Wikipedia sowiki https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogga_Hore MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.19 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Portal Portal talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 2000 307875 294317 2026-09-13T13:13:31Z ~2026-49553-75 47363 besha ugu badal waa habargidir sababtoo waxa dagtaa galdaduud intaada badan sida guriceel,dusamareeb,cadaado iyo galinsoor 307875 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Galguduud<br>غالغدود | native_name = | other_name = Galgudud, Ghelgudud | nickname = | motto = | settlement_type = [[Gobolada Soomaaliya|Gobolka]] | image_skyline = Galguduud in Somalia.svg | imagesize = | image_caption = Galguduud ee Soomaaliya | image_flag = | image_seal = | image_shield = | image_map = |pushpin_map = | mapsize = 160 | map_caption = | subdivision_type = Wadanka | subdivision_name = {{flag|Somalia}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Maamulgoboleedka Soomaaliya|Regional State]] | subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Galmudug}} | seat_type = Caasimada | seat = [[Dhuusamareeb]] | government_type = | leader_title = Gudoomiye | leader_name = | established_title = | established_date = | area_magnitude = | area_total_km2 = 46126 | population_as_of = 2019<ref>{{Cite web |title=Somalia: Subdivision and cities |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/somalia/|access-date=14 February 2024 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref> | population_note = | population_total = 634,300 | population_density_km2 = auto | timezone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | coordinates = | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:SO|SO-GA]]<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:SO | title = ISO 3166 — Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions | publisher = International Organization for Standardization (ISO) | access-date = 3 February 2025}}</ref> | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code = | blank_name_sec2 = [[Tusmada Horumarka Aadanaha|HDI]] (2021) | blank_info_sec2 = 0.279<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=13 September 2018}}</ref><br />{{color|#500|low}} · [[Liiska gobollada Soomaaliya iyadoo loo eegayo Tusmada Horumarinta Aadanaha|17th of 18]] | website = }} Galguduud ([[Af Soomaali|Soomaali]]: Galgaduud , [[Af Carabi|Carabi]]: جلجدود , [[Talyaani]]: Galguduud ama Ghelguduud ) waa ( [[Gobolada Soomaaliya|gobol]]) ka tirsan dowlad goboleedka [[Galmudug]] ee bartamaha [[Soomaaliya]] caasimaddeedu waa Dusmareeb Magaalada ugu weyn ee gobolka waa guriceel , oo dhacda mesha udambeysa gobolka. Galguduud waxaa xuduud la leh Itoobiya ; Gobollada Soomaalida [[Mudug]], Hiiraan , iyo [[Shabeelaha Dhexe]] (Shabeellaha Dhexe); iyo [[Badweynta Hindiya]] . Beesha ugu badan ee dagan gobolkan waa Hawiye gaar ahaan beesha habargidir iyo sidoo kale marexaaan oo darood ah,iyo kuwa kle oo hawiye ah iyo waliba dir gaar ahaan surre sida,kuwa kle oo hawiye ah murasade,waceysle,duduble,, Gobolka Galguduud iyo Koonfurta Mudug waxay dhisteen Maamulka Galmudug 2006-kii,kasoo ah mamul hoos yimaado dowladda federalka somalia ==Degmooyinka== Gobolka Galguduud wuxuu ka kooban yahay 8 degmo: *[[Degmada Dhuusamareeb]]. *[[Degmada Ceelbuur]] *[[Degmada Caabudwaaq]] *degmada guriceel *[[Degmada Ceel Garas]] *[[Degmada Cadaado]] . *[[Degmada Xiindheere]] . *[[Galhareeri|Degmada Galhareeri]]. *[[Degmada Bargan]]. *[[Degmada Ceeldheer]] *[[Degmada Wabxo]] ==Xuduudaha== Galguduud waxay xuduud la leedahay Soomaaliya galbeed ama khadka Feerfeer-Dharkayn Geenyo oo galbeed ka xiga, gobolka Mudug ee ay Soomaalidu degto ee waqooyi; Hiiraan iyo Shabeellaha Dhexe oo koonfur ah, barina badweynta Hindiya . ==Tixraac== [http://allafrica.com/stories/201407310912.html "Dowladda Federaalka Soomaaliya Waxay Ansaxisay Maamul Gobolleedka Dhexe"] [http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/121024_Administrative_Map_Galgaduud_A4.pdf "Gobolka Galgaduud"] [https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/weekly-choleraawd-situation-report-somalia-epidemiological-week-32-7-13-august-2023 "Qariidad UN oo muujinaysa degmooyin casri ah"]{{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== [http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/121024_Administrative_Map_Galgaduud_A4.pdf Khariidadda maamulka Galguduud] e9gj8qzqq0v8xykkigrohw65zitye1t 307876 307875 2026-09-13T15:19:39Z Isma4l 41797 Wuxuu dib u noqay badalkii uu sameeyay [[Special:Contributions/~2026-49553-75|~2026-49553-75]] ([[User talk:~2026-49553-75|wadahadal]]) kuna celiyay badalkii ka danbeeyay oo sameeyay [[User:Isma4l|Isma4l]] 294317 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Galguduud<br>غالغدود | native_name = | other_name = Galgudud, Ghelgudud | nickname = | motto = | settlement_type = [[Gobolada Soomaaliya|Gobolka]] | image_skyline = Galguduud in Somalia.svg | imagesize = | image_caption = Galguduud ee Soomaaliya | image_flag = | image_seal = | image_shield = | image_map = |pushpin_map = | mapsize = 160 | map_caption = | subdivision_type = Wadanka | subdivision_name = {{flag|Somalia}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Maamulgoboleedka Soomaaliya|Regional State]] | subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Galmudug}} | seat_type = Caasimada | seat = [[Dhuusamareeb]] | government_type = | leader_title = Gudoomiye | leader_name = | established_title = | established_date = | area_magnitude = | area_total_km2 = 46126 | population_as_of = 2019<ref>{{Cite web |title=Somalia: Subdivision and cities |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/somalia/|access-date=14 February 2024 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref> | population_note = | population_total = 634,300 | population_density_km2 = auto | timezone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | coordinates = | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:SO|SO-GA]]<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:SO | title = ISO 3166 — Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions | publisher = International Organization for Standardization (ISO) | access-date = 3 February 2025}}</ref> | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code = | blank_name_sec2 = [[Tusmada Horumarka Aadanaha|HDI]] (2021) | blank_info_sec2 = 0.279<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=13 September 2018}}</ref><br />{{color|#500|low}} · [[Liiska gobollada Soomaaliya iyadoo loo eegayo Tusmada Horumarinta Aadanaha|17th of 18]] | website = }} Galguduud ([[Af Soomaali|Soomaali]]: Galgaduud , [[Af Carabi|Carabi]]: جلجدود , [[Talyaani]]: Galguduud ama Ghelguduud ) waa ( [[Gobolada Soomaaliya|gobol]]) ka tirsan dowlad goboleedka [[Galmudug]] ee bartamaha [[Soomaaliya]] caasimaddeedu waa Dusmareeb Magaalada ugu weyn ee gobolka waa Ceel Buur , oo dhacda bartamaha gobolka. Galguduud waxaa xuduud la leh Itoobiya ; Gobollada Soomaalida [[Mudug]], Hiiraan , iyo [[Shabeelaha Dhexe]] (Shabeellaha Dhexe); iyo [[Badweynta Hindiya]] . Beesha ugu badan ee dagan gobolkan waa Hawiye gaar ahaan beesha Murusade iyo sidoo kale Habargidir , Gobolka Galguduud iyo Koonfurta Mudug waxay dhisteen Maamulka Galmudug 2016-kii, kaasoo isu haysta inuu yahay maamul ka madax bannaan Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya, sida uu qeexayo Dastuurka kumeelgaarka ah ee Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya . ==Degmooyinka== Gobolka Galguduud wuxuu ka kooban yahay 8 degmo: *[[Degmada Dhuusamareeb]]. *[[Degmada Ceelbuur]] *[[Degmada Caabudwaaq]] *[[Degmada Ceel Garas]] *[[Degmada Cadaado]] . *[[Degmada Xiindheere]] . *[[Galhareeri|Degmada Galhareeri]]. *[[Degmada Bargan]]. *[[Degmada Ceeldheer]] *[[Degmada Wabxo]] ==Xuduudaha== Galguduud waxay xuduud la leedahay Soomaaliya galbeed ama khadka Feerfeer-Dharkayn Geenyo oo galbeed ka xiga, gobolka Mudug ee ay Soomaalidu degto ee waqooyi; Hiiraan iyo Shabeellaha Dhexe oo koonfur ah, barina badweynta Hindiya . ==Tixraac== [http://allafrica.com/stories/201407310912.html "Dowladda Federaalka Soomaaliya Waxay Ansaxisay Maamul Gobolleedka Dhexe"] [http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/121024_Administrative_Map_Galgaduud_A4.pdf "Gobolka Galgaduud"] [https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/weekly-choleraawd-situation-report-somalia-epidemiological-week-32-7-13-august-2023 "Qariidad UN oo muujinaysa degmooyin casri ah"]{{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== [http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/121024_Administrative_Map_Galgaduud_A4.pdf Khariidadda maamulka Galguduud] 1grckyso8n1mklmmjf3oayepd1wpfpl 307877 307876 2026-09-13T15:21:26Z Isma4l 41797 La ilaaliyay "[[Galguduud]]": [[Wikipedia:Khariibaad|Kharribaad]] ([Wax ka badal=​U ogolow kaliya isticmaalayaasha la xaqiijiyay] (aan xad lahayn) [Wareeji=​U ogolow kaliya isticmaalayaasha la xaqiijiyay] (aan xad lahayn)) 294317 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Galguduud<br>غالغدود | native_name = | other_name = Galgudud, Ghelgudud | nickname = | motto = | settlement_type = [[Gobolada Soomaaliya|Gobolka]] | image_skyline = Galguduud in Somalia.svg | imagesize = | image_caption = Galguduud ee Soomaaliya | image_flag = | image_seal = | image_shield = | image_map = |pushpin_map = | mapsize = 160 | map_caption = | subdivision_type = Wadanka | subdivision_name = {{flag|Somalia}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Maamulgoboleedka Soomaaliya|Regional State]] | subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Galmudug}} | seat_type = Caasimada | seat = [[Dhuusamareeb]] | government_type = | leader_title = Gudoomiye | leader_name = | established_title = | established_date = | area_magnitude = | area_total_km2 = 46126 | population_as_of = 2019<ref>{{Cite web |title=Somalia: Subdivision and cities |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/somalia/|access-date=14 February 2024 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref> | population_note = | population_total = 634,300 | population_density_km2 = auto | timezone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | coordinates = | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:SO|SO-GA]]<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:SO | title = ISO 3166 — Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions | publisher = International Organization for Standardization (ISO) | access-date = 3 February 2025}}</ref> | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code = | blank_name_sec2 = [[Tusmada Horumarka Aadanaha|HDI]] (2021) | blank_info_sec2 = 0.279<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=13 September 2018}}</ref><br />{{color|#500|low}} · [[Liiska gobollada Soomaaliya iyadoo loo eegayo Tusmada Horumarinta Aadanaha|17th of 18]] | website = }} Galguduud ([[Af Soomaali|Soomaali]]: Galgaduud , [[Af Carabi|Carabi]]: جلجدود , [[Talyaani]]: Galguduud ama Ghelguduud ) waa ( [[Gobolada Soomaaliya|gobol]]) ka tirsan dowlad goboleedka [[Galmudug]] ee bartamaha [[Soomaaliya]] caasimaddeedu waa Dusmareeb Magaalada ugu weyn ee gobolka waa Ceel Buur , oo dhacda bartamaha gobolka. Galguduud waxaa xuduud la leh Itoobiya ; Gobollada Soomaalida [[Mudug]], Hiiraan , iyo [[Shabeelaha Dhexe]] (Shabeellaha Dhexe); iyo [[Badweynta Hindiya]] . Beesha ugu badan ee dagan gobolkan waa Hawiye gaar ahaan beesha Murusade iyo sidoo kale Habargidir , Gobolka Galguduud iyo Koonfurta Mudug waxay dhisteen Maamulka Galmudug 2016-kii, kaasoo isu haysta inuu yahay maamul ka madax bannaan Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya, sida uu qeexayo Dastuurka kumeelgaarka ah ee Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya . ==Degmooyinka== Gobolka Galguduud wuxuu ka kooban yahay 8 degmo: *[[Degmada Dhuusamareeb]]. *[[Degmada Ceelbuur]] *[[Degmada Caabudwaaq]] *[[Degmada Ceel Garas]] *[[Degmada Cadaado]] . *[[Degmada Xiindheere]] . *[[Galhareeri|Degmada Galhareeri]]. *[[Degmada Bargan]]. *[[Degmada Ceeldheer]] *[[Degmada Wabxo]] ==Xuduudaha== Galguduud waxay xuduud la leedahay Soomaaliya galbeed ama khadka Feerfeer-Dharkayn Geenyo oo galbeed ka xiga, gobolka Mudug ee ay Soomaalidu degto ee waqooyi; Hiiraan iyo Shabeellaha Dhexe oo koonfur ah, barina badweynta Hindiya . ==Tixraac== [http://allafrica.com/stories/201407310912.html "Dowladda Federaalka Soomaaliya Waxay Ansaxisay Maamul Gobolleedka Dhexe"] [http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/121024_Administrative_Map_Galgaduud_A4.pdf "Gobolka Galgaduud"] [https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/weekly-choleraawd-situation-report-somalia-epidemiological-week-32-7-13-august-2023 "Qariidad UN oo muujinaysa degmooyin casri ah"]{{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== [http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/121024_Administrative_Map_Galgaduud_A4.pdf Khariidadda maamulka Galguduud] 1grckyso8n1mklmmjf3oayepd1wpfpl 0 2301 307942 307797 2026-09-14T09:17:47Z Isma4l 41797 /* Ilaha */ sixid yar 307942 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox religion | native_name = {{lang|ar|{{Script|Arab|الإسلام}}}}<br/>{{transliteration|ar|al-Islām}} | image = The Kaaba during Hajj - edited.jpg | caption = [[Kacbada]] ee ku taal [[Masjidka Xaramka]] ee [[Makka]], [[Sacuudi Carabiya]], oo ah [[Holiest sites in islam|goobta Islaamka ee ugu barakeysan]] | type = | main_classification = [[Abrahamic religions|Ibraahimi ah]] | scripture = {{Plainlist| * [[Quraan]] * Sunnada: [[Xadiis]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The saheeh Sunnah is wahy (Revelation) from Allah |url=https://islamqa.info/en/answers/77243/the-saheeh-sunnah-is-wahy-(revelation)-from-allah |website=islamqa.info |access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref> * Tafsiirka: [[Tafsiir]]<ref>Mir, Mustansir. (1995). "Tafsīr". In John L. Esposito. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref> }} | theology = [[Tawhid|Hal ilaah aaminsan]] | law = [[Shareecada]] | philosophy = [[Falsafada Islaamka]] | area = [[Islam by country|Adduunka oo dhan]]<ref name="Global Islam">{{cite report|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2011/01/FutureGlobalMuslimPopulation-WebPDF-Feb10.pdf|title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population|publisher=Pew Research Center|date=27 January 2011}}</ref> | language = [[Classical Arabic|Carabiga Quraanka]] | territory = [[Dunida Islaamka]] | founder = [[Nabi Maxamed al-Quraishi|Maxamed]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Welch |first1=Alford T. |last2=Moussalli |first2=Ahmad S. |last3=Newby |first3=Gordon D. |date=2009 |entry=Muḥammad |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |editor-first=John L. |editor-last=Esposito |publisher=Oxford University Press |entry-url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211050118/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550 |archive-date=11 February 2017 }}</ref> | founded_date = {{circa|610 C.D.}} | founded_place = [[Jabal al-Nour]]<!-- Beginnings are understood to be where Muhammad is said to have received his first ever revelation, which was inside a cave in this mountain --> | number_of_followers = {{est.}} 2 bilyan<ref name="pew2010–2020" /> {{increase}} (oo si gaar ah loogu yeero [[Muslimiin]], halka si wadajir ah loogu yeero {{transliteration|ar|[[Ummah]]}}) | separations = {{Plainlist| * [[Ali-Illahism]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-SQe_sNtIaMC&q=ali%2520illahism&pg=PA216|title=Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon: With Travels in Armenia, Kurdistan and the Desert: Being the Result of a Second Expedition Undertaken for the Trustees of the British Museum|last=Layard|first=Austen Henry|date=2010-08-31|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108016773|page=216|language=en}}</ref> * [[Druze faith]]<ref>{{cite book |title=The Oxford Handbook of American Islam |first=Yvonne |last=Yazbeck Haddad |year=2014 |isbn=9780199862634 |page=142|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> * [[Baháʼí Faith]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Van der Vyer |first=J. D. |year=1996 |title=Religious human rights in global perspective: religious perspectives |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |isbn=90-411-0176-4 |page=449 |url=https://archive.org/details/religioushumanri0000unse |url-access=registration}}</ref> }} }} {{Sidebar with collapsible lists | name = religion sidebar | pretitle = Qayb ka mid ah taxane ku saabsan | pretitlestyle = padding-top:0.8em; | titlestyle = padding-bottom:0.5em; | title = [[Diin]] | listtitlestyle = background:transparent; text-align:center; font-size:100%; | centered list titles = yes | image = [[File:Icon-religion.svg|200px|class=skin-invert]] | imagestyle = padding-bottom:1em; | listclass = hlist | liststyle = padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em; padding-bottom:0.25em; font-size: 11px; | expanded = {{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}} |} | abovestyle = padding:0.5em 2em 0.5em; display:block; background-color: #efefef; | above = {{startflatlist}} * [[Outline of religion|Dulucda]] * [[Index of religion-related articles|Liisaska]] * [[:Category:Religion|Qeybta]] * [[:Category:Indexes of religion topics|Tusaha]] * [[History of religion|Taariikhda diinta]] * [[Portal:Religion|Bogga]] {{endflatlist}} | list1name = religions | list1title = Diimaha | list1titlestyle = padding-top:0.5em; | list1 = {{Sidebar |child |bodystyle={{subsidebar bodystyle}} |navbar=off | heading1 = [[Abrahamic religions|Diimaha Ibraahimiyeed]] | content1style = padding-top:0.2em; | content1 = * [[Judaism|Yuudaanismka]] * [[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]] * [[Islam|Islaamka]] * [[Alawism|Calawiisimka]] * [[Alevism|Alewiisimka]] * [[Azalism|Azaliisimka]]/[[Bábism|Baabiisimka]] * [[Baháʼí Faith|Diinta Bahaa'iga]] * [[Druze Faith|Diinta Duruusta]] * [[Mormonism|Mormooniyadda]] * [[Mandaeism|Mandeiisimka]] * [[Manichaeism|Maniikiisimka]] * [[Rastafari|Rastafariyiinta]] * [[Samaritanism|Samaritaniisimka]] | heading2 = [[Iranian religions|Diimaha Iiraaniga]] | content2style = padding-top:0.2em; | content2 = * [[Yazidism|Yasiidiisimka]] * [[Yarsanism|Yarsaniisimka]] * [[Zoroastrianism|Soroostiriyanka]] | heading3 = [[Indian religions|Diimaha Hindiya]] | content3style = padding-top:0.2em; | content3 = * [[Hinduism|Hinduugga]] * [[Buddhism|Buudhisimka]] * [[Jainism|Jeyniisimka]] * [[Sikhism| Sikhiisimka]] * [[Bon|Yungdrung Bon]] | heading4 = [[East Asian religions|Diimaha Bariga Aasiya]] | content4style = padding-top:0em; | content4 = * [[Taoism|Taowaysimka]] * [[Confucianism|Konfushiyanishka]] * [[Shinto|Shinto]] * [[Tian|Tian]] * [[Shangdi|Shangdi]] * [[Hongjun Laozu|Hongjun Laozu]] }} | list2name = schools | list2title = Dugsiyada Fikirka | list2titlestyle = border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em; | list2 = * [[Acosmism|Aakosmisimka]] * [[Agnosticism|Agnostisismka]] * [[Animism|Animisimka]] * [[Antireligion|Diin-diidka]] * [[Apatheism|Apatheisimka]] * [[Atheism|Aqoonsi la'aanta Ilaah / Ateyismka]] * [[Creationism|Abuuristaaniyadda]] * [[Dharma|Dharmismka]] * [[Deism|Deiisimka]] * [[Divine command theory|Aragt Dardaaran Ilaahay]] * [[Dualism in cosmology|Labo-jirnimada]] * [[Western esotericism|Sir-doonka Reer Galbeedka]] * [[Elite religion|Diinta dadka sare]] * [[Exclusivism|Gaar-yeelidda]] * [[Existentialism|Jiritaaniyadda]] ** [[Atheistic existentialism|ateyste]] ** [[Christian existentialism|masiixi]] * [[Feminist theology|Falsafada dumarka]] * [[Fideism|Caqiido-ku-tiirsiga]] * [[Folk religion|Diinta dadweynaha]] * [[Fundamentalism|Aasaas-ku-dhagidda]] * [[Gnosticism|Gnostisismka]] * [[Henotheism|Henotheiisimka]] * [[Hermeticism|Hermetiisimka]] * [[Humanism|Aadmiga-jecleyska]] ** [[Christian humanism|masiixi]] ** [[Religious humanism|diimeed]] ** [[Secular humanism|cilmiyeed]] * [[Ietsism|Ietsismka]] * [[Theological noncognitivism|Ignostisismka]] * [[Inclusivism|Wadajir-yeelidda]] * [[Kathenotheism|Kathenotheiisimka]] * [[Lived religion|Diinta la nool yahay]] * [[Monism|Kow-jirnimada]] * [[Monotheism|Kkudnimada Alle]] * [[Mysticism|Suufiyadda / Sir-raadinta]] * [[Naturalism (philosophy)|Dabiiciyadda]] ** [[Humanistic naturalism|aadmiga]] ** [[Metaphysical naturalism|milyawiga]] ** [[Religious naturalism|diimeed]] * [[New Age|Cаманkii Cusub]] * [[Nonduality (spirituality)|Laba-mid-la'aanta]] * [[Nontheism|Ilaah-la'aanta]] * [[Omnism|Omnisimka]] * [[Pandeism|Pandeiisimka]] * [[Panentheism|Panenteiisimka]] * [[Pantheism|Panteiisimka]] * [[Perennial philosophy|Falsafadda weligeed ah]] * [[Polytheism|Shirkiga / Ilaahyo badan]] * [[Process theology|Falsafadda socodka]] * [[Shendao shejiao|Shendao shejiao]] * [[Spiritualism (beliefs)|Rux-raadinta]] * [[Shamanism|Shaamanismka]] * [[East Asian religions|Taowayga]] * [[Theism|Ilaah-rumaynta]] * [[Transcendentalism|Sare-u-kacaaniyadda]] * [[Transtheism|Transtheiisimka]] * [[Unitarianism|Mowqifka kow-jirka]] | list3name = concepts | list3title = Fikradaha | list3titlestyle = border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em; | list3 = * [[Afterlife|Aakhiro]] * [[Anthropopathism|Sifaadka bini'aadmiga ee Ilaah]] * [[Apophatic theology|Apophatismka]] * [[Aseity|Iskii-jitaanshaha]] * [[Religious belief|Aaminsanaanta Diinta]] * [[Brahman|Brahman]] * [[Cataphatic theology|Cataphatismka]] * [[Cult|Kooxda diimeed]] * [[Demiurge|Demiurge]] * [[Divine simplicity|Fududeynta Ilaahay]] * [[Eschatology|Qiyaamaha iyo Aakhiro]] * [[Enlightenment in Buddhism|Iftiintinka]] * [[Eternity#God and eternity|Weligiis-jitaanshaha]] * [[Euthyphro dilemma|Muran-weydiintii Euthyphro]] * [[Existence of God|Jiritaanka Ilaahay]] * [[Faith|Iimaan]] * [[Form of the Good|Qaabka Wanaagga]] * [[Gender of God|Jinsiga Ilaahay]] * [[Gnosis|Gnosis]] * [[Holy Spirit|Ruuxa Quduuska ah]] * [[Intelligent design|Naqshadda caqli-gal ah]] * [[Moksha|Xorreynta]] * [[Misotheism|Ilaah-nacaybka]] * [[Miracle|Mucjiso]] * [[Names of God|Magacyada Ilaahay]] * [[New religious movement|Dhaqdhaqaaqa diimeed ee cusub]] * [[Omnibenevolence|Naxariista-buuxda]] * [[Omnipotence|Awoodda-oo-dhan]] * [[Omnipresence|Meel-kasta-joogidda]] * [[Omniscience|Cilmiga-oo-dhan]] * [[Pandeism|Pandeistiga]] * [[Personal god|Ilaah shakhsi ah]] * [[Prayer|Dugsi / Baryo]] * [[Problem of evil|Dhibaatada xumaanta]] * [[Process theology|Falsafadda socodka]] * [[Belief#Religion|Aaminsanaanta diimeed]] * [[Problem of religious language|Luqadda diinta]] * [[Reincarnation|Soo-noqoshada nolosha (Reincarnation)]] * [[Faith|Iimaanka diimeed]] * [[Revelation|Waxyi]] * [[Religious text|Qoraallada diinta]] * [[Soul|Nafta]] * [[Summum bonum|Wanaagga ugu sarreeya]] * [[Tawhid|Kkudnimada Alle]] * [[Theological veto|Diidmada diinta]] * [[Transcendence (religion)|Sare-u-baxa diimeed]] * [[Trinity|Saddex-midnimada]] * [[Creator deity|Ugu sarreeyaha / Abuuraha]] * [[Unmoved mover|Dhaqaajiye aan la dhaqaajin]] * [[Vitalism|Ruuxda nolosha]] * [[Worship|Caabudaad]] | list4name = figures | list4title = Hoggaamiyeyaasha Aasaasaya | list4titlestyle = border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em; | list4= *[[Ciise]] ([[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]]) *[[Maxamed]] ([[Islam|Islaamka]]) *[[Ibraahim]] ([[Judaism|Yuudaanismka]]) *[[Siddhartha Gautama]] ([[Buddhism|Buudhisimka]]) *[[Guru Nanak]] ([[Sikhism|Sikhiisimka]]) *[[Mahavira]] ([[Jainism|Jeyniisimka]]) *[[Zoroaster]] ([[Zoroastrianism|Soroostiriyanka]]) *[[Hamza ibn Ali]] ([[Druze|Duruusta]]) *[[Laozi]] ([[Taoism|Taowayga]]) *[[Confucius]] ([[Confucianism|Konfushiyanishka]]) * [[Baháʼu'lláh]] ([[Baháʼí Faith|Diinta Bahaa'iga]]) | belowclass = plainlist | belowstyle = text-align:center;font-weight:normal; padding:1em 1em 1em; | below = Kani waa [[:Category:Philosophy and thinking sidebar templates|farac]] ka mid ah [[philosophy|falsafadda]]. Si aad u baarto mowduucyada la xiriira, fadlan booqo [[:Category:Religion_and_belief_navigational_boxes|hage-tusaha]]. }} '''Islaamku'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|z|l|ɑː|m|,_|ˈ|ɪ|z|l|æ|m}} {{respell|IZ|la(h)m}};<ref>{{cite Cambridge Dictionaries |Islam}}</ref> {{langx|ar|{{Script|Arab|الإسلام|al-Islām}}|al-Islām}}, {{IPA|ar|alʔisˈlaːm|IPA}}, {{lit|hordhaca [ee la xiriira [[ogaanshaha doonista Ilaahay]]]}}}} waa diin [[Abrahamic|Ibraahimi ah]] oo ku saleysan [[Quraan|Quraanka]] iyo [[Sunnah|barashada]] [[Nabi Maxamed al-Quraishi|Nabi Maxamed]]. Diintan [[monotheistic|kelinimada Alle]] waxay leedahay qiyaastii [[Islam by country|2 bilyan oo raacsan adduunka oo dhan]], oo lagu magacaabo [[Muslims|Muslimiin]]. Islaamku waa [[Major religious groups|diinta labaad ee ugu weyn adduunka]], marka laga reebo [[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]]. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin inay jirto [[Fitra|iimaan asal ah]] oo la soo waxyooday marar badan iyadoo la sii marinayo [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|rusul iyo nabiyo hore]], oo ay ku jiraan [[Adam in Islam|Aadam]], [[Noah in Islam|Nux]], [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Muuse]], iyo [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]], waxayna rumeysan yihiin in Islaamku yahay nooca caalamiga ah ee dhameystiran ee [[faith|iimaankan]]. Muslimiintu waxay u arkaan Quraanka inuu yahay hadalka dhabta ah ee [[God in Islam|Ilaahay]] iyo waxyigii ugu dambeeyay ee aan wax laga beddelin. Dhinaca Quraanka, Muslimiintu waxay sidoo kale rumeysan yihiin [[Islamic holy books|kutubtii hore ee la soo waxyooday]], sida [[Torah in Islam|''Towraad'']] ([[Torah]]), ''[[Psalms in Islam|Sabuur]]'' ([[Psalms]]), iyo [[Gospel in Islam|''Injiil'']] ([[Gospel]]). Waxay rumeysan yihiin in [[Muhammad in Islam|Maxamed]] yahay [[Seal of the Prophets|nabiga ugu weyn uguna dambeeya]] ee [[God|Ilaahay]], kaasoo diinta la soo dhameystiray, oo aan ka dib imanayn nabigii cusub ama sharcigii samada ahayn. Barashada iyo tusaalooyinka caadiga ah ee Maxamed, oo loogu yeero [[Sunnah]], oo lagu diiwaangeliyay xaqiiqooyin loogu yeero [[Hadith|Xadiis]], ayaa bixiya tusaale dastuuri ah oo loogu talagalay Muslimiinta. Islaamku wuxuu ku saleysan yahay rumaysashada kow-nimada iyo kelinimada Ilaahay ({{Transliteration|ar|[[tawhid]]}}), iyo rumaysashada [[afterlife|aakhiro]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[akhirah]]}}) oo ay ku jirto [[Judgement Day in Islam|Maalinta Qiyaame]]—halkaas oo kuwa suubban lagu abaalmarin doono jannada ({{Transliteration|ar|[[jannah]]}}) kuwa xunneydna lagu ciqaabi doono naarta ({{Transliteration|ar|[[jahannam]]}}). [[Five Pillars of Islam|Shanta Arкан ee Islaamka]], oo loo arko inay yihiin cibaadooyin [[Fard|waajib ah]], waa shahaadada diinta ({{Transliteration|ar|[[shahada]]}}), salaadaha maalinlaha ah ({{Transliteration|ar|[[salah]]}}), sakada ({{Transliteration|ar|[[zakat]]}}), soonka bisha [[Ramadan]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[sawm]]}}), iyo [[pilgrimage|xajka]] loo aado [[Mecca|Makka]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[hajj]]}}). Sharciga Islaamka ({{Transliteration|ar|[[sharia]]}}), wuxuu taabanayaa ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan dhinacyada nolosha, laga bilaabo [[Islamic banking and finance|bangiyada iyo maaliyadda]] iyo [[Zakat|gar-gaarka]] ilaa [[Gender roles in Islam|doorka ragga]] iyo [[Women in Islam|doorka dumarka]] iyo [[Islamic ethics#Environmentalism|deegaanka]]. Labada [[Islamic holidays|ci둡 diimeed]] ee ugu waaweyn waa Ciidul Fitri iyo Ciidul Adxa. Saddexda [[holiest sites in Islam|goobood ee ugu barakeysan]] waa [[Masjid al-Haram|Masjidka Xaramka]] ee [[Mecca|Makka]], [[Prophet's Mosque|Masjidka Nabiga]] ee [[Medina|Madiina]], iyo [[Al-Aqsa|Dhismaha Masjidka Al-Aqsa]] ee [[Jerusalem|Quddus]]. Islaamku wuxuu ka soo aasaasay Makka qiyaastii 610 C.D. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in tani ay tahay xilligii [[Muhammad's first revelation|Maxamed uu helay waxyigiisii ugu horreeyay]]. Waqtigii uu geeriyooday, inta badan [[Arabian Peninsula|Jaziiradda Carabta]] way [[Conversion to Islam|isu rogtay Islaamka]]. Islaamku wuxuu si dhakhso ah ugu fiday wixii ka dambeeyay Carabta iyadoo hoos imaneysa [[Rashidun Caliphate|Khulaafadii Raashidiyiinta]] iyo [[Umayyad Caliphate|Khulaafadii Umawiyiinta]]. Labada [[Islamic schools and branches|laamood ee ugu waaweyn Islaamka]] waa [[Sunni Islam|Sunniyada]] (87–90%) iyo [[Shia Islam|Shiicada]] (10–13%).{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=1|ps=. "Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims."}} Muslimiinta Sunniga iyo Shiicada ah ayaa wada noqda ku dhawaad ​​guud ahaan dadweynaha Muslimka ah ee adduunka, iyadoo qiyaasuhu ka bilaabmaan qiyaastii 1.7–1.8 bilyan oo Sunni ah ilaa 285–300 milyan oo Shiico ah adduunka oo dhan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=|first=|date=2009-10-07|title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/|access-date=2026-09-01|website=Pew Research Center|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Shia Muslim Population – Islamic Research and Information Center (IRIC)|url=https://iric.org/world-shia-muslim-population/|access-date=2026-09-01|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Project on Shi’ism and Global Affairs|url=https://shiism.hds.harvard.edu/|url-status=live|website=Harvard University}}</ref> Inkasta oo [[Shia–Sunni relations|khilaafka Shiicada iyo Sunniga]] uu asal ahaan ka soo bilowday is-afgaranwaa ku saabsan [[succession to Muhammad|dhaxalkii Maxamed]], waxay kor u qaadeen cabbir ballaaran, labada [[Schools of Islamic theology|dhinaca caqiidada]] iyo [[Fiqh|fiqhigaa]]. Ururinta xadiiska suuban ee Sunniga waxay ka kooban tahay [[Kutub al-Sittah|Lixda Kitaab]], halka ururinta xadiiska Shiicada ay ka kooban tahay [[The Four Books|Afrta Kitaab]]. Muslimiintu waxay ka yihiin inta badan dadweynaha 53 dal.<ref name="pew2010–2020">{{cite web |date=June 9, 2025 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020. Muslims grew fastest; Christians lagged behind global population increase |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]}} *{{cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett |author2=Marcin Stonawski |author3=Yunping Tong |author4=Stephanie Kramer |author5=Anne Shi |author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf |access-date=2025-06-10 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Qiyaastii 12% Muslimiinta adduunka waxay ku nool yihiin [[Islam in Indonesia|Indoonisiya]], oo ah dalka ugu dadka badan ee Muslimiinta ah; {{#expr: 100 * 480/1570 round 0}}% waxay ku nool yihiin [[Islam in South Asia|Kooniyada Aasiya]]; 20% waxay ku nool yihiin [[MENA#Religion|Bariga Dhexe iyo Waqooyiga Afrika]]; iyo 15% waxay ku nool yihiin [[Religion in Sub-Saharan Africa|Afrika ka hooseysa Saharada]]. Muslimiinta sidoo kale waxaa laga helaa [[Islam in the Americas|Ameerikaanka]], [[Islam in China|Shiinaha]], iyo [[Islam in Europe|Yurub]]. Muslimiintu waa [[Muslim population growth|kooxda diimeed ee ugu koraysa adduunka]], taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay [[fertility rate| heerka dhalmada oo sarreeya]] iyo qaab-dhismeedka da'da yar marka loo eego diimaha diimaha kale ee waaweyn.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lipka |first=Michael |last2=Hackett |first2=Conrad |date=2017-04-06 |title=Why Muslims are the world’s fastest-growing religious group |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |access-date=2026-09-01 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> Islaamka waxaa la saadaalinayaa inuu noqdo diinta ugu weyn adduunka dhammaadka qarniga 21-aad, isagoo ka sarre marinaya Masiixiyadda.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lipka |first1=Michael |last2=Hackett |first2=Conrad |date=April 6, 2017 |title=Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US |archive-date=14 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514123559/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="pew2015">{{cite report |author=[[Pew Forum|The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life]] |title=The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010–2050 |url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211090450/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf |archive-date=2020-12-11 |date=2015-04-02 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref><!--Do NOT add citations to the lead, except for material likely to be challenged, per [[MOS:LEADCITE]] ([[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section#Citations)]]. Move unneeded citations to the body.--> == Asalka ereyga{{anchor|Etymology}}<!-- Linked from many articles. If changing the section title, please let this anchor remain unchanged -->== {{See also|Muslims#Etymology}} Luqadda Carabiga, ''Islaam'' ({{langx|ar|إسلام|lit=hordhaca [ee la xiriira Ilaahay]}})<ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of Islam {{!}} Dictionary.com |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=www.dictionary.com |language=en |archive-date=9 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509110220/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Haywood |first=John |title=Historical Atlas of the Medieval World (AD 600 - 1492) |publisher=Barnes & Noble, Inc. |year=2002 |isbn=0-7607-1975-6 |edition=1st |location=Spain |pages=3.13 |language=en}}</ref> waa magaca fal-galeedka [[wikt:أسلم#Arabic|Foomka IV]] ee ka soo jeeda falka {{lang|ar|سلم}} ({{transliteration|ar|salama}}), ka soo jeeda [[Semitic root|xididka saddex-xarafle ah]] {{lang|ar|س-ل-م}} ({{transliteration|ar|[[Š-L-M|S-L-M]]}}), kaas oo sameeya fasal weyn oo erayo ah oo badankood la xiriira fikradaha dhiibin-hoosaadka, badbaadada, iyo nabadgelyada.<ref name="Lane-Lexicon-4">{{cite book |last=Lane |first=Edward William |author-link=Edward William Lane |title=An Arabic-English Lexicon |volume=4 |chapter=Siin |url=http://www.studyquran.co.uk/20_SIIN.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907230044/http://www.studyquran.co.uk/20_SIIN.htm |archive-date=2011-09-07 |via=[[The Study Quran|StudyQuran]] |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> Macnaha diimeed, waxay tilmaamaysaa u dhiibashada buuxda ee doonista [[God|Ilaahay]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=Barnard |last2=Churchill |first2=Buntzie Ellis |url=https://archive.org/details/islamreligionpeo00lewi |title=Islam: The Religion and The People |publisher=Wharton School Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-13-223085-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/islamreligionpeo00lewi/page/8 8]}}</ref> Ereyga ''[[Muslims|Muslim]]'' ({{lang|ar|مُسْلِم}}), oo ah erayga loogu talagalay qofka raaca Islaamka,<ref name="Lexico-Muslim">{{cite dictionary |title=Muslim |url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/muslim |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913192608/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/muslim |archive-date=2019-09-13 |dictionary=[[Lexico]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2020 |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en-GB }} {{Wayback|url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/muslim |date=20190913192608 }}</ref> waa [[Participle|falka firfircoon]] ee isla nooca falka, oo macneheedu yahay "dhiibtiye (Ilaahay)" ama "qof u hoggaansamaya (Ilaahay)". Si kastaba ha ahaatee, khabiirka [[Quranic studies|barashada Quraanka]] [[Mohsen Goudarzi]] wuxuu ku dooday in Quraanka ereyga ''[[dīn]]'' uu ka dhigan yahay "[[worship|cibaado]]", ''islām'' uu ka dhigan yahay "[[monotheism|kwdnimada]]" iyo ''muslim'' uu ka dhigan yahay "muwaahid / qof kelinimada Alle rumeeyay".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudarzi |first=Mohsen |date=2023-08-01 |title=Worship (dīn), Monotheism (islām), and the Qurʾān's Cultic Decalogue |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006/html |journal=Journal of the International Qur'anic Studies Association |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=30–71 |doi=10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006 |issn=2474-8420|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Gudaha [[Hadith of Gabriel|Xadiiska Jibriil]], ''Islaam'' waxaa lagu soo bandhigay inuu yahay hal qayb oo ka mid ah saddaxleey oo ay ku jirto {{transliteration|ar|[[Iman (Islam)|imān]]}} (iimaan), iyo {{transliteration|ar|[[Ihsan|ihsān]]}} (fududeyn / ixsaan).{{sfnp|Esposito|2000|pp=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00john/page/76 76–77]}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahmutćehajić |first=Rusmir |url=https://archive.org/details/mosqueheartsubmi00mahm |title=The mosque: the heart of submission |publisher=[[Fordham University Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8232-2584-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/mosqueheartsubmi00mahm/page/n104 84] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Islaamka laftiisa ayaa taariikh ahaan loogu yeeri jiray [[Mohammedan|''Mohammedanism'' (Maxamediyad)]] gudaha [[English-speaking world|dunida Ingiriiska ku hadasha]]. Eraygan wuxuu ka baxay isticmaalka waxaana mararka qaarkood la sheegaa inuu yahay [[Religious offence|dhaawac diimeed]], maadaama uu tilmaamayo in bini'aadam, halkii uu ka noqon lahaa Ilaahay, uu yahay kan udub-dhexaadka u ah diinta Muslimiinta.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Oxford University Press| last = Gibb| first = Sir Hamilton| title = Mohammedanism: an historical survey|isbn=9780195002454| year = 1969| page=1 | quote=Modern Muslims dislike the terms Mohammedan and Mohammedanism, which seem to them to carry the implication of worship of Mohammed, as Christian and Christianity imply the worship of Christ.}}</ref> == Tiirarka iimaanka == {{Main|Aqidah|Iman (Islam)|l2 = Iman}} [[caqiidada]] Islaamku (''[[aqidah]]'') waxay u baahan tahay rumaysashada lix tiir: Ilaahay, malaa'igta, waxyiga, nabiyada, [[Day of Resurrection|Maalinta Qiyaamaha]], iyo qadarinta masiirka.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sourcebook of the World's Religions: An Interfaith Guide to Religion and Spirituality|publisher=New World Library|pages=68–9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbSPOoQfu0IC&pg=PA68|editor-first=Joel|editor-last=Beversluis|year=2011|isbn=9781577313328|access-date=15 January 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228022948/https://books.google.com/books?id=dbSPOoQfu0IC&pg=PA68#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> === Ilaahay === [[File:Istanbul,_Hagia_Sophia,_Allah.jpg|thumb|[[calligraphy|Qoraal gacmeedka]] qarnigii 19-aad oo muujinaya magaca [[Allah|Alle]] ee ku yaal [[Hagia Sophia]], [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]].]] {{Main|God in Islam}} Fikradda udub-dhexaadka u ah Islaamka waa ''[[Tawhid|tawḥīd]]'' ({{langx|ar|توحيد|link=no}}), oo ah kelinimada Ilaahay. Badanaa waxaa loo arkaa inay tahay ''monotheism sax ah'', laakiin sidoo kale waa [[panentheism|panentheistic]] ku dhex leh barashada suufiga Islaamka.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/tawhid |title=Tawhid |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107041300/https://www.britannica.com/topic/tawhid |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Gimaret|first=D.|year=2012|c=Tawḥīd |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7454}}</ref> Ilaahay waxaa loo arkaa mid aan la barbar dhigi karin oo aan lahayn tiro dad ah sida ku jirta [[Christian Trinity|Saddex-midnimada Masiixiga]], oo tiro u nisbeynta Ilaahay ama sifooyinka Ilaahay oo loo nisbeeyo dad kale waxaa loo arkaa shirk, oo lagu magacaabo [[Shirk (Islam)|''shirk'']]. Sidaas darteed, Muslimiintu ma aha [[iconodule]]s mana u nisbeeyaan qaabab Ilaahay. Ilaahay halkaas waxaa lagu sifeeyaa oo loogu yeeraa dhowr [[Names of God in Islam|magac ama sifooyin]], kan ugu caansan waa ''Ar-Rahmān'' ({{lang|ar|الرحمان}}) oo macneheedu yahay "Naxariis-guud", iyo ''Ar-Rahīm'' ({{lang|ar|الرحيم}}) oo macneheedu yahay "Naxariis-gaar ah" kuwaas oo laga baryo bilowga inta badan Suuradaha Quraanka.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ali |first1=Kecia |title=Islam : the key concepts |date=2008 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |last2=Leaman |first2=Oliver |isbn=978-0-415-39638-7 |location=London |oclc=123136939}}</ref>{{sfnp|Campo|2009|p=34|loc="Allah"}} Magaca tooska ah ee Carabiga ee Ilaahay, ''[[Allāh]]'' (الله), oo ah eray aan lahayn [[plural|wadar]] ama [[gender|jinsi]], ayaa sidoo kale si caadi ah loogu isticmaalaa luqadaha kale ee Muslimiinta iyo Masiixiyiinta iyo Yuhuuda Carabiga ku hadla si ay ugu tixraacaan Ilaahay, halka ''{{transliteration|ar|ISO|[[ʾilāh]]}}'' ({{lang|ar|إله}}) uu yahay eray loo isticmaalo ilaah ama ilaah guud ahaan.<ref>{{cite web |title=God |url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |access-date=18 December 2010 |website=Islam: Empire of Faith |publisher=[[PBS]] |archive-date=27 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327034958/http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Islaamku wuxuu barayaa in abuurista wax kasta oo ku jira [[universe|caalamka]] la keenay iyada oo la raacayo amarka Ilaahay sida lagu muujiyay erayada, "[[Be, and it is|Aabo, oo wuu noqdaa]],"<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|2|117|b=yl}}</ref> iyo in [[Meaning of life|ujeeddada jiritaanka]] ay tahay in la caabudo Ilaahay.<ref>Leeming, David. 2005. ''The Oxford Companion to World Mythology''. Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-195-15669-0}}. p. 209.</ref> Waxaa loo arkaa ilaah shakhsi ah oo wax dhexdhexaadin ah, sida [[clergy|wadaaddada]], looma baahna si loo gaaro xiriir lala yeesho Ilaahay. Wacyigelinta Ilaahay waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[taqwa]]. === Qoraallada Quduuska ah === {{Main|Kutubta quduuska ah ee Islaamka | Qur'aanka|Wahy}} {{See also|Taariikhda Qur'aanka}}[[File:Birmingham Quran manuscript full.jpg|thumb|Labo bogos oo ka mid ah qoraal-gacmeedka Quraanka Birmingham, oo lagu qoray farta Xijaasiga ah ee maqaarka xoolaha taariikhdooduna ay ku beegantahay 568–645 C.D., oo ku beegan xilligii Nabi Maxamed noolaa.]] Qoraalka quduska ah ee ugu sarreeya Islaamka waa Quraanka. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in aayaadka Quraanka ay Alle u soo waxyooday Nabi Maxamed, oo uu u soo wakiishay malagii Jibriil, marar badan intii u dhaxaysay 610 C.D.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Watt |first=William Montgomery |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC&pg=PA5 |title=Islam and the Integration of Society |date=2003 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-17587-6 |pages=5 |access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref> iyo 632, oo ah sannadkii uu geeriyooday Nabi Maxamed.{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=17–18, 21}} Intii uu noolaa Nabi Maxamed, waxyiyadan waxaa qoray saxaradiisa, inkastoo habka ugu muhiimsan ee loo gudbin jiray uu ahaa afka oo lagu barto xifdi ahaan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Al Faruqi |first1=Lois Ibsen |author-link=Lois Lamya al-Faruqi |year=1987 |title=The Cantillation of the Qur'an |journal=Asian Music |issue=Autumn – Winter 1987 |pages=3–4}}</ref> Quraanku wuxuu ka kooban yahay 114 suuradood oo ay ku jiraan wadarta guud ee 6,236 aayadood. Suuradaha hore ee soo degay, ee ku soo degay Maka, waxay inta badan khuseeyaan arrimaha diiniga ah, halka suuradaha dambe ee Madiina ay ka hadlayaan arrimaha bulshada iyo sharciga ah ee khuseeya bulshada Muslimka ah.[[File:Quran rzabasi1.JPG|thumb|Qoraal-gacmeed Quraan ah oo qarnigii 9-aad ah oo saaran rihaal, kaas oo ah taageerada buugga ee qoraalka quduska ah, oo lagu hayo Matxafka Reza Abbasi ee ku yaalla Tehraan, Iran.]] Sharci-yaqaanada Islaamku waxay la tashadaan Xadiiska, ama diiwaanka qoran ee nolosha Nabi Maxamed, si ay u kaalmeeyaan Quraanka una caawiyaan fasiraadiisa. Sayniska faallooyinka Quraanka iyo tafsiirka waxaa loo yaqaanaa tafsiir.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/tafsir |title=Tafsīr |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=79–81}} Marka laga reebo muhiimaddiisa diiniga ah, Quraanka waxaa si weyn loogu tixgeliyaa inuu yahay shaqada ugu fiican ee suugaanta Carabiga,<ref>{{cite book|first=Alan|last=Jones|location=London|publisher=Charles E. Tuttle Company|year=1994|page=1|title=The Koran|quote="Its outstanding literary merit should also be noted: it is by far, the finest work of Arabic prose in existence."|isbn=1842126091}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Arthur|last=Arberry|title=The Koran Interpreted|location=London|publisher=Allen & Unwin|year=1956|quote="It may be affirmed that within the literature of the Arabs, wide and fecund as it is both in poetry and in elevated prose, there is nothing to compare with it."|page=191|isbn=0684825074}}</ref> wuxuuna saameeyay fanka iyo afka Carabiga.<ref>Kadi, Wadad, and Mustansir Mir. "Literature and the Quran." In ''Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an'' 3. pp. 213, 216.</ref> Islaamku sidoo kale wuxuu qabaa in Alle uu soo diray waxyiyo, oo la yiraahdo waxyi, oo loo soo diray nabiyo kala duwan marar badan taariikhda dhexdeeda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Islaamku wuxuu barayaa in qaybo ka mid ah qoraalladii hore ee la soo waxyooday, sida Tawraat (Tawraad) iyo Injiil (Injiil), ay noqdeen kuwo la leexiyay—ha ahaato dhinaca fasiraadda, qoraalka, ama labadaba,<ref name="harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5">{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5}}</ref><ref name="harvp|Peters|2003|p=9">{{harvp|Peters|2003|p=9}}</ref><ref name="610CE">{{harvc|c=Muhammad|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|last2=Welch|first2=A.T.|last1=Buhl|first1=F.}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Tahrif |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d. |author=Hava Lazarus-Yafeh}}</ref> halka Quraanku (Akhris) loo arko erayga ugu dambeeya ee Alle oo aan wax beddel ah lahayn.<ref name="Ringgren">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ringgren |first=Helmer |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Quran |title=Qurʾān |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription}} "The word ''Quran'' was invented and first used in the Quran itself. There are two different theories about this term and its formation."</ref><ref>{{harvp|Teece|2003|pp=12–13}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Turner|2006|p=42}}</ref>{{sfnp|Bennett|2010|p=101}} === Malaa'igta === [[File:Rashid al-Din Tabib - Jami al-Tawarikh, f.45v detail - c. 1306-15.png|thumb|Maxamed oo helaya [[Muhammad's first revelation|waxyigiisii ugu horreeyay]] oo uga imaanaya malaa'igta [[Gabriel]], oo ka socda qoraal gacmeedka [[Jami' al-tawarikh|Jami' al-Tawarikh]] ee uu qoray [[Rashid al-Din Hamadani|Rashid-al-Din Hamadani]], lagu daabacay [[Tabriz]], [[Iran]], 1307 C.D.]] {{Main|Angels in Islam}} Malaa'igta (keligood: {{langx|ar|ملك|link=no}}, ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|malak}}'') waa makhluuqaad lagu sifeeyay Quraanka{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=23}} iyo xadiiska.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=79}} Waxaa lagu sifeeyay inay u abuuran yihiin inay caabudaan Ilaahay iyo inay sidoo kale ka shaqeeyaan waajibaadyo kale oo gaar ah sida gudbinta [[revelation|waxyiga]] ee ka yimid Ilaahay, diiwaangelinta ficilada qof kasta, iyo qaadashada [[soul|nafta]] qofka waqtiga dhimashada. Waxaa lagu sifeeyay inay si kala duwan uga abuurmeen 'iftiin' ([[Nūr (Islam)|''nūr'']])<ref name="Encyclopedia-Nur">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Nūr |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/nur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423085030/https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/nur |archive-date=2022-04-23 |encyclopedia=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |via=[[Encyclopedia.com]] |language=en |access-date=2026-03-20}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|last1=Hartner, W.|last2=Tj Boer |year=2012 |c=Nūr |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0874}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Elias |first=Jamal J. |year=2003|c=Light |in=McAuliffe}} {{doi|10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00261}}</ref> ama 'dab' (''nār'').<ref>{{harvc |last=Campo |first=Juan E. |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/nar |c=Nar |in=Martin |year=2004}}. – via [[Encyclopedia.com]].</ref><ref>{{harvc|last=Fahd, T. |year=2012 |c=Nār |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0846}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Toelle |first=Heidi |year=2002 |c=Fire |in=McAuliffe}} {{doi|10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00156}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|McAuliffe|2003|p=45}}</ref> Malaa'igta Islaamka waxaa badanaa lagu matalaa [[Anthropomorphism|qaabab bini'aadamnimo]] oo ay ku jiraan sawirro [[supernatural|cajiib ah]], sida baalal, oo ah kuwa aad u waaweyn ama xidhan dhar janno.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|pp=97–99}}<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=26–28}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Webb |first=Gisela |c=Angel |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|last1=MacDonald, D. B.|last2=Madelung, W. |year=2012 |c=Malāʾika |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}}{{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0642}}</ref> Sifooyinka caadiga ah ee malaa'igta waxaa ka mid ah inaysan lahayn baahiyo jir iyo rabitaanno, sida cunidda iyo cabidda.{{sfnp|Çakmak|2017|p=140}} Qaarkood, sida [[Gabriel|Jibriil]] iyo [[Michael (archangel)|Miikaa'il]], ayaa magacyadooda lagu xusay Quraanka. Malaa'igtu waxay door muhiim ah ka ciyaaraan suugaanta ku saabsan [[Isra and Mi'raj|Mi'raajka]], halkaas oo Maxamed uu kula kulmo dhowr malaa'igood intii uu ku jirsaday safarkiisa samada.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=79}} Malaa'ig dheeraad ah ayaa badanaa lagu muujiyay [[Islamic eschatology|qiyaamaha]], [[Kalam|cilmiga kalaamka]] iyo [[Islamic philosophy|falsafada Islaamka]].{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=22}} === Kitaabyada === [[File:Quran rzabasi1.JPG|thumb|Qoraal gacmeed [[Quran|Quraan]] ah oo qarnigii 9-aad ah oo saaran [[Rehal (book rest)|rehal]], oo ah kursiga kitaabka qudduuska ah, oo lagu hayo [[Reza Abbasi Museum]] ee [[Tehran]], [[Iran]].]] {{Main|Islamic holy books|Quran|Wahy}} {{See also|History of the Quran}} Kitaabka quduuska ah ee ugu sarreeya Islaamka waa [[Quran|Quraanka]]. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in aayaadka Quraanka uu Maxamed u soo waxyooday Ilaahay, iyada oo la sii marinayo [[archangel|malaa'igta]] Jibriil, marar badan inta u dhaxaysa 610 C.D.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Watt |first=William Montgomery |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC&pg=PA5 |title=Islam and the Integration of Society |date=2003 |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |isbn=978-0-415-17587-6 |pages=5 |access-date=15 June 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228022949/https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo 632, sanadkii uu geeriyooday Maxamed.{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=17–18, 21}} Intii uu Maxamed noolaa, waxyiyadan waxaa qoray [[Muhammad's companions|saxaabtiisa]], inkastoo habka ugu muhiimsan ee gudbinta uu ahaa af ahaan iyada oo la adeegsanayo [[Hafiz (Quran)|xifdinta]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Al Faruqi |first1=Lois Ibsen |author-link=Lois Lamya al-Faruqi |year=1987 |title=The Cantillation of the Qur'an |journal=[[Society for Asian Music|Asian Music]] |issue=Autumn – Winter 1987 |pages=3–4}}</ref> Quraanku wuxuu u qaybsamaa 114 suuradood (''[[sūrah]]'') oo ka kooban wadarta guud ee 6,236 aayadood (''[[ayah|āyāt]]''). Suuradaha hore ee taariikh ahaan, ee lagaga soo waxyooday [[Mecca|Makka]], waxay inta badan khuseeyaan arrimaha ruuxiga ah, halka suuradaha dambe ee [[Medina|Madiina]] ay ka hadlaan arrimo bulsho iyo sharci oo khuseeya bulshada Muslimka ah. Qareennada Muslimiintu waxay la tashadaan xadiiska ('warka'), ama diiwaanka qoran ee nolosha Maxamed, si ay labadaba u taageeraan Quraanka oo ay uga caawiyaan tafsiirkiisa. Sayniska faallooyinka iyo tafsiirka Quraanka waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[tafsir]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/tafsir |title=Tafsīr |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019035210/https://www.britannica.com/topic/tafsir |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=79–81}} Marka laga reebo muhiimadiisa diimeed, Quraanka waxaa loo aqoonsan yahay si weyn inuu yahay shaqada ugu fiican [[Arabic literature|suugaanta Carabiga]],<ref>{{cite book|first=Alan|last=Jones|location=London|publisher=[[Charles E. Tuttle Company]]|year=1994|page=1|title=The Koran|quote="Its outstanding literary merit should also be noted: it is by far, the finest work of Arabic prose in existence."|isbn=1842126091}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Arthur|last=Arberry|title=The Koran Interpreted|location=London|publisher=[[Allen & Unwin]]|year=1956|quote="It may be affirmed that within the literature of the Arabs, wide and fecund as it is both in poetry and in elevated prose, there is nothing to compare with it."|page=191|isbn=0684825074}}</ref> wuxuuna saameeyay fanka iyo luqadda Carabiga.<ref>Kadi, Wadad, and Mustansir Mir. "Literature and the Quran." In ''[[Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān|Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an]]'' 3. pp. 213, 216.</ref> Islaamku sidoo kale wuxuu qabaa in Ilaahay uu soo diray waxyiyo, oo la yiraahdo ''[[wahy]]'', oo loo soo diray nabiyo kala duwan marar badan taariikhda oo dhan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Islaamku wuxuu barayaa in qaybo ka mid ah kitaabadii hore ee la soo waxyooday, sida [[Torah in Islam|''Towraad'']] ([[Torah]]) iyo [[Gospel in Islam|''Injiil'']] ([[Gospel in Islam|Injiil]]), ay noqdeen kuwo [[tahrif|la leexiyay]]—ha ahaato tafsiirka, qoraalka, ama labadaba,<ref name="harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5">{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5}}</ref><ref name="harvp|Peters|2003|p=9">{{harvp|Peters|2003|p=9}}</ref><ref name="610CE">{{harvc|c=Muhammad|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|last2=Welch|first2=A.T.|last1=Buhl|first1=F.}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Tahrif |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d. |author=[[Hava Lazarus-Yafeh]]}}</ref> halka Quraanka ({{Lit|Akhrinta}}) loo arko hadalka ugu dambeeya, ee dhabta ah ee aan wax laga beddelin ee Ilaahay.<ref name="Ringgren">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ringgren |first=Helmer |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Quran |title=Qurʾān |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=5 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505001543/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/487666/Quran |url-status=live }} "The word ''Quran'' was invented and first used in the Quran itself. There are [[Quran#Etymology and meaning|two different theories]] about this term and its formation."</ref><ref>{{harvp|Teece|2003|pp=12–13}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Turner|2006|p=42}}</ref>{{sfnp|Bennett|2010|p=101}} === Nabiyada === {{Main|Prophets and messengers in Islam|Sunnah|Hadith}} [[File:Medieval Persian manuscript Muhammad leads Abraham Moses Jesus.jpg|thumb|[[Persian miniature|Miniakiyada Faarisiga]] ee qarnigii 15-aad oo muujinaysa [[Muhammad in Islam|Maxamed]] oo hoggaaminaya [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Muuse]], [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]] iyo [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|nabiyo kale]] salaadda.<ref>{{cite web |title=BnF. Département des Manuscrits. Supplément turc 190 |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/view3if/ga/ark:/12148/btv1b8427195m/f16 |publisher=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] |access-date=7 September 2023 |archive-date=9 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909130407/https://gallica.bnf.fr/view3if/ga/ark:/12148/btv1b8427195m/f16 |url-status=live }}</ref>]] Nabiyada (Carabi: {{langx|ar|أنبياء|label=none|translit=anbiyāʾ}}) waxaa la rumeysan yahay inay doorteen Ilaahay si ay u wacdhiyaan fariin ilaahi ah. Qaar ka mid ah nabiyadan ayaa sidoo kale keena kitaab cusub waxaana loogu yeeraa "rasuul" ({{langx|ar| رسول&lrm;|label=none|translit=rasūl}}).<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|p=225}}</ref> Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in nabiyadu ay yihiin bini'aadam oo aan ahayn ilaahyo. Dhammaan nabiyadu waxaa la sheegaa inay wacdiyiyeen fariintii asaasiga ahayd ee Islaamka - u dhiibashada doonista Ilaahay - oo ay u direen quruumihii hore, tan ayaana la sheegay inay sabab u tahay isku mid ahaanshaha badan ee u dhexeeya diimaha. Quraanku wuxuu sheegayaa magacyada tiro badan oo ah shakhsiyaadka loo tixgeliyo [[prophets in Islam|nabiyada Islaamka]], oo ay ku jiraan [[Adam in Islam|Aadam]], [[Noah in Islam|Nux]], [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Muuse]], [[David in Islam|Daa'uud]] iyo [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]], iyo kuwo kale.<ref name="Schimmel">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |author-link=Annemarie Schimmel |title=Islam |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504201633/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/295507/Islam |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Reeves |first=J. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC |title=Bible and Qurʼān: Essays in scriptural intertextuality |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2004 |isbn=90-04-12726-7 |location=[[Leiden]] |page=177 |access-date=21 August 2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164019/https://books.google.com/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC |url-status=live }}</ref> Sheekooyinka la xiriira nabiyada ee ka baxsan xisaabaadka Quraanka waxaa lagu ururiyaa oo lagu baaraa ''[[Qisas Al-Anbiya|Qisas al-Anbiya]]'' (Sheekooyinka Nabiyada). Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in Ilaahay uu soo diray Maxamed inuu noqdo nabiga ugu dambeeya ("[[Seal of the prophets|khaatumul anbiyo]]") si uu u gaarsiiyo fariinta dhameystiran ee Islaamka.<ref name="Esposito-Islam">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Esposito |first=John L. |author-link=John Esposito |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |title=Islam |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012298 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110124812/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012298 |archive-date=2021-01-10 |quote=Profession of Faith...affirms Islam's absolute monotheism and acceptance of Muḥammad as the messenger of Allah, the last and final prophet. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Peters-Allah">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Peters |first=F. E. |author-link=Francis Edward Peters |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |title=Allāh |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095403960 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926053837/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095403960 |archive-date=2020-09-26 |quote=[T]he Muslims' understanding of Allāh is based...on the Qurʿān's public witness. Allāh is Unique, the Creator, Sovereign, and Judge of mankind. It is Allāh who directs the universe through his direct action on nature and who has guided human history through his prophets, Abraham, with whom he made his covenant, Moses/Moosa, Jesus/Eesa, and Muḥammad, through all of whom he founded his chosen communities, the 'Peoples of the Book.' |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Islaamka dhexdiisa, tusaalaha "caadiga ah" ee nolosha Maxamed waxaa lagu magacaabaa ''[[sunnah]]'' (oo macneheedu yahay "jidka la maray"). Muslimiinta waxaa lagu dhiirrigelinayaa inay ku daydaan dabeecadaha akhlaaqda ee Maxamed noloshooda maalinlaha ah, sunnadana waxaa loo arkaa mid muhiim u ah hagidda tafsiirka Quraanka.<ref>{{harvp|Martin|2004|p=666}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Hadith|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|author=J. Robson}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Sunna|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|author=D.W. Brown}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Goldman |first=Elizabeth |title=Believers: Spiritual Leaders of the World |date=1995 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-508240-1 |location=Oxford |page=63}}</ref> Tusaalahan waxaa lagu ilaaliyaa dhaqamo loo yaqaan xadiis, oo ah xisaabaadka erayadiisa, ficilladiisa, iyo sifooyinka shakhsi ahaaneed. [[Hadith qudsi|Xadiiska Qudsi]] waa qayb hoose oo ka tirsan xadiiska, oo loo arko inuu yahay erayada dhabta ah ee Ilaahay ee uu soo xigtay Maxamed oo aan ahayn qayb ka tirsan Quraanka. Xadiisku wuxuu ka kooban yahay laba shay: silsiladda sheekeeyayaasha, oo loo yaqaanno [[Hadith studies#Traditional importance of the sanad|''sanad'']], iyo ereyada dhabta ah, oo loo yaqaanno [[Hadith studies|''matn'']]. Waxaa jira habab kala duwan oo lagu kala saaro xaqiiqda xadiisyada, iyadoo cabbirka darajada ee badanaa la isticmaalo uu yahay "saxiix" ama "sax ah" ({{langx|ar|صحيح|links=no|translit=[[Authentic hadith|ṣaḥīḥ]]|label=none}}); "xasan" ({{langx|ar|حسن|links=no|label=none|translit=[[Hasan (hadith)|ḥasan]]}}); ama "daciif" ({{langx|ar|ضعيف|label=none|translit=[[Da'if|ḍaʻīf]]}}), iyo kuwo kale. [[Kutub al-Sittah]] waa ururinta lix kitaab, oo loo arko inay yihiin warbixinnada ugu suuban ee [[Sunni Islam|Sunniyada]]. Waxaa ka mid ah [[Sahih al-Bukhari]], oo ay Sunnidu badanaa u arkaan mid ka mid ah [[Hadith terminology#Terminology relating to the authenticity of a hadith|ilaha ugu suuban]] ka dib Quraanka.<ref>[[Aisha Abd al-Rahman|al-Rahman, Aisha Abd]], ed. 1990. [[Introduction to the Science of Hadith|Muqaddimah Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ]]. Cairo: Dar al-Ma'arif, 1990. pp. 160–69</ref> Il kale oo caan ka ah xadiisyada waa [[The Four Books|Afrta Kitaab]], oo ay Shiicadu u arkaan tixraaca xadiiska ee ugu suuban.<ref name="Awliyai-Four-Books">{{cite book |last=Awliya'i |first=Mustafa |title=Outlines of the Development of the Science of Hadith |volume=1 |chapter=The Four Books |url=https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol1-n12-3/outlines-development-science-hadith-dr-mustafa-awliyai/part-1#four-books |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912144702/https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol1-n12-3/outlines-development-science-hadith-dr-mustafa-awliyai/part-1#four-books |archive-date=2017-09-12 |translator-last=Qara'i |translator-first=A. Q. |via=Al-Islam.org |access-date=2020-05-24 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Rizvi-Four-Books">{{cite book |last=Rizvi |first=Sayyid Sa'eed Akhtar |author-link=Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi |title=The Qur'an and Hadith |location=Tanzania |publisher=Bilal Muslim Mission |chapter=The Hadith §The Four Books (Al-Kutubu'l-Arb'ah) |url=https://www.al-islam.org/quran-and-hadith-allamah-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/chapter-4-hadith#four-books-al-kutubul-arbah |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912191319/https://www.al-islam.org/quran-and-hadith-allamah-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/chapter-4-hadith#four-books-al-kutubul-arbah |archive-date=2017-09-12 |via=Al-Islam.org |access-date=2020-05-24 |language=en}}</ref> === Soo-noqoshada iyo xukunka === [[File:Chester Beatty T 414 fol 129r Muhammad al-Mehdi.png|thumb|Matxaf qarnigii 16-aad ee [[Muhammad al-Mahdi|Maxamed al-Mahdi]]. [[Mahdi|Mahdiga]] waxaa la rumeysan yahay inuu soo muuqan doono ka hor [[Eschatology|Waqtiga Dhamaadka]] si uu u soo celiyo cadaaladda oo uu uga adkaado dulmiga iyadoo la kaashanaya [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]] ([[Jesus]]).]] {{Main|Islamic eschatology}} Rumaysashada "Maalinta Qiyaame" ama ''[[Qiyamah|Yawm al-Qiyāmah]]'' ({{langx|ar|يوم القيامة|link=no}}) ayaa sidoo kale muhiim u ah Muslimiinta. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in waqtiga Qiyaamaha uu hore u qadaray Ilaahay, laakiin uusan aqoon bini'aadamku. Quraanka iyo xadiiska, iyo sidoo kale faallooyinka [[Ulama|culimada]], waxay qeexayaan imtixaannada iyo [[Great Tribulation|dhibaatooyinka]] ka horreeya iyo inta uu socdo Qiyaamaha. Quraanka wuxuu xoogga saarayaa [[universal resurrection|soo-noqoshada jirka]], taasoo ah mid ka duwan fahamkii [[pre-Islamic Arabia|Carabtii hore]] ee dhimashada.<ref>{{harvp|Glassé|2003|loc="Resurrection"|pp=382–383}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)|2012|loc="Avicenna"}}. {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_DUM_0467}}: "Ibn Sīnā, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Sīnā is known in the West as 'Avicenna'."</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Qiyama |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d. |author=Gardet, L.}}</ref> Maalinta Qiyaame, Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in dhammaan bini'aadamka lagu xukumi doono falalkooda wanaagsan iyo kuwa xun waxaana loo gudbin doonaa [[Jannah|Janno]] ama [[Jahannam|Naar]].<ref>{{cite web |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |editor-link=John Esposito |title=Eschatology |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e588 |url-access=subscription |work=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Islam]] |via=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |access-date=18 April 2017 |archive-date=13 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100913062714/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e588 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Quraanku wuxuu ku jira [[Surat al-Zalzalah]] wuxuu tan ku sifeeyaa: "Haddaba qofkii sameeya culays atoore oo wanaag ah wuu arki doonaa. Qofkii se sameeya culays atoore oo xumaan ah wuu arki doonaa." Quraanku [[Islamic views of sin|wuxuu qorayaa dunuub badan]] oo qof ku xukumi kara naar. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Quraanku wuxuu caddeynayaa in Ilaahay uu cafiyi doono dunuubta kuwa toobad keena haddii uu doono. Falalka wanaagsan, sida sadaqada, salaadda, iyo naxariista xayawaannada{{sfnp|Esposito|2011|p=130}} waxaa lagu abaalmarin doonaa gelitaanka jannada. Muslimiintu waxay u arkaan jannada meel ay ka buuxaan farxad iyo barako, iyadoo tixraacyada Quraanku ay qeexayaan sifooyinkeeda. Dhaqamada suufiga ah ee Islaamka waxay dhigayaan raaxooyinkan jannada xiriir la leh wacyigelin xamaasad leh oo ku saabsan Ilaahay.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2006|p=89}}; ''Encyclopedia of Islam and Muslim World'', p. 565</ref><ref>{{harvc |c=Garden |first=Asma |last=Afsaruddin |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Paradise|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> ''Yawm al-Qiyāmah'' sidoo kale waxaa Quraanka loogu aqoonsaday ''Yawm ad-Dīn'' ({{lang|ar|يوم الدين}} "Maalinta Diinta");<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|1|4|b=y}};</ref> ''as-Sāʿah'' ({{lang|ar|الساعة}} "Saacadda Dambe");<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|6|31|b=y}};</ref> iyo ''[[Al-Qaria|al-Qāriʿah]]'' ({{lang|ar|القارعة}} "Qaylisaada").<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|101|1|b=y}}</ref> === Qadarka === {{Main|Predestination in Islam}} Qaar ka mid ah Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin qadarka ilaahay, ({{langx|ar|القضاء والقدر}}, ''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|al-qadāʾ wa l-qadar}}'') in arrin kasta uu qaddaray Ilaahay.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.freeweb.hu/etymological/AEDweb.htm |date=2002 |title=Andras Rajki's A. E. D. (Arabic Etymological Dictionary) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208204654/http://www.freeweb.hu/etymological/AEDweb.htm |archive-date=8 December 2011 |access-date=13 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Cohen-Mor|2001|p=4}}: "The idea of predestination is reinforced by the frequent mention of events 'being written' or 'being in a book' before they happen": Say: "Nothing will happen to us except what Allah has decreed for us..."</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Karamustafa |first=Ahmet T. |c=Fate |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}: The verb ''qadara'' literally means "to measure, to determine". Here it is used to mean that "God measures and orders his creation".</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Gardet|first=L.|year=2012|c=al-Ḳaḍāʾ Wa 'l-Ḳadar |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0407}}</ref> [[Mu'tazilism|Mu'tasiladu]] iyo qaar ka mid ah Shiicada Muslimiinta ah ma rumeysna fikraddan.<ref>[[#AGI1978|Guillaume, ''Islam'', 1978]]: p.131-2</ref><ref>[[#AGI1978|Guillaume, ''Islam'', 1978]]: p.132</ref><ref>''Need of Religion'', by Sayyid [[Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi]], p. 14.</ref><ref>''Muslims'', by S. H. M. Rizvi, Shibani Roy, B. B. Dutta, p. 20.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shirazi |first1=Naser Makarem |title=The Justice of God |publisher=Al-Islam.org |url=https://www.al-islam.org/justice-god-naser-makarem-shirazi/issue-predestination-and-free-will |access-date=14 June 2022 |chapter=The Issue of Predestination and Free Will|date=12 May 2015 }}</ref><ref>''Islamic Beliefs, Practices, and Cultures'', by Marshall Cavendish Corporation, p. 137.</ref> Badanaa, rumaysashadan masiirka ilaahay waxaa lagu muujiyaa erayga ''[[Inshallah]]'', ({{langx|ar|إن شاء الله}}, {{transliteration|ar|haddii Alle jiro}}) marka laga hadlayo dhacdooyinka mustaqbalka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Muslim beliefs – Al-Qadr |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z43pfcw/revision/4 |access-date=13 November 2020 |publisher=BBC |work=Bitesize – GCSE – Edexcel |archive-date=15 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115112558/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z43pfcw/revision/4 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Ficilada cibaadada == {{Main|Five Pillars of Islam|Ibadah}} Waxaa jira shan ficil oo cibaado ah oo loo arko inay yihiin [[fard|waajibaad]]–Shahaadada, salaadaha shanta ah ee maalinlaha ah, [[Zakat|sakada]], [[fasting during Ramadan|soonta bisha Ramadaan]], iyo xajka [[Hajj|Hajka]]—oo si wadajir ah loogu yaqaano "Tiirarka Islaamka" (''Arkān al-Islām''). Intaa waxaa dheer, Muslimiintu waxay sidoo kale sameeyaan ficilo kale oo ikhtiyaari ah oo dhiirrigel leh laakiin aan loo arkin inay yihiin waajibaad.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=ZAROUG|first=ABDULLAHI HASSAN|date=1985|title=THE CONCEPT OF PERMISSION, SUPEREROGATORY ACTS AND ASETICISM &#91;sic&#93; IN ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20847307|journal=Islamic Studies|volume=24|issue=2|pages=167–180|jstor=20847307|issn=0578-8072|access-date=7 January 2023|archive-date=7 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207140013/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20847307|url-status=live}}</ref> === Shahaadada === [[File:Silver Rupee Akbar.jpg|thumb|right|Lacag qalinkii qarnigii 16-aad ee [[Akbar|Akbarkii Weyn]], Boqorkii [[Mughal Empire|Mugalka]], [[India]], oo lagu qoray [[Shahada|Shahaadada]].]] {{Main|Shahada}} [[shahada]]h{{sfnp|Nasr|2003|pp=3, 39, 85, 270–272}} waa [[oath|dhaar]] lagu caddaynayo rumaysashada Islaamka. Qoraalka la ballaariyay waa "{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʾašhadu ʾal-lā ʾilāha ʾillā-llāhu wa ʾašhadu ʾanna muħammadan rasūlu-llāh}}" ({{langx|ar|أشهد أن لا إله إلا الله وأشهد أن محمداً رسول الله|label=none}}), ama, "Waxaan qirayaa inuusan jirin [[deity|ilaah]] aan ahayn [[God in Islam|Ilaahay]] waxaanuna qirayaa in Maxamed yahay rasuulkii Ilaahay."<ref name="Mohammad-1985">{{cite journal |last=Mohammad |first=Noor |date=1985 |title=The Doctrine of Jihad: An Introduction |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-law-and-religion_1985_3_2/page/381 |journal=[[Journal of Law and Religion]] |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=381–397 |doi=10.2307/1051034 |jstor=1051034 |publisher=Journal of Law and Religion, Inc. |language=en}}</ref> Islaamka waxaa mararka qaarkood lagu doodaa inuu leeyahay caqiido aad u fudud iyadoo shahaadadu ay tahay saldhigga diinta ka hartay. Aan-Muslimiinta raba inay [[Conversion to Islam|soo islaamaan]] waxaa looga baahan yahay inay ku dhawaaqaan shahaadada hortooda markhaatiyaal.<ref>{{harvc |last=Kasim |first=Husain |year=2004 |c=Islam |pp=195–197 |in=Salamone}}</ref><ref name="Galonnier-2021">{{cite book |last=Galonnier |first=Juliette |editor-last=van Nieuwkerk |editor-first=Karin |title=Moving In and Out of Islam |chapter=Moving In or Moving Toward? Reconceptualizing Conversion to Islam as a Liminal Process |location=New York |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2021 |pages=44–66 |doi=10.7560/317471-003 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7560/317471-003/html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023001/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7560/317471-003/html |archive-date=2023-12-28 |language=en}}</ref> === Salaadda === [[File:Prayer in Cairo 1865.jpg|thumb|[[Muslims|Muslimiin]] tukanaya ([[salah]]) gudaha [[Egypt]] waxaa alifay [[Jean-Léon Gérôme]], 1865.]] {{Main|Salah}} {{See also|Mosque|Jumu'ah}} Salaadda Islaamka waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[salah|as-salaad]] ({{langx|ar|الصلاة|link=no}}), ama erayga [[Persian language|Faarisiga]] ee ah "Namaz." Waxaa loo arkaa xiriir shakhsi ah oo lala leeyahay Ilaahay, waxayna ka kooban tahay ku celcelinta qaybo la yiraahdo [[rakat|rakco]] oo ay ku jiraan [[Ruku|rukooc]] iyo [[Sujud|sujuud]] loo sujuudayo Ilaahay. Waxaa jira shan salaadood oo la cayimay maalintii oo dhan kuwaas oo loo arko waajibaad. Salaadaha waxaa lagu akhriyaa luqadda Carabiga waxaana lagu fuliyaa [[Qibla|dhanka]] [[Kaaba|Kacbada]]. Ficilku sidoo kale wuxuu u baahan yahay xaalad nadiif ah oo diimeed oo lagu gaaro hababka [[wudu|weysada]] ama, xaaladaha qaarkood, qubays buuxa oo [[ghusl|qubays ah]].<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=18, 19}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Hedayetullah|2006|pp=53–55}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Kobeisy|2004|pp=22–34}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Momen|1987|p=178}}</ref> [[mosque|Masaajidka]], oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano masjid ama namazgah, waa [[places of worship|goob cibaado]] oo loogu talagalay Muslimiinta. Inkasta oo ujeeddada ugu weyn ee masaajidku ay tahay inuu u adeego meel salaadeed, sidoo kale waa xarun bulsho oo muhiim u ah [[ummah|bulshada Muslimka ah]]. Tusaale ahaan, [[Prophet's Mosque|Masjidka Nabiga]] ee [[Medina|Madiina]], wuxuu sidoo kale u adeegi jiray hoy ay degaan dadka saboolka ah.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Mattson |first=Ingrid |year=2006 |title=Women, Islam, and Mosques |pages=615–629 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America |series=Volume 2, Part VII. Islam |editor1=R. S. Keller |name-list-style=and |editor2=R. R. Ruether |place=Bloomington and Indianapolis |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |isbn=978-0-253-34687-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC&pg=PA615 |access-date=2 October 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023019/https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC&pg=PA615#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Minaret|Minaarooyinku]] waa munaarooyin loo isticmaalo in lagu yeero [[adhan|aanka]], kaas oo ah yeedhid afka ah oo lagu calaamadinayo waqtiga salaadda.<ref name="Pedersen-Masjid-2010">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Pedersen |first1=Johannes |last2=Hillenbrand |first2=Robert |last3=Burton-Page |first3=John |author-link3=John Burton-Page |title=Masd̲j̲id |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam |edition=2nd |location=Leiden |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2010 |doi=10.1163/9789004206106_eifo_COM_0694 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/mosque |title=Mosque |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928065350/https://www.britannica.com/topic/mosque |url-status=live }}</ref> === Sakada === [[File:Slot at the Zaouia Moulay Idriss II 1.jpg|thumb|Meel lagu bixiyo sakada oo ku taal [[Zawiya of Moulay Idris II]] ee [[Fez, Morocco]].]] {{Main|Zakat}} {{See also|Sadaqah}} [[Zakat|Sakada]] ([[Arabic language|Carabi]]: {{langx|ar|زكاة|translit=zakāh|label=none}}), waa nooc ka mid ah [[Alms|Sadaqada]] oo lagu garto bixinta qayb go'an (2.5% sanadkii)<ref name="Ahmed-Gianci-2005">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Ahmed |first1=Medani |last2=Gianci |first2=Sebastian |title=Zakat |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Taxation and Tax Policy |editor1-last=Cordes |editor1-first=Joseph J. |editor2-last=Ebel |editor2-first=Robert D. |editor3-last=Gravelle |editor3-first=Jane |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Urban Institute Press |year=2005 |page=479 |isbn=978-0877667520 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m66_BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA479 |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026}}</ref> ee [[Financial capital|hantida la ururiyay]] ay bixiyaan kuwa awoodda u leh si ay u caawiyaan dadka saboolka ah ama baahan, sida xoraynta maxaabiista, kuwa [[bonded labor|dayn ku jira]], ama safarka ku ah, iyo kuwa loo shaqaaleysiiyo ururinta sakada. Waxay u shaqaysaa sidii nooc ka mid ah [[welfare spending|gar-gaar bulsheed]] oo ka jira bulshooyinka Muslimka ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ariff |first=Mohamed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NP4ZL0TJ9s4C&pg=PA55 |title=The Islamic Voluntary Sector in Southeast Asia: Islam and the Economic Development of Southeast Asia |publisher=[[Institute of Southeast Asian Studies]] |year=1991 |isbn=978-981-3016-07-1 |pages=55– |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023007/https://books.google.com/books?id=NP4ZL0TJ9s4C&&pg=PA55 |url-status=live }}</ref> Waxaa loo arkaa waajibaad diimeed oo ay dadka ladani ku leeyihiin kuwa baahan sababtoo ah hantidooda waxaa loo arkaa ammaan ka timid nimcada Ilaahay,<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2010|p=109–110}}: This is not regarded as charity because it is not really voluntary but instead is owed, by those who have received their wealth as a trust from God's bounty, to the poor.</ref> waxaana loo arkaa daahirinta hantida dheeraadka ah ee qofka.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = RoutledgeCurzon| isbn = 9780415297967| title =Major World Religions: From Their Origins to the Present.| location = United Kingdom| year = 2003| last=Ridgeon| first=Lloyd| url = | page = 258|quote=Aside from its function of purifying believers' wealth, the payment of zakat may have contributed in no small way to the economic welfare of the Muslim community in Mecca.}}</ref> Wadarta guud ee sanadlaha ah ee lagu bixiyo sakada ayaa ah 15 jeer ka badan deeqaha gargaarka bini'aadamnimada ee adduunka, iyadoo la adeegsanayo qiyaaso taxaddar leh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 June 2012 |title=A faith-based aid revolution in the Muslim world |work=[[The New Humanitarian]] |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/95564/analysis-faith-based-aid-revolution-muslim-world |access-date=27 August 2023 |archive-date=14 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114014900/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/95564/analysis-faith-based-aid-revolution-muslim-world |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sadaqah|Sadaqadu]], si ka duwan Sakada, waa sadaqo ikhtiyaari ah oo aad loo dhiirrigeliyo.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Said |first=Abdul Aziz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4bs7g0O4eLYC&pg=PA145 |title=Contemporary Islam: Dynamic, Not Static |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-77011-8 |page=145 |display-authors=etal |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023121/https://books.google.com/books?id=4bs7g0O4eLYC&pg=PA145 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnp|Stefon|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef/page/72 72]}} [[Waqf|Waaqfeku]] waa [[charitable trust|kalsooni samafal]] oo joogto ah, taas oo maalgelisa isbitaallada iyo dugsiyada bulshooyinka Muslimka ah.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hudson |first=A. |title=Equity and Trusts |year=2003 |edition=3rd |page=32 |location=London |publisher=Cavendish Publishing |isbn=1-85941-729-9}}</ref> === Soonta === [[File:Iftar for Ramadhan.jpg|thumb|Munaasabadda afurka, oo loo yaqaan ''[[Iftar]]'', waxaa dhaqan ahaan lagu bixiyaa [[date (fruits)|timir]].]] {{Main|Fasting in Islam}} {{See also|Fasting during Ramadan}} Islaamka dhexdiisa, soonta ([[Arabic language|Carabi]]: {{langx|ar|صوم|translit=ṣawm|label=none}}) waxay mamnuucaysaa cuntada iyo cabitaanka, iyo sidoo kale noocyada kale ee isticmaalka, sida [[Smoking in Islam|sigaar-cabista]], waxaana la fuliyaa laga bilaabo waaberiga ilaa qorrax-dhaca. Inta lagu jiro bisha [[Ramadan]], waxaa loo arkaa waajibaad saaran Muslimiinta inay soomaan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramadan |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramadan |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009215438/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramadan |url-status=live }}</ref> Soontu waxay dhiirrigelisaa dareen u dhowaanshaha Ilaahay iyadoo qofku is celinayo dartii Ilaahay wixii kale ee bannaan iyo in laga fikiro kuwa baahan. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa jira maalmo kale, sida [[Day of Arafah|Maalinta Carafo]], marka soontu ay tahay ikhtiyaari.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher =Tughra Books | isbn = 9781597846110| title = Fasting In Islam And The Month Of Ramadan| location = United States| year =2006 | last=Ramadanali| url = |page=51 | quote = }}</ref> === Xajka === {{Main|Hajj|Umrah}} {{See also|Holiest sites in Islam}} [[File:A packed house - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|thumb|Xujeyda intii lagu jiray xilli [[Hajj|Hajka]] ee [[Masjid al-Haram]] ee [[Mecca|Makka]], [[Saudi Arabia|Sacuudi Carabiya]], [[Holiest sites in islam|goobta Islaamka ee ugu barakeysan]].]] [[pilgrimage|Xajka]] Islaamka, ee loo yaqaan {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ḥajj}} ({{langx|ar|حج|link=no}}), waa in la qabtaa ugu yaraan hal mar nolosha qof kasta oo Muslim ah oo awood u leh inta lagu jiro [[Islamic calendar|bisha Islaamka]] ee [[Dhu al-Hijjah]]. Caadooyinka Hajku waxay inta badan ku daydaan sheekada qoyska [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naik |first=Dr Zakir |author-link=Zakir Naik |date=7 January 2025 |title=What Are the Pillars of Islam? |url=https://islampidia.org/en/what-are-the-pillars-of-islam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115054332/https://islampidia.org/en/what-are-the-pillars-of-islam/ |archive-date=2025-11-15 |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Islampidia |language=en-AU}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Five Pillars of Islam |url=https://localhost:5000/learn/educators/curriculum-resources/art-of-the-islamic-world/unit-one/the-five-pillars-of-islam |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026}}</ref> [[Mecca|Makka]], xujeydu waxay toddobo jeer ku wareegaan [[Kaaba|Kacbada]], oo ay Muslimiintu rumeysan yihiin inuu dhisay Ibraahim meel cibaado ah, waxayna toddobo jeer u dhexeeyaan buuraha [[Safa and Marwa|Safa iyo Marwa]], iyagoo xusuusanaya tallaabooyinkii xaaska Ibraahim, [[Hagar]], oo u raadinaysay biyo ilmahaheedii [[Ishmael in Islam|Ismaaciil]] ee lamadegaanka ka hor intaan Makka is rogay degmo.<ref>{{harvp|Goldschmidt|Davidson|2005|p=48}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Farah|1994|pp=145–147}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Hajj |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> Xajku sidoo kale wuxuu ku lug leeyahay in la qaato maalin duco iyo cibaado ah oo ka dhacda bannaanada [[Mount Arafat|Carafo]] iyo sidoo kale [[Stoning_of_the_Devil|tuurista shaydaanka]] si calaamadaysan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F.E. |title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians |date=2009 |isbn=978-1-4008-2548-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HYJ2c9E9IM8C&pg=PA19 |page=20 |publisher=Princeton University Press |access-date=7 October 2014 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023112/https://books.google.com/books?id=HYJ2c9E9IM8C&pg=PA19#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Dhammaan ragga Muslimiinta ah waxay xidhaan laba maro oo cad oo fudud oo aan tol lahayn oo loo yaqaan [[Ihram clothing|ixraam]], kuwaas oo loogu talagalay inay keenaan isku xirnaan jiilal iyo sinnaan ka dhexaysa xujeyda inkasta oo ay jiraan fasal ama asal.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cornell |first=Vincent J. |title=Voices of Islam: Voices of tradition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g5LNUS0ciAAC&pg=PA29 |access-date=26 August 2012 |year=2007 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-98733-6 |page=29}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Glassé|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC&pg=PA207 207]}}</ref> Nooc kale oo xaj ah, [[Umrah|Umrada]], waa ikhtiyaari waxaana la qaban karaa wakhti kasta oo sanadka ka mid ah. Goobaha kale ee xajka Islaamka waa [[Medina|Madiina]], halkaas oo Maxamed uu ku geeriyooday, iyo sidoo kale [[Jerusalem|Quddus]], oo ah magaalo ay ku yaalliin nabiyo badan oo Islaam ah waana goobta [[Al-Aqsa|Al-Aqsa]], taas oo ahayd jihadii salaadda ka hor Makka.<ref>{{cite book|author=Michigan Consortium for Medieval and Early Modern Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p44kAQAAMAAJ|title=The Meeting of Two Worlds: Cultural Exchange Between East and West During the Period of the Crusades|publisher=Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University|year=1986|isbn=0918720583|editor1=Goss, V. P.|volume=21|page=208|editor2=Bornstein, C. V.|access-date=15 January 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023032/https://books.google.com/books?id=p44kAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Trofimov-2008">{{cite book |last=Trofimov |first=Yaroslav |author-link=Yaroslav Trofimov |title=The Siege of Mecca: The 1979 Uprising at Islam's Holiest Shrine |location=New York |publisher=[[Knopf]] |date=2008 |page=79 |isbn=978-0-307-47290-8 |language=en}}</ref> === Ficilada cibaadada ee kale === {{See also|Quran#Recitation|Dua|Dhikr}} [[File:Men reading the Koran in Umayyad Mosque, Damascus, Syria.jpg|thumb|Rag Muslimiin ah oo akhrinaya Quraanka gudaha [[Umayyad Mosque|Masjidka Umawiyiinta]] ee [[Damascus]], [[Syria]].]] Muslimiintu waxay akhriyaan oo xifdiyaan Quraanka oo dhan ama qaybo ka mid ah si ay u noqdaan camal wanaagsan. [[Tajwid|Tajwiidku]] wuxuu tilmaamayaa xeerar taxane ah oo loogu talagalay [[elocution|akhriska saxda ah]] ee Quraanka.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = | isbn = | title = Foundation of Tajweed| location = | year = 2013|edition=2| last=Aboo Yahyaa| url = | page = 1 | quote = }}</ref> Muslimiin badan ayaa akhriya Quraanka oo dhan inta lagu jiro bisha Ramadaan.{{sfnp|Stefon|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef/page/42 42–43]}} Qofka xifdiyay Quraanka oo dhan waxaa loo yaqaanaa Xaafid ("xifdiyey"), xadiisyaduna waxay xusayaan in shakhsiyaadkani ay awood u yeelan doonaan inay shafeecaan dadka kale Maalinta Qiyaamaha.{{sfnp|Nigosian|2004|p=[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=my7hnALd_NkC|page=70}} 70]}} Baryada Ilaahay, oo Carabiga lagu yiraahdo {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|duʿāʾ}} ({{langx|ar|دعاء}}&nbsp;{{IPA|ar|dʊˈʕæːʔ|IPA}}) waxay leedahay anshaxeedii gaarka ahaa sida [[Raising hands in dua|gacmaha oo la taago]] sidii iyadoo la baryayo.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Brill| isbn = 9789004335523| title = The Quṣṣāṣ of Early Islam| location = Netherlands| year = 2016| last=Armstrong| first=Lyall| url = | page = 184| quote = }}</ref> Xuska Ilaahay ({{langx|ar|ذكر|translit=Dhikr'|label=none}}) wuxuu tilmaamayaa erayada lagu celceliyo ee tixraacaya Ilaahay. Sida caadiga ah, tan waxaa ka mid ah Tahmiid, oo lagu dhawaaqayo [[Alhamdulillah|ammaan oo dhan waxaa leh Ilaahay]] ({{langx|ar|الحمد لله|translit=al-Ḥamdu lillāh|label=none}}) inta lagu jiro salaadda ama marka la dareemayo mahadnaq, [[Tasbih|Tasbiix]], oo lagu dhawaaqayo weyneynta Ilaahay inta lagu jiro salaadda ama marka la cajabo shay oo la dhaho '[[Basmala|bismillaah]]' ka hor intaan la bilaabin ficil sida cuntada.<ref>{{Cite web|title=alhamdulillah |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/alhamdulillah|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227042540/https://www.lexico.com/definition/alhamdulillah|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 27, 2020|access-date=2021-10-16|website=Lexico}}</ref> == Taariikhda == {{Main|Taariikhda Islaamka}} {{For timeline|Timeline of the history of Islam}} {{See also|List of Muslim empires and dynasties}}{{multiple image | align = center | direction = horizontal | total_width = 600 | image1 = Masjid Nabawi The Prophet's Mosque, Madina.jpg | image2 = Jerusalem DomeoftheRock J65 (cropped).JPG | footer = Bidix: [[Prophet's Mosque|Masjidka Nabiga]] ee [[Medina|Madiina]], Sacuudi Carabiya, waa [[holiest sites in islam|goobta labaad ee ugu barakeysan]] ee Islaamka. Maxamed laftiisa ayaa ku lug lahaa dhismaha masjidka, iyo [[Green Dome|Qubbadiisa Cagaaran]] waa halka lagu aasay. Midig: [[Al-Aqsa|Dhismaha Masjidka Al-Aqsa]] ee [[Jerusalem|Quddus]] waa goobta saddexaad ee ugu barakeysan ee Islaamka, halkaas oo Maxamed uu uga kacay samada intii uu socday [[Isra' and Mi'raj|Isra' iyo Mi'raaj]]. Goobtu waxay ahayd jihadii hore ee salaadda ([[qibla]]), halkaas oo Muslimiintu ay horay ugu tukan jireen ka hor intaan jihada loo beddelin [[Kaaba|Kacbada]] ee [[Mecca|Makka]] ka dib waxyi soo gaaray Maxamed. | caption1 = | caption2 = }} === Maxamed iyo bilowgii Islaamka (570–632) === {{Main|Muhammad|Muhammad in Islam}} {{for timeline|Timeline of early Islamic history}} {{Further|Muhammad in Mecca|Early social changes under Islam|First Islamic state}} [[File:Hira_Cave.jpg|thumb|[[Jabal al-Nour]] u dhow [[Mecca|Makka]], halkaas oo Maxamed uu ka helay [[Muhammad's first revelation|waxyigiisii ugu horreeyay]] ee ku jiray godka Xira.]] Sida ku xusan dhaqanka Islaamka, Maxamed wuxuu ku dhashay [[Mecca|Makka]] sannadkii 570 [[Common Era|C.D.]] wuxuuna noqday agoon caruurnimadiisii. Isagoo ku koray ganacsade ahaan, wuxuu noqday mid loo yaqaan "[[Amin (name)|amin (mid la isku halayn karo)]]" ({{langx|ar|الامين}}) waxaana la doonayay inuu noqdo garsoore dhexdhexaad ah. Intuu ka dib guursaday shaqaalihiisii, haweeneydii ganacsatada ahayd ee [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadiija]].{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=6}} Sannadkii 610 C.D., isagoo dhibsaday hoos u dhaca akhlaaqda iyo shirkiga ka jiray Makka isla markaana raadinaya gooni-isu-taag iyo fikir ruuxi ah, Maxamed wuxuu u baxay Godka Xira ee buurta [[Jabal al-Nour]], oo u dhow Makka. Wuxuu ahaa intii uu ku sugnaa godka halkaas oo la sheegay inuu [[Muhammad's first revelation|helay waxyigii ugu horreeyay]] ee [[Quran|Quraanka]] oo uga yimid malaa'igta [[Gabriel|Jibriil]].<ref name="610CE" /> Dhacdadii bixitaankii Maxamed ee godka iyo waxyigii xigay waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[Night of Power|Leylatul Qadr]] waxaana loo arkaa dhacdo muhiim ah taariikhda Islaamka. Intii lagu guda jiray 22-kii sano ee ka dambeeyay nolosha, laga bilaabo da'da 40 wixii ka dambeeyay, Maxamed wuxuu sii waday helitaanka waxyiga Ilaahay, isagoo noqday kii ugu dambeeyay ama [[Seal of the prophets|nabigii ugu dambeeyay]] ee loo diray bini'aadamka.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Muhammad |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> [[File:Siyer-i_Nebi_151b.jpg|thumb|Maxamed oo la muujiyay waji daboolan oo jooga [[Kaaba|Kacbada]] laga soo qaatay [[Siyer-i Nebi]], {{Circa|1595}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ottomans : religious painting |url=http://www.ee.bilkent.edu.tr/~history/ottoman33.html |access-date=1 May 2016}}</ref>]] Inta lagu jiro xilligan, [[Muhammad in Mecca|halka uu joogay Makka, Maxamed]] wuxuu ku wacdiyay marka hore si qarsoodi ah ka dibna si cad, isagoo ka baryaya dhegaystayaashiisa inay ka tagaan [[Arab polytheism|shirkiga]] oo ay caabudaan hal Ilaah. Qaar ka mid ah [[Early Muslims|Muslimiintii ugu horreysay ee soo islaamtay]] waxay ahaayeen dumar, saboolka, ajaanibta, iyo addoommada sida mu'adinkii ugu horreeyay [[Bilal ibn Rabah|Bilaal bin Rabaax]].<ref>Rabah, Bilal B. ''[[Encyclopedia of Islam]].''</ref> Dadka waaweyn ee Makka waxay dareemeen in Maxamed uu [[Early social changes under Islam|khalday nidaamkooda bulsho]] isagoo ka wacdiyaya hal Ilaah oo siinaya fikrado laga shakiyo saboolka iyo addoommada sababtoo ah waxay faa'iida ka helayeen xajka sanamyada Kacbada.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ünal |first=Ali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DyuqdDIjaswC&pg=PA1323 |title=The Qurʼan with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English |publisher=Tughra Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-59784-000-2 |pages=1323– |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024048/https://books.google.com/books?id=DyuqdDIjaswC&pg=PA1323#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|p=36}}</ref> Ka dib 12 sano oo ah [[Persecution of Muslims by Meccans|dhibaataynta Muslimiinta ay u geysanayeen dadkii Makka]], Maxamed iyo [[Companions of the Prophet|sahabbadiisii]] waxay sameeyeen [[Hegira|Hijradii]] 622 ee magaalada Yathrib (magaalada Madiina ee maanta). Wuxuu halkaas ka Aasaasay [[First Islamic state|Dowladdii Islaamiga ahayd ee ugu horreysay]] oo ay la socdaan Muslimiintii Madiina (''[[Ansar (Islam)|Ansaarta]]'') iyo muhaajiriintii Makka (''[[Muhajirun|Muhaajiriinta]]''). [[Constitution of Medina|Dastuurkii Madiina]] waxaa saxiixay dhammaan qabiilooyinkii Madiina. Tani waxay aasaastay xorriyadda diinta iyo xorriyadda isticmaalka sharcigooda u gaarka ah ee ka dhex jiray bulshooyinka Muslimka ah iyo kuwa aan Muslimka ahayn hammi ah in Madiina laga difaaco khataraha dibadda.{{sfnp|Serjeant|1978|p=4}} Ciidamadii Makka iyo xulafadoodii waxay guuldarro ka soo gaartay Muslimiinta [[Battle of Badr|Dagaalkii Badar]] 624 ka dibna waxay dagaalameen dagaal aan la isla ogayn oo ka dhacay [[Battle of Uhud|Dagaalkii Uxud]]<ref>{{Citation |last=Peter Crawford |title=The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-oHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |page=83 |publisher=Pen & Sword Books Limited |isbn=9781473828650 |date=2013-07-16 |access-date=5 August 2022 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023957/https://books.google.com/books?id=d-oHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |url-status=live }}.</ref> ka hor intaanay ku guuldarraysan inay hareereeyaan Madiina [[Battle of the Trench|Dagaalkii Khandaq]] (Maarso–Abriil 627). Sannadkii 628, [[Treaty of al-Hudaybiya|Heshiiskii Xudeybiya]] ayaa la kala saxiixday Makka iyo Muslimiinta, laakiin waxaajabiyay Makka laba sano ka dib. Markii qabiilo badan ay islaameen, jidadkii ganacsiga ee Makka waxaa gooyay Muslimiinta.<ref>{{harvp|Peters|2003|pp=78–79, 194}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|pp=23–28}}</ref> Markaatay ahayd 629 Maxamed wuxuu ku guuleystay [[conquest of Mecca|furashadii Makka]] ee aan dhiiggu ku daadan, iyo waqtigii uu geeriyooday 632 (da'da 62) wuxuu midaysiiyay qabiilooyinkii Carabta]] hal qaran oo diimeed. === Islaamkii Hore (632–750) === {{Further|Succession to Muhammad|Early Muslim conquests}} {{See also|Ghadir Khumm|Saqifa|Canonization of Islamic scripture}} [[File:Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg|thumb|Expansion of the Caliphate{{legend|#a1584e|Muhammad, 622–632}}{{legend|#ef9070|Khulafo Al-Raashidiin, 632–661}}{{legend|#fad07d|Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750}}]] Nabi Maxamed wuxuu geeriyooday sanadkii 632 waxaana khulafadii ugu horreysay ee loo yaqaan Khulafo – Abu Bakr, Cumar, Cuthmaan, Cali iyo marmar Xasan bin Cali<ref>{{Cite book| last1 = Melchert| first1 = Christopher| date = 2020| contribution = The Rightly Guided Caliphs: The Range of Views Preserved in Ḥadīth| editor1-last = al-Sarhan| editor1-first = Saud| title = Political Quietism in Islam: Sunni and Shi'i Practice and Thought| location = London and New York| publisher = I.B. Tauris| isbn = 978-1-83860-765-4| pages = 70–71| contribution-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=96TDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA63| access-date = 17 February 2022| url-status = live}}</ref> – looga yaqaan Islaamka Sunniga ah ''al-khulafā' ar-rāshidūn'' ("Khulafadii Hagaysa").{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=40}} Qaar kamid ah qabiilooyinka ayaa Islaamka ka tagay oo ka inkiiray madax sheegtay in ay yihiin nebiyo cusub balse Abu Bakr wuxuu ku jebiyey dagaalladii Riddada.<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|p=57}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Hourani|2002|p=22}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=32}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Madelung|1996|p=43}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Ṭabāṭabāʼī|1979|pp=30–50}}</ref> Bulshooyinka maxalliga ah ee Yuhuudda iyo Nasaarada asaliga ah, ee loo haystay dad laga tirada badan yahay oo diinaysan loona culeysiyay canshuuraha, ayaa inta badan ka caawiyey Muslimiinta inay qabsadaan dhulkooda,{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=38}} taasoo keentay in khilaafaddu ay si degdeg ah ugu ballaarato boqortooyooyinkii Saasaniyiinta iyo Biisantiinta.<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|p=74}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=J. Kuiper |first=Matthew |title=Da'wa: A Global History of Islamic Missionary Thought and Practice |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2021 |isbn=9781351510721 |page=85}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lapidus |first=Ira M. |title=A History of Islamic Societies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-521-51430-9 |pages=60–61 |author-link=Ira M. Lapidus}}</ref> Cuthmaan waxaa la doortay 644 waxaana dilkiisii uu kiciyey in Cali loo doorto Khaliifkii xigay. Dagaalkii Sifeyn ee Koowaad, xaaskii Nebiga, Caashaa, waxay soo saartay ciidan ka soo horjeeda Cali, iyada oo isku dayaysa inay u aarto dhimashadii Cuthmaan, balse waa lagu jabiyey Dagaalkii Geela. Cali wuxuu isku dayay inuu xilka ka qaado guddoomiyihii Suuriya, Mucaawiya, kaas oo loo arkayay musuqmaasuq. Mucaawiya ayaa markaas dagaal ku dhawaaqay Cali waana lagu jabiyey Dagaalkii Sifeyn. Go'aanka Cali ee ahaa inuu dhex-dhexaadin sameeyo ayaa ka caraysiiyey Khawaarijta, oo ahayd koox xagjir ah, kuwaas oo qabay in aan la dagaallamin qof dembiile ah awgeed, Cali uu isna noqday dembiile. Khawaarijtu way caasiyoobeen waxaana lagu jebiyey Dagaalkii Nahrawan balse nin Khawaariji ah ayaa gadaal ka dilay Cali. Wiilkiii Cali, Xasan bin Cali, ayaa loo doortay Khaliif wuxuuna saxiixay heshiis nabadeed si looga fogaado dagaal kale, isaga oo xilka uga degay Mucaawiya si uusan Mucaawiya u soo magacaabin qof beddela.{{sfnp|Holt|Lewis|1977|pp=67–72}} [[File:Almuñécar, statue of Abd al-Rahman I.jpg|thumb|Taallo ay leedahay Cabduraxmaan I oo ku taal Almuñécar, Isbayn. Islaamku wuxuu gaaray Galbeedka Yurub 711 AD, markii Ṭariiq bin Siyaad uu galay Jasiiradda Iberia. Sanadkii 756, Cabduraxmaan wuxuu aasaasay Imaaradda Cordoba, isagoo ka aasaasay dowlad Islaami ah oo madaxbannaan al-Andalus.]] Mucaawiya wuxuu bilaabay Saldanaddii Umawiyiinta isagoo u magacaabay wiilkiisii Yaziid inay isku xigaan, taasoo dhalisay Dagaalkii Sifeyn ee Labaad. Intii uu socday Dagaalkii Karbala, Xuseen bin Cali, wiilka labaad ee Cali iyo awowgii nebiga, waxaa si arxan darro ah u dilay ciidamadii Yaziid; dhacdadii waxaa sannad walba xusaa Muslimiinta Shiicada ah ilaa maanta. Sunniga, oo uu hoggaaminayo Ibn al-Zubayr oo kasoo horjeeda khilaafad dhaxal ah, ayaa lagaga adkaaday Go'doomintii Makka. Khilaafyadan hoggaanka ayaa keenay inuu dhasho khilaafka Sunni-Shiicada,{{sfnp|Waines|2003|p=46}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harney |first=John |date=3 January 2016 |title=How Do Sunni and Shia Islam Differ? |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/04/world/middleeast/q-and-a-how-do-sunni-and-shia-islam-differ.html |access-date=4 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyadoo Shiicadu ay aaminsan tahay in hoggaanku uu leeyahay qoyskii Nebiga (Ahl al-bayt).{{sfnp|Waines|2003|p=46}} Hoggaankii Abu Bakr wuxuu kormeeray bilowgii ururinta Qur'aanka. Khaliifkii Cumar bin Cabdicasiis wuxuu dhisay guddigii, Todobadii Fuqaha ee Madiina,{{sfnp|Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar Ibn Kathīr|2012|p=505}}<ref>''Umar Ibn Abdul Aziz'' By Imam Abu Muhammad Abdullah ibn Abdul Hakam died 214 AH 829 C.E. Publisher Zam Zam Publishers Karachi, pp. 54–59</ref> waxaana Malik bin Anas uu qoray mid ka mid ah buugagii ugu horreeyay ee ku saabsan fiiqhiga Islaamka, ''Muwatta'', oo ahayd is-afgarad ku saabsan aragtida culimadaas.{{sfnp|Coulson|1964|p=103}}<ref>{{Cite book |editor-last1=Houtsma |editor-first1=M.T. |editor-last2=Wensinck |editor-first2=A.J. |editor-last3=Lévi-Provençal |editor-first3=E. |editor-last4=Gibb |editor-first4=H.A.R. |editor-last5=Heffening |editor-first5=W. |series=Volume V: L—Moriscos |title=E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936 |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=1993 |edition=reprint |isbn=978-90-04-09791-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Va6oSxzojzoC |pages=207– |access-date=19 September 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor=Moshe Sharon |title=Studies in Islamic History and Civilization: In Honour of Professor David Ayalon |year=1986 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789652640147 |page=264 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0_wUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA264 |access-date=20 June 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Khawaarijtu waxay aaminsanaayeen in uusan jirin dhexdhexaad la tanaasuli karo oo u dhexeeya wanaagga iyo xumaanta, iyo in muslim kasta oo gala dembi weyn uu noqonayo gaal. Erayga "Khawaarij" waxaa sidoo kale loo adeegsaday in lagu tilmaamo ISIS.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mamouri|first=Ali|date=8 January 2015|title=Who are the Kharijites and what do they have to do with IS?|work=Al-monitor|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2015/01/islamic-state-kjarijites-continuation.html|access-date=6 March 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Murji'ah waxay barayeen in dadka toosan lagu xukumi karo Eebbe kaligii. Sidaa darteed, dembiilayaasha waxaa loo arki karaa inay marin habaabeen, laakiin aan lagu tilmaamin gaalo.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|p=43}} Dabeecaddan ayaa timid inay ku guulaysato caqiidada Islaamka ee ugu weyn.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}}[[File:BalianofIbelin1490.jpg|thumb|Saliibiyiinta oo ku wareejinaya Qudus Muslimiinta sanadkii 1187 AD.]] Saldanaddii Umawiyiintu waxay qabsatay Maqrib, Jasiiradda Iberia, Gallia Narbonensis iyo Sindh.<ref>{{cite book |first=Donald |last=Puchala |title=Theory and History in International Relations |page=137 |publisher=Routledge |year=2003}}</ref> Duullaamadii Islaamka ee hore waxaa lagu tilmaamay imperialism Islaami ah.<ref name="n050">{{cite journal | last=Wright | first=Craig S | title=Arab Colonialism and the Roots of the Golden Age of Islam | journal=SSRN Electronic Journal | date=2022 | issn=1556-5068 | doi=10.2139/ssrn.4020040 | url=https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4020040 | access-date=2026-04-24 | page=}}</ref> Umawiyiintu waxay la halgamayeen l'aynaansho sharci ah waxayna ku tiirsanaayeen ciidan aad loo taageero.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=45}} Maaddaama canshuurta Jizya ay ahayd canshuur ay bixiyaan kuwa aan muslimka ahayn oo ka reebayay adeegga ciidanka, Umawiyiintu waxay diideen inay aqoonsadaan islaam-gelitaanka kuwa aan Carabta ahayn, maadaama ay yaraynaysay dakhliga.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}} Iyadoo Khilaafadii Raashidiintu ay adkaysay adduunyo la'aanta, iyadoo Cumar uu xitaa dalbanayo in la tiriyo hantida sarkaal kasta,<ref>{{cite book |first1=Ahmad Ibn Jabir|last1=Al-Biladhuri |first2=Philip|last2=Hitti|title=Kitab Futuhu'l-Buldan|page=219 |publisher=AMS Press |year=1969}}</ref> raaxada Umawiyiinta ayaa dhalisay qancin la'aan dadka diinta ku adag.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}} Khawaarijtu waxay hoggaamiyeen Kacdoonkii Berber, taasoo horseeday dowladaha ugu horreeya ee Islaamka oo ka madax bannaan Khilaafada. Kacdoonkii Cabbasiyiinta, kuwa aan Carabta ahayn ee soo islaamay (Mawla), qabiilooyinkii Carabta ee ay Umawiyiintu meesha ka saareen, iyo qaar ka mid ah Shiicada ayaa midoobay oo riday Umawiyiinta, iyaga oo bilaabay Cabbasiyiinta oo caalami ah sanadkii 750.{{sfnp|Lewis|1993|pp=71–83}} === Axdigii Dahabiga Ahaa ee Islaamka (786–1258) === {{Further|Hadith studies|Islamic philosophy}} {{See also|Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe|Turco-Persian tradition}} [[File:Al-Risalah_al-Dhahabiah.JPG|thumb|Bog ka mid ah Al-Risala al-Dhahabiyya ee Imam Ali al-Rida (809 AD), oo ah tii ugu qiimaha badnayd ee shaqooyinka Islaamka ee Sayniska Caafimaadka. Waxaa ku jira qaybo saynis sida Anatomiya, Histoloji, Fisioloji, Kimistari iyo Patoloji intii sayniska caafimaadku uu wali ahaa mid bilow ah.]] Al-Shafi'i wuxuu dejiyay hab lagu xaqiijiyo isku-halaynta xadiiska.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|p=86}} Waagii hore ee Ablaasiyiinta, aqoonyahanno sida Muhammad al-Bukhari iyo Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj waxay soo ururiyeen guryaha waaweyn ee xadiiska Ahlusunna, halka aqoonyahanno sida Al-Kulayni iyo Ibn Babawayh ay soo ururiyeen guryaha waaweyn ee xadiiska Shiicada. Astaamaha afar-madhab ee Ahlusunna—Hanafi, Hanbali, Maliki, iyo Shafi'i—waxaa lagu tiiriyay dhulalka fundamentiinta ee Abū Ḥanīfa, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Malik ibn Anas iyo al-Shafi'i. Taa beddelkeeda, dhulalka fundamentiinta ee Ja'far al-Sadiq waxay dhiseen Fiqhiga Ja'fari. Qarnigii 9aad, Al-Tabari wuxuu dhameystiray qafiskii ugu horreeyay ee Tafsiirka Quraanka, Tafsir al-Tabari, oo noqday mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu xigashada badan Ahlusunna Islaamka. Doobab ka mid ah Muslinka waxay ka fekereen ka-sallamaaynta nolosha duniyeed waxayna xoogga saareen saboolnimada, is-hoosaysiinta, iyo fogaanta dambiga ee ku basada diidmada rabitaanka jidhka. Zuhuudka sida Hasan al-Basri waxay dhiirrigeliyeen dhaqdhaqaaq dib u zhugnaaday tasawwuf ama Sufi.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|pp=90, 91}} Waqtigan, dhibaatooyinka fiqiga, gaar ahaan doorashada xorta ah, waxay ahaayeen kuwo si adag loo maareeyay, iyadoo Hasan al-Basri uu qabay in kasta oo Eebbe uu og yahay waxa dadku sameynayaan, wanaagga iyo xintu ay ka yimaadaan isticmaalka qaldan ee doorashada xorta ah iyo Ibliiska.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|pp=38-39}}{{efn|"Hasan al-Basri waxaa inta badan loo tixgeliyaa mid ka mid ah dadkii ugu horreeyay ee diaday asalka malaa'igta ee ibliiska, isagoo ku doodaya in dhicitaankiisu yahay natiijada doorashadiisa xorta ah, oo ma ahan go'aanka Eebbe. Hasan al-Basri wuxuu sidoo kale ku dooday in malaa'igtu aysan awoodin dambiga ama khaladaadka oo ay ka sharaf badan yihiin aadanaha iyo xata cabsida nabiyada. Shiicada iyo Sunnida hore waxay ka soo horjeedeen ra'yigiisa.<ref>Omar Hamdan ''Studien zur Kanonisierung des Korantextes: al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrīs Beiträge zur Geschichte des Korans'' Otto Harrassowitz Verlag 2006 {{ISBN|978-3447053495}} pp. 291–292 (German)</ref>}} Falsafada Caqliga Giriiga waxay dhiirrigelisay dugsi feker oo loo yaqaan Mu'tazila, oo si ka muuqata u dooday fikradda doorashada xorta ah ee uu bilaabay Wasil ibn Ata.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|p=50}} Khaliif al-Mamun wuxuu ka dhigay caqiido rasmi ah wuxuuna si aan guul lahayn ugu doortay inuu ku qasbo booskan dadka intiisa badan.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=88}} Khaliif Al-Mu'tasim wuxuu sameeyay Mihna, iyadoo Ahmad ibn Hanbal oo ilaalinaayay dhaqanka uu si muuqata u diaday inuu waafaqo fikradda Mu'tazila ee ah in Quraanku yahay ku dhacay halkii uu ka ahaan lahaa mid weligeed ah, taas oo ka dhigtay in la jilciyo oo lagu hayo qol madow muddo ku dhow soddon bilood.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doi |first=Abdur Rahman |title=Shariah: The Islamic Law |location=London |publisher=Ta-Ha Publishers |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-907461-38-8 |page=110}}</ref> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dugsiyada kale ee Kalam—Māturīdism oo uu aasaasay Abu Mansur al-Maturidi iyo Ash'ari oo uu aasaasay Al-Ash'ari—waxay ahaayeen kuwo si ballaaran loo qaatay. Falsafadyahannada sida Al-Farabi, Avicenna iyo Averroes waxay isku deyeyeen inay waafajiyaan fikradaha Aristotle iyo fundamentiinta Islaamka, iyagoo u dhow Iskolastikada Kiristanka ee Yuubka iyo shaqada Maimonides ee Yuhuudda, halka kuwo kale sida Al-Ghazali ay ka soo horjeedeen habkan oo ugu dambeyntii guuleysteen.<ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=160}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Waines|2003|pp=126–127}}</ref> [[File:Al-Idrisi's_world_map.JPG|thumb|Tabula Rogeriana (1154 AD) ee al-Idrisi, oo ah mid ka mid ah khariidadaha dunida ee ugu horumarsanaa qarniyadii dhexe, oo la sameeyay Axdigii Dahabiga Ahaa ee Islaamka.]] Axdigan inta badan waxaa loo yaqaan Axdigii Dahabiga Ahaa ee Islaamka.<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|pp=80, 92, 105}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|pp=661–663}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=56}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lewis|1993|p=84}}</ref><ref name="harvp|Gardet|Jomier|2012">{{harvp|Gardet|Jomier|2012}}</ref> Guulaha sayniska Islaamku waxay samaysteen qaybo badan oo maadooyin ah sida caafimaadka, xisaabta, astronomiga, iyo beeraha iyo sidoo kale fisigiska, dhaqaalaha, injineernimada iyo optigga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=King |first=David A. |year=1983 |title=The Astronomy of the Mamluks |journal=Isis |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=531–55 |doi=10.1086/353360 |s2cid=144315162 | issn=0021-1753}}</ref><ref name="Hassan-1996">{{cite book |last=Hassan |first=Ahmad Y. |author-link=Ahmad Y. al-Hassan |title=Islam and the Challenge of Modernity |chapter=Factors Behind the Decline of Islamic Science After the Sixteenth Century |editor-last=Al-Attas |editor-first=S. S. |editor-link=Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas |location=Kuala Lumpur |publisher=International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization |year=1996 |pages=351–399 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ854295.pdf|title=Contributions of Islamic scholars to the scientific enterprise|access-date=13 December 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The greatest scientific advances from the Muslim world|website=TheGuardian.com|date=February 2010|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/feb/01/islamic-science|access-date=13 December 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Avicenna wuxuu ahaa horyaal ku saabsan caafimaadka tijaabada ah,<ref>Jacquart, Danielle (2008). "Islamic Pharmacology in the Middle Ages: Theories and Substances". European Review (Cambridge University Press) 16: 219–227.</ref><ref>David W. Tschanz, MSPH, PhD (August 2003). "Arab Roots of European Medicine", Heart Views 4 (2).</ref> oo The Canon of Medicine waxaa loo isticmaalay qoraal caafimaad oo heer sare ah ee dunida Islaamka iyo Yurub qarniyo. Rhazes wuxuu ahaa kii ugu horreeyay ee aqoonsaday cudurrada furfuraa iyo jadeecada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/alrazi.aspx|title=Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi (Rhazes) (c. 865-925)|publisher=sciencemuseum.org.uk|access-date=31 May 2015|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 Bisha Shanaad 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506072259/http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/alrazi.aspx}}</ref> Cisbitaallada dadweynaha ee waqtigaas waxay bixiyeen shahaadooyinka ugu horreeya ee caafimaadka si loogu ogolaado dhakhaatiirta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alatas |first=Syed Farid |year=2006 |title=From Jami'ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue |url=https://zenodo.org/record/29439 |journal=Current Sociology |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=112–132 |doi=10.1177/0011392106058837 |s2cid=144509355 |access-date=12 September 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Imamuddin |first=S.M. |title=Muslim Spain 711–1492 AD |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=1981 |isbn=978-90-04-06131-6 |page=169}}</ref> Ibn al-Haytham waxaa loo tixgeliyaa aabaha habka sayniska ee casriga ah iyadoo inta badan loo sheego "saynisyahankii ugu horreeyay ee runta ah ee dunida", gaar ahaan shaqadiisa optigga.<ref>{{cite journal |author-link=Gerald J. Toomer|first=G. J. |last=Toomer |jstor=228328 |title=Review Work: Matthias Schramm (1963) ''Ibn Al-Haythams Weg zur Physik'' |journal=Isis |volume=55 |issue=4 |date=Dec 1964 |page=464 |quote=Schramm sums up [Ibn Al-Haytham's] achievement in the development of scientific method.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Al-Khalili |first=Jim |date=4 January 2009 |title=The 'first true scientist' |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7810846.stm |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gorini |first=Rosanna |date=October 2003 |title=Al-Haytham the man of experience. First steps in the science of vision |journal=Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=53–55 |url=http://www.ishim.net/ishimj/4/10.pdf |access-date=25 September 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> Injineernimada, walaalaha Banū Mūsā aaladdooda turumbada tooska ah waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay ahaan lahayd mashinkii ugu horreeyay ee la barnamijayn karo.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Koetsier |first1=Teun |title=On the prehistory of programmable machines: musical automata, looms, calculators |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_mechanism-and-machine-theory_2001-05_36_5/page/589 |journal=Mechanism and Machine Theory |date=May 2001 |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=589–603 |doi=10.1016/S0094-114X(01)00005-2 }}</ref> Xisaabta Islaamka, fikradda algorithm waxaa lagu magacaabay Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, oo loo tixgeliyo aasaasaha aljabra, oo lagu magacaabay buugiisa al-jabr, halka kuwo kale ay soo saareen fikradda shaqada (function).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Katz |first1=Victor J. |author1-link=Victor J. Katz |last2=Barton |first2=Bill |title=Stages in the History of Algebra with Implications for Teaching |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_educational-studies-in-mathematics_2007-10_66_2/page/185 |journal=Educational Studies in Mathematics |date=18 September 2007 |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=185–201 |doi=10.1007/s10649-006-9023-7 |s2cid=120363574 }}</ref> Dowladda waxay siin jirtay saynisyahannada mushahar u dhigma mushaharka ciyaartoyda xirfadleyda ah ee maanta.<ref>{{harvp|Ahmed|2006|pp=23, 42, 84}}</ref> Guinness World Records wuxuu u aqoonsan yahay Jaamacadda Al Karaouine, oo la aasaasay 859, inay tahay jaamacadda ugu qadiimsan ee bixisa shahaadooyinka dunida.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Young |first=Mark |url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessbookofwo1998newy |title=The Guinness Book of Records |year=1998 |page=242 |publisher=Bantam |isbn=978-0-553-57895-9}}</ref> Dad badan oo aan Muslin ahayn, sida Kiristanka, Yuhuudda iyo Saabi'iinta,<ref name="Brague 2009">{{cite book|title=The Legend of the Middle Ages: Philosophical Explorations of Medieval Christianity, Judaism, and Islam|first=Rémi |last=Brague|year= 2009| isbn=9780226070803| page =164|publisher=University of Chicago Press|quote=Neither were there any Muslims among the Ninth-Century translators. Almost all of them were Christians of various Eastern denominations: Jacobites, Melchites, and, above all, Nestorians... A few others were Sabians.}}</ref> waxay guntadeen ilbaxnimada Islaamka qaybo meelaha ah,<ref name="Hill-1993">{{cite book |last=Hill |first=Donald |author-link=Donald Routledge Hill |title=Islamic Science and Engineering |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=1993 |page=4 |isbn=0-7486-0455-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Brague-Assyrians">{{cite web |last=Brague |first=Rémi |author-link=Rémi Brague |title=Assyrians contributions to the Islamic civilization |url=http://www.christiansofiraq.com/assyriancontributionstotheislamiccivilization.htm |website=Christians of Iraq |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> iyo machadka loo yaqaan Bayt al-Hikma wuxuu u shaqaaleysiiyay aqoonyahanno Kiristan iyo Faarisi ah si ay ugu turjumaan shaqooyinka luqadda Carabiga iyo si ay u soosaaraan aqoon cusub.<ref name="Meri-Bacharach-2006">{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Meri |editor-first1=Josef W. |editor-link1=Josef W. Meri |editor-last2=Bacharach |editor-first2=Jere L. |editor-link2=Jere L. Bacharach |title=Hadith |encyclopedia=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia |volume=1 |location=New York |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2006 |page=304 |isbn=978-0415966917 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MypbfKdMePIC&pg=PA304 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Saliba-1994">{{cite book |last=Saliba |first=George |author-link=George Saliba |title=A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam |location=New York |publisher=New York University Press |year=1994 |pages=245, 250, 256–57 |isbn=0-8147-8023-7 |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Cheshm manuscript.jpg|thumb|Anatomiya ee isha oo uu samaystay Hunayn ibn Ishaq, oo mas'uul ka ahaa turjumida Bayt al-Hikma waagii Boqortooyada Ablaasiyiinta, 1200 AD.]]Askartu waxay ka go'een boqortooyadii Ablaasiyiinta waxayna dhiseen khilaafadooda propriyada ah, sida Tulunids oo 868 ku tirsanaa Masar<ref>{{cite book|last=Holt|first=Peter Malcolm|author-link=Peter Holt (historian)|title=The Crusader States and Their Neighbours, 1098–1291|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0qLHVGgH7AC&pg=PA8|year=2004|publisher=Pearson Longman|isbn=978-0-582-36931-3|page=6|access-date=2 February 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> iyo boqortooyada Ghaznavid oo 977 ku tirsanaa Aasiyada Dhexe.<ref>{{cite book |title=Islamic Central Asia: an anthology of historical sources |editor-first1=Scott Cameron |editor-last1=Levi |editor-first2=Ron |editor-last2=Sela |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2010 |page=83}}</ref> Qaybsanaantan waxay keentay Qarnigii Shiicada, oo u dhaxeeyay 945 iyo 1055, oo la arkay kor u kaca dhaqdhaqaaqa Isma'ili Shiicada. Koox Isma'ili ah, boqortooyada Fatimid, waxay gacanta ku dhigeen Waqooyiga Afrika qarnigii 10aad<ref>Neue Fischer Weltgeschichte "Islamisierung in Zentralasien bis zur Mongolenzeit" Band 10: Zentralasien, 2012, p. 191 (German)</ref> iyo koox kale oo Isma'ili ah, Qarmatians, waxay boobeen Makka waxayna xadeen Hajar al-Aswad, oo ah dhagaxa ku dhex jira Kacbada, dib-u-jabayntooda aan guulaysan.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Glubb |first=John Bagot |title=Mecca (Saudi Arabia) |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mecca#ref887188 |access-date=18 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live }}</ref> Koox kale oo Isma'ili ah, boqortooyada Buyid, waxay qabsadeen Baqdaad waxayna ka dhigeen Ablaasiyiinta boqortooyo magac ah oo kaliya. Boqortooyada Seljuk ee Ahlusunna waxay u dhaqaaqday inay mar kale adkayso Islaamka Ahlusunna iyagoo faafinayay ra'yiyada aqoonyahanada waqtigaas, gaar ahaan dhisidda machadyada waxbarashada ee loo yaqaan Nizamiyyas, oo la xiriira al-Ghazali iyo Saadi Shirazi.<ref>Andreas Graeser ''Zenon von Kition: Positionen u. Probleme'' Walter de Gruyter 1975 {{ISBN|978-3-11-004673-1}} p. 260</ref> Faaftada dunida Muslinka waxay sii socotay iyadoo ergooyinka diinta ay u badaleen Volga Bulgaria Islaamka. Sultanada Delhi waxay gaadhay gudaha qaarad-hoosaadka Hindiya oo kuwo badan ayaa u badalay Islaamka,{{sfnp|Arnold|1896|pp=227–228}} gaar ahaan Hinduga heerka hoose ee faracoodu ka kooban yahay inta badan Muslinka Hindiya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-36220329|title=Why are many Indian Muslims seen as untouchable?|publisher=BBCnews|date=10 May 2016|access-date=6 October 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Ganacsigu wuxuu keenay Muslin badan oo Shiinaha ah, halkaas oo ay si buuxda u xukumi jireen warshadaha soo dejinta iyo ka deerinta ee boqortooyada Song.<ref>{{cite web |title=Islam in China |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/china_1.shtml |access-date=10 August 2011 |publisher=BBC |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslinka waxaa loo qortay maamulayaal la doortay oo heer sare ah boqortooyada Yuan.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lipman|first=Jonathan Newman|title=Familiar Strangers, a history of Muslims in Northwest China|location=Seattle, WA|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-295-97644-0|page=33}}</ref> === Casrigii Ka-horreeyay Casriga Cusub (1258 – Qarnigii 18aad) === {{Further|Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam}} [[File:GhazanConversionToIslam.JPG|thumb|Muuqaal qarnigii 14aad ee Ghazan, oo ahaa boqorkii 7aad ee Ilkhanate ee Boqortooyada Mongol, oo Islaamay.]] Pobalka ganacsiga Muslinka iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa tariiqooyinka Sufida dhiigooda,{{sfnp|Arnold|1896|pp=125–258}} Islaamku wuxuu ku faafay dhulal cusub<ref>{{cite web |title=The Spread of Islam |url=http://www.yale.edu/yup/pdf/cim6.pdf |access-date=2 November 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslinkuna waxay la dhex-galeen dhaqammo cusub. Hoos kaga jirtay Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta, Islaamku wuxuu ku faafay Koonfur-bari Yuuroop.<ref>{{cite web |date=6 May 2008 |title=Ottoman Empire |publisher=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1801?_hi=41&_pos=3 |access-date=26 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 Bisha Shanaad 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525072847/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1801?_hi=41&_pos=3 }}</ref> Islaamidda inta badan waxay lahayd heer sinkretisam ah,<ref>{{Cite book |title=Islamic and European Expansion |publisher=Temple University Press |year=1993 |editor-last=Adas |editor-first=Michael |location=Philadelphia |page=25}}</ref> sida uu muujinayo muuqaalka Muhammad ee suugaanta dadweynaha ee Hinduga.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Metcalf |first=Barbara |title=Islam in South Asia in Practice |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2009 |page=104}}</ref> Turkida Muslinka ah waxay ku dareen walxaha caqiidada Shamanisamka Turkida Islaamka.{{efn|"Sannadaha dhow, fikradda sinkretisamka waa la dhuftay. Maaddaama ay maqan tahay awood lagu go'aamiyo ama lagu tixgeliyo caqiidada Ortodokska ee ku saabsan Islaamka, aqoonyahannada qaarkood waxay ku doodayaan inaysan jirin caqiidooyinka la qresheeyay, oo kaliya ee la amray habka, Islaamka ka hor qarnigii 16aad.{{sfnp|Peacock|2019|p=20–22}}}}{{sfnp|Çakmak|2017|pp=1425–1429}} Muslinka ku jira Boqortooyada Ming ee Shiinaha oo ka soo jeeda soo-galootigii hore waa la la-dhex-galay, mararka qaar shuruuc ku dhiirrigelisa dhex-galka,<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Farmer|editor1-first=Edward L.|title=Zhu Yuanzhang and Early Ming Legislation: The Reordering of Chinese Society Following the Era of Mongol Rule|date=1995|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004103910|page=82|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TCIjZ7l6TX8C&pg=PA82|access-date=19 February 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> iyagoo qaatay magacyada Shiinaha iyo dhaqanka halka Nanjing uu noqday xarun muhiim ah ee barashada Islaamka.<ref>Israeli, Raphael (2002). ''Islam in China''. p. 292. Lexington Books. {{ISBN|0-7391-0375-X}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dillon |first=Michael |year=1999 |title=China's Muslim Hui Community |publisher=Curzon |url=https://archive.org/details/chinasmuslimhuic00dill |isbn=978-0-7007-1026-3 |page=37 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Ndhex-galka dhaqanka wuxuu ahaay mid muuqda iyadoo la yaraysay saamaynta Carabta ka dib burburintii Mongol ee Khilafadii Ablaasiyiinta.<ref>{{harvp|Bulliet|2005|p=497}}</ref> Khanates-ka Mongol ee Muslinka ah ee ku jira Iiraan iyo Aasiyada Dhexe waxay ka faa'iideysteen kordhinta helitaanka dhaqammada ee Bariga Aasiya oo hoos jirtay xukunkii Mongol sidaas darteed waxay u horumareen oo ay u samaysteen si ka duwan saamaynta Carabta, sida Dib-u-dhalashadii Timurid oo hoos jirtay boqortooyada Timurid.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Subtelny |first=Maria Eva |date=November 1988 |title=Socioeconomic Bases of Cultural Patronage under the Later Timurids |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/socioeconomic-bases-of-cultural-patronage-under-the-later-timurids/2A0F3018EE155F23FC4A7F5F25D7DE6D |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=479–505 |doi=10.1017/S0020743800053861 |s2cid=162411014 |access-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201–1274) wuxuu soo bandhigay qaabka xisaabta oo ka dib loo dooday inuu qaatay Copernicus isagoo aan waxba ka badalin qaabkiisa heliocentric-ka,<ref>{{cite web|date=1999|title=Nasir al-Din al-Tusi|publisher=University of St Andrews|url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Tusi_Nasir/|access-date=27 August 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> iyo qiyaasta pi ee Jamshīd al-Kāshī ma aysan dhaafin 180 sano.<ref>{{cite web |date=1999 |title=Ghiyath al-Din Jamshid Mas'ud al-Kashi |publisher=University of St Andrews |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Kashi/ |access-date=29 December 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg|thumb|Mehmed II oo galaya Constantinople.]] Ka dib markii la soo bandhigay hubka baaruda, dawlado waaweyn oo dhawaan xabbada lahaa oo Muslin ah ayaa ku bashqaday boqortooyoyinka baaruda, kuwaas oo hore u kala qaybsanaay dhulal kala duwan. Khilafada waxaa sheegtay boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta ee Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta iyadoo sheegashadooda la adkeeyay 1517 markii Selim I uu noqday taliyaha Makka iyo Madiina.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Drews |first=Robert |url=https://my.vanderbilt.edu/robertdrews/publications/ |title=Coursebook: Judaism, Christianity and Islam, to the Beginnings of Modern Civilization |date=August 2011 |publisher=Vanderbilt University |chapter=Chapter Thirty – "The Ottoman Empire, Judaism, and Eastern Europe to 1648" |chapter-url=https://my.vanderbilt.edu/robertdrews/files/2014/01/Chapter-Thirty.-The-Ottoman-Empire-Judaism-and-Eastern-Europe-to-1648.pdf |access-date=21 April 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Boqortooyada Shiicada ee Safavid waxay ku korortay awoodda 1501 ka dibna waxay qabsatay dhammaan Iiraan.<ref>Peter B. Golden: An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples; In: Osman Karatay, Ankara 2002, p. 321</ref> Koonfurta Aasiya, Babur wuxuu aasaasay Boqortooyada Mughal.<ref>{{citation|last=Gilbert|first=Marc Jason|title=South Asia in World History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1dhKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA75|year=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-066137-3|pages=75|access-date=15 January 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> Diinta dawladaha ku dhex-jira ee boqortooyoyinka baaruda waxay saamaysay dhaqanka diimeed ee dadkooda ku dhex-jira. Wada-noolaanshaha u dhexeeya taliyayaasha Cusmaaniyiinta iyo Sufinimada wuxuu si adag u saameeyay xukunkii Islaamka ee Cusmaaniyiinta tan iyo bilowgii. Tariiqada Mevlevi iyo Bektashis waxay lahaayeen xiriir dhow oo ay la lahaayeen sultannada,<ref>Ga ́bor A ́goston, Bruce Alan Masters ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire'' Infobase Publishing 2010 {{ISBN|978-1-4381-1025-7}} p. 540</ref> maaddaama noocyada Sufi-suufiyada ah iyo kuwo kale oo sinkretik ah ee Islaamka ay u horumareen si muuqata.