqooyi Korea|image_flag=Flag of North Korea.svg|image_coat=Emblem of North Korea.svg|national_motto=강성대국<br /> (Dal adag oo barwaaqo ah)|anthem=애국가<br /> [[Aegukka]]<br /> "Hees Wadani ah" <center> </center>|image_map=Democratic People's Republic of Korea (orthographic projection).svg|capital=[[Pyongyang]]|official_languages=luqadda Kuuriya|leader_title1=Hogaamiyaha ugu sareeya|leader_name1=[[Kim Jong Un]]|leader_title2=Ra'iisul wasaare|leader_name2=[[Kim Tok-hun]]|area_km2=120540|established_event1=Madax banaanida Japan|currency=won|currency_code=KPW|established_date1=15kii Ogosto 1945kii|established_event2=dagaalka Kuuriya|established_date2=25 Juun 1950 - 27 Luulyo 1953|established_event4=Geerida Kim Il Sung|established_date4=8 Luulyo 1994|established_event5=Geerida Kim Jong Il|established_date5=17 December 2011|established_event3=Dastuurka hadda jira|established_date3=27 December 1972|established=}} '''Woqooyi Korea''' (북조선, 北朝鮮) ama ''' Jamhuuriyadda Dimoqraadiga Shacabka ee Kuuriya''' (조선민주주의인민공화국, 朝鮮民主主義人民共和國) waa wadan yar oo ku yaalo bariga qaarada [[Aasiya]]. Waqooyi shacabka waxa ay ka go'day [[Koonfur Kuuriya]] oo markeedi hore la isku dhihi jiray [[Kuuriya]], sanadka markii uu ahaa 1950kii. ayaga oo dagaal xun dhaxmaray oo ilaa hadda ee colaad dhex taagantahay. woqooyi iyo koonfurtaba waxaa soo gumeystay wadanka [[Jabaan]]. Kuuriyada Woqooyi ayaa si weyn loogu eedeeyaa inay malaha tahay tii ugu xumayd ee xagga xuquuqda aadanaha adduunka. Rasmi ahaan, Kuuriyada Waqooyi waa dawlad aan diin lahayn. {{Dalalka Aasiya}} [[Category:Aasiya]] [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] kavqnd6xghr7la0ku3i2oh0pxpr35rj 0 5403 307695 302014 2026-09-09T19:14:59Z Soalt 39618 template:Dalalka Aasiya iyo Category:Wadamada Aasiya 307695 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Koonfur Korea | common_name = South Korea | native_name = {{native name|ko|대한민국|italics=off}}<br />{{smaller|{{transl|ko|Daehan Minguk}}([[Revised Romanization of Korean|RR]])}}<!--Please do not add official regional/minority languages here; use the langbox template directly below, included specifically for that purpose--> | image_flag = Flag of South Korea.svg | other_symbol = <div style="padding:0.3em;">[[File:Seal of South Korea.svg|border|85px|]]</div> | other_symbol_type = | alt_flag = Centered taegeuk on a white rectangle inclusive of four black trigrams | image_coat =Emblem of South Korea.svg | alt_coat = Centered taegeuk on a hibiscus syriacus surrounded by five stylized petals and a ribbon | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = {{lang|ko|홍익인간}} (''de facto'')<Br/>{{transl|ko|[[Hongik Ingan]]}}<br />"To broadly benefit the human world"<Ref name="lie">{{cite journal|url=http://www.fssp.uaic.ro/argumentum/Numarul%2010%20%282%29/Articol%20Cozmiuc.pdf|page=6|title=A New Way of Seeing Country Social Responsibility|journal=Faculty of Philosophy and Social-Political Sciences |access-date=16 January 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925143746/http://www.fssp.uaic.ro/argumentum/Numarul%2010%20%282%29/Articol%20Cozmiuc.pdf |archive-date = 25 September 2013}}</ref> | anthem = {{lang|ko|애국가}}<Br/>{{transl|ko|[[Aegukga]]}}<Br/>"The Patriotic Song"<div style="position: relative; top:0.2em;">{{center|[[File:National anthem of South Korea, performed by the United States Navy Band.wav]]}}</div> | image_map = Republic of Korea (orthographic projection).svg | map_width = 250px | alt_map = | map_caption = Dark green: Territory controlled by Republic of Korea <br/> Lighter green: Territory claimed but uncontrolled by Republic of Korea | capital = [[Seoul]]<br />{{Coord|37|33|N|126|58|E|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[Korean language|Korean]] ([[South Korean standard language|Pyojuneo]])<br />[[Korean Sign Language]]<Ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.law.go.kr/%EB%B2%95%EB%A0%B9/%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4%EB%B2%95/(13978,20160203) |script-title=ko:[시행 2016.8.4.] [법률 제13978호, 2016.2.3., 제정]|trans-title=Enforcement 2016.8.4. Law No. 13978, enacted on February 3, 2016|language=ko |year=2016 |access-date=26 July 2017}}</ref> | languages_type = [[Official script]] | languages = [[Hangul]] | ethnic_groups = {{plainlist| * 95.1% [[Koreans|Korean]] * 4.9% [[Demographics of South Korea#Ethnic groups|Others]] }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2019 | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2020/07/742_283632.html|title=Foreign population in Korea tops 2.5 million|date=24 February 2020|website=koreatimes}}</ref> | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space; |56.1% [[Irreligion in South Korea|No religion]] |27.6% [[Christianity in Korea|Christianity]]{{efn|name=Christian|19.7% are [[Protestantism|Protestant]], 7.9% are [[Catholic Church in South Korea|Catholic]]}} |15.5% [[Korean Buddhism]] |0.8% Others }} | religion_year = 2015 | religion_ref = <ref name="Kim-Shon-Chosunilbo2016">{{cite news |last1=Kim |first1=Han-soo |last2=Shon |first2=Jin-seok |url=http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2016/12/20/2016122000155.html |script-title=ko:신자 수, 개신교 1위… "종교 없다" 56% |work=[[Chosun Ilbo]] |date=20 December 2016 |access-date=2 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="ABC-CLIO"/> | demonym = {{hlist|[[Demographics of South Korea|South Korean]]|[[Koreans|Korean]]}} | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of South Korea|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Choi Sang Mok]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of South Korea|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Kim Boo-kyum]] | leader_title3 = [[Speaker of the National Assembly of South Korea|Speaker of the National Assembly]] | leader_name3 = [[Park Byeong-seug]] | leader_title4 = [[Chief Justice of the Republic of Korea|Chief Justice]] | leader_name4 = [[Kim Myeong-soo]] | leader_title5 = [[Constitutional Court of Korea|President of the Constitutional Court]] | leader_name5 = [[Yoo Nam-seok]] | legislature = [[National Assembly (South Korea)|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of Korea|Establishment history]] | established_event1 = [[Gojoseon|First Korean kingdom]] | established_date1 = {{circa}} 7th century BCE | established_event2 = {{nowrap|[[Korean Declaration of Independence|Independence declared]]}} | established_date2 = 1 March 1919 | established_event3 = [[Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea|Provisional Government]] | established_date3 = 11 April 1919 | established_event4 = [[Victory over Japan Day|Surrender]] of [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] | established_date4 = 15 August 1945 | established_event5 = [[United States Army Military Government in Korea|US administration]] of Korea south of the [[38th parallel north|38th parallel]] | established_date5 = 8 September 1945 | established_event6 = [[First Republic of South Korea|ROK established]] | established_date6 = 15 August 1948 | established_event7 = [[History of South Korea#Sixth Republic 1987-present|Current constitution]] | established_date7 = 25 February 1988 | established_event8 = [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 702|Admitted to]] the [[United Nations|UN]] | established_date8 = {{nowrap|17 September 1991}} | area_km2 = 100,363 | area_rank = 107th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 38,750 | percent_water = 0.3 (301&nbsp;km{{smallsup|2}}{{\}}116&nbsp;mi{{smallsup|2}}) | population_estimate = {{increase neutral}} 51,709,098<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://kosis.kr/nsportalStats/nsportalStats_0102Body.jsp?menuId=10 |script-title=ko:Kosis 100대 지표}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2019 | population_estimate_rank = 27th | population_density_km2 = 507 | population_density_rank = 13th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $2.436 trillion<ref name="IMFWEOKR">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2020/October/weo-report?c=542,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2019&ey=2020&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2020 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=14 October 2020}}</Ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2021 | GDP_PPP_rank = 14th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $47,027<ref name="IMFWEOKR" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 28th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $1.806 trillion<ref name="IMFWEOKR" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2021 | GDP_nominal_rank = 10th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $30,998<ref name="IMFWEOKR" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 28th | Gini = 34.5 | Gini_year = 2018 | Gini_change = decrease | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://data.oecd.org/inequality/income-inequality.htm|title=Inequality – Income inequality – OECD Data|publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]]|access-date=17 July 2021}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.916<!-- Number only, between 0 and 1. --> | HDI_year = 2019<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year. --> | HDI_change = increase<!-- Increase/decrease/steady. --> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2020|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=15 December 2020|access-date=15 December 2020}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 23rd | currency = [[South Korean won|Korean Republic won]] (₩) | currency_code = KRW | time_zone = [[Korea Standard Time]] | utc_offset = +9 | date_format = {{unbulleted list|yyyy년 m월 d일|yyyy. m. d. ([[Common Era|CE]])}} | electricity = [[Mains electricity by country|220 V–60 Hz]] | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in South Korea|+82]] | cctld = {{hlist|[[.kr]]|[[.한국]]}} }} {{Infobox | title = Republic of Korea | image = South Korea with Hanja.svg | image_size = 300px | caption = "Republic of Korea" in [[Hangul]] (top) and [[Hanja]] (bottom) scripts. | skhangul = {{linktext|대한민국}} | skhanja = {{lang|ko|{{linktext|大韓民國}}}} | skmr = Taehan Min’guk | rr = Daehan Min(-)guk | color = khaki | context = north }} {{Infobox | title = South Korea | skhangul = {{linktext|남|한}} | skhanja = {{linktext|lang=ko-Hant|南韓}} | skrr = Namhan | skmr = Namhan | nkhangul = {{linktext|남|조|선}} | nkhanja = {{linktext|lang=ko-Hant|南朝鮮}} | nkrr = Namjoseon | nkmr = Namchosŏn | ibox-order = ko4, ko3 }} '''Koonfur Kuuriya''' (남한, 南韓) ama '''Jamhuuriyadda Kuuriya''' (대한민국, 大韓民國) waa wadan yar oo ku yaalo [[bari]]ga Aasiya. magaalo madaxda wadanka waa Seoul. Koonfur Kuuriya iyo [[Waqooyiga Kuuriya]] markii hore waxaa la isku dhihi jiray Kuuriya, waxeena kala go'een sanadka marka oo ahaa 1950kii, marka ee dagaalo xun dhaxmareen labada qeebood. Korea oo dhan waxaa soo gumeestay wadanka japaan 1910kii ilaa 1945kii. Dalka kuuriya koon fured waa dal kuyaalo qaarada aasiya.: ==Sawiro== [[File:Samsung headquarters.jpg|thump|right|160px|Samsung “The Korean Town” City.:]] [[File:Myeongdong_Neon_at_Night,_Seoul.jpg|thumb|right|160px|Myeongdong Neon at Night, Seoul.]] [[File:Samsung Black icon.svg|thump|right|193px|Shmsng Group.|Dn’tRmvpl.:]] [[File:LG logo (2014).svg|thump|left|195px|LG Corps..|Dn’tRemvepl.:}}]] ==Xubin== * [[IMF]]*` * [[ADB]]*` * [[AIIB]]*` * [[OECD]]*` *''[[Bankiga Aduunka]]'' **` *''[[Kooxda Labaatanka]]'' **` *'''[[Qaramada Midoobay]]''' **` ==Waddanamaha Degaan Koonfur korea== * {{Flag|China}}: P.R.Ch.;2,951,000.00++: * {{Flag|Turkey}}; 114,000++: * {{Flag|Malaysia}}; 114,000++: * {{Flag|Indonesia}} 215,000++: * {{Flag|Japan}} 165,000+ =Tixraac= {{Reflist}} {{commons|대한민국}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] j2ql4qusaj1fzs1m7qhnfx3tlkzc19p 0 5417 307638 294982 2026-09-09T17:16:47Z Soalt 39618 Category:Wadamada Afrika 307638 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Republic of Madagascar |common_name = Madagascar |native_name = {{vunblist|item_style=font-size:88%; |{{native name|mg|Repoblikan'i Madagasikara}} |{{native name|fr|République de Madagascar}} }} |image_flag = Flag of Madagascar.svg |image_coat = Seal of Madagascar.svg |symbol_type = [[Seal of Madagascar|Seal]] |national_motto = {{unbulleted list |{{nowrap|{{native phrase|mg|"Fitiavana, Tanindrazana, Fandrosoana"|italics=off}}}} |{{native phrase|fr|"Amour, Patrie, Progrès"|italics=off}} |{{small|"Love, Fatherland, Progress"}}{{lower|0.2em|<ref name=4thRepublic>{{cite web |last=Le Comité Consultatif Constitutionnel |title=''Projet de Constitution de la Quatrième République de Madagascar'' |publisher=Madagascar Tribune |date=1 October 2010 |url=http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/IMG/pdf/constitution.pdf |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/61BvMnZmH?url=http://www.madagascar-tribune.com/IMG/pdf/constitution.pdf |archivedate=25 August 2011 |accessdate=24 August 2011 |language=fr |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |dead-url=no }}</ref><!--end lower:-->}} }} |national_anthem = ''[[Ry Tanindrazanay malala ô!]]''<br/>{{small|''Oh, Beloved Land of our Ancestors!''}}<br/><center></center> |image_map = Location Madagascar AU Africa.svg |map_caption = {{map caption |countryprefix= |location_color=dark blue |region=Africa |region_color=dark grey |subregion=the [[African Union]] |subregion_color=light blue}} |capital = [[Antananarivo]] |coordinates = {{Coord|18|55|S|47|31|E|type:city}} |largest_city = [[Antananarivo]] |official_languages = {{hlist|[[Malagasy language|Malagasy]]|[[French language|French]]}} |ethnic_groups = <!--READ FIRST: Section has been maintained in its present form since the page was awarded "Featured Article" status. Please do not alter this information without seeking general consensus on the talk page. Thank you.--> {{unbulleted list |26% [[Merina people|Merina]] |15% [[Betsimisaraka people|Betsimisaraka]] |12% [[Betsileo people|Betsileo]] |7% [[Tsimihety people|Tsimihety]] |6% [[Sakalava people|Sakalava]] |5% [[Antaisaka people|Antaisaka]] |5% [[Antandroy]] |24% [[Ethnic groups of Madagascar|other]]s }} |ethnic_groups_year = 2004<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.populstat.info/Africa/malegasg.htm |title=MADAGASCAR: general data |publisher=Populstat.info |accessdate=15 July 2013 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=9 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209164131/http://populstat.info/Africa/malegasg.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |demonym = [[Malagasy people|Malagasy]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa030900a.htm |title=Demonyms – Names of Nationalities |publisher=Geography.about.com |accessdate=15 July 2013 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=25 Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225061024/http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa030900a.htm%20 |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Malagasy – National Geographic Style Manual|url=http://stylemanual.natgeo.com|access-date=27 February 2017}}</ref> |government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[constitutional republic]] |leader_title1 = [[List of Presidents of Madagascar|President]] |leader_name1 = {{nowrap|[[Hery Rajaonarimampianina]]}} |leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Madagascar|Prime Minister]] |leader_name2 = [[Christian Ntsay]] |leader_title3 = [[List of Presidents of the Senate of Madagascar|Senate President]] |leader_name3 = [[Honoré Rakotomanana]] |leader_title4 = [[List of Presidents of the National Assembly of Madagascar|President of the National Assembly]] |leader_name4 = Rakotomamonjy Jean Max |legislature = [[Parliament of Madagascar|Parliament]] |upper_house = [[Senate of Madagascar|Senate]] |lower_house = [[National Assembly of Madagascar|National Assembly]] |sovereignty_type = [[Independence]] |established_event1 = from [[France]] |established_date1 = 26 June 1960 |established_event2 = [[Malagasy constitutional referendum, 2010|Current constitution]] |established_date2 = 17 November 2010 |area_km2 = 587,041 |area_rank = 46th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> |area_sq_mi = 226,597 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |percent_water = 0.9% |population_estimate = {{UN_Population|Madagascar}}{{UN_Population|ref}} |population_census = 12,238,914 |population_estimate_year = {{UN_Population|Year}} |population_estimate_rank = 52nd |population_census_year = 1993 |population_density_km2 = 35.2 |population_density_sq_mi = 91.1 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = 174th |GDP_PPP = $40.055 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=62&pr.y=9&sy=2017&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=674&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=|title=Madagascar |publisher=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_year = 2017 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $1,563<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal = $10.372 billion<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_year = 2017 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $405<ref name=imf2/> |Gini = 44.1 <!--number only--> |Gini_year = 2010 |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |accessdate=2 March 2011}}</ref> |Gini_rank = |HDI = 0.512 <!--number only--> |HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> |HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf|title=2016 Human Development Report |date=2016 |accessdate=21 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> |HDI_rank = 158th |currency = [[Malagasy ariary]] |currency_code = MGA |time_zone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] |utc_offset = +3 |utc_offset_DST = +3 |time_zone_DST = {{nowrap|not observed<ref name="Bradtp2">Bradt (2011), p. 2.</ref>}} |drives_on = [[Right- and left-hand traffic|right]] |calling_code = [[+261]]<ref name="Bradtp2"/> |cctld = [[.mg]] |area_water_km2 = 5501 }} '''Madagaskar''' ama '''Jamhuuriyadda Madagaskar''' waa wadan [[Jasiirad]] ah, oo ku yaalo [[Badweynta Hindiya]] ama [[Badda Weeyn]] ee [[Afrika]]. dhinaca [[Koonfur]][[bari]] ee xeebta [[Afrika]] Waxee u jirtaa [[Musaanbiiq]] 400 kilomitar. Madagaskar waa jasiirada affaraad oo ugu ween [[Aduunka]], waxeena afrika ka go'day sanado milliyan kabadan. dadka degen Madagaskar asalkooda waa dad afrikaan iyo Indonesian ah. jasiirada waxaa ku badan geedo iyo xayawaanaad u gaar ah oo wadamada kale lagu arki karin. madagaskar waa jasiirada sideedaad oo ugu dadka tiradabadan [[Aduunka]]. ==sidoo kale eeg== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Lambarka khariidada ! Magaca ! Aagga <Br>(km²) ! <Br> ! ! Caasimadda ! |- |align="right"|1 || [[Diana Region|Diana]] ||align="right"| 19,266 ||align="right"| 700,021 ||align="right"| 36.3 || [[Antsiranana]] || [[Antsiranana Province|Antsiranana]] |- |align="right"|2 || [[Sava Region|Sava]] ||align="right"| 25,518 ||align="right"| 980,807 ||align="right"| 38.4 || [[Sambava]] || [[Antsiranana Province|Antsiranana]] |- |align="right"|3 || [[Itasy Region|Itasy]] ||align="right"| 6,993 ||align="right"| 732,834 ||align="right"| 104.8 || [[Miarinarivo]] || [[Antananarivo Province|Antananarivo]] |- |align="right"|4 || [[Analamanga]] ||align="right"| 16,911 ||align="right"| 3,348,794 ||align="right"| 198.0 || [[Antananarivo|Antananarivo-Renivohitra]] || [[Antananarivo Province|Antananarivo]] |- |align="right"|5 || [[Vakinankaratra]] ||align="right"| 16,599 ||align="right"| 1,803,307 ||align="right"| 108.6 || [[Antsirabe]] || [[Antananarivo Province|Antananarivo]] |- |align="right"|6 || [[Bongolava]] ||align="right"| 16,688 ||align="right"| 457,368 ||align="right"| 27.4 || [[Tsiroanomandidy]] || [[Antananarivo Province|Antananarivo]] |- |align="right"|7 || [[Sofia Region|Sofia]] ||align="right"| 50,100 ||align="right"| 1,247,037 ||align="right"| 24.9 || [[Antsohihy]] || [[Mahajanga Province|Mahajanga]] |- |align="right"|8 || [[Boeny]] ||align="right"| 31,046 ||align="right"| 799,675 ||align="right"| 25.8 || [[Mahajanga]] || [[Mahajanga Province|Mahajanga]] |- |align="right"|9 || [[Betsiboka]] ||align="right"| 30,025 ||align="right"| 293,522 ||align="right"| 9.8 || [[Maevatanana]] || [[Mahajanga Province|Mahajanga]] |- |align="right"|10 || [[Melaky]] ||align="right"| 38,852 ||align="right"| 289,594 ||align="right"| 7.5 || [[Maintirano]] || [[Mahajanga Province|Mahajanga]] |- |align="right"|11 || [[Alaotra-Mangoro]] ||align="right"| 31,948 ||align="right"| 1,027,110 ||align="right"| 32.1 || [[Ambatondrazaka]] || [[Toamasina Province|Toamasina]] |- |align="right"|12 || [[Atsinanana]] ||align="right"| 21,934 ||align="right"| 1,270,680 ||align="right"| 57.9 || [[Toamasina]] || [[Toamasina Province|Toamasina]] |- |align="right"|13 || [[Analanjirofo]] ||align="right"| 21,930 ||align="right"| 1,035,132 ||align="right"| 47.2 || [[Fenoarivo Atsinanana]] || [[Toamasina Province|Toamasina]] |- |align="right"|14 || [[Amoron'i Mania]] ||align="right"| 16,141 ||align="right"| 715,027 ||align="right"| 44.3 || [[Ambositra]] || [[Fianarantsoa Province|Fianarantsoa]] |- |align="right"|15 || [[Haute Matsiatra|Matsiatra Ambony]] ||align="right"| 21,080 ||align="right"| 1,199,183 ||align="right"| 56.9 || [[Fianarantsoa]] || [[Fianarantsoa Province|Fianarantsoa]] |- |align="right"|16 || [[Vatovavy-Fitovinany]] ||align="right"| 19,605 ||align="right"| 1,416,459 ||align="right"| 72.2 || [[Manakara]] || [[Fianarantsoa Province|Fianarantsoa]] |- |align="right"|17 || [[Atsimo-Atsinanana]] ||align="right"| 18,863 ||align="right"| 898,702 ||align="right"| 47.6 || [[Farafangana]] || [[Fianarantsoa Province|Fianarantsoa]] |- |align="right"|18 || [[Ihorombe]] ||align="right"| 26,391 ||align="right"| 312,307 ||align="right"| 11.8 || [[Ihosy]] || [[Fianarantsoa Province|Fianarantsoa]] |- |align="right"|19 || [[Menabe]] ||align="right"| 46,121 ||align="right"| 592,113 ||align="right"| 12.8 || [[Morondava]] || [[Toliara Province|Toliara]] |- |align="right"|20 || [[Atsimo-Andrefana]] ||align="right"| 66,236 ||align="right"| 1,316,756 ||align="right"| 19.9 || [[Toliara]] || [[Toliara Province|Toliara]] |- |align="right"|21 || [[Androy]] ||align="right"| 19,317 ||align="right"| 733,933 ||align="right"| 38.0 || [[Ambovombe-Androy]] || [[Toliara Province|Toliara]] |- |align="right"|22 || [[Anosy Region|Anosy]] ||align="right"| 25,731 ||align="right"| 671,805 ||align="right"| 26.1 || [[Tôlanaro]] || [[Toliara Province|Toliara]] |} [[File:Antananarivo06.jpg|thumb|[[Antananarivo]] es la capitala politica e economica de Madagascar.]] [[File:Philibert Tsiranana 1962.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Philibert Tsiranana]], primièr [[Lista dels presidents de Madagascar|president de Madagascar]] (1960–72)]] <gallery> File:Flag of Madagascar.svg|Drapèu de Madagascar. File:Seal of Madagascar.svg|Sagèu de Madagascar. File:Penang Malaysia Ravenala-madagascariensis-01.jpg|[[Fotografia]] d'un aubre dei viatjaires. </gallery>.jpg|thumb|Lei malgahs an de originas mescladas austronesiana (Asia dau sud èst) e Banto (Africa de l'èst).]] ==Sawiro== <gallery> File:Zafimaniry Village Madagascar.jpg|Ostaus tradicionaus de [[fusta]]. File:Landscape Madagascar 02.jpg|Ostaus de brica dins una zòna rurala. File:Ambalavao house.jpg|Ostaus de brica en [[Antananarivo]]. File:Fancy Malagasy Brick House in Antananarivo Madagascar.JPG|Ostau de brica en [[Antananarivo]] que son arquitectura es inspirada per lei palais reiaus de la vila. </gallery> '''Luqada looga hadlo''' dadka badankooda waxee ku hadlaan luqada [[Malagasy]]. ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} {{general-stub}} {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Afrika]] [[Category:Wadamada Afrika]] hlujpz330dxnt4ngyxequ6wxms8wwu1 0 5427 307617 305769 2026-09-09T16:26:11Z Soalt 39618 template:dalalka afrika iyo category:wadamada afrika 307617 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Gambia | common_name = Gambia | image_flag = Flag of The Gambia.svg | flag_type = [[Calanka Gambia|Calan]] | religion_year = 2024 | image_coat = Coat of arms of The Gambia.svg | symbol_type = [[Astaanta Qaranka ee Gambia|Astaanta Qaranka]] | national_motto = "Horumar, Nabad, iyo Barwaaqo" | national_anthem = "[[For The Gambia Our Homeland]]"<div style="padding-top:0.5em;" class="center">[[File:For The Gambia Our Homeland (instrumental).ogg]]</div> | image_map = Gambia (orthographic projection with inset).svg | map_caption = Goobta ay Gambia (cagaarka madow) ku taal galbeedka Afrika | image_map2 = | capital = [[Banjul]] | largest_settlement_type = aagga caasimadda | largest_settlement = [[Serekunda]] | official_languages = [[Luqadda Ingiriisiga|Ingiriis]]<!-- Until official sources state otherwise, this should not be changed. See the Talk page. --> | languages_type = [[Luqadda qaranka|Luqadaha qaranka]] | languages = {{collapsible list|bullets=y|title={{nobold|Liiska:}} |[[Luqadda Mandinka|Mandinka]] |[[Luqadda Pulaar|Pulaar]] |[[Luqadda Wolof|Wolof]] |[[Luqadda Serer|Serer]] |[[Luqadaha Jola|Jola]] |[[Luqadda Ingiriisiga|Ingiriis]] |[[Luqadaha Balanta|Balanta]] |[[Carabi]] |[[Luqadda Jola-Fonyi|Jola-Fonyi]] |[[Luqadda Mandjak|Mandjak]] |[[Luqadda Mankanya|Mankanya]] |[[Luqadda Noon|Noon]] |[[Luqadda Dyula|Dyula]] |[[Luqadda Soninke|Soninke]] |[[Luqadda Fula|Fula]] |[[Luqadda Karon|Karon]] |[[Luqadda Kassonke|Kassonke]] |[[Luqadaha Cangin|Cangin]] |[[Luqadda Dhaqdhaqaaqa Gacanta ee Gambia]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list |34.4% [[Dadka Mandinka|Mandinka]] |25.0% [[Dadka Fula|Fula]] |15.4% [[Dadka Wolof|Wolof]] |9.5% [[Dadka Jola|Jola]] |8.2% [[Dadka Soninke|Soninke]] |2.9% [[Dadka Serer|Serer]] |4.6% kuwa kale<ref name=2019-2020Census>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gambia-the/#:~:text=People%20and%20Society-,Population,Demographic%20profile |title=2024 Gambia report by the CIA: Spatial Distribution |publisher=The CIA |last=National Population Commission Secretariat |date=2019–2020 |website=Gambia Bureau of Statistics |access-date=29 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103134831/https://www.gbos.gov.gm/uploads/census/2013/Spatial-distribution-report_%20Final.pdf |archive-date=3 January 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gbosdata.org/data/40-population-and-household-characteristics/1653-population-total|website=The Gambia Bureau of Statistics|title=Population - Total - GBoS|access-date=16 February 2025|archive-date=11 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511134924/https://www.gbosdata.org/data/40-population-and-household-characteristics/1653-population-total|url-status=live}}</ref> }} | ethnic_groups_year = Tirakoobka Dadka iyo Guryaha ee 2024 | religion_ref = <ref name=CIA>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gambia-the/ |title=The World Factbook: Gambia, The |website=CIA |access-date=7 December 2023 |archive-date=3 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210403011250/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gambia-the/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | demonym = Reer Gambia | government_type = Midaysan [[Nidaamka madaxtooyada|jamhuuriyad madaxtooyo]] | leader_title1 = [[Madaxweynaha Gambia|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Adama Barrow]] | leader_title2 = [[Madaxweyne ku-xigeenka Gambia|Madaxweyne ku-xigeen]] | leader_name2 = [[Muhammad B. S. Jallow]] | leader_title3 = [[Liiska guddoomiyayaasha Golaha Qaranka ee Gambia|Guddoomiyaha Golaha Qaranka]] | leader_name3 = [[Fabakary Tombong Jatta]] | leader_title4 = [[Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Gambia|Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare]] | leader_name4 = [[Hassan Bubacar Jallow]] | legislature = [[Golaha Qaranka ee Gambia|Golaha Qaranka]] | sovereignty_type = [[Madaxbannaanida]] | established_event1 = ka timid [[Boqortooyada Midowday]] | established_date1 = 18 Febraayo 1965 | established_event2 = kala diristii [[Xiriirka Senegambia]] | established_date2 = 30 Sebtember 1989 | area_km2 = 11,300<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gambia-the/#geography |title=Gambia, The |date=28 February 2023 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=25 February 2023 |archive-date=3 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210403011250/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gambia-the/#geography |url-status=dead }}</ref> | area_rank = 159aad<!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 4,007<!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> | percent_water = 11.5 | population_census = 2,422,712<ref name="GBoS 2024">{{cite web |url=https://gambia.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/2024-09/Preliminary%20Report%20of%20the%202024%20Census%20in%20The%20Gambia_0.pdf |title=The Gambia 2024 Population and Housing Census: Preliminary Report |date=August 2024 |publisher=Gambian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=18 June 2025 |archive-date=22 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322190104/https://gambia.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/2024-09/Preliminary%20Report%20of%20the%202024%20Census%20in%20The%20Gambia_0.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> | population_census_year = 2024 | population_census_rank = 142aad | population_density_km2 = 227 | population_density_sq_mi = 425.5<!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> | population_density_rank = 51ad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $11.050 bilyan<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025: Edition (The Gambia) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] October, 14 2025 |language=en |access-date=11 February 2026 |archive-date=12 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251012102316/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 166aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $3,820<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025: Edition (The Gambia) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] October, 14 2025 |language=en |access-date=11 February 2026 |archive-date=12 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251012102316/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 175ad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $2.670 bilyan<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025: Edition (The Gambia) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] October, 14 2025 |language=en |access-date=11 February 2026 |archive-date=12 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251012102316/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 185aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $924<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025: Edition (The Gambia) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] October, 14 2025 |language=en |access-date=11 February 2026 |archive-date=12 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251012102316/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 180ad | Gini = 35.9 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2015 | Gini_change = hoos u dhac | Gini_ref = <ref name=Gini>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?end=2015&locations=GM&start=2015&view=bar |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Data |publisher=World Bank |access-date=21 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421232414/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?end=2015&locations=GM&start=2015&view=bar |archive-date=21 April 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.524<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2023 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = kor u kac <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[Barnaamijka Horumarinta ee Qaramada Midoobay]]}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 170ad | currency = [[Dalasi-ga Gambia|Dalasi]] | currency_code = GMD | utc_offset = ±00:00 | time_zone = [[Wakhtiga Greenwich|GMT]] | calling_code = [[+220]] | iso3166code = GM | cctld = [[.gm]] | coordinates = {{Coord|13|27|00|N|16|34|30|W|type:city|display=inline,title}} | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |95.7% [[Islaamka ka jira Gambia|Islaam]] |4.2% [[Masiixiyadda ka jirta Gambia|Masiixiyad]] |0.1% kuwa kale }} | today = | p1 = | flag_p1 = Flag of The Gambia.svg | p2 = }} '''Gambia''', si rasmi ahna loo yihaahdo '''Jamhuuriyadda Gambia''',<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gambia.gov.gm/gambia-app/about-gambia/ |title=About The Gambia |publisher=The Gambia Government |access-date=2026-04-28 |archive-date=29 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260429211308/https://gambia.gov.gm/gambia-app/about-gambia/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|[[Luqadda Mandinka|Mandinka]]: ''Kambiya'' {{lang|nqo|ߞߊߡߓߌߦߊ}}; {{langx|wo|Gámbi}}, {{langx|ff|Gammbi}}, {{langx|srr|Gambi}}; {{langx|ar|غامبيا/جامبيا}}}} waa dal ku yaal [[Galbeedka Afrika]]. Dhanka juqraafiga, Gambia waa [[Liiska waddamada Afrika marka loo eego baaxadda dhulka|dalka ugu yar]] ee ku yaal qaaradda Afrika;{{refn|group=lower-alpha|[[Cape Verde]], [[Mauritius]], [[São Tomé and Príncipe]], iyo [[Seychelles]], oo ah dalka ugu yar Afrika, waa [[gasiirado]].}} waxayna xudduud la leedahay [[Senegal]] dhinac kasta marka laga reebo qaybta galbeed, oo ay xaddiddo [[Badweynta Atlaantigga]].<ref name=Hoare>Hoare, Ben. (2002) ''The Kingfisher A–Z Encyclopedia'', Kingfisher Publications. p. 11. {{ISBN|0-7534-5569-2}}.</ref> Dhulkeedu wuxuu ku yaallaa labada dhinac ee marinnada hoose ee [[Webiga Gambia]], kaas oo dhex mara badhtamaha dalka oo ku shuba Atlaantigga. Webiga dalka magaca u bixiyay wuxuu xaddidaa qaabka dheer ee dalka, kaas oo leh baaxad dhul oo gaaraysa {{convert|11300|km2|sqmi}} iyo dad gaaraya 2,422,712 oo qof markii la sameeyay Tirakoobkii 1-dii Maajo 2024<ref name=GBoS>Tirakoobka Dadka iyo Guryaha ee Gambia ee 2024</ref> kaas oo ah 30.45% kor u kac dadka ah tan iyo 2013. Caasimaddu waa jasiiradda [[Banjul]], oo hore loogu aqoon jiray Bathurst xilligii gumeysiga, taas oo ah [[aagga caasimadda]] ee ugu ballaaran dalka.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Banjul |title=Banjul &#124; national capital, The Gambia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=7 April 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803020622/https://www.britannica.com/place/Banjul |url-status=live }}</ref> Magaalooyinka labaad iyo saddexaad ee ugu weyn waa [[Serekunda]] iyo [[Brikama]]. Magaalooyinka kale ee muhiimka ah waa Kanifing iyo Farafenni oo ku yaal bankiga waqooyi, Basse oo ku taal Gobolka Upper River, iyo Soma oo ku taal gobolka lower river.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=the standard |date=February 11, 2015 |title=Farafenni named among Africa's booming town}}</ref> Ganacsatada [[Carabta Muslimiinta ah]] waxay ganacsi la wadaagi jireen dadka u dhashay Galbeedka Afrika ee deggan Gambia, iyadoo loo marayo nidaam loo yaqaanno ganacsiga dhex-mara Saxaraha, iyagoo isticmaalaya nidaamka wax-weydaarsiga. Intii lagu guda jiray qarniyadii 9-aad iyo 10-aad, Islaamka waxaa Galbeedka Sudan u soo bandhigay ganacsatadii Carabta. Sannadkii 1455, [[Boortaqiiska]] waxay noqdeen reer Yurubkii ugu horreeyay ee soo gala Gambia, in kasta oo aysan marnaba ka samaysan ganacsi muhiim ah halkaas. [[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska]] waxay samaysatay gumeysi sannadkii 1765.<ref>Hughes, Arnold (2008) ''Historical Dictionary of the Gambia''. Scarecrow Press. p. xx. {{ISBN|0-8108-6260-3}}.</ref> Sannadkii 1965, 200 sano ka dib, Gambia waxay heshay madaxbannaani iyadoo uu hoggaaminayo [[Dawda Jawara]]. Jawara wuxuu sii ahaa madaxweynaha, isagoo ku guuleystay dhowr doorasho, ilaa markii uu xukunka ka tuuray [[Yahya Jammeh]] [[Inqilaab aan dhiig ku daadan|inqilaab aan dhiig ku daadan]] 22-kii Luulyo, 1994. [[Adama Barrow]] waxaa loo doortay madaxweynaha saddexaad ee Gambia bishii Diseembar 2016; Wuxuu kaga guuleystay [[Yahya Jammeh]] caawinta isbahaysi ay lahaayeen xisbiyada kale ee mucaaradka siyaasadda.<ref name=Wiseman>{{cite book |last=Wiseman |first=John A. |year=2004 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jj4J-AXGDaQC&pg=PA456 |title=Africa South of the Sahara 2004 |edition=33rd |chapter=The Gambia: Recent History |publisher=Europa |page=456 |isbn=978-1-85743-183-4 }}</ref> Jammeh bilowgii wuxuu aqbalay natiijooyinka, laakiin haddana wuxuu diiday inuu xafiiska ka dego isagoo sheegay in la khiyaaneeyay, taas oo kicisay [[Xiisadda dastuuriga ah ee Gambia ee 2016–2017|xiisad dastuuri ah]]. [[Beesha Dhaqaalaha ee Galbeedka Afrika]] (ECOWAS) [[Faragelinta ciidan ee ECOWAS ee Gambia|waxay sameeyeen faragelin ciidan]] waxayna ku guuleysteen ka saarista Jammeh laba maalmood ka dib markii uu dhammaaday muddo-xileedkiisii rasmiga ahaa.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/21/anxious-gambians-await-former-president-yahya-jammeh-departure |title=Yahya Jammeh leaves the Gambia after 22 years of rule |last=Maclean |first=Ruth |date=21 January 2017 |work=The Guardian |access-date=17 May 2017 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516194615/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/21/anxious-gambians-await-former-president-yahya-jammeh-departure |archive-date=16 May 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Agrees">{{Cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/01/gambia-yahya-jammeh-agrees-step-170120184330091.html |title=Gambia's Yayah Jammeh confirms he will step down |date=20 January 2017 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=21 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121003151/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/01/gambia-yahya-jammeh-agrees-step-170120184330091.html |archive-date=21 January 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref> {{cite news |last=Ramsay |first=Stuart |title=Former Gambia leader Yahya Jammeh flies into political exile |publisher=Sky News |date=22 January 2017 |url=https://news.sky.com/story/former-gambia-leader-yahya-jammeh-flies-out-of-country-10738348 |access-date=23 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812125748/https://news.sky.com/story/former-gambia-leader-yahya-jammeh-flies-out-of-country-10738348 |archive-date=12 August 2022 |url-status=live}} </ref> Munaasabad dhaarinta ah oo ka dhacday safaaradda Gambia ee ku taal Dakar, Senegal, 19-kii Janaayo 2017, Adama Barrow wuxuu si rasmi ah u noqday madaxweynaha Gambia. Dhaqaalaha Gambia waxaa inta badan xukuma beeraha, kaluumeysiga, iyo gaar ahaan dalxiiska. Sannadkii 2022, 17.2% dadka waxay ku noolaayeen [[saboolnimo ba'an]], oo lagu qeexay inay ku nool yihiin wax ka yar US$2.15 (2017 [[Iibsashada awoodda isbarbardhigga|PPP]]) maalintii.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}} Gambia waa xubin aasaasi ah oo ka tirsan ECOWAS. Waxay dib ugu biirtay [[Barwaaqo-sooranka]] sannadkii 2018 ka dib markii ay markii hore ka baxday 2013.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Gambia rejoins the Commonwealth |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/news/gambia-rejoins-commonwealth |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728053646/https://thecommonwealth.org/news/gambia-rejoins-commonwealth |archive-date=2024-07-28 |access-date=2022-12-02}}</ref> [[Luqadda Ingiriisiga|Ingiriisiga]] waa luqadda rasmiga ah ee keliya ee dalka; waxay noqotay mid si weyn loo isticmaalo intii lagu guda jiray xukunkii Ingiriiska. == Asalka magaca == Magaca "Gambia" wuxuu ka yimid ereyga [[Luqadda Mandinka|Mandinka]] ee ''Kambra''/''Kambaa'', oo la dhihi karo waa [[Webiga Gambia]]. (Waxay kaloo ka timid ereyga muqaddaska ah ee [[Dadka Serer|Serer]] ee ''gamba'',<ref>Allen Meagher, Andrew Samuel, Baba Ceesay, National Council for the Arts and Culture (Gambia), ''Historic Sites of The Gambia: Ada Dinkiralu (Mandinka), Bereb-I-Chosan (Wolof), Tarica Tawal (Fula), Nannin (Jola), Soninke Ada (Serehuli), I-Mofan Chosan (Serer): an Official Guide to the Monuments and Sites of the Gambia'', National Council for the Arts and Culture, 1998, pp. 1, 24.</ref> oo ah [[durbaan]] laga sameeyay [[galaas]] kaas oo la garaaco marka oday Serer ah uu dhinto.)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mwakikagile |first1=Godfrey |author1-link=Godfrey Mwakikagile |title=The Gambia and Its People: Ethnic Identities and Cultural Integration in Africa |date=2010 |publisher=New Africa Press |isbn=978-9987-16-023-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZL7wIvRlXSwC&pg=PA141 |page=141 |language=en}}</ref> [[Sahamiyayaashii Boortaqiiska]], oo soo gaaray gobolka qarnigii 15-aad, waxay qaateen nooc ka mid ah magacan maxaliga ah, kaas oo markii dambe loo beddelay ''Gambia'' intii lagu guda jiray [[Gumeysigii iyo Maxmiyaddii Gambia|xukunkii gumeysiga Ingiriiska]].<ref name="MandinkaOrigin">{{cite book |last1=Hughes |first1=Arnold |last2=Perfect |first2=David |title=A political history of The Gambia, 1816-1994 |url=https://archive.org/details/politicalhistory0000hugh |date=2006 |publisher=University of Rochester Press |location=Rochester, NY |isbn=978-1-58046-682-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/politicalhistory0000hugh/page/12 12]–14}}</ref> Markii ay qaadatay madaxbannaanida sannadkii 1965, dalku wuxuu isticmaalay magaca ''The Gambia''. Ka dib markii lagu dhawaaqay jamhuuriyad sannadkii 1970, magaca dheer ee dalka wuxuu noqday ''Jamhuuriyadda Gambia''.<ref name=cons1996>{{cite web |url=http://www.ilo.org/dyn/travail/docs/1952/GMB48490.pdf |title=Constitution of the Republic of the Gambia |date=1996 |access-date=29 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204142049/http://www.ilo.org/dyn/travail/docs/1952/GMB48490.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Gambia waa mid ka mid ah labada dal ee kaliya ee qodobka cayiman ee "the" si rasmi ah loogu isticmaalo magacooda gaaban ee luqadda Ingiriisiga, dalka kale waa [[Bahamas]]; si ka duwan Bahamas, qoraalka weyn ayaa loo isticmaalaa qodobka marka la qorayo "The Gambia".<ref name="cons1996" />{{efn|[[El Salvador]], oo Isbaanish ahaan u taagan "Badbaadiyaha", waxay sidoo kale u isticmaashaa qodobka cayiman magaceeda.}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Geoghegan |first=Tom |date=7 June 2012 |title=Ukraine or the Ukraine: Why do some country names have 'the'? |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-18233844 |access-date=23 February 2023 |quote=[A]ccording to several authoritative sources, such as the CIA World Factbook, the ''Times Comprehensive Atlas of the World'' and the US Department of State, only two countries, the Bahamas and the Gambia, should officially be referred to with the article. |archive-date=30 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130150639/https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-18233844 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sannadkii 1964, waxyar ka hor madaxbannaanida dalka, Ra'iisul Wasaare [[Dawda Jawara]] wuxuu u qoray [[Guddiga Joogtada ah ee Magacyada Juqraafiga ee Isticmaalka rasmiga ah ee Ingiriiska]] isagoo ka codsaday in magaca ''the Gambia'' uu sii haysto qodobka cayiman, qayb ahaan si loo yareeyo jahwareerka kala dhexayn kara [[Zambia]] oo iyaduna dhowaan noqotay mid madaxbannaan.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Alfa Shaban |first1=Abdur Rahman |title=Why Africa's 'smiling coast' is officially referred to as 'The' Gambia |url=https://www.africanews.com/2017/01/19/why-africa-s-smiling-coast-is-referred-to-as-the-gambia// |access-date=28 November 2020 |work=Africa News |date=19 January 2017 |archive-date=11 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411013024/https://www.africanews.com/2017/01/19/why-africa-s-smiling-coast-is-referred-to-as-the-gambia/ }}</ref> Maamulkii [[Yahya Jammeh]] wuxuu u beddelay magaca dheer ''Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah ee Gambia'' bishii Diseembar 2015.<ref name=E1>{{cite web |url=http://www.europe1.fr/international/la-gambie-sautoproclamme-etat-islamique-2635109 |title=La Gambie s'autoproclame 'État islamique' |date=13 December 2015 |publisher=Europe 1 |language=fr |access-date=14 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151214051037/http://www.europe1.fr/international/la-gambie-sautoproclamme-etat-islamique-2635109 |archive-date=14 December 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> 29-kii Janaayo 2017 Madaxweynihii cusub ee la doortay [[Adama Barrow]] wuxuu magaca dib uogu soo celiyay ''Jamhuuriyadda Gambia''.<ref name="abr">{{Cite news |last=Adegun |first=Aanu |date=29 January 2017 |title=Adama Barrow removes 'Islamic' title from Gambia's name |url=https://www.naij.com/1085177-adama-barrow-removes-islamic-gambias-name.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129123855/https://www.naij.com/1085177-adama-barrow-removes-islamic-gambias-name.html |archive-date=29 January 2017 |access-date=31 January 2017 |newspaper=Naij }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/01/gambia-president-adama-barrow-pledges-reforms-170128194124520.html |title=The Gambia: President Adama Barrow pledges reforms |date=28 January 2017 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=31 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131012508/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/01/gambia-president-adama-barrow-pledges-reforms-170128194124520.html |archive-date=31 January 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Wadamada Afrika]] lwzctdo8yoya9irn0ueonrbbc6j7s1k 0 5428 307690 270929 2026-09-09T19:09:56Z Soalt 39618 Category:Wadamada Aasiya 307690 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|3.20|73.22|display=title}} [[File:Flag_of_Maldives.svg|thumb|Calanka Jasiirada Maldiif]] [[File:Malosmadulu_Atolls,_Maldives.jpg|thumb|right|400px|]] '''Jasiirada Maldiif''' waa wadan [[jasiirad]] ah, oo ku taalo, [[Badweynta Hindiya]]. jasiirada Maldiif waa wadanka ugu yar [[Aasiya]].Waana dawlad Islaam ah oo inta badan dadka kunooli waa Muslim. Wadanka Maldiif waxa mudo gaadhaysa 78 sano soo Xukumaayay [[Midowga boqortooyada Britan]] waxa ay maaldiif madaxbanaanideeda qaadatay sanadkii 1965. Wadanka Maaldiif waa xubin kamida ah Ururka [[Komonwels]]. == Taariikh == Waxa ay sheegayaan Daraasadaha lagu sameeyaay luqada iyo caadaadka wadankaasi in dadakaasi ay soo gaadheen taariikhdu markii ay ahayd, 300 Kahor Dhalashaddii [[Ciise]] C.S waxa kale oo ay daraasadaahi sheegaaan in dadakaasi ay ka yimaadeen Dhanka qaarada [[Aasiya]] waxa ay ahaayeen Ugaadhsadayaal Kadib waxa ay dageen Jasiiradaha Maldiif. wadanka Maldiif waxa uu [[Islaam]] ku Gaadhay Sanadkii 1156 ee taariikhda dhalashada Nibi Ciise C.S.waxan filayaa waxbaa ka qaldan taariikhdan ==Xubin== * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * [[IORA]] ==Waddamaha degaan {{PAGENAME}}== * {{Flag|India}}'''Hindustan'''1,251,000+ * {{Flag|United Kingdom}} 12+ == Tsunami == Maalintii 26-Diseembar-2004 kadib markii uu Dhul gariir baaxad wayn lihi uu ku dhuftay baddawaynta Hindiya waxaa Wadanka Maldiif jiidhay majado [[Tsunami]]ah waxa ka badbadaaday kaliya 9 jasiiradood halka 56 Jasiiradood ay qar qoomeen waxaa halkaas ku dhintay dada gaadhaya ilaa 108 qof. == Siyaasadda == Siyaasadda jamhuuriyada maldiif waa mid kusalaysan jamhuuriyada madaxwayne leh doorashada madaxwaynihu waxa ay dhacdaa 5 sanaba mar. == Cimilada == [[Badweynta Hindiya]] ayaa saamayn aad u wayn ku yeelatey Cimilada jasiiradaha Maldiif,mar marka qaarkood waxayira xaraarada iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa jawiga halkaas oo marmarka qaarkood la dareemo hawo xidhan darajada xaraardu waxa ay u dhaxaysaa inta badan sanadkii 24 ilaa 33 darajo. ==Sido kale fiiri== [[File:RZ.Maldives sign language.jhwh.png|thumb|290px|[[Luuqadda Calaamadaha ee Maldives]] ([https://www.jw.org/so/wargeysyada/maxaa-cusub/iimaan-run-ah/ilaaha-runta-ah-yuu-yahay/ Waa maxay magaca Ilaah? Yehowah])]] * [[Luuqadda Calaamadaha ee Maldives]] * [[Jasiirada Maldiif visa Dalalka]] {{Dalalka Aasiya}} [[Category:Aasiya]] [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] {{commons|Maldives}} e2yhfp0lbu9vejm0gppl8dy7pqw4uoo 0 5472 307674 288804 2026-09-09T18:03:54Z Soalt 39618 Category:Wadamada Aasiya iyo tixraac 307674 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Republic of the Union of Myanmar |common_name = Myanmar |native_name = {{native name|my|[[File:Myanmar long form.png|240px]] <br />Pyidaunzu Thanmăda Myăma Nainngandaw}} |image_flag = Flag of Myanmar.svg |image_coat = Variant of the State seal of Myanmar (2011-2025).svg |symbol_type = State Seal |national_anthem = {{unbulleted list |''[[Kaba Ma Kyei]]'' |({{lang-en|"Till the End of the World"}})}}<div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:U.S. Navy Band - Kaba Ma Kyei.oga|centre]]</div> |image_map = Location Burma (Myanmar) ASEAN.svg |map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=green |region=[[ASEAN]] |region_color=dark grey |legend=Location Burma (Myanmar) ASEAN.svg}} |image_map2 = Myanmar - Location Map (2013) - MMR - UNOCHA.svg |capital = [[Naypyidaw]] |coordinates = {{Coord|19|45|N|96|6|E|type:city}} |largest_city = [[Yangon|Yangon {{small|(Rangoon)}}]] |official_languages = [[Burmese language|Burmese]] |regional_languages = {{hlist| |[[Kachin language|Kachin]] |[[Kayah language|Kayah]] |[[Karen language|Karen]] |[[Chin language|Chin]] |[[Mon language|Mon]] |[[Rakhine language|Rakhine]] |[[Shan language|Shan]]}} |languages_type = [[Official script]] |languages = [[Burmese script]] |ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 68% [[Bamar people|Bamar]] | 9% [[Shan people|Shan]] | 7% [[Karen people|Karen]] | 4% [[Rakhine people|Rakhine]] | 2% [[Mon people|Mon]] | 10% others }} |ethnic_groups_year = {{lower|0.45em|<ref name="CIA geos" />}} | religion = [[Theravada|Theravāda]] [[Buddhism]] 87.9%<br> [[Christianity]] 6.2%<br> [[Islam]] 4.3%<br>Other 1.6%<ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=http://myanmar.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/UNION_2-C_religion_EN_0.pdf |access-date=2018-06-28 |archive-date=2017-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801182450/http://myanmar.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/UNION_2-C_religion_EN_0.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |demonym = Burmese / Myanma / Myanmese<ref>{{cite news|author1=Wang, Ann|title=Why the Rohingya will never be welcome in Myanmar|url=http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/long-reads/article/2113253/why-rohingya-will-never-be-welcome-myanmar |newspaper= South China Morning Post|date=30 September 2017}}</ref> |government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[republic|constitutional republic]] |leader_title1 = [[President of Myanmar|President]] |leader_name1 = [[Win Myint (MP)|Win Myint]] |leader_title2 = [[State Counsellor of Myanmar|State Counsellor]] |leader_name2 = [[Aung San Suu Kyi]] |leader_title3 = [[Vice President of Myanmar|1st Vice President]] |leader_name3 = [[Myint Swe (general)|Myint Swe]] |leader_title4 = [[Vice President of Myanmar|2nd Vice President]] |leader_name4 = [[Henry Van Thio]] |legislature = [[Assembly of the Union]] |upper_house = [[House of Nationalities]] |lower_house = {{nowrap|[[House of Representatives (Myanmar)|House of Representatives]]}} |sovereignty_type = [[History of Myanmar|Formation]] |established_event1 = [[Pagan Kingdom]] |established_date1 = 23 December 849 |established_event2 = [[Taungoo Dynasty]] |established_date2 = 16 October 1510 |established_event3 = [[Konbaung Dynasty]] |established_date3 = 29 February 1752 |established_event4 = [[Third Anglo-Burmese War|Annexation by Britain]] |established_date4 = 1 January 1886 |established_event5 = {{nowrap|[[Post-independence Burma, 1948–1962|Independence]]}} |established_date5 = 4 January 1948 |established_event6 = [[1962 Burmese coup d'état|Coup d'état]] |established_date6 = 2 March 1962 |established_event7 = [[Constitution of Myanmar|New constitution]] |established_date7 = 30 March 2011 |area_km2 = 676,578 |area_rank = 39th <!--should be same as listed on [[List of countries and dependencies by area]]--> |area_sq_mi = 261,227 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |percent_water = 3.06 |population_census = 51,486,253 (2014),<ref>{{cite book | url=| title=The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census Highlights of the Main Results Census Report Volume 2 – A | publisher=Department of Population Ministry of Immigration and Population | year=2015}}</ref> 53,582,855 (2017)<ref name="worldometers.info">http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/myanmar-population/</ref> |population_census_year = 2014 |population_census_rank = 25th |population_density_km2 = 76 |population_density_sq_mi = <!--auto calculate--><!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = 125th |GDP_PPP = $334.856 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2017&ey=2019&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=64&pr1.y=6&c=518&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Burma (Myanmar)|work=World Economic Outlook Database|publisher=International Monetary Fund|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|access-date=2018-06-28|archive-date=2021-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329175838/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2017&ey=2019&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=64&pr1.y=6&c=518&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_year = 2017 |GDP_PPP_rank =53rd |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $6,360<ref name=imf2 /> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =127th |GDP_nominal = $72.368 billion<ref name=imf2 /> |GDP_nominal_year = 2017 |GDP_nominal_rank =72nd |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $1,374<ref name=imf2 /> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank =150th |Gini = <!--number only--> |Gini_year = |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini_ref = |Gini_rank = |HDI = 0.556 <!--number only--> |HDI_year = 2015<!--Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> |HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |date=2016 |accessdate=21 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> |HDI_rank = 145th |currency = [[Burmese kyat|Kyat]] (K) |currency_code = MMK |time_zone = [[Myanmar Standard Time|MMT]] |utc_offset = +06:30 |drives_on = right |calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Myanmar|+95]] |iso3166code = MM |cctld = [[.mm]] |footnote_a = |footnote_b = |area_magnitude = 1 E11 }} [[w:tr:Myanmar]] '''Burma''' ama '''Midowgii Myanmar''' hore waxa loo dhihi jiray [[mayanmar]] (Union of Myanmar). waa wadan ku yaala [[Koonfur]]ta [[Aasiya]]. wadanku waxa uu xuduud la leeyahay, wadamada [[Shiinaha]], [[Laos]], [[Thailand]], [[Bangladesh]] iyo [[Hindiya]], dhinaca [[waqooyi]][[Galbeed]]na waxaa ka xiga [[Gacanka Bengal]] iyo [[Badda Andaman]]. Myanmar (Ingiriisi hoos ku qoran; Burmese: [mjəmà]], [ras] 1] rasmiga ah ee Jamhuuriyadda Myanmar iyo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Burma, waa gobol madax bannaan oo ku yaal Koonfur Asiya. Myanmar waxaa xuduud la leh Hindiya iyo Bangladesh dhinaca galbeed, Thailand iyo Laos oo ah bariga iyo Shiinaha ilaa woqooyi iyo waqooyi bari. Ilaa koonfurta, qiyaastii sadex meelood meel ka mid ah Myanmar wadarta guud ee 5,876 km (3,651 mi) waxay ka dhigan tahay xeebta aan joogtada ahayn ee 1,930 km (1,200 mi) oo ku yaal Bay of Bengal iyo Badda Andaman. Tirakoobka 2014 ee tirakoobka ayaa tiriyay dadweynaha in ay yihiin 51 milyan oo qof. [7] Ilaa 2017, dadku waxay ku dhowdahay 54 milyan. [4] Myanmar waa 676,578 oo kiilomitir oo isku-wareeg ah (261,228 mayl wareeg ah). Magaalada caasimadda waa Naypyidaw, magaaladeeda ugu weyn iyo caasimadii hore waa Yangon (Rangoon). Myanmar wuxuu xubin ka ahaa Ururka Bisha Cas ee Asiya (ASEAN) tan iyo 1997. Dhaqanka hore ee Myanmar waxaa ka mid ah Dawladaha Tibuure-Burman oo ku hadlayay Py-magaalooyinka Upper Burma iyo boqortooyooyinka Mon ee Burma. Qarnigii 9aad, dadka reer Bama waxay galeen dooxada sare ee Irrawaddy iyo, ka dib markii la aasaasay Boqortooyada Pagan 1050-meeyadii, afka Burmese, dhaqanka iyo Budhisnimadii Theravada si tartiib tartiib ah ayay u noqdeen dalka. Boqortooyada Pagan waxay ku dhacday mabaadii'da Mongol iyo dhawr waddammo dagaalyahan ah ayaa soo baxay. Qarnigii 16aad, ayaa dib loo soo celiyay hantida Taungoo, waddanku wuxuu ahaa muddo kooban oo ah awoodda ugu weyn ee taariikhda gobolka Awdal ee koonfur bari Asia. [9] Horraantii qarnigii 19aad ee Konbaung ayaa xukuntay aag ay ku jiraan Myanmar casriga ah iyo sidoo kale Manipur iyo Assam oo si kooban loo xakameeyey. Ingiriiska ayaa la wareegay maamulka Myanmar ka dib saddex dagaal oo ka socday Anglo-Burmese qarnigii 19-aad iyo waddankana wuxuu noqday gumeyste British ah. Myanmar waxaa la siiyay madaxbanaan sannadkii 1948, oo ah waddan dimoqraadi ah. Ka dib markii uu kufsaday 1962-dii, waxa uu noqday kaligii taliye militariyadeed oo ka tirsan Xisbiga Barnaamijka Siyaasadda Burma. ==Xubin== * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * [[AIIB]] ==Waddnamha degaan Burma== * {{Flag|China}} 1300000+ * {{Flag|India}} 1030000+ * {{Flag|United Kingdom}} 52000+ Sanadihii ugu dambeeyay ee madaxbanaani, waddanku waxa uu ku mashquulsan yahay colaad jinsi iyo kooxo tiro yar oo qowmiyadeed ah ayaa ku lug lahaa mid ka mid ah dagaaladii ugu dambeeyay ee caalamka ee socda. Muddadaa, Qaramada Midoobay iyo hay'ado kale ayaa soo tebiyey xadgudubyada xuquuqda aadanaha ee joogtada ah iyo nidaamka waddanka. [10] Sanadkii 2011-kii, junta militariga waxaa si rasmi ah loo tirtiray ka dib doorashadii guud ee 2010-kii, waxaana la dhisay dowlad rasmi ah oo rayid ah. Tani, oo ay weheliso sii deynta Aung San Suu Kyi iyo maxaabiista siyaasadeed, waxay hagaajisay diiwaangelinta xuquuqda aadanaha ee waddanka iyo xiriirka shisheeye, waxayna horseedday fududaynta ganacsiga iyo ciqaabaha dhaqaale ee kale. Waxaa jira, si kastaba ha ahaatee, cambaareynta joogtada ah ee daweynta dawladeed ee ku saabsan qowmiyadaha tirada yar, jawaabteeda ku saabsan kacdoonimada qowmiyadeed, iyo isku dhacyada diimeed. [12] Doorashadii 2015, doorashadii Aung San Suu Kyi ayaa badisay aqlabiyad labada aqal ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, millatariga Burma ayaa weli ah awood awood leh oo siyaasadeed. Myanmar waa waddan hodan ah oo caws iyo gaas, saliida, gaaska dabiiciga ah iyo ilo kale oo macdanta ah. Sanadkii 2013, GDP (nomin) wuxuu ku fadhiyaa US $ 56.7 bilyan iyo miisaaniyadeeda (PPP) oo ah US $ 221.5 bilyan. Farogelinta dakhliga ee Myanmar ayaa ka mid ah kuwa ugu ballaaran adduunka, iyada oo qayb weyn oo dhaqaalaha ah ay gacanta ku hayaan taageerayaasha ciidamada hore ee milatariga. [14] Ilaa 2016-ka, Myanmar waxay ka koobnayd 145 oo ka mid ah 188 dal ee horumarinta aadanaha, sida lagu sheegay Heerka Horumarka Aadanaha. [6] ==Warka== [[Myanmar ciidan la wareego 2021]] {| class="wikitable" |- ! No. ! [[wadanka subdivision|State/Region]] ! Districts ! Magalo<br />ships ! magalo/<br />Towns ! [[Ward (country subdivision)|Wards]] ! Village<br />groups ! Villages |- | 1 | [[Kachin State]] | 4 | 18 | 20 | 116 | 606 | 2630 |- | 2 | [[Kayah State]] | 2 | 7 | 7 | 29 | 79 | 624 |- | 3 | [[Kayin State]] | 3 | 7 | 10 | 46 | 376 | 2092 |- | 4 | [[Chin State]] | 2 | 9 | 9 | 29 | 475 | 1355 |- | 5 | [[Sagaing Region]] | 8 | 37 | 37 | 171 | 1769 | 6095 |- | 6 | [[Tanintharyi Region]] | 3 | 10 | 10 | 63 | 265 | 1255 |- | 7 | [[Bago Region]] | 4 | 28 | 33 | 246 | 1424 | 6498 |- | 8 | [[Magway Region]] | 5 | 25 | 26 | 160 | 1543 | 4774 |- | 9 | [[Mandalay Region]] | 7 | 31 | 29 | 259 | 1611 | 5472 |- | 10 | [[Mon State]] | 2 | 10 | 11 | 69 | 381 | 1199 |- | 11 | [[Rakhine State]] | 4 | 17 | 17 | 120 | 1041 | 3871 |- | 12 | [[Yangon Region]] | 4 | 45 | 20 | 685 | 634 | 2119 |- | 13 | [[Shan State]] | 11 | 54 | 54 | 336 | 1626 | 15513 |- | 14 | [[Ayeyarwady Region]] |6 | 26 | 29 | 219 | 1912 | 11651 |- | | '''Total''' | '''63''' | '''324''' | '''312''' | '''2548''' | '''13742''' | '''65148''' |} [[File:UNu-Dayan.jpg|thumb|right|500px|]] [[File:Flag_of_Myanmar.svg|thumb|]] [[File:Myanmar in its region.svg|thumb|]] =Tixraac= {{reflist}} {{commons|မြန်မာပြည်}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} [[Category:Aasiya]] [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] rsw9ya3ye4ysk404mr574dbljcy60g3 0 5473 307710 301528 2026-09-09T19:34:49Z Soalt 39618 Category:Wadamada Aasiya iyo tixraac 307710 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Thailand | common_name = Thailand | native_name = {{native name|th|ราชอาณาจักรไทย|italics=no}}<br />{{lang|th-Latn|Ratcha-anachak Thai}} | image_flag = Flag of Thailand.svg | image_coat = | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = | national_anthem = ''[[Thai National Anthem|Phleng Chat Thai]]''<br />({{lang-en|"Thai National Anthem"}})<br /><center>[[File:Thai National Anthem - US Navy Band.ogg]]</center> | royal_anthem = ''[[Sansoen Phra Barami]]''<br />({{lang-en|"Glorify His prestige"}})<br /><center>[[File:Thai Royal Anthem - US Navy Band.ogg]]</center> | image_map = Location Thailand ASEAN.svg |map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=green |region=[[ASEAN]] |region_color=dark grey |legend=Location Thailand ASEAN.svg}} | image_map2 = Thailand - Location Map (2013) - THA - UNOCHA.svg | capital = [[Bangkok]] | coordinates = {{Coord|13|45|N|100|29|E|type:city}} | largest_city = Bangkok | official_languages = [[Thai language|Thai]]<ref name=CIA>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/th.html Thailand] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/th.html |date=20101229000203 }} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703193043/https://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/th.html |date=3 July 2015 }}, ''The World Factbook''.</ref><!--Thai is the official language. English is a non-official secondary language.--> |languages_type = Spoken languages |languages = {{hlist|[[Isan language|Isan]]|[[Northern Thai language|Kam Mueang]]|[[Southern Thai language|Pak Tai]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | {{nowrap|[[Thai people|Thai]]}}<br />{{nowrap|&nbsp;'''∟''' 34.1% [[Central Thailand|Central Thai]]}}<br />{{nowrap|&nbsp;'''∟''' 24.9% [[Isan people|Khon Isan]]}}<ref name="DraperKamnuansilpa">{{cite journal|last= Draper|first= John|last2= Kamnuansilpa|first2= Peerasit|date= 2016|title= The Thai Lao Question: The Reappearance of Thailand’s Ethnic Lao Community and Related Policy Questions|url= http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14631369.2016.1258300|journal= Asian Ethnicity|volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= 10.1080/14631369.2016.1258300|access-date= 23 November 2016|deadurl= no|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20161227040923/http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14631369.2016.1258300|archivedate= 27 December 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref><br />{{nowrap|&nbsp;'''∟''' 9.9% [[Northern Thai people|Khon Muang]]}} <br />{{nowrap|&nbsp;'''∟''' 7.5% [[Southern Thailand|Southern Thai]]}} | 14% [[Thai Chinese]] | 12% Others <small>(incl. [[Karen people|Karen]], [[Thai Malays|Malay]], [[Mon people|Mon]], [[Northern Khmer people|Khmer]], "[[Hill tribe (Thailand)|Hill tribes]]")</small><ref name="CERD/C/THA/1-3">{{cite book|title=International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination; Reports submitted by States parties under article 9 of the Convention: Thailand|date=28 July 2011|publisher=United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination|url=http://www.rlpd.go.th/rlpdnew/images/rlpd_1/HRC/CERD%201_3.pdf|accessdate=8 October 2016|language=English with appended Thai government translation|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009184727/http://www.rlpd.go.th/rlpdnew/images/rlpd_1/HRC/CERD%201_3.pdf|archivedate=9 October 2016|df=dmy-all}} {{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=http://www.rlpd.go.th/rlpdnew/images/rlpd_1/HRC/CERD%201_3.pdf |access-date=2018-06-28 |archive-date=2016-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009184727/http://www.rlpd.go.th/rlpdnew/images/rlpd_1/HRC/CERD%201_3.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref>{{RP|95–99}}<ref>{{citation |author=David Levinson |title=Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook |publisher=Oryx Pres |year=1998 |page=287|isbn=1-57356-019-7}}</ref><ref name=Ethno2013>{{citation |last1 = Paul |first1 = Lewis M. |last2 = Simons |first2 = Gary F. |last3 = Fennig |first3 = Charles D. |year = 2013 |title = Ethnologue: Languages of the World |publisher = SIL International |isbn = 978-1-55671-216-6 |url = http://www.ethnologue.com |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071227170852/http://www.ethnologue.com/ |archivedate = 27 December 2007 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> }} |ethnic_groups_year = 2009;<ref name="West794">{{citation |author=Barbara A. West |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania |publisher=Facts on File |year=2009 |page=794|isbn=1-4381-1913-5}}</ref> 2011<ref name="CERD/C/THA/1-3" />{{RP|95–99}} | demonym = [[Demographics of Thailand|Thai]]<br />[[Thai people|Siamese]] (archaic) | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[constitutional monarchy]] | leader_title1 = [[Monarchy of Thailand|Monarch]] | leader_name1 = [[Vajiralongkorn|Maha Vajiralongkorn]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Thailand|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Srettha Thavisin]] | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | legislature = [[National Legislative Assembly of Thailand (2014)|National Legislative Assembly]] (acting as [[National Assembly of Thailand|National Assembly]]) | sovereignty_type = [[History of Thailand|Formation]] | established_event1 = [[Sukhothai Kingdom]] | established_date1 = 1238–1448 | established_event2 = [[Ayutthaya Kingdom]] | established_date2 = 1351–1767 | established_event3 = [[Thonburi Kingdom]] | established_date3 = 1768–1782 | established_event4 = [[Rattanakosin Kingdom]] | established_date4 = 6 April 1782 | established_event5 = {{nowrap|[[Siamese revolution of 1932|Constitutional monarchy]]}} | established_date5 = 24 June 1932 | established_event6 = {{nowrap|[[Constitution of Thailand|Current constitution]]}} | established_date6 = 6 April 2017 | area_km2 = 513,120 | area_rank = 50th | area_sq_mi = 198,115 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = {{nowrap|0.4 (2,230 km{{smallsup|2}})}} | population_estimate = {{UN_Population|Thailand}}{{UN_Population|ref}} | population_census = 64,785,909<ref>{{th icon}} National Statistics Office, [http://popcensus.nso.go.th/doc/8-thailand%20census.doc "100th anniversary of population censuses in Thailand: Population and housing census 2010: 11th census of Thailand"] {{Wayback|url=http://popcensus.nso.go.th/doc/8-thailand%20census.doc |date=20120712002347 }} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712002347/http://popcensus.nso.go.th/doc/8-thailand%20census.doc |date=12 July 2012 }}. popcensus.nso.go.th.</ref> | population_estimate_year = {{UN_Population|Year}} | population_estimate_rank = 20th | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = 132.1 | population_density_sq_mi = 342 <!--Do remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 88th | GDP_PPP = $1.310 trillion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=52&pr.y=7&sy=2016&ey=2018&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=578&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Thailand |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |accessdate=29 April 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328013341/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=52&pr.y=7&sy=2016&ey=2018&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=578&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |archivedate=28 March 2018 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2018 | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $18,943<ref name=imf2 /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = {{nowrap|$514.700 billion}}<ref name="NESDBFeb2018">{{cite web|url=http://www.nesdb.go.th/nesdb_en/ewt_dl_link.php?nid=4360&filename=Macroeconomic_Planning|title=Thai Economic Performance in Q4 and 2017 and Outlook for 2018|publisher=[[National Economic and Social Development Board]]|accessdate=21 February 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222043705/http://www.nesdb.go.th/nesdb_en/ewt_dl_link.php?nid=4360&filename=Macroeconomic_Planning|archivedate=22 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_year = 2018 | GDP_nominal_rank = | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $7,588<ref name="NESDBFeb2018"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = | Gini = 37.8 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2013 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref =<ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=TH |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |accessdate=3 December 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204065819/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=TH |archivedate=4 December 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.740 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI_ref = <ref name=UNDP>{{cite book|title=Global 2016 Human Development Report Overview – English|date=2017|publisher=United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)|location=New York|pages=22–24|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/HDR2016_EN_Overview_Web.pdf|accessdate=22 March 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323061227/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/HDR2016_EN_Overview_Web.pdf|archivedate=23 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 87th | currency = [[Thai baht|Baht]] (฿) | currency_code = THB | time_zone = [[UTC+07:00|ICT]] | utc_offset = +7 | utc_offset_DST = <!-- +N, where N is number of hours --> | DST_note = | time_zone_DST = | drives_on = [[Right- and left-hand traffic|left]] | calling_code = [[+66]] | cctld = {{unbulleted list |[[.th]] |[[.