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Algar |first=Ayla Esen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fc69BhBDjhwC&q=ottomans+sufism |title=The Dervish Lodge: Architecture, Art, and Sufism in Ottoman Turkey |page=15 |date=1 January 1992 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-07060-8 |access-date=29 April 2020 |via=Google Books |url-status=live }}</ref> Badanaa qasabka dhex-galka Safavid ee Iiraan ee Islaamka Shiicada ee Labada-iyo-tobanlaha ee Boqortooyada Safavid wuxuu xaqiijiyay xukunkii dambe ee Labada-iyo-tobanlaha dhexdiisa Islaamka Shiicada. Soo-galootiga Faarisiga ah ee Koonfurta Aasiya, maaddaama ay ahaayeen maamulayaal saamayntooda leh iyo milkiilayaal dhul, waxay caawiyeen faafinta Islaamka Shiicada, iyagoo dhisay qaar ka mid ah dadka ugu waaweyn ee Shiicada ee ka baxsan Iiraan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/conversion-iii|title=CONVERSION To Imami Shiʿism in India|publisher=Iranica Online|language=English|access-date=6 October 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Nader Shah, oo riday Safavids, wuxuu isku deyey inuu wanaajiyo xiriirka Ahlusunna ee Cusmaaniyiinta iyadoo la faafinayo dhex-galka Islaamka Shiicada ee Labada-iyo-tobanlaha dhexdiisa Islaamka Ahlusunna sida madhabka shanaad, oo loo yaqaan Ja'farism,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Nadir Shah and the Ja 'fari Madhhab Reconsidered |first=Ernest |last=Tucker |journal=Iranian Studies |volume=27 |issue=1–4 |date=1994 |pages=163–179 |doi=10.1080/00210869408701825 |jstor=4310891}}</ref> oo ku dhiirran waayay inuu helo aqoonsi ka soo baxa Cusmaaniyiinta.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Nāder Shāh |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/nader-shah |date=29 March 2006 |first=Ernest |last=Tucker |access-date=9 March 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Casrigii Casriga Ahaa (Qarniyadii 18aad–20aad) === [[File:Portrait Caliph Abdulmecid II.jpg|thumb|Sawirka Khaliifkii ugu dambeeyay Abdülmecid II, ee Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta, 1923.]] Horey qarnigii 14aad, Ibn Taymiyya wuxuu dhiirrigeliyay qaab daahir ah oo Islaamka ah, isagoo diaday hababka falsafada si uu u doorbido fiqhiga fudud,<ref name="ReferenceA">Mary Hawkesworth, Maurice Kogan ''Encyclopedia of Government and Politics: 2-volume set'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-1-136-91332-7}} pp. 270–271</ref> wuxuuna ugu baaqay in loo furo albaabada ijtihadka halkii indho la'aan loogu dayan lahaa aqoonyahannada.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=150}} Wuxuu ugu baaqay jihad ka dhan ah kuwa uu u tixgeliyay gaalo,{{Refn|group=note|Richard Gauvain ''Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-0-7103-1356-0}} p. 6}} laakiin qoraalladiisu waxay lahaayeen oo kaliya doorkii ugu yaraa intii uu babacayay.{{Refn|group=note|Spevack, Aaron (2014). The Archetypal Sunni Scholar: Law, Theology, and Mysticism in the Synthesis of al-Bajuri. SUNY Press. pp. 129–130.}} Qarnigii 18aad ee Carabiya, Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, oo ay saameeyeen shaqooyinka Ibn Taymiyya iyo Ibn al-Qayyim, wuxuu aasaasay dhaqdhaqaaq loo yaqaan Wahhabism si loo laabto waxa uu u arkay Islaamka aan la badalin.<ref>Donald Quataert ''The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922'' Cambridge University Press 2005 {{ISBN|978-0-521-83910-5}} p. 50</ref> Wuxuu cambaareeyay caadooyinka badan ee maxalliga ah ee Islaamka, sida bisitaynta qabriga Muhammad ama Imamyada Shiicada, maaddaama ay yihiin bidco cusub iyo dambi<ref name="ReferenceE">Ga ́bor A ́goston, Bruce Alan Masters ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire'' Infobase Publishing 2010 {{ISBN|978-1-4381-1025-7}} p. 260</ref> wuxuuna burburiyay dhagaxyada iyo geedaha xurmada leh, goobaha Sufida, Qabuuraha al-Baqi, qabuuraha Muhammad iyo asxaabtiisa iyo Qabriga Imam Husayn, oo ah goob muhiim ah oo loo bisiteeyo Shiicada.{{Refn|group=note|Graves desecrated in Mizdah, Libya Herald, 2013}}{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=146}} Wuxuu dhisay isbahaysi uu la leeyahay qoyska Saud, oo marka la joogo 1920-yadii ay dhammaystireen qabsashadooda dhulka noqon doona Sacuudi Carabiya.<ref name="Musa-2022">{{Cite thesis |title=The Emergence of a Scholar from a Garrison Society: A contextual analysis of Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhāb's doctrine in the light of the Qur'ān and Hadīth |url=https://repository.uwtsd.ac.uk/id/eprint/2096/ |publisher=University of Wales Trinity Saint David |date=2022-08-23 |degree=masters |language=en |first=Shahajada Md |last=Musa |access-date=19 December 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Nicolas Laos ''The Metaphysics of World Order: A Synthesis of Philosophy, Theology, and Politics'' Wipf and Stock Publishers 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-4982-0102-5}} p. 177</ref> Ma Wanfu iyo Ma Debao waxay dhiirrigeliyeen dhaqdhaqaaqa salafida qarnigii 19aad sida Sailaifengye ee Shiinaha ka dib markii ay ka soo laabteen Makka laakiin ugu dambeyntii waxaa dhibay oo lagu qasbay inay dhuuntaan kooxaha Sufida.<ref>{{cite book|first=Barry M.|last=Rubin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wEih57-GWQQC&pg=PA79|page=79|title=Guide to Islamist Movements|year=2000|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=0-7656-1747-1|access-date=28 June 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> Kooxaha kale waxay isku deyeyeen inay dib u habayn ku samayso Sufinimada halkii ay ka diadi lahaayeen, iyagoo Senusiyya iyo Muhammad Ahmad ay labadooduba dagaallameen oo ay dhiseen dawlado ku kala yaalla Liibiya iyo Sudaan.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=147}} Hindiya, Shah Waliullah Dehlawi wuxuu isku deyey qaab dib u heshiisiin ah oo ka dhan ah Sufinimada wuxuuna saameeyay dhaqdhaqaaqa Deobandi.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=149}} Jawaab ka dhan ah dhaqdhaqaaqa Deobandi, dhaqdhaqaaqa Barelwi waxaa loo aasaasay sida dhaqdhaqaaq dadweyne, iyadoo la difaacaayay Sufinimada caanka ah oo la dib u habaynayay dhaqankeeda.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robert L. Canfield |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3JhKNSk8tQC&pg=PAPA131 |title=Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52291-5 |pages=131– |access-date=1 December 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sanyal |first=Usha |date=23 July 1998 |title=Generational Changes in the Leadership of the Ahl-e Sunnat Movement in North India during the twentieth Century |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/generational-changes-in-the-leadership-of-the-ahle-sunnat-movement-in-north-india-during-the-twentieth-century/8AAAC4CFEFC4F4084731C3964A5CAE84 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=635–656 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X98003059 |via=Cambridge Core |access-date=23 February 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[File:Interior of Al Aqsa Mosque Jerusalem. 1900-1910 (id.22715311).jpg|thumb|Sannadkii 1969 Dabka Masjidka Al-Aqsa, oo sidoo cuali burburiyay Minbarkii Saladin, wuxuu keenay ver-xaasidnimo taabtay dunida Muslinka wuxuuna ahaa kicin muhiim ah oo loo aasaasay Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka.]] Dunida Muslinka waxay guud ahaan ku jirtay hoos u dhac siyaasadeed markii ay bilaabatay 1800-yadii, gaar ahaan marka la barbardhigo awoodaha Yuuroop ee aan Muslinka ahayn. Horey, qarnigii 15aad, Reconquista waxay ku guuleysatay inay dhameeyo joogitaanka Muslinka ee Iberia. Marka la joogo qarnigii 19aad, British East India Company waxay si rasmi ah u qabsatay boqortooyada Mughal ee Hindiya.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|pp=358, 378–380, 624}} Sida jawaab ka dhan ah Imperialisamka Reer Galbeedka, aqoonyahanno badan waxay isku deyeyeen inay dib u habayn ku samayso Islaamka.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Buzpinar |first=Ş. Tufan |date=March 2007 |title=Celal Nuri's Concepts of Westernization and Religion |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_middle-eastern-studies_2007-03_43_2/page/247 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=247–258 |doi=10.1080/00263200601114091 |jstor=4284539|s2cid=144461915 }}</ref> Casriyeynta Islaamka, oo markii hore loo bixiyay aqoonyahannada Reer Galbeedka sida Salafiyya, waxay soo dhoweysay qiimayaasha casriga ah iyo machadyada sida demokaraasiyada iyadoo la raacaayo qoraallada diinta. Hogaamiyayaasha muhiimka ah ee dhaqdhaqaaqa waxaa ka mid ah Muhammad 'Abduh iyo Jamal al-Din al-Afghani.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lauziere|first=Henri|title=The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-231-17550-0|location=New York, Chichester, West Sussex|pages=231–232}}</ref> Abul A'la Maududi wuxuu caawiyay saamaynta Islaamka siyaasadeed ee casriga ah.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 January 2014 |title=Political Islam: A movement in motion |work=Economist Magazine |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/erasmus/2014/01/political-islam |access-date=1 January 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Wilfred Cantwell |title=Islam in Modern History |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1957 |isbn=0-691-03030-8 |page=233 |author-link=Wilfred Cantwell Smith}}</ref> Sida ku dhow qaanuunka casriga ah, shariicada markii ugu horreysay ayaa qayb ahaan loo qoray shaqo ahaan sannadkii 1869 ku dhex-jirtay koodka Mecelle ee Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta. Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta waxay dissilftay ka dib Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Dunida, Khilafadii Cusmaaniyiinta waa la joojiyay 1924<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 June – 5 July 2000 |title=New Turkey |work=Al-Ahram Weekly |issue=488 |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2000/488/chrncls.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=16 May 2010 |archive-date=4 Bisha Tobnaad 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101004145229/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2000/488/chrncls.htm }}</ref> iyo Khilafadii Sharifian ee ka dib waxay u dhacday si doob ah,<ref>{{Cite web |last1=الوطن |first1=جريدة |last2=webmaster |date=2020-05-05 |title="مملكة الحجاز".. وقــصـــة الـغــزو المـســلّـــح |url=https://www.al-watan.com/article/230610/NEWS/%C2%AB%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%C2%BB-%D9%88%D9%82%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B5%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%80%D8%BA%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B2%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%80%D8%B3%D9%80%D9%80%D9%84%D9%91%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%AD |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=جريدة الوطن |language=ar |url-status=dead |archive-date=2023-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516230552/https://www.al-watan.com/article/230610/NEWS/%C2%AB%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%C2%BB-%D9%88%D9%82%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B5%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%80%D8%BA%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B2%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%80%D8%B3%D9%80%D9%80%D9%84%D9%91%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%AD }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bani Issa |first=Mohammad Saleh |date=2023-11-01 |title=Factors of stability and sustainable development in Jordan in its first centenary 1921–2021 (an analytical descriptive study) |journal=Heliyon |volume=9 |issue=11 |article-number=e20993 |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20993 |issn=2405-8440 |doi-access=free|pmid=37928029 |pmc=10623165 |bibcode=2023Heliy...920993B }}</ref> sidaas darteed iyadoo ka tagaysa Islaamka oo aan lahayn Khaliif.<ref name="والخلفاء-2023">{{Cite book |last=والخلفاء |first=قصص الخلافة الإسلامية |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r-5EAAAQBAJ |title=قصص الخلافة الإسلامية والخلفاء |date=2023-03-31 |publisher=Austin Macauley Publishers |isbn=978-1-3984-9251-6 |language=en |access-date=26 December 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref> Taageerayaasha Mideynta Islaamka waxay isku deyeyeen inay mideeyaan Muslinka waxayna tartan la galeen awoodaha qarannimada ee korayay, sida Pan-Arabisamka.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doran |first=Michael |title=Pan-Arabism before Nasser: Egyptian power politics and the Palestine question |date=1999 |publisher=Oxford university press |isbn=978-0-19-512361-6 |series=Studies in Middle Eastern history |location=New York Oxford}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Landau |first=Yaʿaqov M. |title=The politics of Pan-Islam: ideology and organization |date=1994 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-827709-5 |edition=[Rev. and updated] paperback (with additions and corr.) |location=Oxford}}</ref> Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka (OIC), oo ka kooban waddamada Muslinka ah, waxaa la aasaasay 1969 ka dib gubiddii Masjidka Al-Aqsa ee Qudus.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 December 2010 |title=Organization of the Islamic Conference |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/country_profiles/1555062.stm |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Xiriirka la la leeyahay waddamada warshadaha leh wuxuu keenay dadka Muslinka ah dhulal cusub iyada oo loo marayo u-guuritaanka dhaqaalaha. Muslin badan ayaa u guuray sida shaqaale heshiis ku jooga (u badan oo ka yimid Hindiya iyo Indoneesiya) Karibiyaanka, iyagoo dhisay dadka ugu waaweyn ee Muslinka ah inta la joogo boqolkiiba ee Ameerika.<ref>{{sfnp|Haddad|Smith|2002|p=271}}</ref> U-guuritaanka ka yimid Siiriya iyo Lubnaan wuxuu ku soo kordhiyay dadka Muslinka ah ee Laatiin Ameerika.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zabel|first=Darcy|title=Arabs in the Americas: Interdisciplinary Essays on the Arab Diaspora|publisher=Peter Lang|year=2006|isbn=9780820481111|location=Austria|page=5}}</ref> Natiijadii magaalooyinka iyo kordhinta ganacsiga ee Afrika ka hooseysa Saxara waxay keentay Muslinka inay degaan dhulal cusub oo ay faafiyaan diintooda, iyadoo lagu qiyaasay inay laba-laabatay dadkeeda Muslinka ah u dhaxeysa 1869 iyo 1914.<ref>{{harvp|Bulliet|2005|p=722}}</ref> === Casrigii ee Horumarsanaa (Qarnigii 20aad–Ilaa Hada) === [[File:13. Session of the Islamic Summit Conference.jpg|thumb|Hoggaamiyeyaasha dalalka Islaamka intii uu socday kalfadhigii 2016 ee Shirka Iskaashiga Islaamka ee Istambul, Turkiga. Trikiiba saddex sano, OIC waxay isku brings dhammaan hoggaamiyeyaasha Muslinka.|upright=1.35]] Aabbayaashii casriyeynta Islaamka waxay saameeyeen dhaqdhaqaaqyada siyaasadda Islaamka sida Ikhwaanul Muslimeen iyo xisbiyada la xiriira ee dunida Carabta,<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 August 2011 |title=Are secular forces being squeezed out of Arab Spring? |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14447820 |access-date=10 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Slackman |first=Michael |date=23 December 2008 |title=Jordanian students rebel, embracing conservative Islam |work=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/24/world/middleeast/24jordan.html |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> kuwaas oo si wanaagsan uga dhex muuqday doorashooyinkii ka dambeeyay Guudkii Carabta,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kirkpatrick |first=David D. |date=3 December 2011 |title=Egypt's vote puts emphasis on split over religious rule |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/04/world/middleeast/egypts-vote-propels-islamic-law-into-spotlight.html |access-date=8 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jamaat-e-Islami ee Koonfurta Aasiya iyo Xisbiga Caddaaladda iyo Horumarinta (AK Party), oo si kemokaraasi ah xukuma Turkiga tobanaan sano. Iiraan, Kacdoonkii Iiraan wuxuu beddelay boqortooyadii laimaaniyadda ee Reer Galbeedku taageerayay iyadoo la dhisay Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah. Kuwa kale sida Sayyid Rashid Rida waxay ka go'een casriyeeyayaasha Islaamka<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lauziere|first=Henri|title=The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-231-17550-0|location=New York, Chichester, West Sussex|page=237|quote="Prior to the fall of the Ottoman Empire, leading reformers who happened to be Salafi in creed were surprisingly open-minded: although they adhered to neo-Hanbali theology. However, the aftermath of the First World War and the expansion of European colonialism paved the way for a series of shifts in thought and attitude. The experiences of Rida offer many examples... he turned against the Shi'is who dared, with reason, to express doubts about the Saudi-Wahhabi project... . Shi'is were not the only victims: Rida and his associates showed their readiness to turn against fellow Salafis who questioned some of the Wahhabis' religious interpretations."}}</ref> waxayna ka hortageen soo dhowaynta waxa uu u arkayay saamaynta Reer Galbeedka.<ref>{{Cite book|last=G. Rabil|first=Robert|title=Salafism in Lebanon: From Apoliticism to Transnational Jihadism|publisher=Georgetown University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-1-62616-116-0|location=Washington DC, US|pages=32–33|quote="Western colonialists established in these countries political orders... that, even though not professing enmity to Islam and its institutions, left no role for Islam in society. This caused a crisis among Muslim reformists, who felt betrayed not only by the West but also by those nationalists, many of whom were brought to power by the West... Nothing reflects this crisis more than the ideological transformation of Rashid Rida (1865–1935)... He also revived the works of Ibn Taymiyah by publishing his writings and promoting his ideas. Subsequently, taking note of the cataclysmic events brought about by Western policies in the Muslim world and shocked by the abolition of the caliphate, he transformed into a Muslim intellectual mostly concerned about protecting Muslim culture, identity, and politics from Western influence. He supported a theory that essentially emphasized the necessity of an Islamic state in which the scholars of Islam would have a leading role... Rida was a forerunner of Islamist thought. He apparently intended to provide a theoretical platform for a modern Islamic state. His ideas were later incorporated into the works of Islamic scholars. Significantly, his ideas influenced none other than Hassan al-Bannah, founder of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt... The Muslim Brethren have taken up Rida's Islamic fundamentalism, a right-wing radical movement founded in 1928,.."}}</ref> Kooxda ISIS waxay xitaa isku deyday inay dib u samayso diinaarkii dahabka ahaa ee casriga ahaa si uu u noqdo pambakooda lacagta. Halka kuwii ka go'ay ay qaarkood ahaayeen kuwa ka gaabsada siyaasadda, kuwo kale waxay rumechsanaayeen dhibaataynta kuwa ka soo horjeeda, xitaa Muslinka kale.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/14/isis-gold-silver-copper-islamic-dinar-coins |title=Isis to mint own Islamic dinar coins in gold, silver and copper |work=The Guardian |date=21 November 2014 |access-date=31 July 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ka hortagga dhaqdhaqaaqyada siyaasadda Islaamka, qarnigii 20aad ee Turkiga, ciidanku waxay sameeyeen afgembiyo si ay xukuumadaha Islaamiga ah uga tuuraan xukanka, sidoo kale xijabka ayaa si sharci ah loo xaddiday, sida ay sidoo kale ka dhacday Tuniisiya.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 April 2011 |title=Huge rally for Turkish secularism |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6604643.stm |access-date=6 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Saleh |first=Heba |date=15 October 2011 |title=Tunisia moves against headscarves |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6053380.stm |access-date=6 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Dhulalka kale, awoodda diinta ayaa la maamulay iyada oo hadda loo arko puppeto oo ay dawladdu maamusho. Tusaale ahaan, Sacuudi Carabiya, dawladdu waxay keligeed maamushay aqoonta diinta<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 June 2007 |title=Laying down the law: Islam's authority deficit |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/international/2007/06/28/islams-authority-deficit |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo Masar, dawladdu waxay qarameysay Jaamacadda Al-Azhar, oo hore u ahayd igo madax-bannaan oo xaddida awoodda dawladda.<ref>{{cite book| title = The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought| last1 = Bowering | first1 = Gerhard | last2=Mirza |first2=Mahan |last3=Crone |first3=Patricia| year = 2013 | publisher = Princeton University Press | page=59| isbn = 9780691134840 }}</ref> Salafiyada waxaa dhaqaale lagu siiyay Bariga Dhexe sababtoo ah ka gaabsashadeeda siyaasadda.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 October 2008 |title=Ultraconservative Islam on rise in Mideast |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna27256187 |access-date=24 September 2013 |publisher=MSNBC |url-status=live }}</ref> Sacuudi Carabiya waxay ololayso ka dhan ah dhaqdhaqaaqyada Islaamiga ah ee kacdoonka ah ee Bariga Dhexe, iyadoo ka soo horjeedda Iiraan.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Almukhtar |first1=Sarah |last2=Peçanha |first2=Sergio |last3=Wallace |first3=Tim |date=5 January 2016 |title=Behind Stark Political Divisions, a More Complex Map of Sunnis and Shiites |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/01/04/world/middleeast/sunni-shiite-map-middle-east-iran-saudi-arabia.html |access-date=6 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Tiro yar oo Muslin ah oo ka soo jeeda qowmiyadaha kala duwan ayaa loo dhibay sida koox diimeed.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thames |first1=Knox |title=Why the Persecution of Muslims Should Be on Biden's Agenda |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/muslims-islam-china-india-myanmar-persecution-repression-biden-human-rights/ |work=Foreign Policy Magazine |date=6 January 2021 |language=English |access-date=5 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Tan waxaa sameeyay xoogagga shuuciga ah sida Khmer Rouge, kuwaas oo u arkayay inay yihiin armigooda koowaad ee la cirbootinayo maaddaama dhaqankooda diimeed uu ka dhigay kuwa ka dhex muuqda dadka kale,<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Perrin |first=Andrew |date=10 October 2003 |title=Weakness in numbers |magazine=Time |url=https://time.com/archive/6894001/weakness-in-numbers/ |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}</ref> Xisbiga Shuuciga Shiinaha ee Xinjiang<ref>{{cite web |last1=Beydoun |first1=Khaled A. |title=For China, Islam is a 'mental illness' that needs to be 'cured' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/china-islam-mental-illness-cured-181127135358356.html |publisher=Al Jazeera |language=English |access-date=5 February 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo xoogagga qarannimada sida intii uu socday xasuuqii Bosniya.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mojzes |first=Paul |title=Balkan Genocides: Holocaust and Ethnic Cleansing in the Twentieth Century |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4422-0663-2|page=178}}</ref> Ciidanka Miyanmaar ee Tatmadaw oo bartilmaameedsanayay Muslinka Rohingya waxaa loogu yeeray dambi ka dhan ah aadamnimada ay sameeyeen Qaraamada Midoobay iyo Amnesty International,<ref>{{cite news |author=Oliver Holmes |date=19 December 2016 |title=Myanmar's Rohingya campaign 'may be crime against humanity' |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/19/myanmars-rohingya-campaign-may-be-against-humanity |url-status=live |access-date=5 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=19 December 2016|title=Rohingya abuse may be crimes against humanity: Amnesty|website=Al Jazeera|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/19/rohingya-abuse-may-be-crimes-against-humanity-amnesty/|access-date=2023-02-21|url-status=live}}</ref> halka Xafiiska Qaraamada Midoobay ee Wakiilka Sare ee Xaqiiqo-raadinta uu ka helay xasuuq, sifeyn qowmiyadeed, iyo dambiyo kale oo ka dhan ah aadamnimada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/MyanmarFFM/Pages/ReportoftheMyanmarFFM.aspx|title=Report of Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar |date=27 August 2018|website=ohchr.org|access-date=14 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Horumarka isgaarsiinta dunida wuxuu teshay faafinta ballaaran ee aqoonta diinta. Qaadashada xijabka waxay noqotay mid ka sii badan<ref>{{Cite news |last=Slackman |first=Michael |date=28 January 2007 |title=In Egypt, a new battle begins over the veil |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/weekinreview/28slackman.html |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo aqoonyahanno badan oo Muslin ah waxay si kordhayay isku deyayaan inay ka soocaan caqiidooyinka diinta Islaamka iyo dhaqammada caadiga ah.{{sfnp|Nigosian|2004|p=41}} Kooxaha kale dhexdiisa, helitaanka macluumaadka wuxuu keenay kordhinta wacdiyayaasha "televangelist" ee caanka ah, sida Amr Khaled, kuwaas oo kula tartama culumada caadiga ah gaaritaankooda oo ay ka dhigeen awoodda diinta mid aan hal xarun ku dhuftayn.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=263}} Sharraxaadaha "gaarka ah" ee Islaamka<ref>V. Šisler: ''The Internet and the Construction of Islamic Knowledge in Europe'' p. 212</ref> waxay si muuqata u dhex-galaan Muslinka Liberaalka ah oo isku deyaya inay waafajiyaan dhaqammada diinta iyo xukunkii laimaaniyadda ee casriga ah,{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=118–119, 179}}{{sfnp|Rippin|2001|p=288}} hab ka mid ah kuwa ay dhaleeceeyeen qaarkood oo ku saabsan waafaqsanaantiisa.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Adams, Charles J.|editor1-last=Esposito|editor1-first=John L.|title=Voices of Resurgent Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/voicesofresurgen00hcen|url-access=registration|date=1983|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/voicesofresurgen00hcen/page/113 113–4] |chapter=Maududi and the Islamic State|quote=[Maududi believed that] when religion is relegated to the personal realm, men inevitably give way to their bestial impulses and perpetrate evil upon one another. In fact it is precisely because they wish to escape the restraints of morality and the divine guidance that men espouse secularism.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Meisami|first=Sayeh|date=2013|title='Abdolkarim Soroush |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0034.xml|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-12 |website=Oxford Bibliographies|language=en}}</ref> Sidoo kale, laimaaniyaddu waxaa loo arkaa fikrad shisheeye oo ay ku soo impose gareeyeen qabsadayaashii oo ay adkeeyeen maamulayaasha ka dambeeyay gumeysiga,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Secularism, State Neutrality, and Islam|author=Abdullah Saeed|encyclopedia=The Oxford Handbook of Secularism|editor1=Phil Zuckerman|editor2=John R. Shook |url=http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/abstract/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199988457-e-12|year=2017|page=188 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.013.12|isbn=978-0-19-998845-7|access-date=7 August 2023|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref> oo inta badan loo fahmo inay u dhiganto ka-horjeedda diinta.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Nader Hashemi|title=Secularism|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0714|access-date=7 August 2023|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref> == Tirada Dadka == {{Main|Dunida Muslinka|Ummah}} {{See also|Islaamka waddan ahaan|Koraanka dadka Muslinka ah}} [[File:2020+ Proportion of people in world religions.svg |thumb|Boqolkiiba inta qof ee diimaha dunida. Muslinku waxay ka yihiin dhawaan 25.6% dadka dunida, taas oo ah tiro yar oo ka hooseysa Masiixiyiinta.<ref name=Pew_20250609>{{cite web |last1=Hackett |first1=Conrad |last2=Stonawski |first2=Marcin |last3=Tong |first3=Yunping |last4=Kramer |first4=Stephanie |last5=Shi |first5=Anne |last6=Fahmy |first6=Dalia |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |publisher=Pew Research Center |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260222070137/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |archive-date=22 February 2026 |date=9 June 2025 |url-status=live |quote=Source: Pew Research Center estimates based on more than 2,700 censuses and surveys. "How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020"}}</ref>]] Marka la joogo 2020, dhawaan 25.6% dadka dunida, ama dhawaan 2&nbsp;bilyan oo qof, waa Muslin.<ref name="pewresearch.orgReligion">{{Cite web |title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/interactives/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |date=21 December 2022 |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128120036/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/interactives/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="www.pewresearch.org-2022">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2022 |title=Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project - Research and data from Pew Research Center |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205195540/https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |archive-date=5 February 2023 |access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/|title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population|date=27 January 2011|access-date=26 October 2022|archive-date=30 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930233955/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/08/09/muslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world/ | title=Muslims and Islam: Key findings in the U.S. and around the world | date=9 August 2017 | access-date=19 December 2022 | archive-date=8 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108121140/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/08/09/muslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Pew-Growth-2017">{{cite web |last1=Lipka |first1=Michael |last2=Hackett |first2=Conrad |author-link2=Conrad Hackett |title=Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514123559/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |archive-date=2019-05-14 |website=Fact Tank |publisher=Pew Research Center |date=2017-04-06 |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> Sannadkii 1900, qiyaastani waxay ahayd 12.3%,<ref name="Barrett-2001">{{cite book |last1=Barrett |first1=David B. |last2=Kurian |first2=George T. |last3=Johnson |first3=Todd M. |title=World Christian Encyclopedia: A Comparative Survey of Churches and Religions in the Modern World |volume=1: The World by Countries: Religionists, Churches, Ministries |edition=2nd |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |page=4 |isbn=978-0195079630 |language=en}}</ref> sannadkii 1990 waxay ahayd 19.9%<ref name="Pew Research Center-2011">{{Cite report |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |publisher=Pew Research Center |access-date=27 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209094904/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=9 February 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> iyada oo saadaalintu ay muujinayso in heerku noqon doono 29.7% marka la joogo 2050.{{rp|8}} Ugu kooban uturjumaadda Pew ee 2020 waxay heshay in dadka Muslinka ah ee dunidu ay ahaayeen kooxda diimeed ee ugu koraanka badnayd tobankii sano, inta badan sababtoo ah Muslinku waxay u janjeeraan inay ku yar yihiin da'da oo ay leeyihiin heer dhalmo oo sarreeya—laba walxood oo muhiim ah oo kexeeya koraanka caadiga ah ee dadka.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett|author2=Marcin Stonawski|author3=Yunping Tong|author4=Stephanie Kramer|author5=Anne Shi|author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf|access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Pew Research Center |page=9|quote=Increases in the global Muslim population are largely due to Muslims having a relatively young age structure and high fertility rate, two characteristics that result in natural population growth.}}</ref>{{rp|9}} Sida ku xuso qiyaasta dadka ee 2020, 65% dadka Muslinka ah waxay ku dhex jiraan toban waddan, iyada oo dadka ugu waaweyni ay ku nool yihiin Indoneesiya, Bakistaan, Hindiya, Bangaladeesh, Nayjeeriya, Masar, Iiraan, Turkiga, Sudaan, iyo Aljeeriya, marka loo eego sida ay u kala hooseeyaan. Indoneesiya waxay xarun u tahay ka badan 230,000,000 oo Muslin ah, Bakistaan ka badan 220,000,000, Hindiya ka badan 210,000,000, Bangaladeesh ka badan 150,000,000, Nayjeeriya ka badan 110,000,000, Masar ka badan 100,000,000, Iiraan iyo Turkiga midkiiba ka badan 80,000,000, iyo Sudaan iyo Aljeeriya midkiiba ka badan 40,000,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/muslim-population-change/|title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020: 3. Muslim population change|date=9 June 2025|access-date=12 February 2026|website=Pew Research Center}}</ref>[[File:Islam percent population in each nation World Map Muslim data by Pew Research.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Boqolkiiba Muslinka ee dunida waddan ahaan.<ref name="pew2015" />]]Sida ku xuso warbixin ay soo saartay CNN, "Islaamku wuxuu soo jiitay dad soo Islaamay oo ka soo jeeda dhammaan heerarka nolosha, gaar ahaan Ameerikanka ka soo jeeda Afrika".<ref>{{cite news |title=Fast-growing Islam winning converts in Western world |publisher=CNN |url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9704/14/egypt.islam/ |access-date=6 May 2016 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015114027/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9704/14/egypt.islam/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ingiriiska, dhawaan 6,000 oo qof ayaa soo Islaama sannad walba, iyada oo sida ku xuso maqaal ku jira British Muslims Monthly Survey, badanka dadka cusub ee soo Islaama ee Ingiriiska ay ahaayeen dumarka.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/bmms/2000/06June00.asp#Women%20convert |title=British Muslims Monthly Survey for June 2000, Vol. VIII, No. 6 |at=Women convert |access-date=2020-09-28 |archive-date=2008-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214160750/http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/bmms/2000/06June00.asp#Women%20convert |url-status=live}}</ref> Sida ku xuso The Huffington Post, "ilaaliyayaashu waxay qiyaasayaan in illaa 20,000 oo Ameerikan ah ay soo Islaamaan sannad walba", badankoodu ay yihiin dumarka iyo Muslinka Ameerikanka ka soo jeeda Afrika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-08-24 |title=Conversion To Islam One Result Of Post-9/11 Curiosity |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/post-911-islam-converts_n_935572 |access-date=2020-11-26 |website=HuffPost |language=en |archive-date=2021-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111201117/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/post-911-islam-converts_n_935572 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author-first=Julie |author-last=Bindel |author-link=Julie Bindel |title=Why do Western Women Convert? |url=http://standpointmag.co.uk/features-may-10-why-do-western-women-convert-julie-bindel-islam-female-conversion |access-date=8 May 2016 |work=Standpoint |date=26 April 2010 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006102003/http://standpointmag.co.uk/features-may-10-why-do-western-women-convert-julie-bindel-islam-female-conversion |url-status=live}}</ref> Sidoo kale boqolkiiba iyo tirada guud ahaan, Islaamku waa kooxda diimeed ee ugu koraanka badan dunida, iyadoo la saadaalinayo inay noqoto ta ugu weyn dunida dhamaadka qarniga 21aad, iyadoo ka badanaysa Masiixiyada. Waxaa lagu qiyaasay in marka la joogo 2050, tirada Muslinka ay u dhowaan doonto tirada Masiixiyiinta ee dunida, "sababtoo ah da'da yar iyo heerka dhalmo ee sarreeya ee Muslinka marka loo barbardhigo kooxaha kale ee diimaha."{{rp|70}} === Xituunta Pew Research === Dhawaan 49 waddan ayaa ah kuwo dadka ugu badan ee ku nooli ay Muslin yihiin,{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=11}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ba-Yunus |first1=Ilyas |title=Muslims in the United States |last2=Kone, Kassim |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2006 |page=[https://archive.org/details/muslimsunitedsta00bayu/page/n186 172] |url=https://archive.org/details/muslimsunitedsta00bayu |url-access=registration |isbn=978-0-313-32825-1}}</ref><ref name="Pew-Landscape-2012">{{cite report |author=The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life |title=The Global Religious Landscape: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Major Religious Groups as of 2010 |url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323215026/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf |archive-date=2018-03-23 |date=December 2012 |publisher=Pew Research Center |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=7 March 2018 |title=Islam in Russia |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2018/3/7/islam-in-russia/ |access-date=15 June 2021 |website=Al Jazeera |publisher=Anadolu News Agency |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024349/https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/features/2018/3/7/islam-in-russia |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Book review: Russia's Muslim Heartlands reveals diverse population |date=21 April 2018 |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/book-review-russia-s-muslim-heartlands-reveals-diverse-population-1.723230 |work=The National |access-date=13 January 2019 |archive-date=14 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114210257/https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/book-review-russia-s-muslim-heartlands-reveals-diverse-population-1.723230 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyada oo 62% Muslinka dunidu ay ku nool yihiin Aasiya, halka 683 milyan oo taabacsan ay ku nool yihiin Indoneesiya, Bakistaan, Hindiya, iyo Bangaladeesh keligood.<ref name="Pew-Projections-2050">{{cite web |title=10 Countries With the Largest Muslim Populations, 2010 and 2050 |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/muslims/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables74/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207115222/http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/muslims/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables74/ |archive-date=2017-02-07 |website=Pew Research Center |publisher=Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life |date=2015-04-02 |type=Projections table |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Secrets of Islam |url=https://www.usnews.com/usnews/graphics/religion/islams_global_reach.htm |access-date=24 September 2013 |website=U.S. News & World Report |archive-date=22 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122200555/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/graphics/religion/islams_global_reach.htm |url-status=live }} Information provided by the International Population Center, Department of Geography, San Diego State University (2005).</ref>{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|pp=15, 17}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pechilis |first1=Karen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C |title=South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today |last2=Raj |first2=Selva J. |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-44851-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C&pg=PA193 193] |access-date=3 May 2019 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024331/https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslinka Carabta ah waxay samayeeyaan kooxda qowmiyadeed ee ugu weyn Muslinka dhexdeeda ee dunida,<ref name="Nydell-2005">{{cite book |last=Nydell |first=Margaret Kleffner |title=Understanding Arabs: A Guide for Modern Times |edition=4th |location=Yarmouth, Maine |publisher=Intercultural Press |year=2005 |pages=xxiii, 14 |isbn=978-1931930253 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNoiieefqAcC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024737/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNoiieefqAcC |archive-date=2023-12-28 |language=en}}</ref> waxaa ku xiga Bangaaliyiinta<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Eaton|editor=Barbara D. Metcalf|title=Islam in South Asia in Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pR0LzVCpfw8C|date=8 September 2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-3138-8|page=275|chapter=Forest Clearing and the Growth of Islam in Bengal}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=haGORCJRlOUC&pg=PA50 |title=The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics |author1=Meghna Guhathakurta |author2=Willem van Schendel |page=50 |date=30 April 2013 |publisher=Duke University Press |access-date=7 November 2016 |isbn=978-0822353188 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707092408/https://books.google.com/books?id=haGORCJRlOUC&pg=PA50 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo Bunjaabiinta.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Rajmohan|title=Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten|year=2013|page=1|publisher=Aleph Book Company|location=New Delhi, India, Urbana, Illinois|isbn=978-93-83064-41-0}}.</ref> Qiyaasaha badankood waxay muujinayaan in Shiinaha ay ku nool yihiin dhawaan 20 illaa 30 milyan oo Muslin ah (1.5% illaa 2% dadka waddanka).<ref>{{cite web |work=The World Factbook |title=Explore All Countries – China |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/ |access-date=15 September 2009 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |archive-date=13 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213122152/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=China (includes Hong Kong, Macau, and Tibet) |website=Archived Content |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm |access-date=24 September 2013 |publisher=U.S. Department of State |archive-date=10 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710075050/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Islaamka ka jira Yurub waa diinta labaad ee ugu weyn Masiixiyadda ka dib waddamo badan dhexdeeda, iyada oo heerarka koraanka ay inta badan ku yimaadaan soogalootiga iyo heerka dhalmo ee sarreeya ee Muslinka ee 2005,<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 December 2005 |title=Muslims in Europe: Country guide |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4385768.stm |access-date=1 April 2010 |archive-date=29 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929213440/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4385768.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> taas oo samaynaysay 4.9% dhammaan dadka Yurub ee 2016.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/11/29/5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe/|title=5 facts about the Muslim population in Europe|date=November 29, 2017|work=Pew Research Center|first=Conrad|last=Hackett|access-date=17 January 2023|archive-date=5 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105202657/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/11/29/5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sida ku xuso Xituunta Pew Research, soo Islaamidda ma laha saameyn weyn oo saafi ah oo ku saabsan koraanka dadka Muslinka ah maadaama "tirada dadka ku soo Islaama diinta ay u dhowdahay inay la mid tahay tirada Muslinka ah ee ka baxda diinta."<ref>{{Cite report |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |section=Conversion |date=27 January 2011 |publisher=Pew Research Center |section-url=https://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-related-factors/#conversion |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |quote=there is no substantial net gain or loss in the number of Muslims through conversion globally; the number of people who become Muslims through conversion seems to be roughly equal to the number of Muslims who leave the faith |access-date=12 May 2020 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211126/http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bagse, Islaamku wuxuu ka helayaa faa'iido yar oo ah 3 milyan oo qof marka loo eego isbeddelka diimaha u dhexeya 2010 iyo 2050, inta badan ka timaada Afrika Sub-Sahara (2.9 milyan).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf|title=Cumulative Change Due to Religious Switching, 2010–2050, p.43|access-date=4 May 2016|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150429153811/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf|archive-date=29 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/|title=The Changing Global Religious Landscape|work=Pew Research Center|date=5 April 2017|access-date=17 December 2022|archive-date=18 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218030628/https://www.pewforum.org/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sida ku xuso uturjumaadda Pew ee 2020, dhawaan 1% dadka waaweyn ee ku soo koray Muslimnimada ayaa ka baxa diinta, halka boqolkiiba la mid ah —dhawaan 1%— ay ka soo Islaamaan diimaha kale, taas oo keenta heer hoose oo isbeddel diimeed ah oo soo gala ama ka baxa Islaamka.<ref name="pew2029">{{Cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett|author2=Marcin Stonawski|author3=Yunping Tong|author4=Stephanie Kramer|author5=Anne Shi|author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf|access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US|page=39|quote=Muslims and Hindus have been the least likely to gain or lose adherents from religious switching. About one in every 100 adults raised Muslim (or Hindu) has left their childhood religion, and a similar number from a different religious category have switched into Islam (or Hinduism).}}</ref> Mutaaniqada Islaamka ka baxday waxay u janjeeraan inay u wareegaan diin kale halkii ay ka noqon lahaayeen kuwo aan diin lahayn. == Qaybaha Waaweyn == {{Main|Xiriirka Shiicada iyo Sunnada|Qadiir Khum|Saqiifa|Ciidul Qadiir}} === Matalaadda Qadiir Khum iyo Saqiifa === [[File:Chronology of Ancient Nations, f.162r miniature.jpg|thumb|Magacaabiddii Cali uu Muxammad ku magacaabay Qadiir Khum, 1307 AD fardawsa Ilkhanid.]] Tukhtaan muhiim ah ayaa ka dhacay 632 ee Qadiir Khum, halkaas oo Muxammad, obo yar ka hor dhimashadiisa, uu gacanta ku qabtay Cali, oo ahaa ina-adeerkii iyo seedigii, uu ka jeediyay khudbad uu ku yiri "Kii aan ahay ''mowlahiisa'', Cali waa ''mowlahiisa''."<ref>{{cite book |title=The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam |author-first=Maria Massi |author-last=Dakake |year=2007 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9780791470336 |author-link=Maria Massi Dakake}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Veccia Vaglieri|first=L.|date=2012|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/*-SIM_2439|section=G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm|publisher=Brill|access-date=July 14, 2023|isbn=9789004161214|archive-date=14 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714174420/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/*-SIM_2439|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfnp|Campo|2009|pp=257–258}} Ereyga mowla wuxuu leeyahay macnayaal kala duwan oo ku xiran xaaladda, oo ay ku jiraan sayid, ilaaliye, xulafo, taageere, iyo mid awood leh. Shiicada dhexdeeda, waxaa loo fahmaa magacaabidda rasmiga ah ee Muxammad uu Cali uga dhigay beddelkiisa. Sunnadu sidoo kale waxay aqbashaa in tukhtaankii Qadiir Khum uu dhacay iyadoo Muxammad uu yiri hadalkaas ku saabsan Cali. Bagse, uma tarjumaan hadalka inuu yahay magacaabidda Cali ee beddelka Muxammad. Muslinka Sunnada ah waxay u tarjumaan ereyga mowla xaaladdan inuu u muuqdo saaxiib dhow, taageere, ama mid mudan daacadnimo iyo kalsooni. Sidaas darteed, waxay u arkaan bayaanka inuu yahay caddayn ah xushmadda Muxammad uu u hayay Cali, iyagoo hoos u dhigaya muhiimadda tukhtaanka. Kalfadhigii Saqiifa wuxuu dhacay obo yar ka dib dhimashadii Muxammad ee 632, halkaas oo Abu Bakar looga doortay beddelkiisa oo uu ku noqday Khaliifkii koowaad. Saqiifa waxay ka mid tahay tukhtaannada ugu muranka badan Islaamka, sababtoo ah ka saarida tiro badan oo ka mid ah Saxaabada Muxammad, oo ay ku jiraan Ahlul Bayt iyo gaar ahaan Cali. Cali iyo tiro badan oo ka mid ah qoyska Muxammad waxay weli ku jireen aasitaanka nabiga markii uu tukhtaanku dhacayay.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Foody |first=Kathleen |date=September 2015 |title=Interiorizing Islam: Religious Experience and State Oversight in the Islamic Republic of Iran |editor-last=Jain |editor-first=Andrea R. |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=599–623 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/lfv029 |doi-access=free |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Academy of Religion |eissn=1477-4585 |issn=0002-7189 |jstor=24488178 |lccn=sc76000837 |oclc=1479270 |quote=For Shiʿi Muslims, Muhammad not only designated Ali as his friend, but appointed him as his successor—as the "lord" or "master" of the new Muslim community. Ali and his descendants would become known as the Imams, divinely guided leaders of the Shiʿi communities, sinless, and granted special insight into the Qurʾanic text. The theology of the Imams that developed over the next several centuries made little distinction between the authority of the Imams to politically lead the Muslim community and their spiritual prowess; quite to the contrary, their right to political leadership was grounded in their special spiritual insight. While in theory, the only just ruler of the Muslim community was the Imam, the Imams were politically marginal after the first generation. In practice, Shiʿi Muslims negotiated varied approaches to both interpretative authority over Islamic texts and governance of the community, both during the lifetimes of the Imams themselves and even more so following the disappearance of the twelfth and final Imam in the ninth century.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Foody |first=Kathleen |date=September 2015 |editor-last=Jain |editor-first=Andrea R. |title=Interiorizing Islam: Religious Experience and State Oversight in the Islamic Republic of Iran |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Academy of Religion |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=599–623 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/lfv029 |issn=0002-7189 |eissn=1477-4585 |jstor=24488178 |lccn=sc76000837 |oclc=1479270 |quote=For Shiʿi Muslims, Muhammad not only designated Ali as his friend, but appointed him as his successor—as the "lord" or "master" of the new Muslim community. Ali and his descendants would become known as the Imams, divinely guided leaders of the Shiʿi communities, sinless, and granted special insight into the Qurʾanic text. The theology of the Imams that developed over the next several centuries made little distinction between the authority of the Imams to politically lead the Muslim community and their spiritual prowess; quite to the contrary, their right to political leadership was grounded in their special spiritual insight. While in theory, the only just ruler of the Muslim community was the Imam, the Imams were politically marginal after the first generation. In practice, Shiʿi Muslims negotiated varied approaches to both interpretative authority over Islamic texts and governance of the community, both during the lifetimes of the Imams themselves and even more so following the disappearance of the twelfth and final Imam in the ninth century. |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Amir-Moezzi |author-first=Mohammad Ali |title=Ghadīr Khumm |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=Third |editor1-first=Kate |editor1-last=Fleet |editor2-first=Gudrun |editor2-last=Krämer |editor3-first=Denis |editor3-last=Matringe |editor4-first=John |editor4-last=Nawas |editor5-first=Devin J. |editor5-last=Stewart |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419 |year=2014 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419 |isbn=9789004269613 |author-link=Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Muslinka Sunnada ah waxay qabaan in Muxammad uu u daayay doorashada beddelkiisa bulshada, sidaas darteedna waxay u arkaan doorashadii Abu Bakar ee saxaabada inay ahayd mid sharci ah. Muslinka Shiicada ah waxay adkaynayaan in Cali hore loogu magacaabay beddelka Muxammad ee tukhtaankii Qadiir Khum, sidaas darteedna waxay u arkaan tukhtaannadii Saqiifa inay ahaayeen kuwo dhaafay xaqiisii beddelka. Dhibaatada beddelka waxay noqotay sababtii ugu horreysay ee qeybsanaanta Muslinka oo keentay soo bixitaanka labada qaybood ee waaweyn ee Islaamka, Sunna iyo Shiica. === Islaamka Sunnada ah === {{Main|Islaamka Sunnada ah}} [[File:Khalili Collection Islamic Art mss 0311 fol 190b-191a.jpg|thumb|Faraq-qoraal ah oo [[Saxiix al-Bukhari]] ah oo ka soo jeeda qarnigii 14aad, ururintii ugu horreysay ee [[xadiis]] ee [[Kutub al-Sittah|Lixda Buug]] ee [[Islaamka Sunnada ah]].]] Islaamka Sunnada ah waa qaybta ugu weyn ee Islaamka iyada oo ah mhabka diimeed ee ugu weyn dunida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of religious populations {{!}} Largest Religions, Smallest Religions, Lists, Data, & Overview {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/List-of-religious-populations|access-date=2025-07-24|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sunni |title=Sunni |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=17 September 2021 |archive-date=30 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430101807/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/574006/Sunnite |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Sunni Islam |editor-first=John L. |editor-last=Esposito |encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2014 |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2280 |access-date=10 January 2010 |archive-date=5 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005013247/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2280 |url-status=dead }} {{Wayback|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2280 |date=20101028144120 }}</ref><ref name="Denny-2010">{{cite book |last=Denny |first=Frederick |author-link=Frederick M. Denny |title=Sunni Islam: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |page=3 |isbn=978-0199804153 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D5_N97bAiJ0C&pg=PA3 |quote=Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community, and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority (85 to 90%) of that community. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lawson |first1=Russell M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_krEEAAAQBAJ&dq=islam+based+on+the+teachings+of+muhammad&pg=PA419 |title=Science in the Ancient World: From Antiquity through the Middle Ages |date=23 September 2021 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-4408-7353-9 |page=419 |language=en}}</ref> Ereygu waa gaabinta weedha "''Ahl as-Sunnah wa al-Jama'ah''", oo macnaheedu yahay "dadka [[Sunnah|sunnada]] (dhaqankii Muxammad) iyo jamacaadka".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Ahl as-Sunnah |encyclopedia=Islam Ansiklopedisi |publisher=Turkish Diyanet Foundation |location=Istanbul |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ehl-i-sunnet |last=Yavuz |first=Yusuf Şevki |date=1994 |volume=10 |pages=525–530 |lang=tr |access-date=28 December 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228114411/https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ehl-i-sunnet |url-status=live }}</ref> Islaamka Sunnada ah mararka qaarkood waxaa loo yaqaanaa "Islaamka Ortodokska ah",<ref>{{cite book |author1=John Richard Thackrah |title=Dictionary of Terrorism |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1135165956 |edition=2, revised |page=252}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Status of Women Under Islamic Law and Modern Islamic Legislation |date=2009 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9004172739 |editor1-last=Nasir |editor1-first=Jamal J. |edition=revised |page=11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=George W. Braswell |title=What You Need to Know about Islam & Muslims |date=2000 |publisher=B&H Publishing Group |isbn=978-0805418293 |edition=illustrated |page=62}}</ref> ingawa aqoonyahanada qaar ay u arkaan inaysan habboonayn, iyada oo Sunni-nimada ka baxsan ay dad badan u arki karaan fahan xumaan.<ref>An Introduction to the Hadith. John Burton. Published by Edinburgh University Press. 1996. p. 201. Cite: "Sunni: Of or pertaining ''sunna'', especially the ''Sunna'' of the Prophet. Used in conscious opposition to Shi'a, Shi'í. There being no ecclesia or centralized magisterium, the translation 'orthodox' is inappropriate. To the Muslim 'unorthodox' implies heretical, ''mubtadi'', from ''bid'a'', the contrary of ''sunna'' and so 'innovation'."</ref> Sunnadu waxay adkaynaysaa in Muxammad uusan magacaabin beddel, wuxuuna u dhaafay doorashada beddelkiisa bulshada, sidaas darteedna waxay u arkaan doorashadii Abu Bakar ee Saqiifa inay ahayd mid sharci ah. Muslinka Sunnada ah waxay inta badan u noqdaan lixda buug ee xadiiska ee waaweyn arrimaha sharciga, iyagoo u raaca mid ka mid ah afar madhabood ee fiqhiga: [[Hanafi school|Xanafi]], [[Hanbali school|Xanbali]], [[Maliki school|Maaliki]], [[Shafi'i school|Shaafi'i]].<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|pp=275, 306}}</ref> Cilmiga tawxiidka ee athariga ah waa madhab Sunni ah oo feker ah, oo uu si weyn ugu doodi jiray Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780–855 CE), oo lagu garto u noqoshada fahanka qoraalka ah ee Qur'aanka iyo sunnada, aמונה ah in Qur'aanku yahay mid aan la abuurin oo weligeed ah, iyo ka soo horjeeda cilmiga caqliga, ee loo yaqano kalam, marka loo eego arrimaha diinta iyo anshaxa.<ref>Hadi Enayat ''Islam and Secularism in Post-Colonial Thought: A Cartography of Asadian Genealogies'' Springer Publishing, 30 June 2017 {{ISBN|978-3-319-52611-9}} p.48</ref> Maaturidiyada, oo uu aasaasay Abu Mansur al-Maturidi (853–944 CE), waxay leedahay qoraalka la soo dejiyay looma baahna anshaxa asaasiga ah iyada oo wanaagga iyo xawliga lagu fahmi karo caqliga keligiis,<ref>Rico Isaacs, Alessandro Frigerio ''Theorizing Central Asian Politics: The State, Ideology and Power'' Springer Publishing 2018 {{ISBN|978-3-319-97355-5}} p. 108</ref> laakiin dadku waxay u noqdaan waxyiga arrimaha ka baxsan fahanka bahaamka. Ash'ariyada, oo uu aasaasay Al-Ashʿarī (c. 874–936), waxay leedahay anshaxu wuxuu ka imaan karaa oo keliya waxyiga rabbaaniga ah laakiin waxay aqbashaa caqliga arrimaha fasiraadda waxayna isku dartaa hababka Mu'tazilada iyo fikradaha athariga.<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|1999|p=280}}</ref> Salafiyadu waa doonis dib u cusboonaysiin ah oo u dooda u noqoshada dhaqankii qgeneration-kii ugu horreeyay ee Muslinka. Qarnigii 18aad, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab wuxuu kexeeyay dhaqdhaqaaq Salafi ah, oo dadka ka baxsan ay u yaqaanaan Wahaabiya, waddanka maanta loo yaqano Sacuudi Carabiya.<ref>Richard Gauvain ''Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-0-7103-1356-0}} page 8</ref> Dhaqdhaqaaq la mid ah oo loo yaqano Ahl al-Hadith ayaa sidoo kale hoos u dhigay dhaqanka sharciga Sunniga ah ee qarniyada jiray, iyagoo door biday inay si toos ah u raacaan Qur'aanka iyo Xadiiska. Dhaqdhaqaaqa Sunniga ah ee Nurcu waxaa aasaasay Said Nursi (1877–1960); wuxuu isku darayaa qaybo ka mid ah Tasawufka iyo sayniska.<ref name="Svante E. Cornell p. 283">Svante E. Cornell ''Azerbaijan Since Independence'' M.E. Sharpe {{ISBN| 9780765630049}} p. 283</ref><ref>Robert W. Hefner ''Shariʻa Politics: Islamic Law and Society in the Modern World'' Indiana University Press 2011 {{ISBN|978-0-253-22310-4}} p. 170</ref> === Islaamka Shiicada ah === {{Main|Islaamka Shiicada ah}} [[File:Folio from a Nahj al-Balagha.gif|thumb|Warqad gacan-qoraal ah oo ka timaada Nahj al-Balagha, ee taariikhdeedu tahay 1149 AD. Nahj al-Balagha waa ururin khudbado, waraaqo, iyo hadallo ah oo uu leeyahay Cali. Waxaa loo arkaa inay ka mid tahay kuwa ugu muhiimsan ee suugaanta Carabiga iyada oo ka joogta meel sare Islaamka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda.]] Islaamka Shiicada ah waa qaybta labaad ee ugu weyn Islaamka iyo mid ka mid oo ka mid ah mhabada diimeed ee ugu waaweyn dunida.<ref>{{cite web |title=Field Listing :: Religions |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706231326/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |archive-date=6 July 2010 |access-date=25 October 2010 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |quote=Sunni Islam accounts for over 75% of the world's Muslim population." ... "Shia Islam represents 10–15% of Muslims worldwide.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sunni |url=https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/sunni |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614103622/https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/sunni |archive-date=14 June 2020 |access-date=24 May 2020 |publisher=Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs |quote=Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam, comprising about 85% of the world's over 1.5 billion Muslims.}}</ref>{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=1|ps=. "Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims."}} Ereygu waa gaabinta weedha "''Shīʿat ʿAlī''", oo macnaheedu yahay "xisbigii Cali". Muslinka Shiicada ah waxay adkaynayaan in Muxammad uu magacaabay ina-adeerkii iyo seedigii, Cali, inuu noqdo beddelkiisa.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shii|title=Shiʿi|last=Newman|first=Andrew J.|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=28 December 2021|archive-date=20 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720054917/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shii|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2004 |title=Sunni Islam |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa |publisher=MacMillan Reference |editor-last=Philip Mattar |edition=2nd |author1=Tayeb El-Hibri|author2=Maysam J. al Faruqi}}</ref> Cali waxaa ku xigay silsilad Imaamyo ah oo Ilaah magacaabay oo ka soo jeeda qoyska Muxammad ([[Ahl al-Bayt|Ahlul Bayt]]). Mhabka ugu weyn ee Islaamka Shiicada ah, Shiicada Laba-iyo-Tobanka ah, waxay aqoonsan yihiin Laba-iyo-Tobanka Imaam inay yihiin hoggaamiyeyaasha Ilaah magacaabay, iyadoo ka bilaabanaysa Cali keligiis oo ku dheehanaysa Mahdiga, oo la rumeysan yahay inuu ku jiro qoyanaanta loona fadhiyo inuu dib u soo laabto Dhamaadka Sannadaha si uu u aasaaso caddaalad oo uu caawin doono Ciise. Islaamka Shiicada ah wuxuu muhiimad gaar ah siiyaa Ahlul Bayt (qoyska Muxammad), kuwaas oo Muslinka Shiicada ah ay u arkaan inay leeyihiin awood diimeed iyo ruhani ah oo Ilaah siiyay. Qur'aanka, teachings-ka Muxammad (Sunnah), iyo Imaamyada waxay samayeeyaan asaaska ugu muhiimsan ee fekerka diimeed iyo fiqhiga Shiicada. Muslinka Shiicada ah waxaa kexeeya madhabka Jacfariyada ee fiqhiga.<ref>{{Cite book |author1=John Corrigan|author2=Frederick Denny|author3=Martin S Jaffee|author4=Carlos Eire |year=2011 |title=Jews, Christians, Muslims: A Comparative Introduction to Monotheistic Religions |publisher= Cambridge University Press |id=978-0205026340 }}</ref> Ururinta ugu muhiimsan ee xadiiska ee Islaamka Shiicada ah waa Afarta Buug ee Sharciga ah, oo loo yaqano Kitab al-Kafi, Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih, Tahdhib al-Ahkam, iyo Al-Istibsar. Islaamka Shiicada ah wuxuu ka kooban yahay dhowr qaybood, ta ugu weyn oo ugu muhiimsan waxay tahay Shiicada Laba-iyo-Tobanka ah, oo ay ku xigaan qaybaha yar ee Ismaaciiliyad iyo Saydiyad.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social and Military History |editor-first1=Spencer C. |editor-last1=Tucker |editor2=Priscilla Mary Roberts |year=2008 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-842-2 |page=917 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC&pg=PA917 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024726/https://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC&pg=PA917 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Iraq Effect: The Middle East After the Iraq War |first=Frederic M. |last=Wehrey |year=2010 |publisher=Rand Corporation |isbn=978-0-8330-4788-5 |page=91 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-3LAlfW7DIC&pg=PA91 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024742/https://books.google.com/books?id=i-3LAlfW7DIC&pg=PA91#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Newman|first=Andrew J.|author-link=Andrew J. Newman|title=Twelver Shiism: Unity and Diversity in the Life of Islam, 632 to 1722|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-7833-4|chapter=Introduction|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ&pg=PP18|page=2|access-date=13 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501201413/https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ|archive-date=1 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Dagaalkii Karbala, oo uu awoowe u ahaa Nabiga oo ahaa Imaamka saddexaad ee Shiicada, Xuseen ibn Cali, si xun loogu dilay oo madaxa looga jaray iyada oo la dilay badanka xubnaha qoyskiisa, wuxuu siiyay Caliyinta aqoonsi diimeed oo u gaar ah wuxuuna ka qaatay door muhiim ah zhuraalka iyo adkaynta ta noqotay Islaamka Shiicada ah. Wuxuu ka joogaa meel dhexe taariikhda Shiicada, dhaqanka, iyo cilmiga tawxiidka, iyadoo inta badan lagu xuso suugaanta Islaamka. Waa mid ka mid ah waqtiyada ugu murugada badan, muhiimka ah, ee lagu garto taariikhda Islaamka. Dhismaha Imaam Cali ee Najafe, Dhismaha Imaam Xuseen ee Karbala, iyo Dhismaha Imaam Riza ee Mashxad waa saddexda meelood ee ugu xurmada badan ka dib Masjid al-Xaraam ee Makka, Masjid al-Nabawi ee Madiina, iyo Masjid al-Aqsa ee Qudus.<ref name="Sardeg2">{{cite web |last=Escobar |first=Pepe |date=May 24, 2002 |title=Knocking on heaven's door |url=http://www.atimes.com/c-asia/DE24Ag04.html |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020603155002/http://atimes.com/c-asia/DE24Ag04.html |archive-date=June 3, 2002 |access-date=2006-11-12 |work=Asia Times Online |quote=our sixth imam, Imam Sadeg, says that we have five definitive holy places... first is Mecca... second is Medina... third belongs to our first imam of Shia, Ali, which is in Najaf. The fourth belongs to our third imam, Hussein, in Kerbala. The last one belongs to the daughter of our seventh imam and sister of our eighth imam, who is called Fatemah, and will be buried in Qom. |department=Central Asia/Russia}}</ref> Laba-iyo-Tobanka Imaam sidoo xushmad lagu hayaa Islaamka Sunnada ah dhexdeeda iyagoo ah xubno ka mid ah qoyska Nabiga Muxammad iyo shakhsiyaad muhiim ah oo ku jira taariikhda Islaamka, iyadoo Sunnadu ay booqdaan dhismooyinkooda xushmad darteed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Iraqi delegation from the Sunni Endowment visited the Holy Shrine of Imam Ali (PBUH).|url=https://www.alarbaeen.ir/en/news/an-iraqi-delegation-from-the-sunni-endowment-visited-the-holy-shrine-of-imam-ali-pbuh|access-date=2026-02-16|website=www.alarbaeen.ir}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Waziri|first=Adam Isa|date=2022-11-21|title=Sunni Professors, Scholars From Pakistan Visit Imam Husain's Holy Shrine in Karbala » Education Monitor News|url=https://educationmonitornews.com/sunni-professors-scholars-from-pakistan-visit-imam-husains-holy-shrine-in-karbala/|access-date=2026-02-16|website=Education Monitor News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Arooj|date=2024-02-01|title=Sunni scholars from Turkey express happiness upon visiting holy shrine of Imam Hussein|url=https://shiawaves.com/english/uncategorized/100914-sunni-scholars-from-turkey-express-happiness-upon-visiting-holy-shrine-of-imam-hussein/|access-date=2026-02-16|website=Shia Waves|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-16|title=Iraqi Sunni Friday prayer leaders visit Imam Reza (AS) holy shrine|url=https://en.hawzahnews.com/news/358808/Iraqi-Sunni-Friday-prayer-leaders-visit-Imam-Reza-AS-holy-shrine|access-date=2026-02-16|website=Hawzah News Agency|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=English Pakistani Sunnis Visit Imam Reza Shrine|url=https://www.shiachat.com/forum/topic/235051393-english-pakistani-sunnis-visit-imam-reza-shrine/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617090149/https://www.shiachat.com/forum/topic/235051393-english-pakistani-sunnis-visit-imam-reza-shrine/|archive-date=2025-06-17|access-date=2026-02-16|website=ShiaChat.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-14|title=Sunni Cleric: Imam Reza Shrine a Center for Unifying Muslims|url=https://en.abna24.com/news/664698/Sunni-Cleric-Imam-Reza-Shrine-a-Center-for-Unifying-Muslims|access-date=2026-02-17|website=ABNA English|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Imam Reza (A.S.) Is the Symbol of Unity among Islamic Sects.|url=https://www.alarbaeen.ir/en/news/imam-reza-as-is-the-symbol-of-unity-among-islamic-sects|access-date=2026-02-17|website=www.alarbaeen.ir}}</ref> {{multiple image | align = center | image1 = ImamAliShrine2026.jpg | width1 = 217 | alt1 = | caption1 = Dhismaha Imaam Cali ee Najafe, Ciraaq, waxaa loo arkaa Muslinka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda inuu yahay meesha ugu xurmada badan Islaamka ka dib Makka, Madiina iyo Qudus. | image2 = حرم الامام الحسين.jpg | width2 = 218 | alt2 = | caption2 = Dhismaha Imaam Xuseen ee Karbala, Ciraaq, waa meel aad u xurmo badan Islaamka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda. | width3 = 315 | alt3 = | footer = | image3 = ImamReza(A).jpg | caption3 = Dhismaha Imaam Riza ee Mashxad, Iiraan, waa masjidhka ugu weyn dunida iyadoo ka mid ah meelaha ugu xurmada badan Islaamka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda. }} ===== Cibaadiyada ===== {{Main|Muhakkima|Cibaadiyada|Khawaarijta}} Cibaadiyada waa madhab u gaar ah Islaamka waxaana inta badan loo arkaa qaybta saddexaad ee mhabada Islaamka, oo barbar taagan Islaamka Sunnada ah iyo Islaamka Shiicada ah. Xididdadeedu waxay dib u raacaan go'itaankii Khawaarijta ee ka go'een Cali, oo ahaa ina-adeerkii iyo seedigii nabiga Muxammad oo ahaa Imaamkii ugu horreeyay ee Shiicada iyo khaliifkii afaraad ee Khulafo al-Raashidiinta ee Sunnadu. Waxaaba jirta in Cibaadiyiinta casriga ah ay inta badan diadaan in aqiidadooda lagu tilmaamo Khawaarij. Cibaadiyada waxay soo baxday qarniyadii ugu horreeyay ee Islaamka iyadoo ka timaada khilaafaadkii siyaasadeed iyo kuwa tawxiidka ee ku xeernaa Fitnada Koowaad. Dhaqanku wuxuu taariikhiyan u xiran yahay dhaqdhaqaaqii hore ee Muhakkima. Cibaadiyiintu way ka tiro yar yihiin labada mhab ee ugu waaweyn Islaamka, Sunnadu iyo Shiicada. Cibaadiyada waxay weli tahay mid aan si fican u baran dadka ka baxsan, iyadoo ay ku jiraan kuwo aan Muslin ahayn iyo Muslinka Sunnada iyo Shiicada ah. [[File:Islam branches and schools.png|centre|Dulmar guud oo ku saabsan qaybaha waaweyn iyo mhabada Islaamka]] ===== Qaybaha ===== * Dhaqdhaqaaqa Axmadiyada waxaa lagu aasaasay Hindiya ee Ingiriisku xukumayay 1889 oo uu aasaasay Mirza Ghulam Ahmad oo ka soo jeeda Qadian, oo sheegtay inuu yahay Masiiyadii la ballanqaaday ("Soo laabashada Labaad ee Ciise"), Mahdiga Muslinku dhowrayaan sidoo kale prophet yar oo raaca nabiga Islaamka Muxammad. Waxaa jira fikrado iyo barashooyin kala duwan oo u gaar ah Axmadiyiinta marka loo eego badanka Muslinka kale, kuwaas oo ay ku jiraan fasiraadda cinwaanka Qur'aanka ee Khatam an-Nabiyyin iyo fasiraadda Soo laabashada Labaad ee Masiiyada. deviations-kan loo arko inay ka bixisay fekerka Islaamka ee caadiga ah waxay keeneen in badanka Muslinka ay u arkaan kuwo ka baxay diinta iyo khilaafyada lagu hayo Axmadiyiinta waddamo kala duwan dhexdeeda, gaar ahaan Bakistaan, halkaas oo si rasmi ah looga dhaqangaliyay inaysan Muslin ahayn oo ay dhaqangalisay Xukuumadda Bakistaan. Taabacsanaha Dhaqdhaqaaqa Axmadiyada ee Islaamka waxay u qeybsamaan laba kooxood: ta koowaad oo ah Bulshada Muslinka ee Axmadiyada, oo maanta ah kooxda ugu weyn, iyo Dhaqdhaqaaqa Axmadiyada ee Laahore ee Fafinta Islaamka. * Calawiyada waa dhaqan Islaam oo doonis leh oo maxalli ah, oo taabacsaneedu ay raacaan barashooyinka qarsoon (bāṭenī) ee Cali iyo Haji Bektash Veli. Calawiyada waa isku dharraaq ka mid ah fikradaha dhaqanka ee Turkiga ee qarnigii 14aad, iyadoo leh xididdo ka imaan kara Tengrism iyo Animism oo barbar socda fikradaha Shiicada iyo Tasawufka. Waxaa la qiyaasay inay jiraan 10 milyan illaa ka badan 20 milyan (~0.5–1% dhammaan Muslinka) oo Calawiyiin ah dunida oo dhan. * Qur'aaniyuuntu waa dhaqdhaqaaq diimeed ee Islaamka oo ku aasaasan aqiidada ah in sharciga Islaamka iyo xaqiijintu ay tahay oo keliya inay ka timaado Qur'aanka oo aysan ka imaanin sunnada ama Xadiiska, iyadoo Qur'aaniyuuntu ay si muuqata uga kala duwan yihiin habka loo raaco shanta tiro ee Islaamka. Dhaqdhaqaaqu wuxuu soo baxay qarnigii 19aad wixii ka dambeeyay, iyadoo fekerayaal sida Syed Ahmad Khan, Abdullah Chakralawi iyo Ghulam Ahmed Perwez ee Hindiya ay su'aal ka keeneen dhaqanka xadiiska. Ejipt, Muhammad Tawfiq Sidqi wuxuu ku qaray maqaalka ''Islaamku waa Qur'aanka keligiis'' majaladda ''Al-Manār'', isagoo u doodayay awoodda keligeed ee Qur'aanka. Qur'aaniyiin muhiim ah oo qarnigii 20aad ee dambe wuxuu ahaa Rashad Khalifa, oo ahaa biokimiko Masri-Ameerikan ah oo sheegtay inuu helay fure tiro oo ku jira Qur'aanka, wuxuuna aasaasay ururka Qur'aaniyiinta ee United Submitters International. * Mu'tazilada waxay ahayd madhab hore oo cilmiga tawxiidka Islaamka oo lagu garto isticmaalka caqliga, gaar ahaan marka loo eego labada ilo ee ugu horreeya Islaamka, Qur'aanka iyo xadiiska. Madhabtu waxay ku aasaasantaa shanta usool ee waaweyn: tawxiidka, caddaalada rabbaaniga ah, hubaasha ballanqaadyada iyo digniinaha rabbaaniga ah, meel dhexe oo marka loo eego heerka duniyeed ee duntayda waaweyn, iyo waajibka amarrada wanaagsan iyo ka hortaga xumaanta. Ka dib Sunnadu, Mu'taziladu waxay diadeen aragtida dhaqanka ah ee ah in Qur'aanku yahay hadalka aan la abuurin ee Ilaah, waxayna halkaas ka qabteen in Qur'aanku yahay waxyi la abuuray, si loo adkeeyo koodnimada kheyraatka ee Ilaah. Iyagoo adkaynaya isticmaalka caqliga, waxay u doodeen in dookha xorta ah ee bahaamka uu u oggolaado shakhsiyaadka inay doorataan wanaagga ama xumaanta, taas oo ka dhigaysa kuwo mas'uul ka ah eedooda. Bagse saameynta Mu'taziladu waxay hoos u dhacday dhibaatada bulshada iyo siyaasadeed ee ka timaada Sunnadu darteed, reebitaankooda caqliga wuxuu weli yahay mid muhiim ah fekerka casriga ah ee Islaamka. === Muslimiinta aan kooxna ka tirsanayn === {{Main|Non-denominational Muslim}} Muslimiinta aan kooxna ka tirsanayn waa eegmo guud oo loo isticmaalo ama ay isticmaalaan Muslimiinta aan ka tirsanayn ama aan isku tilmaamin mhab gaar ah oo Islaam ah.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Benakis |first=Theodoros |date=13 January 2014 |title=Islamophoobia in Europe! |work=New Europe |location=Brussels |url=http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |url-status=dead |access-date=20 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131145036/http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |archive-date=31 January 2016 |quote=Anyone who has travelled to Central Asia knows of the non-denominational Muslims—those who are neither Shiites nor Sounites, but who accept Islam as a religion generally.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Kenneth |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=jQGZBAAAQBAJ|page=29}} |title=Unthinkable: Iran, the Bomb, and American Strategy |date=2014 |isbn=978-1-4767-3393-7 |page=29 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |quote=Although many Iranian hardliners are Shi'a chauvinists, Khomeini's ideology saw the revolution as pan-Islamist, and therefore embracing Sunni, Shi'a, Sufi, and other, more nondenominational Muslims}}</ref> Sahanadii ugu dambeeyay waxay ku warramayaan in qayb weyn oo ka mid ah Muslimiinta ka mid ah kuwa ku nool qaybo ka mid ah dunida ay isku tilmaamaan oo keliya Muslim, inkasta oo ay yar tahay falanqaynta la daabacay ee ku saabsan sababaha ka dambeeya jawaabtan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burns |first=Robert |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=akWUGyN7fwEC|page=55}} |title=Christianity, Islam, and the West |date=2011 |isbn=978-0-7618-5560-6 |page=55 |publisher=University Press of America |quote=40 per cent called themselves "just a Muslim" according to the Council of American-Islamic relations}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tatari |first=Eren |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=x_4QBQAAQBAJ|page=111}} |title=Muslims in British Local Government: Representing Minority Interests in Hackney, Newham and Tower Hamlets |date=2014 |isbn=978-90-04-27226-2 |page=111 |publisher=BRILL |quote=Nineteen said that they are Sunni Muslims, six said they are just Muslim without specifying a sect, two said they are Ahmadi, and two said their families are Alevi}}</ref> Pew Research waxay ku warramaysaa in jawaab-bixiyeyaasha isku tilmaama oo keliya Muslim ay yihiin inta ugu badan ee Muslimiinta ee toddoba waddan (iyo tiro sare saddex kale dhexdeeda), iyadoo heerka ugu sarreeya uu yahay Kasakhstan oo ah 74%. Ugu yaraan mid ka mid ah shan kasta oo Muslim ah ee ugu yaraan 22 waddan wuxuu isku tilmaamaa habkan.<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|date=9 August 2012|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|access-date=4 September 2013|website=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project}}</ref> == Tasawufka == === Suufiyada === {{Main|Suufiyada}} {{See also|Xiriirka Salafiga iyo Suufiga}} [[File:Mevlana Konya.jpg|thumb|Wareegga Suufiga ee Dhismaha Qabriga Suufiga ee Rumi ee Konya, Turkey.]] Suufiyada (Carabi: تصوف), waa hab ka mid ah Tasawufka Islaamka oo raadiya in lagu helo khibrad shakhsi ah oo toos ah ee Eebbe. Culimadii hore ee Suufiyadu waxay ku tilmaameen tasawufka "cilmiga ujeeddadiisu tahay sixidda wadnaha iyo ka jeedinta dhammaan wixii kale ee aan Eebbe ahayn", iyada oo loo marayo "awoodda caqliga iyo sharafta" oo laga joojiyo in lagu tababaro. Ahmad ibn Ajiba wuxuu ku tilmaamay tasawufka "ku laabashada dhaqanka, bilowgiisuna yahay aqoon, dhexdiisuna tahay wax-qabad [aqoontaas ku saabsan], dhammaadkiisuna yahay hadiya [ka timaada Allah]." Ma aha qayb ka mid ah Islaamka, taabacsanaha ayaana ka tirsan mhabada kala duwan ee Muslinka. Ismaaciiliya, oo barashadeedu ku aasaasan tahay Gnosticism iyo Neoplatonism iyadoo ay barbar socdaan madhabaha Illuminationist iyo Isfahan ee falsafadda Islaamka, waxay samaysay fasiraado tasawuf ah oo Islaamka ah. Hasan al-Basri, oo ahaa Suufigii hore oo inta badan loo arko mid ka mid ah Suufiyadii ugu horreysay, wuxuu adkeeyay cabsida ka timaada guuldarrada Eebbe ee adkaysiga. Taa beddekeeda, Suufiyadii dambe ee waaweynayd, sida Mansur Al-Hallaj iyo Jalaluddin Rumi, waxay adkeeyeen diinta ku aasaasan jacyada loo qabo Eebbe. Jacyadaas waxay sidoo kale saameyn ku lahaayeen fanka, iyadoo Rumi uu weli yahay mid ka mid ah gabayaaga ugu iibka badan Ameerika. [[File:Sema ceremony many.jpg|thumb|Suufiyada ee Turkey.]]Suufiyadu waxay u arkaan tasawufka qayb aan ka go'in Islaamka. Suufiyadii dhaqanka ahayd, sida Bayazid Bastami, Jalaluddin Rumi, Haji Bektash Veli, Junaid Baghdadi, iyo Al-Ghazali, waxay u doodeen in Suufiyadu ku aasaasan tahay usoolka Islaamka iyo barashooyinka nabiga. Taariikhyahan Nile Green wuxuu u dooday in Islaamka qarniyadii dhexe uu ahaa wax yar ama ka badan Suufiyada. Taabacsanaha dhaqdhaqaaqa Sunnada ee dib-u-soocida ee loo yaqaano Salafiyada waxay u arkeen dhaqannada jacyada ee caanka ah, sida weyneynta awliyada Suufiga, inay yihiin cusbooneysiin ka timaada diintii hore. Salafiyiintu inta badan waxay weerareen Suufiyada, taas oo keentay xumaanshaha xiriirka Suufiga iyo Salafiga. Ururrada Suufiga waxay samayskaan dariiqooyin ku xeeran macallin (wali) oo raaca xiriir ruuxi ah oo dib u raaca Muxammad. Suufiyadu waxay kaqaateen door muhiim ah samaynta bulshooyinka Muslinka iyaga oo loo marayo dhaqdhaqaaqyada baahinta iyo waxbarashada. Dhaqdhaqaaqa Ahle Sunnat ama Barelvi ee uu saameeyay Tasawufku wuxuu sheegtaa in ka badan 200 milyan oo taabacsane ku leeyahay Koonfurta Aasiya. Suufiyadu waxay muhiim ku tahay Aasiyada Dhexe, iyo sidoo kale waddamada Afrika sida Tuniisiya, Aljeeriya, Marooko, Senejaal, Chaad iyo Nayjar. == Sharciga iyo Fiqhiga == === Shariicada === {{Main|Shariicada|Fiqhiga}} {{See also|Mantiqa ee Falsafadda Islaamka#Sharciga Islaamka iyo Cilmiga Tawxiidka}} [[File:Madhhab Map3.png|thumb|Madhabaha sharciga Islaamka ee Dunida Muslinka.]] Shariicada waa tan ka kooban sharciga diinta Islaamka. Doonista ah in la tilmaamo oo lagu ogaado sharciyada hab dhammaystiran oo is-waafaqsan waxay keentay horumarinta aragtida sharciga, oo loo yaqaano fiqhi. Taa beddekeeda, bidco waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu tilmaamo cusbooneysiinta sharciga ka baxsan ee arrimaha diinta. Dhabbooyinka kala duwan, ee loo yaqaano usoolka fiqhiga, ayaa horumaray oo madhabka sharciga ee ka soo baxa dhabbo ku xeeran waxaa loo yaqaanaa madhab. Is-waafaqidda raacda go'aannada khabiir diimeed ama madhab waxaa loo yaqaanaa taqliid. Shuruudda ghayr muqallid waxay u tilmaamaysaa kuwa aan isticmaalin taqliidka iyo, sii dheeraanteeda, aan lahayn madhab. Dhaqanka shakhsigu ku fasirayo sharciga caqliga xor ah waxaa loo yaqaanaa ijtixaad. Kuwa fasira shariicada waxaa loo yaqaanaa muftiyo oo ra'yigooda sharciga ah waxaa loo yaqaanaa fatwo. [[File:'Abd_Allah_ibn_Shaykh_Murshid_al-Katib_-_Sa'di_and_a_Dervish_Go_to_Settle_their_Quarrel_Before_a_Judge_-_Walters_W618106B_-_Cropped.jpg|thumb|Gabayaaga Saadi Shirazi iyo darwiish waxay u socdaan inay khilaafkooda ku dhameeyaan xakim hortiis, farta qarnigii 16aad oo ka timaada Iiraan.]] Ilaaha koowaad ee Shariicadu waa Qur'aanka iyo Sunnada. Ilaa saddexaad oo caani ah waa qiyaas (caqli analoji ah) oo loo isticmaalo dhibcooyinka sharciga ah ee aan si toos ah loogu faahfaahin Qur'aanka ama Sunnada. Isku-barbardhigga ayaa la raadiyaa si loo helo illah, ama sababta halkan ku jirta, oo ah sababta ka dambeysa xukunkii hore. Tusaale ahaan, reebitaanka gaarka ah ee khamriga waxaa ka soo baxaya reebitaanka guud ee alkoolka maadaama ay wadaagayaan sababta shaqaynaysa ee loo gartay inay tahay dabeecadda ma zeexisa ee dhammaan cabitaannada alkoolka ah. Madhabka Saahiriga wuxuu adkeeyay saafinimada tooska ah oo sidaas darteed wuxuu diaday qiyaaska. Is-afgaradka ra'yiga waa ijmaac, iyadoo ikhtilaafku u tilmaamayo khilaafka culimada. Xukunnadu waxay ficillada u kala saaraan mid ka mid ah shan qaybood oo loo yaqaano axkaam: farad, mustaxab, mubaah, makruuh, iyo xaraam. Xilliga casriga ah, sharciyada dambiyada ee ku aasaasan shariicada waxaa inta badan beddelay sharciyo ka yimid moodellada Yurub. Cilmiga dib-u-soocida ee Tanzimat ee Qarnigii 19aad ee Dowladdii Cusmaaniyiinta wuxuu keenay koodka madaniga ee Mecelle wuxuuna ka dhigan yahay dadaalkii ugu horreeyay ee lagu koodiyeeyo shariicada. Iyadoo Dastuurada badanka states-ka Muslinku u badan yihiin ay ku jiraan tilmaamo ku saabsan shariicada, xeerarkeeda dhaqanka ah waxaa inta badan lagu reebay oo keliya sharciyada heerka shakhsiga (famlida). Hay'adaha sharciga ah oo koodiyeeyay sharciyaddan waxay raadiyeen inay casriyeeyaan iyagoon ka tageyn aasaaskooda fiqhiga dhaqanka ah. Dib-u-soocida Islaamka ee qarnigii 20aad ee dambe waxay keentay baaqyo ka yimid dhaqdhaqaaqyada Islaamiyiinta oo ku saabsan fulinta dhammaystiran ee shariicada. Doorka shariicadu wuxuu noqday mowduuc lagu tartamo dunida oo dhan. Waxaa jira doodaha socda oo ku saabsan in shariicadu ay la waafaqsan tahay foomamka cilmaani ee xukuumadda, xuquuqda aadanaha, xorriyadda fekerka, iyo xuquuqda dumarka darteed meelaha ay ka mid yihiin faafreebka iyo doonaanta. == Bulshada == === Shakhsiyaadka diinta === {{Main|Culumada}} [[File:Maqamat_hariri.jpg|thumb|254x254px|Culimada ku sugan maktabadda Cabbaasiyiinta, Maqamat al-Hariri. Farta uu qray Yahyá al-Wasiti, Baqdaad, 1237 AD.]] Islaamku maleho wadaado ah macnaha sacerdotalism, sida baaddariyada oo kale oo dhex-dhexaadiya Eebbe iyo dadka. Imaam (Carabi: إمام) waa cinwaanka diinta oo loo isticmaalo in lagu tilmaamo booska hoggaaminta Islaamka, inta badan marka loo eego samaynta adeegga cibaadada Islaamka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Imam|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/imam|access-date=15 January 2023|website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Fasiraadda diinta waxaa hoggaamiya culumada (Carabi: علماء), oo ah shuruud loo isticmaalo in lagu tilmaamo kooxda culimada Muslinka ah ee helay tababarka barashada Islaamka. Caalimka xadiiska waxaa loo yaqaanaa muxaddith, caalimka fiqhiga waxaa loo yaqaanaa faqeeh (Carabi: فقيه), qaanuun-yaqaanka u qalma inuu soo saaro ra'yiga sharciga ah ama fatwooyinka waxaa loo yaqaanaa mufti, qadi-yuna waa xakim Islaam ah. Cinwaannada sharafta leh ee la siiyo culimada waxaa ka mid ah sheekh, mulla iyo mawlawi. Muslinka qaar ka mid ah waxay sidoo kale weyneeyaan awliyada u xiran karaamooyinka (Carabi: كرامات).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Radtke |first1=B. |last2=Lory |first2=P. |last3=Zarcone |first3=Th. |last4=DeWeese |first4=D. |last5=Gaborieau |first5=M. |last6=Denny |first6=F. M. |last7=Aubin |first7=F. |last8=Hunwick |first8=J. O. |last9=Mchugh |first9=N. |title=Walī |orig-year=1993 |year=2012 |editor1-last=Bearman |editor1-first=P. J. |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-link=Thierry Bianquis |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-first=C. E. |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor4-first=E. J. |editor4-link=Emeri Johannes van Donzel |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-first=W. P. |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=2nd |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill Publishers |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1335 |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4}}</ref> === Maamulka === {{See also|Siyaasadda iyo Islaamka|Dhaqaalaha Islaamka|Qaanuunka ciidanka ee Islaamka|Tasaamuxa|Jihaadka}} [[File:Ali and Aisha at the Battle of the Camel.jpg|thumb|Xaasidii Muxammad, Caasha, oo la dagaallamaysa Cali.]] Fiqhiga dhaqaalaha Islaamka dhexdiisa, kaydsiga hantida si xad-dhaaf ah waa lagu necbyahay, sidaas darteedna dhaqanka maalgashiga monobooliga ah waa laga hoos eegaa.<ref name="Iqbal2010">{{cite book | last1 = Iqbal | first1 = Zamir | last2 = Mirakhor | first2 = Abbas | last3 = Krichenne | first3 = Noureddine | last4 = Askari | first4 = Hossein | title = The Stability of Islamic Finance: Creating a Resilient Financial Environment | location = Singapore | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | year = 2010 | language = en | isbn = 978-0-470-82518-1 | p = 75}}</ref> Dadaallada lagu waafajinayo shariicada waxay keeneen horumarinta bangiyada Islaamka. Islaamku wuxuu reebaa ribada, oo inta badan loo turjumo faa'iido si aan caddaalad ahayn ku timaada ganacsiga, waxaana inta badan loo isticmaalaa in lagu tilmaamo faa'iidada ribada.<ref>{{harvc |c=Riba |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online |year=n.d. |last1= Schacht|first1=Joseph}}</ref> Taa beddekeeda, bangiyada Islaamku waxay iskaashi la sameeyaan amaanadaha, iyagoo labaduba wadaagaya faa'iidada iyo qasaaraha ka soo baxa mashruuca. Shuruud kale waa ka fogaanshaha hubaal-la'aanta, oo loo arko saqajaan (khumaar), bangiyada Islaamkuna dhaqan ahaan waxay ka fogaadaan aaladaha la soocay sida mustaqbalka ama doorashooyinka, taas oo taariikhiyan ka ilaalisay hoos u dhaca suuqyada.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Foster|first=John |date=1 December 2009|title=How Islamic finance missed heavenly chance|work=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8388644.stm|access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Domat|first=Chloe|date=20 October 2020|title=What Is Islamic Finance And How Does It Work?|work=Global Finance magazine|url=https://www.gfmag.com/topics/blogs/islamic-finance-faq-what-islamic-finance-and-how-does-it-work|access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref> Khulafadii Raashidiinta iyo Dowladdii Umawiyiinta waxay ku lug lahaayeen qaybinta sadaqada ee ka timaada qasnadda dowladda, oo loo yaqaano Bayt al-maal, ka hor inta aysan noqon dadaal shakhsi ah meelaha sannadkii 720. Khaliifkii ugu horreeyay, Abu Bakar, wuxuu u qaybiyay sakada sida tusaalooyinkii ugu horreeyay ee dakhliga ugu yar ee la dammaanad qaado, iyadoo muwaaddin kasta uu helayay 10 illaa 20 dirham sannadkiiba.<ref>{{cite web |last=Merchant, Brian |date=14 November 2013 |title=Guaranteeing a Minimum Income Has Been a Utopian Dream for Centuries |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/guaranteeing-a-minimum-income-has-been-a-utopian-dream-for-centuries/ |access-date=3 June 2019 |website=VICE}}</ref> Waagii maamulkii khaliifkii labaad ee Cumar, taageerada carruurta ayaa la soo bandhigay, kuwa da'da ah iyo kuwa nafedana waxay xaq u lahaayeen mushaar,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Al-Buraey |first=Muhammad |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=lT8OAAAAQAAJ|page=}} |title=Administrative Development: An Islamic Perspective |publisher=KPI |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-7103-0059-1 |pages=252–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Akgündüz |first1=Ahmed |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=EnT_zhqEe5cC|page=539}} |title=Ottoman History: Misperceptions and Truths |last2=Öztürk |first2=Said |publisher=IUR Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-90-90-26108-9 |pages=539– |access-date=7 October 2014}}</ref> iyadoo khaliifkii Umawiyiinta ee Cumar II uu u qoondeeyay adeego dhagool kasta iyo labadii qafis ee xanuunsan oo dhan.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Al-Jawzi|first1=Ibn |url=|title=The Biography and Virtues of Omar Bin Abd al-Aziz – The Ascetic Caliph |publisher=IUR Press |year=2001 |isbn= |page=130 }}</ref> [[File:Saladin the Victorious.jpg|thumb|Salaxaddiin Guuleystaha, uu qray Gustave Doré.]] Jihaad wuxuu macnehiisu yahay "dadaal ama ilaa qabasho [dhabada Eebbe]", macnehiisa ugu ballaaranina waa "awoodda, dadaalka, ama awoodda ugu dambeysa oo lagu bixiyo la dagaallanka shay laga xumaado". Shiicadu gaar ahaan waxay adkeeyaan "jihaadka weyn" oo ah dadaalka lagu gaarayo wanaajinta nafta ee ruuxiga ah iyadoo "jihaadka yar" loo tilmaamo dagaalka. Marka loo isticmaalo sidaas oo keliya, jihaadka inta badan waxaa loo fahmaa foomkiisa ciidanka. Jihaadku waa foomka keliya ee dagaalka ee loo oggol yahay sharciga Islaamka, waxaana lagu dhawaaqi karaa ka dhan ah ujeedooyinka aan sharciyaysnayn, argagixisada, kooxaha dambiyada, reebleyaasha, murtadiinta, iyo hoggaamiyeyaasha ama dowladaha dhibta Muslinka. Badanka Muslinka maanta waxay u fasiraan Jihaadka oo keliya foom دفاع ah oo dagaalka ah. Jihaadku wuxuu oo keliya noqdaa waajib shakhsi ah kuwa la siiyay awoodda. Dadka kale oo dhan, tani waxay dhacdaa oo keliya marka ay jirto diyaargarow guud. Badanka Shiicada Isnaashariyada, jihaadka weerarka ah waxaa oo keliya lagu dhawaaqi karaa hoggaamiye Eebbe uu doortay oo ee bulshada Muslinka ah, sidaas darteedna, wuu hakad ku jiraa tan iyo gaabinta Muxammad al-Mahdi ee sannadkii 868 CE. === Nolosha maanta iyo tan aabbanimada/qoyska === {{See also|Edabta (Islaamka)|Cuntada reebban ee Islaamka|Islaamka iyo carruurta|Guurka Islaamka|Dumarka Islaamka|Guurka badan ee Islaamka}} [[File:Salat Eid al-Fitr, Tehran (113344343).jpg|thumb|Haweenay Iiraani ah oo xiran astaan Islaami ah (Xijaab).]] Cilmiga edabta ee maalinlaha ah wuxuu ku jiraa qaybta edabta, ama hab-dhaqanka. Cuntooyinka si gaar ah loo reebay waxaa ka mid ah hเนื้อ Doofaarka, dhiigga iyo bakhtiga. Caafimaadka waxaa loo arkaa ammaan ka timaada Eebbe, waxyaabaha maaddada ah ee maaddada maanka dooriya, sida cabitaannada alkoolka ah, waa kuwo reebban.<ref>{{cite book|author=Fahd Salem Bahammam|title=Food and Dress in Islam: An explanation of matters relating to food and drink and dress in Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CRojJ7lnb18C&pg=PP1|publisher=Modern Guide|isbn=978-1-909322-99-8|page=1}}</ref> Dhammaan hเนื้อ waa inay ka timaadaa xayawaan geed-daaq ah oo loo qashay magaca Eebbe oo uu qashay Muslin, Yuhuudi, ama Christian, marka laga reebo ugaarta uu qofku ugaarsaday ama kaluumaysay maankiisa.<ref>{{harvp|Curtis|2005|p=164}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|p=111}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |c=Slaughter |first=Ersilia |last=Francesca |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref> Garaha inta badan waxaa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa ragga sida shay dabiici ah<ref>{{Cite news |last=De Sondy |first=Amanullah |date=28 January 2016|title=The relationship between Muslim men and their beards is a tangled one|work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jan/28/muslim-men-beards-facial-hair-islam |access-date=7 March 2022}}</ref> iyo isbeddellada jirka, sida peenijka joogtada ah (sawirka jidhka), inta badan waa reebban iyadoo laga baqayo inay kharribaan ubaahda u go'an.{{efn|Muslinka qaar ka mid ah Shiinaha waagii boqortooyada waxay ka horyimaadeen xiridda cagaha gabdhaha sababtaas oo kale darteed.}} <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.learnreligions.com/tattoos-in-islam-2004393 |title=Are Muslims Allowed to Get Tattoos? |website= |access-date=7 March 2022 |archive-date=8 Bisha Saddexaad 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308040238/https://www.learnreligions.com/tattoos-in-islam-2004393 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Xariirta iyo dahabka waa reebban yihiin ragga Islaamka dhexdiisa si loo dhowro xaaladda miyir-qabka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Glassé |first1=Cyril |title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=AltaMira Press |page=158 |language=en|year=2001}}</ref> Haya, oo inta badan loo turjumo "xishood", mararka qaar waxaa loo tilmaamaa dabeecadda hoose ee Islaamka<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zine |first1=Jasmin |last2=Babana-Hampton |first2=Safoi |last3=Mazid |first3=Nergis |last4=Bullock |first4=Katherine |last5=Chishti |first5=Maliha |title=American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 19:4 |publisher=International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) |page=59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JM4DwAAQBAJ&q=haya+islam&pg=PA59 |access-date=4 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> wuxuuna hagaa badanka nolosha maalinlaha ah ee Muslinka. Tusaale ahaan, dharka Islaamka dhexdiisa wuxuu adkeeyaa heerka xishoodka, oo ay ku jirto xijaabka haweenka. Sidoo kale, nadaafadda shakhsiga ah waa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa shuruudo gaar ah.<ref>{{cite web |last=Esposito |first=John |title=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e4 |access-date=3 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114153249/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e4 |archive-date=14 November 2016}}</ref> [[File:Muslim Couple (cropped).jpg|thumb|Saddex laba oo Muslin ah oo ka socda Indoneesiya.]] Guurka Islaamka dhexdiisa, ninka arooska ah waxaa lagu leeyahay inuu bixiyo meherka aroosadda (mahar).<ref>{{harvp|Waines|2003|pp=93–96}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|p=339}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|1998|p=79}}</ref> Qoysaska badankood ee dunida Islaamka waxay leeyihiin hal xaas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Newby |first=Gordon D. |url=https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00newb |title=A concise encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=Oneworld |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-85168-295-9 |location=Oxford |page=141}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed Hossein |url=https://archive.org/details/islamreligionhis00nasr_0/page/68 |title=Islam : religion, history, and civilization |publisher=HarperOne |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-06-050714-5 |location=New York |page=68}}</ref> Ragga Muslinka ah waxaa loo oggol yahay inay sameeyaan guurka badan waxayna yeelan karaan illaa afar xaas oo isku mar ah. Waxbarashada Islaamku waxay si adag uga baqaysaa inay adkayso in haddii ninku uusan dammaanad qaadi karin taageerada maaliyadeed iyo ta ruuxiga ah oo siman xaasaskiisa mid kasta, waxaa la dhiirri-geliyaa inuu guursado hal haweenay oo keliya. Sabab lagu tilmaamay guurka badan ayaa ah inay ninka u oggolaato inuu siiyo ilaalin maaliyadeed haween badan, oo laga yaabo inaysan helin taageero kale (tusaale, carrooyinka). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xaaska ugu horreysa waxay shuruud ku xiri kartaa heshiiska guurka in ninku uusan guursan karin haweenay kale inta ay guursan yihiin.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ratno Lukito|title=Legal Pluralism in Indonesia: Bridging the Unbridgeable|page=81|publisher=Routledge}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.islamweb.net/ver2/fatwa/ShowFatwa.php?lang=A&Id=18444&Option=FatwaId |title=IslamWeb |publisher=IslamWeb |date=7 February 2002 |access-date=13 September 2011}}</ref> Waxaa sidoo kale jira kala duwanaansho dhaqameed oo aroosyo ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Gai |url=https://archive.org/details/rememberinggodre0000eato |title=Remembering God: Reflections on Islam |publisher=The Islamic Texts Society |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-946621-84-2 |location=Cambridge |pages=92–93}}</ref> Polyandry, oo ah dhaqan ay haweenaydu ku guursato laba ama ka badan oo ragg ah, waa ku reebban Islaamka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Can't a Woman have 2 Husbands? |url=http://www.14publications.com/question-and-answer/why-cant-a-woman-have-2-husbands/ |access-date=27 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223012707/http://www.14publications.com/question-and-answer/why-cant-a-woman-have-2-husbands/ |archive-date=23 December 2015 |website=14 Publications}}</ref> [[File:عکس های مراسم ترتیل خوانی یا جزء خوانی یا قرائت قرآن در ایام ماه رمضان در حرم فاطمه معصومه در شهر قم 20.jpg|thumb|Gabdhaha Muslinka ah oo baranaya Qur'aanka lagu dul dhigay rehalada xilliga Ramadaanka ee Qom, Iiraan.]] Aadada dhalashada ubadka ka dib, adhaanka waxaa lagu dhawaaqaa dhegta midig. Maalinta todobaad, xafladda caqiiqada ayaa la sameeyaa, oo xayawaan lagu qalo oo hantiisa loo qaybiyo masaakiinta. Madaxa ubadka waa la xiiraa, oo lacag la eg miisaanka dhagaha waxaa loo deeqaa masaakiinta. Gudniinka raga, oo loo yaqaano khitaan, inta badan waa lagu dhaqmaa dunida Muslinka.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2014 |title=Khitān |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/khitan-Islam |access-date=27 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127165754/https://www.britannica.com/topic/khitan-Islam |archive-date=27 January 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |date=January 2017 |title=Reported Male Circumcision Practices in a Muslim-Majority Setting |journal=BioMed Research International |publisher=Hindawi Publishing Corporation |volume=2017 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1155/2017/4957348 |pmc=5282422 |pmid=28194416 |doi-access=free |author1-last=Anwer |author1-first=Abdul Wahid |author2-last=Samad |author2-first=Lubna |author3-last=Baig-Ansari |author3-first=Naila |author4-last=Iftikhar |author4-first=Sundus}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 August 2009 |title=Islam: Circumcision of boys |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/malecircumcision.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112170938/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/malecircumcision.shtml |archive-date=12 November 2012 |access-date=27 May 2020 |work=Religion & ethics—Islam |publisher=Bbc.co.uk}}</ref> Xaq-dhowridda iyo addeecidda waalidiinta, iyo daryeelidooda gaar ahaan markay da'da yihiin waa waajib diini ah. Muslinka dhimanaya waxaa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa inuu dhawaaqo Shahaadada si ay u noqoto hadalkiisa ugu dambeeya.<ref>{{Cite book| isbn = 9783643900678| title =Changing European Death Ways| location = Austria| year = 2013| last1=Mathijssen| first1=Brenda|last2=Venhorst|first2=Claudia|last3=Venbrux|first3=Eric|last4=Quartier|first4=Thomas| url =| page = 265 |publisher=Lit }}</ref> Xaq-dhowridda kii dhintay iyo ka qaybgalka jinaasooyinka ee bulshada dhexdeeda waxaa loo arkaa mid ka mid ah ficillada wanaagsan. Caadooyinka aasidda Islaamka, aasidda waxaa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa si dhakhso ah oo ugu macquulsan, inta badan 24 saac dhexdeeda. Meydka waa la dhaqaa, marka laga reebo shuhadada, oo ay dhaqaan kuwo labka ah oo isku jinsi ah waxaana lagu duubaa dhar aan adkayn oo loo yaqaano kafan. Salaadda jinaasada oo loo yaqaano Salat al-Janazah ayaa la tukadaa. Qaylada ama ooyinta weyn ee baroorgaaga ah waa laga fogaadaa. Sanduuqyada aaska inta badan la ma doorbido oo qabrida inta badan calaamad maleho, xata boqorada. === Dhaqanka === {{Main|Dhaqanka Islaamka}} {{See also|Farshaxanka Islaamka|Dhismaha Islaamka|Suugaanta Islaamka|Islaamka iyo kubbadda cagta|Muslinka Dhaqanka}} [[File:Chinese-style minaret of the Great Mosque 2023.jpg|thumb|Minaaradda qaabka Shiinaha ee Masaajidka Weyn ee Xi'an, oo ka mid ah masaajidda ugu ee Shiinaha ee la dhisay 742 AD.]] Erayga "dhaqanka Islaamka" waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu tilmaamo dhinacyada dhaqanka ee u gaarka ah diinta, sida ciidaha iyo dharka. Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa si dood ku jirto oo loogu tilmaamo dhinacyada dhaqanka ee dadka Muslinka ah ee dhaqanka ah.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Melikian |first=Souren |author-link=Souren Melikian |date=4 November 2011 |title='Islamic' Culture: A Groundless Myth |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/05/arts/05iht-rartmelikian05.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=25 November 2013}}</ref> Ugudambeyntii, "ilbaxnimada Islaamka" waxay sidoo kale u tilmaami kartaa dhinacyada dhaqanka isku-dhafka ah ee Khilafaadkii hore, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa aan Muslinka ahayn, mararka ka mid ahna loo yaqaano "Islaamiga".<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Wiley| isbn = 9781405155144| title =Islamicate Cosmopolitan Spirit | location = United Kingdom| year = 2021| last=Lawrence| first=Bruce| url =| page = xii| quote = }}</ref> Farshaxanka Islaamku wuxuu ka kooban yahay farshaxanka muuqaalka ah oo ay ku jiraan ilo kala duwan sida dhismaha, farta qurxoon, sawirka, iyo dhoobada, iyo kuwo kale.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ettinghausen |first1=Richard |first2=Oleg |last2=Grabar |first3=Marilyn |last3=Jenkins-Madina |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780300088670/page/3 |title=Islamic Art and Architecture 650-1250 |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-300-08869-8 |edition=2nd |page=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Suarez|first=Michael F.|title=The Oxford companion to the book|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|isbn=9780198606536|location=Oxford and New York|pages=331ff|chapter=38 The History of the Book in the Muslim World|oclc=50238944}}</ref> Iyadoo sameynta sawirrada noolaha inta badan ka laga fogaado oo u xiran sharciyada ka dhanka ah sanam-caabudidda, shuruuddan waxaa u fasiray ilo kala duwan culimo kala duwan iyo xilliyo taariikhi ah oo kala duwan. [[File:Masjid Menara Kudus.jpg|thumb|Masaajidka Menara Kudus ee qarnigii 16aad ee Indoneesiya, oo muujinaya saamaynta Hindiya.]] Xaddidaaddan waxaa loo isticmaalay in lagu fashilo badnaanta farta qurxoon, joomatariya isku-dhafka ah, iyo qaababka sida ilaha muhiimka ah ee dhaqanka farshaxanka Islaamka.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Salim Ayduz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=or-6BwAAQBAJ&q=islamic+art+idolatry+geometry&pg=PA263 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam |last2=Ibrahim Kalin |last3=Caner Dagli |date=2014 |page=263|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-981257-8 |quote=Figural representation is virtually unused in Islamic art because of Islam's strong antagonism of idolatry. It was important for Muslim scholars and artists to find a style of art that represented the Islamic ideals of unity (''tawhid'') and order without figural representation. Geometric patterns perfectly suited this goal.}}</ref> Waxaa sii dheer, sawirka Muxammad waa arrin dood ka jirto dhexdeeda Muslinka.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=860736| title = An Indian Picture of Muhammad and His Companions | author = T. W. Arnold| journal = The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs | author-link = T. W. Arnold| date = June 1919| volume = 34| issue = 195 | publisher = The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs, Vol. 34, No. 195. | pages = 249–252}}</ref> Dhismaha Islaamka dhexdiisa, dhaqanka kala duwan wuxuu muujinayaa saamayn sida dhismaha Islaamka ee Waqooyiga Afrika iyo Isbaanishka sida Masaajidka Weyn ee Kairouan oo ka kooban tiirar marmar iyo borfiri ah oo ka yimid dhismayaashii Roomaanka iyo Bizantiinta,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Isichei |first=Elizabeth Allo |url={{Google books|LgnhYDozENgC|page=PA175|keywords=mosque%20kairouan%20roman columns|text=mosque+kairouan+roman+columns|plainurl=yes}} |title=A history of African societies to 1870 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-521-45599-2 |location=Cambridge |pages=175 |access-date=6 August 2010}}</ref> iyadoo masaajidda Indoneesiya inta badan leeyihiin saqafyo heerarka badan leh oo ka yimid qaabka dhaladka ah ee Jafa.<ref>{{cite book |first=Gunawan |last=Tjahjono |title=Indonesian Heritage-Architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/architecture00indo/page/88 |year=1998 |publisher=Archipelago Press |location=Singapore |isbn=981-3018-30-5 |pages=88–89 }}</ref> Taariikhda Islaamku waa taariikhda dayaxa oo ka bilaabanta Hijrada 622 CE, oo ah taariikh oo la sheegay inuu doortay Khaliif Cumar maadaama ay ahayd meel isbeddel muhiim ah u ahayd Muxammad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Muslim-calendar|title=Islamic calendar|website=www.britannica.com|date=|access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref> Maalmaha barakaysan ee Islaamku waxay ku beegan yihiin taariikho go'an oo ee taariikhda dayaxa, taas oo macnaheedu yahay inay dhacaan xilliyo kala duwan sannado kala duwan oo ee taariikhda Miilaadiga. Ciidaha ugu muhiimsan Islaamka waa Ciidul Fitri (Carabi: عيد الفطر) ee 1-da Shawaal, oo calaamad u ah dhammaadka bisha soomanaanta ee Ramadaan, iyo Ciidul Adxa (Carabi: عيد الأضحى) ee 10-ka Dhul-Hijjah, oo ku beegan dhammaadka Xajka.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher =Oxford University Press| isbn =9780195165203| title =The Islamic World: Past and Present| year = 2004| last=Esposito| first=John| pages = 75–76 |ref=none}}</ref><ref name="www.britannica.com-2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pillars-of-Islam|title=Pillars of Islam &#124; Islamic Beliefs & Practices &#124; Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|date=3 May 2023|access-date=16 December 2021|archive-date=5 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905102524/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pillars-of-Islam|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslinka Dhaqanka waa shakhsiyaad aan cibaadaysaneyn oo wali lagu aqoonsado Islaamka iyadoo laga duulayo asalka qoyska, dhiirrigelinta shakhsiga ah, ama deegaanka bulshada iyo dhaqanka ee ay ku doorteen inay ku koran.<ref>{{cite book|first1= Cara|last1= Aitchison|author1-link= Cara Aitchison|first2= Peter E.|last2= Hopkins|author3-link= Mei-Po Kwan|author3= Mei-Po Kwan|title= Geographies of Muslim Identities: Diaspora, Gender and Belonging|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DRnthQxB8lYC&pg=PA147|access-date= 30 June 2013|year= 2007|publisher= Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn= 978-1-4094-8747-0|pages=147}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Islamic Counselling: An Introduction to theory and practice|first=G. Hussein|last= Rassool|year= 2015| isbn=9781317441250| page =10|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o_QsCgAAQBAJ&dq=Muslims+who+are+religiously+unobservant,+secular+or+irreligious+individuals+who+still+identify+with+the+Muslim&pg=PA10|quote=The label 'Cultural Muslim' is used in the literature to describe those Muslims who are religiously unobservant, secular or irreligious individuals who still identify with the Muslim culture due to family background, personal experiences, or the social and cultural environment in which they grew up... For Cultural Muslim the declaration of faith is superficial and has no effect of their religious practices.}}</ref> === Siyaasada=== [[File:Scotusnfrieze.jpeg|thumb|Muxammad oo lagu muujiyay Adolph Alexander Weinman ee Dhismaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Mareykanka ee Washington, DC isagoo wada seef iyo Qur'aan.]] Qayb badan oo ka mid ah qarnigii 20aad, aqoonsiga Islaamka iyo maamulka Islaamka ee arrimaha siyaasadda ayaa kordhay horraantii qarnigii 21aad. Siyaasadda Islaamka waa fasiraadda Islaamka oo loo arko il ka mid ah aqoonsiga iyo wax-qabadka siyaasadeed.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|last1=Voll|first1=John O.|last2=Sonn|first2=Tamara|title=Political Islam|url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/id/obo-9780195390155-0063|journal=Oxford Bibliographies Online Datasets|year=2009|language=en|doi=10.1093/obo/9780195390155-0063|access-date=2017-05-26|archive-date=2020-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223165247/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0063.xml|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Waxay u doodaysaa dhisidda dawladda iyo bulshada sida ku cad (fahamka u doodayaasha) mabaadi'da Islaamka, halkaas oo Islaamku u shaqeeyo il ka mid ah jagooyinka iyo fikradaha siyaasadeed.<ref name=":02">Krämer, Gudrun. "Political Islam." In Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World. Vol. 6. Edited by Richard C. Martin, 536–540. New York: Macmillan, 2004. [http://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/political-islam via Encyclopedia.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713072425/https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/political-islam|date=2018-07-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=March|first1=Andrew F.|title=Political Islam: Theory|journal=Annual Review of Political Science|date=2015|volume=18|issue=1|pages=103–123|doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-082112-141250|doi-access=free}}</ref> Siyaasadda Islaamka waxaa muriyaal ka dhex jira iyo kuwa ka baxsan tacliinta guud ahaan ugu adeegsadaan si isku mid ah ereyga Islaamiyadda,<ref name=":13" /> waxaana loo haystaa inuu yahay cunsur siyaasadeed oo ka mid ah Soo-reenka Islaamka oo bilaabmay qarnigii 20aad,<ref name=":13" /> halkii uu ka ahaan lahaa oo kaliya nooc kasta oo wax-qabad siyaasadeed oo ay sameeyaan Muslimiintu. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa sidoo kale jirey dadaallo cusub oo lagu kala saarayo Islaamiyadda oo ah dhaqdhaqaaqyo siyaasadeed oo ku basada diinta iyo siyaasadda Islaamka oo ah faham qaran oo casri ah oo ku saabsan Islaamka oo ay wadaagaan jilayaasha cilmaaniga ah iyo kuwa Islaamiga ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jocelyne Cesari|year=2018|title=What Is Political Islam|url=https://www.rienner.com/title/What_Is_Political_Islam|access-date=2023-01-01|website=www.rienner.com|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|isbn=978-1-62637-692-2|archive-date=2023-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106160415/https://www.rienner.com/title/What_Is_Political_Islam|url-status=live}}</ref> Kooxaha dhowr ah oo ku yaala Bariga Dhexe ayaa u kaftamay inay fikradaha casriynta ku xiraan faragelinta boqortooyadii gumaadkeedii. Wadamada Muslimka ah ee dhowr ah, gaar ahaan Masar iyo Bakistaan, dhaqdhaqaaqyo siyaasadeed oo lid ku ah oo u janjeera dhanka diinta ayaa salka ku dhigtay. Sababaha waa kuwo dhinacyo badan leh. Burburkii Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta wuxuu ahaa dhacdo baaxad weyn oo dhalisay gariirro badan. Gobolku wuxuu la kulmay jahwareer sannado badan maadaama waddamada Carabtu ay hoos tageen saamaynta dhaqanka iyo guulaystayaasha waddamada Yurub. Dhanka cadaadiska dhaqanka oo kordhayay Muslimiintu waxay adkeeyeen aqoonsigooda qaran iyo dhaxalkooda dhaqan, kooxaha qaar waxay ugafeen dhinacyada diinta. Masar dhexdeeda daciifnimada Muslimiinta waxaa lagu eedeeyay u kuปฏิบัตitaanka liidata ee qoraallada diinta. Sida ku cad Hassan al-Banna, dhaqanka Yurub wuxuu ahaa mid maaddiyad ku dhisan, anshax xumo ah oo ku batay ku-tagri-falka heerarka bulshada iyo ribada. === Sugaanta === {{Main|Islaamiga}} {{multiple image | align = center | direction = horizontal | total_width = 600 | image1 = Saadi Tomb.jpg | image2 = Hafez 880714 095.jpg | footer = Qabuuraha Saadi, Hafez iyo Ferdowsi, saddexda abwaan ee ugu caansan Muslimiinta, oo dhammaantood ku yaalla Iran. | caption1 = | caption2 = | image3 = Tomb-of-Ferdowsi آرامگاه-فردوسی Davoud-Davoudi 1.jpg }} Shaqada ugu caansan ee khayaaliga ah ee ka timi dunida Islaamka waa Kumaan iyo Hal Habeen, oo ah ururin sheekooyin hoose/folklore oo ka soo jeeda Sanskriit, Faarisi, iyo ka dib fables Carab ah. Fikradda waxaa saameeyay nooc ka horreeyay Islaamka oo Faarisi ah oo loo yaqaannay Hezār Afsān (Kumaan Sheeko) oo ku tiirsanaa walxaha Hindida ee gaarka ah.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Marzolph|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam|title=Arabian Nights|year=2007|publisher=Brill|volume=I|location=Leiden}}</ref> Waxay gaadhay foomkeeda ugu dambeeyay qarnigii 14aad; tirada iyo nooca sheekooyinku waxay ku kala duwanaayeen farta gacanta mid ka mid ah mid kale.<ref name="arabianNights">Grant & Clute, p. 51</ref> Shaqadan waxay saameyn weyn ku lahayd Galbeedka tan iyo markii loo turjumay qarnigii 18aad, markii ugu horreysay oo uu turjumay Antoine Galland.<ref>L. Sprague de Camp, Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers: The Makers of Heroic Fantasy, p. 10 {{ISBN|0-87054-076-9}}</ref> Ku-dayasho ayaa lagu qray, gaar ahaan Faransiiska.<ref name="arabianNights2">Grant & Clute, p 52</ref> Jilayaal kala duwan oo ka socda epik-kan ayaa iyaguna noqday calaamado dhaqameed ee dhaqanka Galbeedka, sida Aladdiin, Sindibad Nawaakhida iyo Cali Baba. Tusaale ka mid ah tixda Carabiga iyo tixda Faarisiga oo ku saabsan jacaylka waa Layla iyo Majnuun, oo dib u dhaceysa xilligii Umawiyiinta ee qarnigii 7aad. Waa sheeko naxdin leh oo ku saabsan jacayl aan dhimanayn. Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, oo ah epik-ka qaranka ee Iran-ta Weyn, waa dib-u-sheegid khayaali iyo geesinimo leh oo ku saabsan taariikhda Faarisiga. Amir Arsalan wuxuu sidoo kale ahaa sheeko khayaali ah oo caan ah oo Faarisi ah. Ibn Tufayl (Abubacer) iyo Ibn al-Nafis waxay ahaayeen hormuudka riwaayadda falsafadda. Ibn Tufail wuxuu qray riwaayaddii ugu horreysay ee Carabi ah Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus) iyadoo cavab u ah Al-Ghazali's The Incoherence of the Philosophers, ka dibna Ibn al-Nafis wuxuu sidoo kale qray riwaayad Theologus Autodidactus iyadoo cavab u ah Ibn Tufail's Philosophus Autodidactus. Labada sheeko waxay lahaayeen jilayaal waaweyn (Hayy ee Philosophus Autodidactus iyo Kamil ee Theologus Autodidactus) oo ahaa carruur is-baray oo duurka ku voolaa oo ku noolaa go'doon kuyeel/jasiirad saxara ah, labaduba waxay ahaayeen tusaalayaasha ugu horreeyay ee sheeko jasiirad saxara ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, halka Hayy uu ku nool yahay kaligiis xoolaha jasiiradda saxarada ah inta ka dhiman sheekada Philosophus Autodidactus, sheekada Kamil waxay ka dhib badan tahay jasiiradda saxarada ah ee Theologus Autodidactus, iyadoo u ekaanaysa sheekadii ugu horreysay oo la ogaaday oo ah koreera/hanaqaad oo ugu dambeyntii noqonaysa tusaalaha ugu horreeya ee riwaayadda sayniska khayaaliga ah.<ref>Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), "Ibn Al-Nafis as a philosopher", Symposium on Ibn al-Nafis, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait (Cf. [http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html Ibn al-Nafis As a Philosopher] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206072116/http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html|date=6 February 2008}}, Encyclopedia of Islamic World).</ref><ref>Nahyan A. G. Fancy (2006), "[http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11292006-152615 Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (d. 1288)] {{Wayback|url=http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11292006-152615 |date=20150404020329 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404020329/http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11292006-152615/|date=4 April 2015}}", pp. 95–101, Electronic Theses and Dissertations, University of Notre Dame.</ref> Theologus Autodidactus,<ref>Muhammad b. Abd al-Malik Ibn Tufayl. [https://books.google.com/books?id=yFAR_G7HM3QC Philosophus autodidactus, sive Epistola Abi Jaafar ebn Tophail de Hai ebn Yokdhan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004180638/https://books.google.com/books?id=yFAR_G7HM3QC |date=4 October 2015 }}: in qua ostenditur, quomodo ex inferiorum contemplatione ad superiorum notitiam ratio humana ascendere possit. E Theatro Sheldoniano, excudebat Joannes Owens, 1700.</ref><ref>Ala-al-din abu Al-Hassan Ali ibn Abi-Hazm al-Qarshi al-Dimashqi. The Theologus autodidactus of Ibn al-Nafīs. Clarendon P., 1968</ref> oo uu qray aqoonyahanka Carabi Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288),<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sFCuoqykV9QC&q=ibn+al+nafis+first+science+fiction+novel&pg=PA236|title=The Cambridge Companion to Utopian Literature|first=Gregory|last=Claeys|date=5 August 2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139828420|via=Google Books}}</ref> wuxuu ka shaqeeyaa walxaha sayniska khayaaliga ah sida abuurista iskood u samaysanta, falanqaynta mustaqbalka, dhamaadka dunida iyo qiyaamaha, soo-tegga/sarakicidda, iyo nolosha ka dib. Halkii uu ka siin lahaa sharraxaad mucjiso ama khayaali ah dhacdooyinkan, Ibn al-Nafis wuxuu isku dayay inuu sharraxo walxaha sheekada iyada oo loo marayo aqoonta sayniska ee bijoolajiga, astronomy-ga, cosmology-ga iyo meelaha/juqraafiga oo lagu yaqaannay xilligiisa. Khayaaliga Ibn al-Nafis wuxuu sharraxay baridda diinta Islaamka iyada oo loo marayo sayniska iyo falsafadda Islaamka.<ref name="Roubi">Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), "Ibn Al-Nafis as a philosopher", Symposium on Ibn al Nafis, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait (Cf. [http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html Ibnul-Nafees As a Philosopher] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206072116/http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html|date=6 February 2008}}, Encyclopedia of Islamic World).</ref> Turjumaadaha Ibn Tufail's Philosophus Autodidactus waxay ka muuqdeen Laatiin (1671), Inqiriisi (1708), Jarmal, iyo Dutch. Turjumaadahan luqadaha Yurub waxay ka dib saameyn ku yeesheen Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe<ref>Cyril Glasse (2001), New Encyclopaedia of Islam, p. 202, Rowman Altamira, {{ISBN|0-7591-0190-6}}.</ref> iyo Robert Boyle's The Aspiring Naturalist.<ref name="Toomer-222">G. J. Toomer (1996), Eastern Wisedome and Learning: The Study of Arabic in Seventeenth-Century England, p. 222, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-820291-1}}.</ref> === Falsafadda === [[File:Persian Scholar pavilion in Viena UN (Rhazes&Khayyam).jpg|thumb|Scholars Pavilion waa taallo ay Iran ugu deeqday Xafiiska Qaramada Midoobay ee Vienna. Sannadlaha aqoonyahannadii Muslimka ahaa ee qarniyadii dhexe, Omar Khayyam, Al-Biruni, Rhazes iyo Avicenna ayaa ku dhex jira dhismaha.]] Astaamaha ugu caansan ee lagu qeexo falsafadda Islaamka waa "qaabka falsafadda ee lagu dhex abuuray qaabdhismeedka dhaqanka Islaamka."<ref name="RoutledgeEoP">[http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/H057 "Islamic Philosophy"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606082214/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/islamic-philosophy;jsessionid=B31B033F077DD5E68E09CC9D35C02105|date=6 June 2022}}, Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy (1998)</ref> Falsafadda Islaamka, qeexidtan laguma xidho arrimo diimeed oo keliya, mana aha mid ay Muslimiinta oo keliya curiyeen.<ref name="RoutledgeEoP" /> Aqoonyahanka Faarisiiga ah ee Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (980–1037) wuxuu lahaa ka badan 450 buug oo loo tiriyo. Qoraalladiisu waxay ku saabsanaayeen maadooyin kala duwan, gaar ahaan falsafadda iyo daawada. Buuggiisa daawada ee The Canon of Medicine waxaa loo adeegsaday sida buugga heerka sare ah ee jaamacadaha Yurub ee qarniyo badan. Wuxuu sidoo kale qray The Book of Healing, oo ah encyclopediya saynis iyo falsafad saameyn leh.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Ibn Sina [Avicenna]|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ibn-sina/|encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|date=2024|quote=The Cure...had momentous consequences...his philosophical system dominated intellectual history in both Shi’ite and most of Sunni Islam}}</ref> Shakhsiyad kale oo ka tirsan Casrigii Dahabiga ahaa ee Islaamka, Avicenna, wuxuu sidoo kale sameeyay dugsigiisa falsafadda ee Avicennism, oo saameyn ku lahaa dhulka Islaamka iyo kan Masiixiga dhexdiisa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Saliba|first=George|author-link=George Saliba|date=1994|title=A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam|pages=245, 250, 256–257|publisher=New York University Press|isbn=0-8147-8023-7}}</ref> Falsafad kale oo saameyn ku lahaa falsafadda casriga ah wuxuu ahaa Ibn Tufail. Riwaayaddiisii falsafadda ahayd, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, oo loo turjumay Laatiin siday tahay Philosophus Autodidactus sannadkii 1671, waxay horumarisay mawduucyada empiricism, tabula rasa, dabiicadda iyo korinta, xaaladda suurtogalnimada, materialism,<ref>Dominique Urvoy, "The Rationality of Everyday Life: The Andalusian Tradition? (Aropos of Hayy's First Experiences)", in Lawrence I. Conrad (1996), The World of Ibn Tufayl: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Ḥayy Ibn Yaqẓān, pp. 38–46, Brill Publishers, {{ISBN|90-04-09300-1}}.</ref> iyo Molyneux's problem.<ref>Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik Ibn Tufail and Léon Gauthier (1981), Risalat Hayy ibn Yaqzan, p. 5, Editions de la Méditerranée.</ref> Aqoonyahannada iyo qoraayaasha Yurub ee uu saameeyay riwaayaddan waxaa ka mid ah John Locke,<ref>Russell (1994), pp. 224–39</ref> Gottfried Leibniz,<ref name="Wainwright">Martin Wainwright, [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/mar/22/featuresreviews.guardianreview1 Desert island scripts], The Guardian, 22 March 2003.</ref> Melchisédech Thévenot, John Wallis, Christiaan Huygens,<ref>Russell (1994) p. 227</ref> George Keith, Robert Barclay, Quakers,<ref>Russell (1994), p. 247</ref> iyo Samuel Hartlib.<ref name="Toomer-2222">G. J. Toomer (1996), Eastern Wisedome and Learning: The Study of Arabic in Seventeenth-Century England, p. 222, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-820291-1}}.</ref> Falsafada Islaamku waxay sii waday horumarka falsafadda ilaa qarnigii 17aad, markii Mulla Sadra uu sameeyay dugsigiisa Transcendent theosophy oo uu horumaray fikradda existentialism-ka.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mulla Sadra's Transcendent Philosophy|first=Muhammad|last=Kamal|year=2006|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-5271-7|pages=9, 39|oclc=224496901}}</ref> Falsafado kale oo saameyn lahaa oo Muslimiin ah waxaa ka mid ah Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), oo ah hormuudka phenomenology iyo falsafadda sayniska iyo dhaleeceeyaha dabiiciga ah ee Aristotelian iyo fikradda Aristotle ee goobta (topos); Al-Biruni, dhaleeceeye dabiiciga ah ee Aristotelian; Ibn al-Nafis, hormuudka riwaayadda falsafadda; Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi, aasaasaha falsafadda Illuminationist; Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, dhaleeceeye mantiqa Aristotelian iyo hormuudka mantiqa inductive-ka; iyo Ibn Khaldun, oo ah hormuudka falsafadda taariikhda.<ref name="Akhtar">S.R.W. Akhtar (1997). "The Islamic Concept of Knowledge", Al-Tawhid: A Quarterly Journal of Islamic Thought & Culture 12 (3). https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol-12-no3/islamic-concept-knowledge-sayyid-wahid-akhtar</ref> === Sayniska iyo tiknoolajiyada === [[File:Statue of Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi in Urgench.jpg|thumb|Taallada Al-Khwarizmi ee Urgench, Uzbekistan.]] Ibn al-Haytham waxaa sidoo xaqiiqo ah loo arkaa aabbaha optics-ka, gaar ahaan cadeyntiisa empirik-ka ah ee aragtida intromission-ka ee iftiinka. Jim Al-Khalili wuxuu sheegay 2009 in Ibn al-Haytham 'loogu yeero inta badan "saynisyahankii ugu horreeyay ee dhabta ah ee dunida".'<ref>{{cite news |last=Al-Khalili|first=Jim|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7810846.stm|title=BBC News|date=4 January 2009|access-date=11 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426041228/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7810846.stm|archive-date=26 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Al-Khwarizmi wuxuu alifay nidaamyada log base-ka ee maanta loo adeecsado, wuxuu sidoo kale ka qaybqaatay theorems ee trigonometry iyo sidoo kale limits.<ref>Plofker, Kim (2009), Mathematics in India: 500 BCE–1800 CE, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|0-691-12067-6}}.</ref> Waxbarashooyinkii ugu dambeeyay waxay muujinayaan inay u badan tahay in fannaaniintii Muslimka ahayd ee Qarniyadii Dhexe ay ogaayeen geometriyada quasicrystal ee decagonal ah ee sare ee la helay kala bar millennium ka dib 1970-yadii iyo 1980-yadii ee Galbeedka, ayna u adeegsadeen shaqada tiled-ka ee dhismaha.<ref>Peter J. Lu, [http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2007/03.01/99-tiles.html Harvard's Office of News and Public Affairs] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314012002/http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2007/03.01/99-tiles.html|date=14 March 2007}}</ref> Dhaqaatiirta Muslimiinta ah waxay ka qaybqaateen sahanka daawada, oo ay ku jiraan anatomy iyo physiology: sida shaqadii Faarisiiga ahayd ee qarnigii 15aad ee uu sameeyay Mansur ibn Muhammad ibn al-Faqih Ilyas ee loo yaqaan Tashrih al-badan (Anatomy-ga jirka) oo ku jireen sawirro guud oo ku saabsan habka jirka, dareemayaasha iyo habka wareegga dhiigga; ama shaqadii dhakhtarkii Masar Ibn al-Nafis, oo soo bandhigay aragtida wareegga dhiigga ee sambabada. Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Abulcasis) wuxuu ka qaybqaatay edbinta qalliinka daawada buuggiisa Kitab al-Tasrif ("Buugga Tanaasulaadka"), oo ah encyclopediya daawa oo ka dib loo turjumay Laatiin oo loo adeegsaday iskoolada daawada ee Yurub iyo Muslimiinta ee qarniyo badan. Horumaro kale oo daawo ah waxay ka tulmeen dhinacyada pharmacology iyo pharmacy.<ref>Turner, H. (1997) pp. 136–38</ref> Saynisyahannada ugu caansan ee ka mid ah dunida Islaamka ee qarniyadii dhexe waxaa ka mid ah Jābir ibn Hayyān, al-Farabi, Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi, Ibn al-Haytham, Al-Biruni, Avicenna, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, iyo Ibn Khaldun. Tiknoolajiyada dhexdeeda, dunida Islaamka waxay warqad-sameynta ka qaadatay Shiinaha.<ref name="Lucas">Adam Robert Lucas (2005), "Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe", Technology and Culture 46 (1), pp. 1–30 [10].</ref> Aqoonta baaruudda waxaa sidoo kale ka soo muuqatay Shiinaha iyada oo loo marayo waddamada badankooda Islaamka ah.<ref>Arming the Periphery. Emrys Chew, 2012. p. 1823.</ref> Horumar ayaa lagu sameeyay waraabinta iyo beeraha, iyadoo la adeegsanayo tiknoolajiyad cusub sida mishiinka dabaysha. Dalagyada sida lowska/almond iyo miraha sitrus waxaa loo keenay Yurub iyadoo loo marayo al-Andalus, oo beerashada sonkorta ayaa si tartiib-tartiib ah ay ugu ku-daydeen Yurubiyanku. Ganacsatada Carabta waxay maamuleen ganacsiga Badweynta Hindiya ilaa imaatinka Boortaqiisku ee qarnigii 16aad. Hormuz wuxuu ahaa xarun muhiim ah oo ganacsigan ah. Waxaa sidoo kale ka jirey shabakad cufan oo waddooyinka ganacsiga ee Badda Dhexe, oo ay waddamada aqlabiyadda Muslimka ah ku ganacsan jireen kesooda iyo awoodaha Yurub sida Venice, Genoa iyo Catalonia (sido kale eeg: Indo-Mediterranean). Jidka Xariirta oo ka tallaabaya Aasiyada Dhexe wuxuu marayay dawlado Islaam ah oo u dhexeya Shiinaha iyo Yurub. Soo-bixidda boqortooyooyinka dhaqaale ee waaweyn oo leh kheyraad tiknoolajiyadeed ka dib qabsashadii Timur (Tamerlane) iyo soo-reenka Timurid Renaissance waxaa ka mid ah Boqortooyada Mali iyo Saltanaddii Bengal gaar ahaan, oo ah qaran ganacsi oo caalami ah oo dunida ku yaal, oo Yurubiyanku ku describe gareeyeen "waddanka ugu hodansan ee lagu ganacsado".<ref>Nanda, J. N (2005). Bengal: the unique state. Concept Publishing Company. p. 10. 2005. {{ISBN|978-81-8069-149-2}}. Bengal [...] was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with.</ref> Iinjineerada Muslimiinta ee dunida Islaamka waxay sameeyeen isticmaalo warshadeed oo cusub oo hydropower ah, iyo isticmaalo warshadeed oo hore oo ah tidal power iyo wind power.<ref>Ahmad Y. al-Hassan (1976). Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering, pp. 34–35. Institute for the History of Arabic Science, University of Aleppo.</ref> Isticmaalka warshadeed ee watermills ee dunida Islaamka wuxuu dib u dhacaa qarnigii 7aad, halka water mills-ka leh giraangiraha jiifa iyo kuwa taagan oo dhan loo adeegsanayay si weyn tan iyo ugu yaraan qarnigii 9aad. Mashiinno warshadeed oo kala duwan ayaa lagu adeegsanayay dunida Islaamka, oo ay ku jiraan fulling mills, gristmills, paper mills, hullers, sawmills, ship mills, stamp mills, steel mills, sugar mills, tide mills iyo windmills. Markii ay gaadhay qarnigii 11aad, gobol kasta oo ka mid ah dunida Islaamka wuxuu lahaa mashiinnadan warshadeed oo shaqaynaya, kuwo ka billowda al-Andalus iyo Waqooyiga Afrika ilaa Bariga Dhexe iyo Aasiyada Dhexe.<ref name="Lucas" /> Iinjineerada Muslimiinta waxay sidoo kale alifeen crankshafts iyo water turbines, waxay adeegsadeen gears ee mashiinnada iyo mashiinnada biyaha kor u qaada, waxayna hormuud u ahaayeen isticmaalka dam-yada sida il ka mid ah awoodda biyaha, oo loo adeegsaday in lagu siiyo awood dheeraad ah watermills iyo mashiinnada biyaha kor u qaada.<ref name="Hassan">Ahmad Y. al-Hassan, Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part II: Transmission Of Islamic Engineering</ref> Horumaradan waxay suurtogal ka dhigeen in shaqooyinka warshadeed oo hore loogu kexayn jiray shaqaale hanto ama gacanta xilliyadii hore ay noqdaan kuwo la mishiineeyay oo lagu kexo mashiinno beddelkeeda dunidii Islaamka ee qarniyadii dhexe. Wareejinta tiknoolajiyadan oo loo wareejiyay Yurubtii qarniyadii dhexe waxay saameyn ku lahayd Industrial Revolution-ka, gaar ahaan ka soo jeeda proto-industrialised Mughal Bengal iyo Tipu Sultan's Kingdom, iyadoo loo marayo qabsashadii East India Company. === Aqsanta === [[File:Taj Mahal (Edited).jpeg|thumb|Taj Mahal ee India waxaa loo arkaa masterpiece si caalami ah loo bogsho oo ka tirsan World's Heritage, iyo mid ka mid ah Seven Wonders of the World.]] {{excerpt|Islamic architecture|only=paragraphs}} == Saamaynta diimaha kale, iyo Islaamiga == {{Main|Islaamiga|Islaamiga waddan ahaan}} [[File:Mohammed2.jpg|thumb|Nabi Muxammad iyo Rahibkii Sergius, oo uu sameeyay Lucas van Leyden, 1508 AD. Waxay muujineysaa Halsooreedkii Nabi Muxammad ee ku dhex wareegi jiray Yurub.]] [[File:La.Vie.de.Mahomet Christies.jpg|thumb|403x403px|Nabi Muxammad oo haysta seef iyo bilal halka uu ku tunto dunida, iskutallaabta, iyo Tobanka Amrood. Waxaa sameeyay Humphrey Prideaux, 1699.]] [[File:Nuremberg chronicles - Mohammed (CLIv).jpg|thumb|Nabi Muxammad oo fadhiya dhanka bidix, oo ku sawiran Nuremberg Chronicle, 1440 AD.]] Haddii dhaqdhaqaaqyada sida Druze,<ref>{{Cite book |last=De McLaurin |first=Ronald |url=https://archive.org/details/politicalroleofm0000unse |title=The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East |publisher=Michigan University Press |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-03-052596-4 |page=114 |quote=Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles, the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hunter |first=Shireen |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsofislami0000unse |title=The Politics of Islamic Revivalism: Diversity and Unity: Center for Strategic and International Studies (Washington, D.C.), Georgetown University. Center for Strategic and International Studies |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-253-34549-3 |page=33 |quote=Druze – An offshoot of Shi'ism; its members are not considered Muslims by orthodox Muslims.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=R. Williams |first=Victoria |title=Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival [4 volumes] |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-4408-6118-5 |page=318 |quote=As Druze is a nonritualistic religion without requirements to pray, fast, make pilgrimages, or observe days of rest, the Druze are not considered an Islamic people by Sunni Muslims.}}</ref> Berghouata iyo Ha-Mim, ay ka soo baxeen Islaamka ama ay la wadaageen rumayntooda gaarka ah Islaamka, iyo haddii mid kastaa yahay diin gooni ah ama firqad ka mid ah Islaamka waa aragtiyo dood ku jiraan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=D. Grafton |first=David |title=Piety, Politics, and Power: Lutherans Encountering Islam in the Middle East |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-63087-718-7 |page=14 |quote=In addition, there are several quasi-Muslim sects, in that, although they follow many of the beliefs and practices of orthodox Islam, the majority of Sunnis consider them heretical. These would be the Ahmadiyya, Druze, Ibadi, and the Yazidis.}}</ref> Caqiidada Druze waxay sii kala qaybisay Ismaaciiliyada maadaama ay horumarisay caqiidooyinkeeda gaarka ah, waxayna ugu dambeyntii ka sootagday Ismaaciiliyada iyo Islaamka labadaba; kuwan waxaa ka mid ah rumaynta in Imaamka Al-Xaakim bi-Amr Allaah uu ahaa Ilaah jisoobay.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Poonawala |first=Ismail K. |date=July–September 1999 |title=Review: ''The Fatimids and Their Traditions of Learning'' by Heinz Halm |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-oriental-society_july-september-1999_119_3/page/542 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |publisher=American Oriental Society |volume=119 |issue=3 |page=542 |doi=10.2307/605981 |issn=0003-0279 |jstor=605981 |lccn=12032032 |oclc=47785421}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Bryer | first = David R. W. | title = The Origins of the Druze Religion (Fortsetzung) | journal = Der Islam | year = 1975 | volume = 52 | issue = 2 | pages = 239–262 | doi = 10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 | s2cid = 162363556 | url = https://doi.org/10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 | issn = 1613-0928 | ref = {{harvid|Bryer|1975b}} | url-access = subscription }}</ref> Yazdânism waxaa loo arkaa isku-dhafan ka mid ah rumaynta dhaladka ee Kurdiida iyo caqiidada Suufiyada Islaamka ee loo soo bandhigay Kurdistan ee Sheekh Cadi ibn Musafir ee qarnigii 12aad.<ref>{{cite book |last=Foltz |first=Richard |title=Religions of Iran: From Prehistory to the Present |date=7 November 2013 |isbn=978-1-78074-307-3 |page=219 |chapter=Two Kurdish Sects: The Yezidis and the Yaresan |publisher=Oneworld Publications |chapter-url= |chapter-url-access=}}</ref> Bábism waxay ka soo bilaabatay Shiicada Isnaashariyada ee martay Siyyid 'Ali Muhammad i-Shirazi al-Bab iyadoo mid ka mid ah taageerayaashiisa Mirza Husayn 'Ali Nuri Baha'u'llah uu aasaasay Caqiidada Baha'i.<ref>{{cite web |last=House of Justice |first=Universal |title=One Common Faith |url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/bic/OCF/ocf-8.html |access-date=1 April 2017 |website=reference.bahai.org}}</ref> Yarsanism,<ref name="Z. Mir-Hosseini 1994, p.267">{{cite journal |last=Mir-Hosseini |first=Z. |date=1994 |title=Inner Truth and Outer History: The Two Worlds of the Ahl-e Haqq of Kurdistan |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-middle-east-studies_1994-04_26_2/page/267 |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=26 |pages=267–268}}</ref> Din-i Ilahi,{{sfnp|Roychoudhury|1941|page=306}} iyo Ali-Illahism<ref>{{Cite book |last=Layard |first=Austen Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-SQe_sNtIaMC&q=ali%2520illahism&pg=PA216 |title=Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon: With Travels in Armenia, Kurdistan and the Desert: Being the Result of a Second Expedition Undertaken for the Trustees of the British Museum |date=2010-08-31 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108016773 |page=216 |language=en}}</ref> waxaa loo arkaa kuwo ka sootagay Islaamka. Sikhism, oo uu aasaasay Guru Nanak oo ku sugan Punjab qarnigii 15aad ee dambe, waxaa saameeyay Islaamku.<ref>{{cite book |last=Elsberg |first=Constance |date=2003 |title=Graceful Women |publisher=University of Tennessee Press |isbn=978-1-57233-214-0 |pages=27–28}}</ref> == Dhaleeceynta == {{Main|Dhaleeceynta Islaamka}} {{see also|Dhaleeceynta Muxammad|Dhaleeceynta Qur'aanka}} [[File:Jacques Courtois - Battle between Christians and Muslims.jpg|thumb|Dagaalkii ka dhex dhacay Muslinka iyo Masiixiyiinta xilligii Dagaalladii Saliibiyada, oo uu sameeyay Jacques Courtois.]] Dhaleeceynta Islaamku waxay jirtay tan iyo heeraradeedii ugu horreeyay. Dhaleeceyntii hore waxay ka timid qoraayaal Yahuud ah, sida Ibn Kammuna, iyo qoraayaal Masiixi ah, oo kuwo badan oo ka mid ah ay u arkayeen Islaamka bidco Masiixi ah ama nooc sanam-caabudid ah, iyagood inta badan ku fashilayay terms apocalyptic ah.{{sfnp|Fahlbusch et al|2001|p=[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=yaecVMhMWaEC|page=759}} 759]}} Qoraayaasha Masiixiyiinta ahi waxay dhaleeceeyeen sharraxaadaha laab-lakacsan ee Islaamku ka bixiyo jannada. Qarnigii sagaalaad aqoonyahankii Muslinka ahaa ee Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari wuxuu u dooday sharraxaadda Qur'aanka ee jannada iyadoo sheegaysa in Baybalku sidoo kale tilmaamayso fikradahaas, sida cabbidda khamriga ee jannada dhexdeeda oo ku jirta Injiilka Matayos. Caalimkii Masiixiga ahaa ee qarnigii 4aad Augustine ee Hippo caqiidooyinkiisu waxay keeneen diidmo baahsan oo ku saabsan raaxada jidhka ee nolosha iyo aakhiro dhexdeeda labadaba.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Christian Lange |title=Paradise and Hell in Islamic Traditions |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-521-50637-3 |pages=18–20}}</ref> Sawirro aflaadaad ah oo ka dhan ah Muxammad, oo ka soo bilaabmay sawirraddii hore ee qarnigii 7aad ee Kaniisadda Ortodokska Bari ee Boqortooyada Bizantiinta,<ref>Reeves, Minou, and P. J. Stewart. 2003. ''Muhammad in Europe: A Thousand Years of Western Myth-Making''. NYU Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8147-7564-6}}. p. 93–96.</ref> waxay ka muuqdaan gabayga qarnigii 14aad ee Divine Comedy oo uu qaray Dante Alighieri. Halkan, Muxammad waxaa lagu muujiyay goobta sideedaad ee jahannamada, iyadoo la joogo Cali. Dante ma eedayno Islaamka guud ahaan laakiin wuxuu eedaynayaa Muxammad kala qaybin, maadaama uu aasaasay diin kale Masiixiyadda ka dib.<ref name="Stone">Stone, G. 2006. ''Dante's Pluralism and the Islamic Philosophy of Religion''. Springer Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1-4039-8309-1}}. p. 53–54.</ref> Dhaleeceynaha kale waxay diiradda saaraan la-dhaqanka shakhsiyaadka ee gudaha waddamada casriga ah ee Muslinku ku badan yahay, oo ay ku jiraan arrimo ku saabsan xuquuqda aadanaha, goorta ay si dhow u la xiriirto fulinta sharciga Islaamka.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Yohanan|last1=Friedmann|year=2003|title=Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/tolerancecoercio00frie|url-access=limited|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/tolerancecoercio00frie/page/n31 18], 35|isbn=978-0-521-02699-4}}</ref> Sidoo kale, isbeddellada dhowaan ee dhaqammada kala duwan ka dib, kartida loo malaynayo inay leeyihiin soo-galootiga Muslinka ah ee Galbeedka si ay u la qabsadaan waa la dhaleeceeyay oo waxaa loo eedeeyay asalka Islaamka kuwo ka mid ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Modood |first=Tariq |url=https://archive.org/details/multiculturalism00modo |title=Multiculturalism, Muslims and Citizenship: A European Approach |date=6 April 2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-35515-5 |edition=1st |page=[https://archive.org/details/multiculturalism00modo/page/n43 29] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Ugu dambeyntii cilmi-baaris{{what|date=April 2026}} waxay heshay in diindhaqameedka Islaamka oo sarreeya uu la xiriiro xagjirinimada Islaamka oo sarreysa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kamenowski |first1=Maria |last2=Manzoni |first2=Patrik |last3=Haymoz |first3=Sandrine |last4=Isenhardt |first4=Anna |last5=Jacot |first5=Cédric |last6=Baier |first6=Dirk |date=2021-06-17 |title=Religion as an influencing factor of right-wing, left-wing and Islamist extremism. Findings of a Swiss youth study |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=6 |article-number=e0252851 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0252851 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=8211158 |pmid=34138885 |bibcode=2021PLoSO..1652851K }}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== ===Qoraallo=== {{notelist}} ===Qur'aan iyo xadiis=== {{Reflist|group=lower-roman}} ===Xigasho=== {{reflist}} === Ilaha === {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Imad-ad-Dean |title=Signs in the heavens |volume=2 |publisher=Amana Publications |year=2006 |isbn=1-59008-040-8}} * {{cite book |last=Arnold|first=Thomas |title=The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith.|volume= |publisher= |year=1896 |isbn=}} * {{Cite book |last=Bennett |first=Clinton |title=Interpreting the Qur'an: a guide for the uninitiated |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8264-9944-8 |page=101 |author-link=Clinton Bennett}} * {{cite book |last=Blankinship |first=K. |year=2008 |chapter=The early creed |editor=T. 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|last2=Hinnells |first2=John R. |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-27408-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Momen |first=Moojan |title=An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-300-03531-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyed Hossein |author-link=Seyyed Hossein Nasr |year=2003 |title=The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity}} * {{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyed Muhammad |url=https://archive.org/details/ourreligions00shar |title=Our Religions: The Seven World Religions Introduced by Preeminent Scholars from Each Tradition (Chapter 7) |publisher=HarperCollins |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-06-067700-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Nigosian |first=Solomon Alexander |title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-253-21627-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Peacock|first=A.C.S.|title=Islam, Literature and Society in Mongol Anatolia|date=2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume= |page=|doi= 10.1017/9781108582124|isbn=978-1-108-58212-4|s2cid=211657444}} * {{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |url=https://archive.org/details/islamguideforjew00fepe |title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-691-11553-5}} * {{Cite report |date=October 2009 |title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population |publisher=Pew Research Center |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2009/10/Muslimpopulation.pdf |access-date=25 May 2020 |ref={{sfnref|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009}} }} [https://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/ Overview]. * {{Cite book |last=Rippin |first=Andrew |url=https://archive.org/details/muslimstheirreli0000ripp |title=Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices |publisher=Routledge |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-415-21781-1 |edition=2nd |author-link=Andrew Rippin}} * {{cite book |last=Roychoudhury |first=Makhanlal |year=1941 |title=The Din-i Ilahi, or, The Religion of Akbar |publisher=University of Calcutta |oclc=3312929 |url=https://archive.org/details/diniilahiorthere031361mbp |via=Internet Archive}} * {{cite journal |last=Serjeant |first=R.B. |date=1978 |title=Sunnah Jami'ah, pacts with the Yathrib Jews, and the Tahrim of Yathrib |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |volume=41 |pages=1–42 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00057761 |s2cid=161485671 }} * {{Cite book |last=Sachedina |first=Abdulaziz |title=The Just Ruler in Shi'ite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence |publisher=Oxford University Press US |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-511915-2 |author-link=Abdulaziz Sachedina}} * {{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Jane I. |author-link=Jane Idleman Smith |title=The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-515649-2}} * {{Cite book |editor-last=Stefon |editor-first=Matt |title=Islamic Beliefs and Practices |publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-61530-060-0 |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last1=Ṭabāṭabāʼī |first1=Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn |title=Shi'ite Islam |translator-last=Nasr |translator-first=Seyyed Hossein |publisher=SUNY Press |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-87395-272-9 |author-link=Allameh Tabatabaei}} * {{Cite book |last=Teece |first=Geoff |url=https://archive.org/details/islam0000teec_a5d6 |title=Religion in Focus: Islam |publisher=Franklin Watts Ltd |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7496-4796-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Trimingham |first=John Spencer |title=The Sufi Orders in Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-512058-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Colin |title=Islam: the Basics |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-34106-6 |location=London}} * {{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Bryan S. |title=Weber and Islam |publisher=Routledge |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-415-17458-9 |location=London}} * {{Cite book |last=Waines |first=David |title=An Introduction to Islam |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-521-53906-7}} * {{Cite book |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |title=The Formative Period of Islamic Thought |publisher=University Press Edinburgh |year=1973 |isbn=978-0-85224-245-2 |author-link=William Montgomery Watt}} * {{Cite book |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadprophets00watt |title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1974 |isbn=978-0-19-881078-0 |edition=New |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Weiss |first=Bernard G. |title=Studies in Islamic Legal Theory |publisher=Brill Academic publishers |year=2002 |isbn=978-90-04-12066-2 |location=Boston |author-link=Bernard G. Weiss}} {{Refend}} === Qaamuusyo iyo encyclopedias === {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{harvc |last1=Gardet|first1=L.|last2=Jomier|first2=J.|year=2012|c=Islām |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0387}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |ref={{harvid|Fahlbusch et al|2001}} |editor-last=Fahlbusch |editor-first=Erwin |display-editors=etal |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=yaecVMhMWaEC}} |title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=2001 |isbn=978-90-04-11695-5 |volume=2}} * {{cite encyclopedia |year=1913–1936 |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |editor1-last=Houtsma |editor1-first=M.T. |editor1-link=Martijn Theodoor Houtsma |editor2-first=T.W. |editor2-last=Arnold |editor2-link=Thomas Walker Arnold |editor3-first=R. |editor3-last=Basset |editor4-first=R. |editor4-last=Hartmann |edition=1st |place=Leiden |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-08265-6 |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam (1st ed.)|1913–1936}}}} * {{cite encyclopedia |year=2012 |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P.J. |issn=1573-3912 |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |edition=2nd |place=Leiden |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4 |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)|2012}}}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P.J. |issn=1573-3912 |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|n.d.}} |date=n.d. |url=https://brill.com/view/package/eio?language=en |url-access=subscription}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2004 |title=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World |series=Macmillan Reference Books |publisher=Thomson-Gale |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofis0001unse |editor-last=Martin |editor-first=Richard C. |isbn=978-0-02-865603-8}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |date=n.d. |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |editor-link=Jane Dammen McAuliffe}} * {{cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān |volume=2 |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=2002}} * {{cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān |volume=3 |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=2003}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals |publisher=Routledge |editor-last=Salamone |editor-first=Frank |edition=1st |isbn=978-0-415-94180-8 |series=Routledge Encyclopedias of Religion and Society |volume=6 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre00sala |jstor=j.ctt1jd94wq |year=2004}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2003 |title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=AltaMira Press |url=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas |editor-last=Glassé |editor-first=Cyril |series=Revised Edition of the Concise Encyclopedia of Islam |isbn=978-0-7591-0190-6 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-19-512558-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00bada |url-access=registration}} {{doi|10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001}} – via Oxford Reference. * {{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |year=2004 |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |place=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975726-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2006 |title=The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia |publisher=Routledge |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=isDgI0-0Ip4C|page=}} |editor-last=Leaman |editor-first=Oliver |isbn=978-0-415-32639-1}} {{Refend}} == Akhrin dheeraad ah == {{Refbegin}} * Abdul-Haqq, Abdiyah Akbar (1980). ''Sharing Your Faith with a Muslim''. Minneapolis: Bethany House Publishers. ''N.B''. Presents the genuine doctrines and concepts of Islam and of the Holy Qur'an, and this religion's affinities with Christianity and its Sacred Scriptures, in order to "dialogue" on the basis of what both faiths really teach. {{ISBN|0-87123-553-6}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism |publisher=SAGE; Cato Institute |location=Thousand Oaks, CA |last=Ahmad |first=Imad-ad-Dean |title=Islam |author-link=Imad-ad-Dean Ahmad |editor-last=Hamowy |editor-first=Ronald |editor-link=Ronald Hamowy |pages=256–258 |doi=10.4135/9781412965811.n155 |isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4 |lccn=2008009151 |oclc=750831024 |url={{Google books|yxNgXs3TkJYC|plainurl=yes}}}} * {{Cite book |last=Akyol |first=Mustafa |url=https://archive.org/details/islamwithoutextr0000akyo |title=Islam Without Extremes |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-393-07086-6 |edition=1st |author-link=Mustafa Akyol}} * {{Cite book |last=Arberry |first=A.J. |url=https://archive.org/details/koraninterpreted00ajar |title=The Koran Interpreted: A Translation |publisher=Touchstone |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-684-82507-6 |edition=1st |author-link=A. J. Arberry}} * Cragg, Kenneth (1975). ''The House of Islam'', in ''The Religious Life of Man Series''. Second ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company 1975. xiii, 145 p. {{ISBN|0-8221-0139-4}}. * {{Cite book |last=Hafez |first=Sherine |title=An Islam of Her Own: Reconsidering Religion and Secularism in Women's Islamic Movements |year=2011 |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=9780814773055 |url=https://opensquare.nyupress.org/books/9780814790724/}} * {{Cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Muhammad Muhsin |title=Noble Quran |last2=Al-Hilali Khan |last3=Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications |year=1999 |isbn=978-9960-740-79-9 |edition=1st |author-link=Muhammad Muhsin Khan}} * Khanbaghi, A, (2006). ''The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran''. I. B. Tauris. * Khavari, Farid A. (1990). ''Oil and Islam: the Ticking Bomb''. First ed. Malibu, Calif.: Roundtable Publications. viii, 277 p., ill. with maps and charts. {{ISBN|0-915677-55-5}}. * {{Cite book |title=The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-965-224-040-8 |editor-last=Kramer |editor-first=Martin |editor-link=Martin Kramer}} * {{Cite book |last=Kuban |first=Dogan |title=Muslim Religious Architecture |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=1974 |isbn=978-90-04-03813-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/islamwest00lewi_0 |title=Islam and the West |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-19-509061-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/culturesinconfli0000lewi |title=Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Age of Discovery |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-19-510283-3 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Mubarkpuri |first=Saifur-Rahman |title=The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Prophet |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-59144-071-0}} * {{Cite book |last=Najeebabadi |first=Akbar Shah |title=History of Islam |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-59144-034-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Sayilgan |first=Salih |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/god-evil-and-suffering-in-islam/C4C89591ADAAF25F104D517C4F4634B3 |title=God, Evil, and Suffering in Islam |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2023 |isbn=9781009377294}} * {{Cite book |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |url=https://www.giffordlectures.org/books/deciphering-signs-god-phenomenological-approach-islam |title=Deciphering the Signs of God: A Phenomenological Approach to Islam |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-7914-1982-3 |author-link=Annemarie Schimmel |access-date=31 January 2019 |archive-date=22 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422154518/https://www.giffordlectures.org/books/deciphering-signs-god-phenomenological-approach-islam |url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book |last=Schuon |first=Frithjof |title=Understanding Islam |publisher=Allen & Unwin |year=1963 |isbn=978-0941532242 |edition=3rd |author-link=Frithjof Schuon}} * {{Cite book |last=Stoddard |first=Lothrop |title=The New World of Islam |publisher=Chapman & Hall |year=1922 |url=https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/24107}} * {{Cite book |last=Walker |first=Benjamin |title=Foundations of Islam: The Making of a World Faith |publisher=Peter Owen Publishers |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-7206-1038-3 |author-link=Benjamin Walker (author)}} {{Refend}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Library resources box}} * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam "Islam"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/index.shtml Religion & Ethics – Islam] Maqaallo hordhac u ah Islaamka oo ka socda BBC ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} ajmw5ory3nnzargictfavgjwjv3blm4 307943 307942 2026-09-14T09:20:33Z Isma4l 41797 Saxay 307943 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox religion | native_name = {{lang|ar|{{Script|Arab|الإسلام}}}}<br/>{{transliteration|ar|al-Islām}} | image = The Kaaba during Hajj - edited.jpg | caption = [[Kacbada]] ee ku taal [[Masjidka Xaramka]] ee [[Makka]], [[Sacuudi Carabiya]], oo ah [[Holiest sites in islam|goobta Islaamka ee ugu barakeysan]] | type = | main_classification = [[Abrahamic religions|Ibraahimi ah]] | scripture = {{Plainlist| * [[Quraan]] * Sunnada: [[Xadiis]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The saheeh Sunnah is wahy (Revelation) from Allah |url=https://islamqa.info/en/answers/77243/the-saheeh-sunnah-is-wahy-(revelation)-from-allah |website=islamqa.info |access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref> * Tafsiirka: [[Tafsiir]]<ref>Mir, Mustansir. (1995). "Tafsīr". In John L. Esposito. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref> }} | theology = [[Tawhid|Hal ilaah aaminsan]] | law = [[Shareecada]] | philosophy = [[Falsafada Islaamka]] | area = [[Islam by country|Adduunka oo dhan]]<ref name="Global Islam">{{cite report|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2011/01/FutureGlobalMuslimPopulation-WebPDF-Feb10.pdf|title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population|publisher=Pew Research Center|date=27 January 2011}}</ref> | language = [[Classical Arabic|Carabiga Quraanka]] | territory = [[Dunida Islaamka]] | founder = [[Nabi Maxamed al-Quraishi|Maxamed]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Welch |first1=Alford T. |last2=Moussalli |first2=Ahmad S. |last3=Newby |first3=Gordon D. |date=2009 |entry=Muḥammad |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |editor-first=John L. |editor-last=Esposito |publisher=Oxford University Press |entry-url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211050118/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550 |archive-date=11 February 2017 }}</ref> | founded_date = {{circa|610 C.D.}} | founded_place = [[Jabal al-Nour]]<!-- Beginnings are understood to be where Muhammad is said to have received his first ever revelation, which was inside a cave in this mountain --> | number_of_followers = {{est.}} 2 bilyan<ref name="pew2010–2020" /> {{increase}} (oo si gaar ah loogu yeero [[Muslimiin]], halka si wadajir ah loogu yeero {{transliteration|ar|[[Ummah]]}}) | separations = {{Plainlist| * [[Ali-Illahism]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-SQe_sNtIaMC&q=ali%2520illahism&pg=PA216|title=Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon: With Travels in Armenia, Kurdistan and the Desert: Being the Result of a Second Expedition Undertaken for the Trustees of the British Museum|last=Layard|first=Austen Henry|date=2010-08-31|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108016773|page=216|language=en}}</ref> * [[Druze faith]]<ref>{{cite book |title=The Oxford Handbook of American Islam |first=Yvonne |last=Yazbeck Haddad |year=2014 |isbn=9780199862634 |page=142|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> * [[Baháʼí Faith]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Van der Vyer |first=J. D. |year=1996 |title=Religious human rights in global perspective: religious perspectives |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |isbn=90-411-0176-4 |page=449 |url=https://archive.org/details/religioushumanri0000unse |url-access=registration}}</ref> }} }} {{Sidebar with collapsible lists | name = religion sidebar | pretitle = Qayb ka mid ah taxane ku saabsan | pretitlestyle = padding-top:0.8em; | titlestyle = padding-bottom:0.5em; | title = [[Diin]] | listtitlestyle = background:transparent; text-align:center; font-size:100%; | centered list titles = yes | image = [[File:Icon-religion.svg|200px|class=skin-invert]] | imagestyle = padding-bottom:1em; | listclass = hlist | liststyle = padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em; padding-bottom:0.25em; font-size: 11px; | expanded = {{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}} |} | abovestyle = padding:0.5em 2em 0.5em; display:block; background-color: #efefef; | above = {{startflatlist}} * [[Outline of religion|Dulucda]] * [[Index of religion-related articles|Liisaska]] * [[:Category:Religion|Qeybta]] * [[:Category:Indexes of religion topics|Tusaha]] * [[History of religion|Taariikhda diinta]] * [[Portal:Religion|Bogga]] {{endflatlist}} | list1name = religions | list1title = Diimaha | list1titlestyle = padding-top:0.5em; | list1 = {{Sidebar |child |bodystyle={{subsidebar bodystyle}} |navbar=off | heading1 = [[Abrahamic religions|Diimaha Ibraahimiyeed]] | content1style = padding-top:0.2em; | content1 = * [[Judaism|Yuudaanismka]] * [[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]] * [[Islam|Islaamka]] * [[Alawism|Calawiisimka]] * [[Alevism|Alewiisimka]] * [[Azalism|Azaliisimka]]/[[Bábism|Baabiisimka]] * [[Baháʼí Faith|Diinta Bahaa'iga]] * [[Druze Faith|Diinta Duruusta]] * [[Mormonism|Mormooniyadda]] * [[Mandaeism|Mandeiisimka]] * [[Manichaeism|Maniikiisimka]] * [[Rastafari|Rastafariyiinta]] * [[Samaritanism|Samaritaniisimka]] | heading2 = [[Iranian religions|Diimaha Iiraaniga]] | content2style = padding-top:0.2em; | content2 = * [[Yazidism|Yasiidiisimka]] * [[Yarsanism|Yarsaniisimka]] * [[Zoroastrianism|Soroostiriyanka]] | heading3 = [[Indian religions|Diimaha Hindiya]] | content3style = padding-top:0.2em; | content3 = * [[Hinduism|Hinduugga]] * [[Buddhism|Buudhisimka]] * [[Jainism|Jeyniisimka]] * [[Sikhism| Sikhiisimka]] * [[Bon|Yungdrung Bon]] | heading4 = [[East Asian religions|Diimaha Bariga Aasiya]] | content4style = padding-top:0em; | content4 = * [[Taoism|Taowaysimka]] * [[Confucianism|Konfushiyanishka]] * [[Shinto|Shinto]] * [[Tian|Tian]] * [[Shangdi|Shangdi]] * [[Hongjun Laozu|Hongjun Laozu]] }} | list2name = schools | list2title = Dugsiyada Fikirka | list2titlestyle = border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em; | list2 = * [[Acosmism|Aakosmisimka]] * [[Agnosticism|Agnostisismka]] * [[Animism|Animisimka]] * [[Antireligion|Diin-diidka]] * [[Apatheism|Apatheisimka]] * [[Atheism|Aqoonsi la'aanta Ilaah / Ateyismka]] * [[Creationism|Abuuristaaniyadda]] * [[Dharma|Dharmismka]] * [[Deism|Deiisimka]] * [[Divine command theory|Aragt Dardaaran Ilaahay]] * [[Dualism in cosmology|Labo-jirnimada]] * [[Western esotericism|Sir-doonka Reer Galbeedka]] * [[Elite religion|Diinta dadka sare]] * [[Exclusivism|Gaar-yeelidda]] * [[Existentialism|Jiritaaniyadda]] ** [[Atheistic existentialism|ateyste]] ** [[Christian existentialism|masiixi]] * [[Feminist theology|Falsafada dumarka]] * [[Fideism|Caqiido-ku-tiirsiga]] * [[Folk religion|Diinta dadweynaha]] * [[Fundamentalism|Aasaas-ku-dhagidda]] * [[Gnosticism|Gnostisismka]] * [[Henotheism|Henotheiisimka]] * [[Hermeticism|Hermetiisimka]] * [[Humanism|Aadmiga-jecleyska]] ** [[Christian humanism|masiixi]] ** [[Religious humanism|diimeed]] ** [[Secular humanism|cilmiyeed]] * [[Ietsism|Ietsismka]] * [[Theological noncognitivism|Ignostisismka]] * [[Inclusivism|Wadajir-yeelidda]] * [[Kathenotheism|Kathenotheiisimka]] * [[Lived religion|Diinta la nool yahay]] * [[Monism|Kow-jirnimada]] * [[Monotheism|Kkudnimada Alle]] * [[Mysticism|Suufiyadda / Sir-raadinta]] * [[Naturalism (philosophy)|Dabiiciyadda]] ** [[Humanistic naturalism|aadmiga]] ** [[Metaphysical naturalism|milyawiga]] ** [[Religious naturalism|diimeed]] * [[New Age|Cаманkii Cusub]] * [[Nonduality (spirituality)|Laba-mid-la'aanta]] * [[Nontheism|Ilaah-la'aanta]] * [[Omnism|Omnisimka]] * [[Pandeism|Pandeiisimka]] * [[Panentheism|Panenteiisimka]] * [[Pantheism|Panteiisimka]] * [[Perennial philosophy|Falsafadda weligeed ah]] * [[Polytheism|Shirkiga / Ilaahyo badan]] * [[Process theology|Falsafadda socodka]] * [[Shendao shejiao|Shendao shejiao]] * [[Spiritualism (beliefs)|Rux-raadinta]] * [[Shamanism|Shaamanismka]] * [[East Asian religions|Taowayga]] * [[Theism|Ilaah-rumaynta]] * [[Transcendentalism|Sare-u-kacaaniyadda]] * [[Transtheism|Transtheiisimka]] * [[Unitarianism|Mowqifka kow-jirka]] | list3name = concepts | list3title = Fikradaha | list3titlestyle = border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em; | list3 = * [[Afterlife|Aakhiro]] * [[Anthropopathism|Sifaadka bini'aadmiga ee Ilaah]] * [[Apophatic theology|Apophatismka]] * [[Aseity|Iskii-jitaanshaha]] * [[Religious belief|Aaminsanaanta Diinta]] * [[Brahman|Brahman]] * [[Cataphatic theology|Cataphatismka]] * [[Cult|Kooxda diimeed]] * [[Demiurge|Demiurge]] * [[Divine simplicity|Fududeynta Ilaahay]] * [[Eschatology|Qiyaamaha iyo Aakhiro]] * [[Enlightenment in Buddhism|Iftiintinka]] * [[Eternity#God and eternity|Weligiis-jitaanshaha]] * [[Euthyphro dilemma|Muran-weydiintii Euthyphro]] * [[Existence of God|Jiritaanka Ilaahay]] * [[Faith|Iimaan]] * [[Form of the Good|Qaabka Wanaagga]] * [[Gender of God|Jinsiga Ilaahay]] * [[Gnosis|Gnosis]] * [[Holy Spirit|Ruuxa Quduuska ah]] * [[Intelligent design|Naqshadda caqli-gal ah]] * [[Moksha|Xorreynta]] * [[Misotheism|Ilaah-nacaybka]] * [[Miracle|Mucjiso]] * [[Names of God|Magacyada Ilaahay]] * [[New religious movement|Dhaqdhaqaaqa diimeed ee cusub]] * [[Omnibenevolence|Naxariista-buuxda]] * [[Omnipotence|Awoodda-oo-dhan]] * [[Omnipresence|Meel-kasta-joogidda]] * [[Omniscience|Cilmiga-oo-dhan]] * [[Pandeism|Pandeistiga]] * [[Personal god|Ilaah shakhsi ah]] * [[Prayer|Dugsi / Baryo]] * [[Problem of evil|Dhibaatada xumaanta]] * [[Process theology|Falsafadda socodka]] * [[Belief#Religion|Aaminsanaanta diimeed]] * [[Problem of religious language|Luqadda diinta]] * [[Reincarnation|Soo-noqoshada nolosha (Reincarnation)]] * [[Faith|Iimaanka diimeed]] * [[Revelation|Waxyi]] * [[Religious text|Qoraallada diinta]] * [[Soul|Nafta]] * [[Summum bonum|Wanaagga ugu sarreeya]] * [[Tawhid|Kkudnimada Alle]] * [[Theological veto|Diidmada diinta]] * [[Transcendence (religion)|Sare-u-baxa diimeed]] * [[Trinity|Saddex-midnimada]] * [[Creator deity|Ugu sarreeyaha / Abuuraha]] * [[Unmoved mover|Dhaqaajiye aan la dhaqaajin]] * [[Vitalism|Ruuxda nolosha]] * [[Worship|Caabudaad]] | list4name = figures | list4title = Hoggaamiyeyaasha Aasaasaya | list4titlestyle = border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em; | list4= *[[Ciise]] ([[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]]) *[[Maxamed]] ([[Islam|Islaamka]]) *[[Ibraahim]] ([[Judaism|Yuudaanismka]]) *[[Siddhartha Gautama]] ([[Buddhism|Buudhisimka]]) *[[Guru Nanak]] ([[Sikhism|Sikhiisimka]]) *[[Mahavira]] ([[Jainism|Jeyniisimka]]) *[[Zoroaster]] ([[Zoroastrianism|Soroostiriyanka]]) *[[Hamza ibn Ali]] ([[Druze|Duruusta]]) *[[Laozi]] ([[Taoism|Taowayga]]) *[[Confucius]] ([[Confucianism|Konfushiyanishka]]) * [[Baháʼu'lláh]] ([[Baháʼí Faith|Diinta Bahaa'iga]]) | belowclass = plainlist | belowstyle = text-align:center;font-weight:normal; padding:1em 1em 1em; | below = Kani waa [[:Category:Philosophy and thinking sidebar templates|farac]] ka mid ah [[philosophy|falsafadda]]. Si aad u baarto mowduucyada la xiriira, fadlan booqo [[:Category:Religion_and_belief_navigational_boxes|hage-tusaha]]. }} '''Islaamku'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|z|l|ɑː|m|,_|ˈ|ɪ|z|l|æ|m}} {{respell|IZ|la(h)m}};<ref>{{cite Cambridge Dictionaries |Islam}}</ref> {{langx|ar|{{Script|Arab|الإسلام|al-Islām}}|al-Islām}}, {{IPA|ar|alʔisˈlaːm|IPA}}, {{lit|hordhaca [ee la xiriira [[ogaanshaha doonista Ilaahay]]]}}}} waa diin [[Abrahamic|Ibraahimi ah]] oo ku saleysan [[Quraan|Quraanka]] iyo [[Sunnah|barashada]] [[Nabi Maxamed al-Quraishi|Nabi Maxamed]]. Diintan [[monotheistic|kelinimada Alle]] waxay leedahay qiyaastii [[Islam by country|2 bilyan oo raacsan adduunka oo dhan]], oo lagu magacaabo [[Muslims|Muslimiin]]. Islaamku waa [[Major religious groups|diinta labaad ee ugu weyn adduunka]], marka laga reebo [[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]]. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin inay jirto [[Fitra|iimaan asal ah]] oo la soo waxyooday marar badan iyadoo la sii marinayo [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|rusul iyo nabiyo hore]], oo ay ku jiraan [[Adam in Islam|Aadam]], [[Noah in Islam|Nux]], [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Muuse]], iyo [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]], waxayna rumeysan yihiin in Islaamku yahay nooca caalamiga ah ee dhameystiran ee [[faith|iimaankan]]. Muslimiintu waxay u arkaan Quraanka inuu yahay hadalka dhabta ah ee [[God in Islam|Ilaahay]] iyo waxyigii ugu dambeeyay ee aan wax laga beddelin. Dhinaca Quraanka, Muslimiintu waxay sidoo kale rumeysan yihiin [[Islamic holy books|kutubtii hore ee la soo waxyooday]], sida [[Torah in Islam|''Towraad'']] ([[Torah]]), ''[[Psalms in Islam|Sabuur]]'' ([[Psalms]]), iyo [[Gospel in Islam|''Injiil'']] ([[Gospel]]). Waxay rumeysan yihiin in [[Muhammad in Islam|Maxamed]] yahay [[Seal of the Prophets|nabiga ugu weyn uguna dambeeya]] ee [[God|Ilaahay]], kaasoo diinta la soo dhameystiray, oo aan ka dib imanayn nabigii cusub ama sharcigii samada ahayn. Barashada iyo tusaalooyinka caadiga ah ee Maxamed, oo loogu yeero [[Sunnah]], oo lagu diiwaangeliyay xaqiiqooyin loogu yeero [[Hadith|Xadiis]], ayaa bixiya tusaale dastuuri ah oo loogu talagalay Muslimiinta. Islaamku wuxuu ku saleysan yahay rumaysashada kow-nimada iyo kelinimada Ilaahay ({{Transliteration|ar|[[tawhid]]}}), iyo rumaysashada [[afterlife|aakhiro]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[akhirah]]}}) oo ay ku jirto [[Judgement Day in Islam|Maalinta Qiyaame]]—halkaas oo kuwa suubban lagu abaalmarin doono jannada ({{Transliteration|ar|[[jannah]]}}) kuwa xunneydna lagu ciqaabi doono naarta ({{Transliteration|ar|[[jahannam]]}}). [[Five Pillars of Islam|Shanta Arкан ee Islaamka]], oo loo arko inay yihiin cibaadooyin [[Fard|waajib ah]], waa shahaadada diinta ({{Transliteration|ar|[[shahada]]}}), salaadaha maalinlaha ah ({{Transliteration|ar|[[salah]]}}), sakada ({{Transliteration|ar|[[zakat]]}}), soonka bisha [[Ramadan]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[sawm]]}}), iyo [[pilgrimage|xajka]] loo aado [[Mecca|Makka]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[hajj]]}}). Sharciga Islaamka ({{Transliteration|ar|[[sharia]]}}), wuxuu taabanayaa ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan dhinacyada nolosha, laga bilaabo [[Islamic banking and finance|bangiyada iyo maaliyadda]] iyo [[Zakat|gar-gaarka]] ilaa [[Gender roles in Islam|doorka ragga]] iyo [[Women in Islam|doorka dumarka]] iyo [[Islamic ethics#Environmentalism|deegaanka]]. Labada [[Islamic holidays|ci둡 diimeed]] ee ugu waaweyn waa Ciidul Fitri iyo Ciidul Adxa. Saddexda [[holiest sites in Islam|goobood ee ugu barakeysan]] waa [[Masjid al-Haram|Masjidka Xaramka]] ee [[Mecca|Makka]], [[Prophet's Mosque|Masjidka Nabiga]] ee [[Medina|Madiina]], iyo [[Al-Aqsa|Dhismaha Masjidka Al-Aqsa]] ee [[Jerusalem|Quddus]]. Islaamku wuxuu ka soo aasaasay Makka qiyaastii 610 C.D. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in tani ay tahay xilligii [[Muhammad's first revelation|Maxamed uu helay waxyigiisii ugu horreeyay]]. Waqtigii uu geeriyooday, inta badan [[Arabian Peninsula|Jaziiradda Carabta]] way [[Conversion to Islam|isu rogtay Islaamka]]. Islaamku wuxuu si dhakhso ah ugu fiday wixii ka dambeeyay Carabta iyadoo hoos imaneysa [[Rashidun Caliphate|Khulaafadii Raashidiyiinta]] iyo [[Umayyad Caliphate|Khulaafadii Umawiyiinta]]. Labada [[Islamic schools and branches|laamood ee ugu waaweyn Islaamka]] waa [[Sunni Islam|Sunniyada]] (87–90%) iyo [[Shia Islam|Shiicada]] (10–13%).{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=1|ps=. "Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims."}} Muslimiinta Sunniga iyo Shiicada ah ayaa wada noqda ku dhawaad ​​guud ahaan dadweynaha Muslimka ah ee adduunka, iyadoo qiyaasuhu ka bilaabmaan qiyaastii 1.7–1.8 bilyan oo Sunni ah ilaa 285–300 milyan oo Shiico ah adduunka oo dhan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=|first=|date=2009-10-07|title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/|access-date=2026-09-01|website=Pew Research Center|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Shia Muslim Population – Islamic Research and Information Center (IRIC)|url=https://iric.org/world-shia-muslim-population/|access-date=2026-09-01|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Project on Shi’ism and Global Affairs|url=https://shiism.hds.harvard.edu/|url-status=live|website=Harvard University}}</ref> Inkasta oo [[Shia–Sunni relations|khilaafka Shiicada iyo Sunniga]] uu asal ahaan ka soo bilowday is-afgaranwaa ku saabsan [[succession to Muhammad|dhaxalkii Maxamed]], waxay kor u qaadeen cabbir ballaaran, labada [[Schools of Islamic theology|dhinaca caqiidada]] iyo [[Fiqh|fiqhigaa]]. Ururinta xadiiska suuban ee Sunniga waxay ka kooban tahay [[Kutub al-Sittah|Lixda Kitaab]], halka ururinta xadiiska Shiicada ay ka kooban tahay [[The Four Books|Afrta Kitaab]]. Muslimiintu waxay ka yihiin inta badan dadweynaha 53 dal.<ref name="pew2010–2020">{{cite web |date=June 9, 2025 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020. Muslims grew fastest; Christians lagged behind global population increase |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]}} *{{cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett |author2=Marcin Stonawski |author3=Yunping Tong |author4=Stephanie Kramer |author5=Anne Shi |author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf |access-date=2025-06-10 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Qiyaastii 12% Muslimiinta adduunka waxay ku nool yihiin [[Islam in Indonesia|Indoonisiya]], oo ah dalka ugu dadka badan ee Muslimiinta ah; {{#expr: 100 * 480/1570 round 0}}% waxay ku nool yihiin [[Islam in South Asia|Kooniyada Aasiya]]; 20% waxay ku nool yihiin [[MENA#Religion|Bariga Dhexe iyo Waqooyiga Afrika]]; iyo 15% waxay ku nool yihiin [[Religion in Sub-Saharan Africa|Afrika ka hooseysa Saharada]]. Muslimiinta sidoo kale waxaa laga helaa [[Islam in the Americas|Ameerikaanka]], [[Islam in China|Shiinaha]], iyo [[Islam in Europe|Yurub]]. Muslimiintu waa [[Muslim population growth|kooxda diimeed ee ugu koraysa adduunka]], taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay [[fertility rate| heerka dhalmada oo sarreeya]] iyo qaab-dhismeedka da'da yar marka loo eego diimaha diimaha kale ee waaweyn.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lipka |first=Michael |last2=Hackett |first2=Conrad |date=2017-04-06 |title=Why Muslims are the world’s fastest-growing religious group |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |access-date=2026-09-01 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> Islaamka waxaa la saadaalinayaa inuu noqdo diinta ugu weyn adduunka dhammaadka qarniga 21-aad, isagoo ka sarre marinaya Masiixiyadda.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lipka |first1=Michael |last2=Hackett |first2=Conrad |date=April 6, 2017 |title=Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US |archive-date=14 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514123559/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="pew2015">{{cite report |author=[[Pew Forum|The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life]] |title=The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010–2050 |url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211090450/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf |archive-date=2020-12-11 |date=2015-04-02 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref><!--Do NOT add citations to the lead, except for material likely to be challenged, per [[MOS:LEADCITE]] ([[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section#Citations)]]. Move unneeded citations to the body.--> == Asalka ereyga{{anchor|Etymology}}<!-- Linked from many articles. If changing the section title, please let this anchor remain unchanged -->== {{See also|Muslims#Etymology}} Luqadda Carabiga, ''Islaam'' ({{langx|ar|إسلام|lit=hordhaca [ee la xiriira Ilaahay]}})<ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of Islam {{!}} Dictionary.com |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=www.dictionary.com |language=en |archive-date=9 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509110220/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Haywood |first=John |title=Historical Atlas of the Medieval World (AD 600 - 1492) |publisher=Barnes & Noble, Inc. |year=2002 |isbn=0-7607-1975-6 |edition=1st |location=Spain |pages=3.13 |language=en}}</ref> waa magaca fal-galeedka [[wikt:أسلم#Arabic|Foomka IV]] ee ka soo jeeda falka {{lang|ar|سلم}} ({{transliteration|ar|salama}}), ka soo jeeda [[Semitic root|xididka saddex-xarafle ah]] {{lang|ar|س-ل-م}} ({{transliteration|ar|[[Š-L-M|S-L-M]]}}), kaas oo sameeya fasal weyn oo erayo ah oo badankood la xiriira fikradaha dhiibin-hoosaadka, badbaadada, iyo nabadgelyada.<ref name="Lane-Lexicon-4">{{cite book |last=Lane |first=Edward William |author-link=Edward William Lane |title=An Arabic-English Lexicon |volume=4 |chapter=Siin |url=http://www.studyquran.co.uk/20_SIIN.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907230044/http://www.studyquran.co.uk/20_SIIN.htm |archive-date=2011-09-07 |via=[[The Study Quran|StudyQuran]] |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> Macnaha diimeed, waxay tilmaamaysaa u dhiibashada buuxda ee doonista [[God|Ilaahay]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=Barnard |last2=Churchill |first2=Buntzie Ellis |url=https://archive.org/details/islamreligionpeo00lewi |title=Islam: The Religion and The People |publisher=Wharton School Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-13-223085-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/islamreligionpeo00lewi/page/8 8]}}</ref> Ereyga ''[[Muslims|Muslim]]'' ({{lang|ar|مُسْلِم}}), oo ah erayga loogu talagalay qofka raaca Islaamka,<ref name="Lexico-Muslim">{{cite dictionary |title=Muslim |url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/muslim |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913192608/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/muslim |archive-date=2019-09-13 |dictionary=[[Lexico]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2020 |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en-GB }} {{Wayback|url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/muslim |date=20190913192608 }}</ref> waa [[Participle|falka firfircoon]] ee isla nooca falka, oo macneheedu yahay "dhiibtiye (Ilaahay)" ama "qof u hoggaansamaya (Ilaahay)". Si kastaba ha ahaatee, khabiirka [[Quranic studies|barashada Quraanka]] [[Mohsen Goudarzi]] wuxuu ku dooday in Quraanka ereyga ''[[dīn]]'' uu ka dhigan yahay "[[worship|cibaado]]", ''islām'' uu ka dhigan yahay "[[monotheism|kwdnimada]]" iyo ''muslim'' uu ka dhigan yahay "muwaahid / qof kelinimada Alle rumeeyay".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudarzi |first=Mohsen |date=2023-08-01 |title=Worship (dīn), Monotheism (islām), and the Qurʾān's Cultic Decalogue |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006/html |journal=Journal of the International Qur'anic Studies Association |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=30–71 |doi=10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006 |issn=2474-8420|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Gudaha [[Hadith of Gabriel|Xadiiska Jibriil]], ''Islaam'' waxaa lagu soo bandhigay inuu yahay hal qayb oo ka mid ah saddaxleey oo ay ku jirto {{transliteration|ar|[[Iman (Islam)|imān]]}} (iimaan), iyo {{transliteration|ar|[[Ihsan|ihsān]]}} (fududeyn / ixsaan).{{sfnp|Esposito|2000|pp=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00john/page/76 76–77]}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahmutćehajić |first=Rusmir |url=https://archive.org/details/mosqueheartsubmi00mahm |title=The mosque: the heart of submission |publisher=[[Fordham University Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8232-2584-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/mosqueheartsubmi00mahm/page/n104 84] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Islaamka laftiisa ayaa taariikh ahaan loogu yeeri jiray [[Mohammedan|''Mohammedanism'' (Maxamediyad)]] gudaha [[English-speaking world|dunida Ingiriiska ku hadasha]]. Eraygan wuxuu ka baxay isticmaalka waxaana mararka qaarkood la sheegaa inuu yahay [[Religious offence|dhaawac diimeed]], maadaama uu tilmaamayo in bini'aadam, halkii uu ka noqon lahaa Ilaahay, uu yahay kan udub-dhexaadka u ah diinta Muslimiinta.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Oxford University Press| last = Gibb| first = Sir Hamilton| title = Mohammedanism: an historical survey|isbn=9780195002454| year = 1969| page=1 | quote=Modern Muslims dislike the terms Mohammedan and Mohammedanism, which seem to them to carry the implication of worship of Mohammed, as Christian and Christianity imply the worship of Christ.}}</ref> == Tiirarka iimaanka == {{Main|Aqidah|Iman (Islam)|l2 = Iman}} [[caqiidada]] Islaamku (''[[aqidah]]'') waxay u baahan tahay rumaysashada lix tiir: Ilaahay, malaa'igta, waxyiga, nabiyada, [[Day of Resurrection|Maalinta Qiyaamaha]], iyo qadarinta masiirka.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sourcebook of the World's Religions: An Interfaith Guide to Religion and Spirituality|publisher=New World Library|pages=68–9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbSPOoQfu0IC&pg=PA68|editor-first=Joel|editor-last=Beversluis|year=2011|isbn=9781577313328|access-date=15 January 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228022948/https://books.google.com/books?id=dbSPOoQfu0IC&pg=PA68#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> === Ilaahay === [[File:Istanbul,_Hagia_Sophia,_Allah.jpg|thumb|[[calligraphy|Qoraal gacmeedka]] qarnigii 19-aad oo muujinaya magaca [[Allah|Alle]] ee ku yaal [[Hagia Sophia]], [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]].]] {{Main|God in Islam}} Fikradda udub-dhexaadka u ah Islaamka waa ''[[Tawhid|tawḥīd]]'' ({{langx|ar|توحيد|link=no}}), oo ah kelinimada Ilaahay. Badanaa waxaa loo arkaa inay tahay ''monotheism sax ah'', laakiin sidoo kale waa [[panentheism|panentheistic]] ku dhex leh barashada suufiga Islaamka.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/tawhid |title=Tawhid |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107041300/https://www.britannica.com/topic/tawhid |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Gimaret|first=D.|year=2012|c=Tawḥīd |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7454}}</ref> Ilaahay waxaa loo arkaa mid aan la barbar dhigi karin oo aan lahayn tiro dad ah sida ku jirta [[Christian Trinity|Saddex-midnimada Masiixiga]], oo tiro u nisbeynta Ilaahay ama sifooyinka Ilaahay oo loo nisbeeyo dad kale waxaa loo arkaa shirk, oo lagu magacaabo [[Shirk (Islam)|''shirk'']]. Sidaas darteed, Muslimiintu ma aha [[iconodule]]s mana u nisbeeyaan qaabab Ilaahay. Ilaahay halkaas waxaa lagu sifeeyaa oo loogu yeeraa dhowr [[Names of God in Islam|magac ama sifooyin]], kan ugu caansan waa ''Ar-Rahmān'' ({{lang|ar|الرحمان}}) oo macneheedu yahay "Naxariis-guud", iyo ''Ar-Rahīm'' ({{lang|ar|الرحيم}}) oo macneheedu yahay "Naxariis-gaar ah" kuwaas oo laga baryo bilowga inta badan Suuradaha Quraanka.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ali |first1=Kecia |title=Islam : the key concepts |date=2008 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |last2=Leaman |first2=Oliver |isbn=978-0-415-39638-7 |location=London |oclc=123136939}}</ref>{{sfnp|Campo|2009|p=34|loc="Allah"}} Magaca tooska ah ee Carabiga ee Ilaahay, ''[[Allāh]]'' (الله), oo ah eray aan lahayn [[plural|wadar]] ama [[gender|jinsi]], ayaa sidoo kale si caadi ah loogu isticmaalaa luqadaha kale ee Muslimiinta iyo Masiixiyiinta iyo Yuhuuda Carabiga ku hadla si ay ugu tixraacaan Ilaahay, halka ''{{transliteration|ar|ISO|[[ʾilāh]]}}'' ({{lang|ar|إله}}) uu yahay eray loo isticmaalo ilaah ama ilaah guud ahaan.<ref>{{cite web |title=God |url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |access-date=18 December 2010 |website=Islam: Empire of Faith |publisher=[[PBS]] |archive-date=27 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327034958/http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Islaamku wuxuu barayaa in abuurista wax kasta oo ku jira [[universe|caalamka]] la keenay iyada oo la raacayo amarka Ilaahay sida lagu muujiyay erayada, "[[Be, and it is|Aabo, oo wuu noqdaa]],"<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|2|117|b=yl}}</ref> iyo in [[Meaning of life|ujeeddada jiritaanka]] ay tahay in la caabudo Ilaahay.<ref>Leeming, David. 2005. ''The Oxford Companion to World Mythology''. Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-195-15669-0}}. p. 209.</ref> Waxaa loo arkaa ilaah shakhsi ah oo wax dhexdhexaadin ah, sida [[clergy|wadaaddada]], looma baahna si loo gaaro xiriir lala yeesho Ilaahay. Wacyigelinta Ilaahay waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[taqwa]]. === Qoraallada Quduuska ah === {{Main|Kutubta quduuska ah ee Islaamka | Qur'aanka|Wahy}} {{See also|Taariikhda Qur'aanka}}[[File:Birmingham Quran manuscript full.jpg|thumb|Labo bogos oo ka mid ah qoraal-gacmeedka Quraanka Birmingham, oo lagu qoray farta Xijaasiga ah ee maqaarka xoolaha taariikhdooduna ay ku beegantahay 568–645 C.D., oo ku beegan xilligii Nabi Maxamed noolaa.]] Qoraalka quduska ah ee ugu sarreeya Islaamka waa Quraanka. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in aayaadka Quraanka ay Alle u soo waxyooday Nabi Maxamed, oo uu u soo wakiishay malagii Jibriil, marar badan intii u dhaxaysay 610 C.D.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Watt |first=William Montgomery |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC&pg=PA5 |title=Islam and the Integration of Society |date=2003 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-17587-6 |pages=5 |access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref> iyo 632, oo ah sannadkii uu geeriyooday Nabi Maxamed.{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=17–18, 21}} Intii uu noolaa Nabi Maxamed, waxyiyadan waxaa qoray saxaradiisa, inkastoo habka ugu muhiimsan ee loo gudbin jiray uu ahaa afka oo lagu barto xifdi ahaan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Al Faruqi |first1=Lois Ibsen |author-link=Lois Lamya al-Faruqi |year=1987 |title=The Cantillation of the Qur'an |journal=Asian Music |issue=Autumn – Winter 1987 |pages=3–4}}</ref> Quraanku wuxuu ka kooban yahay 114 suuradood oo ay ku jiraan wadarta guud ee 6,236 aayadood. Suuradaha hore ee soo degay, ee ku soo degay Maka, waxay inta badan khuseeyaan arrimaha diiniga ah, halka suuradaha dambe ee Madiina ay ka hadlayaan arrimaha bulshada iyo sharciga ah ee khuseeya bulshada Muslimka ah.[[File:Quran rzabasi1.JPG|thumb|Qoraal-gacmeed Quraan ah oo qarnigii 9-aad ah oo saaran rihaal, kaas oo ah taageerada buugga ee qoraalka quduska ah, oo lagu hayo Matxafka Reza Abbasi ee ku yaalla Tehraan, Iran.]] Sharci-yaqaanada Islaamku waxay la tashadaan Xadiiska, ama diiwaanka qoran ee nolosha Nabi Maxamed, si ay u kaalmeeyaan Quraanka una caawiyaan fasiraadiisa. Sayniska faallooyinka Quraanka iyo tafsiirka waxaa loo yaqaanaa tafsiir.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/tafsir |title=Tafsīr |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=79–81}} Marka laga reebo muhiimaddiisa diiniga ah, Quraanka waxaa si weyn loogu tixgeliyaa inuu yahay shaqada ugu fiican ee suugaanta Carabiga,<ref>{{cite book|first=Alan|last=Jones|location=London|publisher=Charles E. Tuttle Company|year=1994|page=1|title=The Koran|quote="Its outstanding literary merit should also be noted: it is by far, the finest work of Arabic prose in existence."|isbn=1842126091}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Arthur|last=Arberry|title=The Koran Interpreted|location=London|publisher=Allen & Unwin|year=1956|quote="It may be affirmed that within the literature of the Arabs, wide and fecund as it is both in poetry and in elevated prose, there is nothing to compare with it."|page=191|isbn=0684825074}}</ref> wuxuuna saameeyay fanka iyo afka Carabiga.<ref>Kadi, Wadad, and Mustansir Mir. "Literature and the Quran." In ''Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an'' 3. pp. 213, 216.</ref> Islaamku sidoo kale wuxuu qabaa in Alle uu soo diray waxyiyo, oo la yiraahdo waxyi, oo loo soo diray nabiyo kala duwan marar badan taariikhda dhexdeeda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Islaamku wuxuu barayaa in qaybo ka mid ah qoraalladii hore ee la soo waxyooday, sida Tawraat (Tawraad) iyo Injiil (Injiil), ay noqdeen kuwo la leexiyay—ha ahaato dhinaca fasiraadda, qoraalka, ama labadaba,<ref name="harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5">{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5}}</ref><ref name="harvp|Peters|2003|p=9">{{harvp|Peters|2003|p=9}}</ref><ref name="610CE">{{harvc|c=Muhammad|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|last2=Welch|first2=A.T.|last1=Buhl|first1=F.}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Tahrif |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d. |author=Hava Lazarus-Yafeh}}</ref> halka Quraanku (Akhris) loo arko erayga ugu dambeeya ee Alle oo aan wax beddel ah lahayn.<ref name="Ringgren">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ringgren |first=Helmer |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Quran |title=Qurʾān |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription}} "The word ''Quran'' was invented and first used in the Quran itself. There are two different theories about this term and its formation."</ref><ref>{{harvp|Teece|2003|pp=12–13}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Turner|2006|p=42}}</ref>{{sfnp|Bennett|2010|p=101}} === Malaa'igta === [[File:Rashid al-Din Tabib - Jami al-Tawarikh, f.45v detail - c. 1306-15.png|thumb|Maxamed oo helaya [[Muhammad's first revelation|waxyigiisii ugu horreeyay]] oo uga imaanaya malaa'igta [[Gabriel]], oo ka socda qoraal gacmeedka [[Jami' al-tawarikh|Jami' al-Tawarikh]] ee uu qoray [[Rashid al-Din Hamadani|Rashid-al-Din Hamadani]], lagu daabacay [[Tabriz]], [[Iran]], 1307 C.D.]] {{Main|Angels in Islam}} Malaa'igta (keligood: {{langx|ar|ملك|link=no}}, ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|malak}}'') waa makhluuqaad lagu sifeeyay Quraanka{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=23}} iyo xadiiska.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=79}} Waxaa lagu sifeeyay inay u abuuran yihiin inay caabudaan Ilaahay iyo inay sidoo kale ka shaqeeyaan waajibaadyo kale oo gaar ah sida gudbinta [[revelation|waxyiga]] ee ka yimid Ilaahay, diiwaangelinta ficilada qof kasta, iyo qaadashada [[soul|nafta]] qofka waqtiga dhimashada. Waxaa lagu sifeeyay inay si kala duwan uga abuurmeen 'iftiin' ([[Nūr (Islam)|''nūr'']])<ref name="Encyclopedia-Nur">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Nūr |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/nur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423085030/https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/nur |archive-date=2022-04-23 |encyclopedia=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |via=[[Encyclopedia.com]] |language=en |access-date=2026-03-20}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|last1=Hartner, W.|last2=Tj Boer |year=2012 |c=Nūr |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0874}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Elias |first=Jamal J. |year=2003|c=Light |in=McAuliffe}} {{doi|10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00261}}</ref> ama 'dab' (''nār'').<ref>{{harvc |last=Campo |first=Juan E. |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/nar |c=Nar |in=Martin |year=2004}}. – via [[Encyclopedia.com]].</ref><ref>{{harvc|last=Fahd, T. |year=2012 |c=Nār |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0846}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Toelle |first=Heidi |year=2002 |c=Fire |in=McAuliffe}} {{doi|10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00156}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|McAuliffe|2003|p=45}}</ref> Malaa'igta Islaamka waxaa badanaa lagu matalaa [[Anthropomorphism|qaabab bini'aadamnimo]] oo ay ku jiraan sawirro [[supernatural|cajiib ah]], sida baalal, oo ah kuwa aad u waaweyn ama xidhan dhar janno.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|pp=97–99}}<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=26–28}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Webb |first=Gisela |c=Angel |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|last1=MacDonald, D. B.|last2=Madelung, W. |year=2012 |c=Malāʾika |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}}{{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0642}}</ref> Sifooyinka caadiga ah ee malaa'igta waxaa ka mid ah inaysan lahayn baahiyo jir iyo rabitaanno, sida cunidda iyo cabidda.{{sfnp|Çakmak|2017|p=140}} Qaarkood, sida [[Gabriel|Jibriil]] iyo [[Michael (archangel)|Miikaa'il]], ayaa magacyadooda lagu xusay Quraanka. Malaa'igtu waxay door muhiim ah ka ciyaaraan suugaanta ku saabsan [[Isra and Mi'raj|Mi'raajka]], halkaas oo Maxamed uu kula kulmo dhowr malaa'igood intii uu ku jirsaday safarkiisa samada.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=79}} Malaa'ig dheeraad ah ayaa badanaa lagu muujiyay [[Islamic eschatology|qiyaamaha]], [[Kalam|cilmiga kalaamka]] iyo [[Islamic philosophy|falsafada Islaamka]].{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=22}} === Kitaabyada === [[File:Quran rzabasi1.JPG|thumb|Qoraal gacmeed [[Quran|Quraan]] ah oo qarnigii 9-aad ah oo saaran [[Rehal (book rest)|rehal]], oo ah kursiga kitaabka qudduuska ah, oo lagu hayo [[Reza Abbasi Museum]] ee [[Tehran]], [[Iran]].]] {{Main|Islamic holy books|Quran|Wahy}} {{See also|History of the Quran}} Kitaabka quduuska ah ee ugu sarreeya Islaamka waa [[Quran|Quraanka]]. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in aayaadka Quraanka uu Maxamed u soo waxyooday Ilaahay, iyada oo la sii marinayo [[archangel|malaa'igta]] Jibriil, marar badan inta u dhaxaysa 610 C.D.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Watt |first=William Montgomery |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC&pg=PA5 |title=Islam and the Integration of Society |date=2003 |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |isbn=978-0-415-17587-6 |pages=5 |access-date=15 June 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228022949/https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo 632, sanadkii uu geeriyooday Maxamed.{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=17–18, 21}} Intii uu Maxamed noolaa, waxyiyadan waxaa qoray [[Muhammad's companions|saxaabtiisa]], inkastoo habka ugu muhiimsan ee gudbinta uu ahaa af ahaan iyada oo la adeegsanayo [[Hafiz (Quran)|xifdinta]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Al Faruqi |first1=Lois Ibsen |author-link=Lois Lamya al-Faruqi |year=1987 |title=The Cantillation of the Qur'an |journal=[[Society for Asian Music|Asian Music]] |issue=Autumn – Winter 1987 |pages=3–4}}</ref> Quraanku wuxuu u qaybsamaa 114 suuradood (''[[sūrah]]'') oo ka kooban wadarta guud ee 6,236 aayadood (''[[ayah|āyāt]]''). Suuradaha hore ee taariikh ahaan, ee lagaga soo waxyooday [[Mecca|Makka]], waxay inta badan khuseeyaan arrimaha ruuxiga ah, halka suuradaha dambe ee [[Medina|Madiina]] ay ka hadlaan arrimo bulsho iyo sharci oo khuseeya bulshada Muslimka ah. Qareennada Muslimiintu waxay la tashadaan xadiiska ('warka'), ama diiwaanka qoran ee nolosha Maxamed, si ay labadaba u taageeraan Quraanka oo ay uga caawiyaan tafsiirkiisa. Sayniska faallooyinka iyo tafsiirka Quraanka waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[tafsir]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/tafsir |title=Tafsīr |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019035210/https://www.britannica.com/topic/tafsir |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=79–81}} Marka laga reebo muhiimadiisa diimeed, Quraanka waxaa loo aqoonsan yahay si weyn inuu yahay shaqada ugu fiican [[Arabic literature|suugaanta Carabiga]],<ref>{{cite book|first=Alan|last=Jones|location=London|publisher=[[Charles E. Tuttle Company]]|year=1994|page=1|title=The Koran|quote="Its outstanding literary merit should also be noted: it is by far, the finest work of Arabic prose in existence."|isbn=1842126091}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Arthur|last=Arberry|title=The Koran Interpreted|location=London|publisher=[[Allen & Unwin]]|year=1956|quote="It may be affirmed that within the literature of the Arabs, wide and fecund as it is both in poetry and in elevated prose, there is nothing to compare with it."|page=191|isbn=0684825074}}</ref> wuxuuna saameeyay fanka iyo luqadda Carabiga.<ref>Kadi, Wadad, and Mustansir Mir. "Literature and the Quran." In ''[[Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān|Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an]]'' 3. pp. 213, 216.</ref> Islaamku sidoo kale wuxuu qabaa in Ilaahay uu soo diray waxyiyo, oo la yiraahdo ''[[wahy]]'', oo loo soo diray nabiyo kala duwan marar badan taariikhda oo dhan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Islaamku wuxuu barayaa in qaybo ka mid ah kitaabadii hore ee la soo waxyooday, sida [[Torah in Islam|''Towraad'']] ([[Torah]]) iyo [[Gospel in Islam|''Injiil'']] ([[Gospel in Islam|Injiil]]), ay noqdeen kuwo [[tahrif|la leexiyay]]—ha ahaato tafsiirka, qoraalka, ama labadaba,<ref name="harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5">{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5}}</ref><ref name="harvp|Peters|2003|p=9">{{harvp|Peters|2003|p=9}}</ref><ref name="610CE">{{harvc|c=Muhammad|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|last2=Welch|first2=A.T.|last1=Buhl|first1=F.}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Tahrif |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d. |author=[[Hava Lazarus-Yafeh]]}}</ref> halka Quraanka ({{Lit|Akhrinta}}) loo arko hadalka ugu dambeeya, ee dhabta ah ee aan wax laga beddelin ee Ilaahay.<ref name="Ringgren">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ringgren |first=Helmer |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Quran |title=Qurʾān |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=5 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505001543/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/487666/Quran |url-status=live }} "The word ''Quran'' was invented and first used in the Quran itself. There are [[Quran#Etymology and meaning|two different theories]] about this term and its formation."</ref><ref>{{harvp|Teece|2003|pp=12–13}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Turner|2006|p=42}}</ref>{{sfnp|Bennett|2010|p=101}} === Nabiyada === {{Main|Prophets and messengers in Islam|Sunnah|Hadith}} [[File:Medieval Persian manuscript Muhammad leads Abraham Moses Jesus.jpg|thumb|[[Persian miniature|Miniakiyada Faarisiga]] ee qarnigii 15-aad oo muujinaysa [[Muhammad in Islam|Maxamed]] oo hoggaaminaya [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Muuse]], [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]] iyo [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|nabiyo kale]] salaadda.<ref>{{cite web |title=BnF. Département des Manuscrits. Supplément turc 190 |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/view3if/ga/ark:/12148/btv1b8427195m/f16 |publisher=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] |access-date=7 September 2023 |archive-date=9 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909130407/https://gallica.bnf.fr/view3if/ga/ark:/12148/btv1b8427195m/f16 |url-status=live }}</ref>]] Nabiyada (Carabi: {{langx|ar|أنبياء|label=none|translit=anbiyāʾ}}) waxaa la rumeysan yahay inay doorteen Ilaahay si ay u wacdhiyaan fariin ilaahi ah. Qaar ka mid ah nabiyadan ayaa sidoo kale keena kitaab cusub waxaana loogu yeeraa "rasuul" ({{langx|ar| رسول&lrm;|label=none|translit=rasūl}}).<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|p=225}}</ref> Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in nabiyadu ay yihiin bini'aadam oo aan ahayn ilaahyo. Dhammaan nabiyadu waxaa la sheegaa inay wacdiyiyeen fariintii asaasiga ahayd ee Islaamka - u dhiibashada doonista Ilaahay - oo ay u direen quruumihii hore, tan ayaana la sheegay inay sabab u tahay isku mid ahaanshaha badan ee u dhexeeya diimaha. Quraanku wuxuu sheegayaa magacyada tiro badan oo ah shakhsiyaadka loo tixgeliyo [[prophets in Islam|nabiyada Islaamka]], oo ay ku jiraan [[Adam in Islam|Aadam]], [[Noah in Islam|Nux]], [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Muuse]], [[David in Islam|Daa'uud]] iyo [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]], iyo kuwo kale.<ref name="Schimmel">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |author-link=Annemarie Schimmel |title=Islam |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504201633/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/295507/Islam |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Reeves |first=J. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC |title=Bible and Qurʼān: Essays in scriptural intertextuality |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2004 |isbn=90-04-12726-7 |location=[[Leiden]] |page=177 |access-date=21 August 2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164019/https://books.google.com/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC |url-status=live }}</ref> Sheekooyinka la xiriira nabiyada ee ka baxsan xisaabaadka Quraanka waxaa lagu ururiyaa oo lagu baaraa ''[[Qisas Al-Anbiya|Qisas al-Anbiya]]'' (Sheekooyinka Nabiyada). Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in Ilaahay uu soo diray Maxamed inuu noqdo nabiga ugu dambeeya ("[[Seal of the prophets|khaatumul anbiyo]]") si uu u gaarsiiyo fariinta dhameystiran ee Islaamka.<ref name="Esposito-Islam">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Esposito |first=John L. |author-link=John Esposito |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |title=Islam |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012298 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110124812/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012298 |archive-date=2021-01-10 |quote=Profession of Faith...affirms Islam's absolute monotheism and acceptance of Muḥammad as the messenger of Allah, the last and final prophet. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Peters-Allah">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Peters |first=F. E. |author-link=Francis Edward Peters |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |title=Allāh |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095403960 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926053837/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095403960 |archive-date=2020-09-26 |quote=[T]he Muslims' understanding of Allāh is based...on the Qurʿān's public witness. Allāh is Unique, the Creator, Sovereign, and Judge of mankind. It is Allāh who directs the universe through his direct action on nature and who has guided human history through his prophets, Abraham, with whom he made his covenant, Moses/Moosa, Jesus/Eesa, and Muḥammad, through all of whom he founded his chosen communities, the 'Peoples of the Book.' |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Islaamka dhexdiisa, tusaalaha "caadiga ah" ee nolosha Maxamed waxaa lagu magacaabaa ''[[sunnah]]'' (oo macneheedu yahay "jidka la maray"). Muslimiinta waxaa lagu dhiirrigelinayaa inay ku daydaan dabeecadaha akhlaaqda ee Maxamed noloshooda maalinlaha ah, sunnadana waxaa loo arkaa mid muhiim u ah hagidda tafsiirka Quraanka.<ref>{{harvp|Martin|2004|p=666}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Hadith|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|author=J. Robson}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Sunna|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|author=D.W. Brown}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Goldman |first=Elizabeth |title=Believers: Spiritual Leaders of the World |date=1995 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-508240-1 |location=Oxford |page=63}}</ref> Tusaalahan waxaa lagu ilaaliyaa dhaqamo loo yaqaan xadiis, oo ah xisaabaadka erayadiisa, ficilladiisa, iyo sifooyinka shakhsi ahaaneed. [[Hadith qudsi|Xadiiska Qudsi]] waa qayb hoose oo ka tirsan xadiiska, oo loo arko inuu yahay erayada dhabta ah ee Ilaahay ee uu soo xigtay Maxamed oo aan ahayn qayb ka tirsan Quraanka. Xadiisku wuxuu ka kooban yahay laba shay: silsiladda sheekeeyayaasha, oo loo yaqaanno [[Hadith studies#Traditional importance of the sanad|''sanad'']], iyo ereyada dhabta ah, oo loo yaqaanno [[Hadith studies|''matn'']]. Waxaa jira habab kala duwan oo lagu kala saaro xaqiiqda xadiisyada, iyadoo cabbirka darajada ee badanaa la isticmaalo uu yahay "saxiix" ama "sax ah" ({{langx|ar|صحيح|links=no|translit=[[Authentic hadith|ṣaḥīḥ]]|label=none}}); "xasan" ({{langx|ar|حسن|links=no|label=none|translit=[[Hasan (hadith)|ḥasan]]}}); ama "daciif" ({{langx|ar|ضعيف|label=none|translit=[[Da'if|ḍaʻīf]]}}), iyo kuwo kale. [[Kutub al-Sittah]] waa ururinta lix kitaab, oo loo arko inay yihiin warbixinnada ugu suuban ee [[Sunni Islam|Sunniyada]]. Waxaa ka mid ah [[Sahih al-Bukhari]], oo ay Sunnidu badanaa u arkaan mid ka mid ah [[Hadith terminology#Terminology relating to the authenticity of a hadith|ilaha ugu suuban]] ka dib Quraanka.<ref>[[Aisha Abd al-Rahman|al-Rahman, Aisha Abd]], ed. 1990. [[Introduction to the Science of Hadith|Muqaddimah Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ]]. Cairo: Dar al-Ma'arif, 1990. pp. 160–69</ref> Il kale oo caan ka ah xadiisyada waa [[The Four Books|Afrta Kitaab]], oo ay Shiicadu u arkaan tixraaca xadiiska ee ugu suuban.<ref name="Awliyai-Four-Books">{{cite book |last=Awliya'i |first=Mustafa |title=Outlines of the Development of the Science of Hadith |volume=1 |chapter=The Four Books |url=https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol1-n12-3/outlines-development-science-hadith-dr-mustafa-awliyai/part-1#four-books |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912144702/https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol1-n12-3/outlines-development-science-hadith-dr-mustafa-awliyai/part-1#four-books |archive-date=2017-09-12 |translator-last=Qara'i |translator-first=A. Q. |via=Al-Islam.org |access-date=2020-05-24 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Rizvi-Four-Books">{{cite book |last=Rizvi |first=Sayyid Sa'eed Akhtar |author-link=Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi |title=The Qur'an and Hadith |location=Tanzania |publisher=Bilal Muslim Mission |chapter=The Hadith §The Four Books (Al-Kutubu'l-Arb'ah) |url=https://www.al-islam.org/quran-and-hadith-allamah-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/chapter-4-hadith#four-books-al-kutubul-arbah |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912191319/https://www.al-islam.org/quran-and-hadith-allamah-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/chapter-4-hadith#four-books-al-kutubul-arbah |archive-date=2017-09-12 |via=Al-Islam.org |access-date=2020-05-24 |language=en}}</ref> === Soo-noqoshada iyo xukunka === [[File:Chester Beatty T 414 fol 129r Muhammad al-Mehdi.png|thumb|Matxaf qarnigii 16-aad ee [[Muhammad al-Mahdi|Maxamed al-Mahdi]]. [[Mahdi|Mahdiga]] waxaa la rumeysan yahay inuu soo muuqan doono ka hor [[Eschatology|Waqtiga Dhamaadka]] si uu u soo celiyo cadaaladda oo uu uga adkaado dulmiga iyadoo la kaashanaya [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]] ([[Jesus]]).]] {{Main|Islamic eschatology}} Rumaysashada "Maalinta Qiyaame" ama ''[[Qiyamah|Yawm al-Qiyāmah]]'' ({{langx|ar|يوم القيامة|link=no}}) ayaa sidoo kale muhiim u ah Muslimiinta. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in waqtiga Qiyaamaha uu hore u qadaray Ilaahay, laakiin uusan aqoon bini'aadamku. Quraanka iyo xadiiska, iyo sidoo kale faallooyinka [[Ulama|culimada]], waxay qeexayaan imtixaannada iyo [[Great Tribulation|dhibaatooyinka]] ka horreeya iyo inta uu socdo Qiyaamaha. Quraanka wuxuu xoogga saarayaa [[universal resurrection|soo-noqoshada jirka]], taasoo ah mid ka duwan fahamkii [[pre-Islamic Arabia|Carabtii hore]] ee dhimashada.<ref>{{harvp|Glassé|2003|loc="Resurrection"|pp=382–383}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)|2012|loc="Avicenna"}}. {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_DUM_0467}}: "Ibn Sīnā, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Sīnā is known in the West as 'Avicenna'."</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Qiyama |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d. |author=Gardet, L.}}</ref> Maalinta Qiyaame, Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in dhammaan bini'aadamka lagu xukumi doono falalkooda wanaagsan iyo kuwa xun waxaana loo gudbin doonaa [[Jannah|Janno]] ama [[Jahannam|Naar]].<ref>{{cite web |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |editor-link=John Esposito |title=Eschatology |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e588 |url-access=subscription |work=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Islam]] |via=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |access-date=18 April 2017 |archive-date=13 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100913062714/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e588 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Quraanku wuxuu ku jira [[Surat al-Zalzalah]] wuxuu tan ku sifeeyaa: "Haddaba qofkii sameeya culays atoore oo wanaag ah wuu arki doonaa. Qofkii se sameeya culays atoore oo xumaan ah wuu arki doonaa." Quraanku [[Islamic views of sin|wuxuu qorayaa dunuub badan]] oo qof ku xukumi kara naar. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Quraanku wuxuu caddeynayaa in Ilaahay uu cafiyi doono dunuubta kuwa toobad keena haddii uu doono. Falalka wanaagsan, sida sadaqada, salaadda, iyo naxariista xayawaannada{{sfnp|Esposito|2011|p=130}} waxaa lagu abaalmarin doonaa gelitaanka jannada. Muslimiintu waxay u arkaan jannada meel ay ka buuxaan farxad iyo barako, iyadoo tixraacyada Quraanku ay qeexayaan sifooyinkeeda. Dhaqamada suufiga ah ee Islaamka waxay dhigayaan raaxooyinkan jannada xiriir la leh wacyigelin xamaasad leh oo ku saabsan Ilaahay.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2006|p=89}}; ''Encyclopedia of Islam and Muslim World'', p. 565</ref><ref>{{harvc |c=Garden |first=Asma |last=Afsaruddin |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Paradise|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> ''Yawm al-Qiyāmah'' sidoo kale waxaa Quraanka loogu aqoonsaday ''Yawm ad-Dīn'' ({{lang|ar|يوم الدين}} "Maalinta Diinta");<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|1|4|b=y}};</ref> ''as-Sāʿah'' ({{lang|ar|الساعة}} "Saacadda Dambe");<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|6|31|b=y}};</ref> iyo ''[[Al-Qaria|al-Qāriʿah]]'' ({{lang|ar|القارعة}} "Qaylisaada").<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|101|1|b=y}}</ref> === Qadarka === {{Main|Predestination in Islam}} Qaar ka mid ah Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin qadarka ilaahay, ({{langx|ar|القضاء والقدر}}, ''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|al-qadāʾ wa l-qadar}}'') in arrin kasta uu qaddaray Ilaahay.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.freeweb.hu/etymological/AEDweb.htm |date=2002 |title=Andras Rajki's A. E. D. (Arabic Etymological Dictionary) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208204654/http://www.freeweb.hu/etymological/AEDweb.htm |archive-date=8 December 2011 |access-date=13 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Cohen-Mor|2001|p=4}}: "The idea of predestination is reinforced by the frequent mention of events 'being written' or 'being in a book' before they happen": Say: "Nothing will happen to us except what Allah has decreed for us..."</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Karamustafa |first=Ahmet T. |c=Fate |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}: The verb ''qadara'' literally means "to measure, to determine". Here it is used to mean that "God measures and orders his creation".</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Gardet|first=L.|year=2012|c=al-Ḳaḍāʾ Wa 'l-Ḳadar |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0407}}</ref> [[Mu'tazilism|Mu'tasiladu]] iyo qaar ka mid ah Shiicada Muslimiinta ah ma rumeysna fikraddan.<ref>[[#AGI1978|Guillaume, ''Islam'', 1978]]: p.131-2</ref><ref>[[#AGI1978|Guillaume, ''Islam'', 1978]]: p.132</ref><ref>''Need of Religion'', by Sayyid [[Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi]], p. 14.</ref><ref>''Muslims'', by S. H. M. Rizvi, Shibani Roy, B. B. Dutta, p. 20.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shirazi |first1=Naser Makarem |title=The Justice of God |publisher=Al-Islam.org |url=https://www.al-islam.org/justice-god-naser-makarem-shirazi/issue-predestination-and-free-will |access-date=14 June 2022 |chapter=The Issue of Predestination and Free Will|date=12 May 2015 }}</ref><ref>''Islamic Beliefs, Practices, and Cultures'', by Marshall Cavendish Corporation, p. 137.</ref> Badanaa, rumaysashadan masiirka ilaahay waxaa lagu muujiyaa erayga ''[[Inshallah]]'', ({{langx|ar|إن شاء الله}}, {{transliteration|ar|haddii Alle jiro}}) marka laga hadlayo dhacdooyinka mustaqbalka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Muslim beliefs – Al-Qadr |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z43pfcw/revision/4 |access-date=13 November 2020 |publisher=BBC |work=Bitesize – GCSE – Edexcel |archive-date=15 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115112558/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z43pfcw/revision/4 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Ficilada cibaadada == {{Main|Five Pillars of Islam|Ibadah}} Waxaa jira shan ficil oo cibaado ah oo loo arko inay yihiin [[fard|waajibaad]]–Shahaadada, salaadaha shanta ah ee maalinlaha ah, [[Zakat|sakada]], [[fasting during Ramadan|soonta bisha Ramadaan]], iyo xajka [[Hajj|Hajka]]—oo si wadajir ah loogu yaqaano "Tiirarka Islaamka" (''Arkān al-Islām''). Intaa waxaa dheer, Muslimiintu waxay sidoo kale sameeyaan ficilo kale oo ikhtiyaari ah oo dhiirrigel leh laakiin aan loo arkin inay yihiin waajibaad.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=ZAROUG|first=ABDULLAHI HASSAN|date=1985|title=THE CONCEPT OF PERMISSION, SUPEREROGATORY ACTS AND ASETICISM &#91;sic&#93; IN ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20847307|journal=Islamic Studies|volume=24|issue=2|pages=167–180|jstor=20847307|issn=0578-8072|access-date=7 January 2023|archive-date=7 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207140013/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20847307|url-status=live}}</ref> === Shahaadada === [[File:Silver Rupee Akbar.jpg|thumb|right|Lacag qalinkii qarnigii 16-aad ee [[Akbar|Akbarkii Weyn]], Boqorkii [[Mughal Empire|Mugalka]], [[India]], oo lagu qoray [[Shahada|Shahaadada]].]] {{Main|Shahada}} [[shahada]]h{{sfnp|Nasr|2003|pp=3, 39, 85, 270–272}} waa [[oath|dhaar]] lagu caddaynayo rumaysashada Islaamka. Qoraalka la ballaariyay waa "{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʾašhadu ʾal-lā ʾilāha ʾillā-llāhu wa ʾašhadu ʾanna muħammadan rasūlu-llāh}}" ({{langx|ar|أشهد أن لا إله إلا الله وأشهد أن محمداً رسول الله|label=none}}), ama, "Waxaan qirayaa inuusan jirin [[deity|ilaah]] aan ahayn [[God in Islam|Ilaahay]] waxaanuna qirayaa in Maxamed yahay rasuulkii Ilaahay."<ref name="Mohammad-1985">{{cite journal |last=Mohammad |first=Noor |date=1985 |title=The Doctrine of Jihad: An Introduction |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-law-and-religion_1985_3_2/page/381 |journal=[[Journal of Law and Religion]] |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=381–397 |doi=10.2307/1051034 |jstor=1051034 |publisher=Journal of Law and Religion, Inc. |language=en}}</ref> Islaamka waxaa mararka qaarkood lagu doodaa inuu leeyahay caqiido aad u fudud iyadoo shahaadadu ay tahay saldhigga diinta ka hartay. Aan-Muslimiinta raba inay [[Conversion to Islam|soo islaamaan]] waxaa looga baahan yahay inay ku dhawaaqaan shahaadada hortooda markhaatiyaal.<ref>{{harvc |last=Kasim |first=Husain |year=2004 |c=Islam |pp=195–197 |in=Salamone}}</ref><ref name="Galonnier-2021">{{cite book |last=Galonnier |first=Juliette |editor-last=van Nieuwkerk |editor-first=Karin |title=Moving In and Out of Islam |chapter=Moving In or Moving Toward? Reconceptualizing Conversion to Islam as a Liminal Process |location=New York |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2021 |pages=44–66 |doi=10.7560/317471-003 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7560/317471-003/html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023001/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7560/317471-003/html |archive-date=2023-12-28 |language=en}}</ref> === Salaadda === [[File:Prayer in Cairo 1865.jpg|thumb|[[Muslims|Muslimiin]] tukanaya ([[salah]]) gudaha [[Egypt]] waxaa alifay [[Jean-Léon Gérôme]], 1865.]] {{Main|Salah}} {{See also|Mosque|Jumu'ah}} Salaadda Islaamka waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[salah|as-salaad]] ({{langx|ar|الصلاة|link=no}}), ama erayga [[Persian language|Faarisiga]] ee ah "Namaz." Waxaa loo arkaa xiriir shakhsi ah oo lala leeyahay Ilaahay, waxayna ka kooban tahay ku celcelinta qaybo la yiraahdo [[rakat|rakco]] oo ay ku jiraan [[Ruku|rukooc]] iyo [[Sujud|sujuud]] loo sujuudayo Ilaahay. Waxaa jira shan salaadood oo la cayimay maalintii oo dhan kuwaas oo loo arko waajibaad. Salaadaha waxaa lagu akhriyaa luqadda Carabiga waxaana lagu fuliyaa [[Qibla|dhanka]] [[Kaaba|Kacbada]]. Ficilku sidoo kale wuxuu u baahan yahay xaalad nadiif ah oo diimeed oo lagu gaaro hababka [[wudu|weysada]] ama, xaaladaha qaarkood, qubays buuxa oo [[ghusl|qubays ah]].<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=18, 19}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Hedayetullah|2006|pp=53–55}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Kobeisy|2004|pp=22–34}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Momen|1987|p=178}}</ref> [[mosque|Masaajidka]], oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano masjid ama namazgah, waa [[places of worship|goob cibaado]] oo loogu talagalay Muslimiinta. Inkasta oo ujeeddada ugu weyn ee masaajidku ay tahay inuu u adeego meel salaadeed, sidoo kale waa xarun bulsho oo muhiim u ah [[ummah|bulshada Muslimka ah]]. Tusaale ahaan, [[Prophet's Mosque|Masjidka Nabiga]] ee [[Medina|Madiina]], wuxuu sidoo kale u adeegi jiray hoy ay degaan dadka saboolka ah.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Mattson |first=Ingrid |year=2006 |title=Women, Islam, and Mosques |pages=615–629 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America |series=Volume 2, Part VII. Islam |editor1=R. S. Keller |name-list-style=and |editor2=R. R. Ruether |place=Bloomington and Indianapolis |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |isbn=978-0-253-34687-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC&pg=PA615 |access-date=2 October 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023019/https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC&pg=PA615#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Minaret|Minaarooyinku]] waa munaarooyin loo isticmaalo in lagu yeero [[adhan|aanka]], kaas oo ah yeedhid afka ah oo lagu calaamadinayo waqtiga salaadda.<ref name="Pedersen-Masjid-2010">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Pedersen |first1=Johannes |last2=Hillenbrand |first2=Robert |last3=Burton-Page |first3=John |author-link3=John Burton-Page |title=Masd̲j̲id |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam |edition=2nd |location=Leiden |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2010 |doi=10.1163/9789004206106_eifo_COM_0694 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/mosque |title=Mosque |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928065350/https://www.britannica.com/topic/mosque |url-status=live }}</ref> === Sakada === [[File:Slot at the Zaouia Moulay Idriss II 1.jpg|thumb|Meel lagu bixiyo sakada oo ku taal [[Zawiya of Moulay Idris II]] ee [[Fez, Morocco]].]] {{Main|Zakat}} {{See also|Sadaqah}} [[Zakat|Sakada]] ([[Arabic language|Carabi]]: {{langx|ar|زكاة|translit=zakāh|label=none}}), waa nooc ka mid ah [[Alms|Sadaqada]] oo lagu garto bixinta qayb go'an (2.5% sanadkii)<ref name="Ahmed-Gianci-2005">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Ahmed |first1=Medani |last2=Gianci |first2=Sebastian |title=Zakat |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Taxation and Tax Policy |editor1-last=Cordes |editor1-first=Joseph J. |editor2-last=Ebel |editor2-first=Robert D. |editor3-last=Gravelle |editor3-first=Jane |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Urban Institute Press |year=2005 |page=479 |isbn=978-0877667520 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m66_BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA479 |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026}}</ref> ee [[Financial capital|hantida la ururiyay]] ay bixiyaan kuwa awoodda u leh si ay u caawiyaan dadka saboolka ah ama baahan, sida xoraynta maxaabiista, kuwa [[bonded labor|dayn ku jira]], ama safarka ku ah, iyo kuwa loo shaqaaleysiiyo ururinta sakada. Waxay u shaqaysaa sidii nooc ka mid ah [[welfare spending|gar-gaar bulsheed]] oo ka jira bulshooyinka Muslimka ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ariff |first=Mohamed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NP4ZL0TJ9s4C&pg=PA55 |title=The Islamic Voluntary Sector in Southeast Asia: Islam and the Economic Development of Southeast Asia |publisher=[[Institute of Southeast Asian Studies]] |year=1991 |isbn=978-981-3016-07-1 |pages=55– |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023007/https://books.google.com/books?id=NP4ZL0TJ9s4C&&pg=PA55 |url-status=live }}</ref> Waxaa loo arkaa waajibaad diimeed oo ay dadka ladani ku leeyihiin kuwa baahan sababtoo ah hantidooda waxaa loo arkaa ammaan ka timid nimcada Ilaahay,<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2010|p=109–110}}: This is not regarded as charity because it is not really voluntary but instead is owed, by those who have received their wealth as a trust from God's bounty, to the poor.</ref> waxaana loo arkaa daahirinta hantida dheeraadka ah ee qofka.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = RoutledgeCurzon| isbn = 9780415297967| title =Major World Religions: From Their Origins to the Present.| location = United Kingdom| year = 2003| last=Ridgeon| first=Lloyd| url = | page = 258|quote=Aside from its function of purifying believers' wealth, the payment of zakat may have contributed in no small way to the economic welfare of the Muslim community in Mecca.}}</ref> Wadarta guud ee sanadlaha ah ee lagu bixiyo sakada ayaa ah 15 jeer ka badan deeqaha gargaarka bini'aadamnimada ee adduunka, iyadoo la adeegsanayo qiyaaso taxaddar leh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 June 2012 |title=A faith-based aid revolution in the Muslim world |work=[[The New Humanitarian]] |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/95564/analysis-faith-based-aid-revolution-muslim-world |access-date=27 August 2023 |archive-date=14 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114014900/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/95564/analysis-faith-based-aid-revolution-muslim-world |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sadaqah|Sadaqadu]], si ka duwan Sakada, waa sadaqo ikhtiyaari ah oo aad loo dhiirrigeliyo.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Said |first=Abdul Aziz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4bs7g0O4eLYC&pg=PA145 |title=Contemporary Islam: Dynamic, Not Static |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-77011-8 |page=145 |display-authors=etal |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023121/https://books.google.com/books?id=4bs7g0O4eLYC&pg=PA145 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnp|Stefon|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef/page/72 72]}} [[Waqf|Waaqfeku]] waa [[charitable trust|kalsooni samafal]] oo joogto ah, taas oo maalgelisa isbitaallada iyo dugsiyada bulshooyinka Muslimka ah.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hudson |first=A. |title=Equity and Trusts |year=2003 |edition=3rd |page=32 |location=London |publisher=Cavendish Publishing |isbn=1-85941-729-9}}</ref> === Soonta === [[File:Iftar for Ramadhan.jpg|thumb|Munaasabadda afurka, oo loo yaqaan ''[[Iftar]]'', waxaa dhaqan ahaan lagu bixiyaa [[date (fruits)|timir]].]] {{Main|Fasting in Islam}} {{See also|Fasting during Ramadan}} Islaamka dhexdiisa, soonta ([[Arabic language|Carabi]]: {{langx|ar|صوم|translit=ṣawm|label=none}}) waxay mamnuucaysaa cuntada iyo cabitaanka, iyo sidoo kale noocyada kale ee isticmaalka, sida [[Smoking in Islam|sigaar-cabista]], waxaana la fuliyaa laga bilaabo waaberiga ilaa qorrax-dhaca. Inta lagu jiro bisha [[Ramadan]], waxaa loo arkaa waajibaad saaran Muslimiinta inay soomaan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramadan |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramadan |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009215438/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramadan |url-status=live }}</ref> Soontu waxay dhiirrigelisaa dareen u dhowaanshaha Ilaahay iyadoo qofku is celinayo dartii Ilaahay wixii kale ee bannaan iyo in laga fikiro kuwa baahan. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa jira maalmo kale, sida [[Day of Arafah|Maalinta Carafo]], marka soontu ay tahay ikhtiyaari.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher =Tughra Books | isbn = 9781597846110| title = Fasting In Islam And The Month Of Ramadan| location = United States| year =2006 | last=Ramadanali| url = |page=51 | quote = }}</ref> === Xajka === {{Main|Hajj|Umrah}} {{See also|Holiest sites in Islam}} [[File:A packed house - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|thumb|Xujeyda intii lagu jiray xilli [[Hajj|Hajka]] ee [[Masjid al-Haram]] ee [[Mecca|Makka]], [[Saudi Arabia|Sacuudi Carabiya]], [[Holiest sites in islam|goobta Islaamka ee ugu barakeysan]].]] [[pilgrimage|Xajka]] Islaamka, ee loo yaqaan {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ḥajj}} ({{langx|ar|حج|link=no}}), waa in la qabtaa ugu yaraan hal mar nolosha qof kasta oo Muslim ah oo awood u leh inta lagu jiro [[Islamic calendar|bisha Islaamka]] ee [[Dhu al-Hijjah]]. Caadooyinka Hajku waxay inta badan ku daydaan sheekada qoyska [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naik |first=Dr Zakir |author-link=Zakir Naik |date=7 January 2025 |title=What Are the Pillars of Islam? |url=https://islampidia.org/en/what-are-the-pillars-of-islam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115054332/https://islampidia.org/en/what-are-the-pillars-of-islam/ |archive-date=2025-11-15 |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Islampidia |language=en-AU}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Five Pillars of Islam |url=https://localhost:5000/learn/educators/curriculum-resources/art-of-the-islamic-world/unit-one/the-five-pillars-of-islam |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026}}</ref> [[Mecca|Makka]], xujeydu waxay toddobo jeer ku wareegaan [[Kaaba|Kacbada]], oo ay Muslimiintu rumeysan yihiin inuu dhisay Ibraahim meel cibaado ah, waxayna toddobo jeer u dhexeeyaan buuraha [[Safa and Marwa|Safa iyo Marwa]], iyagoo xusuusanaya tallaabooyinkii xaaska Ibraahim, [[Hagar]], oo u raadinaysay biyo ilmahaheedii [[Ishmael in Islam|Ismaaciil]] ee lamadegaanka ka hor intaan Makka is rogay degmo.<ref>{{harvp|Goldschmidt|Davidson|2005|p=48}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Farah|1994|pp=145–147}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Hajj |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> Xajku sidoo kale wuxuu ku lug leeyahay in la qaato maalin duco iyo cibaado ah oo ka dhacda bannaanada [[Mount Arafat|Carafo]] iyo sidoo kale [[Stoning_of_the_Devil|tuurista shaydaanka]] si calaamadaysan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F.E. |title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians |date=2009 |isbn=978-1-4008-2548-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HYJ2c9E9IM8C&pg=PA19 |page=20 |publisher=Princeton University Press |access-date=7 October 2014 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023112/https://books.google.com/books?id=HYJ2c9E9IM8C&pg=PA19#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Dhammaan ragga Muslimiinta ah waxay xidhaan laba maro oo cad oo fudud oo aan tol lahayn oo loo yaqaan [[Ihram clothing|ixraam]], kuwaas oo loogu talagalay inay keenaan isku xirnaan jiilal iyo sinnaan ka dhexaysa xujeyda inkasta oo ay jiraan fasal ama asal.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cornell |first=Vincent J. |title=Voices of Islam: Voices of tradition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g5LNUS0ciAAC&pg=PA29 |access-date=26 August 2012 |year=2007 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-98733-6 |page=29}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Glassé|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC&pg=PA207 207]}}</ref> Nooc kale oo xaj ah, [[Umrah|Umrada]], waa ikhtiyaari waxaana la qaban karaa wakhti kasta oo sanadka ka mid ah. Goobaha kale ee xajka Islaamka waa [[Medina|Madiina]], halkaas oo Maxamed uu ku geeriyooday, iyo sidoo kale [[Jerusalem|Quddus]], oo ah magaalo ay ku yaalliin nabiyo badan oo Islaam ah waana goobta [[Al-Aqsa|Al-Aqsa]], taas oo ahayd jihadii salaadda ka hor Makka.<ref>{{cite book|author=Michigan Consortium for Medieval and Early Modern Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p44kAQAAMAAJ|title=The Meeting of Two Worlds: Cultural Exchange Between East and West During the Period of the Crusades|publisher=Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University|year=1986|isbn=0918720583|editor1=Goss, V. P.|volume=21|page=208|editor2=Bornstein, C. V.|access-date=15 January 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023032/https://books.google.com/books?id=p44kAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Trofimov-2008">{{cite book |last=Trofimov |first=Yaroslav |author-link=Yaroslav Trofimov |title=The Siege of Mecca: The 1979 Uprising at Islam's Holiest Shrine |location=New York |publisher=[[Knopf]] |date=2008 |page=79 |isbn=978-0-307-47290-8 |language=en}}</ref> === Ficilada cibaadada ee kale === {{See also|Quran#Recitation|Dua|Dhikr}} [[File:Men reading the Koran in Umayyad Mosque, Damascus, Syria.jpg|thumb|Rag Muslimiin ah oo akhrinaya Quraanka gudaha [[Umayyad Mosque|Masjidka Umawiyiinta]] ee [[Damascus]], [[Syria]].]] Muslimiintu waxay akhriyaan oo xifdiyaan Quraanka oo dhan ama qaybo ka mid ah si ay u noqdaan camal wanaagsan. [[Tajwid|Tajwiidku]] wuxuu tilmaamayaa xeerar taxane ah oo loogu talagalay [[elocution|akhriska saxda ah]] ee Quraanka.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = | isbn = | title = Foundation of Tajweed| location = | year = 2013|edition=2| last=Aboo Yahyaa| url = | page = 1 | quote = }}</ref> Muslimiin badan ayaa akhriya Quraanka oo dhan inta lagu jiro bisha Ramadaan.{{sfnp|Stefon|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef/page/42 42–43]}} Qofka xifdiyay Quraanka oo dhan waxaa loo yaqaanaa Xaafid ("xifdiyey"), xadiisyaduna waxay xusayaan in shakhsiyaadkani ay awood u yeelan doonaan inay shafeecaan dadka kale Maalinta Qiyaamaha.{{sfnp|Nigosian|2004|p=[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=my7hnALd_NkC|page=70}} 70]}} Baryada Ilaahay, oo Carabiga lagu yiraahdo {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|duʿāʾ}} ({{langx|ar|دعاء}}&nbsp;{{IPA|ar|dʊˈʕæːʔ|IPA}}) waxay leedahay anshaxeedii gaarka ahaa sida [[Raising hands in dua|gacmaha oo la taago]] sidii iyadoo la baryayo.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Brill| isbn = 9789004335523| title = The Quṣṣāṣ of Early Islam| location = Netherlands| year = 2016| last=Armstrong| first=Lyall| url = | page = 184| quote = }}</ref> Xuska Ilaahay ({{langx|ar|ذكر|translit=Dhikr'|label=none}}) wuxuu tilmaamayaa erayada lagu celceliyo ee tixraacaya Ilaahay. Sida caadiga ah, tan waxaa ka mid ah Tahmiid, oo lagu dhawaaqayo [[Alhamdulillah|ammaan oo dhan waxaa leh Ilaahay]] ({{langx|ar|الحمد لله|translit=al-Ḥamdu lillāh|label=none}}) inta lagu jiro salaadda ama marka la dareemayo mahadnaq, [[Tasbih|Tasbiix]], oo lagu dhawaaqayo weyneynta Ilaahay inta lagu jiro salaadda ama marka la cajabo shay oo la dhaho '[[Basmala|bismillaah]]' ka hor intaan la bilaabin ficil sida cuntada.<ref>{{Cite web|title=alhamdulillah |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/alhamdulillah|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227042540/https://www.lexico.com/definition/alhamdulillah|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 27, 2020|access-date=2021-10-16|website=Lexico}}</ref> == Taariikhda == {{Main|Taariikhda Islaamka}} {{For timeline|Timeline of the history of Islam}} {{See also|List of Muslim empires and dynasties}}{{multiple image | align = center | direction = horizontal | total_width = 600 | image1 = Masjid Nabawi The Prophet's Mosque, Madina.jpg | image2 = Jerusalem DomeoftheRock J65 (cropped).JPG | footer = Bidix: [[Prophet's Mosque|Masjidka Nabiga]] ee [[Medina|Madiina]], Sacuudi Carabiya, waa [[holiest sites in islam|goobta labaad ee ugu barakeysan]] ee Islaamka. Maxamed laftiisa ayaa ku lug lahaa dhismaha masjidka, iyo [[Green Dome|Qubbadiisa Cagaaran]] waa halka lagu aasay. Midig: [[Al-Aqsa|Dhismaha Masjidka Al-Aqsa]] ee [[Jerusalem|Quddus]] waa goobta saddexaad ee ugu barakeysan ee Islaamka, halkaas oo Maxamed uu uga kacay samada intii uu socday [[Isra' and Mi'raj|Isra' iyo Mi'raaj]]. Goobtu waxay ahayd jihadii hore ee salaadda ([[qibla]]), halkaas oo Muslimiintu ay horay ugu tukan jireen ka hor intaan jihada loo beddelin [[Kaaba|Kacbada]] ee [[Mecca|Makka]] ka dib waxyi soo gaaray Maxamed. | caption1 = | caption2 = }} === Maxamed iyo bilowgii Islaamka (570–632) === {{Main|Muhammad|Muhammad in Islam}} {{for timeline|Timeline of early Islamic history}} {{Further|Muhammad in Mecca|Early social changes under Islam|First Islamic state}} [[File:Hira_Cave.jpg|thumb|[[Jabal al-Nour]] u dhow [[Mecca|Makka]], halkaas oo Maxamed uu ka helay [[Muhammad's first revelation|waxyigiisii ugu horreeyay]] ee ku jiray godka Xira.]] Sida ku xusan dhaqanka Islaamka, Maxamed wuxuu ku dhashay [[Mecca|Makka]] sannadkii 570 [[Common Era|C.D.]] wuxuuna noqday agoon caruurnimadiisii. Isagoo ku koray ganacsade ahaan, wuxuu noqday mid loo yaqaan "[[Amin (name)|amin (mid la isku halayn karo)]]" ({{langx|ar|الامين}}) waxaana la doonayay inuu noqdo garsoore dhexdhexaad ah. Intuu ka dib guursaday shaqaalihiisii, haweeneydii ganacsatada ahayd ee [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadiija]].{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=6}} Sannadkii 610 C.D., isagoo dhibsaday hoos u dhaca akhlaaqda iyo shirkiga ka jiray Makka isla markaana raadinaya gooni-isu-taag iyo fikir ruuxi ah, Maxamed wuxuu u baxay Godka Xira ee buurta [[Jabal al-Nour]], oo u dhow Makka. Wuxuu ahaa intii uu ku sugnaa godka halkaas oo la sheegay inuu [[Muhammad's first revelation|helay waxyigii ugu horreeyay]] ee [[Quran|Quraanka]] oo uga yimid malaa'igta [[Gabriel|Jibriil]].<ref name="610CE" /> Dhacdadii bixitaankii Maxamed ee godka iyo waxyigii xigay waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[Night of Power|Leylatul Qadr]] waxaana loo arkaa dhacdo muhiim ah taariikhda Islaamka. Intii lagu guda jiray 22-kii sano ee ka dambeeyay nolosha, laga bilaabo da'da 40 wixii ka dambeeyay, Maxamed wuxuu sii waday helitaanka waxyiga Ilaahay, isagoo noqday kii ugu dambeeyay ama [[Seal of the prophets|nabigii ugu dambeeyay]] ee loo diray bini'aadamka.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Muhammad |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> [[File:Siyer-i_Nebi_151b.jpg|thumb|Maxamed oo la muujiyay waji daboolan oo jooga [[Kaaba|Kacbada]] laga soo qaatay [[Siyer-i Nebi]], {{Circa|1595}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ottomans : religious painting |url=http://www.ee.bilkent.edu.tr/~history/ottoman33.html |access-date=1 May 2016}}</ref>]] Inta lagu jiro xilligan, [[Muhammad in Mecca|halka uu joogay Makka, Maxamed]] wuxuu ku wacdiyay marka hore si qarsoodi ah ka dibna si cad, isagoo ka baryaya dhegaystayaashiisa inay ka tagaan [[Arab polytheism|shirkiga]] oo ay caabudaan hal Ilaah. Qaar ka mid ah [[Early Muslims|Muslimiintii ugu horreysay ee soo islaamtay]] waxay ahaayeen dumar, saboolka, ajaanibta, iyo addoommada sida mu'adinkii ugu horreeyay [[Bilal ibn Rabah|Bilaal bin Rabaax]].<ref>Rabah, Bilal B. ''[[Encyclopedia of Islam]].''</ref> Dadka waaweyn ee Makka waxay dareemeen in Maxamed uu [[Early social changes under Islam|khalday nidaamkooda bulsho]] isagoo ka wacdiyaya hal Ilaah oo siinaya fikrado laga shakiyo saboolka iyo addoommada sababtoo ah waxay faa'iida ka helayeen xajka sanamyada Kacbada.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ünal |first=Ali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DyuqdDIjaswC&pg=PA1323 |title=The Qurʼan with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English |publisher=Tughra Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-59784-000-2 |pages=1323– |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024048/https://books.google.com/books?id=DyuqdDIjaswC&pg=PA1323#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|p=36}}</ref> Ka dib 12 sano oo ah [[Persecution of Muslims by Meccans|dhibaataynta Muslimiinta ay u geysanayeen dadkii Makka]], Maxamed iyo [[Companions of the Prophet|sahabbadiisii]] waxay sameeyeen [[Hegira|Hijradii]] 622 ee magaalada Yathrib (magaalada Madiina ee maanta). Wuxuu halkaas ka Aasaasay [[First Islamic state|Dowladdii Islaamiga ahayd ee ugu horreysay]] oo ay la socdaan Muslimiintii Madiina (''[[Ansar (Islam)|Ansaarta]]'') iyo muhaajiriintii Makka (''[[Muhajirun|Muhaajiriinta]]''). [[Constitution of Medina|Dastuurkii Madiina]] waxaa saxiixay dhammaan qabiilooyinkii Madiina. Tani waxay aasaastay xorriyadda diinta iyo xorriyadda isticmaalka sharcigooda u gaarka ah ee ka dhex jiray bulshooyinka Muslimka ah iyo kuwa aan Muslimka ahayn hammi ah in Madiina laga difaaco khataraha dibadda.{{sfnp|Serjeant|1978|p=4}} Ciidamadii Makka iyo xulafadoodii waxay guuldarro ka soo gaartay Muslimiinta [[Battle of Badr|Dagaalkii Badar]] 624 ka dibna waxay dagaalameen dagaal aan la isla ogayn oo ka dhacay [[Battle of Uhud|Dagaalkii Uxud]]<ref>{{Citation |last=Peter Crawford |title=The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-oHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |page=83 |publisher=Pen & Sword Books Limited |isbn=9781473828650 |date=2013-07-16 |access-date=5 August 2022 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023957/https://books.google.com/books?id=d-oHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |url-status=live }}.</ref> ka hor intaanay ku guuldarraysan inay hareereeyaan Madiina [[Battle of the Trench|Dagaalkii Khandaq]] (Maarso–Abriil 627). Sannadkii 628, [[Treaty of al-Hudaybiya|Heshiiskii Xudeybiya]] ayaa la kala saxiixday Makka iyo Muslimiinta, laakiin waxaajabiyay Makka laba sano ka dib. Markii qabiilo badan ay islaameen, jidadkii ganacsiga ee Makka waxaa gooyay Muslimiinta.<ref>{{harvp|Peters|2003|pp=78–79, 194}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|pp=23–28}}</ref> Markaatay ahayd 629 Maxamed wuxuu ku guuleystay [[conquest of Mecca|furashadii Makka]] ee aan dhiiggu ku daadan, iyo waqtigii uu geeriyooday 632 (da'da 62) wuxuu midaysiiyay qabiilooyinkii Carabta]] hal qaran oo diimeed. === Islaamkii Hore (632–750) === {{Further|Succession to Muhammad|Early Muslim conquests}} {{See also|Ghadir Khumm|Saqifa|Canonization of Islamic scripture}} [[File:Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg|thumb|Expansion of the Caliphate{{legend|#a1584e|Muhammad, 622–632}}{{legend|#ef9070|Khulafo Al-Raashidiin, 632–661}}{{legend|#fad07d|Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750}}]] Nabi Maxamed wuxuu geeriyooday sanadkii 632 waxaana khulafadii ugu horreysay ee loo yaqaan Khulafo – Abu Bakr, Cumar, Cuthmaan, Cali iyo marmar Xasan bin Cali<ref>{{Cite book| last1 = Melchert| first1 = Christopher| date = 2020| contribution = The Rightly Guided Caliphs: The Range of Views Preserved in Ḥadīth| editor1-last = al-Sarhan| editor1-first = Saud| title = Political Quietism in Islam: Sunni and Shi'i Practice and Thought| location = London and New York| publisher = I.B. Tauris| isbn = 978-1-83860-765-4| pages = 70–71| contribution-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=96TDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA63| access-date = 17 February 2022| url-status = live}}</ref> – looga yaqaan Islaamka Sunniga ah ''al-khulafā' ar-rāshidūn'' ("Khulafadii Hagaysa").{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=40}} Qaar kamid ah qabiilooyinka ayaa Islaamka ka tagay oo ka inkiiray madax sheegtay in ay yihiin nebiyo cusub balse Abu Bakr wuxuu ku jebiyey dagaalladii Riddada.<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|p=57}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Hourani|2002|p=22}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=32}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Madelung|1996|p=43}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Ṭabāṭabāʼī|1979|pp=30–50}}</ref> Bulshooyinka maxalliga ah ee Yuhuudda iyo Nasaarada asaliga ah, ee loo haystay dad laga tirada badan yahay oo diinaysan loona culeysiyay canshuuraha, ayaa inta badan ka caawiyey Muslimiinta inay qabsadaan dhulkooda,{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=38}} taasoo keentay in khilaafaddu ay si degdeg ah ugu ballaarato boqortooyooyinkii Saasaniyiinta iyo Biisantiinta.<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|p=74}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=J. Kuiper |first=Matthew |title=Da'wa: A Global History of Islamic Missionary Thought and Practice |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2021 |isbn=9781351510721 |page=85}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lapidus |first=Ira M. |title=A History of Islamic Societies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-521-51430-9 |pages=60–61 |author-link=Ira M. Lapidus}}</ref> Cuthmaan waxaa la doortay 644 waxaana dilkiisii uu kiciyey in Cali loo doorto Khaliifkii xigay. Dagaalkii Sifeyn ee Koowaad, xaaskii Nebiga, Caashaa, waxay soo saartay ciidan ka soo horjeeda Cali, iyada oo isku dayaysa inay u aarto dhimashadii Cuthmaan, balse waa lagu jabiyey Dagaalkii Geela. Cali wuxuu isku dayay inuu xilka ka qaado guddoomiyihii Suuriya, Mucaawiya, kaas oo loo arkayay musuqmaasuq. Mucaawiya ayaa markaas dagaal ku dhawaaqay Cali waana lagu jabiyey Dagaalkii Sifeyn. Go'aanka Cali ee ahaa inuu dhex-dhexaadin sameeyo ayaa ka caraysiiyey Khawaarijta, oo ahayd koox xagjir ah, kuwaas oo qabay in aan la dagaallamin qof dembiile ah awgeed, Cali uu isna noqday dembiile. Khawaarijtu way caasiyoobeen waxaana lagu jebiyey Dagaalkii Nahrawan balse nin Khawaariji ah ayaa gadaal ka dilay Cali. Wiilkiii Cali, Xasan bin Cali, ayaa loo doortay Khaliif wuxuuna saxiixay heshiis nabadeed si looga fogaado dagaal kale, isaga oo xilka uga degay Mucaawiya si uusan Mucaawiya u soo magacaabin qof beddela.{{sfnp|Holt|Lewis|1977|pp=67–72}} [[File:Almuñécar, statue of Abd al-Rahman I.jpg|thumb|Taallo ay leedahay Cabduraxmaan I oo ku taal Almuñécar, Isbayn. Islaamku wuxuu gaaray Galbeedka Yurub 711 AD, markii Ṭariiq bin Siyaad uu galay Jasiiradda Iberia. Sanadkii 756, Cabduraxmaan wuxuu aasaasay Imaaradda Cordoba, isagoo ka aasaasay dowlad Islaami ah oo madaxbannaan al-Andalus.]] Mucaawiya wuxuu bilaabay Saldanaddii Umawiyiinta isagoo u magacaabay wiilkiisii Yaziid inay isku xigaan, taasoo dhalisay Dagaalkii Sifeyn ee Labaad. Intii uu socday Dagaalkii Karbala, Xuseen bin Cali, wiilka labaad ee Cali iyo awowgii nebiga, waxaa si arxan darro ah u dilay ciidamadii Yaziid; dhacdadii waxaa sannad walba xusaa Muslimiinta Shiicada ah ilaa maanta. Sunniga, oo uu hoggaaminayo Ibn al-Zubayr oo kasoo horjeeda khilaafad dhaxal ah, ayaa lagaga adkaaday Go'doomintii Makka. Khilaafyadan hoggaanka ayaa keenay inuu dhasho khilaafka Sunni-Shiicada,{{sfnp|Waines|2003|p=46}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harney |first=John |date=3 January 2016 |title=How Do Sunni and Shia Islam Differ? |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/04/world/middleeast/q-and-a-how-do-sunni-and-shia-islam-differ.html |access-date=4 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyadoo Shiicadu ay aaminsan tahay in hoggaanku uu leeyahay qoyskii Nebiga (Ahl al-bayt).{{sfnp|Waines|2003|p=46}} Hoggaankii Abu Bakr wuxuu kormeeray bilowgii ururinta Qur'aanka. Khaliifkii Cumar bin Cabdicasiis wuxuu dhisay guddigii, Todobadii Fuqaha ee Madiina,{{sfnp|Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar Ibn Kathīr|2012|p=505}}<ref>''Umar Ibn Abdul Aziz'' By Imam Abu Muhammad Abdullah ibn Abdul Hakam died 214 AH 829 C.E. Publisher Zam Zam Publishers Karachi, pp. 54–59</ref> waxaana Malik bin Anas uu qoray mid ka mid ah buugagii ugu horreeyay ee ku saabsan fiiqhiga Islaamka, ''Muwatta'', oo ahayd is-afgarad ku saabsan aragtida culimadaas.{{sfnp|Coulson|1964|p=103}}<ref>{{Cite book |editor-last1=Houtsma |editor-first1=M.T. |editor-last2=Wensinck |editor-first2=A.J. |editor-last3=Lévi-Provençal |editor-first3=E. |editor-last4=Gibb |editor-first4=H.A.R. |editor-last5=Heffening |editor-first5=W. |series=Volume V: L—Moriscos |title=E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936 |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=1993 |edition=reprint |isbn=978-90-04-09791-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Va6oSxzojzoC |pages=207– |access-date=19 September 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor=Moshe Sharon |title=Studies in Islamic History and Civilization: In Honour of Professor David Ayalon |year=1986 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789652640147 |page=264 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0_wUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA264 |access-date=20 June 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Khawaarijtu waxay aaminsanaayeen in uusan jirin dhexdhexaad la tanaasuli karo oo u dhexeeya wanaagga iyo xumaanta, iyo in muslim kasta oo gala dembi weyn uu noqonayo gaal. Erayga "Khawaarij" waxaa sidoo kale loo adeegsaday in lagu tilmaamo ISIS.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mamouri|first=Ali|date=8 January 2015|title=Who are the Kharijites and what do they have to do with IS?|work=Al-monitor|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2015/01/islamic-state-kjarijites-continuation.html|access-date=6 March 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Murji'ah waxay barayeen in dadka toosan lagu xukumi karo Eebbe kaligii. Sidaa darteed, dembiilayaasha waxaa loo arki karaa inay marin habaabeen, laakiin aan lagu tilmaamin gaalo.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|p=43}} Dabeecaddan ayaa timid inay ku guulaysato caqiidada Islaamka ee ugu weyn.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}}[[File:BalianofIbelin1490.jpg|thumb|Saliibiyiinta oo ku wareejinaya Qudus Muslimiinta sanadkii 1187 AD.]] Saldanaddii Umawiyiintu waxay qabsatay Maqrib, Jasiiradda Iberia, Gallia Narbonensis iyo Sindh.<ref>{{cite book |first=Donald |last=Puchala |title=Theory and History in International Relations |page=137 |publisher=Routledge |year=2003}}</ref> Duullaamadii Islaamka ee hore waxaa lagu tilmaamay imperialism Islaami ah.<ref name="n050">{{cite journal | last=Wright | first=Craig S | title=Arab Colonialism and the Roots of the Golden Age of Islam | journal=SSRN Electronic Journal | date=2022 | issn=1556-5068 | doi=10.2139/ssrn.4020040 | url=https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4020040 | access-date=2026-04-24 | page=}}</ref> Umawiyiintu waxay la halgamayeen l'aynaansho sharci ah waxayna ku tiirsanaayeen ciidan aad loo taageero.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=45}} Maaddaama canshuurta Jizya ay ahayd canshuur ay bixiyaan kuwa aan muslimka ahayn oo ka reebayay adeegga ciidanka, Umawiyiintu waxay diideen inay aqoonsadaan islaam-gelitaanka kuwa aan Carabta ahayn, maadaama ay yaraynaysay dakhliga.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}} Iyadoo Khilaafadii Raashidiintu ay adkaysay adduunyo la'aanta, iyadoo Cumar uu xitaa dalbanayo in la tiriyo hantida sarkaal kasta,<ref>{{cite book |first1=Ahmad Ibn Jabir|last1=Al-Biladhuri |first2=Philip|last2=Hitti|title=Kitab Futuhu'l-Buldan|page=219 |publisher=AMS Press |year=1969}}</ref> raaxada Umawiyiinta ayaa dhalisay qancin la'aan dadka diinta ku adag.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}} Khawaarijtu waxay hoggaamiyeen Kacdoonkii Berber, taasoo horseeday dowladaha ugu horreeya ee Islaamka oo ka madax bannaan Khilaafada. Kacdoonkii Cabbasiyiinta, kuwa aan Carabta ahayn ee soo islaamay (Mawla), qabiilooyinkii Carabta ee ay Umawiyiintu meesha ka saareen, iyo qaar ka mid ah Shiicada ayaa midoobay oo riday Umawiyiinta, iyaga oo bilaabay Cabbasiyiinta oo caalami ah sanadkii 750.{{sfnp|Lewis|1993|pp=71–83}} === Axdigii Dahabiga Ahaa ee Islaamka (786–1258) === {{Further|Hadith studies|Islamic philosophy}} {{See also|Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe|Turco-Persian tradition}} [[File:Al-Risalah_al-Dhahabiah.JPG|thumb|Bog ka mid ah Al-Risala al-Dhahabiyya ee Imam Ali al-Rida (809 AD), oo ah tii ugu qiimaha badnayd ee shaqooyinka Islaamka ee Sayniska Caafimaadka. Waxaa ku jira qaybo saynis sida Anatomiya, Histoloji, Fisioloji, Kimistari iyo Patoloji intii sayniska caafimaadku uu wali ahaa mid bilow ah.]] Al-Shafi'i wuxuu dejiyay hab lagu xaqiijiyo isku-halaynta xadiiska.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|p=86}} Waagii hore ee Ablaasiyiinta, aqoonyahanno sida Muhammad al-Bukhari iyo Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj waxay soo ururiyeen guryaha waaweyn ee xadiiska Ahlusunna, halka aqoonyahanno sida Al-Kulayni iyo Ibn Babawayh ay soo ururiyeen guryaha waaweyn ee xadiiska Shiicada. Astaamaha afar-madhab ee Ahlusunna—Hanafi, Hanbali, Maliki, iyo Shafi'i—waxaa lagu tiiriyay dhulalka fundamentiinta ee Abū Ḥanīfa, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Malik ibn Anas iyo al-Shafi'i. Taa beddelkeeda, dhulalka fundamentiinta ee Ja'far al-Sadiq waxay dhiseen Fiqhiga Ja'fari. Qarnigii 9aad, Al-Tabari wuxuu dhameystiray qafiskii ugu horreeyay ee Tafsiirka Quraanka, Tafsir al-Tabari, oo noqday mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu xigashada badan Ahlusunna Islaamka. Doobab ka mid ah Muslinka waxay ka fekereen ka-sallamaaynta nolosha duniyeed waxayna xoogga saareen saboolnimada, is-hoosaysiinta, iyo fogaanta dambiga ee ku basada diidmada rabitaanka jidhka. Zuhuudka sida Hasan al-Basri waxay dhiirrigeliyeen dhaqdhaqaaq dib u zhugnaaday tasawwuf ama Sufi.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|pp=90, 91}} Waqtigan, dhibaatooyinka fiqiga, gaar ahaan doorashada xorta ah, waxay ahaayeen kuwo si adag loo maareeyay, iyadoo Hasan al-Basri uu qabay in kasta oo Eebbe uu og yahay waxa dadku sameynayaan, wanaagga iyo xintu ay ka yimaadaan isticmaalka qaldan ee doorashada xorta ah iyo Ibliiska.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|pp=38-39}}{{efn|"Hasan al-Basri waxaa inta badan loo tixgeliyaa mid ka mid ah dadkii ugu horreeyay ee diaday asalka malaa'igta ee ibliiska, isagoo ku doodaya in dhicitaankiisu yahay natiijada doorashadiisa xorta ah, oo ma ahan go'aanka Eebbe. Hasan al-Basri wuxuu sidoo kale ku dooday in malaa'igtu aysan awoodin dambiga ama khaladaadka oo ay ka sharaf badan yihiin aadanaha iyo xata cabsida nabiyada. Shiicada iyo Sunnida hore waxay ka soo horjeedeen ra'yigiisa.<ref>Omar Hamdan ''Studien zur Kanonisierung des Korantextes: al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrīs Beiträge zur Geschichte des Korans'' Otto Harrassowitz Verlag 2006 {{ISBN|978-3447053495}} pp. 291–292 (German)</ref>}} Falsafada Caqliga Giriiga waxay dhiirrigelisay dugsi feker oo loo yaqaan Mu'tazila, oo si ka muuqata u dooday fikradda doorashada xorta ah ee uu bilaabay Wasil ibn Ata.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|p=50}} Khaliif al-Mamun wuxuu ka dhigay caqiido rasmi ah wuxuuna si aan guul lahayn ugu doortay inuu ku qasbo booskan dadka intiisa badan.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=88}} Khaliif Al-Mu'tasim wuxuu sameeyay Mihna, iyadoo Ahmad ibn Hanbal oo ilaalinaayay dhaqanka uu si muuqata u diaday inuu waafaqo fikradda Mu'tazila ee ah in Quraanku yahay ku dhacay halkii uu ka ahaan lahaa mid weligeed ah, taas oo ka dhigtay in la jilciyo oo lagu hayo qol madow muddo ku dhow soddon bilood.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doi |first=Abdur Rahman |title=Shariah: The Islamic Law |location=London |publisher=Ta-Ha Publishers |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-907461-38-8 |page=110}}</ref> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dugsiyada kale ee Kalam—Māturīdism oo uu aasaasay Abu Mansur al-Maturidi iyo Ash'ari oo uu aasaasay Al-Ash'ari—waxay ahaayeen kuwo si ballaaran loo qaatay. Falsafadyahannada sida Al-Farabi, Avicenna iyo Averroes waxay isku deyeyeen inay waafajiyaan fikradaha Aristotle iyo fundamentiinta Islaamka, iyagoo u dhow Iskolastikada Kiristanka ee Yuubka iyo shaqada Maimonides ee Yuhuudda, halka kuwo kale sida Al-Ghazali ay ka soo horjeedeen habkan oo ugu dambeyntii guuleysteen.<ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=160}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Waines|2003|pp=126–127}}</ref> [[File:Al-Idrisi's_world_map.JPG|thumb|Tabula Rogeriana (1154 AD) ee al-Idrisi, oo ah mid ka mid ah khariidadaha dunida ee ugu horumarsanaa qarniyadii dhexe, oo la sameeyay Axdigii Dahabiga Ahaa ee Islaamka.]] Axdigan inta badan waxaa loo yaqaan Axdigii Dahabiga Ahaa ee Islaamka.<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|pp=80, 92, 105}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|pp=661–663}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=56}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lewis|1993|p=84}}</ref><ref name="harvp|Gardet|Jomier|2012">{{harvp|Gardet|Jomier|2012}}</ref> Guulaha sayniska Islaamku waxay samaysteen qaybo badan oo maadooyin ah sida caafimaadka, xisaabta, astronomiga, iyo beeraha iyo sidoo kale fisigiska, dhaqaalaha, injineernimada iyo optigga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=King |first=David A. |year=1983 |title=The Astronomy of the Mamluks |journal=Isis |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=531–55 |doi=10.1086/353360 |s2cid=144315162 | issn=0021-1753}}</ref><ref name="Hassan-1996">{{cite book |last=Hassan |first=Ahmad Y. |author-link=Ahmad Y. al-Hassan |title=Islam and the Challenge of Modernity |chapter=Factors Behind the Decline of Islamic Science After the Sixteenth Century |editor-last=Al-Attas |editor-first=S. S. |editor-link=Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas |location=Kuala Lumpur |publisher=International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization |year=1996 |pages=351–399 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ854295.pdf|title=Contributions of Islamic scholars to the scientific enterprise|access-date=13 December 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The greatest scientific advances from the Muslim world|website=TheGuardian.com|date=February 2010|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/feb/01/islamic-science|access-date=13 December 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Avicenna wuxuu ahaa horyaal ku saabsan caafimaadka tijaabada ah,<ref>Jacquart, Danielle (2008). "Islamic Pharmacology in the Middle Ages: Theories and Substances". European Review (Cambridge University Press) 16: 219–227.</ref><ref>David W. Tschanz, MSPH, PhD (August 2003). "Arab Roots of European Medicine", Heart Views 4 (2).</ref> oo The Canon of Medicine waxaa loo isticmaalay qoraal caafimaad oo heer sare ah ee dunida Islaamka iyo Yurub qarniyo. Rhazes wuxuu ahaa kii ugu horreeyay ee aqoonsaday cudurrada furfuraa iyo jadeecada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/alrazi.aspx|title=Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi (Rhazes) (c. 865-925)|publisher=sciencemuseum.org.uk|access-date=31 May 2015|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 Bisha Shanaad 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506072259/http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/alrazi.aspx}}</ref> Cisbitaallada dadweynaha ee waqtigaas waxay bixiyeen shahaadooyinka ugu horreeya ee caafimaadka si loogu ogolaado dhakhaatiirta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alatas |first=Syed Farid |year=2006 |title=From Jami'ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue |url=https://zenodo.org/record/29439 |journal=Current Sociology |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=112–132 |doi=10.1177/0011392106058837 |s2cid=144509355 |access-date=12 September 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Imamuddin |first=S.M. |title=Muslim Spain 711–1492 AD |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=1981 |isbn=978-90-04-06131-6 |page=169}}</ref> Ibn al-Haytham waxaa loo tixgeliyaa aabaha habka sayniska ee casriga ah iyadoo inta badan loo sheego "saynisyahankii ugu horreeyay ee runta ah ee dunida", gaar ahaan shaqadiisa optigga.<ref>{{cite journal |author-link=Gerald J. Toomer|first=G. J. |last=Toomer |jstor=228328 |title=Review Work: Matthias Schramm (1963) ''Ibn Al-Haythams Weg zur Physik'' |journal=Isis |volume=55 |issue=4 |date=Dec 1964 |page=464 |quote=Schramm sums up [Ibn Al-Haytham's] achievement in the development of scientific method.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Al-Khalili |first=Jim |date=4 January 2009 |title=The 'first true scientist' |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7810846.stm |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gorini |first=Rosanna |date=October 2003 |title=Al-Haytham the man of experience. First steps in the science of vision |journal=Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=53–55 |url=http://www.ishim.net/ishimj/4/10.pdf |access-date=25 September 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> Injineernimada, walaalaha Banū Mūsā aaladdooda turumbada tooska ah waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay ahaan lahayd mashinkii ugu horreeyay ee la barnamijayn karo.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Koetsier |first1=Teun |title=On the prehistory of programmable machines: musical automata, looms, calculators |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_mechanism-and-machine-theory_2001-05_36_5/page/589 |journal=Mechanism and Machine Theory |date=May 2001 |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=589–603 |doi=10.1016/S0094-114X(01)00005-2 }}</ref> Xisaabta Islaamka, fikradda algorithm waxaa lagu magacaabay Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, oo loo tixgeliyo aasaasaha aljabra, oo lagu magacaabay buugiisa al-jabr, halka kuwo kale ay soo saareen fikradda shaqada (function).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Katz |first1=Victor J. |author1-link=Victor J. Katz |last2=Barton |first2=Bill |title=Stages in the History of Algebra with Implications for Teaching |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_educational-studies-in-mathematics_2007-10_66_2/page/185 |journal=Educational Studies in Mathematics |date=18 September 2007 |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=185–201 |doi=10.1007/s10649-006-9023-7 |s2cid=120363574 }}</ref> Dowladda waxay siin jirtay saynisyahannada mushahar u dhigma mushaharka ciyaartoyda xirfadleyda ah ee maanta.