ไทย]]}} |religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |91.50% [[Buddhism in Thailand|Buddhism]] |4.97% [[Islam in Thailand|Islam]] |1.17% [[Christianity in Thailand|Christianity]] |0.03% [[Hinduism in Southeast Asia|Hinduism]] |0.01% [[Irreligion|Unaffiliated]]<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://web.nso.go.th/en/survey/popchan/data/2015-2016-Statistical%20tables%20PDF.pdf|title=Population by religion, region and area, 2015|last=|first=|website=|publisher=NSO|accessdate=2017-10-12|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210020110/http://web.nso.go.th/en/survey/popchan/data/2015-2016-Statistical%20tables%20PDF.pdf|archivedate=10 December 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>}} | area_magnitude = 1 E11 }} [[File:Flag_of_Bangkok.svg|thumb|right|392px|]] [[File:Chaophraya_River_(8767097465).jpg|thumb|right|393px|]] [[File:4Y1A1150_Bangkok_(33536339665).jpg|thumb|right|394px|]] [[File:BKK_Art_and_Culture_Centre_(II).jpg|thumb|right|395px]] '''Tayland''' ([[Af-Thai]]: ราชอาณาจักรไทย. waa wadan ku yaalo [[Koonfur]]ta[[bari]] ee qaarada [[Aasiya]]. wadanka markiisa hore waxaa la dhihi jiray '''Siam''' , waa wadan boqortooyo xakunto. wadanka waxoo xuduud laleeyahay wadamada [[Laos]],[[Burma]], iyo [[kambodiya]], koonfurta neh waxaa ka xiga [[Gacanka thailand]] iyo [[Malaysiya]]. thailand waxee ka midtahay wadanka kaliya ee [[Koonfur|koonfurta]][[bari]] ee [[Aasiya]] oo wax gumeysi ah soo marin, inta aa ka eheen wadamada ee dariska tahay burma iyo jabaan, marka ee soo galeen thailand waqtigii dagaalada aduunka kii labaad. Wadanka waxoo jirijiray 40.000 oo sano. magaalo madaxda wadanka waa [[Bangkok]]. ==Xubin== * [[ADB]] * [[AIIB]] * [[ASEAN]] * [[Bankiga Aduunka]] * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] ==Waddnamha degaan Thailand== * {{Flag|China}} 600,000+ * {{Flag|Indonesia}} 1000+ * {{Flag|PHL}} 54,000+ * {{Flag|Cambodia}} 20,000+ * {{Flag|Vietnam}} 200,000+ =Tixraac= {{reflist}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} [[Category:Aasiya]] [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] cea3ji9obmsjsbis23o636c7bzrlw3b 0 5474 307692 285862 2026-09-09T19:12:01Z Soalt 39618 Category:Wadamada Aasiya iyo tixraac 307692 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Cambodia | common_name = Cambodia | native_name = ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា ([[Khmer language|Khmer]]) | image_flag = Flag of Cambodia.svg | image_coat = Royal Arms of Cambodia.svg | symbol_type = Royal Arms | national_motto = <br />{{lang|km|ជាតិ សាសនា ព្រះមហាក្សត្រ}}<br />"Nation, Religion, King" | national_anthem = <br />''[[Nokor Reach]]''<br />{{small|''Majestic Kingdom''}} <center>[[File:United States Navy Band - Nokoreach.ogg]]</center> | image_map = Location Cambodia ASEAN.svg | map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=green |region=[[ASEAN]] |region_color=dark grey |legend=Location Cambodia ASEAN.svg}} | capital = [[Phnom Penh]] | coordinates = {{Coord|11|33|N|104|55|E|type:city|display=inline,title}} | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[Khmer language|Khmer]] | languages_type = Spoken languages | languages = {{hlist|[[Khmer language|Khmer]] | [[Cham language|Cham]] | [[French language|French]] }} | languages2_type = Official script | languages2 = [[Khmer script]] | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 79.2% [[Khmer people|Khmer]] | 9.6% [[Vietnamese Cambodian|Vietnamese]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://minorityrights.org/minorities/ethnic-vietnamese/|title=Ethnic Vietnamese - Minority Rights Group|publisher=}}</ref> | 7.5% [[Chinese Cambodian|Chinese]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://minorityrights.org/minorities/chinese-2/|title=Chinese - Minority Rights Group|publisher=}}</ref> | 2.8% [[Chams]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://minorityrights.org/minorities/cham/|title=Cham - Minority Rights Group|publisher=}}</ref> | 0.9% Other }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2018 | demonym = Cambodian<br />Khmer | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[dominant-party state|dominant-party]] [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[Elective monarchy|elective]] [[constitutional monarchy]] | leader_title1 = [[Monarchy of Cambodia|King]] | leader_name1 = [[Norodom Sihamoni]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Cambodia|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Hun Sen]] | leader_title3 = [[List of Presidents of the Senate of Cambodia|President of the Senate]] | leader_name3 = [[Say Chhum]] | leader_title4 = [[List of Presidents of the National Assembly of Cambodia|President of the National Assembly]] | leader_name4 = [[Heng Samrin]] | legislature = [[Parliament of Cambodia|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[Senate of Cambodia|Senate]] | lower_house = [[National Assembly of Cambodia|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of Cambodia|Formation]] | established_event1 = [[Funan (Southeast Asia)|Funan Empire]] | established_date1 = 50/68 AD–550 AD | established_event2 = [[Chenla|Chenla Empire]] | established_date2 = 550–802 | established_event3 = [[Khmer Empire]] | established_date3 = 802–1431 | established_event4 = [[Dark ages of Cambodia|Middle Period]] | established_date4 = 1431–1863 | established_event5 = {{nowrap|[[Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–70)|Independence]]<br />(from [[France]])}} | established_date5 = 9 November 1953 | established_event6 = [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 109|Admitted to the]] [[United Nations]] | established_date6 = 14 December 1955 | established_event7 = {{nowrap|[[1991 Paris Peace Accords|Paris Peace Accords]]}} | established_date7 = 23 October 1991 | established_event8 = {{nowrap|[[Modern Cambodia|Monarchy restored]]}} | established_date8 = 24 September 1993 | established_event9 = [[ASEAN Declaration]] | established_date9 = 30 April 1999 | area_km2 = 181,035 | area_rank = 88th | area_sq_mi = 69,898 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 2.5 | population_estimate = 16,245,729 | population_census = 13,395,682<ref>[http://www.nis.gov.kh/ Cambodian National Institute of Statistics] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nis.gov.kh/ |date=20110227230811 }}, accessed 6 June 2012.</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2018 | population_estimate_rank = | population_census_year = 2008 | population_density_km2 = 81.8 | population_density_sq_mi = 211.8 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 118th | GDP_PPP = $70.302&nbsp;billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2018&ey=2022&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=522&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=&pr.x=43&pr.y=15 |title=Cambodia |publisher=International Monetary Fund }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2018 | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $4,325<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = $24.605&nbsp;billion<ref>https://www.khmertimeskh.com/50507745/government-issues-flattering-report-ahead-of-national-election/</ref> | GDP_nominal_year = 2018 | GDP_nominal_rank = | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $1,563<ref>https://www.khmertimeskh.com/50507745/government-issues-flattering-report-ahead-of-national-election/</ref> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = | Gini = 31.8 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2011 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI |title=GINI Index |work=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |accessdate=29 August 2015}}</ref> | HDI = 0.563 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf|title=2016 Human Development Report |publisher=United Nations|accessdate=21 March 2017}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 143rd | currency = [[Cambodian riel|Riel]] (៛) | currency_code = KHR | time_zone = [[Krasnoyarsk Time|KRAT]]/[[UTC+7| ICT]] | utc_offset = +07:00 | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Cambodia|+855]] | cctld = [[.kh]] | religion = {{small|Official:}}<br />[[Buddhism in Cambodia|Theravada Buddhism]]<br />{{small|Other religions:}}<br />{{hlist|[[Islam in Cambodia|Islam]]|[[Christianity in Cambodia|Christianity]]|other}} | area_magnitude = }} '''Kambodiya''' ama '''Boqortooyada Kambodiya''' ([[Khmer]]:ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា). waa wadan ku yaala [[Koonfur]]ta [[Bari]] ee qaarada [[Aasiya]]. wadanka waxoo xuduud la leeyahay wadamada [[Thailand]], [[Laos]], [[Vietnam]] iyo [[gacanka thailand]] oo ka xiga Koonfurta. magaalo madaxda wadanka waa [[Phnom Penh]]. xukunka kanboodiya waa boqortoyo [[barlamaa]]ni ah boqorka hada joogaa waa [[calanka]] masaafada kamboodiya waxa ay dhantahy. 181,035 klm oo isku wareeg ah dadka kunoolina waxa ay tirahaan gaadhayaan qiyaastii 14 milyan oo qof dadka reen kamboodiya waxa ay ka koobanyihiin laba qawmiyadood oo kala ah qawmida [[Khmer]] iyo qawmiyada kale ee lagu magaacabo [[terafada]] laakiin wxa kale oo wadanka kunool dad [[muslim]] ah oo badan. dhaqaalaha ugu wayn ee kambodyaa waa[[beeraha]] inkabadan $59 waa beeralay. *[https://www.jw.org/en/library/magazines/g201404/visit-to-cambodia/ A Visit to Cambodia] [[File:Royal.Place.Phnom.Penh.Palais.Royal.Cambodge.001.jpg|thumb|240px|right|Palais Reiau de Phnom Penh]] [[File:Ewer from Cambodia, Angkorian era, 12th century, glazed stoneware, HAA.JPG|thumb|right|240px|]] =Taariikh= {| style="background:none;" cellspacing="2" | {| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:95%;" |- style="font-size:100%; text-align:right;" ! scope="col" style="width:3px;" | Number ! scope="col" style="width:120px;" | ! scope="col" style="width:110px;" | Capital ! scope="col" style="width:60px;" | Area (km²) ! scope="col" style="width:80px;" | |- | 1 || [[Banteay Meanchey Province|Banteay Meanchey]] || [[Sisophon|Serei Saophoan]] || style="text-align:right"|6,679|| style="text-align:right"|678,033 |- | 2 || [[Battambang Province|Battambang]] || [[Battambang]] || style="text-align:right"|11,702|| style="text-align:right"|1,036,523 |- | 3 || [[Kampong Cham Province|Kampong Cham]] || [[Kampong Cham (city)|Kampong Cham]] ||style="text-align:right"|4,549 || style="text-align:right"|1,010,098 |- | 4 || [[Kampong Chhnang Province|Kampong Chhnang]] || [[Kampong Chhnang (city)|Kampong Chhnang]] || style="text-align:right"|5,521|| style="text-align:right"|472,616 |- | 5 || [[Kampong Speu Province|Kampong Speu]] || [[Chbar Mon]] || style="text-align:right"|7,017|| style="text-align:right"|718,008 |- | 6 || [[Kampong Thom Province|Kampong Thom]] || [[Stung Saen]] ||style="text-align:right"|13,814|| style="text-align:right"|908,398 |- | 7 || [[Kampot Province|Kampot]] || [[Kampot (city)|Kampot]] || style="text-align:right"|4,873|| style="text-align:right"|585,110 |- | 8 || [[Kandal Province|Kandal]] || [[Krong Ta Khmau District|Ta Khmau]] || style="text-align:right"|3,568|| style="text-align:right"|1,265,805 |- | 9 || [[Kep Province|Kep]] || [[Kep (town)|Kep]] || style="text-align:right"|336|| style="text-align:right"|80,208 |- | 10 || [[Koh Kong Province|Koh Kong]] || [[Khemarak Phoumin]] || style="text-align:right"|11,160|| style="text-align:right"|139,722 |- | 11 || [[Kratié Province|Kratié]] || [[Kratié (city)|Kratié]] || style="text-align:right"|11,094|| style="text-align:right"|318,523 |- | 12 || [[Mondulkiri Province|Mondulkiri]] || [[Senmonorom]] || style="text-align:right"|14,288|| style="text-align:right"|60,811 |- | 13 || [[Oddar Meanchey Province|Oddar Meanchey]] || [[Samraong (town)|Samraong]] || style="text-align:right"|6,158|| style="text-align:right"|185,443 |- | 14 || [[Pailin Province|Pailin]] || [[Pailin]] || style="text-align:right"|803|| style="text-align:right"|70,482 |- | 15 || [[Phnom Penh]] || [[Phnom Penh]] || style="text-align:right"|758|| style="text-align:right"|2,234,566 |- | 16 || [[Sihanoukville Province|Preah Sihanouk]] || [[Sihanoukville (city)|Sihanoukville]] || style="text-align:right"|2,537|| style="text-align:right"|199,902 |- | 17 || [[Preah Vihear Province|Preah Vihear]] || [[Tbeng Meanchey]] || style="text-align:right"|13,788|| style="text-align:right"|170,852 |- | 18 || [[Pursat Province|Pursat]] || [[Pursat]] || style="text-align:right"|12,692|| style="text-align:right"|397,107 |- | 19 || [[Prey Veng Province|Prey Veng]] || [[Prey Veng (city)|Prey Veng]] || style="text-align:right"|4,883|| style="text-align:right"|947,357 |- | 20 || [[Ratanakiri Province|Ratanakiri]] || [[Banlung]] || style="text-align:right"|10,782|| style="text-align:right"|567,459 |- | 21 || [[Siem Reap Province|Siem Reap]] || [[Siem Reap]] || style="text-align:right"|10,229|| style="text-align:right"|1,000,309 |- | 22 || [[Stung Treng Province|Stung Treng]] || [[Stung Treng]] || style="text-align:right"|11,092|| style="text-align:right"|111,734 |- | 23 || [[Svay Rieng Province|Svay Rieng]] || [[Svay Rieng (town)|Svay Rieng]] || style="text-align:right"|2,966|| style="text-align:right"|498,785 |- | 24 || [[Takéo Province|Takéo]] || [[Doun Kaev]] || style="text-align:right"|3,563|| style="text-align:right"|843,931 |- | 25 || [[Tbong Khmum Province|Tboung Khmom]] || [[Suong]] || style="text-align:right"|4,928 || style="text-align:right"|754,000 |} !<center>[[File:Provincial Boundaries in Cambodia.svg|upright=2]] |} [[File:Cambodia_2004_500r_obverse.jpg|thumb|right|400px|]] =Tixraac= {{reflist}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} {{commons|ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា}} [[Category:Aasiya]] [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] eaeh60ghpvkjlv43n2mjfxvj74qk95x 0 5595 307703 302208 2026-09-09T19:23:53Z Soalt 39618 Category:Wadamada Aasiya 307703 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dalalka |native_name = Qatar<br />''قطر'' |conventional_long_name = |common_name = Qatar |qaaradda = [[Bariga Dhexe]] |sawir_calan = Flag of Qatar.svg |image_map = Qatar (orthographic projection)-Blue version.svg |astaan_calan = [[Astaanta Calanka Qatar|As salaam al amiir]] |image_map = LocationQatar.png |caasimadda = [[Dooxa]] |luuqadaha = [[Af-Carabi]] |caasimada = [[Dooxa]] | GDP_PPP_year = 2017 | GDP_PPP_rank = 1 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $23,425<ref name="IMF database 2018" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = $ 120 Billion Dollar <ref name="IMF database 2018" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2017 | GDP_nominal_rank = | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $44,550<ref name="IMF database 2018" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = |Dawladda = Qatar |darajo_hogaamiye1 = [[Al-Amiir]] |darajo_hogaamiye2 = [[Ra'iisul wasaare]] |magac_hogaamiye1 = [[Shiikh Xamdiin Khaliifat Al-thaanii]] |magac_hogaamiye2 = [[Xamdiin bin Jaasim bin Jiber Al-thaanii]] |sovereignty_type = '''Ka xoroobey''' |sovereignty_note = qoomiyadihii tar tamaayay iyo [[Ingiriis]]ka oo si nuuc kale ula dhaqmay |established_event1 = Taariikhda |established_date1 = 18 [[Diseembar]], [[1971]] |area = 11,437 km2 |areami² = 4,415km2 |biyo = micno la aan |population_estimate =2,675,522 |population_estimate_year = 2016 |lacagta = [[Riyaal qatar]] |Magaca internetka = &nbsp;[[.so]] |wakhti = [[waqtiga bariga dhexe]] |furaha_debedda = 974 |footnote1 = }} '''Qatar''' ama '''Qadar''' ( {{lang-ar|قطر}}), waa dal ku yaalla galbeedka [[Aasiya]] , Xudduudda dhul ee keliya waxay la leedahay Boqortooyada [[Sacuudi Carabiya]] ee koonfurta, iyadoo inta kale ee dhulkeeda ku xeeran Gacanka Beershiya . Gacanka Baxreyn , oo ah marinka Gacanka Beershiya, wuxuu kala saaraa Qatar iyo Baxrayn oo u dhow . Horraantii 2017, tirada guud ee dadka Qatar waxay ahayd 2.6 milyan: 313,000 oo muwaadiniin Qatar ah iyo 2.3 milyan qurbajoog ah .<ref name=pop>{{cite web |url=http://priyadsouza.com/population-of-qatar-by-nationality-in-2017/ |title=Population of Qatar by nationality – 2017 report |access-date=7 February 2017 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=25 Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225053320/http://priyadsouza.com/population-of-qatar-by-nationality-in-2017/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Islaamku waa diinta rasmiga ah ee Qatar. <ref>{{cite web|title=The Constitution|url=http://english.mofa.gov.qa/details.cfm?id=80|access-date=29 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041024231923/http://english.mofa.gov.qa/details.cfm?id=80|archive-date=24 October 2004}}</ref> Marka la eego dakhliga , waddanku wuxuu leeyahay GDP -da saddexaad ee ugu sarreeya (PPP) qofkiiba adduunka, <ref>{{Cite web|title=GDP per capita, PPP (current international $) {{!}} Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true|access-date=2020-07-28|website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref> iyo kan lixaad ee ugu sarreeya GNI qofkiiba (Atlas method) . <ref>{{Cite web|title=GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) {{!}} Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true|access-date=2020-07-28|website=data.worldbank.org|archive-date=2020-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728213153/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true|url-status=dead}}</ref> QM waxay Qatar ku tilmaamtay inay tahay wadan horumarka biniaadamka aad u sarreeya, iyadoo ku jirta kaalinta saddexaad ee HDI ee dunida Carabta ka dib imaaraatka s iyo Sucuudiga .<ref>{{Cite web|title=2019 Human Development Index Ranking {{!}} Human Development Reports|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking|access-date=2020-07-28|website=hdr.undp.org|archive-date=30 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430080741/http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking|url-status=dead}}</ref> Qadar waxaa soo xukumay aqalka Thani tan iyo markii Maxamed bin Thani uu heshiis la saxiixday Ingiriiska 1868 kaas oo lagu aqoonsaday maqaamkeeda gooni ah. Ka dib xukunkii Cusmaaniyiinta , Qatar waxay noqotay maxmiyad Ingiriis horraantii qarnigii 20aad illaa ay xorriyadda qaadatay 1971. ==IMF== '''0.15%''' ==Xubin== * [[IMF]] * [[Bankiga Aduunka]] * [[Jaamacada Carabta]] * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] ==Waddanmaha La deggan Qatar== * {{Flag|Bahrain}}:50,000+ * {{Flag|Oman}}:30,000+ * {{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}:120,000+ * {{Flag|Kuwait}}:20,000+ * {{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}:50,000++ Sannadkii 2003, dastuurka ayaa si aqlabiyad leh loogu ansixiyay afti dadweyne, iyadoo ku dhowaad 98% ay taageersan yihiin. <ref name="electionguide.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.electionguide.org/results.php?ID=341|title=IFES Election Guide – Elections: Qatar Referendum Apr 29 2003|website=www.electionguide.org|access-date=5 June 2017|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=13 Bisha Shanaad 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513193632/http://www.electionguide.org/results.php?ID=341|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name="princeton.edu">{{cite web|url=https://www.princeton.edu/~pcwcr/reports/qatar2003.html|title=Qatar 2003|website=www.princeton.edu|access-date=5 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010092106/https://www.princeton.edu/~pcwcr/reports/qatar2003.html|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Qarnigii 21aad, Qadar waxay u muuqatay inay awood weyn ku leedahay dunida carabta labadaba iyada oo loo marayo kooxdeeda war baahinta adduunka, Al Jazeera Media Network , waxaana lagu soo waramayaa inay taageertay dhowr jabhadood dhaqaale ahaan xilligii Kacdoonkii Carabta.. <ref>{{cite news|last=Dagher |first=Sam |url=https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052970204002304576627000922764650 |title=Tiny Kingdom's Huge Role in Libya Draws Concern |publisher=Online.wsj.com |date=17 October 2011 |access-date=30 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://politicsandpolicy.org/article/qatar-rise-underdog |title=Qatar: Rise of an Underdog |publisher=Politicsandpolicy.org |access-date=30 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610115944/http://politicsandpolicy.org/article/qatar-rise-underdog |archive-date=10 June 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Ian Black in Tripoli |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/26/qatar-troops-libya-rebels-support |title=Qatar admits sending hundreds of troops to support Libya rebels |publisher=Theguardian.com |access-date=30 December 2013}}</ref> kubada cagta aduunka FIFA World Cup 2022 ayaa lagu qaban doona dalka Qatar, taasoo ka dhigeysa dalkii ugu horreeyay ee Muslim iyo Carab ah oo martigeliya munaasabadda. <ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.gulf-times.com/story/599599/Amir-2022-World-Cup-Qatar-a-tournament-for-all-Ara |title=Amir: 2022 World Cup Qatar a tournament for all Arabs |date=15 July 2018 |work=Gulf Times|access-date=7 September 2018}}</ref> [[Cayaaraha Aasiya 2030]] ayaa lagu qaban doona dalka Qatar. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sportspromedia.com/news/doha-2030-asian-games-riyadh-2034-qatar-saudi-arabia|title=Doha to host 2030 Asian Games as Riyadh gets 2034 edition|date=2020-12-17|work=sportspromedia.com|access-date=2021-02-04|language=en|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=2021-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428172035/https://www.sportspromedia.com/news/doha-2030-asian-games-riyadh-2034-qatar-saudi-arabia|dead-url=yes}}</ref> ==Taariikh== Deganaanshaha biniaadamka ee Qatar wuxuu soo jiray ilaa 50,000 oo sano ka hor<ref name="cs1"/> Sanadkii 224 miilaadiga, Boqortooyadii Sasaaniya waxay la wareegtay dhulalkii ku hareeraysnaa gacanka Beershiya.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cadène|first=Philippe|title=Atlas of the Gulf States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSSzAQAAQBAJ|publisher=BRILL|year=2013|isbn=978-9004245600|page=10}}</ref>Qadar waxay door ku yeelatay dhaqdhaqaaqa ganacsi ee Sasanid, waxay ku biirisay ugu yaraan laba badeecadood: luul qaali ah iyo midab [[cirdhow]] ah. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/gulf/qatar-history.htm|title=Qatar – Early history|publisher=globalsecurity.org|access-date=17 January 2015}}</ref> Intii uu jiray xukunkii Sasanid, dad badan oo ka mid ah dadkii deganaa Bariga Carabta waxaa lagu bari jiray diinta kirishtaanka ka dib markii masiixiyiintii Mesobotaamiya ee bariga ku fidiyeen<ref name="gillman">{{cite book|last1=Gillman|first1=Ian|last2=Klimkeit|first2=Hans-Joachim|title=Christians in Asia Before 1500|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UGpr2KsbS94C|publisher=University of Michigan Press|pages=87, 121|year=1999|isbn=978-0472110407}}</ref>. Kaniisado ayaa la dhisay iyo degsiimooyin dheeri ah ayaa la aasaasay xilligan. <ref>{{cite book|last=Commins|first=David|title=The Gulf States: A Modern History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T56CBAAAQBAJ|publisher=I. B. Tauris|page=16|year=2012|isbn=978-1848852785}}</ref><ref>Habibur Rahman, p. 33</ref> Intii lagu jiray qaybtii dambe ee xilligii Masiixiyiinta, Qatar waxay ka koobnayd gobol loo yaqaan 'Beth Qatraye' ( Syriac oo loogu talagalay "guriga dadka reer Qatar").<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aub.edu.lb/communications/media/Documents/May_2011/grant-syriac-EN.pdf|title=AUB academics awarded $850,000 grant for project on the Syriac writers of Qatar in the 7th century AD|publisher=American University of Beirut|date=31 May 2011|access-date=12 May 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528053210/http://www.aub.edu.lb/communications/media/Documents/May_2011/grant-syriac-EN.pdf|archive-date=28 May 2015}}</ref> Gobolku kuma koobnayn Qadar; waxaa kale oo ka mid ahaa [[Baxrayn]] , [[Jasiirada Tarout]] , [[Al-Khatt]], iyo [[Al-Hasa]] . <ref>{{cite book|last1=Kozah|first1=Mario|last2=Abu-Husayn|first2=Abdulrahim|last3=Al-Murikhi|first3=Saif Shaheen|title=The Syriac Writers of Qatar in the Seventh Century|publisher=Gorgias Press LLC|year=2014|page=24|isbn=978-1463203559}}</ref> Markuu ahaa sanadka 628, nabi Muxammad csw wuxuu ergay muslimiin ah u diray taliye ka tirsan bariga carabta oo la yiraahdo [[Munzir bin Sawa Al Tamimi]] wuxuuna ka codsaday in isaga iyo dadka ay xukumaanba ay qaataan diinta islaamka. Munzir wuu ku qasbay codsigiisa, sidaa awgeed, inta badan qabiilooyinka carbeed ee gobolka ayaa qaatay diinta Islaamka. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maritimeheritage.org/ports/bahrain.html|title=Bahrain|publisher=maritimeheritage.org|access-date=17 January 2015}}{{better source needed|date=June 2017}}</ref> Qaadashada diinta islaamka kadib, waxaa dhacday Boqortooyadii Sasaaniya. ===Xilligii Islaamka ee hore iyo kii dambe (661–1783)=== Qadar waxaa lagu tilmaamay inay ahayd xarun caan ku ah faraska iyo dhaqashada geela xilligii [[Umawiyiinta]]<ref name="rahman">{{cite book|last=Rahman|first=Habibur|title=The Emergence Of Qatar|publisher=Routledge|year=2006|page=34|isbn=978-0710312136}}</ref> Qarnigii 8aad, waxay bilowday inay ka faa'iideysato booskeeda istiraatiijiyadeed ee ganacsi ee gacanka Beershiya waxayna u gudubtay inay noqoto xarun laga ganacsado luul.<ref>{{cite book|title=A political chronology of the Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eCSOT0_JAnwC|publisher=Routledge / Europa Publications|year=2001|page=192|isbn=978-1857431155}}</ref><ref name="kogan">{{cite book|last=Page|first=Kogan|title=Middle East Review 2003–04: The Economic and Business Report|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=78ACLNgHdf4C|publisher=Kogan Page Ltd|page=169|year=2004|isbn=978-0749440664}}</ref> ==Sido Kale fiiri== * [[Oman]] * [[Kuwayt]] ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} [[category:qadar]] [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] 5h2216xjetqm7np3vd91h5kegik35k2 0 5640 307635 231090 2026-09-09T17:14:19Z Soalt 39618 tixraac iyo Category:Wadamada Afrika 307635 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Republic of Liberia | common_name = Liberia | image_flag = Flag of Liberia.svg | image_coat = | symbol_type = Coat of arms | image_map = Location Liberia AU Africa.svg | map_caption = {{map caption|countryprefix=|location_color=dark blue|region=Africa|region_color=dark grey|subregion=the [[African Union]]|subregion_color=light blue}} | image_map2 = Liberia - Location Map (2013) - LBR - UNOCHA.svg | national_motto = "The Love of Liberty Brought Us Here" | national_anthem = ''[[All Hail, Liberia, Hail!]]''<br /><center>[[File:Liberia National Anthem.ogg]]</center> | official_languages = [[English language|English]] | languages_type = Spoken and national languages<ref>{{cite web |editor1-first=M. Paul |editor1-last=Lewis |editor2-first=Gary F. |editor2-last=Simons |editor3-first=Charles D. |editor3-last=Fennig |year=2015 |title=Liberia |website=[[Ethnologue]] |edition=18th |location=Dallas, Texas |publisher=SIL International |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/country/lr/languages}}</ref> | languages = {{hlist|[[Liberian English]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 20.3% [[Kpelle people|Kpelle]] | 13.4% [[Bassa people (Liberia)|Bassa]] | 10.0% [[Gio people|Gio]] | 8.0% [[Grebo people|Grebo]] | 7.9% [[Mano people|Mano]] | 6.0% [[Kru people|Kru]] | 5.1% [[Loma people|Lorma]] | 4.8% [[Kissi people|Kissi]] | 4.4% [[Gola people|Gola]] }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2008<ref name=CIA/> | religion = {{unbulleted list | 85.6% [[Christianity]] | 12.2% [[Islam]] | 2.2% others<ref name=CIA/> }} | demonym = Liberian | capital = [[Monrovia]] | coordinates = {{Coord|6|19|N|10|48|W|type:city}} | largest_city = Monrovia | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[republic|constitutional republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Liberia|President]] | leader_name1 = [[George Weah]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Liberia|Vice President]] | leader_name2 = [[Jewel Taylor]] | leader_title3 = [[House of Representatives (Liberia)|Speaker of the House]] | leader_name3 = Bhofal Chambers | leader_title4 = [[Chief Justice of Liberia|Chief Justice]] | leader_name4 = [[Francis Korkpor, Sr.]] | legislature = [[Legislature of Liberia]] | upper_house = [[Senate (Liberia)|Senate]] | lower_house = [[House of Representatives (Liberia)|House of Representatives]] | area_rank = 102nd <!-- Area rank should match List of countries and dependencies by area --> | area_magnitude = 1 E11 | area_km2 = 111,369 | area_sq_mi = 43,000 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> | percent_water = 13.514 | population_estimate = 4,503,000<ref name=WorldBank>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/liberia |title=Liberia |work=The World Bank country page for Liberia |publisher=The World Bank |year=2015 |accessdate=September 4, 2014}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2015 | population_estimate_rank = 125th | population_census = 3,476,608 | population_census_year = 2008 | population_census_rank = 130th | population_density_km2 = 40.43 | population_density_sq_mi = 92.0 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> | population_density_rank = 180th | GDP_PPP_year = 2018 | GDP_PPP = $4.123 billion<ref name=IMF_GDP>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=98&pr.y=20&sy=2014&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=668&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Liberia |publisher=International Monetary Fund }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $897<ref name=IMF_GDP/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal_year = 2018 | GDP_nominal = $2.335 billion<ref name=IMF_GDP/> | GDP_nominal_rank = | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $475<ref name=IMF_GDP/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = | sovereignty_type = [[History of Liberia|Formation]] and [[Independence]] | established_event1 = Settlement by the [[American Colonization Society|{{nowrap|American Colonization}} Society]] | established_date1 = January 7, 1822 | established_event2 = [[Liberian Declaration of Independence]]<!--Note: Liberia was never colonized or claimed by the United States government. It was founded by the ACS (American Colonization Society), a private organization. Please do not change this field to include "from the United States" w/o first discussing it on the discussion page--> | established_date2 = July 26, 1847 | established_event3 = Annexation of [[Republic of Maryland]] | established_date3 = March 18, 1857 | established_event4 = Recognition by the United States | established_date4 = February 5, 1862 | established_event5 = [[United Nations Charter|Admitted to the]] [[United Nations]] | established_date5 = November 2, 1945 | established_event6 = [[Constitution of Liberia|Current constitution]] | established_date6 = January 6, 1986 | Gini_year = 2007 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = 38.2 <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref name=gini-index>{{cite web|title=GINI index|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?page=1|publisher=World Bank|accessdate= August 14, 2015}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = steady<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.427 <!--number only--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf|title=2016 Human Development Report|year=2016|accessdate=March 21, 2017|publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 177th | currency = [[Liberian dollar]] (LRD)<br>[[United States dollar]] (USD, ''de facto)'' | currency_code = | country_code = lr | time_zone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] | utc_offset = +0 | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[+231]] | cctld = [[.lr]] }} [[File:Flag_of_Liberia.svg|thumb|]] '''Liberia''' waa wadan ku yaalo galbeedka [[Afrika]], waxeena ka midtahay wadamada [[Mareykanka]] oo u isticmaali jiray dhinaca adoonsiga, wadankaan waxaa laga joojiyay adoonsinimada sanadka marka oo ahaa [[1822]], waxoona xornimada helay [[1847]]. Liberia waxee ka midtahay wadamada yurubiyanka soo gumeesanin. Wadankaan waxaa ka jiri jiray dagaal sokeeyay taariikhda marka ee eheed [[1980]]kii ilaa [[2003]]. Xayawaanka ku yaala xeebaha waxaa ka mid ah geedaha mangrove-dulqaad leh, oo inta badan dhul-daaqsimeeduna uu leeyahay dhul-beere ah oo u furan dhul-beereedka cawska. Cimiladu waa siman, oo leh roobab ballaaran xilliga roobabka bisha May-bisha 10aad iyo harmattan adag oo ah inta ka dhiman sanadka. Liberia waxay haysataa ku dhawaad ​​afartan boqolkiiba inta ka hartay roobabka Guinean ee soo hadhay. Waxay ahayd wax soo saarka muhiimka ah ee caag ah qarnigii 20-aad. Jamhuuriyada Liberia waxay bilowday inay dejiso qadarinta ururada American Colonization Society (ACS), oo aaminsan in dadka madowga ah ay wajihi doonaan fursadaha wanaagsan ee xorriyadda iyo barwaaqada Afrika marka loo eego Maraykanka. Waddanku waxay ku dhawaaqday xornimadeeda 26-kii July, 1847-kii. Maraykanku ma aqoonsan madax-bannaanida Liberia ilaa 5-ta February, 1862, intii lagu jiray dagaalkii sokeeye ee Mareykanka. Intii u dhaxaysay Janaayo 7, 1822, iyo Dagaalkii sokeeye ee Maraykanku, in ka badan 15,000 oo qof oo xor ah oo xor ah oo xor ah ayaa la kulmay xuduudaha sharci ee Maraykanka, iyo 3,198 Afro-Kariibiyiin ah oo lagu dejiyey degsiimada. Dadka degaanka madow waxay la wadaagaan dhaqankooda iyo dhaqankooda iyaga oo jooga Liberia. Dastuurka Liberian iyo calanka ayaa la mideeyay ka dib markii Maraykanku ahaa Bishii Janaayo 3, 1848, Joseph Jenkins Roberts, oo ah nin Maraykan ah oo Afrikaan ah oo lacag la'aan ah oo ka soo jeeda Virginia oo degenaa Liberia, ayaa loo doortay madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee Liberia markii ay dadku ku dhawaaqeen xorriyadda. [ 9] {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Afrika]] [[Category:Wadamada Afrika]] ===Sido kale fiiri== *[[Midowga Afrika]] =Tixraac= {{reflist}} rrquwiqhejfi89zqcs4nogvpf6dqnnm 0 5707 307665 296119 2026-09-09T17:55:21Z Soalt 39618 template:Dalalka Aasiya 307665 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|4|53|25|N|114|56|32|E|display=title}} {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Qaranaha Beruuney Daarasalaam |image_flag = Flag of Brunei.svg |}} '''Barunay''' ama '''Brunei''' ( [[Af-Jawi]] بروني دارالسلام ,[[af malay]] Negara Brunei Darussalam), waa wadan ku yaalo jasiirada [[Borneo]] ee dhinaca woqooyi bari ee qaarada [[Aasiya]], waxaa ku wareegan wadamada [[Sarawaaq]] iyo [[Malaysiya]]. wadanka waa wadan aad u taajirsan, waxoo leeyahy saliid aad u badan iyo shidaal. wadanka waxoo ka mid yahay wadamada ugu taajirsan qaarada aasiya. Dawladda Barunay canshuur kama qaado shacabkeeda, lacagta soo gasho Dawladda waxee ka imaataa canshuurta Saliida. wadanka waxoo leeyahay dhakhaatiir lacag la'aan ah, cuntada iyo guryaha neh lacagtooda aad ayoo u jabanyahay, Dawladda neh wee kabtaa ama ku caawisaa. wadanka waxaa ka taliyo [[Suldaan]] ama boqortooyo diimeed. Ninka Suldaan ka ah wadanka Brunei waa [[Xassanal Bolqiya]], suldaanka waxoo doortaa wasiir lataliye ah oo ku caawiyo shaqada oo qabanaayo. Suldaanka waa ninka ugu taajirsan aduunka, laakiin badanaa dadka qaarkood weeka xanaaqaan taajirnimadaas saaidka ah, ayaga oo rabo in ee ayaga neh helaan nolol fiican. Dhaqaalaha xoogan oo wadanka ka jirto, waxee soo jiidatay ajaanib gaar ahaan qaxootiga shiinaha. == Jawiga == Barunay waa wadan roob badan ka da'o, waxaana ka baxo geedo aad u badan. kuleelka dhex dhexaadka barunay kama badno 26 ilaa 28° sanadka oo dhan. aadna looga dareemayo qanınimada iyo isku fillaashada aan caadiga eheyn. ||'06 Xaqiiqooyin Xiiso Leh Oo Ku Saabsan Brunei'|| [01.] Waxay hoy u tahay degsiimada ugu weyn adduunka. Kampong Ayer wuxuu ka kooban yahay 42 tuulo, oo ay ku xiran yihiin 38-km (23-mile) boodh socod ah. [02.]Brunei waxay leedahay mid ka mid ah qiimaha lahaanshaha baabuur ee ugu sarreeya adduunka Marka loo eego cilmi baaris ay sameeyeen Xiriirka Gawaarida ASEAN, waxaa jira 721 baabuur 1,000kii qof ee Brunei. [03.] Waxay leedahay boqortooyo dhammaystiran. [04.] Waxa ay leedahay daarta ugu weyn adduunka Suldaanka Brunei sidoo kale waa mid ka mid ah shakhsiyaadka ugu taajirsan adduunka waxaana lagu qiyaasaa 20 bilyan US dollar.[05.] Inkastoo ay le'eg tahay, waxay hoy u tahay duurjoogta la yaabka leh Waxay noqon kartaa mid yar, laakiin Brunei waxay hoy u tahay kala duwanaanshiyaha noole ee quruxda badan. 70% dalka waxaa ku badan kaymo roobeed, inta badana waa la ilaaliyaa. [06.] Waxa ay leedahay kayd shidaal iyo gaas badan Brunei waxay ku raaxaysanaysaa mid ka mid ah heerarka nolosha ee ugu sarreeya adduunka iyada oo ay ugu wacan tahay qulqulka joogtada ah ee saliidda iyo gaasta. [[Category:Aasiya]] * https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araplar * https://bigseventravel.com/interesting-facts-brunei/ * https://www.tripsavvy.com/facts-about-brunei-1458495{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * https://www.factsinstitute.com/countries/facts-about-brunei/ * https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/a/Arabic_language.htm {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/a/Arabic_language.htm |date=20220920172709 }} * https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm |date=20220819192938 }} * https://kidadl.com/fun-facts/interesting-brunei-facts-that-you-probably-didn-t-know {{Wayback|url=https://kidadl.com/fun-facts/interesting-brunei-facts-that-you-probably-didn-t-know |date=20220212045416 }} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} 553m6g1n1m0nzu4lkt7vcxy0yw15u9z 307677 307665 2026-09-09T18:06:07Z Soalt 39618 Category:Wadamada Aasiya 307677 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|4|53|25|N|114|56|32|E|display=title}} {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Qaranaha Beruuney Daarasalaam |image_flag = Flag of Brunei.svg |}} '''Barunay''' ama '''Brunei''' ( [[Af-Jawi]] بروني دارالسلام ,[[af malay]] Negara Brunei Darussalam), waa wadan ku yaalo jasiirada [[Borneo]] ee dhinaca woqooyi bari ee qaarada [[Aasiya]], waxaa ku wareegan wadamada [[Sarawaaq]] iyo [[Malaysiya]]. wadanka waa wadan aad u taajirsan, waxoo leeyahy saliid aad u badan iyo shidaal. wadanka waxoo ka mid yahay wadamada ugu taajirsan qaarada aasiya. Dawladda Barunay canshuur kama qaado shacabkeeda, lacagta soo gasho Dawladda waxee ka imaataa canshuurta Saliida. wadanka waxoo leeyahay dhakhaatiir lacag la'aan ah, cuntada iyo guryaha neh lacagtooda aad ayoo u jabanyahay, Dawladda neh wee kabtaa ama ku caawisaa. wadanka waxaa ka taliyo [[Suldaan]] ama boqortooyo diimeed. Ninka Suldaan ka ah wadanka Brunei waa [[Xassanal Bolqiya]], suldaanka waxoo doortaa wasiir lataliye ah oo ku caawiyo shaqada oo qabanaayo. Suldaanka waa ninka ugu taajirsan aduunka, laakiin badanaa dadka qaarkood weeka xanaaqaan taajirnimadaas saaidka ah, ayaga oo rabo in ee ayaga neh helaan nolol fiican. Dhaqaalaha xoogan oo wadanka ka jirto, waxee soo jiidatay ajaanib gaar ahaan qaxootiga shiinaha. == Jawiga == Barunay waa wadan roob badan ka da'o, waxaana ka baxo geedo aad u badan. kuleelka dhex dhexaadka barunay kama badno 26 ilaa 28° sanadka oo dhan. aadna looga dareemayo qanınimada iyo isku fillaashada aan caadiga eheyn. ||'06 Xaqiiqooyin Xiiso Leh Oo Ku Saabsan Brunei'|| [01.] Waxay hoy u tahay degsiimada ugu weyn adduunka. Kampong Ayer wuxuu ka kooban yahay 42 tuulo, oo ay ku xiran yihiin 38-km (23-mile) boodh socod ah. [02.]Brunei waxay leedahay mid ka mid ah qiimaha lahaanshaha baabuur ee ugu sarreeya adduunka Marka loo eego cilmi baaris ay sameeyeen Xiriirka Gawaarida ASEAN, waxaa jira 721 baabuur 1,000kii qof ee Brunei. [03.] Waxay leedahay boqortooyo dhammaystiran. [04.] Waxa ay leedahay daarta ugu weyn adduunka Suldaanka Brunei sidoo kale waa mid ka mid ah shakhsiyaadka ugu taajirsan adduunka waxaana lagu qiyaasaa 20 bilyan US dollar.[05.] Inkastoo ay le'eg tahay, waxay hoy u tahay duurjoogta la yaabka leh Waxay noqon kartaa mid yar, laakiin Brunei waxay hoy u tahay kala duwanaanshiyaha noole ee quruxda badan. 70% dalka waxaa ku badan kaymo roobeed, inta badana waa la ilaaliyaa. [06.] Waxa ay leedahay kayd shidaal iyo gaas badan Brunei waxay ku raaxaysanaysaa mid ka mid ah heerarka nolosha ee ugu sarreeya adduunka iyada oo ay ugu wacan tahay qulqulka joogtada ah ee saliidda iyo gaasta. [[Category:Aasiya]] * https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araplar * https://bigseventravel.com/interesting-facts-brunei/ * https://www.tripsavvy.com/facts-about-brunei-1458495{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * https://www.factsinstitute.com/countries/facts-about-brunei/ * https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/a/Arabic_language.htm {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/a/Arabic_language.htm |date=20220920172709 }} * https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm |date=20220819192938 }} * https://kidadl.com/fun-facts/interesting-brunei-facts-that-you-probably-didn-t-know {{Wayback|url=https://kidadl.com/fun-facts/interesting-brunei-facts-that-you-probably-didn-t-know |date=20220212045416 }} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] 6vs9hqvo05emtsti1twz35dt9561tgn 0 5784 307631 295850 2026-09-09T16:43:03Z Soalt 39618 Category:Wadamada Afrika 307631 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Republic of the Congo |native_name = {{native name|fr|République du Congo|fontsize=68%}} |common_name = the Republic of the Congo |image_flag = Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of the Republic of the Congo.svg |national_motto = {{native phrase|fr|"Unité, Travail, Progrès"|italics=off|nolink=on}}<br/>({{Lang-en|"Unity, Work, Progress"}}) |image_map = Location Republic of the Congo AU Africa.svg |map_caption = {{map caption |countryprefix= |location_color=dark blue |region=Africa |region_color=dark grey |subregion=the [[African Union]] |subregion_color=light blue}} |national_anthem = {{native name|fr|[[La Congolaise]]|nolink=on}}<br/>({{Lang-en|"The Congolese"}})<div style="padding-top:0.5em;"><center>[[File:National anthem of the Republic of the Congo.oga]]</center></div> |official_languages = [[French language|French]] |regional_languages = {{hlist |[[Kituba language|Kituba]] |[[Lingala language|Lingala]]}} |demonym = <span class="noautolink">Congolese</span> |ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 48% [[Kongo people|Kongo]] | 20% [[Sangha people|Sangha]] | 17% [[Teke people|Teke]] | 12% [[Mbochi people|M'Bochi]] | {{nowrap|3% Europeans / others}} }} |capital = [[Brazzaville]] |coordinates = {{Coord|4|16|S|15|17|E|type:city}} |largest_city = Brazzaville |government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[republic]] |leader_title1 = [[President of the Republic of the Congo|President]] |leader_name1 = [[Denis Sassou Nguesso]] |leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of the Republic of Congo|Prime Minister]] |leader_name2 = [[Anatole Collinet Makosso]] |legislature = [[Parliament of the Republic of the Congo|Parliament]] |upper_house = [[Senate (Republic of the Congo)|Senate]] |lower_house = [[National Assembly (Republic of the Congo)|National Assembly]] |area_km2 = 342,000 |area_sq_mi = 132,047 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |area_rank = 64th <!-- Should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> |percent_water = 3.3 |population_estimate = {{UN_Population|Congo}}{{UN_Population|ref}} |population_estimate_year = {{UN_Population|Year}} |population_estimate_rank = 124th |population_census = |population_census_year = |population_density_km2 = 12.8 |population_density_sq_mi = 33.1 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = 204th |GDP_PPP_year = 2018 |GDP_PPP = $34.054 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=66&pr.y=11&sy=2015&ey=2022&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=634&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Republic of the Congo|publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=25 July 2017}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_rank = |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $7,323<ref name=imf2/> |Gini_year = 2011 |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini = 40.2 <!--number only--> |Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/|title=GINI index |publisher=World Bank |accessdate=12 September 2015}}</ref> |Gini_rank = |GDP_nominal = $9.210 billion<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_year = 2018 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $1,981<ref name=imf2/> |HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> |HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI = 0.592 <!--number only--> |HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |date=2016 |accessdate=21 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> |HDI_rank = 135th |sovereignty_type = [[Independence]] |established_event1 = from [[France]] |established_date1 = 15 August 1960 |currency = [[Central African CFA franc]] |currency_code = XAF |time_zone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]] |utc_offset = +1 |drives_on = right |calling_code = [[+242]] |cctld = [[.cg]] }} {{Coord|-1.44|15.556|type:country|display=title}} [[File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|thumb|Jamhuuriyadda Kongo]] [[File:LocationCongoRepublicofthe.svg|thumb|Qariirada Jamhuuriyadda Kongo]] '''Jamhuuriyadda Kongo''' waa wadan ku yaala qaarada [[Afrika]]. Wadankaan waxaa soo gumeestay gumeestihii [[Faransiiska]], waxoona xornimada siiyay1960kii. Wadankaan waxoo xuduud la leeyahay wadamada [[Gabon]], [[Kamiruun]], [[Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika|Jamhuuriyadda Badhtamaha afrika]] iyo [[Angola]]. iyo [[Jamhuuriyada Dimuqaraadiga Kongo]] [[File:Democratic Republic of the Congo GDP evolution-fr.svg|thumb|right|250px|Taus de creissença del [[Produch interior brut|PIB]] e volum e de PIB per abitant]] [[File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg|thumb|right|500px|]] == Xigasho == <references /> {{Commons|République du Congo}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kongo}} {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Dawladdaha Afrika]] {{Gumud}} <br /> [[Category:Wadamada Afrika]] 1x0q00pju39j2x9bh42ljc0zf2a3vh0 0 5785 307626 303507 2026-09-09T16:39:34Z Soalt 39618 Category:Wadamada Afrika 307626 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Republic of Cameroon | common_name = Cameroon | native_name = {{native name|fr|République du Cameroun}} | image_flag = Flag of Cameroon.svg | alt_flag = Vertical tricolor (green, red, yellow) with a five-pointed gold star in the center of the red. | image_coat = | symbol_type = Coat of arms | national_motto = <br/>{{native phrase|fr|"Paix – Travail – Patrie"|italics=off}}<br/>{{small|"Peace – Work – Fatherland"}} | national_anthem = <br/>{{native phrase|fr|[[O Cameroon, Cradle of our Forefathers|Ô Cameroun, Berceau de nos Ancêtres]]|nolink=yes}}<br/>{{raise|0.2em|({{Lang-en|"O Cameroon, Cradle of our Forefathers"}}) }}<br /><center> </center> | image_map = Location Cameroon AU Africa.svg | alt_map = Location of Cameroon on the globe. | image_map2 = Cameroon - Location Map (2013) - CMR - UNOCHA.svg | capital = [[Yaoundé]] | coordinates = {{Coord|3|52|N|11|31|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Douala]] | official_languages = [[English language|English]]<br> [[French language|French]]| ethnic_groups = {{vunblist | {{nowrap|31% [[Ethnic groups in Cameroon|Cameroon Highlanders]]}} | 19% [[Bantu peoples|Equatorial Bantu]] | 11% [[Kirdi]] | 10% [[Fula people|Fulani]] | 8% [[Bantu peoples|Northwestern Bantu]] | 7% Eastern Nigritic | 13% other African | <1% non-African }} | demonym = Cameroonian | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[dominant-party system|dominant-party]] [[presidential system|presidential republic]] under an [[totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Cameroon|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Paul Biya]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Cameroon|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Philémon Yang]] | legislature = [[Parliament of Cameroon|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[Senate (Cameroon)|Senate]] | lower_house = [[National Assembly (Cameroon)|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = Independence {{nobold|from [[France]]}} | established_event1 = Declared | established_date1 = 1 January 1960 | established_event2 = {{nowrap|Union with former<br/>[[British Cameroons]]}} | established_date2 = 1 October 1961 | area_km2 = 475,442 | area_rank = 53rd <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] sourced from the UN--> | area_sq_mi = 183,569 | percent_water = 0.57 | population_estimate = | population_census = 17,463,836<ref>{{cite web |title=Rapport de présentation des résultats définitifs |url=http://www.statistics-cameroon.org/downloads/Rapport_de_presentation_3_RGPH.pdf |format=PDF |page=6 |publisher=Institut national de la statistique |accessdate=21 July 2012 |language=French |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=13 Bisha Sideedaad 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813123335/http://www.statistics-cameroon.org/downloads/Rapport_de_presentation_3_RGPH.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | population_estimate_year = {{UN_Population|Year}} | population_estimate_rank = 56th <!-- ''[http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2006/wpp2006.htm World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision Population Database]''. 2006. United Nations Population Division.--> | population_census_year = 2005 | population_density_km2 = 39.7 | population_density_sq_mi = 102,8 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 167th <!--UN World Population Prospects--> | GDP_PPP = $81.535&nbsp;billion<ref name="imf2">{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=61&pr.y=1&sy=2017&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=622&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=|title=Cameroon |publisher=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2017 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $3,358<ref name="imf2"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = $29.547&nbsp;billion<ref name="imf2"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2017 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $1,217<ref name="imf2"/> | Gini = 44.6 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2007 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |title=Distribution of family income – Gini index |work=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA |accessdate=1 September 2009 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=13 Bisha Lixaad 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613005439/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.518 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf|title=2016 Human Development Report|year=2016|accessdate=21 March 2017|publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 153rd | currency = [[Central African CFA franc]] | currency_code = XAF | time_zone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]] | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | drives_on = Right | calling_code = [[+237]] | cctld = [[.cm]] | footnote_a = These are the titles as given in the ''Constitution of the Republic of Cameroon'', Article X ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060228030033/http://confinder.richmond.edu/admin/docs/Cameroon.pdf |date=28 February 2006 |title=English }} and {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060228030033/http://www.prc.cm/instit/consti.htm |date=28 February 2006 |title=French }} versions). 18 January 1996. The French version of the song is sometimes called {{lang|fr|Chant de Ralliement}}, as in Swarovski Orchestra (2004). ''National Anthems of the World''. Koch International Classics; and the English version "O Cameroon, Cradle of Our Forefathers", as in [[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 61. }} '''Kamiruun''' ama '''Jamhuuriyadda Kamiruun''' waa wadan ku yaalo Central [[Afrika]]. Wadankaan waxoo xuduud la leeyahay wadamada [[Jad]], [[Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika]], [[Ikweetiga Guinea]], [[Gabon]] iyo [[Jamhuuriyadda Kongo‎]].Cameroon (Faransiiska: Cameroon), si rasmi ah Jamhuuriyadda Cameroon (Faransiiska: République du Cameroun), waa waddan ku yaal galbeedka iyo Bartamaha Afrika. Waxaa xuduud u leh Nigeria dhanka galbeedka iyo waqooyiga; Chad ilaa waqooyi bari; Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika; iyo Equatorial Guinea, Gabon iyo Jamhuuriyada Congo koonfurta. Xeebaha Cameroon waxay ku yaalaan Bight of Biafra, qayb ka mid ah Gacanka Guinea iyo Badweynta Atlantic. Inkasta oo Cameroon aysan ahayn waddan xubin ka ah ECOWAS, joqoraafi ahaan iyo taariikh ahaanba waxa ay ku taala Galbeedka Afrika iyadoo la yiraahdo Camerons Koonfureed oo hadda ka dhigaysa Waqooyi-galbeed iyo Koofurta Koonfureed oo leh taariikh xooggan oo Afrikaan ah. Wadanka waxaa mararka qaar loo yaqaanaa Galbeedka Afrika iyo waqtiyo kale oo Bartamaha Afrika ah sababtoo ah mawqifkiisa istaraatiijiga ah ee isgoysyada u dhaxeeya Galbeedka iyo Bartamaha Afrika. Faransiiska iyo Ingiriisku waa luqadaha rasmiga ah ee Kameroon. Wadanka waxaa badanaa lagu magacaabaa "Africa in minestras" oo ku saabsan kala duwanaanta juqraafiga iyo dhaqanka. Noocyada dabiiciga ah waxaa ka mid ah xeebaha, lamadegaanka, buuraha, xayawaanka roobka, iyo savannas. Dhulka ugu sarreeya ee ku dhawaad ​​4,100 mitir (13,500 ft) waa Buur Cameroon oo ku taal Gobolka Koonfureed ee dalka, magaalooyinka ugu waaweyn ee ku nool magaalooyinka Douala ee Wuuri, waa caasimad dhaqaale iyo dekedda muhiimka ah, Yaoundé, iyo Garoua. Waddanka ayaa si fiican u yaqaan asalkiisa muusikada, gaar ahaan makossa iyo bikutsi, iyo kooxda kubada cagta ee guulaha badan. Dadka deggan degaannada hore waxaa ka mid ahaa ilaalada Sao oo ku yaala Harada Chad iyo Beeraha Beeraha ah ee ku yaalla koonfurta-bari ee xiga. Sahamiyeyaasha Bortuqiisku waxay gaadheen xeebta qarnigii 15aad waxaana lagu magacaabay aagga Rio dos Camarões (Waddada Shrimp), oo noqday Kameroon Ingiriisi. Askarta Fulani waxay aasaaseen Emirate-ka Adamawa ee waqooyiga qarnigii 19-aad, kooxo qowmiyadeed oo ka tirsan galbeedka iyo waqooyi-galbeed waxay sameeyeen madax-weynaan iyo fondoms. Kameroon waxay noqotay xarun jarmal ah sanadkii 1884 loo yaqaano Kamerun. Kadib Dagaalkii Dunida Kadib, dhulku waxaa loo kala qaybiyay Faransiiska iyo Boqortooyada Ingiriiska sida Laanta Qaramadda Midawga. Ururka Midawga Afrika ee u dooda xuquuqda aadanaha (UPC) ayaa ku dooday madaxbannaanida, laakiin waxaa mamnuucay France sannadkii 1950-kii, taasoo keentay in Cameroonian Independence War la dagaalanta kooxaha Faransiiska iyo UPC tan iyo horraantii 1971. 1960-kii, qaybta Faransiisku maamusho ee Cameroon wuxuu noqday madax-bannaan sida Jamhuuriyadda Cameroun ee ku hoos jira madaxweynaha Ahmadou Ahidjo. Qaybta koonfureed ee British Cameroons ayaa la wadaagay 1961-kii si loo dhiso Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka ee Cameroon. Xiriirinta waxaa laga tegey 1972-dii. Dalka waxaa loo magacaabay Jamhuuriyadda Midowday ee Cameroon sanadkii 1972 iyo Jamhuuriyada Cameroon sanadkii 1984. Cameroon waxay la kulantaa xasillooni siyaasadeed iyo mid bulsho. Tani waxay u ogolaatay horumarinta beeraha, wadooyinka, tareenada iyo warshadaha waaweyn ee batroolka iyo warshadaha. ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[Yawunde]] {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Wadamada Afrika]] eocn8jlpgcvkwzcflvkz3ssq3pdl14g 307627 307626 2026-09-09T16:40:09Z Soalt 39618 tixraac 307627 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Republic of Cameroon | common_name = Cameroon | native_name = {{native name|fr|République du Cameroun}} | image_flag = Flag of Cameroon.svg | alt_flag = Vertical tricolor (green, red, yellow) with a five-pointed gold star in the center of the red. | image_coat = | symbol_type = Coat of arms | national_motto = <br/>{{native phrase|fr|"Paix – Travail – Patrie"|italics=off}}<br/>{{small|"Peace – Work – Fatherland"}} | national_anthem = <br/>{{native phrase|fr|[[O Cameroon, Cradle of our Forefathers|Ô Cameroun, Berceau de nos Ancêtres]]|nolink=yes}}<br/>{{raise|0.2em|({{Lang-en|"O Cameroon, Cradle of our Forefathers"}}) }}<br /><center> </center> | image_map = Location Cameroon AU Africa.svg | alt_map = Location of Cameroon on the globe. | image_map2 = Cameroon - Location Map (2013) - CMR - UNOCHA.svg | capital = [[Yaoundé]] | coordinates = {{Coord|3|52|N|11|31|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Douala]] | official_languages = [[English language|English]]<br> [[French language|French]]| ethnic_groups = {{vunblist | {{nowrap|31% [[Ethnic groups in Cameroon|Cameroon Highlanders]]}} | 19% [[Bantu peoples|Equatorial Bantu]] | 11% [[Kirdi]] | 10% [[Fula people|Fulani]] | 8% [[Bantu peoples|Northwestern Bantu]] | 7% Eastern Nigritic | 13% other African | <1% non-African }} | demonym = Cameroonian | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[dominant-party system|dominant-party]] [[presidential system|presidential republic]] under an [[totalitarian]] [[dictatorship]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Cameroon|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Paul Biya]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Cameroon|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Philémon Yang]] | legislature = [[Parliament of Cameroon|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[Senate (Cameroon)|Senate]] | lower_house = [[National Assembly (Cameroon)|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = Independence {{nobold|from [[France]]}} | established_event1 = Declared | established_date1 = 1 January 1960 | established_event2 = {{nowrap|Union with former<br/>[[British Cameroons]]}} | established_date2 = 1 October 1961 | area_km2 = 475,442 | area_rank = 53rd <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] sourced from the UN--> | area_sq_mi = 183,569 | percent_water = 0.57 | population_estimate = | population_census = 17,463,836<ref>{{cite web |title=Rapport de présentation des résultats définitifs |url=http://www.statistics-cameroon.org/downloads/Rapport_de_presentation_3_RGPH.pdf |format=PDF |page=6 |publisher=Institut national de la statistique |accessdate=21 July 2012 |language=French |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=13 Bisha Sideedaad 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813123335/http://www.statistics-cameroon.org/downloads/Rapport_de_presentation_3_RGPH.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | population_estimate_year = {{UN_Population|Year}} | population_estimate_rank = 56th <!-- ''[http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2006/wpp2006.htm World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision Population Database]''. 2006. United Nations Population Division.--> | population_census_year = 2005 | population_density_km2 = 39.7 | population_density_sq_mi = 102,8 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 167th <!--UN World Population Prospects--> | GDP_PPP = $81.535&nbsp;billion<ref name="imf2">{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=61&pr.y=1&sy=2017&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=622&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=|title=Cameroon |publisher=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2017 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $3,358<ref name="imf2"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = $29.547&nbsp;billion<ref name="imf2"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2017 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $1,217<ref name="imf2"/> | Gini = 44.6 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2007 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |title=Distribution of family income – Gini index |work=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA |accessdate=1 September 2009 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=13 Bisha Lixaad 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613005439/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.518 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf|title=2016 Human Development Report|year=2016|accessdate=21 March 2017|publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 153rd | currency = [[Central African CFA franc]] | currency_code = XAF | time_zone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]] | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | drives_on = Right | calling_code = [[+237]] | cctld = [[.cm]] | footnote_a = These are the titles as given in the ''Constitution of the Republic of Cameroon'', Article X ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060228030033/http://confinder.richmond.edu/admin/docs/Cameroon.pdf |date=28 February 2006 |title=English }} and {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060228030033/http://www.prc.cm/instit/consti.htm |date=28 February 2006 |title=French }} versions). 18 January 1996. The French version of the song is sometimes called {{lang|fr|Chant de Ralliement}}, as in Swarovski Orchestra (2004). ''National Anthems of the World''. Koch International Classics; and the English version "O Cameroon, Cradle of Our Forefathers", as in [[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 61. }} '''Kamiruun''' ama '''Jamhuuriyadda Kamiruun''' waa wadan ku yaalo Central [[Afrika]]. Wadankaan waxoo xuduud la leeyahay wadamada [[Jad]], [[Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika]], [[Ikweetiga Guinea]], [[Gabon]] iyo [[Jamhuuriyadda Kongo‎]].Cameroon (Faransiiska: Cameroon), si rasmi ah Jamhuuriyadda Cameroon (Faransiiska: République du Cameroun), waa waddan ku yaal galbeedka iyo Bartamaha Afrika. Waxaa xuduud u leh Nigeria dhanka galbeedka iyo waqooyiga; Chad ilaa waqooyi bari; Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika; iyo Equatorial Guinea, Gabon iyo Jamhuuriyada Congo koonfurta. Xeebaha Cameroon waxay ku yaalaan Bight of Biafra, qayb ka mid ah Gacanka Guinea iyo Badweynta Atlantic. Inkasta oo Cameroon aysan ahayn waddan xubin ka ah ECOWAS, joqoraafi ahaan iyo taariikh ahaanba waxa ay ku taala Galbeedka Afrika iyadoo la yiraahdo Camerons Koonfureed oo hadda ka dhigaysa Waqooyi-galbeed iyo Koofurta Koonfureed oo leh taariikh xooggan oo Afrikaan ah. Wadanka waxaa mararka qaar loo yaqaanaa Galbeedka Afrika iyo waqtiyo kale oo Bartamaha Afrika ah sababtoo ah mawqifkiisa istaraatiijiga ah ee isgoysyada u dhaxeeya Galbeedka iyo Bartamaha Afrika. Faransiiska iyo Ingiriisku waa luqadaha rasmiga ah ee Kameroon. Wadanka waxaa badanaa lagu magacaabaa "Africa in minestras" oo ku saabsan kala duwanaanta juqraafiga iyo dhaqanka. Noocyada dabiiciga ah waxaa ka mid ah xeebaha, lamadegaanka, buuraha, xayawaanka roobka, iyo savannas. Dhulka ugu sarreeya ee ku dhawaad ​​4,100 mitir (13,500 ft) waa Buur Cameroon oo ku taal Gobolka Koonfureed ee dalka, magaalooyinka ugu waaweyn ee ku nool magaalooyinka Douala ee Wuuri, waa caasimad dhaqaale iyo dekedda muhiimka ah, Yaoundé, iyo Garoua. Waddanka ayaa si fiican u yaqaan asalkiisa muusikada, gaar ahaan makossa iyo bikutsi, iyo kooxda kubada cagta ee guulaha badan. Dadka deggan degaannada hore waxaa ka mid ahaa ilaalada Sao oo ku yaala Harada Chad iyo Beeraha Beeraha ah ee ku yaalla koonfurta-bari ee xiga. Sahamiyeyaasha Bortuqiisku waxay gaadheen xeebta qarnigii 15aad waxaana lagu magacaabay aagga Rio dos Camarões (Waddada Shrimp), oo noqday Kameroon Ingiriisi. Askarta Fulani waxay aasaaseen Emirate-ka Adamawa ee waqooyiga qarnigii 19-aad, kooxo qowmiyadeed oo ka tirsan galbeedka iyo waqooyi-galbeed waxay sameeyeen madax-weynaan iyo fondoms. Kameroon waxay noqotay xarun jarmal ah sanadkii 1884 loo yaqaano Kamerun. Kadib Dagaalkii Dunida Kadib, dhulku waxaa loo kala qaybiyay Faransiiska iyo Boqortooyada Ingiriiska sida Laanta Qaramadda Midawga. Ururka Midawga Afrika ee u dooda xuquuqda aadanaha (UPC) ayaa ku dooday madaxbannaanida, laakiin waxaa mamnuucay France sannadkii 1950-kii, taasoo keentay in Cameroonian Independence War la dagaalanta kooxaha Faransiiska iyo UPC tan iyo horraantii 1971. 1960-kii, qaybta Faransiisku maamusho ee Cameroon wuxuu noqday madax-bannaan sida Jamhuuriyadda Cameroun ee ku hoos jira madaxweynaha Ahmadou Ahidjo. Qaybta koonfureed ee British Cameroons ayaa la wadaagay 1961-kii si loo dhiso Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka ee Cameroon. Xiriirinta waxaa laga tegey 1972-dii. Dalka waxaa loo magacaabay Jamhuuriyadda Midowday ee Cameroon sanadkii 1972 iyo Jamhuuriyada Cameroon sanadkii 1984. Cameroon waxay la kulantaa xasillooni siyaasadeed iyo mid bulsho. Tani waxay u ogolaatay horumarinta beeraha, wadooyinka, tareenada iyo warshadaha waaweyn ee batroolka iyo warshadaha. ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[Yawunde]] =Tixraac= {{reflist}} {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Wadamada Afrika]] 1a42xn4d0f70iuoglpi9drtufgpqdv3 0 5799 307612 300567 2026-09-09T16:21:57Z Soalt 39618 template:dalalka afrika iyo category:wadamada afrika 307612 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Benin | native_name = {{Native name|fr|République du Bénin}}<!--This parameter is only for official languages--> | common_name = Benin | image_flag = Flag of Benin.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Benin.svg | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File: Benin (orthographic projection with inset).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File: Location Benin AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Africa|default=1}} | map_caption = | image_map2 = | national_motto = {{vunblist|{{Native name|fr|"Fraternité, Justice, Travail"|italics=off|nolink=yes}}}} | englishmotto = Fraternity, Justice, Labour | national_anthem = {{Native name|fr|[[L'Aube nouvelle]]|nolink=yes}}<br />"The New Dawn"<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:L'Aube Nouvelle.ogg]]</div> | official_languages = [[Faransiiska|Faransiis]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/benin/#people-and-society |title=Benin |access-date=7 July 2023 |archive-date=29 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229152613/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/benin/#people-and-society |url-status=dead }}</ref> | languages_type = [[Luuqad qaran|Luuqadaha qaranka]] | languages = {{collapsible list|bullets=y|title={{nobold|Liiska:}} | | [[Carabi]] | [[Ingiriisi]] | [[Aguna (luuqad)|Aguna]] | [[Adja (luuqad)|Aja]] | [[Alada (luuqad)|Alada]] | [[Fon (luuqad)|Fon]] | [[Gbe (luuqadaha)|Gbe]] | [[Gen (luuqad)|Gen]] | [[Gun (luuqad)|Gun]] | [[Pherá (luuqad)|Pherá]] | [[Phla (luuqad)|Phla]] | [[Tofin (luuqad)|Tofin]] | [[Tɔli (luuqad)|Tɔli]] | [[Waci (luuqad)|Waci]] | [[Berba (luuqad)|Berba]] | [[Kabiye (luuqad)|Kabye]] | [[Lama (luuqad)|Lama]] | [[Lukpa (luuqad)|Lukpa]] | [[Mbelime (luuqad)|Mbelime]] | [[Mossi (luuqad)|Mossi]] | [[Nateni (luuqad)|Nateni]] | [[Ngangam (luuqad)|Ngangam]] | [[Tammari (luuqad)|Tammari]] | [[Tem (luuqad)|Tem]] | [[Waama (luuqad)|Waama]] | [[Yom (luuqad)|Yom]] | [[Kwa (luuqadaha)|Kwa]] | [[Chakosi (luuqad)|Chakosi]] | [[Foodo (luuqad)|Foodo]] | [[Ede (luuqad)|Ede]] | [[Ifè (luuqad)|Ifè]] | [[Mokole (luuqad) (Benin)|Mokole]] | [[Yoruba (luuqad)|Yoruba]] | [[Yoruboid (luuqadaha)|Yoruboid]] | [[Bariba (luuqad)|Bariba]] | [[Dendi (luuqad)|Dendi]] | [[Fula (luuqad)|Fula]] | [[Hawsay|Hawsa]]}} | demonym = {{hlist|Beninese}} {{hlist|Beninoise}} | ethnic_groups = {{vunblist|38.4% [[Fon (dadka)|Fon]]|15.1% [[Adja (dadka)|Adja]] iyo [[Gen (luuqad)|Mina]]|12% [[Yoruba (dadka)|Yoruba]]|9.6% [[Bariba (dadka)|Bariba]]|8.6% [[Fula (dadka)|Fula]]|6.1% [[Tammari (dadka)|Ottamari]]|4.3% [[Yoa-Lokpa (dadka)|Yoa-Lokpa]]|2.9% [[Dendi (dadka)|Dendi]]|2.8% kale}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2013<ref name="insae-bj.org">{{cite web |title=PRINCIPAUX INDICATEURS SOCIO DEMOGRAPHIQUES ET ECONOMIQUES |url=https://www.insae-bj.org/images/docs/insae-statistiques/enquetes-recensements/RGPH/1.RGPH_4/Indicateurs-et-Projetcions/Principaux%20Indicateurs%20projections%20Preface%20RGPH4.pdf |website=www.insae-bj.org |publisher=INSTITUT NATIONAL DE LA STATISTIQUE ET DE L'ANALYSE ECONOMIQUE |language=fr |access-date=14 December 2019 |archive-date=18 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918231011/https://www.insae-bj.org/images/docs/insae-statistiques/enquetes-recensements/RGPH/1.RGPH_4/Indicateurs-et-Projetcions/Principaux%20Indicateurs%20projections%20Preface%20RGPH4.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; | 52.2% [[Masiixiyadda ee Benin|Masiixiyad]] | 24.6% [[Islaam]] | 17.9% [[Diimaha Dhaqanka ee Afrika|diimaha dhaqanka]] | 5.2% [[Diin la'aan]] | 0.1% kale}} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref name="PEW-GRF">{{cite web |url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/benin/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020 |title=Religions in Benin {{pipe}} PEW-GRF |access-date=17 April 2021 |archive-date=17 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017154104/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/benin/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> | capital = [[Porto-Novo]] | largest_city = [[Cotonou]] | government_type = Jamhuuriyad [[Nidaamka madaxweynaha|madaxweyne]] oo midaysan | leader_title1 = [[Madaxweynaha Benin|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Romuald Wadagni]] | leader_title2 = [[Madaxweyne ku-xigeenka Benin|Madaxweyne ku-xigeen]] | leader_name2 = [[Mariam Chabi Talata]] | legislature = [[Golaha Shacabka (Benin)|Golaha Shacabka]] | sovereignty_type = Madaxbannaani | sovereignty_note = ka timid Faransiiska | established_event1 = [[Jamhuuriyadda Dahomey]] oo laga dhex aasasay [[Aasaska Faransiiska]] | established_date1 = 11 Diseembar 1958 | established_event2 = Madaxbannaani | established_date2 = 1 Agoosto 1960 | established_event3 = | established_date3 = | area_rank = 100aad | area_km2 = 114763 | area_sq_mi = | area_footnote = <ref name=AS2010>{{Cite report |date=2012 |title=Annuaire statistique 2010 |language=fr |url=http://www.insae-bj.org/annuare-statistique.html?file=files/publications/annuel/Annuaire%20statistique%20%20INSAE%202010.pdf |publisher=[[Institut national de la statistique et de l'analyse économique|INSAE]] |page=49 |access-date=17 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091201/http://www.insae-bj.org/annuare-statistique.html?file=files%2Fpublications%2Fannuel%2FAnnuaire%20statistique%20%20INSAE%202010.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> | percent_water = 0.4% | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 13,754,688<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite CIA World Factbook |country=Benin |access-date=24 September 2022 |year=2022 }}</ref> | population_estimate_rank = 77aad | population_estimate_year = 2022 | population_density_km2 = 94.8 | population_density_rank = 98aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $76.510 bilyan<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025: Edition (Benin) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] October, 14 2025 |language=en |access-date=14 February 2026 |archive-date=12 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251012102316/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = 137aad | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $4,980<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025: Edition (Benin) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] October, 14 2025 |language=en |access-date=14 February 2026 |archive-date=12 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251012102316/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 163aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $27.450 bilyan<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025: Edition (Benin) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] October, 14 2025 |language=en |access-date=14 February 2026 |archive-date=12 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251012102316/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_nominal_rank = 141aad | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $1,790<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025: Edition (Benin) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] October, 14 2025 |language=en |access-date=14 February 2026 |archive-date=12 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251012102316/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 163aad | Gini_year = 2021 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = 34.4 <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?name_desc=false |title=World Bank Open Data |access-date=8 October 2024 |archive-date=26 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250826090816/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?name_desc=false |url-status=live }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.515 <!--number only--> | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2023/2024 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/BEN |access-date=25 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en |archive-date=12 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812054834/https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/BEN |url-status=live }}</ref> | HDI_rank = 173aad | currency = [[Frankiga CFA ee Galbeedka Afrika]] | currency_code = XOF | country_code = | time_zone = [[Wakhtiga Galbeedka Afrika|WAT]] | utc_offset = +1 | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[+229]] | cctld = [[.bj]] | footnote_a = [[Cotonou]] waa xarunta dowladda. | today = }} '''Benin''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=En-Benin-pronunciation.ogg|b|ɛ|ˈ|n|iː|n}} {{respell|ben|EEN}}, {{IPAc-en|b|ᵻ|ˈ|n|iː|n}} {{respell|bin|EEN}};<ref>{{cite EPD|18 }}</ref> {{langx|fr|Bénin}} {{IPA|fr|benɛ̃||audio=Fr-Bénin.ogg}}}} si rasmi ahna loo guidhiyo '''Jamhuuriyadda Benin''',{{efn|{{langx|fr|République du Bénin}}}} oo markii hore loo yaqaanay '''Dahomey''',<ref name=nyt1975>{{Cite news |date=1 December 1975 |title=Dahomey Announces Its Name Will Be Benin |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/12/01/archives/dahomey-announces-its-name-will-be-benin.html |access-date=16 September 2020 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=16 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916200353/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/12/01/archives/dahomey-announces-its-name-will-be-benin.html |url-status=live }}</ref> waa dal ku yaala [[Galbeedka Afrika]]. Benin waxay xuduud la leedahay [[Togo]] xagga galbeed, [[Nigeria]] xagga bari, [[Burkina Faso]] xagga waqooyi-galbeed, iyo [[Niger]] xagga waqooyi-bari. Inta badan dadkeedu waxay ku nool yihiin xeebta koonfureed ee [[Bight of Benin]], oo ka mid ah [[Gacanka Guinea]] ee qaybta ugu xigta waqooyiga kulaylaha ee [[Badweynta Atlaantik-ga]].<ref name="HughesHughes1992">{{cite book |last1=Hughes |first1=R. H. |last2=Hughes |first2=J. S. |title=A Directory of African Wetlands |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC |year=1992 |publisher=IUCN |isbn=978-2-88032-949-5 |page=301 |access-date=12 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508163425/https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC |archive-date=8 May 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Caasimaddu waa [[Porto-Novo]], [[xarunta dowladduna]] waxay ku taal [[Cotonou]], oo ah magaalada ugu dadka badan isla markaana ah caasimadda dhaqaalaha.