<ref>{{harvp|Ahmed|2006|pp=23, 42, 84}}</ref> Guinness World Records wuxuu u aqoonsan yahay Jaamacadda Al Karaouine, oo la aasaasay 859, inay tahay jaamacadda ugu qadiimsan ee bixisa shahaadooyinka dunida.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Young |first=Mark |url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessbookofwo1998newy |title=The Guinness Book of Records |year=1998 |page=242 |publisher=Bantam |isbn=978-0-553-57895-9}}</ref> Dad badan oo aan Muslin ahayn, sida Kiristanka, Yuhuudda iyo Saabi'iinta,<ref name="Brague 2009">{{cite book|title=The Legend of the Middle Ages: Philosophical Explorations of Medieval Christianity, Judaism, and Islam|first=Rémi |last=Brague|year= 2009| isbn=9780226070803| page =164|publisher=University of Chicago Press|quote=Neither were there any Muslims among the Ninth-Century translators. Almost all of them were Christians of various Eastern denominations: Jacobites, Melchites, and, above all, Nestorians... A few others were Sabians.}}</ref> waxay guntadeen ilbaxnimada Islaamka qaybo meelaha ah,<ref name="Hill-1993">{{cite book |last=Hill |first=Donald |author-link=Donald Routledge Hill |title=Islamic Science and Engineering |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=1993 |page=4 |isbn=0-7486-0455-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Brague-Assyrians">{{cite web |last=Brague |first=Rémi |author-link=Rémi Brague |title=Assyrians contributions to the Islamic civilization |url=http://www.christiansofiraq.com/assyriancontributionstotheislamiccivilization.htm |website=Christians of Iraq |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> iyo machadka loo yaqaan Bayt al-Hikma wuxuu u shaqaaleysiiyay aqoonyahanno Kiristan iyo Faarisi ah si ay ugu turjumaan shaqooyinka luqadda Carabiga iyo si ay u soosaaraan aqoon cusub.<ref name="Meri-Bacharach-2006">{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Meri |editor-first1=Josef W. |editor-link1=Josef W. Meri |editor-last2=Bacharach |editor-first2=Jere L. |editor-link2=Jere L. Bacharach |title=Hadith |encyclopedia=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia |volume=1 |location=New York |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2006 |page=304 |isbn=978-0415966917 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MypbfKdMePIC&pg=PA304 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Saliba-1994">{{cite book |last=Saliba |first=George |author-link=George Saliba |title=A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam |location=New York |publisher=New York University Press |year=1994 |pages=245, 250, 256–57 |isbn=0-8147-8023-7 |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Cheshm manuscript.jpg|thumb|Anatomiya ee isha oo uu samaystay Hunayn ibn Ishaq, oo mas'uul ka ahaa turjumida Bayt al-Hikma waagii Boqortooyada Ablaasiyiinta, 1200 AD.]]Askartu waxay ka go'een boqortooyadii Ablaasiyiinta waxayna dhiseen khilaafadooda propriyada ah, sida Tulunids oo 868 ku tirsanaa Masar<ref>{{cite book|last=Holt|first=Peter Malcolm|author-link=Peter Holt (historian)|title=The Crusader States and Their Neighbours, 1098–1291|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0qLHVGgH7AC&pg=PA8|year=2004|publisher=Pearson Longman|isbn=978-0-582-36931-3|page=6|access-date=2 February 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> iyo boqortooyada Ghaznavid oo 977 ku tirsanaa Aasiyada Dhexe.<ref>{{cite book |title=Islamic Central Asia: an anthology of historical sources |editor-first1=Scott Cameron |editor-last1=Levi |editor-first2=Ron |editor-last2=Sela |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2010 |page=83}}</ref> Qaybsanaantan waxay keentay Qarnigii Shiicada, oo u dhaxeeyay 945 iyo 1055, oo la arkay kor u kaca dhaqdhaqaaqa Isma'ili Shiicada. Koox Isma'ili ah, boqortooyada Fatimid, waxay gacanta ku dhigeen Waqooyiga Afrika qarnigii 10aad<ref>Neue Fischer Weltgeschichte "Islamisierung in Zentralasien bis zur Mongolenzeit" Band 10: Zentralasien, 2012, p. 191 (German)</ref> iyo koox kale oo Isma'ili ah, Qarmatians, waxay boobeen Makka waxayna xadeen Hajar al-Aswad, oo ah dhagaxa ku dhex jira Kacbada, dib-u-jabayntooda aan guulaysan.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Glubb |first=John Bagot |title=Mecca (Saudi Arabia) |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mecca#ref887188 |access-date=18 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live }}</ref> Koox kale oo Isma'ili ah, boqortooyada Buyid, waxay qabsadeen Baqdaad waxayna ka dhigeen Ablaasiyiinta boqortooyo magac ah oo kaliya. Boqortooyada Seljuk ee Ahlusunna waxay u dhaqaaqday inay mar kale adkayso Islaamka Ahlusunna iyagoo faafinayay ra'yiyada aqoonyahanada waqtigaas, gaar ahaan dhisidda machadyada waxbarashada ee loo yaqaan Nizamiyyas, oo la xiriira al-Ghazali iyo Saadi Shirazi.<ref>Andreas Graeser ''Zenon von Kition: Positionen u. Probleme'' Walter de Gruyter 1975 {{ISBN|978-3-11-004673-1}} p. 260</ref> Faaftada dunida Muslinka waxay sii socotay iyadoo ergooyinka diinta ay u badaleen Volga Bulgaria Islaamka. Sultanada Delhi waxay gaadhay gudaha qaarad-hoosaadka Hindiya oo kuwo badan ayaa u badalay Islaamka,{{sfnp|Arnold|1896|pp=227–228}} gaar ahaan Hinduga heerka hoose ee faracoodu ka kooban yahay inta badan Muslinka Hindiya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-36220329|title=Why are many Indian Muslims seen as untouchable?|publisher=BBCnews|date=10 May 2016|access-date=6 October 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Ganacsigu wuxuu keenay Muslin badan oo Shiinaha ah, halkaas oo ay si buuxda u xukumi jireen warshadaha soo dejinta iyo ka deerinta ee boqortooyada Song.<ref>{{cite web |title=Islam in China |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/china_1.shtml |access-date=10 August 2011 |publisher=BBC |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslinka waxaa loo qortay maamulayaal la doortay oo heer sare ah boqortooyada Yuan.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lipman|first=Jonathan Newman|title=Familiar Strangers, a history of Muslims in Northwest China|location=Seattle, WA|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-295-97644-0|page=33}}</ref> === Casrigii Ka-horreeyay Casriga Cusub (1258 – Qarnigii 18aad) === {{Further|Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam}} [[File:GhazanConversionToIslam.JPG|thumb|Muuqaal qarnigii 14aad ee Ghazan, oo ahaa boqorkii 7aad ee Ilkhanate ee Boqortooyada Mongol, oo Islaamay.]] Pobalka ganacsiga Muslinka iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa tariiqooyinka Sufida dhiigooda,{{sfnp|Arnold|1896|pp=125–258}} Islaamku wuxuu ku faafay dhulal cusub<ref>{{cite web |title=The Spread of Islam |url=http://www.yale.edu/yup/pdf/cim6.pdf |access-date=2 November 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslinkuna waxay la dhex-galeen dhaqammo cusub. Hoos kaga jirtay Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta, Islaamku wuxuu ku faafay Koonfur-bari Yuuroop.<ref>{{cite web |date=6 May 2008 |title=Ottoman Empire |publisher=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1801?_hi=41&_pos=3 |access-date=26 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 Bisha Shanaad 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525072847/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1801?_hi=41&_pos=3 }}</ref> Islaamidda inta badan waxay lahayd heer sinkretisam ah,<ref>{{Cite book |title=Islamic and European Expansion |publisher=Temple University Press |year=1993 |editor-last=Adas |editor-first=Michael |location=Philadelphia |page=25}}</ref> sida uu muujinayo muuqaalka Muhammad ee suugaanta dadweynaha ee Hinduga.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Metcalf |first=Barbara |title=Islam in South Asia in Practice |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2009 |page=104}}</ref> Turkida Muslinka ah waxay ku dareen walxaha caqiidada Shamanisamka Turkida Islaamka.{{efn|"Sannadaha dhow, fikradda sinkretisamka waa la dhuftay. Maaddaama ay maqan tahay awood lagu go'aamiyo ama lagu tixgeliyo caqiidada Ortodokska ee ku saabsan Islaamka, aqoonyahannada qaarkood waxay ku doodayaan inaysan jirin caqiidooyinka la qresheeyay, oo kaliya ee la amray habka, Islaamka ka hor qarnigii 16aad.{{sfnp|Peacock|2019|p=20–22}}}}{{sfnp|Çakmak|2017|pp=1425–1429}} Muslinka ku jira Boqortooyada Ming ee Shiinaha oo ka soo jeeda soo-galootigii hore waa la la-dhex-galay, mararka qaar shuruuc ku dhiirrigelisa dhex-galka,<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Farmer|editor1-first=Edward L.|title=Zhu Yuanzhang and Early Ming Legislation: The Reordering of Chinese Society Following the Era of Mongol Rule|date=1995|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004103910|page=82|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TCIjZ7l6TX8C&pg=PA82|access-date=19 February 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> iyagoo qaatay magacyada Shiinaha iyo dhaqanka halka Nanjing uu noqday xarun muhiim ah ee barashada Islaamka.<ref>Israeli, Raphael (2002). ''Islam in China''. p. 292. Lexington Books. {{ISBN|0-7391-0375-X}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dillon |first=Michael |year=1999 |title=China's Muslim Hui Community |publisher=Curzon |url=https://archive.org/details/chinasmuslimhuic00dill |isbn=978-0-7007-1026-3 |page=37 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Ndhex-galka dhaqanka wuxuu ahaay mid muuqda iyadoo la yaraysay saamaynta Carabta ka dib burburintii Mongol ee Khilafadii Ablaasiyiinta.<ref>{{harvp|Bulliet|2005|p=497}}</ref> Khanates-ka Mongol ee Muslinka ah ee ku jira Iiraan iyo Aasiyada Dhexe waxay ka faa'iideysteen kordhinta helitaanka dhaqammada ee Bariga Aasiya oo hoos jirtay xukunkii Mongol sidaas darteed waxay u horumareen oo ay u samaysteen si ka duwan saamaynta Carabta, sida Dib-u-dhalashadii Timurid oo hoos jirtay boqortooyada Timurid.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Subtelny |first=Maria Eva |date=November 1988 |title=Socioeconomic Bases of Cultural Patronage under the Later Timurids |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/socioeconomic-bases-of-cultural-patronage-under-the-later-timurids/2A0F3018EE155F23FC4A7F5F25D7DE6D |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=479–505 |doi=10.1017/S0020743800053861 |s2cid=162411014 |access-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201–1274) wuxuu soo bandhigay qaabka xisaabta oo ka dib loo dooday inuu qaatay Copernicus isagoo aan waxba ka badalin qaabkiisa heliocentric-ka,<ref>{{cite web|date=1999|title=Nasir al-Din al-Tusi|publisher=University of St Andrews|url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Tusi_Nasir/|access-date=27 August 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> iyo qiyaasta pi ee Jamshīd al-Kāshī ma aysan dhaafin 180 sano.<ref>{{cite web |date=1999 |title=Ghiyath al-Din Jamshid Mas'ud al-Kashi |publisher=University of St Andrews |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Kashi/ |access-date=29 December 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg|thumb|Mehmed II oo galaya Constantinople.]] Ka dib markii la soo bandhigay hubka baaruda, dawlado waaweyn oo dhawaan xabbada lahaa oo Muslin ah ayaa ku bashqaday boqortooyoyinka baaruda, kuwaas oo hore u kala qaybsanaay dhulal kala duwan. Khilafada waxaa sheegtay boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta ee Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta iyadoo sheegashadooda la adkeeyay 1517 markii Selim I uu noqday taliyaha Makka iyo Madiina.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Drews |first=Robert |url=https://my.vanderbilt.edu/robertdrews/publications/ |title=Coursebook: Judaism, Christianity and Islam, to the Beginnings of Modern Civilization |date=August 2011 |publisher=Vanderbilt University |chapter=Chapter Thirty – "The Ottoman Empire, Judaism, and Eastern Europe to 1648" |chapter-url=https://my.vanderbilt.edu/robertdrews/files/2014/01/Chapter-Thirty.-The-Ottoman-Empire-Judaism-and-Eastern-Europe-to-1648.pdf |access-date=21 April 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Boqortooyada Shiicada ee Safavid waxay ku korortay awoodda 1501 ka dibna waxay qabsatay dhammaan Iiraan.<ref>Peter B. Golden: An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples; In: Osman Karatay, Ankara 2002, p. 321</ref> Koonfurta Aasiya, Babur wuxuu aasaasay Boqortooyada Mughal.<ref>{{citation|last=Gilbert|first=Marc Jason|title=South Asia in World History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1dhKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA75|year=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-066137-3|pages=75|access-date=15 January 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> Diinta dawladaha ku dhex-jira ee boqortooyoyinka baaruda waxay saamaysay dhaqanka diimeed ee dadkooda ku dhex-jira. Wada-noolaanshaha u dhexeeya taliyayaasha Cusmaaniyiinta iyo Sufinimada wuxuu si adag u saameeyay xukunkii Islaamka ee Cusmaaniyiinta tan iyo bilowgii. Tariiqada Mevlevi iyo Bektashis waxay lahaayeen xiriir dhow oo ay la lahaayeen sultannada,<ref>Ga ́bor A ́goston, Bruce Alan Masters ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire'' Infobase Publishing 2010 {{ISBN|978-1-4381-1025-7}} p. 540</ref> maaddaama noocyada Sufi-suufiyada ah iyo kuwo kale oo sinkretik ah ee Islaamka ay u horumareen si muuqata.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Algar |first=Ayla Esen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fc69BhBDjhwC&q=ottomans+sufism |title=The Dervish Lodge: Architecture, Art, and Sufism in Ottoman Turkey |page=15 |date=1 January 1992 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-07060-8 |access-date=29 April 2020 |via=Google Books |url-status=live }}</ref> Badanaa qasabka dhex-galka Safavid ee Iiraan ee Islaamka Shiicada ee Labada-iyo-tobanlaha ee Boqortooyada Safavid wuxuu xaqiijiyay xukunkii dambe ee Labada-iyo-tobanlaha dhexdiisa Islaamka Shiicada. Soo-galootiga Faarisiga ah ee Koonfurta Aasiya, maaddaama ay ahaayeen maamulayaal saamayntooda leh iyo milkiilayaal dhul, waxay caawiyeen faafinta Islaamka Shiicada, iyagoo dhisay qaar ka mid ah dadka ugu waaweyn ee Shiicada ee ka baxsan Iiraan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/conversion-iii|title=CONVERSION To Imami Shiʿism in India|publisher=Iranica Online|language=English|access-date=6 October 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Nader Shah, oo riday Safavids, wuxuu isku deyey inuu wanaajiyo xiriirka Ahlusunna ee Cusmaaniyiinta iyadoo la faafinayo dhex-galka Islaamka Shiicada ee Labada-iyo-tobanlaha dhexdiisa Islaamka Ahlusunna sida madhabka shanaad, oo loo yaqaan Ja'farism,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Nadir Shah and the Ja 'fari Madhhab Reconsidered |first=Ernest |last=Tucker |journal=Iranian Studies |volume=27 |issue=1–4 |date=1994 |pages=163–179 |doi=10.1080/00210869408701825 |jstor=4310891}}</ref> oo ku dhiirran waayay inuu helo aqoonsi ka soo baxa Cusmaaniyiinta.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Nāder Shāh |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/nader-shah |date=29 March 2006 |first=Ernest |last=Tucker |access-date=9 March 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Casrigii Casriga Ahaa (Qarniyadii 18aad–20aad) === [[File:Portrait Caliph Abdulmecid II.jpg|thumb|Sawirka Khaliifkii ugu dambeeyay Abdülmecid II, ee Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta, 1923.]] Horey qarnigii 14aad, Ibn Taymiyya wuxuu dhiirrigeliyay qaab daahir ah oo Islaamka ah, isagoo diaday hababka falsafada si uu u doorbido fiqhiga fudud,<ref name="ReferenceA">Mary Hawkesworth, Maurice Kogan ''Encyclopedia of Government and Politics: 2-volume set'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-1-136-91332-7}} pp. 270–271</ref> wuxuuna ugu baaqay in loo furo albaabada ijtihadka halkii indho la'aan loogu dayan lahaa aqoonyahannada.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=150}} Wuxuu ugu baaqay jihad ka dhan ah kuwa uu u tixgeliyay gaalo,{{Refn|group=note|Richard Gauvain ''Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-0-7103-1356-0}} p. 6}} laakiin qoraalladiisu waxay lahaayeen oo kaliya doorkii ugu yaraa intii uu babacayay.{{Refn|group=note|Spevack, Aaron (2014). The Archetypal Sunni Scholar: Law, Theology, and Mysticism in the Synthesis of al-Bajuri. SUNY Press. pp. 129–130.}} Qarnigii 18aad ee Carabiya, Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, oo ay saameeyeen shaqooyinka Ibn Taymiyya iyo Ibn al-Qayyim, wuxuu aasaasay dhaqdhaqaaq loo yaqaan Wahhabism si loo laabto waxa uu u arkay Islaamka aan la badalin.<ref>Donald Quataert ''The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922'' Cambridge University Press 2005 {{ISBN|978-0-521-83910-5}} p. 50</ref> Wuxuu cambaareeyay caadooyinka badan ee maxalliga ah ee Islaamka, sida bisitaynta qabriga Muhammad ama Imamyada Shiicada, maaddaama ay yihiin bidco cusub iyo dambi<ref name="ReferenceE">Ga ́bor A ́goston, Bruce Alan Masters ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire'' Infobase Publishing 2010 {{ISBN|978-1-4381-1025-7}} p. 260</ref> wuxuuna burburiyay dhagaxyada iyo geedaha xurmada leh, goobaha Sufida, Qabuuraha al-Baqi, qabuuraha Muhammad iyo asxaabtiisa iyo Qabriga Imam Husayn, oo ah goob muhiim ah oo loo bisiteeyo Shiicada.{{Refn|group=note|Graves desecrated in Mizdah, Libya Herald, 2013}}{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=146}} Wuxuu dhisay isbahaysi uu la leeyahay qoyska Saud, oo marka la joogo 1920-yadii ay dhammaystireen qabsashadooda dhulka noqon doona Sacuudi Carabiya.<ref name="Musa-2022">{{Cite thesis |title=The Emergence of a Scholar from a Garrison Society: A contextual analysis of Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhāb's doctrine in the light of the Qur'ān and Hadīth |url=https://repository.uwtsd.ac.uk/id/eprint/2096/ |publisher=University of Wales Trinity Saint David |date=2022-08-23 |degree=masters |language=en |first=Shahajada Md |last=Musa |access-date=19 December 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Nicolas Laos ''The Metaphysics of World Order: A Synthesis of Philosophy, Theology, and Politics'' Wipf and Stock Publishers 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-4982-0102-5}} p. 177</ref> Ma Wanfu iyo Ma Debao waxay dhiirrigeliyeen dhaqdhaqaaqa salafida qarnigii 19aad sida Sailaifengye ee Shiinaha ka dib markii ay ka soo laabteen Makka laakiin ugu dambeyntii waxaa dhibay oo lagu qasbay inay dhuuntaan kooxaha Sufida.<ref>{{cite book|first=Barry M.|last=Rubin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wEih57-GWQQC&pg=PA79|page=79|title=Guide to Islamist Movements|year=2000|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=0-7656-1747-1|access-date=28 June 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> Kooxaha kale waxay isku deyeyeen inay dib u habayn ku samayso Sufinimada halkii ay ka diadi lahaayeen, iyagoo Senusiyya iyo Muhammad Ahmad ay labadooduba dagaallameen oo ay dhiseen dawlado ku kala yaalla Liibiya iyo Sudaan.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=147}} Hindiya, Shah Waliullah Dehlawi wuxuu isku deyey qaab dib u heshiisiin ah oo ka dhan ah Sufinimada wuxuuna saameeyay dhaqdhaqaaqa Deobandi.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=149}} Jawaab ka dhan ah dhaqdhaqaaqa Deobandi, dhaqdhaqaaqa Barelwi waxaa loo aasaasay sida dhaqdhaqaaq dadweyne, iyadoo la difaacaayay Sufinimada caanka ah oo la dib u habaynayay dhaqankeeda.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robert L. Canfield |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3JhKNSk8tQC&pg=PAPA131 |title=Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52291-5 |pages=131– |access-date=1 December 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sanyal |first=Usha |date=23 July 1998 |title=Generational Changes in the Leadership of the Ahl-e Sunnat Movement in North India during the twentieth Century |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/generational-changes-in-the-leadership-of-the-ahle-sunnat-movement-in-north-india-during-the-twentieth-century/8AAAC4CFEFC4F4084731C3964A5CAE84 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=635–656 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X98003059 |via=Cambridge Core |access-date=23 February 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[File:Interior of Al Aqsa Mosque Jerusalem. 1900-1910 (id.22715311).jpg|thumb|Sannadkii 1969 Dabka Masjidka Al-Aqsa, oo sidoo cuali burburiyay Minbarkii Saladin, wuxuu keenay ver-xaasidnimo taabtay dunida Muslinka wuxuuna ahaa kicin muhiim ah oo loo aasaasay Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka.]] Dunida Muslinka waxay guud ahaan ku jirtay hoos u dhac siyaasadeed markii ay bilaabatay 1800-yadii, gaar ahaan marka la barbardhigo awoodaha Yuuroop ee aan Muslinka ahayn. Horey, qarnigii 15aad, Reconquista waxay ku guuleysatay inay dhameeyo joogitaanka Muslinka ee Iberia. Marka la joogo qarnigii 19aad, British East India Company waxay si rasmi ah u qabsatay boqortooyada Mughal ee Hindiya.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|pp=358, 378–380, 624}} Sida jawaab ka dhan ah Imperialisamka Reer Galbeedka, aqoonyahanno badan waxay isku deyeyeen inay dib u habayn ku samayso Islaamka.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Buzpinar |first=Ş. Tufan |date=March 2007 |title=Celal Nuri's Concepts of Westernization and Religion |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_middle-eastern-studies_2007-03_43_2/page/247 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=247–258 |doi=10.1080/00263200601114091 |jstor=4284539|s2cid=144461915 }}</ref> Casriyeynta Islaamka, oo markii hore loo bixiyay aqoonyahannada Reer Galbeedka sida Salafiyya, waxay soo dhoweysay qiimayaasha casriga ah iyo machadyada sida demokaraasiyada iyadoo la raacaayo qoraallada diinta. Hogaamiyayaasha muhiimka ah ee dhaqdhaqaaqa waxaa ka mid ah Muhammad 'Abduh iyo Jamal al-Din al-Afghani.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lauziere|first=Henri|title=The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-231-17550-0|location=New York, Chichester, West Sussex|pages=231–232}}</ref> Abul A'la Maududi wuxuu caawiyay saamaynta Islaamka siyaasadeed ee casriga ah.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 January 2014 |title=Political Islam: A movement in motion |work=Economist Magazine |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/erasmus/2014/01/political-islam |access-date=1 January 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Wilfred Cantwell |title=Islam in Modern History |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1957 |isbn=0-691-03030-8 |page=233 |author-link=Wilfred Cantwell Smith}}</ref> Sida ku dhow qaanuunka casriga ah, shariicada markii ugu horreysay ayaa qayb ahaan loo qoray shaqo ahaan sannadkii 1869 ku dhex-jirtay koodka Mecelle ee Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta. Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta waxay dissilftay ka dib Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Dunida, Khilafadii Cusmaaniyiinta waa la joojiyay 1924<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 June – 5 July 2000 |title=New Turkey |work=Al-Ahram Weekly |issue=488 |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2000/488/chrncls.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=16 May 2010 |archive-date=4 Bisha Tobnaad 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101004145229/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2000/488/chrncls.htm }}</ref> iyo Khilafadii Sharifian ee ka dib waxay u dhacday si doob ah,<ref>{{Cite web |last1=الوطن |first1=جريدة |last2=webmaster |date=2020-05-05 |title="مملكة الحجاز".. وقــصـــة الـغــزو المـســلّـــح |url=https://www.al-watan.com/article/230610/NEWS/%C2%AB%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%C2%BB-%D9%88%D9%82%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B5%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%80%D8%BA%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B2%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%80%D8%B3%D9%80%D9%80%D9%84%D9%91%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%AD |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=جريدة الوطن |language=ar |url-status=dead |archive-date=2023-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516230552/https://www.al-watan.com/article/230610/NEWS/%C2%AB%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%C2%BB-%D9%88%D9%82%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B5%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%80%D8%BA%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B2%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%80%D8%B3%D9%80%D9%80%D9%84%D9%91%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%AD }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bani Issa |first=Mohammad Saleh |date=2023-11-01 |title=Factors of stability and sustainable development in Jordan in its first centenary 1921–2021 (an analytical descriptive study) |journal=Heliyon |volume=9 |issue=11 |article-number=e20993 |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20993 |issn=2405-8440 |doi-access=free|pmid=37928029 |pmc=10623165 |bibcode=2023Heliy...920993B }}</ref> sidaas darteed iyadoo ka tagaysa Islaamka oo aan lahayn Khaliif.<ref name="والخلفاء-2023">{{Cite book |last=والخلفاء |first=قصص الخلافة الإسلامية |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r-5EAAAQBAJ |title=قصص الخلافة الإسلامية والخلفاء |date=2023-03-31 |publisher=Austin Macauley Publishers |isbn=978-1-3984-9251-6 |language=en |access-date=26 December 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref> Taageerayaasha Mideynta Islaamka waxay isku deyeyeen inay mideeyaan Muslinka waxayna tartan la galeen awoodaha qarannimada ee korayay, sida Pan-Arabisamka.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doran |first=Michael |title=Pan-Arabism before Nasser: Egyptian power politics and the Palestine question |date=1999 |publisher=Oxford university press |isbn=978-0-19-512361-6 |series=Studies in Middle Eastern history |location=New York Oxford}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Landau |first=Yaʿaqov M. |title=The politics of Pan-Islam: ideology and organization |date=1994 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-827709-5 |edition=[Rev. and updated] paperback (with additions and corr.) |location=Oxford}}</ref> Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka (OIC), oo ka kooban waddamada Muslinka ah, waxaa la aasaasay 1969 ka dib gubiddii Masjidka Al-Aqsa ee Qudus.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 December 2010 |title=Organization of the Islamic Conference |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/country_profiles/1555062.stm |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Xiriirka la la leeyahay waddamada warshadaha leh wuxuu keenay dadka Muslinka ah dhulal cusub iyada oo loo marayo u-guuritaanka dhaqaalaha. Muslin badan ayaa u guuray sida shaqaale heshiis ku jooga (u badan oo ka yimid Hindiya iyo Indoneesiya) Karibiyaanka, iyagoo dhisay dadka ugu waaweyn ee Muslinka ah inta la joogo boqolkiiba ee Ameerika.<ref>{{sfnp|Haddad|Smith|2002|p=271}}</ref> U-guuritaanka ka yimid Siiriya iyo Lubnaan wuxuu ku soo kordhiyay dadka Muslinka ah ee Laatiin Ameerika.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zabel|first=Darcy|title=Arabs in the Americas: Interdisciplinary Essays on the Arab Diaspora|publisher=Peter Lang|year=2006|isbn=9780820481111|location=Austria|page=5}}</ref> Natiijadii magaalooyinka iyo kordhinta ganacsiga ee Afrika ka hooseysa Saxara waxay keentay Muslinka inay degaan dhulal cusub oo ay faafiyaan diintooda, iyadoo lagu qiyaasay inay laba-laabatay dadkeeda Muslinka ah u dhaxeysa 1869 iyo 1914.<ref>{{harvp|Bulliet|2005|p=722}}</ref> === Casrigii ee Horumarsanaa (Qarnigii 20aad–Ilaa Hada) === [[File:13. Session of the Islamic Summit Conference.jpg|thumb|Hoggaamiyeyaasha dalalka Islaamka intii uu socday kalfadhigii 2016 ee Shirka Iskaashiga Islaamka ee Istambul, Turkiga. Trikiiba saddex sano, OIC waxay isku brings dhammaan hoggaamiyeyaasha Muslinka.|upright=1.35]] Aabbayaashii casriyeynta Islaamka waxay saameeyeen dhaqdhaqaaqyada siyaasadda Islaamka sida Ikhwaanul Muslimeen iyo xisbiyada la xiriira ee dunida Carabta,<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 August 2011 |title=Are secular forces being squeezed out of Arab Spring? |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14447820 |access-date=10 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Slackman |first=Michael |date=23 December 2008 |title=Jordanian students rebel, embracing conservative Islam |work=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/24/world/middleeast/24jordan.html |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> kuwaas oo si wanaagsan uga dhex muuqday doorashooyinkii ka dambeeyay Guudkii Carabta,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kirkpatrick |first=David D. |date=3 December 2011 |title=Egypt's vote puts emphasis on split over religious rule |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/04/world/middleeast/egypts-vote-propels-islamic-law-into-spotlight.html |access-date=8 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jamaat-e-Islami ee Koonfurta Aasiya iyo Xisbiga Caddaaladda iyo Horumarinta (AK Party), oo si kemokaraasi ah xukuma Turkiga tobanaan sano. Iiraan, Kacdoonkii Iiraan wuxuu beddelay boqortooyadii laimaaniyadda ee Reer Galbeedku taageerayay iyadoo la dhisay Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah. Kuwa kale sida Sayyid Rashid Rida waxay ka go'een casriyeeyayaasha Islaamka<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lauziere|first=Henri|title=The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-231-17550-0|location=New York, Chichester, West Sussex|page=237|quote="Prior to the fall of the Ottoman Empire, leading reformers who happened to be Salafi in creed were surprisingly open-minded: although they adhered to neo-Hanbali theology. However, the aftermath of the First World War and the expansion of European colonialism paved the way for a series of shifts in thought and attitude. The experiences of Rida offer many examples... he turned against the Shi'is who dared, with reason, to express doubts about the Saudi-Wahhabi project... . Shi'is were not the only victims: Rida and his associates showed their readiness to turn against fellow Salafis who questioned some of the Wahhabis' religious interpretations."}}</ref> waxayna ka hortageen soo dhowaynta waxa uu u arkayay saamaynta Reer Galbeedka.<ref>{{Cite book|last=G. Rabil|first=Robert|title=Salafism in Lebanon: From Apoliticism to Transnational Jihadism|publisher=Georgetown University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-1-62616-116-0|location=Washington DC, US|pages=32–33|quote="Western colonialists established in these countries political orders... that, even though not professing enmity to Islam and its institutions, left no role for Islam in society. This caused a crisis among Muslim reformists, who felt betrayed not only by the West but also by those nationalists, many of whom were brought to power by the West... Nothing reflects this crisis more than the ideological transformation of Rashid Rida (1865–1935)... He also revived the works of Ibn Taymiyah by publishing his writings and promoting his ideas. Subsequently, taking note of the cataclysmic events brought about by Western policies in the Muslim world and shocked by the abolition of the caliphate, he transformed into a Muslim intellectual mostly concerned about protecting Muslim culture, identity, and politics from Western influence. He supported a theory that essentially emphasized the necessity of an Islamic state in which the scholars of Islam would have a leading role... Rida was a forerunner of Islamist thought. He apparently intended to provide a theoretical platform for a modern Islamic state. His ideas were later incorporated into the works of Islamic scholars. Significantly, his ideas influenced none other than Hassan al-Bannah, founder of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt... The Muslim Brethren have taken up Rida's Islamic fundamentalism, a right-wing radical movement founded in 1928,.."}}</ref> Kooxda ISIS waxay xitaa isku deyday inay dib u samayso diinaarkii dahabka ahaa ee casriga ahaa si uu u noqdo pambakooda lacagta. Halka kuwii ka go'ay ay qaarkood ahaayeen kuwa ka gaabsada siyaasadda, kuwo kale waxay rumechsanaayeen dhibaataynta kuwa ka soo horjeeda, xitaa Muslinka kale.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/14/isis-gold-silver-copper-islamic-dinar-coins |title=Isis to mint own Islamic dinar coins in gold, silver and copper |work=The Guardian |date=21 November 2014 |access-date=31 July 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ka hortagga dhaqdhaqaaqyada siyaasadda Islaamka, qarnigii 20aad ee Turkiga, ciidanku waxay sameeyeen afgembiyo si ay xukuumadaha Islaamiga ah uga tuuraan xukanka, sidoo kale xijabka ayaa si sharci ah loo xaddiday, sida ay sidoo kale ka dhacday Tuniisiya.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 April 2011 |title=Huge rally for Turkish secularism |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6604643.stm |access-date=6 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Saleh |first=Heba |date=15 October 2011 |title=Tunisia moves against headscarves |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6053380.stm |access-date=6 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Dhulalka kale, awoodda diinta ayaa la maamulay iyada oo hadda loo arko puppeto oo ay dawladdu maamusho. Tusaale ahaan, Sacuudi Carabiya, dawladdu waxay keligeed maamushay aqoonta diinta<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 June 2007 |title=Laying down the law: Islam's authority deficit |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/international/2007/06/28/islams-authority-deficit |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo Masar, dawladdu waxay qarameysay Jaamacadda Al-Azhar, oo hore u ahayd igo madax-bannaan oo xaddida awoodda dawladda.<ref>{{cite book| title = The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought| last1 = Bowering | first1 = Gerhard | last2=Mirza |first2=Mahan |last3=Crone |first3=Patricia| year = 2013 | publisher = Princeton University Press | page=59| isbn = 9780691134840 }}</ref> Salafiyada waxaa dhaqaale lagu siiyay Bariga Dhexe sababtoo ah ka gaabsashadeeda siyaasadda.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 October 2008 |title=Ultraconservative Islam on rise in Mideast |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna27256187 |access-date=24 September 2013 |publisher=MSNBC |url-status=live }}</ref> Sacuudi Carabiya waxay ololayso ka dhan ah dhaqdhaqaaqyada Islaamiga ah ee kacdoonka ah ee Bariga Dhexe, iyadoo ka soo horjeedda Iiraan.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Almukhtar |first1=Sarah |last2=Peçanha |first2=Sergio |last3=Wallace |first3=Tim |date=5 January 2016 |title=Behind Stark Political Divisions, a More Complex Map of Sunnis and Shiites |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/01/04/world/middleeast/sunni-shiite-map-middle-east-iran-saudi-arabia.html |access-date=6 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Tiro yar oo Muslin ah oo ka soo jeeda qowmiyadaha kala duwan ayaa loo dhibay sida koox diimeed.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thames |first1=Knox |title=Why the Persecution of Muslims Should Be on Biden's Agenda |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/muslims-islam-china-india-myanmar-persecution-repression-biden-human-rights/ |work=Foreign Policy Magazine |date=6 January 2021 |language=English |access-date=5 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Tan waxaa sameeyay xoogagga shuuciga ah sida Khmer Rouge, kuwaas oo u arkayay inay yihiin armigooda koowaad ee la cirbootinayo maaddaama dhaqankooda diimeed uu ka dhigay kuwa ka dhex muuqda dadka kale,<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Perrin |first=Andrew |date=10 October 2003 |title=Weakness in numbers |magazine=Time |url=https://time.com/archive/6894001/weakness-in-numbers/ |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}</ref> Xisbiga Shuuciga Shiinaha ee Xinjiang<ref>{{cite web |last1=Beydoun |first1=Khaled A. |title=For China, Islam is a 'mental illness' that needs to be 'cured' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/china-islam-mental-illness-cured-181127135358356.html |publisher=Al Jazeera |language=English |access-date=5 February 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo xoogagga qarannimada sida intii uu socday xasuuqii Bosniya.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mojzes |first=Paul |title=Balkan Genocides: Holocaust and Ethnic Cleansing in the Twentieth Century |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4422-0663-2|page=178}}</ref> Ciidanka Miyanmaar ee Tatmadaw oo bartilmaameedsanayay Muslinka Rohingya waxaa loogu yeeray dambi ka dhan ah aadamnimada ay sameeyeen Qaraamada Midoobay iyo Amnesty International,<ref>{{cite news |author=Oliver Holmes |date=19 December 2016 |title=Myanmar's Rohingya campaign 'may be crime against humanity' |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/19/myanmars-rohingya-campaign-may-be-against-humanity |url-status=live |access-date=5 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=19 December 2016|title=Rohingya abuse may be crimes against humanity: Amnesty|website=Al Jazeera|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/19/rohingya-abuse-may-be-crimes-against-humanity-amnesty/|access-date=2023-02-21|url-status=live}}</ref> halka Xafiiska Qaraamada Midoobay ee Wakiilka Sare ee Xaqiiqo-raadinta uu ka helay xasuuq, sifeyn qowmiyadeed, iyo dambiyo kale oo ka dhan ah aadamnimada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/MyanmarFFM/Pages/ReportoftheMyanmarFFM.aspx|title=Report of Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar |date=27 August 2018|website=ohchr.org|access-date=14 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Horumarka isgaarsiinta dunida wuxuu teshay faafinta ballaaran ee aqoonta diinta. Qaadashada xijabka waxay noqotay mid ka sii badan<ref>{{Cite news |last=Slackman |first=Michael |date=28 January 2007 |title=In Egypt, a new battle begins over the veil |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/weekinreview/28slackman.html |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo aqoonyahanno badan oo Muslin ah waxay si kordhayay isku deyayaan inay ka soocaan caqiidooyinka diinta Islaamka iyo dhaqammada caadiga ah.{{sfnp|Nigosian|2004|p=41}} Kooxaha kale dhexdiisa, helitaanka macluumaadka wuxuu keenay kordhinta wacdiyayaasha "televangelist" ee caanka ah, sida Amr Khaled, kuwaas oo kula tartama culumada caadiga ah gaaritaankooda oo ay ka dhigeen awoodda diinta mid aan hal xarun ku dhuftayn.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=263}} Sharraxaadaha "gaarka ah" ee Islaamka<ref>V. Šisler: ''The Internet and the Construction of Islamic Knowledge in Europe'' p. 212</ref> waxay si muuqata u dhex-galaan Muslinka Liberaalka ah oo isku deyaya inay waafajiyaan dhaqammada diinta iyo xukunkii laimaaniyadda ee casriga ah,{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=118–119, 179}}{{sfnp|Rippin|2001|p=288}} hab ka mid ah kuwa ay dhaleeceeyeen qaarkood oo ku saabsan waafaqsanaantiisa.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Adams, Charles J.|editor1-last=Esposito|editor1-first=John L.|title=Voices of Resurgent Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/voicesofresurgen00hcen|url-access=registration|date=1983|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/voicesofresurgen00hcen/page/113 113–4] |chapter=Maududi and the Islamic State|quote=[Maududi believed that] when religion is relegated to the personal realm, men inevitably give way to their bestial impulses and perpetrate evil upon one another. In fact it is precisely because they wish to escape the restraints of morality and the divine guidance that men espouse secularism.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Meisami|first=Sayeh|date=2013|title='Abdolkarim Soroush |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0034.xml|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-12 |website=Oxford Bibliographies|language=en}}</ref> Sidoo kale, laimaaniyaddu waxaa loo arkaa fikrad shisheeye oo ay ku soo impose gareeyeen qabsadayaashii oo ay adkeeyeen maamulayaasha ka dambeeyay gumeysiga,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Secularism, State Neutrality, and Islam|author=Abdullah Saeed|encyclopedia=The Oxford Handbook of Secularism|editor1=Phil Zuckerman|editor2=John R. Shook |url=http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/abstract/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199988457-e-12|year=2017|page=188 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.013.12|isbn=978-0-19-998845-7|access-date=7 August 2023|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref> oo inta badan loo fahmo inay u dhiganto ka-horjeedda diinta.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Nader Hashemi|title=Secularism|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0714|access-date=7 August 2023|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref> == Tirada Dadka == {{Main|Dunida Muslinka|Ummah}} {{See also|Islaamka waddan ahaan|Koraanka dadka Muslinka ah}} [[File:2020+ Proportion of people in world religions.svg |thumb|Boqolkiiba inta qof ee diimaha dunida. Muslinku waxay ka yihiin dhawaan 25.6% dadka dunida, taas oo ah tiro yar oo ka hooseysa Masiixiyiinta.<ref name=Pew_20250609>{{cite web |last1=Hackett |first1=Conrad |last2=Stonawski |first2=Marcin |last3=Tong |first3=Yunping |last4=Kramer |first4=Stephanie |last5=Shi |first5=Anne |last6=Fahmy |first6=Dalia |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |publisher=Pew Research Center |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260222070137/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |archive-date=22 February 2026 |date=9 June 2025 |url-status=live |quote=Source: Pew Research Center estimates based on more than 2,700 censuses and surveys. "How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020"}}</ref>]] Marka la joogo 2020, dhawaan 25.6% dadka dunida, ama dhawaan 2&nbsp;bilyan oo qof, waa Muslin.<ref name="pewresearch.orgReligion">{{Cite web |title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/interactives/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |date=21 December 2022 |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128120036/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/interactives/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="www.pewresearch.org-2022">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2022 |title=Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project - Research and data from Pew Research Center |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205195540/https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |archive-date=5 February 2023 |access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/|title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population|date=27 January 2011|access-date=26 October 2022|archive-date=30 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930233955/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/08/09/muslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world/ | title=Muslims and Islam: Key findings in the U.S. and around the world | date=9 August 2017 | access-date=19 December 2022 | archive-date=8 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108121140/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/08/09/muslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Pew-Growth-2017">{{cite web |last1=Lipka |first1=Michael |last2=Hackett |first2=Conrad |author-link2=Conrad Hackett |title=Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514123559/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |archive-date=2019-05-14 |website=Fact Tank |publisher=Pew Research Center |date=2017-04-06 |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> Sannadkii 1900, qiyaastani waxay ahayd 12.3%,<ref name="Barrett-2001">{{cite book |last1=Barrett |first1=David B. |last2=Kurian |first2=George T. |last3=Johnson |first3=Todd M. |title=World Christian Encyclopedia: A Comparative Survey of Churches and Religions in the Modern World |volume=1: The World by Countries: Religionists, Churches, Ministries |edition=2nd |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |page=4 |isbn=978-0195079630 |language=en}}</ref> sannadkii 1990 waxay ahayd 19.9%<ref name="Pew Research Center-2011">{{Cite report |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |publisher=Pew Research Center |access-date=27 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209094904/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=9 February 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> iyada oo saadaalintu ay muujinayso in heerku noqon doono 29.7% marka la joogo 2050.{{rp|8}} Ugu kooban uturjumaadda Pew ee 2020 waxay heshay in dadka Muslinka ah ee dunidu ay ahaayeen kooxda diimeed ee ugu koraanka badnayd tobankii sano, inta badan sababtoo ah Muslinku waxay u janjeeraan inay ku yar yihiin da'da oo ay leeyihiin heer dhalmo oo sarreeya—laba walxood oo muhiim ah oo kexeeya koraanka caadiga ah ee dadka.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett|author2=Marcin Stonawski|author3=Yunping Tong|author4=Stephanie Kramer|author5=Anne Shi|author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf|access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Pew Research Center |page=9|quote=Increases in the global Muslim population are largely due to Muslims having a relatively young age structure and high fertility rate, two characteristics that result in natural population growth.}}</ref>{{rp|9}} Sida ku xuso qiyaasta dadka ee 2020, 65% dadka Muslinka ah waxay ku dhex jiraan toban waddan, iyada oo dadka ugu waaweyni ay ku nool yihiin Indoneesiya, Bakistaan, Hindiya, Bangaladeesh, Nayjeeriya, Masar, Iiraan, Turkiga, Sudaan, iyo Aljeeriya, marka loo eego sida ay u kala hooseeyaan. Indoneesiya waxay xarun u tahay ka badan 230,000,000 oo Muslin ah, Bakistaan ka badan 220,000,000, Hindiya ka badan 210,000,000, Bangaladeesh ka badan 150,000,000, Nayjeeriya ka badan 110,000,000, Masar ka badan 100,000,000, Iiraan iyo Turkiga midkiiba ka badan 80,000,000, iyo Sudaan iyo Aljeeriya midkiiba ka badan 40,000,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/muslim-population-change/|title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020: 3. Muslim population change|date=9 June 2025|access-date=12 February 2026|website=Pew Research Center}}</ref>[[File:Islam percent population in each nation World Map Muslim data by Pew Research.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Boqolkiiba Muslinka ee dunida waddan ahaan.<ref name="pew2015" />]]Sida ku xuso warbixin ay soo saartay CNN, "Islaamku wuxuu soo jiitay dad soo Islaamay oo ka soo jeeda dhammaan heerarka nolosha, gaar ahaan Ameerikanka ka soo jeeda Afrika".<ref>{{cite news |title=Fast-growing Islam winning converts in Western world |publisher=CNN |url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9704/14/egypt.islam/ |access-date=6 May 2016 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015114027/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9704/14/egypt.islam/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ingiriiska, dhawaan 6,000 oo qof ayaa soo Islaama sannad walba, iyada oo sida ku xuso maqaal ku jira British Muslims Monthly Survey, badanka dadka cusub ee soo Islaama ee Ingiriiska ay ahaayeen dumarka.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/bmms/2000/06June00.asp#Women%20convert |title=British Muslims Monthly Survey for June 2000, Vol. VIII, No. 6 |at=Women convert |access-date=2020-09-28 |archive-date=2008-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214160750/http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/bmms/2000/06June00.asp#Women%20convert |url-status=live}}</ref> Sida ku xuso The Huffington Post, "ilaaliyayaashu waxay qiyaasayaan in illaa 20,000 oo Ameerikan ah ay soo Islaamaan sannad walba", badankoodu ay yihiin dumarka iyo Muslinka Ameerikanka ka soo jeeda Afrika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-08-24 |title=Conversion To Islam One Result Of Post-9/11 Curiosity |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/post-911-islam-converts_n_935572 |access-date=2020-11-26 |website=HuffPost |language=en |archive-date=2021-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111201117/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/post-911-islam-converts_n_935572 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author-first=Julie |author-last=Bindel |author-link=Julie Bindel |title=Why do Western Women Convert? |url=http://standpointmag.co.uk/features-may-10-why-do-western-women-convert-julie-bindel-islam-female-conversion |access-date=8 May 2016 |work=Standpoint |date=26 April 2010 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006102003/http://standpointmag.co.uk/features-may-10-why-do-western-women-convert-julie-bindel-islam-female-conversion |url-status=live}}</ref> Sidoo kale boqolkiiba iyo tirada guud ahaan, Islaamku waa kooxda diimeed ee ugu koraanka badan dunida, iyadoo la saadaalinayo inay noqoto ta ugu weyn dunida dhamaadka qarniga 21aad, iyadoo ka badanaysa Masiixiyada. Waxaa lagu qiyaasay in marka la joogo 2050, tirada Muslinka ay u dhowaan doonto tirada Masiixiyiinta ee dunida, "sababtoo ah da'da yar iyo heerka dhalmo ee sarreeya ee Muslinka marka loo barbardhigo kooxaha kale ee diimaha."{{rp|70}} === Xituunta Pew Research === Dhawaan 49 waddan ayaa ah kuwo dadka ugu badan ee ku nooli ay Muslin yihiin,{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=11}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ba-Yunus |first1=Ilyas |title=Muslims in the United States |last2=Kone, Kassim |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2006 |page=[https://archive.org/details/muslimsunitedsta00bayu/page/n186 172] |url=https://archive.org/details/muslimsunitedsta00bayu |url-access=registration |isbn=978-0-313-32825-1}}</ref><ref name="Pew-Landscape-2012">{{cite report |author=The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life |title=The Global Religious Landscape: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Major Religious Groups as of 2010 |url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323215026/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf |archive-date=2018-03-23 |date=December 2012 |publisher=Pew Research Center |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=7 March 2018 |title=Islam in Russia |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2018/3/7/islam-in-russia/ |access-date=15 June 2021 |website=Al Jazeera |publisher=Anadolu News Agency |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024349/https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/features/2018/3/7/islam-in-russia |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Book review: Russia's Muslim Heartlands reveals diverse population |date=21 April 2018 |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/book-review-russia-s-muslim-heartlands-reveals-diverse-population-1.723230 |work=The National |access-date=13 January 2019 |archive-date=14 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114210257/https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/book-review-russia-s-muslim-heartlands-reveals-diverse-population-1.723230 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyada oo 62% Muslinka dunidu ay ku nool yihiin Aasiya, halka 683 milyan oo taabacsan ay ku nool yihiin Indoneesiya, Bakistaan, Hindiya, iyo Bangaladeesh keligood.<ref name="Pew-Projections-2050">{{cite web |title=10 Countries With the Largest Muslim Populations, 2010 and 2050 |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/muslims/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables74/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207115222/http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/muslims/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables74/ |archive-date=2017-02-07 |website=Pew Research Center |publisher=Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life |date=2015-04-02 |type=Projections table |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Secrets of Islam |url=https://www.usnews.com/usnews/graphics/religion/islams_global_reach.htm |access-date=24 September 2013 |website=U.S. News & World Report |archive-date=22 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122200555/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/graphics/religion/islams_global_reach.htm |url-status=live }} Information provided by the International Population Center, Department of Geography, San Diego State University (2005).</ref>{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|pp=15, 17}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pechilis |first1=Karen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C |title=South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today |last2=Raj |first2=Selva J. |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-44851-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C&pg=PA193 193] |access-date=3 May 2019 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024331/https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslinka Carabta ah waxay samayeeyaan kooxda qowmiyadeed ee ugu weyn Muslinka dhexdeeda ee dunida,<ref name="Nydell-2005">{{cite book |last=Nydell |first=Margaret Kleffner |title=Understanding Arabs: A Guide for Modern Times |edition=4th |location=Yarmouth, Maine |publisher=Intercultural Press |year=2005 |pages=xxiii, 14 |isbn=978-1931930253 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNoiieefqAcC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024737/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNoiieefqAcC |archive-date=2023-12-28 |language=en}}</ref> waxaa ku xiga Bangaaliyiinta<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Eaton|editor=Barbara D. Metcalf|title=Islam in South Asia in Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pR0LzVCpfw8C|date=8 September 2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-3138-8|page=275|chapter=Forest Clearing and the Growth of Islam in Bengal}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=haGORCJRlOUC&pg=PA50 |title=The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics |author1=Meghna Guhathakurta |author2=Willem van Schendel |page=50 |date=30 April 2013 |publisher=Duke University Press |access-date=7 November 2016 |isbn=978-0822353188 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707092408/https://books.google.com/books?id=haGORCJRlOUC&pg=PA50 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo Bunjaabiinta.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Rajmohan|title=Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten|year=2013|page=1|publisher=Aleph Book Company|location=New Delhi, India, Urbana, Illinois|isbn=978-93-83064-41-0}}.</ref> Qiyaasaha badankood waxay muujinayaan in Shiinaha ay ku nool yihiin dhawaan 20 illaa 30 milyan oo Muslin ah (1.5% illaa 2% dadka waddanka).<ref>{{cite web |work=The World Factbook |title=Explore All Countries – China |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/ |access-date=15 September 2009 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |archive-date=13 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213122152/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=China (includes Hong Kong, Macau, and Tibet) |website=Archived Content |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm |access-date=24 September 2013 |publisher=U.S. Department of State |archive-date=10 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710075050/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Islaamka ka jira Yurub waa diinta labaad ee ugu weyn Masiixiyadda ka dib waddamo badan dhexdeeda, iyada oo heerarka koraanka ay inta badan ku yimaadaan soogalootiga iyo heerka dhalmo ee sarreeya ee Muslinka ee 2005,<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 December 2005 |title=Muslims in Europe: Country guide |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4385768.stm |access-date=1 April 2010 |archive-date=29 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929213440/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4385768.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> taas oo samaynaysay 4.9% dhammaan dadka Yurub ee 2016.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/11/29/5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe/|title=5 facts about the Muslim population in Europe|date=November 29, 2017|work=Pew Research Center|first=Conrad|last=Hackett|access-date=17 January 2023|archive-date=5 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105202657/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/11/29/5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sida ku xuso Xituunta Pew Research, soo Islaamidda ma laha saameyn weyn oo saafi ah oo ku saabsan koraanka dadka Muslinka ah maadaama "tirada dadka ku soo Islaama diinta ay u dhowdahay inay la mid tahay tirada Muslinka ah ee ka baxda diinta."<ref>{{Cite report |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |section=Conversion |date=27 January 2011 |publisher=Pew Research Center |section-url=https://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-related-factors/#conversion |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |quote=there is no substantial net gain or loss in the number of Muslims through conversion globally; the number of people who become Muslims through conversion seems to be roughly equal to the number of Muslims who leave the faith |access-date=12 May 2020 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211126/http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bagse, Islaamku wuxuu ka helayaa faa'iido yar oo ah 3 milyan oo qof marka loo eego isbeddelka diimaha u dhexeya 2010 iyo 2050, inta badan ka timaada Afrika Sub-Sahara (2.9 milyan).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf|title=Cumulative Change Due to Religious Switching, 2010–2050, p.43|access-date=4 May 2016|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150429153811/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf|archive-date=29 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/|title=The Changing Global Religious Landscape|work=Pew Research Center|date=5 April 2017|access-date=17 December 2022|archive-date=18 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218030628/https://www.pewforum.org/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sida ku xuso uturjumaadda Pew ee 2020, dhawaan 1% dadka waaweyn ee ku soo koray Muslimnimada ayaa ka baxa diinta, halka boqolkiiba la mid ah —dhawaan 1%— ay ka soo Islaamaan diimaha kale, taas oo keenta heer hoose oo isbeddel diimeed ah oo soo gala ama ka baxa Islaamka.<ref name="pew2029">{{Cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett|author2=Marcin Stonawski|author3=Yunping Tong|author4=Stephanie Kramer|author5=Anne Shi|author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf|access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US|page=39|quote=Muslims and Hindus have been the least likely to gain or lose adherents from religious switching. About one in every 100 adults raised Muslim (or Hindu) has left their childhood religion, and a similar number from a different religious category have switched into Islam (or Hinduism).}}</ref> Mutaaniqada Islaamka ka baxday waxay u janjeeraan inay u wareegaan diin kale halkii ay ka noqon lahaayeen kuwo aan diin lahayn. == Qaybaha Waaweyn == {{Main|Xiriirka Shiicada iyo Sunnada|Qadiir Khum|Saqiifa|Ciidul Qadiir}} === Matalaadda Qadiir Khum iyo Saqiifa === [[File:Chronology of Ancient Nations, f.162r miniature.jpg|thumb|Magacaabiddii Cali uu Muxammad ku magacaabay Qadiir Khum, 1307 AD fardawsa Ilkhanid.]] Tukhtaan muhiim ah ayaa ka dhacay 632 ee Qadiir Khum, halkaas oo Muxammad, obo yar ka hor dhimashadiisa, uu gacanta ku qabtay Cali, oo ahaa ina-adeerkii iyo seedigii, uu ka jeediyay khudbad uu ku yiri "Kii aan ahay ''mowlahiisa'', Cali waa ''mowlahiisa''."<ref>{{cite book |title=The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam |author-first=Maria Massi |author-last=Dakake |year=2007 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9780791470336 |author-link=Maria Massi Dakake}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Veccia Vaglieri|first=L.|date=2012|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/*-SIM_2439|section=G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm|publisher=Brill|access-date=July 14, 2023|isbn=9789004161214|archive-date=14 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714174420/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/*-SIM_2439|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfnp|Campo|2009|pp=257–258}} Ereyga mowla wuxuu leeyahay macnayaal kala duwan oo ku xiran xaaladda, oo ay ku jiraan sayid, ilaaliye, xulafo, taageere, iyo mid awood leh. Shiicada dhexdeeda, waxaa loo fahmaa magacaabidda rasmiga ah ee Muxammad uu Cali uga dhigay beddelkiisa. Sunnadu sidoo kale waxay aqbashaa in tukhtaankii Qadiir Khum uu dhacay iyadoo Muxammad uu yiri hadalkaas ku saabsan Cali. Bagse, uma tarjumaan hadalka inuu yahay magacaabidda Cali ee beddelka Muxammad. Muslinka Sunnada ah waxay u tarjumaan ereyga mowla xaaladdan inuu u muuqdo saaxiib dhow, taageere, ama mid mudan daacadnimo iyo kalsooni. Sidaas darteed, waxay u arkaan bayaanka inuu yahay caddayn ah xushmadda Muxammad uu u hayay Cali, iyagoo hoos u dhigaya muhiimadda tukhtaanka. Kalfadhigii Saqiifa wuxuu dhacay obo yar ka dib dhimashadii Muxammad ee 632, halkaas oo Abu Bakar looga doortay beddelkiisa oo uu ku noqday Khaliifkii koowaad. Saqiifa waxay ka mid tahay tukhtaannada ugu muranka badan Islaamka, sababtoo ah ka saarida tiro badan oo ka mid ah Saxaabada Muxammad, oo ay ku jiraan Ahlul Bayt iyo gaar ahaan Cali. Cali iyo tiro badan oo ka mid ah qoyska Muxammad waxay weli ku jireen aasitaanka nabiga markii uu tukhtaanku dhacayay.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Foody |first=Kathleen |date=September 2015 |title=Interiorizing Islam: Religious Experience and State Oversight in the Islamic Republic of Iran |editor-last=Jain |editor-first=Andrea R. |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=599–623 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/lfv029 |doi-access=free |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Academy of Religion |eissn=1477-4585 |issn=0002-7189 |jstor=24488178 |lccn=sc76000837 |oclc=1479270 |quote=For Shiʿi Muslims, Muhammad not only designated Ali as his friend, but appointed him as his successor—as the "lord" or "master" of the new Muslim community. Ali and his descendants would become known as the Imams, divinely guided leaders of the Shiʿi communities, sinless, and granted special insight into the Qurʾanic text. The theology of the Imams that developed over the next several centuries made little distinction between the authority of the Imams to politically lead the Muslim community and their spiritual prowess; quite to the contrary, their right to political leadership was grounded in their special spiritual insight. While in theory, the only just ruler of the Muslim community was the Imam, the Imams were politically marginal after the first generation. In practice, Shiʿi Muslims negotiated varied approaches to both interpretative authority over Islamic texts and governance of the community, both during the lifetimes of the Imams themselves and even more so following the disappearance of the twelfth and final Imam in the ninth century.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Foody |first=Kathleen |date=September 2015 |editor-last=Jain |editor-first=Andrea R. |title=Interiorizing Islam: Religious Experience and State Oversight in the Islamic Republic of Iran |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Academy of Religion |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=599–623 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/lfv029 |issn=0002-7189 |eissn=1477-4585 |jstor=24488178 |lccn=sc76000837 |oclc=1479270 |quote=For Shiʿi Muslims, Muhammad not only designated Ali as his friend, but appointed him as his successor—as the "lord" or "master" of the new Muslim community. Ali and his descendants would become known as the Imams, divinely guided leaders of the Shiʿi communities, sinless, and granted special insight into the Qurʾanic text. The theology of the Imams that developed over the next several centuries made little distinction between the authority of the Imams to politically lead the Muslim community and their spiritual prowess; quite to the contrary, their right to political leadership was grounded in their special spiritual insight. While in theory, the only just ruler of the Muslim community was the Imam, the Imams were politically marginal after the first generation. In practice, Shiʿi Muslims negotiated varied approaches to both interpretative authority over Islamic texts and governance of the community, both during the lifetimes of the Imams themselves and even more so following the disappearance of the twelfth and final Imam in the ninth century. |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Amir-Moezzi |author-first=Mohammad Ali |title=Ghadīr Khumm |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=Third |editor1-first=Kate |editor1-last=Fleet |editor2-first=Gudrun |editor2-last=Krämer |editor3-first=Denis |editor3-last=Matringe |editor4-first=John |editor4-last=Nawas |editor5-first=Devin J. |editor5-last=Stewart |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419 |year=2014 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419 |isbn=9789004269613 |author-link=Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Muslinka Sunnada ah waxay qabaan in Muxammad uu u daayay doorashada beddelkiisa bulshada, sidaas darteedna waxay u arkaan doorashadii Abu Bakar ee saxaabada inay ahayd mid sharci ah. Muslinka Shiicada ah waxay adkaynayaan in Cali hore loogu magacaabay beddelka Muxammad ee tukhtaankii Qadiir Khum, sidaas darteedna waxay u arkaan tukhtaannadii Saqiifa inay ahaayeen kuwo dhaafay xaqiisii beddelka. Dhibaatada beddelka waxay noqotay sababtii ugu horreysay ee qeybsanaanta Muslinka oo keentay soo bixitaanka labada qaybood ee waaweyn ee Islaamka, Sunna iyo Shiica. === Islaamka Sunnada ah === {{Main|Islaamka Sunnada ah}} [[File:Khalili Collection Islamic Art mss 0311 fol 190b-191a.jpg|thumb|Faraq-qoraal ah oo [[Saxiix al-Bukhari]] ah oo ka soo jeeda qarnigii 14aad, ururintii ugu horreysay ee [[xadiis]] ee [[Kutub al-Sittah|Lixda Buug]] ee [[Islaamka Sunnada ah]].]] Islaamka Sunnada ah waa qaybta ugu weyn ee Islaamka iyada oo ah mhabka diimeed ee ugu weyn dunida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of religious populations {{!}} Largest Religions, Smallest Religions, Lists, Data, & Overview {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/List-of-religious-populations|access-date=2025-07-24|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sunni |title=Sunni |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=17 September 2021 |archive-date=30 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430101807/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/574006/Sunnite |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Sunni Islam |editor-first=John L. |editor-last=Esposito |encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2014 |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2280 |access-date=10 January 2010 |archive-date=5 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005013247/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2280 |url-status=dead }} {{Wayback|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2280 |date=20101028144120 }}</ref><ref name="Denny-2010">{{cite book |last=Denny |first=Frederick |author-link=Frederick M. Denny |title=Sunni Islam: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |page=3 |isbn=978-0199804153 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D5_N97bAiJ0C&pg=PA3 |quote=Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community, and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority (85 to 90%) of that community. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lawson |first1=Russell M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_krEEAAAQBAJ&dq=islam+based+on+the+teachings+of+muhammad&pg=PA419 |title=Science in the Ancient World: From Antiquity through the Middle Ages |date=23 September 2021 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-4408-7353-9 |page=419 |language=en}}</ref> Ereygu waa gaabinta weedha "''Ahl as-Sunnah wa al-Jama'ah''", oo macnaheedu yahay "dadka [[Sunnah|sunnada]] (dhaqankii Muxammad) iyo jamacaadka".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Ahl as-Sunnah |encyclopedia=Islam Ansiklopedisi |publisher=Turkish Diyanet Foundation |location=Istanbul |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ehl-i-sunnet |last=Yavuz |first=Yusuf Şevki |date=1994 |volume=10 |pages=525–530 |lang=tr |access-date=28 December 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228114411/https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ehl-i-sunnet |url-status=live }}</ref> Islaamka Sunnada ah mararka qaarkood waxaa loo yaqaanaa "Islaamka Ortodokska ah",<ref>{{cite book |author1=John Richard Thackrah |title=Dictionary of Terrorism |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1135165956 |edition=2, revised |page=252}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Status of Women Under Islamic Law and Modern Islamic Legislation |date=2009 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9004172739 |editor1-last=Nasir |editor1-first=Jamal J. |edition=revised |page=11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=George W. Braswell |title=What You Need to Know about Islam & Muslims |date=2000 |publisher=B&H Publishing Group |isbn=978-0805418293 |edition=illustrated |page=62}}</ref> ingawa aqoonyahanada qaar ay u arkaan inaysan habboonayn, iyada oo Sunni-nimada ka baxsan ay dad badan u arki karaan fahan xumaan.<ref>An Introduction to the Hadith. John Burton. Published by Edinburgh University Press. 1996. p. 201. Cite: "Sunni: Of or pertaining ''sunna'', especially the ''Sunna'' of the Prophet. Used in conscious opposition to Shi'a, Shi'í. There being no ecclesia or centralized magisterium, the translation 'orthodox' is inappropriate. To the Muslim 'unorthodox' implies heretical, ''mubtadi'', from ''bid'a'', the contrary of ''sunna'' and so 'innovation'."</ref> Sunnadu waxay adkaynaysaa in Muxammad uusan magacaabin beddel, wuxuuna u dhaafay doorashada beddelkiisa bulshada, sidaas darteedna waxay u arkaan doorashadii Abu Bakar ee Saqiifa inay ahayd mid sharci ah. Muslinka Sunnada ah waxay inta badan u noqdaan lixda buug ee xadiiska ee waaweyn arrimaha sharciga, iyagoo u raaca mid ka mid ah afar madhabood ee fiqhiga: [[Hanafi school|Xanafi]], [[Hanbali school|Xanbali]], [[Maliki school|Maaliki]], [[Shafi'i school|Shaafi'i]].<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|pp=275, 306}}</ref> Cilmiga tawxiidka ee athariga ah waa madhab Sunni ah oo feker ah, oo uu si weyn ugu doodi jiray Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780–855 CE), oo lagu garto u noqoshada fahanka qoraalka ah ee Qur'aanka iyo sunnada, aמונה ah in Qur'aanku yahay mid aan la abuurin oo weligeed ah, iyo ka soo horjeeda cilmiga caqliga, ee loo yaqano kalam, marka loo eego arrimaha diinta iyo anshaxa.<ref>Hadi Enayat ''Islam and Secularism in Post-Colonial Thought: A Cartography of Asadian Genealogies'' Springer Publishing, 30 June 2017 {{ISBN|978-3-319-52611-9}} p.48</ref> Maaturidiyada, oo uu aasaasay Abu Mansur al-Maturidi (853–944 CE), waxay leedahay qoraalka la soo dejiyay looma baahna anshaxa asaasiga ah iyada oo wanaagga iyo xawliga lagu fahmi karo caqliga keligiis,<ref>Rico Isaacs, Alessandro Frigerio ''Theorizing Central Asian Politics: The State, Ideology and Power'' Springer Publishing 2018 {{ISBN|978-3-319-97355-5}} p. 108</ref> laakiin dadku waxay u noqdaan waxyiga arrimaha ka baxsan fahanka bahaamka. Ash'ariyada, oo uu aasaasay Al-Ashʿarī (c. 874–936), waxay leedahay anshaxu wuxuu ka imaan karaa oo keliya waxyiga rabbaaniga ah laakiin waxay aqbashaa caqliga arrimaha fasiraadda waxayna isku dartaa hababka Mu'tazilada iyo fikradaha athariga.<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|1999|p=280}}</ref> Salafiyadu waa doonis dib u cusboonaysiin ah oo u dooda u noqoshada dhaqankii qgeneration-kii ugu horreeyay ee Muslinka. Qarnigii 18aad, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab wuxuu kexeeyay dhaqdhaqaaq Salafi ah, oo dadka ka baxsan ay u yaqaanaan Wahaabiya, waddanka maanta loo yaqano Sacuudi Carabiya.<ref>Richard Gauvain ''Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-0-7103-1356-0}} page 8</ref> Dhaqdhaqaaq la mid ah oo loo yaqano Ahl al-Hadith ayaa sidoo kale hoos u dhigay dhaqanka sharciga Sunniga ah ee qarniyada jiray, iyagoo door biday inay si toos ah u raacaan Qur'aanka iyo Xadiiska. Dhaqdhaqaaqa Sunniga ah ee Nurcu waxaa aasaasay Said Nursi (1877–1960); wuxuu isku darayaa qaybo ka mid ah Tasawufka iyo sayniska.<ref name="Svante E. Cornell p. 283">Svante E. Cornell ''Azerbaijan Since Independence'' M.E. Sharpe {{ISBN| 9780765630049}} p. 283</ref><ref>Robert W. Hefner ''Shariʻa Politics: Islamic Law and Society in the Modern World'' Indiana University Press 2011 {{ISBN|978-0-253-22310-4}} p. 170</ref> === Islaamka Shiicada ah === {{Main|Islaamka Shiicada ah}} [[File:Folio from a Nahj al-Balagha.gif|thumb|Warqad gacan-qoraal ah oo ka timaada Nahj al-Balagha, ee taariikhdeedu tahay 1149 AD. Nahj al-Balagha waa ururin khudbado, waraaqo, iyo hadallo ah oo uu leeyahay Cali. Waxaa loo arkaa inay ka mid tahay kuwa ugu muhiimsan ee suugaanta Carabiga iyada oo ka joogta meel sare Islaamka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda.]] Islaamka Shiicada ah waa qaybta labaad ee ugu weyn Islaamka iyo mid ka mid oo ka mid ah mhabada diimeed ee ugu waaweyn dunida.<ref>{{cite web |title=Field Listing :: Religions |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706231326/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |archive-date=6 July 2010 |access-date=25 October 2010 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |quote=Sunni Islam accounts for over 75% of the world's Muslim population." ... "Shia Islam represents 10–15% of Muslims worldwide.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sunni |url=https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/sunni |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614103622/https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/sunni |archive-date=14 June 2020 |access-date=24 May 2020 |publisher=Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs |quote=Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam, comprising about 85% of the world's over 1.5 billion Muslims.}}</ref>{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=1|ps=. "Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims."}} Ereygu waa gaabinta weedha "''Shīʿat ʿAlī''", oo macnaheedu yahay "xisbigii Cali". Muslinka Shiicada ah waxay adkaynayaan in Muxammad uu magacaabay ina-adeerkii iyo seedigii, Cali, inuu noqdo beddelkiisa.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shii|title=Shiʿi|last=Newman|first=Andrew J.|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=28 December 2021|archive-date=20 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720054917/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shii|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2004 |title=Sunni Islam |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa |publisher=MacMillan Reference |editor-last=Philip Mattar |edition=2nd |author1=Tayeb El-Hibri|author2=Maysam J. al Faruqi}}</ref> Cali waxaa ku xigay silsilad Imaamyo ah oo Ilaah magacaabay oo ka soo jeeda qoyska Muxammad ([[Ahl al-Bayt|Ahlul Bayt]]). Mhabka ugu weyn ee Islaamka Shiicada ah, Shiicada Laba-iyo-Tobanka ah, waxay aqoonsan yihiin Laba-iyo-Tobanka Imaam inay yihiin hoggaamiyeyaasha Ilaah magacaabay, iyadoo ka bilaabanaysa Cali keligiis oo ku dheehanaysa Mahdiga, oo la rumeysan yahay inuu ku jiro qoyanaanta loona fadhiyo inuu dib u soo laabto Dhamaadka Sannadaha si uu u aasaaso caddaalad oo uu caawin doono Ciise. Islaamka Shiicada ah wuxuu muhiimad gaar ah siiyaa Ahlul Bayt (qoyska Muxammad), kuwaas oo Muslinka Shiicada ah ay u arkaan inay leeyihiin awood diimeed iyo ruhani ah oo Ilaah siiyay. Qur'aanka, teachings-ka Muxammad (Sunnah), iyo Imaamyada waxay samayeeyaan asaaska ugu muhiimsan ee fekerka diimeed iyo fiqhiga Shiicada. Muslinka Shiicada ah waxaa kexeeya madhabka Jacfariyada ee fiqhiga.<ref>{{Cite book |author1=John Corrigan|author2=Frederick Denny|author3=Martin S Jaffee|author4=Carlos Eire |year=2011 |title=Jews, Christians, Muslims: A Comparative Introduction to Monotheistic Religions |publisher= Cambridge University Press |id=978-0205026340 }}</ref> Ururinta ugu muhiimsan ee xadiiska ee Islaamka Shiicada ah waa Afarta Buug ee Sharciga ah, oo loo yaqano Kitab al-Kafi, Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih, Tahdhib al-Ahkam, iyo Al-Istibsar. Islaamka Shiicada ah wuxuu ka kooban yahay dhowr qaybood, ta ugu weyn oo ugu muhiimsan waxay tahay Shiicada Laba-iyo-Tobanka ah, oo ay ku xigaan qaybaha yar ee Ismaaciiliyad iyo Saydiyad.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social and Military History |editor-first1=Spencer C. |editor-last1=Tucker |editor2=Priscilla Mary Roberts |year=2008 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-842-2 |page=917 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC&pg=PA917 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024726/https://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC&pg=PA917 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Iraq Effect: The Middle East After the Iraq War |first=Frederic M. |last=Wehrey |year=2010 |publisher=Rand Corporation |isbn=978-0-8330-4788-5 |page=91 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-3LAlfW7DIC&pg=PA91 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024742/https://books.google.com/books?id=i-3LAlfW7DIC&pg=PA91#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Newman|first=Andrew J.|author-link=Andrew J. Newman|title=Twelver Shiism: Unity and Diversity in the Life of Islam, 632 to 1722|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-7833-4|chapter=Introduction|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ&pg=PP18|page=2|access-date=13 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501201413/https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ|archive-date=1 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Dagaalkii Karbala, oo uu awoowe u ahaa Nabiga oo ahaa Imaamka saddexaad ee Shiicada, Xuseen ibn Cali, si xun loogu dilay oo madaxa looga jaray iyada oo la dilay badanka xubnaha qoyskiisa, wuxuu siiyay Caliyinta aqoonsi diimeed oo u gaar ah wuxuuna ka qaatay door muhiim ah zhuraalka iyo adkaynta ta noqotay Islaamka Shiicada ah. Wuxuu ka joogaa meel dhexe taariikhda Shiicada, dhaqanka, iyo cilmiga tawxiidka, iyadoo inta badan lagu xuso suugaanta Islaamka. Waa mid ka mid ah waqtiyada ugu murugada badan, muhiimka ah, ee lagu garto taariikhda Islaamka. Dhismaha Imaam Cali ee Najafe, Dhismaha Imaam Xuseen ee Karbala, iyo Dhismaha Imaam Riza ee Mashxad waa saddexda meelood ee ugu xurmada badan ka dib Masjid al-Xaraam ee Makka, Masjid al-Nabawi ee Madiina, iyo Masjid al-Aqsa ee Qudus.<ref name="Sardeg2">{{cite web |last=Escobar |first=Pepe |date=May 24, 2002 |title=Knocking on heaven's door |url=http://www.atimes.com/c-asia/DE24Ag04.html |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020603155002/http://atimes.com/c-asia/DE24Ag04.html |archive-date=June 3, 2002 |access-date=2006-11-12 |work=Asia Times Online |quote=our sixth imam, Imam Sadeg, says that we have five definitive holy places... first is Mecca... second is Medina... third belongs to our first imam of Shia, Ali, which is in Najaf. The fourth belongs to our third imam, Hussein, in Kerbala. The last one belongs to the daughter of our seventh imam and sister of our eighth imam, who is called Fatemah, and will be buried in Qom. |department=Central Asia/Russia}}</ref> Laba-iyo-Tobanka Imaam sidoo xushmad lagu hayaa Islaamka Sunnada ah dhexdeeda iyagoo ah xubno ka mid ah qoyska Nabiga Muxammad iyo shakhsiyaad muhiim ah oo ku jira taariikhda Islaamka, iyadoo Sunnadu ay booqdaan dhismooyinkooda xushmad darteed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Iraqi delegation from the Sunni Endowment visited the Holy Shrine of Imam Ali (PBUH).|url=https://www.alarbaeen.ir/en/news/an-iraqi-delegation-from-the-sunni-endowment-visited-the-holy-shrine-of-imam-ali-pbuh|access-date=2026-02-16|website=www.alarbaeen.ir}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Waziri|first=Adam Isa|date=2022-11-21|title=Sunni Professors, Scholars From Pakistan Visit Imam Husain's Holy Shrine in Karbala » Education Monitor News|url=https://educationmonitornews.com/sunni-professors-scholars-from-pakistan-visit-imam-husains-holy-shrine-in-karbala/|access-date=2026-02-16|website=Education Monitor News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Arooj|date=2024-02-01|title=Sunni scholars from Turkey express happiness upon visiting holy shrine of Imam Hussein|url=https://shiawaves.com/english/uncategorized/100914-sunni-scholars-from-turkey-express-happiness-upon-visiting-holy-shrine-of-imam-hussein/|access-date=2026-02-16|website=Shia Waves|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-16|title=Iraqi Sunni Friday prayer leaders visit Imam Reza (AS) holy shrine|url=https://en.hawzahnews.com/news/358808/Iraqi-Sunni-Friday-prayer-leaders-visit-Imam-Reza-AS-holy-shrine|access-date=2026-02-16|website=Hawzah News Agency|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=English Pakistani Sunnis Visit Imam Reza Shrine|url=https://www.shiachat.com/forum/topic/235051393-english-pakistani-sunnis-visit-imam-reza-shrine/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617090149/https://www.shiachat.com/forum/topic/235051393-english-pakistani-sunnis-visit-imam-reza-shrine/|archive-date=2025-06-17|access-date=2026-02-16|website=ShiaChat.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-14|title=Sunni Cleric: Imam Reza Shrine a Center for Unifying Muslims|url=https://en.abna24.com/news/664698/Sunni-Cleric-Imam-Reza-Shrine-a-Center-for-Unifying-Muslims|access-date=2026-02-17|website=ABNA English|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Imam Reza (A.S.) Is the Symbol of Unity among Islamic Sects.|url=https://www.alarbaeen.ir/en/news/imam-reza-as-is-the-symbol-of-unity-among-islamic-sects|access-date=2026-02-17|website=www.alarbaeen.ir}}</ref> {{multiple image | align = center | image1 = ImamAliShrine2026.jpg | width1 = 217 | alt1 = | caption1 = Dhismaha Imaam Cali ee Najafe, Ciraaq, waxaa loo arkaa Muslinka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda inuu yahay meesha ugu xurmada badan Islaamka ka dib Makka, Madiina iyo Qudus. | image2 = حرم الامام الحسين.jpg | width2 = 218 | alt2 = | caption2 = Dhismaha Imaam Xuseen ee Karbala, Ciraaq, waa meel aad u xurmo badan Islaamka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda. | width3 = 315 | alt3 = | footer = | image3 = ImamReza(A).jpg | caption3 = Dhismaha Imaam Riza ee Mashxad, Iiraan, waa masjidhka ugu weyn dunida iyadoo ka mid ah meelaha ugu xurmada badan Islaamka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda. }} ===== Cibaadiyada ===== {{Main|Muhakkima|Cibaadiyada|Khawaarijta}} Cibaadiyada waa madhab u gaar ah Islaamka waxaana inta badan loo arkaa qaybta saddexaad ee mhabada Islaamka, oo barbar taagan Islaamka Sunnada ah iyo Islaamka Shiicada ah. Xididdadeedu waxay dib u raacaan go'itaankii Khawaarijta ee ka go'een Cali, oo ahaa ina-adeerkii iyo seedigii nabiga Muxammad oo ahaa Imaamkii ugu horreeyay ee Shiicada iyo khaliifkii afaraad ee Khulafo al-Raashidiinta ee Sunnadu. Waxaaba jirta in Cibaadiyiinta casriga ah ay inta badan diadaan in aqiidadooda lagu tilmaamo Khawaarij. Cibaadiyada waxay soo baxday qarniyadii ugu horreeyay ee Islaamka iyadoo ka timaada khilaafaadkii siyaasadeed iyo kuwa tawxiidka ee ku xeernaa Fitnada Koowaad. Dhaqanku wuxuu taariikhiyan u xiran yahay dhaqdhaqaaqii hore ee Muhakkima. Cibaadiyiintu way ka tiro yar yihiin labada mhab ee ugu waaweyn Islaamka, Sunnadu iyo Shiicada. Cibaadiyada waxay weli tahay mid aan si fican u baran dadka ka baxsan, iyadoo ay ku jiraan kuwo aan Muslin ahayn iyo Muslinka Sunnada iyo Shiicada ah. [[File:Islam branches and schools.png|centre|Dulmar guud oo ku saabsan qaybaha waaweyn iyo mhabada Islaamka]] ===== Qaybaha ===== * Dhaqdhaqaaqa Axmadiyada waxaa lagu aasaasay Hindiya ee Ingiriisku xukumayay 1889 oo uu aasaasay Mirza Ghulam Ahmad oo ka soo jeeda Qadian, oo sheegtay inuu yahay Masiiyadii la ballanqaaday ("Soo laabashada Labaad ee Ciise"), Mahdiga Muslinku dhowrayaan sidoo kale prophet yar oo raaca nabiga Islaamka Muxammad. Waxaa jira fikrado iyo barashooyin kala duwan oo u gaar ah Axmadiyiinta marka loo eego badanka Muslinka kale, kuwaas oo ay ku jiraan fasiraadda cinwaanka Qur'aanka ee Khatam an-Nabiyyin iyo fasiraadda Soo laabashada Labaad ee Masiiyada. deviations-kan loo arko inay ka bixisay fekerka Islaamka ee caadiga ah waxay keeneen in badanka Muslinka ay u arkaan kuwo ka baxay diinta iyo khilaafyada lagu hayo Axmadiyiinta waddamo kala duwan dhexdeeda, gaar ahaan Bakistaan, halkaas oo si rasmi ah looga dhaqangaliyay inaysan Muslin ahayn oo ay dhaqangalisay Xukuumadda Bakistaan. Taabacsanaha Dhaqdhaqaaqa Axmadiyada ee Islaamka waxay u qeybsamaan laba kooxood: ta koowaad oo ah Bulshada Muslinka ee Axmadiyada, oo maanta ah kooxda ugu weyn, iyo Dhaqdhaqaaqa Axmadiyada ee Laahore ee Fafinta Islaamka. * Calawiyada waa dhaqan Islaam oo doonis leh oo maxalli ah, oo taabacsaneedu ay raacaan barashooyinka qarsoon (bāṭenī) ee Cali iyo Haji Bektash Veli. Calawiyada waa isku dharraaq ka mid ah fikradaha dhaqanka ee Turkiga ee qarnigii 14aad, iyadoo leh xididdo ka imaan kara Tengrism iyo Animism oo barbar socda fikradaha Shiicada iyo Tasawufka. Waxaa la qiyaasay inay jiraan 10 milyan illaa ka badan 20 milyan (~0.5–1% dhammaan Muslinka) oo Calawiyiin ah dunida oo dhan. * Qur'aaniyuuntu waa dhaqdhaqaaq diimeed ee Islaamka oo ku aasaasan aqiidada ah in sharciga Islaamka iyo xaqiijintu ay tahay oo keliya inay ka timaado Qur'aanka oo aysan ka imaanin sunnada ama Xadiiska, iyadoo Qur'aaniyuuntu ay si muuqata uga kala duwan yihiin habka loo raaco shanta tiro ee Islaamka. Dhaqdhaqaaqu wuxuu soo baxay qarnigii 19aad wixii ka dambeeyay, iyadoo fekerayaal sida Syed Ahmad Khan, Abdullah Chakralawi iyo Ghulam Ahmed Perwez ee Hindiya ay su'aal ka keeneen dhaqanka xadiiska. Ejipt, Muhammad Tawfiq Sidqi wuxuu ku qaray maqaalka ''Islaamku waa Qur'aanka keligiis'' majaladda ''Al-Manār'', isagoo u doodayay awoodda keligeed ee Qur'aanka. Qur'aaniyiin muhiim ah oo qarnigii 20aad ee dambe wuxuu ahaa Rashad Khalifa, oo ahaa biokimiko Masri-Ameerikan ah oo sheegtay inuu helay fure tiro oo ku jira Qur'aanka, wuxuuna aasaasay ururka Qur'aaniyiinta ee United Submitters International. * Mu'tazilada waxay ahayd madhab hore oo cilmiga tawxiidka Islaamka oo lagu garto isticmaalka caqliga, gaar ahaan marka loo eego labada ilo ee ugu horreeya Islaamka, Qur'aanka iyo xadiiska. Madhabtu waxay ku aasaasantaa shanta usool ee waaweyn: tawxiidka, caddaalada rabbaaniga ah, hubaasha ballanqaadyada iyo digniinaha rabbaaniga ah, meel dhexe oo marka loo eego heerka duniyeed ee duntayda waaweyn, iyo waajibka amarrada wanaagsan iyo ka hortaga xumaanta. Ka dib Sunnadu, Mu'taziladu waxay diadeen aragtida dhaqanka ah ee ah in Qur'aanku yahay hadalka aan la abuurin ee Ilaah, waxayna halkaas ka qabteen in Qur'aanku yahay waxyi la abuuray, si loo adkeeyo koodnimada kheyraatka ee Ilaah. Iyagoo adkaynaya isticmaalka caqliga, waxay u doodeen in dookha xorta ah ee bahaamka uu u oggolaado shakhsiyaadka inay doorataan wanaagga ama xumaanta, taas oo ka dhigaysa kuwo mas'uul ka ah eedooda. Bagse saameynta Mu'taziladu waxay hoos u dhacday dhibaatada bulshada iyo siyaasadeed ee ka timaada Sunnadu darteed, reebitaankooda caqliga wuxuu weli yahay mid muhiim ah fekerka casriga ah ee Islaamka. === Muslimiinta aan kooxna ka tirsanayn === {{Main|Non-denominational Muslim}} Muslimiinta aan kooxna ka tirsanayn waa eegmo guud oo loo isticmaalo ama ay isticmaalaan Muslimiinta aan ka tirsanayn ama aan isku tilmaamin mhab gaar ah oo Islaam ah.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Benakis |first=Theodoros |date=13 January 2014 |title=Islamophoobia in Europe! |work=New Europe |location=Brussels |url=http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |url-status=dead |access-date=20 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131145036/http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |archive-date=31 January 2016 |quote=Anyone who has travelled to Central Asia knows of the non-denominational Muslims—those who are neither Shiites nor Sounites, but who accept Islam as a religion generally.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Kenneth |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=jQGZBAAAQBAJ|page=29}} |title=Unthinkable: Iran, the Bomb, and American Strategy |date=2014 |isbn=978-1-4767-3393-7 |page=29 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |quote=Although many Iranian hardliners are Shi'a chauvinists, Khomeini's ideology saw the revolution as pan-Islamist, and therefore embracing Sunni, Shi'a, Sufi, and other, more nondenominational Muslims}}</ref> Sahanadii ugu dambeeyay waxay ku warramayaan in qayb weyn oo ka mid ah Muslimiinta ka mid ah kuwa ku nool qaybo ka mid ah dunida ay isku tilmaamaan oo keliya Muslim, inkasta oo ay yar tahay falanqaynta la daabacay ee ku saabsan sababaha ka dambeeya jawaabtan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burns |first=Robert |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=akWUGyN7fwEC|page=55}} |title=Christianity, Islam, and the West |date=2011 |isbn=978-0-7618-5560-6 |page=55 |publisher=University Press of America |quote=40 per cent called themselves "just a Muslim" according to the Council of American-Islamic relations}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tatari |first=Eren |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=x_4QBQAAQBAJ|page=111}} |title=Muslims in British Local Government: Representing Minority Interests in Hackney, Newham and Tower Hamlets |date=2014 |isbn=978-90-04-27226-2 |page=111 |publisher=BRILL |quote=Nineteen said that they are Sunni Muslims, six said they are just Muslim without specifying a sect, two said they are Ahmadi, and two said their families are Alevi}}</ref> Pew Research waxay ku warramaysaa in jawaab-bixiyeyaasha isku tilmaama oo keliya Muslim ay yihiin inta ugu badan ee Muslimiinta ee toddoba waddan (iyo tiro sare saddex kale dhexdeeda), iyadoo heerka ugu sarreeya uu yahay Kasakhstan oo ah 74%. Ugu yaraan mid ka mid ah shan kasta oo Muslim ah ee ugu yaraan 22 waddan wuxuu isku tilmaamaa habkan.<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|date=9 August 2012|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|access-date=4 September 2013|website=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project}}</ref> == Tasawufka == === Suufiyada === {{Main|Suufiyada}} {{See also|Xiriirka Salafiga iyo Suufiga}} [[File:Mevlana Konya.jpg|thumb|Wareegga Suufiga ee Dhismaha Qabriga Suufiga ee Rumi ee Konya, Turkey.]] Suufiyada (Carabi: تصوف), waa hab ka mid ah Tasawufka Islaamka oo raadiya in lagu helo khibrad shakhsi ah oo toos ah ee Eebbe. Culimadii hore ee Suufiyadu waxay ku tilmaameen tasawufka "cilmiga ujeeddadiisu tahay sixidda wadnaha iyo ka jeedinta dhammaan wixii kale ee aan Eebbe ahayn", iyada oo loo marayo "awoodda caqliga iyo sharafta" oo laga joojiyo in lagu tababaro. Ahmad ibn Ajiba wuxuu ku tilmaamay tasawufka "ku laabashada dhaqanka, bilowgiisuna yahay aqoon, dhexdiisuna tahay wax-qabad [aqoontaas ku saabsan], dhammaadkiisuna yahay hadiya [ka timaada Allah]." Ma aha qayb ka mid ah Islaamka, taabacsanaha ayaana ka tirsan mhabada kala duwan ee Muslinka. Ismaaciiliya, oo barashadeedu ku aasaasan tahay Gnosticism iyo Neoplatonism iyadoo ay barbar socdaan madhabaha Illuminationist iyo Isfahan ee falsafadda Islaamka, waxay samaysay fasiraado tasawuf ah oo Islaamka ah. Hasan al-Basri, oo ahaa Suufigii hore oo inta badan loo arko mid ka mid ah Suufiyadii ugu horreysay, wuxuu adkeeyay cabsida ka timaada guuldarrada Eebbe ee adkaysiga. Taa beddekeeda, Suufiyadii dambe ee waaweynayd, sida Mansur Al-Hallaj iyo Jalaluddin Rumi, waxay adkeeyeen diinta ku aasaasan jacyada loo qabo Eebbe. Jacyadaas waxay sidoo kale saameyn ku lahaayeen fanka, iyadoo Rumi uu weli yahay mid ka mid ah gabayaaga ugu iibka badan Ameerika. [[File:Sema ceremony many.jpg|thumb|Suufiyada ee Turkey.]]Suufiyadu waxay u arkaan tasawufka qayb aan ka go'in Islaamka. Suufiyadii dhaqanka ahayd, sida Bayazid Bastami, Jalaluddin Rumi, Haji Bektash Veli, Junaid Baghdadi, iyo Al-Ghazali, waxay u doodeen in Suufiyadu ku aasaasan tahay usoolka Islaamka iyo barashooyinka nabiga. Taariikhyahan Nile Green wuxuu u dooday in Islaamka qarniyadii dhexe uu ahaa wax yar ama ka badan Suufiyada. Taabacsanaha dhaqdhaqaaqa Sunnada ee dib-u-soocida ee loo yaqaano Salafiyada waxay u arkeen dhaqannada jacyada ee caanka ah, sida weyneynta awliyada Suufiga, inay yihiin cusbooneysiin ka timaada diintii hore. Salafiyiintu inta badan waxay weerareen Suufiyada, taas oo keentay xumaanshaha xiriirka Suufiga iyo Salafiga. Ururrada Suufiga waxay samayskaan dariiqooyin ku xeeran macallin (wali) oo raaca xiriir ruuxi ah oo dib u raaca Muxammad. Suufiyadu waxay kaqaateen door muhiim ah samaynta bulshooyinka Muslinka iyaga oo loo marayo dhaqdhaqaaqyada baahinta iyo waxbarashada. Dhaqdhaqaaqa Ahle Sunnat ama Barelvi ee uu saameeyay Tasawufku wuxuu sheegtaa in ka badan 200 milyan oo taabacsane ku leeyahay Koonfurta Aasiya. Suufiyadu waxay muhiim ku tahay Aasiyada Dhexe, iyo sidoo kale waddamada Afrika sida Tuniisiya, Aljeeriya, Marooko, Senejaal, Chaad iyo Nayjar. == Sharciga iyo Fiqhiga == === Shariicada === {{Main|Shariicada|Fiqhiga}} {{See also|Mantiqa ee Falsafadda Islaamka#Sharciga Islaamka iyo Cilmiga Tawxiidka}} [[File:Madhhab Map3.png|thumb|Madhabaha sharciga Islaamka ee Dunida Muslinka.]] Shariicada waa tan ka kooban sharciga diinta Islaamka. Doonista ah in la tilmaamo oo lagu ogaado sharciyada hab dhammaystiran oo is-waafaqsan waxay keentay horumarinta aragtida sharciga, oo loo yaqaano fiqhi. Taa beddekeeda, bidco waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu tilmaamo cusbooneysiinta sharciga ka baxsan ee arrimaha diinta. Dhabbooyinka kala duwan, ee loo yaqaano usoolka fiqhiga, ayaa horumaray oo madhabka sharciga ee ka soo baxa dhabbo ku xeeran waxaa loo yaqaanaa madhab. Is-waafaqidda raacda go'aannada khabiir diimeed ama madhab waxaa loo yaqaanaa taqliid. Shuruudda ghayr muqallid waxay u tilmaamaysaa kuwa aan isticmaalin taqliidka iyo, sii dheeraanteeda, aan lahayn madhab. Dhaqanka shakhsigu ku fasirayo sharciga caqliga xor ah waxaa loo yaqaanaa ijtixaad. Kuwa fasira shariicada waxaa loo yaqaanaa muftiyo oo ra'yigooda sharciga ah waxaa loo yaqaanaa fatwo. [[File:'Abd_Allah_ibn_Shaykh_Murshid_al-Katib_-_Sa'di_and_a_Dervish_Go_to_Settle_their_Quarrel_Before_a_Judge_-_Walters_W618106B_-_Cropped.jpg|thumb|Gabayaaga Saadi Shirazi iyo darwiish waxay u socdaan inay khilaafkooda ku dhameeyaan xakim hortiis, farta qarnigii 16aad oo ka timaada Iiraan.]] Ilaaha koowaad ee Shariicadu waa Qur'aanka iyo Sunnada. Ilaa saddexaad oo caani ah waa qiyaas (caqli analoji ah) oo loo isticmaalo dhibcooyinka sharciga ah ee aan si toos ah loogu faahfaahin Qur'aanka ama Sunnada. Isku-barbardhigga ayaa la raadiyaa si loo helo illah, ama sababta halkan ku jirta, oo ah sababta ka dambeysa xukunkii hore. Tusaale ahaan, reebitaanka gaarka ah ee khamriga waxaa ka soo baxaya reebitaanka guud ee alkoolka maadaama ay wadaagayaan sababta shaqaynaysa ee loo gartay inay tahay dabeecadda ma zeexisa ee dhammaan cabitaannada alkoolka ah. Madhabka Saahiriga wuxuu adkeeyay saafinimada tooska ah oo sidaas darteed wuxuu diaday qiyaaska. Is-afgaradka ra'yiga waa ijmaac, iyadoo ikhtilaafku u tilmaamayo khilaafka culimada. Xukunnadu waxay ficillada u kala saaraan mid ka mid ah shan qaybood oo loo yaqaano axkaam: farad, mustaxab, mubaah, makruuh, iyo xaraam. Xilliga casriga ah, sharciyada dambiyada ee ku aasaasan shariicada waxaa inta badan beddelay sharciyo ka yimid moodellada Yurub. Cilmiga dib-u-soocida ee Tanzimat ee Qarnigii 19aad ee Dowladdii Cusmaaniyiinta wuxuu keenay koodka madaniga ee Mecelle wuxuuna ka dhigan yahay dadaalkii ugu horreeyay ee lagu koodiyeeyo shariicada. Iyadoo Dastuurada badanka states-ka Muslinku u badan yihiin ay ku jiraan tilmaamo ku saabsan shariicada, xeerarkeeda dhaqanka ah waxaa inta badan lagu reebay oo keliya sharciyada heerka shakhsiga (famlida). Hay'adaha sharciga ah oo koodiyeeyay sharciyaddan waxay raadiyeen inay casriyeeyaan iyagoon ka tageyn aasaaskooda fiqhiga dhaqanka ah. Dib-u-soocida Islaamka ee qarnigii 20aad ee dambe waxay keentay baaqyo ka yimid dhaqdhaqaaqyada Islaamiyiinta oo ku saabsan fulinta dhammaystiran ee shariicada. Doorka shariicadu wuxuu noqday mowduuc lagu tartamo dunida oo dhan. Waxaa jira doodaha socda oo ku saabsan in shariicadu ay la waafaqsan tahay foomamka cilmaani ee xukuumadda, xuquuqda aadanaha, xorriyadda fekerka, iyo xuquuqda dumarka darteed meelaha ay ka mid yihiin faafreebka iyo doonaanta. == Bulshada == === Shakhsiyaadka diinta === {{Main|Culumada}} [[File:Maqamat_hariri.jpg|thumb|254x254px|Culimada ku sugan maktabadda Cabbaasiyiinta, Maqamat al-Hariri. Farta uu qray Yahyá al-Wasiti, Baqdaad, 1237 AD.]] Islaamku maleho wadaado ah macnaha sacerdotalism, sida baaddariyada oo kale oo dhex-dhexaadiya Eebbe iyo dadka. Imaam (Carabi: إمام) waa cinwaanka diinta oo loo isticmaalo in lagu tilmaamo booska hoggaaminta Islaamka, inta badan marka loo eego samaynta adeegga cibaadada Islaamka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Imam|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/imam|access-date=15 January 2023|website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Fasiraadda diinta waxaa hoggaamiya culumada (Carabi: علماء), oo ah shuruud loo isticmaalo in lagu tilmaamo kooxda culimada Muslinka ah ee helay tababarka barashada Islaamka. Caalimka xadiiska waxaa loo yaqaanaa muxaddith, caalimka fiqhiga waxaa loo yaqaanaa faqeeh (Carabi: فقيه), qaanuun-yaqaanka u qalma inuu soo saaro ra'yiga sharciga ah ama fatwooyinka waxaa loo yaqaanaa mufti, qadi-yuna waa xakim Islaam ah. Cinwaannada sharafta leh ee la siiyo culimada waxaa ka mid ah sheekh, mulla iyo mawlawi. Muslinka qaar ka mid ah waxay sidoo kale weyneeyaan awliyada u xiran karaamooyinka (Carabi: كرامات).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Radtke |first1=B. |last2=Lory |first2=P. |last3=Zarcone |first3=Th. |last4=DeWeese |first4=D. |last5=Gaborieau |first5=M. |last6=Denny |first6=F. M. |last7=Aubin |first7=F. |last8=Hunwick |first8=J. O. |last9=Mchugh |first9=N. |title=Walī |orig-year=1993 |year=2012 |editor1-last=Bearman |editor1-first=P. J. |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-link=Thierry Bianquis |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-first=C. E. |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor4-first=E. J. |editor4-link=Emeri Johannes van Donzel |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-first=W. P. |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=2nd |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill Publishers |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1335 |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4}}</ref> === Maamulka === {{See also|Siyaasadda iyo Islaamka|Dhaqaalaha Islaamka|Qaanuunka ciidanka ee Islaamka|Tasaamuxa|Jihaadka}} [[File:Ali and Aisha at the Battle of the Camel.jpg|thumb|Xaasidii Muxammad, Caasha, oo la dagaallamaysa Cali.]] Fiqhiga dhaqaalaha Islaamka dhexdiisa, kaydsiga hantida si xad-dhaaf ah waa lagu necbyahay, sidaas darteedna dhaqanka maalgashiga monobooliga ah waa laga hoos eegaa.<ref name="Iqbal2010">{{cite book | last1 = Iqbal | first1 = Zamir | last2 = Mirakhor | first2 = Abbas | last3 = Krichenne | first3 = Noureddine | last4 = Askari | first4 = Hossein | title = The Stability of Islamic Finance: Creating a Resilient Financial Environment | location = Singapore | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | year = 2010 | language = en | isbn = 978-0-470-82518-1 | p = 75}}</ref> Dadaallada lagu waafajinayo shariicada waxay keeneen horumarinta bangiyada Islaamka. Islaamku wuxuu reebaa ribada, oo inta badan loo turjumo faa'iido si aan caddaalad ahayn ku timaada ganacsiga, waxaana inta badan loo isticmaalaa in lagu tilmaamo faa'iidada ribada.<ref>{{harvc |c=Riba |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online |year=n.d. |last1= Schacht|first1=Joseph}}</ref> Taa beddekeeda, bangiyada Islaamku waxay iskaashi la sameeyaan amaanadaha, iyagoo labaduba wadaagaya faa'iidada iyo qasaaraha ka soo baxa mashruuca. Shuruud kale waa ka fogaanshaha hubaal-la'aanta, oo loo arko saqajaan (khumaar), bangiyada Islaamkuna dhaqan ahaan waxay ka fogaadaan aaladaha la soocay sida mustaqbalka ama doorashooyinka, taas oo taariikhiyan ka ilaalisay hoos u dhaca suuqyada.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Foster|first=John |date=1 December 2009|title=How Islamic finance missed heavenly chance|work=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8388644.stm|access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Domat|first=Chloe|date=20 October 2020|title=What Is Islamic Finance And How Does It Work?|work=Global Finance magazine|url=https://www.gfmag.com/topics/blogs/islamic-finance-faq-what-islamic-finance-and-how-does-it-work|access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref> Khulafadii Raashidiinta iyo Dowladdii Umawiyiinta waxay ku lug lahaayeen qaybinta sadaqada ee ka timaada qasnadda dowladda, oo loo yaqaano Bayt al-maal, ka hor inta aysan noqon dadaal shakhsi ah meelaha sannadkii 720. Khaliifkii ugu horreeyay, Abu Bakar, wuxuu u qaybiyay sakada sida tusaalooyinkii ugu horreeyay ee dakhliga ugu yar ee la dammaanad qaado, iyadoo muwaaddin kasta uu helayay 10 illaa 20 dirham sannadkiiba.<ref>{{cite web |last=Merchant, Brian |date=14 November 2013 |title=Guaranteeing a Minimum Income Has Been a Utopian Dream for Centuries |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/guaranteeing-a-minimum-income-has-been-a-utopian-dream-for-centuries/ |access-date=3 June 2019 |website=VICE}}</ref> Waagii maamulkii khaliifkii labaad ee Cumar, taageerada carruurta ayaa la soo bandhigay, kuwa da'da ah iyo kuwa nafedana waxay xaq u lahaayeen mushaar,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Al-Buraey |first=Muhammad |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=lT8OAAAAQAAJ|page=}} |title=Administrative Development: An Islamic Perspective |publisher=KPI |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-7103-0059-1 |pages=252–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Akgündüz |first1=Ahmed |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=EnT_zhqEe5cC|page=539}} |title=Ottoman History: Misperceptions and Truths |last2=Öztürk |first2=Said |publisher=IUR Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-90-90-26108-9 |pages=539– |access-date=7 October 2014}}</ref> iyadoo khaliifkii Umawiyiinta ee Cumar II uu u qoondeeyay adeego dhagool kasta iyo labadii qafis ee xanuunsan oo dhan.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Al-Jawzi|first1=Ibn |url=|title=The Biography and Virtues of Omar Bin Abd al-Aziz – The Ascetic Caliph |publisher=IUR Press |year=2001 |isbn= |page=130 }}</ref> [[File:Saladin the Victorious.jpg|thumb|Salaxaddiin Guuleystaha, uu qray Gustave Doré.]] Jihaad wuxuu macnehiisu yahay "dadaal ama ilaa qabasho [dhabada Eebbe]", macnehiisa ugu ballaaranina waa "awoodda, dadaalka, ama awoodda ugu dambeysa oo lagu bixiyo la dagaallanka shay laga xumaado". Shiicadu gaar ahaan waxay adkeeyaan "jihaadka weyn" oo ah dadaalka lagu gaarayo wanaajinta nafta ee ruuxiga ah iyadoo "jihaadka yar" loo tilmaamo dagaalka. Marka loo isticmaalo sidaas oo keliya, jihaadka inta badan waxaa loo fahmaa foomkiisa ciidanka. Jihaadku waa foomka keliya ee dagaalka ee loo oggol yahay sharciga Islaamka, waxaana lagu dhawaaqi karaa ka dhan ah ujeedooyinka aan sharciyaysnayn, argagixisada, kooxaha dambiyada, reebleyaasha, murtadiinta, iyo hoggaamiyeyaasha ama dowladaha dhibta Muslinka. Badanka Muslinka maanta waxay u fasiraan Jihaadka oo keliya foom دفاع ah oo dagaalka ah. Jihaadku wuxuu oo keliya noqdaa waajib shakhsi ah kuwa la siiyay awoodda. Dadka kale oo dhan, tani waxay dhacdaa oo keliya marka ay jirto diyaargarow guud. Badanka Shiicada Isnaashariyada, jihaadka weerarka ah waxaa oo keliya lagu dhawaaqi karaa hoggaamiye Eebbe uu doortay oo ee bulshada Muslinka ah, sidaas darteedna, wuu hakad ku jiraa tan iyo gaabinta Muxammad al-Mahdi ee sannadkii 868 CE. === Nolosha maanta iyo tan aabbanimada/qoyska === {{See also|Edabta (Islaamka)|Cuntada reebban ee Islaamka|Islaamka iyo carruurta|Guurka Islaamka|Dumarka Islaamka|Guurka badan ee Islaamka}} [[File:Salat Eid al-Fitr, Tehran (113344343).jpg|thumb|Haweenay Iiraani ah oo xiran astaan Islaami ah (Xijaab).]] Cilmiga edabta ee maalinlaha ah wuxuu ku jiraa qaybta edabta, ama hab-dhaqanka. Cuntooyinka si gaar ah loo reebay waxaa ka mid ah hเนื้อ Doofaarka, dhiigga iyo bakhtiga. Caafimaadka waxaa loo arkaa ammaan ka timaada Eebbe, waxyaabaha maaddada ah ee maaddada maanka dooriya, sida cabitaannada alkoolka ah, waa kuwo reebban.<ref>{{cite book|author=Fahd Salem Bahammam|title=Food and Dress in Islam: An explanation of matters relating to food and drink and dress in Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CRojJ7lnb18C&pg=PP1|publisher=Modern Guide|isbn=978-1-909322-99-8|page=1}}</ref> Dhammaan hเนื้อ waa inay ka timaadaa xayawaan geed-daaq ah oo loo qashay magaca Eebbe oo uu qashay Muslin, Yuhuudi, ama Christian, marka laga reebo ugaarta uu qofku ugaarsaday ama kaluumaysay maankiisa.<ref>{{harvp|Curtis|2005|p=164}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|p=111}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |c=Slaughter |first=Ersilia |last=Francesca |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref> Garaha inta badan waxaa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa ragga sida shay dabiici ah<ref>{{Cite news |last=De Sondy |first=Amanullah |date=28 January 2016|title=The relationship between Muslim men and their beards is a tangled one|work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jan/28/muslim-men-beards-facial-hair-islam |access-date=7 March 2022}}</ref> iyo isbeddellada jirka, sida peenijka joogtada ah (sawirka jidhka), inta badan waa reebban iyadoo laga baqayo inay kharribaan ubaahda u go'an.{{efn|Muslinka qaar ka mid ah Shiinaha waagii boqortooyada waxay ka horyimaadeen xiridda cagaha gabdhaha sababtaas oo kale darteed.}} <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.learnreligions.com/tattoos-in-islam-2004393 |title=Are Muslims Allowed to Get Tattoos? |website= |access-date=7 March 2022 |archive-date=8 Bisha Saddexaad 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308040238/https://www.learnreligions.com/tattoos-in-islam-2004393 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Xariirta iyo dahabka waa reebban yihiin ragga Islaamka dhexdiisa si loo dhowro xaaladda miyir-qabka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Glassé |first1=Cyril |title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=AltaMira Press |page=158 |language=en|year=2001}}</ref> Haya, oo inta badan loo turjumo "xishood", mararka qaar waxaa loo tilmaamaa dabeecadda hoose ee Islaamka<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zine |first1=Jasmin |last2=Babana-Hampton |first2=Safoi |last3=Mazid |first3=Nergis |last4=Bullock |first4=Katherine |last5=Chishti |first5=Maliha |title=American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 19:4 |publisher=International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) |page=59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JM4DwAAQBAJ&q=haya+islam&pg=PA59 |access-date=4 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> wuxuuna hagaa badanka nolosha maalinlaha ah ee Muslinka. Tusaale ahaan, dharka Islaamka dhexdiisa wuxuu adkeeyaa heerka xishoodka, oo ay ku jirto xijaabka haweenka. Sidoo kale, nadaafadda shakhsiga ah waa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa shuruudo gaar ah.<ref>{{cite web |last=Esposito |first=John |title=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e4 |access-date=3 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114153249/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e4 |archive-date=14 November 2016}}</ref> [[File:Muslim Couple (cropped).jpg|thumb|Saddex laba oo Muslin ah oo ka socda Indoneesiya.]] Guurka Islaamka dhexdiisa, ninka arooska ah waxaa lagu leeyahay inuu bixiyo meherka aroosadda (mahar).<ref>{{harvp|Waines|2003|pp=93–96}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|p=339}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|1998|p=79}}</ref> Qoysaska badankood ee dunida Islaamka waxay leeyihiin hal xaas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Newby |first=Gordon D. |url=https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00newb |title=A concise encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=Oneworld |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-85168-295-9 |location=Oxford |page=141}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed Hossein |url=https://archive.org/details/islamreligionhis00nasr_0/page/68 |title=Islam : religion, history, and civilization |publisher=HarperOne |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-06-050714-5 |location=New York |page=68}}</ref> Ragga Muslinka ah waxaa loo oggol yahay inay sameeyaan guurka badan waxayna yeelan karaan illaa afar xaas oo isku mar ah. Waxbarashada Islaamku waxay si adag uga baqaysaa inay adkayso in haddii ninku uusan dammaanad qaadi karin taageerada maaliyadeed iyo ta ruuxiga ah oo siman xaasaskiisa mid kasta, waxaa la dhiirri-geliyaa inuu guursado hal haweenay oo keliya. Sabab lagu tilmaamay guurka badan ayaa ah inay ninka u oggolaato inuu siiyo ilaalin maaliyadeed haween badan, oo laga yaabo inaysan helin taageero kale (tusaale, carrooyinka). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xaaska ugu horreysa waxay shuruud ku xiri kartaa heshiiska guurka in ninku uusan guursan karin haweenay kale inta ay guursan yihiin.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ratno Lukito|title=Legal Pluralism in Indonesia: Bridging the Unbridgeable|page=81|publisher=Routledge}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.islamweb.net/ver2/fatwa/ShowFatwa.php?lang=A&Id=18444&Option=FatwaId |title=IslamWeb |publisher=IslamWeb |date=7 February 2002 |access-date=13 September 2011}}</ref> Waxaa sidoo kale jira kala duwanaansho dhaqameed oo aroosyo ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Gai |url=https://archive.org/details/rememberinggodre0000eato |title=Remembering God: Reflections on Islam |publisher=The Islamic Texts Society |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-946621-84-2 |location=Cambridge |pages=92–93}}</ref> Polyandry, oo ah dhaqan ay haweenaydu ku guursato laba ama ka badan oo ragg ah, waa ku reebban Islaamka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Can't a Woman have 2 Husbands? |url=http://www.14publications.com/question-and-answer/why-cant-a-woman-have-2-husbands/ |access-date=27 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223012707/http://www.14publications.com/question-and-answer/why-cant-a-woman-have-2-husbands/ |archive-date=23 December 2015 |website=14 Publications}}</ref> [[File:عکس های مراسم ترتیل خوانی یا جزء خوانی یا قرائت قرآن در ایام ماه رمضان در حرم فاطمه معصومه در شهر قم 20.jpg|thumb|Gabdhaha Muslinka ah oo baranaya Qur'aanka lagu dul dhigay rehalada xilliga Ramadaanka ee Qom, Iiraan.]] Aadada dhalashada ubadka ka dib, adhaanka waxaa lagu dhawaaqaa dhegta midig. Maalinta todobaad, xafladda caqiiqada ayaa la sameeyaa, oo xayawaan lagu qalo oo hantiisa loo qaybiyo masaakiinta. Madaxa ubadka waa la xiiraa, oo lacag la eg miisaanka dhagaha waxaa loo deeqaa masaakiinta. Gudniinka raga, oo loo yaqaano khitaan, inta badan waa lagu dhaqmaa dunida Muslinka.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2014 |title=Khitān |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/khitan-Islam |access-date=27 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127165754/https://www.britannica.com/topic/khitan-Islam |archive-date=27 January 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |date=January 2017 |title=Reported Male Circumcision Practices in a Muslim-Majority Setting |journal=BioMed Research International |publisher=Hindawi Publishing Corporation |volume=2017 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1155/2017/4957348 |pmc=5282422 |pmid=28194416 |doi-access=free |author1-last=Anwer |author1-first=Abdul Wahid |author2-last=Samad |author2-first=Lubna |author3-last=Baig-Ansari |author3-first=Naila |author4-last=Iftikhar |author4-first=Sundus}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 August 2009 |title=Islam: Circumcision of boys |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/malecircumcision.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112170938/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/malecircumcision.shtml |archive-date=12 November 2012 |access-date=27 May 2020 |work=Religion & ethics—Islam |publisher=Bbc.co.uk}}</ref> Xaq-dhowridda iyo addeecidda waalidiinta, iyo daryeelidooda gaar ahaan markay da'da yihiin waa waajib diini ah. Muslinka dhimanaya waxaa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa inuu dhawaaqo Shahaadada si ay u noqoto hadalkiisa ugu dambeeya.<ref>{{Cite book| isbn = 9783643900678| title =Changing European Death Ways| location = Austria| year = 2013| last1=Mathijssen| first1=Brenda|last2=Venhorst|first2=Claudia|last3=Venbrux|first3=Eric|last4=Quartier|first4=Thomas| url =| page = 265 |publisher=Lit }}</ref> Xaq-dhowridda kii dhintay iyo ka qaybgalka jinaasooyinka ee bulshada dhexdeeda waxaa loo arkaa mid ka mid ah ficillada wanaagsan. Caadooyinka aasidda Islaamka, aasidda waxaa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa si dhakhso ah oo ugu macquulsan, inta badan 24 saac dhexdeeda. Meydka waa la dhaqaa, marka laga reebo shuhadada, oo ay dhaqaan kuwo labka ah oo isku jinsi ah waxaana lagu duubaa dhar aan adkayn oo loo yaqaano kafan. Salaadda jinaasada oo loo yaqaano Salat al-Janazah ayaa la tukadaa. Qaylada ama ooyinta weyn ee baroorgaaga ah waa laga fogaadaa. Sanduuqyada aaska inta badan la ma doorbido oo qabrida inta badan calaamad maleho, xata boqorada. === Dhaqanka === {{Main|Dhaqanka Islaamka}} {{See also|Farshaxanka Islaamka|Dhismaha Islaamka|Suugaanta Islaamka|Islaamka iyo kubbadda cagta|Muslinka Dhaqanka}} [[File:Chinese-style minaret of the Great Mosque 2023.jpg|thumb|Minaaradda qaabka Shiinaha ee Masaajidka Weyn ee Xi'an, oo ka mid ah masaajidda ugu ee Shiinaha ee la dhisay 742 AD.]] Erayga "dhaqanka Islaamka" waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu tilmaamo dhinacyada dhaqanka ee u gaarka ah diinta, sida ciidaha iyo dharka. Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa si dood ku jirto oo loogu tilmaamo dhinacyada dhaqanka ee dadka Muslinka ah ee dhaqanka ah.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Melikian |first=Souren |author-link=Souren Melikian |date=4 November 2011 |title='Islamic' Culture: A Groundless Myth |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/05/arts/05iht-rartmelikian05.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=25 November 2013}}</ref> Ugudambeyntii, "ilbaxnimada Islaamka" waxay sidoo kale u tilmaami kartaa dhinacyada dhaqanka isku-dhafka ah ee Khilafaadkii hore, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa aan Muslinka ahayn, mararka ka mid ahna loo yaqaano "Islaamiga".<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Wiley| isbn = 9781405155144| title =Islamicate Cosmopolitan Spirit | location = United Kingdom| year = 2021| last=Lawrence| first=Bruce| url =| page = xii| quote = }}</ref> Farshaxanka Islaamku wuxuu ka kooban yahay farshaxanka muuqaalka ah oo ay ku jiraan ilo kala duwan sida dhismaha, farta qurxoon, sawirka, iyo dhoobada, iyo kuwo kale.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ettinghausen |first1=Richard |first2=Oleg |last2=Grabar |first3=Marilyn |last3=Jenkins-Madina |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780300088670/page/3 |title=Islamic Art and Architecture 650-1250 |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-300-08869-8 |edition=2nd |page=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Suarez|first=Michael F.|title=The Oxford companion to the book|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|isbn=9780198606536|location=Oxford and New York|pages=331ff|chapter=38 The History of the Book in the Muslim World|oclc=50238944}}</ref> Iyadoo sameynta sawirrada noolaha inta badan ka laga fogaado oo u xiran sharciyada ka dhanka ah sanam-caabudidda, shuruuddan waxaa u fasiray ilo kala duwan culimo kala duwan iyo xilliyo taariikhi ah oo kala duwan. [[File:Masjid Menara Kudus.jpg|thumb|Masaajidka Menara Kudus ee qarnigii 16aad ee Indoneesiya, oo muujinaya saamaynta Hindiya.]] Xaddidaaddan waxaa loo isticmaalay in lagu fashilo badnaanta farta qurxoon, joomatariya isku-dhafka ah, iyo qaababka sida ilaha muhiimka ah ee dhaqanka farshaxanka Islaamka.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Salim Ayduz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=or-6BwAAQBAJ&q=islamic+art+idolatry+geometry&pg=PA263 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam |last2=Ibrahim Kalin |last3=Caner Dagli |date=2014 |page=263|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-981257-8 |quote=Figural representation is virtually unused in Islamic art because of Islam's strong antagonism of idolatry. It was important for Muslim scholars and artists to find a style of art that represented the Islamic ideals of unity (''tawhid'') and order without figural representation. Geometric patterns perfectly suited this goal.}}</ref> Waxaa sii dheer, sawirka Muxammad waa arrin dood ka jirto dhexdeeda Muslinka.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=860736| title = An Indian Picture of Muhammad and His Companions | author = T. W. Arnold| journal = The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs | author-link = T. W. Arnold| date = June 1919| volume = 34| issue = 195 | publisher = The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs, Vol. 34, No. 195. | pages = 249–252}}</ref> Dhismaha Islaamka dhexdiisa, dhaqanka kala duwan wuxuu muujinayaa saamayn sida dhismaha Islaamka ee Waqooyiga Afrika iyo Isbaanishka sida Masaajidka Weyn ee Kairouan oo ka kooban tiirar marmar iyo borfiri ah oo ka yimid dhismayaashii Roomaanka iyo Bizantiinta,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Isichei |first=Elizabeth Allo |url={{Google books|LgnhYDozENgC|page=PA175|keywords=mosque%20kairouan%20roman columns|text=mosque+kairouan+roman+columns|plainurl=yes}} |title=A history of African societies to 1870 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-521-45599-2 |location=Cambridge |pages=175 |access-date=6 August 2010}}</ref> iyadoo masaajidda Indoneesiya inta badan leeyihiin saqafyo heerarka badan leh oo ka yimid qaabka dhaladka ah ee Jafa.<ref>{{cite book |first=Gunawan |last=Tjahjono |title=Indonesian Heritage-Architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/architecture00indo/page/88 |year=1998 |publisher=Archipelago Press |location=Singapore |isbn=981-3018-30-5 |pages=88–89 }}</ref> Taariikhda Islaamku waa taariikhda dayaxa oo ka bilaabanta Hijrada 622 CE, oo ah taariikh oo la sheegay inuu doortay Khaliif Cumar maadaama ay ahayd meel isbeddel muhiim ah u ahayd Muxammad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Muslim-calendar|title=Islamic calendar|website=www.britannica.com|date=|access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref> Maalmaha barakaysan ee Islaamku waxay ku beegan yihiin taariikho go'an oo ee taariikhda dayaxa, taas oo macnaheedu yahay inay dhacaan xilliyo kala duwan sannado kala duwan oo ee taariikhda Miilaadiga. Ciidaha ugu muhiimsan Islaamka waa Ciidul Fitri (Carabi: عيد الفطر) ee 1-da Shawaal, oo calaamad u ah dhammaadka bisha soomanaanta ee Ramadaan, iyo Ciidul Adxa (Carabi: عيد الأضحى) ee 10-ka Dhul-Hijjah, oo ku beegan dhammaadka Xajka.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher =Oxford University Press| isbn =9780195165203| title =The Islamic World: Past and Present| year = 2004| last=Esposito| first=John| pages = 75–76 |ref=none}}</ref><ref name="www.britannica.com-2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pillars-of-Islam|title=Pillars of Islam &#124; Islamic Beliefs & Practices &#124; Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|date=3 May 2023|access-date=16 December 2021|archive-date=5 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905102524/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pillars-of-Islam|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslinka Dhaqanka waa shakhsiyaad aan cibaadaysaneyn oo wali lagu aqoonsado Islaamka iyadoo laga duulayo asalka qoyska, dhiirrigelinta shakhsiga ah, ama deegaanka bulshada iyo dhaqanka ee ay ku doorteen inay ku koran.<ref>{{cite book|first1= Cara|last1= Aitchison|author1-link= Cara Aitchison|first2= Peter E.|last2= Hopkins|author3-link= Mei-Po Kwan|author3= Mei-Po Kwan|title= Geographies of Muslim Identities: Diaspora, Gender and Belonging|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DRnthQxB8lYC&pg=PA147|access-date= 30 June 2013|year= 2007|publisher= Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn= 978-1-4094-8747-0|pages=147}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Islamic Counselling: An Introduction to theory and practice|first=G. Hussein|last= Rassool|year= 2015| isbn=9781317441250| page =10|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o_QsCgAAQBAJ&dq=Muslims+who+are+religiously+unobservant,+secular+or+irreligious+individuals+who+still+identify+with+the+Muslim&pg=PA10|quote=The label 'Cultural Muslim' is used in the literature to describe those Muslims who are religiously unobservant, secular or irreligious individuals who still identify with the Muslim culture due to family background, personal experiences, or the social and cultural environment in which they grew up... For Cultural Muslim the declaration of faith is superficial and has no effect of their religious practices.}}</ref> === Siyaasada=== [[File:Scotusnfrieze.jpeg|thumb|Muxammad oo lagu muujiyay Adolph Alexander Weinman ee Dhismaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Mareykanka ee Washington, DC isagoo wada seef iyo Qur'aan.]] Qayb badan oo ka mid ah qarnigii 20aad, aqoonsiga Islaamka iyo maamulka Islaamka ee arrimaha siyaasadda ayaa kordhay horraantii qarnigii 21aad. Siyaasadda Islaamka waa fasiraadda Islaamka oo loo arko il ka mid ah aqoonsiga iyo wax-qabadka siyaasadeed.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|last1=Voll|first1=John O.|last2=Sonn|first2=Tamara|title=Political Islam|url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/id/obo-9780195390155-0063|journal=Oxford Bibliographies Online Datasets|year=2009|language=en|doi=10.1093/obo/9780195390155-0063|access-date=2017-05-26|archive-date=2020-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223165247/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0063.xml|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Waxay u doodaysaa dhisidda dawladda iyo bulshada sida ku cad (fahamka u doodayaasha) mabaadi'da Islaamka, halkaas oo Islaamku u shaqeeyo il ka mid ah jagooyinka iyo fikradaha siyaasadeed.<ref name=":02">Krämer, Gudrun. "Political Islam." In Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World. Vol. 6. Edited by Richard C. Martin, 536–540. New York: Macmillan, 2004. [http://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/political-islam via Encyclopedia.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713072425/https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/political-islam|date=2018-07-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=March|first1=Andrew F.|title=Political Islam: Theory|journal=Annual Review of Political Science|date=2015|volume=18|issue=1|pages=103–123|doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-082112-141250|doi-access=free}}</ref> Siyaasadda Islaamka waxaa muriyaal ka dhex jira iyo kuwa ka baxsan tacliinta guud ahaan ugu adeegsadaan si isku mid ah ereyga Islaamiyadda,<ref name=":13" /> waxaana loo haystaa inuu yahay cunsur siyaasadeed oo ka mid ah Soo-reenka Islaamka oo bilaabmay qarnigii 20aad,<ref name=":13" /> halkii uu ka ahaan lahaa oo kaliya nooc kasta oo wax-qabad siyaasadeed oo ay sameeyaan Muslimiintu. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa sidoo kale jirey dadaallo cusub oo lagu kala saarayo Islaamiyadda oo ah dhaqdhaqaaqyo siyaasadeed oo ku basada diinta iyo siyaasadda Islaamka oo ah faham qaran oo casri ah oo ku saabsan Islaamka oo ay wadaagaan jilayaasha cilmaaniga ah iyo kuwa Islaamiga ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jocelyne Cesari|year=2018|title=What Is Political Islam|url=https://www.rienner.com/title/What_Is_Political_Islam|access-date=2023-01-01|website=www.rienner.com|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|isbn=978-1-62637-692-2|archive-date=2023-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106160415/https://www.rienner.com/title/What_Is_Political_Islam|url-status=live}}</ref> Kooxaha dhowr ah oo ku yaala Bariga Dhexe ayaa u kaftamay inay fikradaha casriynta ku xiraan faragelinta boqortooyadii gumaadkeedii. Wadamada Muslimka ah ee dhowr ah, gaar ahaan Masar iyo Bakistaan, dhaqdhaqaaqyo siyaasadeed oo lid ku ah oo u janjeera dhanka diinta ayaa salka ku dhigtay. Sababaha waa kuwo dhinacyo badan leh. Burburkii Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta wuxuu ahaa dhacdo baaxad weyn oo dhalisay gariirro badan. Gobolku wuxuu la kulmay jahwareer sannado badan maadaama waddamada Carabtu ay hoos tageen saamaynta dhaqanka iyo guulaystayaasha waddamada Yurub. Dhanka cadaadiska dhaqanka oo kordhayay Muslimiintu waxay adkeeyeen aqoonsigooda qaran iyo dhaxalkooda dhaqan, kooxaha qaar waxay ugafeen dhinacyada diinta. Masar dhexdeeda daciifnimada Muslimiinta waxaa lagu eedeeyay u kuปฏิบัตitaanka liidata ee qoraallada diinta. Sida ku cad Hassan al-Banna, dhaqanka Yurub wuxuu ahaa mid maaddiyad ku dhisan, anshax xumo ah oo ku batay ku-tagri-falka heerarka bulshada iyo ribada. === Sugaanta === {{Main|Islaamiga}} {{multiple image | align = center | direction = horizontal | total_width = 600 | image1 = Saadi Tomb.jpg | image2 = Hafez 880714 095.jpg | footer = Qabuuraha Saadi, Hafez iyo Ferdowsi, saddexda abwaan ee ugu caansan Muslimiinta, oo dhammaantood ku yaalla Iran. | caption1 = | caption2 = | image3 = Tomb-of-Ferdowsi آرامگاه-فردوسی Davoud-Davoudi 1.jpg }} Shaqada ugu caansan ee khayaaliga ah ee ka timi dunida Islaamka waa Kumaan iyo Hal Habeen, oo ah ururin sheekooyin hoose/folklore oo ka soo jeeda Sanskriit, Faarisi, iyo ka dib fables Carab ah. Fikradda waxaa saameeyay nooc ka horreeyay Islaamka oo Faarisi ah oo loo yaqaannay Hezār Afsān (Kumaan Sheeko) oo ku tiirsanaa walxaha Hindida ee gaarka ah.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Marzolph|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam|title=Arabian Nights|year=2007|publisher=Brill|volume=I|location=Leiden}}</ref> Waxay gaadhay foomkeeda ugu dambeeyay qarnigii 14aad; tirada iyo nooca sheekooyinku waxay ku kala duwanaayeen farta gacanta mid ka mid ah mid kale.<ref name="arabianNights">Grant & Clute, p. 51</ref> Shaqadan waxay saameyn weyn ku lahayd Galbeedka tan iyo markii loo turjumay qarnigii 18aad, markii ugu horreysay oo uu turjumay Antoine Galland.<ref>L. Sprague de Camp, Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers: The Makers of Heroic Fantasy, p. 10 {{ISBN|0-87054-076-9}}</ref> Ku-dayasho ayaa lagu qray, gaar ahaan Faransiiska.<ref name="arabianNights2">Grant & Clute, p 52</ref> Jilayaal kala duwan oo ka socda epik-kan ayaa iyaguna noqday calaamado dhaqameed ee dhaqanka Galbeedka, sida Aladdiin, Sindibad Nawaakhida iyo Cali Baba. Tusaale ka mid ah tixda Carabiga iyo tixda Faarisiga oo ku saabsan jacaylka waa Layla iyo Majnuun, oo dib u dhaceysa xilligii Umawiyiinta ee qarnigii 7aad. Waa sheeko naxdin leh oo ku saabsan jacayl aan dhimanayn. Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, oo ah epik-ka qaranka ee Iran-ta Weyn, waa dib-u-sheegid khayaali iyo geesinimo leh oo ku saabsan taariikhda Faarisiga. Amir Arsalan wuxuu sidoo kale ahaa sheeko khayaali ah oo caan ah oo Faarisi ah. Ibn Tufayl (Abubacer) iyo Ibn al-Nafis waxay ahaayeen hormuudka riwaayadda falsafadda. Ibn Tufail wuxuu qray riwaayaddii ugu horreysay ee Carabi ah Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus) iyadoo cavab u ah Al-Ghazali's The Incoherence of the Philosophers, ka dibna Ibn al-Nafis wuxuu sidoo kale qray riwaayad Theologus Autodidactus iyadoo cavab u ah Ibn Tufail's Philosophus Autodidactus. Labada sheeko waxay lahaayeen jilayaal waaweyn (Hayy ee Philosophus Autodidactus iyo Kamil ee Theologus Autodidactus) oo ahaa carruur is-baray oo duurka ku voolaa oo ku noolaa go'doon kuyeel/jasiirad saxara ah, labaduba waxay ahaayeen tusaalayaasha ugu horreeyay ee sheeko jasiirad saxara ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, halka Hayy uu ku nool yahay kaligiis xoolaha jasiiradda saxarada ah inta ka dhiman sheekada Philosophus Autodidactus, sheekada Kamil waxay ka dhib badan tahay jasiiradda saxarada ah ee Theologus Autodidactus, iyadoo u ekaanaysa sheekadii ugu horreysay oo la ogaaday oo ah koreera/hanaqaad oo ugu dambeyntii noqonaysa tusaalaha ugu horreeya ee riwaayadda sayniska khayaaliga ah.<ref>Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), "Ibn Al-Nafis as a philosopher", Symposium on Ibn al-Nafis, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait (Cf. [http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html Ibn al-Nafis As a Philosopher] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206072116/http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html|date=6 February 2008}}, Encyclopedia of Islamic World).</ref><ref>Nahyan A. G. Fancy (2006), "[http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11292006-152615 Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (d. 1288)] {{Wayback|url=http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11292006-152615 |date=20150404020329 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404020329/http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11292006-152615/|date=4 April 2015}}", pp. 95–101, Electronic Theses and Dissertations, University of Notre Dame.</ref> Theologus Autodidactus,<ref>Muhammad b. Abd al-Malik Ibn Tufayl. [https://books.google.com/books?id=yFAR_G7HM3QC Philosophus autodidactus, sive Epistola Abi Jaafar ebn Tophail de Hai ebn Yokdhan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004180638/https://books.google.com/books?id=yFAR_G7HM3QC |date=4 October 2015 }}: in qua ostenditur, quomodo ex inferiorum contemplatione ad superiorum notitiam ratio humana ascendere possit. E Theatro Sheldoniano, excudebat Joannes Owens, 1700.</ref><ref>Ala-al-din abu Al-Hassan Ali ibn Abi-Hazm al-Qarshi al-Dimashqi. The Theologus autodidactus of Ibn al-Nafīs. Clarendon P., 1968</ref> oo uu qray aqoonyahanka Carabi Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288),<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sFCuoqykV9QC&q=ibn+al+nafis+first+science+fiction+novel&pg=PA236|title=The Cambridge Companion to Utopian Literature|first=Gregory|last=Claeys|date=5 August 2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139828420|via=Google Books}}</ref> wuxuu ka shaqeeyaa walxaha sayniska khayaaliga ah sida abuurista iskood u samaysanta, falanqaynta mustaqbalka, dhamaadka dunida iyo qiyaamaha, soo-tegga/sarakicidda, iyo nolosha ka dib. Halkii uu ka siin lahaa sharraxaad mucjiso ama khayaali ah dhacdooyinkan, Ibn al-Nafis wuxuu isku dayay inuu sharraxo walxaha sheekada iyada oo loo marayo aqoonta sayniska ee bijoolajiga, astronomy-ga, cosmology-ga iyo meelaha/juqraafiga oo lagu yaqaannay xilligiisa. Khayaaliga Ibn al-Nafis wuxuu sharraxay baridda diinta Islaamka iyada oo loo marayo sayniska iyo falsafadda Islaamka.<ref name="Roubi">Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), "Ibn Al-Nafis as a philosopher", Symposium on Ibn al Nafis, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait (Cf. [http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html Ibnul-Nafees As a Philosopher] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206072116/http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html|date=6 February 2008}}, Encyclopedia of Islamic World).</ref> Turjumaadaha Ibn Tufail's Philosophus Autodidactus waxay ka muuqdeen Laatiin (1671), Inqiriisi (1708), Jarmal, iyo Dutch. Turjumaadahan luqadaha Yurub waxay ka dib saameyn ku yeesheen Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe<ref>Cyril Glasse (2001), New Encyclopaedia of Islam, p. 202, Rowman Altamira, {{ISBN|0-7591-0190-6}}.</ref> iyo Robert Boyle's The Aspiring Naturalist.<ref name="Toomer-222">G. J. Toomer (1996), Eastern Wisedome and Learning: The Study of Arabic in Seventeenth-Century England, p. 222, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-820291-1}}.</ref> === Falsafadda === [[File:Persian Scholar pavilion in Viena UN (Rhazes&Khayyam).jpg|thumb|Scholars Pavilion waa taallo ay Iran ugu deeqday Xafiiska Qaramada Midoobay ee Vienna. Sannadlaha aqoonyahannadii Muslimka ahaa ee qarniyadii dhexe, Omar Khayyam, Al-Biruni, Rhazes iyo Avicenna ayaa ku dhex jira dhismaha.]] Astaamaha ugu caansan ee lagu qeexo falsafadda Islaamka waa "qaabka falsafadda ee lagu dhex abuuray qaabdhismeedka dhaqanka Islaamka."<ref name="RoutledgeEoP">[http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/H057 "Islamic Philosophy"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606082214/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/islamic-philosophy;jsessionid=B31B033F077DD5E68E09CC9D35C02105|date=6 June 2022}}, Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy (1998)</ref> Falsafadda Islaamka, qeexidtan laguma xidho arrimo diimeed oo keliya, mana aha mid ay Muslimiinta oo keliya curiyeen.<ref name="RoutledgeEoP" /> Aqoonyahanka Faarisiiga ah ee Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (980–1037) wuxuu lahaa ka badan 450 buug oo loo tiriyo. Qoraalladiisu waxay ku saabsanaayeen maadooyin kala duwan, gaar ahaan falsafadda iyo daawada. Buuggiisa daawada ee The Canon of Medicine waxaa loo adeegsaday sida buugga heerka sare ah ee jaamacadaha Yurub ee qarniyo badan. Wuxuu sidoo kale qray The Book of Healing, oo ah encyclopediya saynis iyo falsafad saameyn leh.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Ibn Sina [Avicenna]|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ibn-sina/|encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|date=2024|quote=The Cure...had momentous consequences...his philosophical system dominated intellectual history in both Shi’ite and most of Sunni Islam}}</ref> Shakhsiyad kale oo ka tirsan Casrigii Dahabiga ahaa ee Islaamka, Avicenna, wuxuu sidoo kale sameeyay dugsigiisa falsafadda ee Avicennism, oo saameyn ku lahaa dhulka Islaamka iyo kan Masiixiga dhexdiisa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Saliba|first=George|author-link=George Saliba|date=1994|title=A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam|pages=245, 250, 256–257|publisher=New York University Press|isbn=0-8147-8023-7}}</ref> Falsafad kale oo saameyn ku lahaa falsafadda casriga ah wuxuu ahaa Ibn Tufail. Riwaayaddiisii falsafadda ahayd, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, oo loo turjumay Laatiin siday tahay Philosophus Autodidactus sannadkii 1671, waxay horumarisay mawduucyada empiricism, tabula rasa, dabiicadda iyo korinta, xaaladda suurtogalnimada, materialism,<ref>Dominique Urvoy, "The Rationality of Everyday Life: The Andalusian Tradition? (Aropos of Hayy's First Experiences)", in Lawrence I. Conrad (1996), The World of Ibn Tufayl: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Ḥayy Ibn Yaqẓān, pp. 38–46, Brill Publishers, {{ISBN|90-04-09300-1}}.</ref> iyo Molyneux's problem.<ref>Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik Ibn Tufail and Léon Gauthier (1981), Risalat Hayy ibn Yaqzan, p. 5, Editions de la Méditerranée.</ref> Aqoonyahannada iyo qoraayaasha Yurub ee uu saameeyay riwaayaddan waxaa ka mid ah John Locke,<ref>Russell (1994), pp. 224–39</ref> Gottfried Leibniz,<ref name="Wainwright">Martin Wainwright, [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/mar/22/featuresreviews.guardianreview1 Desert island scripts], The Guardian, 22 March 2003.</ref> Melchisédech Thévenot, John Wallis, Christiaan Huygens,<ref>Russell (1994) p. 227</ref> George Keith, Robert Barclay, Quakers,<ref>Russell (1994), p. 247</ref> iyo Samuel Hartlib.<ref name="Toomer-2222">G. J. Toomer (1996), Eastern Wisedome and Learning: The Study of Arabic in Seventeenth-Century England, p. 222, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-820291-1}}.</ref> Falsafada Islaamku waxay sii waday horumarka falsafadda ilaa qarnigii 17aad, markii Mulla Sadra uu sameeyay dugsigiisa Transcendent theosophy oo uu horumaray fikradda existentialism-ka.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mulla Sadra's Transcendent Philosophy|first=Muhammad|last=Kamal|year=2006|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-5271-7|pages=9, 39|oclc=224496901}}</ref> Falsafado kale oo saameyn lahaa oo Muslimiin ah waxaa ka mid ah Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), oo ah hormuudka phenomenology iyo falsafadda sayniska iyo dhaleeceeyaha dabiiciga ah ee Aristotelian iyo fikradda Aristotle ee goobta (topos); Al-Biruni, dhaleeceeye dabiiciga ah ee Aristotelian; Ibn al-Nafis, hormuudka riwaayadda falsafadda; Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi, aasaasaha falsafadda Illuminationist; Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, dhaleeceeye mantiqa Aristotelian iyo hormuudka mantiqa inductive-ka; iyo Ibn Khaldun, oo ah hormuudka falsafadda taariikhda.<ref name="Akhtar">S.R.W. Akhtar (1997). "The Islamic Concept of Knowledge", Al-Tawhid: A Quarterly Journal of Islamic Thought & Culture 12 (3). https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol-12-no3/islamic-concept-knowledge-sayyid-wahid-akhtar</ref> === Sayniska iyo tiknoolajiyada === [[File:Statue of Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi in Urgench.jpg|thumb|Taallada Al-Khwarizmi ee Urgench, Uzbekistan.]] Ibn al-Haytham waxaa sidoo xaqiiqo ah loo arkaa aabbaha optics-ka, gaar ahaan cadeyntiisa empirik-ka ah ee aragtida intromission-ka ee iftiinka. Jim Al-Khalili wuxuu sheegay 2009 in Ibn al-Haytham 'loogu yeero inta badan "saynisyahankii ugu horreeyay ee dhabta ah ee dunida".'<ref>{{cite news |last=Al-Khalili|first=Jim|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7810846.stm|title=BBC News|date=4 January 2009|access-date=11 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426041228/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7810846.stm|archive-date=26 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Al-Khwarizmi wuxuu alifay nidaamyada log base-ka ee maanta loo adeecsado, wuxuu sidoo kale ka qaybqaatay theorems ee trigonometry iyo sidoo kale limits.<ref>Plofker, Kim (2009), Mathematics in India: 500 BCE–1800 CE, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|0-691-12067-6}}.</ref> Waxbarashooyinkii ugu dambeeyay waxay muujinayaan inay u badan tahay in fannaaniintii Muslimka ahayd ee Qarniyadii Dhexe ay ogaayeen geometriyada quasicrystal ee decagonal ah ee sare ee la helay kala bar millennium ka dib 1970-yadii iyo 1980-yadii ee Galbeedka, ayna u adeegsadeen shaqada tiled-ka ee dhismaha.<ref>Peter J. Lu, [http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2007/03.01/99-tiles.html Harvard's Office of News and Public Affairs] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314012002/http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2007/03.01/99-tiles.html|date=14 March 2007}}</ref> Dhaqaatiirta Muslimiinta ah waxay ka qaybqaateen sahanka daawada, oo ay ku jiraan anatomy iyo physiology: sida shaqadii Faarisiiga ahayd ee qarnigii 15aad ee uu sameeyay Mansur ibn Muhammad ibn al-Faqih Ilyas ee loo yaqaan Tashrih al-badan (Anatomy-ga jirka) oo ku jireen sawirro guud oo ku saabsan habka jirka, dareemayaasha iyo habka wareegga dhiigga; ama shaqadii dhakhtarkii Masar Ibn al-Nafis, oo soo bandhigay aragtida wareegga dhiigga ee sambabada. Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Abulcasis) wuxuu ka qaybqaatay edbinta qalliinka daawada buuggiisa Kitab al-Tasrif ("Buugga Tanaasulaadka"), oo ah encyclopediya daawa oo ka dib loo turjumay Laatiin oo loo adeegsaday iskoolada daawada ee Yurub iyo Muslimiinta ee qarniyo badan. Horumaro kale oo daawo ah waxay ka tulmeen dhinacyada pharmacology iyo pharmacy.<ref>Turner, H. (1997) pp. 136–38</ref> Saynisyahannada ugu caansan ee ka mid ah dunida Islaamka ee qarniyadii dhexe waxaa ka mid ah Jābir ibn Hayyān, al-Farabi, Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi, Ibn al-Haytham, Al-Biruni, Avicenna, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, iyo Ibn Khaldun. Tiknoolajiyada dhexdeeda, dunida Islaamka waxay warqad-sameynta ka qaadatay Shiinaha.<ref name="Lucas">Adam Robert Lucas (2005), "Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe", Technology and Culture 46 (1), pp. 1–30 [10].</ref> Aqoonta baaruudda waxaa sidoo kale ka soo muuqatay Shiinaha iyada oo loo marayo waddamada badankooda Islaamka ah.<ref>Arming the Periphery. Emrys Chew, 2012. p. 1823.</ref> Horumar ayaa lagu sameeyay waraabinta iyo beeraha, iyadoo la adeegsanayo tiknoolajiyad cusub sida mishiinka dabaysha. Dalagyada sida lowska/almond iyo miraha sitrus waxaa loo keenay Yurub iyadoo loo marayo al-Andalus, oo beerashada sonkorta ayaa si tartiib-tartiib ah ay ugu ku-daydeen Yurubiyanku. Ganacsatada Carabta waxay maamuleen ganacsiga Badweynta Hindiya ilaa imaatinka Boortaqiisku ee qarnigii 16aad. Hormuz wuxuu ahaa xarun muhiim ah oo ganacsigan ah. Waxaa sidoo kale ka jirey shabakad cufan oo waddooyinka ganacsiga ee Badda Dhexe, oo ay waddamada aqlabiyadda Muslimka ah ku ganacsan jireen kesooda iyo awoodaha Yurub sida Venice, Genoa iyo Catalonia (sido kale eeg: Indo-Mediterranean). Jidka Xariirta oo ka tallaabaya Aasiyada Dhexe wuxuu marayay dawlado Islaam ah oo u dhexeya Shiinaha iyo Yurub. Soo-bixidda boqortooyooyinka dhaqaale ee waaweyn oo leh kheyraad tiknoolajiyadeed ka dib qabsashadii Timur (Tamerlane) iyo soo-reenka Timurid Renaissance waxaa ka mid ah Boqortooyada Mali iyo Saltanaddii Bengal gaar ahaan, oo ah qaran ganacsi oo caalami ah oo dunida ku yaal, oo Yurubiyanku ku describe gareeyeen "waddanka ugu hodansan ee lagu ganacsado".<ref>Nanda, J. N (2005). Bengal: the unique state. Concept Publishing Company. p. 10. 2005. {{ISBN|978-81-8069-149-2}}. Bengal [...] was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with.</ref> Iinjineerada Muslimiinta ee dunida Islaamka waxay sameeyeen isticmaalo warshadeed oo cusub oo hydropower ah, iyo isticmaalo warshadeed oo hore oo ah tidal power iyo wind power.<ref>Ahmad Y. al-Hassan (1976). Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering, pp. 34–35. Institute for the History of Arabic Science, University of Aleppo.</ref> Isticmaalka warshadeed ee watermills ee dunida Islaamka wuxuu dib u dhacaa qarnigii 7aad, halka water mills-ka leh giraangiraha jiifa iyo kuwa taagan oo dhan loo adeegsanayay si weyn tan iyo ugu yaraan qarnigii 9aad. Mashiinno warshadeed oo kala duwan ayaa lagu adeegsanayay dunida Islaamka, oo ay ku jiraan fulling mills, gristmills, paper mills, hullers, sawmills, ship mills, stamp mills, steel mills, sugar mills, tide mills iyo windmills. Markii ay gaadhay qarnigii 11aad, gobol kasta oo ka mid ah dunida Islaamka wuxuu lahaa mashiinnadan warshadeed oo shaqaynaya, kuwo ka billowda al-Andalus iyo Waqooyiga Afrika ilaa Bariga Dhexe iyo Aasiyada Dhexe.<ref name="Lucas" /> Iinjineerada Muslimiinta waxay sidoo kale alifeen crankshafts iyo water turbines, waxay adeegsadeen gears ee mashiinnada iyo mashiinnada biyaha kor u qaada, waxayna hormuud u ahaayeen isticmaalka dam-yada sida il ka mid ah awoodda biyaha, oo loo adeegsaday in lagu siiyo awood dheeraad ah watermills iyo mashiinnada biyaha kor u qaada.<ref name="Hassan">Ahmad Y. al-Hassan, Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part II: Transmission Of Islamic Engineering</ref> Horumaradan waxay suurtogal ka dhigeen in shaqooyinka warshadeed oo hore loogu kexayn jiray shaqaale hanto ama gacanta xilliyadii hore ay noqdaan kuwo la mishiineeyay oo lagu kexo mashiinno beddelkeeda dunidii Islaamka ee qarniyadii dhexe. Wareejinta tiknoolajiyadan oo loo wareejiyay Yurubtii qarniyadii dhexe waxay saameyn ku lahayd Industrial Revolution-ka, gaar ahaan ka soo jeeda proto-industrialised Mughal Bengal iyo Tipu Sultan's Kingdom, iyadoo loo marayo qabsashadii East India Company. === Aqsanta === [[File:Taj Mahal (Edited).jpeg|thumb|Taj Mahal ee India waxaa loo arkaa masterpiece si caalami ah loo bogsho oo ka tirsan World's Heritage, iyo mid ka mid ah Seven Wonders of the World.]] {{excerpt|Islamic architecture|only=paragraphs}} == Saamaynta diimaha kale, iyo Islaamiga == {{Main|Islaamiga|Islaamiga waddan ahaan}} [[File:Mohammed2.jpg|thumb|Nabi Muxammad iyo Rahibkii Sergius, oo uu sameeyay Lucas van Leyden, 1508 AD. Waxay muujineysaa Halsooreedkii Nabi Muxammad ee ku dhex wareegi jiray Yurub.]] [[File:La.Vie.de.Mahomet Christies.jpg|thumb|403x403px|Nabi Muxammad oo haysta seef iyo bilal halka uu ku tunto dunida, iskutallaabta, iyo Tobanka Amrood. Waxaa sameeyay Humphrey Prideaux, 1699.]] [[File:Nuremberg chronicles - Mohammed (CLIv).jpg|thumb|Nabi Muxammad oo fadhiya dhanka bidix, oo ku sawiran Nuremberg Chronicle, 1440 AD.]] Haddii dhaqdhaqaaqyada sida Druze,<ref>{{Cite book |last=De McLaurin |first=Ronald |url=https://archive.org/details/politicalroleofm0000unse |title=The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East |publisher=Michigan University Press |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-03-052596-4 |page=114 |quote=Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles, the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hunter |first=Shireen |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsofislami0000unse |title=The Politics of Islamic Revivalism: Diversity and Unity: Center for Strategic and International Studies (Washington, D.C.), Georgetown University. Center for Strategic and International Studies |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-253-34549-3 |page=33 |quote=Druze – An offshoot of Shi'ism; its members are not considered Muslims by orthodox Muslims.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=R. Williams |first=Victoria |title=Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival [4 volumes] |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-4408-6118-5 |page=318 |quote=As Druze is a nonritualistic religion without requirements to pray, fast, make pilgrimages, or observe days of rest, the Druze are not considered an Islamic people by Sunni Muslims.}}</ref> Berghouata iyo Ha-Mim, ay ka soo baxeen Islaamka ama ay la wadaageen rumayntooda gaarka ah Islaamka, iyo haddii mid kastaa yahay diin gooni ah ama firqad ka mid ah Islaamka waa aragtiyo dood ku jiraan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=D. Grafton |first=David |title=Piety, Politics, and Power: Lutherans Encountering Islam in the Middle East |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-63087-718-7 |page=14 |quote=In addition, there are several quasi-Muslim sects, in that, although they follow many of the beliefs and practices of orthodox Islam, the majority of Sunnis consider them heretical. These would be the Ahmadiyya, Druze, Ibadi, and the Yazidis.}}</ref> Caqiidada Druze waxay sii kala qaybisay Ismaaciiliyada maadaama ay horumarisay caqiidooyinkeeda gaarka ah, waxayna ugu dambeyntii ka sootagday Ismaaciiliyada iyo Islaamka labadaba; kuwan waxaa ka mid ah rumaynta in Imaamka Al-Xaakim bi-Amr Allaah uu ahaa Ilaah jisoobay.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Poonawala |first=Ismail K. |date=July–September 1999 |title=Review: ''The Fatimids and Their Traditions of Learning'' by Heinz Halm |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-oriental-society_july-september-1999_119_3/page/542 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |publisher=American Oriental Society |volume=119 |issue=3 |page=542 |doi=10.2307/605981 |issn=0003-0279 |jstor=605981 |lccn=12032032 |oclc=47785421}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Bryer | first = David R. W. | title = The Origins of the Druze Religion (Fortsetzung) | journal = Der Islam | year = 1975 | volume = 52 | issue = 2 | pages = 239–262 | doi = 10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 | s2cid = 162363556 | url = https://doi.org/10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 | issn = 1613-0928 | ref = {{harvid|Bryer|1975b}} | url-access = subscription }}</ref> Yazdânism waxaa loo arkaa isku-dhafan ka mid ah rumaynta dhaladka ee Kurdiida iyo caqiidada Suufiyada Islaamka ee loo soo bandhigay Kurdistan ee Sheekh Cadi ibn Musafir ee qarnigii 12aad.<ref>{{cite book |last=Foltz |first=Richard |title=Religions of Iran: From Prehistory to the Present |date=7 November 2013 |isbn=978-1-78074-307-3 |page=219 |chapter=Two Kurdish Sects: The Yezidis and the Yaresan |publisher=Oneworld Publications |chapter-url= |chapter-url-access=}}</ref> Bábism waxay ka soo bilaabatay Shiicada Isnaashariyada ee martay Siyyid 'Ali Muhammad i-Shirazi al-Bab iyadoo mid ka mid ah taageerayaashiisa Mirza Husayn 'Ali Nuri Baha'u'llah uu aasaasay Caqiidada Baha'i.<ref>{{cite web |last=House of Justice |first=Universal |title=One Common Faith |url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/bic/OCF/ocf-8.html |access-date=1 April 2017 |website=reference.bahai.org}}</ref> Yarsanism,<ref name="Z. Mir-Hosseini 1994, p.267">{{cite journal |last=Mir-Hosseini |first=Z. |date=1994 |title=Inner Truth and Outer History: The Two Worlds of the Ahl-e Haqq of Kurdistan |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-middle-east-studies_1994-04_26_2/page/267 |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=26 |pages=267–268}}</ref> Din-i Ilahi,{{sfnp|Roychoudhury|1941|page=306}} iyo Ali-Illahism<ref>{{Cite book |last=Layard |first=Austen Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-SQe_sNtIaMC&q=ali%2520illahism&pg=PA216 |title=Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon: With Travels in Armenia, Kurdistan and the Desert: Being the Result of a Second Expedition Undertaken for the Trustees of the British Museum |date=2010-08-31 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108016773 |page=216 |language=en}}</ref> waxaa loo arkaa kuwo ka sootagay Islaamka. Sikhism, oo uu aasaasay Guru Nanak oo ku sugan Punjab qarnigii 15aad ee dambe, waxaa saameeyay Islaamku.<ref>{{cite book |last=Elsberg |first=Constance |date=2003 |title=Graceful Women |publisher=University of Tennessee Press |isbn=978-1-57233-214-0 |pages=27–28}}</ref> == Dhaleeceynta == {{Main|Dhaleeceynta Islaamka}} {{see also|Dhaleeceynta Muxammad|Dhaleeceynta Qur'aanka}} [[File:Jacques Courtois - Battle between Christians and Muslims.jpg|thumb|Dagaalkii ka dhex dhacay Muslinka iyo Masiixiyiinta xilligii Dagaalladii Saliibiyada, oo uu sameeyay Jacques Courtois.]] Dhaleeceynta Islaamku waxay jirtay tan iyo heeraradeedii ugu horreeyay. Dhaleeceyntii hore waxay ka timid qoraayaal Yahuud ah, sida Ibn Kammuna, iyo qoraayaal Masiixi ah, oo kuwo badan oo ka mid ah ay u arkayeen Islaamka bidco Masiixi ah ama nooc sanam-caabudid ah, iyagood inta badan ku fashilayay terms apocalyptic ah.{{sfnp|Fahlbusch et al|2001|p=[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=yaecVMhMWaEC|page=759}} 759]}} Qoraayaasha Masiixiyiinta ahi waxay dhaleeceeyeen sharraxaadaha laab-lakacsan ee Islaamku ka bixiyo jannada. Qarnigii sagaalaad aqoonyahankii Muslinka ahaa ee Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari wuxuu u dooday sharraxaadda Qur'aanka ee jannada iyadoo sheegaysa in Baybalku sidoo kale tilmaamayso fikradahaas, sida cabbidda khamriga ee jannada dhexdeeda oo ku jirta Injiilka Matayos. Caalimkii Masiixiga ahaa ee qarnigii 4aad Augustine ee Hippo caqiidooyinkiisu waxay keeneen diidmo baahsan oo ku saabsan raaxada jidhka ee nolosha iyo aakhiro dhexdeeda labadaba.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Christian Lange |title=Paradise and Hell in Islamic Traditions |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-521-50637-3 |pages=18–20}}</ref> Sawirro aflaadaad ah oo ka dhan ah Muxammad, oo ka soo bilaabmay sawirraddii hore ee qarnigii 7aad ee Kaniisadda Ortodokska Bari ee Boqortooyada Bizantiinta,<ref>Reeves, Minou, and P. J. Stewart. 2003. ''Muhammad in Europe: A Thousand Years of Western Myth-Making''. NYU Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8147-7564-6}}. p. 93–96.</ref> waxay ka muuqdaan gabayga qarnigii 14aad ee Divine Comedy oo uu qaray Dante Alighieri. Halkan, Muxammad waxaa lagu muujiyay goobta sideedaad ee jahannamada, iyadoo la joogo Cali. Dante ma eedayno Islaamka guud ahaan laakiin wuxuu eedaynayaa Muxammad kala qaybin, maadaama uu aasaasay diin kale Masiixiyadda ka dib.<ref name="Stone">Stone, G. 2006. ''Dante's Pluralism and the Islamic Philosophy of Religion''. Springer Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1-4039-8309-1}}. p. 53–54.</ref> Dhaleeceynaha kale waxay diiradda saaraan la-dhaqanka shakhsiyaadka ee gudaha waddamada casriga ah ee Muslinku ku badan yahay, oo ay ku jiraan arrimo ku saabsan xuquuqda aadanaha, goorta ay si dhow u la xiriirto fulinta sharciga Islaamka.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Yohanan|last1=Friedmann|year=2003|title=Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/tolerancecoercio00frie|url-access=limited|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/tolerancecoercio00frie/page/n31 18], 35|isbn=978-0-521-02699-4}}</ref> Sidoo kale, isbeddellada dhowaan ee dhaqammada kala duwan ka dib, kartida loo malaynayo inay leeyihiin soo-galootiga Muslinka ah ee Galbeedka si ay u la qabsadaan waa la dhaleeceeyay oo waxaa loo eedeeyay asalka Islaamka kuwo ka mid ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Modood |first=Tariq |url=https://archive.org/details/multiculturalism00modo |title=Multiculturalism, Muslims and Citizenship: A European Approach |date=6 April 2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-35515-5 |edition=1st |page=[https://archive.org/details/multiculturalism00modo/page/n43 29] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Ugu dambeyntii cilmi-baaris{{what|date=April 2026}} waxay heshay in diindhaqameedka Islaamka oo sarreeya uu la xiriiro xagjirinimada Islaamka oo sarreysa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kamenowski |first1=Maria |last2=Manzoni |first2=Patrik |last3=Haymoz |first3=Sandrine |last4=Isenhardt |first4=Anna |last5=Jacot |first5=Cédric |last6=Baier |first6=Dirk |date=2021-06-17 |title=Religion as an influencing factor of right-wing, left-wing and Islamist extremism. Findings of a Swiss youth study |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=6 |article-number=e0252851 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0252851 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=8211158 |pmid=34138885 |bibcode=2021PLoSO..1652851K }}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== ===Qoraallo=== {{notelist}} ===Qur'aan iyo xadiis=== {{Reflist|group=lower-roman}} ===Xigasho=== {{reflist}} === Ilaha === {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Imad-ad-Dean |title=Signs in the heavens |volume=2 |publisher=Amana Publications |year=2006 |isbn=1-59008-040-8}} * {{cite book |last=Arnold|first=Thomas |title=The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith.|volume= |publisher= |year=1896 |isbn=}} * {{Cite book |last=Bennett |first=Clinton |title=Interpreting the Qur'an: a guide for the uninitiated |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8264-9944-8 |page=101 |author-link=Clinton Bennett}} * {{cite book |last=Blankinship |first=K. |year=2008 |chapter=The early creed |editor=T. 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|last2=Hinnells |first2=John R. |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-27408-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Momen |first=Moojan |title=An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-300-03531-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyed Hossein |author-link=Seyyed Hossein Nasr |year=2003 |title=The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity}} * {{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyed Muhammad |url=https://archive.org/details/ourreligions00shar |title=Our Religions: The Seven World Religions Introduced by Preeminent Scholars from Each Tradition (Chapter 7) |publisher=HarperCollins |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-06-067700-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Nigosian |first=Solomon Alexander |title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-253-21627-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Peacock|first=A.C.S.|title=Islam, Literature and Society in Mongol Anatolia|date=2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume= |page=|doi= 10.1017/9781108582124|isbn=978-1-108-58212-4|s2cid=211657444}} * {{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |url=https://archive.org/details/islamguideforjew00fepe |title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-691-11553-5}} * {{Cite report |date=October 2009 |title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population |publisher=Pew Research Center |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2009/10/Muslimpopulation.pdf |access-date=25 May 2020 |ref={{sfnref|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009}} }} [https://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/ Overview]. * {{Cite book |last=Rippin |first=Andrew |url=https://archive.org/details/muslimstheirreli0000ripp |title=Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices |publisher=Routledge |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-415-21781-1 |edition=2nd |author-link=Andrew Rippin}} * {{cite book |last=Roychoudhury |first=Makhanlal |year=1941 |title=The Din-i Ilahi, or, The Religion of Akbar |publisher=University of Calcutta |oclc=3312929 |url=https://archive.org/details/diniilahiorthere031361mbp |via=Internet Archive}} * {{cite journal |last=Serjeant |first=R.B. |date=1978 |title=Sunnah Jami'ah, pacts with the Yathrib Jews, and the Tahrim of Yathrib |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |volume=41 |pages=1–42 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00057761 |s2cid=161485671 }} * {{Cite book |last=Sachedina |first=Abdulaziz |title=The Just Ruler in Shi'ite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence |publisher=Oxford University Press US |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-511915-2 |author-link=Abdulaziz Sachedina}} * {{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Jane I. |author-link=Jane Idleman Smith |title=The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-515649-2}} * {{Cite book |editor-last=Stefon |editor-first=Matt |title=Islamic Beliefs and Practices |publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-61530-060-0 |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last1=Ṭabāṭabāʼī |first1=Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn |title=Shi'ite Islam |translator-last=Nasr |translator-first=Seyyed Hossein |publisher=SUNY Press |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-87395-272-9 |author-link=Allameh Tabatabaei}} * {{Cite book |last=Teece |first=Geoff |url=https://archive.org/details/islam0000teec_a5d6 |title=Religion in Focus: Islam |publisher=Franklin Watts Ltd |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7496-4796-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Trimingham |first=John Spencer |title=The Sufi Orders in Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-512058-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Colin |title=Islam: the Basics |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-34106-6 |location=London}} * {{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Bryan S. |title=Weber and Islam |publisher=Routledge |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-415-17458-9 |location=London}} * {{Cite book |last=Waines |first=David |title=An Introduction to Islam |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-521-53906-7}} * {{Cite book |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |title=The Formative Period of Islamic Thought |publisher=University Press Edinburgh |year=1973 |isbn=978-0-85224-245-2 |author-link=William Montgomery Watt}} * {{Cite book |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadprophets00watt |title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1974 |isbn=978-0-19-881078-0 |edition=New |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Weiss |first=Bernard G. |title=Studies in Islamic Legal Theory |publisher=Brill Academic publishers |year=2002 |isbn=978-90-04-12066-2 |location=Boston |author-link=Bernard G. Weiss}} {{Refend}} === Qaamuusyo iyo encyclopedias === {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{harvc |last1=Gardet|first1=L.|last2=Jomier|first2=J.|year=2012|c=Islām |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0387}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |ref={{harvid|Fahlbusch et al|2001}} |editor-last=Fahlbusch |editor-first=Erwin |display-editors=etal |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=yaecVMhMWaEC}} |title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=2001 |isbn=978-90-04-11695-5 |volume=2}} * {{cite encyclopedia |year=1913–1936 |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |editor1-last=Houtsma |editor1-first=M.T. |editor1-link=Martijn Theodoor Houtsma |editor2-first=T.W. |editor2-last=Arnold |editor2-link=Thomas Walker Arnold |editor3-first=R. |editor3-last=Basset |editor4-first=R. |editor4-last=Hartmann |edition=1st |place=Leiden |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-08265-6 |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam (1st ed.)|1913–1936}}}} * {{cite encyclopedia |year=2012 |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P.J. |issn=1573-3912 |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |edition=2nd |place=Leiden |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4 |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)|2012}}}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P.J. |issn=1573-3912 |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|n.d.}} |date=n.d. |url=https://brill.com/view/package/eio?language=en |url-access=subscription}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2004 |title=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World |series=Macmillan Reference Books |publisher=Thomson-Gale |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofis0001unse |editor-last=Martin |editor-first=Richard C. |isbn=978-0-02-865603-8}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |date=n.d. |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |editor-link=Jane Dammen McAuliffe}} * {{cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān |volume=2 |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=2002}} * {{cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān |volume=3 |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=2003}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals |publisher=Routledge |editor-last=Salamone |editor-first=Frank |edition=1st |isbn=978-0-415-94180-8 |series=Routledge Encyclopedias of Religion and Society |volume=6 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre00sala |jstor=j.ctt1jd94wq |year=2004}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2003 |title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=AltaMira Press |url=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas |editor-last=Glassé |editor-first=Cyril |series=Revised Edition of the Concise Encyclopedia of Islam |isbn=978-0-7591-0190-6 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-19-512558-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00bada |url-access=registration}} {{doi|10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001}} – via Oxford Reference. * {{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |year=2004 |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |place=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975726-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2006 |title=The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia |publisher=Routledge |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=isDgI0-0Ip4C|page=}} |editor-last=Leaman |editor-first=Oliver |isbn=978-0-415-32639-1}} {{Refend}} == Akhrin dheeraad ah == {{Refbegin}} * Abdul-Haqq, Abdiyah Akbar (1980). ''Sharing Your Faith with a Muslim''. Minneapolis: Bethany House Publishers. ''N.B''. Presents the genuine doctrines and concepts of Islam and of the Holy Qur'an, and this religion's affinities with Christianity and its Sacred Scriptures, in order to "dialogue" on the basis of what both faiths really teach. {{ISBN|0-87123-553-6}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism |publisher=SAGE; Cato Institute |location=Thousand Oaks, CA |last=Ahmad |first=Imad-ad-Dean |title=Islam |author-link=Imad-ad-Dean Ahmad |editor-last=Hamowy |editor-first=Ronald |editor-link=Ronald Hamowy |pages=256–258 |doi=10.4135/9781412965811.n155 |isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4 |lccn=2008009151 |oclc=750831024 |url={{Google books|yxNgXs3TkJYC|plainurl=yes}}}} * {{Cite book |last=Akyol |first=Mustafa |url=https://archive.org/details/islamwithoutextr0000akyo |title=Islam Without Extremes |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-393-07086-6 |edition=1st |author-link=Mustafa Akyol}} * {{Cite book |last=Arberry |first=A.J. |url=https://archive.org/details/koraninterpreted00ajar |title=The Koran Interpreted: A Translation |publisher=Touchstone |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-684-82507-6 |edition=1st |author-link=A. J. Arberry}} * Cragg, Kenneth (1975). ''The House of Islam'', in ''The Religious Life of Man Series''. Second ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company 1975. xiii, 145 p. {{ISBN|0-8221-0139-4}}. * {{Cite book |last=Hafez |first=Sherine |title=An Islam of Her Own: Reconsidering Religion and Secularism in Women's Islamic Movements |year=2011 |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=9780814773055 |url=https://opensquare.nyupress.org/books/9780814790724/}} * {{Cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Muhammad Muhsin |title=Noble Quran |last2=Al-Hilali Khan |last3=Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications |year=1999 |isbn=978-9960-740-79-9 |edition=1st |author-link=Muhammad Muhsin Khan}} * Khanbaghi, A, (2006). ''The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran''. I. B. Tauris. * Khavari, Farid A. (1990). ''Oil and Islam: the Ticking Bomb''. First ed. Malibu, Calif.: Roundtable Publications. viii, 277 p., ill. with maps and charts. {{ISBN|0-915677-55-5}}. * {{Cite book |title=The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-965-224-040-8 |editor-last=Kramer |editor-first=Martin |editor-link=Martin Kramer}} * {{Cite book |last=Kuban |first=Dogan |title=Muslim Religious Architecture |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=1974 |isbn=978-90-04-03813-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/islamwest00lewi_0 |title=Islam and the West |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-19-509061-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/culturesinconfli0000lewi |title=Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Age of Discovery |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-19-510283-3 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Mubarkpuri |first=Saifur-Rahman |title=The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Prophet |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-59144-071-0}} * {{Cite book |last=Najeebabadi |first=Akbar Shah |title=History of Islam |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-59144-034-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Sayilgan |first=Salih |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/god-evil-and-suffering-in-islam/C4C89591ADAAF25F104D517C4F4634B3 |title=God, Evil, and Suffering in Islam |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2023 |isbn=9781009377294}} * {{Cite book |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |url=https://www.giffordlectures.org/books/deciphering-signs-god-phenomenological-approach-islam |title=Deciphering the Signs of God: A Phenomenological Approach to Islam |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-7914-1982-3 |author-link=Annemarie Schimmel |access-date=31 January 2019 |archive-date=22 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422154518/https://www.giffordlectures.org/books/deciphering-signs-god-phenomenological-approach-islam |url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book |last=Schuon |first=Frithjof |title=Understanding Islam |publisher=Allen & Unwin |year=1963 |isbn=978-0941532242 |edition=3rd |author-link=Frithjof Schuon}} * {{Cite book |last=Stoddard |first=Lothrop |title=The New World of Islam |publisher=Chapman & Hall |year=1922 |url=https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/24107}} * {{Cite book |last=Walker |first=Benjamin |title=Foundations of Islam: The Making of a World Faith |publisher=Peter Owen Publishers |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-7206-1038-3 |author-link=Benjamin Walker (author)}} {{Refend}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Library resources box}} * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam "Islam"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/index.shtml Religion & Ethics – Islam] Maqaallo hordhac u ah Islaamka oo ka socda BBC igrmodaadir25gs7rlha6sw1likl6i6 307944 307943 2026-09-14T09:26:27Z Isma4l 41797 Saxay 307944 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox religion | native_name = {{lang|ar|{{Script|Arab|الإسلام}}}}<br/>{{transliteration|ar|al-Islām}} | image = The Kaaba during Hajj - edited.jpg | caption = [[Kacbada]] ee ku taal [[Masjidka Xaramka]] ee [[Makka]], [[Sacuudi Carabiya]], oo ah [[Holiest sites in islam|goobta Islaamka ee ugu barakeysan]] | type = | main_classification = [[Abrahamic religions|Ibraahimi ah]] | scripture = {{Plainlist| * [[Quraan]] * Sunnada: [[Xadiis]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The saheeh Sunnah is wahy (Revelation) from Allah |url=https://islamqa.info/en/answers/77243/the-saheeh-sunnah-is-wahy-(revelation)-from-allah |website=islamqa.info |access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref> * Tafsiirka: [[Tafsiir]]<ref>Mir, Mustansir. (1995). "Tafsīr". In John L. Esposito. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref> }} | theology = [[Tawhid|Hal ilaah aaminsan]] | law = [[Shareecada]] | philosophy = [[Falsafada Islaamka]] | area = [[Islam by country|Adduunka oo dhan]]<ref name="Global Islam">{{cite report|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2011/01/FutureGlobalMuslimPopulation-WebPDF-Feb10.pdf|title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population|publisher=Pew Research Center|date=27 January 2011}}</ref> | language = [[Classical Arabic|Carabiga Quraanka]] | territory = [[Dunida Islaamka]] | founder = [[Nabi Maxamed al-Quraishi|Maxamed]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Welch |first1=Alford T. |last2=Moussalli |first2=Ahmad S. |last3=Newby |first3=Gordon D. |date=2009 |entry=Muḥammad |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |editor-first=John L. |editor-last=Esposito |publisher=Oxford University Press |entry-url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211050118/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550 |archive-date=11 February 2017 }}</ref> | founded_date = {{circa|610 C.D.}} | founded_place = [[Jabal al-Nour]]<!-- Beginnings are understood to be where Muhammad is said to have received his first ever revelation, which was inside a cave in this mountain --> | number_of_followers = {{est.}} 2 bilyan<ref name="pew2010–2020" /> {{increase}} (oo si gaar ah loogu yeero [[Muslimiin]], halka si wadajir ah loogu yeero {{transliteration|ar|[[Ummah]]}}) | separations = {{Plainlist| * [[Ali-Illahism]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-SQe_sNtIaMC&q=ali%2520illahism&pg=PA216|title=Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon: With Travels in Armenia, Kurdistan and the Desert: Being the Result of a Second Expedition Undertaken for the Trustees of the British Museum|last=Layard|first=Austen Henry|date=2010-08-31|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108016773|page=216|language=en}}</ref> * [[Druze faith]]<ref>{{cite book |title=The Oxford Handbook of American Islam |first=Yvonne |last=Yazbeck Haddad |year=2014 |isbn=9780199862634 |page=142|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> * [[Baháʼí Faith]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Van der Vyer |first=J. D. |year=1996 |title=Religious human rights in global perspective: religious perspectives |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |isbn=90-411-0176-4 |page=449 |url=https://archive.org/details/religioushumanri0000unse |url-access=registration}}</ref> }} }} {{Sidebar with collapsible lists | name = religion sidebar | pretitle = Qayb ka mid ah taxane ku saabsan | pretitlestyle = padding-top:0.8em; | titlestyle = padding-bottom:0.5em; | title = [[Diin]] | listtitlestyle = background:transparent; text-align:center; font-size:100%; | centered list titles = yes | image = [[File:Icon-religion.svg|200px|class=skin-invert]] | imagestyle = padding-bottom:1em; | listclass = hlist | liststyle = padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em; padding-bottom:0.25em; font-size: 11px; | expanded = {{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}} |} | abovestyle = padding:0.5em 2em 0.5em; display:block; background-color: #efefef; | above = {{startflatlist}} * [[Outline of religion|Dulucda]] * [[Index of religion-related articles|Liisaska]] * [[:Category:Religion|Qeybta]] * [[:Category:Indexes of religion topics|Tusaha]] * [[History of religion|Taariikhda diinta]] * [[Portal:Religion|Bogga]] {{endflatlist}} | list1name = religions | list1title = Diimaha | list1titlestyle = padding-top:0.5em; | list1 = {{Sidebar |child |bodystyle={{subsidebar bodystyle}} |navbar=off | heading1 = [[Abrahamic religions|Diimaha Ibraahimiyeed]] | content1style = padding-top:0.2em; | content1 = * [[Judaism|Yuudaanismka]] * [[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]] * [[Islam|Islaamka]] * [[Alawism|Calawiisimka]] * [[Alevism|Alewiisimka]] * [[Azalism|Azaliisimka]]/[[Bábism|Baabiisimka]] * [[Baháʼí Faith|Diinta Bahaa'iga]] * [[Druze Faith|Diinta Duruusta]] * [[Mormonism|Mormooniyadda]] * [[Mandaeism|Mandeiisimka]] * [[Manichaeism|Maniikiisimka]] * [[Rastafari|Rastafariyiinta]] * [[Samaritanism|Samaritaniisimka]] | heading2 = [[Iranian religions|Diimaha Iiraaniga]] | content2style = padding-top:0.2em; | content2 = * [[Yazidism|Yasiidiisimka]] * [[Yarsanism|Yarsaniisimka]] * [[Zoroastrianism|Soroostiriyanka]] | heading3 = [[Indian religions|Diimaha Hindiya]] | content3style = padding-top:0.2em; | content3 = * [[Hinduism|Hinduugga]] * [[Buddhism|Buudhisimka]] * [[Jainism|Jeyniisimka]] * [[Sikhism| Sikhiisimka]] * [[Bon|Yungdrung Bon]] | heading4 = [[East Asian religions|Diimaha Bariga Aasiya]] | content4style = padding-top:0em; | content4 = * [[Taoism|Taowaysimka]] * [[Confucianism|Konfushiyanishka]] * [[Shinto|Shinto]] * [[Tian|Tian]] * [[Shangdi|Shangdi]] * [[Hongjun Laozu|Hongjun Laozu]] }} | list2name = schools | list2title = Dugsiyada Fikirka | list2titlestyle = border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em; | list2 = * [[Acosmism|Aakosmisimka]] * [[Agnosticism|Agnostisismka]] * [[Animism|Animisimka]] * [[Antireligion|Diin-diidka]] * [[Apatheism|Apatheisimka]] * [[Atheism|Aqoonsi la'aanta Ilaah / Ateyismka]] * [[Creationism|Abuuristaaniyadda]] * [[Dharma|Dharmismka]] * [[Deism|Deiisimka]] * [[Divine command theory|Aragt Dardaaran Ilaahay]] * [[Dualism in cosmology|Labo-jirnimada]] * [[Western esotericism|Sir-doonka Reer Galbeedka]] * [[Elite religion|Diinta dadka sare]] * [[Exclusivism|Gaar-yeelidda]] * [[Existentialism|Jiritaaniyadda]] ** [[Atheistic existentialism|ateyste]] ** [[Christian existentialism|masiixi]] * [[Feminist theology|Falsafada dumarka]] * [[Fideism|Caqiido-ku-tiirsiga]] * [[Folk religion|Diinta dadweynaha]] * [[Fundamentalism|Aasaas-ku-dhagidda]] * [[Gnosticism|Gnostisismka]] * [[Henotheism|Henotheiisimka]] * [[Hermeticism|Hermetiisimka]] * [[Humanism|Aadmiga-jecleyska]] ** [[Christian humanism|masiixi]] ** [[Religious humanism|diimeed]] ** [[Secular humanism|cilmiyeed]] * [[Ietsism|Ietsismka]] * [[Theological noncognitivism|Ignostisismka]] * [[Inclusivism|Wadajir-yeelidda]] * [[Kathenotheism|Kathenotheiisimka]] * [[Lived religion|Diinta la nool yahay]] * [[Monism|Kow-jirnimada]] * [[Monotheism|Kkudnimada Alle]] * [[Mysticism|Suufiyadda / Sir-raadinta]] * [[Naturalism (philosophy)|Dabiiciyadda]] ** [[Humanistic naturalism|aadmiga]] ** [[Metaphysical naturalism|milyawiga]] ** [[Religious naturalism|diimeed]] * [[New Age|Cаманkii Cusub]] * [[Nonduality (spirituality)|Laba-mid-la'aanta]] * [[Nontheism|Ilaah-la'aanta]] * [[Omnism|Omnisimka]] * [[Pandeism|Pandeiisimka]] * [[Panentheism|Panenteiisimka]] * [[Pantheism|Panteiisimka]] * [[Perennial philosophy|Falsafadda weligeed ah]] * [[Polytheism|Shirkiga / Ilaahyo badan]] * [[Process theology|Falsafadda socodka]] * [[Shendao shejiao|Shendao shejiao]] * [[Spiritualism (beliefs)|Rux-raadinta]] * [[Shamanism|Shaamanismka]] * [[East Asian religions|Taowayga]] * [[Theism|Ilaah-rumaynta]] * [[Transcendentalism|Sare-u-kacaaniyadda]] * [[Transtheism|Transtheiisimka]] * [[Unitarianism|Mowqifka kow-jirka]] | list3name = concepts | list3title = Fikradaha | list3titlestyle = border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em; | list3 = * [[Afterlife|Aakhiro]] * [[Anthropopathism|Sifaadka bini'aadmiga ee Ilaah]] * [[Apophatic theology|Apophatismka]] * [[Aseity|Iskii-jitaanshaha]] * [[Religious belief|Aaminsanaanta Diinta]] * [[Brahman|Brahman]] * [[Cataphatic theology|Cataphatismka]] * [[Cult|Kooxda diimeed]] * [[Demiurge|Demiurge]] * [[Divine simplicity|Fududeynta Ilaahay]] * [[Eschatology|Qiyaamaha iyo Aakhiro]] * [[Enlightenment in Buddhism|Iftiintinka]] * [[Eternity#God and eternity|Weligiis-jitaanshaha]] * [[Euthyphro dilemma|Muran-weydiintii Euthyphro]] * [[Existence of God|Jiritaanka Ilaahay]] * [[Faith|Iimaan]] * [[Form of the Good|Qaabka Wanaagga]] * [[Gender of God|Jinsiga Ilaahay]] * [[Gnosis|Gnosis]] * [[Holy Spirit|Ruuxa Quduuska ah]] * [[Intelligent design|Naqshadda caqli-gal ah]] * [[Moksha|Xorreynta]] * [[Misotheism|Ilaah-nacaybka]] * [[Miracle|Mucjiso]] * [[Names of God|Magacyada Ilaahay]] * [[New religious movement|Dhaqdhaqaaqa diimeed ee cusub]] * [[Omnibenevolence|Naxariista-buuxda]] * [[Omnipotence|Awoodda-oo-dhan]] * [[Omnipresence|Meel-kasta-joogidda]] * [[Omniscience|Cilmiga-oo-dhan]] * [[Pandeism|Pandeistiga]] * [[Personal god|Ilaah shakhsi ah]] * [[Prayer|Dugsi / Baryo]] * [[Problem of evil|Dhibaatada xumaanta]] * [[Process theology|Falsafadda socodka]] * [[Belief#Religion|Aaminsanaanta diimeed]] * [[Problem of religious language|Luqadda diinta]] * [[Reincarnation|Soo-noqoshada nolosha (Reincarnation)]] * [[Faith|Iimaanka diimeed]] * [[Revelation|Waxyi]] * [[Religious text|Qoraallada diinta]] * [[Soul|Nafta]] * [[Summum bonum|Wanaagga ugu sarreeya]] * [[Tawhid|Kkudnimada Alle]] * [[Theological veto|Diidmada diinta]] * [[Transcendence (religion)|Sare-u-baxa diimeed]] * [[Trinity|Saddex-midnimada]] * [[Creator deity|Ugu sarreeyaha / Abuuraha]] * [[Unmoved mover|Dhaqaajiye aan la dhaqaajin]] * [[Vitalism|Ruuxda nolosha]] * [[Worship|Caabudaad]] | list4name = figures | list4title = Hoggaamiyeyaasha Aasaasaya | list4titlestyle = border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em; | list4= *[[Ciise]] ([[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]]) *[[Maxamed]] ([[Islam|Islaamka]]) *[[Ibraahim]] ([[Judaism|Yuudaanismka]]) *[[Siddhartha Gautama]] ([[Buddhism|Buudhisimka]]) *[[Guru Nanak]] ([[Sikhism|Sikhiisimka]]) *[[Mahavira]] ([[Jainism|Jeyniisimka]]) *[[Zoroaster]] ([[Zoroastrianism|Soroostiriyanka]]) *[[Hamza ibn Ali]] ([[Druze|Duruusta]]) *[[Laozi]] ([[Taoism|Taowayga]]) *[[Confucius]] ([[Confucianism|Konfushiyanishka]]) * [[Baháʼu'lláh]] ([[Baháʼí Faith|Diinta Bahaa'iga]]) | belowclass = plainlist | belowstyle = text-align:center;font-weight:normal; padding:1em 1em 1em; | below = Kani waa [[:Category:Philosophy and thinking sidebar templates|farac]] ka mid ah [[philosophy|falsafadda]]. Si aad u baarto mowduucyada la xiriira, fadlan booqo [[:Category:Religion_and_belief_navigational_boxes|hage-tusaha]]. }} '''Islaamku'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|z|l|ɑː|m|,_|ˈ|ɪ|z|l|æ|m}} {{respell|IZ|la(h)m}};<ref>{{cite Cambridge Dictionaries |Islam}}</ref> {{langx|ar|{{Script|Arab|الإسلام|al-Islām}}|al-Islām}}, {{IPA|ar|alʔisˈlaːm|IPA}}, {{lit|hordhaca [ee la xiriira [[ogaanshaha doonista Ilaahay]]]}}}} waa diin [[Abrahamic|Ibraahimi ah]] oo ku saleysan [[Quraan|Quraanka]] iyo [[Sunnah|barashada]] [[Nabi Maxamed al-Quraishi|Nabi Maxamed]]. Diintan [[monotheistic|kelinimada Alle]] waxay leedahay qiyaastii [[Islam by country|2 bilyan oo raacsan adduunka oo dhan]], oo lagu magacaabo [[Muslims|Muslimiin]]. Islaamku waa [[Major religious groups|diinta labaad ee ugu weyn adduunka]], marka laga reebo [[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]]. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin inay jirto [[Fitra|iimaan asal ah]] oo la soo waxyooday marar badan iyadoo la sii marinayo [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|rusul iyo nabiyo hore]], oo ay ku jiraan [[Adam in Islam|Aadam]], [[Noah in Islam|Nux]], [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Muuse]], iyo [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]], waxayna rumeysan yihiin in Islaamku yahay nooca caalamiga ah ee dhameystiran ee [[faith|iimaankan]]. Muslimiintu waxay u arkaan Quraanka inuu yahay hadalka dhabta ah ee [[God in Islam|Ilaahay]] iyo waxyigii ugu dambeeyay ee aan wax laga beddelin. Dhinaca Quraanka, Muslimiintu waxay sidoo kale rumeysan yihiin [[Islamic holy books|kutubtii hore ee la soo waxyooday]], sida [[Torah in Islam|''Towraad'']] ([[Torah]]), ''[[Psalms in Islam|Sabuur]]'' ([[Psalms]]), iyo [[Gospel in Islam|''Injiil'']] ([[Gospel]]). Waxay rumeysan yihiin in [[Muhammad in Islam|Maxamed]] yahay [[Seal of the Prophets|nabiga ugu weyn uguna dambeeya]] ee [[God|Ilaahay]], kaasoo diinta la soo dhameystiray, oo aan ka dib imanayn nabigii cusub ama sharcigii samada ahayn. Barashada iyo tusaalooyinka caadiga ah ee Maxamed, oo loogu yeero [[Sunnah]], oo lagu diiwaangeliyay xaqiiqooyin loogu yeero [[Hadith|Xadiis]], ayaa bixiya tusaale dastuuri ah oo loogu talagalay Muslimiinta. Islaamku wuxuu ku saleysan yahay rumaysashada kow-nimada iyo kelinimada Ilaahay ({{Transliteration|ar|[[tawhid]]}}), iyo rumaysashada [[afterlife|aakhiro]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[akhirah]]}}) oo ay ku jirto [[Judgement Day in Islam|Maalinta Qiyaame]]—halkaas oo kuwa suubban lagu abaalmarin doono jannada ({{Transliteration|ar|[[jannah]]}}) kuwa xunneydna lagu ciqaabi doono naarta ({{Transliteration|ar|[[jahannam]]}}). [[Five Pillars of Islam|Shanta Arкан ee Islaamka]], oo loo arko inay yihiin cibaadooyin [[Fard|waajib ah]], waa shahaadada diinta ({{Transliteration|ar|[[shahada]]}}), salaadaha maalinlaha ah ({{Transliteration|ar|[[salah]]}}), sakada ({{Transliteration|ar|[[zakat]]}}), soonka bisha [[Ramadan]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[sawm]]}}), iyo [[pilgrimage|xajka]] loo aado [[Mecca|Makka]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[hajj]]}}). Sharciga Islaamka ({{Transliteration|ar|[[sharia]]}}), wuxuu taabanayaa ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan dhinacyada nolosha, laga bilaabo [[Islamic banking and finance|bangiyada iyo maaliyadda]] iyo [[Zakat|gar-gaarka]] ilaa [[Gender roles in Islam|doorka ragga]] iyo [[Women in Islam|doorka dumarka]] iyo [[Islamic ethics#Environmentalism|deegaanka]]. Labada [[Islamic holidays|ci둡 diimeed]] ee ugu waaweyn waa Ciidul Fitri iyo Ciidul Adxa. Saddexda [[holiest sites in Islam|goobood ee ugu barakeysan]] waa [[Masjid al-Haram|Masjidka Xaramka]] ee [[Mecca|Makka]], [[Prophet's Mosque|Masjidka Nabiga]] ee [[Medina|Madiina]], iyo [[Al-Aqsa|Dhismaha Masjidka Al-Aqsa]] ee [[Jerusalem|Quddus]]. Islaamku wuxuu ka soo aasaasay Makka qiyaastii 610 C.D. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in tani ay tahay xilligii [[Muhammad's first revelation|Maxamed uu helay waxyigiisii ugu horreeyay]]. Waqtigii uu geeriyooday, inta badan [[Arabian Peninsula|Jaziiradda Carabta]] way [[Conversion to Islam|isu rogtay Islaamka]]. Islaamku wuxuu si dhakhso ah ugu fiday wixii ka dambeeyay Carabta iyadoo hoos imaneysa [[Rashidun Caliphate|Khulaafadii Raashidiyiinta]] iyo [[Umayyad Caliphate|Khulaafadii Umawiyiinta]]. Labada [[Islamic schools and branches|laamood ee ugu waaweyn Islaamka]] waa [[Sunni Islam|Sunniyada]] (87–90%) iyo [[Shia Islam|Shiicada]] (10–13%).{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=1|ps=. "Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims."}} Muslimiinta Sunniga iyo Shiicada ah ayaa wada noqda ku dhawaad ​​guud ahaan dadweynaha Muslimka ah ee adduunka, iyadoo qiyaasuhu ka bilaabmaan qiyaastii 1.7–1.8 bilyan oo Sunni ah ilaa 285–300 milyan oo Shiico ah adduunka oo dhan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=|first=|date=2009-10-07|title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/|access-date=2026-09-01|website=Pew Research Center|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Shia Muslim Population – Islamic Research and Information Center (IRIC)|url=https://iric.org/world-shia-muslim-population/|access-date=2026-09-01|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Project on Shi’ism and Global Affairs|url=https://shiism.hds.harvard.edu/|url-status=live|website=Harvard University}}</ref> Inkasta oo [[Shia–Sunni relations|khilaafka Shiicada iyo Sunniga]] uu asal ahaan ka soo bilowday is-afgaranwaa ku saabsan [[succession to Muhammad|dhaxalkii Maxamed]], waxay kor u qaadeen cabbir ballaaran, labada [[Schools of Islamic theology|dhinaca caqiidada]] iyo [[Fiqh|fiqhigaa]]. Ururinta xadiiska suuban ee Sunniga waxay ka kooban tahay [[Kutub al-Sittah|Lixda Kitaab]], halka ururinta xadiiska Shiicada ay ka kooban tahay [[The Four Books|Afrta Kitaab]]. Muslimiintu waxay ka yihiin inta badan dadweynaha 53 dal.<ref name="pew2010–2020">{{cite web |date=June 9, 2025 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020. Muslims grew fastest; Christians lagged behind global population increase |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]}} *{{cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett |author2=Marcin Stonawski |author3=Yunping Tong |author4=Stephanie Kramer |author5=Anne Shi |author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf |access-date=2025-06-10 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Qiyaastii 12% Muslimiinta adduunka waxay ku nool yihiin [[Islam in Indonesia|Indoonisiya]], oo ah dalka ugu dadka badan ee Muslimiinta ah; {{#expr: 100 * 480/1570 round 0}}% waxay ku nool yihiin [[Islam in South Asia|Kooniyada Aasiya]]; 20% waxay ku nool yihiin [[MENA#Religion|Bariga Dhexe iyo Waqooyiga Afrika]]; iyo 15% waxay ku nool yihiin [[Religion in Sub-Saharan Africa|Afrika ka hooseysa Saharada]]. Muslimiinta sidoo kale waxaa laga helaa [[Islam in the Americas|Ameerikaanka]], [[Islam in China|Shiinaha]], iyo [[Islam in Europe|Yurub]]. Muslimiintu waa [[Muslim population growth|kooxda diimeed ee ugu koraysa adduunka]], taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay [[fertility rate| heerka dhalmada oo sarreeya]] iyo qaab-dhismeedka da'da yar marka loo eego diimaha diimaha kale ee waaweyn.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lipka |first=Michael |last2=Hackett |first2=Conrad |date=2017-04-06 |title=Why Muslims are the world’s fastest-growing religious group |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |access-date=2026-09-01 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> Islaamka waxaa la saadaalinayaa inuu noqdo diinta ugu weyn adduunka dhammaadka qarniga 21-aad, isagoo ka sarre marinaya Masiixiyadda.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lipka |first1=Michael |last2=Hackett |first2=Conrad |date=April 6, 2017 |title=Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US |archive-date=14 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514123559/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="pew2015">{{cite report |author=[[Pew Forum|The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life]] |title=The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010–2050 |url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211090450/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf |archive-date=2020-12-11 |date=2015-04-02 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref><!--Do NOT add citations to the lead, except for material likely to be challenged, per [[MOS:LEADCITE]] ([[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section#Citations)]]. Move unneeded citations to the body.--> == Asalka ereyga{{anchor|Etymology}}<!-- Linked from many articles. If changing the section title, please let this anchor remain unchanged -->== {{See also|Muslims#Etymology}} Luqadda Carabiga, ''Islaam'' ({{langx|ar|إسلام|lit=hordhaca [ee la xiriira Ilaahay]}})<ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of Islam {{!}} Dictionary.com |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=www.dictionary.com |language=en |archive-date=9 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509110220/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Haywood |first=John |title=Historical Atlas of the Medieval World (AD 600 - 1492) |publisher=Barnes & Noble, Inc. |year=2002 |isbn=0-7607-1975-6 |edition=1st |location=Spain |pages=3.13 |language=en}}</ref> waa magaca fal-galeedka [[wikt:أسلم#Arabic|Foomka IV]] ee ka soo jeeda falka {{lang|ar|سلم}} ({{transliteration|ar|salama}}), ka soo jeeda [[Semitic root|xididka saddex-xarafle ah]] {{lang|ar|س-ل-م}} ({{transliteration|ar|[[Š-L-M|S-L-M]]}}), kaas oo sameeya fasal weyn oo erayo ah oo badankood la xiriira fikradaha dhiibin-hoosaadka, badbaadada, iyo nabadgelyada.<ref name="Lane-Lexicon-4">{{cite book |last=Lane |first=Edward William |author-link=Edward William Lane |title=An Arabic-English Lexicon |volume=4 |chapter=Siin |url=http://www.studyquran.co.uk/20_SIIN.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907230044/http://www.studyquran.co.uk/20_SIIN.htm |archive-date=2011-09-07 |via=[[The Study Quran|StudyQuran]] |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> Macnaha diimeed, waxay tilmaamaysaa u dhiibashada buuxda ee doonista [[God|Ilaahay]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=Barnard |last2=Churchill |first2=Buntzie Ellis |url=https://archive.org/details/islamreligionpeo00lewi |title=Islam: The Religion and The People |publisher=Wharton School Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-13-223085-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/islamreligionpeo00lewi/page/8 8]}}</ref> Ereyga ''[[Muslims|Muslim]]'' ({{lang|ar|مُسْلِم}}), oo ah erayga loogu talagalay qofka raaca Islaamka,<ref name="Lexico-Muslim">{{cite dictionary |title=Muslim |url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/muslim |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913192608/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/muslim |archive-date=2019-09-13 |dictionary=[[Lexico]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2020 |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en-GB }} {{Wayback|url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/muslim |date=20190913192608 }}</ref> waa [[Participle|falka firfircoon]] ee isla nooca falka, oo macneheedu yahay "dhiibtiye (Ilaahay)" ama "qof u hoggaansamaya (Ilaahay)". Si kastaba ha ahaatee, khabiirka [[Quranic studies|barashada Quraanka]] [[Mohsen Goudarzi]] wuxuu ku dooday in Quraanka ereyga ''[[dīn]]'' uu ka dhigan yahay "[[worship|cibaado]]", ''islām'' uu ka dhigan yahay "[[monotheism|kwdnimada]]" iyo ''muslim'' uu ka dhigan yahay "muwaahid / qof kelinimada Alle rumeeyay".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudarzi |first=Mohsen |date=2023-08-01 |title=Worship (dīn), Monotheism (islām), and the Qurʾān's Cultic Decalogue |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006/html |journal=Journal of the International Qur'anic Studies Association |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=30–71 |doi=10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006 |issn=2474-8420|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Gudaha [[Hadith of Gabriel|Xadiiska Jibriil]], ''Islaam'' waxaa lagu soo bandhigay inuu yahay hal qayb oo ka mid ah saddaxleey oo ay ku jirto {{transliteration|ar|[[Iman (Islam)|imān]]}} (iimaan), iyo {{transliteration|ar|[[Ihsan|ihsān]]}} (fududeyn / ixsaan).{{sfnp|Esposito|2000|pp=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00john/page/76 76–77]}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahmutćehajić |first=Rusmir |url=https://archive.org/details/mosqueheartsubmi00mahm |title=The mosque: the heart of submission |publisher=[[Fordham University Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8232-2584-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/mosqueheartsubmi00mahm/page/n104 84] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Islaamka laftiisa ayaa taariikh ahaan loogu yeeri jiray [[Mohammedan|''Mohammedanism'' (Maxamediyad)]] gudaha [[English-speaking world|dunida Ingiriiska ku hadasha]]. Eraygan wuxuu ka baxay isticmaalka waxaana mararka qaarkood la sheegaa inuu yahay [[Religious offence|dhaawac diimeed]], maadaama uu tilmaamayo in bini'aadam, halkii uu ka noqon lahaa Ilaahay, uu yahay kan udub-dhexaadka u ah diinta Muslimiinta.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Oxford University Press| last = Gibb| first = Sir Hamilton| title = Mohammedanism: an historical survey|isbn=9780195002454| year = 1969| page=1 | quote=Modern Muslims dislike the terms Mohammedan and Mohammedanism, which seem to them to carry the implication of worship of Mohammed, as Christian and Christianity imply the worship of Christ.}}</ref> == Tiirarka iimaanka == {{Main|Aqidah|Iman (Islam)|l2 = Iman}} [[caqiidada]] Islaamku (''[[aqidah]]'') waxay u baahan tahay rumaysashada lix tiir: Ilaahay, malaa'igta, waxyiga, nabiyada, [[Day of Resurrection|Maalinta Qiyaamaha]], iyo qadarinta masiirka.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sourcebook of the World's Religions: An Interfaith Guide to Religion and Spirituality|publisher=New World Library|pages=68–9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbSPOoQfu0IC&pg=PA68|editor-first=Joel|editor-last=Beversluis|year=2011|isbn=9781577313328|access-date=15 January 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228022948/https://books.google.com/books?id=dbSPOoQfu0IC&pg=PA68#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> === Ilaahay === [[File:Istanbul,_Hagia_Sophia,_Allah.jpg|thumb|[[calligraphy|Qoraal gacmeedka]] qarnigii 19-aad oo muujinaya magaca [[Allah|Alle]] ee ku yaal [[Hagia Sophia]], [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]].]] {{Main|God in Islam}} Fikradda udub-dhexaadka u ah Islaamka waa ''[[Tawhid|tawḥīd]]'' ({{langx|ar|توحيد|link=no}}), oo ah kelinimada Ilaahay. Badanaa waxaa loo arkaa inay tahay ''monotheism sax ah'', laakiin sidoo kale waa [[panentheism|panentheistic]] ku dhex leh barashada suufiga Islaamka.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/tawhid |title=Tawhid |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107041300/https://www.britannica.com/topic/tawhid |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Gimaret|first=D.|year=2012|c=Tawḥīd |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7454}}</ref> Ilaahay waxaa loo arkaa mid aan la barbar dhigi karin oo aan lahayn tiro dad ah sida ku jirta [[Christian Trinity|Saddex-midnimada Masiixiga]], oo tiro u nisbeynta Ilaahay ama sifooyinka Ilaahay oo loo nisbeeyo dad kale waxaa loo arkaa shirk, oo lagu magacaabo [[Shirk (Islam)|''shirk'']]. Sidaas darteed, Muslimiintu ma aha [[iconodule]]s mana u nisbeeyaan qaabab Ilaahay. Ilaahay halkaas waxaa lagu sifeeyaa oo loogu yeeraa dhowr [[Names of God in Islam|magac ama sifooyin]], kan ugu caansan waa ''Ar-Rahmān'' ({{lang|ar|الرحمان}}) oo macneheedu yahay "Naxariis-guud", iyo ''Ar-Rahīm'' ({{lang|ar|الرحيم}}) oo macneheedu yahay "Naxariis-gaar ah" kuwaas oo laga baryo bilowga inta badan Suuradaha Quraanka.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ali |first1=Kecia |title=Islam : the key concepts |date=2008 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |last2=Leaman |first2=Oliver |isbn=978-0-415-39638-7 |location=London |oclc=123136939}}</ref>{{sfnp|Campo|2009|p=34|loc="Allah"}} Magaca tooska ah ee Carabiga ee Ilaahay, ''[[Allāh]]'' (الله), oo ah eray aan lahayn [[plural|wadar]] ama [[gender|jinsi]], ayaa sidoo kale si caadi ah loogu isticmaalaa luqadaha kale ee Muslimiinta iyo Masiixiyiinta iyo Yuhuuda Carabiga ku hadla si ay ugu tixraacaan Ilaahay, halka ''{{transliteration|ar|ISO|[[ʾilāh]]}}'' ({{lang|ar|إله}}) uu yahay eray loo isticmaalo ilaah ama ilaah guud ahaan.<ref>{{cite web |title=God |url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |access-date=18 December 2010 |website=Islam: Empire of Faith |publisher=[[PBS]] |archive-date=27 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327034958/http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Islaamku wuxuu barayaa in abuurista wax kasta oo ku jira [[universe|caalamka]] la keenay iyada oo la raacayo amarka Ilaahay sida lagu muujiyay erayada, "[[Be, and it is|Aabo, oo wuu noqdaa]],"<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|2|117|b=yl}}</ref> iyo in [[Meaning of life|ujeeddada jiritaanka]] ay tahay in la caabudo Ilaahay.<ref>Leeming, David. 2005. ''The Oxford Companion to World Mythology''. Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-195-15669-0}}. p. 209.</ref> Waxaa loo arkaa ilaah shakhsi ah oo wax dhexdhexaadin ah, sida [[clergy|wadaaddada]], looma baahna si loo gaaro xiriir lala yeesho Ilaahay. Wacyigelinta Ilaahay waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[taqwa]]. === Qoraallada Quduuska ah === {{Main|Kutubta quduuska ah ee Islaamka | Qur'aanka|Wahy}} {{See also|Taariikhda Qur'aanka}}[[File:Birmingham Quran manuscript full.jpg|thumb|Labo bogos oo ka mid ah qoraal-gacmeedka Quraanka Birmingham, oo lagu qoray farta Xijaasiga ah ee maqaarka xoolaha taariikhdooduna ay ku beegantahay 568–645 C.D., oo ku beegan xilligii Nabi Maxamed noolaa.]] Qoraalka quduska ah ee ugu sarreeya Islaamka waa Quraanka. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in aayaadka Quraanka ay Alle u soo waxyooday Nabi Maxamed, oo uu u soo wakiishay malagii Jibriil, marar badan intii u dhaxaysay 610 C.D.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Watt |first=William Montgomery |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC&pg=PA5 |title=Islam and the Integration of Society |date=2003 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-17587-6 |pages=5 |access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref> iyo 632, oo ah sannadkii uu geeriyooday Nabi Maxamed.{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=17–18, 21}} Intii uu noolaa Nabi Maxamed, waxyiyadan waxaa qoray saxaradiisa, inkastoo habka ugu muhiimsan ee loo gudbin jiray uu ahaa afka oo lagu barto xifdi ahaan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Al Faruqi |first1=Lois Ibsen |author-link=Lois Lamya al-Faruqi |year=1987 |title=The Cantillation of the Qur'an |journal=Asian Music |issue=Autumn – Winter 1987 |pages=3–4}}</ref> Quraanku wuxuu ka kooban yahay 114 suuradood oo ay ku jiraan wadarta guud ee 6,236 aayadood. Suuradaha hore ee soo degay, ee ku soo degay Maka, waxay inta badan khuseeyaan arrimaha diiniga ah, halka suuradaha dambe ee Madiina ay ka hadlayaan arrimaha bulshada iyo sharciga ah ee khuseeya bulshada Muslimka ah.[[File:Quran rzabasi1.JPG|thumb|Qoraal-gacmeed Quraan ah oo qarnigii 9-aad ah oo saaran rihaal, kaas oo ah taageerada buugga ee qoraalka quduska ah, oo lagu hayo Matxafka Reza Abbasi ee ku yaalla Tehraan, Iran.]] Sharci-yaqaanada Islaamku waxay la tashadaan Xadiiska, ama diiwaanka qoran ee nolosha Nabi Maxamed, si ay u kaalmeeyaan Quraanka una caawiyaan fasiraadiisa. Sayniska faallooyinka Quraanka iyo tafsiirka waxaa loo yaqaanaa tafsiir.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/tafsir |title=Tafsīr |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=79–81}} Marka laga reebo muhiimaddiisa diiniga ah, Quraanka waxaa si weyn loogu tixgeliyaa inuu yahay shaqada ugu fiican ee suugaanta Carabiga,<ref>{{cite book|first=Alan|last=Jones|location=London|publisher=Charles E. Tuttle Company|year=1994|page=1|title=The Koran|quote="Its outstanding literary merit should also be noted: it is by far, the finest work of Arabic prose in existence."|isbn=1842126091}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Arthur|last=Arberry|title=The Koran Interpreted|location=London|publisher=Allen & Unwin|year=1956|quote="It may be affirmed that within the literature of the Arabs, wide and fecund as it is both in poetry and in elevated prose, there is nothing to compare with it."|page=191|isbn=0684825074}}</ref> wuxuuna saameeyay fanka iyo afka Carabiga.<ref>Kadi, Wadad, and Mustansir Mir. "Literature and the Quran." In ''Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an'' 3. pp. 213, 216.</ref> Islaamku sidoo kale wuxuu qabaa in Alle uu soo diray waxyiyo, oo la yiraahdo waxyi, oo loo soo diray nabiyo kala duwan marar badan taariikhda dhexdeeda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Islaamku wuxuu barayaa in qaybo ka mid ah qoraalladii hore ee la soo waxyooday, sida Tawraat (Tawraad) iyo Injiil (Injiil), ay noqdeen kuwo la leexiyay—ha ahaato dhinaca fasiraadda, qoraalka, ama labadaba,<ref name="harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5">{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5}}</ref><ref name="harvp|Peters|2003|p=9">{{harvp|Peters|2003|p=9}}</ref><ref name="610CE">{{harvc|c=Muhammad|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|last2=Welch|first2=A.T.|last1=Buhl|first1=F.}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Tahrif |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d. |author=Hava Lazarus-Yafeh}}</ref> halka Quraanku (Akhris) loo arko erayga ugu dambeeya ee Alle oo aan wax beddel ah lahayn.<ref name="Ringgren-Quran">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ringgren |first=Helmer |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Quran |title=Qurʾān |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription}} "The word ''Quran'' was invented and first used in the Quran itself. There are two different theories about this term and its formation. "</ref><ref>{{harvp|Teece|2003|pp=12–13}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Turner|2006|p=42}}</ref>{{sfnp|Bennett|2010|p=101}} === Malaa'igta === [[File:Rashid al-Din Tabib - Jami al-Tawarikh, f.45v detail - c. 1306-15.png|thumb|Maxamed oo helaya [[Muhammad's first revelation|waxyigiisii ugu horreeyay]] oo uga imaanaya malaa'igta [[Gabriel]], oo ka socda qoraal gacmeedka [[Jami' al-tawarikh|Jami' al-Tawarikh]] ee uu qoray [[Rashid al-Din Hamadani|Rashid-al-Din Hamadani]], lagu daabacay [[Tabriz]], [[Iran]], 1307 C.D.]] {{Main|Angels in Islam}} Malaa'igta (keligood: {{langx|ar|ملك|link=no}}, ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|malak}}'') waa makhluuqaad lagu sifeeyay Quraanka{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=23}} iyo xadiiska.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=79}} Waxaa lagu sifeeyay inay u abuuran yihiin inay caabudaan Ilaahay iyo inay sidoo kale ka shaqeeyaan waajibaadyo kale oo gaar ah sida gudbinta [[revelation|waxyiga]] ee ka yimid Ilaahay, diiwaangelinta ficilada qof kasta, iyo qaadashada [[soul|nafta]] qofka waqtiga dhimashada. Waxaa lagu sifeeyay inay si kala duwan uga abuurmeen 'iftiin' ([[Nūr (Islam)|''nūr'']])<ref name="Encyclopedia-Nur">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Nūr |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/nur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423085030/https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/nur |archive-date=2022-04-23 |encyclopedia=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |via=[[Encyclopedia.com]] |language=en |access-date=2026-03-20}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|last1=Hartner, W.|last2=Tj Boer |year=2012 |c=Nūr |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0874}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Elias |first=Jamal J. |year=2003|c=Light |in=McAuliffe}} {{doi|10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00261}}</ref> ama 'dab' (''nār'').<ref>{{harvc |last=Campo |first=Juan E. |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/nar |c=Nar |in=Martin |year=2004}}. – via [[Encyclopedia.com]].</ref><ref>{{harvc|last=Fahd, T. |year=2012 |c=Nār |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0846}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Toelle |first=Heidi |year=2002 |c=Fire |in=McAuliffe}} {{doi|10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00156}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|McAuliffe|2003|p=45}}</ref> Malaa'igta Islaamka waxaa badanaa lagu matalaa [[Anthropomorphism|qaabab bini'aadamnimo]] oo ay ku jiraan sawirro [[supernatural|cajiib ah]], sida baalal, oo ah kuwa aad u waaweyn ama xidhan dhar janno.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|pp=97–99}}<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=26–28}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Webb |first=Gisela |c=Angel |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|last1=MacDonald, D. B.|last2=Madelung, W. |year=2012 |c=Malāʾika |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}}{{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0642}}</ref> Sifooyinka caadiga ah ee malaa'igta waxaa ka mid ah inaysan lahayn baahiyo jir iyo rabitaanno, sida cunidda iyo cabidda.{{sfnp|Çakmak|2017|p=140}} Qaarkood, sida [[Gabriel|Jibriil]] iyo [[Michael (archangel)|Miikaa'il]], ayaa magacyadooda lagu xusay Quraanka. Malaa'igtu waxay door muhiim ah ka ciyaaraan suugaanta ku saabsan [[Isra and Mi'raj|Mi'raajka]], halkaas oo Maxamed uu kula kulmo dhowr malaa'igood intii uu ku jirsaday safarkiisa samada.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=79}} Malaa'ig dheeraad ah ayaa badanaa lagu muujiyay [[Islamic eschatology|qiyaamaha]], [[Kalam|cilmiga kalaamka]] iyo [[Islamic philosophy|falsafada Islaamka]].{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=22}} === Kitaabyada === [[File:Quran rzabasi1.JPG|thumb|Qoraal gacmeed [[Quran|Quraan]] ah oo qarnigii 9-aad ah oo saaran [[Rehal (book rest)|rehal]], oo ah kursiga kitaabka qudduuska ah, oo lagu hayo [[Reza Abbasi Museum]] ee [[Tehran]], [[Iran]].]] {{Main|Islamic holy books|Quran|Wahy}} {{See also|History of the Quran}} Kitaabka quduuska ah ee ugu sarreeya Islaamka waa [[Quran|Quraanka]]. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in aayaadka Quraanka uu Maxamed u soo waxyooday Ilaahay, iyada oo la sii marinayo [[archangel|malaa'igta]] Jibriil, marar badan inta u dhaxaysa 610 C.D.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Watt |first=William Montgomery |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC&pg=PA5 |title=Islam and the Integration of Society |date=2003 |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |isbn=978-0-415-17587-6 |pages=5 |access-date=15 June 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228022949/https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo 632, sanadkii uu geeriyooday Maxamed.{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=17–18, 21}} Intii uu Maxamed noolaa, waxyiyadan waxaa qoray [[Muhammad's companions|saxaabtiisa]], inkastoo habka ugu muhiimsan ee gudbinta uu ahaa af ahaan iyada oo la adeegsanayo [[Hafiz (Quran)|xifdinta]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Al Faruqi |first1=Lois Ibsen |author-link=Lois Lamya al-Faruqi |year=1987 |title=The Cantillation of the Qur'an |journal=[[Society for Asian Music|Asian Music]] |issue=Autumn – Winter 1987 |pages=3–4}}</ref> Quraanku wuxuu u qaybsamaa 114 suuradood (''[[sūrah]]'') oo ka kooban wadarta guud ee 6,236 aayadood (''[[ayah|āyāt]]''). Suuradaha hore ee taariikh ahaan, ee lagaga soo waxyooday [[Mecca|Makka]], waxay inta badan khuseeyaan arrimaha ruuxiga ah, halka suuradaha dambe ee [[Medina|Madiina]] ay ka hadlaan arrimo bulsho iyo sharci oo khuseeya bulshada Muslimka ah. Qareennada Muslimiintu waxay la tashadaan xadiiska ('warka'), ama diiwaanka qoran ee nolosha Maxamed, si ay labadaba u taageeraan Quraanka oo ay uga caawiyaan tafsiirkiisa. Sayniska faallooyinka iyo tafsiirka Quraanka waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[tafsir]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/tafsir |title=Tafsīr |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019035210/https://www.britannica.com/topic/tafsir |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=79–81}} Marka laga reebo muhiimadiisa diimeed, Quraanka waxaa loo aqoonsan yahay si weyn inuu yahay shaqada ugu fiican [[Arabic literature|suugaanta Carabiga]],<ref>{{cite book|first=Alan|last=Jones|location=London|publisher=[[Charles E. Tuttle Company]]|year=1994|page=1|title=The Koran|quote="Its outstanding literary merit should also be noted: it is by far, the finest work of Arabic prose in existence."|isbn=1842126091}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Arthur|last=Arberry|title=The Koran Interpreted|location=London|publisher=[[Allen & Unwin]]|year=1956|quote="It may be affirmed that within the literature of the Arabs, wide and fecund as it is both in poetry and in elevated prose, there is nothing to compare with it."|page=191|isbn=0684825074}}</ref> wuxuuna saameeyay fanka iyo luqadda Carabiga.<ref>Kadi, Wadad, and Mustansir Mir. "Literature and the Quran." In ''[[Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān|Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an]]'' 3. pp. 213, 216.</ref> Islaamku sidoo kale wuxuu qabaa in Ilaahay uu soo diray waxyiyo, oo la yiraahdo ''[[wahy]]'', oo loo soo diray nabiyo kala duwan marar badan taariikhda oo dhan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Islaamku wuxuu barayaa in qaybo ka mid ah kitaabadii hore ee la soo waxyooday, sida [[Torah in Islam|''Towraad'']] ([[Torah]]) iyo [[Gospel in Islam|''Injiil'']] ([[Gospel in Islam|Injiil]]), ay noqdeen kuwo [[tahrif|la leexiyay]]—ha ahaato tafsiirka, qoraalka, ama labadaba,<ref name="harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5">{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5}}</ref><ref name="harvp|Peters|2003|p=9">{{harvp|Peters|2003|p=9}}</ref><ref name="610CE">{{harvc|c=Muhammad|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|last2=Welch|first2=A.T.|last1=Buhl|first1=F.}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Tahrif |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d. |author=[[Hava Lazarus-Yafeh]]}}</ref> halka Quraanka ({{Lit|Akhrinta}}) loo arko hadalka ugu dambeeya, ee dhabta ah ee aan wax laga beddelin ee Ilaahay.<ref name="Ringgren">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ringgren |first=Helmer |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Quran |title=Qurʾān |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=5 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505001543/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/487666/Quran |url-status=live }} "The word ''Quran'' was invented and first used in the Quran itself. There are [[Quran#Etymology and meaning|two different theories]] about this term and its formation."</ref><ref>{{harvp|Teece|2003|pp=12–13}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Turner|2006|p=42}}</ref>{{sfnp|Bennett|2010|p=101}} === Nabiyada === {{Main|Prophets and messengers in Islam|Sunnah|Hadith}} [[File:Medieval Persian manuscript Muhammad leads Abraham Moses Jesus.jpg|thumb|[[Persian miniature|Miniakiyada Faarisiga]] ee qarnigii 15-aad oo muujinaysa [[Muhammad in Islam|Maxamed]] oo hoggaaminaya [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Muuse]], [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]] iyo [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|nabiyo kale]] salaadda.<ref>{{cite web |title=BnF. Département des Manuscrits. Supplément turc 190 |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/view3if/ga/ark:/12148/btv1b8427195m/f16 |publisher=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] |access-date=7 September 2023 |archive-date=9 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909130407/https://gallica.bnf.fr/view3if/ga/ark:/12148/btv1b8427195m/f16 |url-status=live }}</ref>]] Nabiyada (Carabi: {{langx|ar|أنبياء|label=none|translit=anbiyāʾ}}) waxaa la rumeysan yahay inay doorteen Ilaahay si ay u wacdhiyaan fariin ilaahi ah. Qaar ka mid ah nabiyadan ayaa sidoo kale keena kitaab cusub waxaana loogu yeeraa "rasuul" ({{langx|ar| رسول&lrm;|label=none|translit=rasūl}}).<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|p=225}}</ref> Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in nabiyadu ay yihiin bini'aadam oo aan ahayn ilaahyo. Dhammaan nabiyadu waxaa la sheegaa inay wacdiyiyeen fariintii asaasiga ahayd ee Islaamka - u dhiibashada doonista Ilaahay - oo ay u direen quruumihii hore, tan ayaana la sheegay inay sabab u tahay isku mid ahaanshaha badan ee u dhexeeya diimaha. Quraanku wuxuu sheegayaa magacyada tiro badan oo ah shakhsiyaadka loo tixgeliyo [[prophets in Islam|nabiyada Islaamka]], oo ay ku jiraan [[Adam in Islam|Aadam]], [[Noah in Islam|Nux]], [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Muuse]], [[David in Islam|Daa'uud]] iyo [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]], iyo kuwo kale.<ref name="Schimmel">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |author-link=Annemarie Schimmel |title=Islam |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504201633/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/295507/Islam |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Reeves |first=J. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC |title=Bible and Qurʼān: Essays in scriptural intertextuality |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2004 |isbn=90-04-12726-7 |location=[[Leiden]] |page=177 |access-date=21 August 2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164019/https://books.google.com/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC |url-status=live }}</ref> Sheekooyinka la xiriira nabiyada ee ka baxsan xisaabaadka Quraanka waxaa lagu ururiyaa oo lagu baaraa ''[[Qisas Al-Anbiya|Qisas al-Anbiya]]'' (Sheekooyinka Nabiyada). Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in Ilaahay uu soo diray Maxamed inuu noqdo nabiga ugu dambeeya ("[[Seal of the prophets|khaatumul anbiyo]]") si uu u gaarsiiyo fariinta dhameystiran ee Islaamka.<ref name="Esposito-Islam">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Esposito |first=John L. |author-link=John Esposito |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |title=Islam |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012298 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110124812/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012298 |archive-date=2021-01-10 |quote=Profession of Faith...affirms Islam's absolute monotheism and acceptance of Muḥammad as the messenger of Allah, the last and final prophet. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Peters-Allah">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Peters |first=F. E. |author-link=Francis Edward Peters |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |title=Allāh |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095403960 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926053837/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095403960 |archive-date=2020-09-26 |quote=[T]he Muslims' understanding of Allāh is based...on the Qurʿān's public witness. Allāh is Unique, the Creator, Sovereign, and Judge of mankind. It is Allāh who directs the universe through his direct action on nature and who has guided human history through his prophets, Abraham, with whom he made his covenant, Moses/Moosa, Jesus/Eesa, and Muḥammad, through all of whom he founded his chosen communities, the 'Peoples of the Book.' |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Islaamka dhexdiisa, tusaalaha "caadiga ah" ee nolosha Maxamed waxaa lagu magacaabaa ''[[sunnah]]'' (oo macneheedu yahay "jidka la maray"). Muslimiinta waxaa lagu dhiirrigelinayaa inay ku daydaan dabeecadaha akhlaaqda ee Maxamed noloshooda maalinlaha ah, sunnadana waxaa loo arkaa mid muhiim u ah hagidda tafsiirka Quraanka.<ref>{{harvp|Martin|2004|p=666}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Hadith|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|author=J. Robson}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Sunna|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|author=D.W. Brown}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Goldman |first=Elizabeth |title=Believers: Spiritual Leaders of the World |date=1995 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-508240-1 |location=Oxford |page=63}}</ref> Tusaalahan waxaa lagu ilaaliyaa dhaqamo loo yaqaan xadiis, oo ah xisaabaadka erayadiisa, ficilladiisa, iyo sifooyinka shakhsi ahaaneed. [[Hadith qudsi|Xadiiska Qudsi]] waa qayb hoose oo ka tirsan xadiiska, oo loo arko inuu yahay erayada dhabta ah ee Ilaahay ee uu soo xigtay Maxamed oo aan ahayn qayb ka tirsan Quraanka. Xadiisku wuxuu ka kooban yahay laba shay: silsiladda sheekeeyayaasha, oo loo yaqaanno [[Hadith studies#Traditional importance of the sanad|''sanad'']], iyo ereyada dhabta ah, oo loo yaqaanno [[Hadith studies|''matn'']]. Waxaa jira habab kala duwan oo lagu kala saaro xaqiiqda xadiisyada, iyadoo cabbirka darajada ee badanaa la isticmaalo uu yahay "saxiix" ama "sax ah" ({{langx|ar|صحيح|links=no|translit=[[Authentic hadith|ṣaḥīḥ]]|label=none}}); "xasan" ({{langx|ar|حسن|links=no|label=none|translit=[[Hasan (hadith)|ḥasan]]}}); ama "daciif" ({{langx|ar|ضعيف|label=none|translit=[[Da'if|ḍaʻīf]]}}), iyo kuwo kale. [[Kutub al-Sittah]] waa ururinta lix kitaab, oo loo arko inay yihiin warbixinnada ugu suuban ee [[Sunni Islam|Sunniyada]]. Waxaa ka mid ah [[Sahih al-Bukhari]], oo ay Sunnidu badanaa u arkaan mid ka mid ah [[Hadith terminology#Terminology relating to the authenticity of a hadith|ilaha ugu suuban]] ka dib Quraanka.<ref>[[Aisha Abd al-Rahman|al-Rahman, Aisha Abd]], ed. 1990. [[Introduction to the Science of Hadith|Muqaddimah Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ]]. Cairo: Dar al-Ma'arif, 1990. pp. 160–69</ref> Il kale oo caan ka ah xadiisyada waa [[The Four Books|Afrta Kitaab]], oo ay Shiicadu u arkaan tixraaca xadiiska ee ugu suuban.<ref name="Awliyai-Four-Books">{{cite book |last=Awliya'i |first=Mustafa |title=Outlines of the Development of the Science of Hadith |volume=1 |chapter=The Four Books |url=https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol1-n12-3/outlines-development-science-hadith-dr-mustafa-awliyai/part-1#four-books |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912144702/https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol1-n12-3/outlines-development-science-hadith-dr-mustafa-awliyai/part-1#four-books |archive-date=2017-09-12 |translator-last=Qara'i |translator-first=A. Q. |via=Al-Islam.org |access-date=2020-05-24 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Rizvi-Four-Books">{{cite book |last=Rizvi |first=Sayyid Sa'eed Akhtar |author-link=Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi |title=The Qur'an and Hadith |location=Tanzania |publisher=Bilal Muslim Mission |chapter=The Hadith §The Four Books (Al-Kutubu'l-Arb'ah) |url=https://www.al-islam.org/quran-and-hadith-allamah-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/chapter-4-hadith#four-books-al-kutubul-arbah |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912191319/https://www.al-islam.org/quran-and-hadith-allamah-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/chapter-4-hadith#four-books-al-kutubul-arbah |archive-date=2017-09-12 |via=Al-Islam.org |access-date=2020-05-24 |language=en}}</ref> === Soo-noqoshada iyo xukunka === [[File:Chester Beatty T 414 fol 129r Muhammad al-Mehdi.png|thumb|Matxaf qarnigii 16-aad ee [[Muhammad al-Mahdi|Maxamed al-Mahdi]]. [[Mahdi|Mahdiga]] waxaa la rumeysan yahay inuu soo muuqan doono ka hor [[Eschatology|Waqtiga Dhamaadka]] si uu u soo celiyo cadaaladda oo uu uga adkaado dulmiga iyadoo la kaashanaya [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]] ([[Jesus]]).]] {{Main|Islamic eschatology}} Rumaysashada "Maalinta Qiyaame" ama ''[[Qiyamah|Yawm al-Qiyāmah]]'' ({{langx|ar|يوم القيامة|link=no}}) ayaa sidoo kale muhiim u ah Muslimiinta. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in waqtiga Qiyaamaha uu hore u qadaray Ilaahay, laakiin uusan aqoon bini'aadamku. Quraanka iyo xadiiska, iyo sidoo kale faallooyinka [[Ulama|culimada]], waxay qeexayaan imtixaannada iyo [[Great Tribulation|dhibaatooyinka]] ka horreeya iyo inta uu socdo Qiyaamaha. Quraanka wuxuu xoogga saarayaa [[universal resurrection|soo-noqoshada jirka]], taasoo ah mid ka duwan fahamkii [[pre-Islamic Arabia|Carabtii hore]] ee dhimashada.<ref>{{harvp|Glassé|2003|loc="Resurrection"|pp=382–383}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)|2012|loc="Avicenna"}}. {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_DUM_0467}}: "Ibn Sīnā, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Sīnā is known in the West as 'Avicenna'."</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Qiyama |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d. |author=Gardet, L.}}</ref> Maalinta Qiyaame, Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in dhammaan bini'aadamka lagu xukumi doono falalkooda wanaagsan iyo kuwa xun waxaana loo gudbin doonaa [[Jannah|Janno]] ama [[Jahannam|Naar]].<ref>{{cite web |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |editor-link=John Esposito |title=Eschatology |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e588 |url-access=subscription |work=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Islam]] |via=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |access-date=18 April 2017 |archive-date=13 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100913062714/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e588 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Quraanku wuxuu ku jira [[Surat al-Zalzalah]] wuxuu tan ku sifeeyaa: "Haddaba qofkii sameeya culays atoore oo wanaag ah wuu arki doonaa. Qofkii se sameeya culays atoore oo xumaan ah wuu arki doonaa." Quraanku [[Islamic views of sin|wuxuu qorayaa dunuub badan]] oo qof ku xukumi kara naar. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Quraanku wuxuu caddeynayaa in Ilaahay uu cafiyi doono dunuubta kuwa toobad keena haddii uu doono. Falalka wanaagsan, sida sadaqada, salaadda, iyo naxariista xayawaannada{{sfnp|Esposito|2011|p=130}} waxaa lagu abaalmarin doonaa gelitaanka jannada. Muslimiintu waxay u arkaan jannada meel ay ka buuxaan farxad iyo barako, iyadoo tixraacyada Quraanku ay qeexayaan sifooyinkeeda. Dhaqamada suufiga ah ee Islaamka waxay dhigayaan raaxooyinkan jannada xiriir la leh wacyigelin xamaasad leh oo ku saabsan Ilaahay.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2006|p=89}}; ''Encyclopedia of Islam and Muslim World'', p. 565</ref><ref>{{harvc |c=Garden |first=Asma |last=Afsaruddin |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Paradise|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> ''Yawm al-Qiyāmah'' sidoo kale waxaa Quraanka loogu aqoonsaday ''Yawm ad-Dīn'' ({{lang|ar|يوم الدين}} "Maalinta Diinta");<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|1|4|b=y}};</ref> ''as-Sāʿah'' ({{lang|ar|الساعة}} "Saacadda Dambe");<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|6|31|b=y}};</ref> iyo ''[[Al-Qaria|al-Qāriʿah]]'' ({{lang|ar|القارعة}} "Qaylisaada").<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|101|1|b=y}}</ref> === Qadarka === {{Main|Predestination in Islam}} Qaar ka mid ah Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin qadarka ilaahay, ({{langx|ar|القضاء والقدر}}, ''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|al-qadāʾ wa l-qadar}}'') in arrin kasta uu qaddaray Ilaahay.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.freeweb.hu/etymological/AEDweb.htm |date=2002 |title=Andras Rajki's A. E. D. (Arabic Etymological Dictionary) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208204654/http://www.freeweb.hu/etymological/AEDweb.htm |archive-date=8 December 2011 |access-date=13 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Cohen-Mor|2001|p=4}}: "The idea of predestination is reinforced by the frequent mention of events 'being written' or 'being in a book' before they happen": Say: "Nothing will happen to us except what Allah has decreed for us..."</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Karamustafa |first=Ahmet T. |c=Fate |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}: The verb ''qadara'' literally means "to measure, to determine". Here it is used to mean that "God measures and orders his creation".</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Gardet|first=L.|year=2012|c=al-Ḳaḍāʾ Wa 'l-Ḳadar |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0407}}</ref> [[Mu'tazilism|Mu'tasiladu]] iyo qaar ka mid ah Shiicada Muslimiinta ah ma rumeysna fikraddan.<ref>[[#AGI1978|Guillaume, ''Islam'', 1978]]: p.131-2</ref><ref>[[#AGI1978|Guillaume, ''Islam'', 1978]]: p.132</ref><ref>''Need of Religion'', by Sayyid [[Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi]], p. 14.</ref><ref>''Muslims'', by S. H. M. Rizvi, Shibani Roy, B. B. Dutta, p. 20.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shirazi |first1=Naser Makarem |title=The Justice of God |publisher=Al-Islam.org |url=https://www.al-islam.org/justice-god-naser-makarem-shirazi/issue-predestination-and-free-will |access-date=14 June 2022 |chapter=The Issue of Predestination and Free Will|date=12 May 2015 }}</ref><ref>''Islamic Beliefs, Practices, and Cultures'', by Marshall Cavendish Corporation, p. 137.</ref> Badanaa, rumaysashadan masiirka ilaahay waxaa lagu muujiyaa erayga ''[[Inshallah]]'', ({{langx|ar|إن شاء الله}}, {{transliteration|ar|haddii Alle jiro}}) marka laga hadlayo dhacdooyinka mustaqbalka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Muslim beliefs – Al-Qadr |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z43pfcw/revision/4 |access-date=13 November 2020 |publisher=BBC |work=Bitesize – GCSE – Edexcel |archive-date=15 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115112558/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z43pfcw/revision/4 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Ficilada cibaadada == {{Main|Five Pillars of Islam|Ibadah}} Waxaa jira shan ficil oo cibaado ah oo loo arko inay yihiin [[fard|waajibaad]]–Shahaadada, salaadaha shanta ah ee maalinlaha ah, [[Zakat|sakada]], [[fasting during Ramadan|soonta bisha Ramadaan]], iyo xajka [[Hajj|Hajka]]—oo si wadajir ah loogu yaqaano "Tiirarka Islaamka" (''Arkān al-Islām''). Intaa waxaa dheer, Muslimiintu waxay sidoo kale sameeyaan ficilo kale oo ikhtiyaari ah oo dhiirrigel leh laakiin aan loo arkin inay yihiin waajibaad.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=ZAROUG|first=ABDULLAHI HASSAN|date=1985|title=THE CONCEPT OF PERMISSION, SUPEREROGATORY ACTS AND ASETICISM &#91;sic&#93; IN ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20847307|journal=Islamic Studies|volume=24|issue=2|pages=167–180|jstor=20847307|issn=0578-8072|access-date=7 January 2023|archive-date=7 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207140013/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20847307|url-status=live}}</ref> === Shahaadada === [[File:Silver Rupee Akbar.jpg|thumb|right|Lacag qalinkii qarnigii 16-aad ee [[Akbar|Akbarkii Weyn]], Boqorkii [[Mughal Empire|Mugalka]], [[India]], oo lagu qoray [[Shahada|Shahaadada]].]] {{Main|Shahada}} [[shahada]]h{{sfnp|Nasr|2003|pp=3, 39, 85, 270–272}} waa [[oath|dhaar]] lagu caddaynayo rumaysashada Islaamka. Qoraalka la ballaariyay waa "{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʾašhadu ʾal-lā ʾilāha ʾillā-llāhu wa ʾašhadu ʾanna muħammadan rasūlu-llāh}}" ({{langx|ar|أشهد أن لا إله إلا الله وأشهد أن محمداً رسول الله|label=none}}), ama, "Waxaan qirayaa inuusan jirin [[deity|ilaah]] aan ahayn [[God in Islam|Ilaahay]] waxaanuna qirayaa in Maxamed yahay rasuulkii Ilaahay."<ref name="Mohammad-1985">{{cite journal |last=Mohammad |first=Noor |date=1985 |title=The Doctrine of Jihad: An Introduction |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-law-and-religion_1985_3_2/page/381 |journal=[[Journal of Law and Religion]] |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=381–397 |doi=10.2307/1051034 |jstor=1051034 |publisher=Journal of Law and Religion, Inc. |language=en}}</ref> Islaamka waxaa mararka qaarkood lagu doodaa inuu leeyahay caqiido aad u fudud iyadoo shahaadadu ay tahay saldhigga diinta ka hartay. Aan-Muslimiinta raba inay [[Conversion to Islam|soo islaamaan]] waxaa looga baahan yahay inay ku dhawaaqaan shahaadada hortooda markhaatiyaal.<ref>{{harvc |last=Kasim |first=Husain |year=2004 |c=Islam |pp=195–197 |in=Salamone}}</ref><ref name="Galonnier-2021">{{cite book |last=Galonnier |first=Juliette |editor-last=van Nieuwkerk |editor-first=Karin |title=Moving In and Out of Islam |chapter=Moving In or Moving Toward? Reconceptualizing Conversion to Islam as a Liminal Process |location=New York |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2021 |pages=44–66 |doi=10.7560/317471-003 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7560/317471-003/html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023001/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7560/317471-003/html |archive-date=2023-12-28 |language=en}}</ref> === Salaadda === [[File:Prayer in Cairo 1865.jpg|thumb|[[Muslims|Muslimiin]] tukanaya ([[salah]]) gudaha [[Egypt]] waxaa alifay [[Jean-Léon Gérôme]], 1865.]] {{Main|Salah}} {{See also|Mosque|Jumu'ah}} Salaadda Islaamka waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[salah|as-salaad]] ({{langx|ar|الصلاة|link=no}}), ama erayga [[Persian language|Faarisiga]] ee ah "Namaz." Waxaa loo arkaa xiriir shakhsi ah oo lala leeyahay Ilaahay, waxayna ka kooban tahay ku celcelinta qaybo la yiraahdo [[rakat|rakco]] oo ay ku jiraan [[Ruku|rukooc]] iyo [[Sujud|sujuud]] loo sujuudayo Ilaahay. Waxaa jira shan salaadood oo la cayimay maalintii oo dhan kuwaas oo loo arko waajibaad. Salaadaha waxaa lagu akhriyaa luqadda Carabiga waxaana lagu fuliyaa [[Qibla|dhanka]] [[Kaaba|Kacbada]]. Ficilku sidoo kale wuxuu u baahan yahay xaalad nadiif ah oo diimeed oo lagu gaaro hababka [[wudu|weysada]] ama, xaaladaha qaarkood, qubays buuxa oo [[ghusl|qubays ah]].<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=18, 19}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Hedayetullah|2006|pp=53–55}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Kobeisy|2004|pp=22–34}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Momen|1987|p=178}}</ref> [[mosque|Masaajidka]], oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano masjid ama namazgah, waa [[places of worship|goob cibaado]] oo loogu talagalay Muslimiinta. Inkasta oo ujeeddada ugu weyn ee masaajidku ay tahay inuu u adeego meel salaadeed, sidoo kale waa xarun bulsho oo muhiim u ah [[ummah|bulshada Muslimka ah]]. Tusaale ahaan, [[Prophet's Mosque|Masjidka Nabiga]] ee [[Medina|Madiina]], wuxuu sidoo kale u adeegi jiray hoy ay degaan dadka saboolka ah.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Mattson |first=Ingrid |year=2006 |title=Women, Islam, and Mosques |pages=615–629 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America |series=Volume 2, Part VII. Islam |editor1=R. S. Keller |name-list-style=and |editor2=R. R. Ruether |place=Bloomington and Indianapolis |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |isbn=978-0-253-34687-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC&pg=PA615 |access-date=2 October 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023019/https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC&pg=PA615#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Minaret|Minaarooyinku]] waa munaarooyin loo isticmaalo in lagu yeero [[adhan|aanka]], kaas oo ah yeedhid afka ah oo lagu calaamadinayo waqtiga salaadda.<ref name="Pedersen-Masjid-2010">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Pedersen |first1=Johannes |last2=Hillenbrand |first2=Robert |last3=Burton-Page |first3=John |author-link3=John Burton-Page |title=Masd̲j̲id |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam |edition=2nd |location=Leiden |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2010 |doi=10.1163/9789004206106_eifo_COM_0694 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/mosque |title=Mosque |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928065350/https://www.britannica.com/topic/mosque |url-status=live }}</ref> === Sakada === [[File:Slot at the Zaouia Moulay Idriss II 1.jpg|thumb|Meel lagu bixiyo sakada oo ku taal [[Zawiya of Moulay Idris II]] ee [[Fez, Morocco]].]] {{Main|Zakat}} {{See also|Sadaqah}} [[Zakat|Sakada]] ([[Arabic language|Carabi]]: {{langx|ar|زكاة|translit=zakāh|label=none}}), waa nooc ka mid ah [[Alms|Sadaqada]] oo lagu garto bixinta qayb go'an (2.5% sanadkii)<ref name="Ahmed-Gianci-2005">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Ahmed |first1=Medani |last2=Gianci |first2=Sebastian |title=Zakat |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Taxation and Tax Policy |editor1-last=Cordes |editor1-first=Joseph J. |editor2-last=Ebel |editor2-first=Robert D. |editor3-last=Gravelle |editor3-first=Jane |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Urban Institute Press |year=2005 |page=479 |isbn=978-0877667520 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m66_BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA479 |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026}}</ref> ee [[Financial capital|hantida la ururiyay]] ay bixiyaan kuwa awoodda u leh si ay u caawiyaan dadka saboolka ah ama baahan, sida xoraynta maxaabiista, kuwa [[bonded labor|dayn ku jira]], ama safarka ku ah, iyo kuwa loo shaqaaleysiiyo ururinta sakada. Waxay u shaqaysaa sidii nooc ka mid ah [[welfare spending|gar-gaar bulsheed]] oo ka jira bulshooyinka Muslimka ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ariff |first=Mohamed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NP4ZL0TJ9s4C&pg=PA55 |title=The Islamic Voluntary Sector in Southeast Asia: Islam and the Economic Development of Southeast Asia |publisher=[[Institute of Southeast Asian Studies]] |year=1991 |isbn=978-981-3016-07-1 |pages=55– |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023007/https://books.google.com/books?id=NP4ZL0TJ9s4C&&pg=PA55 |url-status=live }}</ref> Waxaa loo arkaa waajibaad diimeed oo ay dadka ladani ku leeyihiin kuwa baahan sababtoo ah hantidooda waxaa loo arkaa ammaan ka timid nimcada Ilaahay,<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2010|p=109–110}}: This is not regarded as charity because it is not really voluntary but instead is owed, by those who have received their wealth as a trust from God's bounty, to the poor.</ref> waxaana loo arkaa daahirinta hantida dheeraadka ah ee qofka.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = RoutledgeCurzon| isbn = 9780415297967| title =Major World Religions: From Their Origins to the Present.| location = United Kingdom| year = 2003| last=Ridgeon| first=Lloyd| url = | page = 258|quote=Aside from its function of purifying believers' wealth, the payment of zakat may have contributed in no small way to the economic welfare of the Muslim community in Mecca.}}</ref> Wadarta guud ee sanadlaha ah ee lagu bixiyo sakada ayaa ah 15 jeer ka badan deeqaha gargaarka bini'aadamnimada ee adduunka, iyadoo la adeegsanayo qiyaaso taxaddar leh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 June 2012 |title=A faith-based aid revolution in the Muslim world |work=[[The New Humanitarian]] |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/95564/analysis-faith-based-aid-revolution-muslim-world |access-date=27 August 2023 |archive-date=14 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114014900/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/95564/analysis-faith-based-aid-revolution-muslim-world |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sadaqah|Sadaqadu]], si ka duwan Sakada, waa sadaqo ikhtiyaari ah oo aad loo dhiirrigeliyo.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Said |first=Abdul Aziz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4bs7g0O4eLYC&pg=PA145 |title=Contemporary Islam: Dynamic, Not Static |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-77011-8 |page=145 |display-authors=etal |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023121/https://books.google.com/books?id=4bs7g0O4eLYC&pg=PA145 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnp|Stefon|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef/page/72 72]}} [[Waqf|Waaqfeku]] waa [[charitable trust|kalsooni samafal]] oo joogto ah, taas oo maalgelisa isbitaallada iyo dugsiyada bulshooyinka Muslimka ah.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hudson |first=A. |title=Equity and Trusts |year=2003 |edition=3rd |page=32 |location=London |publisher=Cavendish Publishing |isbn=1-85941-729-9}}</ref> === Soonta === [[File:Iftar for Ramadhan.jpg|thumb|Munaasabadda afurka, oo loo yaqaan ''[[Iftar]]'', waxaa dhaqan ahaan lagu bixiyaa [[date (fruits)|timir]].]] {{Main|Fasting in Islam}} {{See also|Fasting during Ramadan}} Islaamka dhexdiisa, soonta ([[Arabic language|Carabi]]: {{langx|ar|صوم|translit=ṣawm|label=none}}) waxay mamnuucaysaa cuntada iyo cabitaanka, iyo sidoo kale noocyada kale ee isticmaalka, sida [[Smoking in Islam|sigaar-cabista]], waxaana la fuliyaa laga bilaabo waaberiga ilaa qorrax-dhaca. Inta lagu jiro bisha [[Ramadan]], waxaa loo arkaa waajibaad saaran Muslimiinta inay soomaan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramadan |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramadan |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009215438/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramadan |url-status=live }}</ref> Soontu waxay dhiirrigelisaa dareen u dhowaanshaha Ilaahay iyadoo qofku is celinayo dartii Ilaahay wixii kale ee bannaan iyo in laga fikiro kuwa baahan. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa jira maalmo kale, sida [[Day of Arafah|Maalinta Carafo]], marka soontu ay tahay ikhtiyaari.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher =Tughra Books | isbn = 9781597846110| title = Fasting In Islam And The Month Of Ramadan| location = United States| year =2006 | last=Ramadanali| url = |page=51 | quote = }}</ref> === Xajka === {{Main|Hajj|Umrah}} {{See also|Holiest sites in Islam}} [[File:A packed house - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|thumb|Xujeyda intii lagu jiray xilli [[Hajj|Hajka]] ee [[Masjid al-Haram]] ee [[Mecca|Makka]], [[Saudi Arabia|Sacuudi Carabiya]], [[Holiest sites in islam|goobta Islaamka ee ugu barakeysan]].]] [[pilgrimage|Xajka]] Islaamka, ee loo yaqaan {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ḥajj}} ({{langx|ar|حج|link=no}}), waa in la qabtaa ugu yaraan hal mar nolosha qof kasta oo Muslim ah oo awood u leh inta lagu jiro [[Islamic calendar|bisha Islaamka]] ee [[Dhu al-Hijjah]]. Caadooyinka Hajku waxay inta badan ku daydaan sheekada qoyska [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naik |first=Dr Zakir |author-link=Zakir Naik |date=7 January 2025 |title=What Are the Pillars of Islam? |url=https://islampidia.org/en/what-are-the-pillars-of-islam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115054332/https://islampidia.org/en/what-are-the-pillars-of-islam/ |archive-date=2025-11-15 |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Islampidia |language=en-AU}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Five Pillars of Islam |url=https://localhost:5000/learn/educators/curriculum-resources/art-of-the-islamic-world/unit-one/the-five-pillars-of-islam |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026}}</ref> [[Mecca|Makka]], xujeydu waxay toddobo jeer ku wareegaan [[Kaaba|Kacbada]], oo ay Muslimiintu rumeysan yihiin inuu dhisay Ibraahim meel cibaado ah, waxayna toddobo jeer u dhexeeyaan buuraha [[Safa and Marwa|Safa iyo Marwa]], iyagoo xusuusanaya tallaabooyinkii xaaska Ibraahim, [[Hagar]], oo u raadinaysay biyo ilmahaheedii [[Ishmael in Islam|Ismaaciil]] ee lamadegaanka ka hor intaan Makka is rogay degmo.<ref>{{harvp|Goldschmidt|Davidson|2005|p=48}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Farah|1994|pp=145–147}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Hajj |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> Xajku sidoo kale wuxuu ku lug leeyahay in la qaato maalin duco iyo cibaado ah oo ka dhacda bannaanada [[Mount Arafat|Carafo]] iyo sidoo kale [[Stoning_of_the_Devil|tuurista shaydaanka]] si calaamadaysan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F.E. |title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians |date=2009 |isbn=978-1-4008-2548-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HYJ2c9E9IM8C&pg=PA19 |page=20 |publisher=Princeton University Press |access-date=7 October 2014 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023112/https://books.google.com/books?id=HYJ2c9E9IM8C&pg=PA19#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Dhammaan ragga Muslimiinta ah waxay xidhaan laba maro oo cad oo fudud oo aan tol lahayn oo loo yaqaan [[Ihram clothing|ixraam]], kuwaas oo loogu talagalay inay keenaan isku xirnaan jiilal iyo sinnaan ka dhexaysa xujeyda inkasta oo ay jiraan fasal ama asal.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cornell |first=Vincent J. |title=Voices of Islam: Voices of tradition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g5LNUS0ciAAC&pg=PA29 |access-date=26 August 2012 |year=2007 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-98733-6 |page=29}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Glassé|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC&pg=PA207 207]}}</ref> Nooc kale oo xaj ah, [[Umrah|Umrada]], waa ikhtiyaari waxaana la qaban karaa wakhti kasta oo sanadka ka mid ah. Goobaha kale ee xajka Islaamka waa [[Medina|Madiina]], halkaas oo Maxamed uu ku geeriyooday, iyo sidoo kale [[Jerusalem|Quddus]], oo ah magaalo ay ku yaalliin nabiyo badan oo Islaam ah waana goobta [[Al-Aqsa|Al-Aqsa]], taas oo ahayd jihadii salaadda ka hor Makka.<ref>{{cite book|author=Michigan Consortium for Medieval and Early Modern Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p44kAQAAMAAJ|title=The Meeting of Two Worlds: Cultural Exchange Between East and West During the Period of the Crusades|publisher=Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University|year=1986|isbn=0918720583|editor1=Goss, V. P.|volume=21|page=208|editor2=Bornstein, C. V.|access-date=15 January 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023032/https://books.google.com/books?id=p44kAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Trofimov-2008">{{cite book |last=Trofimov |first=Yaroslav |author-link=Yaroslav Trofimov |title=The Siege of Mecca: The 1979 Uprising at Islam's Holiest Shrine |location=New York |publisher=[[Knopf]] |date=2008 |page=79 |isbn=978-0-307-47290-8 |language=en}}</ref> === Ficilada cibaadada ee kale === {{See also|Quran#Recitation|Dua|Dhikr}} [[File:Men reading the Koran in Umayyad Mosque, Damascus, Syria.jpg|thumb|Rag Muslimiin ah oo akhrinaya Quraanka gudaha [[Umayyad Mosque|Masjidka Umawiyiinta]] ee [[Damascus]], [[Syria]].]] Muslimiintu waxay akhriyaan oo xifdiyaan Quraanka oo dhan ama qaybo ka mid ah si ay u noqdaan camal wanaagsan. [[Tajwid|Tajwiidku]] wuxuu tilmaamayaa xeerar taxane ah oo loogu talagalay [[elocution|akhriska saxda ah]] ee Quraanka.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = | isbn = | title = Foundation of Tajweed| location = | year = 2013|edition=2| last=Aboo Yahyaa| url = | page = 1 | quote = }}</ref> Muslimiin badan ayaa akhriya Quraanka oo dhan inta lagu jiro bisha Ramadaan.{{sfnp|Stefon|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef/page/42 42–43]}} Qofka xifdiyay Quraanka oo dhan waxaa loo yaqaanaa Xaafid ("xifdiyey"), xadiisyaduna waxay xusayaan in shakhsiyaadkani ay awood u yeelan doonaan inay shafeecaan dadka kale Maalinta Qiyaamaha.{{sfnp|Nigosian|2004|p=[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=my7hnALd_NkC|page=70}} 70]}} Baryada Ilaahay, oo Carabiga lagu yiraahdo {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|duʿāʾ}} ({{langx|ar|دعاء}}&nbsp;{{IPA|ar|dʊˈʕæːʔ|IPA}}) waxay leedahay anshaxeedii gaarka ahaa sida [[Raising hands in dua|gacmaha oo la taago]] sidii iyadoo la baryayo.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Brill| isbn = 9789004335523| title = The Quṣṣāṣ of Early Islam| location = Netherlands| year = 2016| last=Armstrong| first=Lyall| url = | page = 184| quote = }}</ref> Xuska Ilaahay ({{langx|ar|ذكر|translit=Dhikr'|label=none}}) wuxuu tilmaamayaa erayada lagu celceliyo ee tixraacaya Ilaahay. Sida caadiga ah, tan waxaa ka mid ah Tahmiid, oo lagu dhawaaqayo [[Alhamdulillah|ammaan oo dhan waxaa leh Ilaahay]] ({{langx|ar|الحمد لله|translit=al-Ḥamdu lillāh|label=none}}) inta lagu jiro salaadda ama marka la dareemayo mahadnaq, [[Tasbih|Tasbiix]], oo lagu dhawaaqayo weyneynta Ilaahay inta lagu jiro salaadda ama marka la cajabo shay oo la dhaho '[[Basmala|bismillaah]]' ka hor intaan la bilaabin ficil sida cuntada.<ref>{{Cite web|title=alhamdulillah |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/alhamdulillah|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227042540/https://www.lexico.com/definition/alhamdulillah|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 27, 2020|access-date=2021-10-16|website=Lexico}}</ref> == Taariikhda == {{Main|Taariikhda Islaamka}} {{For timeline|Timeline of the history of Islam}} {{See also|List of Muslim empires and dynasties}}{{multiple image | align = center | direction = horizontal | total_width = 600 | image1 = Masjid Nabawi The Prophet's Mosque, Madina.jpg | image2 = Jerusalem DomeoftheRock J65 (cropped).JPG | footer = Bidix: [[Prophet's Mosque|Masjidka Nabiga]] ee [[Medina|Madiina]], Sacuudi Carabiya, waa [[holiest sites in islam|goobta labaad ee ugu barakeysan]] ee Islaamka. Maxamed laftiisa ayaa ku lug lahaa dhismaha masjidka, iyo [[Green Dome|Qubbadiisa Cagaaran]] waa halka lagu aasay. Midig: [[Al-Aqsa|Dhismaha Masjidka Al-Aqsa]] ee [[Jerusalem|Quddus]] waa goobta saddexaad ee ugu barakeysan ee Islaamka, halkaas oo Maxamed uu uga kacay samada intii uu socday [[Isra' and Mi'raj|Isra' iyo Mi'raaj]]. Goobtu waxay ahayd jihadii hore ee salaadda ([[qibla]]), halkaas oo Muslimiintu ay horay ugu tukan jireen ka hor intaan jihada loo beddelin [[Kaaba|Kacbada]] ee [[Mecca|Makka]] ka dib waxyi soo gaaray Maxamed. | caption1 = | caption2 = }} === Maxamed iyo bilowgii Islaamka (570–632) === {{Main|Muhammad|Muhammad in Islam}} {{for timeline|Timeline of early Islamic history}} {{Further|Muhammad in Mecca|Early social changes under Islam|First Islamic state}} [[File:Hira_Cave.jpg|thumb|[[Jabal al-Nour]] u dhow [[Mecca|Makka]], halkaas oo Maxamed uu ka helay [[Muhammad's first revelation|waxyigiisii ugu horreeyay]] ee ku jiray godka Xira.]] Sida ku xusan dhaqanka Islaamka, Maxamed wuxuu ku dhashay [[Mecca|Makka]] sannadkii 570 [[Common Era|C.D.]] wuxuuna noqday agoon caruurnimadiisii. Isagoo ku koray ganacsade ahaan, wuxuu noqday mid loo yaqaan "[[Amin (name)|amin (mid la isku halayn karo)]]" ({{langx|ar|الامين}}) waxaana la doonayay inuu noqdo garsoore dhexdhexaad ah. Intuu ka dib guursaday shaqaalihiisii, haweeneydii ganacsatada ahayd ee [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadiija]].{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=6}} Sannadkii 610 C.D., isagoo dhibsaday hoos u dhaca akhlaaqda iyo shirkiga ka jiray Makka isla markaana raadinaya gooni-isu-taag iyo fikir ruuxi ah, Maxamed wuxuu u baxay Godka Xira ee buurta [[Jabal al-Nour]], oo u dhow Makka. Wuxuu ahaa intii uu ku sugnaa godka halkaas oo la sheegay inuu [[Muhammad's first revelation|helay waxyigii ugu horreeyay]] ee [[Quran|Quraanka]] oo uga yimid malaa'igta [[Gabriel|Jibriil]].<ref name="610CE" /> Dhacdadii bixitaankii Maxamed ee godka iyo waxyigii xigay waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[Night of Power|Leylatul Qadr]] waxaana loo arkaa dhacdo muhiim ah taariikhda Islaamka. Intii lagu guda jiray 22-kii sano ee ka dambeeyay nolosha, laga bilaabo da'da 40 wixii ka dambeeyay, Maxamed wuxuu sii waday helitaanka waxyiga Ilaahay, isagoo noqday kii ugu dambeeyay ama [[Seal of the prophets|nabigii ugu dambeeyay]] ee loo diray bini'aadamka.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Muhammad |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> [[File:Siyer-i_Nebi_151b.jpg|thumb|Maxamed oo la muujiyay waji daboolan oo jooga [[Kaaba|Kacbada]] laga soo qaatay [[Siyer-i Nebi]], {{Circa|1595}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ottomans : religious painting |url=http://www.ee.bilkent.edu.tr/~history/ottoman33.html |access-date=1 May 2016}}</ref>]] Inta lagu jiro xilligan, [[Muhammad in Mecca|halka uu joogay Makka, Maxamed]] wuxuu ku wacdiyay marka hore si qarsoodi ah ka dibna si cad, isagoo ka baryaya dhegaystayaashiisa inay ka tagaan [[Arab polytheism|shirkiga]] oo ay caabudaan hal Ilaah. Qaar ka mid ah [[Early Muslims|Muslimiintii ugu horreysay ee soo islaamtay]] waxay ahaayeen dumar, saboolka, ajaanibta, iyo addoommada sida mu'adinkii ugu horreeyay [[Bilal ibn Rabah|Bilaal bin Rabaax]].<ref>Rabah, Bilal B. ''[[Encyclopedia of Islam]].''</ref> Dadka waaweyn ee Makka waxay dareemeen in Maxamed uu [[Early social changes under Islam|khalday nidaamkooda bulsho]] isagoo ka wacdiyaya hal Ilaah oo siinaya fikrado laga shakiyo saboolka iyo addoommada sababtoo ah waxay faa'iida ka helayeen xajka sanamyada Kacbada.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ünal |first=Ali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DyuqdDIjaswC&pg=PA1323 |title=The Qurʼan with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English |publisher=Tughra Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-59784-000-2 |pages=1323– |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024048/https://books.google.com/books?id=DyuqdDIjaswC&pg=PA1323#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|p=36}}</ref> Ka dib 12 sano oo ah [[Persecution of Muslims by Meccans|dhibaataynta Muslimiinta ay u geysanayeen dadkii Makka]], Maxamed iyo [[Companions of the Prophet|sahabbadiisii]] waxay sameeyeen [[Hegira|Hijradii]] 622 ee magaalada Yathrib (magaalada Madiina ee maanta). Wuxuu halkaas ka Aasaasay [[First Islamic state|Dowladdii Islaamiga ahayd ee ugu horreysay]] oo ay la socdaan Muslimiintii Madiina (''[[Ansar (Islam)|Ansaarta]]'') iyo muhaajiriintii Makka (''[[Muhajirun|Muhaajiriinta]]''). [[Constitution of Medina|Dastuurkii Madiina]] waxaa saxiixay dhammaan qabiilooyinkii Madiina. Tani waxay aasaastay xorriyadda diinta iyo xorriyadda isticmaalka sharcigooda u gaarka ah ee ka dhex jiray bulshooyinka Muslimka ah iyo kuwa aan Muslimka ahayn hammi ah in Madiina laga difaaco khataraha dibadda.{{sfnp|Serjeant|1978|p=4}} Ciidamadii Makka iyo xulafadoodii waxay guuldarro ka soo gaartay Muslimiinta [[Battle of Badr|Dagaalkii Badar]] 624 ka dibna waxay dagaalameen dagaal aan la isla ogayn oo ka dhacay [[Battle of Uhud|Dagaalkii Uxud]]<ref>{{Citation |last=Peter Crawford |title=The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-oHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |page=83 |publisher=Pen & Sword Books Limited |isbn=9781473828650 |date=2013-07-16 |access-date=5 August 2022 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023957/https://books.google.com/books?id=d-oHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |url-status=live }}.</ref> ka hor intaanay ku guuldarraysan inay hareereeyaan Madiina [[Battle of the Trench|Dagaalkii Khandaq]] (Maarso–Abriil 627). Sannadkii 628, [[Treaty of al-Hudaybiya|Heshiiskii Xudeybiya]] ayaa la kala saxiixday Makka iyo Muslimiinta, laakiin waxaajabiyay Makka laba sano ka dib. Markii qabiilo badan ay islaameen, jidadkii ganacsiga ee Makka waxaa gooyay Muslimiinta.<ref>{{harvp|Peters|2003|pp=78–79, 194}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|pp=23–28}}</ref> Markaatay ahayd 629 Maxamed wuxuu ku guuleystay [[conquest of Mecca|furashadii Makka]] ee aan dhiiggu ku daadan, iyo waqtigii uu geeriyooday 632 (da'da 62) wuxuu midaysiiyay qabiilooyinkii Carabta]] hal qaran oo diimeed. === Islaamkii Hore (632–750) === {{Further|Succession to Muhammad|Early Muslim conquests}} {{See also|Ghadir Khumm|Saqifa|Canonization of Islamic scripture}} [[File:Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg|thumb|Expansion of the Caliphate{{legend|#a1584e|Muhammad, 622–632}}{{legend|#ef9070|Khulafo Al-Raashidiin, 632–661}}{{legend|#fad07d|Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750}}]] Nabi Maxamed wuxuu geeriyooday sanadkii 632 waxaana khulafadii ugu horreysay ee loo yaqaan Khulafo – Abu Bakr, Cumar, Cuthmaan, Cali iyo marmar Xasan bin Cali<ref>{{Cite book| last1 = Melchert| first1 = Christopher| date = 2020| contribution = The Rightly Guided Caliphs: The Range of Views Preserved in Ḥadīth| editor1-last = al-Sarhan| editor1-first = Saud| title = Political Quietism in Islam: Sunni and Shi'i Practice and Thought| location = London and New York| publisher = I.B. Tauris| isbn = 978-1-83860-765-4| pages = 70–71| contribution-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=96TDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA63| access-date = 17 February 2022| url-status = live}}</ref> – looga yaqaan Islaamka Sunniga ah ''al-khulafā' ar-rāshidūn'' ("Khulafadii Hagaysa").{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=40}} Qaar kamid ah qabiilooyinka ayaa Islaamka ka tagay oo ka inkiiray madax sheegtay in ay yihiin nebiyo cusub balse Abu Bakr wuxuu ku jebiyey dagaalladii Riddada.<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|p=57}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Hourani|2002|p=22}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=32}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Madelung|1996|p=43}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Ṭabāṭabāʼī|1979|pp=30–50}}</ref> Bulshooyinka maxalliga ah ee Yuhuudda iyo Nasaarada asaliga ah, ee loo haystay dad laga tirada badan yahay oo diinaysan loona culeysiyay canshuuraha, ayaa inta badan ka caawiyey Muslimiinta inay qabsadaan dhulkooda,{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=38}} taasoo keentay in khilaafaddu ay si degdeg ah ugu ballaarato boqortooyooyinkii Saasaniyiinta iyo Biisantiinta.<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|p=74}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=J. Kuiper |first=Matthew |title=Da'wa: A Global History of Islamic Missionary Thought and Practice |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2021 |isbn=9781351510721 |page=85}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lapidus |first=Ira M. |title=A History of Islamic Societies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-521-51430-9 |pages=60–61 |author-link=Ira M. Lapidus}}</ref> Cuthmaan waxaa la doortay 644 waxaana dilkiisii uu kiciyey in Cali loo doorto Khaliifkii xigay. Dagaalkii Sifeyn ee Koowaad, xaaskii Nebiga, Caashaa, waxay soo saartay ciidan ka soo horjeeda Cali, iyada oo isku dayaysa inay u aarto dhimashadii Cuthmaan, balse waa lagu jabiyey Dagaalkii Geela. Cali wuxuu isku dayay inuu xilka ka qaado guddoomiyihii Suuriya, Mucaawiya, kaas oo loo arkayay musuqmaasuq. Mucaawiya ayaa markaas dagaal ku dhawaaqay Cali waana lagu jabiyey Dagaalkii Sifeyn. Go'aanka Cali ee ahaa inuu dhex-dhexaadin sameeyo ayaa ka caraysiiyey Khawaarijta, oo ahayd koox xagjir ah, kuwaas oo qabay in aan la dagaallamin qof dembiile ah awgeed, Cali uu isna noqday dembiile. Khawaarijtu way caasiyoobeen waxaana lagu jebiyey Dagaalkii Nahrawan balse nin Khawaariji ah ayaa gadaal ka dilay Cali. Wiilkiii Cali, Xasan bin Cali, ayaa loo doortay Khaliif wuxuuna saxiixay heshiis nabadeed si looga fogaado dagaal kale, isaga oo xilka uga degay Mucaawiya si uusan Mucaawiya u soo magacaabin qof beddela.{{sfnp|Holt|Lewis|1977|pp=67–72}} [[File:Almuñécar, statue of Abd al-Rahman I.jpg|thumb|Taallo ay leedahay Cabduraxmaan I oo ku taal Almuñécar, Isbayn. Islaamku wuxuu gaaray Galbeedka Yurub 711 AD, markii Ṭariiq bin Siyaad uu galay Jasiiradda Iberia. Sanadkii 756, Cabduraxmaan wuxuu aasaasay Imaaradda Cordoba, isagoo ka aasaasay dowlad Islaami ah oo madaxbannaan al-Andalus.]] Mucaawiya wuxuu bilaabay Saldanaddii Umawiyiinta isagoo u magacaabay wiilkiisii Yaziid inay isku xigaan, taasoo dhalisay Dagaalkii Sifeyn ee Labaad. Intii uu socday Dagaalkii Karbala, Xuseen bin Cali, wiilka labaad ee Cali iyo awowgii nebiga, waxaa si arxan darro ah u dilay ciidamadii Yaziid; dhacdadii waxaa sannad walba xusaa Muslimiinta Shiicada ah ilaa maanta. Sunniga, oo uu hoggaaminayo Ibn al-Zubayr oo kasoo horjeeda khilaafad dhaxal ah, ayaa lagaga adkaaday Go'doomintii Makka. Khilaafyadan hoggaanka ayaa keenay inuu dhasho khilaafka Sunni-Shiicada,{{sfnp|Waines|2003|p=46}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harney |first=John |date=3 January 2016 |title=How Do Sunni and Shia Islam Differ? |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/04/world/middleeast/q-and-a-how-do-sunni-and-shia-islam-differ.html |access-date=4 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyadoo Shiicadu ay aaminsan tahay in hoggaanku uu leeyahay qoyskii Nebiga (Ahl al-bayt).{{sfnp|Waines|2003|p=46}} Hoggaankii Abu Bakr wuxuu kormeeray bilowgii ururinta Qur'aanka. Khaliifkii Cumar bin Cabdicasiis wuxuu dhisay guddigii, Todobadii Fuqaha ee Madiina,{{sfnp|Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar Ibn Kathīr|2012|p=505}}<ref>''Umar Ibn Abdul Aziz'' By Imam Abu Muhammad Abdullah ibn Abdul Hakam died 214 AH 829 C.E. Publisher Zam Zam Publishers Karachi, pp. 54–59</ref> waxaana Malik bin Anas uu qoray mid ka mid ah buugagii ugu horreeyay ee ku saabsan fiiqhiga Islaamka, ''Muwatta'', oo ahayd is-afgarad ku saabsan aragtida culimadaas.{{sfnp|Coulson|1964|p=103}}<ref>{{Cite book |editor-last1=Houtsma |editor-first1=M.T. |editor-last2=Wensinck |editor-first2=A.J. |editor-last3=Lévi-Provençal |editor-first3=E. |editor-last4=Gibb |editor-first4=H.A.R. |editor-last5=Heffening |editor-first5=W. |series=Volume V: L—Moriscos |title=E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936 |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=1993 |edition=reprint |isbn=978-90-04-09791-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Va6oSxzojzoC |pages=207– |access-date=19 September 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor=Moshe Sharon |title=Studies in Islamic History and Civilization: In Honour of Professor David Ayalon |year=1986 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789652640147 |page=264 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0_wUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA264 |access-date=20 June 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Khawaarijtu waxay aaminsanaayeen in uusan jirin dhexdhexaad la tanaasuli karo oo u dhexeeya wanaagga iyo xumaanta, iyo in muslim kasta oo gala dembi weyn uu noqonayo gaal. Erayga "Khawaarij" waxaa sidoo kale loo adeegsaday in lagu tilmaamo ISIS.