<ref>{{multiref2|{{cite journal |last1=Dossou |first1=Krystel M.R. |last2=Gléhouenou-Dossou |first2=Bernadette |date=2007 |title=The vulnerability to climate change of Cotonou (Benin): the rise in sea level |journal=Environment and Urbanization |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=65–79 |doi=10.1177/0956247807077149 |bibcode=2007EnUrb..19...65D |doi-access=free}}|{{ cite journal |title=Mapping a slum: learning from participatory mapping and digital innovation in Cotonou (Benin) |article-number=894 |translator=Alvin Harberts |doi=10.4000/cybergeo.32949 |date=2019 |journal=Cybergeo |first1=Armelle |last1=Choplin |first2=Martin |last2=Lozivit |trans-title=Mettre un quartier sur la carte: Cartographie participative et innovation numérique à Cotonou (Bénin) |doi-access=free}} }}</ref> Benin waxay ku fadhidaa dhul baaxadiisu tahay {{cvt|112,622|km2}},<ref name="ReferenceA"/> dadkeedana sanadkii {{UN_Population|Year}} waxaa lagu qiyaasay qiyaastii {{million|{{UN_Population|Benin}}}}.{{UN_Population|ref}} Waa dal kulaylaho ah oo dhaqaalihiisu si weyn ugu tiirsan yahay beeraha iyo dhoofinta [[saliidda timirta]] iyo [[suufka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/isfp/country-information/benin/en/ |title=FAO Initiative on Soaring Food Prices |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024021730/http://www.fao.org/isfp/country-information/benin/en/ |archive-date=24 October 2012 |website=[[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]] |access-date=29 June 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Major Industries in Benin |url=https://www.ariseiip.com/homepage/major-industries-in-benin/ |access-date=23 June 2024 |website=Arise IIP }}</ref> Laga soo bilaabo qarnigii 17aad ilaa qarnigii 19aad, hay'adaha siyaasadeed ee aaggaas ka jiray waxaa ka mid ahaa [[Boqortooyada Dahomey]], magaalada-gobolka ah ee [[Porto-Novo#History|Porto Novo]], iyo dawlado kale oo dhanka waqooyi xigay. Faransiiska ayaa la wareegay dhulkaas sanadkii 1894, isagoo ku daray [[Galbeedka Afrika ee Faransiiska]] sidii [[Dahomey-da Faransiiska]]. Sanadkii 1960, Dahomey waxay xorriyad buuxda ka qaadatay Faransiiska. Maadaama ay tahay [[dawlad madaxbannaan]], Benin waxay soo martay [[dawlado dimuqraadi ah]], [[gaddoomo ciidan]], iyo [[dawlado ciidan]]. Dawlad isku sheegtay [[dawlad Marxist–Leninist ah]] oo loogu magac daray [[Jamhuuriyadda Shacabka ee Benin]] ayaa jirtay intii dhexaysay 1975 iyo 1990. Sanadkii 1991, waxaa lagu beddelay Jamhuuriyadda Benin ee [[Nidaamka xisbiyada badan]].<ref name="Ibp Usa p85">{{cite book |title=Global Logistics Assessments Reports Handbook |volume=1: Strategic Transportation and Customs Information for Selected Countries |publisher=International Business Publications USA |date=2008 |orig-date=2015 |isbn=978-0-7397-6603-3 |page=85 }}</ref> [[Luuqadda rasmiga ah]] ee Benin waa Faransiis, iyadoo sidoo kale loogu hadlo luuqadaha u dhashay dhulkaas sida [[Fon (luuqad)|Fon]], [[Bariba (luuqad)|Bariba]], [[Yoruba (luuqad)|Yoruba]] iyo [[Dendi (luuqad)|Dendi]]. Kooxda ugu weyn ee diimaha ee Benin, sidii ay u saadaalisay Pew Research Group ee sanadka 2020 iyadoo lagu salaynayo tirokoobkii 2010, waa [[Masiixiyadda]] (52.2%), waxana ku xiga [[Islaamka]] (24.6%) iyo [[diimaha dhaqanka ee Afrika]] (17.9%).<ref name="PEW-GRF"/> Benin waxay xubin ka tahay [[Qaramada Midoobay]], [[Midowga Afrika]], [[Aagga Dhaqaalaha ee Dawladaha Galbeedka Afrika]], [[Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka]], [[Aagga Nabadda iyo Iskaashiga ee Koonfurta Atlaantik-ga]], [[Ururka Caalamiga ah ee Francophonie|Francophonie]], [[Bulshada Dawladaha Sahel iyo Saxaraha]], [[Ururka Soo Saarayaasha Betroolka ee Afrika]] iyo [[Maamulka Dooxada Niger]]. ==Asalka magaca== Intii lagu guda jiray xukunkii gumeysiga Faransiiska iyo ka dib madaxbannaanidii 1 Agoosto 1960, dalka waxaa [[Beddelidda magacyada goobaha|loogu magac daray]] Dahomey, iyadoo loogu magac daray [[Boqortooyada Dahomey]]. 30 Nofeembar 1975, ka dib afgambi ciidan oo [[Marxist–Leninist]] ahaa (oona ahaa [[Afgambigii Dahomey ee 1972]]), dalka waxaa dib loogu magac daray Benin, iyadoo loogu magac daray [[Bight of Benin]], oo xuduud la leh dalka, maadaama magaca Dahomey uu si gaar ah ula xiriiray [[Fon (dadka)|Fon]] oo deganaa qaybta koonfureed ee dalka.<ref name=nyt1975/> Gacanka wuxuu magaciisa ka qaatay [[Boqortooyada Benin]], oo ku taal dalka hadda loo yaqaan [[Nigeria]]. ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Wadamada Afrika]] 1v0dm3ne1r1hlxbrlwbmlqtc2rvf6nh 0 5812 307625 303131 2026-09-09T16:38:47Z Soalt 39618 Category:Wadamada Afrika 307625 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Kab Ferde |native_name = ''República de Cabo Verde'' {{resize|70%|([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]])}} |name = ''Repúblika di Kabu Verdi '' {{resize|70%|([[Cape Verdean Creole]])}} |common_name = Cape Verde <!-- This field is not visible to the reader, it provides codes for page links. It should not be changed to Cabo Verde unless the actual pages are moved. --> |image_flag = Flag of Cape Verde (10-17).svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Cape Verde.svg |symbol_type = National emblem |image_map = Location Cape Verde AU Africa.svg |map_caption = {{map caption |countryprefix= |location_color=dark blue |region=Africa |region_color=dark grey |subregion=the [[African Union]] |subregion_color=light blue}} |national_motto = {{vunblist|{{native phrase|pt|Unidade, Trabalho, Progresso|italics=on|nolink=off}} |{{small|({{lang-en|"Unity, Work, Progress"}})}}}} |national_anthem = {{native name|pt|[[Cântico da Liberdade]]|nolink=yes}}<br/>{{small|''Chant of Freedom''}}<br/><center></center> |official_languages = [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]<ref name=":0"/> |national_languages = [[Cape Verdean Creole]]<ref name=":0"/> |capital = [[Praia]] |coordinates={{coord|14| 55| N |23 |31 |W|display=inline}} |largest_city = capital |demonym = [[Cape Verdeans|Cape Verdean]] or Cabo Verdean<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2014/07/228873.htm |title = On the Occasion of the Republic of Cabo Verde's National Day |author = John Kerry |author-link = John Kerry |publisher = U.S. Department of State |date = 8 July 2014 |accessdate = 11 July 2014 |quote = On behalf of President Obama and the people of the United States, I send best wishes to Cabo Verdeans as you celebrate 39 years of independence on July 5. }}</ref> |ethnic_groups_year = 2017<ref name="race">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cv.html|title=People and Society – Cape Verde|accessdate=27 August 2017|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=31 Bisha Sideedaad 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831042056/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cv.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |government_type = {{nowrap|[[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]]}} [[republic]]<ref name="SpL">{{cite journal|last1=Neto|first1=Octávio Amorim|last2=Lobo|first2=Marina Costa|year=2010|ssrn=1644026|title=Between Constitutional Diffusion and Local Politics: Semi-Presidentialism in Portuguese-Speaking Countries|journal=|publisher=[[Social Science Research Network]]|issue=}}</ref> |leader_title1 = [[President of Cape Verde|President]] |leader_name1 = [[Carlos Veiga]] |leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Cape Verde|Prime Minister]] |leader_name2 = [[Ulisses Correia e Silva]] |legislature = [[National Assembly (Cape Verde)|National Assembly]] |area_rank = 166th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> |area_magnitude = 1 E9 |area_km2 = 4033 |area_sq_mi = 1,557 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |percent_water = negligible |population_estimate = {{UN_Population|Cabo Verde}}{{UN_Population|ref}} |population_estimate_rank = 167th <!-- UN WPP --> |population_estimate_year = {{UN_Population|Year}} |population_density_km2 = 123.7 |population_density_sq_mi = 325.0 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = 89th |GDP_PPP = $3.649 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url = http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2015&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=62&pr1.y=9&c=614%2C668%2C638%2C674%2C616%2C676%2C748%2C678%2C618%2C684%2C624%2C688%2C622%2C728%2C626%2C692%2C628%2C694%2C632%2C714%2C636%2C716%2C634%2C722%2C662%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C199%2C644%2C733%2C646%2C734%2C648%2C738%2C652%2C742%2C656%2C746%2C654%2C754%2C664%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPPC%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title = Burundi |publisher = International Monetary Fund |accessdate = 13 January 2015 }}</ref> |GDP_PPP_year = 2016 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $6,867<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal = $1.747 billion<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_year = 2016 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $3,287<ref name=imf2/> |sovereignty_type = Formation |established_event1 = Discovery |established_date1 = 1460 |established_event2 = Independence from [[Portugal]] |established_date2 = 5 July 1975 |established_event3 = [[Multi-party system]] |established_date3 = 13 January 1990 |Gini_year = 2008 |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini = 47.2 |Gini_ref = <ref name="gini-index">{{cite web |title = GINI index |url = http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?order=wbapi_data_value_2002+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&sort=asc&page=2 |publisher = World Bank |accessdate = 26 July 2013 |archive-date = 20 Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131220051710/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?order=wbapi_data_value_2002+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&sort=asc&page=2 |url-status = dead }}</ref> |Gini_rank = |HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year --> |HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI = 0.648 <!-- number only --> |HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url = http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title = 2016 Human Development Report |date = 2016 |accessdate = 21 March 2017 |publisher = United Nations Development Programme }}</ref> |HDI_rank = 122nd |currency = [[Cape Verdean escudo]] |currency_code = CVE |country_code = CPV |time_zone = [[Cape Verde Time|CVT]] |utc_offset = -1 |time_zone_DST = ''not observed'' |utc_offset_DST = -1 |drives_on = right |calling_code = [[+238]] |cctld = [[.cv]] }} {{Coord|15|06|40|N|23|37|00|W|display=title}} '''Kab Ferde''' (Kap Verde) Cap Verde '''Jamhuuriyada Kap verde''' waa wadan jasiirado ah oo ku yaalo [[Badweynta Atlaantik]], waxee galbeedka Afrika u jirtaa {{km|570}}. Magaca "Ferde" waa af bortuqiis, micnaheeda waa "Cagaar" laakiin magaca "Kab" waxaa laga soo qaaday xeebta sinigal oo la dhoho [[Kab-Fert]]. Jasiiradaan waxaa soo gumeestay gumeestihii [[Bortuqaal|Bortuqiiska]]. Cape Verde (/ ˌkeɪp vɜːrd /) ama Cabo Verde (/ ˌkɑːboʊ vɜːrdeɪ /, / ˌkæb- /) (Bortuqiis: Cabo Verde, oo loo yaqaan [kabu veɾdɨ]), si rasmi ah Jamhuuriyadda Cabo Verde, [9] oo ah jasiirad ku taal 10 jasiiradood oo volcanic ah oo ku yaalla bartamaha Atlantic ee bartamaha. Waxay ka kooban tahay qeyb ka mid ah macdanta Macaronesia, oo ay la socdaan Azores, Canary Islands, Madeira, iyo Xeebaha Wabiga. Waqtiga qadiimiga ah ee jasiiradahaas waxaa loo yaqaan "jasiiradaha barakaysan" ama "isfaham wanaagsan". Waxay ku taallaa 570 kilomitir (350 mi) galbeedka Cape Verde Peninsula ee galbeedka Afrika, jasiiradaha waxay daboolayaan aag isku dhafan oo ka kooban 4,000 oo kiilomitir oo isku wareeg ah (1,500 sq m). Jasiiradda Cape Verde ayaa ahayd mid aan la degganayn illaa qarnigii 15aad, markii sahamiyeyaashii Isbaanishka ahaa ee la helay oo lagu xaday jasiiradaha, taas oo abuurtay degsiimada ugu horreysa ee Yurub ee ku yaalla gawaarida. Fikrad ahaan waxaa ku yaal ganacsiga addoonta ah ee Atlantic, jasiiradaha ayaa ku baraarugsanaa qarniyadii 16aad iyo 17aad, iyagoo soo jiitay ganacsatada, ganacsatada, iyo budhcadbadeedda. Dhamaadka addoonsiga qarnigii 19aad waxay keentay hoos u dhac dhaqaale iyo socdaal. Cape Verde ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah dib loogu soo celiyay iyada oo ah xarun ganacsi oo muhiim ah iyo waddooyinka maraakiibta maraakiibta. Iyadoo lagu darayo waaxda dibedda ee Portugal sanadkii 1951, jasiiradaha ayaa sii waday ololihii madaxbannaanida, kaas oo si nabad ah lagu gaarey 1975. Tan iyo horraantii 1990-meeyadii, Cape Verde waxay ahayd mid dimoqraadi ah, oo ah mid ka mid ah dalalka ugu horumarsan uguna dimoqraadiga ah ee Afrika. Helitaanka kheyraadka dabiiciga ah, dhaqaalaheeda soo koraya wuxuu inta badan u adeega, iyada oo xooga saaraya dalxiiska iyo maalgashiga shisheeye. Dadweynaha ku dhow 512,000 waxay badanaaba yihiin kuwa isku dhafan Yurub, Moorish, Carabta iyo Afrikaanka, iyo inta badan Roman Catholic, oo ka tarjumaya dhaxalka maamulka Bortuqiiska. Bulshada qurba-joogta ah ee dunida oo dhan waxay ka jirtaa adduunka oo dhan, wax yar ka yar dadka deggan jasiiradaha. Taariikh ahaan, magaca "Cape Verde" waxaa loo isticmaali jiray Ingiriisi loogu talagalay jasiiradaha iyo, tan iyo markii xorriyadda 1975, ee dalka. Sanadka 2013, dowladda Cape Verdean ayaa go'aamineysay in barta Portugal ee Cabo Verde loo isticmaali doono ujeedooyin rasmi ah, sida Qaramada Midoobay, xataa xitaa Ingiriiska. Cape Verde waa xubin ka mid ah Midowga Afrika. [[File:1996.12.00.cv.st.Praia.jpg|vinheta|thumb|right|230px|esquèrra|La vila de Praia, Cap Verd.]] [[File:Sao Vicente.jpg|thumb|300px|thumb|right|Vista de São Vicente.]] ==sido kale fiiri== * [[Afrika]] == Xigasho == <references /> {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Dalalka Afrika]] [[Category:Wadamada Afrika]] 2r9oths95ll2enmkhsupzcc62qjf4wp 0 5846 307650 300598 2026-09-09T17:35:17Z Soalt 39618 Category:Wadamada Afrika 307650 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | coordinates = {{Coord|8|29.067|N|13|14.067|W|type:city}} | languages_type = Spoken languages | leader_name2 = {{nowrap|[[Mohamed Juldeh Jalloh]]}} | leader_name3 = {{nowrap|[[David J. Francis (politician)|David J. Francis]]}} | leader_name4 = {{nowrap|[[Abass Bundu]]}} | leader_name5 = [[Abdulai Hamid Charm]] | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Sierra Leone | image_flag = Flag of Sierra Leone.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Sierra Leone.svg | common_name = Sierra Leone | symbol_type = Coat of arms | national_motto = "Unity, Freedom, Justice" | national_anthem = "[[High We Exalt Thee, Realm of the Free]]" | image_map = Location Sierra Leone AU Africa.svg | map_caption = {{map caption |countryprefix= |location_color=dark blue |region=Africa |region_color=dark grey |subregion=the [[African Union]] |subregion_color=light blue |legend=Location Sierra Leone AU Africa.svg}} | image_map2 = Sierra Leone - Location Map (2012) - SLE - UNOCHA.svg | capital = [[Freetown]] | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[English Language|English]] | languages = {{hlist |[[Temne language|Temne]] |[[Mende language|Mende]] |[[Krio language|Krio]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list |35.5% [[Temne people|Temne]] |33.2% [[Mende people|Mende]] |6.4% [[Limba people (Sierra Leone)|Limba]] |4.4% [[Kono people|Kono]] |3.4% [[Fula people|Fula]] |2.9% [[Loko people|Loko]] |2.8% [[Koranko people|Koranko]] |2.6% [[Sherbro people|Sherbro]] |2.4% [[Mandingo people of Sierra Leone|Mandingo]] |1.2% [[Sierra Leone Creole people|Krio (Creole)]] |5.2% Other }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2013<ref name="Central Intelligence Agency 2018 – Sierra Leone">{{cite web | title=The World Factbook – Sierra Leone | website=Central Intelligence Agency | date=12 July 2018 | url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sl.html | access-date=30 July 2018 | ciwaan=Nuqul Archive | archive-date=16 Bisha Tobnaad 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016034059/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sl.html | dead-url=yes }}</ref> | demonym = Sierra Leonean | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[republic|Constitutional Republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Sierra Leone|President]] | leader_name1 = {{nowrap|[[Julius Maada Bio]]}} | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Sierra Leone|Vice-President]] | leader_title3 = [[List of heads of government of Sierra Leone|Chief Minister]] | leader_title4 = [[Speaker of the House of Parliament of Sierra Leone|Speaker of Parliament]] | leader_title5 = [[Chief Justice]] | legislature = [[Parliament of Sierra Leone|Parliament]] | established_event1 = from the [[United Kingdom]] | sovereignty_type = [[Independence]] | established_event2 = Republic declared | established_date1 = 27 April 1961 | established_date2 = 19 April 1971 | area_km2 = 71,740 | area_rank = 117th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 27,699 | percent_water = 1.1 | population_estimate = | population_census = 7,075,641<ref name=Stat.sl>[http://www.statistics.sl/2004_pop._&_hou._census_analytical_reports/2004_population_and_housing_census_report_on_projection_for_sierra_leone.pdf Official projection (medium variant) for the year 2013 based on the population and housing census held in Sierra Leone on 4 December 2004] {{Wayback|url=http://www.statistics.sl/2004_pop._%26_hou._census_analytical_reports/2004_population_and_housing_census_report_on_projection_for_sierra_leone.pdf |date=20130730173852 }} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730173852/http://www.statistics.sl/2004_pop._%26_hou._census_analytical_reports/2004_population_and_housing_census_report_on_projection_for_sierra_leone.pdf |date=30 July 2013 }}. statistics.sl. page 13.</ref> | population_census_rank = 103rd | population_estimate_year = | population_estimate_rank = 103rd | population_census_year = 2015 | population_density_km2 = 79.4 | population_density_rank = 114th^a | population_density_sq_mi = 205.6 | GDP_PPP = $12.177&nbsp;billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=48&pr.y=6&sy=2018&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=724&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Sierra Leone |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=18 April 2013}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2018 | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $1,608<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = $3.824&nbsp;billion<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2018 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $505<ref name=imf2/> | Gini = 35.4 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2011 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |accessdate=2 March 2011}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.420 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf|title=2016 Human Development Report|year=2016|accessdate=21 March 2017|publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 179th | currency = [[Sierra Leonean leone|Leone]] | currency_code = SLL | time_zone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] | utc_offset = +0 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | drives_on = right^b | calling_code = [[+232]] | cctld = [[.sl]] | footnote_a = Rank based on 2007 figures. | footnote_b = Since 1 March 1971. | area_magnitude = 1 E11 | country_code = }} '''Sierra Leone''' waa wadan ku yaalo [[Galbeed]]ka [[Afrika]]. Wadankaan waxoo xuduud la leeyahay wadamada [[Liberia]] iyo [[Guinea]]. Caasimada wadanka waa [[Freetown]]. Sierra Leone (i) /, UK sidoo kale / Sayniska, - ˌsɪərə - /), [6] si rasmi ah Jamhuuriyadda Sierra Leone, waa waddanka Galbeedka Afrika. Waxaa xuduud la leh Guinea ilaa waqooyi-bari, Liberia ilaa koonfur-bari iyo badhtamaha Atlantic-ka ee koonfur galbeed. Waxay leedahay cimilada kulaylaha, oo leh jawi kala duwan oo ka soo baxa Savana ilaa roobabka. Wadanku wuxuu leeyahay aag dhan 71,740 km2 (27,699 sq mi) iyo dad tiradoodu tahay 7,075,641 sida tirakoobka 2015. Sierra Leone waa Jamhuuriyad dastuuri ah oo madaxweyne toos ah loo doorto iyo sharci dejin sharci ah. Sierra Leone waxay leedahay dowlad dhexe oo madaxbanaan. Madaxweynuhu waa madaxa dawladda iyo madaxa dawladda. Magaalada caasimadda ah iyo magaalada ugu weyn waa Freetown. Sierra Leone waxay ka kooban tahay shan gobol oo maamuleed: Gobolka Waqooyi, Gobolka Waqooyi Galbeed, Gobolka Bari, Gobolka Koonfureed iyo Galbeedka. Gobolladaasi waxaa loo kala qaybiyey lix iyo toban degmo. Sierra Leone wuxuu ahaa British-ka British-ka 1808 ilaa 1961. 1898-kii, madaxdii ilaalinta hooyo ee xuduudaha, inta badan waqooyiga oo uu hoggaamiyo madax weyne Bax Bureh, ee dadka ajaanibta ah iyo in la dhiso xukun madaxbannaan. Dagaalka ayaa markii dambe loo yaqaan "War Cirifkii Canshuurta 1898". Dowlada Gumaysiga Ingiriiska ayaa aasaasay awood badan oo awood badan u siisay hogaamiyayaasha qabaa'ilka ee Sierra Leone Protectorate, si looga hortago kacdoon kale. Bishii Nofembar 1951, Sir Milton Margai, hogaamiyaha xisbiga Sierra Leone ee Xisbiga dadwaynaha ayaa kormeeray qoritaanka dastuur cusub, kaas oo midoobey sharci-dejiyeyaasha Gaashaanbuurta iyo Gaashaanbuurta oo ugu muhiimsanaa bixiyay qaab-dhismeed lagu xakameynayo. Sierra Leone waxay madax banaanaatay boqortooyadii Ingiriiska 27kii Abriil 1961, oo uu hogaaminayey Sir Milton Margai, oo noqday ra'iisul-wasaaraha koowaad ee wadanka. Bishii May 1962, Sierra Leone waxay qabatay doorashadii ugu horreysey oo ah qaran madaxbannaan. Hoggaamiyaha mucaaradka ee Siaka Stevens 'All People Congress (APC) ayaa ka adkaaday maamulka SLPP ee hoos timaada Sir Albert Margai hoggaanka doorashadii baarlamaanka Sierra Leone ee 1967-kii. Stevens wuxuu xukumay Sierra Leone laga soo bilaabo 1968-kii illaa 1985-kii. 1971-kii, Stevens waxa uu baabi'iyay nidaamka xukuumadda ee Sierra Leone, waxana uu ku dhawaaqay in Sierra Leone jagada madaxweyne. Sierra Leone waxay ahayd waddan hal dhinac ah laga bilaabo 1978 illaa 1985, taas oo Stevens 'APC ahayd xisbiga kaliya ee xisbiyada siyaasadeed ee dalka. Dastuurka haatan ee Sierra Leone, oo ay ka mid yihiin dimoqraadiyadda xisbiyada badan ayaa la ansixiyay sannadkii 1991-kii dawladdii Madaxweyne Yuusuf Siciid Momoh, oo bedelay Stevens. Sanadkii 1991-kii, koox mucaarad ah oo loo yaqaano Kacaanka Revolutionary Un Front oo ay hogaaminaysay ciidankii hore ee Sierra Leone ee ka tirsanaa Ururka Foday Sankoh ayaa bilaabay dagaal sokeeye oo dalka ka dhaca. ==Tixraacyo== {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Wadamada Afrika]] g0t12bebiui4s59i8t2pesb7dqjymru 0 5847 307618 291365 2026-09-09T16:28:36Z Soalt 39618 template:dalalka afrika iyo category:wadamada afrika 307618 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = | common_name = Guinea | native_name = Jamhuuriyada Giinya [[Af Soomaali|Soomaali]]<br />République de Guinée [[Af-Faransiis|Faransiis]] | image_flag = Flag of Guinea.svg | image_coat =Coat of Arms of Guinea.svg | national_motto = {{native phrase|fr|"Travail, Justice, Solidarité"|italics=off}}<br/>{{small|"Work, Justice, Solidarity"}} | national_anthem = {{native name|fr|[[Liberté (anthem)|Liberté]]}}<br/>{{small|''Freedom''}}<br/><center>[[File:Liberté.oga]]</center> | image_map = Location Guinea AU Africa.svg | map_caption = {{map caption|countryprefix=|location_color=dark blue|region=Africa|region_color=dark grey|subregion=the [[African Union]]|subregion_color=light blue}} | image_map2 = Guinea - Location Map (2013) - GIN - UNOCHA.svg | capital = [[Conakry]] | coordinates = {{Coord|9|31|N|13|42|W|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[French language|French]] | languages_type = [[Vernacular language|Vernacular<br/>language]]s | languages = {{unbulleted list | [[Fula language|Fula]] | [[Mandinka language|Mandinka]] | |[[Susu language|Susu]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 32.1% [[Fula people|Fula]] | 29.8% [[Mandinka people|Mandinka]] | 19.8% [[Susu people|Susu]] | 4.7% [[Kissi people|Kissi]] | 6.2% [[Kpelle people|Kpelle]] | 7.4% others<ref>"The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency - CIA"</ref> }} | ethnic_groups_year = | demonym = Guinean | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[presidential republic]] | leader_title1 = [[List of heads of state of Guinea|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Mamady Doumbouya]] | leader_title2 = [[List of heads of government of Guinea|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = Amadou Oury Bah | legislature = [[National Assembly (Guinea)|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = [[Independence]] | established_event1 = from [[France]] | established_date1 = 2 October 1958 | area_km2 = 245,836 | area_rank = 77th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]]--> | area_sq_mi = 94,926 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = negligible | population_estimate = {{UN_Population|Guinea}}{{UN_Population|ref}} | population_census = 11,628,972 | population_estimate_year = {{UN_Population|Year}} | population_estimate_rank = 81st | population_census_year = 2014 | population_density_km2 = 40.9 | population_density_sq_mi = 106.1 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | GDP_PPP = $26.451&nbsp;billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=20&pr.y=6&sy=2015&ey=2022&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=656&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Guinea |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=18 April 2012}}</ref> <!--Do not edit!--> | GDP_PPP_year = 2017 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $2,039<ref name=imf2/> <!--Do not edit!--> | GDP_nominal = $9.183&nbsp;billion<ref name=imf2/> <!--Do not edit!--> | GDP_nominal_year = 2017 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $707<ref name=imf2/> <!--Do not edit!--> | Gini = 70.3 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 1994 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = |Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.414 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = steady<!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI_ref =<ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf|title=2016 Human Development Report|year=2016|accessdate=21 March 2017|publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 183th | currency = [[Guinean franc]] | currency_code = GNF | time_zone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] | utc_offset = +0 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[+224]] | cctld = [[.gn]] | area_magnitude = 1 E11 | population_density_rank = 164th | country_code = }} {{Coord|7|32|17|N|8|29|50|W|region:GN_type:landmark|display=title}} [[File:Flag_of_Guinea.svg|thumb|]] '''Guinea''' waa wadan ku yaalo [[Galbeed]]ka [[Afrika]]. Wadankaan waxoo xuduud la leeyahay wadamada [[Guinea-Bissau]], [[Maali]], [[Sinigaal]], [[Xeebta Foolmaroodi]], [[Sierra Leone]] iyo [[Liberia]]. Caasimada waxaa la dhahaa [[Konakri]]. Guinea (/ ɡɪni / (Ku dhawaad ​​codka maqalka)), si rasmi ah Jamhuuriyadda Guinea (Faransiiska: République de Guinée), waa waddanka xeebta galbeed ee Afrika. Dalka Guinea waxaa lagu magacaabaa Guinea-Conakry, oo loo yaqaan 'Guinea' oo magaciisa la yiraahdo Guinea-Bissau iyo Equatorial Guinea. Guinea waxay leedahay qiyaastii 12.4 milyan iyo aag 245,860 kilomitir square ah (94,927 sq mi). Guinea waa jamiir. Madaxweynuhu si toos ah ayuu u doortaa dadka, waana madaxa dawladda iyo madaxa dawladda. Golaha Qaranka ee Guinea ayaa ah hay'adda sharci-dejinta ee dalka, xubnaha xubnahana waxaa sidoo kale si toos ah loogu soo doortaa dadka. Waaxda garsoorka waxaa hoggaaminaya Maxkamadda Sare ee Guinea, maxkamadda ugu sareysa iyo kan ugu dambeeya ee rafcaanka dalka. Dalka waxaa loo magacaabay gobolka Geeska Afrika. Guinea waa magac dhaqameed ee gobolka Afrika ee ku yaal Gacanka Guinea. Waxay u fidisaa waqooyiga iyada oo loo marayo gobollada gawaarida gawaarida uurka leh waxayna ku dhammaanayaan Sahel. Giriigga Guinea wuxuu si toos ah uga yimid erayga Portugal ee Guiné, kaasoo ka soo baxay qarnigii 15-aad ee ku saabsanaa dhulalka ku yaal Guineus, oo ah erey guud oo loogu talagalay dadka madowga ah ee Afrika ee ka hooseeya webiga Senegal, marka laga reebo 'tawny' Zenaga Berbers, oo ka sarreeya, oo loo yaqaan Azenegues ama Moors. == Galerie == <gallery> File:Guinea_sat.png|atlas Guinea File:Dame_de_Mali_Guinée.jpg|[[:en:fr:Mont Loura|Dame de Mali]] File:Chute_de_Tabouna_à_Kindia_01.jpg|[[:en:fr:Chute de Tabouna|Chute de Tabouna]] à [[:en:fr:Kindia|Kindia]] File:Chute_de_Saala_vue_à_360°_Labé.jpg|[[:en:fr:Chute de Saala|Chute de Saala]] [[:en:fr:Labé|Labé]] File:Chimpanzé_de_Bossou_33.jpg|Chimpanzé de Bossou File:Plage_de_Roume.jpg|Plage sur les [[:en:fr:Îles de Loos|Ile de Loos]] </gallery> =Sido kale fiiri= *[[Midowga Afrika]] =Tixraac= {{reflist}} {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Wadamada Afrika]] aqc361gbs66veiakdtbnplw4cnaizet 0 5848 307619 256599 2026-09-09T16:29:09Z Soalt 39618 Category:Wadamada Afrika 307619 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|12|N|15|W|region:GW_dim:200000_type:country|display=title}} {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Republic of Guinea-Bissau |native_name = {{native name|pt|República da Guiné-Bissau|fontsize=70%}} |common_name = Guinea-Bissau |image_flag = Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Guinea-Bissau.svg |symbol_type = Emblem |image_map = Location Guinea Bissau AU Africa.svg |map_caption = {{map caption |countryprefix= |location_color=dark blue |region=Africa |region_color=dark grey |subregion=the [[African Union]] |subregion_color=light blue}} |national_motto = <br/>{{native phrase|pt|"Unidade, Luta, Progresso"|italics=off|nolink=on}}<br/>{{small|"Unity, Fight, Progress"}} |national_anthem = <br/>{{native name|pt|[[Esta é a Nossa Pátria Bem Amada]]|nolink=on}}<br/>{{small|''This is Our Beloved Homeland''}}<br/><center></center> |official_languages = [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] |national_languages = [[Upper Guinea Creole]] |demonym = Bissau-Guinean<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2110.html#pu "Guinea-Bissau" – Field Listing: Nationality.] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2110.html#pu |date=20150626165447 }} ''The World Factbook 2013-14.'' Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency, 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2015.</ref> |capital = [[Bissau]] |ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 30% [[Balanta people|Balanta]] | 20% [[Fula people|Fula]] | 14% [[Manjack people|Manjaca]] | 13% [[Mandinka people|Mandinga]] | 7% [[Papel people|Papel]] | &gt;1% others }} |latd=11 |latm=52 |latNS=N |longd=15 |longm=36 |longEW=W |largest_city = capital |government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[republic]] |leader_title1 = [[List of Presidents of Guinea-Bissau|President]] |leader_name1 = [[Umaró Umbaló Sissoko]] |leader_title2 = {{nowrap|[[List of Prime Ministers of Guinea-Bissau|Prime Minister]]}} |leader_name2 = [[Geraldo Martins]] |legislature = {{nowrap|[[National People's Assembly (Guinea-Bissau)|National People's Assembly]]}} |area_rank = 136th |area_magnitude = 1 E9 |area_km2 = 36,125 |area_sq_mi = 13,948 |percent_water = 22.4 |population_estimate = 1,693,398<ref name="cia">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2119.html|title=The World Factbook -- Field Listing - Population - CIA|accessdate=2015-03-07|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225195601/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2119.html%20|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |population_estimate_rank = 148th |population_estimate_year = 2014 |population_density_km2 = 44.1 |population_density_sq_mi = 115.5 |population_density_rank = 154th |GDP_PPP = $2.502 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2013&ey=2019&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=654&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=36&pr.y=17 |title=Guinea-Bissau |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=17 April 2013}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_year = 2014 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $1,439<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal = $1.040 billion<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_year = 2014 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $598<ref name=imf2/> |sovereignty_type = [[Guinea-Bissau War of Independence|Independence]] {{nobold|from [[Portugal]]}} |established_event1 = Declared |established_date1 = 24 September 1973 |established_event2 = Recognized |established_date2 = 10 September 1974 |Gini_year = 2002 |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini = 35 <!--number only--> |Gini_ref = |Gini_rank = |HDI_year = 2013<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> |HDI_change = steady<!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI = 0.396 <!--number only--> |HDI_rank = 177th |HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-summary-en.pdf |title=2014 Human Development Report Summary |year=2014 |accessdate=27 July 2014 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme | pages=21–25}}</ref> |currency = [[West African CFA franc]] |currency_code = XOF |country_code = |time_zone = [[GMT]] |utc_offset = +0 |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |drives_on = right |calling_code = [[+245]] |cctld = [[.gw]] }} [[File:Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg|thumb|]] '''Guinea-Bissau''' waa wadan ku yaalo [[Galbeed]]ka [[Afrika]]. Wadankaan waxoo xuduud la leeyahay wadamada [[Sinigaal]] iyo [[Guinea]]. Magaalo madaxda wadanka waa [[Bissau]]. Guinea-Bissau (oo ku saabsan dhawaaqa maqalka)), si rasmi ah Jamhuuriyadda Guinea-Bissau (Bortuqiis: República da Guiné-Bissau), waa gobol madaxbannaan oo ku yaal Galbeedka Afrika. Wuxuu daboolayaa 36,125 kilomitir oo isku wareeg ah (13,948 sq m) oo lagu qiyaasey dad lagu qiyaasay 1,815,698. [2] Guinea-Bissau wuxuu ahaa qayb ka mid ah Boqortooyada Gabu, iyo qayb ka mid ah Boqortooyada Mali. Qeybo ka mid ah Boqortooyadani waxay sii jirtey illaa qarnigii 18aad, iyada oo qaar ka mid ah kuwa kale ay hoos imanayeen xukumada Bortuqiiska tan iyo qarnigii 16aad. Qarnigii 19aad, waxaa loo xiray sidii Guinea Portuguese. Markii ay madaxbannaanideen 1973-dii oo la aqoonsaday sanadkii 1974-kii, magaca caasimadda, Bissau, ayaa lagu daray magaca dalka si looga hortago wareerka Guinea (oo horay loo oran jiray Faransiiska Guinea). Guinea-Bissau wuxuu leeyahay taariikh xasilooni siyaasadeed tan iyo xorriyadda, mana jiro madaxweyne la doortay oo si guul leh u adeegay muddo shan sano ah oo buuxa. Kaliya 14% dadku waxay ku hadlaan af-noorwijiyaal, oo loo asaasay luuqad rasmi ah iyo mid qaran. Bortuqiisku wuxuu kudhisan yahay kooroole joogta ah Crioulo, oo ah bangiga oo ku hadlaya kala badh dadweynaha (44%) iyo lambar ka weynna wuxuu ku hadlaa luqad labaad. Inta soo hartay waxa ay ku hadlaan luqado afaf ah oo Afrikaan ah. Waxaa jira diimo kala duwan oo ku yaal Guinea-Bissau oo aan diin ku lahayn aqlabiyad. Xaqiiqooyinka CIA ee dunida (2018) ayaa sheegaya in ay jiraan qiyaastii 40% Muslimiinta, 22% Masiixiyiin, 15% Haweeneyda iyo 18% aan la sheegin ama kuwa kale. Qiimaha celceliska dalka oo dhan wuxuu ka mid yahay kuwa ugu hooseeya adduunka. Guinea-Bissau waa xubin ka mid ah Qaramada Midoobay, Ururka Midowga Afrika, Bulshada Dhaqaalaha ee Wadamada Galbeedka Afrika, Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka, Bulshooyinka Bariga Afqanistaan, La Francophonie iyo Aagga Nabadda iyo Iskaashiga Koonfurta Atlantic, oo xubin ka ahaa hadda Ururka Midowga Yurub. * President: José Mário Vaz (2014) * Prime Minister: Carlos Correia (2015) {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Wadamada Afrika]] edogo69w1wmuwk1ovu7s73l5rnujklg 307620 307619 2026-09-09T16:29:59Z Soalt 39618 tixraac 307620 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|12|N|15|W|region:GW_dim:200000_type:country|display=title}} {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Republic of Guinea-Bissau |native_name = {{native name|pt|República da Guiné-Bissau|fontsize=70%}} |common_name = Guinea-Bissau |image_flag = Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Guinea-Bissau.svg |symbol_type = Emblem |image_map = Location Guinea Bissau AU Africa.svg |map_caption = {{map caption |countryprefix= |location_color=dark blue |region=Africa |region_color=dark grey |subregion=the [[African Union]] |subregion_color=light blue}} |national_motto = <br/>{{native phrase|pt|"Unidade, Luta, Progresso"|italics=off|nolink=on}}<br/>{{small|"Unity, Fight, Progress"}} |national_anthem = <br/>{{native name|pt|[[Esta é a Nossa Pátria Bem Amada]]|nolink=on}}<br/>{{small|''This is Our Beloved Homeland''}}<br/><center></center> |official_languages = [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] |national_languages = [[Upper Guinea Creole]] |demonym = Bissau-Guinean<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2110.html#pu "Guinea-Bissau" – Field Listing: Nationality.] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2110.html#pu |date=20150626165447 }} ''The World Factbook 2013-14.'' Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency, 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2015.</ref> |capital = [[Bissau]] |ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 30% [[Balanta people|Balanta]] | 20% [[Fula people|Fula]] | 14% [[Manjack people|Manjaca]] | 13% [[Mandinka people|Mandinga]] | 7% [[Papel people|Papel]] | &gt;1% others }} |latd=11 |latm=52 |latNS=N |longd=15 |longm=36 |longEW=W |largest_city = capital |government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[republic]] |leader_title1 = [[List of Presidents of Guinea-Bissau|President]] |leader_name1 = [[Umaró Umbaló Sissoko]] |leader_title2 = {{nowrap|[[List of Prime Ministers of Guinea-Bissau|Prime Minister]]}} |leader_name2 = [[Geraldo Martins]] |legislature = {{nowrap|[[National People's Assembly (Guinea-Bissau)|National People's Assembly]]}} |area_rank = 136th |area_magnitude = 1 E9 |area_km2 = 36,125 |area_sq_mi = 13,948 |percent_water = 22.4 |population_estimate = 1,693,398<ref name="cia">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2119.html|title=The World Factbook -- Field Listing - Population - CIA|accessdate=2015-03-07|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225195601/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2119.html%20|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |population_estimate_rank = 148th |population_estimate_year = 2014 |population_density_km2 = 44.1 |population_density_sq_mi = 115.5 |population_density_rank = 154th |GDP_PPP = $2.502 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2013&ey=2019&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=654&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=36&pr.y=17 |title=Guinea-Bissau |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=17 April 2013}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_year = 2014 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $1,439<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal = $1.040 billion<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_year = 2014 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $598<ref name=imf2/> |sovereignty_type = [[Guinea-Bissau War of Independence|Independence]] {{nobold|from [[Portugal]]}} |established_event1 = Declared |established_date1 = 24 September 1973 |established_event2 = Recognized |established_date2 = 10 September 1974 |Gini_year = 2002 |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini = 35 <!--number only--> |Gini_ref = |Gini_rank = |HDI_year = 2013<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> |HDI_change = steady<!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI = 0.396 <!--number only--> |HDI_rank = 177th |HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-summary-en.pdf |title=2014 Human Development Report Summary |year=2014 |accessdate=27 July 2014 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme | pages=21–25}}</ref> |currency = [[West African CFA franc]] |currency_code = XOF |country_code = |time_zone = [[GMT]] |utc_offset = +0 |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |drives_on = right |calling_code = [[+245]] |cctld = [[.gw]] }} [[File:Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg|thumb|]] '''Guinea-Bissau''' waa wadan ku yaalo [[Galbeed]]ka [[Afrika]]. Wadankaan waxoo xuduud la leeyahay wadamada [[Sinigaal]] iyo [[Guinea]]. Magaalo madaxda wadanka waa [[Bissau]]. Guinea-Bissau (oo ku saabsan dhawaaqa maqalka)), si rasmi ah Jamhuuriyadda Guinea-Bissau (Bortuqiis: República da Guiné-Bissau), waa gobol madaxbannaan oo ku yaal Galbeedka Afrika. Wuxuu daboolayaa 36,125 kilomitir oo isku wareeg ah (13,948 sq m) oo lagu qiyaasey dad lagu qiyaasay 1,815,698. [2] Guinea-Bissau wuxuu ahaa qayb ka mid ah Boqortooyada Gabu, iyo qayb ka mid ah Boqortooyada Mali. Qeybo ka mid ah Boqortooyadani waxay sii jirtey illaa qarnigii 18aad, iyada oo qaar ka mid ah kuwa kale ay hoos imanayeen xukumada Bortuqiiska tan iyo qarnigii 16aad. Qarnigii 19aad, waxaa loo xiray sidii Guinea Portuguese. Markii ay madaxbannaanideen 1973-dii oo la aqoonsaday sanadkii 1974-kii, magaca caasimadda, Bissau, ayaa lagu daray magaca dalka si looga hortago wareerka Guinea (oo horay loo oran jiray Faransiiska Guinea). Guinea-Bissau wuxuu leeyahay taariikh xasilooni siyaasadeed tan iyo xorriyadda, mana jiro madaxweyne la doortay oo si guul leh u adeegay muddo shan sano ah oo buuxa. Kaliya 14% dadku waxay ku hadlaan af-noorwijiyaal, oo loo asaasay luuqad rasmi ah iyo mid qaran. Bortuqiisku wuxuu kudhisan yahay kooroole joogta ah Crioulo, oo ah bangiga oo ku hadlaya kala badh dadweynaha (44%) iyo lambar ka weynna wuxuu ku hadlaa luqad labaad. Inta soo hartay waxa ay ku hadlaan luqado afaf ah oo Afrikaan ah. Waxaa jira diimo kala duwan oo ku yaal Guinea-Bissau oo aan diin ku lahayn aqlabiyad. Xaqiiqooyinka CIA ee dunida (2018) ayaa sheegaya in ay jiraan qiyaastii 40% Muslimiinta, 22% Masiixiyiin, 15% Haweeneyda iyo 18% aan la sheegin ama kuwa kale. Qiimaha celceliska dalka oo dhan wuxuu ka mid yahay kuwa ugu hooseeya adduunka. Guinea-Bissau waa xubin ka mid ah Qaramada Midoobay, Ururka Midowga Afrika, Bulshada Dhaqaalaha ee Wadamada Galbeedka Afrika, Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka, Bulshooyinka Bariga Afqanistaan, La Francophonie iyo Aagga Nabadda iyo Iskaashiga Koonfurta Atlantic, oo xubin ka ahaa hadda Ururka Midowga Yurub. * President: José Mário Vaz (2014) * Prime Minister: Carlos Correia (2015) =Tixraac= {{reflist}} {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Wadamada Afrika]] 5popofqo3w7mfiq99ccprzfv5hrlx2j 0 5866 307680 305873 2026-09-09T18:12:16Z Soalt 39618 Category:Wadamada Aasiya iyo tixraac 307680 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|14|38|N|121|02|E|display=title}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Filibiin | common_name = Filibiin | native_name = {{native_name|fil|Republika ng Pilipinas}}<br>{{native_name|en|Republic of the Philippines}} | image_flag = Flag of the Philippines.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of the Philippines.svg | other_symbol = <div style="padding:0.3em;">[[File:Seal of the Philippines.svg|180px|link=Great Seal of the Philippines]]</div>{{native phrase|fil|[[Coat of arms of the Philippines#Great Seal|Dakilang Sagisag ng Pilipinas]]|nolink=on}}<br />{{small|Great Seal of the Philippines}} | other_symbol_type = [[Coat of arms of the Philippines#Great Seal|Great Seal]] | national_motto = <br />"{{lang|fil|[[Maka-Diyos, Maka-Tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa]]}}"<ref name=ra8491>{{cite web|title=Republic act no. 8491 |url=http://www.gov.ph/1998/02/12/republic-act-no-8491/ |publisher=Republic of the Philippines |accessdate=March 8, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308050740/http://www.gov.ph/1998/02/12/republic-act-no-8491/ |archivedate=March 8, 2014 |df= }}</ref><br />{{small|"For God, Dadka, Nature, iyo Dalalka"}} | national_anthem = ''{{lang|fil|[[Lupang Hinirang]]}}''<br />{{small|''Chosen Land''}}<br /><center>[[File:Lupang Hinirang instrumental.ogg]]</center> | image_map = PHL orthographic.svg | image_map2 = | capital = [[Manila]]{{ref|a|a}}<br />{{small|{{Coord|14|35|N|120|58|E|type:city}}}} | largest_city = [[Magaaladda Gesoon]]<br />{{small|{{coord|14|38|N|121|02|E|display=inline}}}} <!--Although [[Davao City]] has the largest land area, the article on [[largest city]] says we should refer to the most populous city, which, {{As of|2006|lc=y}}, is [[Quezon City]]. See the discussion page for more information. Changing this information without citation would be reverted.--> | official_languages = {{hlist |[[Filipino language|Filipino]]|[[Philippine English|Af-Ingiriis]]}} | recognized_regional_languages = {{collapsible list |title = [[Languages of the Philippines|19 languages]] |[[Aklanon language|Aklanon]] |[[Bikol languages|Bikol]] |[[Cebuano language|Cebuano]] |[[Chavacano]] |[[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]] |[[Ibanag language|Ibanag]] |[[Ilocano language|Ilocano]] |[[Ivatan language|Ivatan]] |[[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]] |[[Kinaray-a language|Kinaray-a]] |[[Maguindanao language|Maguindanao]] |[[Maranao language|Maranao]] |[[Pangasinan language|Pangasinan]] |[[Sambal language|Sambal]] |[[Surigaonon language|Surigaonon]] |[[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] |[[Taūsug language|Taūsug]] |[[Waray language|Waray]] |[[Yakan language|Yakan]]<ref name="">7 Mother languages</ref>. }} | languages_type = National language | languages = [[Filipino language|Filipino]] | languages2_type = Auxiliary language{{ref|b|b}} | languages2 = {{hlist|[[Philippine Spanish|Spanish]]|[[Arabic]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list <!-- per page 27 of the supporting source cited (Cebuanos, Ilongos, and Waray are covered by the Visayan grouping -- page 34 of the PDF) --> |{{nowrap|{{#expr:100 * (10539816+9125637+7773655+3660645) / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Visayans|Visayan]]}} |{{nowrap|{{#expr:100 * 25512089 / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Tagalog people|Tagalog]]}} |{{nowrap|{{#expr:100 * 8987941 / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Ilocano people|Ilocano]]}} |{{nowrap|{{#expr:100 * 6299283 / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Dadaha Biqoolaanoo|Bicolano]]}} |{{nowrap|{{#expr:100 * 4737123 / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Moro people|Mooroo]]}} |{{nowrap|{{#expr:100 * 2897239 / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Kapampangan people|Kapampangan]]}} |{{nowrap|{{#expr:100 * 1586349 / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Igorot people|Yeqaroot]]}} |{{nowrap|{{#expr:100 * 1274895 / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Pangasinan people|Pangasinense]]}} |{{nowrap|{{#expr:100 * 1146250 / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Chinese Filipino|Chinese]]}} |{{nowrap|{{#expr:100 * 1054859 / 92097978 round 1}}% [[Zamboangueño people|Zamboangueño]]}} |{{nowrap|8.3% [[Ethnic groups in the Philippines|others]]}} }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2011{{Sfn|Philippine Statistics Authority|2014|pp=29–34}} | demonym = [[Filipinos|Filipino]]<br>{{small|(''masculine or neutral'')}}<br>Filipina<br>{{small|(''feminine'')}}<br>[[Pinoy]]<br>{{small|(''colloquial masculine'')}}<br>Pinay<br>{{small|(''colloquial feminine'')}}<br>[[Filipinos|Philippine]]<!-- "Philippine" is a demonym as it is used to identify natives or residents of a certain or specific place that are derived from the place name Philippines, i.e. Philippine-American War -- refer to Oxford definition of demonym(s). --> | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[Constitution of the Philippines|constitutional]] [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of the Philippines|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Boonbon Marqoos]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of the Philippines|Vice President]] | leader_name2 = [[Sara Duuteerte]] | leader_title3 = [[President of the Senate of the Philippines|Senate President]] | leader_name3 = [[Biiseente Sooto III]] | leader_title4 = [[Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines|House Speaker]] | leader_name4 = [[Pantaleon Alvarez]] | leader_title5 = [[Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines|Chief Justice]] | leader_name5 = [[Antonio Carpio]] (acting) | legislature = [[Congress of the Philippines|Congress]] | upper_house = [[Senate of the Philippines|Senate]] | lower_house = [[House of Representatives of the Philippines|House of Representatives]] | sovereignty_type = [[Sovereignty of the Philippines|Formation of the republic]] | sovereignty_note = {{ref|e|e}} | established_event1 = [[Philippine Declaration of Independence|Independence from Spain declared]] | established_date1 = June 12, 1898 | established_event2 = [[Treaty of Paris (1898)]] / Spanish Cession{{ref|c|c}} | established_date2 = 1898 Diseembar 10 | established_event3 = [[Dastuurada Maalolooseka]] / [[Jamhuuriyadda Filibiinoo ee 1aad]] {{ref|e|e}} | established_date3 = January 21, 1899 | established_event4 = [[Tydings–McDuffie Act]] | established_date4 = March 24, 1934 | established_event5 = [[Commonwealth of the Philippines]] | established_date5 = May 14, 1935 | established_event6 = [[Treaty of Manila (1946)|Treaty of Manila / Independence from United States]] {{ref|d|d}} | established_date6 = July 4, 1946 | established_event7 = [[Constitution of the Philippines|Current constitution]] | established_date7 = February 2, 1987 | area_km2 = 343,448<ref name="">size2</ref>. | area_label = Total | area_rank = 63rd <!--|area_magnitude = 1 E11-->| area_sq_mi = {{convert|{{data Philippines|pst2|total area}}|km2|sqmi|0|disp=output number only}} <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 0.61<ref name=CIAfactbook>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rp.html |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |title=East & Southeast Asia :: Philippines |work=The World Factbook |location=Washington, D.C.: Author |date=October 28, 2009 |accessdate=November 7, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150719222229/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rp.html |archivedate=July 19, 2015 |df= }}</ref>&nbsp;{{small|(inland waters)}} | area_label2 = [[Land area|Land]] | area_data2 = 341,387 | population_estimate_year = 2015 | population_estimate_rank = 12aad | population_estimate = | population_census = 100,981,437<ref name="2015 census">{{cite web|url=https://www.psa.gov.ph/content/highlights-philippine-population-2015-census-population|title=Highlights of the Philippine Population 2015 Census of Population - Philippine Statistics Authority|website=www.psa.gov.ph|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|access-date=2018-09-22|archive-date=2017-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202031551/https://www.psa.gov.ph/content/highlights-philippine-population-2015-census-population|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | population_census_year = 2015 | population_census_rank = 12th | population_density_km2 = 294 | population_density_sq_mi = {{Data/popdens|Philippines|comma|areaunit=sqmi}}<!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 47th | GDP_PPP = $955.587 billion<ref name="imf2">{{cite web | url =https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2016&ey=2023&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=54&pr1.y=14&c=566&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= | title = Philippines | work = World Economic Outlook | publisher = International Monetary Fund | date = October 2016}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2018 | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $8,815<ref name="">imf2</ref>. | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = $389.484 billion<ref name="">imf2</ref>. | GDP_nominal_year = 2018 | GDP_nominal_rank = | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $3,593<ref name="">imf2</ref>. | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = | Gini = 43.0 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2012 | Gini_change = 42decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |accessdate=March 2, 2011}}</ref> | Gini_rank = 44th | HDI = 0.682 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=March 21, 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 116th | currency = [[Philippine peso|Peso]] (₱) | currency_code = PHP | time_zone = [[Philippine Standard Time|PST]] | utc_offset = +8 | utc_offset_DST = +8 | time_zone_DST = not observed | date_format = {{unbulleted list |mm-dd-yyyy|dd-mm-yyyy ([[Anno Domini|AD]])}} | drives_on = right<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brianlucas.ca/roadside/ |title=Which side of the road do they drive on? |author=Lucas, Brian |date=August 2005 |accessdate=February 22, 2009 |publisher=}}</ref> | calling_code = [[+63]] | cctld = [[.ph]] | official_website = [https://www.gov.ph/ National Government Portal]<br />[http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/ Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines] | footnote_a = {{note|a}} While Manila proper is designated as the nation's capital, the whole of [[Metro Manila|National Capital Region]] (NCR) is designated as [[seat of government]], hence the name of a region. This is because it has many national government institutions aside from Malacanang Palace and some agencies/institutions that are located within the capital city.<ref>{{cite web|title=Presidential Decree No. 940, s. 1976 |url=http://www.gov.ph/1976/05/29/presidential-decree-no-940-s-1976/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19760529010101/http://www.gov.ph/1976/05/29/presidential-decree-no-940-s-1976/ |publisher=Malacanang |accessdate=April 4, 2015 |archivedate=May 29, 1976 |dead-url=yes |location=Manila |df= }}</ref> | footnote_b = {{note|b}} The 1987 Philippine constitution specifies "Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis."<ref name=OfficialLang /> | footnote_c = {{note|c}} Filipino revolutionaries [[Philippine Declaration of Independence|declared independence]] from Spain on June 12, 1898, but Spain ceded the islands to the United States for $20&nbsp;million in the [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|Treaty of Paris]] on December 10, 1898 which eventually led to the [[Philippine–American War]]. | footnote_d = {{note|d}} The United States of America recognized the independence of the Philippines on July 4, 1946, through the [[Treaty of Manila (1946)|Treaty of Manila]].<ref>{{Citation|url=http://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/1/6/00000254.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723021900/http://untreaty.un.org/unts/1_60000/1/6/00000254.pdf|archivedate=July 23, 2011|format=PDF|title=Treaty of General Relations Between the United States of America and the Republic of the Philippines. Signed at Manila, on 4 July 1946|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=December 10, 2007}}</ref> This date was chosen because it corresponds to the U.S. [[Independence Day (United States)|Independence Day]], which was observed in the Philippines as '''''[[Independence Day (Philippines)|Independence Day]]''''' until May 12, 1962, when [[President of the Philippines|President]] [[Diosdado Macapagal]] issued Presidential Proclamation No. 28, shifting it to June 12, the date of [[Emilio Aguinaldo]]'s proclamation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Republic of the Philippines Independence Day |url=http://m.state.gov/md243684.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915021401/http://m.state.gov/md243684.htm |publisher=[[United States State Department]] |accessdate=July 30, 2015 |archivedate=September 15, 2015 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | footnote_e = {{note|e}} In accordance with article 11 of the Revolutionary Government Decree of June 23, 1898, the [[Revolutionary Government of the Philippines|Malolos Congress]] selected a commission to draw up a draft [[constitution]] on September 17, 1898. The commission was composed of Hipólito Magsalin, Basilio Teodoro, José Albert, [[Joaquin Gonzalez (politician)|Joaquín González]], [[Gregorio S. Araneta|Gregorio Araneta]], Pablo Ocampo, Aguedo Velarde, Higinio Benitez, [[Tomas del Rosario|Tomás del Rosario]], [[Jose Alejandrino|José Alejandrino]], Alberto Barretto, José Ma. de la Viña, José Luna, [[Antonio Luna]], Mariano Abella, Juan Manday, [[Felipe Calderón y Roca|Felipe Calderón]], [[Arsenio Cruz-Herrera|Arsenio Cruz]] and Felipe Buencamino.<ref>{{cite book|last=Calderón|first=Felipe|title=Mis memorias sobre la revolución filipina: Segunda etapa, (1898 á 1901). |url=https://archive.org/details/arb8046.0001.001.umich.edu|year=1907|publisher=Imp. de El Renacimiento|location=Manila|pages=[https://archive.org/details/arb8046.0001.001.umich.edu/page/234 234], 235; appendix, pp. 5–10.}}</ref> They were all wealthy and well educated.<ref name=LOCPhil>{{cite book|author=Dolan, Ronald E.|title=Philippines, a country study|date=1983|publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=0-8444-0748-8|edition=4th}}</ref>}} '''Filibiin''' waa wadan jasiirado ah oo ku yaalo bariga [[Aasiya]].Wadankaan waxaa markiisa hore soo gumeestay wadanka [[spania]] waxoona xornimada ka helay 1898ii kadibneh wadanka [[Mareykanka]], waxoona xornimadiisa ka helay 1946ii.Wadankaan waxaa degan dad gaaraayo ilaa 91,983,000 oo qof. Caasimada wadanka waa [[Manila]]. Filipino: Pilipinas [ˌpɪlɪpinɐs] ama Filipinas [ˌfɪlɪpinɐs]), si rasmi ah Jamhuuriyadda Filibiin (Filipino: Republika ng Pilipinas), waa dal madaxbanaan iyo dalal jamac ah ee Koonfur Bari Asia. Waxaa ku yaala Galbeedka Badweynta Baasifigga, waxay ka kooban tahay qiyaastii 7,641 jasiiradaha kuwaas oo lagu sifeeyay saddex qaybood oo waaweyn oo kala ah waqooyi ilaa koonfur: Luzon, Visayas, iyo Mindanao. Magaalada caasimadda ah ee Filibiin waa Manila oo magaalada ugu badani waa Quezon City, labadaba qaybta Metro Manila. Waddamada Galbeedka Shiinaha ee ku yaala Galbeedka, Badda Filibiin oo ku yaala Bariga iyo Badda Galbeedka ee Koonfur Galbeed, Filibiin waxay wadaagaan xudduudaha badda woqooyiga, Vietnam ee galbeedka, Palau iyo bariga iyo Malaysia iyo Indonesia Koonfur. Goobta Filibiin ee ku taala Pacific Island of Fire oo ku dhow Dhul-gariirka ayaa u dhiganta Filibiin inay u egtahay dhulgariir iyo noocyo kale, laakiin waxay sidoo kale ku darsataa khayraadka dabiiciga ah iyo qaar ka mid ah kala duwanaanta noolaha noolaha ee adduunka. Filibiin waxay leedahay aag ah 343,448 kilomitir oo isku wareeg ah (132,606 sq mi) iyo, illaa 2015, dadku waxay ahaayeen ugu yaraan 100 milyan. Laga soo bilaabo Jannaayo 2018, waxay ahayd dalka 8aad ee ugu badan Asia ee ku yaala Asia iyo dalka 12aad ee ugu badan dunida. Qiyaastii 10 milyan Filibiin dheeri ah ayaa ku noolaa dibadda, oo ka kooban mid ka mid ah qurba-joogta ugu wayn dunida. Jinsiyada iyo dhaqamada kala duwan ayaa laga helaa jasiiradaha oo dhan. Waqtiyadii hore, Negritos waxay ahaayeen qaar ka mid ah dadkii ugu da 'yaraa ee degaanka ah. Waxay raaceen mowjado isdaba jooga ah dadka Australiyaanka ah. Is-beddelka la leh Shiinaha, Malay, Hindida, iyo Islaamka ayaa dhacay. Kadibna, dowladaha kala duwan ee tartanka badda waxaa lagu aasaasay xukunka Datus, Rajahs, Sultans ama Lakans. * [https://www.jw.org/en/library/books/2003-Yearbook-of-Jehovahs-Witnesses/Philippines/ Philippines] == Taariikh == Wadanka filibiin waxoo leeyahay taariikh aad u dheer. wadankaan waxaa la degenaan jiray kumanaan sano ka hor.Wadankaan markiisa hore waxaa degenaan jiray dad la dhoho [[Negritos]] ama [[Aetas]], dadkaan socdaal ee wadanka ku soo galeen waqtigii oo jiray buundo dhul ah, isla markaas neh ee dageen meelaha geedaha waa weyn ka baxo.qarnigii kow iyo tobonaat ama sanadihii kunka sano ayaa dad waxee ka imaadeen [[Malaysiya]], [[Indunisiya]], [[Indoshiina]], iyo [[Taywan]], dadkii horay u degenaan jiray wadanka ayaa la guursaday ama la isku milmay. ganacsatada muslimiinta waxee wadanka soo galeen qarnigii 14aad, sidaas darteed ee shacabka muslimiinta ugu badanyihiin wadanka. ganacsatada shiineeska iyo kuwa kale ee indho yarta ah waxee wadanka soo galeen qarnigii 8aad. Yurubiyaanka ugu horeeyay oo imaado wadanka waxoo ahaa nin la dhihi jiray [[Ferdinand Magellan]],waxoo wadanka soo galay sanadka marka oo ahaa 1521, waxoo ahaa nin hogaamiyo u ah dadka isbanishka oo aduunka wax ka raadin jiray, . Jasiiradaha waxaa loogu magacdaray Boqorka isbaanishka wiilkiisa oo la dhoho [[Filib 2 ee Spania]] si abaal marin ah. [[File:Lumpia_from_Lumpia_Shack_in_New_York,_NY.jpg|thumb|right|193px]] [[File:Philippine_Food.jpg|thumb|right|195px|]] [[File:Ph map manila.svg|thumb|196px|right|Mapa de Manila]] =Tixrrac= {{reflist}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} {{commons|‎Pilipinas / Philippines‏}} [[Category:Filibiin]] [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] ny1z34pbi590t53dx9yyaxudn4tfa94 0 5880 307651 295842 2026-09-09T17:36:03Z Soalt 39618 tixraacyo 307651 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Simbaabwi | common_name = Simbaabwi |native_name = {{native_name|en|Republic of Zimbabwe}} | image_flag = Flag of Zimbabwe.svg | image_coat = Coat of Arms of Zimbabwe.svg | national_motto = "Unity, Freedom, Work"<ref name= "BEAVERCT">{{cite journal |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=AFwtAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ydkFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3340,2548451&dq=zimbabwe+unity-freedom-work&hl=en |title=Zimbabwe |work= The Beaver County Times |date= 13 September 1981 |accessdate= 2 November 2011}}</ref> | national_anthem = <br />"[[National Anthem of Zimbabwe |Blessed be the land of Zimbabwe]]"<ref name= "CIA-WF">{{cite web |url= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/zi.html |title= The World Factbook – Zimbabwe |publisher= Central Intelligence Agency |ciwaan= Nuqul Archive |access-date= 2018-06-30 |archive-date= 2020-04-16 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200416053740/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/zi.html |dead-url= yes }}</ref><div style= "padding-top:0.5em;"><center> </center></div> | image_map = Location Zimbabwe AU Africa.svg | map_caption = {{map caption |location_color= dark blue |region= the [[African Union]] |region_color= light blue}} | capital = [[Harare]] | coordinates = {{Coord |17|50|S|31|3|E|type:city}} | largest_city = Harare | official_languages = {{collapsible list |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; |title = [[Languages of Zimbabwe |16 languages]]{{Efn | The following languages, namely Chewa, Chibarwe, English, Kalanga, Koisan, Nambya, Ndau, Ndebele, Shangani, Shona, sign language, Sotho, Tonga, Tswana, Venda and Xhosa, are the officially recognised languages of Zimbabwe.<ref>{{Citation | publisher = Kubatana | url = http://www.kubatana.net/docs/legisl/constitution_zim_draft_copac_130125.pdf | title = Constitution of Zimbabwe (final draft) | format = [[Portable document format |PDF]] | ciwaan = Nuqul Archive | access-date = 2018-06-30 | archive-date = 2013-10-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131002110534/http://www.kubatana.net/docs/legisl/constitution_zim_draft_copac_130125.pdf | dead-url = yes }} {{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131002110534/http://www.kubatana.net/docs/legisl/constitution_zim_draft_copac_130125.pdf |date=2 October 2013}}).</ref>}} |liststyle = border-top:1px solid #aaa; | [[Chewa language |Chewa]] | [[Chibarwe]] | [[English language|English]] |[[Kalanga language |Kalanga]] |"Koisan" <br />(presumably [[Tsoa language|Tsoa]]) |[[Nambya language|Nambya]] |[[Ndau language|Ndau]] |[[Northern Ndebele language |Ndebele]] | [[Shangani language |Shangani]] |[[Shona language |Shona]] |"[[Zimbabwean sign languages |sign language]]" |[[Sotho language|Sotho]] | [[Tonga language (Zambia) |Tonga]] | [[Tswana language |Tswana]] | [[Venda language |Venda]] | [[Xhosa language |Xhosa]] }} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 99.4% Black African (over 80% [[Shona people |Shona]]; [[Northern Ndebele people |Ndebele]] are largest minority) | {{nowrap|0.2% [[White people in Zimbabwe|White African]]}} | 0.4% others, including [[Coloured]] and [[Indians in Zimbabwe|Indian]] }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2012 | demonym = Zimbabwean<br />Zimbo<ref>{{cite web |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=VzXJBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA201 |title= Developments in English | work =International Association of University Professors of English Conference|date= 31 October 2014 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |via= Google Books}}</ref> (colloquial) | government_type = {{bulleted list | [[Unitary state |Unitary]] [[dominant-party]] [[Presidential system |presidential republic]] {{Nowrap |(''de jure'')}} | [[Military dictatorship]] under a [[Presidential system |presidential republic]] {{Nowrap |(''de facto'')}} }} | leader_title1 = [[Madaxweynaha Simbaabwi|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Emmerson Mnangagwa]] | leader_title2 = [[Madaxweyne ku xigeenkaha Simbaabwi|Madaxweyne ku xigeenka]] | leader_name2 = [[Constantino Chiwenga]] | leader_title3 = [[Vice President of Zimbabwe | Vice President]] | leader_name3 = [[Kembo Mohadi]] | legislature = [[Parliament of Zimbabwe |Parliament]] | upper_house = [[Senate of Zimbabwe |Senate]] | lower_house = [[House of Assembly (Zimbabwe)|House of Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = [[Independence]] {{nobold |from the [[United Kingdom]]}} | established_event1 = [[Unilateral Declaration of Independence (Rhodesia) |Declared]] | established_date1 = 11 November 1965 | established_event2 = [[Rhodesia |Republic]] | established_date2 = 2 March 1970 | established_event3 = [[Zimbabwe Rhodesia]] | established_date3 = 1 June 1979 | established_event4 = Republic of Zimbabwe | established_date4 = 18 April 1980 | established_event5 = [[Constitution of Zimbabwe |Current constitution]] | established_date5 = 15 May 2013 | area_km2 = 390,757 | area_rank = 60th | area_sq_mi = 150,871 | percent_water = 1 | population_estimate = {{UN_Population |Zimbabwe}}{{UN_Population |ref}} | population_census = 12,973,808<ref name= "zimstat1">{{cite web |title= Census Results in Brief |url= http://www.zimstat.co.zw/dmdocuments/CensusPreliminary2012.pdf |publisher= Zimbabwe National Statistical Agency |accessdate= 25 August 2013 |deadurl=yes | format = PDF |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130903060905/http://www.zimstat.co.zw/dmdocuments/CensusPreliminary2012.pdf |archivedate= 3 September 2013}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = {{UN_Population |Year}} | population_estimate_rank = 73rd | population_census_year = 2012 | population_density_km2 = 26 | population_density_sq_mi = 57 | population_density_rank = 170th | GDP_PPP = $33.872 billion<ref name= "imf2" /> | GDP_PPP_year = 2017 | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $2,276<ref name="imf2" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = $17.105 billion<ref name= "imf2">{{cite web |url= http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=77&pr.y=17&sy=2015&ey=2022&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=698&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title= Zimbabwe |publisher= International Monetary Fund}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_year = 2017 | GDP_nominal_rank = | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $1,149<ref name="imf2" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = | Gini = 50.1 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 1995 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |title= GINI Index |url= http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?page=3 |publisher= World Bank |accessdate= 21 July 2013 |archive-date= 9 Bisha Tobnaad 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111009161918/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?page=3 |url-status= dead }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.516 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name= "HDI">{{cite web | format = PDF |url= http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title= 2016 Human Development Report |year= 2016 |accessdate= 21 March 2017 |publisher= United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 154th | currency = [[United States dollar]] (official for government), [[South African rand]], and many other currencies^a, e.g. [[Botswana pula]], [[euro]], [[Renminbi |Chinese renminbi]], [[Indian rupee]]s, [[pound sterling]], [[Australian dollar]]s. [[Zimbabwean bond coins]] are used as a proxy for US dollar and cent coins. [[Zimbabwean bond notes]] for 2 and 5 dollars were introduced in 2016 at par value of the US dollar | time_zone = [[Central Africa Time |CAT]]<ref name= TimeZone>{{cite web |url= http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/time-zone/africa/zimbabwe/time/ |title= Zimbabwe Time |website= Greenwich Mean Time |publisher= Greenwich 2000|accessdate= 17 November 2017|deadurl= yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110719182003/http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/time-zone/africa/zimbabwe/time/ |archivedate= 19 July 2011 |df= dmy-all}}</ref> | utc_offset = +2 | drives_on = [[Right- and left-hand traffic |left]] | calling_code = [[+263]] | cctld = [[.zw]] | footnote_a = The [[Zimbabwean dollar]] is no longer in active use after it was officially suspended by the government due to [[Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe |hyperinflation]]. The [[United States dollar]] (US$), [[Euro]] (€), [[South African rand]] (R), [[Botswana pula]] (P), [[Pound sterling]] (£), [[Indian rupee]]s ({{INR}}), [[Australian dollar]]s (A$), Chinese [[Renminbi]] (元/¥), and [[Japanese yen]] (¥)<ref>{{Citation | url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/22/zimbabwe-to-make-chinese-yuan-legal-currency-after-beijing-cancels-debts | title = Zimbabwe to make Chinese yuan legal currency after Beijing cancels debts | agency = France-Presse | newspaper = The Guardian | date = 22 December 2015}}.</ref> are legal tender.{{larger |<ref>{{Citation | last = Hungwe | first = Brian | date = 6 February 2014 | url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-26034078 | work = News | title = Zimbabwe's multi-currency confusion | publisher = BBC | accessdate = 26 May 2014}}.</ref>}} The United States dollar has been adopted as the official currency for all government transactions. | area_magnitude = 1 E11 | country_code = ZW }} [[File:Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg|thumb|Simbaabwe]] [[File:LocationZimbabwe.svg|thumb|Qariirada Simbaabwe]] '''Simbaabwi''', '''Zimbabwe''' ama '''''Jamhuuriyadda Simbaabwi''''' (wacitaanka aan rasmiga ahayn: ''Simbabwe'', ''Simbabwi'') waa wadan ku yaalo [[Koonfur]]ta [[Afrika]]. wadankaan waxoo xuduud la leeyahay wadamada [[Musanbiig]], [[Koonfur Afrika]] iyo [[Botswana]]. Wadankaan waxaa soo gumeestay gumeestihii [[Ingriiska]], waxaana markiisa hore la dhihi jiray [[koonfurrodesiya]], waxoona xornimada ka helay 1965ti, waqtigaas waxaa xukunka sii haayay nin cadaan oo beeroleey ah, waxaana ladhihi jiray [[Ian Smith]], waxoona asal ahaan ka soo jeeday ingriiska. xukunkiisa waxoo dhamaaday taariikhda marka ee eheed 1980kii, waa markii wadanka lagu aqoonsaday magaca simbaabwi, waxaana isla markaas xukunka qaaday madaxweynaha hadda ka ah simbaabwe waa bannaan. Ninkaan cunsuri oo ku yahay cadaanka ku noolaa dalka simbaabwi, waqtiga oo madaxtinimada qaaday cadaanka woo ka yaraaday wadanka simbaabwi. =Wax aan macquul ahayn= {{Bad template}} {{Medium low article}} ===Sawir=== [[File:Harare from the Kopje.jpg|thumb|330px|left|Vista de Harare.]] ===Gobollada=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! Provinça !! Capitau |- | [[Bulawayo]]|| Bulawayo |- | [[Harare]]|| Harare |- | [[Manicaland]] || [[Mutare]] |- | [[Mashonaland Central]] || [[Bindura]] |- | [[Mashonaland East]] || [[Marondera]] |- | [[Mashonaland West]] || [[Chinhoyi]] |- | [[Masvingo Province|Masvingo]] || [[Masvingo|Masvingo city]] |- | [[Matabeleland North]] || [[Lupane District]] |- | [[Matabeleland South]] || [[Gwanda]] |- | [[Midlands Province|Midlands]] || [[Gweru]] |} =Tixraacyo= <references /> {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Wadamada Afrika]] 1175kb0gt1vj82yv82yiablqi0k1l26 10 5881 307702 271078 2026-09-09T19:23:06Z Soalt 39618 ka tiray Qargistan 307702 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Dalalka Aasiya | state = {{{state<includeonly>|autocollapse</includeonly>}}} | title = Dalalka [[Aasiya]] | imagestyle = padding: 0 0.5em; | image = [[File:Asia (orthographic projection).svg|100px]] | listclass = hlist | group1 = Dowladaha Madaxa Banaan | list1 = * [[Armiiniya]] * [[Aserbiijaan]] * [[Afqaanistan]] * [[Aw-badeedka Qabrus]] * [[Bakistaan]] * [[Bangladesh]] * [[Baxrayn]] * [[Burma]] * [[Butaan]] * [[Brunei]] * [[Ciraaq]] * [[Cumaan]] * [[Falastiin]] * [[Filibiin]] * [[Fiyetnam]] * [[Hindiya]] * [[Imaaraatka Carabta]] * [[Iiraan]] * [[Indunisiya]] * [[Jabaan]] * [[Jasiirada Maldiif]] * [[Joorjiya (wadan)]] * [[Kambodiya]] * [[Kasakhstan]] * [[Kirgistan]] * [[Koonfur Kuuriya]] * [[Kuwayt]] * [[Laos]] * [[Lubnaan]] * [[Malaysiya]] * [[Mongolia]] * [[Nebal]] * [[Qatar]] * [[Ruushka]] * [[Sacuudi Carabiya]] * [[Shiinaha]] * [[Singabuur]] * [[Siri Lanka]] * [[Suuriya]] * [[Tayland]] * [[Turkey]] * [[Urdun]] * [[Usbekistan]] * [[Waqooyiga Kuuriya]] * [[Yemen]] * [[Taiwan]] | group2 = Dowladaha leh aqoonsi kooban | list2 = * [[Abkhazia]] * [[Nagorno-Karabakh Republic|Nagorno-Karabakh]] * [[Northern Cyprus]] * [[South Ossetia]] | group3 = {{longitem|ku tiirsanaanta{{nobold| iyo}} <br/> gobollada maamulka gaarka ah}} | list3 = {{Navbox |child |groupstyle=font-weight:normal; | group1 = Australia | list1 = * [[Jasiirada Khristmas]] * [[Jasiiradaha Cocos (Keeling)]] | group2 = Shiinaha | list2 = * [[Hong Kong]] * [[Makaw]] | group3 = Midowga boqortooyada Britan iyo woqooyiga Ireland | list3 = * [[Akrotiri and Dhekelia]] * [[Dhulka ingiriiska ee badweynta hindiya]] }} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Please add metadata to the <includeonly> section at the bottom of the /doc subpage --> </noinclude> 9hm1yq45n2x6j4c4m65vhzzlgj81uao 0 5883 307707 278448 2026-09-09T19:31:40Z Soalt 39618 template:Dalalka Aasiya iyo Category:Wadamada Aasiya iyo tixraac, ka tiray sawiro ku saabsan samsung iyo apple 307707 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bad template}} {{Medium low article}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Singabuur | common_name = Singapore | native_name = {{small|{{nobold|{{native name|ms|Republik Singapura}}<br />{{native name|zh|新加坡共和国|italics=off}}<br />{{native name|ta|சிங்கப்பூர் குடியரசு|italics=off}}<!