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mamouri|first=Ali|date=8 January 2015|title=Who are the Kharijites and what do they have to do with IS?|work=Al-monitor|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2015/01/islamic-state-kjarijites-continuation.html|access-date=6 March 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Murji'ah waxay barayeen in dadka toosan lagu xukumi karo Eebbe kaligii. Sidaa darteed, dembiilayaasha waxaa loo arki karaa inay marin habaabeen, laakiin aan lagu tilmaamin gaalo.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|p=43}} Dabeecaddan ayaa timid inay ku guulaysato caqiidada Islaamka ee ugu weyn.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}}[[File:BalianofIbelin1490.jpg|thumb|Saliibiyiinta oo ku wareejinaya Qudus Muslimiinta sanadkii 1187 AD.]] Saldanaddii Umawiyiintu waxay qabsatay Maqrib, Jasiiradda Iberia, Gallia Narbonensis iyo Sindh.<ref>{{cite book |first=Donald |last=Puchala |title=Theory and History in International Relations |page=137 |publisher=Routledge |year=2003}}</ref> Duullaamadii Islaamka ee hore waxaa lagu tilmaamay imperialism Islaami ah.<ref name="n050">{{cite journal | last=Wright | first=Craig S | title=Arab Colonialism and the Roots of the Golden Age of Islam | journal=SSRN Electronic Journal | date=2022 | issn=1556-5068 | doi=10.2139/ssrn.4020040 | url=https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4020040 | access-date=2026-04-24 | page=}}</ref> Umawiyiintu waxay la halgamayeen l'aynaansho sharci ah waxayna ku tiirsanaayeen ciidan aad loo taageero.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=45}} Maaddaama canshuurta Jizya ay ahayd canshuur ay bixiyaan kuwa aan muslimka ahayn oo ka reebayay adeegga ciidanka, Umawiyiintu waxay diideen inay aqoonsadaan islaam-gelitaanka kuwa aan Carabta ahayn, maadaama ay yaraynaysay dakhliga.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}} Iyadoo Khilaafadii Raashidiintu ay adkaysay adduunyo la'aanta, iyadoo Cumar uu xitaa dalbanayo in la tiriyo hantida sarkaal kasta,<ref>{{cite book |first1=Ahmad Ibn Jabir|last1=Al-Biladhuri |first2=Philip|last2=Hitti|title=Kitab Futuhu'l-Buldan|page=219 |publisher=AMS Press |year=1969}}</ref> raaxada Umawiyiinta ayaa dhalisay qancin la'aan dadka diinta ku adag.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}} Khawaarijtu waxay hoggaamiyeen Kacdoonkii Berber, taasoo horseeday dowladaha ugu horreeya ee Islaamka oo ka madax bannaan Khilaafada. Kacdoonkii Cabbasiyiinta, kuwa aan Carabta ahayn ee soo islaamay (Mawla), qabiilooyinkii Carabta ee ay Umawiyiintu meesha ka saareen, iyo qaar ka mid ah Shiicada ayaa midoobay oo riday Umawiyiinta, iyaga oo bilaabay Cabbasiyiinta oo caalami ah sanadkii 750.{{sfnp|Lewis|1993|pp=71–83}} === Axdigii Dahabiga Ahaa ee Islaamka (786–1258) === {{Further|Hadith studies|Islamic philosophy}} {{See also|Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe|Turco-Persian tradition}} [[File:Al-Risalah_al-Dhahabiah.JPG|thumb|Bog ka mid ah Al-Risala al-Dhahabiyya ee Imam Ali al-Rida (809 AD), oo ah tii ugu qiimaha badnayd ee shaqooyinka Islaamka ee Sayniska Caafimaadka. Waxaa ku jira qaybo saynis sida Anatomiya, Histoloji, Fisioloji, Kimistari iyo Patoloji intii sayniska caafimaadku uu wali ahaa mid bilow ah.]] Al-Shafi'i wuxuu dejiyay hab lagu xaqiijiyo isku-halaynta xadiiska.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|p=86}} Waagii hore ee Ablaasiyiinta, aqoonyahanno sida Muhammad al-Bukhari iyo Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj waxay soo ururiyeen guryaha waaweyn ee xadiiska Ahlusunna, halka aqoonyahanno sida Al-Kulayni iyo Ibn Babawayh ay soo ururiyeen guryaha waaweyn ee xadiiska Shiicada. Astaamaha afar-madhab ee Ahlusunna—Hanafi, Hanbali, Maliki, iyo Shafi'i—waxaa lagu tiiriyay dhulalka fundamentiinta ee Abū Ḥanīfa, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Malik ibn Anas iyo al-Shafi'i. Taa beddelkeeda, dhulalka fundamentiinta ee Ja'far al-Sadiq waxay dhiseen Fiqhiga Ja'fari. Qarnigii 9aad, Al-Tabari wuxuu dhameystiray qafiskii ugu horreeyay ee Tafsiirka Quraanka, Tafsir al-Tabari, oo noqday mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu xigashada badan Ahlusunna Islaamka. Doobab ka mid ah Muslinka waxay ka fekereen ka-sallamaaynta nolosha duniyeed waxayna xoogga saareen saboolnimada, is-hoosaysiinta, iyo fogaanta dambiga ee ku basada diidmada rabitaanka jidhka. Zuhuudka sida Hasan al-Basri waxay dhiirrigeliyeen dhaqdhaqaaq dib u zhugnaaday tasawwuf ama Sufi.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|pp=90, 91}} Waqtigan, dhibaatooyinka fiqiga, gaar ahaan doorashada xorta ah, waxay ahaayeen kuwo si adag loo maareeyay, iyadoo Hasan al-Basri uu qabay in kasta oo Eebbe uu og yahay waxa dadku sameynayaan, wanaagga iyo xintu ay ka yimaadaan isticmaalka qaldan ee doorashada xorta ah iyo Ibliiska.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|pp=38-39}}{{efn|"Hasan al-Basri waxaa inta badan loo tixgeliyaa mid ka mid ah dadkii ugu horreeyay ee diaday asalka malaa'igta ee ibliiska, isagoo ku doodaya in dhicitaankiisu yahay natiijada doorashadiisa xorta ah, oo ma ahan go'aanka Eebbe. Hasan al-Basri wuxuu sidoo kale ku dooday in malaa'igtu aysan awoodin dambiga ama khaladaadka oo ay ka sharaf badan yihiin aadanaha iyo xata cabsida nabiyada. Shiicada iyo Sunnida hore waxay ka soo horjeedeen ra'yigiisa.<ref>Omar Hamdan ''Studien zur Kanonisierung des Korantextes: al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrīs Beiträge zur Geschichte des Korans'' Otto Harrassowitz Verlag 2006 {{ISBN|978-3447053495}} pp. 291–292 (German)</ref>}} Falsafada Caqliga Giriiga waxay dhiirrigelisay dugsi feker oo loo yaqaan Mu'tazila, oo si ka muuqata u dooday fikradda doorashada xorta ah ee uu bilaabay Wasil ibn Ata.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|p=50}} Khaliif al-Mamun wuxuu ka dhigay caqiido rasmi ah wuxuuna si aan guul lahayn ugu doortay inuu ku qasbo booskan dadka intiisa badan.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=88}} Khaliif Al-Mu'tasim wuxuu sameeyay Mihna, iyadoo Ahmad ibn Hanbal oo ilaalinaayay dhaqanka uu si muuqata u diaday inuu waafaqo fikradda Mu'tazila ee ah in Quraanku yahay ku dhacay halkii uu ka ahaan lahaa mid weligeed ah, taas oo ka dhigtay in la jilciyo oo lagu hayo qol madow muddo ku dhow soddon bilood.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doi |first=Abdur Rahman |title=Shariah: The Islamic Law |location=London |publisher=Ta-Ha Publishers |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-907461-38-8 |page=110}}</ref> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dugsiyada kale ee Kalam—Māturīdism oo uu aasaasay Abu Mansur al-Maturidi iyo Ash'ari oo uu aasaasay Al-Ash'ari—waxay ahaayeen kuwo si ballaaran loo qaatay. Falsafadyahannada sida Al-Farabi, Avicenna iyo Averroes waxay isku deyeyeen inay waafajiyaan fikradaha Aristotle iyo fundamentiinta Islaamka, iyagoo u dhow Iskolastikada Kiristanka ee Yuubka iyo shaqada Maimonides ee Yuhuudda, halka kuwo kale sida Al-Ghazali ay ka soo horjeedeen habkan oo ugu dambeyntii guuleysteen.<ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=160}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Waines|2003|pp=126–127}}</ref> [[File:Al-Idrisi's_world_map.JPG|thumb|Tabula Rogeriana (1154 AD) ee al-Idrisi, oo ah mid ka mid ah khariidadaha dunida ee ugu horumarsanaa qarniyadii dhexe, oo la sameeyay Axdigii Dahabiga Ahaa ee Islaamka.]] Axdigan inta badan waxaa loo yaqaan Axdigii Dahabiga Ahaa ee Islaamka.<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|pp=80, 92, 105}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|pp=661–663}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=56}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lewis|1993|p=84}}</ref><ref name="harvp|Gardet|Jomier|2012">{{harvp|Gardet|Jomier|2012}}</ref> Guulaha sayniska Islaamku waxay samaysteen qaybo badan oo maadooyin ah sida caafimaadka, xisaabta, astronomiga, iyo beeraha iyo sidoo kale fisigiska, dhaqaalaha, injineernimada iyo optigga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=King |first=David A. |year=1983 |title=The Astronomy of the Mamluks |journal=Isis |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=531–55 |doi=10.1086/353360 |s2cid=144315162 | issn=0021-1753}}</ref><ref name="Hassan-1996">{{cite book |last=Hassan |first=Ahmad Y. |author-link=Ahmad Y. al-Hassan |title=Islam and the Challenge of Modernity |chapter=Factors Behind the Decline of Islamic Science After the Sixteenth Century |editor-last=Al-Attas |editor-first=S. S. |editor-link=Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas |location=Kuala Lumpur |publisher=International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization |year=1996 |pages=351–399 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ854295.pdf|title=Contributions of Islamic scholars to the scientific enterprise|access-date=13 December 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The greatest scientific advances from the Muslim world|website=TheGuardian.com|date=February 2010|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/feb/01/islamic-science|access-date=13 December 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Avicenna wuxuu ahaa horyaal ku saabsan caafimaadka tijaabada ah,<ref>Jacquart, Danielle (2008). "Islamic Pharmacology in the Middle Ages: Theories and Substances". European Review (Cambridge University Press) 16: 219–227.</ref><ref>David W. Tschanz, MSPH, PhD (August 2003). "Arab Roots of European Medicine", Heart Views 4 (2).</ref> oo The Canon of Medicine waxaa loo isticmaalay qoraal caafimaad oo heer sare ah ee dunida Islaamka iyo Yurub qarniyo. Rhazes wuxuu ahaa kii ugu horreeyay ee aqoonsaday cudurrada furfuraa iyo jadeecada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/alrazi.aspx|title=Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi (Rhazes) (c. 865-925)|publisher=sciencemuseum.org.uk|access-date=31 May 2015|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 Bisha Shanaad 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506072259/http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/alrazi.aspx}}</ref> Cisbitaallada dadweynaha ee waqtigaas waxay bixiyeen shahaadooyinka ugu horreeya ee caafimaadka si loogu ogolaado dhakhaatiirta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alatas |first=Syed Farid |year=2006 |title=From Jami'ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue |url=https://zenodo.org/record/29439 |journal=Current Sociology |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=112–132 |doi=10.1177/0011392106058837 |s2cid=144509355 |access-date=12 September 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Imamuddin |first=S.M. |title=Muslim Spain 711–1492 AD |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=1981 |isbn=978-90-04-06131-6 |page=169}}</ref> Ibn al-Haytham waxaa loo tixgeliyaa aabaha habka sayniska ee casriga ah iyadoo inta badan loo sheego "saynisyahankii ugu horreeyay ee runta ah ee dunida", gaar ahaan shaqadiisa optigga.<ref>{{cite journal |author-link=Gerald J. Toomer|first=G. J. |last=Toomer |jstor=228328 |title=Review Work: Matthias Schramm (1963) ''Ibn Al-Haythams Weg zur Physik'' |journal=Isis |volume=55 |issue=4 |date=Dec 1964 |page=464 |quote=Schramm sums up [Ibn Al-Haytham's] achievement in the development of scientific method.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Al-Khalili |first=Jim |date=4 January 2009 |title=The 'first true scientist' |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7810846.stm |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gorini |first=Rosanna |date=October 2003 |title=Al-Haytham the man of experience. First steps in the science of vision |journal=Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=53–55 |url=http://www.ishim.net/ishimj/4/10.pdf |access-date=25 September 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> Injineernimada, walaalaha Banū Mūsā aaladdooda turumbada tooska ah waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay ahaan lahayd mashinkii ugu horreeyay ee la barnamijayn karo.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Koetsier |first1=Teun |title=On the prehistory of programmable machines: musical automata, looms, calculators |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_mechanism-and-machine-theory_2001-05_36_5/page/589 |journal=Mechanism and Machine Theory |date=May 2001 |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=589–603 |doi=10.1016/S0094-114X(01)00005-2 }}</ref> Xisaabta Islaamka, fikradda algorithm waxaa lagu magacaabay Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, oo loo tixgeliyo aasaasaha aljabra, oo lagu magacaabay buugiisa al-jabr, halka kuwo kale ay soo saareen fikradda shaqada (function).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Katz |first1=Victor J. |author1-link=Victor J. Katz |last2=Barton |first2=Bill |title=Stages in the History of Algebra with Implications for Teaching |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_educational-studies-in-mathematics_2007-10_66_2/page/185 |journal=Educational Studies in Mathematics |date=18 September 2007 |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=185–201 |doi=10.1007/s10649-006-9023-7 |s2cid=120363574 }}</ref> Dowladda waxay siin jirtay saynisyahannada mushahar u dhigma mushaharka ciyaartoyda xirfadleyda ah ee maanta.<ref>{{harvp|Ahmed|2006|pp=23, 42, 84}}</ref> Guinness World Records wuxuu u aqoonsan yahay Jaamacadda Al Karaouine, oo la aasaasay 859, inay tahay jaamacadda ugu qadiimsan ee bixisa shahaadooyinka dunida.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Young |first=Mark |url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessbookofwo1998newy |title=The Guinness Book of Records |year=1998 |page=242 |publisher=Bantam |isbn=978-0-553-57895-9}}</ref> Dad badan oo aan Muslin ahayn, sida Kiristanka, Yuhuudda iyo Saabi'iinta,<ref name="Brague 2009">{{cite book|title=The Legend of the Middle Ages: Philosophical Explorations of Medieval Christianity, Judaism, and Islam|first=Rémi |last=Brague|year= 2009| isbn=9780226070803| page =164|publisher=University of Chicago Press|quote=Neither were there any Muslims among the Ninth-Century translators. Almost all of them were Christians of various Eastern denominations: Jacobites, Melchites, and, above all, Nestorians... A few others were Sabians.}}</ref> waxay guntadeen ilbaxnimada Islaamka qaybo meelaha ah,<ref name="Hill-1993">{{cite book |last=Hill |first=Donald |author-link=Donald Routledge Hill |title=Islamic Science and Engineering |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=1993 |page=4 |isbn=0-7486-0455-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Brague-Assyrians">{{cite web |last=Brague |first=Rémi |author-link=Rémi Brague |title=Assyrians contributions to the Islamic civilization |url=http://www.christiansofiraq.com/assyriancontributionstotheislamiccivilization.htm |website=Christians of Iraq |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> iyo machadka loo yaqaan Bayt al-Hikma wuxuu u shaqaaleysiiyay aqoonyahanno Kiristan iyo Faarisi ah si ay ugu turjumaan shaqooyinka luqadda Carabiga iyo si ay u soosaaraan aqoon cusub.<ref name="Meri-Bacharach-2006">{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Meri |editor-first1=Josef W. |editor-link1=Josef W. Meri |editor-last2=Bacharach |editor-first2=Jere L. |editor-link2=Jere L. Bacharach |title=Hadith |encyclopedia=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia |volume=1 |location=New York |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2006 |page=304 |isbn=978-0415966917 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MypbfKdMePIC&pg=PA304 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Saliba-1994">{{cite book |last=Saliba |first=George |author-link=George Saliba |title=A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam |location=New York |publisher=New York University Press |year=1994 |pages=245, 250, 256–57 |isbn=0-8147-8023-7 |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Cheshm manuscript.jpg|thumb|Anatomiya ee isha oo uu samaystay Hunayn ibn Ishaq, oo mas'uul ka ahaa turjumida Bayt al-Hikma waagii Boqortooyada Ablaasiyiinta, 1200 AD.]]Askartu waxay ka go'een boqortooyadii Ablaasiyiinta waxayna dhiseen khilaafadooda propriyada ah, sida Tulunids oo 868 ku tirsanaa Masar<ref>{{cite book|last=Holt|first=Peter Malcolm|author-link=Peter Holt (historian)|title=The Crusader States and Their Neighbours, 1098–1291|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0qLHVGgH7AC&pg=PA8|year=2004|publisher=Pearson Longman|isbn=978-0-582-36931-3|page=6|access-date=2 February 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> iyo boqortooyada Ghaznavid oo 977 ku tirsanaa Aasiyada Dhexe.<ref>{{cite book |title=Islamic Central Asia: an anthology of historical sources |editor-first1=Scott Cameron |editor-last1=Levi |editor-first2=Ron |editor-last2=Sela |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2010 |page=83}}</ref> Qaybsanaantan waxay keentay Qarnigii Shiicada, oo u dhaxeeyay 945 iyo 1055, oo la arkay kor u kaca dhaqdhaqaaqa Isma'ili Shiicada. Koox Isma'ili ah, boqortooyada Fatimid, waxay gacanta ku dhigeen Waqooyiga Afrika qarnigii 10aad<ref>Neue Fischer Weltgeschichte "Islamisierung in Zentralasien bis zur Mongolenzeit" Band 10: Zentralasien, 2012, p. 191 (German)</ref> iyo koox kale oo Isma'ili ah, Qarmatians, waxay boobeen Makka waxayna xadeen Hajar al-Aswad, oo ah dhagaxa ku dhex jira Kacbada, dib-u-jabayntooda aan guulaysan.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Glubb |first=John Bagot |title=Mecca (Saudi Arabia) |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mecca#ref887188 |access-date=18 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live }}</ref> Koox kale oo Isma'ili ah, boqortooyada Buyid, waxay qabsadeen Baqdaad waxayna ka dhigeen Ablaasiyiinta boqortooyo magac ah oo kaliya. Boqortooyada Seljuk ee Ahlusunna waxay u dhaqaaqday inay mar kale adkayso Islaamka Ahlusunna iyagoo faafinayay ra'yiyada aqoonyahanada waqtigaas, gaar ahaan dhisidda machadyada waxbarashada ee loo yaqaan Nizamiyyas, oo la xiriira al-Ghazali iyo Saadi Shirazi.<ref>Andreas Graeser ''Zenon von Kition: Positionen u. Probleme'' Walter de Gruyter 1975 {{ISBN|978-3-11-004673-1}} p. 260</ref> Faaftada dunida Muslinka waxay sii socotay iyadoo ergooyinka diinta ay u badaleen Volga Bulgaria Islaamka. Sultanada Delhi waxay gaadhay gudaha qaarad-hoosaadka Hindiya oo kuwo badan ayaa u badalay Islaamka,{{sfnp|Arnold|1896|pp=227–228}} gaar ahaan Hinduga heerka hoose ee faracoodu ka kooban yahay inta badan Muslinka Hindiya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-36220329|title=Why are many Indian Muslims seen as untouchable?|publisher=BBCnews|date=10 May 2016|access-date=6 October 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Ganacsigu wuxuu keenay Muslin badan oo Shiinaha ah, halkaas oo ay si buuxda u xukumi jireen warshadaha soo dejinta iyo ka deerinta ee boqortooyada Song.<ref>{{cite web |title=Islam in China |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/china_1.shtml |access-date=10 August 2011 |publisher=BBC |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslinka waxaa loo qortay maamulayaal la doortay oo heer sare ah boqortooyada Yuan.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lipman|first=Jonathan Newman|title=Familiar Strangers, a history of Muslims in Northwest China|location=Seattle, WA|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-295-97644-0|page=33}}</ref> === Casrigii Ka-horreeyay Casriga Cusub (1258 – Qarnigii 18aad) === {{Further|Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam}} [[File:GhazanConversionToIslam.JPG|thumb|Muuqaal qarnigii 14aad ee Ghazan, oo ahaa boqorkii 7aad ee Ilkhanate ee Boqortooyada Mongol, oo Islaamay.]] Pobalka ganacsiga Muslinka iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa tariiqooyinka Sufida dhiigooda,{{sfnp|Arnold|1896|pp=125–258}} Islaamku wuxuu ku faafay dhulal cusub<ref>{{cite web |title=The Spread of Islam |url=http://www.yale.edu/yup/pdf/cim6.pdf |access-date=2 November 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslinkuna waxay la dhex-galeen dhaqammo cusub. Hoos kaga jirtay Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta, Islaamku wuxuu ku faafay Koonfur-bari Yuuroop.<ref>{{cite web |date=6 May 2008 |title=Ottoman Empire |publisher=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1801?_hi=41&_pos=3 |access-date=26 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 Bisha Shanaad 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525072847/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1801?_hi=41&_pos=3 }}</ref> Islaamidda inta badan waxay lahayd heer sinkretisam ah,<ref>{{Cite book |title=Islamic and European Expansion |publisher=Temple University Press |year=1993 |editor-last=Adas |editor-first=Michael |location=Philadelphia |page=25}}</ref> sida uu muujinayo muuqaalka Muhammad ee suugaanta dadweynaha ee Hinduga.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Metcalf |first=Barbara |title=Islam in South Asia in Practice |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2009 |page=104}}</ref> Turkida Muslinka ah waxay ku dareen walxaha caqiidada Shamanisamka Turkida Islaamka.{{efn|"Sannadaha dhow, fikradda sinkretisamka waa la dhuftay. Maaddaama ay maqan tahay awood lagu go'aamiyo ama lagu tixgeliyo caqiidada Ortodokska ee ku saabsan Islaamka, aqoonyahannada qaarkood waxay ku doodayaan inaysan jirin caqiidooyinka la qresheeyay, oo kaliya ee la amray habka, Islaamka ka hor qarnigii 16aad.{{sfnp|Peacock|2019|p=20–22}}}}{{sfnp|Çakmak|2017|pp=1425–1429}} Muslinka ku jira Boqortooyada Ming ee Shiinaha oo ka soo jeeda soo-galootigii hore waa la la-dhex-galay, mararka qaar shuruuc ku dhiirrigelisa dhex-galka,<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Farmer|editor1-first=Edward L.|title=Zhu Yuanzhang and Early Ming Legislation: The Reordering of Chinese Society Following the Era of Mongol Rule|date=1995|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004103910|page=82|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TCIjZ7l6TX8C&pg=PA82|access-date=19 February 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> iyagoo qaatay magacyada Shiinaha iyo dhaqanka halka Nanjing uu noqday xarun muhiim ah ee barashada Islaamka.<ref>Israeli, Raphael (2002). ''Islam in China''. p. 292. Lexington Books. {{ISBN|0-7391-0375-X}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dillon |first=Michael |year=1999 |title=China's Muslim Hui Community |publisher=Curzon |url=https://archive.org/details/chinasmuslimhuic00dill |isbn=978-0-7007-1026-3 |page=37 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Ndhex-galka dhaqanka wuxuu ahaay mid muuqda iyadoo la yaraysay saamaynta Carabta ka dib burburintii Mongol ee Khilafadii Ablaasiyiinta.<ref>{{harvp|Bulliet|2005|p=497}}</ref> Khanates-ka Mongol ee Muslinka ah ee ku jira Iiraan iyo Aasiyada Dhexe waxay ka faa'iideysteen kordhinta helitaanka dhaqammada ee Bariga Aasiya oo hoos jirtay xukunkii Mongol sidaas darteed waxay u horumareen oo ay u samaysteen si ka duwan saamaynta Carabta, sida Dib-u-dhalashadii Timurid oo hoos jirtay boqortooyada Timurid.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Subtelny |first=Maria Eva |date=November 1988 |title=Socioeconomic Bases of Cultural Patronage under the Later Timurids |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/socioeconomic-bases-of-cultural-patronage-under-the-later-timurids/2A0F3018EE155F23FC4A7F5F25D7DE6D |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=479–505 |doi=10.1017/S0020743800053861 |s2cid=162411014 |access-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201–1274) wuxuu soo bandhigay qaabka xisaabta oo ka dib loo dooday inuu qaatay Copernicus isagoo aan waxba ka badalin qaabkiisa heliocentric-ka,<ref>{{cite web|date=1999|title=Nasir al-Din al-Tusi|publisher=University of St Andrews|url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Tusi_Nasir/|access-date=27 August 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> iyo qiyaasta pi ee Jamshīd al-Kāshī ma aysan dhaafin 180 sano.<ref>{{cite web |date=1999 |title=Ghiyath al-Din Jamshid Mas'ud al-Kashi |publisher=University of St Andrews |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Kashi/ |access-date=29 December 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg|thumb|Mehmed II oo galaya Constantinople.]] Ka dib markii la soo bandhigay hubka baaruda, dawlado waaweyn oo dhawaan xabbada lahaa oo Muslin ah ayaa ku bashqaday boqortooyoyinka baaruda, kuwaas oo hore u kala qaybsanaay dhulal kala duwan. Khilafada waxaa sheegtay boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta ee Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta iyadoo sheegashadooda la adkeeyay 1517 markii Selim I uu noqday taliyaha Makka iyo Madiina.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Drews |first=Robert |url=https://my.vanderbilt.edu/robertdrews/publications/ |title=Coursebook: Judaism, Christianity and Islam, to the Beginnings of Modern Civilization |date=August 2011 |publisher=Vanderbilt University |chapter=Chapter Thirty – "The Ottoman Empire, Judaism, and Eastern Europe to 1648" |chapter-url=https://my.vanderbilt.edu/robertdrews/files/2014/01/Chapter-Thirty.-The-Ottoman-Empire-Judaism-and-Eastern-Europe-to-1648.pdf |access-date=21 April 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Boqortooyada Shiicada ee Safavid waxay ku korortay awoodda 1501 ka dibna waxay qabsatay dhammaan Iiraan.<ref>Peter B. Golden: An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples; In: Osman Karatay, Ankara 2002, p. 321</ref> Koonfurta Aasiya, Babur wuxuu aasaasay Boqortooyada Mughal.<ref>{{citation|last=Gilbert|first=Marc Jason|title=South Asia in World History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1dhKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA75|year=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-066137-3|pages=75|access-date=15 January 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> Diinta dawladaha ku dhex-jira ee boqortooyoyinka baaruda waxay saamaysay dhaqanka diimeed ee dadkooda ku dhex-jira. Wada-noolaanshaha u dhexeeya taliyayaasha Cusmaaniyiinta iyo Sufinimada wuxuu si adag u saameeyay xukunkii Islaamka ee Cusmaaniyiinta tan iyo bilowgii. Tariiqada Mevlevi iyo Bektashis waxay lahaayeen xiriir dhow oo ay la lahaayeen sultannada,<ref>Ga ́bor A ́goston, Bruce Alan Masters ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire'' Infobase Publishing 2010 {{ISBN|978-1-4381-1025-7}} p. 540</ref> maaddaama noocyada Sufi-suufiyada ah iyo kuwo kale oo sinkretik ah ee Islaamka ay u horumareen si muuqata.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Algar |first=Ayla Esen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fc69BhBDjhwC&q=ottomans+sufism |title=The Dervish Lodge: Architecture, Art, and Sufism in Ottoman Turkey |page=15 |date=1 January 1992 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-07060-8 |access-date=29 April 2020 |via=Google Books |url-status=live }}</ref> Badanaa qasabka dhex-galka Safavid ee Iiraan ee Islaamka Shiicada ee Labada-iyo-tobanlaha ee Boqortooyada Safavid wuxuu xaqiijiyay xukunkii dambe ee Labada-iyo-tobanlaha dhexdiisa Islaamka Shiicada. Soo-galootiga Faarisiga ah ee Koonfurta Aasiya, maaddaama ay ahaayeen maamulayaal saamayntooda leh iyo milkiilayaal dhul, waxay caawiyeen faafinta Islaamka Shiicada, iyagoo dhisay qaar ka mid ah dadka ugu waaweyn ee Shiicada ee ka baxsan Iiraan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/conversion-iii|title=CONVERSION To Imami Shiʿism in India|publisher=Iranica Online|language=English|access-date=6 October 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Nader Shah, oo riday Safavids, wuxuu isku deyey inuu wanaajiyo xiriirka Ahlusunna ee Cusmaaniyiinta iyadoo la faafinayo dhex-galka Islaamka Shiicada ee Labada-iyo-tobanlaha dhexdiisa Islaamka Ahlusunna sida madhabka shanaad, oo loo yaqaan Ja'farism,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Nadir Shah and the Ja 'fari Madhhab Reconsidered |first=Ernest |last=Tucker |journal=Iranian Studies |volume=27 |issue=1–4 |date=1994 |pages=163–179 |doi=10.1080/00210869408701825 |jstor=4310891}}</ref> oo ku dhiirran waayay inuu helo aqoonsi ka soo baxa Cusmaaniyiinta.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Nāder Shāh |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/nader-shah |date=29 March 2006 |first=Ernest |last=Tucker |access-date=9 March 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Casrigii Casriga Ahaa (Qarniyadii 18aad–20aad) === [[File:Portrait Caliph Abdulmecid II.jpg|thumb|Sawirka Khaliifkii ugu dambeeyay Abdülmecid II, ee Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta, 1923.]] Horey qarnigii 14aad, Ibn Taymiyya wuxuu dhiirrigeliyay qaab daahir ah oo Islaamka ah, isagoo diaday hababka falsafada si uu u doorbido fiqhiga fudud,<ref name="ReferenceA">Mary Hawkesworth, Maurice Kogan ''Encyclopedia of Government and Politics: 2-volume set'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-1-136-91332-7}} pp. 270–271</ref> wuxuuna ugu baaqay in loo furo albaabada ijtihadka halkii indho la'aan loogu dayan lahaa aqoonyahannada.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=150}} Wuxuu ugu baaqay jihad ka dhan ah kuwa uu u tixgeliyay gaalo,{{Refn|group=note|Richard Gauvain ''Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-0-7103-1356-0}} p. 6}} laakiin qoraalladiisu waxay lahaayeen oo kaliya doorkii ugu yaraa intii uu babacayay.{{Refn|group=note|Spevack, Aaron (2014). The Archetypal Sunni Scholar: Law, Theology, and Mysticism in the Synthesis of al-Bajuri. SUNY Press. pp. 129–130.}} Qarnigii 18aad ee Carabiya, Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, oo ay saameeyeen shaqooyinka Ibn Taymiyya iyo Ibn al-Qayyim, wuxuu aasaasay dhaqdhaqaaq loo yaqaan Wahhabism si loo laabto waxa uu u arkay Islaamka aan la badalin.<ref>Donald Quataert ''The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922'' Cambridge University Press 2005 {{ISBN|978-0-521-83910-5}} p. 50</ref> Wuxuu cambaareeyay caadooyinka badan ee maxalliga ah ee Islaamka, sida bisitaynta qabriga Muhammad ama Imamyada Shiicada, maaddaama ay yihiin bidco cusub iyo dambi<ref name="ReferenceE">Ga ́bor A ́goston, Bruce Alan Masters ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire'' Infobase Publishing 2010 {{ISBN|978-1-4381-1025-7}} p. 260</ref> wuxuuna burburiyay dhagaxyada iyo geedaha xurmada leh, goobaha Sufida, Qabuuraha al-Baqi, qabuuraha Muhammad iyo asxaabtiisa iyo Qabriga Imam Husayn, oo ah goob muhiim ah oo loo bisiteeyo Shiicada.{{Refn|group=note|Graves desecrated in Mizdah, Libya Herald, 2013}}{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=146}} Wuxuu dhisay isbahaysi uu la leeyahay qoyska Saud, oo marka la joogo 1920-yadii ay dhammaystireen qabsashadooda dhulka noqon doona Sacuudi Carabiya.<ref name="Musa-2022">{{Cite thesis |title=The Emergence of a Scholar from a Garrison Society: A contextual analysis of Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhāb's doctrine in the light of the Qur'ān and Hadīth |url=https://repository.uwtsd.ac.uk/id/eprint/2096/ |publisher=University of Wales Trinity Saint David |date=2022-08-23 |degree=masters |language=en |first=Shahajada Md |last=Musa |access-date=19 December 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Nicolas Laos ''The Metaphysics of World Order: A Synthesis of Philosophy, Theology, and Politics'' Wipf and Stock Publishers 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-4982-0102-5}} p. 177</ref> Ma Wanfu iyo Ma Debao waxay dhiirrigeliyeen dhaqdhaqaaqa salafida qarnigii 19aad sida Sailaifengye ee Shiinaha ka dib markii ay ka soo laabteen Makka laakiin ugu dambeyntii waxaa dhibay oo lagu qasbay inay dhuuntaan kooxaha Sufida.<ref>{{cite book|first=Barry M.|last=Rubin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wEih57-GWQQC&pg=PA79|page=79|title=Guide to Islamist Movements|year=2000|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=0-7656-1747-1|access-date=28 June 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> Kooxaha kale waxay isku deyeyeen inay dib u habayn ku samayso Sufinimada halkii ay ka diadi lahaayeen, iyagoo Senusiyya iyo Muhammad Ahmad ay labadooduba dagaallameen oo ay dhiseen dawlado ku kala yaalla Liibiya iyo Sudaan.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=147}} Hindiya, Shah Waliullah Dehlawi wuxuu isku deyey qaab dib u heshiisiin ah oo ka dhan ah Sufinimada wuxuuna saameeyay dhaqdhaqaaqa Deobandi.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=149}} Jawaab ka dhan ah dhaqdhaqaaqa Deobandi, dhaqdhaqaaqa Barelwi waxaa loo aasaasay sida dhaqdhaqaaq dadweyne, iyadoo la difaacaayay Sufinimada caanka ah oo la dib u habaynayay dhaqankeeda.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robert L. Canfield |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3JhKNSk8tQC&pg=PAPA131 |title=Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52291-5 |pages=131– |access-date=1 December 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sanyal |first=Usha |date=23 July 1998 |title=Generational Changes in the Leadership of the Ahl-e Sunnat Movement in North India during the twentieth Century |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/generational-changes-in-the-leadership-of-the-ahle-sunnat-movement-in-north-india-during-the-twentieth-century/8AAAC4CFEFC4F4084731C3964A5CAE84 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=635–656 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X98003059 |via=Cambridge Core |access-date=23 February 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[File:Interior of Al Aqsa Mosque Jerusalem. 1900-1910 (id.22715311).jpg|thumb|Sannadkii 1969 Dabka Masjidka Al-Aqsa, oo sidoo cuali burburiyay Minbarkii Saladin, wuxuu keenay ver-xaasidnimo taabtay dunida Muslinka wuxuuna ahaa kicin muhiim ah oo loo aasaasay Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka.]] Dunida Muslinka waxay guud ahaan ku jirtay hoos u dhac siyaasadeed markii ay bilaabatay 1800-yadii, gaar ahaan marka la barbardhigo awoodaha Yuuroop ee aan Muslinka ahayn. Horey, qarnigii 15aad, Reconquista waxay ku guuleysatay inay dhameeyo joogitaanka Muslinka ee Iberia. Marka la joogo qarnigii 19aad, British East India Company waxay si rasmi ah u qabsatay boqortooyada Mughal ee Hindiya.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|pp=358, 378–380, 624}} Sida jawaab ka dhan ah Imperialisamka Reer Galbeedka, aqoonyahanno badan waxay isku deyeyeen inay dib u habayn ku samayso Islaamka.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Buzpinar |first=Ş. Tufan |date=March 2007 |title=Celal Nuri's Concepts of Westernization and Religion |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_middle-eastern-studies_2007-03_43_2/page/247 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=247–258 |doi=10.1080/00263200601114091 |jstor=4284539|s2cid=144461915 }}</ref> Casriyeynta Islaamka, oo markii hore loo bixiyay aqoonyahannada Reer Galbeedka sida Salafiyya, waxay soo dhoweysay qiimayaasha casriga ah iyo machadyada sida demokaraasiyada iyadoo la raacaayo qoraallada diinta. Hogaamiyayaasha muhiimka ah ee dhaqdhaqaaqa waxaa ka mid ah Muhammad 'Abduh iyo Jamal al-Din al-Afghani.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lauziere|first=Henri|title=The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-231-17550-0|location=New York, Chichester, West Sussex|pages=231–232}}</ref> Abul A'la Maududi wuxuu caawiyay saamaynta Islaamka siyaasadeed ee casriga ah.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 January 2014 |title=Political Islam: A movement in motion |work=Economist Magazine |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/erasmus/2014/01/political-islam |access-date=1 January 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Wilfred Cantwell |title=Islam in Modern History |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1957 |isbn=0-691-03030-8 |page=233 |author-link=Wilfred Cantwell Smith}}</ref> Sida ku dhow qaanuunka casriga ah, shariicada markii ugu horreysay ayaa qayb ahaan loo qoray shaqo ahaan sannadkii 1869 ku dhex-jirtay koodka Mecelle ee Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta. Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta waxay dissilftay ka dib Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Dunida, Khilafadii Cusmaaniyiinta waa la joojiyay 1924<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 June – 5 July 2000 |title=New Turkey |work=Al-Ahram Weekly |issue=488 |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2000/488/chrncls.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=16 May 2010 |archive-date=4 Bisha Tobnaad 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101004145229/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2000/488/chrncls.htm }}</ref> iyo Khilafadii Sharifian ee ka dib waxay u dhacday si doob ah,<ref>{{Cite web |last1=الوطن |first1=جريدة |last2=webmaster |date=2020-05-05 |title="مملكة الحجاز".. وقــصـــة الـغــزو المـســلّـــح |url=https://www.al-watan.com/article/230610/NEWS/%C2%AB%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%C2%BB-%D9%88%D9%82%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B5%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%80%D8%BA%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B2%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%80%D8%B3%D9%80%D9%80%D9%84%D9%91%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%AD |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=جريدة الوطن |language=ar |url-status=dead |archive-date=2023-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516230552/https://www.al-watan.com/article/230610/NEWS/%C2%AB%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%C2%BB-%D9%88%D9%82%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B5%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%80%D8%BA%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B2%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%80%D8%B3%D9%80%D9%80%D9%84%D9%91%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%AD }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bani Issa |first=Mohammad Saleh |date=2023-11-01 |title=Factors of stability and sustainable development in Jordan in its first centenary 1921–2021 (an analytical descriptive study) |journal=Heliyon |volume=9 |issue=11 |article-number=e20993 |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20993 |issn=2405-8440 |doi-access=free|pmid=37928029 |pmc=10623165 |bibcode=2023Heliy...920993B }}</ref> sidaas darteed iyadoo ka tagaysa Islaamka oo aan lahayn Khaliif.<ref name="والخلفاء-2023">{{Cite book |last=والخلفاء |first=قصص الخلافة الإسلامية |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r-5EAAAQBAJ |title=قصص الخلافة الإسلامية والخلفاء |date=2023-03-31 |publisher=Austin Macauley Publishers |isbn=978-1-3984-9251-6 |language=en |access-date=26 December 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref> Taageerayaasha Mideynta Islaamka waxay isku deyeyeen inay mideeyaan Muslinka waxayna tartan la galeen awoodaha qarannimada ee korayay, sida Pan-Arabisamka.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doran |first=Michael |title=Pan-Arabism before Nasser: Egyptian power politics and the Palestine question |date=1999 |publisher=Oxford university press |isbn=978-0-19-512361-6 |series=Studies in Middle Eastern history |location=New York Oxford}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Landau |first=Yaʿaqov M. |title=The politics of Pan-Islam: ideology and organization |date=1994 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-827709-5 |edition=[Rev. and updated] paperback (with additions and corr.) |location=Oxford}}</ref> Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka (OIC), oo ka kooban waddamada Muslinka ah, waxaa la aasaasay 1969 ka dib gubiddii Masjidka Al-Aqsa ee Qudus.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 December 2010 |title=Organization of the Islamic Conference |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/country_profiles/1555062.stm |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Xiriirka la la leeyahay waddamada warshadaha leh wuxuu keenay dadka Muslinka ah dhulal cusub iyada oo loo marayo u-guuritaanka dhaqaalaha. Muslin badan ayaa u guuray sida shaqaale heshiis ku jooga (u badan oo ka yimid Hindiya iyo Indoneesiya) Karibiyaanka, iyagoo dhisay dadka ugu waaweyn ee Muslinka ah inta la joogo boqolkiiba ee Ameerika.<ref>{{sfnp|Haddad|Smith|2002|p=271}}</ref> U-guuritaanka ka yimid Siiriya iyo Lubnaan wuxuu ku soo kordhiyay dadka Muslinka ah ee Laatiin Ameerika.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zabel|first=Darcy|title=Arabs in the Americas: Interdisciplinary Essays on the Arab Diaspora|publisher=Peter Lang|year=2006|isbn=9780820481111|location=Austria|page=5}}</ref> Natiijadii magaalooyinka iyo kordhinta ganacsiga ee Afrika ka hooseysa Saxara waxay keentay Muslinka inay degaan dhulal cusub oo ay faafiyaan diintooda, iyadoo lagu qiyaasay inay laba-laabatay dadkeeda Muslinka ah u dhaxeysa 1869 iyo 1914.<ref>{{harvp|Bulliet|2005|p=722}}</ref> === Casrigii ee Horumarsanaa (Qarnigii 20aad–Ilaa Hada) === [[File:13. Session of the Islamic Summit Conference.jpg|thumb|Hoggaamiyeyaasha dalalka Islaamka intii uu socday kalfadhigii 2016 ee Shirka Iskaashiga Islaamka ee Istambul, Turkiga. Trikiiba saddex sano, OIC waxay isku brings dhammaan hoggaamiyeyaasha Muslinka.|upright=1.35]] Aabbayaashii casriyeynta Islaamka waxay saameeyeen dhaqdhaqaaqyada siyaasadda Islaamka sida Ikhwaanul Muslimeen iyo xisbiyada la xiriira ee dunida Carabta,<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 August 2011 |title=Are secular forces being squeezed out of Arab Spring? |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14447820 |access-date=10 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Slackman |first=Michael |date=23 December 2008 |title=Jordanian students rebel, embracing conservative Islam |work=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/24/world/middleeast/24jordan.html |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> kuwaas oo si wanaagsan uga dhex muuqday doorashooyinkii ka dambeeyay Guudkii Carabta,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kirkpatrick |first=David D. |date=3 December 2011 |title=Egypt's vote puts emphasis on split over religious rule |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/04/world/middleeast/egypts-vote-propels-islamic-law-into-spotlight.html |access-date=8 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jamaat-e-Islami ee Koonfurta Aasiya iyo Xisbiga Caddaaladda iyo Horumarinta (AK Party), oo si kemokaraasi ah xukuma Turkiga tobanaan sano. Iiraan, Kacdoonkii Iiraan wuxuu beddelay boqortooyadii laimaaniyadda ee Reer Galbeedku taageerayay iyadoo la dhisay Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah. Kuwa kale sida Sayyid Rashid Rida waxay ka go'een casriyeeyayaasha Islaamka<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lauziere|first=Henri|title=The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-231-17550-0|location=New York, Chichester, West Sussex|page=237|quote="Prior to the fall of the Ottoman Empire, leading reformers who happened to be Salafi in creed were surprisingly open-minded: although they adhered to neo-Hanbali theology. However, the aftermath of the First World War and the expansion of European colonialism paved the way for a series of shifts in thought and attitude. The experiences of Rida offer many examples... he turned against the Shi'is who dared, with reason, to express doubts about the Saudi-Wahhabi project... . Shi'is were not the only victims: Rida and his associates showed their readiness to turn against fellow Salafis who questioned some of the Wahhabis' religious interpretations."}}</ref> waxayna ka hortageen soo dhowaynta waxa uu u arkayay saamaynta Reer Galbeedka.<ref>{{Cite book|last=G. Rabil|first=Robert|title=Salafism in Lebanon: From Apoliticism to Transnational Jihadism|publisher=Georgetown University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-1-62616-116-0|location=Washington DC, US|pages=32–33|quote="Western colonialists established in these countries political orders... that, even though not professing enmity to Islam and its institutions, left no role for Islam in society. This caused a crisis among Muslim reformists, who felt betrayed not only by the West but also by those nationalists, many of whom were brought to power by the West... Nothing reflects this crisis more than the ideological transformation of Rashid Rida (1865–1935)... He also revived the works of Ibn Taymiyah by publishing his writings and promoting his ideas. Subsequently, taking note of the cataclysmic events brought about by Western policies in the Muslim world and shocked by the abolition of the caliphate, he transformed into a Muslim intellectual mostly concerned about protecting Muslim culture, identity, and politics from Western influence. He supported a theory that essentially emphasized the necessity of an Islamic state in which the scholars of Islam would have a leading role... Rida was a forerunner of Islamist thought. He apparently intended to provide a theoretical platform for a modern Islamic state. His ideas were later incorporated into the works of Islamic scholars. Significantly, his ideas influenced none other than Hassan al-Bannah, founder of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt... The Muslim Brethren have taken up Rida's Islamic fundamentalism, a right-wing radical movement founded in 1928,.."}}</ref> Kooxda ISIS waxay xitaa isku deyday inay dib u samayso diinaarkii dahabka ahaa ee casriga ahaa si uu u noqdo pambakooda lacagta. Halka kuwii ka go'ay ay qaarkood ahaayeen kuwa ka gaabsada siyaasadda, kuwo kale waxay rumechsanaayeen dhibaataynta kuwa ka soo horjeeda, xitaa Muslinka kale.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/14/isis-gold-silver-copper-islamic-dinar-coins |title=Isis to mint own Islamic dinar coins in gold, silver and copper |work=The Guardian |date=21 November 2014 |access-date=31 July 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ka hortagga dhaqdhaqaaqyada siyaasadda Islaamka, qarnigii 20aad ee Turkiga, ciidanku waxay sameeyeen afgembiyo si ay xukuumadaha Islaamiga ah uga tuuraan xukanka, sidoo kale xijabka ayaa si sharci ah loo xaddiday, sida ay sidoo kale ka dhacday Tuniisiya.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 April 2011 |title=Huge rally for Turkish secularism |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6604643.stm |access-date=6 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Saleh |first=Heba |date=15 October 2011 |title=Tunisia moves against headscarves |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6053380.stm |access-date=6 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Dhulalka kale, awoodda diinta ayaa la maamulay iyada oo hadda loo arko puppeto oo ay dawladdu maamusho. Tusaale ahaan, Sacuudi Carabiya, dawladdu waxay keligeed maamushay aqoonta diinta<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 June 2007 |title=Laying down the law: Islam's authority deficit |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/international/2007/06/28/islams-authority-deficit |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo Masar, dawladdu waxay qarameysay Jaamacadda Al-Azhar, oo hore u ahayd igo madax-bannaan oo xaddida awoodda dawladda.<ref>{{cite book| title = The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought| last1 = Bowering | first1 = Gerhard | last2=Mirza |first2=Mahan |last3=Crone |first3=Patricia| year = 2013 | publisher = Princeton University Press | page=59| isbn = 9780691134840 }}</ref> Salafiyada waxaa dhaqaale lagu siiyay Bariga Dhexe sababtoo ah ka gaabsashadeeda siyaasadda.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 October 2008 |title=Ultraconservative Islam on rise in Mideast |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna27256187 |access-date=24 September 2013 |publisher=MSNBC |url-status=live }}</ref> Sacuudi Carabiya waxay ololayso ka dhan ah dhaqdhaqaaqyada Islaamiga ah ee kacdoonka ah ee Bariga Dhexe, iyadoo ka soo horjeedda Iiraan.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Almukhtar |first1=Sarah |last2=Peçanha |first2=Sergio |last3=Wallace |first3=Tim |date=5 January 2016 |title=Behind Stark Political Divisions, a More Complex Map of Sunnis and Shiites |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/01/04/world/middleeast/sunni-shiite-map-middle-east-iran-saudi-arabia.html |access-date=6 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Tiro yar oo Muslin ah oo ka soo jeeda qowmiyadaha kala duwan ayaa loo dhibay sida koox diimeed.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thames |first1=Knox |title=Why the Persecution of Muslims Should Be on Biden's Agenda |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/muslims-islam-china-india-myanmar-persecution-repression-biden-human-rights/ |work=Foreign Policy Magazine |date=6 January 2021 |language=English |access-date=5 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Tan waxaa sameeyay xoogagga shuuciga ah sida Khmer Rouge, kuwaas oo u arkayay inay yihiin armigooda koowaad ee la cirbootinayo maaddaama dhaqankooda diimeed uu ka dhigay kuwa ka dhex muuqda dadka kale,<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Perrin |first=Andrew |date=10 October 2003 |title=Weakness in numbers |magazine=Time |url=https://time.com/archive/6894001/weakness-in-numbers/ |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}</ref> Xisbiga Shuuciga Shiinaha ee Xinjiang<ref>{{cite web |last1=Beydoun |first1=Khaled A. |title=For China, Islam is a 'mental illness' that needs to be 'cured' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/china-islam-mental-illness-cured-181127135358356.html |publisher=Al Jazeera |language=English |access-date=5 February 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo xoogagga qarannimada sida intii uu socday xasuuqii Bosniya.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mojzes |first=Paul |title=Balkan Genocides: Holocaust and Ethnic Cleansing in the Twentieth Century |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4422-0663-2|page=178}}</ref> Ciidanka Miyanmaar ee Tatmadaw oo bartilmaameedsanayay Muslinka Rohingya waxaa loogu yeeray dambi ka dhan ah aadamnimada ay sameeyeen Qaraamada Midoobay iyo Amnesty International,<ref>{{cite news |author=Oliver Holmes |date=19 December 2016 |title=Myanmar's Rohingya campaign 'may be crime against humanity' |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/19/myanmars-rohingya-campaign-may-be-against-humanity |url-status=live |access-date=5 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=19 December 2016|title=Rohingya abuse may be crimes against humanity: Amnesty|website=Al Jazeera|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/19/rohingya-abuse-may-be-crimes-against-humanity-amnesty/|access-date=2023-02-21|url-status=live}}</ref> halka Xafiiska Qaraamada Midoobay ee Wakiilka Sare ee Xaqiiqo-raadinta uu ka helay xasuuq, sifeyn qowmiyadeed, iyo dambiyo kale oo ka dhan ah aadamnimada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/MyanmarFFM/Pages/ReportoftheMyanmarFFM.aspx|title=Report of Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar |date=27 August 2018|website=ohchr.org|access-date=14 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Horumarka isgaarsiinta dunida wuxuu teshay faafinta ballaaran ee aqoonta diinta. Qaadashada xijabka waxay noqotay mid ka sii badan<ref>{{Cite news |last=Slackman |first=Michael |date=28 January 2007 |title=In Egypt, a new battle begins over the veil |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/weekinreview/28slackman.html |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo aqoonyahanno badan oo Muslin ah waxay si kordhayay isku deyayaan inay ka soocaan caqiidooyinka diinta Islaamka iyo dhaqammada caadiga ah.{{sfnp|Nigosian|2004|p=41}} Kooxaha kale dhexdiisa, helitaanka macluumaadka wuxuu keenay kordhinta wacdiyayaasha "televangelist" ee caanka ah, sida Amr Khaled, kuwaas oo kula tartama culumada caadiga ah gaaritaankooda oo ay ka dhigeen awoodda diinta mid aan hal xarun ku dhuftayn.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=263}} Sharraxaadaha "gaarka ah" ee Islaamka<ref>V. Šisler: ''The Internet and the Construction of Islamic Knowledge in Europe'' p. 212</ref> waxay si muuqata u dhex-galaan Muslinka Liberaalka ah oo isku deyaya inay waafajiyaan dhaqammada diinta iyo xukunkii laimaaniyadda ee casriga ah,{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=118–119, 179}}{{sfnp|Rippin|2001|p=288}} hab ka mid ah kuwa ay dhaleeceeyeen qaarkood oo ku saabsan waafaqsanaantiisa.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Adams, Charles J.|editor1-last=Esposito|editor1-first=John L.|title=Voices of Resurgent Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/voicesofresurgen00hcen|url-access=registration|date=1983|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/voicesofresurgen00hcen/page/113 113–4] |chapter=Maududi and the Islamic State|quote=[Maududi believed that] when religion is relegated to the personal realm, men inevitably give way to their bestial impulses and perpetrate evil upon one another. In fact it is precisely because they wish to escape the restraints of morality and the divine guidance that men espouse secularism.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Meisami|first=Sayeh|date=2013|title='Abdolkarim Soroush |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0034.xml|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-12 |website=Oxford Bibliographies|language=en}}</ref> Sidoo kale, laimaaniyaddu waxaa loo arkaa fikrad shisheeye oo ay ku soo impose gareeyeen qabsadayaashii oo ay adkeeyeen maamulayaasha ka dambeeyay gumeysiga,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Secularism, State Neutrality, and Islam|author=Abdullah Saeed|encyclopedia=The Oxford Handbook of Secularism|editor1=Phil Zuckerman|editor2=John R. Shook |url=http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/abstract/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199988457-e-12|year=2017|page=188 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.013.12|isbn=978-0-19-998845-7|access-date=7 August 2023|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref> oo inta badan loo fahmo inay u dhiganto ka-horjeedda diinta.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Nader Hashemi|title=Secularism|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0714|access-date=7 August 2023|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref> == Tirada Dadka == {{Main|Dunida Muslinka|Ummah}} {{See also|Islaamka waddan ahaan|Koraanka dadka Muslinka ah}} [[File:2020+ Proportion of people in world religions.svg |thumb|Boqolkiiba inta qof ee diimaha dunida. Muslinku waxay ka yihiin dhawaan 25.6% dadka dunida, taas oo ah tiro yar oo ka hooseysa Masiixiyiinta.<ref name=Pew_20250609>{{cite web |last1=Hackett |first1=Conrad |last2=Stonawski |first2=Marcin |last3=Tong |first3=Yunping |last4=Kramer |first4=Stephanie |last5=Shi |first5=Anne |last6=Fahmy |first6=Dalia |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |publisher=Pew Research Center |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260222070137/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |archive-date=22 February 2026 |date=9 June 2025 |url-status=live |quote=Source: Pew Research Center estimates based on more than 2,700 censuses and surveys. "How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020"}}</ref>]] Marka la joogo 2020, dhawaan 25.6% dadka dunida, ama dhawaan 2&nbsp;bilyan oo qof, waa Muslin.<ref name="pewresearch.orgReligion">{{Cite web |title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/interactives/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |date=21 December 2022 |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128120036/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/interactives/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="www.pewresearch.org-2022">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2022 |title=Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project - Research and data from Pew Research Center |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205195540/https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |archive-date=5 February 2023 |access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/|title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population|date=27 January 2011|access-date=26 October 2022|archive-date=30 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930233955/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/08/09/muslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world/ | title=Muslims and Islam: Key findings in the U.S. and around the world | date=9 August 2017 | access-date=19 December 2022 | archive-date=8 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108121140/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/08/09/muslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Pew-Growth-2017">{{cite web |last1=Lipka |first1=Michael |last2=Hackett |first2=Conrad |author-link2=Conrad Hackett |title=Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514123559/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |archive-date=2019-05-14 |website=Fact Tank |publisher=Pew Research Center |date=2017-04-06 |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> Sannadkii 1900, qiyaastani waxay ahayd 12.3%,<ref name="Barrett-2001">{{cite book |last1=Barrett |first1=David B. |last2=Kurian |first2=George T. |last3=Johnson |first3=Todd M. |title=World Christian Encyclopedia: A Comparative Survey of Churches and Religions in the Modern World |volume=1: The World by Countries: Religionists, Churches, Ministries |edition=2nd |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |page=4 |isbn=978-0195079630 |language=en}}</ref> sannadkii 1990 waxay ahayd 19.9%<ref name="Pew Research Center-2011">{{Cite report |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |publisher=Pew Research Center |access-date=27 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209094904/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=9 February 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> iyada oo saadaalintu ay muujinayso in heerku noqon doono 29.7% marka la joogo 2050.{{rp|8}} Ugu kooban uturjumaadda Pew ee 2020 waxay heshay in dadka Muslinka ah ee dunidu ay ahaayeen kooxda diimeed ee ugu koraanka badnayd tobankii sano, inta badan sababtoo ah Muslinku waxay u janjeeraan inay ku yar yihiin da'da oo ay leeyihiin heer dhalmo oo sarreeya—laba walxood oo muhiim ah oo kexeeya koraanka caadiga ah ee dadka.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett|author2=Marcin Stonawski|author3=Yunping Tong|author4=Stephanie Kramer|author5=Anne Shi|author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf|access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Pew Research Center |page=9|quote=Increases in the global Muslim population are largely due to Muslims having a relatively young age structure and high fertility rate, two characteristics that result in natural population growth.}}</ref>{{rp|9}} Sida ku xuso qiyaasta dadka ee 2020, 65% dadka Muslinka ah waxay ku dhex jiraan toban waddan, iyada oo dadka ugu waaweyni ay ku nool yihiin Indoneesiya, Bakistaan, Hindiya, Bangaladeesh, Nayjeeriya, Masar, Iiraan, Turkiga, Sudaan, iyo Aljeeriya, marka loo eego sida ay u kala hooseeyaan. Indoneesiya waxay xarun u tahay ka badan 230,000,000 oo Muslin ah, Bakistaan ka badan 220,000,000, Hindiya ka badan 210,000,000, Bangaladeesh ka badan 150,000,000, Nayjeeriya ka badan 110,000,000, Masar ka badan 100,000,000, Iiraan iyo Turkiga midkiiba ka badan 80,000,000, iyo Sudaan iyo Aljeeriya midkiiba ka badan 40,000,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/muslim-population-change/|title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020: 3. Muslim population change|date=9 June 2025|access-date=12 February 2026|website=Pew Research Center}}</ref>[[File:Islam percent population in each nation World Map Muslim data by Pew Research.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Boqolkiiba Muslinka ee dunida waddan ahaan.<ref name="pew2015" />]]Sida ku xuso warbixin ay soo saartay CNN, "Islaamku wuxuu soo jiitay dad soo Islaamay oo ka soo jeeda dhammaan heerarka nolosha, gaar ahaan Ameerikanka ka soo jeeda Afrika".<ref>{{cite news |title=Fast-growing Islam winning converts in Western world |publisher=CNN |url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9704/14/egypt.islam/ |access-date=6 May 2016 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015114027/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9704/14/egypt.islam/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ingiriiska, dhawaan 6,000 oo qof ayaa soo Islaama sannad walba, iyada oo sida ku xuso maqaal ku jira British Muslims Monthly Survey, badanka dadka cusub ee soo Islaama ee Ingiriiska ay ahaayeen dumarka.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/bmms/2000/06June00.asp#Women%20convert |title=British Muslims Monthly Survey for June 2000, Vol. VIII, No. 6 |at=Women convert |access-date=2020-09-28 |archive-date=2008-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214160750/http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/bmms/2000/06June00.asp#Women%20convert |url-status=live}}</ref> Sida ku xuso The Huffington Post, "ilaaliyayaashu waxay qiyaasayaan in illaa 20,000 oo Ameerikan ah ay soo Islaamaan sannad walba", badankoodu ay yihiin dumarka iyo Muslinka Ameerikanka ka soo jeeda Afrika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-08-24 |title=Conversion To Islam One Result Of Post-9/11 Curiosity |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/post-911-islam-converts_n_935572 |access-date=2020-11-26 |website=HuffPost |language=en |archive-date=2021-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111201117/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/post-911-islam-converts_n_935572 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author-first=Julie |author-last=Bindel |author-link=Julie Bindel |title=Why do Western Women Convert? |url=http://standpointmag.co.uk/features-may-10-why-do-western-women-convert-julie-bindel-islam-female-conversion |access-date=8 May 2016 |work=Standpoint |date=26 April 2010 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006102003/http://standpointmag.co.uk/features-may-10-why-do-western-women-convert-julie-bindel-islam-female-conversion |url-status=live}}</ref> Sidoo kale boqolkiiba iyo tirada guud ahaan, Islaamku waa kooxda diimeed ee ugu koraanka badan dunida, iyadoo la saadaalinayo inay noqoto ta ugu weyn dunida dhamaadka qarniga 21aad, iyadoo ka badanaysa Masiixiyada. Waxaa lagu qiyaasay in marka la joogo 2050, tirada Muslinka ay u dhowaan doonto tirada Masiixiyiinta ee dunida, "sababtoo ah da'da yar iyo heerka dhalmo ee sarreeya ee Muslinka marka loo barbardhigo kooxaha kale ee diimaha."{{rp|70}} === Xituunta Pew Research === Dhawaan 49 waddan ayaa ah kuwo dadka ugu badan ee ku nooli ay Muslin yihiin,{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=11}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ba-Yunus |first1=Ilyas |title=Muslims in the United States |last2=Kone, Kassim |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2006 |page=[https://archive.org/details/muslimsunitedsta00bayu/page/n186 172] |url=https://archive.org/details/muslimsunitedsta00bayu |url-access=registration |isbn=978-0-313-32825-1}}</ref><ref name="Pew-Landscape-2012">{{cite report |author=The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life |title=The Global Religious Landscape: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Major Religious Groups as of 2010 |url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323215026/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf |archive-date=2018-03-23 |date=December 2012 |publisher=Pew Research Center |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=7 March 2018 |title=Islam in Russia |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2018/3/7/islam-in-russia/ |access-date=15 June 2021 |website=Al Jazeera |publisher=Anadolu News Agency |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024349/https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/features/2018/3/7/islam-in-russia |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Book review: Russia's Muslim Heartlands reveals diverse population |date=21 April 2018 |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/book-review-russia-s-muslim-heartlands-reveals-diverse-population-1.723230 |work=The National |access-date=13 January 2019 |archive-date=14 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114210257/https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/book-review-russia-s-muslim-heartlands-reveals-diverse-population-1.723230 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyada oo 62% Muslinka dunidu ay ku nool yihiin Aasiya, halka 683 milyan oo taabacsan ay ku nool yihiin Indoneesiya, Bakistaan, Hindiya, iyo Bangaladeesh keligood.<ref name="Pew-Projections-2050">{{cite web |title=10 Countries With the Largest Muslim Populations, 2010 and 2050 |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/muslims/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables74/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207115222/http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/muslims/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables74/ |archive-date=2017-02-07 |website=Pew Research Center |publisher=Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life |date=2015-04-02 |type=Projections table |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Secrets of Islam |url=https://www.usnews.com/usnews/graphics/religion/islams_global_reach.htm |access-date=24 September 2013 |website=U.S. News & World Report |archive-date=22 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122200555/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/graphics/religion/islams_global_reach.htm |url-status=live }} Information provided by the International Population Center, Department of Geography, San Diego State University (2005).</ref>{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|pp=15, 17}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pechilis |first1=Karen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C |title=South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today |last2=Raj |first2=Selva J. |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-44851-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C&pg=PA193 193] |access-date=3 May 2019 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024331/https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslinka Carabta ah waxay samayeeyaan kooxda qowmiyadeed ee ugu weyn Muslinka dhexdeeda ee dunida,<ref name="Nydell-2005">{{cite book |last=Nydell |first=Margaret Kleffner |title=Understanding Arabs: A Guide for Modern Times |edition=4th |location=Yarmouth, Maine |publisher=Intercultural Press |year=2005 |pages=xxiii, 14 |isbn=978-1931930253 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNoiieefqAcC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024737/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNoiieefqAcC |archive-date=2023-12-28 |language=en}}</ref> waxaa ku xiga Bangaaliyiinta<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Eaton|editor=Barbara D. Metcalf|title=Islam in South Asia in Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pR0LzVCpfw8C|date=8 September 2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-3138-8|page=275|chapter=Forest Clearing and the Growth of Islam in Bengal}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=haGORCJRlOUC&pg=PA50 |title=The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics |author1=Meghna Guhathakurta |author2=Willem van Schendel |page=50 |date=30 April 2013 |publisher=Duke University Press |access-date=7 November 2016 |isbn=978-0822353188 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707092408/https://books.google.com/books?id=haGORCJRlOUC&pg=PA50 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo Bunjaabiinta.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Rajmohan|title=Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten|year=2013|page=1|publisher=Aleph Book Company|location=New Delhi, India, Urbana, Illinois|isbn=978-93-83064-41-0}}.</ref> Qiyaasaha badankood waxay muujinayaan in Shiinaha ay ku nool yihiin dhawaan 20 illaa 30 milyan oo Muslin ah (1.5% illaa 2% dadka waddanka).<ref>{{cite web |work=The World Factbook |title=Explore All Countries – China |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/ |access-date=15 September 2009 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |archive-date=13 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213122152/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=China (includes Hong Kong, Macau, and Tibet) |website=Archived Content |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm |access-date=24 September 2013 |publisher=U.S. Department of State |archive-date=10 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710075050/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Islaamka ka jira Yurub waa diinta labaad ee ugu weyn Masiixiyadda ka dib waddamo badan dhexdeeda, iyada oo heerarka koraanka ay inta badan ku yimaadaan soogalootiga iyo heerka dhalmo ee sarreeya ee Muslinka ee 2005,<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 December 2005 |title=Muslims in Europe: Country guide |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4385768.stm |access-date=1 April 2010 |archive-date=29 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929213440/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4385768.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> taas oo samaynaysay 4.9% dhammaan dadka Yurub ee 2016.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/11/29/5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe/|title=5 facts about the Muslim population in Europe|date=November 29, 2017|work=Pew Research Center|first=Conrad|last=Hackett|access-date=17 January 2023|archive-date=5 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105202657/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/11/29/5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sida ku xuso Xituunta Pew Research, soo Islaamidda ma laha saameyn weyn oo saafi ah oo ku saabsan koraanka dadka Muslinka ah maadaama "tirada dadka ku soo Islaama diinta ay u dhowdahay inay la mid tahay tirada Muslinka ah ee ka baxda diinta."<ref>{{Cite report |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |section=Conversion |date=27 January 2011 |publisher=Pew Research Center |section-url=https://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-related-factors/#conversion |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |quote=there is no substantial net gain or loss in the number of Muslims through conversion globally; the number of people who become Muslims through conversion seems to be roughly equal to the number of Muslims who leave the faith |access-date=12 May 2020 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211126/http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bagse, Islaamku wuxuu ka helayaa faa'iido yar oo ah 3 milyan oo qof marka loo eego isbeddelka diimaha u dhexeya 2010 iyo 2050, inta badan ka timaada Afrika Sub-Sahara (2.9 milyan).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf|title=Cumulative Change Due to Religious Switching, 2010–2050, p.43|access-date=4 May 2016|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150429153811/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf|archive-date=29 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/|title=The Changing Global Religious Landscape|work=Pew Research Center|date=5 April 2017|access-date=17 December 2022|archive-date=18 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218030628/https://www.pewforum.org/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sida ku xuso uturjumaadda Pew ee 2020, dhawaan 1% dadka waaweyn ee ku soo koray Muslimnimada ayaa ka baxa diinta, halka boqolkiiba la mid ah —dhawaan 1%— ay ka soo Islaamaan diimaha kale, taas oo keenta heer hoose oo isbeddel diimeed ah oo soo gala ama ka baxa Islaamka.<ref name="pew2029">{{Cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett|author2=Marcin Stonawski|author3=Yunping Tong|author4=Stephanie Kramer|author5=Anne Shi|author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf|access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US|page=39|quote=Muslims and Hindus have been the least likely to gain or lose adherents from religious switching. About one in every 100 adults raised Muslim (or Hindu) has left their childhood religion, and a similar number from a different religious category have switched into Islam (or Hinduism).}}</ref> Mutaaniqada Islaamka ka baxday waxay u janjeeraan inay u wareegaan diin kale halkii ay ka noqon lahaayeen kuwo aan diin lahayn. == Qaybaha Waaweyn == {{Main|Xiriirka Shiicada iyo Sunnada|Qadiir Khum|Saqiifa|Ciidul Qadiir}} === Matalaadda Qadiir Khum iyo Saqiifa === [[File:Chronology of Ancient Nations, f.162r miniature.jpg|thumb|Magacaabiddii Cali uu Muxammad ku magacaabay Qadiir Khum, 1307 AD fardawsa Ilkhanid.]] Tukhtaan muhiim ah ayaa ka dhacay 632 ee Qadiir Khum, halkaas oo Muxammad, obo yar ka hor dhimashadiisa, uu gacanta ku qabtay Cali, oo ahaa ina-adeerkii iyo seedigii, uu ka jeediyay khudbad uu ku yiri "Kii aan ahay ''mowlahiisa'', Cali waa ''mowlahiisa''."<ref>{{cite book |title=The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam |author-first=Maria Massi |author-last=Dakake |year=2007 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9780791470336 |author-link=Maria Massi Dakake}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Veccia Vaglieri|first=L.|date=2012|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/*-SIM_2439|section=G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm|publisher=Brill|access-date=July 14, 2023|isbn=9789004161214|archive-date=14 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714174420/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/*-SIM_2439|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfnp|Campo|2009|pp=257–258}} Ereyga mowla wuxuu leeyahay macnayaal kala duwan oo ku xiran xaaladda, oo ay ku jiraan sayid, ilaaliye, xulafo, taageere, iyo mid awood leh. Shiicada dhexdeeda, waxaa loo fahmaa magacaabidda rasmiga ah ee Muxammad uu Cali uga dhigay beddelkiisa. Sunnadu sidoo kale waxay aqbashaa in tukhtaankii Qadiir Khum uu dhacay iyadoo Muxammad uu yiri hadalkaas ku saabsan Cali. Bagse, uma tarjumaan hadalka inuu yahay magacaabidda Cali ee beddelka Muxammad. Muslinka Sunnada ah waxay u tarjumaan ereyga mowla xaaladdan inuu u muuqdo saaxiib dhow, taageere, ama mid mudan daacadnimo iyo kalsooni. Sidaas darteed, waxay u arkaan bayaanka inuu yahay caddayn ah xushmadda Muxammad uu u hayay Cali, iyagoo hoos u dhigaya muhiimadda tukhtaanka. Kalfadhigii Saqiifa wuxuu dhacay obo yar ka dib dhimashadii Muxammad ee 632, halkaas oo Abu Bakar looga doortay beddelkiisa oo uu ku noqday Khaliifkii koowaad. Saqiifa waxay ka mid tahay tukhtaannada ugu muranka badan Islaamka, sababtoo ah ka saarida tiro badan oo ka mid ah Saxaabada Muxammad, oo ay ku jiraan Ahlul Bayt iyo gaar ahaan Cali. Cali iyo tiro badan oo ka mid ah qoyska Muxammad waxay weli ku jireen aasitaanka nabiga markii uu tukhtaanku dhacayay.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Foody |first=Kathleen |date=September 2015 |title=Interiorizing Islam: Religious Experience and State Oversight in the Islamic Republic of Iran |editor-last=Jain |editor-first=Andrea R. |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=599–623 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/lfv029 |doi-access=free |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Academy of Religion |eissn=1477-4585 |issn=0002-7189 |jstor=24488178 |lccn=sc76000837 |oclc=1479270 |quote=For Shiʿi Muslims, Muhammad not only designated Ali as his friend, but appointed him as his successor—as the "lord" or "master" of the new Muslim community. Ali and his descendants would become known as the Imams, divinely guided leaders of the Shiʿi communities, sinless, and granted special insight into the Qurʾanic text. The theology of the Imams that developed over the next several centuries made little distinction between the authority of the Imams to politically lead the Muslim community and their spiritual prowess; quite to the contrary, their right to political leadership was grounded in their special spiritual insight. While in theory, the only just ruler of the Muslim community was the Imam, the Imams were politically marginal after the first generation. In practice, Shiʿi Muslims negotiated varied approaches to both interpretative authority over Islamic texts and governance of the community, both during the lifetimes of the Imams themselves and even more so following the disappearance of the twelfth and final Imam in the ninth century.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Foody |first=Kathleen |date=September 2015 |editor-last=Jain |editor-first=Andrea R. |title=Interiorizing Islam: Religious Experience and State Oversight in the Islamic Republic of Iran |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Academy of Religion |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=599–623 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/lfv029 |issn=0002-7189 |eissn=1477-4585 |jstor=24488178 |lccn=sc76000837 |oclc=1479270 |quote=For Shiʿi Muslims, Muhammad not only designated Ali as his friend, but appointed him as his successor—as the "lord" or "master" of the new Muslim community. Ali and his descendants would become known as the Imams, divinely guided leaders of the Shiʿi communities, sinless, and granted special insight into the Qurʾanic text. The theology of the Imams that developed over the next several centuries made little distinction between the authority of the Imams to politically lead the Muslim community and their spiritual prowess; quite to the contrary, their right to political leadership was grounded in their special spiritual insight. While in theory, the only just ruler of the Muslim community was the Imam, the Imams were politically marginal after the first generation. In practice, Shiʿi Muslims negotiated varied approaches to both interpretative authority over Islamic texts and governance of the community, both during the lifetimes of the Imams themselves and even more so following the disappearance of the twelfth and final Imam in the ninth century. |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Amir-Moezzi |author-first=Mohammad Ali |title=Ghadīr Khumm |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=Third |editor1-first=Kate |editor1-last=Fleet |editor2-first=Gudrun |editor2-last=Krämer |editor3-first=Denis |editor3-last=Matringe |editor4-first=John |editor4-last=Nawas |editor5-first=Devin J. |editor5-last=Stewart |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419 |year=2014 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419 |isbn=9789004269613 |author-link=Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Muslinka Sunnada ah waxay qabaan in Muxammad uu u daayay doorashada beddelkiisa bulshada, sidaas darteedna waxay u arkaan doorashadii Abu Bakar ee saxaabada inay ahayd mid sharci ah. Muslinka Shiicada ah waxay adkaynayaan in Cali hore loogu magacaabay beddelka Muxammad ee tukhtaankii Qadiir Khum, sidaas darteedna waxay u arkaan tukhtaannadii Saqiifa inay ahaayeen kuwo dhaafay xaqiisii beddelka. Dhibaatada beddelka waxay noqotay sababtii ugu horreysay ee qeybsanaanta Muslinka oo keentay soo bixitaanka labada qaybood ee waaweyn ee Islaamka, Sunna iyo Shiica. === Islaamka Sunnada ah === {{Main|Islaamka Sunnada ah}} [[File:Khalili Collection Islamic Art mss 0311 fol 190b-191a.jpg|thumb|Faraq-qoraal ah oo [[Saxiix al-Bukhari]] ah oo ka soo jeeda qarnigii 14aad, ururintii ugu horreysay ee [[xadiis]] ee [[Kutub al-Sittah|Lixda Buug]] ee [[Islaamka Sunnada ah]].]] Islaamka Sunnada ah waa qaybta ugu weyn ee Islaamka iyada oo ah mhabka diimeed ee ugu weyn dunida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of religious populations {{!}} Largest Religions, Smallest Religions, Lists, Data, & Overview {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/List-of-religious-populations|access-date=2025-07-24|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sunni |title=Sunni |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=17 September 2021 |archive-date=30 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430101807/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/574006/Sunnite |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Sunni Islam |editor-first=John L. |editor-last=Esposito |encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2014 |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2280 |access-date=10 January 2010 |archive-date=5 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005013247/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2280 |url-status=dead }} {{Wayback|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2280 |date=20101028144120 }}</ref><ref name="Denny-2010">{{cite book |last=Denny |first=Frederick |author-link=Frederick M. Denny |title=Sunni Islam: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |page=3 |isbn=978-0199804153 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D5_N97bAiJ0C&pg=PA3 |quote=Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community, and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority (85 to 90%) of that community. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lawson |first1=Russell M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_krEEAAAQBAJ&dq=islam+based+on+the+teachings+of+muhammad&pg=PA419 |title=Science in the Ancient World: From Antiquity through the Middle Ages |date=23 September 2021 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-4408-7353-9 |page=419 |language=en}}</ref> Ereygu waa gaabinta weedha "''Ahl as-Sunnah wa al-Jama'ah''", oo macnaheedu yahay "dadka [[Sunnah|sunnada]] (dhaqankii Muxammad) iyo jamacaadka".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Ahl as-Sunnah |encyclopedia=Islam Ansiklopedisi |publisher=Turkish Diyanet Foundation |location=Istanbul |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ehl-i-sunnet |last=Yavuz |first=Yusuf Şevki |date=1994 |volume=10 |pages=525–530 |lang=tr |access-date=28 December 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228114411/https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ehl-i-sunnet |url-status=live }}</ref> Islaamka Sunnada ah mararka qaarkood waxaa loo yaqaanaa "Islaamka Ortodokska ah",<ref>{{cite book |author1=John Richard Thackrah |title=Dictionary of Terrorism |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1135165956 |edition=2, revised |page=252}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Status of Women Under Islamic Law and Modern Islamic Legislation |date=2009 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9004172739 |editor1-last=Nasir |editor1-first=Jamal J. |edition=revised |page=11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=George W. Braswell |title=What You Need to Know about Islam & Muslims |date=2000 |publisher=B&H Publishing Group |isbn=978-0805418293 |edition=illustrated |page=62}}</ref> ingawa aqoonyahanada qaar ay u arkaan inaysan habboonayn, iyada oo Sunni-nimada ka baxsan ay dad badan u arki karaan fahan xumaan.<ref>An Introduction to the Hadith. John Burton. Published by Edinburgh University Press. 1996. p. 201. Cite: "Sunni: Of or pertaining ''sunna'', especially the ''Sunna'' of the Prophet. Used in conscious opposition to Shi'a, Shi'í. There being no ecclesia or centralized magisterium, the translation 'orthodox' is inappropriate. To the Muslim 'unorthodox' implies heretical, ''mubtadi'', from ''bid'a'', the contrary of ''sunna'' and so 'innovation'."</ref> Sunnadu waxay adkaynaysaa in Muxammad uusan magacaabin beddel, wuxuuna u dhaafay doorashada beddelkiisa bulshada, sidaas darteedna waxay u arkaan doorashadii Abu Bakar ee Saqiifa inay ahayd mid sharci ah. Muslinka Sunnada ah waxay inta badan u noqdaan lixda buug ee xadiiska ee waaweyn arrimaha sharciga, iyagoo u raaca mid ka mid ah afar madhabood ee fiqhiga: [[Hanafi school|Xanafi]], [[Hanbali school|Xanbali]], [[Maliki school|Maaliki]], [[Shafi'i school|Shaafi'i]].<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|pp=275, 306}}</ref> Cilmiga tawxiidka ee athariga ah waa madhab Sunni ah oo feker ah, oo uu si weyn ugu doodi jiray Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780–855 CE), oo lagu garto u noqoshada fahanka qoraalka ah ee Qur'aanka iyo sunnada, aמונה ah in Qur'aanku yahay mid aan la abuurin oo weligeed ah, iyo ka soo horjeeda cilmiga caqliga, ee loo yaqano kalam, marka loo eego arrimaha diinta iyo anshaxa.<ref>Hadi Enayat ''Islam and Secularism in Post-Colonial Thought: A Cartography of Asadian Genealogies'' Springer Publishing, 30 June 2017 {{ISBN|978-3-319-52611-9}} p.48</ref> Maaturidiyada, oo uu aasaasay Abu Mansur al-Maturidi (853–944 CE), waxay leedahay qoraalka la soo dejiyay looma baahna anshaxa asaasiga ah iyada oo wanaagga iyo xawliga lagu fahmi karo caqliga keligiis,<ref>Rico Isaacs, Alessandro Frigerio ''Theorizing Central Asian Politics: The State, Ideology and Power'' Springer Publishing 2018 {{ISBN|978-3-319-97355-5}} p. 108</ref> laakiin dadku waxay u noqdaan waxyiga arrimaha ka baxsan fahanka bahaamka. Ash'ariyada, oo uu aasaasay Al-Ashʿarī (c. 874–936), waxay leedahay anshaxu wuxuu ka imaan karaa oo keliya waxyiga rabbaaniga ah laakiin waxay aqbashaa caqliga arrimaha fasiraadda waxayna isku dartaa hababka Mu'tazilada iyo fikradaha athariga.<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|1999|p=280}}</ref> Salafiyadu waa doonis dib u cusboonaysiin ah oo u dooda u noqoshada dhaqankii qgeneration-kii ugu horreeyay ee Muslinka. Qarnigii 18aad, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab wuxuu kexeeyay dhaqdhaqaaq Salafi ah, oo dadka ka baxsan ay u yaqaanaan Wahaabiya, waddanka maanta loo yaqano Sacuudi Carabiya.<ref>Richard Gauvain ''Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-0-7103-1356-0}} page 8</ref> Dhaqdhaqaaq la mid ah oo loo yaqano Ahl al-Hadith ayaa sidoo kale hoos u dhigay dhaqanka sharciga Sunniga ah ee qarniyada jiray, iyagoo door biday inay si toos ah u raacaan Qur'aanka iyo Xadiiska. Dhaqdhaqaaqa Sunniga ah ee Nurcu waxaa aasaasay Said Nursi (1877–1960); wuxuu isku darayaa qaybo ka mid ah Tasawufka iyo sayniska.<ref name="Svante E. Cornell p. 283">Svante E. Cornell ''Azerbaijan Since Independence'' M.E. Sharpe {{ISBN| 9780765630049}} p. 283</ref><ref>Robert W. Hefner ''Shariʻa Politics: Islamic Law and Society in the Modern World'' Indiana University Press 2011 {{ISBN|978-0-253-22310-4}} p. 170</ref> === Islaamka Shiicada ah === {{Main|Islaamka Shiicada ah}} [[File:Folio from a Nahj al-Balagha.gif|thumb|Warqad gacan-qoraal ah oo ka timaada Nahj al-Balagha, ee taariikhdeedu tahay 1149 AD. Nahj al-Balagha waa ururin khudbado, waraaqo, iyo hadallo ah oo uu leeyahay Cali. Waxaa loo arkaa inay ka mid tahay kuwa ugu muhiimsan ee suugaanta Carabiga iyada oo ka joogta meel sare Islaamka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda.]] Islaamka Shiicada ah waa qaybta labaad ee ugu weyn Islaamka iyo mid ka mid oo ka mid ah mhabada diimeed ee ugu waaweyn dunida.<ref>{{cite web |title=Field Listing :: Religions |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706231326/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |archive-date=6 July 2010 |access-date=25 October 2010 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |quote=Sunni Islam accounts for over 75% of the world's Muslim population." ... "Shia Islam represents 10–15% of Muslims worldwide.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sunni |url=https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/sunni |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614103622/https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/sunni |archive-date=14 June 2020 |access-date=24 May 2020 |publisher=Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs |quote=Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam, comprising about 85% of the world's over 1.5 billion Muslims.}}</ref>{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=1|ps=. "Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims."}} Ereygu waa gaabinta weedha "''Shīʿat ʿAlī''", oo macnaheedu yahay "xisbigii Cali". Muslinka Shiicada ah waxay adkaynayaan in Muxammad uu magacaabay ina-adeerkii iyo seedigii, Cali, inuu noqdo beddelkiisa.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shii|title=Shiʿi|last=Newman|first=Andrew J.|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=28 December 2021|archive-date=20 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720054917/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shii|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2004 |title=Sunni Islam |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa |publisher=MacMillan Reference |editor-last=Philip Mattar |edition=2nd |author1=Tayeb El-Hibri|author2=Maysam J. al Faruqi}}</ref> Cali waxaa ku xigay silsilad Imaamyo ah oo Ilaah magacaabay oo ka soo jeeda qoyska Muxammad ([[Ahl al-Bayt|Ahlul Bayt]]). Mhabka ugu weyn ee Islaamka Shiicada ah, Shiicada Laba-iyo-Tobanka ah, waxay aqoonsan yihiin Laba-iyo-Tobanka Imaam inay yihiin hoggaamiyeyaasha Ilaah magacaabay, iyadoo ka bilaabanaysa Cali keligiis oo ku dheehanaysa Mahdiga, oo la rumeysan yahay inuu ku jiro qoyanaanta loona fadhiyo inuu dib u soo laabto Dhamaadka Sannadaha si uu u aasaaso caddaalad oo uu caawin doono Ciise. Islaamka Shiicada ah wuxuu muhiimad gaar ah siiyaa Ahlul Bayt (qoyska Muxammad), kuwaas oo Muslinka Shiicada ah ay u arkaan inay leeyihiin awood diimeed iyo ruhani ah oo Ilaah siiyay. Qur'aanka, teachings-ka Muxammad (Sunnah), iyo Imaamyada waxay samayeeyaan asaaska ugu muhiimsan ee fekerka diimeed iyo fiqhiga Shiicada. Muslinka Shiicada ah waxaa kexeeya madhabka Jacfariyada ee fiqhiga.<ref>{{Cite book |author1=John Corrigan|author2=Frederick Denny|author3=Martin S Jaffee|author4=Carlos Eire |year=2011 |title=Jews, Christians, Muslims: A Comparative Introduction to Monotheistic Religions |publisher= Cambridge University Press |id=978-0205026340 }}</ref> Ururinta ugu muhiimsan ee xadiiska ee Islaamka Shiicada ah waa Afarta Buug ee Sharciga ah, oo loo yaqano Kitab al-Kafi, Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih, Tahdhib al-Ahkam, iyo Al-Istibsar. Islaamka Shiicada ah wuxuu ka kooban yahay dhowr qaybood, ta ugu weyn oo ugu muhiimsan waxay tahay Shiicada Laba-iyo-Tobanka ah, oo ay ku xigaan qaybaha yar ee Ismaaciiliyad iyo Saydiyad.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social and Military History |editor-first1=Spencer C. |editor-last1=Tucker |editor2=Priscilla Mary Roberts |year=2008 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-842-2 |page=917 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC&pg=PA917 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024726/https://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC&pg=PA917 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Iraq Effect: The Middle East After the Iraq War |first=Frederic M. |last=Wehrey |year=2010 |publisher=Rand Corporation |isbn=978-0-8330-4788-5 |page=91 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-3LAlfW7DIC&pg=PA91 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024742/https://books.google.com/books?id=i-3LAlfW7DIC&pg=PA91#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Newman|first=Andrew J.|author-link=Andrew J. Newman|title=Twelver Shiism: Unity and Diversity in the Life of Islam, 632 to 1722|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-7833-4|chapter=Introduction|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ&pg=PP18|page=2|access-date=13 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501201413/https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ|archive-date=1 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Dagaalkii Karbala, oo uu awoowe u ahaa Nabiga oo ahaa Imaamka saddexaad ee Shiicada, Xuseen ibn Cali, si xun loogu dilay oo madaxa looga jaray iyada oo la dilay badanka xubnaha qoyskiisa, wuxuu siiyay Caliyinta aqoonsi diimeed oo u gaar ah wuxuuna ka qaatay door muhiim ah zhuraalka iyo adkaynta ta noqotay Islaamka Shiicada ah. Wuxuu ka joogaa meel dhexe taariikhda Shiicada, dhaqanka, iyo cilmiga tawxiidka, iyadoo inta badan lagu xuso suugaanta Islaamka. Waa mid ka mid ah waqtiyada ugu murugada badan, muhiimka ah, ee lagu garto taariikhda Islaamka. Dhismaha Imaam Cali ee Najafe, Dhismaha Imaam Xuseen ee Karbala, iyo Dhismaha Imaam Riza ee Mashxad waa saddexda meelood ee ugu xurmada badan ka dib Masjid al-Xaraam ee Makka, Masjid al-Nabawi ee Madiina, iyo Masjid al-Aqsa ee Qudus.<ref name="Sardeg2">{{cite web |last=Escobar |first=Pepe |date=May 24, 2002 |title=Knocking on heaven's door |url=http://www.atimes.com/c-asia/DE24Ag04.html |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020603155002/http://atimes.com/c-asia/DE24Ag04.html |archive-date=June 3, 2002 |access-date=2006-11-12 |work=Asia Times Online |quote=our sixth imam, Imam Sadeg, says that we have five definitive holy places... first is Mecca... second is Medina... third belongs to our first imam of Shia, Ali, which is in Najaf. The fourth belongs to our third imam, Hussein, in Kerbala. The last one belongs to the daughter of our seventh imam and sister of our eighth imam, who is called Fatemah, and will be buried in Qom. |department=Central Asia/Russia}}</ref> Laba-iyo-Tobanka Imaam sidoo xushmad lagu hayaa Islaamka Sunnada ah dhexdeeda iyagoo ah xubno ka mid ah qoyska Nabiga Muxammad iyo shakhsiyaad muhiim ah oo ku jira taariikhda Islaamka, iyadoo Sunnadu ay booqdaan dhismooyinkooda xushmad darteed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Iraqi delegation from the Sunni Endowment visited the Holy Shrine of Imam Ali (PBUH).|url=https://www.alarbaeen.ir/en/news/an-iraqi-delegation-from-the-sunni-endowment-visited-the-holy-shrine-of-imam-ali-pbuh|access-date=2026-02-16|website=www.alarbaeen.ir}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Waziri|first=Adam Isa|date=2022-11-21|title=Sunni Professors, Scholars From Pakistan Visit Imam Husain's Holy Shrine in Karbala » Education Monitor News|url=https://educationmonitornews.com/sunni-professors-scholars-from-pakistan-visit-imam-husains-holy-shrine-in-karbala/|access-date=2026-02-16|website=Education Monitor News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Arooj|date=2024-02-01|title=Sunni scholars from Turkey express happiness upon visiting holy shrine of Imam Hussein|url=https://shiawaves.com/english/uncategorized/100914-sunni-scholars-from-turkey-express-happiness-upon-visiting-holy-shrine-of-imam-hussein/|access-date=2026-02-16|website=Shia Waves|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-16|title=Iraqi Sunni Friday prayer leaders visit Imam Reza (AS) holy shrine|url=https://en.hawzahnews.com/news/358808/Iraqi-Sunni-Friday-prayer-leaders-visit-Imam-Reza-AS-holy-shrine|access-date=2026-02-16|website=Hawzah News Agency|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=English Pakistani Sunnis Visit Imam Reza Shrine|url=https://www.shiachat.com/forum/topic/235051393-english-pakistani-sunnis-visit-imam-reza-shrine/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617090149/https://www.shiachat.com/forum/topic/235051393-english-pakistani-sunnis-visit-imam-reza-shrine/|archive-date=2025-06-17|access-date=2026-02-16|website=ShiaChat.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-14|title=Sunni Cleric: Imam Reza Shrine a Center for Unifying Muslims|url=https://en.abna24.com/news/664698/Sunni-Cleric-Imam-Reza-Shrine-a-Center-for-Unifying-Muslims|access-date=2026-02-17|website=ABNA English|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Imam Reza (A.S.) Is the Symbol of Unity among Islamic Sects.|url=https://www.alarbaeen.ir/en/news/imam-reza-as-is-the-symbol-of-unity-among-islamic-sects|access-date=2026-02-17|website=www.alarbaeen.ir}}</ref> {{multiple image | align = center | image1 = ImamAliShrine2026.jpg | width1 = 217 | alt1 = | caption1 = Dhismaha Imaam Cali ee Najafe, Ciraaq, waxaa loo arkaa Muslinka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda inuu yahay meesha ugu xurmada badan Islaamka ka dib Makka, Madiina iyo Qudus. | image2 = حرم الامام الحسين.jpg | width2 = 218 | alt2 = | caption2 = Dhismaha Imaam Xuseen ee Karbala, Ciraaq, waa meel aad u xurmo badan Islaamka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda. | width3 = 315 | alt3 = | footer = | image3 = ImamReza(A).jpg | caption3 = Dhismaha Imaam Riza ee Mashxad, Iiraan, waa masjidhka ugu weyn dunida iyadoo ka mid ah meelaha ugu xurmada badan Islaamka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda. }} ===== Cibaadiyada ===== {{Main|Muhakkima|Cibaadiyada|Khawaarijta}} Cibaadiyada waa madhab u gaar ah Islaamka waxaana inta badan loo arkaa qaybta saddexaad ee mhabada Islaamka, oo barbar taagan Islaamka Sunnada ah iyo Islaamka Shiicada ah. Xididdadeedu waxay dib u raacaan go'itaankii Khawaarijta ee ka go'een Cali, oo ahaa ina-adeerkii iyo seedigii nabiga Muxammad oo ahaa Imaamkii ugu horreeyay ee Shiicada iyo khaliifkii afaraad ee Khulafo al-Raashidiinta ee Sunnadu. Waxaaba jirta in Cibaadiyiinta casriga ah ay inta badan diadaan in aqiidadooda lagu tilmaamo Khawaarij. Cibaadiyada waxay soo baxday qarniyadii ugu horreeyay ee Islaamka iyadoo ka timaada khilaafaadkii siyaasadeed iyo kuwa tawxiidka ee ku xeernaa Fitnada Koowaad. Dhaqanku wuxuu taariikhiyan u xiran yahay dhaqdhaqaaqii hore ee Muhakkima. Cibaadiyiintu way ka tiro yar yihiin labada mhab ee ugu waaweyn Islaamka, Sunnadu iyo Shiicada. Cibaadiyada waxay weli tahay mid aan si fican u baran dadka ka baxsan, iyadoo ay ku jiraan kuwo aan Muslin ahayn iyo Muslinka Sunnada iyo Shiicada ah. [[File:Islam branches and schools.png|centre|Dulmar guud oo ku saabsan qaybaha waaweyn iyo mhabada Islaamka]] ===== Qaybaha ===== * Dhaqdhaqaaqa Axmadiyada waxaa lagu aasaasay Hindiya ee Ingiriisku xukumayay 1889 oo uu aasaasay Mirza Ghulam Ahmad oo ka soo jeeda Qadian, oo sheegtay inuu yahay Masiiyadii la ballanqaaday ("Soo laabashada Labaad ee Ciise"), Mahdiga Muslinku dhowrayaan sidoo kale prophet yar oo raaca nabiga Islaamka Muxammad. Waxaa jira fikrado iyo barashooyin kala duwan oo u gaar ah Axmadiyiinta marka loo eego badanka Muslinka kale, kuwaas oo ay ku jiraan fasiraadda cinwaanka Qur'aanka ee Khatam an-Nabiyyin iyo fasiraadda Soo laabashada Labaad ee Masiiyada. deviations-kan loo arko inay ka bixisay fekerka Islaamka ee caadiga ah waxay keeneen in badanka Muslinka ay u arkaan kuwo ka baxay diinta iyo khilaafyada lagu hayo Axmadiyiinta waddamo kala duwan dhexdeeda, gaar ahaan Bakistaan, halkaas oo si rasmi ah looga dhaqangaliyay inaysan Muslin ahayn oo ay dhaqangalisay Xukuumadda Bakistaan. Taabacsanaha Dhaqdhaqaaqa Axmadiyada ee Islaamka waxay u qeybsamaan laba kooxood: ta koowaad oo ah Bulshada Muslinka ee Axmadiyada, oo maanta ah kooxda ugu weyn, iyo Dhaqdhaqaaqa Axmadiyada ee Laahore ee Fafinta Islaamka. * Calawiyada waa dhaqan Islaam oo doonis leh oo maxalli ah, oo taabacsaneedu ay raacaan barashooyinka qarsoon (bāṭenī) ee Cali iyo Haji Bektash Veli. Calawiyada waa isku dharraaq ka mid ah fikradaha dhaqanka ee Turkiga ee qarnigii 14aad, iyadoo leh xididdo ka imaan kara Tengrism iyo Animism oo barbar socda fikradaha Shiicada iyo Tasawufka. Waxaa la qiyaasay inay jiraan 10 milyan illaa ka badan 20 milyan (~0.5–1% dhammaan Muslinka) oo Calawiyiin ah dunida oo dhan. * Qur'aaniyuuntu waa dhaqdhaqaaq diimeed ee Islaamka oo ku aasaasan aqiidada ah in sharciga Islaamka iyo xaqiijintu ay tahay oo keliya inay ka timaado Qur'aanka oo aysan ka imaanin sunnada ama Xadiiska, iyadoo Qur'aaniyuuntu ay si muuqata uga kala duwan yihiin habka loo raaco shanta tiro ee Islaamka. Dhaqdhaqaaqu wuxuu soo baxay qarnigii 19aad wixii ka dambeeyay, iyadoo fekerayaal sida Syed Ahmad Khan, Abdullah Chakralawi iyo Ghulam Ahmed Perwez ee Hindiya ay su'aal ka keeneen dhaqanka xadiiska. Ejipt, Muhammad Tawfiq Sidqi wuxuu ku qaray maqaalka ''Islaamku waa Qur'aanka keligiis'' majaladda ''Al-Manār'', isagoo u doodayay awoodda keligeed ee Qur'aanka. Qur'aaniyiin muhiim ah oo qarnigii 20aad ee dambe wuxuu ahaa Rashad Khalifa, oo ahaa biokimiko Masri-Ameerikan ah oo sheegtay inuu helay fure tiro oo ku jira Qur'aanka, wuxuuna aasaasay ururka Qur'aaniyiinta ee United Submitters International. * Mu'tazilada waxay ahayd madhab hore oo cilmiga tawxiidka Islaamka oo lagu garto isticmaalka caqliga, gaar ahaan marka loo eego labada ilo ee ugu horreeya Islaamka, Qur'aanka iyo xadiiska. Madhabtu waxay ku aasaasantaa shanta usool ee waaweyn: tawxiidka, caddaalada rabbaaniga ah, hubaasha ballanqaadyada iyo digniinaha rabbaaniga ah, meel dhexe oo marka loo eego heerka duniyeed ee duntayda waaweyn, iyo waajibka amarrada wanaagsan iyo ka hortaga xumaanta. Ka dib Sunnadu, Mu'taziladu waxay diadeen aragtida dhaqanka ah ee ah in Qur'aanku yahay hadalka aan la abuurin ee Ilaah, waxayna halkaas ka qabteen in Qur'aanku yahay waxyi la abuuray, si loo adkeeyo koodnimada kheyraatka ee Ilaah. Iyagoo adkaynaya isticmaalka caqliga, waxay u doodeen in dookha xorta ah ee bahaamka uu u oggolaado shakhsiyaadka inay doorataan wanaagga ama xumaanta, taas oo ka dhigaysa kuwo mas'uul ka ah eedooda. Bagse saameynta Mu'taziladu waxay hoos u dhacday dhibaatada bulshada iyo siyaasadeed ee ka timaada Sunnadu darteed, reebitaankooda caqliga wuxuu weli yahay mid muhiim ah fekerka casriga ah ee Islaamka. === Muslimiinta aan kooxna ka tirsanayn === {{Main|Non-denominational Muslim}} Muslimiinta aan kooxna ka tirsanayn waa eegmo guud oo loo isticmaalo ama ay isticmaalaan Muslimiinta aan ka tirsanayn ama aan isku tilmaamin mhab gaar ah oo Islaam ah.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Benakis |first=Theodoros |date=13 January 2014 |title=Islamophoobia in Europe! |work=New Europe |location=Brussels |url=http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |url-status=dead |access-date=20 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131145036/http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |archive-date=31 January 2016 |quote=Anyone who has travelled to Central Asia knows of the non-denominational Muslims—those who are neither Shiites nor Sounites, but who accept Islam as a religion generally.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Kenneth |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=jQGZBAAAQBAJ|page=29}} |title=Unthinkable: Iran, the Bomb, and American Strategy |date=2014 |isbn=978-1-4767-3393-7 |page=29 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |quote=Although many Iranian hardliners are Shi'a chauvinists, Khomeini's ideology saw the revolution as pan-Islamist, and therefore embracing Sunni, Shi'a, Sufi, and other, more nondenominational Muslims}}</ref> Sahanadii ugu dambeeyay waxay ku warramayaan in qayb weyn oo ka mid ah Muslimiinta ka mid ah kuwa ku nool qaybo ka mid ah dunida ay isku tilmaamaan oo keliya Muslim, inkasta oo ay yar tahay falanqaynta la daabacay ee ku saabsan sababaha ka dambeeya jawaabtan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burns |first=Robert |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=akWUGyN7fwEC|page=55}} |title=Christianity, Islam, and the West |date=2011 |isbn=978-0-7618-5560-6 |page=55 |publisher=University Press of America |quote=40 per cent called themselves "just a Muslim" according to the Council of American-Islamic relations}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tatari |first=Eren |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=x_4QBQAAQBAJ|page=111}} |title=Muslims in British Local Government: Representing Minority Interests in Hackney, Newham and Tower Hamlets |date=2014 |isbn=978-90-04-27226-2 |page=111 |publisher=BRILL |quote=Nineteen said that they are Sunni Muslims, six said they are just Muslim without specifying a sect, two said they are Ahmadi, and two said their families are Alevi}}</ref> Pew Research waxay ku warramaysaa in jawaab-bixiyeyaasha isku tilmaama oo keliya Muslim ay yihiin inta ugu badan ee Muslimiinta ee toddoba waddan (iyo tiro sare saddex kale dhexdeeda), iyadoo heerka ugu sarreeya uu yahay Kasakhstan oo ah 74%. Ugu yaraan mid ka mid ah shan kasta oo Muslim ah ee ugu yaraan 22 waddan wuxuu isku tilmaamaa habkan.<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|date=9 August 2012|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|access-date=4 September 2013|website=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project}}</ref> == Tasawufka == === Suufiyada === {{Main|Suufiyada}} {{See also|Xiriirka Salafiga iyo Suufiga}} [[File:Mevlana Konya.jpg|thumb|Wareegga Suufiga ee Dhismaha Qabriga Suufiga ee Rumi ee Konya, Turkey.]] Suufiyada (Carabi: تصوف), waa hab ka mid ah Tasawufka Islaamka oo raadiya in lagu helo khibrad shakhsi ah oo toos ah ee Eebbe. Culimadii hore ee Suufiyadu waxay ku tilmaameen tasawufka "cilmiga ujeeddadiisu tahay sixidda wadnaha iyo ka jeedinta dhammaan wixii kale ee aan Eebbe ahayn", iyada oo loo marayo "awoodda caqliga iyo sharafta" oo laga joojiyo in lagu tababaro. Ahmad ibn Ajiba wuxuu ku tilmaamay tasawufka "ku laabashada dhaqanka, bilowgiisuna yahay aqoon, dhexdiisuna tahay wax-qabad [aqoontaas ku saabsan], dhammaadkiisuna yahay hadiya [ka timaada Allah]." Ma aha qayb ka mid ah Islaamka, taabacsanaha ayaana ka tirsan mhabada kala duwan ee Muslinka. Ismaaciiliya, oo barashadeedu ku aasaasan tahay Gnosticism iyo Neoplatonism iyadoo ay barbar socdaan madhabaha Illuminationist iyo Isfahan ee falsafadda Islaamka, waxay samaysay fasiraado tasawuf ah oo Islaamka ah. Hasan al-Basri, oo ahaa Suufigii hore oo inta badan loo arko mid ka mid ah Suufiyadii ugu horreysay, wuxuu adkeeyay cabsida ka timaada guuldarrada Eebbe ee adkaysiga. Taa beddekeeda, Suufiyadii dambe ee waaweynayd, sida Mansur Al-Hallaj iyo Jalaluddin Rumi, waxay adkeeyeen diinta ku aasaasan jacyada loo qabo Eebbe. Jacyadaas waxay sidoo kale saameyn ku lahaayeen fanka, iyadoo Rumi uu weli yahay mid ka mid ah gabayaaga ugu iibka badan Ameerika. [[File:Sema ceremony many.jpg|thumb|Suufiyada ee Turkey.]]Suufiyadu waxay u arkaan tasawufka qayb aan ka go'in Islaamka. Suufiyadii dhaqanka ahayd, sida Bayazid Bastami, Jalaluddin Rumi, Haji Bektash Veli, Junaid Baghdadi, iyo Al-Ghazali, waxay u doodeen in Suufiyadu ku aasaasan tahay usoolka Islaamka iyo barashooyinka nabiga. Taariikhyahan Nile Green wuxuu u dooday in Islaamka qarniyadii dhexe uu ahaa wax yar ama ka badan Suufiyada. Taabacsanaha dhaqdhaqaaqa Sunnada ee dib-u-soocida ee loo yaqaano Salafiyada waxay u arkeen dhaqannada jacyada ee caanka ah, sida weyneynta awliyada Suufiga, inay yihiin cusbooneysiin ka timaada diintii hore. Salafiyiintu inta badan waxay weerareen Suufiyada, taas oo keentay xumaanshaha xiriirka Suufiga iyo Salafiga. Ururrada Suufiga waxay samayskaan dariiqooyin ku xeeran macallin (wali) oo raaca xiriir ruuxi ah oo dib u raaca Muxammad. Suufiyadu waxay kaqaateen door muhiim ah samaynta bulshooyinka Muslinka iyaga oo loo marayo dhaqdhaqaaqyada baahinta iyo waxbarashada. Dhaqdhaqaaqa Ahle Sunnat ama Barelvi ee uu saameeyay Tasawufku wuxuu sheegtaa in ka badan 200 milyan oo taabacsane ku leeyahay Koonfurta Aasiya. Suufiyadu waxay muhiim ku tahay Aasiyada Dhexe, iyo sidoo kale waddamada Afrika sida Tuniisiya, Aljeeriya, Marooko, Senejaal, Chaad iyo Nayjar. == Sharciga iyo Fiqhiga == === Shariicada === {{Main|Shariicada|Fiqhiga}} {{See also|Mantiqa ee Falsafadda Islaamka#Sharciga Islaamka iyo Cilmiga Tawxiidka}} [[File:Madhhab Map3.png|thumb|Madhabaha sharciga Islaamka ee Dunida Muslinka.]] Shariicada waa tan ka kooban sharciga diinta Islaamka. Doonista ah in la tilmaamo oo lagu ogaado sharciyada hab dhammaystiran oo is-waafaqsan waxay keentay horumarinta aragtida sharciga, oo loo yaqaano fiqhi. Taa beddekeeda, bidco waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu tilmaamo cusbooneysiinta sharciga ka baxsan ee arrimaha diinta. Dhabbooyinka kala duwan, ee loo yaqaano usoolka fiqhiga, ayaa horumaray oo madhabka sharciga ee ka soo baxa dhabbo ku xeeran waxaa loo yaqaanaa madhab. Is-waafaqidda raacda go'aannada khabiir diimeed ama madhab waxaa loo yaqaanaa taqliid. Shuruudda ghayr muqallid waxay u tilmaamaysaa kuwa aan isticmaalin taqliidka iyo, sii dheeraanteeda, aan lahayn madhab. Dhaqanka shakhsigu ku fasirayo sharciga caqliga xor ah waxaa loo yaqaanaa ijtixaad. Kuwa fasira shariicada waxaa loo yaqaanaa muftiyo oo ra'yigooda sharciga ah waxaa loo yaqaanaa fatwo. [[File:'Abd_Allah_ibn_Shaykh_Murshid_al-Katib_-_Sa'di_and_a_Dervish_Go_to_Settle_their_Quarrel_Before_a_Judge_-_Walters_W618106B_-_Cropped.jpg|thumb|Gabayaaga Saadi Shirazi iyo darwiish waxay u socdaan inay khilaafkooda ku dhameeyaan xakim hortiis, farta qarnigii 16aad oo ka timaada Iiraan.]] Ilaaha koowaad ee Shariicadu waa Qur'aanka iyo Sunnada. Ilaa saddexaad oo caani ah waa qiyaas (caqli analoji ah) oo loo isticmaalo dhibcooyinka sharciga ah ee aan si toos ah loogu faahfaahin Qur'aanka ama Sunnada. Isku-barbardhigga ayaa la raadiyaa si loo helo illah, ama sababta halkan ku jirta, oo ah sababta ka dambeysa xukunkii hore. Tusaale ahaan, reebitaanka gaarka ah ee khamriga waxaa ka soo baxaya reebitaanka guud ee alkoolka maadaama ay wadaagayaan sababta shaqaynaysa ee loo gartay inay tahay dabeecadda ma zeexisa ee dhammaan cabitaannada alkoolka ah. Madhabka Saahiriga wuxuu adkeeyay saafinimada tooska ah oo sidaas darteed wuxuu diaday qiyaaska. Is-afgaradka ra'yiga waa ijmaac, iyadoo ikhtilaafku u tilmaamayo khilaafka culimada. Xukunnadu waxay ficillada u kala saaraan mid ka mid ah shan qaybood oo loo yaqaano axkaam: farad, mustaxab, mubaah, makruuh, iyo xaraam. Xilliga casriga ah, sharciyada dambiyada ee ku aasaasan shariicada waxaa inta badan beddelay sharciyo ka yimid moodellada Yurub. Cilmiga dib-u-soocida ee Tanzimat ee Qarnigii 19aad ee Dowladdii Cusmaaniyiinta wuxuu keenay koodka madaniga ee Mecelle wuxuuna ka dhigan yahay dadaalkii ugu horreeyay ee lagu koodiyeeyo shariicada. Iyadoo Dastuurada badanka states-ka Muslinku u badan yihiin ay ku jiraan tilmaamo ku saabsan shariicada, xeerarkeeda dhaqanka ah waxaa inta badan lagu reebay oo keliya sharciyada heerka shakhsiga (famlida). Hay'adaha sharciga ah oo koodiyeeyay sharciyaddan waxay raadiyeen inay casriyeeyaan iyagoon ka tageyn aasaaskooda fiqhiga dhaqanka ah. Dib-u-soocida Islaamka ee qarnigii 20aad ee dambe waxay keentay baaqyo ka yimid dhaqdhaqaaqyada Islaamiyiinta oo ku saabsan fulinta dhammaystiran ee shariicada. Doorka shariicadu wuxuu noqday mowduuc lagu tartamo dunida oo dhan. Waxaa jira doodaha socda oo ku saabsan in shariicadu ay la waafaqsan tahay foomamka cilmaani ee xukuumadda, xuquuqda aadanaha, xorriyadda fekerka, iyo xuquuqda dumarka darteed meelaha ay ka mid yihiin faafreebka iyo doonaanta. == Bulshada == === Shakhsiyaadka diinta === {{Main|Culumada}} [[File:Maqamat_hariri.jpg|thumb|254x254px|Culimada ku sugan maktabadda Cabbaasiyiinta, Maqamat al-Hariri. Farta uu qray Yahyá al-Wasiti, Baqdaad, 1237 AD.]] Islaamku maleho wadaado ah macnaha sacerdotalism, sida baaddariyada oo kale oo dhex-dhexaadiya Eebbe iyo dadka. Imaam (Carabi: إمام) waa cinwaanka diinta oo loo isticmaalo in lagu tilmaamo booska hoggaaminta Islaamka, inta badan marka loo eego samaynta adeegga cibaadada Islaamka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Imam|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/imam|access-date=15 January 2023|website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Fasiraadda diinta waxaa hoggaamiya culumada (Carabi: علماء), oo ah shuruud loo isticmaalo in lagu tilmaamo kooxda culimada Muslinka ah ee helay tababarka barashada Islaamka. Caalimka xadiiska waxaa loo yaqaanaa muxaddith, caalimka fiqhiga waxaa loo yaqaanaa faqeeh (Carabi: فقيه), qaanuun-yaqaanka u qalma inuu soo saaro ra'yiga sharciga ah ama fatwooyinka waxaa loo yaqaanaa mufti, qadi-yuna waa xakim Islaam ah. Cinwaannada sharafta leh ee la siiyo culimada waxaa ka mid ah sheekh, mulla iyo mawlawi. Muslinka qaar ka mid ah waxay sidoo kale weyneeyaan awliyada u xiran karaamooyinka (Carabi: كرامات).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Radtke |first1=B. |last2=Lory |first2=P. |last3=Zarcone |first3=Th. |last4=DeWeese |first4=D. |last5=Gaborieau |first5=M. |last6=Denny |first6=F. M. |last7=Aubin |first7=F. |last8=Hunwick |first8=J. O. |last9=Mchugh |first9=N. |title=Walī |orig-year=1993 |year=2012 |editor1-last=Bearman |editor1-first=P. J. |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-link=Thierry Bianquis |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-first=C. E. |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor4-first=E. J. |editor4-link=Emeri Johannes van Donzel |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-first=W. P. |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=2nd |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill Publishers |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1335 |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4}}</ref> === Maamulka === {{See also|Siyaasadda iyo Islaamka|Dhaqaalaha Islaamka|Qaanuunka ciidanka ee Islaamka|Tasaamuxa|Jihaadka}} [[File:Ali and Aisha at the Battle of the Camel.jpg|thumb|Xaasidii Muxammad, Caasha, oo la dagaallamaysa Cali.]] Fiqhiga dhaqaalaha Islaamka dhexdiisa, kaydsiga hantida si xad-dhaaf ah waa lagu necbyahay, sidaas darteedna dhaqanka maalgashiga monobooliga ah waa laga hoos eegaa.<ref name="Iqbal2010">{{cite book | last1 = Iqbal | first1 = Zamir | last2 = Mirakhor | first2 = Abbas | last3 = Krichenne | first3 = Noureddine | last4 = Askari | first4 = Hossein | title = The Stability of Islamic Finance: Creating a Resilient Financial Environment | location = Singapore | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | year = 2010 | language = en | isbn = 978-0-470-82518-1 | p = 75}}</ref> Dadaallada lagu waafajinayo shariicada waxay keeneen horumarinta bangiyada Islaamka. Islaamku wuxuu reebaa ribada, oo inta badan loo turjumo faa'iido si aan caddaalad ahayn ku timaada ganacsiga, waxaana inta badan loo isticmaalaa in lagu tilmaamo faa'iidada ribada.<ref>{{harvc |c=Riba |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online |year=n.d. |last1= Schacht|first1=Joseph}}</ref> Taa beddekeeda, bangiyada Islaamku waxay iskaashi la sameeyaan amaanadaha, iyagoo labaduba wadaagaya faa'iidada iyo qasaaraha ka soo baxa mashruuca. Shuruud kale waa ka fogaanshaha hubaal-la'aanta, oo loo arko saqajaan (khumaar), bangiyada Islaamkuna dhaqan ahaan waxay ka fogaadaan aaladaha la soocay sida mustaqbalka ama doorashooyinka, taas oo taariikhiyan ka ilaalisay hoos u dhaca suuqyada.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Foster|first=John |date=1 December 2009|title=How Islamic finance missed heavenly chance|work=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8388644.stm|access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Domat|first=Chloe|date=20 October 2020|title=What Is Islamic Finance And How Does It Work?|work=Global Finance magazine|url=https://www.gfmag.com/topics/blogs/islamic-finance-faq-what-islamic-finance-and-how-does-it-work|access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref> Khulafadii Raashidiinta iyo Dowladdii Umawiyiinta waxay ku lug lahaayeen qaybinta sadaqada ee ka timaada qasnadda dowladda, oo loo yaqaano Bayt al-maal, ka hor inta aysan noqon dadaal shakhsi ah meelaha sannadkii 720. Khaliifkii ugu horreeyay, Abu Bakar, wuxuu u qaybiyay sakada sida tusaalooyinkii ugu horreeyay ee dakhliga ugu yar ee la dammaanad qaado, iyadoo muwaaddin kasta uu helayay 10 illaa 20 dirham sannadkiiba.<ref>{{cite web |last=Merchant, Brian |date=14 November 2013 |title=Guaranteeing a Minimum Income Has Been a Utopian Dream for Centuries |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/guaranteeing-a-minimum-income-has-been-a-utopian-dream-for-centuries/ |access-date=3 June 2019 |website=VICE}}</ref> Waagii maamulkii khaliifkii labaad ee Cumar, taageerada carruurta ayaa la soo bandhigay, kuwa da'da ah iyo kuwa nafedana waxay xaq u lahaayeen mushaar,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Al-Buraey |first=Muhammad |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=lT8OAAAAQAAJ|page=}} |title=Administrative Development: An Islamic Perspective |publisher=KPI |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-7103-0059-1 |pages=252–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Akgündüz |first1=Ahmed |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=EnT_zhqEe5cC|page=539}} |title=Ottoman History: Misperceptions and Truths |last2=Öztürk |first2=Said |publisher=IUR Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-90-90-26108-9 |pages=539– |access-date=7 October 2014}}</ref> iyadoo khaliifkii Umawiyiinta ee Cumar II uu u qoondeeyay adeego dhagool kasta iyo labadii qafis ee xanuunsan oo dhan.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Al-Jawzi|first1=Ibn |url=|title=The Biography and Virtues of Omar Bin Abd al-Aziz – The Ascetic Caliph |publisher=IUR Press |year=2001 |isbn= |page=130 }}</ref> [[File:Saladin the Victorious.jpg|thumb|Salaxaddiin Guuleystaha, uu qray Gustave Doré.]] Jihaad wuxuu macnehiisu yahay "dadaal ama ilaa qabasho [dhabada Eebbe]", macnehiisa ugu ballaaranina waa "awoodda, dadaalka, ama awoodda ugu dambeysa oo lagu bixiyo la dagaallanka shay laga xumaado". Shiicadu gaar ahaan waxay adkeeyaan "jihaadka weyn" oo ah dadaalka lagu gaarayo wanaajinta nafta ee ruuxiga ah iyadoo "jihaadka yar" loo tilmaamo dagaalka. Marka loo isticmaalo sidaas oo keliya, jihaadka inta badan waxaa loo fahmaa foomkiisa ciidanka. Jihaadku waa foomka keliya ee dagaalka ee loo oggol yahay sharciga Islaamka, waxaana lagu dhawaaqi karaa ka dhan ah ujeedooyinka aan sharciyaysnayn, argagixisada, kooxaha dambiyada, reebleyaasha, murtadiinta, iyo hoggaamiyeyaasha ama dowladaha dhibta Muslinka. Badanka Muslinka maanta waxay u fasiraan Jihaadka oo keliya foom دفاع ah oo dagaalka ah. Jihaadku wuxuu oo keliya noqdaa waajib shakhsi ah kuwa la siiyay awoodda. Dadka kale oo dhan, tani waxay dhacdaa oo keliya marka ay jirto diyaargarow guud. Badanka Shiicada Isnaashariyada, jihaadka weerarka ah waxaa oo keliya lagu dhawaaqi karaa hoggaamiye Eebbe uu doortay oo ee bulshada Muslinka ah, sidaas darteedna, wuu hakad ku jiraa tan iyo gaabinta Muxammad al-Mahdi ee sannadkii 868 CE. === Nolosha maanta iyo tan aabbanimada/qoyska === {{See also|Edabta (Islaamka)|Cuntada reebban ee Islaamka|Islaamka iyo carruurta|Guurka Islaamka|Dumarka Islaamka|Guurka badan ee Islaamka}} [[File:Salat Eid al-Fitr, Tehran (113344343).jpg|thumb|Haweenay Iiraani ah oo xiran astaan Islaami ah (Xijaab).]] Cilmiga edabta ee maalinlaha ah wuxuu ku jiraa qaybta edabta, ama hab-dhaqanka. Cuntooyinka si gaar ah loo reebay waxaa ka mid ah hเนื้อ Doofaarka, dhiigga iyo bakhtiga. Caafimaadka waxaa loo arkaa ammaan ka timaada Eebbe, waxyaabaha maaddada ah ee maaddada maanka dooriya, sida cabitaannada alkoolka ah, waa kuwo reebban.<ref>{{cite book|author=Fahd Salem Bahammam|title=Food and Dress in Islam: An explanation of matters relating to food and drink and dress in Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CRojJ7lnb18C&pg=PP1|publisher=Modern Guide|isbn=978-1-909322-99-8|page=1}}</ref> Dhammaan hเนื้อ waa inay ka timaadaa xayawaan geed-daaq ah oo loo qashay magaca Eebbe oo uu qashay Muslin, Yuhuudi, ama Christian, marka laga reebo ugaarta uu qofku ugaarsaday ama kaluumaysay maankiisa.<ref>{{harvp|Curtis|2005|p=164}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|p=111}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |c=Slaughter |first=Ersilia |last=Francesca |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref> Garaha inta badan waxaa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa ragga sida shay dabiici ah<ref>{{Cite news |last=De Sondy |first=Amanullah |date=28 January 2016|title=The relationship between Muslim men and their beards is a tangled one|work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jan/28/muslim-men-beards-facial-hair-islam |access-date=7 March 2022}}</ref> iyo isbeddellada jirka, sida peenijka joogtada ah (sawirka jidhka), inta badan waa reebban iyadoo laga baqayo inay kharribaan ubaahda u go'an.{{efn|Muslinka qaar ka mid ah Shiinaha waagii boqortooyada waxay ka horyimaadeen xiridda cagaha gabdhaha sababtaas oo kale darteed.}} <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.learnreligions.com/tattoos-in-islam-2004393 |title=Are Muslims Allowed to Get Tattoos? |website= |access-date=7 March 2022 |archive-date=8 Bisha Saddexaad 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308040238/https://www.learnreligions.com/tattoos-in-islam-2004393 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Xariirta iyo dahabka waa reebban yihiin ragga Islaamka dhexdiisa si loo dhowro xaaladda miyir-qabka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Glassé |first1=Cyril |title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=AltaMira Press |page=158 |language=en|year=2001}}</ref> Haya, oo inta badan loo turjumo "xishood", mararka qaar waxaa loo tilmaamaa dabeecadda hoose ee Islaamka<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zine |first1=Jasmin |last2=Babana-Hampton |first2=Safoi |last3=Mazid |first3=Nergis |last4=Bullock |first4=Katherine |last5=Chishti |first5=Maliha |title=American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 19:4 |publisher=International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) |page=59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JM4DwAAQBAJ&q=haya+islam&pg=PA59 |access-date=4 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> wuxuuna hagaa badanka nolosha maalinlaha ah ee Muslinka. Tusaale ahaan, dharka Islaamka dhexdiisa wuxuu adkeeyaa heerka xishoodka, oo ay ku jirto xijaabka haweenka. Sidoo kale, nadaafadda shakhsiga ah waa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa shuruudo gaar ah.<ref>{{cite web |last=Esposito |first=John |title=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e4 |access-date=3 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114153249/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e4 |archive-date=14 November 2016}}</ref> [[File:Muslim Couple (cropped).jpg|thumb|Saddex laba oo Muslin ah oo ka socda Indoneesiya.]] Guurka Islaamka dhexdiisa, ninka arooska ah waxaa lagu leeyahay inuu bixiyo meherka aroosadda (mahar).<ref>{{harvp|Waines|2003|pp=93–96}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|p=339}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|1998|p=79}}</ref> Qoysaska badankood ee dunida Islaamka waxay leeyihiin hal xaas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Newby |first=Gordon D. |url=https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00newb |title=A concise encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=Oneworld |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-85168-295-9 |location=Oxford |page=141}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed Hossein |url=https://archive.org/details/islamreligionhis00nasr_0/page/68 |title=Islam : religion, history, and civilization |publisher=HarperOne |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-06-050714-5 |location=New York |page=68}}</ref> Ragga Muslinka ah waxaa loo oggol yahay inay sameeyaan guurka badan waxayna yeelan karaan illaa afar xaas oo isku mar ah. Waxbarashada Islaamku waxay si adag uga baqaysaa inay adkayso in haddii ninku uusan dammaanad qaadi karin taageerada maaliyadeed iyo ta ruuxiga ah oo siman xaasaskiisa mid kasta, waxaa la dhiirri-geliyaa inuu guursado hal haweenay oo keliya. Sabab lagu tilmaamay guurka badan ayaa ah inay ninka u oggolaato inuu siiyo ilaalin maaliyadeed haween badan, oo laga yaabo inaysan helin taageero kale (tusaale, carrooyinka). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xaaska ugu horreysa waxay shuruud ku xiri kartaa heshiiska guurka in ninku uusan guursan karin haweenay kale inta ay guursan yihiin.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ratno Lukito|title=Legal Pluralism in Indonesia: Bridging the Unbridgeable|page=81|publisher=Routledge}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.islamweb.net/ver2/fatwa/ShowFatwa.php?lang=A&Id=18444&Option=FatwaId |title=IslamWeb |publisher=IslamWeb |date=7 February 2002 |access-date=13 September 2011}}</ref> Waxaa sidoo kale jira kala duwanaansho dhaqameed oo aroosyo ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Gai |url=https://archive.org/details/rememberinggodre0000eato |title=Remembering God: Reflections on Islam |publisher=The Islamic Texts Society |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-946621-84-2 |location=Cambridge |pages=92–93}}</ref> Polyandry, oo ah dhaqan ay haweenaydu ku guursato laba ama ka badan oo ragg ah, waa ku reebban Islaamka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Can't a Woman have 2 Husbands? |url=http://www.14publications.com/question-and-answer/why-cant-a-woman-have-2-husbands/ |access-date=27 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223012707/http://www.14publications.com/question-and-answer/why-cant-a-woman-have-2-husbands/ |archive-date=23 December 2015 |website=14 Publications}}</ref> [[File:عکس های مراسم ترتیل خوانی یا جزء خوانی یا قرائت قرآن در ایام ماه رمضان در حرم فاطمه معصومه در شهر قم 20.jpg|thumb|Gabdhaha Muslinka ah oo baranaya Qur'aanka lagu dul dhigay rehalada xilliga Ramadaanka ee Qom, Iiraan.]] Aadada dhalashada ubadka ka dib, adhaanka waxaa lagu dhawaaqaa dhegta midig. Maalinta todobaad, xafladda caqiiqada ayaa la sameeyaa, oo xayawaan lagu qalo oo hantiisa loo qaybiyo masaakiinta. Madaxa ubadka waa la xiiraa, oo lacag la eg miisaanka dhagaha waxaa loo deeqaa masaakiinta. Gudniinka raga, oo loo yaqaano khitaan, inta badan waa lagu dhaqmaa dunida Muslinka.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2014 |title=Khitān |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/khitan-Islam |access-date=27 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127165754/https://www.britannica.com/topic/khitan-Islam |archive-date=27 January 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |date=January 2017 |title=Reported Male Circumcision Practices in a Muslim-Majority Setting |journal=BioMed Research International |publisher=Hindawi Publishing Corporation |volume=2017 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1155/2017/4957348 |pmc=5282422 |pmid=28194416 |doi-access=free |author1-last=Anwer |author1-first=Abdul Wahid |author2-last=Samad |author2-first=Lubna |author3-last=Baig-Ansari |author3-first=Naila |author4-last=Iftikhar |author4-first=Sundus}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 August 2009 |title=Islam: Circumcision of boys |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/malecircumcision.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112170938/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/malecircumcision.shtml |archive-date=12 November 2012 |access-date=27 May 2020 |work=Religion & ethics—Islam |publisher=Bbc.co.uk}}</ref> Xaq-dhowridda iyo addeecidda waalidiinta, iyo daryeelidooda gaar ahaan markay da'da yihiin waa waajib diini ah. Muslinka dhimanaya waxaa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa inuu dhawaaqo Shahaadada si ay u noqoto hadalkiisa ugu dambeeya.<ref>{{Cite book| isbn = 9783643900678| title =Changing European Death Ways| location = Austria| year = 2013| last1=Mathijssen| first1=Brenda|last2=Venhorst|first2=Claudia|last3=Venbrux|first3=Eric|last4=Quartier|first4=Thomas| url =| page = 265 |publisher=Lit }}</ref> Xaq-dhowridda kii dhintay iyo ka qaybgalka jinaasooyinka ee bulshada dhexdeeda waxaa loo arkaa mid ka mid ah ficillada wanaagsan. Caadooyinka aasidda Islaamka, aasidda waxaa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa si dhakhso ah oo ugu macquulsan, inta badan 24 saac dhexdeeda. Meydka waa la dhaqaa, marka laga reebo shuhadada, oo ay dhaqaan kuwo labka ah oo isku jinsi ah waxaana lagu duubaa dhar aan adkayn oo loo yaqaano kafan. Salaadda jinaasada oo loo yaqaano Salat al-Janazah ayaa la tukadaa. Qaylada ama ooyinta weyn ee baroorgaaga ah waa laga fogaadaa. Sanduuqyada aaska inta badan la ma doorbido oo qabrida inta badan calaamad maleho, xata boqorada. === Dhaqanka === {{Main|Dhaqanka Islaamka}} {{See also|Farshaxanka Islaamka|Dhismaha Islaamka|Suugaanta Islaamka|Islaamka iyo kubbadda cagta|Muslinka Dhaqanka}} [[File:Chinese-style minaret of the Great Mosque 2023.jpg|thumb|Minaaradda qaabka Shiinaha ee Masaajidka Weyn ee Xi'an, oo ka mid ah masaajidda ugu ee Shiinaha ee la dhisay 742 AD.]] Erayga "dhaqanka Islaamka" waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu tilmaamo dhinacyada dhaqanka ee u gaarka ah diinta, sida ciidaha iyo dharka. Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa si dood ku jirto oo loogu tilmaamo dhinacyada dhaqanka ee dadka Muslinka ah ee dhaqanka ah.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Melikian |first=Souren |author-link=Souren Melikian |date=4 November 2011 |title='Islamic' Culture: A Groundless Myth |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/05/arts/05iht-rartmelikian05.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=25 November 2013}}</ref> Ugudambeyntii, "ilbaxnimada Islaamka" waxay sidoo kale u tilmaami kartaa dhinacyada dhaqanka isku-dhafka ah ee Khilafaadkii hore, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa aan Muslinka ahayn, mararka ka mid ahna loo yaqaano "Islaamiga".<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Wiley| isbn = 9781405155144| title =Islamicate Cosmopolitan Spirit | location = United Kingdom| year = 2021| last=Lawrence| first=Bruce| url =| page = xii| quote = }}</ref> Farshaxanka Islaamku wuxuu ka kooban yahay farshaxanka muuqaalka ah oo ay ku jiraan ilo kala duwan sida dhismaha, farta qurxoon, sawirka, iyo dhoobada, iyo kuwo kale.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ettinghausen |first1=Richard |first2=Oleg |last2=Grabar |first3=Marilyn |last3=Jenkins-Madina |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780300088670/page/3 |title=Islamic Art and Architecture 650-1250 |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-300-08869-8 |edition=2nd |page=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Suarez|first=Michael F.|title=The Oxford companion to the book|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|isbn=9780198606536|location=Oxford and New York|pages=331ff|chapter=38 The History of the Book in the Muslim World|oclc=50238944}}</ref> Iyadoo sameynta sawirrada noolaha inta badan ka laga fogaado oo u xiran sharciyada ka dhanka ah sanam-caabudidda, shuruuddan waxaa u fasiray ilo kala duwan culimo kala duwan iyo xilliyo taariikhi ah oo kala duwan. [[File:Masjid Menara Kudus.jpg|thumb|Masaajidka Menara Kudus ee qarnigii 16aad ee Indoneesiya, oo muujinaya saamaynta Hindiya.]] Xaddidaaddan waxaa loo isticmaalay in lagu fashilo badnaanta farta qurxoon, joomatariya isku-dhafka ah, iyo qaababka sida ilaha muhiimka ah ee dhaqanka farshaxanka Islaamka.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Salim Ayduz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=or-6BwAAQBAJ&q=islamic+art+idolatry+geometry&pg=PA263 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam |last2=Ibrahim Kalin |last3=Caner Dagli |date=2014 |page=263|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-981257-8 |quote=Figural representation is virtually unused in Islamic art because of Islam's strong antagonism of idolatry. It was important for Muslim scholars and artists to find a style of art that represented the Islamic ideals of unity (''tawhid'') and order without figural representation. Geometric patterns perfectly suited this goal.}}</ref> Waxaa sii dheer, sawirka Muxammad waa arrin dood ka jirto dhexdeeda Muslinka.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=860736| title = An Indian Picture of Muhammad and His Companions | author = T. W. Arnold| journal = The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs | author-link = T. W. Arnold| date = June 1919| volume = 34| issue = 195 | publisher = The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs, Vol. 34, No. 195. | pages = 249–252}}</ref> Dhismaha Islaamka dhexdiisa, dhaqanka kala duwan wuxuu muujinayaa saamayn sida dhismaha Islaamka ee Waqooyiga Afrika iyo Isbaanishka sida Masaajidka Weyn ee Kairouan oo ka kooban tiirar marmar iyo borfiri ah oo ka yimid dhismayaashii Roomaanka iyo Bizantiinta,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Isichei |first=Elizabeth Allo |url={{Google books|LgnhYDozENgC|page=PA175|keywords=mosque%20kairouan%20roman columns|text=mosque+kairouan+roman+columns|plainurl=yes}} |title=A history of African societies to 1870 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-521-45599-2 |location=Cambridge |pages=175 |access-date=6 August 2010}}</ref> iyadoo masaajidda Indoneesiya inta badan leeyihiin saqafyo heerarka badan leh oo ka yimid qaabka dhaladka ah ee Jafa.<ref>{{cite book |first=Gunawan |last=Tjahjono |title=Indonesian Heritage-Architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/architecture00indo/page/88 |year=1998 |publisher=Archipelago Press |location=Singapore |isbn=981-3018-30-5 |pages=88–89 }}</ref> Taariikhda Islaamku waa taariikhda dayaxa oo ka bilaabanta Hijrada 622 CE, oo ah taariikh oo la sheegay inuu doortay Khaliif Cumar maadaama ay ahayd meel isbeddel muhiim ah u ahayd Muxammad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Muslim-calendar|title=Islamic calendar|website=www.britannica.com|date=|access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref> Maalmaha barakaysan ee Islaamku waxay ku beegan yihiin taariikho go'an oo ee taariikhda dayaxa, taas oo macnaheedu yahay inay dhacaan xilliyo kala duwan sannado kala duwan oo ee taariikhda Miilaadiga. Ciidaha ugu muhiimsan Islaamka waa Ciidul Fitri (Carabi: عيد الفطر) ee 1-da Shawaal, oo calaamad u ah dhammaadka bisha soomanaanta ee Ramadaan, iyo Ciidul Adxa (Carabi: عيد الأضحى) ee 10-ka Dhul-Hijjah, oo ku beegan dhammaadka Xajka.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher =Oxford University Press| isbn =9780195165203| title =The Islamic World: Past and Present| year = 2004| last=Esposito| first=John| pages = 75–76 |ref=none}}</ref><ref name="www.britannica.com-2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pillars-of-Islam|title=Pillars of Islam &#124; Islamic Beliefs & Practices &#124; Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|date=3 May 2023|access-date=16 December 2021|archive-date=5 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905102524/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pillars-of-Islam|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslinka Dhaqanka waa shakhsiyaad aan cibaadaysaneyn oo wali lagu aqoonsado Islaamka iyadoo laga duulayo asalka qoyska, dhiirrigelinta shakhsiga ah, ama deegaanka bulshada iyo dhaqanka ee ay ku doorteen inay ku koran.<ref>{{cite book|first1= Cara|last1= Aitchison|author1-link= Cara Aitchison|first2= Peter E.|last2= Hopkins|author3-link= Mei-Po Kwan|author3= Mei-Po Kwan|title= Geographies of Muslim Identities: Diaspora, Gender and Belonging|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DRnthQxB8lYC&pg=PA147|access-date= 30 June 2013|year= 2007|publisher= Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn= 978-1-4094-8747-0|pages=147}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Islamic Counselling: An Introduction to theory and practice|first=G. Hussein|last= Rassool|year= 2015| isbn=9781317441250| page =10|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o_QsCgAAQBAJ&dq=Muslims+who+are+religiously+unobservant,+secular+or+irreligious+individuals+who+still+identify+with+the+Muslim&pg=PA10|quote=The label 'Cultural Muslim' is used in the literature to describe those Muslims who are religiously unobservant, secular or irreligious individuals who still identify with the Muslim culture due to family background, personal experiences, or the social and cultural environment in which they grew up... For Cultural Muslim the declaration of faith is superficial and has no effect of their religious practices.}}</ref> === Siyaasada=== [[File:Scotusnfrieze.jpeg|thumb|Muxammad oo lagu muujiyay Adolph Alexander Weinman ee Dhismaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Mareykanka ee Washington, DC isagoo wada seef iyo Qur'aan.]] Qayb badan oo ka mid ah qarnigii 20aad, aqoonsiga Islaamka iyo maamulka Islaamka ee arrimaha siyaasadda ayaa kordhay horraantii qarnigii 21aad. Siyaasadda Islaamka waa fasiraadda Islaamka oo loo arko il ka mid ah aqoonsiga iyo wax-qabadka siyaasadeed.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|last1=Voll|first1=John O.|last2=Sonn|first2=Tamara|title=Political Islam|url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/id/obo-9780195390155-0063|journal=Oxford Bibliographies Online Datasets|year=2009|language=en|doi=10.1093/obo/9780195390155-0063|access-date=2017-05-26|archive-date=2020-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223165247/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0063.xml|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Waxay u doodaysaa dhisidda dawladda iyo bulshada sida ku cad (fahamka u doodayaasha) mabaadi'da Islaamka, halkaas oo Islaamku u shaqeeyo il ka mid ah jagooyinka iyo fikradaha siyaasadeed.<ref name=":02">Krämer, Gudrun. "Political Islam." In Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World. Vol. 6. Edited by Richard C. Martin, 536–540. New York: Macmillan, 2004. [http://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/political-islam via Encyclopedia.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713072425/https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/political-islam|date=2018-07-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=March|first1=Andrew F.|title=Political Islam: Theory|journal=Annual Review of Political Science|date=2015|volume=18|issue=1|pages=103–123|doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-082112-141250|doi-access=free}}</ref> Siyaasadda Islaamka waxaa muriyaal ka dhex jira iyo kuwa ka baxsan tacliinta guud ahaan ugu adeegsadaan si isku mid ah ereyga Islaamiyadda,<ref name=":13" /> waxaana loo haystaa inuu yahay cunsur siyaasadeed oo ka mid ah Soo-reenka Islaamka oo bilaabmay qarnigii 20aad,<ref name=":13" /> halkii uu ka ahaan lahaa oo kaliya nooc kasta oo wax-qabad siyaasadeed oo ay sameeyaan Muslimiintu. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa sidoo kale jirey dadaallo cusub oo lagu kala saarayo Islaamiyadda oo ah dhaqdhaqaaqyo siyaasadeed oo ku basada diinta iyo siyaasadda Islaamka oo ah faham qaran oo casri ah oo ku saabsan Islaamka oo ay wadaagaan jilayaasha cilmaaniga ah iyo kuwa Islaamiga ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jocelyne Cesari|year=2018|title=What Is Political Islam|url=https://www.rienner.com/title/What_Is_Political_Islam|access-date=2023-01-01|website=www.rienner.com|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|isbn=978-1-62637-692-2|archive-date=2023-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106160415/https://www.rienner.com/title/What_Is_Political_Islam|url-status=live}}</ref> Kooxaha dhowr ah oo ku yaala Bariga Dhexe ayaa u kaftamay inay fikradaha casriynta ku xiraan faragelinta boqortooyadii gumaadkeedii. Wadamada Muslimka ah ee dhowr ah, gaar ahaan Masar iyo Bakistaan, dhaqdhaqaaqyo siyaasadeed oo lid ku ah oo u janjeera dhanka diinta ayaa salka ku dhigtay. Sababaha waa kuwo dhinacyo badan leh. Burburkii Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta wuxuu ahaa dhacdo baaxad weyn oo dhalisay gariirro badan. Gobolku wuxuu la kulmay jahwareer sannado badan maadaama waddamada Carabtu ay hoos tageen saamaynta dhaqanka iyo guulaystayaasha waddamada Yurub. Dhanka cadaadiska dhaqanka oo kordhayay Muslimiintu waxay adkeeyeen aqoonsigooda qaran iyo dhaxalkooda dhaqan, kooxaha qaar waxay ugafeen dhinacyada diinta. Masar dhexdeeda daciifnimada Muslimiinta waxaa lagu eedeeyay u kuปฏิบัตitaanka liidata ee qoraallada diinta. Sida ku cad Hassan al-Banna, dhaqanka Yurub wuxuu ahaa mid maaddiyad ku dhisan, anshax xumo ah oo ku batay ku-tagri-falka heerarka bulshada iyo ribada. === Sugaanta === {{Main|Islaamiga}} {{multiple image | align = center | direction = horizontal | total_width = 600 | image1 = Saadi Tomb.jpg | image2 = Hafez 880714 095.jpg | footer = Qabuuraha Saadi, Hafez iyo Ferdowsi, saddexda abwaan ee ugu caansan Muslimiinta, oo dhammaantood ku yaalla Iran. | caption1 = | caption2 = | image3 = Tomb-of-Ferdowsi آرامگاه-فردوسی Davoud-Davoudi 1.jpg }} Shaqada ugu caansan ee khayaaliga ah ee ka timi dunida Islaamka waa Kumaan iyo Hal Habeen, oo ah ururin sheekooyin hoose/folklore oo ka soo jeeda Sanskriit, Faarisi, iyo ka dib fables Carab ah. Fikradda waxaa saameeyay nooc ka horreeyay Islaamka oo Faarisi ah oo loo yaqaannay Hezār Afsān (Kumaan Sheeko) oo ku tiirsanaa walxaha Hindida ee gaarka ah.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Marzolph|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam|title=Arabian Nights|year=2007|publisher=Brill|volume=I|location=Leiden}}</ref> Waxay gaadhay foomkeeda ugu dambeeyay qarnigii 14aad; tirada iyo nooca sheekooyinku waxay ku kala duwanaayeen farta gacanta mid ka mid ah mid kale.<ref name="arabianNights">Grant & Clute, p. 51</ref> Shaqadan waxay saameyn weyn ku lahayd Galbeedka tan iyo markii loo turjumay qarnigii 18aad, markii ugu horreysay oo uu turjumay Antoine Galland.<ref>L. Sprague de Camp, Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers: The Makers of Heroic Fantasy, p. 10 {{ISBN|0-87054-076-9}}</ref> Ku-dayasho ayaa lagu qray, gaar ahaan Faransiiska.<ref name="arabianNights2">Grant & Clute, p 52</ref> Jilayaal kala duwan oo ka socda epik-kan ayaa iyaguna noqday calaamado dhaqameed ee dhaqanka Galbeedka, sida Aladdiin, Sindibad Nawaakhida iyo Cali Baba. Tusaale ka mid ah tixda Carabiga iyo tixda Faarisiga oo ku saabsan jacaylka waa Layla iyo Majnuun, oo dib u dhaceysa xilligii Umawiyiinta ee qarnigii 7aad. Waa sheeko naxdin leh oo ku saabsan jacayl aan dhimanayn. Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, oo ah epik-ka qaranka ee Iran-ta Weyn, waa dib-u-sheegid khayaali iyo geesinimo leh oo ku saabsan taariikhda Faarisiga. Amir Arsalan wuxuu sidoo kale ahaa sheeko khayaali ah oo caan ah oo Faarisi ah. Ibn Tufayl (Abubacer) iyo Ibn al-Nafis waxay ahaayeen hormuudka riwaayadda falsafadda. Ibn Tufail wuxuu qray riwaayaddii ugu horreysay ee Carabi ah Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus) iyadoo cavab u ah Al-Ghazali's The Incoherence of the Philosophers, ka dibna Ibn al-Nafis wuxuu sidoo kale qray riwaayad Theologus Autodidactus iyadoo cavab u ah Ibn Tufail's Philosophus Autodidactus. Labada sheeko waxay lahaayeen jilayaal waaweyn (Hayy ee Philosophus Autodidactus iyo Kamil ee Theologus Autodidactus) oo ahaa carruur is-baray oo duurka ku voolaa oo ku noolaa go'doon kuyeel/jasiirad saxara ah, labaduba waxay ahaayeen tusaalayaasha ugu horreeyay ee sheeko jasiirad saxara ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, halka Hayy uu ku nool yahay kaligiis xoolaha jasiiradda saxarada ah inta ka dhiman sheekada Philosophus Autodidactus, sheekada Kamil waxay ka dhib badan tahay jasiiradda saxarada ah ee Theologus Autodidactus, iyadoo u ekaanaysa sheekadii ugu horreysay oo la ogaaday oo ah koreera/hanaqaad oo ugu dambeyntii noqonaysa tusaalaha ugu horreeya ee riwaayadda sayniska khayaaliga ah.<ref>Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), "Ibn Al-Nafis as a philosopher", Symposium on Ibn al-Nafis, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait (Cf. [http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html Ibn al-Nafis As a Philosopher] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206072116/http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html|date=6 February 2008}}, Encyclopedia of Islamic World).</ref><ref>Nahyan A. G. Fancy (2006), "[http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11292006-152615 Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (d. 1288)] {{Wayback|url=http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11292006-152615 |date=20150404020329 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404020329/http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11292006-152615/|date=4 April 2015}}", pp. 95–101, Electronic Theses and Dissertations, University of Notre Dame.</ref> Theologus Autodidactus,<ref>Muhammad b. Abd al-Malik Ibn Tufayl. [https://books.google.com/books?id=yFAR_G7HM3QC Philosophus autodidactus, sive Epistola Abi Jaafar ebn Tophail de Hai ebn Yokdhan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004180638/https://books.google.com/books?id=yFAR_G7HM3QC |date=4 October 2015 }}: in qua ostenditur, quomodo ex inferiorum contemplatione ad superiorum notitiam ratio humana ascendere possit. E Theatro Sheldoniano, excudebat Joannes Owens, 1700.</ref><ref>Ala-al-din abu Al-Hassan Ali ibn Abi-Hazm al-Qarshi al-Dimashqi. The Theologus autodidactus of Ibn al-Nafīs. Clarendon P., 1968</ref> oo uu qray aqoonyahanka Carabi Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288),<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sFCuoqykV9QC&q=ibn+al+nafis+first+science+fiction+novel&pg=PA236|title=The Cambridge Companion to Utopian Literature|first=Gregory|last=Claeys|date=5 August 2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139828420|via=Google Books}}</ref> wuxuu ka shaqeeyaa walxaha sayniska khayaaliga ah sida abuurista iskood u samaysanta, falanqaynta mustaqbalka, dhamaadka dunida iyo qiyaamaha, soo-tegga/sarakicidda, iyo nolosha ka dib. Halkii uu ka siin lahaa sharraxaad mucjiso ama khayaali ah dhacdooyinkan, Ibn al-Nafis wuxuu isku dayay inuu sharraxo walxaha sheekada iyada oo loo marayo aqoonta sayniska ee bijoolajiga, astronomy-ga, cosmology-ga iyo meelaha/juqraafiga oo lagu yaqaannay xilligiisa. Khayaaliga Ibn al-Nafis wuxuu sharraxay baridda diinta Islaamka iyada oo loo marayo sayniska iyo falsafadda Islaamka.<ref name="Roubi">Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), "Ibn Al-Nafis as a philosopher", Symposium on Ibn al Nafis, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait (Cf. [http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html Ibnul-Nafees As a Philosopher] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206072116/http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html|date=6 February 2008}}, Encyclopedia of Islamic World).</ref> Turjumaadaha Ibn Tufail's Philosophus Autodidactus waxay ka muuqdeen Laatiin (1671), Inqiriisi (1708), Jarmal, iyo Dutch. Turjumaadahan luqadaha Yurub waxay ka dib saameyn ku yeesheen Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe<ref>Cyril Glasse (2001), New Encyclopaedia of Islam, p. 202, Rowman Altamira, {{ISBN|0-7591-0190-6}}.</ref> iyo Robert Boyle's The Aspiring Naturalist.<ref name="Toomer-222">G. J. Toomer (1996), Eastern Wisedome and Learning: The Study of Arabic in Seventeenth-Century England, p. 222, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-820291-1}}.</ref> === Falsafadda === [[File:Persian Scholar pavilion in Viena UN (Rhazes&Khayyam).jpg|thumb|Scholars Pavilion waa taallo ay Iran ugu deeqday Xafiiska Qaramada Midoobay ee Vienna. Sannadlaha aqoonyahannadii Muslimka ahaa ee qarniyadii dhexe, Omar Khayyam, Al-Biruni, Rhazes iyo Avicenna ayaa ku dhex jira dhismaha.]] Astaamaha ugu caansan ee lagu qeexo falsafadda Islaamka waa "qaabka falsafadda ee lagu dhex abuuray qaabdhismeedka dhaqanka Islaamka."<ref name="RoutledgeEoP">[http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/H057 "Islamic Philosophy"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606082214/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/islamic-philosophy;jsessionid=B31B033F077DD5E68E09CC9D35C02105|date=6 June 2022}}, Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy (1998)</ref> Falsafadda Islaamka, qeexidtan laguma xidho arrimo diimeed oo keliya, mana aha mid ay Muslimiinta oo keliya curiyeen.<ref name="RoutledgeEoP" /> Aqoonyahanka Faarisiiga ah ee Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (980–1037) wuxuu lahaa ka badan 450 buug oo loo tiriyo. Qoraalladiisu waxay ku saabsanaayeen maadooyin kala duwan, gaar ahaan falsafadda iyo daawada. Buuggiisa daawada ee The Canon of Medicine waxaa loo adeegsaday sida buugga heerka sare ah ee jaamacadaha Yurub ee qarniyo badan. Wuxuu sidoo kale qray The Book of Healing, oo ah encyclopediya saynis iyo falsafad saameyn leh.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Ibn Sina [Avicenna]|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ibn-sina/|encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|date=2024|quote=The Cure...had momentous consequences...his philosophical system dominated intellectual history in both Shi’ite and most of Sunni Islam}}</ref> Shakhsiyad kale oo ka tirsan Casrigii Dahabiga ahaa ee Islaamka, Avicenna, wuxuu sidoo kale sameeyay dugsigiisa falsafadda ee Avicennism, oo saameyn ku lahaa dhulka Islaamka iyo kan Masiixiga dhexdiisa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Saliba|first=George|author-link=George Saliba|date=1994|title=A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam|pages=245, 250, 256–257|publisher=New York University Press|isbn=0-8147-8023-7}}</ref> Falsafad kale oo saameyn ku lahaa falsafadda casriga ah wuxuu ahaa Ibn Tufail. Riwaayaddiisii falsafadda ahayd, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, oo loo turjumay Laatiin siday tahay Philosophus Autodidactus sannadkii 1671, waxay horumarisay mawduucyada empiricism, tabula rasa, dabiicadda iyo korinta, xaaladda suurtogalnimada, materialism,<ref>Dominique Urvoy, "The Rationality of Everyday Life: The Andalusian Tradition? (Aropos of Hayy's First Experiences)", in Lawrence I. Conrad (1996), The World of Ibn Tufayl: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Ḥayy Ibn Yaqẓān, pp. 38–46, Brill Publishers, {{ISBN|90-04-09300-1}}.</ref> iyo Molyneux's problem.<ref>Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik Ibn Tufail and Léon Gauthier (1981), Risalat Hayy ibn Yaqzan, p. 5, Editions de la Méditerranée.</ref> Aqoonyahannada iyo qoraayaasha Yurub ee uu saameeyay riwaayaddan waxaa ka mid ah John Locke,<ref>Russell (1994), pp. 224–39</ref> Gottfried Leibniz,<ref name="Wainwright">Martin Wainwright, [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/mar/22/featuresreviews.guardianreview1 Desert island scripts], The Guardian, 22 March 2003.</ref> Melchisédech Thévenot, John Wallis, Christiaan Huygens,<ref>Russell (1994) p. 227</ref> George Keith, Robert Barclay, Quakers,<ref>Russell (1994), p. 247</ref> iyo Samuel Hartlib.<ref name="Toomer-2222">G. J. Toomer (1996), Eastern Wisedome and Learning: The Study of Arabic in Seventeenth-Century England, p. 222, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-820291-1}}.</ref> Falsafada Islaamku waxay sii waday horumarka falsafadda ilaa qarnigii 17aad, markii Mulla Sadra uu sameeyay dugsigiisa Transcendent theosophy oo uu horumaray fikradda existentialism-ka.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mulla Sadra's Transcendent Philosophy|first=Muhammad|last=Kamal|year=2006|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-5271-7|pages=9, 39|oclc=224496901}}</ref> Falsafado kale oo saameyn lahaa oo Muslimiin ah waxaa ka mid ah Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), oo ah hormuudka phenomenology iyo falsafadda sayniska iyo dhaleeceeyaha dabiiciga ah ee Aristotelian iyo fikradda Aristotle ee goobta (topos); Al-Biruni, dhaleeceeye dabiiciga ah ee Aristotelian; Ibn al-Nafis, hormuudka riwaayadda falsafadda; Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi, aasaasaha falsafadda Illuminationist; Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, dhaleeceeye mantiqa Aristotelian iyo hormuudka mantiqa inductive-ka; iyo Ibn Khaldun, oo ah hormuudka falsafadda taariikhda.<ref name="Akhtar">S.R.W. Akhtar (1997). "The Islamic Concept of Knowledge", Al-Tawhid: A Quarterly Journal of Islamic Thought & Culture 12 (3). https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol-12-no3/islamic-concept-knowledge-sayyid-wahid-akhtar</ref> === Sayniska iyo tiknoolajiyada === [[File:Statue of Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi in Urgench.jpg|thumb|Taallada Al-Khwarizmi ee Urgench, Uzbekistan.]] Ibn al-Haytham waxaa sidoo xaqiiqo ah loo arkaa aabbaha optics-ka, gaar ahaan cadeyntiisa empirik-ka ah ee aragtida intromission-ka ee iftiinka. Jim Al-Khalili wuxuu sheegay 2009 in Ibn al-Haytham 'loogu yeero inta badan "saynisyahankii ugu horreeyay ee dhabta ah ee dunida".'<ref>{{cite news |last=Al-Khalili|first=Jim|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7810846.stm|title=BBC News|date=4 January 2009|access-date=11 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426041228/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7810846.stm|archive-date=26 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Al-Khwarizmi wuxuu alifay nidaamyada log base-ka ee maanta loo adeecsado, wuxuu sidoo kale ka qaybqaatay theorems ee trigonometry iyo sidoo kale limits.<ref>Plofker, Kim (2009), Mathematics in India: 500 BCE–1800 CE, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|0-691-12067-6}}.</ref> Waxbarashooyinkii ugu dambeeyay waxay muujinayaan inay u badan tahay in fannaaniintii Muslimka ahayd ee Qarniyadii Dhexe ay ogaayeen geometriyada quasicrystal ee decagonal ah ee sare ee la helay kala bar millennium ka dib 1970-yadii iyo 1980-yadii ee Galbeedka, ayna u adeegsadeen shaqada tiled-ka ee dhismaha.<ref>Peter J. Lu, [http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2007/03.01/99-tiles.html Harvard's Office of News and Public Affairs] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314012002/http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2007/03.01/99-tiles.html|date=14 March 2007}}</ref> Dhaqaatiirta Muslimiinta ah waxay ka qaybqaateen sahanka daawada, oo ay ku jiraan anatomy iyo physiology: sida shaqadii Faarisiiga ahayd ee qarnigii 15aad ee uu sameeyay Mansur ibn Muhammad ibn al-Faqih Ilyas ee loo yaqaan Tashrih al-badan (Anatomy-ga jirka) oo ku jireen sawirro guud oo ku saabsan habka jirka, dareemayaasha iyo habka wareegga dhiigga; ama shaqadii dhakhtarkii Masar Ibn al-Nafis, oo soo bandhigay aragtida wareegga dhiigga ee sambabada. Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Abulcasis) wuxuu ka qaybqaatay edbinta qalliinka daawada buuggiisa Kitab al-Tasrif ("Buugga Tanaasulaadka"), oo ah encyclopediya daawa oo ka dib loo turjumay Laatiin oo loo adeegsaday iskoolada daawada ee Yurub iyo Muslimiinta ee qarniyo badan. Horumaro kale oo daawo ah waxay ka tulmeen dhinacyada pharmacology iyo pharmacy.<ref>Turner, H. (1997) pp. 136–38</ref> Saynisyahannada ugu caansan ee ka mid ah dunida Islaamka ee qarniyadii dhexe waxaa ka mid ah Jābir ibn Hayyān, al-Farabi, Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi, Ibn al-Haytham, Al-Biruni, Avicenna, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, iyo Ibn Khaldun. Tiknoolajiyada dhexdeeda, dunida Islaamka waxay warqad-sameynta ka qaadatay Shiinaha.<ref name="Lucas">Adam Robert Lucas (2005), "Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe", Technology and Culture 46 (1), pp. 1–30 [10].</ref> Aqoonta baaruudda waxaa sidoo kale ka soo muuqatay Shiinaha iyada oo loo marayo waddamada badankooda Islaamka ah.<ref>Arming the Periphery. Emrys Chew, 2012. p. 1823.</ref> Horumar ayaa lagu sameeyay waraabinta iyo beeraha, iyadoo la adeegsanayo tiknoolajiyad cusub sida mishiinka dabaysha. Dalagyada sida lowska/almond iyo miraha sitrus waxaa loo keenay Yurub iyadoo loo marayo al-Andalus, oo beerashada sonkorta ayaa si tartiib-tartiib ah ay ugu ku-daydeen Yurubiyanku. Ganacsatada Carabta waxay maamuleen ganacsiga Badweynta Hindiya ilaa imaatinka Boortaqiisku ee qarnigii 16aad. Hormuz wuxuu ahaa xarun muhiim ah oo ganacsigan ah. Waxaa sidoo kale ka jirey shabakad cufan oo waddooyinka ganacsiga ee Badda Dhexe, oo ay waddamada aqlabiyadda Muslimka ah ku ganacsan jireen kesooda iyo awoodaha Yurub sida Venice, Genoa iyo Catalonia (sido kale eeg: Indo-Mediterranean). Jidka Xariirta oo ka tallaabaya Aasiyada Dhexe wuxuu marayay dawlado Islaam ah oo u dhexeya Shiinaha iyo Yurub. Soo-bixidda boqortooyooyinka dhaqaale ee waaweyn oo leh kheyraad tiknoolajiyadeed ka dib qabsashadii Timur (Tamerlane) iyo soo-reenka Timurid Renaissance waxaa ka mid ah Boqortooyada Mali iyo Saltanaddii Bengal gaar ahaan, oo ah qaran ganacsi oo caalami ah oo dunida ku yaal, oo Yurubiyanku ku describe gareeyeen "waddanka ugu hodansan ee lagu ganacsado".<ref>Nanda, J. N (2005). Bengal: the unique state. Concept Publishing Company. p. 10. 2005. {{ISBN|978-81-8069-149-2}}. Bengal [...] was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with.</ref> Iinjineerada Muslimiinta ee dunida Islaamka waxay sameeyeen isticmaalo warshadeed oo cusub oo hydropower ah, iyo isticmaalo warshadeed oo hore oo ah tidal power iyo wind power.<ref>Ahmad Y. al-Hassan (1976). Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering, pp. 34–35. Institute for the History of Arabic Science, University of Aleppo.</ref> Isticmaalka warshadeed ee watermills ee dunida Islaamka wuxuu dib u dhacaa qarnigii 7aad, halka water mills-ka leh giraangiraha jiifa iyo kuwa taagan oo dhan loo adeegsanayay si weyn tan iyo ugu yaraan qarnigii 9aad. Mashiinno warshadeed oo kala duwan ayaa lagu adeegsanayay dunida Islaamka, oo ay ku jiraan fulling mills, gristmills, paper mills, hullers, sawmills, ship mills, stamp mills, steel mills, sugar mills, tide mills iyo windmills. Markii ay gaadhay qarnigii 11aad, gobol kasta oo ka mid ah dunida Islaamka wuxuu lahaa mashiinnadan warshadeed oo shaqaynaya, kuwo ka billowda al-Andalus iyo Waqooyiga Afrika ilaa Bariga Dhexe iyo Aasiyada Dhexe.<ref name="Lucas" /> Iinjineerada Muslimiinta waxay sidoo kale alifeen crankshafts iyo water turbines, waxay adeegsadeen gears ee mashiinnada iyo mashiinnada biyaha kor u qaada, waxayna hormuud u ahaayeen isticmaalka dam-yada sida il ka mid ah awoodda biyaha, oo loo adeegsaday in lagu siiyo awood dheeraad ah watermills iyo mashiinnada biyaha kor u qaada.<ref name="Hassan">Ahmad Y. al-Hassan, Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part II: Transmission Of Islamic Engineering</ref> Horumaradan waxay suurtogal ka dhigeen in shaqooyinka warshadeed oo hore loogu kexayn jiray shaqaale hanto ama gacanta xilliyadii hore ay noqdaan kuwo la mishiineeyay oo lagu kexo mashiinno beddelkeeda dunidii Islaamka ee qarniyadii dhexe. Wareejinta tiknoolajiyadan oo loo wareejiyay Yurubtii qarniyadii dhexe waxay saameyn ku lahayd Industrial Revolution-ka, gaar ahaan ka soo jeeda proto-industrialised Mughal Bengal iyo Tipu Sultan's Kingdom, iyadoo loo marayo qabsashadii East India Company. === Aqsanta === [[File:Taj Mahal (Edited).jpeg|thumb|Taj Mahal ee India waxaa loo arkaa masterpiece si caalami ah loo bogsho oo ka tirsan World's Heritage, iyo mid ka mid ah Seven Wonders of the World.]] {{excerpt|Islamic architecture|only=paragraphs}} == Saamaynta diimaha kale, iyo Islaamiga == {{Main|Islaamiga|Islaamiga waddan ahaan}} [[File:Mohammed2.jpg|thumb|Nabi Muxammad iyo Rahibkii Sergius, oo uu sameeyay Lucas van Leyden, 1508 AD. Waxay muujineysaa Halsooreedkii Nabi Muxammad ee ku dhex wareegi jiray Yurub.]] [[File:La.Vie.de.Mahomet Christies.jpg|thumb|403x403px|Nabi Muxammad oo haysta seef iyo bilal halka uu ku tunto dunida, iskutallaabta, iyo Tobanka Amrood. Waxaa sameeyay Humphrey Prideaux, 1699.]] [[File:Nuremberg chronicles - Mohammed (CLIv).jpg|thumb|Nabi Muxammad oo fadhiya dhanka bidix, oo ku sawiran Nuremberg Chronicle, 1440 AD.]] Haddii dhaqdhaqaaqyada sida Druze,<ref>{{Cite book |last=De McLaurin |first=Ronald |url=https://archive.org/details/politicalroleofm0000unse |title=The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East |publisher=Michigan University Press |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-03-052596-4 |page=114 |quote=Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles, the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hunter |first=Shireen |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsofislami0000unse |title=The Politics of Islamic Revivalism: Diversity and Unity: Center for Strategic and International Studies (Washington, D.C.), Georgetown University. Center for Strategic and International Studies |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-253-34549-3 |page=33 |quote=Druze – An offshoot of Shi'ism; its members are not considered Muslims by orthodox Muslims.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=R. Williams |first=Victoria |title=Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival [4 volumes] |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-4408-6118-5 |page=318 |quote=As Druze is a nonritualistic religion without requirements to pray, fast, make pilgrimages, or observe days of rest, the Druze are not considered an Islamic people by Sunni Muslims.}}</ref> Berghouata iyo Ha-Mim, ay ka soo baxeen Islaamka ama ay la wadaageen rumayntooda gaarka ah Islaamka, iyo haddii mid kastaa yahay diin gooni ah ama firqad ka mid ah Islaamka waa aragtiyo dood ku jiraan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=D. Grafton |first=David |title=Piety, Politics, and Power: Lutherans Encountering Islam in the Middle East |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-63087-718-7 |page=14 |quote=In addition, there are several quasi-Muslim sects, in that, although they follow many of the beliefs and practices of orthodox Islam, the majority of Sunnis consider them heretical. These would be the Ahmadiyya, Druze, Ibadi, and the Yazidis.}}</ref> Caqiidada Druze waxay sii kala qaybisay Ismaaciiliyada maadaama ay horumarisay caqiidooyinkeeda gaarka ah, waxayna ugu dambeyntii ka sootagday Ismaaciiliyada iyo Islaamka labadaba; kuwan waxaa ka mid ah rumaynta in Imaamka Al-Xaakim bi-Amr Allaah uu ahaa Ilaah jisoobay.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Poonawala |first=Ismail K. |date=July–September 1999 |title=Review: ''The Fatimids and Their Traditions of Learning'' by Heinz Halm |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-oriental-society_july-september-1999_119_3/page/542 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |publisher=American Oriental Society |volume=119 |issue=3 |page=542 |doi=10.2307/605981 |issn=0003-0279 |jstor=605981 |lccn=12032032 |oclc=47785421}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Bryer | first = David R. W. | title = The Origins of the Druze Religion (Fortsetzung) | journal = Der Islam | year = 1975 | volume = 52 | issue = 2 | pages = 239–262 | doi = 10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 | s2cid = 162363556 | url = https://doi.org/10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 | issn = 1613-0928 | ref = {{harvid|Bryer|1975b}} | url-access = subscription }}</ref> Yazdânism waxaa loo arkaa isku-dhafan ka mid ah rumaynta dhaladka ee Kurdiida iyo caqiidada Suufiyada Islaamka ee loo soo bandhigay Kurdistan ee Sheekh Cadi ibn Musafir ee qarnigii 12aad.<ref>{{cite book |last=Foltz |first=Richard |title=Religions of Iran: From Prehistory to the Present |date=7 November 2013 |isbn=978-1-78074-307-3 |page=219 |chapter=Two Kurdish Sects: The Yezidis and the Yaresan |publisher=Oneworld Publications |chapter-url= |chapter-url-access=}}</ref> Bábism waxay ka soo bilaabatay Shiicada Isnaashariyada ee martay Siyyid 'Ali Muhammad i-Shirazi al-Bab iyadoo mid ka mid ah taageerayaashiisa Mirza Husayn 'Ali Nuri Baha'u'llah uu aasaasay Caqiidada Baha'i.<ref>{{cite web |last=House of Justice |first=Universal |title=One Common Faith |url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/bic/OCF/ocf-8.html |access-date=1 April 2017 |website=reference.bahai.org}}</ref> Yarsanism,<ref name="Z. Mir-Hosseini 1994, p.267">{{cite journal |last=Mir-Hosseini |first=Z. |date=1994 |title=Inner Truth and Outer History: The Two Worlds of the Ahl-e Haqq of Kurdistan |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-middle-east-studies_1994-04_26_2/page/267 |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=26 |pages=267–268}}</ref> Din-i Ilahi,{{sfnp|Roychoudhury|1941|page=306}} iyo Ali-Illahism<ref>{{Cite book |last=Layard |first=Austen Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-SQe_sNtIaMC&q=ali%2520illahism&pg=PA216 |title=Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon: With Travels in Armenia, Kurdistan and the Desert: Being the Result of a Second Expedition Undertaken for the Trustees of the British Museum |date=2010-08-31 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108016773 |page=216 |language=en}}</ref> waxaa loo arkaa kuwo ka sootagay Islaamka. Sikhism, oo uu aasaasay Guru Nanak oo ku sugan Punjab qarnigii 15aad ee dambe, waxaa saameeyay Islaamku.<ref>{{cite book |last=Elsberg |first=Constance |date=2003 |title=Graceful Women |publisher=University of Tennessee Press |isbn=978-1-57233-214-0 |pages=27–28}}</ref> == Dhaleeceynta == {{Main|Dhaleeceynta Islaamka}} {{see also|Dhaleeceynta Muxammad|Dhaleeceynta Qur'aanka}} [[File:Jacques Courtois - Battle between Christians and Muslims.jpg|thumb|Dagaalkii ka dhex dhacay Muslinka iyo Masiixiyiinta xilligii Dagaalladii Saliibiyada, oo uu sameeyay Jacques Courtois.]] Dhaleeceynta Islaamku waxay jirtay tan iyo heeraradeedii ugu horreeyay. Dhaleeceyntii hore waxay ka timid qoraayaal Yahuud ah, sida Ibn Kammuna, iyo qoraayaal Masiixi ah, oo kuwo badan oo ka mid ah ay u arkayeen Islaamka bidco Masiixi ah ama nooc sanam-caabudid ah, iyagood inta badan ku fashilayay terms apocalyptic ah.{{sfnp|Fahlbusch et al|2001|p=[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=yaecVMhMWaEC|page=759}} 759]}} Qoraayaasha Masiixiyiinta ahi waxay dhaleeceeyeen sharraxaadaha laab-lakacsan ee Islaamku ka bixiyo jannada. Qarnigii sagaalaad aqoonyahankii Muslinka ahaa ee Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari wuxuu u dooday sharraxaadda Qur'aanka ee jannada iyadoo sheegaysa in Baybalku sidoo kale tilmaamayso fikradahaas, sida cabbidda khamriga ee jannada dhexdeeda oo ku jirta Injiilka Matayos. Caalimkii Masiixiga ahaa ee qarnigii 4aad Augustine ee Hippo caqiidooyinkiisu waxay keeneen diidmo baahsan oo ku saabsan raaxada jidhka ee nolosha iyo aakhiro dhexdeeda labadaba.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Christian Lange |title=Paradise and Hell in Islamic Traditions |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-521-50637-3 |pages=18–20}}</ref> Sawirro aflaadaad ah oo ka dhan ah Muxammad, oo ka soo bilaabmay sawirraddii hore ee qarnigii 7aad ee Kaniisadda Ortodokska Bari ee Boqortooyada Bizantiinta,<ref>Reeves, Minou, and P. J. Stewart. 2003. ''Muhammad in Europe: A Thousand Years of Western Myth-Making''. NYU Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8147-7564-6}}. p. 93–96.</ref> waxay ka muuqdaan gabayga qarnigii 14aad ee Divine Comedy oo uu qaray Dante Alighieri. Halkan, Muxammad waxaa lagu muujiyay goobta sideedaad ee jahannamada, iyadoo la joogo Cali. Dante ma eedayno Islaamka guud ahaan laakiin wuxuu eedaynayaa Muxammad kala qaybin, maadaama uu aasaasay diin kale Masiixiyadda ka dib.<ref name="Stone">Stone, G. 2006. ''Dante's Pluralism and the Islamic Philosophy of Religion''. Springer Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1-4039-8309-1}}. p. 53–54.</ref> Dhaleeceynaha kale waxay diiradda saaraan la-dhaqanka shakhsiyaadka ee gudaha waddamada casriga ah ee Muslinku ku badan yahay, oo ay ku jiraan arrimo ku saabsan xuquuqda aadanaha, goorta ay si dhow u la xiriirto fulinta sharciga Islaamka.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Yohanan|last1=Friedmann|year=2003|title=Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/tolerancecoercio00frie|url-access=limited|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/tolerancecoercio00frie/page/n31 18], 35|isbn=978-0-521-02699-4}}</ref> Sidoo kale, isbeddellada dhowaan ee dhaqammada kala duwan ka dib, kartida loo malaynayo inay leeyihiin soo-galootiga Muslinka ah ee Galbeedka si ay u la qabsadaan waa la dhaleeceeyay oo waxaa loo eedeeyay asalka Islaamka kuwo ka mid ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Modood |first=Tariq |url=https://archive.org/details/multiculturalism00modo |title=Multiculturalism, Muslims and Citizenship: A European Approach |date=6 April 2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-35515-5 |edition=1st |page=[https://archive.org/details/multiculturalism00modo/page/n43 29] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Ugu dambeyntii cilmi-baaris{{what|date=April 2026}} waxay heshay in diindhaqameedka Islaamka oo sarreeya uu la xiriiro xagjirinimada Islaamka oo sarreysa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kamenowski |first1=Maria |last2=Manzoni |first2=Patrik |last3=Haymoz |first3=Sandrine |last4=Isenhardt |first4=Anna |last5=Jacot |first5=Cédric |last6=Baier |first6=Dirk |date=2021-06-17 |title=Religion as an influencing factor of right-wing, left-wing and Islamist extremism. Findings of a Swiss youth study |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=6 |article-number=e0252851 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0252851 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=8211158 |pmid=34138885 |bibcode=2021PLoSO..1652851K }}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== ===Qoraallo=== {{notelist}} ===Qur'aan iyo xadiis=== {{Reflist|group=lower-roman}} ===Xigasho=== {{reflist}} === Ilaha === {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Imad-ad-Dean |title=Signs in the heavens |volume=2 |publisher=Amana Publications |year=2006 |isbn=1-59008-040-8}} * {{cite book |last=Arnold|first=Thomas |title=The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith.|volume= |publisher= |year=1896 |isbn=}} * {{Cite book |last=Bennett |first=Clinton |title=Interpreting the Qur'an: a guide for the uninitiated |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8264-9944-8 |page=101 |author-link=Clinton Bennett}} * {{cite book |last=Blankinship |first=K. |year=2008 |chapter=The early creed |editor=T. 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|last2=Hinnells |first2=John R. |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-27408-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Momen |first=Moojan |title=An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-300-03531-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyed Hossein |author-link=Seyyed Hossein Nasr |year=2003 |title=The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity}} * {{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyed Muhammad |url=https://archive.org/details/ourreligions00shar |title=Our Religions: The Seven World Religions Introduced by Preeminent Scholars from Each Tradition (Chapter 7) |publisher=HarperCollins |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-06-067700-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Nigosian |first=Solomon Alexander |title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-253-21627-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Peacock|first=A.C.S.|title=Islam, Literature and Society in Mongol Anatolia|date=2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume= |page=|doi= 10.1017/9781108582124|isbn=978-1-108-58212-4|s2cid=211657444}} * {{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |url=https://archive.org/details/islamguideforjew00fepe |title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-691-11553-5}} * {{Cite report |date=October 2009 |title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population |publisher=Pew Research Center |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2009/10/Muslimpopulation.pdf |access-date=25 May 2020 |ref={{sfnref|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009}} }} [https://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/ Overview]. * {{Cite book |last=Rippin |first=Andrew |url=https://archive.org/details/muslimstheirreli0000ripp |title=Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices |publisher=Routledge |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-415-21781-1 |edition=2nd |author-link=Andrew Rippin}} * {{cite book |last=Roychoudhury |first=Makhanlal |year=1941 |title=The Din-i Ilahi, or, The Religion of Akbar |publisher=University of Calcutta |oclc=3312929 |url=https://archive.org/details/diniilahiorthere031361mbp |via=Internet Archive}} * {{cite journal |last=Serjeant |first=R.B. |date=1978 |title=Sunnah Jami'ah, pacts with the Yathrib Jews, and the Tahrim of Yathrib |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |volume=41 |pages=1–42 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00057761 |s2cid=161485671 }} * {{Cite book |last=Sachedina |first=Abdulaziz |title=The Just Ruler in Shi'ite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence |publisher=Oxford University Press US |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-511915-2 |author-link=Abdulaziz Sachedina}} * {{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Jane I. |author-link=Jane Idleman Smith |title=The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-515649-2}} * {{Cite book |editor-last=Stefon |editor-first=Matt |title=Islamic Beliefs and Practices |publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-61530-060-0 |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last1=Ṭabāṭabāʼī |first1=Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn |title=Shi'ite Islam |translator-last=Nasr |translator-first=Seyyed Hossein |publisher=SUNY Press |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-87395-272-9 |author-link=Allameh Tabatabaei}} * {{Cite book |last=Teece |first=Geoff |url=https://archive.org/details/islam0000teec_a5d6 |title=Religion in Focus: Islam |publisher=Franklin Watts Ltd |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7496-4796-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Trimingham |first=John Spencer |title=The Sufi Orders in Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-512058-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Colin |title=Islam: the Basics |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-34106-6 |location=London}} * {{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Bryan S. |title=Weber and Islam |publisher=Routledge |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-415-17458-9 |location=London}} * {{Cite book |last=Waines |first=David |title=An Introduction to Islam |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-521-53906-7}} * {{Cite book |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |title=The Formative Period of Islamic Thought |publisher=University Press Edinburgh |year=1973 |isbn=978-0-85224-245-2 |author-link=William Montgomery Watt}} * {{Cite book |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadprophets00watt |title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1974 |isbn=978-0-19-881078-0 |edition=New |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Weiss |first=Bernard G. |title=Studies in Islamic Legal Theory |publisher=Brill Academic publishers |year=2002 |isbn=978-90-04-12066-2 |location=Boston |author-link=Bernard G. Weiss}} {{Refend}} === Qaamuusyo iyo encyclopedias === {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{harvc |last1=Gardet|first1=L.|last2=Jomier|first2=J.|year=2012|c=Islām |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0387}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |ref={{harvid|Fahlbusch et al|2001}} |editor-last=Fahlbusch |editor-first=Erwin |display-editors=etal |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=yaecVMhMWaEC}} |title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=2001 |isbn=978-90-04-11695-5 |volume=2}} * {{cite encyclopedia |year=1913–1936 |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |editor1-last=Houtsma |editor1-first=M.T. |editor1-link=Martijn Theodoor Houtsma |editor2-first=T.W. |editor2-last=Arnold |editor2-link=Thomas Walker Arnold |editor3-first=R. |editor3-last=Basset |editor4-first=R. |editor4-last=Hartmann |edition=1st |place=Leiden |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-08265-6 |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam (1st ed.)|1913–1936}}}} * {{cite encyclopedia |year=2012 |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P.J. |issn=1573-3912 |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |edition=2nd |place=Leiden |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4 |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)|2012}}}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P.J. |issn=1573-3912 |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|n.d.}} |date=n.d. |url=https://brill.com/view/package/eio?language=en |url-access=subscription}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2004 |title=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World |series=Macmillan Reference Books |publisher=Thomson-Gale |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofis0001unse |editor-last=Martin |editor-first=Richard C. |isbn=978-0-02-865603-8}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |date=n.d. |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |editor-link=Jane Dammen McAuliffe}} * {{cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān |volume=2 |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=2002}} * {{cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān |volume=3 |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=2003}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals |publisher=Routledge |editor-last=Salamone |editor-first=Frank |edition=1st |isbn=978-0-415-94180-8 |series=Routledge Encyclopedias of Religion and Society |volume=6 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre00sala |jstor=j.ctt1jd94wq |year=2004}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2003 |title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=AltaMira Press |url=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas |editor-last=Glassé |editor-first=Cyril |series=Revised Edition of the Concise Encyclopedia of Islam |isbn=978-0-7591-0190-6 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-19-512558-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00bada |url-access=registration}} {{doi|10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001}} – via Oxford Reference. * {{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |year=2004 |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |place=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975726-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2006 |title=The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia |publisher=Routledge |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=isDgI0-0Ip4C|page=}} |editor-last=Leaman |editor-first=Oliver |isbn=978-0-415-32639-1}} {{Refend}} == Akhrin dheeraad ah == {{Refbegin}} * Abdul-Haqq, Abdiyah Akbar (1980). ''Sharing Your Faith with a Muslim''. Minneapolis: Bethany House Publishers. ''N.B''. Presents the genuine doctrines and concepts of Islam and of the Holy Qur'an, and this religion's affinities with Christianity and its Sacred Scriptures, in order to "dialogue" on the basis of what both faiths really teach. {{ISBN|0-87123-553-6}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism |publisher=SAGE; Cato Institute |location=Thousand Oaks, CA |last=Ahmad |first=Imad-ad-Dean |title=Islam |author-link=Imad-ad-Dean Ahmad |editor-last=Hamowy |editor-first=Ronald |editor-link=Ronald Hamowy |pages=256–258 |doi=10.4135/9781412965811.n155 |isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4 |lccn=2008009151 |oclc=750831024 |url={{Google books|yxNgXs3TkJYC|plainurl=yes}}}} * {{Cite book |last=Akyol |first=Mustafa |url=https://archive.org/details/islamwithoutextr0000akyo |title=Islam Without Extremes |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-393-07086-6 |edition=1st |author-link=Mustafa Akyol}} * {{Cite book |last=Arberry |first=A.J. |url=https://archive.org/details/koraninterpreted00ajar |title=The Koran Interpreted: A Translation |publisher=Touchstone |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-684-82507-6 |edition=1st |author-link=A. J. Arberry}} * Cragg, Kenneth (1975). ''The House of Islam'', in ''The Religious Life of Man Series''. Second ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company 1975. xiii, 145 p. {{ISBN|0-8221-0139-4}}. * {{Cite book |last=Hafez |first=Sherine |title=An Islam of Her Own: Reconsidering Religion and Secularism in Women's Islamic Movements |year=2011 |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=9780814773055 |url=https://opensquare.nyupress.org/books/9780814790724/}} * {{Cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Muhammad Muhsin |title=Noble Quran |last2=Al-Hilali Khan |last3=Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications |year=1999 |isbn=978-9960-740-79-9 |edition=1st |author-link=Muhammad Muhsin Khan}} * Khanbaghi, A, (2006). ''The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran''. I. B. Tauris. * Khavari, Farid A. (1990). ''Oil and Islam: the Ticking Bomb''. First ed. Malibu, Calif.: Roundtable Publications. viii, 277 p., ill. with maps and charts. {{ISBN|0-915677-55-5}}. * {{Cite book |title=The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-965-224-040-8 |editor-last=Kramer |editor-first=Martin |editor-link=Martin Kramer}} * {{Cite book |last=Kuban |first=Dogan |title=Muslim Religious Architecture |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=1974 |isbn=978-90-04-03813-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/islamwest00lewi_0 |title=Islam and the West |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-19-509061-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/culturesinconfli0000lewi |title=Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Age of Discovery |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-19-510283-3 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Mubarkpuri |first=Saifur-Rahman |title=The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Prophet |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-59144-071-0}} * {{Cite book |last=Najeebabadi |first=Akbar Shah |title=History of Islam |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-59144-034-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Sayilgan |first=Salih |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/god-evil-and-suffering-in-islam/C4C89591ADAAF25F104D517C4F4634B3 |title=God, Evil, and Suffering in Islam |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2023 |isbn=9781009377294}} * {{Cite book |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |url=https://www.giffordlectures.org/books/deciphering-signs-god-phenomenological-approach-islam |title=Deciphering the Signs of God: A Phenomenological Approach to Islam |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-7914-1982-3 |author-link=Annemarie Schimmel |access-date=31 January 2019 |archive-date=22 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422154518/https://www.giffordlectures.org/books/deciphering-signs-god-phenomenological-approach-islam |url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book |last=Schuon |first=Frithjof |title=Understanding Islam |publisher=Allen & Unwin |year=1963 |isbn=978-0941532242 |edition=3rd |author-link=Frithjof Schuon}} * {{Cite book |last=Stoddard |first=Lothrop |title=The New World of Islam |publisher=Chapman & Hall |year=1922 |url=https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/24107}} * {{Cite book |last=Walker |first=Benjamin |title=Foundations of Islam: The Making of a World Faith |publisher=Peter Owen Publishers |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-7206-1038-3 |author-link=Benjamin Walker (author)}} {{Refend}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Library resources box}} * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam "Islam"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/index.shtml Religion & Ethics – Islam] Maqaallo hordhac u ah Islaamka oo ka socda BBC ht7tc33b7yzcmn0o1cm000gw47m4cxb 307945 307944 2026-09-14T09:29:17Z Isma4l 41797 Saxay 307945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox religion | native_name = {{lang|ar|{{Script|Arab|الإسلام}}}}<br/>{{transliteration|ar|al-Islām}} | image = The Kaaba during Hajj - edited.jpg | caption = [[Kacbada]] ee ku taal [[Masjidka Xaramka]] ee [[Makka]], [[Sacuudi Carabiya]], oo ah [[Holiest sites in islam|goobta Islaamka ee ugu barakeysan]] | type = | main_classification = [[Abrahamic religions|Ibraahimi ah]] | scripture = {{Plainlist| * [[Quraan]] * Sunnada: [[Xadiis]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The saheeh Sunnah is wahy (Revelation) from Allah |url=https://islamqa.info/en/answers/77243/the-saheeh-sunnah-is-wahy-(revelation)-from-allah |website=islamqa.info |access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref> * Tafsiirka: [[Tafsiir]]<ref>Mir, Mustansir. (1995). "Tafsīr". In John L. Esposito. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref> }} | theology = [[Tawhid|Hal ilaah aaminsan]] | law = [[Shareecada]] | philosophy = [[Falsafada Islaamka]] | area = [[Islam by country|Adduunka oo dhan]]<ref name="Global Islam">{{cite report|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2011/01/FutureGlobalMuslimPopulation-WebPDF-Feb10.pdf|title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population|publisher=Pew Research Center|date=27 January 2011}}</ref> | language = [[Classical Arabic|Carabiga Quraanka]] | territory = [[Dunida Islaamka]] | founder = [[Nabi Maxamed al-Quraishi|Maxamed]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Welch |first1=Alford T. |last2=Moussalli |first2=Ahmad S. |last3=Newby |first3=Gordon D. |date=2009 |entry=Muḥammad |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |editor-first=John L. |editor-last=Esposito |publisher=Oxford University Press |entry-url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211050118/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550 |archive-date=11 February 2017 }}</ref> | founded_date = {{circa|610 C.D.}} | founded_place = [[Jabal al-Nour]]<!-- Beginnings are understood to be where Muhammad is said to have received his first ever revelation, which was inside a cave in this mountain --> | number_of_followers = {{est.}} 2 bilyan<ref name="pew2010–2020" /> {{increase}} (oo si gaar ah loogu yeero [[Muslimiin]], halka si wadajir ah loogu yeero {{transliteration|ar|[[Ummah]]}}) | separations = {{Plainlist| * [[Ali-Illahism]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-SQe_sNtIaMC&q=ali%2520illahism&pg=PA216|title=Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon: With Travels in Armenia, Kurdistan and the Desert: Being the Result of a Second Expedition Undertaken for the Trustees of the British Museum|last=Layard|first=Austen Henry|date=2010-08-31|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108016773|page=216|language=en}}</ref> * [[Druze faith]]<ref>{{cite book |title=The Oxford Handbook of American Islam |first=Yvonne |last=Yazbeck Haddad |year=2014 |isbn=9780199862634 |page=142|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> * [[Baháʼí Faith]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Van der Vyer |first=J. D. |year=1996 |title=Religious human rights in global perspective: religious perspectives |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |isbn=90-411-0176-4 |page=449 |url=https://archive.org/details/religioushumanri0000unse |url-access=registration}}</ref> }} }} {{Sidebar with collapsible lists | name = religion sidebar | pretitle = Qayb ka mid ah taxane ku saabsan | pretitlestyle = padding-top:0.8em; | titlestyle = padding-bottom:0.5em; | title = [[Diin]] | listtitlestyle = background:transparent; text-align:center; font-size:100%; | centered list titles = yes | image = [[File:Icon-religion.svg|200px|class=skin-invert]] | imagestyle = padding-bottom:1em; | listclass = hlist | liststyle = padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em; padding-bottom:0.25em; font-size: 11px; | expanded = {{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}} |} | abovestyle = padding:0.5em 2em 0.5em; display:block; background-color: #efefef; | above = {{startflatlist}} * [[Outline of religion|Dulucda]] * [[Index of religion-related articles|Liisaska]] * [[:Category:Religion|Qeybta]] * [[:Category:Indexes of religion topics|Tusaha]] * [[History of religion|Taariikhda diinta]] * [[Portal:Religion|Bogga]] {{endflatlist}} | list1name = religions | list1title = Diimaha | list1titlestyle = padding-top:0.5em; | list1 = {{Sidebar |child |bodystyle={{subsidebar bodystyle}} |navbar=off | heading1 = [[Abrahamic religions|Diimaha Ibraahimiyeed]] | content1style = padding-top:0.2em; | content1 = * [[Judaism|Yuudaanismka]] * [[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]] * [[Islam|Islaamka]] * [[Alawism|Calawiisimka]] * [[Alevism|Alewiisimka]] * [[Azalism|Azaliisimka]]/[[Bábism|Baabiisimka]] * [[Baháʼí Faith|Diinta Bahaa'iga]] * [[Druze Faith|Diinta Duruusta]] * [[Mormonism|Mormooniyadda]] * [[Mandaeism|Mandeiisimka]] * [[Manichaeism|Maniikiisimka]] * [[Rastafari|Rastafariyiinta]] * [[Samaritanism|Samaritaniisimka]] | heading2 = [[Iranian religions|Diimaha Iiraaniga]] | content2style = padding-top:0.2em; | content2 = * [[Yazidism|Yasiidiisimka]] * [[Yarsanism|Yarsaniisimka]] * [[Zoroastrianism|Soroostiriyanka]] | heading3 = [[Indian religions|Diimaha Hindiya]] | content3style = padding-top:0.2em; | content3 = * [[Hinduism|Hinduugga]] * [[Buddhism|Buudhisimka]] * [[Jainism|Jeyniisimka]] * [[Sikhism| Sikhiisimka]] * [[Bon|Yungdrung Bon]] | heading4 = [[East Asian religions|Diimaha Bariga Aasiya]] | content4style = padding-top:0em; | content4 = * [[Taoism|Taowaysimka]] * [[Confucianism|Konfushiyanishka]] * [[Shinto|Shinto]] * [[Tian|Tian]] * [[Shangdi|Shangdi]] * [[Hongjun Laozu|Hongjun Laozu]] }} | list2name = schools | list2title = Dugsiyada Fikirka | list2titlestyle = border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em; | list2 = * [[Acosmism|Aakosmisimka]] * [[Agnosticism|Agnostisismka]] * [[Animism|Animisimka]] * [[Antireligion|Diin-diidka]] * [[Apatheism|Apatheisimka]] * [[Atheism|Aqoonsi la'aanta Ilaah / Ateyismka]] * [[Creationism|Abuuristaaniyadda]] * [[Dharma|Dharmismka]] * [[Deism|Deiisimka]] * [[Divine command theory|Aragt Dardaaran Ilaahay]] * [[Dualism in cosmology|Labo-jirnimada]] * [[Western esotericism|Sir-doonka Reer Galbeedka]] * [[Elite religion|Diinta dadka sare]] * [[Exclusivism|Gaar-yeelidda]] * [[Existentialism|Jiritaaniyadda]] ** [[Atheistic existentialism|ateyste]] ** [[Christian existentialism|masiixi]] * [[Feminist theology|Falsafada dumarka]] * [[Fideism|Caqiido-ku-tiirsiga]] * [[Folk religion|Diinta dadweynaha]] * [[Fundamentalism|Aasaas-ku-dhagidda]] * [[Gnosticism|Gnostisismka]] * [[Henotheism|Henotheiisimka]] * [[Hermeticism|Hermetiisimka]] * [[Humanism|Aadmiga-jecleyska]] ** [[Christian humanism|masiixi]] ** [[Religious humanism|diimeed]] ** [[Secular humanism|cilmiyeed]] * [[Ietsism|Ietsismka]] * [[Theological noncognitivism|Ignostisismka]] * [[Inclusivism|Wadajir-yeelidda]] * [[Kathenotheism|Kathenotheiisimka]] * [[Lived religion|Diinta la nool yahay]] * [[Monism|Kow-jirnimada]] * [[Monotheism|Kkudnimada Alle]] * [[Mysticism|Suufiyadda / Sir-raadinta]] * [[Naturalism (philosophy)|Dabiiciyadda]] ** [[Humanistic naturalism|aadmiga]] ** [[Metaphysical naturalism|milyawiga]] ** [[Religious naturalism|diimeed]] * [[New Age|Cаманkii Cusub]] * [[Nonduality (spirituality)|Laba-mid-la'aanta]] * [[Nontheism|Ilaah-la'aanta]] * [[Omnism|Omnisimka]] * [[Pandeism|Pandeiisimka]] * [[Panentheism|Panenteiisimka]] * [[Pantheism|Panteiisimka]] * [[Perennial philosophy|Falsafadda weligeed ah]] * [[Polytheism|Shirkiga / Ilaahyo badan]] * [[Process theology|Falsafadda socodka]] * [[Shendao shejiao|Shendao shejiao]] * [[Spiritualism (beliefs)|Rux-raadinta]] * [[Shamanism|Shaamanismka]] * [[East Asian religions|Taowayga]] * [[Theism|Ilaah-rumaynta]] * [[Transcendentalism|Sare-u-kacaaniyadda]] * [[Transtheism|Transtheiisimka]] * [[Unitarianism|Mowqifka kow-jirka]] | list3name = concepts | list3title = Fikradaha | list3titlestyle = border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em; | list3 = * [[Afterlife|Aakhiro]] * [[Anthropopathism|Sifaadka bini'aadmiga ee Ilaah]] * [[Apophatic theology|Apophatismka]] * [[Aseity|Iskii-jitaanshaha]] * [[Religious belief|Aaminsanaanta Diinta]] * [[Brahman|Brahman]] * [[Cataphatic theology|Cataphatismka]] * [[Cult|Kooxda diimeed]] * [[Demiurge|Demiurge]] * [[Divine simplicity|Fududeynta Ilaahay]] * [[Eschatology|Qiyaamaha iyo Aakhiro]] * [[Enlightenment in Buddhism|Iftiintinka]] * [[Eternity#God and eternity|Weligiis-jitaanshaha]] * [[Euthyphro dilemma|Muran-weydiintii Euthyphro]] * [[Existence of God|Jiritaanka Ilaahay]] * [[Faith|Iimaan]] * [[Form of the Good|Qaabka Wanaagga]] * [[Gender of God|Jinsiga Ilaahay]] * [[Gnosis|Gnosis]] * [[Holy Spirit|Ruuxa Quduuska ah]] * [[Intelligent design|Naqshadda caqli-gal ah]] * [[Moksha|Xorreynta]] * [[Misotheism|Ilaah-nacaybka]] * [[Miracle|Mucjiso]] * [[Names of God|Magacyada Ilaahay]] * [[New religious movement|Dhaqdhaqaaqa diimeed ee cusub]] * [[Omnibenevolence|Naxariista-buuxda]] * [[Omnipotence|Awoodda-oo-dhan]] * [[Omnipresence|Meel-kasta-joogidda]] * [[Omniscience|Cilmiga-oo-dhan]] * [[Pandeism|Pandeistiga]] * [[Personal god|Ilaah shakhsi ah]] * [[Prayer|Dugsi / Baryo]] * [[Problem of evil|Dhibaatada xumaanta]] * [[Process theology|Falsafadda socodka]] * [[Belief#Religion|Aaminsanaanta diimeed]] * [[Problem of religious language|Luqadda diinta]] * [[Reincarnation|Soo-noqoshada nolosha (Reincarnation)]] * [[Faith|Iimaanka diimeed]] * [[Revelation|Waxyi]] * [[Religious text|Qoraallada diinta]] * [[Soul|Nafta]] * [[Summum bonum|Wanaagga ugu sarreeya]] * [[Tawhid|Kkudnimada Alle]] * [[Theological veto|Diidmada diinta]] * [[Transcendence (religion)|Sare-u-baxa diimeed]] * [[Trinity|Saddex-midnimada]] * [[Creator deity|Ugu sarreeyaha / Abuuraha]] * [[Unmoved mover|Dhaqaajiye aan la dhaqaajin]] * [[Vitalism|Ruuxda nolosha]] * [[Worship|Caabudaad]] | list4name = figures | list4title = Hoggaamiyeyaasha Aasaasaya | list4titlestyle = border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em; | list4= *[[Ciise]] ([[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]]) *[[Maxamed]] ([[Islam|Islaamka]]) *[[Ibraahim]] ([[Judaism|Yuudaanismka]]) *[[Siddhartha Gautama]] ([[Buddhism|Buudhisimka]]) *[[Guru Nanak]] ([[Sikhism|Sikhiisimka]]) *[[Mahavira]] ([[Jainism|Jeyniisimka]]) *[[Zoroaster]] ([[Zoroastrianism|Soroostiriyanka]]) *[[Hamza ibn Ali]] ([[Druze|Duruusta]]) *[[Laozi]] ([[Taoism|Taowayga]]) *[[Confucius]] ([[Confucianism|Konfushiyanishka]]) * [[Baháʼu'lláh]] ([[Baháʼí Faith|Diinta Bahaa'iga]]) | belowclass = plainlist | belowstyle = text-align:center;font-weight:normal; padding:1em 1em 1em; | below = Kani waa [[:Category:Philosophy and thinking sidebar templates|farac]] ka mid ah [[philosophy|falsafadda]]. Si aad u baarto mowduucyada la xiriira, fadlan booqo [[:Category:Religion_and_belief_navigational_boxes|hage-tusaha]]. }} '''Islaamku'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|z|l|ɑː|m|,_|ˈ|ɪ|z|l|æ|m}} {{respell|IZ|la(h)m}};<ref>{{cite Cambridge Dictionaries |Islam}}</ref> {{langx|ar|{{Script|Arab|الإسلام|al-Islām}}|al-Islām}}, {{IPA|ar|alʔisˈlaːm|IPA}}, {{lit|hordhaca [ee la xiriira [[ogaanshaha doonista Ilaahay]]]}}}} waa diin [[Abrahamic|Ibraahimi ah]] oo ku saleysan [[Quraan|Quraanka]] iyo [[Sunnah|barashada]] [[Nabi Maxamed al-Quraishi|Nabi Maxamed]]. Diintan [[monotheistic|kelinimada Alle]] waxay leedahay qiyaastii [[Islam by country|2 bilyan oo raacsan adduunka oo dhan]], oo lagu magacaabo [[Muslims|Muslimiin]]. Islaamku waa [[Major religious groups|diinta labaad ee ugu weyn adduunka]], marka laga reebo [[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]]. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin inay jirto [[Fitra|iimaan asal ah]] oo la soo waxyooday marar badan iyadoo la sii marinayo [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|rusul iyo nabiyo hore]], oo ay ku jiraan [[Adam in Islam|Aadam]], [[Noah in Islam|Nux]], [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Muuse]], iyo [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]], waxayna rumeysan yihiin in Islaamku yahay nooca caalamiga ah ee dhameystiran ee [[faith|iimaankan]]. Muslimiintu waxay u arkaan Quraanka inuu yahay hadalka dhabta ah ee [[God in Islam|Ilaahay]] iyo waxyigii ugu dambeeyay ee aan wax laga beddelin. Dhinaca Quraanka, Muslimiintu waxay sidoo kale rumeysan yihiin [[Islamic holy books|kutubtii hore ee la soo waxyooday]], sida [[Torah in Islam|''Towraad'']] ([[Torah]]), ''[[Psalms in Islam|Sabuur]]'' ([[Psalms]]), iyo [[Gospel in Islam|''Injiil'']] ([[Gospel]]). Waxay rumeysan yihiin in [[Muhammad in Islam|Maxamed]] yahay [[Seal of the Prophets|nabiga ugu weyn uguna dambeeya]] ee [[God|Ilaahay]], kaasoo diinta la soo dhameystiray, oo aan ka dib imanayn nabigii cusub ama sharcigii samada ahayn. Barashada iyo tusaalooyinka caadiga ah ee Maxamed, oo loogu yeero [[Sunnah]], oo lagu diiwaangeliyay xaqiiqooyin loogu yeero [[Hadith|Xadiis]], ayaa bixiya tusaale dastuuri ah oo loogu talagalay Muslimiinta. Islaamku wuxuu ku saleysan yahay rumaysashada kow-nimada iyo kelinimada Ilaahay ({{Transliteration|ar|[[tawhid]]}}), iyo rumaysashada [[afterlife|aakhiro]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[akhirah]]}}) oo ay ku jirto [[Judgement Day in Islam|Maalinta Qiyaame]]—halkaas oo kuwa suubban lagu abaalmarin doono jannada ({{Transliteration|ar|[[jannah]]}}) kuwa xunneydna lagu ciqaabi doono naarta ({{Transliteration|ar|[[jahannam]]}}). [[Five Pillars of Islam|Shanta Arкан ee Islaamka]], oo loo arko inay yihiin cibaadooyin [[Fard|waajib ah]], waa shahaadada diinta ({{Transliteration|ar|[[shahada]]}}), salaadaha maalinlaha ah ({{Transliteration|ar|[[salah]]}}), sakada ({{Transliteration|ar|[[zakat]]}}), soonka bisha [[Ramadan]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[sawm]]}}), iyo [[pilgrimage|xajka]] loo aado [[Mecca|Makka]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[hajj]]}}). Sharciga Islaamka ({{Transliteration|ar|[[sharia]]}}), wuxuu taabanayaa ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan dhinacyada nolosha, laga bilaabo [[Islamic banking and finance|bangiyada iyo maaliyadda]] iyo [[Zakat|gar-gaarka]] ilaa [[Gender roles in Islam|doorka ragga]] iyo [[Women in Islam|doorka dumarka]] iyo [[Islamic ethics#Environmentalism|deegaanka]]. Labada [[Islamic holidays|ci둡 diimeed]] ee ugu waaweyn waa Ciidul Fitri iyo Ciidul Adxa. Saddexda [[holiest sites in Islam|goobood ee ugu barakeysan]] waa [[Masjid al-Haram|Masjidka Xaramka]] ee [[Mecca|Makka]], [[Prophet's Mosque|Masjidka Nabiga]] ee [[Medina|Madiina]], iyo [[Al-Aqsa|Dhismaha Masjidka Al-Aqsa]] ee [[Jerusalem|Quddus]]. Islaamku wuxuu ka soo aasaasay Makka qiyaastii 610 C.D. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in tani ay tahay xilligii [[Muhammad's first revelation|Maxamed uu helay waxyigiisii ugu horreeyay]]. Waqtigii uu geeriyooday, inta badan [[Arabian Peninsula|Jaziiradda Carabta]] way [[Conversion to Islam|isu rogtay Islaamka]]. Islaamku wuxuu si dhakhso ah ugu fiday wixii ka dambeeyay Carabta iyadoo hoos imaneysa [[Rashidun Caliphate|Khulaafadii Raashidiyiinta]] iyo [[Umayyad Caliphate|Khulaafadii Umawiyiinta]]. Labada [[Islamic schools and branches|laamood ee ugu waaweyn Islaamka]] waa [[Sunni Islam|Sunniyada]] (87–90%) iyo [[Shia Islam|Shiicada]] (10–13%).{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=1|ps=. "Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims."}} Muslimiinta Sunniga iyo Shiicada ah ayaa wada noqda ku dhawaad ​​guud ahaan dadweynaha Muslimka ah ee adduunka, iyadoo qiyaasuhu ka bilaabmaan qiyaastii 1.7–1.8 bilyan oo Sunni ah ilaa 285–300 milyan oo Shiico ah adduunka oo dhan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=|first=|date=2009-10-07|title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/|access-date=2026-09-01|website=Pew Research Center|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Shia Muslim Population – Islamic Research and Information Center (IRIC)|url=https://iric.org/world-shia-muslim-population/|access-date=2026-09-01|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Project on Shi’ism and Global Affairs|url=https://shiism.hds.harvard.edu/|url-status=live|website=Harvard University}}</ref> Inkasta oo [[Shia–Sunni relations|khilaafka Shiicada iyo Sunniga]] uu asal ahaan ka soo bilowday is-afgaranwaa ku saabsan [[succession to Muhammad|dhaxalkii Maxamed]], waxay kor u qaadeen cabbir ballaaran, labada [[Schools of Islamic theology|dhinaca caqiidada]] iyo [[Fiqh|fiqhigaa]]. Ururinta xadiiska suuban ee Sunniga waxay ka kooban tahay [[Kutub al-Sittah|Lixda Kitaab]], halka ururinta xadiiska Shiicada ay ka kooban tahay [[The Four Books|Afrta Kitaab]]. Muslimiintu waxay ka yihiin inta badan dadweynaha 53 dal.<ref name="pew2010–2020">{{cite web |date=June 9, 2025 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020. Muslims grew fastest; Christians lagged behind global population increase |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]}} *{{cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett |author2=Marcin Stonawski |author3=Yunping Tong |author4=Stephanie Kramer |author5=Anne Shi |author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf |access-date=2025-06-10 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Qiyaastii 12% Muslimiinta adduunka waxay ku nool yihiin [[Islam in Indonesia|Indoonisiya]], oo ah dalka ugu dadka badan ee Muslimiinta ah; {{#expr: 100 * 480/1570 round 0}}% waxay ku nool yihiin [[Islam in South Asia|Kooniyada Aasiya]]; 20% waxay ku nool yihiin [[MENA#Religion|Bariga Dhexe iyo Waqooyiga Afrika]]; iyo 15% waxay ku nool yihiin [[Religion in Sub-Saharan Africa|Afrika ka hooseysa Saharada]]. Muslimiinta sidoo kale waxaa laga helaa [[Islam in the Americas|Ameerikaanka]], [[Islam in China|Shiinaha]], iyo [[Islam in Europe|Yurub]]. Muslimiintu waa [[Muslim population growth|kooxda diimeed ee ugu koraysa adduunka]], taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay [[fertility rate| heerka dhalmada oo sarreeya]] iyo qaab-dhismeedka da'da yar marka loo eego diimaha diimaha kale ee waaweyn.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lipka |first=Michael |last2=Hackett |first2=Conrad |date=2017-04-06 |title=Why Muslims are the world’s fastest-growing religious group |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |access-date=2026-09-01 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> Islaamka waxaa la saadaalinayaa inuu noqdo diinta ugu weyn adduunka dhammaadka qarniga 21-aad, isagoo ka sarre marinaya Masiixiyadda.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lipka |first1=Michael |last2=Hackett |first2=Conrad |date=April 6, 2017 |title=Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US |archive-date=14 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514123559/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="pew2015">{{cite report |author=[[Pew Forum|The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life]] |title=The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010–2050 |url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211090450/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf |archive-date=2020-12-11 |date=2015-04-02 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref><!--Do NOT add citations to the lead, except for material likely to be challenged, per [[MOS:LEADCITE]] ([[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section#Citations)]]. Move unneeded citations to the body.--> == Asalka ereyga{{anchor|Etymology}}<!-- Linked from many articles. If changing the section title, please let this anchor remain unchanged -->== {{See also|Muslims#Etymology}} Luqadda Carabiga, ''Islaam'' ({{langx|ar|إسلام|lit=hordhaca [ee la xiriira Ilaahay]}})<ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of Islam {{!}} Dictionary.com |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=www.dictionary.com |language=en |archive-date=9 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509110220/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Haywood |first=John |title=Historical Atlas of the Medieval World (AD 600 - 1492) |publisher=Barnes & Noble, Inc. |year=2002 |isbn=0-7607-1975-6 |edition=1st |location=Spain |pages=3.13 |language=en}}</ref> waa magaca fal-galeedka [[wikt:أسلم#Arabic|Foomka IV]] ee ka soo jeeda falka {{lang|ar|سلم}} ({{transliteration|ar|salama}}), ka soo jeeda [[Semitic root|xididka saddex-xarafle ah]] {{lang|ar|س-ل-م}} ({{transliteration|ar|[[Š-L-M|S-L-M]]}}), kaas oo sameeya fasal weyn oo erayo ah oo badankood la xiriira fikradaha dhiibin-hoosaadka, badbaadada, iyo nabadgelyada.<ref name="Lane-Lexicon-4">{{cite book |last=Lane |first=Edward William |author-link=Edward William Lane |title=An Arabic-English Lexicon |volume=4 |chapter=Siin |url=http://www.studyquran.co.uk/20_SIIN.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907230044/http://www.studyquran.co.uk/20_SIIN.htm |archive-date=2011-09-07 |via=[[The Study Quran|StudyQuran]] |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> Macnaha diimeed, waxay tilmaamaysaa u dhiibashada buuxda ee doonista [[God|Ilaahay]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=Barnard |last2=Churchill |first2=Buntzie Ellis |url=https://archive.org/details/islamreligionpeo00lewi |title=Islam: The Religion and The People |publisher=Wharton School Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-13-223085-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/islamreligionpeo00lewi/page/8 8]}}</ref> Ereyga ''[[Muslims|Muslim]]'' ({{lang|ar|مُسْلِم}}), oo ah erayga loogu talagalay qofka raaca Islaamka,<ref name="Lexico-Muslim">{{cite dictionary |title=Muslim |url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/muslim |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913192608/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/muslim |archive-date=2019-09-13 |dictionary=[[Lexico]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2020 |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en-GB }} {{Wayback|url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/muslim |date=20190913192608 }}</ref> waa [[Participle|falka firfircoon]] ee isla nooca falka, oo macneheedu yahay "dhiibtiye (Ilaahay)" ama "qof u hoggaansamaya (Ilaahay)". Si kastaba ha ahaatee, khabiirka [[Quranic studies|barashada Quraanka]] [[Mohsen Goudarzi]] wuxuu ku dooday in Quraanka ereyga ''[[dīn]]'' uu ka dhigan yahay "[[worship|cibaado]]", ''islām'' uu ka dhigan yahay "[[monotheism|kwdnimada]]" iyo ''muslim'' uu ka dhigan yahay "muwaahid / qof kelinimada Alle rumeeyay".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudarzi |first=Mohsen |date=2023-08-01 |title=Worship (dīn), Monotheism (islām), and the Qurʾān's Cultic Decalogue |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006/html |journal=Journal of the International Qur'anic Studies Association |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=30–71 |doi=10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006 |issn=2474-8420|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Gudaha [[Hadith of Gabriel|Xadiiska Jibriil]], ''Islaam'' waxaa lagu soo bandhigay inuu yahay hal qayb oo ka mid ah saddaxleey oo ay ku jirto {{transliteration|ar|[[Iman (Islam)|imān]]}} (iimaan), iyo {{transliteration|ar|[[Ihsan|ihsān]]}} (fududeyn / ixsaan).{{sfnp|Esposito|2000|pp=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00john/page/76 76–77]}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahmutćehajić |first=Rusmir |url=https://archive.org/details/mosqueheartsubmi00mahm |title=The mosque: the heart of submission |publisher=[[Fordham University Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8232-2584-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/mosqueheartsubmi00mahm/page/n104 84] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Islaamka laftiisa ayaa taariikh ahaan loogu yeeri jiray [[Mohammedan|''Mohammedanism'' (Maxamediyad)]] gudaha [[English-speaking world|dunida Ingiriiska ku hadasha]]. Eraygan wuxuu ka baxay isticmaalka waxaana mararka qaarkood la sheegaa inuu yahay [[Religious offence|dhaawac diimeed]], maadaama uu tilmaamayo in bini'aadam, halkii uu ka noqon lahaa Ilaahay, uu yahay kan udub-dhexaadka u ah diinta Muslimiinta.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Oxford University Press| last = Gibb| first = Sir Hamilton| title = Mohammedanism: an historical survey|isbn=9780195002454| year = 1969| page=1 | quote=Modern Muslims dislike the terms Mohammedan and Mohammedanism, which seem to them to carry the implication of worship of Mohammed, as Christian and Christianity imply the worship of Christ.}}</ref> == Tiirarka iimaanka == {{Main|Aqidah|Iman (Islam)|l2 = Iman}} [[caqiidada]] Islaamku (''[[aqidah]]'') waxay u baahan tahay rumaysashada lix tiir: Ilaahay, malaa'igta, waxyiga, nabiyada, [[Day of Resurrection|Maalinta Qiyaamaha]], iyo qadarinta masiirka.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sourcebook of the World's Religions: An Interfaith Guide to Religion and Spirituality|publisher=New World Library|pages=68–9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbSPOoQfu0IC&pg=PA68|editor-first=Joel|editor-last=Beversluis|year=2011|isbn=9781577313328|access-date=15 January 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228022948/https://books.google.com/books?id=dbSPOoQfu0IC&pg=PA68#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> === Ilaahay === [[File:Istanbul,_Hagia_Sophia,_Allah.jpg|thumb|[[calligraphy|Qoraal gacmeedka]] qarnigii 19-aad oo muujinaya magaca [[Allah|Alle]] ee ku yaal [[Hagia Sophia]], [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]].]] {{Main|God in Islam}} Fikradda udub-dhexaadka u ah Islaamka waa ''[[Tawhid|tawḥīd]]'' ({{langx|ar|توحيد|link=no}}), oo ah kelinimada Ilaahay. Badanaa waxaa loo arkaa inay tahay ''monotheism sax ah'', laakiin sidoo kale waa [[panentheism|panentheistic]] ku dhex leh barashada suufiga Islaamka.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/tawhid |title=Tawhid |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107041300/https://www.britannica.com/topic/tawhid |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Gimaret|first=D.|year=2012|c=Tawḥīd |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7454}}</ref> Ilaahay waxaa loo arkaa mid aan la barbar dhigi karin oo aan lahayn tiro dad ah sida ku jirta [[Christian Trinity|Saddex-midnimada Masiixiga]], oo tiro u nisbeynta Ilaahay ama sifooyinka Ilaahay oo loo nisbeeyo dad kale waxaa loo arkaa shirk, oo lagu magacaabo [[Shirk (Islam)|''shirk'']]. Sidaas darteed, Muslimiintu ma aha [[iconodule]]s mana u nisbeeyaan qaabab Ilaahay. Ilaahay halkaas waxaa lagu sifeeyaa oo loogu yeeraa dhowr [[Names of God in Islam|magac ama sifooyin]], kan ugu caansan waa ''Ar-Rahmān'' ({{lang|ar|الرحمان}}) oo macneheedu yahay "Naxariis-guud", iyo ''Ar-Rahīm'' ({{lang|ar|الرحيم}}) oo macneheedu yahay "Naxariis-gaar ah" kuwaas oo laga baryo bilowga inta badan Suuradaha Quraanka.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ali |first1=Kecia |title=Islam : the key concepts |date=2008 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |last2=Leaman |first2=Oliver |isbn=978-0-415-39638-7 |location=London |oclc=123136939}}</ref>{{sfnp|Campo|2009|p=34|loc="Allah"}} Magaca tooska ah ee Carabiga ee Ilaahay, ''[[Allāh]]'' (الله), oo ah eray aan lahayn [[plural|wadar]] ama [[gender|jinsi]], ayaa sidoo kale si caadi ah loogu isticmaalaa luqadaha kale ee Muslimiinta iyo Masiixiyiinta iyo Yuhuuda Carabiga ku hadla si ay ugu tixraacaan Ilaahay, halka ''{{transliteration|ar|ISO|[[ʾilāh]]}}'' ({{lang|ar|إله}}) uu yahay eray loo isticmaalo ilaah ama ilaah guud ahaan.<ref>{{cite web |title=God |url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |access-date=18 December 2010 |website=Islam: Empire of Faith |publisher=[[PBS]] |archive-date=27 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327034958/http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Islaamku wuxuu barayaa in abuurista wax kasta oo ku jira [[universe|caalamka]] la keenay iyada oo la raacayo amarka Ilaahay sida lagu muujiyay erayada, "[[Be, and it is|Aabo, oo wuu noqdaa]],"<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|2|117|b=yl}}</ref> iyo in [[Meaning of life|ujeeddada jiritaanka]] ay tahay in la caabudo Ilaahay.<ref>Leeming, David. 2005. ''The Oxford Companion to World Mythology''. Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-195-15669-0}}. p. 209.</ref> Waxaa loo arkaa ilaah shakhsi ah oo wax dhexdhexaadin ah, sida [[clergy|wadaaddada]], looma baahna si loo gaaro xiriir lala yeesho Ilaahay. Wacyigelinta Ilaahay waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[taqwa]]. === Qoraallada Quduuska ah === {{Main|Kutubta quduuska ah ee Islaamka | Qur'aanka|Wahy}} {{See also|Taariikhda Qur'aanka}}[[File:Birmingham Quran manuscript full.jpg|thumb|Labo bogos oo ka mid ah qoraal-gacmeedka Quraanka Birmingham, oo lagu qoray farta Xijaasiga ah ee maqaarka xoolaha taariikhdooduna ay ku beegantahay 568–645 C.D., oo ku beegan xilligii Nabi Maxamed noolaa.]] Qoraalka quduska ah ee ugu sarreeya Islaamka waa Quraanka. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in aayaadka Quraanka ay Alle u soo waxyooday Nabi Maxamed, oo uu u soo wakiishay malagii Jibriil, marar badan intii u dhaxaysay 610 C.D.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Watt |first=William Montgomery |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC&pg=PA5 |title=Islam and the Integration of Society |date=2003 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-17587-6 |pages=5 |access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref> iyo 632, oo ah sannadkii uu geeriyooday Nabi Maxamed.{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=17–18, 21}} Intii uu noolaa Nabi Maxamed, waxyiyadan waxaa qoray saxaradiisa, inkastoo habka ugu muhiimsan ee loo gudbin jiray uu ahaa afka oo lagu barto xifdi ahaan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Al Faruqi |first1=Lois Ibsen |author-link=Lois Lamya al-Faruqi |year=1987 |title=The Cantillation of the Qur'an |journal=Asian Music |issue=Autumn – Winter 1987 |pages=3–4}}</ref> Quraanku wuxuu ka kooban yahay 114 suuradood oo ay ku jiraan wadarta guud ee 6,236 aayadood. Suuradaha hore ee soo degay, ee ku soo degay Maka, waxay inta badan khuseeyaan arrimaha diiniga ah, halka suuradaha dambe ee Madiina ay ka hadlayaan arrimaha bulshada iyo sharciga ah ee khuseeya bulshada Muslimka ah.[[File:Quran rzabasi1.JPG|thumb|Qoraal-gacmeed Quraan ah oo qarnigii 9-aad ah oo saaran rihaal, kaas oo ah taageerada buugga ee qoraalka quduska ah, oo lagu hayo Matxafka Reza Abbasi ee ku yaalla Tehraan, Iran.]] Sharci-yaqaanada Islaamku waxay la tashadaan Xadiiska, ama diiwaanka qoran ee nolosha Nabi Maxamed, si ay u kaalmeeyaan Quraanka una caawiyaan fasiraadiisa. Sayniska faallooyinka Quraanka iyo tafsiirka waxaa loo yaqaanaa tafsiir.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/tafsir |title=Tafsīr |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=79–81}} Marka laga reebo muhiimaddiisa diiniga ah, Quraanka waxaa si weyn loogu tixgeliyaa inuu yahay shaqada ugu fiican ee suugaanta Carabiga,<ref>{{cite book|first=Alan|last=Jones|location=London|publisher=Charles E. Tuttle Company|year=1994|page=1|title=The Koran|quote="Its outstanding literary merit should also be noted: it is by far, the finest work of Arabic prose in existence."|isbn=1842126091}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Arthur|last=Arberry|title=The Koran Interpreted|location=London|publisher=Allen & Unwin|year=1956|quote="It may be affirmed that within the literature of the Arabs, wide and fecund as it is both in poetry and in elevated prose, there is nothing to compare with it."|page=191|isbn=0684825074}}</ref> wuxuuna saameeyay fanka iyo afka Carabiga.<ref>Kadi, Wadad, and Mustansir Mir. "Literature and the Quran." In ''Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an'' 3. pp. 213, 216.</ref> Islaamku sidoo kale wuxuu qabaa in Alle uu soo diray waxyiyo, oo la yiraahdo waxyi, oo loo soo diray nabiyo kala duwan marar badan taariikhda dhexdeeda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Islaamku wuxuu barayaa in qaybo ka mid ah qoraalladii hore ee la soo waxyooday, sida Tawraat (Tawraad) iyo Injiil (Injiil), ay noqdeen kuwo la leexiyay—ha ahaato dhinaca fasiraadda, qoraalka, ama labadaba,<ref name="harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5">{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5}}</ref><ref name="harvp|Peters|2003|p=9">{{harvp|Peters|2003|p=9}}</ref><ref name="610CE">{{harvc|c=Muhammad|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|last2=Welch|first2=A.T.|last1=Buhl|first1=F.}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Tahrif |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d. |author=Hava Lazarus-Yafeh}}</ref> halka Quraanku (Akhris) loo arko erayga ugu dambeeya ee Alle oo aan wax beddel ah lahayn.<ref name="Ringgren-Quran">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ringgren |first=Helmer |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Quran |title=Qurʾān |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription}} "The word ''Quran'' was invented and first used in the Quran itself. There are two different theories about this term and its formation. "</ref><ref>{{harvp|Teece|2003|pp=12–13}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Turner|2006|p=42}}</ref>{{sfnp|Bennett|2010|p=101}} === Malaa'igta === [[File:Rashid al-Din Tabib - Jami al-Tawarikh, f.45v detail - c. 1306-15.png|thumb|Maxamed oo helaya [[Muhammad's first revelation|waxyigiisii ugu horreeyay]] oo uga imaanaya malaa'igta [[Gabriel]], oo ka socda qoraal gacmeedka [[Jami' al-tawarikh|Jami' al-Tawarikh]] ee uu qoray [[Rashid al-Din Hamadani|Rashid-al-Din Hamadani]], lagu daabacay [[Tabriz]], [[Iran]], 1307 C.D.]] {{Main|Angels in Islam}} Malaa'igta (keligood: {{langx|ar|ملك|link=no}}, ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|malak}}'') waa makhluuqaad lagu sifeeyay Quraanka{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=23}} iyo xadiiska.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=79}} Waxaa lagu sifeeyay inay u abuuran yihiin inay caabudaan Ilaahay iyo inay sidoo kale ka shaqeeyaan waajibaadyo kale oo gaar ah sida gudbinta [[revelation|waxyiga]] ee ka yimid Ilaahay, diiwaangelinta ficilada qof kasta, iyo qaadashada [[soul|nafta]] qofka waqtiga dhimashada. Waxaa lagu sifeeyay inay si kala duwan uga abuurmeen 'iftiin' ([[Nūr (Islam)|''nūr'']])<ref name="Encyclopedia-Nur">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Nūr |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/nur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423085030/https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/nur |archive-date=2022-04-23 |encyclopedia=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |via=[[Encyclopedia.com]] |language=en |access-date=2026-03-20}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|last1=Hartner, W.|last2=Tj Boer |year=2012 |c=Nūr |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0874}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Elias |first=Jamal J. |year=2003|c=Light |in=McAuliffe}} {{doi|10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00261}}</ref> ama 'dab' (''nār'').<ref>{{harvc |last=Campo |first=Juan E. |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/nar |c=Nar |in=Martin |year=2004}}. – via [[Encyclopedia.com]].</ref><ref>{{harvc|last=Fahd, T. |year=2012 |c=Nār |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0846}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Toelle |first=Heidi |year=2002 |c=Fire |in=McAuliffe}} {{doi|10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00156}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|McAuliffe|2003|p=45}}</ref> Malaa'igta Islaamka waxaa badanaa lagu matalaa [[Anthropomorphism|qaabab bini'aadamnimo]] oo ay ku jiraan sawirro [[supernatural|cajiib ah]], sida baalal, oo ah kuwa aad u waaweyn ama xidhan dhar janno.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|pp=97–99}}<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=26–28}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Webb |first=Gisela |c=Angel |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|last1=MacDonald, D. B.|last2=Madelung, W. |year=2012 |c=Malāʾika |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}}{{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0642}}</ref> Sifooyinka caadiga ah ee malaa'igta waxaa ka mid ah inaysan lahayn baahiyo jir iyo rabitaanno, sida cunidda iyo cabidda.{{sfnp|Çakmak|2017|p=140}} Qaarkood, sida [[Gabriel|Jibriil]] iyo [[Michael (archangel)|Miikaa'il]], ayaa magacyadooda lagu xusay Quraanka. Malaa'igtu waxay door muhiim ah ka ciyaaraan suugaanta ku saabsan [[Isra and Mi'raj|Mi'raajka]], halkaas oo Maxamed uu kula kulmo dhowr malaa'igood intii uu ku jirsaday safarkiisa samada.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=79}} Malaa'ig dheeraad ah ayaa badanaa lagu muujiyay [[Islamic eschatology|qiyaamaha]], [[Kalam|cilmiga kalaamka]] iyo [[Islamic philosophy|falsafada Islaamka]].{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=22}} === Kitaabyada === [[File:Quran rzabasi1.JPG|thumb|Qoraal gacmeed [[Quran|Quraan]] ah oo qarnigii 9-aad ah oo saaran [[Rehal (book rest)|rehal]], oo ah kursiga kitaabka qudduuska ah, oo lagu hayo [[Reza Abbasi Museum]] ee [[Tehran]], [[Iran]].]] {{Main|Islamic holy books|Quran|Wahy}} {{See also|History of the Quran}} Kitaabka quduuska ah ee ugu sarreeya Islaamka waa [[Quran|Quraanka]]. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in aayaadka Quraanka uu Maxamed u soo waxyooday Ilaahay, iyada oo la sii marinayo [[archangel|malaa'igta]] Jibriil, marar badan inta u dhaxaysa 610 C.D.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Watt |first=William Montgomery |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC&pg=PA5 |title=Islam and the Integration of Society |date=2003 |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |isbn=978-0-415-17587-6 |pages=5 |access-date=15 June 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228022949/https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo 632, sanadkii uu geeriyooday Maxamed.{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=17–18, 21}} Intii uu Maxamed noolaa, waxyiyadan waxaa qoray [[Muhammad's companions|saxaabtiisa]], inkastoo habka ugu muhiimsan ee gudbinta uu ahaa af ahaan iyada oo la adeegsanayo [[Hafiz (Quran)|xifdinta]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Al Faruqi |first1=Lois Ibsen |author-link=Lois Lamya al-Faruqi |year=1987 |title=The Cantillation of the Qur'an |journal=[[Society for Asian Music|Asian Music]] |issue=Autumn – Winter 1987 |pages=3–4}}</ref> Quraanku wuxuu u qaybsamaa 114 suuradood (''[[sūrah]]'') oo ka kooban wadarta guud ee 6,236 aayadood (''[[ayah|āyāt]]''). Suuradaha hore ee taariikh ahaan, ee lagaga soo waxyooday [[Mecca|Makka]], waxay inta badan khuseeyaan arrimaha ruuxiga ah, halka suuradaha dambe ee [[Medina|Madiina]] ay ka hadlaan arrimo bulsho iyo sharci oo khuseeya bulshada Muslimka ah. Qareennada Muslimiintu waxay la tashadaan xadiiska ('warka'), ama diiwaanka qoran ee nolosha Maxamed, si ay labadaba u taageeraan Quraanka oo ay uga caawiyaan tafsiirkiisa. Sayniska faallooyinka iyo tafsiirka Quraanka waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[tafsir]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/tafsir |title=Tafsīr |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019035210/https://www.britannica.com/topic/tafsir |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=79–81}} Marka laga reebo muhiimadiisa diimeed, Quraanka waxaa loo aqoonsan yahay si weyn inuu yahay shaqada ugu fiican [[Arabic literature|suugaanta Carabiga]],<ref>{{cite book|first=Alan|last=Jones|location=London|publisher=[[Charles E. Tuttle Company]]|year=1994|page=1|title=The Koran|quote="Its outstanding literary merit should also be noted: it is by far, the finest work of Arabic prose in existence."|isbn=1842126091}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Arthur|last=Arberry|title=The Koran Interpreted|location=London|publisher=[[Allen & Unwin]]|year=1956|quote="It may be affirmed that within the literature of the Arabs, wide and fecund as it is both in poetry and in elevated prose, there is nothing to compare with it."|page=191|isbn=0684825074}}</ref> wuxuuna saameeyay fanka iyo luqadda Carabiga.<ref>Kadi, Wadad, and Mustansir Mir. "Literature and the Quran." In ''[[Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān|Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an]]'' 3. pp. 213, 216.</ref> Islaamku sidoo kale wuxuu qabaa in Ilaahay uu soo diray waxyiyo, oo la yiraahdo ''[[wahy]]'', oo loo soo diray nabiyo kala duwan marar badan taariikhda oo dhan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Islaamku wuxuu barayaa in qaybo ka mid ah kitaabadii hore ee la soo waxyooday, sida [[Torah in Islam|''Towraad'']] ([[Torah]]) iyo [[Gospel in Islam|''Injiil'']] ([[Gospel in Islam|Injiil]]), ay noqdeen kuwo [[tahrif|la leexiyay]]—ha ahaato tafsiirka, qoraalka, ama labadaba,<ref name="harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5">{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5}}</ref><ref name="harvp|Peters|2003|p=9">{{harvp|Peters|2003|p=9}}</ref><ref name="610CE">{{harvc|c=Muhammad|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|last2=Welch|first2=A.T.|last1=Buhl|first1=F.}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Tahrif |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d. |author=[[Hava Lazarus-Yafeh]]}}</ref> halka Quraanka ({{Lit|Akhrinta}}) loo arko hadalka ugu dambeeya, ee dhabta ah ee aan wax laga beddelin ee Ilaahay.<ref name="Ringgren">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ringgren |first=Helmer |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Quran |title=Qurʾān |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=5 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505001543/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/487666/Quran |url-status=live }} "The word ''Quran'' was invented and first used in the Quran itself. There are [[Quran#Etymology and meaning|two different theories]] about this term and its formation."</ref><ref>{{harvp|Teece|2003|pp=12–13}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Turner|2006|p=42}}</ref>{{sfnp|Bennett|2010|p=101}} === Nabiyada === {{Main|Prophets and messengers in Islam|Sunnah|Hadith}} [[File:Medieval Persian manuscript Muhammad leads Abraham Moses Jesus.jpg|thumb|[[Persian miniature|Miniakiyada Faarisiga]] ee qarnigii 15-aad oo muujinaysa [[Muhammad in Islam|Maxamed]] oo hoggaaminaya [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Muuse]], [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]] iyo [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|nabiyo kale]] salaadda.<ref>{{cite web |title=BnF. Département des Manuscrits. Supplément turc 190 |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/view3if/ga/ark:/12148/btv1b8427195m/f16 |publisher=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] |access-date=7 September 2023 |archive-date=9 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909130407/https://gallica.bnf.fr/view3if/ga/ark:/12148/btv1b8427195m/f16 |url-status=live }}</ref>]] Nabiyada (Carabi: {{langx|ar|أنبياء|label=none|translit=anbiyāʾ}}) waxaa la rumeysan yahay inay doorteen Ilaahay si ay u wacdhiyaan fariin ilaahi ah. Qaar ka mid ah nabiyadan ayaa sidoo kale keena kitaab cusub waxaana loogu yeeraa "rasuul" ({{langx|ar| رسول&lrm;|label=none|translit=rasūl}}).<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|p=225}}</ref> Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in nabiyadu ay yihiin bini'aadam oo aan ahayn ilaahyo. Dhammaan nabiyadu waxaa la sheegaa inay wacdiyiyeen fariintii asaasiga ahayd ee Islaamka - u dhiibashada doonista Ilaahay - oo ay u direen quruumihii hore, tan ayaana la sheegay inay sabab u tahay isku mid ahaanshaha badan ee u dhexeeya diimaha. Quraanku wuxuu sheegayaa magacyada tiro badan oo ah shakhsiyaadka loo tixgeliyo [[prophets in Islam|nabiyada Islaamka]], oo ay ku jiraan [[Adam in Islam|Aadam]], [[Noah in Islam|Nux]], [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Muuse]], [[David in Islam|Daa'uud]] iyo [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]], iyo kuwo kale.<ref name="Schimmel">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |author-link=Annemarie Schimmel |title=Islam |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504201633/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/295507/Islam |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Reeves |first=J. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC |title=Bible and Qurʼān: Essays in scriptural intertextuality |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2004 |isbn=90-04-12726-7 |location=[[Leiden]] |page=177 |access-date=21 August 2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164019/https://books.google.com/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC |url-status=live }}</ref> Sheekooyinka la xiriira nabiyada ee ka baxsan xisaabaadka Quraanka waxaa lagu ururiyaa oo lagu baaraa ''[[Qisas Al-Anbiya|Qisas al-Anbiya]]'' (Sheekooyinka Nabiyada). Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in Ilaahay uu soo diray Maxamed inuu noqdo nabiga ugu dambeeya ("[[Seal of the prophets|khaatumul anbiyo]]") si uu u gaarsiiyo fariinta dhameystiran ee Islaamka.<ref name="Esposito-Islam">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Esposito |first=John L. |author-link=John Esposito |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |title=Islam |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012298 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110124812/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012298 |archive-date=2021-01-10 |quote=Profession of Faith...affirms Islam's absolute monotheism and acceptance of Muḥammad as the messenger of Allah, the last and final prophet. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Peters-Allah">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Peters |first=F. E. |author-link=Francis Edward Peters |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |title=Allāh |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095403960 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926053837/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095403960 |archive-date=2020-09-26 |quote=[T]he Muslims' understanding of Allāh is based...on the Qurʿān's public witness. Allāh is Unique, the Creator, Sovereign, and Judge of mankind. It is Allāh who directs the universe through his direct action on nature and who has guided human history through his prophets, Abraham, with whom he made his covenant, Moses/Moosa, Jesus/Eesa, and Muḥammad, through all of whom he founded his chosen communities, the 'Peoples of the Book.' |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Islaamka dhexdiisa, tusaalaha "caadiga ah" ee nolosha Maxamed waxaa lagu magacaabaa ''[[sunnah]]'' (oo macneheedu yahay "jidka la maray"). Muslimiinta waxaa lagu dhiirrigelinayaa inay ku daydaan dabeecadaha akhlaaqda ee Maxamed noloshooda maalinlaha ah, sunnadana waxaa loo arkaa mid muhiim u ah hagidda tafsiirka Quraanka.<ref>{{harvp|Martin|2004|p=666}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Hadith|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|author=J. Robson}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Sunna|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|author=D.W. Brown}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Goldman |first=Elizabeth |title=Believers: Spiritual Leaders of the World |date=1995 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-508240-1 |location=Oxford |page=63}}</ref> Tusaalahan waxaa lagu ilaaliyaa dhaqamo loo yaqaan xadiis, oo ah xisaabaadka erayadiisa, ficilladiisa, iyo sifooyinka shakhsi ahaaneed. [[Hadith qudsi|Xadiiska Qudsi]] waa qayb hoose oo ka tirsan xadiiska, oo loo arko inuu yahay erayada dhabta ah ee Ilaahay ee uu soo xigtay Maxamed oo aan ahayn qayb ka tirsan Quraanka. Xadiisku wuxuu ka kooban yahay laba shay: silsiladda sheekeeyayaasha, oo loo yaqaanno [[Hadith studies#Traditional importance of the sanad|''sanad'']], iyo ereyada dhabta ah, oo loo yaqaanno [[Hadith studies|''matn'']]. Waxaa jira habab kala duwan oo lagu kala saaro xaqiiqda xadiisyada, iyadoo cabbirka darajada ee badanaa la isticmaalo uu yahay "saxiix" ama "sax ah" ({{langx|ar|صحيح|links=no|translit=[[Authentic hadith|ṣaḥīḥ]]|label=none}}); "xasan" ({{langx|ar|حسن|links=no|label=none|translit=[[Hasan (hadith)|ḥasan]]}}); ama "daciif" ({{langx|ar|ضعيف|label=none|translit=[[Da'if|ḍaʻīf]]}}), iyo kuwo kale. [[Kutub al-Sittah]] waa ururinta lix kitaab, oo loo arko inay yihiin warbixinnada ugu suuban ee [[Sunni Islam|Sunniyada]]. Waxaa ka mid ah [[Sahih al-Bukhari]], oo ay Sunnidu badanaa u arkaan mid ka mid ah [[Hadith terminology#Terminology relating to the authenticity of a hadith|ilaha ugu suuban]] ka dib Quraanka.<ref>[[Aisha Abd al-Rahman|al-Rahman, Aisha Abd]], ed. 1990. [[Introduction to the Science of Hadith|Muqaddimah Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ]]. Cairo: Dar al-Ma'arif, 1990. pp. 160–69</ref> Il kale oo caan ka ah xadiisyada waa [[The Four Books|Afrta Kitaab]], oo ay Shiicadu u arkaan tixraaca xadiiska ee ugu suuban.<ref name="Awliyai-Four-Books">{{cite book |last=Awliya'i |first=Mustafa |title=Outlines of the Development of the Science of Hadith |volume=1 |chapter=The Four Books |url=https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol1-n12-3/outlines-development-science-hadith-dr-mustafa-awliyai/part-1#four-books |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912144702/https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol1-n12-3/outlines-development-science-hadith-dr-mustafa-awliyai/part-1#four-books |archive-date=2017-09-12 |translator-last=Qara'i |translator-first=A. Q. |via=Al-Islam.org |access-date=2020-05-24 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Rizvi-Four-Books">{{cite book |last=Rizvi |first=Sayyid Sa'eed Akhtar |author-link=Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi |title=The Qur'an and Hadith |location=Tanzania |publisher=Bilal Muslim Mission |chapter=The Hadith §The Four Books (Al-Kutubu'l-Arb'ah) |url=https://www.al-islam.org/quran-and-hadith-allamah-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/chapter-4-hadith#four-books-al-kutubul-arbah |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912191319/https://www.al-islam.org/quran-and-hadith-allamah-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/chapter-4-hadith#four-books-al-kutubul-arbah |archive-date=2017-09-12 |via=Al-Islam.org |access-date=2020-05-24 |language=en}}</ref> === Soo-noqoshada iyo xukunka === [[File:Chester Beatty T 414 fol 129r Muhammad al-Mehdi.png|thumb|Matxaf qarnigii 16-aad ee [[Muhammad al-Mahdi|Maxamed al-Mahdi]]. [[Mahdi|Mahdiga]] waxaa la rumeysan yahay inuu soo muuqan doono ka hor [[Eschatology|Waqtiga Dhamaadka]] si uu u soo celiyo cadaaladda oo uu uga adkaado dulmiga iyadoo la kaashanaya [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]] ([[Jesus]]).]] {{Main|Islamic eschatology}} Rumaysashada "Maalinta Qiyaame" ama ''[[Qiyamah|Yawm al-Qiyāmah]]'' ({{langx|ar|يوم القيامة|link=no}}) ayaa sidoo kale muhiim u ah Muslimiinta. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in waqtiga Qiyaamaha uu hore u qadaray Ilaahay, laakiin uusan aqoon bini'aadamku. Quraanka iyo xadiiska, iyo sidoo kale faallooyinka [[Ulama|culimada]], waxay qeexayaan imtixaannada iyo [[Great Tribulation|dhibaatooyinka]] ka horreeya iyo inta uu socdo Qiyaamaha. Quraanka wuxuu xoogga saarayaa [[universal resurrection|soo-noqoshada jirka]], taasoo ah mid ka duwan fahamkii [[pre-Islamic Arabia|Carabtii hore]] ee dhimashada.<ref>{{harvp|Glassé|2003|loc="Resurrection"|pp=382–383}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)|2012|loc="Avicenna"}}. {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_DUM_0467}}: "Ibn Sīnā, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Sīnā is known in the West as 'Avicenna'."</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Qiyama |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d. |author=Gardet, L.}}</ref> Maalinta Qiyaame, Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in dhammaan bini'aadamka lagu xukumi doono falalkooda wanaagsan iyo kuwa xun waxaana loo gudbin doonaa [[Jannah|Janno]] ama [[Jahannam|Naar]].<ref>{{cite web |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |editor-link=John Esposito |title=Eschatology |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e588 |url-access=subscription |work=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Islam]] |via=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |access-date=18 April 2017 |archive-date=13 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100913062714/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e588 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Quraanku wuxuu ku jira [[Surat al-Zalzalah]] wuxuu tan ku sifeeyaa: "Haddaba qofkii sameeya culays atoore oo wanaag ah wuu arki doonaa. Qofkii se sameeya culays atoore oo xumaan ah wuu arki doonaa." Quraanku [[Islamic views of sin|wuxuu qorayaa dunuub badan]] oo qof ku xukumi kara naar. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Quraanku wuxuu caddeynayaa in Ilaahay uu cafiyi doono dunuubta kuwa toobad keena haddii uu doono. Falalka wanaagsan, sida sadaqada, salaadda, iyo naxariista xayawaannada{{sfnp|Esposito|2011|p=130}} waxaa lagu abaalmarin doonaa gelitaanka jannada. Muslimiintu waxay u arkaan jannada meel ay ka buuxaan farxad iyo barako, iyadoo tixraacyada Quraanku ay qeexayaan sifooyinkeeda. Dhaqamada suufiga ah ee Islaamka waxay dhigayaan raaxooyinkan jannada xiriir la leh wacyigelin xamaasad leh oo ku saabsan Ilaahay.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2006|p=89}}; ''Encyclopedia of Islam and Muslim World'', p. 565</ref><ref>{{harvc |c=Garden |first=Asma |last=Afsaruddin |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Paradise|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> ''Yawm al-Qiyāmah'' sidoo kale waxaa Quraanka loogu aqoonsaday ''Yawm ad-Dīn'' ({{lang|ar|يوم الدين}} "Maalinta Diinta");<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|1|4|b=y}};</ref> ''as-Sāʿah'' ({{lang|ar|الساعة}} "Saacadda Dambe");<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|6|31|b=y}};</ref> iyo ''[[Al-Qaria|al-Qāriʿah]]'' ({{lang|ar|القارعة}} "Qaylisaada").<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|101|1|b=y}}</ref> === Qadarka === {{Main|Predestination in Islam}} Qaar ka mid ah Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin qadarka ilaahay, ({{langx|ar|القضاء والقدر}}, ''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|al-qadāʾ wa l-qadar}}'') in arrin kasta uu qaddaray Ilaahay.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.freeweb.hu/etymological/AEDweb.htm |date=2002 |title=Andras Rajki's A. E. D. (Arabic Etymological Dictionary) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208204654/http://www.freeweb.hu/etymological/AEDweb.htm |archive-date=8 December 2011 |access-date=13 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Cohen-Mor|2001|p=4}}: "The idea of predestination is reinforced by the frequent mention of events 'being written' or 'being in a book' before they happen": Say: "Nothing will happen to us except what Allah has decreed for us..."</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Karamustafa |first=Ahmet T. |c=Fate |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}: The verb ''qadara'' literally means "to measure, to determine". Here it is used to mean that "God measures and orders his creation".</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Gardet|first=L.|year=2012|c=al-Ḳaḍāʾ Wa 'l-Ḳadar |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0407}}</ref> [[Mu'tazilism|Mu'tasiladu]] iyo qaar ka mid ah Shiicada Muslimiinta ah ma rumeysna fikraddan.<ref>[[#AGI1978|Guillaume, ''Islam'', 1978]]: p.131-2</ref><ref>[[#AGI1978|Guillaume, ''Islam'', 1978]]: p.132</ref><ref>''Need of Religion'', by Sayyid [[Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi]], p. 14.</ref><ref>''Muslims'', by S. H. M. Rizvi, Shibani Roy, B. B. Dutta, p. 20.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shirazi |first1=Naser Makarem |title=The Justice of God |publisher=Al-Islam.org |url=https://www.al-islam.org/justice-god-naser-makarem-shirazi/issue-predestination-and-free-will |access-date=14 June 2022 |chapter=The Issue of Predestination and Free Will|date=12 May 2015 }}</ref><ref>''Islamic Beliefs, Practices, and Cultures'', by Marshall Cavendish Corporation, p. 137.</ref> Badanaa, rumaysashadan masiirka ilaahay waxaa lagu muujiyaa erayga ''[[Inshallah]]'', ({{langx|ar|إن شاء الله}}, {{transliteration|ar|haddii Alle jiro}}) marka laga hadlayo dhacdooyinka mustaqbalka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Muslim beliefs – Al-Qadr |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z43pfcw/revision/4 |access-date=13 November 2020 |publisher=BBC |work=Bitesize – GCSE – Edexcel |archive-date=15 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115112558/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z43pfcw/revision/4 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Ficilada cibaadada == {{Main|Five Pillars of Islam|Ibadah}} Waxaa jira shan ficil oo cibaado ah oo loo arko inay yihiin [[fard|waajibaad]]–Shahaadada, salaadaha shanta ah ee maalinlaha ah, [[Zakat|sakada]], [[fasting during Ramadan|soonta bisha Ramadaan]], iyo xajka [[Hajj|Hajka]]—oo si wadajir ah loogu yaqaano "Tiirarka Islaamka" (''Arkān al-Islām''). Intaa waxaa dheer, Muslimiintu waxay sidoo kale sameeyaan ficilo kale oo ikhtiyaari ah oo dhiirrigel leh laakiin aan loo arkin inay yihiin waajibaad.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=ZAROUG|first=ABDULLAHI HASSAN|date=1985|title=THE CONCEPT OF PERMISSION, SUPEREROGATORY ACTS AND ASETICISM &#91;sic&#93; IN ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20847307|journal=Islamic Studies|volume=24|issue=2|pages=167–180|jstor=20847307|issn=0578-8072|access-date=7 January 2023|archive-date=7 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207140013/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20847307|url-status=live}}</ref> === Shahaadada === [[File:Silver Rupee Akbar.jpg|thumb|right|Lacag qalinkii qarnigii 16-aad ee [[Akbar|Akbarkii Weyn]], Boqorkii [[Mughal Empire|Mugalka]], [[India]], oo lagu qoray [[Shahada|Shahaadada]].]] {{Main|Shahada}} [[shahada]]h{{sfnp|Nasr|2003|pp=3, 39, 85, 270–272}} waa [[oath|dhaar]] lagu caddaynayo rumaysashada Islaamka. Qoraalka la ballaariyay waa "{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʾašhadu ʾal-lā ʾilāha ʾillā-llāhu wa ʾašhadu ʾanna muħammadan rasūlu-llāh}}" ({{langx|ar|أشهد أن لا إله إلا الله وأشهد أن محمداً رسول الله|label=none}}), ama, "Waxaan qirayaa inuusan jirin [[deity|ilaah]] aan ahayn [[God in Islam|Ilaahay]] waxaanuna qirayaa in Maxamed yahay rasuulkii Ilaahay."<ref name="Mohammad-1985">{{cite journal |last=Mohammad |first=Noor |date=1985 |title=The Doctrine of Jihad: An Introduction |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-law-and-religion_1985_3_2/page/381 |journal=[[Journal of Law and Religion]] |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=381–397 |doi=10.2307/1051034 |jstor=1051034 |publisher=Journal of Law and Religion, Inc. |language=en}}</ref> Islaamka waxaa mararka qaarkood lagu doodaa inuu leeyahay caqiido aad u fudud iyadoo shahaadadu ay tahay saldhigga diinta ka hartay. Aan-Muslimiinta raba inay [[Conversion to Islam|soo islaamaan]] waxaa looga baahan yahay inay ku dhawaaqaan shahaadada hortooda markhaatiyaal.<ref>{{harvc |last=Kasim |first=Husain |year=2004 |c=Islam |pp=195–197 |in=Salamone}}</ref><ref name="Galonnier-2021">{{cite book |last=Galonnier |first=Juliette |editor-last=van Nieuwkerk |editor-first=Karin |title=Moving In and Out of Islam |chapter=Moving In or Moving Toward? Reconceptualizing Conversion to Islam as a Liminal Process |location=New York |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2021 |pages=44–66 |doi=10.7560/317471-003 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7560/317471-003/html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023001/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7560/317471-003/html |archive-date=2023-12-28 |language=en}}</ref> === Salaadda === [[File:Prayer in Cairo 1865.jpg|thumb|[[Muslims|Muslimiin]] tukanaya ([[salah]]) gudaha [[Egypt]] waxaa alifay [[Jean-Léon Gérôme]], 1865.]] {{Main|Salah}} {{See also|Mosque|Jumu'ah}} Salaadda Islaamka waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[salah|as-salaad]] ({{langx|ar|الصلاة|link=no}}), ama erayga [[Persian language|Faarisiga]] ee ah "Namaz." Waxaa loo arkaa xiriir shakhsi ah oo lala leeyahay Ilaahay, waxayna ka kooban tahay ku celcelinta qaybo la yiraahdo [[rakat|rakco]] oo ay ku jiraan [[Ruku|rukooc]] iyo [[Sujud|sujuud]] loo sujuudayo Ilaahay. Waxaa jira shan salaadood oo la cayimay maalintii oo dhan kuwaas oo loo arko waajibaad. Salaadaha waxaa lagu akhriyaa luqadda Carabiga waxaana lagu fuliyaa [[Qibla|dhanka]] [[Kaaba|Kacbada]]. Ficilku sidoo kale wuxuu u baahan yahay xaalad nadiif ah oo diimeed oo lagu gaaro hababka [[wudu|weysada]] ama, xaaladaha qaarkood, qubays buuxa oo [[ghusl|qubays ah]].<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=18, 19}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Hedayetullah|2006|pp=53–55}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Kobeisy|2004|pp=22–34}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Momen|1987|p=178}}</ref> [[mosque|Masaajidka]], oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano masjid ama namazgah, waa [[places of worship|goob cibaado]] oo loogu talagalay Muslimiinta. Inkasta oo ujeeddada ugu weyn ee masaajidku ay tahay inuu u adeego meel salaadeed, sidoo kale waa xarun bulsho oo muhiim u ah [[ummah|bulshada Muslimka ah]]. Tusaale ahaan, [[Prophet's Mosque|Masjidka Nabiga]] ee [[Medina|Madiina]], wuxuu sidoo kale u adeegi jiray hoy ay degaan dadka saboolka ah.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Mattson |first=Ingrid |year=2006 |title=Women, Islam, and Mosques |pages=615–629 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America |series=Volume 2, Part VII. Islam |editor1=R. S. Keller |name-list-style=and |editor2=R. R. Ruether |place=Bloomington and Indianapolis |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |isbn=978-0-253-34687-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC&pg=PA615 |access-date=2 October 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023019/https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC&pg=PA615#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Minaret|Minaarooyinku]] waa munaarooyin loo isticmaalo in lagu yeero [[adhan|aanka]], kaas oo ah yeedhid afka ah oo lagu calaamadinayo waqtiga salaadda.<ref name="Pedersen-Masjid-2010">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Pedersen |first1=Johannes |last2=Hillenbrand |first2=Robert |last3=Burton-Page |first3=John |author-link3=John Burton-Page |title=Masd̲j̲id |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam |edition=2nd |location=Leiden |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2010 |doi=10.1163/9789004206106_eifo_COM_0694 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/mosque |title=Mosque |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928065350/https://www.britannica.com/topic/mosque |url-status=live }}</ref> === Sakada === [[File:Slot at the Zaouia Moulay Idriss II 1.jpg|thumb|Meel lagu bixiyo sakada oo ku taal [[Zawiya of Moulay Idris II]] ee [[Fez, Morocco]].]] {{Main|Zakat}} {{See also|Sadaqah}} [[Zakat|Sakada]] ([[Arabic language|Carabi]]: {{langx|ar|زكاة|translit=zakāh|label=none}}), waa nooc ka mid ah [[Alms|Sadaqada]] oo lagu garto bixinta qayb go'an (2.5% sanadkii)<ref name="Ahmed-Gianci-2005">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Ahmed |first1=Medani |last2=Gianci |first2=Sebastian |title=Zakat |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Taxation and Tax Policy |editor1-last=Cordes |editor1-first=Joseph J. |editor2-last=Ebel |editor2-first=Robert D. |editor3-last=Gravelle |editor3-first=Jane |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Urban Institute Press |year=2005 |page=479 |isbn=978-0877667520 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m66_BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA479 |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026}}</ref> ee [[Financial capital|hantida la ururiyay]] ay bixiyaan kuwa awoodda u leh si ay u caawiyaan dadka saboolka ah ama baahan, sida xoraynta maxaabiista, kuwa [[bonded labor|dayn ku jira]], ama safarka ku ah, iyo kuwa loo shaqaaleysiiyo ururinta sakada. Waxay u shaqaysaa sidii nooc ka mid ah [[welfare spending|gar-gaar bulsheed]] oo ka jira bulshooyinka Muslimka ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ariff |first=Mohamed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NP4ZL0TJ9s4C&pg=PA55 |title=The Islamic Voluntary Sector in Southeast Asia: Islam and the Economic Development of Southeast Asia |publisher=[[Institute of Southeast Asian Studies]] |year=1991 |isbn=978-981-3016-07-1 |pages=55– |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023007/https://books.google.com/books?id=NP4ZL0TJ9s4C&&pg=PA55 |url-status=live }}</ref> Waxaa loo arkaa waajibaad diimeed oo ay dadka ladani ku leeyihiin kuwa baahan sababtoo ah hantidooda waxaa loo arkaa ammaan ka timid nimcada Ilaahay,<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2010|p=109–110}}: This is not regarded as charity because it is not really voluntary but instead is owed, by those who have received their wealth as a trust from God's bounty, to the poor.</ref> waxaana loo arkaa daahirinta hantida dheeraadka ah ee qofka.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = RoutledgeCurzon| isbn = 9780415297967| title =Major World Religions: From Their Origins to the Present.| location = United Kingdom| year = 2003| last=Ridgeon| first=Lloyd| url = | page = 258|quote=Aside from its function of purifying believers' wealth, the payment of zakat may have contributed in no small way to the economic welfare of the Muslim community in Mecca.}}</ref> Wadarta guud ee sanadlaha ah ee lagu bixiyo sakada ayaa ah 15 jeer ka badan deeqaha gargaarka bini'aadamnimada ee adduunka, iyadoo la adeegsanayo qiyaaso taxaddar leh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 June 2012 |title=A faith-based aid revolution in the Muslim world |work=[[The New Humanitarian]] |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/95564/analysis-faith-based-aid-revolution-muslim-world |access-date=27 August 2023 |archive-date=14 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114014900/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/95564/analysis-faith-based-aid-revolution-muslim-world |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sadaqah|Sadaqadu]], si ka duwan Sakada, waa sadaqo ikhtiyaari ah oo aad loo dhiirrigeliyo.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Said |first=Abdul Aziz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4bs7g0O4eLYC&pg=PA145 |title=Contemporary Islam: Dynamic, Not Static |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-77011-8 |page=145 |display-authors=etal |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023121/https://books.google.com/books?id=4bs7g0O4eLYC&pg=PA145 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnp|Stefon|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef/page/72 72]}} [[Waqf|Waaqfeku]] waa [[charitable trust|kalsooni samafal]] oo joogto ah, taas oo maalgelisa isbitaallada iyo dugsiyada bulshooyinka Muslimka ah.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hudson |first=A. |title=Equity and Trusts |year=2003 |edition=3rd |page=32 |location=London |publisher=Cavendish Publishing |isbn=1-85941-729-9}}</ref> === Soonta === [[File:Iftar for Ramadhan.jpg|thumb|Munaasabadda afurka, oo loo yaqaan ''[[Iftar]]'', waxaa dhaqan ahaan lagu bixiyaa [[date (fruits)|timir]].]] {{Main|Fasting in Islam}} {{See also|Fasting during Ramadan}} Islaamka dhexdiisa, soonta ([[Arabic language|Carabi]]: {{langx|ar|صوم|translit=ṣawm|label=none}}) waxay mamnuucaysaa cuntada iyo cabitaanka, iyo sidoo kale noocyada kale ee isticmaalka, sida [[Smoking in Islam|sigaar-cabista]], waxaana la fuliyaa laga bilaabo waaberiga ilaa qorrax-dhaca. Inta lagu jiro bisha [[Ramadan]], waxaa loo arkaa waajibaad saaran Muslimiinta inay soomaan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramadan |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramadan |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009215438/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramadan |url-status=live }}</ref> Soontu waxay dhiirrigelisaa dareen u dhowaanshaha Ilaahay iyadoo qofku is celinayo dartii Ilaahay wixii kale ee bannaan iyo in laga fikiro kuwa baahan. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa jira maalmo kale, sida [[Day of Arafah|Maalinta Carafo]], marka soontu ay tahay ikhtiyaari.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher =Tughra Books | isbn = 9781597846110| title = Fasting In Islam And The Month Of Ramadan| location = United States| year =2006 | last=Ramadanali| url = |page=51 | quote = }}</ref> === Xajka === {{Main|Hajj|Umrah}} {{See also|Holiest sites in Islam}} [[File:A packed house - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|thumb|Xujeyda intii lagu jiray xilli [[Hajj|Hajka]] ee [[Masjid al-Haram]] ee [[Mecca|Makka]], [[Saudi Arabia|Sacuudi Carabiya]], [[Holiest sites in islam|goobta Islaamka ee ugu barakeysan]].]] [[pilgrimage|Xajka]] Islaamka, ee loo yaqaan {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ḥajj}} ({{langx|ar|حج|link=no}}), waa in la qabtaa ugu yaraan hal mar nolosha qof kasta oo Muslim ah oo awood u leh inta lagu jiro [[Islamic calendar|bisha Islaamka]] ee [[Dhu al-Hijjah]]. Caadooyinka Hajku waxay inta badan ku daydaan sheekada qoyska [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naik |first=Dr Zakir |author-link=Zakir Naik |date=7 January 2025 |title=What Are the Pillars of Islam? |url=https://islampidia.org/en/what-are-the-pillars-of-islam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115054332/https://islampidia.org/en/what-are-the-pillars-of-islam/ |archive-date=2025-11-15 |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Islampidia |language=en-AU}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Five Pillars of Islam |url=https://localhost:5000/learn/educators/curriculum-resources/art-of-the-islamic-world/unit-one/the-five-pillars-of-islam |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026}}</ref> [[Mecca|Makka]], xujeydu waxay toddobo jeer ku wareegaan [[Kaaba|Kacbada]], oo ay Muslimiintu rumeysan yihiin inuu dhisay Ibraahim meel cibaado ah, waxayna toddobo jeer u dhexeeyaan buuraha [[Safa and Marwa|Safa iyo Marwa]], iyagoo xusuusanaya tallaabooyinkii xaaska Ibraahim, [[Hagar]], oo u raadinaysay biyo ilmahaheedii [[Ishmael in Islam|Ismaaciil]] ee lamadegaanka ka hor intaan Makka is rogay degmo.<ref>{{harvp|Goldschmidt|Davidson|2005|p=48}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Farah|1994|pp=145–147}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Hajj |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> Xajku sidoo kale wuxuu ku lug leeyahay in la qaato maalin duco iyo cibaado ah oo ka dhacda bannaanada [[Mount Arafat|Carafo]] iyo sidoo kale [[Stoning_of_the_Devil|tuurista shaydaanka]] si calaamadaysan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F.E. |title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians |date=2009 |isbn=978-1-4008-2548-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HYJ2c9E9IM8C&pg=PA19 |page=20 |publisher=Princeton University Press |access-date=7 October 2014 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023112/https://books.google.com/books?id=HYJ2c9E9IM8C&pg=PA19#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Dhammaan ragga Muslimiinta ah waxay xidhaan laba maro oo cad oo fudud oo aan tol lahayn oo loo yaqaan [[Ihram clothing|ixraam]], kuwaas oo loogu talagalay inay keenaan isku xirnaan jiilal iyo sinnaan ka dhexaysa xujeyda inkasta oo ay jiraan fasal ama asal.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cornell |first=Vincent J. |title=Voices of Islam: Voices of tradition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g5LNUS0ciAAC&pg=PA29 |access-date=26 August 2012 |year=2007 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-98733-6 |page=29}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Glassé|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC&pg=PA207 207]}}</ref> Nooc kale oo xaj ah, [[Umrah|Umrada]], waa ikhtiyaari waxaana la qaban karaa wakhti kasta oo sanadka ka mid ah. Goobaha kale ee xajka Islaamka waa [[Medina|Madiina]], halkaas oo Maxamed uu ku geeriyooday, iyo sidoo kale [[Jerusalem|Quddus]], oo ah magaalo ay ku yaalliin nabiyo badan oo Islaam ah waana goobta [[Al-Aqsa|Al-Aqsa]], taas oo ahayd jihadii salaadda ka hor Makka.<ref>{{cite book|author=Michigan Consortium for Medieval and Early Modern Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p44kAQAAMAAJ|title=The Meeting of Two Worlds: Cultural Exchange Between East and West During the Period of the Crusades|publisher=Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University|year=1986|isbn=0918720583|editor1=Goss, V. P.|volume=21|page=208|editor2=Bornstein, C. V.|access-date=15 January 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023032/https://books.google.com/books?id=p44kAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Trofimov-2008">{{cite book |last=Trofimov |first=Yaroslav |author-link=Yaroslav Trofimov |title=The Siege of Mecca: The 1979 Uprising at Islam's Holiest Shrine |location=New York |publisher=[[Knopf]] |date=2008 |page=79 |isbn=978-0-307-47290-8 |language=en}}</ref> === Ficilada cibaadada ee kale === {{See also|Quran#Recitation|Dua|Dhikr}} [[File:Men reading the Koran in Umayyad Mosque, Damascus, Syria.jpg|thumb|Rag Muslimiin ah oo akhrinaya Quraanka gudaha [[Umayyad Mosque|Masjidka Umawiyiinta]] ee [[Damascus]], [[Syria]].]] Muslimiintu waxay akhriyaan oo xifdiyaan Quraanka oo dhan ama qaybo ka mid ah si ay u noqdaan camal wanaagsan. [[Tajwid|Tajwiidku]] wuxuu tilmaamayaa xeerar taxane ah oo loogu talagalay [[elocution|akhriska saxda ah]] ee Quraanka.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = | isbn = | title = Foundation of Tajweed| location = | year = 2013|edition=2| last=Aboo Yahyaa| url = | page = 1 | quote = }}</ref> Muslimiin badan ayaa akhriya Quraanka oo dhan inta lagu jiro bisha Ramadaan.{{sfnp|Stefon|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef/page/42 42–43]}} Qofka xifdiyay Quraanka oo dhan waxaa loo yaqaanaa Xaafid ("xifdiyey"), xadiisyaduna waxay xusayaan in shakhsiyaadkani ay awood u yeelan doonaan inay shafeecaan dadka kale Maalinta Qiyaamaha.{{sfnp|Nigosian|2004|p=[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=my7hnALd_NkC|page=70}} 70]}} Baryada Ilaahay, oo Carabiga lagu yiraahdo {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|duʿāʾ}} ({{langx|ar|دعاء}}&nbsp;{{IPA|ar|dʊˈʕæːʔ|IPA}}) waxay leedahay anshaxeedii gaarka ahaa sida [[Raising hands in dua|gacmaha oo la taago]] sidii iyadoo la baryayo.