--end nobold:-->}}}} | image_flag = Flag of Singapore.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Singapore.svg | national_motto = <br />{{native phrase|ms|"Majulah Singapura"|italics=off|nolink=on}}<br />{{small|(English: "Onward, Singapore")}} | national_anthem = ''[[Majulah Singapura]]''<br />{{small|(English: "Onward, Singapore")}}<br /><center>[[File:Majulah Singapura.ogg]]</center> | image_map = Singapore in its region (zoom).svg | map_caption = {{map caption |location_color=red}} | capital = '''Singapore''' ([[city-state]]) | coordinates = {{Coord|1|17|N|103|50|E|type:city}} | largest_settlement = [[Bedok]]<ref name=singstat>{{cite web|title=Singapore Residents by Planning Area/Subzone, Age Group and Sex, June 2000 – 2015|url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/statistics/browse_by_theme/population/statistical_tables/tablea12-2000-2015.xls|publisher=Statistics Singapore|accessdate=7 January 2016|format=XLS|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130111952/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/statistics/browse_by_theme/population/statistical_tables/tablea12-2000-2015.xls|archivedate=30 January 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />{{small|{{coord|1|19|24.97|N|103|55|38.43|E|display=inline}}}} | largest_settlement_type = [[Planning Areas of Singapore|PA]] | official_languages = {{hlist|[[English language|English]]|[[Malay language|Malay]] |[[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]] |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]}} | languages_type = [[Official script]]s | languages = {{hlist |[[Latin script|Roman (Latin)]] |[[Simplified Chinese characters|Simplified Chinese]] |[[Tamil script|Tamil]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{ublist|list_style=line-height:1.3em; |class=nowrap | 74.3% [[Chinese Singaporeans|Chinese]]<ref name="Singapore Census 2015"/> |13.3% [[Malay Singaporeans|Malay]] |9.1% [[Indian Singaporeans|Indian]] |3.3% Others }} | ethnic_groups_year = | religion = {{ublist|list_style=line-height:1.3em; |class=nowrap | 33.2% [[Buddhism in Singapore|Buddhism]] |18.8% [[Christianity in Singapore|Christianity]] |18.5% No religion |14.0% [[Islam in Singapore|Islam]] |10.0% [[Taoism]] and<br>[[Chinese folk religion|folk religion]] |5.0% [[Hinduism in Singapore|Hinduism]] |0.6% [[Religion in Singapore|Others]] }} | demonym = [[Singaporean]] | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Dominant-party system|dominant-party]] [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Singapore|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Halimah Yacob]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Singapore|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Lee Hsien Loong]] | legislature = [[Parliament of Singapore|Parliament]] | upper_house = | lower_house = | area_km2 = 721.5 | area_footnote = <ref name="total area of Singapore">{{cite web |url= https://data.gov.sg/dataset/total-land-area-of-singapore |title= Population & Land Area (Mid-Year Estimates) |publisher=Statistics Singapore |accessdate=24 January 2018}}</ref> | area_rank = 176th | population_estimate = 5,612,300<ref name="population 2017">{{cite web|title=Population trend|url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/publications/publications_and_papers/population_and_population_structure/population2017.pdf|website=Singstat|publisher=Department of Statistics Singapore|accessdate=5 November 2017|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107010632/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/publications/publications_and_papers/population_and_population_structure/population2017.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2017 | population_estimate_rank = 113th | population_label2 = of which citizens (2015): | population_data2 = 3,375,000<ref name="population 2017"/> | population_density_km2 = 7,796 | population_density_sq_mi = 19,958 | population_density_rank = 3rd | GDP_PPP = $554.855 billion<ref name=imf>{{cite web|title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2018 – Report for Selected Countries and Subjects|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=40&pr.y=7&sy=2017&ey=2018&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=576&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF)|accessdate=April 1, 2018}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2018 | GDP_PPP_rank = 39th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $98,014<ref name=imf/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 3rd | GDP_nominal = $349.659 billion<ref name=imf/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2018 | GDP_nominal_rank = 41st | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $61,766<ref name=imf/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 8th | Gini = 46.4 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2014 | Gini_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="CIA">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html#sn |title=Distribution of family income – Gini Index |year=2015 |publisher=CIA |accessdate=30 September 2015 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=25 Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225165827/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html#sn |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | Gini_rank = 30th | HDI = 0.925 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2016 |accessdate=23 March 2017 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 5th | currency = [[Singapore dollar]] | currency_code = SGD | time_zone = [[Singapore Standard Time|SST]] | utc_offset = +8 | antipodes = | date_format = {{nowrap|dd-mm-yyyy}} | drives_on = [[Right- and left-hand traffic|left]] | calling_code = [[+65]] | iso3166code = SG | cctld = {{hlist|[[.sg]]|[[.新加坡]]|[[.சிங்கப்பூர்]]}} }} {{Coord|1.3|103.8|type:country_dim:60km_region:SG|display=title}} [[File:Flag_of_Singapore.svg|thumb| [[File:Location_Singapore_ASEAN.svg|thumb|Qariirada Singabuur]] Singabuur]] '''Singabuur''' ama '''Jamhuuriyadda Singabuur''' waa wadan [[jasiirad]] ah oo ku yaalo qaarada [[Aasiya]]. waxa ay ku taalaa dhanka koonfureed ee jasiirada [[Malay]] singabuura iyo [[Malaysiya]] waxa u dhexeeya gacan aad u ayar oo kala gooya labada wadan xuduudna u ah.singabuur waa goobta afraad ee dhanka ganacsiga ugu mihiimsan caalamka dekeda singabuur waxa lagu tiriyaa in ay tahay dakada shanaad ee caalamka ugu dhaqdhaqaaqa badan dadka singabuur kunool waxa lagu qiyaasaa ilaa 5 milyan oo qof waxaanay isugu jiraan dad kasoo jeeda hindiya shiinaha iyo meelo kale oo badan $42 dadka kunool jasiiradu waa ajaanib Soomaliya (/ sɪŋ (ɡ) əpɔːr / (ku saabsan codka dhegeysanaya)), si rasmi ah Jamhuuriyadda Singapore, waa magaalo madaxbannaan-gobolka iyo jasiiradda koonfur bari Aasiya. Waxay u dhigantaa hal shahaad (137 kiilo ama 85 mayl) waqooyiga of the equator, cirifka koonfureed ee jasiiradda Malamula, oo leh Indonesia Riau Islands oo koonfurta iyo Peninsular Malaysiya waqooyiga. Dhulka Singapore waxa uu ka kooban yahay jasiirad wayn oo ay weheliyaan 62 xagal oo kale. Tan iyo madax-bannaanida, dib-u-soo-kabashada dhul ballaadhan ayaa kordhiyay wadarteeda wadarta 23% (130 mitir kiiloomitir ama 50 mayl laba jibaaran). Wadankan waxaa loo aqoonsan yahay in uu u wareegayo dunidii saddexaad ilaa dunida koowaad ee hal jiil, iyada oo hogaaminta aabihii aasaasay Lee Kuan Yew. [9] Stamford Raffles wuxuu aasaasay Singapore colonial ee 1819 markii loo dhoofiyay British East India Company. Ka dib markii uu burburay shirkadii 1858, jasiiradaha waxaa lagu soo wareejiyay Rajada Britishka oo ah xuduudaha taajka ah. Intii lagu guda jiray Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka, Singapore waxaa degay Japan. Waxay ka heshay madaxbannaanideedii Ingiriiska 1963-kii iyada oo lala xiriirinayo dhulal kale oo Ingiriis ah oo ku yaala Malaysia, laakiin waxay kala tageen laba sano ka dib farqiyadii fikradeed, oo noqday qaran madaxbannaan 1965-kii. Ka dib sanado badan oo baaxad ah iyo inkastoo ay jiraan khayraad dabiiciga ah iyo hinterland Qaranku si dhaqso ah ayuu u kobcay dhaqaalaha Tiger Aasiya, oo ku salaysan ganacsiga dibadda iyo shaqaalihiisa. Singapore waa xarun caalami ah oo loogu talagalay waxbarashada, [10] dhaqaalaha, daryeelka caafimaadka, [11] caasimadda, [12] hal-abuurka, [13] saadka, [14] wax-soo-saarka, [15] tiknoolijiyada, [16] dalxiis, [17] , iyo gaadiidka. [18] Magaaladu waxay ku tiirsan tahay heerar kala duwan oo heer caalami ah, waxaana loo aqoonsan yahay inay tahay tan ugu caansan "technology-ready" (WEF), ugu sarreeya magaalooyinka caalamiga ah (UIA), [19] [20] magaalada oo leh "kartida maalgashiga ugu fiican" (BERI ), magaalada ugu caansan adduunka, [21] dalka ugu ammaansan dunida, [22] [23] dalka saddexaad ee ugu tartamaya, suuqa saddexaad ee ugu sarraysa sarrifka lacagaha, xarunta saddexaad ee ugu weyn dhaqaalaha, saldhigga saddexaad ee saliidda iyo saldhigga ganacsiga, shanaad waddan cusub, iyo dekedda labaad ee ugu mashquulsan. [24] Dhaqaaleyahan ayaa ku caanbaxday Singapore oo ah magaalada ugu qaalisan ee ku noolaanshaha, laga bilaabo 2013. [25] Waxaa loo aqoonsaday sida canshuurta canshuurta. Singapore waa waddanka kaliya ee Aasiya oo leh qiimeyn madaxbannaan oo AAA ah oo ka timaado dhammaan hay'adaha qiimeynta ee ugu weyn, iyo mid ka mid ah 11 caalamka oo dhan. Guud ahaan, Dekedda Singapore iyo Changi Airport waxay qabteen horyaalada "Maritime Capital" iyo "Airport Best" sannadihii u dambeeyay, halka Singapore Airlines ay tahay 2018 "Airways Best World". Singapore waxay ku jirtaa kaalinta 5aad ee Qiimaynta Horumarka Aadanaha Qaramada Midoobay iyada oo ku jirta 3-da sare ee ugu sarreeya qofkiiba. Waxaa sare loogu qaadaa tilmaamayaasha muhiimka ah ee bulshada: waxbarashada, daryeelka caafimaadka, rajada nolosha, tayada nolosha, ammaanka qofka iyo guryaha. Inkasta oo sinnaan la'aanta dakhliga ay kor u kacdo, boqolkiiba 90 guryuhu waa mulkiilaha. Baasaboorka Singapore waa kan labaad ee wadajirka ah ee Jarmalka loogu safro dalxiis la'aan la'aanta dalal badan [[File:Parliament House and the Singapore skyline - 2002.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Large white building with a red roof, with a palm-lined path leading up to the main entrance|Singapore's [[Parliament House, Singapore|Parliament House]], beside the [[Singapore River]].]] [[File:Proclamation of Malaysia by Singapore, North Borneo and Sarawak, 1963.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|The founding father of modern Singapore, [[Lee Kuan Yew]], declaring the formation of the Federation of Malaysia on 16 September 1963 in Singapore, with Sabah and Sarawak also celebrating along.]] =Tixraac= {{reflist}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] [[Category:Aasiya]] ttz8suvjcnlv5jjy5997i39h3k8mk5k 0 5939 307616 242205 2026-09-09T16:25:14Z Soalt 39618 Category:Wadamada Afrika 307616 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Gabon |native_name = {{native name|fr|République Gabonaise|fontsize=70%}} |common_name = Gabon |image_flag = Flag of Gabon.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Gabon.svg |image_map = Gabon (orthographic projection).svg |national_motto = {{native phrase|fr|"Union, Travail, Justice"|italics=off|nolink=on}}<br />{{small|"Union, Work, Justice"}} |national_anthem = |capital = [[Libreville]] |latd=0 |latm=23 |latNS=N |longd=9 |longm=27 |longEW=E |largest_city = capital |official_languages = [[Af-Faransiis]] |languages_type = |languages = |demonym = |ethnic_groups = |ethnic_groups_year = |government_type = |leader_title1= |leader_name1= |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |legislature = |upper_house = |lower_house = |area_magnitude = 1 E11 |area_km2 = 267,667 |area_sq_mi = 103,347 |area_rank = 76th |percent_water = 3.76% |population_estimate = 1,475,000 |population_estimate_rank = 150th |population_estimate_year = 2009 |population_census = |population_census_year = |population_density_km2 = 5.5 |population_density_sq_mi = 14.3 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = 216th |GDP_PPP = $25.492 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=46&pr.y=2&sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=646&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= |title=Gabon |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=2013-04-17}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_rank = |GDP_PPP_year = 2012 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $16,547<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = |GDP_nominal = $18.376 billion<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_year = 2012 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $11,928<ref name=imf2/> |sovereignty_type = |established_event1 = |established_date1 = |Gini_year = |Gini_change = |Gini = |Gini_ref = |Gini_rank = |HDI_year = 2013 |HDI_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI = 0.683 <!--number only--> |HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Table1.pdf |title=Human Development Report 2010 |year=2010 |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=5 November 2010 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=21 Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121150504/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Table1.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |HDI_rank = 106th |currency = [[Central African CFA franc]] |currency_code = XAF |time_zone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]] |utc_offset = +1 |time_zone_DST = not observed |utc_offset_DST = +1 |drives_on = right |calling_code = [[+241]] |cctld = [[.ga]] |footnote_a = }} '''Gabon''' waa wadan ku yaalo galbeedka [[Afrika]], wadankaan waxoo xuduud la leeyahay wadamada [[Ikweetiga Guinea]], [[Jamhuuriyadda Kongo]] iyo [[Kamiruun]]. Dhinaca galbeed neh waxaa kaga dhegan [[Gacanka Guinea]]. Magaalo madaxda wadanka waa [[Libreville]]. == Taariikh == Dalka Jamhuuriyda Gabon. Dalka Gabon waxa uu kamid yahay wadamada loogu yeesho Gabeedka Africa waxana uu xad la wadagaa dalka Gabon dalalka dhamaantood ka tirsan wadamada galbeedka Africa oo kala ah [[Kameroon]], [[Jamhuuriyada Kongo]] iyo dalka Equartorian Guinea. Dhinaca koonfur galbeedna waxa dalka kaga taal badwaynta Atlantica (Atalantic Oceaan) caasimada dalka Gabon, waxa ay ku talaa xeebta bada Atlantica waxana la yidhaa [[Librefille]]. == Bedka == Bedka dhulka uu ku fadhiyo dalka Gabon waxa lagu qiyaasaa 103,346.81 (mayl laba jibaaran) oo u dhiganta 267,667.00, oo (kiiloomitir laba jibaaran). Dalka Jamhuuriyada Gabon waxa uu dhul baaxadeedkiisu ku dhowyahay gobolka ( Colorado) ee dalka maraykanka. == Dadka == Dadka reer Congo waxa ay gaadhaan .51-milyan iyo badh ruux waana tirakoobkii la sameeyay sanadkii 2010-kii. Dalka Gabon waxa uu kamid yahay wadamda ay aadka u aafeeyeen cudurada dilaaga ah ee uu AIDS-ku ugu horeeyo sidaa daraadeed waxa la saadaaliyay in bulshada reer Gabon ee sanadka 2050-ka ay ka badnaan doonin 2milyan oo ruux == Afka == Luuqadaha lagaga hadlo dalka Gabon waxa ugu horeysa luuqada faransiiska oo ah luuqada koowaad ee dalka lagaga hadlo luuqadan gumaysigii France laga dhaxalay ka sokow waxa jira luuqado dhowr ah oo ah luuqadaha maxaliga ah ee taariikhiyan ay ku hadli jireen dadka reer Gabon. Luuqadaha maxaliga ah waxa kamid ah Fang, Myene, Bateke, Bapounou/Eschira iyo Bandjabi. == Aqoonta == Dadka aqoonta leh ee reer Gabon waxa lagu qiyaasaa boqolkiiba 63.2% Tirakoobkan aqooneedna waxa la sameeyay sanadkii 1995-kii xiligana waxa la fili karaa in ay dadka aqoonta leh ee reer Gabon ka badan yihiin tiradii ay hore u ahaayeen. == Diinta == Diimaha ay kala aaminsanyihiin bulshada ku dhaqan dalka Gabon waxa ugu horeysa oo dadka ugu badani ay aaminsanyihiin dinta Kiristanka waxana aaminsan dad gaadhaya boqolkiiba 55% ilaa 75%, sidoo kale diimaha animist iyo Islaamka waxa haysta dad lagu qiyaasay boqolkiiba 1% in ka yar. == Cimriga == Ragga reer Gabon waxa da’doodu gaadhaa 48-sano. == Dawlada == Qaabka ay u shaqayso Dawladda dalka Gabon waa nidaam jamhuuri ah oo ku lamaan yahay xukun adayg isku dhafani (Government Type republic; multiparty presidential regime). Xisbiyada mucaaridka ah waxa laga ogolaaday dalka Gabon sanadkii 1990-kii == Lacagta == Lacagta reer Gabon ay isticmaalaan waxa la yidhaa Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (CFAF). == Warshadaha == Warshadada dalka Gabon waxa lagu farsameeyaa Sharaabka, dunta, Sibidhka,Baatroolka, Dahabka, kiimikooyinka, iyo dhismaha maraakiibta. == Beeraha == Beeraha dalka waxa laga beeraa dalagyo ay kamid yihiin kookaha, Coffeega, Sonkorta, Rabadhka iyo Saliida. == Xoolaha == dalka Gabon waxa laga dhaqdaa xoolo ay ugu muhiimsantahay lo’da iyada oo deegaanada xeebtana ay ka jiraan dhaq dhaqaaqyo kaluumaysi. Dhulka la isticmaalo ee dalka Gabon waxa lagu qiyaasaa boqolkiiba 1% == Khayraadka == Khayraadka dabiiciga ah ee dalka waxa kamid ah, Dahabka, Baatroolka, Yuuraaniyamka, Timberka, Iyo awooda biyaha lagaga dhaliyo tamarta korontada ee hydropower. == Tixraacyada == {{reflist}} {{commonscat|Gabon|Gabon}} <references/> {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Dawladdaha Afrika]] [[Category:Wadamada Afrika]] q1jzgsdewhnfz1bn9p1ikbnkct8dd5w 0 5980 307634 305760 2026-09-09T17:13:06Z Soalt 39618 template:dalalka afrika iyo category:wadamada afrika 307634 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Boqortooyada Lesotho | common_name = Lesotho | native_name = {{native name|st|Naha ea Lesotho}} | image_flag = Flag of Lesotho.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Lesotho.svg | coa_size = 90 | national_motto = {{native phrase|st|"Khotso, Pula, Nala"|italics=off|paren=off}}<br />"Nabad, Roob, Barwaaqo" | national_anthem = ''Lesotho fatše la bo-ntat'a rona''<br />("Lesotho, Dhulka Aabayaasheen")<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:National_anthem_of_Lesotho,_performed_by_the_U.S._Navy_Band.wav]]}}</div> | image_map = Lesotho (orthographic projection).svg | map_caption = Goobta Lesotho (cagaar madow) | image_map2 = | capital = Maseru | coordinates = {{coord|29|18|54|S|27|29|13|E|region:LS|display=inline}} | largest_city = Maseru | official_languages = {{unbulleted list |Sesotho | Ingiriis}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list |99.7% Basotho |0.3% kuwa kale}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2020 | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |92.1% Masiixiyad |6.6% Diimaha hiddaha ah ee Afrika |1.0% Diin la'aan |0.3% kuwa kale }} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=130c |title=Religion Indexes (Lesotho) |publisher=The Association of Religion Data Archives |access-date=29 December 2023 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031153535/https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=130c |url-status=live }}</ref> | demonym = {{unbulleted list |Mosotho (kali) |Basotho (wadar)}} | government_type = Midaysan boqortooyo dastuuri ah oo baarlamani ah | leader_title1 = Boqor | leader_name1 = Letsie III | leader_title2 = Ra'iisul Wasaare | leader_name2 = Sam Matekane | legislature = Baarlamaan | upper_house = Guurtida | lower_house = Golaha Qaranka | sovereignty_type = Madaxbannaanida ka timid Boqortooyada Midowday | established_event1 = Basutoland | established_date1 = 18 March 1884 | established_event2 = Ku dhawaaqidda madaxbannaanida | established_date2 = 4 October 1966 | area_km2 = 30,355 | area_rank = 137aad | area_sq_mi = 11,720 | percent_water = laga tagi karo | population_estimate = 2,116,427<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bos.gov.ls/New%20Folder/Copy%20of%20Demography/2024_Labour_force_Survey_Report.pdf |title=2024 Labour Force Survey (LFS) Report |publisher=Bureau of Statistics |access-date=8 April 2026 |archive-date=9 Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260309065050/http://www.bos.gov.ls/New%20Folder/Copy%20of%20Demography/2024_Labour_force_Survey_Report.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 145aad | population_density_km2 = 68.1 | population_density_sq_mi = 162.4 | population_density_rank = 138aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $6.915 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.LS">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=666,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Lesotho) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=27 October 2023 |archive-date=26 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026215009/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=666,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_rank = 168aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $3,234<ref name="IMFWEO.LS" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 164aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $2.373 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.LS" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = 184ad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $1,110<ref name="IMFWEO.LS" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 169aad | Gini = 44.9 | Gini_year = 2017 | Gini_change = hoos u dhac | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |title=Gini Index coefficient |publisher=CIA World Factbook |access-date=10 August 2021 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717071854/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison |url-status=dead }}</ref> | HDI = 0.550 | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = kor u kac | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx|title=Human Development Report 2023/2024|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=19 March 2024|access-date=19 March 2024|archive-date=19 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319085123/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx|url-status=live}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 167aad | currency = Loti-ga Lesotho (LSL)<br />Rand-ka Koonfur Afrika (ZAR) | currency_code = | time_zone = Wakhtiga Caadiga ah ee Koonfur Afrika | utc_offset = +02:00 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | calling_code = +266 | cctld = [[.ls]] | today = }} '''Lesotho''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Soundguys-Lesotho.wav|l|ɪ|ˈ|s|uː|t|uː}} {{respell|lih|SOO|too}};<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/lesotho|title=lesotho noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes {{!}} Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com|website=www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com|language=en|access-date=2018-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311081136/https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/lesotho|archive-date=11 March 2018|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite LPD|3}}</ref> {{IPA|st|lɪˈsʊːtʰʊ}}),{{efn|Dalku wuxuu kaloo caan ku yahay magacyada "Boqortooyada Buurta" ({{langx|st|'Muso oa Thaba}}) iyo "Boqortooyada Cirka ku jirta" ({{langx|st|'Muso o Leholimong}}).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Office Of The King |url=https://www.gov.ls/office-of-the-king |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=Government Of Lesotho |language=en-US |archive-date=12 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312155115/https://www.gov.ls/office-of-the-king/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}} si rasmi ahna loogu yeero '''Boqortooyada Lesotho'''{{efn|{{langx|st|Naha ea Lesotho}}}}, waa dal ku dhex xidhan dhul oo ku yaal Koonfurta Afrika. Waxaa gebi ahaanba ku hareeraysan Koonfur Afrika, waana dalka ugu weyn seddexda dal ee caalamka ee ah xidhan ee madaxbannaan. Lesotho waxay ku taal Buuraha Maloti, iyadoo leh darafka ugu sarreeya koonfurta Afrika.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maloti Mountains {{!}} Drakensberg, Lesotho Highlands, Southern Africa {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Maloti-Mountains |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=24 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124193607/https://www.britannica.com/place/Maloti-Mountains |url-status=live }}</ref> Waxay leedahay baaxad dhul oo ka badan 30,000 km2, iyadoo ay ku nool yihiin dad gaaraya qiyaastii 2.3 milyan. Caasimaddeeda iyo magaalada ugu weyn waa Maseru. Lesotho waxaa la aasaasay sannadkii 1824-kii Boqor Moshoeshoe I. Is-dhaudhaafsi joogto ah oo ka jiray dadka deggan ee u dhashay Dutch-ka ayaa ka dhigay Boqorka inuu heshiis la galo Boqortooyada Midowday si uu u noqdo maxmiyad sannadkii 1868-kii, sannadkii 1884-kiina wuxuu noqday gumeysi taaj ah. Waxay heshay madaxbannaanideeda sannadkii 1966-kii, waxaana ka dib xukumayay Xisbiga Qaranka ee Basotho muddo labaatan sano ah. Dawladdeeda dastuuriga ah ayaa dib loo soo celiyay sannadkii 1993-kii ka dib toddoba sano oo xukun milatari ah. Boqor Moshoeshoe II waxaa la masaafuriyay sannadkii 1990-kii laakiin wuxuu dib u soo laabtay sannadkii 1992-kii waxaana dib loo soo celiyay sannadkii 1995-kii. Sannad ka dib, Moshoeshoe II wuxuu dhintay wiilkiisa Letsie III ayaa la wareegay carshiga, kaas oo uu weli hayo.<ref name=":5" /> Qowmiyadda Sotho (sidoo kale loo yaqaan Basotho), oo dalku ka qaatay magaciisa, waxay ka kooban tahay 99.7% dadka hadda ku nool dalka, taas oo ka dhigaysa mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu qowmiyadda keliya ah adduunka. Luqaddooda hooyo, oo ah Sesotho, waa luqad rasmi ah oo ay dhowrto Ingiriis, IsiXhosa, iyo SiPhuthi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lesotho Government Gazette Number 73 |date=31 August 2022 |url=https://gazettes.africa/akn/ls/officialGazette/government-gazette/2022-08-31/73/eng@2022-08-31 |access-date=26 July 2025 |archive-date=2025-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813161055/https://gazettes.africa/akn/ls/officialGazette/government-gazette/2022-08-31/73/eng@2022-08-31 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lesotho waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay tahay dal dakhligiisu hooseeyo ilaa dhexe oo qaba caqabado dhaqaale iyo bulsho oo waaweyn, laakiin sidoo kale waa mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu heerka sarreeya akhris-qoraalka Afrika (81% marka loo eego 2021). Lesotho waa xubin ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay, Dhaqdhaqaaqa Aan-Caddayn, Barwaaqo-sooranka, Midowga Afrika, iyo Bulshada Horumarinta Koonfurta Afrika. ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Wadamada Afrika]] stnnt8qfucuc6q2rtgx144jqcnaohyf 0 5981 307655 305894 2026-09-09T17:40:33Z Soalt 39618 template:dalalka afrika iyo category:wadamada afrika 307655 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Boqortooyada Eswatini | common_name = Eswatini | native_name = {{native name|ss|Umbuso weSwatini}} | image_flag = Flag of Eswatini.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Eswatini.svg | coa_size = 90 | national_motto = <br />{{native phrase|ss|"Siyinqaba"|italics=on}}<br />"Waxaan nahay qalcad"<br />"Waxaan nahay wax qarsoon"<br />"Waan is qarinnaa"<br />"Waxaan nahay kuwa awoodda leh" | national_anthem = <br />"[[Nkulunkulu Mnikati wetibusiso temaSwati]]"<br /> "Illaahow, Deeqbixiyaha Barakooyinka reer Swazi"<br />[[File:Nkulunkulu Mnikati wetibusiso temaSwati (instrumental).ogg]] | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Eswatini on the globe (special marker) (Madagascar centered).svg|Show globe|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Africa|default=1}} | map_caption = | capital = {{plainlist| * [[Mbabane]] (fulinta) * [[Lobamba]] (xeer-dejinta)}} | largest_city = [[Mbabane]] | official_languages = {{hlist |[[Af-Swazi|Swazi]] | [[Af-Ingiriisi|Ingiriisi]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 84% [[Swazi (qoomiyad)|Swazi]] | 10% [[Zulu (qoomiyad)|Zulu]] | 6% kuwa kale }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2017 | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space; |{{Tree list}} * 89.3% [[Masiixiyadda Eswatini|Masiixiyad]] ** 84.2% [[Bortestantiis]] ** 3.7% [[Kaniisadda Kaatooligga|Roomaan Kaatoolig]] ** 1.4% [[Liiska masiixiyiinta kala duwan|Masiixiyiin]] kale {{Tree list/end}} |7.4% [[Diin la'aan]] |2.5% [[Diimaha dhaqanka ee Afrika|diimaha dhaqanka]] |0.8% kuwa kale<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gov.sz/images/FinanceDocuments/Volume-3.pdf|title=The 2017 Population and Housing Census Volume 3|publisher=Central Statistics Office|access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/eswatini/|title=Eswatini}}</ref> }} | religion_year = 2017 | religion_ref = | demonym = [[Swazi (qoomiyad)|Swazi]]{{efn|Luqadda Swaziga dhexdeeda, emaSwati (jamac) iyo liSwati (kali) ayaa la adeegsadaa.}} | government_type = Jamhuuriyad [[Labadii taliye|nus-boqortooyo dalxiis]] midaysan<ref>{{cite web| date=Aug 1, 2017| title= Diarchies Of The Modern World| url= https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/diarchies-of-the-modern-world-countries-with-two-rulers-or-heads-of-state.html| publisher = WorldAtlas| language= en}}</ref> iyo [[Boqortooyo gabi ahaan ah]] | leader_title1 = [[Ngwenyama|Boqor]] | leader_name1 = [[Mswati III]] | leader_title2 = [[Ndlovukati|Hooyada Boqortooyada]] | leader_name2 = [[Ntfombi]] | leader_title3 = [[Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Eswatini|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name3 = [[Russell Dlamini]] | leader_title4 = [[Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare]] | leader_name4 = [[Bheki Maphalala]] | legislature = [[Baarlamaanka Eswatini|Baarlamaan]] | upper_house = [[Aqalka Sare ee Eswatini|Aqalka Sare]] | lower_house = [[Golaha Shacabka ee Eswatini|Golaha Shacabka]] | sovereignty_type = Madax-bannaanida ka qaadashada [[Boqortooyada Midowday]] | established_event1 = Sifaynta madax-bannaanida | established_date1 = 6 Sebtembar 1968 | established_event2 = [[Xubinnimada Qaramada Midoobay]] | established_date2 = 24 Sebtembar 1968 | established_event3 = [[Dastuurka hadda jira]] | established_date3 = 2005<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/sz/sz010en.pdf |title=Laws |publisher=wipo.int |access-date=27 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/71892/111269/F1996008974/SWZ71892.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=29 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929043736/https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/71892/111269/F1996008974/SWZ71892.pdf |archive-date=29 September 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gov.sz/images/stories/Constitution%20of%20%20SD-2005A001.pdf |title=Constitution |publisher=gov.sz |access-date=27 December 2019}}</ref> | established_event4 = Magac beddelka | established_date4 = 19 Abriil 2018 | coordinates = {{Coord|26|30|S|31|30|E|display=inline,title}} | area_km2 = 17,364 | area_rank = 153aad | area_sq_mi = 6,704 | percent_water = 0.9 | population_estimate = 1,236,126<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=SZ |title=Population, total – Eswatini|publisher=The World Bank Group |access-date=11 July 2021}}</ref> | population_census = 1,093,238<ref>{{cite web|url=https://swaziland.unfpa.org/en/news/swaziland-releases-population-count-2017-census|title=Swaziland Releases Population Count from 2017 Census|publisher=United Nations Population Fund|access-date=7 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807130048/https://swaziland.unfpa.org/en/news/swaziland-releases-population-count-2017-census|archive-date=7 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 155aad | population_census_year = 2017 | population_density_km2 = 66.8 | population_density_sq_mi = 173.1 | population_density_rank = 135aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $13.797 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.SZ">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=734,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Eswatini) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=20 October 2023}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_rank = 158aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $11,858<ref name="IMFWEO.SZ" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 113aad | GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $4.648 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.SZ" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = 168aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $3,995<ref name="IMFWEO.SZ" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 122aad | Gini = 54.6 | Gini_year = 2016 | Gini_change = kordhay | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204222738/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 February 2021 |title=Gini Index coefficient|publisher=CIA Factbook |access-date=17 July 2021}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.695 | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = joogto | HDI_ref = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/SWZ | title=Specific country data }}</ref> | HDI_rank = 126th | currency = {{plainlist| * [[Lilangeni-ga Swazi|Lilangeni]] (SZL) * [[Rand-ka Koonfur Afrika]] (ZAR)}} | time_zone = [[Wakhtiga Caadiga ah ee Koonfur Afrika|SAST]] | utc_offset = +2 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | calling_code = [[+268]] | cctld = [[.sz]] | official_website = {{URL|http://www.gov.sz/}} | today = }} '''Eswatini''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɛ|s|w|ɑː|ˈ|t|iː|n|i|audio=en-us-Eswatini.oga}} {{respell|ESS|wah|TEE|nee}}; {{langx|ss|eSwatini}} {{IPA|ss|ɛswáˈtʼiːni|}}}} si rasmi ahna loo yiraahdo '''Boqortooyada Eswatini''' (taariikh ahaanna loo ogaa '''KaNgwane'''<ref>Philip Bonner (1982). Page 9</ref>), sidoo kale loo yaqaano magacyadeedii rasmiga ahaa ee hore ee '''Swaziland'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|w|ɑː|z|i|l|æ|n|d|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Swaziland.wav}} {{respell|SWAH|zee|land}}}} iyo '''Boqortooyada Swaziland''', waa [[dal aan bad lahayn]] oo ku yaal [[Koonfurta Afrika]]. Waxaa dacallada oo dhan ka xiga [[Koonfur Afrika]] marka laga reebo dhanka bari, halkaas oo ay xuduud kula leedahay [[Musambiig]]. Iyadoo aan ka badnayn {{convert|200|km|mi|abbr=on}} waqooyi ilaa koonfur iyo {{convert|130|km|mi|abbr=on}} bari ilaa galbeed, Eswatini waa mid ka mid ah wadamada ugu yar [[Afrika]]. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, cimiladeeda iyo dhulkeedu waa kuwo kala duwan, laga bilaabo dhul buuraley ah oo qabow oo loo yaqaan [[highveld]] ilaa dhul kulul oo qallalan oo loo yaqaan [[lowveld]]. Caasimadda fulinta iyo magaalada ugu weyn waa [[Mbabane]], caasimadda labaad ee xeer-dejintana waa [[Lobamba]]. Dadka ku nool badankoodu waxay u dhasheen [[Swazi (qoomiyad)|qoomiyadda Swazi]]. Luqadda ugu weyn ee loogu hadlo waa [[Af-Swazi|Swazi]] (oo u qoran ''siSwati'' marka loo eego luqaddooda hooyo). Reer Swazi waxay aasaaseen boqortooyadooda bartamihii qarnigii 18-aad iyagoo hoos tanaasulaya hoggaanka [[Ngwane III]].<ref name="Bonner82">{{cite book |last=Bonner |first=Philip |title=Kings, Commoners and Concessionaires |url=https://archive.org/details/kingscommonersco0000bonn |year=1982 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Great Britain |isbn=0521242703 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/kingscommonersco0000bonn/page/9 9]–27}}</ref> Dalka iyo dadka Swazigaba waxay magacooda ka heleen [[Mswati II]], oo ahaa boqorkii qarnigii 19-aad kaas oo xukunkiisa dalka lagu ballaariyay laguna midoobay. Xuduudaheeda waxaa la dejiyay sanadkii 1881 xilligii reer Yurub ay ku jireen [[U-tartanka Afrika]].<ref name="Kuper86">{{cite book |last=Kuper |first=Hilda |title=The Swazi: A South African Kingdom |year=1986 |publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston |pages=9–10}}</ref> Ka dib [[Dagaalkii Labaad ee Boer]], boqortooyada, iyadoo wadata magaca Swaziland, waxay ahayd dhul hoos yimaada [[Wakiilka Sare ee Ingiriiska ee Koonfurta Afrika]] laga soo bilaabo 1903 ilaa ay dib uga heshay madax-bannaanideedii buuxday 6 Sebtembar 1968.<ref name="Gillis99">{{cite book |last=Gillis |first=Hugh |title=The Kingdom of Swaziland: Studies in Political History |url=https://archive.org/details/kingdomofswazila0000gill |year=1999 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=0313306702}}</ref> Bishii Abriil 2018, boqorku wuxuu magacii rasmiga ahaa ee Boqortooyada Swaziland u beddelay Boqortooyada Eswatini, magacaas oo si caadi ah looga isticmaalo luqadda Swaziga.<ref name=KingdEswatini/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.howdareshe.org/swaziland-facts-info-guide-swaziland-renamed-the-kingdom-of-eswatini/|title=Swaziland facts and guide as the country renamed the Kingdom of Eswatini|date=20 April 2018|website=How Dare She|language=en-US|access-date=27 September 2019|archive-date=11 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511235735/https://www.howdareshe.org/swaziland-facts-info-guide-swaziland-renamed-the-kingdom-of-eswatini/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=UN Member States |url=http://www.un.org/en/member-states/index.html#gotoE |publisher=[[United Nations]] |access-date=30 June 2018 |date=30 May 2018}}</ref> Eswatini waa [[dal soo koraya]] oo loo kala saaro inuu leeyahay dhaqaale dakhligiisu hooseeyo-dhexe yahay. Maadaama ay xubin ka tahay [[Midowga Kastamka Koonfurta Afrika]] iyo [[Suuqa Kaumanka ah ee Bariga iyo Koonfurta Afrika]], lammaanaheeda ganacsi ee ugu weyn deegaanka waa Koonfur Afrika; si loo sugo xasiloonida dhaqaalaha, lacagta Eswatini ee [[Lilangeni-ga Swazi|lilangeni]], waxay ku xiran tahay oo ay la qiimo tahay [[Rand-ka Koonfur Afrika]]. Lammaanayaasha ganacsi ee ugu weyn Eswatini ee dibadda waa [[Mareykanka]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ustr.gov/countries-regions/africa/southern-africa/swaziland |title=Swaziland &#124; Office of the United States Trade Representative |publisher=Ustr.gov |access-date=16 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720043500/http://www.ustr.gov/countries-regions/africa/southern-africa/swaziland |archive-date=20 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> iyo [[Midowga Yurub]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.comesaria.org/site/en/article.php?chaine=swaziland&id_article=31 |title=Swaziland |publisher=Comesaria.org |access-date=16 August 2014 |archive-date=10 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010174918/http://www.comesaria.org/site/en/article.php?chaine=swaziland&id_article=31 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Inta badan shaqooyinka dalka waxaa bixiya qeybaha beeraha iyo wax-soosaarka. Eswatini waa xubin ka tirsan [[Ururka Horumarinta Koonfurta Afrika]], [[Midowga Afrika]], [[Barwaaqo-sooranka]] iyo [[Qaramada Midoobay]]. Dawladda Eswatini waa [[boqortooyo gabi ahaan ah]], tan ugu dambaysay ee caynkeeda ah ee ka jirta Afrika.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Staff |date=2021-06-29 |title=Armed forces open fire in crackdown on anti-monarchy protests in Eswatini |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/29/soldiers-deployed-eswatini-crackdown-protests |access-date=2023-08-31 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Dalka waxaa xukumayay Boqor [[Mswati III]] tan iyo 1986-dii.<ref>{{cite web |title=Swaziland: Africa′s last absolute monarchy |work=Deutsche Welle |access-date=19 October 2014 |date=14 July 2014 |url=http://www.dw.de/swaziland-africas-last-absolute-monarchy/a-17784664}}</ref> Doorashooyinka waxaa la qabtaa shantii sanaba mar si loo go'aamiyo Golaha Shacabka iyo aqlabiyadda Aqalka Sare, laakiin xisbiyada siyaasadeed waa laga mamnuucay inay u tartamaan.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Eligon |first1=John |last2=Silva |first2=Joao |date=2024-02-17 |title=The Father, the Son and the Fight Over Their King |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/17/world/africa/king-mswati-eswatini-africa-youth.html |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> [[Dastuurka Eswatini]] waxaa la ansixiyay sanadkii 2005. Dadka reer Swazi waxay la kulmaan arrimo caafimaad oo waaweyn: [[HIV/AIDS]] iyo (ilaa xad ka yar) [[qaaxo]] ayaa si weyn ugu faafay dalka.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P110156 |title=Projects : Swaziland Health, HIV/AIDS and TB Project |publisher=The World Bank |access-date=16 August 2014}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131112141926/http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/press/release.cfm?id=4861 Swaziland: Dual HIV and Tuberculosis Epidemic Demands Urgent Action] updated 18 November 2010</ref> Boqolkiiba labaatan iyo siddeed (28%) ka mid ah dadka qaangaarka ah waa kuwa qaba fayraska HIV-ga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Eswatini 2021 Country Factsheet |url=https://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/swaziland |website=UNAIDS |access-date=30 September 2022}}</ref> Markay ahayd 2018, Eswatini waxay leedahay kaalinta 12aad ee ugu hoosaysa [[Liiska wadamada marka loo eego rajada nolosha|rajada nolosha adduunka]], taas oo ah 58 sano.<ref name=Economist>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2018/05/economist-explains|title=The Economist explains: Why is Swaziland's king renaming his country?|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=30 April 2018|access-date=30 April 2018}}</ref> Sidoo kale marka laga reebo 2018, dadka da'doodu tahay 14 sano ama ka yar waxay ka dhigayaan 35% dadka dalka oo dhan; celceliska da'du waa 22 sano.<ref name="Demo">{{cite web |url=http://www.indexmundi.com/swaziland/demographics_profile.html |title=Swaziland Demographics Profile 2013 |publisher=Indexmundi.com |date=21 February 2013 |access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Wadamada Afrika]] fi3tqdh58x5biifzc8zrm3x2myozaks 0 6042 307663 270927 2026-09-09T17:51:31Z Soalt 39618 template:Dalalka Aasiya 307663 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | coordinates = {{Coord|35|10|N|33|22|E|type:city}} | languages_type = Minority languages | languages2_type = [[Af-yaqaan]] | conventional_long_name = Republic of Cyprus | native_name = {{native name|el|Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία}}<br />{{native name|tr|Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti}} | image_flag = Flag of Cyprus.svg | image_coat = File:Coat of arms of Cyprus (old).svg | common_name = Cyprus | national_motto = | national_anthem = {{lang|el|[[Hymn to Liberty|Ὕμνος εἰς τὴν Ἐλευθερίαν]]}}{{efn|Heesta calanka Giriigga waxaa la ansixiyay 1966-kii go'aan ka soo baxay [[Golaha Wasiirrada]].<ref>{{cite web|title=National Anthem|url=http://www.presidency.gov.cy/presidency/presidency.nsf/prc34_en/prc34_en?OpenDocument|website=www.presidency.gov.cy|accessdate=3 June 2015|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=21 Bisha Sideedaad 2011|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6177nDxG2?url=http://www.presidency.gov.cy/presidency/presidency.nsf/prc34_en/prc34_en?OpenDocument|dead-url=yes}}</ref>}}<br />{{small|"Hymn to Liberty"}}<br /><center>[[File:Greece national anthem.ogg]]</center> | image_map = EU-Cyprus.svg | map_caption = Goobta Qubrus (sawirka midigta hoose), oo muujinaya Jamhuuriyadda Qubrus oo cagaar madow ah iyo jamhuuriyadda iskeed ugu dhawaaqday ee [[Waqooyiga Qubrus]]<nowiki> oo cagaar dhalaalaysa, iyo inta kale ee [[Midowga Yurub]]</nowiki> | capital = [[Nicosia]] &nbsp; | largest_city = capital | official_languages = {{unbulleted list|item_style=line-height:initial; |[[Greek language|Greek]] |[[Turkish language|Turkish]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Cyprus|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cy.html|website=The World Factbook|publisher=CIA|accessdate=15 January 2016|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=26 Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226020655/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cy.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> }} | languages = {{unbulleted list|item_style=line-height:initial; |[[Armenian language|Armenian]] |[[Cypriot Maronite Arabic|Cypriot Arabic]] }} | languages2 = {{unbulleted list|item_style=line-height:initial; |[[Giriiga Qubrus]] |[[Turkiga Qubrus]] }} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list|item_style=line-height:initial; |[[Giriiga Qubrus]] |[[Turkiga Qubrus]] |[[Armeeniyaanka Qubrus |Armeeniyaan]] |[[Maroniit ee Qubrus|Maroniit]] }} | ethnic_groups_year = | demonym = ''Cypriot''/''Cypriote'' | government_type = [[Dawlad midaysan|Midaysan]], [[Nidaamka Madaxweynaha|madaxweyne]] | leader_title1 = [[Madaxweynaha Qabrus|Madaxweynaha]] | leader_name1 = [[Nicos Anastasiades]] | leader_title2 = [[Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Qubrus|Madaxweyne ku xigeenka]] | leader_name2 = Vacant{{efn|The vice presidency is reserved for a Turkish Cypriot. However the post has been vacant since the [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus|Turkish invasion]] in 1974.}} | leader_title3 = [[House of Representatives (Cyprus)#Presidents of the House of Representatives|President of the Parliament]] | leader_name3 = [[Demetris Syllouris]] | legislature = {{nowrap|[[House of Representatives (Cyprus)|House of Representatives]]}} | sovereignty_type = Independence {{nobold|from the United Kingdom}} | established_event1 = [[London-Zürich Agreements]] | established_date1 = 19 February 1959 | established_event2 = Independence proclaimed | established_date2 = 16 August 1960 | established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[Independence Day (Cyprus)|Independence Day]]}} | established_date3 = 1 October 1960 | established_event4 = {{nowrap|[[2004 enlargement of the European Union|Joined]] the [[European Union]]}} | established_date4 = 1 May 2004 | area_km2 = 9,251 | area_label = Total{{efn|name=island|Including [[Northern Cyprus]], the [[United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus|UN buffer zone]] and [[Akrotiri and Dhekelia]].}} | area_rank = 162nd <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 3,572 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 9 | population_estimate = {{UN_Population|Cyprus}}{{efn|name=island}}{{UN_Population|ref}} | population_census = 838,897{{efn|Excluding Northern Cyprus.}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cystat.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/732265957BAC953AC225798300406903?OpenDocument&sub=2&sel=1&e= |title=Statistical Service – Population and Social Conditions – Population Census – Announcements – Preliminary Results of the Census of Population, 2011 |language=Greek |publisher=Statistical Service of the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Cyprus |date=29 December 2011 |accessdate=29 January 2012 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=15 Bisha Koobaad 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115100623/http://www.cystat.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/732265957BAC953AC225798300406903?OpenDocument&sub=2&sel=1&e= |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | population_estimate_year = {{UN_Population|Year}} | population_estimate_rank = 158th | population_census_year = 2011 | population_density_km2 = 123.4{{efn|name=island}}<ref>{{cite journal |author=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, [[United Nations Population Division|Population Division]] |year=2013 |title=World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision, DB02: Stock Indicators |publication-place=New York |url=http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/ASCII-Data/DISK_NAVIGATION_ASCII.htm}}</ref> | population_density_rank = 82nd | population_density_sq_mi = 319.5 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> | GDP_PPP = $29.666&nbsp;billion<ref name="IMF GDP">{{cite web|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=24&pr.y=4&sy=2015&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=423&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|work=[[World Economic Outlook]] Database, April 2017|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|accessdate=27 April 2017|location=Washington, D.C.|date=12 April 2017}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2016 | GDP_PPP_rank = 126th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $34,970<ref name="IMF GDP" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 35th | GDP_nominal = $19.810&nbsp;billion<ref name="IMF GDP" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2016 | GDP_nominal_rank = 114th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $23,352<ref name="IMF GDP" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 33rd | Gini = 33.6 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2015 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey|url=http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_di12|publisher=Eurostat|accessdate=27 April 2017|location=Luxembourg|date=28 March 2017|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=4 Bisha Saddexaad 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045123/http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_di12|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.856 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=Table 1: Human Development Index and its components|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/HDI|website=[[Human Development Report]]s|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|accessdate=27 April 2017|location=Stockholm|date=21 March 2017}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 33rd | currency = [[Euro]] | currency_code = EUR | time_zone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]] | utc_offset = +2 | utc_offset_DST = +3 | time_zone_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]] | drives_on = [[Right- and left-hand traffic|left]] | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Cyprus|+357]] | cctld = [[.cy]]{{efn|The [[.eu]] domain is also used, shared with other [[European Union]] member states.}} | footnotes = }} {{Coord|35|N|33|E|type:country_region:CY_scale:2500000_source:GNS|display=title}} [[File:Flag_of_Cyprus.svg|thumb|]] [[File:Cyprus in its region (de-facto).svg|thumb|]] '''Jasiirada Qabrus''' (Ingiriisi: Cyprus), beddelaada: (Qabrus),(Saybrus),(Kibris) ama '''Jamhuuriyadda Qabrus''', waa wadan yar oo jasiirad ah, wadankaan waxaa degan labo qoomiyadood oo u kala dhashtay wadamada [[Giriig]] iyo [[Turki]]ga. labadaan qoomiyadood markii hore waxaa ka dhaxeen jiray colaad, isla markaas neh [[1974]]ti waxaa wadanka soo galay ciidamo ka socdo wadanka Turkiga, waxeena qabsadeen woqooyiga Qabrus oo ah meesha ee ku badantahay turkida, waqtigaas ka dib, jasiirada labo ayee u kala qeebsamtay, dadka badankooda ama kuwa giriiga ah waxee u guureen koonfurta. Jasiirada waxee yeelatay Labo maamul oo kala ah kuwa turkida iyo kuwa giriiga. Jasiiradaan maanta waxee u shaqeesaa dhinaca dalxiiska, waxeena ka tirsantahay qaarada [[Yurub]]. ==Tixraacyada== <references /> {{Western Asia}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} [[Category:Yurub]] [[Category:Jasiirad]] 6kufsmhscmuen87cfu27xfozwbhhm18 307671 307663 2026-09-09T18:00:38Z Soalt 39618 Category:Wadamada Aasiya 307671 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | coordinates = {{Coord|35|10|N|33|22|E|type:city}} | languages_type = Minority languages | languages2_type = [[Af-yaqaan]] | conventional_long_name = Republic of Cyprus | native_name = {{native name|el|Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία}}<br />{{native name|tr|Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti}} | image_flag = Flag of Cyprus.svg | image_coat = File:Coat of arms of Cyprus (old).svg | common_name = Cyprus | national_motto = | national_anthem = {{lang|el|[[Hymn to Liberty|Ὕμνος εἰς τὴν Ἐλευθερίαν]]}}{{efn|Heesta calanka Giriigga waxaa la ansixiyay 1966-kii go'aan ka soo baxay [[Golaha Wasiirrada]].<ref>{{cite web|title=National Anthem|url=http://www.presidency.gov.cy/presidency/presidency.nsf/prc34_en/prc34_en?OpenDocument|website=www.presidency.gov.cy|accessdate=3 June 2015|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=21 Bisha Sideedaad 2011|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6177nDxG2?url=http://www.presidency.gov.cy/presidency/presidency.nsf/prc34_en/prc34_en?OpenDocument|dead-url=yes}}</ref>}}<br />{{small|"Hymn to Liberty"}}<br /><center>[[File:Greece national anthem.ogg]]</center> | image_map = EU-Cyprus.svg | map_caption = Goobta Qubrus (sawirka midigta hoose), oo muujinaya Jamhuuriyadda Qubrus oo cagaar madow ah iyo jamhuuriyadda iskeed ugu dhawaaqday ee [[Waqooyiga Qubrus]]<nowiki> oo cagaar dhalaalaysa, iyo inta kale ee [[Midowga Yurub]]</nowiki> | capital = [[Nicosia]] &nbsp; | largest_city = capital | official_languages = {{unbulleted list|item_style=line-height:initial; |[[Greek language|Greek]] |[[Turkish language|Turkish]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Cyprus|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cy.html|website=The World Factbook|publisher=CIA|accessdate=15 January 2016|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=26 Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226020655/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cy.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> }} | languages = {{unbulleted list|item_style=line-height:initial; |[[Armenian language|Armenian]] |[[Cypriot Maronite Arabic|Cypriot Arabic]] }} | languages2 = {{unbulleted list|item_style=line-height:initial; |[[Giriiga Qubrus]] |[[Turkiga Qubrus]] }} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list|item_style=line-height:initial; |[[Giriiga Qubrus]] |[[Turkiga Qubrus]] |[[Armeeniyaanka Qubrus |Armeeniyaan]] |[[Maroniit ee Qubrus|Maroniit]] }} | ethnic_groups_year = | demonym = ''Cypriot''/''Cypriote'' | government_type = [[Dawlad midaysan|Midaysan]], [[Nidaamka Madaxweynaha|madaxweyne]] | leader_title1 = [[Madaxweynaha Qabrus|Madaxweynaha]] | leader_name1 = [[Nicos Anastasiades]] | leader_title2 = [[Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Qubrus|Madaxweyne ku xigeenka]] | leader_name2 = Vacant{{efn|The vice presidency is reserved for a Turkish Cypriot. However the post has been vacant since the [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus|Turkish invasion]] in 1974.}} | leader_title3 = [[House of Representatives (Cyprus)#Presidents of the House of Representatives|President of the Parliament]] | leader_name3 = [[Demetris Syllouris]] | legislature = {{nowrap|[[House of Representatives (Cyprus)|House of Representatives]]}} | sovereignty_type = Independence {{nobold|from the United Kingdom}} | established_event1 = [[London-Zürich Agreements]] | established_date1 = 19 February 1959 | established_event2 = Independence proclaimed | established_date2 = 16 August 1960 | established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[Independence Day (Cyprus)|Independence Day]]}} | established_date3 = 1 October 1960 | established_event4 = {{nowrap|[[2004 enlargement of the European Union|Joined]] the [[European Union]]}} | established_date4 = 1 May 2004 | area_km2 = 9,251 | area_label = Total{{efn|name=island|Including [[Northern Cyprus]], the [[United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus|UN buffer zone]] and [[Akrotiri and Dhekelia]].}} | area_rank = 162nd <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 3,572 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 9 | population_estimate = {{UN_Population|Cyprus}}{{efn|name=island}}{{UN_Population|ref}} | population_census = 838,897{{efn|Excluding Northern Cyprus.}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cystat.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/732265957BAC953AC225798300406903?OpenDocument&sub=2&sel=1&e= |title=Statistical Service – Population and Social Conditions – Population Census – Announcements – Preliminary Results of the Census of Population, 2011 |language=Greek |publisher=Statistical Service of the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Cyprus |date=29 December 2011 |accessdate=29 January 2012 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=15 Bisha Koobaad 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115100623/http://www.cystat.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/732265957BAC953AC225798300406903?OpenDocument&sub=2&sel=1&e= |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | population_estimate_year = {{UN_Population|Year}} | population_estimate_rank = 158th | population_census_year = 2011 | population_density_km2 = 123.4{{efn|name=island}}<ref>{{cite journal |author=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, [[United Nations Population Division|Population Division]] |year=2013 |title=World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision, DB02: Stock Indicators |publication-place=New York |url=http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/ASCII-Data/DISK_NAVIGATION_ASCII.htm}}</ref> | population_density_rank = 82nd | population_density_sq_mi = 319.5 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> | GDP_PPP = $29.666&nbsp;billion<ref name="IMF GDP">{{cite web|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=24&pr.y=4&sy=2015&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=423&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|work=[[World Economic Outlook]] Database, April 2017|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|accessdate=27 April 2017|location=Washington, D.C.|date=12 April 2017}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2016 | GDP_PPP_rank = 126th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $34,970<ref name="IMF GDP" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 35th | GDP_nominal = $19.810&nbsp;billion<ref name="IMF GDP" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2016 | GDP_nominal_rank = 114th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $23,352<ref name="IMF GDP" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 33rd | Gini = 33.6 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2015 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey|url=http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_di12|publisher=Eurostat|accessdate=27 April 2017|location=Luxembourg|date=28 March 2017|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=4 Bisha Saddexaad 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045123/http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_di12|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.856 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=Table 1: Human Development Index and its components|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/HDI|website=[[Human Development Report]]s|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|accessdate=27 April 2017|location=Stockholm|date=21 March 2017}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 33rd | currency = [[Euro]] | currency_code = EUR | time_zone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]] | utc_offset = +2 | utc_offset_DST = +3 | time_zone_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]] | drives_on = [[Right- and left-hand traffic|left]] | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Cyprus|+357]] | cctld = [[.cy]]{{efn|The [[.eu]] domain is also used, shared with other [[European Union]] member states.}} | footnotes = }} {{Coord|35|N|33|E|type:country_region:CY_scale:2500000_source:GNS|display=title}} [[File:Flag_of_Cyprus.svg|thumb|]] [[File:Cyprus in its region (de-facto).svg|thumb|]] '''Jasiirada Qabrus''' (Ingiriisi: Cyprus), beddelaada: (Qabrus),(Saybrus),(Kibris) ama '''Jamhuuriyadda Qabrus''', waa wadan yar oo jasiirad ah, wadankaan waxaa degan labo qoomiyadood oo u kala dhashtay wadamada [[Giriig]] iyo [[Turki]]ga. labadaan qoomiyadood markii hore waxaa ka dhaxeen jiray colaad, isla markaas neh [[1974]]ti waxaa wadanka soo galay ciidamo ka socdo wadanka Turkiga, waxeena qabsadeen woqooyiga Qabrus oo ah meesha ee ku badantahay turkida, waqtigaas ka dib, jasiirada labo ayee u kala qeebsamtay, dadka badankooda ama kuwa giriiga ah waxee u guureen koonfurta. Jasiirada waxee yeelatay Labo maamul oo kala ah kuwa turkida iyo kuwa giriiga. Jasiiradaan maanta waxee u shaqeesaa dhinaca dalxiiska, waxeena ka tirsantahay qaarada [[Yurub]]. ==Tixraacyada== <references /> {{Western Asia}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} [[Category:Yurub]] [[Category:Jasiirad]] [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] 01o011nqn5iwnu3qttzpeih8c99pehv 0 6052 307716 280039 2026-09-09T19:44:49Z Soalt 39618 template:Dalalka Aasiya iyo Category:Wadamada Aasiya iyo tixraac 307716 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyada Shiinaha | common_name = Taywan | native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|zh-hant|中華民國}}}}<br />{{small|''Zhōnghuá Mínguó'' {{small|([[Taiwanese Mandarin|Mandarin]])}}}}<!---Do not change to "Jhonghuá Mínguó" (i.e. Tongyong Pinyin); Hanyu Pinyin has been the official romanization since 1 January 2009.---><br/>{{small|''Chûng-fà Mìn-koet'' {{small|([[Taiwanese Hakka|Hakka]])}}}} | image_flag = Flag of the Republic of China.svg | alt_flag = A red flag, with a small blue rectangle in the top left hand corner on which sits a white sun composed of a circle surrounded by 12 rays. | image_coat = National Emblem of the Republic of China.svg | alt_coat = A blue circular emblem on which sits a white sun composed of a circle surrounded by 12 rays. | symbol_type = National Emblem | national_anthem = <br />{{lang|zh-hant|《中華民國國歌》}}<br />{{small|"[[Heesta Qaranka Jamhuuriyadda Shiinaha]]"}}<div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:National anthem of the Republic of China (Taiwan) 中華民國國歌(演奏版).ogg|centre]]</div> ---- <div style="padding-top:0.5em;">'''Flag anthem:'''<br />{{lang|zh-hant|《中華民國國旗歌》}}<br />{{small|"[[National Flag Anthem of the Republic of China]]"}}</div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:中華民國國旗歌 (演奏版).ogg|centre]]</div> | image_map = Locator map of the ROC Taiwan.svg | alt_map = a map of East Asia, with a world map insert, with the island of Taiwan shaded and the other islands circled | map_caption = [[Free area of the Republic of China|Territory controlled by the Republic of China]]: [[Geography of Taiwan|Taiwan Island]], [[Penghu]], [[Kinmen]], [[Matsu Islands]], [[Pratas Islands|Dongsha Islands]] and [[Taiping Island]] | capital = [[Taypeey]]<ref name="capital">{{cite news |title=Interior minister reaffirms Taipei is ROC's capital |date=5 December 2013 |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2013/12/05/2003578356 |publisher=Taipei Times |accessdate=7 December 2013}}</ref> | coordinates = {{coord|25|02|N|121|38|E|display=inline,title}} | largest_city = [[New Taipei City|New Taipei]] | official_languages = [[Taiwanese Mandarin|Standard Chinese]] (''de facto'')<ref>{{cite news|last1=Shih|first1=Hsiu-chuan|title=Taiwan mulling English as an official language, but is it ready?|url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/afav/201801270011.aspx|accessdate=27 January 2018|agency=Central News Agency|date=27 January 2018|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=21 Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121084912/http://focustaiwan.tw/news/afav/201801270011.aspx|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | national_languages = * [[Formosan languages]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201707190019.aspx |title=President lauds efforts in transitional justice for indigenous people |publisher=Focus Taiwan |accessdate=19 July 2017 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=14 Bisha Afraad 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414020314/http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201707190019.aspx |dead-url=yes }}</ref> * [[Taiwanese Hakka|Hakka]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2017/12/30/2003684894 |title= Hakka made an official language |publisher=Taipei Times |accessdate=29 December 2017}}</ref> | regional_languages = * [[Matsu dialect]] * [[Taiwanese Hokkien]] | languages_type = [[Official script]] | languages = * [[Traditional Chinese]] * [[Formosan languages|Formosan Latin alphabet]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2017/07/20/2003674932 |title=Official documents issued in Aboriginal languages |publisher=Taipei Times |accessdate=20 July 2017}}</ref> | ethnic_groups = {{nowrap|95% [[Han Taiwanese|Han]]{{sfnp|Exec. Yuan|2014|p=36}}}}<br />{{nowrap|&nbsp;'''∟''' 70% [[Hoklo Taiwanese|Hoklo]]}}<br />{{nowrap|&nbsp;'''∟''' 14% [[Hakka people|Hakka]]}}<br />{{nowrap|{{raise|0.1em|&nbsp;'''∟''' 14% [[Waishengren|Waisheng]]{{efn|name=waishengren| This does not include citizens of the People's Republic of China who more recently moved to Taiwan. Some Waishengren are also Hakka or Hokkien, and small minority are not Han but Manchu, Mongol etc.}}}}}}<br />{{nowrap|3.1% [[:zh:臺灣新住民|New immigrants]]}}<br />{{nowrap|2.4% [[Taiwanese aborigines|Aborigines]]{{efn|Taiwanese aborigines are officially categorised into [[List of ethnic groups in Taiwan|16 separate ethnic groups]] by the Republic of China. {{harvp|Exec. Yuan|2014|p=49}} }}}} | demonym = [[Taiwanese people|Taiwanese]]<ref name="">cia-factbook</ref>. | government_type = Jamhuuriyadda madaxweynimo | leader_title1 = [[Madaxweynaha Jamhuuriyadda Shiinaha|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Wiiliyam Laay]] | leader_title2 = [[Madaxweyne ku xigeenkaha Jamhuuriyadda Shiinaha|Madaxweyne ku xigeenka]] | leader_name2 = [[Chen Chien-jen]] | leader_title3 = [[Ra'iisul wasaaraha Jamhuuriyadda Shinaha|Ra'iisul wasaare]] | leader_name3 = [[Su Tseng-chang]] | leader_title4 = [[Ra'iisul wasaare ku xigeenkaha Jamhuuriyadda Shiinaha|Vice Premier]] | leader_name4 = [[Chen Chi-mai]] | leader_title5 = [[President of the Legislative Yuan|Speaker]] | leader_name5 = [[Su Chia-chyuan]] | leader_title6 = [[Vice President of the Legislative Yuan|Deputy Speaker]] | leader_name6 = [[Tsai Chi-chang]] | legislature = [[Legislative Yuan]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of the Republic of China|Formation]] | sovereignty_note = | established_event1 = [[Xinhai Revolution]] | established_date1 = 10 October 1911 | established_event2 = [[Republic of China (1912–49)|Republic proclaimed]] | established_date2 = 1 January 1912 | established_event3 = [[Retrocession Day|Taiwan transferred]] | established_date3 = 25 October 1945 | established_event4 = [[Constitution of the Republic of China|Constitution adopted]] | established_date4 = 25 December 1947 | established_event5 = [[Chinese Communist Revolution|Government moved to Taipei]] | established_date5 = 7 December 1949 | area_km2 = 36,197<ref name="">taiwan-popstat</ref>. | area_rank = <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]];should not be any here --> | population_estimate = 23,571,990<ref name="Natl Statistics">{{cite web|title=Statistics from Statistical Bureau|url=http://eng.stat.gov.tw/point.asp?index=9|access-date=17 May 2018|website=National Statistics, Republic of China (Taiwan)|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=4 Bisha Todobaad 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704022127/http://eng.stat.gov.tw/point.asp?index=9|dead-url=yes}}</ref> | population_census = 23,123,866<ref>{{cite web|title=General Statistical analysis report, Population and Housing Census|url=http://eng.stat.gov.tw/public/Data/5428162113SIDMH93P.pdf|website=National Statistics, ROC (Taiwan)|accessdate=26 November 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226090918/http://eng.stat.gov.tw/public/Data/5428162113SIDMH93P.pdf|archivedate=26 December 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2018 | population_estimate_rank = 53rd | population_census_year = 2010 | population_census_rank = 53rd | population_density_km2 = 650 | population_density_rank = 17th | GDP_PPP = $1.177 trillion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=43&pr.y=12&sy=2017&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sic=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=528&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Taiwan Province of China |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=7 May 2017}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2017 | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $49,901<ref name=imf2 /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = $800.757 Billion<ref name=imf2 /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2024 | GDP_nominal_rank = | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $24,027<ref name=imf2 /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = | Gini = 33.6 | Gini_year = 2014 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite book |title=Report on The Survey of Family Income and Expenditure |url=http://eng.stat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=3417&CtNode=1596&mp=5 |chapterurl=http://win.dgbas.gov.tw/fies/doc/result/99/a11/Year04.xls |chapter=Table 4. Percentage Share of Disposable Income by Quintile Group of Households and Income Inequality Indices |publisher=Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics |location=Taipei, Taiwan |year=2010 |access-date=2019-01-24 |archive-date=2012-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512000146/http://eng.stat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=3417&CtNode=1596&mp=5 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.885 | HDI_year = 2015 | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = {{efn|name="HDI-1"|The UN has not calculated an HDI for the ROC, which is not a member nation. The ROC government calculated its HDI for 2015 to be 0.885, which would rank it 27th among countries.<ref name="HDI-2">{{cite web |access-date=18 March 2018 |title=Key Figures for Calculating Composite Gender Equality Index |url=https://eng.stat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=25280&ctNode=6032&mp=5 |website=National Statistics, Republic of China (Taiwan) |publisher=Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, R.O.C. |language=Chinese |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=16 Bisha Tobnaad 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016192219/https://eng.stat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=25280&ctNode=6032&mp=5 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>}} | HDI_rank = 27th | currency = [[New Taiwan dollar]] (NT$) | currency_code = TWD | time_zone = [[National Standard Time]] | utc_offset = +8 | date_format = {{unbulleted list |yyyy-mm-dd |{{longitem|style=line-height:1.1em; |{{nowrap|yyyy年m月d日<br />{{small|([[Common Era|CE]]; [[Chinese calendar|CE+2697]])}}}}}} |[[Minguo calendar|民國yy年m月d日]] {{small|([[Common Era|CE]]−1911)}}}} | drives_on = Right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Taiwan|+886]] | cctld = {{unbulleted list |[[.tw]] |[[.台灣]] |[[.台湾]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://brussels38.icann.org/meetings/brussels2010/transcript-board-25jun10-en.txt |title=ICANN Board Meeting Minutes |publisher=ICANN |date=25 June 2010}}</ref>}} | area_magnitude = 1 E10 | country_code = TPE | official_website = [http://www.taiwan.gov.tw taiwan.gov.tw] }} '''Taywan''' ama markeeda hore ladhihi jiray '''Formosa''' waa [[Jasiirad]] weyn oo ku taalo koonfurta bari ee biyaha dalka [[shiinaha]]. Jasiiradaan waxaa mararka qaar ladhahaa jamhuuriyadda shiinaha, waa jasiirad aad u quruxbadan. Taiwan (/ ˌtaɪwɑːn / (ku saabsan dhawaaqa maqalka)), si rasmi ah Jamhuuriyadda China (ROC), waa gobolka Bariga Aasiya [15] [16] [17] Deriska waxaa ka mid ah Jamhuuriyadda Dadka ee Shiinaha (PRC) galbeedka, Japan ilaa waqooyi-bari, iyo Filibiin koonfurta. Waa gobolka ugu badan iyo dhaqaalaha ugu weyn ee aan ahayn xubin ka mid ah Qaramada Midoobay. Jasiiradda Taiwan, oo horay loo yaqaano Formosa, ayaa ku noolayd aborigines ka hor qarnigii 17aad, markii kolonyadii Holland iyo Isbaanishku ay jasiiradda u fureen muwaadiniinta Hanjabaad. [[File:Taiwan NASA Terra MODIS 23791.jpg|left|thumb|Taywan]] Ka dib markii xukunka gaaban ee Boqortooyada Tungning, jasiiradda waxaa lagu lifaaqay Qismaha Qing, oo ah dhul-galkii ugu dambeeyey ee Shiinaha. Qing ayaa u dallacday Taiwan ilaa 1895kii ka dib dagaalkii Sino-Japan. Inkasta oo Taiwan ay xukunka Jasiiradda ku jirtay, Jamhuuriyadda China (ROC) ayaa la aasaasay dhulbeereedkii 1912 ka dib markii ay dhacdey rabshadaha Qing. Ka dib markii isir-jebinta Jarmalka loo dhiibay Allies ee 1945, ROC waxay la wareegtay maamulka Taiwan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dib-u-soo-ceshiga Dagaalkii sokeeye ee Shiinuhu waxay keentay in ROC-da khasaaro ka geysto dhul-beereedka Kacaanka, iyo duulimaadkii dawladda ROC-da ee dalka Taiwan 1949-kii. Inkasta oo ROC-du sii wadi jirtay inay noqoto dawlad sharci ah ee Shiinaha, lahaa, tan iyo markii lumay Hainan 1950, waxay ku kooban tahay Taiwan iyo jasiiradaha ku hareeraysan, iyada oo jasiiradda waaweyn ay samaysay 99% dhulkeeda. Iyadoo xubin ka mid ah xubinimada Qaramada Midoobay, ROC waxay Shiinaha ka joogtay Qaramada Midoobay illaa 1971, markii ay lumisay kursigeeda PRC. === Xidhiidhka Diblomaasiyadeed ee Soomaaliland aan la aqoonsan === Saanadkii 3 Luulyo 2020, Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda ee Jamhuuriyadda Shiinaha ayaa ku dhawaaqday in Allen Lou Chenhwa, oo ah la-taliyaha xafiiska wakiilka dhaqaalaha iyo dhaqanka ee Taipei ee Boqortooyada Sacuudi Carabiya, uu noqon doono wakiilkii ugu horreeyay ee [[Soomaaliland]]; Mud wuxuu noqday wakiilkii ugu horreeyay ee Taiwan, wuxuuna yimid Taiwan 7dii Agoosto. 17kii Ogosto 2020, waxa caasimadda Hargeysa ee caasimadda Hargeysa laga asaasay xafiiska wakiilka Taywan ee Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland (Xafiiska wakiillada Taiwan ee Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliland) oo ay soo agaasimeen wakiilkii ugu horreeyay Allen Lou iyo wasiirka arrimaha dibadda Somaliland Mu Yaasiin. Munaasabadda xariga looga jarayay xarunta madaxtooyada ayaa waxaa lagu hor taagay calanka Jamhuuriyadda Shiinaha. Wasiirrada arrimaha dibadda ee labada dal ayaa kala saxeexday heshiiska iskaashiga farsamo ee u dhexeeya dawladda Shiinaha (Taywan) iyo dawladda Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliland. [[File:Siouguluan-River-Hualien-Ta.jpg|thumb|Fiume [[Shiukuluan]] - [[Contea di Hualien]]]] [[File:Parade_of_Taiwan_independence.jpg|thumb|right|195px|{{Flag|Taiwan}}]] [[File:Sanmin_Road_in_Taichung.JPG|thumb|right|195px|{{Flag|Taiwan}}]] [[File:Aircraft_over_Tainan_2.JPG|thumb|right|195px|{{Flag|Taiwan}}]] ==Xubin== * [[ADB]] * [[Bankiga Aduunka]] * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] ==Waddnamha Degaan Taiwan== * {{Flag|Australia}} 2,100+ ` *'''🇪🇺 Europeans''': 20,000++:-).<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm |date=20220819192938 }}</ref>.: ==Taariikh ahaan == [[File:Lanner_logo.svg|thumb|right|196px|]] taywaan waxa ay taabacsanayd ama ay raacsanay ilaa sanadii [[1859]] wadanka [[shiinaha]] kadib waxa qabsaday wadanka [[japan]] kadib markii wadanka japan lagu jabiyay [[dagaalii labaad ee dunida]] taywan waxa ay gacanta u gashay marlabaad wadanka shiinaha kadib markii ay [[shuuciyadu]] gacanta ku dhigtay dhamaan shiinaha ayaa waxaa dhacday in ay dhamaan wixii shacabka kasoo horjeeday shuuciyadu ay u yaaceen dhankaas iyo jasiirada taywan 1950 ==Juquraafi ahaan == jasiiradu waxa ay kutaalaa [[bariga aasiya]] waxa ay ku dhex talaa [[badwaynta Pacific ga]] waxa u dhexeeya shiinaha marinnka lagu magacaabo taywan masaafada idhaxaysa shiinaha iyo wadanka taywan kama badan 140 klm taywan waa jamhuuriyad waxa ayka koobantahay dhawr jasiiradood oo ay ugu wayntahay jasiirada [[formusa]] [[File:Siouguluan-River-Hualien-Ta.jpg|thumb|right|195px|taiwan]] == Dadka == taywan waxa kunool dad gaadhaya 23 malyan oo [[qof]] waxaanay ka midtay wadamada ugu cidhiidhiga badan [[caalamka]] waxa ay dadku ku hadlaan luqada shiinaha ee [[Mandarin]] inkasta oo ay aqoonsanyihiin in kabadan 40 dawladood hadana caalamku mawada aqoonsana shiinuhua waxa uu ku doodayaa in ay taywan kamidtahay dhulwaynaha shiinaha === Città principali === {| class="wikitable sortable" width="750px" !align="left"|Numero !align="left"|Città 城市 !align="left"|Popolazione 人口 |- |- bgcolor="#F0F8FF" |align="center"|1 |align="left"|[[Taipei]] 台北 |align="left"|2.620.273 |- |align="center"|2 |align="left"|[[Kaohsiung]] 高雄 |align="left"|1.526.128 |- |- bgcolor="#F0F8FF" |align="center"|3 |align="left"|[[Taichung]] 台中 |align="left"|1.067.366 |- |align="center"|4 |align="left"|[[Tainan]] 台南 |align="left"|768.891 |- |- bgcolor="#F0F8FF" |align="center"|5 |align="left"|[[Banqiao]] 板桥 |align="left"|551.122 |- |align="center"|6 |align="left"|[[Zhonghe]] 中和 |align="left"|412.785 |- |- bgcolor="#F0F8FF" |align="center"|7 |align="left"|[[Hsinchu]] 新竹 |align="left"|406.471 |- |align="center"|8 |align="left"|[[Xinzhuang]] 新庄 |align="left"|398.860 |- |- bgcolor="#F0F8FF" |align="center"|9 |align="left"|[[Taoyuan]] 桃园 |align="left"|397.529 |- |align="center"|10 |align="left"|[[Keelung]] 基隆 |align="left"|388.787 |- |- bgcolor="#F0F8FF" |align="center"|11 |align="left"|[[Sanchong]] 三重 |align="left"|385.450 |- |align="center"|12 |align="left"|[[Zhongli]] 中坜 |align="left"|362.499 |- |- bgcolor="#F0F8FF" |align="center"|13 |align="left"|[[Fengshan]] 凤山 |align="left"|339.353 |- |align="center"|14 |align="left"|[[Xindian (città)|Xindian]] 新店 |align="left"|292.826 |- |- bgcolor="#F0F8FF" |align="center"|15 |align="left"|[[Tucheng]] 土城 |align="left"|238.417 |- |align="center"|16 |align="left"|[[Yonghe]] 永和 |align="left"|236.888 |- |- bgcolor="#F0F8FF" |align="center"|17 |align="left"|[[Yongkang]] 永康 |align="left"|212.844 |- |align="center"|18 |align="left"|[[Pingzhen]] 坪镇 |align="left"|205.468 |- |- bgcolor="#F0F8FF" |align="center"|19 |align="left"|[[Dali (Taichung)|Dali]] 大里 |align="left"|194.960 |- |align="center"|20 |align="left"|[[Xizhi]] 汐止 |align="left"|183.866 |} ==Sido kale fiiri== [[File:Emblem of Taipei City.svg|thumb|]] [[File:Yingge_Old_Street_DSC02114.JPG|thumb|right|195px|taiwan]] ==sido kale fiiri== * [[Hong Kong]] * [[Japan]] =Tixraac= {{reflist}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} [[Category:Aasiya]] [[Category:Jasiirad]] [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] 0iczkf3sj3odtcdf171mmv0zkwlx7lt 0 6164 307701 305527 2026-09-09T19:22:03Z Soalt 39618 Category:Wadamada Aasiya iyo tixraac 307701 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = {{nowrap|Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal}} | common_name = Nepal | native_name = {{unbulleted list |{{nobold|{{native name|ne|सङ्घीय लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र नेपाल|italics=off}}}} |{{small|''Sanghiya Loktāntrik Ganatantra Nepāl''}}}} | image_flag = Flag of Nepal.svg{{!}}x125px | flag_border = no | image_coat = | symbol_type = Emblem | symbol_width = 100px | national_motto = {{native phrase|sa|जननी जन्मभूमिश्च स्वर्गादपि गरीयसी|italics=off}}<br/>{{native phrase|en|Mother and Motherland are Greater than Heaven|italics=off}} | national_anthem = {{native phrase|ne|[[Sayaun Thunga Phool Ka|सयौं थुँगा फूलका]]|italics=off}}<br/>{{native phrase|en|Made of Hundreds of Flowers|italics=off}}<br><center></center> | image_map = Nepal (orthographic projection).svg | image_map2 = Map of Nepal (Political and Administrative).jpg | map_width = 220px | capital = [[Kathmandu]] | largest_city = [[Kathmandu]] | coordinates = {{Coord|28|10|N|84|15|E|region:NP_type:country|display=inline,title}} | official_languages = [[Nepali language|Nepali]](Official at National level including in 6 Provinces)<br />[[Maithili language|Maithili]] and [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] (Official in 1 Federal State and Co-official at National level)<br />[[English language|English]](de-facto lingua franca and medium in legal documents) | national_languages = {{hlist|[[Awadhi]]|[[Bhojpuri]]|[[Bajjika]]|[[Doteli language|Doteli]]|[[Gurung language|Gurung]]|[[Kiranti languages|Kiranti]]|[[Limbu language|Limbu]]|[[Magar language|Magar]]|[[Maithili language|Maithili]]|[[Newar language|Newar]]|[[Rai Languages|Rai]]|[[Sherpa language|Sherpa]]|[[Tamang language|Tamang]]|[[Tharu language|Tharu]]|[[Urdu]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Nepal |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/country/NP |website=Ethnologue |access-date=24 April 2016 |quote=all Regional languages are now considered national language of Nepal}}</ref>}} | ethnic_groups = {{Collapsible list | titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%; | title = Ethnic demography|16.6% [[Chhetri]]|12.2% [[Bahun]]|7.1% [[Magar people|Magar]]|6.6% [[Tharu people|Tharu]]|5.8% [[Tamang people|Tamang]]|5% [[Newar people|Newar]]|4.8% [[Kami people|Kami]]|4.4% [[Nepali Muslims|Muslims]]|4% [[Yadav]]|2.3% [[Rai people|Rai]]|2% [[Gurung people|Gurung]]|1.8% [[Damai]]/[[Dholi]]|1.6% [[Thakuri]]|1.5% [[Limbu people|Limbu]]|1.4% [[Sarki (ethnic group)|Sarki]]|1.4% [[Teli]]|1.3% [[Chamar]]/[[Harijan]]|1.2% [[Koiri]]/[[Kushwaha]]|19% Other}} | ethnic_groups_year = [[2011 Nepal census|2011]]<ref name=pre-cen/> {{Update inline|date=September 2017}} | religion = 81.3% [[Hinduism in Nepal|Hinduism]]<br>9% [[Buddhism in Nepal|Buddhism]]<br>4.4% [[Islam in Nepal|Islam]]<br>3% [[Kirant Mundhum|Kirant]]<br>1.4% [[Christianity in Nepal|Christianity]]<br>0.4% [[Animism]]<br>0.5% [[Irreligion]]<ref name="2011census">[http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/National%20Report.pdf 2011 Nepal Census Report] {{Wayback|url=http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/National%20Report.pdf |date=20130418041642 }} {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130418041642/http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/National%20Report.pdf |date=18 April 2013 }}</ref><ref name=Shrestha2005>{{cite journal|last=Shrestha|first=Khadga Man|title=Religious Syncretism and Context of Buddhism in Modern Nepal|journal=Voice of History|year=2005|volume=20|issue=1|pages=51–60|url=http://www.nepjol.info/index.php/VOH/article/view/85/78|access-date=2018-07-23|archive-date=2017-08-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810210744/http://www.nepjol.info/index.php/VOH/article/view/85/78|url-status=dead}}</ref> | demonym = [[Nepalis|Nepalese]] | government_type = [[Federal republic|Federal]] [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Nepal|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Bidhya Devi Bhandari]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Nepal|Vice President]] | leader_name2 = [[Nanda Kishor Pun]] | leader_title3 = [[List of Prime Ministers of Nepal|Prime Minister]] | leader_name3 = [[Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli|K.P. Sharma Oli]] | leader_title6 = [[House of Representatives (Nepal)|House Speaker]] | leader_name6 = [[Krishna Bahadur Mahara]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.myrepublica.com/news/37751/?categoryId=81 |title=Krishna Bahadur Mahara elected Speaker |website=My Republica |language=en |access-date=18 March 2018}}</ref> | leader_title5 ={{nowrap|[[National Assembly (Nepal)|Assembly Chairman]]}} | leader_name5 = Ganesh Prasad Timilsina | leader_title4= [[Chief Justice of Nepal|Chief Justice]] | leader_name4 = [[Deepak Raj Joshee]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://supremecourt.gov.np/pages/cv_justices/cv_DipakRajJoshi.html |title=Honorable Mr. Deepak Raj Joshee |website=supremecourt.gov.np |access-date=18 March 2018 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=18 Bisha Saddexaad 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318183318/http://supremecourt.gov.np/pages/cv_justices/cv_DipakRajJoshi.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> (Acting) | legislature = [[Federal parliament of Nepal|Federal Parliament]] | upper_house = [[National Assembly (Nepal)|National Assembly]] | lower_house = [[House of Representatives (Nepal)|House of Representatives]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of Nepal|Formation]] | established_event1 = {{nowrap|[[Kingdom of Nepal|Kingdom declared]]}} | established_date1 = 25 September 1768<ref name="Royal Ark">{{cite web|url=http://www.royalark.net/Nepal/nepal5.htm |title=Nepal5 |publisher=Royalark.net |date= |accessdate=14 February 2014}}</ref> | established_event2 = [[2006 democracy movement in Nepal|State declared]] | established_date2 = 18 May 2006<ref name="Vote to curb Nepal king's powers">{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4992508.stm | title=Vote to curb Nepal king's powers | date=18 May 2006 | agency=BBC | accessdate=May 19, 2018}}</ref> | established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[Republic Day (Nepal)|Republic declared]]}} | established_date3 = 29 May 2008 | area_km2 = 147,181 | area_rank = 93rd <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]]--> | area_sq_mi = 56,827 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 2.8 | population_estimate = {{UN_Population|Nepal}}{{UN_Population|ref}} | population_estimate_rank = 48th | population_estimate_year = {{UN_Population|Year}} | population_census = 26,494,504<ref name=pre-cen>{{cite web|title=National Population and Housing Census 2011 (National Report) |url=http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/National%20Report.pdf |publisher=Central Bureau of Statistics (Nepal) |accessdate=26 November 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130418041642/http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/National%20Report.pdf |archivedate=18 April 2013 }}</ref> | population_census_year = 2011 | population_density_km2 = 180 | population_density_sq_mi = 518 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 62nd | GDP_PPP = $74.020 billion<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_PPP_year = 2016 | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $2,573<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = {{nowrap|$24.067 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2015&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=subject&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=34&pr1.y=16&c=558&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Nepal|publisher=International Monetary Fund|accessdate=12 March 2016}}</ref>}} ((107th)) | GDP_nominal_year = 2016 | GDP_nominal_rank = | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $837<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = | Gini = 32.8 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2010 | Gini_change = increase | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/|title=Gini Index|publisher=World Bank|accessdate=2 March 2011}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.558 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2016 <!--Please use the year to which the HDI data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf//|date=2017|accessdate=22 March 2017|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322153238/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf|archivedate=22 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 144th | currency = [[Nepalese rupee]] | currency_code = NPR | time_zone = [[Nepal Standard Time]] | utc_offset = [[UTC+05:45|+05:45]] | DST_note = {{nowrap|''[[Daylight saving time|DST]] not observed''}} | drives_on = [[Right- and left-hand traffic|left]] | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Nepal|+977]] | cctld = [[.np]]<br>[[.np|.नेपाल]] | area_magnitude = 1 E10 }} [[w:mr:नेपाळ]] [[File:Flag of Nepal.svg|thumb|Calanka]] [[File:Nepal in its region.svg||thumb|Nebal (Aasiya)]] '''Nepal''' Waa dal yar oo ay shiikhisay qaarad la-mooda [[Hindiya]], Dalkan yar waxaa soo daashaday Boqortooyo badh ax-tiran, oo ku salaysan kali-talisnimo iyo xukunka oo la kala dhaxlo. Bishii May 28 keedii, Sanakdii 2008 dii ayey Nepal ka takhalustay Baqortooyo guun ah oo soo maamulaysay 240 sanadood, Waxayna isu rogtay Jamhuuriyad Dimuqraadi ah. Barta Ay Ku Taalo: Nepal waxa ay ku taala Koonfurta [[Aasiya]], waxa ay u d haxaysaa labada wadan ee Dunida ugu dadka badan [[Shiinaha]] iyo [[Hindiya]]. Hindiya ayaa kaga xeeran, jihooyinka ,Galbeed, Koonfur iyo Bari, halka ay Jihada Wa qooyina xad kala wadaagto Shiinaha. Waxa ay Shiinaha la wadaagtaa xuduud dhan 1,389 KM, Halka ay Hindiya Kala wadaagto xuduud lagu qiyaasay 1,770 Km, Nepal Malaha wax badd ah.Dhulka: Nepa l waxa ay ku taalaa buuralayda Himalaaya, dhulkeedu waa dhul buureed raf ah, Waxaa ku yaala figta caalamka ugu dheer ee Everest oo joogeedu gaadhayo ilaa  8848 Mitir. Baaxaadda dhulka ay ku fadhido Nepal waxaa lagu qiyaasaa ilaa 147181 Kiiloo Mitir oo Isku wareeg ah, Waana dalka 94 aad dhinaca baaxada dhul ka. Boqolkiiba 97 dhulkeedu waa barri, halka dhulka biyuhu qotomaana uu u dhigmo baqolkiiba 3. Cimilada: Gobolada Waqooyi ee Nepal waxa ka jirta Cimilo q abaw ah Xagaagii, Xilliga  Jiilaakuna aad ayuu u darran yahay. Lakin gobolada Koonfureed, Cimilada xagaagu waa Mid u dhaw cimilada dhul-badhaha, halka ay dhexdhexaad tahay Cimiladu xilliga Jiilaalka. Caasimada : Ka thmandu. Luqada: Luqada rasmiga ah waa Nepali waxaa ku hadla boqolkiiba 44.6, Waxaa ku xiga afka Maithali oo ay ku hadlaan Boqolkiiba 11.7 , waxaa ku sii  xiga afka Bhojpuri, waxaana isku fahma boqolkiiba 6, Waxaa kale dalka lagaga hadlaa afafka Tharu, Tanang, Newar, Magar, Bajjika, Urdu, Acadhi, Limbu, Gu rung iyo luqado kale. Diinta: Diraasad la sameeyey sanakdii 2011 ayaa muujisay in dadka reer Nepal boqolkiiba 81.3 ay aaminsanyihiin Hindu, halka boqolki iba 9 ay yihiin [[Gootama buuda|Buddhist]] Muslmiinta dalkan ayaa u dhigma Boqolkiiba 4.4 (lakin waxaa dhici karta in ay ka badanyihiin), dad lagu qiyaasay boqolkiiba 3.1 ayaa aaminsan waxa loo yaqaano Kirant, Boqolkiiba 1.4 waa [[Kiristaan]]. Dadka: Qiyaas la qaaday sadandkii tagay ayaa ku qiyaastay tirada dadka ku nool Nepal ilaa 30,986,975 oo ruu x, Waana dalka 42aad. Xadiga tarmida shacabkan waxaa lagu qiyaasaa boqolkiiba 1.82, waxaanu ku jiraa kaalinta 66aad dhinaca badashada dadka. Celceliska c imri-dherarka reer Nepal ayaa gaadha 67 sanadood, Haweenka reer nepal ayaa ka cimri dheer ragga, Dhaqaalaha: Nepal waxa ay ka mid tahay wadamada ugu sabo olsan uguna hormarka yar Dunida, - Shacabka reer Nepal Boqolkiiba 25 waxa ay kunool yihiin dhaqaale ka hooseeya Xariiqa Sabooltinimada, dhaqaalaha dalka waxaa si weyn u kaaba lacagaha di bada laga soo xawilo oo u dhigama Boqolkiiba 25 wax soosaarka dalka. Beeruhuna waa isha dhaqaale ee ugu weyn dalkan, dad lagu qiyaasay baqolkiiba 70 ayey  noloshoodu ku tiirsantahay beerashada. Wax-soo-saarka sanadlaha ah ee Nepal waxaa lagu qiyaasay 19.64 Bilyan oo Dollar, Qofka reer Nepal sanadkii waxa u soo xarooda dakhli gaadhaya 2400 oo Dollar. Waana dalka 44aad marka la eego dhakhli shakhsiyeedka. Heerka Shaqo la'aantuna waxa uu cagacagaynaya boqolkii ba 42, Waana dalka 195 aad dhinca shaqo la'aanta. Heerka Sicir bararka ayaa isna garaacaya boqolkiiba 8.4 . - Khayraadka Dabeeciga Ah: Dalkani waxa uu qani ku yahay quartz, Biyaha Dabeeciga ah, Looxa, Tamarta laga dhaliyo Biyaha, Muuqaalo Bilic leh oo Debeeci a h, Naxaasta iyo Xadiida. Waxbarashada: Dawlada Nepal tacab badan ma galiso tacliinta, Waxa ay ku bixisaa dhinaca wax-barashada dakhli u dhigma boqolkiiba  4.7 wax soo saarkeeda, waana dalka 87aad dhinca kobcinta Wax-barashada. Dadka da'doodu ka wayn tahay 15 sano ee awooda akhriska iyo qoraalka waxaa lagu qiyaasaa Boqolkiiba 63.9. Celceliska da'da dugsiyada lagaga qalin jabiyaana waa 12 sano. Caafimaadka: Xukuumada Nepal, Boqolkiiba 6, Wax soo saarkeeda waxa ay ku bixisaa dhinaca caafimaadka, Waana wadanka 125aad dhinaca daryeelka caafimaad.  Qiyaas la qaaday sanadkii 2013 ayaa lagu tira-koobay dadka la nool Xanuunka dilaaga ah ee HIV/[[AIDS]] 3300 oo ruux, taas micnaheedu waxa weeye in Nepal ay ku jirto kaalinta 61 aad marka la eegayo dadka la nool AIDs-ka, sidoo kale waxaa lagu qiyaasay tirada dadka uu galaaftay xanuunkani 3300. Dadka Ka cabana ya Buurnida xad-dhaafka ah ayaa iyaguna uga dhigma boqolkiiba 2.9 tirada guud ee bulshada.  <br><gallery class=center caption="Nebal"> Swayambhunath-Ausblick auf Kathmandu-06-2007-gje.jpg|Kathmandu from Swayambhunath Kathmandu-Hanuman Dhoka-Nasal Chowk-32-2013-gje.jpg|Kathmandu Patan-Palast-Sundhara Chowk-02-Brunnen-gje.jpg|Patan Bhaktapur-Palastplatz 03 mit Siddhilakshmi-Cyasilim-Bhupatindramalla-Saeule-Vatsala-Yaksheshvara-gje.jpg|Bhaktapur Cho La-12-Traeger-2007-gje.jpg|Himalaya Chhukung Ri-228-Berge-2007-gje.jpg|Himalaya Ghorepani-Tadapani-90-Treppe-Lasttier-2013-gje.jpg|Kaski District Mustang-Dhakmar-48-Tenzin Hotel-2015-gje.jpg|Mustang Mustang-Samar to Syangboche-82-2015-gje.jpg|Mustang </gallery> =Tixraac= {{reflist}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] [[Category:Nebal]] 2tpu2e7yof3ac88yv5zhx32vg64hhkb 0 6281 307696 269373 2026-09-09T19:16:08Z Soalt 39618 Category:Wadamada Aasiya 307696 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dalalka |native_name = Kuwayt دولة الكوي'' |conventional_long_name = Kuwayt |common_name = |qaaradda = [[Afrika]] |sawir_calan = Flag_of_Kuwait.svg |sawir_qaran =Emblem of Kuwait.svg |image_map = map_of_Kuwait-2.svg |astaan_calan = [[Astaanta Calanka Masar|Al-Nasheed Al-Watani]] |image_map = |caasimadda = [[Magaalada kuwayt]] |luuqadaha = [[Af-Carabi]] |caasimada = [[Magaalada Kuwayt]] |Dawladda = &nbsp; |darajo_hogaamiye1 = [[Amiir]] | GDP_PPP_year = 2018 | GDP_PPP_rank = 66th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $50,919<ref name="">IMF database 2017</ref>. | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 31th | GDP_nominal = $0.186 trillion<ref name="">IMF database 2018</ref>. | GDP_nominal_year = 2019 | GDP_nominal_rank = 59th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $38,755<ref name="">IMF database 2019</ref>. | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 29th |[[Madaxweyne]] |darajo_hogaamiye2 = [[Ra'iisul wasaare]] |magac_hogaamiye1 = Mr.Sabaax Al-Axmad Al-Jabar Al-Sabaah. |magac_hogaamiye2 = Mr.Naasir Maxamed Al-Axmed Al-Sabaah. |- |sovereignty_type = '''La abaabulay''' |sovereignty_note = |established_event1 = Taariikhda |established_date1 = 1613 |area = ,17,820 km2 |areami² = 6,880 sq mi |biyo = Micno la'aan |population_estimate = 3,566,437 <sup>2</sup> |population_estimate_year = 2010 |lacagta = Diinaarka kuwayt |wakhti = Samar (DST) |furaha_debedda = +965 |footnote1 = }} [[File:Shuwaikh_Campus.jpg|thumb|right|250px|]] [[File:Emblem_of_Kuwait.svg|thumb|right|400px|]] '''Kuwayt''' ama '''Dowladda Kuwayt''' ([[Af-Carabi]] دولة الكوي) waa wadan yar oo ku yaala [[Bariga Dhexe]] dhinaca [[Gacanka Faarsiga]]. Kuwayt waxee xuduud la leedahay wadamada Ciraaq iyo [[Sacuudi carabiya]]. Wadankaan waa wadan aad u taajirsan oo saliid aad u badan leh.bedka uu wadankani ku fadhiyaa waa 17,818 km2, dadka kunooli waxa ay gadhayaan 3 milyan oo qof . waa xubin kamida [[Jaamacada Carabta]] waxa kale oo kuwayt ay kamidtahay aasaasayaashii [[Golaha Iskaashiga gcanka]] waxa kale oo ay katirsantahay [[Ururka Islamka]] iyo [[Qaramada Midoobay]] kuwayt waa mid kamida wadamada saliida soo saara ee ku bahoobay ururka [[OPEC]] Kuwait (/ kʊweɪt / (ku dhawaad ​​codka dhegeysanaya); [6] [7] Carabi: الكويت al-Kuwait, Gulf Carabi: [ɪl‿ɪkweːt] ama [lɪkweːt]), si rasmi ah State of Kuwait (carabi: dollar الكويت Ku saabsan sanadkaan Dawlat al-Kuwait), waa wadan ku yaal galbeedka Aasiya. Waxaa ku yaal waqooyiga geeska waqooyiga Carabta ee u dhaxeeya cirifka Gacanka Carbeed, waxa ay la wadaagaan xudduudaha Ciraaq iyo Sacuudi Carabiya. Ilaa 2016, Kuwait waxaa ku nool dad gaaraya 4.2 milyan oo qof; 1.3 milyan waa Kuwai iyo 2.9 milyan oo qof ayaa u dhoofaya. [8] Dhaqdhaqaaqyadu waxay tiriyaan 70% dadweynaha. [9] Kaydka shidaalka waxaa laga helay qadar ganacsi 1938-kii. Laga soo bilaabo 1946 ilaa 1982, waddanku wuxuu soo maray casriyeyn ballaadhan. Sanadihii 1980-meeyadii, Kuwait waxay soo mareen mudaharaad deganaansho juquraafi ah iyo dhibaatooyin dhaqaale kadib markii shilalka suuqa saamiyada. Sanadkii 1990-kii, Kuwait waxaa la soo weeraray, kadibna dib loo dhigay, by Saddam Ciraaq. Shaqada Ciraaq ee Kuwait ayaa dhammaadkii sanadkii la soo dhaafay ka dib markii ay millatari soo faragalisay by isbahaysiga milatari ee uu hogaamiyo Maraykanka. Kuwait waa asxaab ka mid ah kuwa ugu muhiimsan ee aan ka tirsanayn NATO. Kuwait sidoo kale waa asxaha ugu weyn ee ASEAN, iyada oo la sii wadayo xiriir adag oo lala leeyahay Shiinaha. [11] [13] [13] Kuwait waa dawlad dastuuri ah oo leh nidaam siyaasadeed oo semi-demoqraadi ah. Kuwait waxay leedahay dhaqaale dakhligoodu sarreeyo oo ay taageerayaan kaydka lixaad ee ugu weyn caalamka. Diinta Kuwait waa lacagta ugu qiimaha badan adduunka. [14] Sida laga soo xigtay Bangiga Adduunka, waddanku wuxuu leeyahay dakhliga afraad ee ugu sarreeya dunida oo dhan. Dastuurka waxaa la daabacay 1962. [15] [16] [17] Kuwait waxay hoy u tahay guriga ugu wayn ee bariga dhexe. Degmada Kuwait ee Degmooyinka Dhaqanka waa xubin ka mid ah Shabakadaha Dhaqanka ee Caalamiga ah [18] Kuwait ayaa si weyn loo tixgeliyaa "Hollywood-ka Gacanka" sababtoo ah sumcadda qalliinka iyo masraxa. Sanadkii 1613, magaalada Kuwait waxaa aasaasay Kuwait City casriga ah. Sanadkii 1716, Bani Utub waxay degeen Kuwait, oo waqtigaan deganaa kalluumeysato yar waxaana ugu horreyntii ka shaqayn jiray tuulo kalluumeysi ah. [19] Qarnigii siddeedaad, Kuwait way ku baraarugeen isla markaana si deg-deg ah u noqotay xarunta ganacsiga ee ugu weyn ee u dhexeeysa Hindiya, Muscat, Ciraaq iyo Carabta. [20] [21] Markii la gaaro 1700-meeyadii, Kuwait waxay horay u sameysey waddo weyn oo ganacsi oo ka timid Gacanka Khaliijka ilaa Aleppo. [22] Intii lagu guda jiray hareereeynta reer galbeedka ee Basra ee 1775-79, ganacsatada Ciraaq ayaa ku qulqulay Kuwait waxaana ay qayb ahaan ka mid ahaayeen qalabeynta ballaarinta dhismaha doonyaha Kuwait iyo hawlaha ganacsiga. Natiijada, ganacsiga bada ee Kuwait ayaa kor u kacay, [23] sida wadooyinka ganacsiga ee Hindiya ee Baqdaad, Aleppo, Smyrna iyo Constantinople loo rogay Kuwait wakhtigan. [22] Shirkadda East India waxaa loo wareejiyay Kuwait 1792. [25] Shirkadda Bariga Hindiya waxay hubisay waddooyinka badda ee Kuwait, Hindiya iyo xeebaha Bariga Afrika. [25] Ka dib markii Faaris ay ka baxeen Basra sanadkii 1779, Kuwait ayaa sii waday inay soo jiidato ganacsiga ka baxsan Basra. [26] ==Xubin== * [[Bankiga Aduunka]] * * * [[Jaamacada Carabta]] * * * * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] * * * ==Waddamadda la Deggan AlKuwait== * {{Flag|Bahrain}}: 20,000+ * {{Flag|Qatar}}:10,000+ * {{Flag|Oman}}: 30,000+ * {{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}:150,000++ * {{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}:120,000+ Kuwait wuxuu ahaa xarun dhisme doon ah oo ku taal gobolka Khaliijka Persian. [27] [28] Dhamaadkii siddeedaad iyo qarnigii sagaalaad, maraakiibta laga sameeyay Kuwait waxay wadeen dhaqdhaqaaq ganacsi u dhexeeya dekadaha Hindiya, Bariga Afrika iyo Badda Cas. 29 [31] Markab maraakiib ah oo Kuwaiti ah ayaa lagu caanbaxay Badweynta Hindiya. [32] Duufaan goboleed ayaa ka caawiyay barwaaqada dhaqaalaha ee Kuwait qeybtii labaad ee qarnigii 18aad. [33] Waxaa laga yaabaa in kaniisada ugu badan ee Kuwait ay noqoto mid barwaaqo ah ay sabab u tahay xasiloonida Basra ee qarnigii 18aad. [34] Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 18aad, Kuwait qayb ahaan waxay u shaqeynayeen sidii ganacsato Basra ah, kuwaas oo ka cararaya cadaadiska dawladda Ottoman. [35] Kuwai wuxuu hormood u ahaa sumcaddii ugu badneyd ee ku jirta Gacanka Ciraaq. Sheekhumkii Kuwait wuxuu noqday 1899 (ilaa 1961) ka dib markii Heshiiskii Anglo-Kuwaiti ee 1899 lagu saxiixay Sheekh Mubaar Al-Sabah iyo xukuumadda Ingiriiska ee Hindiya sababo khatar ah oo ku aaddan xornimadii madax-banaanida Boqortooyada Boqortooyada ==Sido Kale fiiri== *[[Masar]] *[[Soomaaliya]] =Tixraac= {{reflist}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} [[Category:Kuwayt]] [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] j2ehibr36bxvlt25ubwo7q3dunpi3oh 0 6379 307642 295439 2026-09-09T17:29:22Z Soalt 39618 Category:Wadamada Afrika 307642 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Mauuriishas | native_name = {{ubl|{{native name|fr|République de Maurice}}|{{native name|mfe|Repiblik Moris}}}} | common_name = Mauritius | image_flag = Flag of Mauritius.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Mauritius (Original version).svg | image_map = Mauritius (orthographic projection with inset).svg | map_caption = Islands of the Republic of Mauritius (excluding Chagos Archipelago and Tromelin Island) | image_map2 = Mauritius (+claim islands).svg | map_caption2 = Islands of the Republic of Mauritius labelled in black; Chagos Archipelago and Tromelin are claimed by Mauritius. | national_motto = {{native phrase|la|"Stella Clavisque Maris Indici"|italics=off}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gis.govmu.org/English/About%20Mauritius/Pages/Coats-of-Arms.aspx |title=Government Information Service – Coat of Arms |publisher=www.govmu.org |access-date=29 July 2019 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=12 Bisha Lixaad 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612094501/http://gis.govmu.org/English/About%20Mauritius/Pages/Coats-of-Arms.aspx |dead-url=yes }}</ref><br />{{small|"Star and Key of the Indian Ocean"}} | national_anthem = ''[[Motherland (anthem)|Motherland]]''<div style="padding-top:0.5em;" class="center">[[File:Motherland_(instrumental).ogg]]</div> | capital = [[Port Louis]] | official_languages = None {{small|(''[[de jure]]'')}} <br>[[English language|English]] {{small|(''[[de facto]]'')}} <br>[[French language|French]] {{small|(''[[de facto]]'')}}<ref group=Note>The [[Constitution of Mauritius|Mauritian constitution]] makes no mention of an [[official language]]. The Constitution only mentions that the official language of the National Assembly is English; however, any member can also address the chair in French.</ref> | languages_type = [[Languages of Mauritius|Languages spoken at home]]<ref group=Note>Language most often spoken at home, as per 2011 Census.</ref><ref name="2011census">{{cite journal|url=http://statsmauritius.govmu.org/English/CensusandSurveys/Documents/ESI/pop2011.pdf|publisher=Government Portal of Mauritius|title=2011 Population Census – Main Results|author=Statistics Mauritius|access-date=11 November 2017|author-link=Statistics Mauritius}}</ref> | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 67% [[Mauritians of Indian origin|Indio-Mauritians]] | 28% [[Mauritian Creoles]] | 3% [[Mauritians of African origin|African-Mauritians]] | 2% [[Mauritians of French origin|Franco-Mauritians]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mauritius/|title=Mauritius – the World Factbook|access-date=2021-12-26|archive-date=2021-01-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109090348/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mauritius|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} | ethnic_groups_year = | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |48.54% [[Hinduism in Mauritius|Hinduism]] |32.71% [[Christianity in Mauritius|Christianity]] |—26.26% [[Catholic Church in Mauritius|Catholicism]] |—6.45% Other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]] |17.30% [[Islam in Mauritius|Islam]] |1.45% [[Religion in Mauritius|Others]] / [[Irreligion|None]] }} | religion_year = 2011 census | religion_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nsb.gov.sc/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Population_and_Housing_Census_2010_Report.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-04-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514112130/http://www.nsb.gov.sc/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Population_and_Housing_Census_2010_Report.pdf |archive-date=2014-05-14 }}</ref> | coordinates = {{coord|-20.2|57.5|display=inline,title|type:country}} | demonym = [[Mauritian]] | largest_city = [[Port Louis]] | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[parliamentary republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Mauritius|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Prithvirajsing Roopun]] | leader_name2 = [[Eddy Boissezon]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice-President of Mauritius|Vice President]] | leader_title3 = [[Prime Minister of Mauritius|Prime Minister]] | leader_name3 = [[Pravind Jugnauth]] | leader_title4 = [[List of Speakers of the National Assembly of Mauritius|Speaker of the National Assembly]] | leader_name4 = Sooroojdev Phokeer | legislature = [[National Assembly (Mauritius)|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = [[Independence]] | sovereignty_note = from the [[United Kingdom]] | established_event1 = [[Constitution of Mauritius]] | established_date1 = 12 March 1968 | established_event2 = Republic | established_date2 = 12 March 1992 | area_rank = 170th <!-- Should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_km2 = 2040 | percent_water = 0.07 | population_estimate = 1,265,475<ref name="31 Dec 2019 Statistics">{{cite web|url=http://statsmauritius.govmu.org/English/Publications/Pages/Pop_Vital_Yr19.aspx |title=Population and Vital Statistics – Year 2019 |publisher=Statistics Mauritius |date=March 2020 |access-date=6 May 2020}}</ref> | population_estimate_rank = 158th | population_estimate_year = 2019 | population_census = 1,237,091<ref name="">2011census</ref> | population_census_year = 2011 | population_density_km2 = 618.24 | population_density_sq_mi = 1,602.55 | population_density_rank = 10th | GDP_PPP = $31.705 billion<ref name="IMFWEOMU">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=10&pr.y=10&sy=2017&ey=2024&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=684&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=8 June 2019}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = 133rd | GDP_PPP_year = 2019 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $25,029<ref name="IMFWEOMU"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 61st | GDP_nominal = $14.000 billion<ref name="IMFWEOMU"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2019 | GDP_nominal_rank = 129th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $11,693<ref name="IMFWEOMU"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 64th | utc_offset = +4 | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy ([[Anno Domini|AD]]) | drives_on = left | calling_code = [[+230]] | cctld = [[.mu]] }} [[File:LocationMauritius.png|194px|thumb|]] [[File:Port_Louis,_Mauritius.jpg|thumb|right|195px|]] [[File:Fish_-_La_Pirogue_-_Mauritius_Island.jpg|thumb|right|196px|]] [[File:Trip_to_mother-in-law's_results_in_some_-mauritian_treats_-napolitaine_-gateau_-mauritius_-food_-cakes_-biscuits.jpg|thumb|right|197px|]] [[File:Bol-renverse.jpg|thumb|right|198px|]] '''Mauritius''' waa wadan [[Jasiirad]]o ka kooban, waxeena ku yaalaan bartamaha [[Badweynta Hindiya]].jasiiradahaan waxee 900 u jirtaa jasiirada weyn ee [[Madagaskar]]. ==Xubin== * [[IORA]] *` *[[Midowga Afrika]] * *` *[[Qaramada Midoobay]] * *` ==Waddnamha La Degaan Mauritius== * {{flag|Brazil}} 200+: * {{Flag|Arab League}} States: 210 :+ * {{flag|Pakistan}} 200+: * {{Flag|France}} 100+: * {{Flag|Great Britain}} 200:+ * https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabes People.!!’ *'''{{Flag|India}}''',1.451+ Billion '''Hindustan'''1’350@,000,000:+++;!!'? Billions+++::;()£&@“‘“.,???!’ * https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm |date=20220819192938 }}. * https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/a/African_Union.htm. *https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/u/United_Kingdom.htm {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/u/United_Kingdom.htm |date=20220907040235 }} {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Wadamada Afrika]] dqdte5nk8f8ec1rzai6iefrcqbt0qaq 0 6387 307648 300614 2026-09-09T17:34:00Z Soalt 39618 template:dalalka afrika iyo category:wadamada afrika 307648 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ah ee {{nowrap|Sao Tome iyo Principe}} | native_name = {{native name|pt|República Democrática de {{nowrap|São Tomé e Príncipe}}}} | common_name = São Tomé and Príncipe | image_flag = Flag of São Tomé and Príncipe.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of São Tomé and Príncipe.svg | coa_size = 100 | image_map = Location São Tomé and Príncipe AU Africa.svg | map_width = 250px | map_caption = {{map caption |countryprefix= |location_color=dark blue |region=Africa |region_color=light blue}} | national_motto = {{native phrase|pt|"Unidade, Disciplina, Trabalho"|italics=off|paren=omit}}<br />("Midnimo, Anshax, Shaqo") | national_anthem = {{native name|pt|"[[Independência total|Independência Total]]"|italics=off|paren=omit}}<br />("Madaxbannaanida Sifaysan"){{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Independência_total_(instrumental).ogg]]}} | languages_type = Luqadda rasmiga ah<br>{{nobold|iyo luqadda qaranka}} | languages = [[São Tomean Portuguese|Boortaqiis]] | regional_languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Forro Creole]] |[[Angolar Creole]] |[[Principense Creole]]}} | demonym = {{unbulleted list |Reer São Tomé<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2110.html#tp |title=Nationality |work=[[The World Factbook]] |access-date=17 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626165447/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2110.html#tp |archive-date=26 June 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>|Santomean}} | capital = [[São Tomé]] | coordinates = {{Coord|0|20|N|6|44|E|type:city(72,000)_region:ST}} | largest_city = caasimadda | government_type = Jamhuuriyad nus-madaxtooyo oo midaysan [[Semi-presidential system|nus-madaxtooyo]]<ref name="SP-L">{{cite SSRN |first1=Octávio|last1=Amorim Neto|first2=Marina|last2=Costa Lobo |year=2010 |ssrn=1644026 |title=Between Constitutional Diffusion and Local Politics: Semi-Presidentialism in Portuguese-Speaking Countries }}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[President of São Tomé and Príncipe|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Carlos Vila Nova]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of São Tomé and Príncipe|Ra'iisul Wasiire]] | leader_name2 = [[Américo Ramos]] | legislature = [[National Assembly (São Tomé and Príncipe)|Aqlaka Qaranka]] | sovereignty_type = Madaxbannaanida | sovereignty_note = ka qaadatay [[Portugal|Boortaqiiska]] | established_event1 = La siiyay | established_date1 = 12 July 1975 | established_event2 = [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 373|La aqbalay]] inuu ku biiro [[United Nations|Qaramada Midoobay]] | established_date2 = 16 September 1975 | established_event3 = [[1990 São Toméan constitutional referendum|Aftidii dastuuriga ahayd]] | established_date3 = 22 August 1990 | area_km2 = 964<ref name="cia1"/> | area_sq_mi = 372 | area_rank = 171aad | area_magnitude = | percent_water = mid aan la xusi karin | population_estimate = 220,372<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Sao Tome and Principe|access-date=22 June 2023|year=2023}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 175aad | population_density_km2 = 199.7 | population_density_rank = 69aad | GDP_PPP_year = 2024 | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1 bilyan<ref name="imf2">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=716,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2023&ey=2025&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |date=April 2024 |title=World Economic Outlook April 2024 (São Tomé and Príncipe) |publisher=International Monetary Fund |access-date=19 July 2024}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $4,238<ref name="imf2"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $751 milyan<ref name="imf2"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2024 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $3,167<ref name="imf2"/> | Gini_year = 2017 | Gini_change = kor u kac<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = 40.7 <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref name=gini-index>{{cite web|title=GINI index coefficient|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison|publisher=CIA Factbook|access-date=17 July 2021|archive-date=30 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630032239/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.637 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = kor u kac <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 141aad | currency = [[São Tomé and Príncipe dobra|Dobra]] | currency_code = STN | utc_offset = +0 | time_zone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | drives_on = midig | calling_code = [[+239]] | iso3166code = ST | cctld = [[.st]] | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |81.1% [[Christianity|Masiixiyad]] |13.2% [[Irreligion|diin laawayaal]] |3.1% [[folk religion|diimaha hiddaha ah]] |2.4% kuwa kale }} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/sao-tome-and-principe#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016|title=Religions in Sao Tome and Principe &#124; PEW-GRF|access-date=14 January 2022|archive-date=4 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104065707/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/sao-tome-and-principe#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016|url-status=live}}</ref> }} '''São Tomé and Príncipe''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˌ|s|aʊ|_|t|ə|ˈ|m|eɪ|...|ˈ|p|r|ɪ|n|s|ᵻ|p|eɪ|audio=São Tomé and Príncipe English pronunciation.mp3}} {{respell|SOW|_|tə|MAY|_..._|PRIN|si|pay}};<ref>{{cite web |title=São Tomé and Príncipe |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/sao-tome-and-principe |website=Cambridge Dictionary |publisher=Cambridge University Press |access-date=5 July 2024}}</ref> {{langx|pt|São Tomé e Príncipe}}, {{IPA|pt|sɐ̃w tuˈmɛ i ˈpɾĩsɨpɨ|pron}}; Ingiriisi: "[[Thomas the Apostle|Saint Thomas]] iyo [[Prince of Portugal|Amiirkii]]".}} si rasmiga ahna loo yidhaahdo '''Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ah ee Sao Tome and Principe''',{{efn|{{langx|pt|República Democrática de São Tomé e Príncipe|links=no}}.}} waa [[island country|dal jasiirad ah]] oo ku yaal [[Gulf of Guinea|Gacanka Guinea]], ee ka baxsan xeebta galbeed ee dhul-baraha ee [[Central Africa|Bartamaha Afrika]]. Waxay ka kooban tahay laba [[archipelago|gasaaladood]] oo ku wareegsan labada jasiiradood ee ugu waaweyn ee [[São Tomé (island)|São Tomé]] iyo [[Príncipe]], kuwaas oo isu jira qiyaastii {{convert|81|nmi}} iyo qiyaastii {{convert|135|and|121|nmi}} meel ka baxsan xeebta waqooyi-galbeed ee [[Gabon]]. Iyada oo ay ku nool yihiin dad tiradoodu gaadhayso 201,800 (qiyaastii rasmiga ahayd ee 2018),<ref name="auto">Instituto Nacional de Estadística de São Tomé e Príncipe, marka ay ahayd 13 May 2018.</ref> São Tomé and Príncipe waa dalka labaad ee ugu yar uguna dadka yar dhinaca dawladaha [[sovereign state|madaxabannaan]] ee Afrika marka laga reebo [[Seychelles]]. Jasiiraduhu waxay ahaayeen kuwo aanay cidna deggenayn ilaa [[Portuguese explorers|thariikh-baadhayaashii Boortaqiiska]] ee [[João de Santarém]] iyo [[Pedro Escobar]] ay noqdeen kuwii ugu horreeyay ee ogaaday 21kii Diisambar 1470.<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=St Thomas (Gulf of Guinea) |volume=24 |page=48}}</ref> Si tartiib-tartiib ah ayaa loo [[Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe|gumeystay]] oo loo degay intii lagu guda jiray qarnigii 16aad, waxayna si wadajir ah u adeegeen sidii xarun ganacsi oo muhiim u ah [[Atlantic slave trade|ganacsiga addoomaha ee Atlaantigga]]. Ciidda fulkaanaha ee hodanka ah iyo u dhawaanshaha dhul-baraha ayaa ka dhigay São Tomé and Príncipe mid ku habboon beerista sokorta, taas oo ay markii dambe ku xigtay [[cash crop|dalagyada lacagta lagu beddelto]] ee ay ka mid yihiin [[Coffee bean|bunka]] iyo [[Cocoa bean|kookaha]]. [[plantation economy|Dhaqaalaha beero-weynta]] ee faa'iidada badan lahaa wuxuu aad ugu tiirsanaa addoomihii Afrikaanka ahaa. Wareegyadii rabshadaha bulshada iyo xasillooni-darrada dhaqaale ee ka dhacay qarniyadii 19aad iyo 20aad waxay ku dhammaadeen madaxbannaanidii nabdoonayd ee sannadkii 1975 iyadoo uu dalku noqday [[communist state|dawlad hantiwadaag ah]] oo hal xisbi leh, taas oo jirtay ilaa 1990. Tan iyo xilligaas, São Tomé and Príncipe waxay ku baaqday mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu xasilloon uguna dimuqraaddisan Afrika. São Tomé and Príncipe waa dhaqaale soo koraya oo leh [[Human Development Index|Tusaha Horumarka Aadanaha]] oo dhexdhexaad ah. [[Demographics of São Tomé and Príncipe|Dadka São Tomé and Príncipe]] badankoodu waxay ka soo jeedaan Afrikaan iyo ''[[Mestiço#Mestiço community in São Tomé and Príncipe|mestiço]]'' (dad iska dhal ah oo isugu jira reer Yurub iyo Afrikaan), iyadoo inta badanna ay ku dhaqmaan [[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]]. Dhaxalkii xukunkii Boortaqiiska wuxuu sidoo kale ka muuqdaa dhaqanka, caadooyinka, iyo muusigga dalka, kuwaas oo isku dhex qasa saamaynta reer Yurub iyo tan Afrikaanka ah. São Tomé and Príncipe waa mid ka mid ah dawladaha aasaasay [[Community of Portuguese Language Countries|Ururka Waddamada Ku Hadla Luqadda Boortaqiiska]]. ==Taariikhda== {{Main|History of São Tomé and Príncipe}}[[File:Johannes Vingboons - 't eylant St. Thome (1665).jpg|thumb|Khariidaddii São Tomé oo uu sameeyay [[Johannes Vingboons]] (1665)]] Jasiiradaha ka kooban São Tomé and Príncipe waxay weyshoobeen qiyaastii 30 milyan oo sano ka hor sababo la xidhiidha hawlo fulkaano ah oo ka dhacay biyo aad u mool dheer oo ku teedsan [[Cameroon Line|Khadka Cameroon]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Der-Chuen |last2=Halliday |first2=Alex N. |last3=Fitton |first3=J. Godfrey |last4=Poli |first4=Giampero |date=May 1994 |title=Isotopic variations with distance and time in the volcanic islands of the Cameroon line: evidence for a mantle plume origin |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994E&PSL.123..119L/abstract |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language=en |volume=123 |issue=1–3 |pages=119–138 |doi=10.1016/0012-821X(94)90262-3 |bibcode=1994E&PSL.123..119L |issn=0012-821X}}</ref> Muddo ka dib, is-dhexgalka biyaha badda iyo xilliyadii qaraxyo fulkaano ah waxay jasiiradaha ku keeneen dhagaxaan dab-beereed iyo kuwo fulkaano oo aad u kala duwan oo leh isku-dhafnaan adblock ah oo [[mineral|macdan]] ah.<ref name=":12" /> === Imaatinka Yurubiyiinta === Jasiiradaha São Tomé and Príncipe ma ay deggenayn cidna markii ay Boortaqiisku yimiideen 21kii Diisambar 1470.<ref name=EB1911/> Reer Yurubkii ugu horreeyay ee xeebta cagta saara waxay ahaayeen [[João de Santarém]] iyo [[Pêro Escobar]].<ref name=EB1911/> Bad-maaxiinta Boortaqiiska ayaa baadhay jasiiradaha waxayna go'aansadeen inay noqon lahaayeen meelo wanaagsan oo fadhi u ah ganacsiga ay la leeyihiin dhulka weyn. Taariikhda imaatinka reer Yurub mararka qaar waxaa lagu sheegaa 21ka Diisambar ([[Thomas the Apostle|Maalintii St Thomas]]) 1471, ee São Tomé; iyo 17ka Janaayo ([[Anthony the Great|Maalintii St Antony]]) 1472, ee Príncipe, in kasta oo ilo kale ay sheegayaan sannado kale oo ka duwan agagaarka waqtigaas. Príncipe markii hore waxaa loo bixiyay ''Santo Antão'' ("Saint Anthony"), iyadoo magaca loo beddelay 1502 oo laga dhigay ''Ilha do Príncipe'' ("Jasiiraddii Amiirka"), iyadoo loo tixraacayo Amiirka Boortaqiiska oo la siin jiray canshuurta laga qaado dalagga sokorta ee jasiiradda. Deegaankii ugu horreeyay ee lagu guulaysto ee São Tomé waxaa aasaasay 1493kii [[Álvaro Caminha]], oo dhulkaas hantidooda hadiyad ahaan uga helay boqortooyada.<ref name="Bijela pčela">{{cite journal |last=Stojković |first=Dragan |date=November 2020 |title=Najmanje države na svijetu: Sv. Toma i Princip (džepni globus)|trans-title=Smallest Countries in the World: São Tomé and Príncipe (The Pocket Globe) |language=sr |journal=Bijela pčela: List za svu djecu |issue=261 |pages=20–31 |location=[[Rijeka]] |publisher=[[Prosvjeta]] }}</ref> Príncipe waxaa la degay sannadkii 1500 iyadoo la raacay habayn la mid ah. Soo jiidashada dadka deegaanka waxay noqotay mid adag, si kastaba ha ahaatee, inta badanna dadkii ugu horreeyay ee degay waxay ahaayeen "kuwo aan la rabbin" oo laga soo tarxiilay Boortaqiiska, kuwaas oo u badnaa [[Spanish and Portuguese Jews|Yuhuudda Sephardic]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=hersh |date=29 December 2024 |title=The Underground Railroad of Portuguese Jews {{!}} Aish |url=https://aish.com/the-underground-railroad-of-portuguese-jews/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250408212118/https://aish.com/the-underground-railroad-of-portuguese-jews/ |archive-date=8 April 2025 |access-date=16 September 2025 |work=Aish.com |language=en-US}}</ref> 2,000 oo carruur Yuhuud ah, oo siddeed sano jir iyo ka yar ah, ayaa laga soo kaxeeyay jasiiradda Iberian si ay uga shaqeeyaan beerihii sokorta.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The invention of the white race|last=Allen|first=Theodore|publisher=Verso|year=1997|isbn=9781844677719|edition= Second|location=London|page=5|oclc=738350824}}</ref> Muddo ka dib, dadkii degay waxay ogaadeen in ciidda fulkaanaha ee gobolku ay ku habboon tahay beeraha, gaar ahaan koritaanka sokorta. ===Portuguese Sao Tomé and Principe=== {{Main|Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe}} Sannadkii 1515, São Tomé and Príncipe waxay noqdeen xarumo lagu kaydiyo addoomaha ee ganacsiga addoomaha xeebaha kaas oo xaruntiisu ahayd [[Elmina]].<ref name="Bakewell">{{cite book|author=Ivor Wilks and Akan Wangara|editor=Peter John Bakewell|title=Mines of Silver and Gold in the Americas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oBhmQgAACAAJ|date=January 1997|publisher=Variorum|isbn=978-0-86078-513-2|chapter=Portuguese in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries|location=Aldershot|page=24}}</ref> Beerista sokorta waxay ahayd hawl u baahan cudud shaqaale oo aad u badan, Boortaqiiskuna wuxuu bilaabay inuu addoonsado tiro badan oo Afrikaan ah oo laga keenay qaaradda. Marxaladihii hore ee kor u kaca sokorta, hantida jasiiradaha ku taal waxay lahayd qiimo yar, iyadoo wax-beeristu ay ahayd mid ku kooban isticmaalka deegaanka oo qudha. Inkasta oo dhaqaaluhu uu inta badan ku tiirsanaa marinka addoomaha, cuntooyin badan ayaa durba la soo dhoofin jiray.<ref name=":0">Caldeira, Arlindo Manuel. "LEARNING THE ROPES IN THE TROPICS: SLAVERY AND THE PLANTATION SYSTEM ON THE ISLAND OF SÃO TOMÉ." ''African Economic History'' 39 (2011): 41. {{JSTOR|23718978}}.</ref> Markii uu dhulka deegaanka lahaa ee Álvaro Borges dhintay 1504, dhulkiisii la nadiifiyay iyo xoolihiisii la rabbeeyay waxaa lagu iibiyay oo kaliya 13,000 réis, oo ah qiyaastii qiimaha saddex addoon.<ref>Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo (hereinafter cited as TT), Corpo Chronológico, II, 15–77, inventory of the assets belonging to Álvaro Borges, 4 November 1507, a published copy of which is found in PMA, vol. V, 221–243.</ref> Sida uu sheegay [[Valentim Fernandes]] agagaarkii 1506, São Tomé waxay lahayd beero sonkor ah oo ka badan kuwa [[Madeira]] "kuwaas oo ay durba ka soo saari jireen rami,"<ref>Th. Monod, A. Teixeira da Mota, and R. Mauny, eds., Description de la Côte Occidentale d'Afrique par Valentim Fernandes (Bissau: Centro de Estudos da Guiñé Portuguesa, 1951), 11</ref> laakiin jasiiraddu ma lahayn tas-hiilaad loogu talagalay wax-soo-saarka sokorta ee warshadaha.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Forte_de_S%C3%A3o_Sebasti%C3%A3o_-_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_(8084256064).jpg|thumb|left|[[São Sebastião Museum]] ee ku yaal São Tomé]] ==== Horumarka dhaqaalaha ee qarnigii 16aad ==== São Tomé waxay aragtay horumar dhaqaale oo weyn ka dib markii la soo hordhigay mashiinka sokorta oo ku shaqeeya biyaha sannadkii 1515, taas oo horseedday beerista ballaadhan ee sokorta:<ref name=":1">Caldeira, Arlindo Manuel. "LEARNING THE ROPES IN THE TROPICS: SLAVERY AND THE PLANTATION SYSTEM ON THE ISLAND OF SÃO TOMÉ." ''African Economic History'' 39 (2011): 43. {{JSTOR|23718978}}.</ref> "Beeruhu way sii fidsanayaan mashiinnada sokortana sidoo kale. Waqtigan, kaliya laba mashiin oo sokor ah ayaa halkan ku yaal saddex kalena waa la dhisayaa, iyadoo la tirinayo mashiinka qandaraaslayaasha, kaas oo weyn. Sidoo kale, xaaladihii lagama maarmaanka ahaa waa ay jiraan, sida durdurrada iyo alwaaxda, si loo awoodo in la dhiso kuwo kale oo badan. Oo [sokorta] cawsduurradeedu waa kuwa ugu waaweyn ee aan weli noloshayda ku arko."{{Citation needed|reason=who?|date=December 2022}} Beerihii [[plantation|sokorta]] waxaa lagu agaasimay cududda addoomaha, badhtamihii qarnigii 16aadna, dadkii degay ee Boortaqiiska ahaa waxay jasiiradaha u beddeleen dalka ugu horreeya ee Afrika u dhoofiya sokorta.<ref>"As roças vâo em crescimento e os engenhos de açticaragora somente dois e fazem-se très com o dos tratadores [conassi há grande aparelho, assi de ribeiras como de lenha, par canas, as mais façanhosas que em minha vida vi": Letter from Segura to the monarch, 15 March 1517, in Antonio Brásio, édAfricana (hereinafter referred to as</ref> Addoomaha ku sugan São Tomé waxaa laga keenay [[Slave Coast of West Africa|Xeebta Addoomaha ee Galbeedka Afrika]], dusha sare ee Niger, jasiiradda Fernando Po, iyo dambarkiiba laga keenay Kongo iyo Angola.<ref>Vogt, John L. "The Early Sao Tome-Principe Slave Trade with Mina, 1500–1540." ''The International Journal of African Historical Studies'' 6, no. 3 (1973): 462. {{doi|10.2307/216611}}.</ref> Qarnigii 16aad, addoomaha waxaa laga soo dhoofin jiray lagana dhoofin jiray Boortaqiiska, [[Elmina]], [[Kingdom of Kongo|Boqortooyada Kongo]], Angola, iyo Ameerikada Isbaanishka. Sannadkii 1510, waxaa la sheegay in 10,000 ilaa 12,000 oo addoon uu soo dhoofsaday Boortaqiisku.<ref name=":2">SEIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In ''Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa'', edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 66. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. {{JSTOR|10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10}}.</ref> Sannadkii 1516, São Tomé waxay heshay 4,072 oo addoon iyada oo ujeeddadu ahayd in dib loo dhoofiyo.<ref name=":2" /> Intii u dhaxeysay 1519 ilaa 1540, jasiiraddu waxay ahayd xarunta ganacsiga addoomaha ee u dhaxeeyay Elmina iyo dusha sare ee Niger.<ref>Vogt, John L. "The Early Sao Tome-Principe Slave Trade with Mina, 1500–1540." ''The International Journal of African Historical Studies'' 6, no. 3 (1973): 467. {{doi|10.2307/216611}}.</ref> Intii lagu guda jiray bilowgii ilaa badhtamihii qarnigii lix iyo tobnaad, São Tomé waxay si goor goor ah addoomo ula ganacsan jirtay Angola iyo Boqortooyada Kongo.<ref>SEIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In ''Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa'', edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 67. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. {{JSTOR|10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10}}.</ref> Sannadkii 1525 São Tomé waxay bilowday inay addoomo u kala goyso Ameerikada Isbaanishka, inta badanna Kariibiyaanka iyo Brazil.<ref>Vogt, John L. "The Early Sao Tome-Principe Slave Trade with Mina, 1500–1540." ''The International Journal of African Historical Studies'' 6, no. 3 (1973): 466. {{doi|10.2307/216611}}.</ref> Intii u dhaxeysay 1532 ilaa 1536, São Tomé waxay celcelis ahaan sannadkii u dirtay 342 addoon dhanka [[Antilles]].<ref name=":3">SEIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In ''Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa'', edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 68. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. {{JSTOR|10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10}}.</ref> Ka hor 1580, jasiiraddu waxay lahayd 75 boqolkiiba waxyaabaha ay soo dhoofisay Brazil, kuwaas oo u badnaa addoomo.<ref name=":3" /> Ganacsiga addoomaha wuxuu ahaa tiir-dhexaadka dhaqaalaha São Tomé ilaa ka dib 1600. Xoogagga awoodda ee São Tomé qarnigii 16aad waxay ahaayeen kuwo si layaab leh u kala duwan iyadoo ay ka qaybqaadanayeen dadka xorta ah ee [[mulatto|mulattos]] ah iyo muwaadiniinta madow ee maamulka. Dadka deegaanka ee ikhtiyaarkooda ku yimid waxay ka fogaadeen São Tomé sababo la xidhiidha cudurrada iyo cuntada yarida, sidaas darteed boqortooyadii Boortaqiisku waxay dadka la xukumay u tarxiiltay jasiiradda waxayna dhiirrigelisay xidhiidhada qowmiyadaha kala duwan si loo sugo mustaqbalka gumeysiga. Addoonsigu sidoo kale ma ahayn mid joogto ah, sida lagu muujiyay amarkii boqortooyo ee 1515 kaas oo bixiyay [[manumission|xorriyadda]] xaasaska Afrikaanka ah ee dadkii degay ee caddaan ahaa iyo carruurtooda iska dhalay qowmiyadaha kala duwan.<ref name=":4">SEIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In ''Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa'', edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 59. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. {{JSTOR|10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10}}.</ref> Sannadkii 1517, amar kale ayaa xorreeyay addoomihii lab ahaa ee markii hore jasiiradda la yimid dadkii ugu horreeyay ee degay.<ref name=":4" /> Sannadkii 1520 ka dib, axdi boqortooyo ayaa u oggolaaday mulattos-ka xorta ah, ee iska leh hantida isla markaana guursaday inay qaban karaan xafiisyada guud.<ref name=":4" /> Waxaa xigay amar sannadkii 1546 kaas oo dhaliyay isla-jirnaan madani ah oo dhexmarta mulattos-kan aqoonta leh iyo dadkii degay ee caddaan ahaa,<ref name=":4" /> iyadoo u oggolaanaysa mulattos-ka xorta ah iyo muwaadiniinta madow fursado ay kor ugu kacaan isla markaana ay kaga qaybqaataan siyaasadda deegaanka iyo ganacsiga. Kala qaybsanaanta bulshada waxay keentay khilaafaad joogto ah oo dhexmara golayaasha magaalooyinka ee gumeysiga iyo gudoomiyaha iyo hoggaamiyaha diinta,<ref>Seibert, Gerhard. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In ''Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa'', edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 60. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. {{JSTOR|10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10}}.</ref> iyadoo ay jirtay xasillooni-darro siyaasadeed oo joogto ah. [[File:Gezicht op Sao Tomé, ca. 1641 Insvla S. Thomae (titel op object), RP-P-1951-70.jpg|thumb|Qabsashadii São Tomé oo uu sameeyay [[Cornelis Jol]] oo ka tirsanaa [[Dutch West India Company]] sannadkii 1641]] Markii hore, addoonsiga ka jiray São Tomé wuxuu ahaa mid ka dabacsan. Badhtamihii qarnigii 16aad, tijaabiye Boortaqiis ah oo aan magaciisa la sheegin ayaa xusay in addoomaha loo shaqaaleysiin jiray sidii lammaane, ay dhisan jireen meelaha ay degayaan, isla markaana ay si madaxbannaan u shaqaysan jireen usbuucii mar si ay u beertaan cuntadooda u gaarka ah.<ref>For an English translation, see John William Blake, trans., ed., ''Europeans in West Africa, 1450–1560'' (London, 1942), 145ff.</ref> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, nidaamkan addoonsiga ee aadka u dabacsanaa ma uu sii waarin ka dib markii la soo hordhigay beerihii waaweynaa. Intii lagu guda jiray, addoomuhu waxay badanaa u baxsan jireen dhanka kaymaha buuraha ee aan lagu noolaan karin ee ku yaal gudaha jasiiradda.<ref name=":5">SEIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In ''Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa'', edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 63. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. {{JSTOR|10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10}}.</ref> Intii u dhaxeysay 1514 iyo 1527, shan boqolkiiba addoomihii la keenay São Tomé ayaa baxsaday, badanaaba si ay u gaajoodaan,<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">SEIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In ''Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa'', edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 64. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. {{JSTOR|stable/10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10}}.</ref> in kasta oo sannadihii 1531–1535 ay jirtay cunto yari weyn xitaa beerihii waaweynaa dhexdiisa.<ref name=":6" /> Ugu dambeyntii, dadka [[Maroon (people)|Maroon-ta ah]] waxay ka dhex sameysteen gudaha jasiiradda deegaanno loo yaqaanno'' macambos''.<ref name=":6" /> ==== Kacdoonnada addoonsiga ==== Calaamadihii ugu horreeyay ee kacdoonka addoomaha waxay bilowdeen 1530-aadkii, markii kooxaha maroon-ta ah ay u abaabulmeen inay weeraraan beerihii waaweynaa, kuwaas oo qaarkood laga guuray.<ref name=":6" /> Cabasho rasmi ah ayaa waxaa gudbiyay maamulka Boortaqiiska ee deegaanka sannadkii 1531 iyagoo ka xun in dad badan oo degganaa iyo muwaadiniin madow ah lagu dilayo weerarada, iyo in jasiiradda la waayi doono haddii dhibaatadaas aan la xallin.<ref name=":6" /> Sannadkii 1533 'dagaalkii baadiyaha', 'kabtankii baadiyaha' ayaa hoggaamiyay unugyo ciidan si ay u cabudhiyaan maroon-ta. Dhacdo muhiim ah oo ku saabsan dagaalka xorriyadda ee maroon-ta waxay dhacday 1549, markii laba nin oo sheegtay inay ku dhasheen xorriyad laga soo kaxeeyay ''macambos ''iyadoo uu keenay beeralay mulatto ah oo hodan ah oo magaciisa la yidhaahdo Ana de Chaves.<ref name=":6" /> Iyadoo la helayo taageerada de Chaves, labadii nin waxay codsi u gudan jireen boqorka si loogu dhawaaqo inay xor yihiin, codsigiina waa la oggolaaday. Tiradii ugu badnaayd ee maroon-ta waxay ku soo beegantay xilligii kor u kaca sokorta ee badhtamihii qarnigii 16aad, maadaama beerihii waaweynaa ay ka buuxeen addoomo.<ref name=":6" /> Intii u dhaxeysay 1587 iyo 1590, in badan oo ka mid ah addoomihii baxsaday ayaa looga adkaaday dagaal kale oo baadiyaha ah.<ref name=":7">SEIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In ''Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa'', edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 65. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. {{JSTOR|stable/10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10}}.</ref> Sannadkii 1593, gudoomiyuhu wuxuu ku dhawaaqay in ciidammadii maroon-ta ah ku dhawaad gebi ahaanba la tirtiray.<ref>Caldeira,‘Rebelião e Outras Formas de Resistência’, 111.</ref> Sidaas eraygaas, tirada maroon-ta ah waxay ka fogeeyeen dadkii degay gobollada koonfureed iyo kuwa galbeedka. Kacdoonkii ugu weynaa ee addoomaha wuxuu dhacay bishii Luulyo 1595, markii dawladdu ay daciiftay sababo la xidhiidha khilaafaad u dhaxeeyay hoggaamiyaha diinta iyo gudoomiyaha. Addoon deegaanka ah oo magaciisa la yidhaahdo [[Rei Amador|Amador]] ayaa qoray 5,000 oo addoon si ay u weeraraan uuna u burburiyaan beerihii waaweynaa, mashiinnada sokorta, iyo guryaha dadkii degay.<ref name=":7" /> Kacdoonkii Amador wuxuu saddex weerar ku qaaday magaalada wuxuuna burburiyay 60 ka mid ah 85 mashiin oo sokor ah oo jasiiradda ku yaallay, laakiin waxaa looga adkaaday ciidanka deegaanka saddex usbuuc ka dib.<ref name=":11">{{Cite news |date=9 July 2011 |title=Sao Tome and Principe country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14093493 |access-date=16 September 2025 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Laba boqol oo addoon ayaa lagu dilay dagaalka, Amador iyo hoggaamiyayaashii kale ee jabhadda waa la dilay,<ref name=":11" /> halka intii kale ee addoomaha ahna loo oggolaaday cafis laguna celiyay beerihii waaweynaa. Kacdoonno ka yar kuwaas oo addoomo ah ayaa xigay qarniyadii 17aad iyo 18aad.<ref name=":11" /> ==== Qarniyadii 18aad, 19aad iyo 20aad ==== Ugu dambeyntii, tartanka uga imanayay gumeysigii soo saarayay sokorta ee ku yaallay [[Western Hemisphere|Cawlan Galbeed]] wuxuu bilaabay inuu saameyn ku yeesho jasiiradaha. Tirada weyn ee addoomaha ah waxay sidoo kale noqotay mid adag in la xakameeyo, iyadoo Boortaqiisku aanu awoodin inuu hanti badan geliyo dadaalkaas.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}} Beerista sokorta sidaas darteed way hoos u dhacday 100kii sano ee xigay, badhtamihii qarnigii 17aadna, São Tomé waxay inta badan noqotay meel ay maraan maraakiibta ku hawlan [[Atlantic slave trade|ganacsiga addoomaha]] ee u dhaxeeya qaaradda Afrika iyo Ameerika.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}} [[File:Railway hangar in Sundy, São Tomé and Príncipe (Collection Jerónimo Carneiro).jpg|thumb|Khadiidka tareenka ee São Tomé and Príncipe {{Circa|1919}}]] Bilowgii qarnigii 19aad, laba dalag oo cusub oo lacag lagu beddelto, bunka iyo kookaha, ayaa la soo hordhigay.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Wikle |first=Thomas A. |title=Chocolate and the Ugly Secret of Cacao Production on São Tomé Island |journal=Focus on Geography |location=New York |date=2021 |volume=64 |page=1–18 |doi=10.21690/foge/2021.64.2f |doi-broken-date=6 April 2026 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2562738496 |id={{ProQuest|2562738496}} |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|2}} Sannadkii 1905, São Tomé waxay noqotay dalka ugu weyn dunida ee soo saara kookaha, kaas oo weli ah dalagga ugu muhiimsan dalka.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clarence-Smith |first=W. G. |title=Cocoa and Chocolate, 1765–1914 |date=2000 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-21576-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VeazRJXO8cgC |access-date=15 September 2024 |page=6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sao Tome and Principe – Agricultural Sectors and Agribuiness |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/sao-tome-and-principe-agricultural-sectors-and-agribuiness |publisher=[[International Trade Administration]] |language=en |date=11 August 2022 |ref={{harvid|International Trade Administration|2022}}}}</ref> Nidaamka ''roças'', kaas oo siiyay maamulayaasha beerihii waaweynaa awood heer sare ah, wuxuu keenay xadgudubyo ka dhanka ah shaqaalaha beeraha ee Afrikaanka ah. Inkasta oo Boortaqiisku uu si rasmi ah u tirtiray addoonsiga sannadkii 1876, dhaqanka shaqada khasabka ah ee lacagta la siiyo wuu sii socday. ''[[Scientific American]]'' waxay ku diiwaangelisay erayo iyo sawirro sii wadista isticmaalka addoomaha ee São Tomé cadadkeedii 13ka Maarso 1897.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} U fiirsashada [[solar eclipse of 29 May 1919|madoobaadkii qorraxda ee 29kii May 1919]] ee ka dhacay Príncipe oo uu sameeyay Sir [[Arthur Eddington]] waxay bixisay mid ka mid ah tijaabooyinkii ugu horreeyay ee lagu guulaysto ee [[Albert Einstein]] ee [[general theory of relativity|aragtiyada guud ee isu-sheegidda]]. Bilowgii qarnigii 20aad, khilaaf caalami ah oo si weyn loo baahiyay ayaa ka dhashay eedaymo sheegayay in shaqaalaha qandaraaska ee reer [[Angola]] ah lagu hayay shaqo khasab ah iyo xaalado shaqo oo aan lagu qanci karin. Rabshado shaqo oo goor goor ah iyo qanacnaan la'aan ayaa sii socday ilaa qarnigii 20aad, iyadoo ay ku dhammaatay kacdoon rabshado wata sannadkii 1953 kaas oo dhowr boqol oo shaqaale Afrikaan ah lagu dilay iska horimaad dhexmaray iyaga iyo taliyayaashoodii Boortaqiiska. Sannad-guurada "[[Batepá Massacre|Xasuuqii Batepá]]" waxaa weli si rasmi ah u xusa dawladda. ===Madaxbannaani=== [[File:Sao Tome Cathedral 7 (16223085806).jpg|thumb|Kaniisadda [[Our Lady of Grace Cathedral, São Tomé|Our Lady of Grace Cathedral]] ee ku taal [[São Tomé]]]] {{unreferenced section|date=November 2022}} Dhammaadkii 1590-aadkii, markii waddamada kale ee soo koraya ee qaaradda Afrika ay dalbanayeen madaxbannaanidooda, koox yar oo reer São Tomé ah ayaa sameeyay [[Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe]] (MLSTP), kaas oo ugu dambeyntii saldhig ka samaystay dalka deriska ah ee [[Gabon]]. Iyada oo la helayo dardar intii lagu guda jiray 1690-aadkii, dhacdooyinka waxay u guureen si dhakhso ah ka dib markii la riday xukunkii kalitaliska ahaa ee [[Marcelo Caetano|Caetano]] ee Boortaqiiska bishii Abriil 1974.<ref>“Sao Tome and Principe Country Profile.” BBC News, BBC, 19 July 2023, www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14093493.</ref> Nidaamkii cusbaa ee Boortaqiisku wuxuu ka go'naa inuu kala diro gumeysigiisii dibadda. Bishii Nofembar 1974, wakiilladiisu waxay Algiers kula kulmeen MLSTP waxayna ka shaqeeyeen heshiis ku saabsan wareejinta madaxbannaanida. Ka dib muddo dawlad ku-meel-gaadh ah ah, São Tomé and Príncipe waxay gaadheen madaxbannaanida 12kii Luulyo 1975, iyagoo u doortay madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay Xoghayaha Guud ee MLSTP [[Manuel Pinto da Costa]]. Sannadkii 1990, São Tomé waxay noqotay mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu horreeyay ee Afrika ee mara [[Democratization|horumar dimuqraaddi ah]], iyo isbeddellada dastuurka—oo ay ku jirto sharciyeynta xisbiyada siyaasadeed ee mucaaradka—waxay horseedday doorashooyin dhacay 1991 kuwaas oo ahaa kuwo aan rabshado lahayn, xor ah, isla markaana hufan. [[Miguel Trovoada]], oo ahaa ra'iisul wasaarihii hore oo musaafuris ku maqnaa tan iyo 1986, ayaa u soo laabtay sidii mushaxax madaxbannaan waxaana loo doortay madaxweyne. Trovoada waxaa dib loo doortay doorashadiisii labaad ee madaxtooyada ee xisbiyada badan ee São Tomé sannadkii 1996. Xisbiga [[Democratic Convergence Party – Reflection Group|Party of Democratic Convergence]] wuxuu ku guulaystay aqlabiyadda kuraasta [[National Assembly of São Tomé and Príncipe|Aqlaka Qaranka]], iyadoo MLSTP ay noqotay xisbi mucaarad ah oo muhiim ah isla markaana cod weyn leh. Doorashooyinka dawladdaha hoose ayaa xigay dhammaadkii 1992, kuwaas oo MLSTP ay ku guulaysatay aqlabiyadda kuraasta shan ka mid ah toddobada gole ee gobolka. Doorashooyinkii hore ee baarlamaanka bishii Oktoobar 1994, MLSTP waxay ku guulaysatay kuraas badan oo baarlamaanka ah. Waxay dib u heshay aqlabiyad sugan oo kuraasta ah doorashooyinkii bishii Nofembar 1998. ===Qarnigii 21aad=== Doorashooyinkii madaxtooyada ee 2001, mushaxaxii ay taageerayeen xisbiga [[Independent Democratic Action]], [[Fradique de Menezes]], ayaa lagu doortay wareeggii ugu horreeyay waxaana la caleemo-saaray 3dii Sebtembar.<ref>{{cite news |title=stp004 Fradique de Menezes new president on Sao Tomé |url=http://www.afrol.com/News2001/stp004_menezes_pres.htm |work=www.afrol.com |access-date=8 June 2023 |archive-date=30 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930180955/http://www.afrol.com/News2001/stp004_menezes_pres.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Doorashooyinkii baarlamaanka waxaa la qabtay bishii Maarso 2002. Afartii sano ee xigtay, taxane dawladood oo cimri gaaban oo ay hoggaaminayeen mucaaradka ayaa la dhisay.{{Citation needed|date=November 2012}} Bishii Luulyo 2003, ciidanku waxay la wareegeen awoodda muddo hal usbuuc ah, iyagoo ka cabanaya laaluush iyo in dakhliga saliidda ee soo socda aan si cadaalad ah loo qaybin doonin. Heshiis ayaa laga wadahadlay kaas oo Madaxweyne de Menezes loogu soo celiyay xafiiska.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Seibert |first1=Gerald |title=The Bloodless Coup of July 2003 in São Tomé e Príncipe |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/luso_1257-0273_2003_num_10_1_1557 |journal=Lusotopie |pages=245–260 |date=2003 |volume=10 |issue=1 |access-date=8 June 2023 |archive-date=5 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205215608/https://www.persee.fr/doc/luso_1257-0273_2003_num_10_1_1557 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bishii Maarso 2006, muddadii [[Cohabitation (government)|wada-jirka maamulka]] way dhammaatay, markii isbahaysi taageersan madaxweynaha uu ku guulaystay kuraas ku filan doorashooyinkii Aqlaka Qaranka si loo dhiso dawlad cusub.<ref>Gerhard Seibert (2006), ''Comrades, Clients and Cousins: Colonialism, Socialism and Democratization in São Tomé and Príncipe'', Leiden: Brill.</ref> Doorashadii madaxtooyada ee 30kii Luulyo 2006 [[2006 São Toméan presidential election|presidential election]], Fradique de Menezes wuxuu si fudud ugu guulaystay muddo xileedkiisii labaad ee shan sano ah, isagoo ka guulaystay laba mushaxax oo kale, kuwaas oo kala ahaa [[Patrice Trovoada]] (wiilka madaxweynihii hore Miguel Trovoada) iyo mushaxaxa madaxbannaan ee [[Nilo Guimarães]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Incumbent wins vote |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2006/08/02/incumbent-wins-vote |work=The New Humanitarian |date=2 August 2006 |language=en |access-date=8 June 2023 |archive-date=8 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608195738/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2006/08/02/incumbent-wins-vote |url-status=live }}</ref> Doorashooyinka dawladdaha hoose, oo ahaa kuwii ugu horreeyay tan iyo 1992, waxay dhaceen 27kii Ogosto 2006 waxaana ku awood batay xubnaha isbahaysiga talada haya.<ref>{{cite web |title=27 August 2006 Local Elections in São Tomé and Príncipe |url=https://africanelections.tripod.com/st_2006local.html |website=africanelections.tripod.com |access-date=27 September 2023 |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927205311/https://africanelections.tripod.com/st_2006local.html |url-status=live }}</ref> 12kii Febraayo 2009, [[coup d'état|afgambi]] ayaa la isku dayay in xilka looga tuuro Madaxweyne Fradique de Menezes. Kooxdii qorshaysay waa la xidhay, laakiin markii dambe waxay cafis ka heleen Madaxweyne de Menezes.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110826043116/http://www.orange.co.bw/news/?m=201001&paged=450 Sao Tome president pardons coup plotter]. Orange Botswana Portal. 7 January 2010.</ref> [[Evaristo Carvalho]] wuxuu noqday [[President of São Tomé and Príncipe|Madaxweynaha São Tomé and Príncipe]] doorashooyinkii [[2016 São Toméan presidential election|2016]], ka dib markii uu ka guulaystay Madaxweynihii xilka hayay ee [[Manuel Pinto da Costa]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sao Tome's ex-prime minister elected president in one-man race |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-saotome-election-idUKKCN10J1JX |work=Reuters |date=8 August 2016 |language=en |access-date=8 June 2023 |archive-date=8 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608195036/https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-saotome-election-idUKKCN10J1JX |url-status=live }}</ref> Madaxweyne Carvalho waa sidoo kale madaxweyne ku-xigeenka xisbiga Independent Democratic Action (ADI). [[Patrice Emery Trovoada]] wuxuu noqday ra'iisul wasiire sannadkii 2014; isagu waa sidoo kale hoggaamiyaha xisbiga Independent Democratic Action (ADI).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14093493|title=Sao Tome and Principe country profile|work=BBC News|date=14 May 2018|access-date=8 March 2021|archive-date=23 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223152039/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14093493|url-status=live}}</ref> Bishii Diisambar 2018, [[Jorge Bom Jesus]], oo ahaa hoggaamiyaha Movimento de Libertação de São Tomé e Príncipe-Partido Social Democráta (MLSTP-PSD), ayaa loo dhaariyay inuu noqdo ra'iisul wasiirka cusub.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?articleid=197423203&Country=S%C3%A3o%20Tom%C3%A9%20and%20Pr%C_4|title=Jorge Bom Jesus inaugurated as prime minister|access-date=8 March 2021|archive-date=13 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413222352/http://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?articleid=197423203&Country=S%C3%A3o%20Tom%C3%A9%20and%20Pr%25C_4|url-status=live}}</ref> Bishii Sebtembar 2021, mushaxaxii xisbiga mucaaradka ee dhexe-midig ee Independent Democratic Action (ADI), [[Carlos Vila Nova]], wuxuu ku guulaystay [[2021 São Toméan presidential election|doorashadii madaxtooyada]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Opposition candidate Carlos Vila Nova wins Sao Tome presidency: partial results |url=https://www.africanews.com/2021/09/06/opposition-candidate-carlos-vila-nova-wins-sao-tome-presidency-partial/ |work=Africanews |date=6 September 2021 |language=en |access-date=16 November 2021 |archive-date=8 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908031202/https://www.africanews.com/2021/09/06/opposition-candidate-carlos-vila-nova-wins-sao-tome-presidency-partial/ |url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:Sao Tome WV banner.jpg|thumb|center|550px|Muuqaalka ''[[Praia Inhame]]'', [[Caué District]], São Tomé]]Bishii Sebtembar 2022, xisbiga mucaaradka ee Independent Democratic Action (ADI), oo uu hoggaaminayay ra'iisul wasaarihii hore ee [[Patrice Trovoada]], wuxuu ku guulaystay [[2022 São Toméan legislative election|doorashada]] isagoo ka guulaystay xisbiga talada hayay ee Movement for the Liberation of Sao Tome and Principe/Social Democratic Party (MLSTP/PSD) ee Ra'iisul Wasiire Jorge Bom Jesus.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sao Tome opposition wins legislative vote |url=https://www.africanews.com/2022/09/27/sao-tome-opposition-wins-legislative-vote/ |work=Africanews |date=n.d. |access-date=29 September 2022 |archive-date=30 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930125216/https://www.africanews.com/2022/09/27/sao-tome-opposition-wins-legislative-vote/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bishii Nofembar ee sannadkaas, dawladda iyo ciidanku waxay fashiliyeen [[2022 São Tomé and Príncipe coup d'état attempt|isku-day afgambi]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 November 2022 |title=Sao Tome and Principe government thwarts overnight coup attempt |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sao-tome-principe-government-thwarts-overnight-coup-attempt-2022-11-25/ |access-date=2 December 2022 |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202185636/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sao-tome-principe-government-thwarts-overnight-coup-attempt-2022-11-25/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ka dib markii Patrice Trovoada uu ra'iisul wasiirka São Tomé and Príncipe u magacaabay Carlos Vila Nova.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Boechat |first1=Geraldine |title=Patrice Trovoada takes office as Prime minister of Sao Tome and Principe – Medafrica Times |url=https://medafricatimes.com/28855-patrice-trovoada-takes-office-as-prime-minister-of-sao-tome-and-principe.html |access-date=6 December 2022 |archive-date=11 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111190836/https://medafricatimes.com/28855-patrice-trovoada-takes-office-as-prime-minister-of-sao-tome-and-principe.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Ilza Amado Vaz]] waxay si kooban u adeegtay sidii badalkii Trovoada laga bilaabo 9kii Janaayo 2025 ilaa intii uu [[Américo Ramos]] magacaabista ka helayay 12kii Janaayo.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sao Tome and Principe's president appoints central bank governor as new PM |url=https://english.news.cn/africa/20250113/bb2a5df8aecd44b58c904f3a522c43d3/c.html |work=english.news.cn}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} {{Dalalka Afrika}} [[Category:Wadamada Afrika]] mtbs3xj35st9m374j1uulf886igfwqp 0 7204 307713 294976 2026-09-09T19:40:09Z Soalt 39618 Category:Wadamada Aasiya iyo tixraac 307713 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Republic of Osbeekistaan | common_name = Osbeekistaan | native_name = {{native name|uz|Oʻzbekiston Respublikasi}} | image_flag = Flag of Uzbekistan.svg | image_coat = Coat of Arms of Uzbekistan.svg | symbol_type = [[Emblem of Uzbekistan|State emblem]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ksu.uz/en/page/index/id/7 |title=Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan |publisher=ksu.uz |accessdate=1 January 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627070709/http://www.ksu.uz/en/page/index/id/7 |archivedate=27 June 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> | national_anthem = "[[State Anthem of Uzbekistan|Oʻzbekiston Respublikasining Davlat Madhiyasi]]"<br />({{Lang-en|"State Anthem of the Republic of Uzbekistan"}})<br /><center>[[File:Uzbekistan anthem.ogg]]</center> | image_map = Узбекистан на глобусе.svg | map_caption = {{map caption |location_color= green}} | capital = [[Tashkent]] | coordinates = {{Coord|41|19|N|69|16|E|type:city_region:UZ}} | largest_city = Tashkent | official_languages = [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]] | languages_type = Inter-ethnic language | languages = [[Russian language|Russian]]<ref name="AA">{{cite web|author=Юрий Подпоренко|title=Бесправен, но востребован. Русский язык в Узбекистане|url=http://mytashkent.uz/2015/04/27/bespraven-no-vostrebovan-russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/|date=2001|publisher=Дружба Народов|accessdate=27 May 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513012627/http://mytashkent.uz/2015/04/27/bespraven-no-vostrebovan-russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/|archivedate=13 May 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Шухрат Хуррамов">{{cite web|author=Шухрат Хуррамов|title=Почему русский язык нужен узбекам?|url=http://365info.kz/2015/09/russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/|date=11 September 2015|publisher=365info.kz|accessdate=27 May 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701175737/http://365info.kz/2015/09/russkij-yazyk-v-uzbekistane/|archivedate=1 July 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="AB">{{cite web|author=Евгений Абдуллаев|title=Русский язык: жизнь после смерти. Язык, политика и общество в современном Узбекистане|url=http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2009/4/ab21.html|date=2009|publisher=Неприкосновенный запас|accessdate=27 May 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623201807/http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2009/4/ab21.html|archivedate=23 June 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="AC">{{cite web|author=А. Е. Пьянов|title=СТАТУС РУССКОГО ЯЗЫКА В СТРАНАХ СНГ|url=http://www.philology.ru/linguistics2/pyanov-11.htm|publisher=2011|accessdate=27 May 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528192438/http://www.philology.ru/linguistics2/pyanov-11.htm|archivedate=28 May 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 83.8% [[Uzbeks|Uzbek]] | 4.8% [[Tajik people|Tajik]] | 2.5% [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] | 2.3% [[Russians|Russian]] | 2.2% [[Karakalpaks|Karakalpak]] | 4.5% others }}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uzreport.news/society/o-zbekiston-aholisi-soni-32-1-mln-kishidan-iborat |script-title=O‘zbekiston aholisi soni 32,1 mln. kishidan iborat |publisher=Uzreport.news |language= |accessdate=7 August 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> | ethnic_groups_year = | demonym = Uzbek | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[constitution]]al [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Uzbekistan|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Shavkat Mirziyoyev]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Uzbekistan|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Abdulla Aripov]] | legislature = [[Supreme Assembly (Uzbekistan)|Supreme Assembly]] | upper_house = [[Senate of Uzbekistan|Senate]] | lower_house = [[Legislative Chamber of Uzbekistan|Legislative Chamber]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of Uzbekistan|Formation]] | established_event1 = [[Emirate of Bukhara]] proclaimed | established_date1 = 1785 | established_event2 = [[Bukharan People's Soviet Republic]] established | established_date2 = 30 April 1920 | established_event3 = [[Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic|Uzbek SSR]] established after [[national delimitation in the Soviet Union#National delimitation in Central Asia|national delimitation]] |established_date3 = 27 October 1924 |established_event4 = Declared independence from the [[Soviet Union]] |established_date4 = 31 August 1991 | established_event5 = Formally recognized | established_date5 = 26 December 1991 | established_event6 = [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 737|Admitted to the]] [[United Nations]] | established_date6 = 2 March 1992 | established_event7 = [[Constitution of Uzbekistan|Current constitution]] | established_date7 = 8 December 1992 | area_km2 = 448,978 | area_rank = 56th | area_sq_mi = 172,742 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 4.9 | population_estimate = 32,979,000<ref name="Stat2016">{{cite web|url=https://www.gazeta.uz/ru/2017/01/16/population/|title=Население Узбекистана превысило 32 млн человек|publisher=Gazeta.uz|language=Russian|accessdate=19 January 2017|date=16 January 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131190651/https://www.gazeta.uz/ru/2017/01/16/population/|archivedate=31 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uzdaily.com/articles-id-38139.htm |script-title=Number of permanent population of Uzbekistan makes up 32.12 million people |publisher=Uzdaily.com |language= |accessdate=19 January 2017 |date=19 January 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131201123/https://www.uzdaily.com/articles-id-38139.htm |archivedate=31 January 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> | population_census = | population_estimate_year = 2017 | population_estimate_rank = 42nd | population_census_year = | population_density_km2 = 70.5 | population_density_sq_mi = 182.8 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 132nd | GDP_PPP = $241.529 billion<ref name="IMF"/> | GDP_PPP_year = 2018 | GDP_PPP_rank = 62 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $7,524<ref name="IMF"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 125th | GDP_nominal = $71.824 billion<ref name="IMF">[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=55&pr.y=16&sy=2017&ey=2019&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=927&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= Uzbekistan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014100434/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=55&pr.y=16&sy=2017&ey=2019&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=927&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= |date=14 October 2017 }}. International Monetary Fund</ref> | GDP_nominal_year = 2018 | GDP_nominal_rank = 69th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $2,238<ref name="IMF"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 130th | Gini = 36.7 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2013 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/income-gini-coefficient|title=Income Gini coefficient {{!}} Human Development Reports|website=hdr.undp.org|access-date=2017-12-06|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5rRcwIiYs?url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html|archivedate=23 July 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mecometer.com/whats/uzbekistan/gini-index/|title=GINI index - Uzbekistan|website=MECOMeter - Macro Economy Meter|access-date=2017-12-06|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404160525/http://mecometer.com/whats/uzbekistan/gini-index/|archivedate=4 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | Gini_rank = 88th | HDI = 0.701 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |title=2016 Human Development Report |year=2015 |accessdate=15 December 2015 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322153238/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf |archivedate=22 March 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> | HDI_rank = 105th | currency = [[Uzbekistani soʻm]] | currency_code = UZS | time_zone = [[Uzbekistan Time|UZT]] | utc_offset = +5 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Uzbekistan|+998]] | cctld = [[.uz]] | area_magnitude = 1 E11 | country_code = UZB }} '''Jamhuuriyadda Osbeekistaan''' ({{lang-uz|Oʻzbekiston Respublikasi}}) was dawlad kutaala badhtamaha [[Aasiya]] waana dawlada ugu dadka badan dawladaha [[Badhtamaha Aasiya]]. waxa dalkan u caasimada magaalda [[Teshkand]] magaalada ugu wayn uguna caansani waa magaalda taariikhiga ah ee [[Samarqanda]] waa mid kamida dawladaha islaamka waana dawlad fadaraali ah. waxa ay hore uga mid ahayd midawgii sofiyetka. wadankan waxa kasoo jeedaa shiikhii waynaa ee ku takhasusay soo warinta axaadiista Rasuulka C.S. ee la odhan jiray [[Bukhaari]] waxa kale oo kasoo jeeda shuyuukh badan oo ay kamid yihiin: [[Muxamed bin Muuse al-Khwarizmī]] [[Nisaa'i]] [[Ibn Siinaa]] iyo [[Tarmadi]]. == Bedka == Jamhuuriyada Usbekestan masaafo ahaan waxa ay ka koobantahay 447.400 oo isku wareeg ah dadka kunooli waxa ay gaadhayaan 16.161000. ilaa intii kahoraysay 1920 waxa ay caasimadu ahayd magaalda samraqand kadib midawgi sofiyaat ayaa ka wareejiyay oo u wareejiyaya magaalada Tashkand. =Tixraac= {{reflist}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} {{Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka}} [[Category:Aasiya]] [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] 5jfx9htwewm6q132zzav6fbl1aprnp1 0 8940 307711 301194 2026-09-09T19:38:03Z Soalt 39618 template:Dalalka Aasiya iyo Category:Wadamada Aasiya 307711 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Turkiga |native_name = Türkiga |common_name = Turkiga |national_motto = {{nowrap|{{lang|tr|''[[Sovereignty unconditionally belongs to the Nation|Egemenlik, kayıtsız şartsız Milletindir]]''}},<ref name="">Motto of Turkey"</ref>.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tbmm.gov.tr/kultursanat/milli_egemenlik.htm|title=Motto|date=23 February 2013|publisher=Gov.tr|accessdate=23 February 2013|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=20 Bisha Labaad 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220150051/http://www.tbmm.gov.tr/kultursanat/milli_egemenlik.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref><!--end nowrap:-->}} {{small|"Sovereignty unconditionally belongs to the Nation"}} |national_anthem = ''[[İstiklal Marşı]]'', {{small|"Independence March"}} |image_flag = Flag of Turkey.svg |image_coat = |symbol_type = |image_map = Turkey (orthographic projection).svg |capital = [[Ankara]] |largest_city = [[Istanbuul]]<Br/>{{small|{{coord|41|1|N|28|57|E|display=inline}}}} |official_languages = [[Af-Turki]] |demonym = [[Turki]] |ethnic_groups = {{Unbulleted list | 70–75% [[Turki]] | {{nbsp|6}}18% [[Af-Kurdish]] | {{nbsp|2}}7–12% qaybo kale }} |ethnic_groups_year = {{lower|0.4em|<ref name="">cia</ref>.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tu.html |title=Turkey |publisher=The World Factbook |accessdate=9 February 2013 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=20 Bisha Sagaalaad 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920072149/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tu.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>}} |government_type = Dawalad dhexe [[Baarlamaan]] [[Dastuurka turkiga|Dastuuri]] [[Jamhuuriyad]] |leader_title1 = [[Madaxweyne]] |leader_name1 = [[Rajab Dayib Erdogaan]] |leader_title2 = [[Ra'iisul wasaare]] |leader_name2 = [[Bin cali yildrim]] |leader_title3 = Gudoomiyaha baarlamaanka |leader_name3 = [[ismaciil kahraman]] |leader_title4 = Gudoomiyaha maxkamadda sare |leader_name4 = [[Haşim Kılıç]] |legislature = {{nowrap|[[Baarlamaanka Turkiga]]}} |sovereignty_type = [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|Ka timid]] {{nobold|mid ka mid ah Imbaraatooriyadii cusmaaniyiinta}} |established_event1 = {{nowrap|[[Heshiiskii Lusaan]]}} |established_date1 = 24 Luulyo 1923 |established_event2 = {{nowrap|Ku dhwaaqista Jamhuuriyad}} |established_date2 = 29 Oktoobar 1923 |established_event3 = |established_date3 = |area_km2 = 783562 <!--http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2003/Table03.pdf UN statistics, page 7 (PDF format) --> |area_sq_mi = 302535 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |area_rank = 37th |percent_water = 1.3 |population_estimate = 84,382,387<ref name="">Population of Turkey</ref>. |currency = [[Turkish lira]]^a |currency_code = TRY |time_zone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]] |utc_offset = +2 |time_zone_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]] |utc_offset_DST = +3 |date_format = dd/mm/yyyy ([[Anno Domini|AD]]) |drives_on = [[right]] |calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Turkey|90]] |cctld = [[.tr]] }} '''Turkiga''' ([[Af-Turki]]: '''Türkiye'''; {{lang-ar|تركيا}}) sida Aduunka ah loo yaqaano '''Jamhuuriyada Turkiga''', waa Dal aad u balaadhan waxa uu ku kala yaala labad qaaradood ee [[Aasiya]] iyo [[Yurub]]. Turkigu waxa uu xuduud la leeyhay [[Joorjiya]], Iiraan, [[Armania|Armiiniya]], Azrabijan dhinaca bari dhinaca koonfur waxa uu xuduud kala leeyahay dalalka, Ciraaq Suuriya iyo bada dhexe dhinaca galbeed waxaa ka xiga wadan giriiga iyo wadanka [[Bulgaria|Bulgaariya]] iyo bada loo yaqaano eeje, dhina waqooyi waxaa ka xiga bada madaw,waxa uu ahaa turkigu mid ay maa musho dawladii cismaaniyuuntu ilaa [[1922]] markaas oo la sameeyay dawladan turkiga ee aynu manta naqaano, dawladaas oo uu sameeyay ninkii la odhan jiray [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]i. == Magaca Turkiya == Magaca Turkiya waxa uu kasoo jeedaa laba kalmadood oo laysisaaray oo kala ah kalmada Turk oo ah kalmada tilmaamaysa shacab waynaha Turkiga iyo kalmada iye oo ka hadlaysa wexeenaa markaa magacu macna ahaan waxa uu noqonayaa Turkiyadeena. == Taariikh == Wadanka Turkiga intii kahoraysay sanadkii 1922 waxaa maamulaysa [[Dawlada Cosmaniya]]. Kadib markii ay bur burtay [[Dawladii Suluuqiyiinta]] waxa samaysamay Dawladi Sismaaniyiinta. [[File:MERSİN-1.jpg|thumb|right|400px|]] == Dawladii Cismaniya iyo Sidii ay ku abuurantay == Wagas oo hee layeela soo dhmays tiira am. == Asalkoodii iyo dawladaasii siday ku abuurantay == [[Kitaabka quduska|Qorniinka Quduuska]] ah waxay inoo sheegaan inay webiyada la yiraahdo [[Furaat|Yufraad]] iyo [[Tigris]] (Xiddeqel) ay ka yimaaddeen Ceeden. Beerta Ceeden waxaa loo maleeyaa inay ku taallay meel maanta ah bariga Turki. Runtii, beerta Ceeden adduunka bay ku taallay. Ilaahay Aadan buu abuuray oo wuxuu dejiyay beerta Ceeden “inuu falo oo dhawro.”<ref>[https://www.jw.org/so/wargeysyada/maxaa-cusub/iimaan-run-ah/qasdiga-ilaahay-oo-ku-saabsan-adduunka/ Muxuu Yahay Qasdiga Ilaahay oo ku Saabsan Adduunka?]</ref>. Waxa ay kasoojeedeen [[cismaaniyiintu.]]. qabiilada.oogooz.oo ah qabiilo kamid ahayd qawmiyada Turkumaanka waxa ay daganaayeen wadanka [[mangooliya]]kadib markii ay mangooliyiintu dhibaato u gyastayn waxa ay u yaaceen xagaas iyo Turkiga waxa ay degeen meesha lagu magacaabo.betyeeniya.oo ku taalaa deegaanka anaadool.ee wadanka Turkiga.waxa ay ahyad xiligii suldaan [[cismaan ardaqal]]. Ama cusmaankii koobaad.markii u horaysay cismaaniyiintu waxa ay lugohooda dhigeen.dhulka looyaqaano bolkaniska.ee katirsan bariga yurub.cismaaniyiintu waxa ay aad usii fideen kadib markii uu dhacay dagaalkii ka dhacay goobta looyaqaano. [[Nikobolis]] oo dhacay sanadii 1389.intaa kadib waxa dhacay dhawr jeer in ay jabaan.laakiin markiidanbe waxa ay lasoonoqdeen haybadoofdii iyo awoodoodii.waxayna aad u xoogaysteen xiligii, [[muraadkii labaad]].oo ahayd.[[1421-1451]]. Kadib waxa cyimi [[suldaan maxamed alfaatix]]. Oo awooday in uu qabsado [[giriiga]] 1453. Waxaan raba in aan wax kabarto turkiga wada nuuce ayaa lomara in tee ayay iguqadane in aan cagaha dhego dalka turkiga casimada Ankara. ==IMF== '''0.98%''' ==Xubin== * [[IMF]] * [[Bankiga Aduunka]] * [[Kooxda Labaatanka]] * [[Qaramada Midoobay]] ==waddanmah La Deggan Turkiga== * {{Flag|Azerbaijan}} 20,000+. * {{Flag|Kazakhstan}} 2000+ * {{Flag|Turkmenistan}}: 2000+: * {{Flag|Uzbekistan}}: 1000+: == sobixitankii.reer.cusmaan == Kadib markii uu dhintay arduqal.waxa dhacday in wiilkiisa cismaan halkiisii loomagacaabay.cismaan ibnu ardoqalna waxa uu dhashay.1258.waxaanuu ahaa aasaaskii dawladan.waxa uu kasoojeeday qabiilada qay.awoowgii oo la odhanjiray suliman shaah ayaa waxa uu soo haajiray xagaas iyo.turkiga.waxaanuu dagay turkiga.maadaama oo uu ahaa cusmaan nin hogaaminaya qabeelo dhan markii uu yimi wadanka turkiga waxa ay sifiican isufahmeen cidii markaas halkaas katalinaysay.kadib waxa ay saaxiibtinimo wanaagsani dhex martay isaga iyo calaa adiin.oo ahaa odaygii ama hogaankii halkaas. Kadib calaa waxa uu suldaan cismaan siiyay.calan cad.oo ahaa calaamd lagu garto raga madaxda ah. Waxa kale oo uu siiyay.magaca ama naanaysta (bik) laga bilaabo 1289.waxa kale oo uu amray in lacagta lagusoo qoro magaciisaa.waxa kale oo uu u magacaabay hogaamiye qaybkamida ciidamadiisa. == Bilawgii cismaaniyiinta == Suldaankii cismaaniyiinta ugu horeeyay waxa uu ku dhashay magaalada (Sogüt) oo ah meel laga maamulo magaalada wayn ee (bin shahiir)sanadii 1258 kadib markii uu dhintay uldaankii halkaas xukumayay ayaa suldaan cismaan loo dooratay in uu noqdo hogaamiye.taasina waxa ya horseeday in ay bilaabmato dawldii cismaniyiintu.waxa uu suldaan cismaan samaystay dawlad adag iyo ciidan aad u awood badan.waxa uu baabiyiyay oo uu gacanta ku dhigay.dawldii giriiga.kadib dawladiisi waxa ay gaadhay dhul aad u balaadhan.oo ay kamid tahay Soomaaliya.cismaaniyuuntu waxa ay islaamka gaadhsiiyiin.badhtamaha yurub. == Fiditaankii dawlada cismaniyada == Wxa looqaybinkaraa fiditaankii iuyo taariikhdii cismaaniyiinta laba qaybood. qaybta hore waxa ay tahay xilgii horumarka iyo awooda milatari taas oo soo gaadhsiisnayd sanadii 1566 iyo taariikh kale oo ay dawladaasi soo martay xiliyo adag iyo dhibaato siyaasadeed waxaanay soo gaadhsiisanayd sanadii 1683. === Xiligii horumarka iyo awooda (1453–1566) === Kadib markii uu dhintay suldaan [[maxamed al-faatex]] waxa xukunka kumurmay labada wiil ee uu katagay laakiin waxa adkaaaday oo loodoortay boqor boqorka la odhan jiray [[baayasiid]] oo ahaa wiil uu katay maxamed al-faatex. kadib walaalkii waxa uu u cararay dhankaas iyo masar halkaas oo uu kaalmo karaadsaday dawladii katalinjiratay masar xiligaas ee [[Dawladii Mamaaliikta]] kadib halkaas wuu katagay oo waxa uu aaday dhanka jsiirada [[Rodes]] halkaas oo uu iskudayay in uu gacansiiyo ciidamdii hogaamiye diimeedka (Knights Hospitaller) iyo dawladaha reer galbeedka == Taariikhda Turkiga iyo Giriiga == Taariikhdu culays miisaan ayey saartaa xiriirka u dhexeeya Giriigga iyo Turkiga. Giriiggu wuxuu qeyb ka ahaa boqortooyadii Cuthmaaniyiinta, taasoo uu Turkigu laf-dhabar u ahaa markii uu ku dhawaaqay madax bannaanidiisa qarnigii 19-aad. [[File:Bayraktar_TB2_Ground.jpg|thumb|right|400px|]] [[File:Bogazici_Universitesi_metro.jpg|thumb|right|400px|turkiga treenka]] [[File:Food_fromTurkey.jpg|thumb|right|400px|cuntoka turkiga]] [[File:Turkish_Angora_in_Ankara_Zoo_(AO%C3%87).JPG|thumb|right|300px|turkish agora bisaad]] == Dagaalkii Giriigga iyo Turkiga == Ciidamadii Turkigu waxay la dagaallameen ciidamada Giriigga ee markaas haystay si ay halkaasi uga soo baxdo Jamhuuriyadda Turkiga sannadkii 1920-kii. Ilaa tobaneeyadii sano ee la soo dhaafay waxay u muuqatay in labada waddan ciidamadoodu ay isku dhici karaan. Laakiin, hadda dad aad u tiro yar ayaa rumaysan in ay waxaasi dhici karaan, xitaa haddii uu kala shaki ku kala dhex jiro labada shacbi. ==UN Tiro== '''792''' ===Dadaalka saaxiibtinnimo=== Labada Dawladdadood ee labada dal ee Giriigga iyo Turkigu aad bey u shaqeeyeen si uu mid kasta saaxiibtinnimo uga kasbado midka kale, taasoo weliba sii baahday kaalmadii uu mid kasta siiyey midka kale markii ay dhul-gariirradu ka dheceen halkaasi sannadkii 1999. Laakiin, haddana weli waxaa jira waxooga mushkilado ah. Jasiiradda qeybsan ee Qubrus ayaa hadda ah meesha ay ka soo burqato dhibaatada u dhexeysa labada dal, waxaana jira arrin si weyn la isugu khilaafsan yahay oo ah jawiga iyo xuquuqda dhul ee badda Aegean-ka taasoo kala qeybisa labada dal, laakiin haddana diblomaasiyiinta labada dal aad bey ugu rajo weyn yihiin kulankooda soo socda. ===Rabitaanka Turkiga=== Ganacsiga, rabitaanka Turkiga uu ku doonayo in uu ku biiro Midowga Yurub, iyo mustaqbalka Qubrus kaddib markii bishii hore lagu guul-darreystay aftidii lagu mideyn lahaa, ayaa waxaa laga yaabaa in ay ugu waaweyn yihiin waxyaabaha ay ka wada hadli doonaan. ===Khilaafka xaggee buu ka imaan karaa?=== Qeyb rasmi ah oo ka mid ah booqashada ayaa laga yaabaa in la isku khilaafo. Maalinta Sabtida ah ee soo socota, Mr Erdogan, ayaa Thrace ku booqan doona Bariga Giriigga, meeshasina waxaa deggan ilaa boqol kun oo shacab ah oo ku hadla afka Turkiga, kuwaasoo ka soo haray shacabkii la is-weydaarsaday sannadkii 1920-kii. Qaar badan oo ka mid ah kuwaasi waxay ku baaqaan in la aqoonsado sugnaantooda Turkinnimo, taasoo ay iska diiddo Dawladda Giriigga. [[File:Galata Bridge, Istanbul (Constantinople).jpg|thumb|right|197px|19. yüzyıl sonlarında [[Galata Köprüsü]] ve arka planda [[Valide Sultan Camii|Yeni Cami]], İstanbul.]]] == Deegaanka == Turkiya waxa ay ka koobantahay labada qaaradood ee [[Yurub]] iyo [[Aasiya]] laakiin intabadan dhulka wadanka yurkigu waxa uu kuyaalaa qaarada Aasiya. wadanka Turkiya wqaxa uu kufiadhiyaa dhula gaadhaya ilaa 783,562 oo iskuweera == Tirada Dadka == Markii ugu horaysay ee tirakoob lagusameeyaa waxa ay ahayd sanadkii 2009 markaas oo ay dadku noqdeen ilaa 67,803,927 == Diinta == * [[Islaam]]|| 95.99% * [[Bilaadiin]]03.2% * [[Masiixiyad]]00.6% * Qaarkale 0.1 == Ciidamada == Ciidamada wadanka turkiya waxa ay ka koobanyihiin ciidamada cirka Dhulka iyo badda.xiliga nabada waxa lagutilmaamaa in ay hoos yimaadsaan wasaarada aramiha gudaha. Intaa waxaa dheer ciidamada booliska iyo jandarmaariga oo xiliga dagaalkana waxa ay hoostagaan wasaarada difaaca,ciidamada Turkigu waa ciidanka labaad ee kujira [[Gaashaanbuurta NATO]] marka maraykanka lagayimaado.ciidamada turkiga waxaa laguqiyaasaa in kabadan hal milyan iyo badh.qofkasta oo turkiya waxa qasab ku ah in uu soo maro adeega ciidanimo sadex todobaad ilaa 18 bilood. == Luqada Turkiga == laqada Turkiga waa mid kamida luqadaha turkiga ee looyaqaano in ay yihiin amaba kasoo jeedaan bah luqeedaka looyaqaano [[Altis]] intii ka horaysay waxa afka turkiga lagu qorui jiray farta carabiga.waxaana luqadaas u badanaa kalmado kasoo jeeda Faaris iyo carabi.laakiin Jamhuuriyiintii talada lawareegtay ee uu madaxda u ahaa [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]], ayaa kadanbeeyay in afka Turkiga lagu qoro farta laatiinka ah ee maanta loo isticmaalo.daadka kuhadla luqada turkiga waxa lagu qiyaasaa ilaa 130 milyan oo qof oo kukal nool in kabadan ilaa 15 wadan. * [[Aquila Synope]] <gallery> File:Hattusa.temple1.jpg|Vestigis dau Grand Temple (temple 1) de la vila bassa de [[Hattusa]]. File:Ruins of Gordion 3.JPG|Vestigis de [[Gordion]] qu'èra la [[capitala]] de [[Frígia]]. File:Pergamon - 01.jpg|Vestigis d'un temple dedicat a Trajan a [[Pergama]]. File:Aya sofya.jpg|Catedrala Santa Sofia bastida per lei Bizantins e transformada en [[mosqueta]] per leis Otomans. File:Akdamar kirche.jpg|Glèisa bizantina dins la region dau [[lac de Van]]. File:YesilCami Iznik 920.jpg|[[Mosqueta Vèrda]] d'estile otoman bastida a Bursa (fin dau sègle XIV). File:Selimiye Mosque, Dome.jpg|Dòma de la [[Mosqueta Selimiye]] d'Edirne (sègle XVI). File:Blue Mosque Courtyard Dusk Wikimedia Commons.jpg|[[Mosqueta Blava]] d'estile otoman a [[Istambul]] (començament dau sègle XVII). File:İstanbul 4946.jpg|[[Mosqueta Nusretiye]] d'estile barròc otoman (començament dau sègle XIX). File:Dolmabahce, Istanbul, Turchia.JPG|[[Palais Dolmabahçe]] que mescla leis estiles barròc, rococò e neoclassic (mitat dau sègle XIX). File:DolmabahceMainGate.JPG|Intrada dau [[Palais Dolmabahçe]]. </gallery> <gallery> File:Flag of Turkey.svg|Drapèu oficiau de Turquia oficialament adoptat en [[1936]]. File:Ottoman flag.svg|Drapèu [[Empèri Otoman|otoman]] a l'origina dau drapèu turc actuau. File:BattleOfHoms1299.JPG|Utilizacion d'un drapèu roge amb estela e luna per de soudats turcs en [[1299]]. File:Emblem of the Republic of Turkey.svg|Blason actuau utilizat per la diplomacia turca. File:Seal of the Turkish Parliament (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi).svg|Blason de la Granda Assemblada nacionala. File:Turkey emblem round.png|Blason utilizat dins certanei documents oficiaus e per leis equipas esportivas. </gallery> ==sido kale fiiri== * [[Germany]] * [[Switzerland]] * [[Spain]] {{Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka}} == Tixraac == <references /> {{Dalalka Aasiya}} {{Dalalka Yurub}} [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] 3pu54u93qilpy77ib7excia8ag7vr5p 0 15166 307717 262679 2026-09-09T19:46:34Z Soalt 39618 tixraac iyo {{Dalalka Aasiya}} iyo [[Category:Aasiya]] iyo [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] 307717 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |coordinates = {{Coord|35|11|N|33|22|E|type:city}} |conventional_long_name = Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus |native_name = {{native name|tr|Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti}} |image_flag = Flag of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.svg |common_name = Northern Cyprus |symbol_type = Coat of arms |national_anthem = {{lang|tr|[[İstiklal Marşı]]}}<br/>{{small|''Independence March''}}<br/><center>[[File:Istiklâl Marsi instrumetal.ogg]]</center> |image_map = Northern Cyprus (orthographic projection).svg |map_width = 220px |status = [[List of states with limited recognition|Partially recognized state]] |capital = [[North Nicosia]] Magalooka |largest_city = capital |official_languages = [[Af-Turki]] |demonym = [[Turkish Cypriot]] |government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[republic]] |leader_title1 = [[President of Northern Cyprus|President]] |leader_name1 = [[Mustafa Akıncı]] |leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Northern Cyprus|Prime Minister]] |leader_name2 = [[Tufan Erhürman]] |legislature = [[Assembly of the Republic (Northern Cyprus)|Assembly of the Republic]] |established_event1 = Proclaimed |sovereignty_type = [[Independence]] {{nobold|from the [[Cyprus|Republic of Cyprus]]}} |established_event2 = Recognition |established_date1 = [[wikisource:Declaration of Independence of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus|15 November 1983]]<ref name="Declaration"/> |established_date2 = 15 November 1983 ([[International recognition of Northern Cyprus|limited]]) |area_km2 = 3,355 |area_rank = {{small|unranked}} <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]];(should not be any here as it is listed with a dash) --> |area_sq_mi = 1,295 |percent_water = 2.7 |population_estimate = 313,626<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160108225108/http://www.devplan.org/Ecosos/BOOK/SEG-2014.pdf TRNC] SPO, Economic and Social Indicators 2014, pages=2–3</ref> |population_census = 286,257 |population_estimate_year = 2014 |population_census_year = 2011 |population_density_km2 = 93 |population_density_rank = 117th |population_density_sq_mi = 242 |GDP_PPP = |GDP_PPP_year = |GDP_PPP_rank = |GDP_PPP_per_capita = |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = |GDP_nominal = $4.032 billion<ref name=treconomy/> |GDP_nominal_year = 2014 |GDP_nominal_rank = |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $15,109<ref name=treconomy>{{cite web|title=KKTC|url=http://www.ekonomi.gov.tr/portal/faces/home/disIliskiler/ulkeler/ulke-detay/KKTC;jsessionid=GS7VrcKEc1o6yd5UlOZhSIoh1K3ejD71nzGDyj5CcmUWENtuLSlV!-1231570490?_afrLoop=322898295967035&_afrWindowMode=0&_afrWindowId=null#!%40%40%3F_afrWindowId%3Dnull%26_afrLoop%3D322898295967035%26_afrWindowMode%3D0%26_adf.ctrl-state%3Dpzppiyptv_4|publisher=Turkish Ministry of Economy|accessdate=28 July 2015|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=17 Bisha Tobnaad 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017204605/http://www.ekonomi.gov.tr/portal/faces/home/disIliskiler/ulkeler/ulke-detay/KKTC;jsessionid=GS7VrcKEc1o6yd5UlOZhSIoh1K3ejD71nzGDyj5CcmUWENtuLSlV!-1231570490?_afrLoop=322898295967035&_afrWindowMode=0&_afrWindowId=null#!%40%40%3F_afrWindowId%3Dnull%26_afrLoop%3D322898295967035%26_afrWindowMode%3D0%26_adf.ctrl-state%3Dpzppiyptv_4|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = |currency = [[Turkish lira]] {{Turkish lira}} (TRY) |time_zone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]] ([[UTC+2]])<ref>{{cite web|title=Saatler geri alınıyor!|url=http://www.yeniduzen.com/saatler-geri-aliniyor-95079h.htm|publisher=[[Yeni Düzen]]|accessdate=18 October 2017}}</ref> |time_zone_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]] |utc_offset_DST = +3 |drives_on = left |calling_code = [[+90 392]] |area_magnitude = 1 E9 }} Waqooyiga Cyprus (Turkish: Waqooyiga Cyprus), si rasmi ah u ah Jamhuuriyadda Turkiga ee Waqooyiga Cyprus (TRNC; Turki: Turkiga Waqooyi Galbeed), waa gobol la aqoonsan yahay oo ka kooban qaybta waqooyi bari ee jasiiradda Cyprus. Aqoonsiga Turkiga oo keliya, Waqooyiga Cyprus waxaa loo tixgeliyaa beesha caalamka inay ka mid noqoto Jamhuuriyadda Qubrus. Waqooyiga Qubrus wuxuu ka kooban yahay bartamaha jasiiradda Karup ee waqooyi-bari ilaa Morphou Bay, Cape Kormakitis iyo barteeda galbeedka, Kokkina oo ka baxsan galbeedka. Mawqifkeeda koonfureed waa tuulada Louroujina. Goobta xuduudaha ah ee ay maamusho Qaramada Midoobey waxay u fidisaa inta u dhaxeysa Waqooyiga Cyprus iyo inta kale ee jasiiradda waxayna kala qaybisaa Nicosia, magaalo weynta jasiiradda iyo caasimadda labada dhinacba. Xildhibaanadii 1974-kii, ayaa ka mid ahaa isku day ay ku doonayso inay jasiiradda ku dhufato Giriigta, taasoo keentay weerarradii Turkiga ee Cyprus. Tani waxay sababtay in badan oo ka mid ah dadweynaha waqooyiga ee Qubrus ee Qubrus, duulimaadka Turkiga ee koofurta iyo qaybta jasiiradda, taas oo horseedday caddayn madax-bannaan oo madax-bannaan oo waqooyiga ee 1983-kii. Waqooyiga Qubrus wuxuu aad ugu tiirsan yahay Turkiga taageero dhaqaale, siyaasadeed iyo ciidan. [5] [6] [7] =Tixraac= {{reflist}} {{Dalalka Aasiya}} [[Category:Aasiya]] [[Category:Wadamada Aasiya]] nhrx7dyfxl90bufgw9hd923it25vs4u 0 17551 307724 266177 2026-09-10T09:34:37Z EmausBot 2224 Hagaajin u rogid labalaaban ee [[Maraq]] 307724 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Maraq]] dvp791g1bfk7esl0a5z67lac4yokd3c 0 28248 307718 297822 2026-09-10T04:18:13Z ~2026-48987-02 47322 /* */ 307718 wikitext text/x-wiki {{nadiifin|sababta=qoraalka wuxuu u baahanyahay hagaajin waxaana ka maqan xog caddayn}} '''Hawrarsame Amaanreer''' Af Ingriis; Hawrarsame Amanrer, Af carabi; هورارسمى امان رير) waa beel ka mid ah beelaha Mareexaan, gaar ahaan kuwooda waa weyn. Beesha Howraarsame, waxa ay siman yihiin xagga abtirsiga beelaha kala ah Wagardhac Amaanreer, Talxe Amaanreer iyo Raadamiir Amaanreer oo ay ka farcameen jifooyin badan oo aad loo yaqaanno sida jifooyinka kala ah; reer Diini, Celi, reer Siyaad Xuseyn, Cali Maxamed, reer Axmed, reer Garaad iyo kuwa kale oo badan. Beesha Howraarsame, waxa ay ka kooban tahay 3 jifo oo waa weyn, kuwaasi oo kala; (1) Reer Iidow. (2) Aadan Saleebaan. (3) Maxamuud Saleebaan. Sedexdan jifo ee waa weyn, mid kasta oo iyaga ka mid ah, waxaa ka farcamay jifooyin badan oo marka la isu geeyo gaarayo Ilaa 17 jifo sida jifooyinka kala ah; reer Kuulow, reer Dhiblaawe, reer Dhoore, reer Xildiid, reer Jaamac, reer Madoobe, reer Cigaal, reer Cabdalla, reer Hagar iyo kuwa kale oo badan. Beesha Howraarsame, waxa ay degtaa deegaanada kala ah; Gedo, Galgaduud iyo meelo ka mid ah deegaanada Soomaali Galbeed sida nawaaxiga magaalada Negeyle oo kale. Beeshan ayaa leh taariikh facweyn marka laga hadlayo sooyaalka taariikheed ee beesha Mareexaan Sade, taana waxaa laga dheehan karaa halgannadii ay Beeshan horumuudka ka ahayd sida kii lagu soo degay koonfurta Soomaaliya, gaar ahaan gobolka Gedo. Beesha waxaa ka dhashay dad caan ah oo dhinaca dhaqanka ah, kuwaasi oo saameyn ballaaran ka tagay, waxaana dadkaasi ka mid ah; Deer Siyaad, Cabdi Cumar, Ibrahim Bulle, Xasan Cabdi (Garaad Maash), Sheekh Ibrahim Cabdille Warsame, iyo rag kale sida Dhuxul Samatar iyo Cabdille Cumar oo kale. Dhinaca siyaasadda, Beesha waxaa ka dhashay siyaasiyiin waa weyn iyo saraakiil ciidan, kwaasi oo isugu jira kuwo dhintay iyo kuwo hadda nool, waxaana ka mid ah; Aadan Dabajoog, Cali Qanyare, Xuseyn Garey, General Adan kalmoy dhaqane, Korneyl Muxumed Xasan, Korneyl Cabdiyare Ibrahim, Korneyl, Maxamuud Ibrahim, Korneyl Baalle Ibrahim oo hadda ah Xildhibaan ka tirsan Baarlamaanka Soomaaliya iyo rag kale oo badan. ==Deegaanka== Beesha Howraarsame waxay degtaa dhul aad uwayn, waxayna kamid tahay beelaha ugu dhulka wayn Somalida. Waxay degtaa in ka badan 4 Gobol oo ka mid ah Jubaland iyo Galmudug,Puntland sidoo Waxay ka degaan magaalooyinka Baladxaawo, Luuq Ganane. Baardheere. Ceelwaaq. Nugaal iyo Doolow. Waxay sidoo kale degaan tuulooyinka camirmay ee caanka ah, sida Farjanno, Farwaaleey, Malmalleey, Bartiileey, Wariiryaale, Tuulo-Jibriil, Laan-abeer, Nusdariiqa, Carracase, Bannaaneey,Dacarre Nugaal iwm. Sidoo kale beeshan waxay degtaa Gobolka Galgaduud oo ay ka degtaa degmada Caabudwaq, Balanbale iyo Dhabad, sidoo kale qaybo kamid ah Gobolka Nugaal. Waa beesha ugu dhulka ballaaran beelaha Mareexaan sidoo kale waa beesha labaad ee ugu tirada badan Mareexaanka. ==Taariikhda oo kooban== Howraarsame magaciisa wuxuu ahaa ==Cali Amaanreer== Waxaa la hooyo ahaa Maxamed oo loo yaqaan Wagardhac Amaanreer iyo Talxe Amaanreer, waxaana saddexda nin la isku dhahaa Bah Cilaamo. Magaca Howraasame oo ah naynaas aad u qurxoon, tilmaanna ka bixinaysa shakhsiyaddii Cali Amaanreer, waxaa loogu bixiyey hadal samidiisii iyo deeqsinimadiisii. Waxaa la sheegaa Hawraarsame inuu ahaa curud kuxigeenkii Cillaamo Carbeed iyo Amaanreer Isaaq. Waxaa ka waynaa Wagardhac, waxaana ka yaraa Talxe. Sidoo kale ka yaraa Raadamiir oo hooyo gaar ahaa uguna yaraa afarta ilma Amaanreer Isaaq. Taariikhdu waxay xustaa Howraarsame inuu ahaa wiilka uu ugu jeclaa Amaanreer Isaaq wiilashiisa afarta ah. Markasta oo uu u yeeraba wuxuu ahaa mid u dhega nugul aabahiis, marwalbana ka ag dhaw. Middaas ayaa keentay inuu awlaaddiisa kale ka jeclaada, looguna bixiya hadal wanaaggiisa iyo gacan furnaantiisa magaca Howraarsame. Hawraar macnaheedu waa hadal, same-na waa wanaagsane. Hadal-wanaagsane. Waa magac aad u qurxoon oo tilmaamaya gobnimada afsamida Cali Amaanreer. Ilaa maanta duriyadiisii ayaa magacaas loo yaqaan. Taariikhda Mareexaan waxay ahayd taariikhda ugu mugga wayn geeska Afrika. Maxamed ayaa la dhihi jiray magaca Mareexaan. Mareexaan waxaa u bixiyey carabta, waxaana loogu magac daray dhulka udugga ama Reyxaanta oo waqooyi Bari Somalia, maantana loo yaqaan Puntland. Magaca bunt faraacinada ayaa u taqiin oo waa dhulkii Udugga, halka Carabta ay dhihi jirtay Mar'uriixaan, oo ah marinkii reyxaanta. Waxaa dhulkaas ku noolaa Daarood, Daaroodna waxaa u badnaa Mareexaan oo uguna magac dheeraa, sidaas buu reer Maxamed Sade uu magacii Mar-u-reexaan iyagii uun ugu haray. Haddaba magacaas wayn iyo muunaddaas waxay ku dhaxleen, boqortooyadii Daarood, oo marba reer ku wareegan jirtay aanse ka dhex bixin Sade dhexdiisa. Markii taariikhdu siday xust kaltankii ciddan la joogay, waxaa la yiri nin kamid ahaa jifo ka tirsan Hawraarsame ayaa dilay ninkii talada beesha Daarood hayey, kaasoo ahaa Maxamad Daa'uud, taariikhduna waxay dhigtay in ninkaas dilay Boqor Maxamed Daa'uud, kaas oo beesha Hawraarsame ahaa inuu ahaa ninkii ugu dhawaa boqor Maxamed Daa'uud uuna ugu kalsoonida badnaa. Ninkaas wuxuu ahaa nin talo aqoon ah, oo geesi kibir badan ahaa, aadna ugu qab waynaa Mareexaanimada, sidaas ayeyna beesha Mareexaan ugu garatay inuu noqdo dhaxalsugaha saldanada ka dhaxli doono Maxamed Dawiid. Daaroodku ma qabin boqortooyo ka horreysay tan Mareexaan, waxayna ahayd kaltan, lagu bilaabay awlaaddii Maxamad Warwaajecel oo Maxamed Daa'uud uu ku abtirsan jiray. Maaddaama ninkaas Hawraarsame uu ahaa nin aad u ad adag, oo ad adkaantiisii lagu tilmaama maanta inuu ka kibir badnaa Garaad Wiilwaalkii reer Bartire, waxay Daaroodkii yaryaraa istuseen in si Allaale sidii looga hortegi lahaa inuu ninkaas xukunku qabta looga hortego. Kadib waxaa dhacay dilkii Boqorka. Qaabkii uu hawlgalka u dhacay ayaa lagu waramay inuu ahaa labo nooc oo kale duwan middood, kuwaasoo labaduba ahaa mu'aamarad lasoo maleegay. Midda kowaad waxa lagu sheegaa inay ahayd in dilka boqorka ay niman ardaalo ah oo beesha Majeerteen ka dhashay geysteen kadibna lagu masabitay ninkii reer Hawraarsame ee talada looga yaabayey inuu qabto Maxamed Daa'uud kadib, kaasoo sxb iyo garab kowaadba u ahaa boqor Maxamed Daa'uud. Tan labaad ee lasoo weriyay ayaa ah, in boqorka oo niman Majeerteen Saleebaan ah la sheekeynayay uu gam'ay geedkii uu kula sheekeysanayey hoostiisa. Nimankii baa inta baxay utegey Garsuge una sheegay nin uu raadinayey oo dakana ka dhaxaysay inay soo arkeen, waxayna u tilmaameen inuu geed hebel hoos jiifa. Ninkii siduu u roorayay meeshii markuu tegey ninkan (boqorka) oo daboolan ayuu dilay. Beeshii Hawraarsame kibir iyo inkir waxay ahaydba waa diidday inay bixisa magtii Maxamed Daa'uud, dabadeedna, halkii baa xukun ay beesha Majeerteen ridday lagu qaaday oo walaaladiis lagu diray, saldanadiina labadaba waa laga dhex siibsaday, tan iyo maantana dib uma soo ceshan. Xukunku wuxuu ahaa Hawraarsame xoolahiisa hala dhaca dayr walbo, yaana loo guurin yaana laga guursan. Inkastoo goaankaas lagu kala tagsanaa, haddana ugu dambeyn waa la isla qaatay marka laga reebo beela kamid Mareexaan oo si dadban u diiday xukunkaas, waxaana beelahaas ay kala ahaayeen qaar kamid ah jifooyin Raadamiir ah oo ah Soonfure iyo Fiqiyacquub, iyo sidoo kale beela kale oo Mareexaan ah, kuwaasoo kala ah reer Xasan Gaashireedle, Talxe iyo Uurmidig. Sidoo kale beesha Facaye oo Ina Sade ah baanan guud ahaan aqbalin goaankaas. Inkastoo Wagardhacu ahaa wiil naas la nuugay Hawraarsame oo la hooyo iyo la aabbe ahaa, haddana go'aankaas beesha Majeerteen ay keentay wuu aqbalay isaga iyo Celi Warwaajecel ayeyna ahaayeen labadii beel ee aad ugu qanacsanayd. Waqtigaas oo cududdii Mareexaan ay daciiftay, baa reer Gashiishoor oo ina Hodanbari ah ka hayaamay deegaankii Sade, wuxuuna u qaxay dhankaas iyo waqooyiga Sudan ilaa Eritrea, oo umadahaas ayuu ku dhex milmay. Dadka dhulkaas kunool ayaad ku arkaysaa ummada ku leh usuul Daarood baan nahay oo kasoo qaxay Waqooyi Bari Somalia. Sidaas si lamid ah Facaye oo Mareexaan la siman hanti geel ahna uu Ilaahay ku mannaystay baa hayaamay, oo ka dhex baxay Mareexaan. Durriyadii Cali Amaanreer markay u adkeysan wayday dhaca joogtada ee Wagardhac, Celi iyo Maxamed Warwaajecel iyo Daarood kale ay ku hayeen wuxuu miciin biday inuu kasoo hayaama dhulkii Ilaahay uu ku beeray, wuxuuna soo degay deegaan uu Booran iyo Gasaargude ka xoreystay. Hayaankaas waxaa kusoo sagootiyey sida taariikhdu ay qortay duqii qoyska Cali Dheere oo markaas tarmayey oo aad uga xumaa in Hawraarsame deegaanka ka guuro, maaddaama uu ahaa nin cudud iyo caqliba u ahaa walaaladiis kale. Ogowna Cali waxaa dhalay Maxamad Daa'uud kaas uu dilay ninka Hawraarsame. Markii duqii Cali Dheere uu ka joojin waayey odayaaashii Hawraarsame inuu ka dhaadhiciyo inay walaaladood ka fogaanin, wuu soo raacay lana soo gaaray gobolka Hiiraan, halkaasoo hayaankii uu uga haray. Muddo yar kadib waxaa hayaankaas ka daba yimid beelaha reer Xasan Gaashireedle, Uurmidig, Fiqi Yacquub iyo Talxe, waxaana la wada saldhigtay goobtii uu Howraarsame ka xoreeyey Booranta iyo Gasaargudaha, inkastoo Gasaarguduhu loo daayey xaruntii saldanadiisii ee Luuq kadib markii ay la heshiiyeen beelaha Xasan Gaashireedle iyo Hawraarsame oo kula heshiiyey gobolka intiisa kale in Hawraarsame iyo Xasan ay leeyahiin Luuqna Gasaarguda, lagana wada difaaca Booranta. Taariikhdu waxay xustaa maaddaama Gasaarguduhu uu lahaa saldanad aad u wayn oo xarunna u ahayd degmada Luuq in Hawraarsame ay isfahan kuwada degeen gobolka oo markii hore dagaallo ba'an uu ku dhex mari jiray Booranta iyo Gasaarguduha. Waxaa la sheegay markii hayaankii beelaha kale ee Mareexaan uu yimid in Gasaarguduhu u baqay saldanadiisii oo markaas ku aruursanayd magaalada Luuq Ganana oo keliya, wuxuuna kula taliyey Howraarsame inaan lasoo dhawayn raggan bariga ka yimid. Hawraarsamaha oo Ilaahay uu u hibeeyey dhiig iyo damqasho walaaleed wuxuu weerar ku qaaday saldanadii Gasaarguduha, kana eryay degmadii Luuq. Wuxuu Hawraarsame aad usoo dhaweeyey beelihii walaaladii ee hayaanka ku yimid. ama kudhaw lagu qayaasay markii laga jooga hayaankaas, baa waxaa yimid hayaankii beesha Cali Dheere, Hawraarsamuhuna isagoo ka duulaya wanaaggii odaygii beesha Cali Dheere, kana abaalgudaya wuxuu kusoo dhaweeyey deegaankii, welibana isku deegaan bay noqdeen isagoo Amaanreernimo udugsanayay. Tan iyo maantadan aan joogno, aabbaha Hawraarsamuhu wuxuu wiilkiisa baraa labo shey oo aad muhiim ugu ah shakhsiyadda Hawraarsamaha. Waana deeqsinimada iyo geesinimada. Hawraarsamahu waa beel aad u ballaadhan, degtana gobolada Gedo, labada Juba iyo Galgaduud. Haddii ay tahay difaaca beesha Mareexaan, haddii ay tahay samafal iyo haddii ay tahay qaddiyad Mareexaan oo loo dhinta, intaba Hawraarsame wuxuu ahaa hormuudka Sade Daarood. Tani waa taariikh yar oo ku saabsan Hawraarsame iyo hayaankiisii Gedo iyo weliba sida uu ku baxay magaciisa. abtirsiga Howraarsame iyo siduu u tarmay. Cali (Howraarsame) mohamed Cisman Samatar Suldan (Khaliif) Cabdille Xuseen ismaciil Sheikh (mohamed) Grsuge ==Jifooyinka== Hawraarsame wuxuu u kala baxaa Mucli iyo Garsuge. Garsuge wuxuu dhalay Maxamad. Maxamed ayaa tarmay oo dhalay Yusuf iyo Saleebaan Yusuf wuxuu u kala baxay Gaabane iyo Iidoow. Iidoow baa tarmay Reer Yusuf wuxuu dhalay Iidow iyo Gaabane Iidow waa tarmay, wuxuu dhalay *Xildiid iyo dhore Xildiid wuxuu u kala baxay Rer kulow iyo rer dhiblawe *Rer kulow •reer Hagar Kulow •reer Siyaad Kulow •reer Cool Kulow ¶Reer Dhiblawe Iidow •reer Diirshe Dhiblawe °reer Ahmed Diirshe •reer Egal Dirshe •reer Samatar Diirshe •reer Mohamed Diirshe <code>*Rer dhore</code> Wxuu u kala baxay laba <code>*Abtidoon dhore</code> <code>*qeyliye dhore</code> <code>*Abtidoon</code> <code>•Mohamed abtidoon •xaadow abtidoon</code> *<code>qeyliye dhore waa lix jifo</code> <code>•Raagow abdi qeyliye •Aadan abdi qeyliye •Ahmed abdi qeyliye •osman nur qeyliye •omar nur qeyliye •Hassan raagoW</code> Adan Saleebaan wuxuu dhalay Farah oo u kala baxay *Weydow Farah *Reer Liibaan Farah *Reer Kalaxow Farah *Reer Fardah Farah (Wardheere) *Reer Hildiid Farah * * * * * * * Xildiid Faarax wuxuu dhalay -Naaleeye Xildiid (reer Naaleeye) -Sharmaarke Xildiid (reer Hilowle Sharmaarke) -Uurmax Xildiid. Uurmaax wuxuu u kala baxaa lix jifo oo kala ah URMAH HILDID ¶reer Wa'ays Urmah ¶reer Ali Urmah ¶reer Muse Urmah ¶reer Qayliye Urmah ¶reer Farah Urmah ¶reer Mohamed Urmah Weydow Farah wuxuu dhalay Naxar, wuxuuna Naxar noqday 7 lafood oo la isku dhaha toddobada ilma Naxar, kuwaasoo kale ah Madoobe Nahar, Jaamac Nahar, Bisin Nahar, Kebiya Nahar, Cilmi Nahar, Guleed Nahar iyo Xildiid Nahar √Reer Madoobe Nahar waa afar laf oo aad u tarmay, jifooyin hoose leh. ¶reer Magan Madoobe ¶reer Samatar Madoobe •reer Abdi Samatar •reer Dhuxul Samatar ¶reer Farah Madoobe •reer Haraash Farah -reer Wehlie Haraash -reer Jaamac Haraash -reer Mohamud Haraash ¶reer Sharmaarke Madoobe ● Reer Omar Sharmaarke • reer Adan Omar Adan Omar wuxuu dhalay # Kaalmooy Adan # Hussein Adan ¶reer Hassan Sharmaarke •reer Bulow Hassan •reer Iimaan Hassan •reer Dawid Haasan •reer Adan Hassan •reer Ali Hassan •reer Isak Hassan ¶reer Mohamud Sharmaarke •reer Abdiyarow Mohamud •reer Yusuf Mohamud •reer Ali Mohamud •reer Omar Mohamud √Reer Jaamac Nahar waa afar laf oo jifooyin hoose leh ¶reer Geeddi Jaamac •reer Guure Geeddi •reer Jeellow Geeddi -reer Caalin Jeellow •reer Khalid Geeddi. •reer Kooshin Geeddi ¶reer Diini Jaamac ¶reer Afrah Jaamac ¶reer Qanyare Jaamac √Reer Bisin Nahar waa labo laf oo jifooyin hoose leh ¶reer Ahmed Bisin •reer Osman Ahmed -reer Hassan Ahmed ¶reer Wacays Bisin •reer Ahmed Wacays •Hassil Wacays √Reer Hildiid Nahar √Reer Kebiya Nahar ¶reer Warsame Kebiye ¶reer Kamas Kebiye ¶reer Liiban Kebiye √Reer Guleed Nahar √Reer Elmi Nahar _______________ Mohamud Saleebaan wuxuu u kala baxaa; ¶Reer Farah Mohamud •reer Hagar Farah -reer Olow Hagar -reer Bulale Hagar °reer Dhabar Bulale °reer Da'ar Bulale °reer Dhafe Bulale -reer Kulmiye Hagar °reer Ali Kulmiye -reer Abdi Ali -reer Hassan Ali -reer Aamir Hagar °reer Sheekh Isaq Aamir -reer Dirie Sheekh -reer Dhaqane Sheekh •reer Adawe Farah •reer Halaaleye Farah -reer Kheyre Halaaleye -reer Omane Halaaleye -reer Abdi Halaaleye -reer Ali Halaaleye -reer Akood Halaaleye -reer Jinyare Halaaleye -Reer Egal Farah -Reer Afgadud Farah -Reer Adaawe Farah ¶Reer Abdalla Mohamud Howraarsame Amaanreer wuxuu leeyahay saddex suldaan oo saddexda laf ee waawayn iyo ugaas guud. Waa 17 jifo marka la bixinaya magta boqollaha ah, oo jifo waluba gaarkeeda ay ula baxdo. Jifooyinkan midda ugu dhaw ama ugu hooseysa wuxuu qofka Howraarsamaha ahi katirsadaa 4 ama 5 oday, qaarkoodna waxaa laga tirsadaa illaa 9 ama 10 oday. dx6wbq2xejbmdicoo910y0dwg6svvl6 0 32254 307719 296880 2026-09-10T06:32:28Z ~2026-49000-59 47324 307719 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Farac| |group = Dabarre<br /> دبر |region1 = {{flagcountry|Somalia}} |region2 = {{flagcountry|Ethiopia}} |region4 = {{flagcountry|Kenya}} |langs = [[Somali language|somali]] |rels = [[Sunni]], |related-c = [[Dir]], [[Daarood]], [[Hawiye]], [[Raxanweyn]] iyo qabiilo [[Soomaali]] kale<!-- CONFIRMED RELATIONS!!! --> | population = 10,000,000 }} '''Dabarre''' ([['''Af carabi''': دبر]], '''Af ingiriis''':'''[[Dabare】]]''') waa qabiil ka mid ah qabiilada soomaalida oo degaan ku ah bariga afrika gaar ahaan soomaaliya, itoobiya, kenya iyo meelo kale oo ka mid ah geyiga afrika. Beesha dabarre waxay kasoo jeeda beesha Yusuf darood awrtable oo kamid ah qowmiyadaha ugu taariqda wayn dhulka somaliyeed abtirsiga beelaha dabare Dabare>Mataay>Dhure>Maqarre>Samaale>Hiil>Abrone>kush>Nuh A.S '''Dadka ugu caansan''' ''' Madoobe nuunow mohamed ''' Madaxweynihii ugu horreeyey ee maamulka koonfur galbeed soomaaliya. ''' Cabdisalaan sheekh xuseen: ''' Wasaaradda waxbarashada hiddaha iyo tacliinta sare ee dowladda soomaaliya. ''' Cabdixakiim Mohamoud Haji-Faqi ''' Wasaaradda difaaca soomaaliya. ''' Xuseen maxamud shekh xuseen ''' Minister of Housing and Forestry of Somalia. ''' Ibrahim Awgab Osman ''' Member of The Upper House ''' Sheikh Mohamuud Shekh abdibari''' chairman of somalia religious. ''' Mohamednuur ibrahim (shiqshigow) ''' former governor of Dinsor district. ''' Sheekh cabdiwahaab sheekh ibrahim''' chairman of ahlusuna wal jamea '''Inta reer uu u kala baxo dabarre''' Dabarre waxuu u kala baxaa yeeraan: # '''Yeeraan''' # '''Dirmadow''' * '''Yeeraan''' # Yeeraan hore # Yeeraan dambe * '''Yeeraan hore''' # Waaqbare #[[ Wirweeg]] # Ugul # Tekeme * '''Yeeraan''' # Gaashmoge # Goorlabe # Ilkoole # '''Dirmadow''' * Illoole * Reeraawe * Daldoore * Farre * Mareere '''Meelaha ay degaan''' '''Dabare''' waxay degaan koonfur galbeed soomaaliya, labada webi iyo xitaa Ethopia, Kenya iyo meelo kale ee ka mid ah bariga Afrika.waa qabiilka ugu dhul qurxoon wuxuuna dagan yahay labada wabi dhexdooda dhulka uu daganyahay Dabare waxaana laga quudin karaa 18 ka gobol somalia tusaaale ahaaan waxaa ka baxa qudrada laga cuno dalka Soomaaliya oo dhan sida muuska, cambaha, liinta, isbaandheys ka.iyo kuwo kaloo badan sido kale beeshani waxa ay degtaa Baay, bakool, jubbada dhexe, jubbada hoose, Gedo, iyo shabeelaha hoose. [[Category:Diinsoor]] [[Category:Qorayasha dabare]] [[Category:Abwaanka dabare]] [[Category:Dabare]] [[Category:Abdulkadir ibrahim abdibari .(shalabow)]] __FORCETOC__ [[Category:Tixraac turkey]] kjhjqhnv9ahidpauhgteo4y0kim9g6f 307720 307719 2026-09-10T06:37:09Z ~2026-49000-59 47324 /* */ 307720 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Farac| |group = Dabarre<br /> دبر |region1 = {{flagcountry|Somalia}} |region2 = {{flagcountry|Ethiopia}} |region4 = {{flagcountry|Kenya}} |langs = [[Somali language|somali]] |rels = [[Sunni]], |related-c = [[Dir]], [[Daarood]], [[Hawiye]], [[Raxanweyn]] iyo qabiilo [[Soomaali]] kale<!-- CONFIRMED RELATIONS!!! --> | population = 100,000 }} '''Dabarre''' ([['''Af carabi''': دبر]], '''Af ingiriis''':'''[[Dabare】]]''') waa qabiil ka mid ah qabiilada soomaalida oo degaan ku ah bariga afrika gaar ahaan soomaaliya, itoobiya, kenya iyo meelo kale oo ka mid ah geyiga afrika. Beesha dabarre waxay kasoo jeeda beesha Yusuf darood awrtable oo kamid ah qowmiyadaha ugu taariqda wayn dhulka somaliyeed abtirsiga beelaha dabare Dabare>Mataay>Dhure>Maqarre>Samaale>Hiil>Abrone>kush>Nuh A.S '''Dadka ugu caansan''' ''' Madoobe nuunow mohamed ''' Madaxweynihii ugu horreeyey ee maamulka koonfur galbeed soomaaliya. ''' Cabdisalaan sheekh xuseen: ''' Wasaaradda waxbarashada hiddaha iyo tacliinta sare ee dowladda soomaaliya. ''' Cabdixakiim Mohamoud Haji-Faqi ''' Wasaaradda difaaca soomaaliya. ''' Xuseen maxamud shekh xuseen ''' Minister of Housing and Forestry of Somalia. ''' Ibrahim Awgab Osman ''' Member of The Upper House ''' Sheikh Mohamuud Shekh abdibari''' chairman of somalia religious. ''' Mohamednuur ibrahim (shiqshigow) ''' former governor of Dinsor district. ''' Sheekh cabdiwahaab sheekh ibrahim''' chairman of ahlusuna wal jamea '''Inta reer uu u kala baxo dabarre''' Dabarre waxuu u kala baxaa yeeraan: # '''Yeeraan''' # '''Dirmadow''' * '''Yeeraan''' # Yeeraan hore # Yeeraan dambe * '''Yeeraan hore''' # Waaqbare #[[ Wirweeg]] # Ugul # Tekeme * '''Yeeraan''' # Gaashmoge # Goorlabe # Ilkoole # '''Dirmadow''' * Illoole * Reeraawe * Daldoore * Farre * Mareere '''Meelaha ay degaan''' '''Dabare''' waxay degaan koonfur galbeed soomaaliya, labada webi iyo xitaa Ethopia, Kenya iyo meelo kale ee ka mid ah bariga Afrika.waa qabiilka ugu dhul qurxoon wuxuuna dagan yahay labada wabi dhexdooda dhulka uu daganyahay Dabare waxaana laga quudin karaa 18 ka gobol somalia tusaaale ahaaan waxaa ka baxa qudrada laga cuno dalka Soomaaliya oo dhan sida muuska, cambaha, liinta, isbaandheys ka.iyo kuwo kaloo badan sido kale beeshani waxa ay degtaa Baay, bakool, jubbada dhexe, jubbada hoose, Gedo, iyo shabeelaha hoose. [[Category:Diinsoor]] [[Category:Qorayasha dabare]] [[Category:Abwaanka dabare]] [[Category:Dabare]] [[Category:Abdulkadir ibrahim abdibari .(shalabow)]] __FORCETOC__ [[Category:Tixraac turkey]] mrqqebamnmb8tthrcn69g063urlxz24 307721 307720 2026-09-10T06:41:30Z ~2026-49000-59 47324 307721 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Farac| |group = Dabarre<br /> دبر |region1 = {{flagcountry|Somalia}} |region2 = {{flagcountry|Ethiopia}} |region4 = {{flagcountry|Kenya}} |langs = [[Somali language|somali]] |rels = [[Sunni]], |related-c = [[Dir]], [[Daarood]], [[Hawiye]], [[Raxanweyn]] iyo qabiilo [[Soomaali]] kale<!-- CONFIRMED RELATIONS!!! --> | population = 100,000 }} '''Dabarre''' ([['''Af carabi''': دبر]], '''Af ingiriis''':'''[[Dabare】]]''') waa qabiil ka mid ah qabiilada soomaalida oo degaan ku ah bariga afrika gaar ahaan soomaaliya, itoobiya, kenya iyo meelo kale oo ka mid ah geyiga afrika. Beesha dabarre waxay kasoo jeeda beesha Yusuf darood awrtable oo kamid ah qowmiyadaha ugu taariqda wayn dhulka somaliyeed abtirsiga beelaha dabare Dabare>Mataay>Dhure>Maqarre>Samaale>Hiil>Abrone>kush>Nuh A.S '''Dadka ugu caansan''' ''' Madoobe nuunow mohamed ''' Madaxweynihii ugu horreeyey ee maamulka koonfur galbeed soomaaliya. ''' Cabdisalaan sheekh xuseen: ''' Wasaaradda waxbarashada hiddaha iyo tacliinta sare ee dowladda soomaaliya. ''' Cabdixakiim Mohamoud Haji-Faqi ''' Wasaaradda difaaca soomaaliya. ''' Xuseen maxamud shekh xuseen ''' Minister of Housing and Forestry of Somalia. ''' Ibrahim Awgab Osman ''' Member of The Upper House ''' Sheikh Mohamuud Shekh abdibari''' chairman of somalia religious. ''' Mohamednuur ibrahim (shiqshigow) ''' former District Commissioner of Dinsor district. ''' Osman Moalim Abdi''' for District Commissioner of Dinsor District. ''' Sheekh cabdiwahaab sheekh ibrahim''' chairman of ahlusuna wal jamea '''Inta reer uu u kala baxo dabarre''' Dabarre waxuu u kala baxaa yeeraan: # '''Yeeraan''' # '''Dirmadow''' * '''Yeeraan''' # Yeeraan hore # Yeeraan dambe * '''Yeeraan hore''' # Waaqbare #[[ Wirweeg]] # Ugul # Tekeme * '''Yeeraan''' # Gaashmoge # Goorlabe # Ilkoole # '''Dirmadow''' * Illoole * Reeraawe * Daldoore * Farre * Mareere '''Meelaha ay degaan''' '''Dabare''' waxay degaan koonfur galbeed soomaaliya, labada webi iyo xitaa Ethopia, Kenya iyo meelo kale ee ka mid ah bariga Afrika.waa qabiilka ugu dhul qurxoon wuxuuna dagan yahay labada wabi dhexdooda dhulka uu daganyahay Dabare waxaana laga quudin karaa 18 ka gobol somalia tusaaale ahaaan waxaa ka baxa qudrada laga cuno dalka Soomaaliya oo dhan sida muuska, cambaha, liinta, isbaandheys ka.iyo kuwo kaloo badan sido kale beeshani waxa ay degtaa Baay, bakool, jubbada dhexe, jubbada hoose, Gedo, iyo shabeelaha hoose. [[Category:Diinsoor]] [[Category:Qorayasha dabare]] [[Category:Abwaanka dabare]] [[Category:Dabare]] [[Category:Abdulkadir ibrahim abdibari .(shalabow)]] __FORCETOC__ [[Category:Tixraac turkey]] 4zyqievicjgvh78a8ty3zqsej058zp9 307722 307721 2026-09-10T06:45:34Z ~2026-49000-59 47324 307722 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Farac| |group = Dabarre<br /> دبر |region1 = {{flagcountry|Somalia}} |region2 = {{flagcountry|Ethiopia}} |region4 = {{flagcountry|Kenya}} |langs = [[Somali language|somali]] |rels = [[Sunni]], |related-c = [[Dir]], [[Daarood]], [[Hawiye]], [[Raxanweyn]] iyo qabiilo [[Soomaali]] kale<!-- CONFIRMED RELATIONS!!! --> | population = 100,000 }} '''Dabarre''' ([['''Af carabi''': دبر]], '''Af ingiriis''':'''[[Dabare】]]''') waa qabiil ka mid ah qabiilada soomaalida oo degaan ku ah bariga afrika gaar ahaan soomaaliya, itoobiya, kenya iyo meelo kale oo ka mid ah geyiga afrika. Beesha dabarre waxay kasoo jeeda beesha Yusuf darood awrtable oo kamid ah qowmiyadaha ugu taariqda wayn dhulka somaliyeed abtirsiga beelaha dabare Dabare>Mataay>Dhure>Maqarre>Samaale>Hiil>Abrone>kush>Nuh A.S '''Dadka ugu caansan''' ''' Madoobe nuunow mohamed ''' Madaxweynihii ugu horreeyey ee maamulka koonfur galbeed soomaaliya. ''' Cabdisalaan sheekh xuseen: ''' Wasaaradda waxbarashada hiddaha iyo tacliinta sare ee dowladda soomaaliya. ''' Cabdixakiim Mohamoud Haji-Faqi ''' Wasaaradda difaaca soomaaliya. ''' Xuseen maxamud shekh xuseen ''' Minister of Housing and Forestry of Somalia. ''' Ibrahim Awgab Osman ''' Member of The Upper House ''' Sheikh Mohamuud Shekh abdibari''' chairman of somalia religious. ''' Mohamednuur ibrahim (shiqshigow) ''' former District Commissioner of Dinsor district. ''' Osman Moalim Abdi''' former District Commissioner of Dinsor District. ''' Sheekh cabdiwahaab sheekh ibrahim''' chairman of ahlusuna wal jamea '''Inta reer uu u kala baxo dabarre''' Dabarre waxuu u kala baxaa yeeraan: # '''Yeeraan''' # '''Dirmadow''' * '''Yeeraan''' # Yeeraan hore # Yeeraan dambe * '''Yeeraan hore''' # Waaqbare #[[ Wirweeg]] # Ugul # Tekeme * '''Yeeraan''' # Gaashmoge # Goorlabe # Ilkoole # '''Dirmadow''' * Illoole * Reeraawe * Daldoore * Farre * Mareere '''Meelaha ay degaan''' '''Dabare''' waxay degaan koonfur galbeed soomaaliya, labada webi iyo xitaa Ethopia, Kenya iyo meelo kale ee ka mid ah bariga Afrika.waa qabiilka ugu dhul qurxoon wuxuuna dagan yahay labada wabi dhexdooda dhulka uu daganyahay Dabare waxaana laga quudin karaa 18 ka gobol somalia tusaaale ahaaan waxaa ka baxa qudrada laga cuno dalka Soomaaliya oo dhan sida muuska, cambaha, liinta, isbaandheys ka.iyo kuwo kaloo badan sido kale beeshani waxa ay degtaa Baay, bakool, jubbada dhexe, jubbada hoose, Gedo, iyo shabeelaha hoose. [[Category:Diinsoor]] [[Category:Qorayasha dabare]] [[Category:Abwaanka dabare]] [[Category:Dabare]] [[Category:Abdulkadir ibrahim abdibari .(shalabow)]] __FORCETOC__ [[Category:Tixraac turkey]] rqrml0w9ztiitlbvlijvopxneef8t9j 307723 307722 2026-09-10T09:07:18Z Isma4l 41797 Wuxuu dib u noqay badaladii uu sameeyay [[Special:Contributions/~2026-49000-59|~2026-49000-59]] ([[User talk:~2026-49000-59|wadahadal]]) kuna celiyay badalkii ka danbeeyay oo sameeyay [[User:~2026-25415-12|~2026-25415-12]] 296880 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Farac| |group = Dabarre<br /> دبر |region1 = {{flagcountry|Somalia}} |region2 = {{flagcountry|Ethiopia}} |region4 = {{flagcountry|Kenya}} |langs = [[Somali language|somali]] |rels = [[Sunni]], |related-c = [[Dir]], [[Daarood]], [[Hawiye]], [[Raxanweyn]] iyo qabiilo [[Soomaali]] kale<!-- CONFIRMED RELATIONS!!! --> | population = 10,000,000 }} '''Dabarre''' ([['''Af carabi''': دبر]], '''Af ingiriis''':'''[[Dabare】]]''') waa qabiil ka mid ah qabiilada soomaalida oo degaan ku ah bariga afrika gaar ahaan soomaaliya, itoobiya, kenya iyo meelo kale oo ka mid ah geyiga afrika. Beesha dabarre waxay kasoo jeeda beesha Yusuf darood awrtable oo kamid ah qowmiyadaha ugu taariqda wayn dhulka somaliyeed abtirsiga beelaha dabare Dabare Maxamed mataay dhure diinle cumar Yusuf darood '''Dadka ugu caansan''' ''' Madoobe nuunow mohamed ''' Madaxweynihii ugu horreeyey ee maamulka koonfur galbeed soomaaliya. ''' Cabdisalaan sheekh xuseen: ''' Wasaaradda waxbarashada hiddaha iyo tacliinta sare ee dowladda soomaaliya. ''' Cabdixakiim Mohamoud Haji-Faqi ''' Wasaaradda difaaca soomaaliya. ''' Xuseen maxamud shekh xuseen ''' Minister of Housing and Forestry of Somalia. ''' Ibrahim Awgab Osman ''' Member of The Upper House ''' Sheikh Mohamuud Shekh abdibari''' chairman of somalia religious. ''' Mohamednuur ibrahim (shiqshigow) ''' former governor of Dinsor district. ''' Sheekh cabdiwahaab sheekh ibrahim''' chairman of ahlusuna wal jamea '''Inta reer uu u kala baxo dabarre''' Dabarre waxuu u kala baxaa yeeraan: # '''Yeeraan''' # '''Dirmadow''' * '''Yeeraan''' # Yeeraan hore # Yeeraan dambe * '''Yeeraan hore''' # Waaqbare #[[ Wirweeg]] # Ugul # Tekeme * '''Yeeraan''' # Gaashmoge # Goorabe # Ilkoole # '''Dirmadow''' * Illoole * Reeraawe * Daldoore * Farre * Mareere '''Meelaha ay degaan''' '''Dabare''' waxay degaan koonfur galbeed soomaaliya, labada webi iyo xitaa Ethopia, Kenya iyo meelo kale ee ka mid ah bariga Afrika.waa qabiilka ugu dhul qurxoon wuxuuna dagan yahay labada wabi dhexdooda dhulka uu daganyahay Dabare waxaana laga quudin karaa 18 ka gobol somalia tusaaale ahaaan waxaa ka baxa qudrada laga cuno dalka Soomaaliya oo dhan sida muuska, cambaha, liinta, isbaandheys ka.iyo kuwo kaloo badan sido kale beeshani waxa ay degtaa Baay, bakool, jubbada dhexe, jubbada hoose, Gedo, iyo shabeelaha hoose. [[Category:Diinsoor]] [[Category:Qorayasha dabare]] [[Category:Abwaanka dabare]] [[Category:Dabare]] [[Category:Abdulkadir ibrahim abdibari .(shalabow)]] __FORCETOC__ [[Category:Tixraac turkey]] 7cy7fip5tijuwkwjo0rxccb4d3sfh27 0 36928 307654 307467 2026-09-09T17:39:51Z Soalt 39618 Category:Wadamada Afrika 307654 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Soomaaliya''', sida rasmiga ah Jamhuuriyadda '''Federaalka Soomaaliya''' waa dalka bari ee qaaradda Afrika . Waxay ku fidsan tahay Geeska Afrika , waxay xad la wadaagtaa [[Itoobiya]] galbeed, [[Jabuuti]] waqooyi galbeed, [[Kenya]] dhanka koonfur galbeed, Gacanka Cadmeed oo waqooyi, iyo bari [[badweynta Hindiya]] . Soomaaliya waxay leedahay xeebta ugu dheer badweynta Afrika. Soomaaliya waxaa lagu qiyaasaa 18.1 milyan, kuwaas oo 2.7 milyan ay ku nool yihiin caasimadda iyo magaalada ugu weyn ee [[Muqdisho]] . Mid ka mid ah wadamada Afrika ee isku isir ahaan isku hayb ah, ku dhawaad ​​85% dadka Soomaaliya deggan waa qowmiyad Soomaali ah . Luuqadaha rasmiga ah ee dalka waa [[Af Soomaali|af-soomaali]] iyo [[carabi]] in kastoo [[Af Soomaali|af-soomaaligu]] yahay luuqadda koowaad . Soomaaliya waxay xiriir taariikhi ah iyo mid diimeed la leedahay dalalka Carabta . Dadku waa muslimiin , oo raacsan laanta sunniga . {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Somalia | common_name = Somalia | native_name = {{native name|so|Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya}}<br />{{native name|ar|جمهورية الصومال الفيدرالية|italics=off}}<br /> Jumhūriyah aṣ-Ṣūmāl al-Fīdirāliyah | image_flag = Flag of Somalia.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Somalia.svg | coa_size = 100 | languages2_type = Luuqada labaad | languages2 = [[Carabi]] | national_anthem = {{lang|so|[[Qolobaa Calankeed]]}}<br /><br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Somalian national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.oga]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Somalia_svg_map.svg|frameless]]<br />{{Legend|#336830|Dhulka gacanta lagu hayo}}{{Legend|#61E760|[[Somaliland|Dhul sheegta balse aan la xakameyn]]}}|Show globe|[[File:Somalia - Location Map (2011) - SOM - UNOCHA.svg|frameless]]|Show map of Somalia|default=1}} | capital = [[Muqdisho]] | coordinates = {{Coord|2|2|N|45|21|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Muqdisho]] | official_languages = {{hlist|[[Af Soomaali|Soomaali]] <ref name=MFA>{{cite web|url=https://web.mfa.gov.so/the-government/|title=The Government|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs & International Cooperation|access-date=27 February 2025}}</ref><ref name=Ali>{{cite book|last=Ali|first=Maryan|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Language Policies in Africa|editor1-first=Esther Mukewa|editor1-last=Lisanza|editor2-first=Leonard|editor2-last=Muaka|chapter=Language Policy in Somaliland and Somalia|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=Cham|year=2024|isbn=9783031573071|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-57308-8_24|pages=511–524}}</ref><ref name="factbook">{{cite web |title=Somalia |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en |date=10 November 2021 |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125103534/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}} | religion = [[Islaam|Sunni Islaam]] (Rasmiga ah)<ref name="factbook"/> <!-- check factbook references before changing! --> | demonym = [[Soomaalida|Soomaali]] <ref name="factbook"/> | government_type = [[Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya|Jamhuuriyadda baarlamaanka Federal]] | leader_title1 = [[Madaxwaynaha Soomaaliya|Madaxwaynaha]] | leader_name1 = [[Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud]] | leader_title2 = [[Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name2 = [[Xamse cabdi barre]] | legislature = [[Ra'iisul wasaarayaashii Soomaaliya|Baarlamaanka Federaalka]] | upper_house = [[Aqalka Sare ee Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya|Guurtida]] | lower_house = Golaha Shacabka | sovereignty_type =Dhisidda | established_event1 = [[Dhul Udug]] | established_date1 = 2350 BC | established_event2 = [[Macrobians|Macrobia]] | established_date2 = 980 BC | established_event3 = [[Barbaria (region)|Barbaria]] | established_date3 = 100 BC | established_event4 = [[Saldanadii Cadal]] | established_date4 = Qarniga 9aad <ref>{{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=I. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd0mAQAAMAAJ |title=Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho |date=1969 |publisher=International African Institute |pages=140 |language=en}}</ref> | established_event5 = [[Muqdisho|Saldanadii Muqdisho]] | established_date5 = Qarniga 10aad | established_event6 = [[Saldanadi Ifat]] | established_date6 = Qarniga 13aad | established_event7 = [[Saldanadii Ajuuraan]] | established_date7 = Qarniga 13aad | established_event8 = [[Hiraab|Hiraab Imamate]] | established_date8 = Qarniga 16aad | established_event9 = [[Geledi|Saldanadii Geledi]] | established_date9 = 1695–1911 | established_event10 = [[ Majeerteen |Saldanadii Majeerteen]] | established_date10 = 1648–1927 | established_event11 = [[Hobyo|Saldanadii Hobyo]] | established_date11 = 1878–1927 | established_event12 = [[Isimtooyada Isaaq|Saldanadii isaaq]] | established_date12 = 1749–1884 | established_event13 = [[Dhulka Biritishka ee Somaliland|Somaliland-kii Ingiriiska]] | established_date13 = 1884 | established_event14 = [[Mustacmarka Talyaani Soomaaliya|Somaliland-kii Talyaaniga]] | established_date14 = 1889 | established_event15 = [[Maalinta Madaxbanaanida Soomaaliya|Xorriyadda]] iyo midowga la leh [[Dawladii Somaliland (1960)|Dawlada Somaliland]] | established_date15 = 1 July 1960 | established_event16 = [[Dastuurka Soomaaliya|Dastuurka hadda jira]] | established_date16 = 1 Ogosto 2012 | area_km2 = 637,657<ref name="factbook"/> | area_rank = 43aad <!--should be same as listed on [[List of countries and dependencies by area]]--> | area_sq_mi = 246,200 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | percent_water = | population_estimate = 19,280,850<ref name="data.humdata.org">{{Cite web |title=OCHA Somalia - Subnational Population Statistics |url=https://data.humdata.org/dataset/cod-ps-som}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 66aad | population_density_km2 = 27.2<ref name="WPP_2022">{{cite web|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/|title=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2022). World Population Prospects |edition=online |publisher=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division|website=population.un.org|access-date=16 July 2022|archive-date=11 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711213112/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/|url-status=live}}</ref> | population_density_sq_mi = 41.73 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $34.118 bilyan<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=Somalia – IMF DataMapper |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SOM |website=imf.org |publisher=[[IMF]] |date=April 2026 |access-date=July 8, 2026}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 147aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $1,965<ref name="auto"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 179aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $14.174 bilyan<ref name="auto"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 145aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $813<ref name="auto"/> | Gini = 36.8<!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2017 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/|title=Gini Index coefficient|publisher=[[The World Factbook]]|access-date=24 September 2024|archive-date=17 Bisha Todobaad 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717071854/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison|url-status=dead}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!--number only-->0.404 | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 192aad | currency = [[Shilin Soomaali|Soomaali shillin]] | currency_code = SOS | time_zone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | drives_on = Sax | calling_code = [[+252]] | cctld = [[.so]] | ethnic_groups = {{plainlist| * [[Soomaalida|Soomaali]]: 85% * [[Tirakoobka daljoogaha Soomaaliya|Kuwa kale ]]: 15% }} | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="factbook"/><ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis|first=I. M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k3QwAQAAIAAJ|title=Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar, and Saho|date=1998|publisher=Red Sea Press|isbn=978-1-56902-104-0|language=en}}</ref> | ethnic_groups_year = 2021 }} Waagii hore, Soomaaliya waxay ahayd xarun ganacsi oo muhiim ah. Intii lagu guda jiray qarniyadii dhexe, dhowr boqortooyo oo xoog badan ayaa ka talinayay ganacsiga gobolka, oo ay ku jiraan [[Saldanadii Ajuuraan|Suldaanka Ajuran]] , [[Adal Sultanate]] , iyo Suldaanka Geledi . Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad, suldaanadii Soomaaliyeed waxa gumaystay boqortooyadii [[Talyaaniga]] iyo [[Ingiriiska]] kuwaas oo dhammaan dhulalkaas qabyaaladda isugu daray laba gumaysi oo kala ah : Somaliland-kii Talyaaniga iyo [[Dhulka Biritishka ee Somaliland|Somaliland-kii Ingiriiska]] . 1960kii, labada dhul ayaa midoobay si ay u dhistaan ​​Jamhuuriyad Soomaaliyeed oo madax bannaan oo hoos timaada dowlad rayid ah. Siyaad Barre oo ka tirsanaa Golaha Sare ee Kacaanka (SRC) ayaa xukunka la wareegay 1969-kii, wuxuuna aasaasay [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliya|Jamhuuriyaddii Dimuqraadiga]] ahayd ee Soomaaliya , isagoo isku dayay inuu si naxariis darro ah u burburiyo Dagaalkii Madax-bannaanida [[Soomaaliland|Somaliland]] ee waqooyiga dalka. SRC waxay burburtay 1991 markii uu bilaabmay dagaalkii sokeeye ee Soomaaliya . Dawladdii ku meel gaadhka ahayd ee Soomaaliya (TNG) waxaa la aas aasay 2000, ka dibna waxaa la dhisay dawladda ku meel gaadhka ah ee Soomaaliya (TFG) 2004tii, taasoo dib u soo celisay ciidamadii qalabka sida ee Soomaaliya . Dhamaadkii 2006dii, duullaan ay Xabashida Maraykanku dabada ka riixayeen ayaa afgambiyay Maxkamadihii Islaamiga ahaa (ICU), taasoo keentay in ay dawladda ku meel gaadhka ah ee [[Muqdisho]] ka dhisto Muqdisho oo ay ciidammada Itoobiya qabsadeen . Kacdoonkii xigay ee soo shaac baxay ayaa maxaakiimta u kala jabay jabhado kala duwan, oo ay ku jirto kooxda xagjirka ah ee [[al-Shabaab]] , kuwaas oo dagaal daba dheeraaday kula jiray ciidamada Itoobiya. Al-Shabaab waxay markiiba bilawday inay xaqiijiso in ay ka talinayso dhuleed markii ugu horaysay, iyadoo dabayaaqadii 2008 ay jabhadu ka saartay ciidamada Itoobiya inta badan Soomaaliya. Sannadkii 2009, dawlad cusub oo TFG ah ayaa la dhisay. Bartamihii 2012, al-Shabaab waxay lumisay inta badan dhulalkeeda intii ay socdeen dagaalladii ka dhanka ahaa TFG iyo [[ciidamada Midowga Afrika]] . Isla sanadkaas, al-Shabaab waxay ballan-qaadday inay la midoobayaan al-Qaacida . Muqaawamada ayaa weli gacanta ku haysa inta badan bartamaha iyo koonfurta Soomaaliya, waxayna saameyn ku leeyihiin meelaha ay dowladdu maamusho, iyadoo magaalada Jilib ay u tahay caasimadda u ah fallaagada. Dastuur cusub oo ku meel gaar ah ayaa la ansixiyay Agoosto 2012, dib u habeyn lagu sameeyay Soomaaliya sida federaal . Isla bishaas, waxaa la dhisay Dowladda Federaalka Soomaaliya , waxaana dib u dhis lagu sameeyay Muqdisho. Soomaaliya waxa ay ka mid tahay dalalka ugu horumarsan caalamka, waxaana daliil u ah sida ay u qiimeeyeen mitirka mitirka sida GDP qofkiiba iyo halka ay ku dhowdahay halka ugu hooseysa ee Tilmaanta Horumarinta Aadanaha , waxa ay ka sareysaa oo kaliya Koonfurta Suudaan . Waxay ilaalisay dhaqaale aan rasmi ahayn oo inta badan ku salaysan xoolaha nool, xawaaladaha Soomaalida ee dibadda ka shaqeeya iyo isgaarsiinta. Waa xubin ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay , [[Jaamacada Carabta|Jaamacadda Carabta]] , Midowga Afrika , Dhaqdhaqaaq aan Isbahaysi ahayn , Bulshada Bariga Afrika , iyo Ururka [[Islaam|Iskaashiga Islaamka]] ==Asalka erayga== Samaale, oo ah awoowaha ugu da'da weyn dhowr qabiil oo Soomaaliyeed, ayaa guud ahaan loo tixgeliyaa inuu yahay halka uu ka soo jeedo magaca Soomaali. Aragti kale ayaa ah in magaca loo haysto inuu ka soo jeedo ereyada "soo" iyo "maal", kuwaas oo marka la isu geeyo macnahoodu yahay "tag" iyo "caano". Fasiraaddani way kala duwan tahay iyadoo ku xiran gobolka, iyadoo Soomaalida waqooyi ay tilmaamayso inay ula jeedaan "tag iyo caano" oo la xiriira caanaha geela, halka Soomaalida koonfureed ay adeegsadaan tarjumaadda "sa' maal" oo tilmaamaysa caanaha lo'da. Tani waxay tilmaan u tahay xoolo-dhaqatada meel walba leh ee dadka Soomaaliyeed. Aragtiyo kale ayaa soo jeedinaya in ereyga Soomaali uu ka yimid erey Carabi ah oo macnihiisu yahay "hodan", taas oo mar kale tilmaamaysa hodantinimada Soomaalida ee xoolaha. Taa beddelkeeda, magaca Soomaaliga waxaa la rumeysan yahay inuu ka yimid Automoli (Asmach), oo ahayd koox dagaalyahanno ah oo ka timid Masar hore, kuwaas oo uu ku tilmaamay Herodotus. Asmach waxaa loo maleynayaa inuu ahaa magacooda Masaariga, halka Automoli uu yahay asal Giriig ah oo ka yimid ereyga Cibraaniga ah ee S'mali (macnaha "dhinaca bidixda"). Dukumeenti Shiinees ah oo laga soo xigtay qarnigii 9-aad Miilaadiga ayaa tilmaamaya xeebaha waqooyiga Soomaaliya, oo markaas ka mid ahaa gobolka ballaaran ee Waqooyi-bari Afrika ee loo yaqaan Barbaria, iyada oo loola jeedo dadka deggan Barbars (Kuushitik) ee deegaanka, sida Po-pa-li. Tixraac qoraaleedkii ugu horreeyay ee cad ee magaca Soomaalida wuxuu soo bilaabmay horraantii qarnigii 15-aad Miilaadiga xilligii boqortooyadii Itoobiya ee Isxaaq I, kaas oo mid ka mid ah saraakiisha maxkamaddiisu qoray hees uu ugu dabaaldegayo guushii milatari ee ay ka gaareen Saldanadda Ifat. Simur wuxuu kaloo ahaa magac Harari qadiimi ah oo loogu yeeri jiray dadka Soomaaliyeed. Soomaalidu waxay si weyn u door bidaan ereyga "Soomaali" marka loo eego "Soomaaliga", maadaama kan hore uu yahay halqabsi, halka kan dambe uu yahay qaab laba-jibbaaran ah. Ereyga af-Soomaaliga marka laga eego juqraafi-siyaasadeed ahaan waxaa loola jeedaa dadka Horn of Africa, kuwaas oo ka tirsan qowmiyadda Kuush. ==Taariikhda== ===Taariikhda ka hor=== [[File:Laas Geel single cow.jpg|thumb|Farshaxanka Neolithic ee dhismaha Laas Geel oo muujinaya sac gees-dheer]] Soomaaliya waxay u badan tahay inay ka mid ahayd dhulkii ugu horreeyay ee ay dageen bini'aadam hore, iyadoo loo eegayo meesha ay ku taal. Ugaarsadayaasha oo hadhow Afrika ka haajiray waxay u badan tahay inay halkan degeen ka hor intaanay guurin. Intii lagu jiray xilligii dhagaxa, dhaqamada Dooyan iyo reer Hargeysa ayaa halkan ku soo barbaaray. Caddaynta ugu da'da weyn ee caadooyinka aaska Geeska Afrika waxay ka timid qabuuraha Soomaaliya ilaa qarnigii 4aad ee BC. Qalabka dhagaxa ah ee laga soo qaaday goobta Jaleelo ee waqooyiga ayaa sidoo kale lagu tilmaamay 1909 inay yihiin farshaxanno muhiim ah oo muujinaya caalimnimada qadiimiga ah inta lagu jiro Paleolithic ee u dhexeeya Bariga iyo Galbeedka. Sida laga soo xigtay khubarada afafka, dadkii ugu horreeyay ee ku hadla Afafka ayaa yimid gobolka intii lagu jiray xilligii Neolithic ee xigay oo ka yimid qoyska urheimat ee la soo jeediyay ("Dhulka asalka ah") ee dooxada Niil , ama Bariga dhow . Dhismaha Laas -geel oo ku yaalla duleedka magaalada Hargeysa ee Waqooyi-galbeed Soomaaliya ayaa soo jirtay qiyaastii 5,000 oo sano, waxaana ku yaalla farshaxanno dhagax ah oo muujinaya xayawaanka duur-joogta ah iyo lo'da la qurxiyay. Sawirro kale oo godad ah ayaa laga helay gobolka Dhambalin ee woqooyiga , kaas oo ka muuqda mid ka mid ah sawirradii ugu horreeyay ee loo yaqaan ugaarsiga fardaha. Farshaxanka dhagaxa waxa uu taariikhdiisu ahayd 1,000 ilaa 3,000 BCE. Intaa waxaa dheer, inta u dhaxaysa magaalooyinka Laas-Khorey iyo Ceel Ayo ee waqooyiga Soomaaliya waxaa ku taal Karinhegane , oo ah goobta lagu sawiray godad fara badan, kuwaas oo wadar ahaan lagu qiyaasay ilaa 2,500 oo sano Geela waxa la rumaysan yahay in uu ku dhaqmi jiray gobolka Geeska intii u dhaxaysay qarnigii 2aad iyo 3aad ee BC. Halkaa waxa ay ku fiday Masar iyo Maghrib . ===Waagii qadiimiga iyo qadiimiga ahaa=== [[File:Men from Punt Carrying Gifts, Tomb of Rekhmire MET 30.4.152 EGDP013029.jpg|thumb|Rag reer Punt ah oo sita hadiyado, Qabriga Rekhmire .]] Dhismayaasha Ahraamta qadiimiga ah , Mowlacyo , magaalooyin burburay iyo gidaaryo dhagax ah, sida darbigii Wargade , waxay daliil u yihiin ilbaxnimo hore oo ka hanaqaadi jirtay gayiga Soomaaliyeed. Ilbaxnimadani waxay ku naaloonaysay xidhiidh ganacsi oo ay la lahayd Masar hore iyo Giriiggii Mycenaean tan iyo qarnigii labaad ee BC . Puntites oo u dhashay gobolka waxay ka ganacsan jireen malmalka , xawaashka, dahabka, eboniga, lo'da gees-gaaban, fool-maroodi iyo fooxa oo ay la socdeen Masaarida, Finiisiyaanka, Baabiliyiinta, Hindida, Shiinaha iyo Roomaanka iyaga oo u maraya dekedahooda ganacsi. Duulaan Masri ah oo ay u soo dirtay boqortooyadii 18-aad ee boqorad Hatshepsut ayaa lagu duubay macbudka Deir el-Bahari , xilligii boqortooyadii Boqorka Puntite Parahu iyo Queen Ati. Waagii qadiimiga ahaa , Macrobiyaanka , oo laga yaabo in ay awoow u ahaayeen Soomaalida, ayaa aasaasay boqortooyo awood leh oo ka talinaysay qaybo badan oo ka mid ah Soomaaliya casriga ah. Waxaa lagu magacaabi jiray cimrigooda iyo maalkooda, waxaana la sheegay inay ahaayeen kuwa ugu dheer oo ugu quruxda badan ragga oo dhan. Macrobiyadu waxay ahaayeen dagaalyahanno xoolo-dhaqato ah iyo badmaaxayaal. Sida laga soo xigtay xisaabta Herodotus, Imbaraadoorkii Faaris Cambyses II , markii uu qabsaday Masar 525 BC, wuxuu u diray safiirro Macrobia, isagoo u keenay hadiyado qaali ah boqorka Macrobiya si uu u soo gudbiyo. Hogaamiyihii Macrobiya oo lagu doortay dhererkiisa iyo quruxdiisa, waxa uu taa beddelkeeda kaga jawaabay loolan uu dhiggiisa Beershiya uga dhigay qaanso aan xidhnayn: haddii Faaris ay awoodaan in ay sawiraan, waxa ay xaq u yeelan lahaayeen in ay dalkiisa ku soo duulaan; laakiin ilaa iyo markaas, waa in ay u mahad naqayaa ilaahyada in Macrobians waligood go'aansan in ay ku duulaan boqortooyadooda. Macrobians-ku waxay ahaayeen awood gobol oo lagu asteeyay qaab-dhismeedkooda horumarsan iyo hantidooda dahabka ah , taas oo aad u badan oo ay maxaabiistooda ku xidheen silsilado dahab ah. Inta lagu jiro xilliga qadiimiga ah, gobollada Barbara ee Mosylon , Opone , Mundus , Isis , Malao , Avalites , Essina , Nikon iyo Sarapion waxay sameeyeen shabakad ganacsi oo faa'iido leh, oo ku xiran ganacsato ka timid Ptolemaic Masar , Giriiggii hore , Fenisiya , Parthian Persian , Boqortooyadii Roomaanka , Boqortooyada Saban , Nabata . Waxay isticmaali jireen markabkii qadiimiga ahaa ee badda Soomaaliya ee loo yaqaanay beden si ay shixnadooda u daabulaan. [[File:Beden.jpg|thumb|Beden waa mid dheereeya, oo qadiimi ah markab badeed keligiis ah ama laba-jibbaaran.]] Ka dib qabsashadii Roomaanku ee Boqortooyadii Nabataean iyo joogitaankii ciidamada badda ee Roomaanka ee Cadan si ay u xakameeyaan budhcad-badeedda, ganacsato Carbeed iyo Soomaali ah waxay ku heshiiyeen Roomaanku in maraakiibta Hindiya laga mamnuuco inay ka ganacsadaan magaalooyinka dekedaha xorta ah ee Jasiiradda Carabta si loo ilaaliyo danaha ganacsatada Soomaalida iyo Carabta ee ganacsiga faa'iidada badan leh ee u dhexeeya badaha Cas iyo Mediterranean. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ganacsatadii Hindidu waxay sii wadeen ganacsiga magaalooyinka dekedaha ah ee jasiiradda Soomaalida, kuwaas oo ka madax bannaan faragelinta Roomaanka. Qarniyo badan, ganacsatadii Hindidu waxay Soomaaliya iyo Carabta u keeni jireen tiro badan oo qorfe ah Ceylon iyo Jasiiradaha Spice . Meesha laga helo qorfaha iyo xawaashka kale waxa la sheegaa in ay ahayd sirta ugu fiican ee ay ka heli jireen ganacsatadii Carabta iyo Soomaalida ee ka ganacsan jiray Rome iyo Giriigga; Roomaanka iyo Giriiggu waxay rumaysnaayeen in isha laga soo xigtay ay ahayd jasiiradda Soomaalida. Heshiiskii wada shaqayneed ee dhexmaray ganacsatada Soomaalida iyo Carabta ayaa sicir barar ku keenay qiimaha qorfaha Hindiya iyo Shiinaha ee Waqooyiga Afrika, Bariga dhow iyo Yurub, wuxuuna ganacsiga qorfaha ka dhigay mid dakhli abuur ah oo faa'iido badan leh, gaar ahaan ganacsatada Soomaaliyeed. ===Dhalashada Islaamka iyo qarniyadii dhexe=== [[File:Silk route.jpg|thumb|Waddada xariirta oo ku fidsan Shiinaha ilaa koonfurta Yurub, Carabta, Soomaaliya, Masar, Faaris, Hindiya, iyo Java]] Islamka waxa deegaanka soo galiyay horraantii muslimiintii ugu horaysay ee ka soo carartay dacwooyinkii xiijii ugu horaysay iyada oo Masjid al-Qiblatayn ee Saylac laga dhisay ka hor inta aanu Qiblada u socon dhanka Maka . Waa mid ka mid ah masaajidda ugu faca weyn Afrika. Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 9aad, Al-Yaqubi waxa uu qoray in Muslimiintu ay ku noolaayeen hareeraha badda woqooyi ee Soomaaliya. Waxa kale oo uu xusay in Boqortooyada Adal ay caasimad u ahayd magaalada. Sida uu qabo Leo Africanus , Adal Sultanate waxa maamuli jiray boqortooyo Soomaaliyeed oo deegaanka ah , dhulkeeduna waxa uu ka koobnaa dhulka juqraafi ahaan u dhexeeya Bab el Mandeb iyo Gacanka Gardafuu. Sidaas waxaa dhanka koonfureed uga xigay Boqortooyadii Ajuuraan , dhanka galbeedna waxaa ka xigay Boqortooyadii Xabashida . Qarniyadii dhexe oo dhan waxa Somaliland yimi dad Carbeed, waayo-aragnimo taariikhi ah oo hadhow horseedi doonta sheekooyinka halyeyga ah ee sheekhyadii Muslimiinta sida Daarood iyo Isxaaq Binu Axmed (oo la sheegay in ay ka soo jeedaan beelaha Daarood iyo Isaaq , siday u kala horreeyaan) iyaga oo ka soo socdaalay Carabta una socdaalay Soomaaliya kuna guursaday qabiilka Dir ee deegaanka . Sannadkii 1332-kii, Boqorkii Adal ee Saylac ahaa ayaa lagu dilay olole millatari oo ujeedkiisu ahaa in la hakiyo socodkii ay magaalada ku soo jeedday Amda Seyon 1aad ee Xabashida. Markii Suldaankii ugu dambeeyay ee Ifat, Sacad Ad-Diin II, lagu dilay Saylac 1410 , caruurtiisii ​​waxay u baxsadeen Yaman, ka hor intaysan ku soo laaban 1415 . II, oo saldhig cusub ka samaystay Yemen ka dib [[File:Imaam Ahmed Gurey.jpg|thumb|Taalada Axmed ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi , Imaamkii Boqortooyada Adal]] Xarunteedii Adal ayaa mar kale loo raray qarnigii xigay, markan dhanka koonfureed waxa loo raray Harar . Caasimaddan cusub, Adal waxa uu abaabulay ciidan wax ku ool ah oo uu hoggaaminayo Imaam Axmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi , (Ahmad "Gurey" ama "Gran"; labaduba waxay ka dhigan yihiin "gacanta bidix") iyo Jeneraalka ugu dhow dhow iyo seedigii Garaad Mataan . Qabiilka Imaam Axmed waxaa la caddeeyey inay ka soo jeedaan Geri Koombe , oo ah jifada Daarood. Ololahan qarniga 16-aad waxaa taariikh ahaan loo yaqaanaa Gumeysiga Xabashida ( Futuh al-Habash). Intii uu dagaalka socday, Imaam Axmad waxa uu hormood u noqday adeegsiga madfac ay ka heli jirtay Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta, kuwaas oo uu ka soo waariday Saylac oo uu ku soo daad-gureeyey ciidamadii Xabashida iyo xulafadooda Bortuqiisku ee uu hoggaaminayay Cristovão da Gama . Xilligii Ajuuraan Saldanada , magaalooyinka iyo jamhuuriyadaha Marka , Muqdisho , Baraawa , Hobyo iyo dekedooda waxay lahaayeen ganacsi faa'iido badan oo shisheeye ah oo ay ka heli jireen maraakiib u kala goosha dalalka Carabta, Hindiya, Venetia , Paris, Masar, Portugal iyo ilaa Shiinaha. Vasco da Gama , oo soo maray Muqdisho qarnigii 15-aad, ayaa xusay inay ahayd magaalo weyn oo ay ku yaallaan dhowr dabaq oo dhaadheer iyo daaro waaweyn oo ku yaalla bartamaha magaalada, iyadoo ay u dheer tahay masaajidyo badan oo leh minaarado cylindrical ah. Harla , oo ah koox hore oo Hamitic ah oo dhererkeedu dheeraa oo degi jiray qaybo ka mid ah Soomaaliya, Tchertcher iyo meelo kale oo Geeska ah, waxay sidoo kale dhiseen tuuli kala duwan . Dhagarqabayaashan ayaa la rumeysan yahay inay awoow u ahaayeen qowmiyadaha Soomaalida. [[File:ShenDuGiraffePainting.jpg|thumb|[[Saldanadii Ajuuraan|Ajuran Sultanate]] waxa ay sii waday xidhiidh ganacsi oo ay la lahayd boqortooyadii Ming iyo boqortooyooyinkii kale.]] Qarnigii 16-aad, Duarte Barboosa waxa uu xusay in maraakiib badan oo ka timid Boqortooyadii Cambaya ee waqtigan casriga ah ee Hindiya ay u shiraacdeen Muqdisho iyagoo wata maryo iyo xawaash, taas beddelkeedana ay heleen dahab, dhux iyo fool maroodi. Barbosa waxa kale oo ay iftiimisay hilibka, sarreenka, shaciga, fardaha iyo khudaarta ee suuqyada xeebaha, kuwaas oo ganacsatadu ka soo saarteen hanti aad u badan. Muqdisho, oo ah xarunta warshadaha dharka ee kobcaya ee loo yaqaan toob benadir ( oo ku takhasusay suuqyada Masar, iyo meelo kale , oo ay weheliyaan Merca iyo Barawa, waxay sidoo kale u ahayd meel ay ku sii maraan ganacsatada Sawaaxiliga ee Mombasa iyo Malindi iyo ganacsiga dahabka ee Kilwa . Ganacsato Yuhuudi ah oo ka timid Hormuz waxay keeneen dharkoodii Hindida iyo miraha badda Soomaaliya si ay ugu beddelaan hadhuudh iyo alwaax. Xiriirka ganacsiga waxaa la aasaasay Malacca qarnigii 15aad, oo leh maro, ambergris iyo porcelain oo ah badeecadaha ugu muhiimsan ee ganacsiga. Geri, zebras iyo fooxa ayaa loo dhoofin jiray Boqortooyadii Ming ee Shiinaha, taasoo ka dhigtay ganacsatada Soomaalida inay hormuud ka noqdaan ganacsiga u dhexeeya Bariga Aasiya iyo Geeska. Ganacsato Hinduuga ah oo ka soo jeeda Surat iyo ganacsatada Koonfur-bari Afrikaanka ee Pate , iyagoo doonaya inay ka gudbaan labada go'doominta Boortaqiiska ee Hindiya (iyo markii dambe faragelintii Cumaan), waxay adeegsadeen dekedaha Soomaaliya ee Merca iyo Barawa (kuwaas oo ka baxsan xukunka tooska ah ee labada awoodood) si ay ganacsigooda ugu sameeyaan ammaan iyo faragelin la'aan. ===Waagii hore ee casriga ah iyo u halgamidda Afrika=== [[File:Mogadishu1936.jpg|thumb|magaalada Muqdisho ee xarunta dalka Talyaaniga ayaa waxaa ku yaalla xarunta kaniisada Kathedral-ka ee Catholic-ga iyo taallada weyn ee lagu maamuusayo Boqor Umberto I ee Talyaaniga.]] Waagii hore ee casriga ahaa , dawladihii bedeli lahaa Adal Sultanate iyo Ajuran Sultanate waxay bilaabeen inay ka koraan Soomaaliya. Waxaa ka mid ahaa Imaamyadii Hiraab , Suldaan Isaaq oo uu hoggaaminayay reer Guuleed , Suldaankii Habr Yuunis oo uu hoggaaminayey reer Caynaanshe , Suldaankii Geledi (Boqortooyadii Gobroon), Saldanada Majeerteen (Migiurtinia), iyo Saldanadda Hobyo . Waxay sii wateen dhaqankii qalcado-dhisidda iyo ganacsiga badda mara ee ay aasaaseen boqortooyooyinkii hore ee Soomaaliya. Suldaan Yusuf Mahamud Ibrahim oo ahaa Suldaankii Sadexaad ee Golaha Deegaanka Gobroon ayaa Bilaabay Taariikhdii dahabiga ahayd ee Boqortooyadii Gobroon. Ciidankiisu waxay guulo ka soo hoyeen Jihaadka Baardheere, kaasoo dib u soo celiyay xasiloonidii Gobolka, dib u soo nooleeyay ganacsigii fool-maroodiga ee Bariga Afrika . Waxa kale oo uu lahaa xidhiidh wanaagsan oo uu hadiyado ka heli jiray saldanada boqortooyooyinka dariska iyo kuwa fog sida Cumaan, Witu iyo salaadiinta Yemen. Inankii Suldaan Ibraahim Axmed Yuusuf waxa uu ku beddelay mid ka mid ah shakhsiyaadkii ugu muhiimsanaa ee qarnigii 19-aad ee Bariga Afrika, isaga oo ka heli jiray abaal-marinno guddoomiyeyaasha Cumaan, isla markaana abuuray isbahaysi qoysas Muslimiin ah oo muhiim ah oo ku nool xeebaha Bariga Afrika Somaliland waxa la aas aasay Suldaanka Isaaq 1750. Suldaanka Isaaq waxa uu ahaa boqortooyo Somaliyeed oo ka talinaysay qaybo ka mid ah Geeska Afrika qarniyadii 18aad iyo 19aad. Waxay ku teedsantay dhulka beesha Isaaq , oo ka soo farcamay qabiilka Banu Haashim , ee Somaliland iyo Itoobiya maanta. Suldaanka waxaa maamuli jiray garabka Rer Guuleed oo uu aasaasay suldaankii ugu horeeyay ee beesha Ciidagale Suldaan Guuleed Cabdi . Sida dhaqanka afka ah lagu sheegay, ka hor reer Guuleed beesha Isaaq waxaa ka talin jiray boqortooyo laanta Toljeclo oo ka soo jeeda reer Axmed oo lagu naanaysi jiray Tol Jeelo, oo ahaa curadkii Sheekh Isxaaq xaaskiisii ​​Harari . Guud ahaan waxa jiray sideed taliye Toljelo ah oo uu ugu horreeyo Boqor Haaruun ( Soomaali : Boqor Haaruun ) oo soo xukumayay Suldaan Isaaq qarniyo laga soo bilaabo qarnigii 13aad. Garaad Dhux Barar ( Somali : Dhuux Baraar ) waxaa afgambiyay isbahaysigii beelaha Isaaq. Toljeelo oo berigii hore xoog lahaa way kala firxadeen oo waxay gabaad ka dhigteen Habr Awal oo ay ilaa hadda inta badan la nool yihiin. Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad, shirkii Berlin ee 1884 ka dib, quwadaha reer Yurub waxay bilaabeen inay u halgamaan Afrika . Sannadkaas, maxmiyad Ingiriis ayaa lagaga dhawaaqay qayb ka mid ah Soomaaliya, oo ku taal xeebta Afrika ee ka soo horjeeda Yementa Koonfureed. Bilowgii, gobolkani wuxuu ku hoos jiray xukunka Xafiiska Hindiya, sidaas darteedna loo maamulay qayb ka mid ah Boqortooyada Hindiya; 1898-kii waxa loo wareejiyay maamulka London. 1889kii, maxmiyaddii iyo gumaysigii Soomaaliya ee Talyaanigu si rasmi ah u aasaasay Talyaanigu iyadoo loo marayo heshiisyo kala duwan oo ay la saxeexdeen madax iyo suldaanno badan; Suldaan Yuusuf Cali Keenadiid ayaa markii ugu horreysay codsi u diray Talyaaniga dabayaaqadii Diseembar 1888 si uu Suldaannimadiisa Hobyo uga dhigo maxmiyad Talyaani ah ka hor inta uusan markii dambe saxiixin heshiis 1889 [[File:Hobyo Sultanate Cavalry And Fort.jpg|thumb|Fardooley iyo dhufeyskii Hobyo Sultanate]] Dhaqdhaqaaqa Dervish ayaa si guul leh u celiyay Boqortooyada Ingiriiska afar jeer waxayna ku qasbeen inay dib ugu noqdaan gobolka xeebta. Daraawiishtu waxay jebisay gumaystihii Talyaaniga, Ingiriiska, Xabashida marar badan, gaar ahaan, guushii 1903-dii ee Cagaarweyne ee uu hoggaaminayey Suleymaan Aaden Galaydh , waxay ku khasabtay Boqortooyadii Ingriiska inay dib ugu gurtaan gobolka xeebta horraantii 1900aadkii. Dervishes ayaa ugu dambeyntii laga adkaaday 1920-kii xoogga hawada Ingiriiska. Bilawgii Faashiistaha horraantii 1920-aadkii waxa ay ku bishaaraysay is-beddelka istiraatijiyadda Talyaanigu, iyadoo suldaannada waqooyi-bari dhawaan lagu khasbi lahaa soohdinta La Grande Somalia (" Soomaali-weyn ") sida uu qorshuhu ahaa Talyaanigii Faashiistaha ahaa. Markii uu yimid Badhasaab Cesare Maria De Vecchi 15-kii December 1923kii, waxa bilaabmay in wax iska beddelaan qayb ka mid ah Somaliland oo loo yaqaanay Italian Somaliland . Dhulkii ugu dambeeyay ee Talyaanigu ka helo Soomaaliya wuxuu ahaa Oltre Giuba , gobolka Jubaland ee maanta , 1925. [[File:Sayyid Mohammed Abdullah Hassan.jpeg|thumb|Taalada Mohammed Abdullah Hassan , Hogaamiyihii Daraawiishta]] Talyaanigu wuxuu bilaabay mashruucyo kaabayaasha deegaanka ah, oo ay ku jiraan dhismaha isbitaallo, beero iyo dugsiyo. Talyaanigii Faashiistaha ahaa , ee Benito Mussolini , wuxuu weeraray Xabashida (Itoobiya) 1935, ujeeddadiisuna ahayd inay gumeysato. Duulaankaas waxaa cambaareeyey Ururka Jimciyadda Quruumaha ka dhaxaysa , balse wax yar lagama qaban sidii loo joojin lahaa ama looga xorayn lahaa gumaysiga Itoobiya. 1936kii, Soomaaliyadii Talyaanigu waxay ku biirtay Bariga Afrika ee Talyaanigu , oo ay weheliso Ereteriya iyo Itoobiya, oo ah Maamul-goboleedka Soomaaliya . 3-dii Agoosto 1940-kii, ciidamadii Talyaanigu oo ay ku jireen cutubyo ka tirsan gumaystaha Soomaaliya, ayaa ka soo tallaabay Itoobiya si ay u soo galaan Somaliland , 14kii Agoosto, waxay ku guuleysteen inay Berbera ka qabsadaan Ingiriiska. Ciidan Ingiriis ah oo ay ku jiraan ciidamo ka socda dalal badan oo Afrikaan ah ayaa bishii January 1941kii ka bilaabay Kenya ololihii ay ku xorreeyeen British Somaliland iyo Itoobiya oo Talyaanigu gumaysan jiray, una qabsan lahaa Somaliland Talyaani. Bishii Feebarweri inta badan Somaliland Talyaanigu waa la qabsaday, bishii Maarj, Somaliland-kii Ingiriiska waa lagala wareegay badda. Ciidamadii Boqortooyadii Ingiriiska ee ka hawl-gala Somaliland waxay ka koobnaayeen saddex qaybood oo kala ahaa Koonfur Afrika, Galbeedka Afrika iyo Ciidamada Bariga Afrika. Waxa kaalmaynayay ciidammadii Somaliyeed ee uu hogaaminayay C/laahi Xasan iyadoo ay si wayn uga qayb galeen Somalida beesha Isaaq , Dhulbahante iyo Warsangali . Tirada Soomaalida Talyaanigu waxay bilawday inay hoos u dhacdo ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka, iyada oo in ka yar 10,000 ay soo hartay 1960. ===Madaxbanaanidii (1960-1969)=== Dagaalkii IIaad ee Adduunka ka dib, Ingiriisku waxa uu sii haystay gacan ku haynta British Somaliland iyo Somaliland Somaliland oo ah maxmiyad. 1945kii, intii lagu jiray shirkii Potsdam , Qaramada Midoobay waxay u oggolaatay Talyaanigu inuu Talyaanigu u dhiibo Talyaani Somaliland inuu noqdo dhul-xakameedka Somaliland , iyadoo shuruud looga dhigay markii ugu horreysay ee ay soo jeediyaan xisbigii SYL iyo ururradii kale ee curdinka ahaa ee siyaasadda Soomaaliya, sida Xizbiya DigilMirifle Soomaali (HDMS) iyo Ururka Qaranka Soomaalida (SNL) — gudaha Soomaaliya ay ku hesho madaxbannaani toban sano gudahood. British Somaliland waxay ahaan jirtay maxmiyad Ingiriiska ilaa 1960 [[File:Chieftains of the Isaaq clan cropped.jpg|thumb|Madaxdii beesha Isaaq oo Hargeysa lagu sawiray 1958 kii markii Duke & Duchess of Gloucester booqasho ku yimaadeen Somaliland.]] Ilaa heer uu Talyaanigu dhulkaas ku haysto amarka Qaramada Midoobay, qodobbada ammaanadu waxay siiyeen Soomaalida fursad ay khibrad ugu yeeshaan waxbarashada siyaasadda reer galbeedka iyo is-xukunka. Waxa ay ahaayeen faa’iidooyin aanay lahayn British Somaliland, oo la rabay in lagu daro dawladnimada cusub ee Soomaaliya. In kasta oo 1950-meeyadii saraakiisha gumaystaha Ingiriiska ay isku dayeen, dadaallo horumarineed oo maamul oo kala duwan, si ay uga soo kabtaan dayacaadii hore, maxmiyadku waxa ay fadhiid ku noqotay horumarka maamulka siyaasadda. Farqiga u dhexeeya labada dhul ee horumarinta dhaqaalaha iyo waayo-aragnimada siyaasadeed ayaa hadhow keeni doonta dhibaatooyin culus oo isku dhafan labada qaybood. [[File:Mogadishu city centre - 1960s.jpg|thumb|1963kii oo ku yaal bartamaha magaalada Muqdisho]] Dhanka kale, 1948-kii, cadaadis kaga yimid xulafadooda Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka, Soomaalidana ay aad uga xumaadeen, Ingriisku wuxuu dib u soo celiyay Haud (Dhul daaqsimeed Soomaaliyeed oo muhiim ah oo loo maleynayo inuu ilaalinayay heshiisyadii Ingiriiska uu la galay Soomaalida 1884 iyo 1886) iyo Gobolka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya, taasoo ku saleysan heshiis ay saxiixeen 1897-kii oo ay ka soo horjeedaan Boqortooyadii Itoobiya ee Menelik oo ay suurtagal tahay in Boqortooyadii Itoobiya ay ku beddesho Imbaraadoor. Faransiisku. Ingriiska ayaa ku daray shuruud ah in dadka Soomaalida ah ay sii haysanayaan ismaamulkooda, laakiin Itoobiya ayaa isla markiiba sheegatay inay iyadu leedahay madax-bannaanideeda. Taasi waxay keentay in 1956-kii uu Ingiriisku ku guul darraystay inuu dib u iibsado dhulkii Soomaaliyeed ee uu la wareegay. Ingriisku waxa uu sidoo kale siiyay maamulka ku dhawaad ​​​​Soomaalida ay degto Waqooyiga xudduudaha Waqooyi (NFD) wadaniiyiinta Kenya. Tani waxay ahayd in kasta oo ay raali ka tahay , sida laga soo xigtay guddigii gumaystaha Ingiriiska, ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan qowmiyadaha Soomaalida ee dhulkaas degganaa waxay door bideen inay ku biiraan Jamhuuriyaddii Soomaaliya ee dhawaan la sameeyay. Waxa sannadkii 1958- kii ka qabsoontay dalka aynu jaarka nahay ee Jabuuti (oo loo yaqaannay Faransiiska Somaliland ) sannadkii 1958-kii, maalintii ay Soomaaliya xornimada qaadatay sannadkii 1960-kii, si go'aan looga gaadho in lagu biiro Jamhuuriyaddii Soomaaliya iyo in kale iyo inay ka sii mid ahaato Faransiiska. Aftidu waxay u soo baxday in la sii wado xidhiidhka Faransiiska, taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay isku-darka haa ee ay ku codeeyeen qoomiyada Canfarta iyo dadka degan Yurub. Waxa kale oo jirtay ku shubasho codbixineed oo baahsan, iyada oo Faransiisku uu ka eryay kumannaan Soomaali ah ka hor inta aanay aftidu gaadhin goobaha codbixinta. Inta badan dadka 'maya' ku codeeyay waxay ahaayeen Soomaali aad u taageersan inay ku biiraan Soomaaliya oo mid ah, sida uu soo jeediyay Maxamuud Xarbi , Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Golaha Xukuumadda. Xarbi ayaa ku dhintay shil diyaaradeed labo sano kadib. Djibouti ugu dambayntii waxay xornimada ka qaadatay Faransiiska 1977, iyo Hassan Gouled Aptidoon , oo ahaa Soomaali oo u ololaynayey "haa" codbixintii 1976, aakhirkii wuxuu noqday madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee Jabuuti (1977-1999). [[File:President Aden Adde alongside Prime minister Sharmarke.jpg|thumb|Madaxweyne Aadan Cadde oo uu weheliyo Ra’iisul Wasaare Cabdirashiid Cali Sharma’arke oo Salaaddii Ciidda 1964-kii ku Tukaday Masjidka Arbaca Rukun]] 26 June 1960 -kii Maxmiyadda Somaliland ee Ingiriiska waxa ay xornimadeeda qaadatay 26 June 1960. 1dii Luulyo 1960kii waxa xornimada qaatay dhulkii la isku halayn lahaa ee Somaliland, labadoodiina waxay ku midoobeen dhismihii Jamhuuriyaddii Soomaaliya , in kasta oo ay ku jireen xuduud ay kala sameeyeen Talyaaniga iyo Ingiriiska. Dawlad ay dhiseen Cabdullaahi Ciise iyo Muxammad Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal oo ay weheliyaan xubno kale oo ka tirsan dawladihii ammaanada iyo maxmiyad ahaa, iyadoo Cabdulqaadir Muxamed Aadan uu noqday Madaxweynaha Golaha Shacbiga Soomaaliyeed , Aadan Cabdallah Cismaan Daar oo ahaa Madaxweynihii Jamhuriyadda Soomaaliya, Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarkena wuxuu noqday Ra'iisul Wasaare (kadibna noqday Madaxweyne 1967 ilaa 1969). 20kii Luulyo 1961kii iyo afti dadweyne oo dadweynihii Soomaaliyeed ay ku ansixiyeen talyaanigu, badi dadkii ka soo jeeday Maxmiyadii hore ee Somaliland ayaan ka qaybgelin aftida, in kasta oo tiro yar oo reer Somaliland ah oo ka qaybqaatay aftida ay ka soo horjeesteen dastuurkii cusbaa , oo markii ugu horreysay la sameeyay 1367kii , Muxammad . Wasiir, xilkaas oo uu u magacaabay Sharmaarke. Cigaal waxa uu mar dambe noqon lahaa Madaxweynaha maamul-goboleedka Somaliland ee waqooyi-galbeed ee Soomaaliya ===Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliya (1969-1991)=== ===Inqilaab=== 15kii Oktoobar, isaga oo madaxweyne Cabdirashiid Cali Sharma'arke socdaal ku marayay magaalada Laascaanood ee ay abaaruhu ku dhufteen, ayaa ilaaladiisa gaarka ahi toogasho ku dileen. Xoghayihii hore ee arrimaha dibadda ee Mareykanka Henry Kissinger ayaa hadalkiisa ku soo gabagabeeyay in ilaaladu uu iskiis u dhaqmayo. Lix maalmood ka dib, 21kii Oktoobar, Jeneraal Siyaad Barre wuxuu hoggaaminayey afgambi militari, wuxuuna ku guuleystay afgambigii dowladdii baarlamaanka. Falanqeeyayaasha siyaasadda casriga ah ayaa sheegaya in afgambiga uu ka dambeeyay musuqmaasuqa ka dhex jira xukuumadda baarlamaanka. Waardiyihii waxaa maxkamadeeyay, jirdilay oo toogtay Golaha Sare ee Kacaanka (SRC). Waxa ay kasoo jeedaan madaxweynaha uu dilay. [[File:Mohamed Ainanshe and Kim Il Sung -1970.jpg|thumb|Maxamed Caynaanshe Guuleed oo Waqooyiga Kuuriya kula kulmay Madaxweyne Kim Il Sung 1970kii]] Dhinaca Barre, SRC oo xukunka la wareegtay dilkii Madaxweyne Sharma’arke ka dib waxaa hoggaaminayay Sarreeye Guuto Maxamed Caynaanshe Guuleed , Gaashaanle Sare Salaad Gabeyre Kediye iyo Taliyaha Booliska Jaamac Korsheel . Kediye waxa uu si rasmi ah u haystay magaca “Aabihii Kacaanka”, wax yar ka dibna Barre waxa uu noqday madaxa SRC. SRC dabadeed waxay u bixisay magaca dalka Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ee Soomaaliya, waxay kala dirtay baarlamaanka iyo maxkamadda sare, oo laalay dastuurkii. Dawladdii kacaanku waxay dejisay barnaamijyo ballaaran oo hawlaha guud waxayna si guul leh u hirgelisay olole wax-qoris oo magaalo iyo miyi ah , kaasoo gacan ka geystay inuu si weyn u kordhiyo heerka wax-akhris-qoraalka. Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliya waxay gaartay heerka wax-akhris 70%, taasoo ka mid ahayd kuwa ugu sarreeya Afrika waagaas. Marka laga soo tago barnaamijka qarameynta warshadaha iyo dhulka, siyaasadda arrimaha dibadda ee maamulka cusub waxay xoogga saartay xiriirka soo jireenka ah iyo diinta ee Soomaaliya ay la leedahay dunida Carabta , ugu dambeyntii waxay ku biirtay Jaamacadda Carabta bishii Febraayo 1974. Isla sanadkaas, Barre wuxuu sidoo kale noqday guddoomiyaha Ururka Midowga Afrika (OAU), oo ah hoggaamiyihii ka horreeyay Midowga Afrika (AU). Bishii Luulyo 1976-kii, SRC-da Barre ayaa iskeed u kala dirtay, waxayna halkeeda ka dhistay Xisbigii Hantiwadaaga Kacaanka Soomaaliyeed (XDSHSI), dowlad hal xisbi ah oo ku dhisan hantiwadaag cilmiyeed iyo caqiidada Islaamka. SRSP waxa ay ahayd isku day lagu heshiisiinayo fikirka dawladda ee rasmiga ah iyo diinta rasmiga ah ee dawladda iyada oo la waafajinayo xeerarkii Marxist xaaladaha deegaanka. Waxa xoogga la saaray mabaadi’da Muslimka ee horumarka bulshada, sinnaanta iyo caddaaladda, taas oo ay dawladdu ku doodday in ay aasaas u tahay udub-dhexaadka hantiwadaagga cilmiyeed iyo lahjad u gaar ah oo ku aaddan isku filnaansho, ka qayb-qaadashada dadweynaha iyo xakamaynta dadweynaha, iyo sidoo kale lahaanshaha tooska ah ee habka wax-soo-saarka. Iyadoo SRSP ay dhiirigelisay maalgashiga gaarka ah ee xad xaddidan, jihada guud ee maamulku waxay ahayd mid shuuci ah . Bishii Luulyo 1977, dagaalkii Ogaadeeniya wuxuu qarxay ka dib markii dawladdii Barre adeegsatay codsi ku saabsan midnimada qaranka si ay u caddeyso ku darista gardarrada ah ee gobolka Ogaadeeniya ee ay Soomaalida u badan tahay ee Itoobiya oo lagu daray Soomaali- weyn oo dhan , oo ay weheliso dhul-beereedyo hodan ah oo ku yaal koonfurta-bari ee Itoobiya, kaabayaasha dhaqaalaha, iyo meelaha istiraatiijiga ah ee woqooyiga ilaa Jabuuti. Todobaadkii ugu horeeyey ee colaada ayaa xoogag hubaysan oo Soomaali ahi qabsadeen koonfurta iyo badhtamaha Ogadenia, dagaalka intiisa badana waxay ciidanka Soomaalidu guulo isdaba joog ah ka gaadheen ciidanka gumaysiga Itoobiya waxayna daba socdeen ilaa Sidamo . Bishii Sebtembar 1977kii, Soomaaliya waxay gacanta ku dhigtay 90% dhulka Ogaadeeniya waxayna qabsatay magaalooyin istiraatiiji ah sida Jijiga waxayna cadaadis xoog leh saartay Diridhaba , waxayna halis geliyeen wadadii tareenka ee magaalada dambe ee Jabuuti. Go’doomintii Harar ka dib, waxaa u soo gurmaday taliskii Shuuciga ahaa ee Dergiga Itoobiya faragelin baaxad leh oo aan hore loo arag oo ka kooban 20,000 oo ciidamada Kuuba ah iyo dhowr kun oo khubaro ah oo Soofiyeedka ah . Sannadkii 1978-kii, ciidamadii Soomaalida ayaa laga saaray Ogadenya. Isbeddelka taageerada ee Midowgii Soofiyeeti ayaa ku kallifay dowladdii Barre inay xulafo ka raadsato meelo kale. Aakhirkii waxa ay ku degtay dagaalkii qaboobaa ee Soofiyeedka oo ay xafiiltamaan, Maraykanka , kaas oo in muddo ah ku haminayey dawladdii Soomaaliya. Saaxiibtinimada ugu horreysay ee Soomaaliya ay la yeelato Midowgii Soofiyeeti iyo iskaashigii dambe ee ay la yeelatay Mareykanka ayaa u sahashay in ay dhisto ciidanka ugu badan ee Afrika. [[File:Muhammad Siad Barre - 40866X9X9.jpg|thumb|Sareeye Gaas Maxamed Siyaad Barre , Guddoomiyaha Golaha Sare ee Kacaanka , oo la kulmay Madaxweynaha Romania Nicolae Ceauşescu]] Dastuur cusub ayaa la soo saaray 1979kii kaas oo lagu qabtay doorashada Golaha Shacabka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Xisbigii Hantiwadaaga Kacaanka Soomaaliyeed ee Barre ayaa sii waday xukunka. Bishii Oktoobar 1980, SRSP waa la kala diray, Golaha Sare ee Kacaanka ayaa dib loo dhisay booskiisii. Waqtigaas, dawladdii Barre waxay noqotay mid aan la jeclayn. Soomaali badan ayaa ka niyad jabay nolosha ay ku hoos nool yihiin kalitalis ciidan. Waxaa sii wiiqmay taliskii 1980-meeyadii markii dagaalkii qaboobaa uu soo dhawaaday, waxaana hoos u dhacay muhiimaddii istiraatijiyadeed ee Soomaaliya. Dawladdu waxay noqotay mid sii xoogaysata , waxaana dalka oo dhan ka curtay dhaqdhaqaaqyo iska caabin ah oo ay dhiirigelisay Itoobiya, taasoo keentay in Soomaaliya dagaal sokeeye ka dhacdo . Kooxahan malayshiyaadka ah waxaa ka mid ahaa Jabhadda Dimuqraadiga Badbaadada Soomaaliyeed (SSDF), Golaha Soomaaliyeed ee Midowga (USC), Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniga Soomaaliyeed (SNM) iyo Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniga Soomaaliyeed (SPM) oo ay weheliyaan Mucaarad aan Rabshado lahayn oo ka kala tirsan Dhaqdhaqaaqa Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliyeed (SDM), Isbahaysiga Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliyeed (SDA) iyo Kooxda Kooxda Manifeestada Soomaaliyeed (SMG). ===Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Soomaaliya=== [[File:Somali Civil War (Google Live Map).svg|thumb|Qiyaasta khariidadda marxaladda hadda ee Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Soomaaliya (La cusbooneysiiyay Luulyo 2025)]] Markii ay si aayar aayar aayar aayar ah u yaraatay hankii iyo akhlaaqdii dowladdii Barre, ayaa dad badan oo Soomaaliyeed ay ka niyad jabeen nolosha xukunkii militariga. Bartamihii 1980-aadkii, dhaqdhaqaaqyo iska caabin ah oo uu taageerayey maamulkii Dergiga ee shuuciga ahaa ee Itoobiya ayaa ka curtay dalka oo dhan. Barre ayaa ku jawaabay in uu amar ku bixiyay in tallaabo laga qaado dadka uu u arko in ay deegaan ahaan taageersan yihiin jabhadda, gaar ahaan gobollada Waqooyi. Xakamayntaas waxaa ka mid ahaa in la duqeeyo magaalooyinka, oo ay ku taal xarunta maamulka waqooyi-galbeed ee Hargeysa , oo ah xaruntii SNM , oo ka mid ahayd goobihii la beegsaday 1988. Xakamaynta ay bilawday dawladdii Barre waxay gaadhsiisay in ka badan qaraxyadii hore ee woqooyiga si ay u koobto gobollo kala duwan oo dalka ah. Soo saariddan xeeladaha gardarada ah ee looga dan leeyahay in lagu caburiyo dadka ka soo jeeda iyo in lagu sii hayo awoodda dadweynaha waxay astaan ​​u ahayd tallaabooyinka caburinta ah ee dowladdu ay ka waddo Koonfurta. Mid ka mid ah dhacdooyinka ugu caansan ayaa dhacay 1991-kii, markii taliskii Barre bilaabay weerar cirka ah oo sababay dhimashada dad badan oo aan waxba galabsan magaalada Beledweyn , oo ku taal koonfurta Soomaaliya. Arxan-darrada iyo baaxadda falkan waxashnimada ah waxa ay iftiimisay heerka ay dawladdu u diyaar-garowday in ay meesha ka saarto nooc kasta oo mucaarad ah ama wax iska caabin ah, iyada oo ay muujinayso in aan tix-gelin badheedh ah u lahayn xuquuqda aadamaha iyo qiimaha nolosha bani’aadamka. Mid kale oo xusid mudan siyaasaddii caburinta Barre ayaa ka dhacday magaalada Baydhabo oo lagu naaneeso ‘Magaalada dhimashada’ taasoo ay ugu wacan tahay dhacdooyinkii murugada lahaa ee ka dhacay halkaasi xilliyadii abaarta iyo dagaalada sokeeye . Boqolaal kun oo qof ayaa naftooda ku waayey istiraatijiyad dawladeed oo gaar ahaan loogu talagalay bulshada Raxanweyn ee deggan deegaannadaas. 1990kii, magaalada caasimadda ah ee Muqdisho, dadka deggan waxaa laga mamnuucay inay meel fagaare ah isugu yimaadaan kooxo ka badan saddex ama afar. Shidaal yaraan, sicir-bararka, iyo qiima dhaca lacagta ayaa saameeyay dhaqaalaha. Suuq madoow oo aad u wanaagsan ayaa ka jiray bartamaha magaalada iyadoo bangiyada ay la kulmeen gabaabsi lacagta gudaha ah ee lagu sarifto. Waxaa la soo saaray sharciyo lagu xakameynayo sarifka lacagaha qalaad si looga hortago dhoofinta lacagaha qalaad. Inkastoo aan la saarin xayiraad dhanka socdaalka ah oo lagu soo rogay ajaanibta, sawir qaadista goobo badan ayaa la mamnuucay. Xilliyada maalinlaha ah ee magaalada Muqdisho, muuqaalka ciidan kasta oo dowladda ayaa ahaa mid naadir ah. Hawlgallada habeenkii dambe ee ay sameeyeen mas'uuliyiinta dowladda, ayaa waxaa ka mid ahaa "la'aanta" shaqsiyaadka guryahooda. 1991kii, maamulkii Barre waxaa xukunka ka tuuray isbahaysi mucaarad ku ah qabiil, oo ay taageerayeen taliskii Itoobiya ee Dergiga iyo Liibiya . Ka dib shir ay yeesheen Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniga Somaliyeed iyo odayaasha beelaha waqooyi, qaybtii waqooyi ee Ingiriisku ka talin jiray dalka waxay ku dhawaaqday in ay gooni isu taagtay jamhuuriyadda Somaliland May 1991. In kasta oo ay madax bannaani tahay oo xasiloon tahay marka loo eego koonfurta qalalaasaha ah, haddana dawlad shisheeye ma aqoonsan. [[File:Mogadishu.jpg|thumb|Dagaaladii sokeeye ka hor, Muqdisho waxaa loo yaqaannay "Luul cad oo badweynta Hindiya]] In badan oo ka mid ah kooxaha mucaaradka ayaa markii dambe bilaabay inay u tartamaan sidii ay saamayn ugu yeelan lahaayeen awood la'aanta ka dib markii la riday taliskii Barre. Koonfurta, waxaa isku dhacay kooxo hubaysan oo ay kala hogaaminayaan taliyayaasha USC General Maxamed Faarax Ceydiid iyo Cali Mahdi Maxamed , gaar ahaan, iyadoo mid walba uu doonayo inuu awood ku yeesho caasimadda. 1991kii, shir caalami ah oo wajiyo badan lahaa ayaa lagu qabtay dalka aynu jaarka nahay ee Jabuuti. Iyadoo loo eegayo sharcinimada uu Muxammad ku siiyey shirkii Jabuuti, ayaa beesha caalamku u aqoonsatay inuu yahay madaxweynaha cusub ee Soomaaliya. Ma uu awoodin in uu awoodiisa ku dhaqmo meelo ka baxsan caasimadda. Awoodda ayaa taas beddelkeeda lagu heshiiyey hoggaamiye kooxeedyadii kale ee koonfurta Soomaaliya iyo maamul-goboleedyo ka madax bannaan waqooyiga. Shirkii Jibouti waxaa ku xigay laba heshiis oo aan la iska dhicin oo dib-u-heshiisiin qaran iyo hub ka dhigis, oo ay saxeexeen 15 daneeyayaal siyaasadeed: heshiis in la qabto shir aan rasmi ahayn oo diyaarinta dib-u-heshiisiinta qaranka, iyo heshiiskii Addis Ababa 1993 ee lagu sameeyay shirkii dib u heshiisiinta qaranka. Horraantii 1990-meeyadii, la'aanta daba-dheeraatay ee la'aanta maamul dhexe oo joogto ah, Soomaaliya waxay billowday inay ku sifowdo " Qaran guuldarreystay . ===Hay'adaha ku meel gaarka ah=== [[File:Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed (28-03-2006).jpg|thumb|C/llaahi Yuusuf Axmed , Madaxweynaha Dowladda KMG ah ee Soomaaliya]] Dawladda Ku-Meel-Gaarka ah (TNG) waxaa la aas aasay bilihii April-May 2000 shirkii Nabadda Qaranka Soomaaliyeed (SNPC) ee lagu qabtay Carta, Jabuuti. Cabdiqaasim Salaad Xasan ayaa loo doortay in uu noqdo Madaxweynaha dowladda KMG ah ee cusub ee qaranka, maamul ku meel gaar ah oo loo sameeyay in uu Soomaaliya ku hago dowlad Jamhuuriyad rasmi ah oo saddexaad. Dhibaatooyinka gudaha ee TNG ayaa keenay in la bedelo Ra'iisul Wasaaraha afar jeer saddex sano gudahood, iyo hay'adda maamulka ayaa sheegay inay kacday December 2003. Waqtigeediina isku mar wuu dhamaaday. 10kii Oktoobar 2004tii, sharci-dajiyayaashu waxay u doorteen Cabdullaahi Yuusuf Axmed inuu noqdo Madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee Dawladda Federaalka Ku Meel Gaarka ah (TFG), oo beddelaya Dawladdii Ku Meel Gaarka ahayd. DFKMG waxay ahayd maamulkii labaad ee ku meel gaadhka ahaa ee hiigsanayay in dib loo soo celiyo hay’adihii qaranka ee Soomaaliya kadib burburkii taliskii Siyaad Barre 1991 iyo dagaaladii sokeeye ee xigay. DFKMG waxay ahayd dowladda Soomaaliya oo caalamku aqoonsan yahay ilaa 20kii Agoosto 2012, markaas oo ay si rasmi ah u dhammaatay waqtigeedii. Waxaa loo asaasay mid ka mid ah Hay'adaha Federaalka Ku Meel Gaarka ah (TFIs) ee dowladda sida lagu qeexay Axdiga Federaalka Ku Meel Gaarka ah (TFC) ee uu ansixiyay Baarlamaanka Federaalka Ku Meel Gaarka ah (TFP) bishii Nofembar 2004. Dowladda Federaalka Ku Meel Gaarka ah waxay si rasmi ah uga koobneyd waaxda fulinta ee dowladda, iyadoo TFP ay tahay waaxda sharci dejinta. Xukuumadda ayaa waxaa madax ka ahaa Madaxweynaha Soomaaliya, iyadoo golaha wasiirradu ay warbixin ka siiyeen Ra’iisul Wasaaraha. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxa sidoo kale loo adeegsaday erey guud si loo tixraaco dhammaan saddexda laan si wadajir ah. ===Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga=== [[File:Icu somalia map.png|thumb|Khariidad muujinaysa ICU marka ugu sarraysa saamaynteeda]] Sanadkii 2006, Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga ah (ICU) waxay la wareegeen gacan ku haynta inta badan koonfurta dalka muddo 6 bilood ah waxayna soo rogeen ku dhaqanka shareecada Islaamka . Mas’uuliyiinta ugu sareysa Qaramada Midoobay ayaa ku tilmaamay muddadan kooban in ay tahay xilli dahab ah oo ku jira taariikhda siyaasadda Soomaaliya. ===Dowladda Kumeeel Gaarka ah=== Dowladda Federaalka Ku Meel Gaarka ah waxay isku dayday inay dib u soo ceshato awoodeeda, iyadoo kaashanaysa ciidamada Itoobiya , ciidamada nabad ilaalinta Midowga Afrika iyo taageerada hawada ee Mareykanka, waxay ka saartay maxaakiimta oo ay xoojisay xukunkeeda. January 8, 2007, Madaxweynaha DFKMG, Cabdullaahi Yuusuf Axmed ayaa markii ugu horeysay soo galay Muqdisho isagoo taageero ka helaya ciidamada Itoobiya tan iyo markii xilka loo doortay. Dawladdu waxay markaas u guurtay xarunta Villa Soomaaliya ee caasimadda oo ay si ku meel gaar ah uga ahayd Baydhabo . Tani waxay noqonaysaa markii ugu horeysay tan iyo burburkii taliskii Siyaad Barre sanadkii 1991-kii oo ay dowladda Federaalka gacanta ku hayso inta badan dalka. ===Falaagada Al-Shabaab=== Al-Shabaab ayaa ka soo horjeestay joogitaanka ciidamada Itoobiya ee Soomaaliya, waxaana ay sii wadeen dagaallada ka dhanka ah dowladda KMG ah. Intii u dhaxaysay 2007 iyo 2008, Al-Shabaab waxay dhalisay guulo ciidan, iyagoo la wareegay gacan ku haynta magaalooyin iyo dekedo muhiim ah oo ku yaal bartamaha iyo koonfurta Soomaaliya. Bishii Janaayo 2009, Al-Shabaab iyo maleeshiyaadkii kale waxay ku qasbeen ciidamada Itoobiya inay dib u gurtaan, iyagoo ka tagay ciidan aan qalabeyn oo nabad ilaalin ah oo Midowga Afrika ah si ay u caawiyaan ciidamada dowladda KMG ah.  Dhaqaale la’aan iyo dhaqaale la’aan, cunaqabatayn dhanka hubka ah oo adkeyd in dib loo yagleelo ciidan qaran oo suga amniga, iyo danayn la’aanta guud ee beesha caalamka, Yuusuf waxa uu ku qasbanaaday in kumannaan ciidamo ah oo Puntland ka socda la geeyo Muqdisho si ay u sii joogteeyaan dagaalka ka dhanka ah kooxaha nabad-diidka ah ee ku sugan Koonfurta dalka. Taageerada maaliyadeed ee dadaalkan waxaa bixisay dawladda ismaamulka. Taasi waxay keentay in dakhli yar oo soo galo ciidamada ammaanka Puntland iyo shaqaalaha rayidka ah, taasoo ka dhigtay dhul u nugul burcad-badeedda iyo weerarrada argagixisada.  29-kii December 2008, Yuusuf wuxuu kaga dhawaaqay baarlamaanka ku midoobay Baydhabo inuu iska casilayo xilka madaxweynaha Soomaaliya. Khudbadiisa oo laga sii daayay Idaacadda Qaranka, ayuu Yuusuf ku sheegay inuu ka xun yahay inuu ku guul-darreystay inuu soo afjaro colaaddii dalka ka jirtay toddoba iyo tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay, sidii dowladdiisa loo igmaday. Wuxuu kaloo ku eedeeyay beesha caalamka inay ka gaabiyeen taageerada dowladda, wuxuuna sheegay in guddoomiyaha baarlamaanka uu xilka ku wareejin doono sida uu qabo Axdiga KMG ah ===Dhamaadka xilliga ku meel gaarka=== Intii u dhaxaysay 31 May iyo 9 June 2008, wakiilo ka socday dawladda federaalka ah ee Soomaaliya iyo Isbahaysiga Dib u xoraynta Soomaaliya (ARS) ayaa ka qayb galay wada-hadallo nabadeed oo Jabuuti ka dhacay oo uu garwadeen ka ahaa ergeygii hore ee Qaramada Midoobay u qaabilsanaa Soomaaliya, Ahmedou Ould-Abdallah . Shirka ayaa ku soo idlaaday heshiis la kala saxiixday oo dhigaya in ciidamada Itoobiya laga saaro dalka si loo joojiyo iska hor imaadyada hubeysan. Baarlamaanka ayaa ka dib la balaariyay oo la gaarsiiyay 550 kursi si ay u helaan xubnaha ARS, oo markaas madaxweyne u doortay Sheekh Shariif Sheekh Axmed .Iyadoo gacan ka heleysa koox yar oo ka tirsan ciidamada Midowga Afrika, dowladda KMG ayaa biloowday weerar rogaal celis ah bishii Febraayo 2009 si ay si buuxda ula wareegto maamulka qeybta koonfureed ee dalka. DFKMG si ay xukunkeeda u xoojiso waxay isbahaysi la samaysatay Midowga Maxaakiimta Islaamiga ah, Xubnihii kale ee Isbaheysiga Dib u xoreynta Soomaaliya iyo Ahlu Sunna Waljamaaca oo ah Maleeshiyo Suufi ah oo qunyar socod ah . Intaa waxaa dheer, Al-Shabaab iyo Xisbul Islaam, oo ah labada kooxood ee Islaamiyiinta ah ee mucaaradka ah, waxay bilaabeen inay dhexdooda dagaallamaan bartamihii 2009kii. Xabbad ahaan, bishii Maarso 2009, dawladda ku meel gaarka ah waxay ku dhawaaqday inay dib u dhaqan gelinayso Shareecada oo ah nidaamka garsoorka rasmiga ah ee qaranka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, colaaddu waxay ka sii socotay koonfurta iyo badhtamaha dalka. Muddo bilo gudahood ah, dawladda ku meel gaarka ah waxay ka baxday in ay gacanta ku dhigto ilaa 70% koonfurta iyo badhtamaha Soomaaliya aagagga iskahorimaadyada, oo ay 80% dhulka lagu muransan yahay ku lumisay xoogaga Islaamiyiinta ah. Bishii Oktoobar 2011, hawlgal qorsheysan, Hawlgalka Linda Nchi oo u dhexeeya militariga Soomaaliya iyo Kenya iyo ciidamada caalamiga ah ayaa ka billowday Al-Shabaab ee koonfurta Soomaaliya. Bishii Sebtembar 2012, ciidamada Soomaaliya, Kenya, iyo Raaskaambooni waxay ku guulaysteen inay qabsadaan Al-Shabaab xaruntii ugu dambaysay ee ugu weynayd, dekedda koonfurta ee Kismaayo. Bishii Luulyo 2012, saddex hawlgal oo Midowga Yurub ayaa la bilaabay si ay ula macaamilaan Soomaaliya: EUTM Somalia , Hawlgalka Ciidamada Badda ee Midowga Yurub ee Soomaaliya Atalanta off the Horn of Africa, iyo EUCAP Nestor. [[File:Parlament of Somalia 2012-2016.svg|thumb|Dhismaha Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya]] Iyada oo qayb ka ah "Khariidadda Waddada Dhammaadka Ku meel gaarka" ee rasmiga ah, oo ah geeddi socod siyaasadeed oo siinaya jaan-gooyo cad-cad oo horseedaya samaynta hay'ado dimoqraadi ah oo joogto ah oo Soomaaliya ah, xilliga ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Dowladda Federaalka Ku-meel-gaarka ah ayaa dhammaaday 20kii Agoosto 2012 ===Dowladda Federaalka=== Dowladda Federaalka ah ee Soomaaliya , oo ah dowladdii dhexe ee ugu horreysay oo joogto ah oo dalka yeelato tan iyo markii ay bilowdeen dagaallada sokeeye, ayaa la aas aasay Agoosto 2012. Bishii Agoosto 2014-kii, howlgalka Badweynta Hindiya ee ay hormuudka ka tahay dowladda Soomaaliya ayaa la bilaabay ka hortagga jeebabka kooxaha nabad-diidka ah ee ku sugan baadiyaha ===2021-2023 abaar=== Abaarta Soomaaliya ee 2021-2023 ayaa ahayd abaartii ugu darneyd ee Soomaaliya soo marta muddo 40 sano ah, waxaana ay saameysay 7.8 milyan oo qof. === Qalalaasihii dastuuriga ee 2024 === 30-kii Maarso 2024, isbeddello dastuuri ah oo taxane ah oo ay ansixisay [[Dowlada Federaalka Soomaaliya]] ayaa sababay khilaafyo lala galay qaar ka mid ah dowlad-goboleedyada federaalka, taas oo dhalisay xiisad siyaasadeed. Saddex ka mid ah lixda dowlad-goboleed ayaa ka laabtay aqoonsigii ay siinayeen awoodda dowladda federaalka, waxaana dagaallo maxalli ah oo [[Jubaland|Jubbaland]] iyo [[Koonfur Galbeed|Dowlad Goboleedka Koonfur Galbeed Soomaaliya|Koonfur Galbeed Soomaaliya]] ka dhacay.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Review |first=Horn |title=Analysis of Somalia's constitution crisis |url=https://hornreview.org/2026/04/21/analysis-of-somalias-constitution-crisis/ |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=HORN REVIEW |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Al Jazeera |title=Somali army takes over key city in Southwest as state leader resigns |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/31/somali-army-takes-over-key-city-in-southwest-as-state-leader-resigns |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> ==Juqraafiga== Soomaaliya waxa ay xad la wadaagtaa Jabuuti dhanka waqooyi-galbeed, galbeedna Itoobiya , waqooyiga Gacanka Cadmeed , badda Soomaaliya iyo kanaalka Guardafui oo bari ah, iyo Koonfur-galbeed Kenya . Baaxadda dhuleedku waa 637,657 kiiloo mitir laba jibaaran, dhulka Soomaaliya wuxuu ka kooban yahay badiyaa taagga , bannaanka iyo buuraha . Xeebteedu waxay dhererkeedu ka badan tahay 3,333 kiiloomitir, waana tan ugu dheer dhul weynaha Afrika. Waxaa lagu tilmaamay inay tahay mid si qiyaas ah u qaabaysan "sida lambar foorarsan oo toddoba ah". Waqooyiga fog, safafka bari-galbeed ee buuraleyda Oogo waxay ku yaalaan masaafo kala duwan oo u jirta xeebta Gacanka Cadmeed. Xaalado kulul ayaa jira sanadka oo dhan, oo ay la socdaan dabaylaha monsoon iyo roobab aan joogto ahayn. Geology waxay soo jeedinaysaa joogitaanka kaydka macdanta qiimaha leh. Soomaaliya waxaa Seychelles ka go'ay badda Soomaaliya, waxaana ka go'ay Socotra oo lagu magacaabo Guardafui Channel ===Qaybaha maamulka=== Soomaaliya waxay si rasmi ah u qaybsantaa siddeed iyo toban gobol ( sara , gobol keli ah ), oo iyana loo qaybiyo degmooyin. [[File:Somalia States and Regions.svg|thumb|Maabka gobollada Soomaaliya]] Waqooyiga Soomaaliya hadda waa goorma ? Waxay u kala qaybsameen maamul-goboleedka Puntland ( oo isku haysta maamul-goboleedka ), Somaliland ( maamul-goboleed iskeed ugu dhawaaqday balse aan la aqoonsan ) iyo Maamulka Khaatumo ee Soomaaliya oo dhawaan la dhisay . Bartamaha Soomaaliya, Galmudug waa maamul-goboleed kale oo ka soo baxay koonfurta Puntland. Jubaland oo ku taal koonfurta fog waa ismaamulka afaraad ee federaalka.Sannadkii 2014-kii, ayaa sidoo kale la dhisay maamul-goboleedka cusub ee Koonfur-galbeed . Bishii Abriil 2015, waxaa sidoo kale la daah furay shirweyne lagu dhisayo dowlad goboleedka cusub ee Hirshabeelle . Baarlamaanka Federaalka waxaa loo xilsaaray 2012-kii in uu soo xulo tirada ugu dambeysa iyo xuduudaha dowlad goboleedyada is-maamul goboleedyada (sida rasmiga ah ee xubnaha ka ah Federaalka ) ee Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya. ===Goobta=== {{Multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | width = 250 | footer_align = left | image1 = Horn of africa.jpg | class1 = bg-transparent | image2 = ISS062-E-51247 - View of Earth.jpg | footer = Muuqaallo laga qaaday [[Geeska Afrika|Jasiiradda Soomaalida]] oo laga soo qaaday Dayax gacmeedka ''Columbia'' sannadkii 1993 (kor) iyo Saldhigga Hawada Caalamiga ah sannadkii 2020 (hoose) }} Soomaaliya waxay xuduud la leedahay [[Kenya]] dhanka koonfur-galbeed, [[Gacanka Cadmeed]] dhanka waqooyi, [[Marinka Gardafuul|Marinka Gardafuu]] iyo Badweynta Hindiya dhanka bari, iyo [[Itoobiya]] dhanka galbeed. Dalka wuxuu sidoo kale xuduud la leeyahay [[Jabuuti]]. Waxay ku taallaa inta u dhexeysa loolalka 2°S iyo 12°N, iyo dhigaha 41° iyo 52°E. Iyada oo si istaraatiiji ah ugu taalla afka laga galo Bab el Mandeb ee u dhexeeya [[Bada Cas]] iyo [[Kanaalka Suweys|Kanaalka Suweys]], dalku wuxuu ku yaallaa cirifka gobol u eg khariidadda [[Wiyil|geeska wiyisha]], taas oo inta badan loogu yeero [[Geeska Afrika]].<ref name="factbook"/><ref name="Hadden">Hadden, Robert Lee. 2007. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090327102547/http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA464006 "The Geology of Somalia: A Selected Bibliography of Somalian Geology, Geography and Earth Science"]. Engineer Research and Development Laboratories, Topographic Engineering Center</ref> ===Biyaha=== Soomaaliya waxay leedahay xeebta ugu dheer badweynta Afrika, oo leh boodh badeed dhererkeedu yahay 3,333 kiiloomitir (2,071 mi). Dhulkeedu waxa uu ka kooban yahay badiyaa taagga , bannaanka iyo dhulka sare . Qaranku wuxuu leeyahay bedka guud ee 637,657 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (246,201 sq mi) kaas oo ka kooban dhul, oo leh 10,320 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (3,980 sq mi) oo biyo ah. Soohdimaha dhulka ee Soomaaliya ayaa gaaraya ilaa 2,340 kiiloomitir (1,450 mi); 58 kiiloomitir (36 mi) ka mid ah waxaa la wadaaga Jabuuti, 682 kiiloomitir (424 mi) Kenya, iyo 1,626 kiiloomitir (1,010 mi) Itoobiya. Sheegashadeeda badda waxaa ka mid ah dhul-badeed dhan 200 nautical miles (370 km; 230 mi). Soomaaliya waxaa xeebaheeda ku yaal jasiirado iyo jaziirado dhowr ah oo ay ku jiraan Jaziiradaha Bajuuni iyo Jaziiradaha Sacad-Diin : eeg jasiiradaha Soomaaliya . [[File:Juba river downstream Jamaame.jpg|thumb|Webiga Jubba]] ===Degaan=== Soomaaliya waxay ka kooban tahay todobo dhuleed oo kala ah: Xabashida montane kaymaha , Waqooyiga Zanzibar–Inhambane mosaic kaynta xeebta , Somali Acacia–Commiphora bushlands iyo kayn , dhul daaqsimeed Xabashi ah iyo dhir dhireed , dhul daaqsimeed hobyo iyo geedo yaryar , Somali montane xeric woodlands , iyo mangroves Bariga Afrika Dhanka waqooyi, bannaan saxare-meel-mareen ah oo xoqan, oo loo yaqaan Guban ayaa barbar-socda Gacanka Cadmeed . Iyada oo ballaciisu yahay laba iyo toban kiiloomitir galbeedka ilaa in yar oo laba kiiloomitir ah oo bari ah, bannaanka waxaa u kala qaybiya maro-biyoodyo asal ahaan ah sariiro ciid qallalan marka laga reebo xilliyada roobaadka. Marka roobabku da'aan, Guban's duurka hooseeya iyo cawska cawska ayaa isu beddela dhir cagaaran. Xariggaan xeebeedku waa qayb ka mid ah dhul- daaqsimeedkii Xabashida iyo dhir-dhireedka . Cal Madow waa silsilad buuraley ah oo ku taal waqooyi bari ee dalka. Waxay ku dherersan tahay dhowr kiilo mitir dhanka galbeed ee magaalada Boosaaso ilaa waqooyi-galbeed ee Ceerigaabo , waxay ku taal meesha ugu sarreysa Soomaaliya , Shimbiris , oo ku fadhida meel sare ah ilaa 2,416 mitir (7,927 ft). Silsilada bari-galbeed ee buuraleyda Karkaar waxay sidoo kale ku yaalliin gudaha gudaha Gacanka Cadmeed. Gobollada dhexe, silsiladaha buuraha waqooyi ee dalka waxay u baneeyaan dhul-badeed-gacmeedyo iyo marin-biyoodyo qallalan oo deegaan ahaan loogu yeero Oogo . Dhulka galbeedka ee Oogo, ayaa isna si tartiib tartiib ah ugu biira Haud , oo ah aag muhiim u ah daaqa xoolaha. Soomaaliya waxay leedahay laba webi oo kala ah Jubba iyo Shabeele oo labaduba ka bilaabma buuraleyda Itoobiya . Wabiyadan ayaa inta badan u socda dhanka koofureed, iyadoo webiga Jubba uu ka galo badweynta Hindiya ee magaalada Kismaayo . Wabiga Shabeelle ayaa mar sida muuqata gali jiray badda u dhow magaalada Marka , balse hadda waxa uu gaaray meel dhanka Koonfur-galbeed ka xigta magaalada Muqdisho. Intaa ka dib, waxa ay ka kooban tahay dhiiqo iyo meelo qallalan ka hor inta aan aakhirka lagu waayin dhulka saxaraha ah ee bariga Jilib , una dhow webiga Jubba. ===Deegaanka=== [[File:Somcoralreef.jpg|thumb|Xeebaha Soomaaliya , jardiinooyinka deegaanka iyo meelaha la ilaaliyo]] Soomaaliya waa dal oomane ah oo leh qiyaastii 1.6% dhul beereed . Ururada deegaanka ee ugu horeeya waxay ahaayeen Ecoterra Soomaaliya iyo Bulshada Deegaanka Soomaali, labaduba waxay gacan ka geysteen kor u qaadista wacyiga ku saabsan walaaca deegaanka iyo abaabulida barnaamijyada deegaanka ee dhammaan qaybaha dawladda iyo sidoo kale bulshada rayidka ah. Laga soo bilaabo 1971-kii, olole ballaaran oo dhir beeris ah oo heer qaran ah ayaa dowladdii Siyaad Barre bilowday si ay u joojiso horu-marintii kumannaanka hektar ee dunta bacaadka ah ee ay dabeyshu kaxeyso oo halis ku ah inay qariso magaalooyinka, waddooyinka iyo dhul beereed. Sannadkii 1988-kii, 265 hektar oo ah 336 hektar oo la saadaaliyay ayaa la daweeyay, iyadoo 39 goobood oo kayd ah iyo 36 goobood oo kaymo ah la aasaasay. 1986, Xarunta Badbaadinta Duurjoogta, Cilmi-baarista iyo Kormeerka waxaa aasaasay Ecoterra International, iyada oo ujeedadu tahay in lagu wacyigeliyo dadweynaha arrimaha deegaanka. Dadaalkaas waxbarasho waxa uu horseeday 1989 kii waxa loogu yeero "soo jeedinta Soomaaliya" iyo go'aan ay dowladda Soomaaliya ku gaartay in ay raacdo Axdiga ganacsiga caalamiga ah ee dabar-goynta xayawaanka duurjoogta iyo dhirta (CITES), kaas oo markii ugu horreysay aasaasay adduunka oo dhan mamnuucidda ka ganacsiga Maroodiga Maroodiga . [[File:Aerial views of Kismayo 06 (8071381265).jpg|thumb|Xeebta koofureed ee Muqdisho]] Ka dib, Faadumo Jibrell , oo ah dhaqdhaqaaqe caan ah oo Soomaaliyeed oo u dhaqdhaqaaqa deegaanka, ayaa qaaday olole guul leh oo lagu ilaalinayo kaymaha geedaha qudhaca ah ee koray ee waqooyi-bari ee Soomaaliya. Geedahan, oo noolaan kara 500 oo sano, ayaa la jari jiray si looga sameeyo dhuxusha oo aad looga doonayay Jasiiradda Carabta, halkaas oo qabaa'ilka Baadiyaha ee gobolka ay aaminsan yihiin in qudhacdu ay tahay mid muqadas ah. Inaad noqoto shidaal aan qaali ahayn, soo saarista dhuxusha waxay inta badan keentaa xaalufka iyo xaalufka . Si wax looga qabto dhibaatadan, Jibrell iyo Horn of Africa Relief and Development Organisation (Horn Relief; hadda Adeso ), oo ah hay'ad ay aasaasaha iyo agaasimaha fulinta ka ahayd, waxay tababareen koox dhalinyaro ah si ay bulshada uga wacyigeliyaan waxyeelada joogtada ah ee soo saarista dhuxusha ay abuuri karto. 1999kii, Horn Relief waxay isku dubariday socod nabadeed waqooyi-bari Puntland ee Soomaaliya si loo soo afjaro waxa loogu yeero "dagaallada dhuxusha". Natiijadii ololaha Jibrell iyo dadaalkii waxbarashada, dawladda Puntland 2000 waxay mamnuucday dhoofinta dhuxusha. Dowladda ayaa sidoo kale tan iyo markii ay dhaqan galisay mamnuucidaasi, taasoo la sheegay inay keentay in 80% hoos u dhac ku yimaado dhoofinta badeecada. Jibrell waxaa lagu abaalmariyay Abaalmarinta Deegaanka Goldman ee 2002 dadaalkeeda ka dhanka ah xaalufka deegaanka iyo xaalufka. Sannadkii 2008, waxay sidoo kale ku guulaysatay Abaalmarinta Mu'asasada Qaranka ee Juqraafiga / Buffett ee Hoggaanka Ilaalinta. Ka dib tsunamigii weynaa ee Diisambar 2004 , waxaa sidoo kale soo baxay eedeymo sheegaya in ka dib markii uu qarxay dagaalkii sokeeye ee Soomaaliya dabayaaqadii 1980-meeyadii, in xeebta dheer ee Soomaaliya ee fog fog loo isticmaalay goob qashin ah oo lagu aaso qashinka sunta ah. Mowjadaha waaweyn ee ku dhuftay waqooyiga Soomaaliya kadib tsunamigii ayaa la rumeysan yahay inay kiciyeen tan oo ah haraadiga sunta nukliyeerka ah oo laga yaabo inay si sharci darro ah dalka ugu daadiyeen shirkado shisheeye. Xisbiga Cagaaran ee Yurub waxa uu daba socday cadaymahaas isagoo horgeeyay saxaafadda iyo baarlamaanka Yurub ee Strasbourg nuqulo qandaraasyo ah oo ay kala saxiixdeen laba shirkadood oo reer Yurub ah - Shirkadda Swiss Swiss, Achair Partners, iyo dilaaliinta qashinka Talyaaniga Progresso - iyo wakiillo ka socday Madaxweynihii hore ee Soomaaliya, Hogaamiye kooxeed Cali Mahdi Maxamed, si ay u qaataan 10 milyan oo tan oo qashinka sunta ah oo ay ku bedesheen 80 milyan oo gini. Sida lagu sheegay warbixin ay soo saartay hay’adda Qaramada Midoobay u qaabilsan deegaanka (UNEP), qashinka ayaa sababay in uu aad uga sarreeyo xaaladaha caadiga ah ee caabuqyada neef-mareenka, boogaha afka iyo dhiig-baxa, dhiigbaxa caloosha iyo caabuqa maqaarka oo aan caadi ahayn oo ku dhacay dad badan oo deggan deegaannada ku teedsan waqooyi-bari ee magaalooyinka Hobyo iyo Banaadir ee xeebta Badweynta Hindiya - cudurro la socda xanuunka shucaaca. UNEP waxay intaas ku dartay in xaaladda xeebaha Soomaaliya ay khatar deegaan oo aad u daran aysan ka jirin Soomaaliya oo keliya, balse sidoo kale gobolka bariga Afrika. ===Cimilada=== [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map v2 SOM 1991–2020.svg|thumb|Köppen–Geiger map-ka kala soocida cimilada ee 1-km xallinta Soomaaliya 1991-2020]] Sababo la xiriira u dhawaanshaha Soomaaliya ee dhulbaraha , ma jiro isbeddel xilliyeed badan oo cimiladeeda ah. Xaalado kulul ayaa sanadka oo dhan jira oo ay la socdaan dabaylaha monsoon iyo roobab aan joogto ahayn. Celceliska heerkulka ugu sarreeya ee maalin kasta wuxuu u dhexeeyaa 30 ilaa 40 ° C (86 ilaa 104 °F), marka laga reebo meelaha sare ee xeebta bari, halkaasoo laga dareemi karo saamaynta qabow ee hadda taagan. Muqdisho, tusaale ahaan, celceliska heerka galabnimada wuxuu u dhexeeyaa 28 ilaa 32 °C (82 ilaa 90 °F) bisha Abriil. Qaar ka mid ah heerkulka celceliska sannadlaha ah ee ugu sarreeya adduunka ayaa laga diiwaan geliyay waddanka; Berbera oo ku taal xeebta waqooyi-galbeed waxay leedahay galab sare oo celcelis ahaan ka badan 38 °C (100 °F) laga bilaabo Juun ilaa Sebtembar. Qaran ahaan, celceliska celceliska maalinlaha ahi badanaa way kala duwan yihiin qiyaastii 15 ilaa 30 ° C (59 ilaa 86 ° F). Kala duwanaanshaha ugu badan ee cimiladu waxay ka dhacdaa waqooyiga Soomaaliya, halkaas oo heerkulku mararka qaarkood dhaafo 45 ° C (113 ° F) bisha Luulyo ee bannaanka litoral oo hoos uga dhaco barta qabowga bisha Disembar ee buuraha sare. Gobolkan, qoyaanka qaraabada ahi wuxuu u dhexeeyaa 40% badhtamaha galabnimada ilaa 85% habeenkii, isbeddelaya waxoogaa marka loo eego xilliga. Si ka duwan cimilada dalalka kale ee ugu badan ee loolkan, xaaladaha Soomaaliya waxay u dhexeeyaan oomane waqooyi-bari iyo gobollada dhexe ilaa waqooyi -galbeed iyo koonfurta. Waqooyi-bari, roobka sannadlaha ahi wuxuu ka yar yahay 100 mm (4 in); Taagga dhexe, waa qiyaastii 200 ilaa 300 mm (8 ilaa 12 inji). Qaybaha waqooyi-galbeed iyo koonfur-galbeed ee qaranka, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay helaan roobab aad u badan, iyadoo celcelis ahaan 510 ilaa 610 mm (20 ilaa 24 in) ay dhacaan sannadkii. Inkasta oo gobollada xeebuhu ay kulul yihiin oo qoyan yihiin sannadka oo dhan, dhul-badeedku caadi ahaan waa qalalan oo kulul. Waxa jira afar xilli oo nolosha xoolo-dhaqatada iyo beeralayda ah ku wareegsan yihiin, kuwaasna waxa lagu maamulaa isbeddellada dabaysha. Laga bilaabo Disembar ilaa Maarso waa Jiilaalka , xilliga xagaaga ee ugu adag sanadka. Xilli-roobaadka ugu muhiimsan, oo loo yaqaan Gu'ga , wuxuu socdaa Abriil ilaa Juunyo. Xilligan waxaa lagu gartaa dabeylaha koonfur-galbeed, kuwaas oo dib u soo nooleeya dhul-daaqsimeedka, gaar ahaan dhul-daaqsimeedka dhexe, oo muddo kooban saxaraha u beddela dhir cagaaran. Laga bilaabo Luulyo ilaa Sebtembar waa xilliga labaad ee qalalan, Xagaa (waxaa loogu dhawaaqaa "Xagaa"). Dayr , oo ah xilli-roobaadka ugu gaaban, wuxuu socdaa Oktoobar ilaa Disembar. Xilliyada tangambili ee dhexgala labada dabaylaha (Oktoobar-Noofambar iyo Maarso-May) waa kulayl iyo qoyaan. ===Duurjoogta=== [[File:Sambalaxx.jpg|thumb|Geela buuraha waqooyi]] Soomaaliya waxaa ku nool naasley kala duwan, taas oo ay sabab u tahay kala duwanaanshaha cimilada iyo deegaanka. Duurjoogta dalka waxaa ka mid ah haramcadka, libaaxa, geriga, baboonka, servalka, maroodiga, doofaarka duurjoogta ah, cawska, kudu, dik-dik, oribi, dabada duurjoogta Soomaalida, reedbuck, zebra, maroodi-shrew iyo dhagax-dhagax. Soomaaliya waxay hoy u tahay ilaa 727 nooc oo shimbiro ah. Siddeed ka mid ah waa noocyo ku faafa dalka, mid waxaa keenay aadanaha, midna waa dhif ama si kama' ah u yimaada. Afar iyo toban nooc ayaa caalamka khatar ku ah. Noocyada shimbiraha ee si gaar ah looga helo Soomaaliya waxaa ka mid ah xamaamka Soomaalida; Alaemon hamertoni (Alaudidae), Hoopoe-Lark; Heteromirafra archeri (Alaudidae), Archer's Lark; Mirafra ashi (Alaudidae), Ash's Bushlark; Mirafra somalica (Alaudidae), Somali Bushlark; Spizocorys obbiensis (Alaudidae), Obbia Lark; Carduelis johannis (Fringillidae); iyo Warsangli Linenet. Xeebaha Soomaaliya ayaa ka mid ah goobaha ugu muhiimsan ee kalluumeysiga noocyada badda ee aad u guura, sida tuna. Qalfoofka qaaradda ee cidhiidhiga ah balse wax-soo-saarka leh wuxuu ka kooban yahay noocyo badan oo kalluun-demersal ah iyo qolofley. Noocyada kalluunka si gaar ah looga helo Soomaaliya waxaa ka mid ah Cirrhitichthys randalli (Cirrhitidae), Symphurus fuscus (Cynoglossidae), Parapercis simulata (Pinguipedidae), Cociella somaliensis (Platycephalidae), iyo Pseudochromis melanotus (Pseudochromidae). Waxaa jira qiyaastii 235 nooc oo xamaarato ah. Ku dhowaad kala bar waxay ku nool yihiin aagga waqooyi. Xamaaratada ku baahsan Soomaaliya waxaa ka mid ah Viper-ka Hughes, Maska Garter-ka Koonfurta Soomaaliya, orodyahan (Platyceps messanai), mas diadem (Spalerosophis josephscorteccii), ciidda Soomaaliyeed, qorraxda gooryaanka xaglaha leh, qorraxda aagagga dhabarka leh, qorraxda ciidda Soomaaliyeed (Mesalina ama Eremias), gecko (Hemidactylus granchii), gecko-ga Soomaaliyeed ee semaphore, iyo qorratada ciidda. Mas colubrid (Aprosdoketophis andreonei) iyo maqaarka Haacke-Greer (Haackgreerius miopus) waa noocyo si gaar ah ugu kooban Soomaaliya. ==Siyaasadda iyo dawladnimada== <!-- legislative leadership - executive leadership below -->{{Multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 350 | image1 = Somali President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud at Djiboutian presidential palace in Djibouti, Djibouti, September 24, 2023 - (cropped).jpg | caption1 = [[Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud]]<br /><small>[[Madaxweynaha Soomaaliya|Madaxweyne]] tan iyo 2022</small> | image2 = Hamza Abdi Barre 2025 official portrait.jpg | caption2 = [[Xamse cabdi barre]]<br /><small>Ra'iisul Wasaare tan iyo 2022</small> }} jamhuuriyad dimuqraadi ah oo wakiil ka ah baarlamaanka . Madaxweynaha Soomaaliya ayaa ah madaxa qaranka iyo taliyaha guud ee ciidamada qalabka sida ee Soomaaliya , waxaana uu soo xulaa Ra’iisul wasaare si uu u noqdo madaxa xukuumadda . Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya waa baarlamaanka qaranka Soomaaliya. Labada Aqal ee Sharci-dejinta Qaranka waxa ay ka kooban yihiin Golaha Shacabka (Aqalka Hoose) iyo Senatka (Aqalka Sare), kuwaas oo xubnahooda loo doortay in ay qabtaan muddo afar sano ah. Baarlamaanka ayaa dooranaya Madaxweynaha, Guddoomiyaha Baarlamaanka iyo ku xigeenadiisa. Waxa kale oo ay awood u leedahay in ay ansixiso oo diido sharciyada. [[File:Adan Mohamed Nuur.jpg|thumb|[[Aaden Nuur|Aadan Madoobe]], [[Liiska Afhayeenada Baarlamaanka Soomaaliya|Guddoomiyaha Baarlamaanka]]]] Garsoorka Soomaaliya waxaa qeexaya Dastuurka kumeel gaarka ah ee Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya. Waxaa 1-dii Agoosto 2012 ku ansixiyay Golaha Dastuurka Qaranka ee Muqdisho, dukumeentiga waxaa dejiyay guddi khubaro ah oo uu guddoomiye u yahay qareenka iyo Guddoomiyaha Baarlamaanka Federaalka, Maxamed Cismaan Jawaari . Waxay bixisaa aasaaska sharciga ah ee jiritaanka Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka iyo isha awood sharci. Qaab dhismeedka maxkamadaha qaranka waxaa loo habeeyay saddex heer: Maxkamada Dastuuriga ah, Maxkamadaha heer Federaal iyo maxkamado heer dowlad goboleed . Golaha Adeegga Garsoorka oo ka kooban sagaal xubnood ayaa magacaabaya xubin kasta oo heer Federaal ah oo ka tirsan garsoorka. Waxa kale oo ay soo xulaysaa oo ay horgeynaysaa golaha shacabka ee baarlamaanka federaalka ah garsoorayaasha maxkamadda dastuuriga ah si ay u ansixiyaan. Haddii la ansixiyo, Madaxweynuhu wuxuu musharraxa u magacaabayaa garsoore Maxkamadda Dastuuriga ah. Maxkamadda Dastuuriga ah oo ka kooban shan xubnood ayaa ka garnaqsa arrimaha dastuurka, marka laga soo tago arrimo kala duwan oo heer federaal iyo heer maamul goboleed ah. Sharciga Soomaalidu waxa uu ka soo jeedaa saddex hab oo isku dhafan oo kala ah: Sharciga Madaniga ah , Shareecada Islaamka iyo Xeer-dhaqameedka . Marka loo eego 2023 V-Dem Democracy tilmaanta Soomaaliya waa dalka 5-aad ee ugu dimuqraadiga yar Afrika . Burburkii Soomaaliya ka dib 1991 ma jirin wax xidhiidh ah ama xidhiidh dhex maray dawladda Somaliland oo ku dhawaaqday in ay dal tahay iyo dawladda Soomaaliya ===Qaybaha maamulka=== {{Main|Gobolada Soomaaliya|Maamulgoboleedka Soomaaliya}} ​Soomaaliya si rasmi ah waxay u qaybsantaa toddoba [[Maamulgoboleedka Soomaaliya|dawlad goboleed]] iyo siddeed iyo toban [[Gobolada Soomaaliya|gobol]] (''gobollada'', kaligeed waa ''gobol''),<ref name="factbook"/> kuwaas oo iyana u sii qaybsama degmooyin. Gobolladu waa: {| |rowspan="2"|[[File:Somalia States and Regions.svg|thumb|center|upright=1.3|Gobollada Soomaaliya oo leh dowlad-goboleedyo midabbo leh]] |style="padding-right:1em; padding-left:2em; vertical-align:top;"| <div class="center">{{flag icon|Somaliland}}{{color box|#72FE6E}}'''[[Somaliland]]'''</div> ---- &nbsp;[[Awdal]]{{pb}} &nbsp;[[Maroodi Jeex|Woqooyi Galbeed]] {{pb}} &nbsp;[[Togdheer]] {{pb}} &nbsp;[[Sanaag]] {{pb}} &nbsp;[[Sool]]*{{pb}} |style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;"| <div class="center">{{flag icon|Khatumo}}'''{{color box|#6CCAFE}} [[Waqooyibari|Waqooyi Bari]]'''</div> ---- &nbsp;[[Togdheer]] {{pb}} &nbsp;[[Sanaag]] {{pb}} &nbsp;[[Sool]] {{pb}} |style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;"| <div class="center">{{flag icon|Puntland}}'''{{color box|#AEA9FE}} [[Puntland]]'''</div> ---- &nbsp;[[Bari (Gobol)|Bari]]{{pb}} &nbsp;[[Nugaal|Nugaal]]{{pb}} &nbsp;[[Mudug]] {{pb}} |style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;"| <div class="center">{{flag icon|Galmudug}}'''{{color box|#DFA9FE}} [[Galmudug]]'''</div> ---- &nbsp;[[Galguduud]]{{pb}} &nbsp;[[Mudug]] {{pb}} |- |style="padding-right:1em; padding-left:2em; vertical-align:top;"| <div class="center">'''{{flag icon|Hirshabeelle}}{{color box|#FE3A46}} [[Hirshabeelle]]'''</div> ---- &nbsp;[[Hiiraan|Hiiraan]]{{pb}} &nbsp;[[Shabeellaha Dhexe|Shabeellaha Dhexe]]{{pb}} |style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;"| <div class="center">{{flag icon|South West State of Somalia}}'''{{color box|#FE9C5A}} [[Koonfur Galbeed|Koonfur Galbeed]]'''</div> ---- &nbsp;[[Bakool]]{{pb}} &nbsp;[[Baay|Baay]]{{pb}} &nbsp;[[Shabeellaha Hoose|Shabeellaha Hoose]]{{pb}} |style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;"| <div class="center">{{flag icon|Jubaland}}'''{{color box|#FEBB5A}} [[Jubaland]]'''</div> ---- &nbsp;[[Gedo]]{{pb}} &nbsp;[[Jubbada Dhexe|Jubbada Dhexe]]{{pb}} &nbsp;[[Jubbada Hoose|Jubbada Hoose]]{{pb}} |style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;"| <div class="center">{{flagicon image|Flag of Mogadishu, Somalia.svg}}'''{{color box|#F5F601}} [[Banaadir]]'''</div> ---- &nbsp;[[Muqdisho|Muqdisho]]{{pb}} |} <small> * Lagu muransan yahay</small> <small> ** Waxaa Somaliland u kala saartay [[Maroodi Jeex]] iyo [[Saaxil|Saaxil]]</small> <small> *** Waxaa wadaaga Puntland iyo Galmudug</small> ** Waxay Somaliland u qaybisay [[Maroodi Jeex]] iyo [[Saaxil|Saaxil]]</small> ​<small> *** Waxaa wadaaga Puntland iyo Galmudug</small> ​Waqooyiga Soomaaliya hadda ''de facto'' waxay u qaybsan tahay [[Maamulgoboleedka Soomaaliya|gobollada ismaamulka]] ee [[Puntland]] (oo isu tixgelisa dawlad goboleed ismaamul ah), [[Somaliland]] (dawlad iskeed ugu dhawaaqday madax-bannaani, aqoonsi xaddidan leh) iyo [[Waqooyibari|Dawlad Goboleedka Woqooyi Bari ee Soomaaliya]] oo dhowaan la aasaasay. Bartamaha Soomaaliya, [[Galmudug]] waa maamul goboleed kale oo ka soo baxay koonfurta Puntland. [[Jubaland]] oo ku taal koonfurta fog waa gobolka afaraad ee ismaamul ee ka tirsan federaalka.<ref name="factbook"/> Sannadkii 2014-kii, waxaa sidoo kale la aasaasay [[Koonfur Galbeed|Dawlad Goboleedka Koonfur Galbeed]].<ref>{{cite news|title=International community welcomes newly-elected President of Somalia's Interim South West Administration|url=http://goobjoog.com/english/?p=6410|access-date=5 January 2015|newspaper=Goobjoog|date=19 November 2014|archive-date=9 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109002414/http://goobjoog.com/english/?p=6410|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bishii Abriil 2015, waxaa sidoo kale la furay shirka dhismaha ee dawlad goboleedka cusub ee [[Hirshabeelle |Hirshabeelle]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Adado conference kicks off in central Somalia|url=http://www.garoweonline.com/page/show/post/2322/adado-conference-kicks-off-in-central-somalia|access-date=15 May 2015|agency=Garowe Online|date=16 April 2015|archive-date=11 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811104021/http://www.garoweonline.com/page/show/post/2322/adado-conference-kicks-off-in-central-somalia|url-status=dead}}</ref> ​[[Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya|Baarlamaanka Federaalka]] waxaa loo xilsaaray sannadkii 2012-kii inay soo xulaan tirada kama dambaysta ah iyo xuduudaha dawlad goboleedyada ismaamulka (si rasmi ah ''[[Maamulgoboleedka Soomaaliya|Dawlad Goboleedyada xubnaha ka ah Federaalka]]'') ee ka tirsan Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya.<ref name="Frspc"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Guidebook to the Somali Draft Provisional Constitution|url=http://unpos.unmissions.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=v067edqd7a8%3D&tabid=9705&language=en-US|access-date=2 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120021547/http://unpos.unmissions.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=v067edqd7a8%3D&tabid=9705&language=en-US|archive-date=20 January 2013}}</ref> ===Xiriirka dibadda=== [[File:2015 01 25 Turkish President Visit to Somalia-1 (16176887607).jpg|thumb|Madaxweynaha Soomaaliya Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud iyo Madaxweynaha Turkiga Recep Tayyip Erdogan ayaa xariga ka jaray Terminalka cusub ee Garoonka Diyaaradaha Aadan Cabdulle ee magaalada Muqdisho. (25 Janaayo 2015)]] Xiriirka dibadda ee Soomaaliya waxaa maamula madaxweynaha sida madaxa dowladda, Ra’iisul wasaaraha oo ah madaxa xukuumadda, iyo wasaaradda arrimaha dibadda ee federaalka . Sida ku cad qodobka 54-aad ee dastuurka qaranka, qeybsiga awoodaha iyo kheyraadka ee dowladda federaalka iyo dowlad goboleedyada xubnaha ka ah dowladda federaalka Soomaaliya waa in ay ka wadahadlaan oo ay ku heshiiyaan dowladda federaalka iyo dowlad goboleedyada, marka laga reebo arrimaha la xiriira arrimaha dibadda, difaaca qaranka, jinsiyadda iyo socdaalka iyo siyaasadda lacagta. Qodobka 53-aad ayaa sidoo kale dhigaya in Dowladda Federaalka ay kala tashato Dowladaha xubnaha ka ah Dowladda Federaalka arrimaha waaweyn ee la xiriira heshiisyada caalamiga ah oo ay ku jiraan wada-xaajoodka ganacsiga dibadda, maaliyadda iyo heshiisyada. Dowladda Federaalka waxay xiriir laba geesood ah la leedahay dhowr dowladood oo dhexe oo ka tirsan beesha caalamka. Waxaa ka mid ah Jabuuti , Itoobiya , Masar , Imaaraadka Carabta , Yemen , Turkiga , Talyaaniga , Ingiriiska , Denmark , Faransiiska , Maraykanka , Jamhuuriyadda Shacbiga Shiinaha , Japan , Federaalka Ruushka iyo Koonfurta Kuuriya . Intaa waxaa dheer, Soomaaliya waxay leedahay dhowr safaaradood oo dibadda ah. Waxaa sidoo kale jira safaarado iyo qunsuliyado shisheeye oo kala duwan oo fadhigoodu yahay caasimadda Muqdisho iyo meelo kale oo dalka ah. Soomaaliya waxay kaloo xubin ka tahay ururo badan oo caalami ah, sida Qaramada Midoobay , Midowga Afrika iyo Jaamacadda Carabta . Waxay xubin ka ahayd Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka 1969. Xubnaha kale waxaa ka mid ah Bangiga Horumarinta Afrika , Bulshada Bariga Afrika , Kooxda 77 , Urur Goboleedka IGAD , Bangiga Caalamiga ah ee Dib-u-dhiska iyo Horumarinta , Hay'adda Duulista Rayidka Caalamiga ah , Ururka Horumarinta Caalamiga ah , Hay'adda Maaliyadda Caalamiga ah , Dhaqdhaqaaqa aan Isbahaysiga ahayn iyo Ururka Ganacsiga Adduunka ee Ururka Ganacsiga Adduunka ===Milatari=== [[File:Colonel Abdullahi Ahmed Irro - 1977.jpg|thumb|Gaashaanle Sare C/laahi Axmed Cirro oo ahaa Taliyihii Ciidanka Xoogga Dalka Soomaaliyeed 1977kii.]] Ciidamada Qalabka Sida ee Soomaaliya (SAF) waa ciidamada milateriga ee Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya. Isagoo Madaxwaynuhu ka yahay Taliyaha Guud ee Qaranka, waxa dastuurku u igmaday inay sugaan qarannimada, madaxbannaanida iyo wadajirka dhuleed ee qaranka. SAF waxa ay markii hore ka koobnaayeen Ciidanka , Ciidanka Badda , Ciidanka Cirka , Ciidanka Booliska iyo Nabadsugida . Muddadii xorriyadda ka dib, waxay kortay inay ka mid noqoto ciidamada waaweyn ee qaaradda. Kaddib markii uu qarxay dagaalkii sokeeye ee 1991kii wuxuu horseeday in la kala diro ciidankii xoogga dalka Soomaaliyeed. Sannadkii 2004-tii, waxaa si tartiib-tartiib ah dib-u-dhis ciidan loogu sameeyay dhismihii KMG ahaa. Ciidamada qalabka sida ee Soomaaliya ayaa hadda waxaa dusha kala socda Wasaaradda Gaashaandhigga Xukuumadda Federaalka Soomaaliya oo la dhisay bartamihii sanadkii hore ee 2012-ka. Bishii Janaayo 2013, dowladda federaalka ah ee Soomaaliya ayaa sidoo kale dib u howlgelisay hay’addii sirdoonka qaranka ee Muqdisho, iyadoo magaca hay’addaas loo bixiyay NISA . Dawlad- goboleedka Somaliland iyo Puntland waxay ilaashadaan ammaankooda iyo ciidamadooda booliiska. ===Xuquuqda Aadanaha=== Xuquuqda aadanaha waxaa lagu damaanad qaaday [[Dastuurka Soomaaliya|Dastuurka Federaalka]]. Waxay hoos yimaadaan Wasaaradda Xuquuqda Aadanaha oo la aasaasay bishii Agoosto 2013.<ref name="Usthrs">{{cite news|title=Somalia takes human rights steps|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Special/2013/09/03/Somalia-takes-human-rights-steps/UPI-34071378218185/|access-date=20 February 2014|newspaper=UPI|date=3 September 2013}}</ref> Isla waqtigaas, maamulka dhexe wuxuu bilaabay Maalinta Qaranka ee Xuquuqda Aadanaha, ansixiyay Khariidadda Rasmiga ah ee Xuquuqda Aadanaha,<ref name=Suehhrebubcp>{{cite news|title=Somalia: UN expert hails human rights effort but urges broader consultation process |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp/www.wmo.int/html/story.asp?NewsID=45759&Cr=somalia&Cr1=#.UwVrE5gju1E |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140220063126/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp/www.wmo.int/html/story.asp?NewsID=45759&Cr=somalia&Cr1=%23.UwVrE5gju1E |url-status=dead|access-date=20 February 2014 |newspaper=UN News Centre |date=3 September 2013 |archive-date = 2014-02-20}}</ref> wuxuuna dhameystiray Siyaasadda Qaranka ee Jinsiga ee ugu horreysay Soomaaliya.<ref name="Sasrracptrwvms">{{cite web|title=SOMALIA: AU Special Representative reiterates AMISOM's commitment in protecting the rights of women and vulnerable members of Society|url=http://horseedmedia.net/2013/08/14/somalia-au-special-representative-reiterates-amisoms-commitment-in-protecting-the-rights-of-women-and-vulnerable-members-of-society/|publisher=AMISOM|access-date=19 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302122017/http://horseedmedia.net/2013/08/14/somalia-au-special-representative-reiterates-amisoms-commitment-in-protecting-the-rights-of-women-and-vulnerable-members-of-society/|archive-date=2 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Galmada lab iyo dhedig labadaba waxay ku muteysanayaan dil Soomaaliya gudaheeda. Oktoobar 3, 2020, baadhaha xuquuqul insaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay ayaa walaac ka muujiyay dib u dhigista dowladda Soomaaliya ee ballanqaadyada xuquuqda aadanaha. ==Dhaqaalaha== [[File:Air Somalia Tupolev Tu-154.jpg|thumb|Diyaaradda Air Somalia Tupolev Tu-154 ee magaalada Sharjah ee dalka Imaaraadka Carabta. Soomaaliya maanta waxay leedahay diyaarado dhowr ah oo gaar loo leeyahay.]] Sida laga soo xigtay CIA-da iyo Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya , iyadoo ay socdaan kacdoono sokeeye, dhaqaalaha Soomaaliya wuxuu ku kooban yahay marka hore xoolaha iyo xawaaladaha / xawaaladaha Soomaalida ee ku nool wadamada dhaqaalahoodu horumaray, iyo isgaarsiinta gudaha . Iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay yaraanta tirakoobka rasmiga ah ee dawladda iyo soo noqnoqoshada dagaalka sokeeye ee tobanaan sano socday , way adagtahay in la qiyaaso xajmiga ama kobaca dhaqaalaha. Sannadkii 1994-kii, CIA waxay ku qiyaastay GDP-ga $3.3 bilyan. Sannadkii 2001, waxa lagu qiyaasay inay dhan tahay $4.1 bilyan. Sannadkii 2009, CIA waxay ku qiyaastay in GDP-gu uu koray $5.731 bilyan, iyada oo la saadaaliyay heerka kobaca dhabta ah ee 2.6%. Sida laga soo xigtay warbixintii Rugta Ganacsiga ee Ingiriiska 2007 , intii lagu jiray dagaal gudaha ah oo aad u yar, qaybta gaarka loo leeyahay ayaa sidoo kale koray, gaar ahaan qaybta adeegga. Si ka duwan xilligii dagaalka sokeeye ka hor, oo inta badan adeegyada iyo waaxda warshaduhu ay ahaayeen kuwo ay dowladdu maamusho , warbixintii 2007dii waxay xustay maalgashi gaar ah oo la taaban karo, inkastoo aan la qiyaasi karin, ee hawlaha ganacsiga; Taas waxaa inta badan maalgeliyay qurbajoogta Soomaaliyeed , waxaana ka mid ahaa ganacsiga iyo suuqgeynta, adeegyada xawilaadaha, gaadiidka, isgaarsiinta, qalabka kalluumeysiga, shirkadaha diyaaradaha, isgaarsiinta, waxbarashada, caafimaadka, dhismaha iyo hoteellada. Sannadkii 2007, dhaqaaleyahan Libertarian Peter Leeson waxa uu dhaqdhaqaaqa dhaqaale ee korodhay u sababeeyay xeer dhaqameedka Soomaalida (oo loo yaqaan Xeer ), kaas oo uu soo jeediyay in uu helo jawi xasiloon oo ganacsi lagu sameeyo. Sida laga soo xigtay Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, GDP qofkiiba sanadkii 2012 wuxuu ahaa $226, wax yar ayaa hoos u dhacay marka la eego 1990. Qiyaastii 43% dadweynaha waxay ku nool yihiin wax ka yar 1 doolarka Mareykanka ah maalintii, qiyaastii 24% dadka laga helo magaalooyinka iyo 54% waxay ku nool yihiin miyiga. Dhaqaalaha Soomaaliya wuxuu ka kooban yahay wax-soo-saar dhaqameed iyo mid casri ah, iyadoo si tartiib-tartiib ah loogu guurayo farsamada casriga ah ee warshadaha. Soomaaliya ayaa leh geela ugu badan adduunka. Sida laga soo xigtay Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, qiyaastii 80% dadku waa xoolo-dhaqato reer-guuraa ah, oo xoolo dhaqato ari, ido, geel iyo lo'. Reer guuraagu waxa kale oo ay ururiyaan xabag iyo xabag si ay u kabaan dakhligooda. ===Beeraha=== Beeraha ayaa ah qaybta ugu muhiimsan dhaqaalaha Soomaaliya. Waxay ka dhigan tahay qiyaastii 65% GDP waxayna shaqaaleysiisaa 65% xoogga shaqada. Xooluhu waxay ka qaybqaataan qiyaastii 40% GDP iyo in ka badan 50% dakhliga dhoofinta. dhoofinta ugu muhiimsan waxaa ka mid ah kalluunka , dhuxusha iyo muuska ; Sonkorta , hadhuudhka iyo galleyda waa wax soo saarka suuqa gudaha. Sida laga soo xigtay Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya , badeecadaha la soo dejiyo waxay dhan yihiin $460 milyan sannadkii, taasoo ka badan wadarta guud ee la soo dejiyo ka hor bilowgii dagaalkii sokeeye ee 1991. Dhoofinta, oo dhan $270 milyan sannadkii, ayaa sidoo kale kor u dhaaftay wadarta guud ee dhoofinta wadarta guud ee dagaalka ka hor. Soomaaliya waxaa ka jirta hoos u dhac ganacsi oo gaaraya ilaa 190 milyan oo dollar sanadkii, balse taasi waxaa dhaaftay lacagaha ay soo diraan Soomaalida qurbaha ku nool, taasoo lagu qiyaasay ilaa hal bilyan oo dollar. Iyada oo laga faa'ideysanayo in ay ku yaallaan meel u dhow Jasiiradda Carabta, ganacsatada Soomaaliyeed ayaa si isa soo taraysa u billaabay in ay ka hor yimaadaan dhaqanka Australia ee ku aaddan suuqa xoolaha iyo hilibka Carbeed, iyaga oo siinaya xoolo tayo leh qiimo aad u jaban. Taas oo taas ka duulaysa, dalalka Khaliijka Carabta ayaa bilaabay inay dalka ku sameeyaan maalgashi istiraatijiyad ah, iyadoo Sucuudigu dhisay kaabayaashii dhoofinta xoolaha, Imaaraadkuna iibsaday dhul beereed aad u ballaadhan. Soomaaliya sidoo kale waa dalka ugu badan ee keena Beeyada iyo Malmalka [[File:Mogadishu Sea Port.jpg|thumb|Dekada Muqdisho]] Qaybta warshadaha ee dhexdhexaadka ah , oo ku salaysan habaynta wax soo saarka beeraha, ayaa 10% ka ah GDP-ga Soomaaliya. Sida laga soo xigtay Rugta Ganacsiga iyo Warshadaha Soomaaliyeed , in ka badan lix shirkadood oo diyaaradeed oo gaar loo leeyahay ayaa sidoo kale bixiya duulimaadyo ganacsi oo gudaha iyo dibadda ah, oo ay ku jiraan shirkadaha Diyaaradaha ee Daallo, shirkadaha Diyaaradaha ee Jubba, shirkadaha Diyaaradaha ee Afrikaan Express , Bariga Afrika 540, Xarunta Hawada Dhexe iyo Hajara. Sannadkii 2008, dawladda Puntland waxay heshiis malaayiin doollar ah la saxeexatay Dubai ' Kooxda Lootah, oo ah koox warshadeed goboleed oo ka hawlgasha Bariga Dhexe iyo Afrika. Heshiiskan ayaa dhigaya in wajiga koowaad ee maalgelinta uu ku kacayo 170 m, waxaana lagu wadaa in la dhiso shirkado cusub oo ka howlgala, maamula iyo dhismaha suuqa ganacsiga xorta ah ee magaalada Boosaaso iyo dhismaha badda iyo garoonka diyaaradaha. Shirkadda Garoonka Diyaaradaha ee Boosaaso ayaa loo qorsheeyay inay dhisto dhismaha garoonka si ay u buuxiso heerarka caalamiga ah, oo ay ku jiraan waddo cusub oo 3,400 m (11,200 fuudh) ah, dhismayaal waaweyn iyo kuwo caawiye ah, tagaasida iyo garoonnada, iyo hareeraha ammaanka. Kahor inta uusan dillaacin dagaalkii sokeeye ee 1991, qiyaastii 53 shirkadood oo yar yar, dhexe iyo waaweyn oo wax soo saar ah oo ay dowladdu leedahay ayaa aasaasay, iyada oo iskahorimaadkii xigay uu burburiyay qaar badan oo ka mid ah warshadaha soo haray. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ugu horrayn natiijada maalgashi maxalli ah oo la taaban karo oo ay sameeyeen qurba joogta Soomaaliyeed, in badan oo ka mid ah dhirtan yar yar ayaa dib loo furay kuwa cusubna waa la abuuray. Kuwa dambe waxaa ka mid ah warshado ka sameysan kalluunka oo ku yaalla gobollada waqooyi, sidoo kale waxaa ku yaalla 25 warshadood oo ku yaalla agagaarka Muqdisho, kuwaas oo soo saara baastada, biyaha macdanta, macmacaanka, bacaha, dharka , hargaha iyo saabuunta, saabuunta iyo saabuunta, aluminium, furaashyo xumbo ah iyo barkimo, doonyo kalluumeysi, oo sameeya baakadaha, iyo kuwa dhagxaanta lagu farsameeyo . Sannadkii 2004tii, waxaa sidoo kale magaalada laga furay warshad lagu shubo Coca-cola oo dhan $8.3 milyan, iyadoo maalgashadayaasha ay ka kala yimaaddeen degaanno kala duwan oo Soomaaliya ah. Maalgelinta shisheeye waxaa sidoo kale ku jiray dad caalami ah oo ay ku jiraan General Motors iyo Dole Fruit . ===Habka lacagta iyo lacag bixinta=== [[File:Obverse 2022 Somalia 1 oz Silver coin Leopard.jpg|thumb|2022 Soomaaliya 1 oz lacag ah Leopard (100 shilin)]] Bangiga dhexe ee Soomaaliya waa maamulka rasmiga ah ee lacagta Soomaaliya. Xagga maamulka maaliyadda, waxa ay ku guda jirtaa hawsha dejinta iyo hirgelinta siyaasadda lacagta . Kalsooni la’aanta lagu qabo lacagta dalka ayaa keentay in sarifka lacagaha doolarka ah si weyn loo qaato marka la barbar dhigo shilinka Soomaaliga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, lacag- is-weydaarsiga lacagta shilinka Soomaaliga oo aad u badan ayaa sare u kac ku yimid, gaar ahaan wax kala iibsiga oo aad u hooseeya. Sida uu sheegay Baanka Dhexe, deegaankan sicir-bararka ayaa la filayaa inuu soo afjarmo isla marka uu bangigu si buuxda ula wareego siyaasadda lacagta oo uu beddelo lacagta hadda wareegta ah ee ay shirkaduhu soo kordhiyeen. In kasta oo Soomaaliya aysan lahayn awood lacageed oo dhexe muddo ka badan 15 sano intii u dhaxeysay markii uu qarxay dagaalladii sokeeye ee 1991-kii iyo dib-u-soo-celinta Bankiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya 2009-kii, nidaamka lacag-bixinta ee qaranka ayaa si cadaalad ah u horumaray iyadoo ay ugu horreyso jiritaanka baahsanaanta shirkadaha xawaaladaha ee gaarka loo leeyahay (MTO) oo u dhaqmay sidii shabakado bangi oo aan rasmi ahayn. Xawaaladahan ( xawaaladaha ) ayaa noqday warshado waaweyn oo Soomaaliya ka jira, waxaana lagu qiyaasaa US$1.6 bilyan in ay sanad walba gobolka u soo xawilaan dadka Soomaaliyeed ee qurbaha ku nool oo ay u soo marsiiyaan shirkadaha xawaaladaha. Intooda badan waxa ay xubno ka yihiin Ururka Xawaaladaha Soomaaliyeed (SOMTA), oo ah dallad maamusha xawaaladaha bulshada, ama ururka ka horreeyay ee Ururka Adeegyada Maaliyadeed ee Soomaaliya (SFSA). MTO-yada Soomaalida ugu weyn waa Dahabshiil , oo ah shirkad ay Soomaalidu leedahay oo ay ka shaqeeyaan in ka badan 2,000 oo qof oo ku kala nool 144 waddan oo laamo ku leh London iyo Dubai [[File:Somshil5r.jpg|thumb|500 oo shilin Soomaali ah]] Horumar la taaban karo oo laga gaaray amniga gudaha, qurbajoogta Soomaaliyeed waxay bilaabeen inay dalka ugu soo laabtaan fursado maalgashi. Marka lagu daro maal-gashi yar oo shisheeye ah, dhaqaalaha soo gala ayaa ka caawiyay shilinka Soomaaliga inuu si aad ah u kordho qiimihiisu. Bishii Maarso 2014, lacagtu waxay qiimaysay ku dhawaad ​​60% marka loo eego dollarka Maraykanka 12 bilood ee la soo dhaafay. Shilinka Soomaaliga ayaa ahaa kan ugu xooggan 175-ka lacag ee caalamka ee ay iibgeyso Bloomberg , taasoo kor ugu kacday ku dhawaad ​​50-dhibcood marka loo eego lacagta soo socota ee ugu xoogga badan isla muddadaas. Sarrifka saamiyada Soomaaliya (SSE) waa deymaha qaranka Soomaaliya. Waxaa la aasaasay 2012 si ay u soo jiitaan maalgashi ay ka helaan shirkado ay Soomaalidu leedahay iyo shirkado caalami ah si loo dardargeliyo dib u dhiska ka socda Soomaaliya kadib colaadaha. ===Tamarta iyo kheyraadka dabiiciga ah=== Baanka Adduunka waxa uu sheegay in, 2007-dii, in korontadu ay inta badan bixiyeen ganacsiyo maxalli ah. Shirkadahan gudaha waxaa ka mid ah Shirkadda Tamarta Soomaaliyeed , oo qabata abuurista, gudbinta iyo qaybinta korontada.Sannadkii 2010, qaranku wuxuu soo saaray 310 milyan kWh wuxuuna cunay 288.3 milyan kWh oo koronto ah, oo kala galay 170aad iyo 177aad, siday u kala horreeyaan, sida ay CIA-du sheegtay. [[File:Puntland oil.png|thumb|Shidaalkii Puntland]] Soomaaliya waxay leedahay kayd khayraad badan oo dabiici ah oo ay ka mid yihiin Yuuraaniyam , Bir ore , tin , gypsum , bauxite , copper , cusbo iyo gaaska dabiiciga ah . CIA-da ayaa sheegtay in ay jiraan 5.663 bilyan cubic mitir oo kayd gaas dabiici ah oo la xaqiijiyey. Lama hubo joogitaanka iyo inta uu le'eg yahay kaydka kaydka shidaalka ee Soomaaliya. CIA-da waxa ay cadaysay in laga bilaabo 2011 aanay dalka ka jirin kayd shidaal oo la xaqiijiyey, halka UNCTAD ay soo jeedinayso in kaydka kaydka shidaalka ee Soomaaliya ugu badan uu ku yaal xeebaha waqooyi-galbeed ee Somaliland. Koox saliideed ah oo ku taxan Sydney , Kheyraadka Buuraleyda , waxay ku qiyaaseen in gobolka Puntland ee waqooyi-bari uu awood u leeyahay inuu soo saaro 5 bilyan oo fuusto (790 × 10 6 m 3 ) ilaa 10 bilyan fuusto (1.6 × 10 9 m 3 ) oo saliid ah, ayaa caddeeyey in kaydka saliidda ee Suudaan uu yahay 6.7 bilyan. Horumarradaas dartood, Shirkadda Batroolka Soomaaliya waxaa dhistay dowladda federaalka. Dabayaaqadii 1960-aadkii, khubarada juqraafi ee Qaramada Midoobay waxa ay Soomaaliya ka heleen kayd weyn oo Yuraaniyaam ah iyo kayd macdaneed oo naadir ah. Helitaanka ayaa ahayd tii ugu waynayd ee nooceeda ah, iyada oo khubarada warshadaha ay qiyaaseen in cadadka kaydka ahi ay noqon karto in ka badan 25% kaydka uranium-ka adduunka ee wakhtigaas la yaqaan ee 800,000 oo tan. Sannadkii 1984kii, Hawlgalka Wajiga Hanuuninta IUREP ee Soomaaliya wuxuu soo sheegay in waddanku leeyahay 5,000 tan oo uranium ah oo si macquul ah loo dammaanad qaaday (RAR), 11,000 tan oo uranium ah ayaa lagu qiyaasay kheyraad dheeraad ah (EAR) ee kaydka calcrete , iyo sidoo kale 0-150,000 oo kheyraad ah oo uranium ah. kaydka calcrete. Soomaaliya waxa ay u xuub-siibatay soo saarista Yuraaniyaamka adduunka ugu weyn, iyada oo ay ku tartamayaan shirkado macdano ah oo Maraykan ah, Imaaraadka, Talyaaniga iyo Baraasiil. Xiriir Kheyraadka Dabiiciga ah waxay saami ku leedahay gobollada dhexe, Kilimanjaro Capital waxay saami ku leedahay 1,161,400 acres (470,002 ha) ee Amsas-Coriole-Afgoi (ACA), oo ay ku jirto sahaminta Yuuraaniyam. Shirkadda Korontada iyo Gaaska warshadaha ee Is dhexgalka Caalamiga ah waa shirkad tamareed oo fadhigeedu yahay Muqdisho. Waxaa ku midoobay shan shirkadood oo waaweyn oo Soomaali ah oo ka kala socda dhinacyada ganacsiga , maaliyadda , amniga iyo isgaarsiinta , kaddib heshiiskii wadajirka ahaa ee 2010-kii lagu saxiixay magaalada Istanbul ee dalka Turkiga si ay u bixiyaan kaabayaasha korontada iyo gaaska ee Soomaaliya. Iyada oo miisaaniyadii hore ee maalgelinta ahayd $1 bilyan, shirkaddu waxay bilawday Mashruuca Kala qaybinta Nabadda Soomaaliya, oo ah barnaamij tamar xoog leh oo xoog leh oo loogu talagalay in lagu fududeeyo hindisayaasha warshadaynta gudaha. Sida uu sheegay Bankiga dhexe ee Soomaaliya, marka ay qarankani cagta saartay wadadii dib u dhiska dalka, waxaa laga filayaa in dhaqaalaha uusan la jaanqaadi karin heerarkii uu soo maray dagaalladii sokeeye ka hor, balse waxaa la filayaa in la dardargeliyo kobaca iyo horumarka dalka maadaama aan laga faa’ideysan kheyraadka dabiiciga ah ee Soomaaliya. ===Isgaarsiinta iyo warbaahinta=== [[File:Hormuud.jpg|thumb|Dhismaha Hormuud Telecom ee Muqdisho]] Bilawgii dagaalkii sokeeye ka dib, shirkado isgaarsiineed oo kala duwan ayaa bilaabay in ay abuurmaan oo u tartamaan sidii ay u heli lahaayeen kaabayaal dhaqaale oo maqan. Shirkadahan isgaarsiineed ee curdinka ah oo ay maalgaliyeen ganacsato Soomaaliyeed ayna taageerayaan khubaro ka kala socota Shiinaha , Kuuriyada Koonfureed iyo Yurub, shirkadahan isgaarsiineed ee curdinka ah ayaa bixiya adeegyo taleefoonnada gacanta iyo internetka ah oo jaban oo aan laga helin meelo badan oo kale oo qaaradda ah. Macaamiishu waxa ay ku samayn karaan xawaaladaha lacagaha (sida Dahabshiil-ka caanka ah ) iyo hawlaha kale ee bangiyada iyaga oo isticmaalaya telefoonnada gacanta, iyo sidoo kale in ay si fudud u helaan internet wireless. Ka dib markii ay iskaashi la sameeyeen shirkado caalami ah sida Sprint , ITT iyo Telenor , shirkadahani hadda waxay bixiyaan wicitaanada telefoonka ugu jaban uguna nadiifsan Afrika. Shirkadahan isgaarsiinta Soomaalida ayaa sidoo kale adeegyo u fidiya magaalo kasta iyo magaalo kasta oo Soomaaliya ka mid ah. Hadda waxa jira ilaa 25 khadadka ugu muhiimsan 1,000kii qofba, helida khadadka taleefoonada ee maxaliga ah ( Cufnaanta taleefannada ) ayaa ka sarreeya kuwa wadamada deriska ah; saddex jeer in ka badan Itoobiya dariska la ah. Shirkadaha Isgaarsiinta Soomaaliya ee caanka ah waxaa ka mid ah Kooxda Golis Telecom, Hormuud Telecom, Somafone, Nationlink, Netco, Telcom iyo Kooxda Somali Telecom. Shirkadda Hormuud Telecom oo kaliya ayaa sanadkii soo xareeysa ilaa 40 milyan oo dollar. Inkasta oo ay xafiiltamaan, dhowr shirkadood oo kuwan ka mid ah ayaa saxiixay heshiis isku xirnaanta 2005 kaas oo u oggolaanaya inay dejiyaan qiimaha, ilaalinta iyo ballaarinta shabakadahooda, iyo hubinta in tartanka uusan ka bixin xakamaynta. Telefishinka Qaranka Soomaaliyeed ee ay dowladdu maamusho waa kan ugu weyn ee adeegga dadweynaha ee qaranka. Muddo labaatan sano ah ka dib, waxaa si rasmi ah dib loo howlgeliyay idaacadda 4 - tii Abriil 2011 . TV-ga Qaranka Somaliland iyo Puntland TV iyo Radio hawada gobolada waqooyi. Intaa waxaa dheer, Soomaaliya waxay leedahay dhowr telefishin iyo shabakado raadiyo oo gaar loo leeyahay. Waxaana ka mid ah Telefishanka Horn Cable iyo Telefishanka Universal . Wargeysyada Xog Doon iyo Xog Ogaal iyo Horyaal Ciyaaraha oo ka soo baxa caasimadda dalka dibaddiisa. Waxa kale oo jira tiro warbaahin oo online ah oo tabisa wararka gudaha, oo ay ku jiraan Garoowe Onlayn , Wardheernews, iyo Boostada Puntland. Koodhka dalka internetka ee heerka sare (ccTLD) ee Soomaaliya waa .so . Waxa si rasmi ah dib u hawl-galiyey 1-dii November 2010-kii oo ay samaysay Diiwaanka .SO, kaas oo ay nidaamisay Wasaaradda Boosaha iyo Isgaadhsiinta Qaranka. Bishii Nofembar 2013, ka dib Heshiis Is-afgarad ah oo lala saxiixday Boostada imaaraadka bishii Abriil ee sanadka, Wasaaradda Boostada iyo Isgaarsiinta dowladda federaalka ayaa si rasmi ah dib ugu dhistay Adeegga Boostada Soomaaliyeed (Boostada Soomaaliyeed). Bishii Oktoobar 2014, wasaaraddu waxay sidoo kale dib u bilawday keenista boostada ee dibadda. ===Dalxiiska=== [[File:Laas Geel.jpg|thumb|Sawirro qadiimi ah oo ku yaal Laas Geel , Hargeysa]] Soomaaliya waxay leedahay meelo soo jiidasho leh oo maxalli ah, oo ka kooban goobo taariikhi ah, xeebo, biyo-dhacyo, silsilado buuro iyo jardiinooyin qaran. Warshadaha dalxiiska waxa maamusha wasaaradda dalxiiska ee qaranka. Maamulada Puntland iyo Somaliland waxay leeyihiin xafiisyo dalxiis oo u gaar ah. Ururka Dalxiiska Soomaaliyeed (SOMTA) ayaa sidoo kale bixiya adeegyo la-talin ah oo dalka gudihiisa ah oo ku saabsan warshadaha dalxiiska qaranka. Laga bilaabo Maarso 2015, Wasaaradda Dalxiiska iyo Duurjoogta ee Dowlad Goboleedka Koonfur Galbeed ayaa ku dhawaaqday in la qorsheeyay in la sameeyo kaydad dheeri ah iyo noocyada duurjoogta. Dowladda Mareykanka waxay kula talisay dadka safarka ah inaysan u safrin Soomaaliya. Muuqaallada xusidda mudan waxaa ka mid ah godadka Laas-geel oo ay ku jiraan fanka dhagaxa Neolithic ; Cal Madow , Buuraha Golis iyo Buuraha Oogo ; biyo-dhacyada Isku -shuban iyo Lamadaya ; iyo Seeraha Qaranka ee Hargeysa , Jilibka Qaranka , Beerta Qaranka ee Kismaayo iyo Beerta Qaranka ee Lag Badana . ===Gaadiidka=== [[File:Aden Abdullah Airport.jpg|thumb|Garoonka Diyaaradaha Aadan Cadde]] Shabakadda waddooyinka Soomaaliya waa 22,100 km (13,700 mi). Laga bilaabo 2000 , 2,608 km (1,621 mi) jidad ayaa la saaray 19,492 km (12,112 mi) lama laami ah. Waddo dheer oo dhererkeedu yahay 750 km (470 mi) ayaa isku xirta magaalooyinka waaweyn ee waqooyiga dalka, sida Boosaaso , Gaalkacyo iyo Garoowe iyo magaalooyin ku yaal koonfurta. Laba iyo lixdan garoon diyaaradeed oo Soomaaliya oo dhan ah ayaa qaada gaadiidka hawada; toddobo ka mid ah kuwan ayaa laami la saaray. Kuwa dambe, afar garoon diyaaradeed ayaa leh dhabbaha dayuuradaha ee ka badan 3,047 mitir (9,997 ft); laba waxay u dhexeeyaan 2,438 iyo 3,047 m (7,999 iyo 9,997 ft) midna waa 1,524 ilaa 2,437 m (5,000 ilaa 7,995 ft) dheer. Waxa jira shan iyo konton garoon diyaaradeed oo leh meelo ay ka soo degaan oo aan laami ahayn. Mid waxa uu leeyahay dhabo diyaaradeed oo ka badan 3,047 m; afar waxay u dhexeeyaan 2,438 m iyo 3,047 m dherer; labaatan waa 1,524 m ilaa 2,437 m; afar iyo labaatan waa 914 m ilaa 1,523 m; lixna waxay ka hooseeyaan 914 mitir (2,999 ft). Garoomada ugu waaweyn ee dalka waxaa ka mid ah Garoonka Diyaaradaha Aadan Cadde ee Muqdisho, Garoonka Diyaaradaha Hargeysa ee Hargeysa, Garoonka Kismaayo ee Kismaayo , Garoonka Baydhabo ee Baydhabo iyo Garoonka Caalamiga ah ee Bender Qaasim ee Boosaaso. Somali Airlines oo la aas aasay 1964-tii, waxay ahayd duulimaadka calanka Soomaaliya. Waxa ay joojisay hawlihii ay ka shaqayn jirtay intii lagu jiray dagaalladii sokeeye. Si kastaba ha ahaatee , dawladdii Soomaaliya ee dib loo dhisay ayaa markii dambe bilowday diyaargarow loogu jiro dib u hawlgelinta shirkadii la filayey in dib loo bilaabo sannadkii 2012 . In ka badan lix ka mid ah shirkadahan diyaaradeed ee gaarka loo leeyahay waxay bixiyaan duulimaadyo ganacsi oo gudaha iyo dibadda ah, oo ay ku jiraan Daallo Airlines , Jubba Airways , African Express Airways , Bariga Afrika 540, Central Air iyo Hajara. Iyadoo leh xeebta ugu dheer qaaradda, Soomaaliya waxay leedahay dhowr dekedood oo waaweyn . Gaadiidka badda ayaa laga helaa dekedaha Muqdisho, Boosaaso, Berbera , Kismaayo iyo Marka . Waxaa kaloo jira hal badeecooyin badeed ah . Waxa la aasaasay 2008, waxa ay ku salaysan tahay xamuulka. ==Tirakoobka dadweynaha== {{Further|Liiska magaalooyinka Soomaaliya dadka ku nool}} {|class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px" ! colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#cfb;"|Tirada Dadka{{UN_Population|ref}} |- ! style="background:#cfb;"|Sano ! style="background:#cfb;"|Milyan |- |style="text-align:left;"|1950 ||style="text-align:right;"|2.3 |- |style="text-align:left;"|2000 ||style="text-align:right;"|9.0 |- |style="text-align:left;"|{{UN_Population|Year}} ||style="text-align:right;"|{{#expr:{{formatnum:{{UN_Population|Somalia}}|R}}/1e6 round 1}} |} Soomaaliya waxaa ka maqan xog la isku halayn karo. Wadanku waxa lagu qiyaasaa dad lagu qiyaasay 17.1 milyan oo degan 2021; wadarta dadka marka loo eego tirakoobkii 1975 waxay ahaayeen 3.3 milyan. Sahan ay samaysay Sanduuqa Dadweynaha ee Qaramada Midoobay oo la sameeyay 2013 iyo 2014 ayaa lagu qiyaasay tirada guud ee dadka inay tahay 12,316,895. Qiyaastii 85% dadka deegaanka waa qowmiyad Soomaali ah , kuwaas oo taariikh ahaan deggenaa qaybta waqooyi ee dalka. Waxay dhaqan ahaan u abaabulan yihiin reer guuraa xoolo-dhaqato ah, boqortooyo dabacsan, suldaanno iyo dawlad-goboleedyo. Dagaalladii sokeeye ee billowgii sagaashamaadkii waxay si weyn u kordhiyeen tirada qurbo-joogta Soomaalida , iyadoo in badan oo ka mid ah Soomaalidii aqoonta sare lahayd ay dalka ka tageen. Qowmiyadaha laga tirada badan yahay ee aan Soomaalida ahayn ayaa ah inta ka hartay shacabka Soomaaliyeed, waxayna inta badan ku badan yihiin gobollada koonfureed. Waxaa ka mid ah Bravanese , Bantus , Bajuuni , Xabashi (gaar ahaan Oromo ) Yamaniyiin , Hindi , Faaris , Talyaani iyo Ingiriis . Qowmiyadda Bantus oo ah qowmiyadda ugu badan ee laga tirada badan yahay Soomaaliya, waa faracii addoomo laga keenay Koonfur-bari Afrika oo ay lahaayeen ganacsato Carab iyo Soomaali ah. 1940kii, waxa ku noolaa Somaliland Talyaani ilaa 50,000 Talyaani ah . Inta badan reer Yurub waxay ka tageen xorriyadda ka dib, iyadoo tiro yar oo reer galbeed ah ay weli joogaan Soomaaliya oo u badan kuwa u shaqeeya hay'adaha caalamiga ah ee ka hawlgala Soomaaliya. [[File:Population pyramid of Somalia 2015.png|thumb|Dadka da' kasta]] Qurba joog Soomaaliyeed oo aad u tiro badan ayaa ka jira wadamo kala duwan oo reer galbeed ah sida Maraykanka (gaar ahaan gobolka Minnesota ) iyo Ingiriiska (gaar ahaan London ), Iswidhan, Kanada, Norway, Nederland, Jarmalka, Denmark, Finland, Australia, Switzerland, Austria, Talyaaniga, iyo sidoo kale Jasiiradda Carabta , iyo dalal dhowr ah oo Afrikaan ah sida Uganda iyo Koonfur Afrika . Qurba-joogta Soomaaliyeed ayaa si weyn ugu lug leh siyaasadda iyo horumarka Soomaaliya. Madaxweynihii hore ee Soomaaliya, Maxamed Cabdullaahi Maxamed , ayaa horay u ahaa qurbo-joog, wuxuuna heystay dhalashada Mareykanka oo uu si iskii ah uga tanaasulay 2019. Dadka Soomaaliya waxa ay ku sii fidayaan kobac dhan 1.75% sanadkii, halka 1,000 qofba ay dhallaan 40.87. Wadarta heerka bacriminta Soomaaliya waa 6.08 carruur ah oo dhashey haweeneydiiba (qiyaastii 2014), waana tan afaraad ee ugu sareysa adduunka, sida uu qabo Buugga Xaqiiqooyinka Adduunka ee CIA . Inta badan dadka deegaanka ayaa ah dhalinyaro, da'da dhexdhexaadka ah waa 17.7 sano; Qiyaastii 44% dadku waxay da'doodu u dhaxaysaa 0-14 sano, 52% waxay u dhexeeyaan da'da 15-64 sano, kaliya 2% waa 65 sano ama ka weyn. Saamiga lab iyo dheddig waa qiyaas dheelli tiran, iyadoo saami ahaan lagu qiyaaso inta ragga ah sida dumarka. Ma jiraan xog la isku halayn karo oo ku saabsan magaalooyinka Soomaaliya. Qiyaaso adag ayaa la sameeyay oo tilmaamaya heerka magaalaynta 4.8% sanadkii (2005–2010 qiyaas ahaan.), iyadoo magaalooyin badan ay si degdeg ah u korayaan magaalooyinka. Qowmiyadaha laga tirada badan yahay ayaa sidoo kale ka soo guuray miyiga una guuray magaalooyinka tan iyo markii ay bilowdeen dagaalladii sokeeye, gaar ahaan Muqdisho iyo Kismaayo . Laga soo bilaabo 2008 , 37.7% dadweynaha qaranku waxay ku nool yihiin magaalooyinka iyo magaalooyinka, iyadoo boqolkiiba ay si degdeg ah u kordheyso. ===Luuqadaha=== Af-Soomaaligu waa luqadda rasmiga ah ee ugu horreysa ee Soomaaliya halka Carabiga uu yahay luqadda labaad ee rasmiga ah ee dastuurka. Af-Soomaaligu waa afkii hooyo ee dadka Soomaaliyeed oo ah qowmiyadda ugu tirada badan qaranka. Waa xubin ka tirsan laanta Kushitigga ee qoyska afafka Afro-Aasiyatiga, qaraabada ugu dhowna waa afafka Oromada, Canfarta iyo Saho. Af-Soomaaligu waa kan ugu wanaagsan ee laga diiwaan geliyo luqadaha Kushitigga, iyada oo daraasado tacliimeed lagu sameeyay laga soo bilaabo 1900 ka hor. [[File:Somali Stone.jpg|thumb|Looxa dhagaxa ah ee laga soo bilaabo qarnigii 14-aad ee suugaanta Wadaad]] Af-Soomaaligu wuxuu u qaybsamaa saddex qaybood oo waaweyn: Waqooyi, Banaadir iyo Maayga. Soomaali-waqooyi (ama Waqooyi-Bartamaha Soomaaliya) ayaa saldhig u ah heerka Soomaaliga. Benaadir (sidoo kale loo yaqaan Xeebta Soomaaliya) waxaa looga hadlaa xeebta Banaadir, laga bilaabo Cadale ilaa koonfurta magaalada Marka oo ay ku jirto Muqdisho, iyo sidoo kale dhulka hoose ee dhow. Lahjadaha xeebuhu waxay leeyihiin telefoono dheeraad ah oo aan ku qornayn Soomaali caadi ah. Maayga waxaa ku hadla inta badan beelaha Digil iyo Mirifle (Raxanweyn) ee dega deegaanada koonfurta Soomaaliya. Banaadiri waa lahjada ugu weyn ee looga hadlo dalka, marka la barbardhigo Waqooyiga Soomaaliya oo ah lahjada ugu weyn ee looga hadlo Somaliland. Sanado badan ayaa habab qoris kala duwan loo adeegsaday qorista afka Soomaaliga. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah alifbeetada Soomaaliga, oo ah tan ugu badan ee la isticmaalo, isla markaana noqotay qoraalka rasmiga ah ee Soomaaliya tan iyo markii Golaha Sare ee Kacaanku si rasmi ah u hirgeliyay bishii Oktoobar 1972.<ref>Economist Intelligence Unit (Great Britain) ''Middle East annual review'' (1975) p. 229</ref> Qoraallo kale oo qarniyo badan loo adeegsanayay qorista Soomaaliga waxaa ka mid ah qoraalka Carabiga iyo qoraalka Wadaadka. Habab qoraal oo asal ahaan Soomaaliyeed oo la sameeyay qarnigii 20-aad waxaa ka mid ah qoraalka Cusmaaniya, qoraalka Borama iyo qoraalka Kaddare.<ref>{{Harvnb|Laitin|1977|pp=86–87}}.</ref> [[Carabi|Carabiga]], oo ah luqadda labaad ee Soomaaliya,<ref name="Frspc"/> waxaa ku hadla ku dhowaad hal milyan oo Soomaali ah<ref name="ethnologue.com">{{Cite web |title=Somalia |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/so/languages |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308060654/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/so/languages |archive-date=8 March 2021 |access-date=2 February 2020 |website=Ethnologue}}</ref> sababo la xiriira xiriirrada qarniyada badan jiray ee ay la leedahay Dunida Carabta, saameynta ballaaran ee warbaahinta Carabiga, iyo waxbarashada diinta.<ref name="Dubnov">Helena Dubnov (2003) ''A grammatical sketch of Somali'', Kِppe, pp. 70–71.</ref><ref>Diana Briton Putman, Mohamood Cabdi Noor (1993) ''The Somalis: their history and culture'', Center for Applied Linguistics, p. 15.</ref><ref>Fiona MacDonald et al. (2000) ''Peoples of Africa'', Vol. 10, Marshall Cavendish, p. 178.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=((American University (Washington, D.C.). Foreign Area Studies)) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0pyAAAAMAAJ&dq=Somali+arab+ties&pg=PA235 |title=Area Handbook for Somalia |date=1969 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |page=235 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=1 December 2005 |title=Middle East Policy Council – Muslim Populations Worldwide |url=http://www.mepc.org/workshops/popstat.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061214023655/http://www.mepc.org/workshops/popstat.asp |archive-date=14 December 2006 |access-date=27 June 2010 |publisher=Mepc.org}}</ref><ref name="Abdullahi 2001 12">{{Harvnb|Diriye Abdullahi|2001|p=1}}.</ref> SIL Global waxay qiyaastaa tirada guud ee dadka ku hadla, iyadoo aan loo eegin heerka aqoontooda, inay ka badan tahay laba milyan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/so/languages|title=Somalia|website=Ethnologue}}</ref> Waxaa loo adeegsadaa luqad cibaado maadaama uu yahay afka [[Qur'aan|Qur'aanka]]. Soomaalidu waxay bartaan akhriska iyo qorista Carabiga iyagoo da' yar. [[File:Arabic in Somalia Graph.png|thumb|280px|left|Qiyaasta aqoonta Carabiga ee dadka Soomaaliyeed, iyadoo la kala saarayo akhriska qoraalka Qur'aanka iyo ku hadalka Carabiga.<ref name="Salad2025">{{cite journal |last=Salad |first=Hussein Ahmed |title=Somali community perception on Arabic language |journal=Horn of Africa Journal of Social Science |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=50–60 |year=2025 |doi=10.70806/frz04z80}}</ref>]] [[Af-Ingiriis|Ingiriisiga]] si weyn ayaa looga hadlaa loona dhigaa. Wuxuu ahaan jiray luqad maamul xilligii maxmiyadda Somaliland ee Ingiriiska, waxaana sabab u ah caalamiyeynta uu hadda caan ka yahay guud ahaan Soomaaliya. Ingiriisigu waa luqadda waxbarashada ee jaamacado badan oo Soomaaliya ku yaalla, waana mid ka mid ah luqadaha shaqada ee ugu waaweyn hay'adaha aan dawliga ahayn ee ka hawlgala Soomaaliya. [[Af-Taliyaani|Talyaaniga]] wuxuu ahaa luqad rasmi ah xilligii Somaliland Talyaaniga iyo muddadii wakiillimada, laakiin isticmaalkiisa aad ayuu hoos ugu dhacay kaddib xorriyadda. Hadda waxaa inta badan laga maqlaa jiilalka waaweyn, saraakiisha dowladda, iyo dadka aqoonta leh. Luqadaha kale ee laga tirada badan yahay waxaa ka mid ah Bravanese, oo ah nooc ka mid ah luqadda Bantu ee Sawaaxiliga oo laga hadlo xeebaha ay deggan yihiin dadka Bravanese, iyo Kibajuni, oo ah lahjad Sawaaxili ah oo ah afka hooyo ee kooxda qowmiyadeed ee laga tirada badan yahay ee Bajuni. {{clear}} ===Gobolada iyo magaalooyinka=== {{Magaalooyinka Soomaaliya}} ===Diinta=== {{bar box|float=right |title=[[Diinta Soomaalida]] 2010<ref name="Pew">{{cite web |title=The Global Religious Landscape|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-full.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806002044/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-full.pdf|archive-date=6 August 2013|publisher=Pew Research Center|access-date=27 December 2013|page=49}}</ref>|titlebar=#ddd |left1=Diin|right1=Boqolkiiba |bars= {{bar percent|[[Islaam|Islaam]]|green|99.8}} {{bar percent|Mid Kale|red|0.2}} }} {{Main|Diinta Soomaalida}} '''Diinta Soomaaliya 2010''' Diinta Boqolkiiba Islaamka 99.8% Mid kale 0.2% [[File:Mosislsol2.jpg|thumb|Masjidka Isbaheysiga Islaamka ee magaalada Muqdisho ayaa ah masjidka ugu weyn gobolka Geeska.]] Sida ay sheegtay xarunta cilmi baarista ee Pew , 99.8% dadka Soomaaliya waa Muslim 315. Inta badan waxay ka tirsan yihiin laanta Islaamka ee sunniga iyo mad-habta shaaficiga ee fiqiga islaamka . suufiyada , dariiqada suufiga ah ee Islaamka, ayaa sidoo kale si fiican u dhisan, oo leh jamacooyin badan oo maxalli ah zawiya ama jameeco ka mid ah tariiqooyinka kala duwan ama suufiyada. Dastuurka Soomaaliya wuxuu kaloo qeexayaa diinta Islaamka inay tahay diinta dowladda ee Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya, shareecada Islaamkana ay tahay isha aasaasiga ah ee sharci-dejinta qaranka. Waxa kale oo uu dhigayaa in aan la samayn karin xeer aan waafaqsanayn mabaadi’da aasaasiga ah ee shareecada. Diinta Masiixiga waa diimo laga tiro badan yahay Soomaaliya, dadka raacsani waxay matalaan in ka yar 0.1% dadweynaha sanadka 2010 sida ay sheegtay xarunta cilmi baarista ee Pew. Tirada Masiixiyiinta Soomaaliya waxa lagu qiyaasaa 1,000 qof. Waxaa jira hal dariiqo Katoolik ah oo dalka oo dhan u yaal, Diocese-ka Muqdisho , taas oo ku qiyaastay in 2004 ay jireen ku dhawaad ​​boqol dhakhaatiir Katoolik ah. Sannadkii 1913kii, waagii hore ee gumaystaha, ma jirin wax Masiixiyiin ah oo ku noolaa dhulka Soomaalida, iyada oo ilaa 100-200 oo keliya ay ka yimaaddeen dugsiyada iyo xarumaha agoomaha ee hawlgalladii Kaatooligga ee Maxmiyadda Somaliland ee Ingiriiska . Sidoo kale ma jirin hawl wadeenno Katoolik ah oo la yaqaan oo ka socday Somaliland Talyaani isla muddadaas. Sannadihii 1970-aadkii, xilligii ay Soomaaliya ka talinaysay dowladdii Marxist-ta , waxaa la xiray iskuulladii ay kaniisaddu maamuli jirtay, adeegayaashana waxaa loo diray guryahooda. Tan iyo 1989-kii ma jirin wax Baasaboor ah oo dalka ka howlgala, waxaana cathedral- ka Muqdisho ka dhacay burbur xooggan oo soo gaaray dagaalladii sokeeye. Bishii Disembar 2013, Wasaaradda Caddaaladda iyo Arrimaha Diinta ayaa sidoo kale soo saartay awaamiir mamnuucaysa in dalka laga qabto xafladaha Kiristaanka. Marka loo eego xarunta cilmi baarista ee Pew, in ka yar 0.1% dadka Soomaaliya sanadkii 2010 waxay ahaayeen kuwo raacsan diimaha dadweynaha . Kuwaas oo u badnaan ka koobnaa qaar ka mid ah qowmiyadaha tirada yar ee aan Soomaalida ahayn ee ku nool qaybaha koonfureed ee dalka, kuwaas oo ku dhaqma nacayb . Dhanka Bantuda , dhaqamadaas diineed waxay ka dhaxleen awoowayaashood Koonfur Bari Afrika . Intaa waxaa dheer, marka loo eego Xarunta Cilmi-baarista ee Pew, in ka yar 0.1% dadka Soomaaliya sannadkii 2010 waxay ahaayeen kuwo raacsan diinta Yuhuudda , Hinduismka , Budhiismka , ama aan ku xidhnayn diin kasta . ===Caafimaadka=== [[File:Life expectancy in Somalia.png|thumb|Cimriga Soomaaliya, 1950 ilaa 2023]] Ilaa burburkii dawladdii dhexe ee sannadkii 1991-kii, haykalka hab-dhismeedka iyo hab-dhismeedka maamulka ee waaxda daryeelka caafimaadka ee Soomaaliya waxa dusha kala socday Wasaaradda Caafimaadka. Saraakiisha caafimaadka ee gobolku waxay ku raaxaysanayeen xoogaa awood ah, laakiin daryeelka caafimaadku wuxuu ahaa mid si weyn u dhexeya. Dawladii hantiwadaaga ee Madaxweynihii hore ee Soomaaliya Siyaad Barre waxay joojisay dhaq-dhaqaaqii caafimaadka ee gaarka ahaa 1972 . Nidaamkii daryeelka bulshada ee Soomaaliya ayaa si weyn u burburay dagaalladii sokeeye ee xigay. Sida waaxaha kale ee hore loo qarameeyay, bixiyayaasha aan rasmiga ahayn ayaa buuxiyey booskii banaanaa waxayna bedeleen kalidii dawladii hore ee daryeelka caafimaadka, iyada oo helitaanka tas-hiilaadka ay markhaati ka tahay koror weyn. Xarumo daryeel caafimaad oo badan, rugo caafimaad, isbitaallo iyo farmasiyo ayaa howsha lagu dhisay iyadoo loo marayo dadaallo Soomaaliyeed oo gurigooda lagu beeray. Qiimaha la-talinta caafimaadka iyo daaweynta xarumahan waa mid hooseeya, $ 5.72 booqasho kasta oo xarumaha caafimaadka ah (oo leh daboolida dadweynaha ee 95%), iyo $ 1.89-3.97 booqasho bukaan-socod iyo $ 7.83-13.95 maalintii sariiraha aasaasiga ah ilaa isbitaallada sare. Isbarbardhigga muddada 2005-2010 iyo tobankii sano ee badhkii ka hor dillaaca iskahorimaadka (1985-1990), rajada nolosha ayaa dhab ahaantii kor u kacday celcelis ahaan 47 sano ragga iyo dumarka ilaa 48.2 sano ragga iyo 51 sano haweenka. Sidoo kale, tirada hal sano jirka ah ee si buuxda looga tallaalay jadeecada ayaa kor uga kacday 30% 1985-1990 ilaa 40% 2000-2005, iyo qaaxada , waxay kor u kacday ku dhawaad ​​20% ilaa 50% isla muddadaas. Tirada dhallaanka miisaankoodu hooseeyo ayaa hoos uga dhacay min 16 1,000kiiba ilaa 0.3, taasoo ah 15% hoos u dhac ku yimid wadar ahaan isla waqtigaas. Intii u dhaxaysay 2005 iyo 2010 marka la barbardhigo 1985-1990, dhimashada dhallaanka ee 1,000 dhalasho waxay sidoo kale hoos uga dhacday 152 ilaa 109.6. Muhiimad weyn, dhimashada hooyada 100,000 ee dhallaanka waxay ka dhacday 1,600 dagaalkii ka hor 1985-1990 tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay ilaa 1,100 muddadii 2000-2005. Tirada dhakhaatiirta 100,000 ee qof ayaa sidoo kale ka kacay 3.4 ilaa 4 isla waqti isku mid ah, sida boqolkiiba dadka helay adeegyada fayadhowrka, kuwaas oo ka kordhay 18% ilaa 26%. Marka loo eego xogta Sanduuqa Dadweynaha ee Qaramada Midoobay ee shaqaalaha umulisooyinka, wadar ahaan 429 umulisooyin ah (oo ay ku jiraan kalkaalisooyin- umulisooyin) Soomaaliya, oo leh cufnaanta hal umuliso 1,000kii carruur ah ee nool. Siddeed xarumood oo umulisooyin ah ayaa hadda dalka ka jira, oo laba ka mid ah ay yihiin kuwo gaar loo leeyahay. Umulisada waxaa nidaamisa dowladda, waxaana loo baahan yahay shatiga si loogu shaqeeyo si xirfadeysan. Diiwaangelin toos ah ayaa sidoo kale jirta si loola socdo umulisooyinka shatiga haysta. Intaa waxaa dheer, umulisooyinka dalka waxaa si rasmi ah uga wakiil ah ururka umulisooyinka maxalliga ah, oo ka diiwaangashan 350 xubnood Marka loo eego qiyaasta hay'adda caafimaadka adduunka ee 2005, qiyaastii 97.9% haweenka iyo gabdhaha Soomaaliya ayaa lagu sameeyay gudniinka fircooniga ah, caadada guurka ka hor inta badan waxay ku dhacdaa Geeska Afrika iyo qaybo ka mid ah Bariga dhow. Waxaa dhiirigeliyay haweenka bulshada dhexdeeda, waxaa ugu horayn loogu talagalay in la ilaaliyo dhawrsanaanta, laga hortago sinada, lagana ilaaliyo weerarka. Sannadkii 2013, UNICEF oo kaashanaysa maamullada Soomaaliya ayaa sheegtay in heerka baahsanaanta ee gabdhaha da'doodu u dhaxayso 1- ilaa 14-sano ee ku nool gobollada waqooyi ee Puntland iyo Somaliland ay hoos ugu dhacday 25% ka dib olole wacyigelin bulsho iyo diineed ah. Qiyaastii 93% ragga Soomaaliyeed ayaa sidoo kale la sheegay in la guday Soomaaliya ayaa ka mid ah kuwa ugu hooseeya heerka caabuqa HIV ee qaaradda. Taasna waxaa loo aaneynayaa dabeecadda Muslimka ah ee bulshada Soomaaliyeed iyo ku-dhaqanka Soomaalida ku dhaqanka akhlaaqda Islaamka. Iyadoo lagu qiyaasay heerka faafidda HIV ee Soomaaliya 1987 (sannadkii warbixinta kiiskii ugu horreeyay) uu ahaa 1% dadka waaweyn, warbixin 2012 ka soo baxday UNAIDS ayaa sheegaysa in tan iyo 2004, qiyaasaha laga soo bilaabo 0.7% ilaa 1.0% la qiyaasay. In kasta oo daryeelka caafimaadku hadda inta badan ku urursan yahay ganacsiga gaarka loo leeyahay, nidaamka daryeelka caafimaadka guud ee dalku waxa uu ku socdaa dib-u-dhiskiisa, waxaana dusha kala socota wasaaradda caafimaadka. Wasiirka caafimaadka Qamar Aadan Cali. Ismaamulka Puntland waxa uu leeyahay Wasaarad u gaar ah Caafimaadka, sida gobolka Somaliland ee waqooyi-galbeed ee Soomaaliya. Xarumaha caafimaadka ee dalka caanka ka ah ayaa waxaa ka mid ah Isbitaalka Hooyada iyo Dhallaanka ee Bariga Baardheere , Isbitaalka Hooyada iyo Dhallaanka ee Caabudwaaq , Isbitaalka Hooyada ee Edna Aadan iyo qeybta Hooyada ee Galbeedka Baardheere . ===Waxbarashada=== Wasaaradda Waxbarashada ayaa si rasmi ah uga mas’uul ah waxbarashada Soomaaliya, waxaana ay dusha kala socotaa dugsiyada hoose dhexe , sare ,farsamada iyo farsamada gacanta , iyo sidoo kale tababaridda macallimiinta hoose iyo kuwa farsamada iyo waxbarashada dadban . Qiyaastii 15% ee miisaaniyadda dawladda waxa loo qoondeeyey hab-waxbarasho. Maamul-goboleedka Puntland iyo Somaliland ayaa iska leh wasaaradaha waxbarashada. [[File:Mogauniv1.jpg|thumb|Xarunta ugu weyn ee Jaamacadda Muqdisho ee Muqdisho]] Waxbarashada sare ee Soomaaliya hadda waa mid gaar loo leeyahay. Dhawr jaamacadood oo dalka ku yaala oo ay ku jirto jaamacadda Muqdisho ayaa lagu qiimeeyay 100-ka jaamacadood ee ugu wanaagsan qaaradda Afrika in kasta oo ay jiraan deegaan qallafsan, taasoo lagu tilmaamay inay tahay guul laga gaaray hindisayaal salka ku haya . Jaamacadaha kale ee sidoo kale bixiya tacliinta sare ee koonfurta waxaa ka mid ah Jaamacadda Banaadir , Jaamacadda Ummadda Soomaaliyeed , Jaamacadda Kismaayo iyo Jaamacadda Gedo . Puntland waxbarashada sare waxaa bixiya Jaamacadaha Puntland iyo Jaamacadda Bariga Afrika . Somaliland waxa bixiya Jaamacada Camuud , Jaamacada Hargeysa , Somaliland Jaamacadda Teknolojiyadda iyo Jaamacadda Burco . Dugsiyada Qur'aanka (sidoo kale loo yaqaan dugsi quran ama malcamad quran ) ayaa ah nidaamka aasaasiga ah ee barashada diinta dhaqameed. Loo yaqaan habka ugu xasilloon ee deegaanka, nidaamka aan tooska ahayn ee waxbarashada oo bixiya waxbarashada aasaasiga ah ee diinta iyo akhlaaqda, xooggoodu waxay ku tiirsan yihiin taageerada bulshada iyo adeegsigooda agab waxbarasho oo gudaha laga sameeyay oo si weyn loo heli karo. Nadaamka Qur’aanka oo wax lagu baro tirada ugu badan ee ardayda marka loo eego qeybaha kale ee waxbarashada, ayaa inta badan ah nidaamka kaliya ee ay heli karaan Soomaalida reer guuraaga ah marka loo eego magaalooyinka. Si wax looga qabto khaladaadka dhanka culuumta diinta, dowladda Soomaaliya ayaa dhankeeda sidoo kale ka dib dhistay Wasaaradda Awqaafta iyo Arrimaha Islaamka, taasoo hadda lagu maamulo waxbarashada Qur’aanka. ==Dhaqanka== ===Cunto=== [[File:Banadir3.jpg|thumb|Noocyada kala duwan ee cuntooyinka caanka ah ee Soomaalida]] Cunnada Soomaalidu waa isku dhaf noocyo kala duwan oo cuntooyin ah kuwaas oo laga soo dheegtay dhadhanka Carabta , Hindida iyo Talyaaniga taas oo si toos ah uga dhalatay taariikhda baaxadda leh ee Soomaaliya ee ganacsiga iyo ganacsiga. Tusaalooyinka cuntooyinka Soomaalida waxaa ka mid ah cunnooyinka sida bariiska iyo baasto , iyo hilibka sida wan , lo'da , iyo digaagga . Xawaashyada udgoonka ah sida cumin , karoomada , iyo kiraanta ayaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa in lagu siiyo dhadhan kala duwan suxuunta. Waxaa barbar socda maraqa , rootiga fidsan , iyo rootiga , cunnada kale ee Soomaalida waa Canjeero /Laxooh , oo ah nooc canjeero khamiir leh oo u eg roodhida fidsan ee laga dhadhamiyo Soomaaliya iyo dalalka deriska ah sida Itoobiya , Eritera iyo Yemen . Additionally, camel meat and milk are considered a delicacy. Bariiska Soomaaliya oo ah cuntada caadiga ah ee cashada ama qadada , ayaa sida caadiga ah la dhadhamiyey waxaana lagu daraa maaddooyin kala duwan sida hilibka , khudaarta , iyo, si xoogaa gaar ah, sabiib . Maaha wax aan caadi ahayn in saxankan loo soo bandhigo qaab muuqaal ah iyadoo lagu darayo midabyo badan, sababtoo ah qaybo gaar ah ayaa laga yaabaa in si macmal ah loogu dhejiyo hadhka jaalaha ah ama orange-ka iyadoo la adeegsanayo saffron iyo dhir kale si kor loogu qaado bilicdeeda [[File:Djiboutian rice (bariis) and fish (kalluun), Liver (beerka) with vegetable also (Sabaayad) pancakes.jpg|thumb|Bariis Soomaali ah (bariis) iyo kalluun (kalluun), Beerka (biir) khudaar leh sidoo kale (Sabaayad) canjeelo]] Xiligii gumaystaha talyaanigu waxa si wayn loo qaatay baastada iyo laasgaabka gaar ahaan koonfurta. Shaaha iyo kafeega ayaa sidoo kale runtii caan ah. Soomaalida ayaa ka mid ahaa dadkii hore u qaatay cunista kafeega , waxaana ganacsatada Soomaaliyeed ay ka mid ahaayeen ganacsatadii ugu horreysay ee dhoofisa digirta Kafeega. Qaxwaha Soomaalida, oo gudaha loo yaqaan ' Qahwo ' iyo shaaha 'Shah', ayaa aad uga dhex muuqda habka diyaarinta, kaas oo ku lug leh xulashada xawaashka kala duwan si kor loogu qaado muuqaalkeeda dhadhanka. 'Xalwo', oo si dhow ula xiriirta Cumaan ' Xalwaa ', waa daweyn jelly-la mid ah oo siman oo lagu sameeyay xawaash , iniin, laws , iyo sonkor la shiiday . Macmacaankan waxa si caadi ah loogu wada adeegaa " Qahwo ". Cunto ka dib, guryaha sida dhaqameedka ah waxaa lagu cadariyaa fooxa ama fooxa ( unsi ), kaas oo lagu diyaariyo gudaha fooxa r loo yaqaan dabqaad . ===Muusiga=== Soomaaliya waxay leedahay hiddaha faneed hodanka ah oo ku qotoma suugaan-dhaqameedka Soomaalida . Heesaha Soomaalida intooda badan waa hal-abuur . Muusiga Soomaaliyeed waxaa laga yaabaa in lagu qaldo dhawaaqyada gobollada u dhow sida Itoobiya, Suudaan ama Jasiiradda Carabta, laakiin ugu dambeyntii waxaa lagu aqoonsan karaa laxankeeda iyo qaababka gaarka ah. Aaladaha dhaqameed ee sida weyn looga dhex muuqday fanka Soomaaliya waxaa ka mid ah oud lute . Inta badan waxaa la socda durbaan yaryar iyo biibiile cawsduur ah oo gadaal ka ah. Heesaha Soomaalidu inta badan waa wax ka dhasha wada shaqaynta ka dhaxaysa hal-abuurayaasha ( midho ), abwaannada ( laxan ) iyo fannaaniinta ( codka ama "codadka") ===Suugaanta=== Bulshada Soomaaliyeed ayaa sanadihii lasoo dhaafay ahaa ilo ay ka soo jeedaan abwaanno, qorayaal iyo hal-abuuro caan ah, kuwaas oo qayb weyn ka qaatay soo saarista iyo qaabaynta hab-raacyada aqoonta iyo dhaqanka Muslimiinta, mana aha oo kaliya Geeska Afrika ee waxa ay gaadheen meelo fog-fog oo ka mid ah Jasiiradda Carabta iyo gobollada kale ee adduunka. Soomaaliya waxaa sidoo kale loogu yeeraa, oo ay ka mid yihiin, qoraaga Kanadiyaan ah iyo aqoonyahanada Margaret Laurence , "Qaranka Abwaanada " iyo "Qaranka Baadiyada ". Sahmiye iyo qoraa Ingiriis oo caan ah Richard Burton ayaa si hufan wax uga qoray Soomaaliya: Dalku wuxuu la socdaa, 'Abwaanada, nin kastaa wuxuu leeyahay mawqifkiisa la aqoonsan yahay ee suugaanta sida saxda ah ee loo qeexay sida in dib loo eegay qarniyo joornaal ah - dhegta wanaagsan ee dadkani waxay keenaysaa in ay qaataan raaxada ugu weyn ee dhawaaqyada iswaafaqsan iyo tibaaxaha maansada, halka tiro been ah ama weedh qallafsan ay ku kicinayaan." ===Casri ah=== [[File:Hadrawi.jpg|thumb|Abwaan , faylasuuf iyo hal-abuure, Maxamed Ibraahim Warsame (Hadraawi)]] Markii la qaatay farta laatiinka sannadkii 1972-kii oo laga dhigay halbeegga alifbeetada qaranka, waxaa kaloo soo saaray qorayaal Soomaali ah oo aad u tiro badan, kuwaas oo qaarkood sumcad weyn ku helay caalamka oo dhan. Qorayaashan casriga ah, Nuruddin Farah waa kan ugu caansan, isagoo helay, abaal-marinno kale, 1998-kii Neustadt ee abaalmarinta caalamiga ah ee suugaanta . Faarax MJ Cawl waa qoraa kale oo caan ah oo Soomaaliyeed oo caan ku ahaa sheeko-qoraalkiisii ​​xilligii Dervish , Jahligu waa cadowga jacaylka . Waxa kale oo maansada Soomaalidu aad u kobcaysay wakhtigan iyadoo Hadraawi uu sumcad qaran ku helay tiraabtiisa iyo maansadiisa. ===Ciyaaraha=== Kubadda cagta waa ciyaaraha ugu caansan Soomaaliya. Tartamada gudaha ee muhiimka ah ayaa ah horyaalka Soomaaliya iyo koobka Soomaaliya , iyadoo xulka qaranka Soomaaliya uu ciyaaro heer caalami. Kubadda kolayga ayaa sidoo kale laga ciyaaraa dalka. Horyaalkii FIBA ​​Africa 1981 ayaa lagu qabtay magaalada Muqdisho 15 ilaa 23 December 1981, xiligaasi oo xulka qaranka kubada koleyga ay heleen bilada maarta ah. Sannadkii 2013-kii, waxaa magaalada Borlänge laga dhisay koox qaran oo ka tirsan kooxaha burcad badeeda Soomaalida . Waxa ay ka qaybgashay tartankii Horyaalka Adduunka ee Bandy 2014. Dhanka fanka dagaalka waxaa billad qalin ah iyo kaalinta afraad ku qaatay Faysal Jeylaani Aweys iyo Maxamed Deeq Cabdulle oo ka tirsan xulka qaranka Teekwondo-ga , waxayna ku guuleysteen koobka Taekwondo-ga Adduunka ee 2013 ee Tongeren Intaa waxaa dheer, Maxamed Jaamac waxa uu ku guuleystay labada koob ee adduunka iyo Yurub ee K-1 iyo feerka Thai . ===Dhismaha=== [[File:Gondereshe2008.jpg|thumb|Qasriga Gondershe]] Qaab-dhismeedka Soomaalidu waa dhaqan qani ah oo kala duwan oo xagga injineernimada iyo naqshadeynta ah. Iyadoo la eegayo wakhtiyadii hore ee qadiimiga ahaa, dhexe iyo kuwii hore ee casriga ahaa ee dalka, waxa kale oo ay soo dhawaynaysaa isku dhafka qaab dhismeedka Somali-Islaamka oo leh nashqado casri ah oo reer galbeed ah. Soomaalidii hore, dhismooyinka haramka ah ee Soomaalidu u taqaan Taalo waxay ahaayeen qaab caan ah oo lagu aaso, iyadoo boqolaal ka mid ah taallooyinkii dhagaxaanta qallalan ay maanta ku baahsan yihiin dalka. Guryo ayaa laga dhisay dhagxaan lebisan oo la mid ah kuwii Masar hore . Waxa kale oo jira tusaaleyaal barxadaha iyo darbiyada waaweyn ee dhagaxa ah ee lagu soo dejiyey deegaamada, sida darbiga Wargade. Qaadashada Islaamka ee taariikhda dhexe ee hore ee Soomaaliya waxa ay Islaamku ka keentay Carabta iyo Faaris . Tani waxay kicisay isbeddelka dhismaha ee dhagaxa engegan iyo agabka kale ee la xidhiidha oo loo beddelay dhagaxa kooraska , lebennada qorraxda qallalan , iyo isticmaalka baahsan ee dhagaxa nuuradda ee dhismaha Soomaalida. Qaar badan oo ka mid ah naqshadaha cusub ee naqshadaha, sida masaajidda, ayaa lagu dhisay burburka dhismooyinkii hore, dhaqankaas oo socon doona qarniyada soo socda. ==Sidoo kale eeg== [[Warbixin Soomaaliya]] ==Taariikh nololeed== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book |last=Diriye Abdullahi |first=Mohamed |author-link=Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VOPEEAAAQBAJ |title=Dhaqanka iyo Caadooyinka Soomaaliya |publisher=[[Greenwood Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-313-31333-2 |series=Dhaqanka iyo caadooyinka Afrika |location=Westport, Conn}} * {{Cite journal |last= Alpers |first= Edward A. |year= 1976 |title= Gujarat iyo Ganacsiga Bariga Afrika, c. 1500–1800 |journal=[[The International Journal of African Historical Studies]] |volume= 9 |issue= 1 |pages= 22–44 |doi= 10.2307/217389 |jstor= 217389 }} * {{Cite book |author= Gebru Tareke |year= 2009 |title= Kacaankii Itoobiya: Dagaalka Geeska Afrika |url= https://archive.org/details/ethiopianrevolut0000gebr |location= New Haven,&nbsp;CT |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-300-14163-4}} * {{Cite book |last= Laitin |first= David D. |year= 1977 |title= Siyaasad, Luuqad, iyo Fikir: Khibradda Soomaalida |location= Chicago |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn= 978-0-226-46791-7 }} * {{Cite journal |last1= Lecarme |first1= Jacqueline |last2= Maury |first2= Carole |year= 1987 |title= Qalab Software ah oo loogu talagalay Cilmi-baarista Luuqadda iyo Qaamuusyada: Codsiga Soomaaliga |journal= Computers and Translation |volume= 2 |issue= 1 |pages= 21–36 |doi= 10.1007/BF01540131 |s2cid= 6515240 }} * {{Cite book |last=Mauri |first=Arnaldo |chapter-url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=958442 |title=Nidaamyada Bangiyada Afrika |publisher=[[Cariplo]] – Finafrica |year=1971 |editor-last=Dell'Amore |editor-first=Giordano |location=Milan |pages=209–217 |chapter=Horumarinta Bangiyada Soomaaliya}} * {{Cite book |last= Samatar |first= Said S. |year= 1982 |title = Gabayada Afka iyo Qaranimada Soomaaliyeed |location= Cambridge |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-10457-9 }} * {{Cite book |last= Schraeder |first= Peter J. |year= 2006 |editor-last=Barrington |editor-first=Lowell W. |chapter-url=https://press.umich.edu/pdf/0472098985-ch5.pdf |title=Ka Dib Xorriyadda: Samaynta iyo Ilaalinta Qaranka ee Dowladaha Dhacdooyinka Kadib |pages=107–137 |chapter=Laga bilaabo Irredentism ilaa Kala-go'id: Hoos u dhaca Qaranimada Pan-Soomaali |location= Ann Arbor |publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]] |isbn= 978-0-472-09898-9 }} * {{Cite book |last=Shay |first=Shaul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uqw0DwAAQBAJ |title=Soomaaliya oo is-beddelaysa Tan iyo 2006 |date=2014 |publisher=[[Transaction Publishers]] |isbn=978-1-4128-5390-3 |location=New Brunswick}} * {{Cite book |last= Warmington |first= Eric Herbert |year= 1995 |title= Ganacsiga u dhexeeya Boqortooyadii Roomaanka iyo Hindiya |publisher= South Asia Books |isbn= 81-215-0670-0 }} * {{Cite book |last1= Zolberg |first1= Aristide R. |author-link1=Aristide Zolberg |last2= Suhrke |first2= Astri |last3= Aguayo |first3= Sergio |author-link3= Sergio Aguayo |year= 1989 |title= Ka Baxsiga Rabshadaha: Khilaafaadka iyo Qaxootiga Dalalka Horumarka |location= New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-19-505592-4 }} * {{Cite book |last1=Rosati |first1=A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=av8qvZ-0sHUC&pg=PA169 |title=Soosaarista Xoolaha iyo Sayniska Xoolaha Caalamka |last2=Tewolde |first2=A. |last3=Mosconi |first3=C. |date=2007 |publisher=[[Wageningen Academic Publishers]] |isbn=978-90-8686-034-0 |series=WAAP buugga sanadka |location=Wageningen |page=169}} {{Refend}} ==Xusuusin== {{lang-so|Soomaaliya}} {{IPAc-en|s|ə|ˈ|m|ɑː|l|i|ə|audio=Somalia pronunciation (English).wav}} '''Soomaali:''' Soomaaliya [soːmaːlija], qoraalka Osmanya: 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘𐒕𐒖; Carabi: الصومال, la turjumay: aṣ-Ṣūmāl '''Soomaali rasmi ah:''' Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya; Carabi: جمهورية الصومال الفيدرالية Xuduudka Jabuuti–Soomaaliya waxaa si sharci ah u maamula Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya oo si caalami ah loo aqoonsan yahay, laakiin dhab ahaan waxaa gacanta ku haya ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} * [https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/ "Qaramada Midoobay, Waaxda Dhaqaalaha iyo Arrimaha Bulshada, Qaybta Dadweynaha (2022). Rajada Dadweynaha Adduunka"] {{Wayback|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/ |date=20220711213112 }} * [https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april "Database-ka Muuqaalka Dhaqaalaha Adduunka, Abriil 2025"] *[https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april "Database-ka Muuqaalka Dhaqaalaha Adduunka, Abriil 2025"] *[https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf "Warbixinta Horumarinta Aadanaha 2025"] *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs Waaxda Dhaqaalaha iyo Arrimaha Bulshada ee Qaramada Midoobay] *[https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx "Rajada Dadweynaha Adduunka 2022: Tusiyeyaasha tirakoobka ee gobol, degaan iyo waddan, sannad kasta 1950-2100"] {{Wayback|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx |date=20230306213755 }} *[https://books.google.com/books?id=R0pyAAAAMAAJ&dq=Somali+arab+ties&pg=PA235 <nowiki>Buug-gacmeedka Aagga Soomaaliya: La-qorayaasha: Irving Kaplan [et al.] Cilmi-baadhis iyo qoraal ayaa la dhammaystiray Juun 15, 1969</nowiki>] *[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/29/somali-president-resigns "Madaxweynihii Soomaaliya oo is-casilay iyadoo lagu jiro loolan dhanka awoodda ah"] *[http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/01/31/somalia.election.president/ Islaam qunyar socod ah ayaa loo doortay madaxweynaha Soomaaliya"] {{Wayback|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/01/31/somalia.election.president/ |date=20090202115625 }} *[https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/kenyan-troops-seize-al-shabaab-base-in-somalia/455875 "Ciidamada Kenya oo la wareegay saldhigii Al-Shabaab ee Soomaaliya] *[http://allafrica.com/stories/201208220474.html "Soomaaliya: Ergayga Qaramada Midoobay oo sheegay in la furayo baarlamaanka cusub ee Soomaaliya "Xilligii Taariikhiga ahaa"] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=L2vXPfRsf04C Dimuqraadiyad Xoolo dhaqato: Daraasad lagu sameeyay Xoolo-dhaqatada iyo Siyaasadda Soomaalida Waqooyi ee Geeska Afrika] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=hCb6xzeydigC&q=somalia+stillbay+culture&pg=PA201 Dhaqamada Horyaala ee Geeska Afrika: Falanqaynta Casrigii Dhagaxa ee Dhaqanka iyo Cimilada ee Somaliland iyo Qaybaha Bari ee Xabashida] *[https://archive.org/stream/geographyofherod00whee/geographyofherod00whee_djvu.txt Juqraafiga Herodotus: Waxaa laga soo sawiray Cilmi-baadhisyo Casri ah iyo daahfurkii] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=YUoNEQAAQBAJ&dq=isaaq+sultanate&pg=PA274 Dabeecadda Is-dilitaanka ee Waddamada Muslinka ah ee u badan: Cudurrada faafa, Waxyaabaha halista ah, iyo Ka-hortagga] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020220/http://togdheernews.com/articles/31/05/2016/taariikhda-saldanada-reer-guuleed-ee-somaliland-abwaanibraahim-rashiid-cismaan-guure-aboor/ "Taariikhda Saldanada Reer Guuleed Ee Somaliland.Abwaan:Ibraahim-rashiid Cismaan Guure (aboor). | Togdheer News Network"] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20210811205734/https://www.hubaalmedia.net/degmada-cusub-ee-dacarta-oo-loogu-wanqalay-munaasibad-kulmisay-madaxda-iyo-haldoorka-somaliland/ "Degmada Cusub Ee Dacarta Oo Loogu Wanqalay Munaasibad Kulmisay Madaxda Iyo Haldoorka Somaliland"] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20231002022805/https://sites.tufts.edu/reinventingpeace/2013/10/22/state-sponsored-violence-and-conflict-under-mahamed-siyad-barre-the-emergence-of-path-dependent-patterns-of-violence/ "Rabshadaha iyo colaadaha ay dowladdu soo qabanqaabisay ee Mahamed Siyaad Barre: soo ifbaxa qaabab rabshado ah oo ku tiirsan waddada"] *[https://webarchive.archive.unhcr.org/20230604082615/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6acb654.html "Somalia: Warbixin ku saabsan qabsashadii magaalada Beled Uen ee United Somali Congress (USC) ee dhamaadkii 1990 ama horraantii 1991 iyo dhibaatadii Daarood ee Beled Uen ee askarta USC"] *[https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/40/087/40087878.pdf "Mashruuca Qiimaynta Khayraadka Uranium-ka Caalamiga ah (IUREP) Warbixinta Hawlgalka Wajiga ee Hanuuninta, Soomaaliya"] {{Wayback|url=https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/40/087/40087878.pdf |date=20200119113709 }} *[https://books.google.com/books?id=cscbDgqCsOMC&q=harar Cadan oo hoos imanaysa Gumaysiga Ingiriiska, 1839–1967] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20131022175949/http://horseedmedia.net/2013/03/06/somalia-moves-forward-at-world-taekwondo-pictures/ "Soomaaliya waxay horay ugu socotaa ciyaaraha Taekwondo-ga aduunka"] *[http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2010-02-10/others/great-victory-for-malta-in-k1-kickboxing-270164/ "Guul weyn Malta ee K1 Kickboxing"] *[http://www.cid.harvard.edu/neudc07/docs/neudc07_s1_p02_ahuja.pdf Gudniinka Labka ah iyo AIDS-ka: Saamaynta Dhaqaale-dhaqaale ee Dhibaatada Caafimaadka ee Eric Werker, Amrita Ahuja, iyo Brian Wendell :: NEUDC 2007 Waraaqaha :: Shirarka Horumarinta Jaamacadaha Waqooyi Bari"] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20131006071502/http://www.ameinfo.com/176786.html "Dowladda Puntland ee Soomaaliya, Maal-gashiga Lootah ayaa kala saxiixday heshiisyo istiraatijiyadeed oo ku kacaya 170-Dhs] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20130928150305/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Guide_to_Puntland_Election_2009_printer.shtml "Soomaaliya: Hagaha Doorashada Puntland 2009"] *[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/20/world/africa/20somalia.html "Iyadoo dhibaatada Soomaaliya ay sii kordhayso, ayay khubaradu u arkaan in ay meesha ka maqan tahay gargaarka"] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150109002414/http://goobjoog.com/english/?p=6410 "Beesha Caalamka Oo Soo Dhaweysay Madaxweynaha Cusub Ee Maamulka Kumeel Gaarka Ah Ee Koonfur Galbeed Soomaaliya"] *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7802622.stm "Madaxweynihii Soomaaliya oo xilka ka dagay"] *[http://www.unis.unvienna.org/unis/pressrels/2005/ga10386.html "Furitaanka Doodda Shirka Sannadlaha ah ee Sannadlaha, Xoghayaha Guud ee Qaramada Midoobay wuxuu ku booriyay Dawladaha xubnaha ka ah inay saxafada u sheegaan wax ka qabashada faqriga, argagixisanimada, xadgudubyada xuquuqda aadanaha, colaadaha"] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=eJR3RAAACAAJ Dhaxalkii Gumeysiga ee Soomaaliya: Rome iyo Muqdisho: Laga soo bilaabo Maamulkii Gumeysiga ilaa Howlgalkii Rajada soo celinta] *[http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20120810180135/http://english.alarabiya.net/views/2012/08/08/231008.html "Soomaaliya oo kor u kacaysa labaatan sano oo dagaal sokeeye iyo qalalaase ka socday"] * 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De Facto States Unbound – PONARS Eurasia"] * [https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/Somaliland_Parade "Council on Foreign Relations. Somaliland Parade"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/Somaliland_Parade |date=20180509080323 }} [https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/al-shabab "Al-Shabab. Council on Foreign Relations"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/al-shabab |date=20210202020617 }} * [https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/kenyan-troops-seize-al-shabaab-base-in-somalia/455875 "Kenyan troops seize al-Shabaab base in Somalia. Anadolu Agency"] * [https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/least-developed-country-category/ldcs-at-a-glance.html "LDCs at a Glance | Department of Economic and Social Affairs"] * [http://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/mogadishu-east-africas-newest-business-destination/17661/ "Dinfin Mulupi. 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{{Wayback|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9iu6AAAAIAAJ |date=20160805112006 }} * {{cite book|last1=Suárez|first1=Jorge Alejandro|title=Geopolítica de lo Desconocido|isbn=979-8393720292|page=227}} * {{Harvnb|Laitin|1977|p=8}} * {{cite book|author=Abdisalam M. Issa-Salwe|title=The Collapse of the Somali State|year=1996|isbn=1-874209-91-X|pages=34–35}} * [https://books.google.com/books?id=PBvfTmzsZ-0C&pg=PA84 "Clan Cleansing in Somalia: The Ruinous Legacy of 1991"] {{Wayback|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PBvfTmzsZ-0C&pg=PA84 |date=20230207231426 }} * [https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/Somaliland_Parade "Council on Foreign Relations - Somaliland"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509080323/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/Somaliland_Parade |date=20180509080323 }} * [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/24/world/africa/24somalia.html "Harvard-Educated Technocrat Chosen as Somalia Premier - NYT"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/24/world/africa/24somalia.html |date=20181128005934 }} * [[suspicious link removed] "Ethiopian Invasion of Somalia, US Warlordism & AU Shame"] * [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09546553.2016.1165213 "The Evolution of Political Violence: The Case of Somalia's Al-Shabaab"] * {{Cite book |title=The Rule Is For None But Allah |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2023 |isbn=9780197690390 |page=111}} * [[suspicious link removed] "The Production of Somali Conflict and the Role of Internal and External Actors"] * [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/29/somali-president-resigns "Somali president resigns amid power struggle - The Guardian"] * [http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/01/31/somalia.election.president/ "Moderate Islamist picked as Somali president - CNN"] {{Wayback|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/01/31/somalia.election.president/ |date=20090202115625 }} * [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-16979440 "Somalia's al-Shabab join al-Qaeda - BBC News"] * [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54690561 "Somalia conflict: Al-Shabab 'collects more revenue than government'"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54690561 |date=20220928121250 }} * [https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/al-shabab "Al-Shabab - Council on Foreign Relations"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/al-shabab |date=20210202020617 }} * [https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/kenyan-troops-seize-al-shabaab-base-in-somalia/455875 "Kenyan troops seize al-Shabaab base in Somalia - Anadolu Agency"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/kenyan-troops-seize-al-shabaab-base-in-somalia/455875 |date=20230930234435 }} * [http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/indepth/2012-08/02/c_131757152.htm "Somalia's newly-endorsed constitution widely hailed"] {{Wayback|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/indepth/2012-08/02/c_131757152.htm |date=20131007224547 }} * [http://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/mogadishu-east-africas-newest-business-destination/17661/ "Mogadishu: East Africa's newest business destination?"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/mogadishu-east-africas-newest-business-destination/17661/ |date=20120627101741 }} * [https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/least-developed-country-category/ldcs-at-a-glance.html "LDCs at a Glance - United Nations"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/least-developed-country-category/ldcs-at-a-glance.html |date=20220329160054 }} * [http://horseedmedia.net/2013/03/06/somalia-moves-forward-at-world-taekwondo-pictures/ "Somalia moves forward at world Taekwondo"] {{Wayback|url=http://horseedmedia.net/2013/03/06/somalia-moves-forward-at-world-taekwondo-pictures/ |date=20131022175949 }} * [http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2010-02-10/others/great-victory-for-malta-in-k1-kickboxing-270164/ "Great Victory for Malta in K1 Kickboxing"] ==Xiriirinta dibadda== {{Library resources box}} * [https://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=SO Saadaasha Horumarka Muhiimka ah ee Soomaaliya] laga helay [[International Futures]] === Dawladda === * [https://www.somalia.gov.so Albaabka rasmiga ah ee dowladda] – albaabka u furmaya bogagga dowladda * [https://villasomalia.gov.so/en Madaxtooyada] {{Wayback|url=https://villasomalia.gov.so/en |date=20250715221010 }} – bogga rasmiga ah ee madaxweynaha Soomaaliya * [https://opm.gov.so Ra’iisul Wasaaraha] – bogga rasmiga ah ee ra’iisul wasaaraha Soomaaliya * [https://senate.gov.so Aqalka Sare] – bogga rasmiga ah ee Aqalka Sare ee Soomaaliya * [http://www.parliament.gov.so Baarlamaanka] – bogga rasmiga ah ee Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya * [https://nbs.gov.so Xog-ururin] – bogga rasmiga ah ee Xafiiska Qaranka ee Xog-ururinta Soomaaliya === Taariikh === * [https://www.somalia.gov.so/about-somalia "Taariikh"] – Taariikhda Soomaaliya ee bogga Dowladda Federaalka Soomaaliya === Dalxiis === * [https://tourism.gov.so Waaxda Dalxiiska] {{Wayback|url=https://tourism.gov.so/ |date=20230506225038 }} – bogga rasmiga ah ee Waaxda Dalxiiska, Wasaaradda Warfaafinta, Dhaqanka & Dalxiiska === Khariidado === * {{Wikiatlas}} * {{Osmrelation-inline|192799}} {{Navboxes |list = {{Midowga Afrika}} }} {{Coord|10|N|49|E|display=title}} {{Subject bar|Soomaaliya|Afrika|Dalalka|auto=yes|voy=Soomaaliya}} {{Authority control}} {{Dalalka Afrika}} <!-- ugu hooseeya per [[WP:SUBCAT]] - 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