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Brill| isbn = 9789004335523| title = The Quṣṣāṣ of Early Islam| location = Netherlands| year = 2016| last=Armstrong| first=Lyall| url = | page = 184| quote = }}</ref> Xuska Ilaahay ({{langx|ar|ذكر|translit=Dhikr'|label=none}}) wuxuu tilmaamayaa erayada lagu celceliyo ee tixraacaya Ilaahay. Sida caadiga ah, tan waxaa ka mid ah Tahmiid, oo lagu dhawaaqayo [[Alhamdulillah|ammaan oo dhan waxaa leh Ilaahay]] ({{langx|ar|الحمد لله|translit=al-Ḥamdu lillāh|label=none}}) inta lagu jiro salaadda ama marka la dareemayo mahadnaq, [[Tasbih|Tasbiix]], oo lagu dhawaaqayo weyneynta Ilaahay inta lagu jiro salaadda ama marka la cajabo shay oo la dhaho '[[Basmala|bismillaah]]' ka hor intaan la bilaabin ficil sida cuntada.<ref>{{Cite web|title=alhamdulillah |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/alhamdulillah|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227042540/https://www.lexico.com/definition/alhamdulillah|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 27, 2020|access-date=2021-10-16|website=Lexico}}</ref> == Taariikhda == {{Main|Taariikhda Islaamka}} {{For timeline|Timeline of the history of Islam}} {{See also|List of Muslim empires and dynasties}}{{multiple image | align = center | direction = horizontal | total_width = 600 | image1 = Masjid Nabawi The Prophet's Mosque, Madina.jpg | image2 = Jerusalem DomeoftheRock J65 (cropped).JPG | footer = Bidix: [[Prophet's Mosque|Masjidka Nabiga]] ee [[Medina|Madiina]], Sacuudi Carabiya, waa [[holiest sites in islam|goobta labaad ee ugu barakeysan]] ee Islaamka. Maxamed laftiisa ayaa ku lug lahaa dhismaha masjidka, iyo [[Green Dome|Qubbadiisa Cagaaran]] waa halka lagu aasay. Midig: [[Al-Aqsa|Dhismaha Masjidka Al-Aqsa]] ee [[Jerusalem|Quddus]] waa goobta saddexaad ee ugu barakeysan ee Islaamka, halkaas oo Maxamed uu uga kacay samada intii uu socday [[Isra' and Mi'raj|Isra' iyo Mi'raaj]]. Goobtu waxay ahayd jihadii hore ee salaadda ([[qibla]]), halkaas oo Muslimiintu ay horay ugu tukan jireen ka hor intaan jihada loo beddelin [[Kaaba|Kacbada]] ee [[Mecca|Makka]] ka dib waxyi soo gaaray Maxamed. | caption1 = | caption2 = }} === Maxamed iyo bilowgii Islaamka (570–632) === {{Main|Muhammad|Muhammad in Islam}} {{for timeline|Timeline of early Islamic history}} {{Further|Muhammad in Mecca|Early social changes under Islam|First Islamic state}} [[File:Hira_Cave.jpg|thumb|[[Jabal al-Nour]] u dhow [[Mecca|Makka]], halkaas oo Maxamed uu ka helay [[Muhammad's first revelation|waxyigiisii ugu horreeyay]] ee ku jiray godka Xira.]] Sida ku xusan dhaqanka Islaamka, Maxamed wuxuu ku dhashay [[Mecca|Makka]] sannadkii 570 [[Common Era|C.D.]] wuxuuna noqday agoon caruurnimadiisii. Isagoo ku koray ganacsade ahaan, wuxuu noqday mid loo yaqaan "[[Amin (name)|amin (mid la isku halayn karo)]]" ({{langx|ar|الامين}}) waxaana la doonayay inuu noqdo garsoore dhexdhexaad ah. Intuu ka dib guursaday shaqaalihiisii, haweeneydii ganacsatada ahayd ee [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadiija]].{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=6}} Sannadkii 610 C.D., isagoo dhibsaday hoos u dhaca akhlaaqda iyo shirkiga ka jiray Makka isla markaana raadinaya gooni-isu-taag iyo fikir ruuxi ah, Maxamed wuxuu u baxay Godka Xira ee buurta [[Jabal al-Nour]], oo u dhow Makka. Wuxuu ahaa intii uu ku sugnaa godka halkaas oo la sheegay inuu [[Muhammad's first revelation|helay waxyigii ugu horreeyay]] ee [[Quran|Quraanka]] oo uga yimid malaa'igta [[Gabriel|Jibriil]].<ref name="610CE" /> Dhacdadii bixitaankii Maxamed ee godka iyo waxyigii xigay waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[Night of Power|Leylatul Qadr]] waxaana loo arkaa dhacdo muhiim ah taariikhda Islaamka. Intii lagu guda jiray 22-kii sano ee ka dambeeyay nolosha, laga bilaabo da'da 40 wixii ka dambeeyay, Maxamed wuxuu sii waday helitaanka waxyiga Ilaahay, isagoo noqday kii ugu dambeeyay ama [[Seal of the prophets|nabigii ugu dambeeyay]] ee loo diray bini'aadamka.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Muhammad |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> [[File:Siyer-i_Nebi_151b.jpg|thumb|Maxamed oo la muujiyay waji daboolan oo jooga [[Kaaba|Kacbada]] laga soo qaatay [[Siyer-i Nebi]], {{Circa|1595}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ottomans : religious painting |url=http://www.ee.bilkent.edu.tr/~history/ottoman33.html |access-date=1 May 2016}}</ref>]] Inta lagu jiro xilligan, [[Muhammad in Mecca|halka uu joogay Makka, Maxamed]] wuxuu ku wacdiyay marka hore si qarsoodi ah ka dibna si cad, isagoo ka baryaya dhegaystayaashiisa inay ka tagaan [[Arab polytheism|shirkiga]] oo ay caabudaan hal Ilaah. Qaar ka mid ah [[Early Muslims|Muslimiintii ugu horreysay ee soo islaamtay]] waxay ahaayeen dumar, saboolka, ajaanibta, iyo addoommada sida mu'adinkii ugu horreeyay [[Bilal ibn Rabah|Bilaal bin Rabaax]].<ref>Rabah, Bilal B. ''[[Encyclopedia of Islam]].''</ref> Dadka waaweyn ee Makka waxay dareemeen in Maxamed uu [[Early social changes under Islam|khalday nidaamkooda bulsho]] isagoo ka wacdiyaya hal Ilaah oo siinaya fikrado laga shakiyo saboolka iyo addoommada sababtoo ah waxay faa'iida ka helayeen xajka sanamyada Kacbada.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ünal |first=Ali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DyuqdDIjaswC&pg=PA1323 |title=The Qurʼan with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English |publisher=Tughra Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-59784-000-2 |pages=1323– |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024048/https://books.google.com/books?id=DyuqdDIjaswC&pg=PA1323#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|p=36}}</ref> Ka dib 12 sano oo ah [[Persecution of Muslims by Meccans|dhibaataynta Muslimiinta ay u geysanayeen dadkii Makka]], Maxamed iyo [[Companions of the Prophet|sahabbadiisii]] waxay sameeyeen [[Hegira|Hijradii]] 622 ee magaalada Yathrib (magaalada Madiina ee maanta). Wuxuu halkaas ka Aasaasay [[First Islamic state|Dowladdii Islaamiga ahayd ee ugu horreysay]] oo ay la socdaan Muslimiintii Madiina (''[[Ansar (Islam)|Ansaarta]]'') iyo muhaajiriintii Makka (''[[Muhajirun|Muhaajiriinta]]''). [[Constitution of Medina|Dastuurkii Madiina]] waxaa saxiixay dhammaan qabiilooyinkii Madiina. Tani waxay aasaastay xorriyadda diinta iyo xorriyadda isticmaalka sharcigooda u gaarka ah ee ka dhex jiray bulshooyinka Muslimka ah iyo kuwa aan Muslimka ahayn hammi ah in Madiina laga difaaco khataraha dibadda.{{sfnp|Serjeant|1978|p=4}} Ciidamadii Makka iyo xulafadoodii waxay guuldarro ka soo gaartay Muslimiinta [[Battle of Badr|Dagaalkii Badar]] 624 ka dibna waxay dagaalameen dagaal aan la isla ogayn oo ka dhacay [[Battle of Uhud|Dagaalkii Uxud]]<ref>{{Citation |last=Peter Crawford |title=The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-oHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |page=83 |publisher=Pen & Sword Books Limited |isbn=9781473828650 |date=2013-07-16 |access-date=5 August 2022 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023957/https://books.google.com/books?id=d-oHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |url-status=live }}.</ref> ka hor intaanay ku guuldarraysan inay hareereeyaan Madiina [[Battle of the Trench|Dagaalkii Khandaq]] (Maarso–Abriil 627). Sannadkii 628, [[Treaty of al-Hudaybiya|Heshiiskii Xudeybiya]] ayaa la kala saxiixday Makka iyo Muslimiinta, laakiin waxaajabiyay Makka laba sano ka dib. Markii qabiilo badan ay islaameen, jidadkii ganacsiga ee Makka waxaa gooyay Muslimiinta.<ref>{{harvp|Peters|2003|pp=78–79, 194}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|pp=23–28}}</ref> Markaatay ahayd 629 Maxamed wuxuu ku guuleystay [[conquest of Mecca|furashadii Makka]] ee aan dhiiggu ku daadan, iyo waqtigii uu geeriyooday 632 (da'da 62) wuxuu midaysiiyay qabiilooyinkii Carabta]] hal qaran oo diimeed. === Islaamkii Hore (632–750) === {{Further|Succession to Muhammad|Early Muslim conquests}} {{See also|Ghadir Khumm|Saqifa|Canonization of Islamic scripture}} [[File:Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg|thumb|Expansion of the Caliphate{{legend|#a1584e|Muhammad, 622–632}}{{legend|#ef9070|Khulafo Al-Raashidiin, 632–661}}{{legend|#fad07d|Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750}}]] Nabi Maxamed wuxuu geeriyooday sanadkii 632 waxaana khulafadii ugu horreysay ee loo yaqaan Khulafo – Abu Bakr, Cumar, Cuthmaan, Cali iyo marmar Xasan bin Cali<ref>{{Cite book| last1 = Melchert| first1 = Christopher| date = 2020| contribution = The Rightly Guided Caliphs: The Range of Views Preserved in Ḥadīth| editor1-last = al-Sarhan| editor1-first = Saud| title = Political Quietism in Islam: Sunni and Shi'i Practice and Thought| location = London and New York| publisher = I.B. Tauris| isbn = 978-1-83860-765-4| pages = 70–71| contribution-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=96TDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA63| access-date = 17 February 2022| url-status = live}}</ref> – looga yaqaan Islaamka Sunniga ah ''al-khulafā' ar-rāshidūn'' ("Khulafadii Hagaysa").{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=40}} Qaar kamid ah qabiilooyinka ayaa Islaamka ka tagay oo ka inkiiray madax sheegtay in ay yihiin nebiyo cusub balse Abu Bakr wuxuu ku jebiyey dagaalladii Riddada.<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|p=57}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Hourani|2002|p=22}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=32}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Madelung|1996|p=43}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Ṭabāṭabāʼī|1979|pp=30–50}}</ref> Bulshooyinka maxalliga ah ee Yuhuudda iyo Nasaarada asaliga ah, ee loo haystay dad laga tirada badan yahay oo diinaysan loona culeysiyay canshuuraha, ayaa inta badan ka caawiyey Muslimiinta inay qabsadaan dhulkooda,{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=38}} taasoo keentay in khilaafaddu ay si degdeg ah ugu ballaarato boqortooyooyinkii Saasaniyiinta iyo Biisantiinta.<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|p=74}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=J. Kuiper |first=Matthew |title=Da'wa: A Global History of Islamic Missionary Thought and Practice |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2021 |isbn=9781351510721 |page=85}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lapidus |first=Ira M. |title=A History of Islamic Societies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-521-51430-9 |pages=60–61 |author-link=Ira M. Lapidus}}</ref> Cuthmaan waxaa la doortay 644 waxaana dilkiisii uu kiciyey in Cali loo doorto Khaliifkii xigay. Dagaalkii Sifeyn ee Koowaad, xaaskii Nebiga, Caashaa, waxay soo saartay ciidan ka soo horjeeda Cali, iyada oo isku dayaysa inay u aarto dhimashadii Cuthmaan, balse waa lagu jabiyey Dagaalkii Geela. Cali wuxuu isku dayay inuu xilka ka qaado guddoomiyihii Suuriya, Mucaawiya, kaas oo loo arkayay musuqmaasuq. Mucaawiya ayaa markaas dagaal ku dhawaaqay Cali waana lagu jabiyey Dagaalkii Sifeyn. Go'aanka Cali ee ahaa inuu dhex-dhexaadin sameeyo ayaa ka caraysiiyey Khawaarijta, oo ahayd koox xagjir ah, kuwaas oo qabay in aan la dagaallamin qof dembiile ah awgeed, Cali uu isna noqday dembiile. Khawaarijtu way caasiyoobeen waxaana lagu jebiyey Dagaalkii Nahrawan balse nin Khawaariji ah ayaa gadaal ka dilay Cali. Wiilkiii Cali, Xasan bin Cali, ayaa loo doortay Khaliif wuxuuna saxiixay heshiis nabadeed si looga fogaado dagaal kale, isaga oo xilka uga degay Mucaawiya si uusan Mucaawiya u soo magacaabin qof beddela.{{sfnp|Holt|Lewis|1977|pp=67–72}} [[File:Almuñécar, statue of Abd al-Rahman I.jpg|thumb|Taallo ay leedahay Cabduraxmaan I oo ku taal Almuñécar, Isbayn. Islaamku wuxuu gaaray Galbeedka Yurub 711 AD, markii Ṭariiq bin Siyaad uu galay Jasiiradda Iberia. Sanadkii 756, Cabduraxmaan wuxuu aasaasay Imaaradda Cordoba, isagoo ka aasaasay dowlad Islaami ah oo madaxbannaan al-Andalus.]] Mucaawiya wuxuu bilaabay Saldanaddii Umawiyiinta isagoo u magacaabay wiilkiisii Yaziid inay isku xigaan, taasoo dhalisay Dagaalkii Sifeyn ee Labaad. Intii uu socday Dagaalkii Karbala, Xuseen bin Cali, wiilka labaad ee Cali iyo awowgii nebiga, waxaa si arxan darro ah u dilay ciidamadii Yaziid; dhacdadii waxaa sannad walba xusaa Muslimiinta Shiicada ah ilaa maanta. Sunniga, oo uu hoggaaminayo Ibn al-Zubayr oo kasoo horjeeda khilaafad dhaxal ah, ayaa lagaga adkaaday Go'doomintii Makka. Khilaafyadan hoggaanka ayaa keenay inuu dhasho khilaafka Sunni-Shiicada,{{sfnp|Waines|2003|p=46}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harney |first=John |date=3 January 2016 |title=How Do Sunni and Shia Islam Differ? |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/04/world/middleeast/q-and-a-how-do-sunni-and-shia-islam-differ.html |access-date=4 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyadoo Shiicadu ay aaminsan tahay in hoggaanku uu leeyahay qoyskii Nebiga (Ahl al-bayt).{{sfnp|Waines|2003|p=46}} Hoggaankii Abu Bakr wuxuu kormeeray bilowgii ururinta Qur'aanka. Khaliifkii Cumar bin Cabdicasiis wuxuu dhisay guddigii, Todobadii Fuqaha ee Madiina,{{sfnp|Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar Ibn Kathīr|2012|p=505}}<ref>''Umar Ibn Abdul Aziz'' By Imam Abu Muhammad Abdullah ibn Abdul Hakam died 214 AH 829 C.E. Publisher Zam Zam Publishers Karachi, pp. 54–59</ref> waxaana Malik bin Anas uu qoray mid ka mid ah buugagii ugu horreeyay ee ku saabsan fiiqhiga Islaamka, ''Muwatta'', oo ahayd is-afgarad ku saabsan aragtida culimadaas.{{sfnp|Coulson|1964|p=103}}<ref>{{Cite book |editor-last1=Houtsma |editor-first1=M.T. |editor-last2=Wensinck |editor-first2=A.J. |editor-last3=Lévi-Provençal |editor-first3=E. |editor-last4=Gibb |editor-first4=H.A.R. |editor-last5=Heffening |editor-first5=W. |series=Volume V: L—Moriscos |title=E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936 |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=1993 |edition=reprint |isbn=978-90-04-09791-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Va6oSxzojzoC |pages=207– |access-date=19 September 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor=Moshe Sharon |title=Studies in Islamic History and Civilization: In Honour of Professor David Ayalon |year=1986 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789652640147 |page=264 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0_wUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA264 |access-date=20 June 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Khawaarijtu waxay aaminsanaayeen in uusan jirin dhexdhexaad la tanaasuli karo oo u dhexeeya wanaagga iyo xumaanta, iyo in muslim kasta oo gala dembi weyn uu noqonayo gaal. Erayga "Khawaarij" waxaa sidoo kale loo adeegsaday in lagu tilmaamo ISIS.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mamouri|first=Ali|date=8 January 2015|title=Who are the Kharijites and what do they have to do with IS?|work=Al-monitor|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2015/01/islamic-state-kjarijites-continuation.html|access-date=6 March 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Murji'ah waxay barayeen in dadka toosan lagu xukumi karo Eebbe kaligii. Sidaa darteed, dembiilayaasha waxaa loo arki karaa inay marin habaabeen, laakiin aan lagu tilmaamin gaalo.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|p=43}} Dabeecaddan ayaa timid inay ku guulaysato caqiidada Islaamka ee ugu weyn.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}}[[File:BalianofIbelin1490.jpg|thumb|Saliibiyiinta oo ku wareejinaya Qudus Muslimiinta sanadkii 1187 AD.]] Saldanaddii Umawiyiintu waxay qabsatay Maqrib, Jasiiradda Iberia, Gallia Narbonensis iyo Sindh.<ref>{{cite book |first=Donald |last=Puchala |title=Theory and History in International Relations |page=137 |publisher=Routledge |year=2003}}</ref> Duullaamadii Islaamka ee hore waxaa lagu tilmaamay imperialism Islaami ah.<ref name="n050">{{cite journal | last=Wright | first=Craig S | title=Arab Colonialism and the Roots of the Golden Age of Islam | journal=SSRN Electronic Journal | date=2022 | issn=1556-5068 | doi=10.2139/ssrn.4020040 | url=https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4020040 | access-date=2026-04-24 | page=}}</ref> Umawiyiintu waxay la halgamayeen l'aynaansho sharci ah waxayna ku tiirsanaayeen ciidan aad loo taageero.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=45}} Maaddaama canshuurta Jizya ay ahayd canshuur ay bixiyaan kuwa aan muslimka ahayn oo ka reebayay adeegga ciidanka, Umawiyiintu waxay diideen inay aqoonsadaan islaam-gelitaanka kuwa aan Carabta ahayn, maadaama ay yaraynaysay dakhliga.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}} Iyadoo Khilaafadii Raashidiintu ay adkaysay adduunyo la'aanta, iyadoo Cumar uu xitaa dalbanayo in la tiriyo hantida sarkaal kasta,<ref>{{cite book |first1=Ahmad Ibn Jabir|last1=Al-Biladhuri |first2=Philip|last2=Hitti|title=Kitab Futuhu'l-Buldan|page=219 |publisher=AMS Press |year=1969}}</ref> raaxada Umawiyiinta ayaa dhalisay qancin la'aan dadka diinta ku adag.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}} Khawaarijtu waxay hoggaamiyeen Kacdoonkii Berber, taasoo horseeday dowladaha ugu horreeya ee Islaamka oo ka madax bannaan Khilaafada. Kacdoonkii Cabbasiyiinta, kuwa aan Carabta ahayn ee soo islaamay (Mawla), qabiilooyinkii Carabta ee ay Umawiyiintu meesha ka saareen, iyo qaar ka mid ah Shiicada ayaa midoobay oo riday Umawiyiinta, iyaga oo bilaabay Cabbasiyiinta oo caalami ah sanadkii 750.{{sfnp|Lewis|1993|pp=71–83}} === Axdigii Dahabiga Ahaa ee Islaamka (786–1258) === {{Further|Hadith studies|Islamic philosophy}} {{See also|Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe|Turco-Persian tradition}} [[File:Al-Risalah_al-Dhahabiah.JPG|thumb|Bog ka mid ah Al-Risala al-Dhahabiyya ee Imam Ali al-Rida (809 AD), oo ah tii ugu qiimaha badnayd ee shaqooyinka Islaamka ee Sayniska Caafimaadka. Waxaa ku jira qaybo saynis sida Anatomiya, Histoloji, Fisioloji, Kimistari iyo Patoloji intii sayniska caafimaadku uu wali ahaa mid bilow ah.]] Al-Shafi'i wuxuu dejiyay hab lagu xaqiijiyo isku-halaynta xadiiska.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|p=86}} Waagii hore ee Ablaasiyiinta, aqoonyahanno sida Muhammad al-Bukhari iyo Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj waxay soo ururiyeen guryaha waaweyn ee xadiiska Ahlusunna, halka aqoonyahanno sida Al-Kulayni iyo Ibn Babawayh ay soo ururiyeen guryaha waaweyn ee xadiiska Shiicada. Astaamaha afar-madhab ee Ahlusunna—Hanafi, Hanbali, Maliki, iyo Shafi'i—waxaa lagu tiiriyay dhulalka fundamentiinta ee Abū Ḥanīfa, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Malik ibn Anas iyo al-Shafi'i. Taa beddelkeeda, dhulalka fundamentiinta ee Ja'far al-Sadiq waxay dhiseen Fiqhiga Ja'fari. Qarnigii 9aad, Al-Tabari wuxuu dhameystiray qafiskii ugu horreeyay ee Tafsiirka Quraanka, Tafsir al-Tabari, oo noqday mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu xigashada badan Ahlusunna Islaamka. Doobab ka mid ah Muslinka waxay ka fekereen ka-sallamaaynta nolosha duniyeed waxayna xoogga saareen saboolnimada, is-hoosaysiinta, iyo fogaanta dambiga ee ku basada diidmada rabitaanka jidhka. Zuhuudka sida Hasan al-Basri waxay dhiirrigeliyeen dhaqdhaqaaq dib u zhugnaaday tasawwuf ama Sufi.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|pp=90, 91}} Waqtigan, dhibaatooyinka fiqiga, gaar ahaan doorashada xorta ah, waxay ahaayeen kuwo si adag loo maareeyay, iyadoo Hasan al-Basri uu qabay in kasta oo Eebbe uu og yahay waxa dadku sameynayaan, wanaagga iyo xintu ay ka yimaadaan isticmaalka qaldan ee doorashada xorta ah iyo Ibliiska.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|pp=38-39}}{{efn|"Hasan al-Basri waxaa inta badan loo tixgeliyaa mid ka mid ah dadkii ugu horreeyay ee diaday asalka malaa'igta ee ibliiska, isagoo ku doodaya in dhicitaankiisu yahay natiijada doorashadiisa xorta ah, oo ma ahan go'aanka Eebbe. Hasan al-Basri wuxuu sidoo kale ku dooday in malaa'igtu aysan awoodin dambiga ama khaladaadka oo ay ka sharaf badan yihiin aadanaha iyo xata cabsida nabiyada. Shiicada iyo Sunnida hore waxay ka soo horjeedeen ra'yigiisa.<ref>Omar Hamdan ''Studien zur Kanonisierung des Korantextes: al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrīs Beiträge zur Geschichte des Korans'' Otto Harrassowitz Verlag 2006 {{ISBN|978-3447053495}} pp. 291–292 (German)</ref>}} Falsafada Caqliga Giriiga waxay dhiirrigelisay dugsi feker oo loo yaqaan Mu'tazila, oo si ka muuqata u dooday fikradda doorashada xorta ah ee uu bilaabay Wasil ibn Ata.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|p=50}} Khaliif al-Mamun wuxuu ka dhigay caqiido rasmi ah wuxuuna si aan guul lahayn ugu doortay inuu ku qasbo booskan dadka intiisa badan.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=88}} Khaliif Al-Mu'tasim wuxuu sameeyay Mihna, iyadoo Ahmad ibn Hanbal oo ilaalinaayay dhaqanka uu si muuqata u diaday inuu waafaqo fikradda Mu'tazila ee ah in Quraanku yahay ku dhacay halkii uu ka ahaan lahaa mid weligeed ah, taas oo ka dhigtay in la jilciyo oo lagu hayo qol madow muddo ku dhow soddon bilood.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doi |first=Abdur Rahman |title=Shariah: The Islamic Law |location=London |publisher=Ta-Ha Publishers |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-907461-38-8 |page=110}}</ref> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dugsiyada kale ee Kalam—Māturīdism oo uu aasaasay Abu Mansur al-Maturidi iyo Ash'ari oo uu aasaasay Al-Ash'ari—waxay ahaayeen kuwo si ballaaran loo qaatay. Falsafadyahannada sida Al-Farabi, Avicenna iyo Averroes waxay isku deyeyeen inay waafajiyaan fikradaha Aristotle iyo fundamentiinta Islaamka, iyagoo u dhow Iskolastikada Kiristanka ee Yuubka iyo shaqada Maimonides ee Yuhuudda, halka kuwo kale sida Al-Ghazali ay ka soo horjeedeen habkan oo ugu dambeyntii guuleysteen.<ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=160}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Waines|2003|pp=126–127}}</ref> [[File:Al-Idrisi's_world_map.JPG|thumb|Tabula Rogeriana (1154 AD) ee al-Idrisi, oo ah mid ka mid ah khariidadaha dunida ee ugu horumarsanaa qarniyadii dhexe, oo la sameeyay Axdigii Dahabiga Ahaa ee Islaamka.]] Axdigan inta badan waxaa loo yaqaan Axdigii Dahabiga Ahaa ee Islaamka.<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|pp=80, 92, 105}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|pp=661–663}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=56}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lewis|1993|p=84}}</ref><ref name="harvp|Gardet|Jomier|2012">{{harvp|Gardet|Jomier|2012}}</ref> Guulaha sayniska Islaamku waxay samaysteen qaybo badan oo maadooyin ah sida caafimaadka, xisaabta, astronomiga, iyo beeraha iyo sidoo kale fisigiska, dhaqaalaha, injineernimada iyo optigga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=King |first=David A. |year=1983 |title=The Astronomy of the Mamluks |journal=Isis |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=531–55 |doi=10.1086/353360 |s2cid=144315162 | issn=0021-1753}}</ref><ref name="Hassan-1996">{{cite book |last=Hassan |first=Ahmad Y. |author-link=Ahmad Y. al-Hassan |title=Islam and the Challenge of Modernity |chapter=Factors Behind the Decline of Islamic Science After the Sixteenth Century |editor-last=Al-Attas |editor-first=S. S. |editor-link=Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas |location=Kuala Lumpur |publisher=International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization |year=1996 |pages=351–399 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ854295.pdf|title=Contributions of Islamic scholars to the scientific enterprise|access-date=13 December 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The greatest scientific advances from the Muslim world|website=TheGuardian.com|date=February 2010|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/feb/01/islamic-science|access-date=13 December 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Avicenna wuxuu ahaa horyaal ku saabsan caafimaadka tijaabada ah,<ref>Jacquart, Danielle (2008). "Islamic Pharmacology in the Middle Ages: Theories and Substances". European Review (Cambridge University Press) 16: 219–227.</ref><ref>David W. Tschanz, MSPH, PhD (August 2003). "Arab Roots of European Medicine", Heart Views 4 (2).</ref> oo The Canon of Medicine waxaa loo isticmaalay qoraal caafimaad oo heer sare ah ee dunida Islaamka iyo Yurub qarniyo. Rhazes wuxuu ahaa kii ugu horreeyay ee aqoonsaday cudurrada furfuraa iyo jadeecada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/alrazi.aspx|title=Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi (Rhazes) (c. 865-925)|publisher=sciencemuseum.org.uk|access-date=31 May 2015|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 Bisha Shanaad 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506072259/http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/alrazi.aspx}}</ref> Cisbitaallada dadweynaha ee waqtigaas waxay bixiyeen shahaadooyinka ugu horreeya ee caafimaadka si loogu ogolaado dhakhaatiirta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alatas |first=Syed Farid |year=2006 |title=From Jami'ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue |url=https://zenodo.org/record/29439 |journal=Current Sociology |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=112–132 |doi=10.1177/0011392106058837 |s2cid=144509355 |access-date=12 September 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Imamuddin |first=S.M. |title=Muslim Spain 711–1492 AD |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=1981 |isbn=978-90-04-06131-6 |page=169}}</ref> Ibn al-Haytham waxaa loo tixgeliyaa aabaha habka sayniska ee casriga ah iyadoo inta badan loo sheego "saynisyahankii ugu horreeyay ee runta ah ee dunida", gaar ahaan shaqadiisa optigga.<ref>{{cite journal |author-link=Gerald J. Toomer|first=G. J. |last=Toomer |jstor=228328 |title=Review Work: Matthias Schramm (1963) ''Ibn Al-Haythams Weg zur Physik'' |journal=Isis |volume=55 |issue=4 |date=Dec 1964 |page=464 |quote=Schramm sums up [Ibn Al-Haytham's] achievement in the development of scientific method.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Al-Khalili |first=Jim |date=4 January 2009 |title=The 'first true scientist' |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7810846.stm |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gorini |first=Rosanna |date=October 2003 |title=Al-Haytham the man of experience. First steps in the science of vision |journal=Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=53–55 |url=http://www.ishim.net/ishimj/4/10.pdf |access-date=25 September 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> Injineernimada, walaalaha Banū Mūsā aaladdooda turumbada tooska ah waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay ahaan lahayd mashinkii ugu horreeyay ee la barnamijayn karo.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Koetsier |first1=Teun |title=On the prehistory of programmable machines: musical automata, looms, calculators |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_mechanism-and-machine-theory_2001-05_36_5/page/589 |journal=Mechanism and Machine Theory |date=May 2001 |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=589–603 |doi=10.1016/S0094-114X(01)00005-2 }}</ref> Xisaabta Islaamka, fikradda algorithm waxaa lagu magacaabay Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, oo loo tixgeliyo aasaasaha aljabra, oo lagu magacaabay buugiisa al-jabr, halka kuwo kale ay soo saareen fikradda shaqada (function).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Katz |first1=Victor J. |author1-link=Victor J. Katz |last2=Barton |first2=Bill |title=Stages in the History of Algebra with Implications for Teaching |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_educational-studies-in-mathematics_2007-10_66_2/page/185 |journal=Educational Studies in Mathematics |date=18 September 2007 |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=185–201 |doi=10.1007/s10649-006-9023-7 |s2cid=120363574 }}</ref> Dowladda waxay siin jirtay saynisyahannada mushahar u dhigma mushaharka ciyaartoyda xirfadleyda ah ee maanta.<ref>{{harvp|Ahmed|2006|pp=23, 42, 84}}</ref> Guinness World Records wuxuu u aqoonsan yahay Jaamacadda Al Karaouine, oo la aasaasay 859, inay tahay jaamacadda ugu qadiimsan ee bixisa shahaadooyinka dunida.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Young |first=Mark |url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessbookofwo1998newy |title=The Guinness Book of Records |year=1998 |page=242 |publisher=Bantam |isbn=978-0-553-57895-9}}</ref> Dad badan oo aan Muslin ahayn, sida Kiristanka, Yuhuudda iyo Saabi'iinta,<ref name="Brague 2009">{{cite book|title=The Legend of the Middle Ages: Philosophical Explorations of Medieval Christianity, Judaism, and Islam|first=Rémi |last=Brague|year= 2009| isbn=9780226070803| page =164|publisher=University of Chicago Press|quote=Neither were there any Muslims among the Ninth-Century translators. Almost all of them were Christians of various Eastern denominations: Jacobites, Melchites, and, above all, Nestorians... A few others were Sabians.}}</ref> waxay guntadeen ilbaxnimada Islaamka qaybo meelaha ah,<ref name="Hill-1993">{{cite book |last=Hill |first=Donald |author-link=Donald Routledge Hill |title=Islamic Science and Engineering |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=1993 |page=4 |isbn=0-7486-0455-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Brague-Assyrians">{{cite web |last=Brague |first=Rémi |author-link=Rémi Brague |title=Assyrians contributions to the Islamic civilization |url=http://www.christiansofiraq.com/assyriancontributionstotheislamiccivilization.htm |website=Christians of Iraq |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> iyo machadka loo yaqaan Bayt al-Hikma wuxuu u shaqaaleysiiyay aqoonyahanno Kiristan iyo Faarisi ah si ay ugu turjumaan shaqooyinka luqadda Carabiga iyo si ay u soosaaraan aqoon cusub.<ref name="Meri-Bacharach-2006">{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Meri |editor-first1=Josef W. |editor-link1=Josef W. Meri |editor-last2=Bacharach |editor-first2=Jere L. |editor-link2=Jere L. Bacharach |title=Hadith |encyclopedia=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia |volume=1 |location=New York |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2006 |page=304 |isbn=978-0415966917 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MypbfKdMePIC&pg=PA304 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Saliba-1994">{{cite book |last=Saliba |first=George |author-link=George Saliba |title=A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam |location=New York |publisher=New York University Press |year=1994 |pages=245, 250, 256–57 |isbn=0-8147-8023-7 |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Cheshm manuscript.jpg|thumb|Anatomiya ee isha oo uu samaystay Hunayn ibn Ishaq, oo mas'uul ka ahaa turjumida Bayt al-Hikma waagii Boqortooyada Ablaasiyiinta, 1200 AD.]]Askartu waxay ka go'een boqortooyadii Ablaasiyiinta waxayna dhiseen khilaafadooda propriyada ah, sida Tulunids oo 868 ku tirsanaa Masar<ref>{{cite book|last=Holt|first=Peter Malcolm|author-link=Peter Holt (historian)|title=The Crusader States and Their Neighbours, 1098–1291|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0qLHVGgH7AC&pg=PA8|year=2004|publisher=Pearson Longman|isbn=978-0-582-36931-3|page=6|access-date=2 February 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> iyo boqortooyada Ghaznavid oo 977 ku tirsanaa Aasiyada Dhexe.<ref>{{cite book |title=Islamic Central Asia: an anthology of historical sources |editor-first1=Scott Cameron |editor-last1=Levi |editor-first2=Ron |editor-last2=Sela |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2010 |page=83}}</ref> Qaybsanaantan waxay keentay Qarnigii Shiicada, oo u dhaxeeyay 945 iyo 1055, oo la arkay kor u kaca dhaqdhaqaaqa Isma'ili Shiicada. Koox Isma'ili ah, boqortooyada Fatimid, waxay gacanta ku dhigeen Waqooyiga Afrika qarnigii 10aad<ref>Neue Fischer Weltgeschichte "Islamisierung in Zentralasien bis zur Mongolenzeit" Band 10: Zentralasien, 2012, p. 191 (German)</ref> iyo koox kale oo Isma'ili ah, Qarmatians, waxay boobeen Makka waxayna xadeen Hajar al-Aswad, oo ah dhagaxa ku dhex jira Kacbada, dib-u-jabayntooda aan guulaysan.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Glubb |first=John Bagot |title=Mecca (Saudi Arabia) |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mecca#ref887188 |access-date=18 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live }}</ref> Koox kale oo Isma'ili ah, boqortooyada Buyid, waxay qabsadeen Baqdaad waxayna ka dhigeen Ablaasiyiinta boqortooyo magac ah oo kaliya. Boqortooyada Seljuk ee Ahlusunna waxay u dhaqaaqday inay mar kale adkayso Islaamka Ahlusunna iyagoo faafinayay ra'yiyada aqoonyahanada waqtigaas, gaar ahaan dhisidda machadyada waxbarashada ee loo yaqaan Nizamiyyas, oo la xiriira al-Ghazali iyo Saadi Shirazi.<ref>Andreas Graeser ''Zenon von Kition: Positionen u. Probleme'' Walter de Gruyter 1975 {{ISBN|978-3-11-004673-1}} p. 260</ref> Faaftada dunida Muslinka waxay sii socotay iyadoo ergooyinka diinta ay u badaleen Volga Bulgaria Islaamka. Sultanada Delhi waxay gaadhay gudaha qaarad-hoosaadka Hindiya oo kuwo badan ayaa u badalay Islaamka,{{sfnp|Arnold|1896|pp=227–228}} gaar ahaan Hinduga heerka hoose ee faracoodu ka kooban yahay inta badan Muslinka Hindiya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-36220329|title=Why are many Indian Muslims seen as untouchable?|publisher=BBCnews|date=10 May 2016|access-date=6 October 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Ganacsigu wuxuu keenay Muslin badan oo Shiinaha ah, halkaas oo ay si buuxda u xukumi jireen warshadaha soo dejinta iyo ka deerinta ee boqortooyada Song.<ref>{{cite web |title=Islam in China |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/china_1.shtml |access-date=10 August 2011 |publisher=BBC |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslinka waxaa loo qortay maamulayaal la doortay oo heer sare ah boqortooyada Yuan.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lipman|first=Jonathan Newman|title=Familiar Strangers, a history of Muslims in Northwest China|location=Seattle, WA|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-295-97644-0|page=33}}</ref> === Casrigii Ka-horreeyay Casriga Cusub (1258 – Qarnigii 18aad) === {{Further|Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam}} [[File:GhazanConversionToIslam.JPG|thumb|Muuqaal qarnigii 14aad ee Ghazan, oo ahaa boqorkii 7aad ee Ilkhanate ee Boqortooyada Mongol, oo Islaamay.]] Pobalka ganacsiga Muslinka iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa tariiqooyinka Sufida dhiigooda,{{sfnp|Arnold|1896|pp=125–258}} Islaamku wuxuu ku faafay dhulal cusub<ref>{{cite web |title=The Spread of Islam |url=http://www.yale.edu/yup/pdf/cim6.pdf |access-date=2 November 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslinkuna waxay la dhex-galeen dhaqammo cusub. Hoos kaga jirtay Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta, Islaamku wuxuu ku faafay Koonfur-bari Yuuroop.<ref>{{cite web |date=6 May 2008 |title=Ottoman Empire |publisher=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1801?_hi=41&_pos=3 |access-date=26 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 Bisha Shanaad 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525072847/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1801?_hi=41&_pos=3 }}</ref> Islaamidda inta badan waxay lahayd heer sinkretisam ah,<ref>{{Cite book |title=Islamic and European Expansion |publisher=Temple University Press |year=1993 |editor-last=Adas |editor-first=Michael |location=Philadelphia |page=25}}</ref> sida uu muujinayo muuqaalka Muhammad ee suugaanta dadweynaha ee Hinduga.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Metcalf |first=Barbara |title=Islam in South Asia in Practice |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2009 |page=104}}</ref> Turkida Muslinka ah waxay ku dareen walxaha caqiidada Shamanisamka Turkida Islaamka.{{efn|"Sannadaha dhow, fikradda sinkretisamka waa la dhuftay. Maaddaama ay maqan tahay awood lagu go'aamiyo ama lagu tixgeliyo caqiidada Ortodokska ee ku saabsan Islaamka, aqoonyahannada qaarkood waxay ku doodayaan inaysan jirin caqiidooyinka la qresheeyay, oo kaliya ee la amray habka, Islaamka ka hor qarnigii 16aad.{{sfnp|Peacock|2019|p=20–22}}}}{{sfnp|Çakmak|2017|pp=1425–1429}} Muslinka ku jira Boqortooyada Ming ee Shiinaha oo ka soo jeeda soo-galootigii hore waa la la-dhex-galay, mararka qaar shuruuc ku dhiirrigelisa dhex-galka,<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Farmer|editor1-first=Edward L.|title=Zhu Yuanzhang and Early Ming Legislation: The Reordering of Chinese Society Following the Era of Mongol Rule|date=1995|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004103910|page=82|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TCIjZ7l6TX8C&pg=PA82|access-date=19 February 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> iyagoo qaatay magacyada Shiinaha iyo dhaqanka halka Nanjing uu noqday xarun muhiim ah ee barashada Islaamka.<ref>Israeli, Raphael (2002). ''Islam in China''. p. 292. Lexington Books. {{ISBN|0-7391-0375-X}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dillon |first=Michael |year=1999 |title=China's Muslim Hui Community |publisher=Curzon |url=https://archive.org/details/chinasmuslimhuic00dill |isbn=978-0-7007-1026-3 |page=37 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Ndhex-galka dhaqanka wuxuu ahaay mid muuqda iyadoo la yaraysay saamaynta Carabta ka dib burburintii Mongol ee Khilafadii Ablaasiyiinta.<ref>{{harvp|Bulliet|2005|p=497}}</ref> Khanates-ka Mongol ee Muslinka ah ee ku jira Iiraan iyo Aasiyada Dhexe waxay ka faa'iideysteen kordhinta helitaanka dhaqammada ee Bariga Aasiya oo hoos jirtay xukunkii Mongol sidaas darteed waxay u horumareen oo ay u samaysteen si ka duwan saamaynta Carabta, sida Dib-u-dhalashadii Timurid oo hoos jirtay boqortooyada Timurid.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Subtelny |first=Maria Eva |date=November 1988 |title=Socioeconomic Bases of Cultural Patronage under the Later Timurids |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/socioeconomic-bases-of-cultural-patronage-under-the-later-timurids/2A0F3018EE155F23FC4A7F5F25D7DE6D |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=479–505 |doi=10.1017/S0020743800053861 |s2cid=162411014 |access-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201–1274) wuxuu soo bandhigay qaabka xisaabta oo ka dib loo dooday inuu qaatay Copernicus isagoo aan waxba ka badalin qaabkiisa heliocentric-ka,<ref>{{cite web|date=1999|title=Nasir al-Din al-Tusi|publisher=University of St Andrews|url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Tusi_Nasir/|access-date=27 August 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> iyo qiyaasta pi ee Jamshīd al-Kāshī ma aysan dhaafin 180 sano.<ref>{{cite web |date=1999 |title=Ghiyath al-Din Jamshid Mas'ud al-Kashi |publisher=University of St Andrews |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Kashi/ |access-date=29 December 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg|thumb|Mehmed II oo galaya Constantinople.]] Ka dib markii la soo bandhigay hubka baaruda, dawlado waaweyn oo dhawaan xabbada lahaa oo Muslin ah ayaa ku bashqaday boqortooyoyinka baaruda, kuwaas oo hore u kala qaybsanaay dhulal kala duwan. Khilafada waxaa sheegtay boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta ee Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta iyadoo sheegashadooda la adkeeyay 1517 markii Selim I uu noqday taliyaha Makka iyo Madiina.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Drews |first=Robert |url=https://my.vanderbilt.edu/robertdrews/publications/ |title=Coursebook: Judaism, Christianity and Islam, to the Beginnings of Modern Civilization |date=August 2011 |publisher=Vanderbilt University |chapter=Chapter Thirty – "The Ottoman Empire, Judaism, and Eastern Europe to 1648" |chapter-url=https://my.vanderbilt.edu/robertdrews/files/2014/01/Chapter-Thirty.-The-Ottoman-Empire-Judaism-and-Eastern-Europe-to-1648.pdf |access-date=21 April 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Boqortooyada Shiicada ee Safavid waxay ku korortay awoodda 1501 ka dibna waxay qabsatay dhammaan Iiraan.<ref>Peter B. Golden: An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples; In: Osman Karatay, Ankara 2002, p. 321</ref> Koonfurta Aasiya, Babur wuxuu aasaasay Boqortooyada Mughal.<ref>{{citation|last=Gilbert|first=Marc Jason|title=South Asia in World History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1dhKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA75|year=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-066137-3|pages=75|access-date=15 January 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> Diinta dawladaha ku dhex-jira ee boqortooyoyinka baaruda waxay saamaysay dhaqanka diimeed ee dadkooda ku dhex-jira. Wada-noolaanshaha u dhexeeya taliyayaasha Cusmaaniyiinta iyo Sufinimada wuxuu si adag u saameeyay xukunkii Islaamka ee Cusmaaniyiinta tan iyo bilowgii. Tariiqada Mevlevi iyo Bektashis waxay lahaayeen xiriir dhow oo ay la lahaayeen sultannada,<ref>Ga ́bor A ́goston, Bruce Alan Masters ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire'' Infobase Publishing 2010 {{ISBN|978-1-4381-1025-7}} p. 540</ref> maaddaama noocyada Sufi-suufiyada ah iyo kuwo kale oo sinkretik ah ee Islaamka ay u horumareen si muuqata.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Algar |first=Ayla Esen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fc69BhBDjhwC&q=ottomans+sufism |title=The Dervish Lodge: Architecture, Art, and Sufism in Ottoman Turkey |page=15 |date=1 January 1992 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-07060-8 |access-date=29 April 2020 |via=Google Books |url-status=live }}</ref> Badanaa qasabka dhex-galka Safavid ee Iiraan ee Islaamka Shiicada ee Labada-iyo-tobanlaha ee Boqortooyada Safavid wuxuu xaqiijiyay xukunkii dambe ee Labada-iyo-tobanlaha dhexdiisa Islaamka Shiicada. Soo-galootiga Faarisiga ah ee Koonfurta Aasiya, maaddaama ay ahaayeen maamulayaal saamayntooda leh iyo milkiilayaal dhul, waxay caawiyeen faafinta Islaamka Shiicada, iyagoo dhisay qaar ka mid ah dadka ugu waaweyn ee Shiicada ee ka baxsan Iiraan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/conversion-iii|title=CONVERSION To Imami Shiʿism in India|publisher=Iranica Online|language=English|access-date=6 October 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Nader Shah, oo riday Safavids, wuxuu isku deyey inuu wanaajiyo xiriirka Ahlusunna ee Cusmaaniyiinta iyadoo la faafinayo dhex-galka Islaamka Shiicada ee Labada-iyo-tobanlaha dhexdiisa Islaamka Ahlusunna sida madhabka shanaad, oo loo yaqaan Ja'farism,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Nadir Shah and the Ja 'fari Madhhab Reconsidered |first=Ernest |last=Tucker |journal=Iranian Studies |volume=27 |issue=1–4 |date=1994 |pages=163–179 |doi=10.1080/00210869408701825 |jstor=4310891}}</ref> oo ku dhiirran waayay inuu helo aqoonsi ka soo baxa Cusmaaniyiinta.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Nāder Shāh |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/nader-shah |date=29 March 2006 |first=Ernest |last=Tucker |access-date=9 March 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Casrigii Casriga Ahaa (Qarniyadii 18aad–20aad) === [[File:Portrait Caliph Abdulmecid II.jpg|thumb|Sawirka Khaliifkii ugu dambeeyay Abdülmecid II, ee Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta, 1923.]] Horey qarnigii 14aad, Ibn Taymiyya wuxuu dhiirrigeliyay qaab daahir ah oo Islaamka ah, isagoo diaday hababka falsafada si uu u doorbido fiqhiga fudud,<ref name="ReferenceA">Mary Hawkesworth, Maurice Kogan ''Encyclopedia of Government and Politics: 2-volume set'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-1-136-91332-7}} pp. 270–271</ref> wuxuuna ugu baaqay in loo furo albaabada ijtihadka halkii indho la'aan loogu dayan lahaa aqoonyahannada.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=150}} Wuxuu ugu baaqay jihad ka dhan ah kuwa uu u tixgeliyay gaalo,{{Refn|group=note|Richard Gauvain ''Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-0-7103-1356-0}} p. 6}} laakiin qoraalladiisu waxay lahaayeen oo kaliya doorkii ugu yaraa intii uu babacayay.{{Refn|group=note|Spevack, Aaron (2014). The Archetypal Sunni Scholar: Law, Theology, and Mysticism in the Synthesis of al-Bajuri. SUNY Press. pp. 129–130.}} Qarnigii 18aad ee Carabiya, Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, oo ay saameeyeen shaqooyinka Ibn Taymiyya iyo Ibn al-Qayyim, wuxuu aasaasay dhaqdhaqaaq loo yaqaan Wahhabism si loo laabto waxa uu u arkay Islaamka aan la badalin.<ref>Donald Quataert ''The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922'' Cambridge University Press 2005 {{ISBN|978-0-521-83910-5}} p. 50</ref> Wuxuu cambaareeyay caadooyinka badan ee maxalliga ah ee Islaamka, sida bisitaynta qabriga Muhammad ama Imamyada Shiicada, maaddaama ay yihiin bidco cusub iyo dambi<ref name="ReferenceE">Ga ́bor A ́goston, Bruce Alan Masters ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire'' Infobase Publishing 2010 {{ISBN|978-1-4381-1025-7}} p. 260</ref> wuxuuna burburiyay dhagaxyada iyo geedaha xurmada leh, goobaha Sufida, Qabuuraha al-Baqi, qabuuraha Muhammad iyo asxaabtiisa iyo Qabriga Imam Husayn, oo ah goob muhiim ah oo loo bisiteeyo Shiicada.{{Refn|group=note|Graves desecrated in Mizdah, Libya Herald, 2013}}{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=146}} Wuxuu dhisay isbahaysi uu la leeyahay qoyska Saud, oo marka la joogo 1920-yadii ay dhammaystireen qabsashadooda dhulka noqon doona Sacuudi Carabiya.<ref name="Musa-2022">{{Cite thesis |title=The Emergence of a Scholar from a Garrison Society: A contextual analysis of Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhāb's doctrine in the light of the Qur'ān and Hadīth |url=https://repository.uwtsd.ac.uk/id/eprint/2096/ |publisher=University of Wales Trinity Saint David |date=2022-08-23 |degree=masters |language=en |first=Shahajada Md |last=Musa |access-date=19 December 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Nicolas Laos ''The Metaphysics of World Order: A Synthesis of Philosophy, Theology, and Politics'' Wipf and Stock Publishers 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-4982-0102-5}} p. 177</ref> Ma Wanfu iyo Ma Debao waxay dhiirrigeliyeen dhaqdhaqaaqa salafida qarnigii 19aad sida Sailaifengye ee Shiinaha ka dib markii ay ka soo laabteen Makka laakiin ugu dambeyntii waxaa dhibay oo lagu qasbay inay dhuuntaan kooxaha Sufida.<ref>{{cite book|first=Barry M.|last=Rubin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wEih57-GWQQC&pg=PA79|page=79|title=Guide to Islamist Movements|year=2000|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=0-7656-1747-1|access-date=28 June 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> Kooxaha kale waxay isku deyeyeen inay dib u habayn ku samayso Sufinimada halkii ay ka diadi lahaayeen, iyagoo Senusiyya iyo Muhammad Ahmad ay labadooduba dagaallameen oo ay dhiseen dawlado ku kala yaalla Liibiya iyo Sudaan.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=147}} Hindiya, Shah Waliullah Dehlawi wuxuu isku deyey qaab dib u heshiisiin ah oo ka dhan ah Sufinimada wuxuuna saameeyay dhaqdhaqaaqa Deobandi.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=149}} Jawaab ka dhan ah dhaqdhaqaaqa Deobandi, dhaqdhaqaaqa Barelwi waxaa loo aasaasay sida dhaqdhaqaaq dadweyne, iyadoo la difaacaayay Sufinimada caanka ah oo la dib u habaynayay dhaqankeeda.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robert L. Canfield |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3JhKNSk8tQC&pg=PAPA131 |title=Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52291-5 |pages=131– |access-date=1 December 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sanyal |first=Usha |date=23 July 1998 |title=Generational Changes in the Leadership of the Ahl-e Sunnat Movement in North India during the twentieth Century |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/generational-changes-in-the-leadership-of-the-ahle-sunnat-movement-in-north-india-during-the-twentieth-century/8AAAC4CFEFC4F4084731C3964A5CAE84 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=635–656 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X98003059 |via=Cambridge Core |access-date=23 February 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[File:Interior of Al Aqsa Mosque Jerusalem. 1900-1910 (id.22715311).jpg|thumb|Sannadkii 1969 Dabka Masjidka Al-Aqsa, oo sidoo cuali burburiyay Minbarkii Saladin, wuxuu keenay ver-xaasidnimo taabtay dunida Muslinka wuxuuna ahaa kicin muhiim ah oo loo aasaasay Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka.]] Dunida Muslinka waxay guud ahaan ku jirtay hoos u dhac siyaasadeed markii ay bilaabatay 1800-yadii, gaar ahaan marka la barbardhigo awoodaha Yuuroop ee aan Muslinka ahayn. Horey, qarnigii 15aad, Reconquista waxay ku guuleysatay inay dhameeyo joogitaanka Muslinka ee Iberia. Marka la joogo qarnigii 19aad, British East India Company waxay si rasmi ah u qabsatay boqortooyada Mughal ee Hindiya.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|pp=358, 378–380, 624}} Sida jawaab ka dhan ah Imperialisamka Reer Galbeedka, aqoonyahanno badan waxay isku deyeyeen inay dib u habayn ku samayso Islaamka.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Buzpinar |first=Ş. Tufan |date=March 2007 |title=Celal Nuri's Concepts of Westernization and Religion |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_middle-eastern-studies_2007-03_43_2/page/247 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=247–258 |doi=10.1080/00263200601114091 |jstor=4284539|s2cid=144461915 }}</ref> Casriyeynta Islaamka, oo markii hore loo bixiyay aqoonyahannada Reer Galbeedka sida Salafiyya, waxay soo dhoweysay qiimayaasha casriga ah iyo machadyada sida demokaraasiyada iyadoo la raacaayo qoraallada diinta. Hogaamiyayaasha muhiimka ah ee dhaqdhaqaaqa waxaa ka mid ah Muhammad 'Abduh iyo Jamal al-Din al-Afghani.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lauziere|first=Henri|title=The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-231-17550-0|location=New York, Chichester, West Sussex|pages=231–232}}</ref> Abul A'la Maududi wuxuu caawiyay saamaynta Islaamka siyaasadeed ee casriga ah.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 January 2014 |title=Political Islam: A movement in motion |work=Economist Magazine |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/erasmus/2014/01/political-islam |access-date=1 January 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Wilfred Cantwell |title=Islam in Modern History |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1957 |isbn=0-691-03030-8 |page=233 |author-link=Wilfred Cantwell Smith}}</ref> Sida ku dhow qaanuunka casriga ah, shariicada markii ugu horreysay ayaa qayb ahaan loo qoray shaqo ahaan sannadkii 1869 ku dhex-jirtay koodka Mecelle ee Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta. Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta waxay dissilftay ka dib Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Dunida, Khilafadii Cusmaaniyiinta waa la joojiyay 1924<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 June – 5 July 2000 |title=New Turkey |work=Al-Ahram Weekly |issue=488 |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2000/488/chrncls.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=16 May 2010 |archive-date=4 Bisha Tobnaad 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101004145229/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2000/488/chrncls.htm }}</ref> iyo Khilafadii Sharifian ee ka dib waxay u dhacday si doob ah,<ref>{{Cite web |last1=الوطن |first1=جريدة |last2=webmaster |date=2020-05-05 |title="مملكة الحجاز".. وقــصـــة الـغــزو المـســلّـــح |url=https://www.al-watan.com/article/230610/NEWS/%C2%AB%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%C2%BB-%D9%88%D9%82%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B5%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%80%D8%BA%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B2%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%80%D8%B3%D9%80%D9%80%D9%84%D9%91%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%AD |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=جريدة الوطن |language=ar |url-status=dead |archive-date=2023-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516230552/https://www.al-watan.com/article/230610/NEWS/%C2%AB%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%C2%BB-%D9%88%D9%82%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B5%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%80%D8%BA%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B2%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%80%D8%B3%D9%80%D9%80%D9%84%D9%91%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%AD }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bani Issa |first=Mohammad Saleh |date=2023-11-01 |title=Factors of stability and sustainable development in Jordan in its first centenary 1921–2021 (an analytical descriptive study) |journal=Heliyon |volume=9 |issue=11 |article-number=e20993 |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20993 |issn=2405-8440 |doi-access=free|pmid=37928029 |pmc=10623165 |bibcode=2023Heliy...920993B }}</ref> sidaas darteed iyadoo ka tagaysa Islaamka oo aan lahayn Khaliif.<ref name="والخلفاء-2023">{{Cite book |last=والخلفاء |first=قصص الخلافة الإسلامية |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r-5EAAAQBAJ |title=قصص الخلافة الإسلامية والخلفاء |date=2023-03-31 |publisher=Austin Macauley Publishers |isbn=978-1-3984-9251-6 |language=en |access-date=26 December 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref> Taageerayaasha Mideynta Islaamka waxay isku deyeyeen inay mideeyaan Muslinka waxayna tartan la galeen awoodaha qarannimada ee korayay, sida Pan-Arabisamka.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doran |first=Michael |title=Pan-Arabism before Nasser: Egyptian power politics and the Palestine question |date=1999 |publisher=Oxford university press |isbn=978-0-19-512361-6 |series=Studies in Middle Eastern history |location=New York Oxford}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Landau |first=Yaʿaqov M. |title=The politics of Pan-Islam: ideology and organization |date=1994 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-827709-5 |edition=[Rev. and updated] paperback (with additions and corr.) |location=Oxford}}</ref> Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka (OIC), oo ka kooban waddamada Muslinka ah, waxaa la aasaasay 1969 ka dib gubiddii Masjidka Al-Aqsa ee Qudus.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 December 2010 |title=Organization of the Islamic Conference |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/country_profiles/1555062.stm |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Xiriirka la la leeyahay waddamada warshadaha leh wuxuu keenay dadka Muslinka ah dhulal cusub iyada oo loo marayo u-guuritaanka dhaqaalaha. Muslin badan ayaa u guuray sida shaqaale heshiis ku jooga (u badan oo ka yimid Hindiya iyo Indoneesiya) Karibiyaanka, iyagoo dhisay dadka ugu waaweyn ee Muslinka ah inta la joogo boqolkiiba ee Ameerika.<ref>{{sfnp|Haddad|Smith|2002|p=271}}</ref> U-guuritaanka ka yimid Siiriya iyo Lubnaan wuxuu ku soo kordhiyay dadka Muslinka ah ee Laatiin Ameerika.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zabel|first=Darcy|title=Arabs in the Americas: Interdisciplinary Essays on the Arab Diaspora|publisher=Peter Lang|year=2006|isbn=9780820481111|location=Austria|page=5}}</ref> Natiijadii magaalooyinka iyo kordhinta ganacsiga ee Afrika ka hooseysa Saxara waxay keentay Muslinka inay degaan dhulal cusub oo ay faafiyaan diintooda, iyadoo lagu qiyaasay inay laba-laabatay dadkeeda Muslinka ah u dhaxeysa 1869 iyo 1914.<ref>{{harvp|Bulliet|2005|p=722}}</ref> === Casrigii ee Horumarsanaa (Qarnigii 20aad–Ilaa Hada) === [[File:13. Session of the Islamic Summit Conference.jpg|thumb|Hoggaamiyeyaasha dalalka Islaamka intii uu socday kalfadhigii 2016 ee Shirka Iskaashiga Islaamka ee Istambul, Turkiga. Trikiiba saddex sano, OIC waxay isku brings dhammaan hoggaamiyeyaasha Muslinka.|upright=1.35]] Aabbayaashii casriyeynta Islaamka waxay saameeyeen dhaqdhaqaaqyada siyaasadda Islaamka sida Ikhwaanul Muslimeen iyo xisbiyada la xiriira ee dunida Carabta,<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 August 2011 |title=Are secular forces being squeezed out of Arab Spring? |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14447820 |access-date=10 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Slackman |first=Michael |date=23 December 2008 |title=Jordanian students rebel, embracing conservative Islam |work=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/24/world/middleeast/24jordan.html |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> kuwaas oo si wanaagsan uga dhex muuqday doorashooyinkii ka dambeeyay Guudkii Carabta,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kirkpatrick |first=David D. |date=3 December 2011 |title=Egypt's vote puts emphasis on split over religious rule |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/04/world/middleeast/egypts-vote-propels-islamic-law-into-spotlight.html |access-date=8 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jamaat-e-Islami ee Koonfurta Aasiya iyo Xisbiga Caddaaladda iyo Horumarinta (AK Party), oo si kemokaraasi ah xukuma Turkiga tobanaan sano. Iiraan, Kacdoonkii Iiraan wuxuu beddelay boqortooyadii laimaaniyadda ee Reer Galbeedku taageerayay iyadoo la dhisay Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah. Kuwa kale sida Sayyid Rashid Rida waxay ka go'een casriyeeyayaasha Islaamka<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lauziere|first=Henri|title=The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-231-17550-0|location=New York, Chichester, West Sussex|page=237|quote="Prior to the fall of the Ottoman Empire, leading reformers who happened to be Salafi in creed were surprisingly open-minded: although they adhered to neo-Hanbali theology. However, the aftermath of the First World War and the expansion of European colonialism paved the way for a series of shifts in thought and attitude. The experiences of Rida offer many examples... he turned against the Shi'is who dared, with reason, to express doubts about the Saudi-Wahhabi project... . Shi'is were not the only victims: Rida and his associates showed their readiness to turn against fellow Salafis who questioned some of the Wahhabis' religious interpretations."}}</ref> waxayna ka hortageen soo dhowaynta waxa uu u arkayay saamaynta Reer Galbeedka.<ref>{{Cite book|last=G. Rabil|first=Robert|title=Salafism in Lebanon: From Apoliticism to Transnational Jihadism|publisher=Georgetown University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-1-62616-116-0|location=Washington DC, US|pages=32–33|quote="Western colonialists established in these countries political orders... that, even though not professing enmity to Islam and its institutions, left no role for Islam in society. This caused a crisis among Muslim reformists, who felt betrayed not only by the West but also by those nationalists, many of whom were brought to power by the West... Nothing reflects this crisis more than the ideological transformation of Rashid Rida (1865–1935)... He also revived the works of Ibn Taymiyah by publishing his writings and promoting his ideas. Subsequently, taking note of the cataclysmic events brought about by Western policies in the Muslim world and shocked by the abolition of the caliphate, he transformed into a Muslim intellectual mostly concerned about protecting Muslim culture, identity, and politics from Western influence. He supported a theory that essentially emphasized the necessity of an Islamic state in which the scholars of Islam would have a leading role... Rida was a forerunner of Islamist thought. He apparently intended to provide a theoretical platform for a modern Islamic state. His ideas were later incorporated into the works of Islamic scholars. Significantly, his ideas influenced none other than Hassan al-Bannah, founder of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt... The Muslim Brethren have taken up Rida's Islamic fundamentalism, a right-wing radical movement founded in 1928,.."}}</ref> Kooxda ISIS waxay xitaa isku deyday inay dib u samayso diinaarkii dahabka ahaa ee casriga ahaa si uu u noqdo pambakooda lacagta. Halka kuwii ka go'ay ay qaarkood ahaayeen kuwa ka gaabsada siyaasadda, kuwo kale waxay rumechsanaayeen dhibaataynta kuwa ka soo horjeeda, xitaa Muslinka kale.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/14/isis-gold-silver-copper-islamic-dinar-coins |title=Isis to mint own Islamic dinar coins in gold, silver and copper |work=The Guardian |date=21 November 2014 |access-date=31 July 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ka hortagga dhaqdhaqaaqyada siyaasadda Islaamka, qarnigii 20aad ee Turkiga, ciidanku waxay sameeyeen afgembiyo si ay xukuumadaha Islaamiga ah uga tuuraan xukanka, sidoo kale xijabka ayaa si sharci ah loo xaddiday, sida ay sidoo kale ka dhacday Tuniisiya.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 April 2011 |title=Huge rally for Turkish secularism |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6604643.stm |access-date=6 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Saleh |first=Heba |date=15 October 2011 |title=Tunisia moves against headscarves |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6053380.stm |access-date=6 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Dhulalka kale, awoodda diinta ayaa la maamulay iyada oo hadda loo arko puppeto oo ay dawladdu maamusho. Tusaale ahaan, Sacuudi Carabiya, dawladdu waxay keligeed maamushay aqoonta diinta<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 June 2007 |title=Laying down the law: Islam's authority deficit |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/international/2007/06/28/islams-authority-deficit |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo Masar, dawladdu waxay qarameysay Jaamacadda Al-Azhar, oo hore u ahayd igo madax-bannaan oo xaddida awoodda dawladda.<ref>{{cite book| title = The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought| last1 = Bowering | first1 = Gerhard | last2=Mirza |first2=Mahan |last3=Crone |first3=Patricia| year = 2013 | publisher = Princeton University Press | page=59| isbn = 9780691134840 }}</ref> Salafiyada waxaa dhaqaale lagu siiyay Bariga Dhexe sababtoo ah ka gaabsashadeeda siyaasadda.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 October 2008 |title=Ultraconservative Islam on rise in Mideast |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna27256187 |access-date=24 September 2013 |publisher=MSNBC |url-status=live }}</ref> Sacuudi Carabiya waxay ololayso ka dhan ah dhaqdhaqaaqyada Islaamiga ah ee kacdoonka ah ee Bariga Dhexe, iyadoo ka soo horjeedda Iiraan.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Almukhtar |first1=Sarah |last2=Peçanha |first2=Sergio |last3=Wallace |first3=Tim |date=5 January 2016 |title=Behind Stark Political Divisions, a More Complex Map of Sunnis and Shiites |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/01/04/world/middleeast/sunni-shiite-map-middle-east-iran-saudi-arabia.html |access-date=6 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Tiro yar oo Muslin ah oo ka soo jeeda qowmiyadaha kala duwan ayaa loo dhibay sida koox diimeed.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thames |first1=Knox |title=Why the Persecution of Muslims Should Be on Biden's Agenda |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/muslims-islam-china-india-myanmar-persecution-repression-biden-human-rights/ |work=Foreign Policy Magazine |date=6 January 2021 |language=English |access-date=5 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Tan waxaa sameeyay xoogagga shuuciga ah sida Khmer Rouge, kuwaas oo u arkayay inay yihiin armigooda koowaad ee la cirbootinayo maaddaama dhaqankooda diimeed uu ka dhigay kuwa ka dhex muuqda dadka kale,<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Perrin |first=Andrew |date=10 October 2003 |title=Weakness in numbers |magazine=Time |url=https://time.com/archive/6894001/weakness-in-numbers/ |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}</ref> Xisbiga Shuuciga Shiinaha ee Xinjiang<ref>{{cite web |last1=Beydoun |first1=Khaled A. |title=For China, Islam is a 'mental illness' that needs to be 'cured' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/china-islam-mental-illness-cured-181127135358356.html |publisher=Al Jazeera |language=English |access-date=5 February 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo xoogagga qarannimada sida intii uu socday xasuuqii Bosniya.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mojzes |first=Paul |title=Balkan Genocides: Holocaust and Ethnic Cleansing in the Twentieth Century |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4422-0663-2|page=178}}</ref> Ciidanka Miyanmaar ee Tatmadaw oo bartilmaameedsanayay Muslinka Rohingya waxaa loogu yeeray dambi ka dhan ah aadamnimada ay sameeyeen Qaraamada Midoobay iyo Amnesty International,<ref>{{cite news |author=Oliver Holmes |date=19 December 2016 |title=Myanmar's Rohingya campaign 'may be crime against humanity' |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/19/myanmars-rohingya-campaign-may-be-against-humanity |url-status=live |access-date=5 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=19 December 2016|title=Rohingya abuse may be crimes against humanity: Amnesty|website=Al Jazeera|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/19/rohingya-abuse-may-be-crimes-against-humanity-amnesty/|access-date=2023-02-21|url-status=live}}</ref> halka Xafiiska Qaraamada Midoobay ee Wakiilka Sare ee Xaqiiqo-raadinta uu ka helay xasuuq, sifeyn qowmiyadeed, iyo dambiyo kale oo ka dhan ah aadamnimada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/MyanmarFFM/Pages/ReportoftheMyanmarFFM.aspx|title=Report of Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar |date=27 August 2018|website=ohchr.org|access-date=14 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Horumarka isgaarsiinta dunida wuxuu teshay faafinta ballaaran ee aqoonta diinta. Qaadashada xijabka waxay noqotay mid ka sii badan<ref>{{Cite news |last=Slackman |first=Michael |date=28 January 2007 |title=In Egypt, a new battle begins over the veil |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/weekinreview/28slackman.html |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo aqoonyahanno badan oo Muslin ah waxay si kordhayay isku deyayaan inay ka soocaan caqiidooyinka diinta Islaamka iyo dhaqammada caadiga ah.{{sfnp|Nigosian|2004|p=41}} Kooxaha kale dhexdiisa, helitaanka macluumaadka wuxuu keenay kordhinta wacdiyayaasha "televangelist" ee caanka ah, sida Amr Khaled, kuwaas oo kula tartama culumada caadiga ah gaaritaankooda oo ay ka dhigeen awoodda diinta mid aan hal xarun ku dhuftayn.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=263}} Sharraxaadaha "gaarka ah" ee Islaamka<ref>V. Šisler: ''The Internet and the Construction of Islamic Knowledge in Europe'' p. 212</ref> waxay si muuqata u dhex-galaan Muslinka Liberaalka ah oo isku deyaya inay waafajiyaan dhaqammada diinta iyo xukunkii laimaaniyadda ee casriga ah,{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=118–119, 179}}{{sfnp|Rippin|2001|p=288}} hab ka mid ah kuwa ay dhaleeceeyeen qaarkood oo ku saabsan waafaqsanaantiisa.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Adams, Charles J.|editor1-last=Esposito|editor1-first=John L.|title=Voices of Resurgent Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/voicesofresurgen00hcen|url-access=registration|date=1983|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/voicesofresurgen00hcen/page/113 113–4] |chapter=Maududi and the Islamic State|quote=[Maududi believed that] when religion is relegated to the personal realm, men inevitably give way to their bestial impulses and perpetrate evil upon one another. In fact it is precisely because they wish to escape the restraints of morality and the divine guidance that men espouse secularism.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Meisami|first=Sayeh|date=2013|title='Abdolkarim Soroush |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0034.xml|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-12 |website=Oxford Bibliographies|language=en}}</ref> Sidoo kale, laimaaniyaddu waxaa loo arkaa fikrad shisheeye oo ay ku soo impose gareeyeen qabsadayaashii oo ay adkeeyeen maamulayaasha ka dambeeyay gumeysiga,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Secularism, State Neutrality, and Islam|author=Abdullah Saeed|encyclopedia=The Oxford Handbook of Secularism|editor1=Phil Zuckerman|editor2=John R. Shook |url=http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/abstract/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199988457-e-12|year=2017|page=188 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.013.12|isbn=978-0-19-998845-7|access-date=7 August 2023|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref> oo inta badan loo fahmo inay u dhiganto ka-horjeedda diinta.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Nader Hashemi|title=Secularism|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0714|access-date=7 August 2023|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref> == Tirada Dadka == {{Main|Dunida Muslinka|Ummah}} {{See also|Islaamka waddan ahaan|Koraanka dadka Muslinka ah}} [[File:2020+ Proportion of people in world religions.svg |thumb|Boqolkiiba inta qof ee diimaha dunida. Muslinku waxay ka yihiin dhawaan 25.6% dadka dunida, taas oo ah tiro yar oo ka hooseysa Masiixiyiinta.<ref name=Pew_20250609>{{cite web |last1=Hackett |first1=Conrad |last2=Stonawski |first2=Marcin |last3=Tong |first3=Yunping |last4=Kramer |first4=Stephanie |last5=Shi |first5=Anne |last6=Fahmy |first6=Dalia |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |publisher=Pew Research Center |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260222070137/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |archive-date=22 February 2026 |date=9 June 2025 |url-status=live |quote=Source: Pew Research Center estimates based on more than 2,700 censuses and surveys. "How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020"}}</ref>]] Marka la joogo 2020, dhawaan 25.6% dadka dunida, ama dhawaan 2&nbsp;bilyan oo qof, waa Muslin.<ref name="pewresearch.orgReligion">{{Cite web |title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/interactives/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |date=21 December 2022 |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128120036/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/interactives/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="www.pewresearch.org-2022">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2022 |title=Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project - Research and data from Pew Research Center |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205195540/https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |archive-date=5 February 2023 |access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/|title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population|date=27 January 2011|access-date=26 October 2022|archive-date=30 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930233955/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/08/09/muslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world/ | title=Muslims and Islam: Key findings in the U.S. and around the world | date=9 August 2017 | access-date=19 December 2022 | archive-date=8 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108121140/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/08/09/muslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Pew-Growth-2017">{{cite web |last1=Lipka |first1=Michael |last2=Hackett |first2=Conrad |author-link2=Conrad Hackett |title=Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514123559/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |archive-date=2019-05-14 |website=Fact Tank |publisher=Pew Research Center |date=2017-04-06 |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> Sannadkii 1900, qiyaastani waxay ahayd 12.3%,<ref name="Barrett-2001">{{cite book |last1=Barrett |first1=David B. |last2=Kurian |first2=George T. |last3=Johnson |first3=Todd M. |title=World Christian Encyclopedia: A Comparative Survey of Churches and Religions in the Modern World |volume=1: The World by Countries: Religionists, Churches, Ministries |edition=2nd |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |page=4 |isbn=978-0195079630 |language=en}}</ref> sannadkii 1990 waxay ahayd 19.9%<ref name="Pew Research Center-2011">{{Cite report |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |publisher=Pew Research Center |access-date=27 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209094904/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=9 February 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> iyada oo saadaalintu ay muujinayso in heerku noqon doono 29.7% marka la joogo 2050.{{rp|8}} Ugu kooban uturjumaadda Pew ee 2020 waxay heshay in dadka Muslinka ah ee dunidu ay ahaayeen kooxda diimeed ee ugu koraanka badnayd tobankii sano, inta badan sababtoo ah Muslinku waxay u janjeeraan inay ku yar yihiin da'da oo ay leeyihiin heer dhalmo oo sarreeya—laba walxood oo muhiim ah oo kexeeya koraanka caadiga ah ee dadka.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett|author2=Marcin Stonawski|author3=Yunping Tong|author4=Stephanie Kramer|author5=Anne Shi|author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf|access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Pew Research Center |page=9|quote=Increases in the global Muslim population are largely due to Muslims having a relatively young age structure and high fertility rate, two characteristics that result in natural population growth.}}</ref>{{rp|9}} Sida ku xuso qiyaasta dadka ee 2020, 65% dadka Muslinka ah waxay ku dhex jiraan toban waddan, iyada oo dadka ugu waaweyni ay ku nool yihiin Indoneesiya, Bakistaan, Hindiya, Bangaladeesh, Nayjeeriya, Masar, Iiraan, Turkiga, Sudaan, iyo Aljeeriya, marka loo eego sida ay u kala hooseeyaan. Indoneesiya waxay xarun u tahay ka badan 230,000,000 oo Muslin ah, Bakistaan ka badan 220,000,000, Hindiya ka badan 210,000,000, Bangaladeesh ka badan 150,000,000, Nayjeeriya ka badan 110,000,000, Masar ka badan 100,000,000, Iiraan iyo Turkiga midkiiba ka badan 80,000,000, iyo Sudaan iyo Aljeeriya midkiiba ka badan 40,000,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/muslim-population-change/|title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020: 3. Muslim population change|date=9 June 2025|access-date=12 February 2026|website=Pew Research Center}}</ref>[[File:Islam percent population in each nation World Map Muslim data by Pew Research.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Boqolkiiba Muslinka ee dunida waddan ahaan.<ref name="pew2015" />]]Sida ku xuso warbixin ay soo saartay CNN, "Islaamku wuxuu soo jiitay dad soo Islaamay oo ka soo jeeda dhammaan heerarka nolosha, gaar ahaan Ameerikanka ka soo jeeda Afrika".<ref>{{cite news |title=Fast-growing Islam winning converts in Western world |publisher=CNN |url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9704/14/egypt.islam/ |access-date=6 May 2016 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015114027/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9704/14/egypt.islam/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ingiriiska, dhawaan 6,000 oo qof ayaa soo Islaama sannad walba, iyada oo sida ku xuso maqaal ku jira British Muslims Monthly Survey, badanka dadka cusub ee soo Islaama ee Ingiriiska ay ahaayeen dumarka.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/bmms/2000/06June00.asp#Women%20convert |title=British Muslims Monthly Survey for June 2000, Vol. VIII, No. 6 |at=Women convert |access-date=2020-09-28 |archive-date=2008-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214160750/http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/bmms/2000/06June00.asp#Women%20convert |url-status=live}}</ref> Sida ku xuso The Huffington Post, "ilaaliyayaashu waxay qiyaasayaan in illaa 20,000 oo Ameerikan ah ay soo Islaamaan sannad walba", badankoodu ay yihiin dumarka iyo Muslinka Ameerikanka ka soo jeeda Afrika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-08-24 |title=Conversion To Islam One Result Of Post-9/11 Curiosity |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/post-911-islam-converts_n_935572 |access-date=2020-11-26 |website=HuffPost |language=en |archive-date=2021-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111201117/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/post-911-islam-converts_n_935572 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author-first=Julie |author-last=Bindel |author-link=Julie Bindel |title=Why do Western Women Convert? |url=http://standpointmag.co.uk/features-may-10-why-do-western-women-convert-julie-bindel-islam-female-conversion |access-date=8 May 2016 |work=Standpoint |date=26 April 2010 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006102003/http://standpointmag.co.uk/features-may-10-why-do-western-women-convert-julie-bindel-islam-female-conversion |url-status=live}}</ref> Sidoo kale boqolkiiba iyo tirada guud ahaan, Islaamku waa kooxda diimeed ee ugu koraanka badan dunida, iyadoo la saadaalinayo inay noqoto ta ugu weyn dunida dhamaadka qarniga 21aad, iyadoo ka badanaysa Masiixiyada. Waxaa lagu qiyaasay in marka la joogo 2050, tirada Muslinka ay u dhowaan doonto tirada Masiixiyiinta ee dunida, "sababtoo ah da'da yar iyo heerka dhalmo ee sarreeya ee Muslinka marka loo barbardhigo kooxaha kale ee diimaha."{{rp|70}} === Xituunta Pew Research === Dhawaan 49 waddan ayaa ah kuwo dadka ugu badan ee ku nooli ay Muslin yihiin,{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=11}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ba-Yunus |first1=Ilyas |title=Muslims in the United States |last2=Kone, Kassim |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2006 |page=[https://archive.org/details/muslimsunitedsta00bayu/page/n186 172] |url=https://archive.org/details/muslimsunitedsta00bayu |url-access=registration |isbn=978-0-313-32825-1}}</ref><ref name="Pew-Landscape-2012">{{cite report |author=The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life |title=The Global Religious Landscape: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Major Religious Groups as of 2010 |url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323215026/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf |archive-date=2018-03-23 |date=December 2012 |publisher=Pew Research Center |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=7 March 2018 |title=Islam in Russia |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2018/3/7/islam-in-russia/ |access-date=15 June 2021 |website=Al Jazeera |publisher=Anadolu News Agency |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024349/https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/features/2018/3/7/islam-in-russia |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Book review: Russia's Muslim Heartlands reveals diverse population |date=21 April 2018 |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/book-review-russia-s-muslim-heartlands-reveals-diverse-population-1.723230 |work=The National |access-date=13 January 2019 |archive-date=14 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114210257/https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/book-review-russia-s-muslim-heartlands-reveals-diverse-population-1.723230 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyada oo 62% Muslinka dunidu ay ku nool yihiin Aasiya, halka 683 milyan oo taabacsan ay ku nool yihiin Indoneesiya, Bakistaan, Hindiya, iyo Bangaladeesh keligood.<ref name="Pew-Projections-2050">{{cite web |title=10 Countries With the Largest Muslim Populations, 2010 and 2050 |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/muslims/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables74/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207115222/http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/muslims/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables74/ |archive-date=2017-02-07 |website=Pew Research Center |publisher=Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life |date=2015-04-02 |type=Projections table |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Secrets of Islam |url=https://www.usnews.com/usnews/graphics/religion/islams_global_reach.htm |access-date=24 September 2013 |website=U.S. News & World Report |archive-date=22 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122200555/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/graphics/religion/islams_global_reach.htm |url-status=live }} Information provided by the International Population Center, Department of Geography, San Diego State University (2005).</ref>{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|pp=15, 17}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pechilis |first1=Karen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C |title=South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today |last2=Raj |first2=Selva J. |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-44851-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C&pg=PA193 193] |access-date=3 May 2019 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024331/https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslinka Carabta ah waxay samayeeyaan kooxda qowmiyadeed ee ugu weyn Muslinka dhexdeeda ee dunida,<ref name="Nydell-2005">{{cite book |last=Nydell |first=Margaret Kleffner |title=Understanding Arabs: A Guide for Modern Times |edition=4th |location=Yarmouth, Maine |publisher=Intercultural Press |year=2005 |pages=xxiii, 14 |isbn=978-1931930253 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNoiieefqAcC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024737/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNoiieefqAcC |archive-date=2023-12-28 |language=en}}</ref> waxaa ku xiga Bangaaliyiinta<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Eaton|editor=Barbara D. Metcalf|title=Islam in South Asia in Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pR0LzVCpfw8C|date=8 September 2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-3138-8|page=275|chapter=Forest Clearing and the Growth of Islam in Bengal}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=haGORCJRlOUC&pg=PA50 |title=The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics |author1=Meghna Guhathakurta |author2=Willem van Schendel |page=50 |date=30 April 2013 |publisher=Duke University Press |access-date=7 November 2016 |isbn=978-0822353188 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707092408/https://books.google.com/books?id=haGORCJRlOUC&pg=PA50 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo Bunjaabiinta.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Rajmohan|title=Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten|year=2013|page=1|publisher=Aleph Book Company|location=New Delhi, India, Urbana, Illinois|isbn=978-93-83064-41-0}}.</ref> Qiyaasaha badankood waxay muujinayaan in Shiinaha ay ku nool yihiin dhawaan 20 illaa 30 milyan oo Muslin ah (1.5% illaa 2% dadka waddanka).<ref>{{cite web |work=The World Factbook |title=Explore All Countries – China |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/ |access-date=15 September 2009 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |archive-date=13 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213122152/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=China (includes Hong Kong, Macau, and Tibet) |website=Archived Content |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm |access-date=24 September 2013 |publisher=U.S. Department of State |archive-date=10 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710075050/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Islaamka ka jira Yurub waa diinta labaad ee ugu weyn Masiixiyadda ka dib waddamo badan dhexdeeda, iyada oo heerarka koraanka ay inta badan ku yimaadaan soogalootiga iyo heerka dhalmo ee sarreeya ee Muslinka ee 2005,<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 December 2005 |title=Muslims in Europe: Country guide |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4385768.stm |access-date=1 April 2010 |archive-date=29 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929213440/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4385768.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> taas oo samaynaysay 4.9% dhammaan dadka Yurub ee 2016.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/11/29/5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe/|title=5 facts about the Muslim population in Europe|date=November 29, 2017|work=Pew Research Center|first=Conrad|last=Hackett|access-date=17 January 2023|archive-date=5 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105202657/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/11/29/5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sida ku xuso Xituunta Pew Research, soo Islaamidda ma laha saameyn weyn oo saafi ah oo ku saabsan koraanka dadka Muslinka ah maadaama "tirada dadka ku soo Islaama diinta ay u dhowdahay inay la mid tahay tirada Muslinka ah ee ka baxda diinta."<ref>{{Cite report |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |section=Conversion |date=27 January 2011 |publisher=Pew Research Center |section-url=https://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-related-factors/#conversion |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |quote=there is no substantial net gain or loss in the number of Muslims through conversion globally; the number of people who become Muslims through conversion seems to be roughly equal to the number of Muslims who leave the faith |access-date=12 May 2020 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211126/http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bagse, Islaamku wuxuu ka helayaa faa'iido yar oo ah 3 milyan oo qof marka loo eego isbeddelka diimaha u dhexeya 2010 iyo 2050, inta badan ka timaada Afrika Sub-Sahara (2.9 milyan).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf|title=Cumulative Change Due to Religious Switching, 2010–2050, p.43|access-date=4 May 2016|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150429153811/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf|archive-date=29 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/|title=The Changing Global Religious Landscape|work=Pew Research Center|date=5 April 2017|access-date=17 December 2022|archive-date=18 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218030628/https://www.pewforum.org/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sida ku xuso uturjumaadda Pew ee 2020, dhawaan 1% dadka waaweyn ee ku soo koray Muslimnimada ayaa ka baxa diinta, halka boqolkiiba la mid ah —dhawaan 1%— ay ka soo Islaamaan diimaha kale, taas oo keenta heer hoose oo isbeddel diimeed ah oo soo gala ama ka baxa Islaamka.<ref name="pew2029">{{Cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett|author2=Marcin Stonawski|author3=Yunping Tong|author4=Stephanie Kramer|author5=Anne Shi|author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf|access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US|page=39|quote=Muslims and Hindus have been the least likely to gain or lose adherents from religious switching. About one in every 100 adults raised Muslim (or Hindu) has left their childhood religion, and a similar number from a different religious category have switched into Islam (or Hinduism).}}</ref> Mutaaniqada Islaamka ka baxday waxay u janjeeraan inay u wareegaan diin kale halkii ay ka noqon lahaayeen kuwo aan diin lahayn. == Qaybaha Waaweyn == {{Main|Xiriirka Shiicada iyo Sunnada|Qadiir Khum|Saqiifa|Ciidul Qadiir}} === Matalaadda Qadiir Khum iyo Saqiifa === [[File:Chronology of Ancient Nations, f.162r miniature.jpg|thumb|Magacaabiddii Cali uu Muxammad ku magacaabay Qadiir Khum, 1307 AD fardawsa Ilkhanid.]] Tukhtaan muhiim ah ayaa ka dhacay 632 ee Qadiir Khum, halkaas oo Muxammad, obo yar ka hor dhimashadiisa, uu gacanta ku qabtay Cali, oo ahaa ina-adeerkii iyo seedigii, uu ka jeediyay khudbad uu ku yiri "Kii aan ahay ''mowlahiisa'', Cali waa ''mowlahiisa''."<ref>{{cite book |title=The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam |author-first=Maria Massi |author-last=Dakake |year=2007 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9780791470336 |author-link=Maria Massi Dakake}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Veccia Vaglieri|first=L.|date=2012|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/*-SIM_2439|section=G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm|publisher=Brill|access-date=July 14, 2023|isbn=9789004161214|archive-date=14 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714174420/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/*-SIM_2439|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfnp|Campo|2009|pp=257–258}} Ereyga mowla wuxuu leeyahay macnayaal kala duwan oo ku xiran xaaladda, oo ay ku jiraan sayid, ilaaliye, xulafo, taageere, iyo mid awood leh. Shiicada dhexdeeda, waxaa loo fahmaa magacaabidda rasmiga ah ee Muxammad uu Cali uga dhigay beddelkiisa. Sunnadu sidoo kale waxay aqbashaa in tukhtaankii Qadiir Khum uu dhacay iyadoo Muxammad uu yiri hadalkaas ku saabsan Cali. Bagse, uma tarjumaan hadalka inuu yahay magacaabidda Cali ee beddelka Muxammad. Muslinka Sunnada ah waxay u tarjumaan ereyga mowla xaaladdan inuu u muuqdo saaxiib dhow, taageere, ama mid mudan daacadnimo iyo kalsooni. Sidaas darteed, waxay u arkaan bayaanka inuu yahay caddayn ah xushmadda Muxammad uu u hayay Cali, iyagoo hoos u dhigaya muhiimadda tukhtaanka. Kalfadhigii Saqiifa wuxuu dhacay obo yar ka dib dhimashadii Muxammad ee 632, halkaas oo Abu Bakar looga doortay beddelkiisa oo uu ku noqday Khaliifkii koowaad. Saqiifa waxay ka mid tahay tukhtaannada ugu muranka badan Islaamka, sababtoo ah ka saarida tiro badan oo ka mid ah Saxaabada Muxammad, oo ay ku jiraan Ahlul Bayt iyo gaar ahaan Cali. Cali iyo tiro badan oo ka mid ah qoyska Muxammad waxay weli ku jireen aasitaanka nabiga markii uu tukhtaanku dhacayay.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Foody |first=Kathleen |date=September 2015 |title=Interiorizing Islam: Religious Experience and State Oversight in the Islamic Republic of Iran |editor-last=Jain |editor-first=Andrea R. |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=599–623 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/lfv029 |doi-access=free |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Academy of Religion |eissn=1477-4585 |issn=0002-7189 |jstor=24488178 |lccn=sc76000837 |oclc=1479270 |quote=For Shiʿi Muslims, Muhammad not only designated Ali as his friend, but appointed him as his successor—as the "lord" or "master" of the new Muslim community. Ali and his descendants would become known as the Imams, divinely guided leaders of the Shiʿi communities, sinless, and granted special insight into the Qurʾanic text. The theology of the Imams that developed over the next several centuries made little distinction between the authority of the Imams to politically lead the Muslim community and their spiritual prowess; quite to the contrary, their right to political leadership was grounded in their special spiritual insight. While in theory, the only just ruler of the Muslim community was the Imam, the Imams were politically marginal after the first generation. In practice, Shiʿi Muslims negotiated varied approaches to both interpretative authority over Islamic texts and governance of the community, both during the lifetimes of the Imams themselves and even more so following the disappearance of the twelfth and final Imam in the ninth century.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Foody |first=Kathleen |date=September 2015 |editor-last=Jain |editor-first=Andrea R. |title=Interiorizing Islam: Religious Experience and State Oversight in the Islamic Republic of Iran |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Academy of Religion |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=599–623 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/lfv029 |issn=0002-7189 |eissn=1477-4585 |jstor=24488178 |lccn=sc76000837 |oclc=1479270 |quote=For Shiʿi Muslims, Muhammad not only designated Ali as his friend, but appointed him as his successor—as the "lord" or "master" of the new Muslim community. Ali and his descendants would become known as the Imams, divinely guided leaders of the Shiʿi communities, sinless, and granted special insight into the Qurʾanic text. The theology of the Imams that developed over the next several centuries made little distinction between the authority of the Imams to politically lead the Muslim community and their spiritual prowess; quite to the contrary, their right to political leadership was grounded in their special spiritual insight. While in theory, the only just ruler of the Muslim community was the Imam, the Imams were politically marginal after the first generation. In practice, Shiʿi Muslims negotiated varied approaches to both interpretative authority over Islamic texts and governance of the community, both during the lifetimes of the Imams themselves and even more so following the disappearance of the twelfth and final Imam in the ninth century. |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Amir-Moezzi |author-first=Mohammad Ali |title=Ghadīr Khumm |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=Third |editor1-first=Kate |editor1-last=Fleet |editor2-first=Gudrun |editor2-last=Krämer |editor3-first=Denis |editor3-last=Matringe |editor4-first=John |editor4-last=Nawas |editor5-first=Devin J. |editor5-last=Stewart |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419 |year=2014 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419 |isbn=9789004269613 |author-link=Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Muslinka Sunnada ah waxay qabaan in Muxammad uu u daayay doorashada beddelkiisa bulshada, sidaas darteedna waxay u arkaan doorashadii Abu Bakar ee saxaabada inay ahayd mid sharci ah. Muslinka Shiicada ah waxay adkaynayaan in Cali hore loogu magacaabay beddelka Muxammad ee tukhtaankii Qadiir Khum, sidaas darteedna waxay u arkaan tukhtaannadii Saqiifa inay ahaayeen kuwo dhaafay xaqiisii beddelka. Dhibaatada beddelka waxay noqotay sababtii ugu horreysay ee qeybsanaanta Muslinka oo keentay soo bixitaanka labada qaybood ee waaweyn ee Islaamka, Sunna iyo Shiica. === Islaamka Sunnada ah === {{Main|Islaamka Sunnada ah}} [[File:Khalili Collection Islamic Art mss 0311 fol 190b-191a.jpg|thumb|Faraq-qoraal ah oo [[Saxiix al-Bukhari]] ah oo ka soo jeeda qarnigii 14aad, ururintii ugu horreysay ee [[xadiis]] ee [[Kutub al-Sittah|Lixda Buug]] ee [[Islaamka Sunnada ah]].]] Islaamka Sunnada ah waa qaybta ugu weyn ee Islaamka iyada oo ah mhabka diimeed ee ugu weyn dunida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of religious populations {{!}} Largest Religions, Smallest Religions, Lists, Data, & Overview {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/List-of-religious-populations|access-date=2025-07-24|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sunni |title=Sunni |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=17 September 2021 |archive-date=30 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430101807/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/574006/Sunnite |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Sunni Islam |editor-first=John L. |editor-last=Esposito |encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2014 |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2280 |access-date=10 January 2010 |archive-date=5 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005013247/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2280 |url-status=dead }} {{Wayback|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2280 |date=20101028144120 }}</ref><ref name="Denny-2010">{{cite book |last=Denny |first=Frederick |author-link=Frederick M. Denny |title=Sunni Islam: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |page=3 |isbn=978-0199804153 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D5_N97bAiJ0C&pg=PA3 |quote=Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community, and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority (85 to 90%) of that community. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lawson |first1=Russell M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_krEEAAAQBAJ&dq=islam+based+on+the+teachings+of+muhammad&pg=PA419 |title=Science in the Ancient World: From Antiquity through the Middle Ages |date=23 September 2021 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-4408-7353-9 |page=419 |language=en}}</ref> Ereygu waa gaabinta weedha "''Ahl as-Sunnah wa al-Jama'ah''", oo macnaheedu yahay "dadka [[Sunnah|sunnada]] (dhaqankii Muxammad) iyo jamacaadka".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Ahl as-Sunnah |encyclopedia=Islam Ansiklopedisi |publisher=Turkish Diyanet Foundation |location=Istanbul |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ehl-i-sunnet |last=Yavuz |first=Yusuf Şevki |date=1994 |volume=10 |pages=525–530 |lang=tr |access-date=28 December 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228114411/https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ehl-i-sunnet |url-status=live }}</ref> Islaamka Sunnada ah mararka qaarkood waxaa loo yaqaanaa "Islaamka Ortodokska ah",<ref>{{cite book |author1=John Richard Thackrah |title=Dictionary of Terrorism |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1135165956 |edition=2, revised |page=252}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Status of Women Under Islamic Law and Modern Islamic Legislation |date=2009 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9004172739 |editor1-last=Nasir |editor1-first=Jamal J. |edition=revised |page=11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=George W. Braswell |title=What You Need to Know about Islam & Muslims |date=2000 |publisher=B&H Publishing Group |isbn=978-0805418293 |edition=illustrated |page=62}}</ref> ingawa aqoonyahanada qaar ay u arkaan inaysan habboonayn, iyada oo Sunni-nimada ka baxsan ay dad badan u arki karaan fahan xumaan.<ref>An Introduction to the Hadith. John Burton. Published by Edinburgh University Press. 1996. p. 201. Cite: "Sunni: Of or pertaining ''sunna'', especially the ''Sunna'' of the Prophet. Used in conscious opposition to Shi'a, Shi'í. There being no ecclesia or centralized magisterium, the translation 'orthodox' is inappropriate. To the Muslim 'unorthodox' implies heretical, ''mubtadi'', from ''bid'a'', the contrary of ''sunna'' and so 'innovation'."</ref> Sunnadu waxay adkaynaysaa in Muxammad uusan magacaabin beddel, wuxuuna u dhaafay doorashada beddelkiisa bulshada, sidaas darteedna waxay u arkaan doorashadii Abu Bakar ee Saqiifa inay ahayd mid sharci ah. Muslinka Sunnada ah waxay inta badan u noqdaan lixda buug ee xadiiska ee waaweyn arrimaha sharciga, iyagoo u raaca mid ka mid ah afar madhabood ee fiqhiga: [[Hanafi school|Xanafi]], [[Hanbali school|Xanbali]], [[Maliki school|Maaliki]], [[Shafi'i school|Shaafi'i]].<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|pp=275, 306}}</ref> Cilmiga tawxiidka ee athariga ah waa madhab Sunni ah oo feker ah, oo uu si weyn ugu doodi jiray Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780–855 CE), oo lagu garto u noqoshada fahanka qoraalka ah ee Qur'aanka iyo sunnada, aמונה ah in Qur'aanku yahay mid aan la abuurin oo weligeed ah, iyo ka soo horjeeda cilmiga caqliga, ee loo yaqano kalam, marka loo eego arrimaha diinta iyo anshaxa.<ref>Hadi Enayat ''Islam and Secularism in Post-Colonial Thought: A Cartography of Asadian Genealogies'' Springer Publishing, 30 June 2017 {{ISBN|978-3-319-52611-9}} p.48</ref> Maaturidiyada, oo uu aasaasay Abu Mansur al-Maturidi (853–944 CE), waxay leedahay qoraalka la soo dejiyay looma baahna anshaxa asaasiga ah iyada oo wanaagga iyo xawliga lagu fahmi karo caqliga keligiis,<ref>Rico Isaacs, Alessandro Frigerio ''Theorizing Central Asian Politics: The State, Ideology and Power'' Springer Publishing 2018 {{ISBN|978-3-319-97355-5}} p. 108</ref> laakiin dadku waxay u noqdaan waxyiga arrimaha ka baxsan fahanka bahaamka. Ash'ariyada, oo uu aasaasay Al-Ashʿarī (c. 874–936), waxay leedahay anshaxu wuxuu ka imaan karaa oo keliya waxyiga rabbaaniga ah laakiin waxay aqbashaa caqliga arrimaha fasiraadda waxayna isku dartaa hababka Mu'tazilada iyo fikradaha athariga.<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|1999|p=280}}</ref> Salafiyadu waa doonis dib u cusboonaysiin ah oo u dooda u noqoshada dhaqankii qgeneration-kii ugu horreeyay ee Muslinka. Qarnigii 18aad, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab wuxuu kexeeyay dhaqdhaqaaq Salafi ah, oo dadka ka baxsan ay u yaqaanaan Wahaabiya, waddanka maanta loo yaqano Sacuudi Carabiya.<ref>Richard Gauvain ''Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-0-7103-1356-0}} page 8</ref> Dhaqdhaqaaq la mid ah oo loo yaqano Ahl al-Hadith ayaa sidoo kale hoos u dhigay dhaqanka sharciga Sunniga ah ee qarniyada jiray, iyagoo door biday inay si toos ah u raacaan Qur'aanka iyo Xadiiska. Dhaqdhaqaaqa Sunniga ah ee Nurcu waxaa aasaasay Said Nursi (1877–1960); wuxuu isku darayaa qaybo ka mid ah Tasawufka iyo sayniska.<ref name="Svante E. Cornell p. 283">Svante E. Cornell ''Azerbaijan Since Independence'' M.E. Sharpe {{ISBN| 9780765630049}} p. 283</ref><ref>Robert W. Hefner ''Shariʻa Politics: Islamic Law and Society in the Modern World'' Indiana University Press 2011 {{ISBN|978-0-253-22310-4}} p. 170</ref> === Islaamka Shiicada ah === {{Main|Islaamka Shiicada ah}} [[File:Folio from a Nahj al-Balagha.gif|thumb|Warqad gacan-qoraal ah oo ka timaada Nahj al-Balagha, ee taariikhdeedu tahay 1149 AD. Nahj al-Balagha waa ururin khudbado, waraaqo, iyo hadallo ah oo uu leeyahay Cali. Waxaa loo arkaa inay ka mid tahay kuwa ugu muhiimsan ee suugaanta Carabiga iyada oo ka joogta meel sare Islaamka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda.]] Islaamka Shiicada ah waa qaybta labaad ee ugu weyn Islaamka iyo mid ka mid oo ka mid ah mhabada diimeed ee ugu waaweyn dunida.<ref>{{cite web |title=Field Listing :: Religions |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706231326/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |archive-date=6 July 2010 |access-date=25 October 2010 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |quote=Sunni Islam accounts for over 75% of the world's Muslim population." ... "Shia Islam represents 10–15% of Muslims worldwide.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sunni |url=https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/sunni |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614103622/https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/sunni |archive-date=14 June 2020 |access-date=24 May 2020 |publisher=Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs |quote=Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam, comprising about 85% of the world's over 1.5 billion Muslims.}}</ref>{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=1|ps=. "Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims."}} Ereygu waa gaabinta weedha "''Shīʿat ʿAlī''", oo macnaheedu yahay "xisbigii Cali". Muslinka Shiicada ah waxay adkaynayaan in Muxammad uu magacaabay ina-adeerkii iyo seedigii, Cali, inuu noqdo beddelkiisa.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shii|title=Shiʿi|last=Newman|first=Andrew J.|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=28 December 2021|archive-date=20 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720054917/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shii|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2004 |title=Sunni Islam |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa |publisher=MacMillan Reference |editor-last=Philip Mattar |edition=2nd |author1=Tayeb El-Hibri|author2=Maysam J. al Faruqi}}</ref> Cali waxaa ku xigay silsilad Imaamyo ah oo Ilaah magacaabay oo ka soo jeeda qoyska Muxammad ([[Ahl al-Bayt|Ahlul Bayt]]). Mhabka ugu weyn ee Islaamka Shiicada ah, Shiicada Laba-iyo-Tobanka ah, waxay aqoonsan yihiin Laba-iyo-Tobanka Imaam inay yihiin hoggaamiyeyaasha Ilaah magacaabay, iyadoo ka bilaabanaysa Cali keligiis oo ku dheehanaysa Mahdiga, oo la rumeysan yahay inuu ku jiro qoyanaanta loona fadhiyo inuu dib u soo laabto Dhamaadka Sannadaha si uu u aasaaso caddaalad oo uu caawin doono Ciise. Islaamka Shiicada ah wuxuu muhiimad gaar ah siiyaa Ahlul Bayt (qoyska Muxammad), kuwaas oo Muslinka Shiicada ah ay u arkaan inay leeyihiin awood diimeed iyo ruhani ah oo Ilaah siiyay. Qur'aanka, teachings-ka Muxammad (Sunnah), iyo Imaamyada waxay samayeeyaan asaaska ugu muhiimsan ee fekerka diimeed iyo fiqhiga Shiicada. Muslinka Shiicada ah waxaa kexeeya madhabka Jacfariyada ee fiqhiga.<ref>{{Cite book |author1=John Corrigan|author2=Frederick Denny|author3=Martin S Jaffee|author4=Carlos Eire |year=2011 |title=Jews, Christians, Muslims: A Comparative Introduction to Monotheistic Religions |publisher= Cambridge University Press |id=978-0205026340 }}</ref> Ururinta ugu muhiimsan ee xadiiska ee Islaamka Shiicada ah waa Afarta Buug ee Sharciga ah, oo loo yaqano Kitab al-Kafi, Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih, Tahdhib al-Ahkam, iyo Al-Istibsar. Islaamka Shiicada ah wuxuu ka kooban yahay dhowr qaybood, ta ugu weyn oo ugu muhiimsan waxay tahay Shiicada Laba-iyo-Tobanka ah, oo ay ku xigaan qaybaha yar ee Ismaaciiliyad iyo Saydiyad.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social and Military History |editor-first1=Spencer C. |editor-last1=Tucker |editor2=Priscilla Mary Roberts |year=2008 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-842-2 |page=917 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC&pg=PA917 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024726/https://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC&pg=PA917 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Iraq Effect: The Middle East After the Iraq War |first=Frederic M. |last=Wehrey |year=2010 |publisher=Rand Corporation |isbn=978-0-8330-4788-5 |page=91 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-3LAlfW7DIC&pg=PA91 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024742/https://books.google.com/books?id=i-3LAlfW7DIC&pg=PA91#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Newman|first=Andrew J.|author-link=Andrew J. Newman|title=Twelver Shiism: Unity and Diversity in the Life of Islam, 632 to 1722|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-7833-4|chapter=Introduction|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ&pg=PP18|page=2|access-date=13 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501201413/https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ|archive-date=1 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Dagaalkii Karbala, oo uu awoowe u ahaa Nabiga oo ahaa Imaamka saddexaad ee Shiicada, Xuseen ibn Cali, si xun loogu dilay oo madaxa looga jaray iyada oo la dilay badanka xubnaha qoyskiisa, wuxuu siiyay Caliyinta aqoonsi diimeed oo u gaar ah wuxuuna ka qaatay door muhiim ah zhuraalka iyo adkaynta ta noqotay Islaamka Shiicada ah. Wuxuu ka joogaa meel dhexe taariikhda Shiicada, dhaqanka, iyo cilmiga tawxiidka, iyadoo inta badan lagu xuso suugaanta Islaamka. Waa mid ka mid ah waqtiyada ugu murugada badan, muhiimka ah, ee lagu garto taariikhda Islaamka. Dhismaha Imaam Cali ee Najafe, Dhismaha Imaam Xuseen ee Karbala, iyo Dhismaha Imaam Riza ee Mashxad waa saddexda meelood ee ugu xurmada badan ka dib Masjid al-Xaraam ee Makka, Masjid al-Nabawi ee Madiina, iyo Masjid al-Aqsa ee Qudus.<ref name="Sardeg2">{{cite web |last=Escobar |first=Pepe |date=May 24, 2002 |title=Knocking on heaven's door |url=http://www.atimes.com/c-asia/DE24Ag04.html |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020603155002/http://atimes.com/c-asia/DE24Ag04.html |archive-date=June 3, 2002 |access-date=2006-11-12 |work=Asia Times Online |quote=our sixth imam, Imam Sadeg, says that we have five definitive holy places... first is Mecca... second is Medina... third belongs to our first imam of Shia, Ali, which is in Najaf. The fourth belongs to our third imam, Hussein, in Kerbala. The last one belongs to the daughter of our seventh imam and sister of our eighth imam, who is called Fatemah, and will be buried in Qom. |department=Central Asia/Russia}}</ref> Laba-iyo-Tobanka Imaam sidoo xushmad lagu hayaa Islaamka Sunnada ah dhexdeeda iyagoo ah xubno ka mid ah qoyska Nabiga Muxammad iyo shakhsiyaad muhiim ah oo ku jira taariikhda Islaamka, iyadoo Sunnadu ay booqdaan dhismooyinkooda xushmad darteed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Iraqi delegation from the Sunni Endowment visited the Holy Shrine of Imam Ali (PBUH).|url=https://www.alarbaeen.ir/en/news/an-iraqi-delegation-from-the-sunni-endowment-visited-the-holy-shrine-of-imam-ali-pbuh|access-date=2026-02-16|website=www.alarbaeen.ir}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Waziri|first=Adam Isa|date=2022-11-21|title=Sunni Professors, Scholars From Pakistan Visit Imam Husain's Holy Shrine in Karbala » Education Monitor News|url=https://educationmonitornews.com/sunni-professors-scholars-from-pakistan-visit-imam-husains-holy-shrine-in-karbala/|access-date=2026-02-16|website=Education Monitor News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Arooj|date=2024-02-01|title=Sunni scholars from Turkey express happiness upon visiting holy shrine of Imam Hussein|url=https://shiawaves.com/english/uncategorized/100914-sunni-scholars-from-turkey-express-happiness-upon-visiting-holy-shrine-of-imam-hussein/|access-date=2026-02-16|website=Shia Waves|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-16|title=Iraqi Sunni Friday prayer leaders visit Imam Reza (AS) holy shrine|url=https://en.hawzahnews.com/news/358808/Iraqi-Sunni-Friday-prayer-leaders-visit-Imam-Reza-AS-holy-shrine|access-date=2026-02-16|website=Hawzah News Agency|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=English Pakistani Sunnis Visit Imam Reza Shrine|url=https://www.shiachat.com/forum/topic/235051393-english-pakistani-sunnis-visit-imam-reza-shrine/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617090149/https://www.shiachat.com/forum/topic/235051393-english-pakistani-sunnis-visit-imam-reza-shrine/|archive-date=2025-06-17|access-date=2026-02-16|website=ShiaChat.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-14|title=Sunni Cleric: Imam Reza Shrine a Center for Unifying Muslims|url=https://en.abna24.com/news/664698/Sunni-Cleric-Imam-Reza-Shrine-a-Center-for-Unifying-Muslims|access-date=2026-02-17|website=ABNA English|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Imam Reza (A.S.) Is the Symbol of Unity among Islamic Sects.|url=https://www.alarbaeen.ir/en/news/imam-reza-as-is-the-symbol-of-unity-among-islamic-sects|access-date=2026-02-17|website=www.alarbaeen.ir}}</ref> {{multiple image | align = center | image1 = ImamAliShrine2026.jpg | width1 = 217 | alt1 = | caption1 = Dhismaha Imaam Cali ee Najafe, Ciraaq, waxaa loo arkaa Muslinka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda inuu yahay meesha ugu xurmada badan Islaamka ka dib Makka, Madiina iyo Qudus. | image2 = حرم الامام الحسين.jpg | width2 = 218 | alt2 = | caption2 = Dhismaha Imaam Xuseen ee Karbala, Ciraaq, waa meel aad u xurmo badan Islaamka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda. | width3 = 315 | alt3 = | footer = | image3 = ImamReza(A).jpg | caption3 = Dhismaha Imaam Riza ee Mashxad, Iiraan, waa masjidhka ugu weyn dunida iyadoo ka mid ah meelaha ugu xurmada badan Islaamka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda. }} ===== Cibaadiyada ===== {{Main|Muhakkima|Cibaadiyada|Khawaarijta}} Cibaadiyada waa madhab u gaar ah Islaamka waxaana inta badan loo arkaa qaybta saddexaad ee mhabada Islaamka, oo barbar taagan Islaamka Sunnada ah iyo Islaamka Shiicada ah. Xididdadeedu waxay dib u raacaan go'itaankii Khawaarijta ee ka go'een Cali, oo ahaa ina-adeerkii iyo seedigii nabiga Muxammad oo ahaa Imaamkii ugu horreeyay ee Shiicada iyo khaliifkii afaraad ee Khulafo al-Raashidiinta ee Sunnadu. Waxaaba jirta in Cibaadiyiinta casriga ah ay inta badan diadaan in aqiidadooda lagu tilmaamo Khawaarij. Cibaadiyada waxay soo baxday qarniyadii ugu horreeyay ee Islaamka iyadoo ka timaada khilaafaadkii siyaasadeed iyo kuwa tawxiidka ee ku xeernaa Fitnada Koowaad. Dhaqanku wuxuu taariikhiyan u xiran yahay dhaqdhaqaaqii hore ee Muhakkima. Cibaadiyiintu way ka tiro yar yihiin labada mhab ee ugu waaweyn Islaamka, Sunnadu iyo Shiicada. Cibaadiyada waxay weli tahay mid aan si fican u baran dadka ka baxsan, iyadoo ay ku jiraan kuwo aan Muslin ahayn iyo Muslinka Sunnada iyo Shiicada ah. [[File:Islam branches and schools.png|centre|Dulmar guud oo ku saabsan qaybaha waaweyn iyo mhabada Islaamka]] ===== Qaybaha ===== * Dhaqdhaqaaqa Axmadiyada waxaa lagu aasaasay Hindiya ee Ingiriisku xukumayay 1889 oo uu aasaasay Mirza Ghulam Ahmad oo ka soo jeeda Qadian, oo sheegtay inuu yahay Masiiyadii la ballanqaaday ("Soo laabashada Labaad ee Ciise"), Mahdiga Muslinku dhowrayaan sidoo kale prophet yar oo raaca nabiga Islaamka Muxammad. Waxaa jira fikrado iyo barashooyin kala duwan oo u gaar ah Axmadiyiinta marka loo eego badanka Muslinka kale, kuwaas oo ay ku jiraan fasiraadda cinwaanka Qur'aanka ee Khatam an-Nabiyyin iyo fasiraadda Soo laabashada Labaad ee Masiiyada. deviations-kan loo arko inay ka bixisay fekerka Islaamka ee caadiga ah waxay keeneen in badanka Muslinka ay u arkaan kuwo ka baxay diinta iyo khilaafyada lagu hayo Axmadiyiinta waddamo kala duwan dhexdeeda, gaar ahaan Bakistaan, halkaas oo si rasmi ah looga dhaqangaliyay inaysan Muslin ahayn oo ay dhaqangalisay Xukuumadda Bakistaan. Taabacsanaha Dhaqdhaqaaqa Axmadiyada ee Islaamka waxay u qeybsamaan laba kooxood: ta koowaad oo ah Bulshada Muslinka ee Axmadiyada, oo maanta ah kooxda ugu weyn, iyo Dhaqdhaqaaqa Axmadiyada ee Laahore ee Fafinta Islaamka. * Calawiyada waa dhaqan Islaam oo doonis leh oo maxalli ah, oo taabacsaneedu ay raacaan barashooyinka qarsoon (bāṭenī) ee Cali iyo Haji Bektash Veli. Calawiyada waa isku dharraaq ka mid ah fikradaha dhaqanka ee Turkiga ee qarnigii 14aad, iyadoo leh xididdo ka imaan kara Tengrism iyo Animism oo barbar socda fikradaha Shiicada iyo Tasawufka. Waxaa la qiyaasay inay jiraan 10 milyan illaa ka badan 20 milyan (~0.5–1% dhammaan Muslinka) oo Calawiyiin ah dunida oo dhan. * Qur'aaniyuuntu waa dhaqdhaqaaq diimeed ee Islaamka oo ku aasaasan aqiidada ah in sharciga Islaamka iyo xaqiijintu ay tahay oo keliya inay ka timaado Qur'aanka oo aysan ka imaanin sunnada ama Xadiiska, iyadoo Qur'aaniyuuntu ay si muuqata uga kala duwan yihiin habka loo raaco shanta tiro ee Islaamka. Dhaqdhaqaaqu wuxuu soo baxay qarnigii 19aad wixii ka dambeeyay, iyadoo fekerayaal sida Syed Ahmad Khan, Abdullah Chakralawi iyo Ghulam Ahmed Perwez ee Hindiya ay su'aal ka keeneen dhaqanka xadiiska. Ejipt, Muhammad Tawfiq Sidqi wuxuu ku qaray maqaalka ''Islaamku waa Qur'aanka keligiis'' majaladda ''Al-Manār'', isagoo u doodayay awoodda keligeed ee Qur'aanka. Qur'aaniyiin muhiim ah oo qarnigii 20aad ee dambe wuxuu ahaa Rashad Khalifa, oo ahaa biokimiko Masri-Ameerikan ah oo sheegtay inuu helay fure tiro oo ku jira Qur'aanka, wuxuuna aasaasay ururka Qur'aaniyiinta ee United Submitters International. * Mu'tazilada waxay ahayd madhab hore oo cilmiga tawxiidka Islaamka oo lagu garto isticmaalka caqliga, gaar ahaan marka loo eego labada ilo ee ugu horreeya Islaamka, Qur'aanka iyo xadiiska. Madhabtu waxay ku aasaasantaa shanta usool ee waaweyn: tawxiidka, caddaalada rabbaaniga ah, hubaasha ballanqaadyada iyo digniinaha rabbaaniga ah, meel dhexe oo marka loo eego heerka duniyeed ee duntayda waaweyn, iyo waajibka amarrada wanaagsan iyo ka hortaga xumaanta. Ka dib Sunnadu, Mu'taziladu waxay diadeen aragtida dhaqanka ah ee ah in Qur'aanku yahay hadalka aan la abuurin ee Ilaah, waxayna halkaas ka qabteen in Qur'aanku yahay waxyi la abuuray, si loo adkeeyo koodnimada kheyraatka ee Ilaah. Iyagoo adkaynaya isticmaalka caqliga, waxay u doodeen in dookha xorta ah ee bahaamka uu u oggolaado shakhsiyaadka inay doorataan wanaagga ama xumaanta, taas oo ka dhigaysa kuwo mas'uul ka ah eedooda. Bagse saameynta Mu'taziladu waxay hoos u dhacday dhibaatada bulshada iyo siyaasadeed ee ka timaada Sunnadu darteed, reebitaankooda caqliga wuxuu weli yahay mid muhiim ah fekerka casriga ah ee Islaamka. === Muslimiinta aan kooxna ka tirsanayn === {{Main|Non-denominational Muslim}} Muslimiinta aan kooxna ka tirsanayn waa eegmo guud oo loo isticmaalo ama ay isticmaalaan Muslimiinta aan ka tirsanayn ama aan isku tilmaamin mhab gaar ah oo Islaam ah.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Benakis |first=Theodoros |date=13 January 2014 |title=Islamophoobia in Europe! |work=New Europe |location=Brussels |url=http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |url-status=dead |access-date=20 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131145036/http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |archive-date=31 January 2016 |quote=Anyone who has travelled to Central Asia knows of the non-denominational Muslims—those who are neither Shiites nor Sounites, but who accept Islam as a religion generally.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Kenneth |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=jQGZBAAAQBAJ|page=29}} |title=Unthinkable: Iran, the Bomb, and American Strategy |date=2014 |isbn=978-1-4767-3393-7 |page=29 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |quote=Although many Iranian hardliners are Shi'a chauvinists, Khomeini's ideology saw the revolution as pan-Islamist, and therefore embracing Sunni, Shi'a, Sufi, and other, more nondenominational Muslims}}</ref> Sahanadii ugu dambeeyay waxay ku warramayaan in qayb weyn oo ka mid ah Muslimiinta ka mid ah kuwa ku nool qaybo ka mid ah dunida ay isku tilmaamaan oo keliya Muslim, inkasta oo ay yar tahay falanqaynta la daabacay ee ku saabsan sababaha ka dambeeya jawaabtan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burns |first=Robert |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=akWUGyN7fwEC|page=55}} |title=Christianity, Islam, and the West |date=2011 |isbn=978-0-7618-5560-6 |page=55 |publisher=University Press of America |quote=40 per cent called themselves "just a Muslim" according to the Council of American-Islamic relations}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tatari |first=Eren |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=x_4QBQAAQBAJ|page=111}} |title=Muslims in British Local Government: Representing Minority Interests in Hackney, Newham and Tower Hamlets |date=2014 |isbn=978-90-04-27226-2 |page=111 |publisher=BRILL |quote=Nineteen said that they are Sunni Muslims, six said they are just Muslim without specifying a sect, two said they are Ahmadi, and two said their families are Alevi}}</ref> Pew Research waxay ku warramaysaa in jawaab-bixiyeyaasha isku tilmaama oo keliya Muslim ay yihiin inta ugu badan ee Muslimiinta ee toddoba waddan (iyo tiro sare saddex kale dhexdeeda), iyadoo heerka ugu sarreeya uu yahay Kasakhstan oo ah 74%. Ugu yaraan mid ka mid ah shan kasta oo Muslim ah ee ugu yaraan 22 waddan wuxuu isku tilmaamaa habkan.<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|date=9 August 2012|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|access-date=4 September 2013|website=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project}}</ref> == Tasawufka == === Suufiyada === {{Main|Suufiyada}} {{See also|Xiriirka Salafiga iyo Suufiga}} [[File:Mevlana Konya.jpg|thumb|Wareegga Suufiga ee Dhismaha Qabriga Suufiga ee Rumi ee Konya, Turkey.]] Suufiyada (Carabi: تصوف), waa hab ka mid ah Tasawufka Islaamka oo raadiya in lagu helo khibrad shakhsi ah oo toos ah ee Eebbe. Culimadii hore ee Suufiyadu waxay ku tilmaameen tasawufka "cilmiga ujeeddadiisu tahay sixidda wadnaha iyo ka jeedinta dhammaan wixii kale ee aan Eebbe ahayn", iyada oo loo marayo "awoodda caqliga iyo sharafta" oo laga joojiyo in lagu tababaro. Ahmad ibn Ajiba wuxuu ku tilmaamay tasawufka "ku laabashada dhaqanka, bilowgiisuna yahay aqoon, dhexdiisuna tahay wax-qabad [aqoontaas ku saabsan], dhammaadkiisuna yahay hadiya [ka timaada Allah]." Ma aha qayb ka mid ah Islaamka, taabacsanaha ayaana ka tirsan mhabada kala duwan ee Muslinka. Ismaaciiliya, oo barashadeedu ku aasaasan tahay Gnosticism iyo Neoplatonism iyadoo ay barbar socdaan madhabaha Illuminationist iyo Isfahan ee falsafadda Islaamka, waxay samaysay fasiraado tasawuf ah oo Islaamka ah. Hasan al-Basri, oo ahaa Suufigii hore oo inta badan loo arko mid ka mid ah Suufiyadii ugu horreysay, wuxuu adkeeyay cabsida ka timaada guuldarrada Eebbe ee adkaysiga. Taa beddekeeda, Suufiyadii dambe ee waaweynayd, sida Mansur Al-Hallaj iyo Jalaluddin Rumi, waxay adkeeyeen diinta ku aasaasan jacyada loo qabo Eebbe. Jacyadaas waxay sidoo kale saameyn ku lahaayeen fanka, iyadoo Rumi uu weli yahay mid ka mid ah gabayaaga ugu iibka badan Ameerika. [[File:Sema ceremony many.jpg|thumb|Suufiyada ee Turkey.]]Suufiyadu waxay u arkaan tasawufka qayb aan ka go'in Islaamka. Suufiyadii dhaqanka ahayd, sida Bayazid Bastami, Jalaluddin Rumi, Haji Bektash Veli, Junaid Baghdadi, iyo Al-Ghazali, waxay u doodeen in Suufiyadu ku aasaasan tahay usoolka Islaamka iyo barashooyinka nabiga. Taariikhyahan Nile Green wuxuu u dooday in Islaamka qarniyadii dhexe uu ahaa wax yar ama ka badan Suufiyada. Taabacsanaha dhaqdhaqaaqa Sunnada ee dib-u-soocida ee loo yaqaano Salafiyada waxay u arkeen dhaqannada jacyada ee caanka ah, sida weyneynta awliyada Suufiga, inay yihiin cusbooneysiin ka timaada diintii hore. Salafiyiintu inta badan waxay weerareen Suufiyada, taas oo keentay xumaanshaha xiriirka Suufiga iyo Salafiga. Ururrada Suufiga waxay samayskaan dariiqooyin ku xeeran macallin (wali) oo raaca xiriir ruuxi ah oo dib u raaca Muxammad. Suufiyadu waxay kaqaateen door muhiim ah samaynta bulshooyinka Muslinka iyaga oo loo marayo dhaqdhaqaaqyada baahinta iyo waxbarashada. Dhaqdhaqaaqa Ahle Sunnat ama Barelvi ee uu saameeyay Tasawufku wuxuu sheegtaa in ka badan 200 milyan oo taabacsane ku leeyahay Koonfurta Aasiya. Suufiyadu waxay muhiim ku tahay Aasiyada Dhexe, iyo sidoo kale waddamada Afrika sida Tuniisiya, Aljeeriya, Marooko, Senejaal, Chaad iyo Nayjar. == Sharciga iyo Fiqhiga == === Shariicada === {{Main|Shariicada|Fiqhiga}} {{See also|Mantiqa ee Falsafadda Islaamka#Sharciga Islaamka iyo Cilmiga Tawxiidka}} [[File:Madhhab Map3.png|thumb|Madhabaha sharciga Islaamka ee Dunida Muslinka.]] Shariicada waa tan ka kooban sharciga diinta Islaamka. Doonista ah in la tilmaamo oo lagu ogaado sharciyada hab dhammaystiran oo is-waafaqsan waxay keentay horumarinta aragtida sharciga, oo loo yaqaano fiqhi. Taa beddekeeda, bidco waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu tilmaamo cusbooneysiinta sharciga ka baxsan ee arrimaha diinta. Dhabbooyinka kala duwan, ee loo yaqaano usoolka fiqhiga, ayaa horumaray oo madhabka sharciga ee ka soo baxa dhabbo ku xeeran waxaa loo yaqaanaa madhab. Is-waafaqidda raacda go'aannada khabiir diimeed ama madhab waxaa loo yaqaanaa taqliid. Shuruudda ghayr muqallid waxay u tilmaamaysaa kuwa aan isticmaalin taqliidka iyo, sii dheeraanteeda, aan lahayn madhab. Dhaqanka shakhsigu ku fasirayo sharciga caqliga xor ah waxaa loo yaqaanaa ijtixaad. Kuwa fasira shariicada waxaa loo yaqaanaa muftiyo oo ra'yigooda sharciga ah waxaa loo yaqaanaa fatwo. [[File:'Abd_Allah_ibn_Shaykh_Murshid_al-Katib_-_Sa'di_and_a_Dervish_Go_to_Settle_their_Quarrel_Before_a_Judge_-_Walters_W618106B_-_Cropped.jpg|thumb|Gabayaaga Saadi Shirazi iyo darwiish waxay u socdaan inay khilaafkooda ku dhameeyaan xakim hortiis, farta qarnigii 16aad oo ka timaada Iiraan.]] Ilaaha koowaad ee Shariicadu waa Qur'aanka iyo Sunnada. Ilaa saddexaad oo caani ah waa qiyaas (caqli analoji ah) oo loo isticmaalo dhibcooyinka sharciga ah ee aan si toos ah loogu faahfaahin Qur'aanka ama Sunnada. Isku-barbardhigga ayaa la raadiyaa si loo helo illah, ama sababta halkan ku jirta, oo ah sababta ka dambeysa xukunkii hore. Tusaale ahaan, reebitaanka gaarka ah ee khamriga waxaa ka soo baxaya reebitaanka guud ee alkoolka maadaama ay wadaagayaan sababta shaqaynaysa ee loo gartay inay tahay dabeecadda ma zeexisa ee dhammaan cabitaannada alkoolka ah. Madhabka Saahiriga wuxuu adkeeyay saafinimada tooska ah oo sidaas darteed wuxuu diaday qiyaaska. Is-afgaradka ra'yiga waa ijmaac, iyadoo ikhtilaafku u tilmaamayo khilaafka culimada. Xukunnadu waxay ficillada u kala saaraan mid ka mid ah shan qaybood oo loo yaqaano axkaam: farad, mustaxab, mubaah, makruuh, iyo xaraam. Xilliga casriga ah, sharciyada dambiyada ee ku aasaasan shariicada waxaa inta badan beddelay sharciyo ka yimid moodellada Yurub. Cilmiga dib-u-soocida ee Tanzimat ee Qarnigii 19aad ee Dowladdii Cusmaaniyiinta wuxuu keenay koodka madaniga ee Mecelle wuxuuna ka dhigan yahay dadaalkii ugu horreeyay ee lagu koodiyeeyo shariicada. Iyadoo Dastuurada badanka states-ka Muslinku u badan yihiin ay ku jiraan tilmaamo ku saabsan shariicada, xeerarkeeda dhaqanka ah waxaa inta badan lagu reebay oo keliya sharciyada heerka shakhsiga (famlida). Hay'adaha sharciga ah oo koodiyeeyay sharciyaddan waxay raadiyeen inay casriyeeyaan iyagoon ka tageyn aasaaskooda fiqhiga dhaqanka ah. Dib-u-soocida Islaamka ee qarnigii 20aad ee dambe waxay keentay baaqyo ka yimid dhaqdhaqaaqyada Islaamiyiinta oo ku saabsan fulinta dhammaystiran ee shariicada. Doorka shariicadu wuxuu noqday mowduuc lagu tartamo dunida oo dhan. Waxaa jira doodaha socda oo ku saabsan in shariicadu ay la waafaqsan tahay foomamka cilmaani ee xukuumadda, xuquuqda aadanaha, xorriyadda fekerka, iyo xuquuqda dumarka darteed meelaha ay ka mid yihiin faafreebka iyo doonaanta. == Bulshada == === Shakhsiyaadka diinta === {{Main|Culumada}} [[File:Maqamat_hariri.jpg|thumb|254x254px|Culimada ku sugan maktabadda Cabbaasiyiinta, Maqamat al-Hariri. Farta uu qray Yahyá al-Wasiti, Baqdaad, 1237 AD.]] Islaamku maleho wadaado ah macnaha sacerdotalism, sida baaddariyada oo kale oo dhex-dhexaadiya Eebbe iyo dadka. Imaam (Carabi: إمام) waa cinwaanka diinta oo loo isticmaalo in lagu tilmaamo booska hoggaaminta Islaamka, inta badan marka loo eego samaynta adeegga cibaadada Islaamka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Imam|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/imam|access-date=15 January 2023|website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Fasiraadda diinta waxaa hoggaamiya culumada (Carabi: علماء), oo ah shuruud loo isticmaalo in lagu tilmaamo kooxda culimada Muslinka ah ee helay tababarka barashada Islaamka. Caalimka xadiiska waxaa loo yaqaanaa muxaddith, caalimka fiqhiga waxaa loo yaqaanaa faqeeh (Carabi: فقيه), qaanuun-yaqaanka u qalma inuu soo saaro ra'yiga sharciga ah ama fatwooyinka waxaa loo yaqaanaa mufti, qadi-yuna waa xakim Islaam ah. Cinwaannada sharafta leh ee la siiyo culimada waxaa ka mid ah sheekh, mulla iyo mawlawi. Muslinka qaar ka mid ah waxay sidoo kale weyneeyaan awliyada u xiran karaamooyinka (Carabi: كرامات).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Radtke |first1=B. |last2=Lory |first2=P. |last3=Zarcone |first3=Th. |last4=DeWeese |first4=D. |last5=Gaborieau |first5=M. |last6=Denny |first6=F. M. |last7=Aubin |first7=F. |last8=Hunwick |first8=J. O. |last9=Mchugh |first9=N. |title=Walī |orig-year=1993 |year=2012 |editor1-last=Bearman |editor1-first=P. J. |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-link=Thierry Bianquis |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-first=C. E. |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor4-first=E. J. |editor4-link=Emeri Johannes van Donzel |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-first=W. P. |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=2nd |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill Publishers |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1335 |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4}}</ref> === Maamulka === {{See also|Siyaasadda iyo Islaamka|Dhaqaalaha Islaamka|Qaanuunka ciidanka ee Islaamka|Tasaamuxa|Jihaadka}} [[File:Ali and Aisha at the Battle of the Camel.jpg|thumb|Xaasidii Muxammad, Caasha, oo la dagaallamaysa Cali.]] Fiqhiga dhaqaalaha Islaamka dhexdiisa, kaydsiga hantida si xad-dhaaf ah waa lagu necbyahay, sidaas darteedna dhaqanka maalgashiga monobooliga ah waa laga hoos eegaa.<ref name="Iqbal2010">{{cite book | last1 = Iqbal | first1 = Zamir | last2 = Mirakhor | first2 = Abbas | last3 = Krichenne | first3 = Noureddine | last4 = Askari | first4 = Hossein | title = The Stability of Islamic Finance: Creating a Resilient Financial Environment | location = Singapore | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | year = 2010 | language = en | isbn = 978-0-470-82518-1 | p = 75}}</ref> Dadaallada lagu waafajinayo shariicada waxay keeneen horumarinta bangiyada Islaamka. Islaamku wuxuu reebaa ribada, oo inta badan loo turjumo faa'iido si aan caddaalad ahayn ku timaada ganacsiga, waxaana inta badan loo isticmaalaa in lagu tilmaamo faa'iidada ribada.<ref>{{harvc |c=Riba |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online |year=n.d. |last1= Schacht|first1=Joseph}}</ref> Taa beddekeeda, bangiyada Islaamku waxay iskaashi la sameeyaan amaanadaha, iyagoo labaduba wadaagaya faa'iidada iyo qasaaraha ka soo baxa mashruuca. Shuruud kale waa ka fogaanshaha hubaal-la'aanta, oo loo arko saqajaan (khumaar), bangiyada Islaamkuna dhaqan ahaan waxay ka fogaadaan aaladaha la soocay sida mustaqbalka ama doorashooyinka, taas oo taariikhiyan ka ilaalisay hoos u dhaca suuqyada.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Foster|first=John |date=1 December 2009|title=How Islamic finance missed heavenly chance|work=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8388644.stm|access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Domat|first=Chloe|date=20 October 2020|title=What Is Islamic Finance And How Does It Work?|work=Global Finance magazine|url=https://www.gfmag.com/topics/blogs/islamic-finance-faq-what-islamic-finance-and-how-does-it-work|access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref> Khulafadii Raashidiinta iyo Dowladdii Umawiyiinta waxay ku lug lahaayeen qaybinta sadaqada ee ka timaada qasnadda dowladda, oo loo yaqaano Bayt al-maal, ka hor inta aysan noqon dadaal shakhsi ah meelaha sannadkii 720. Khaliifkii ugu horreeyay, Abu Bakar, wuxuu u qaybiyay sakada sida tusaalooyinkii ugu horreeyay ee dakhliga ugu yar ee la dammaanad qaado, iyadoo muwaaddin kasta uu helayay 10 illaa 20 dirham sannadkiiba.<ref>{{cite web |last=Merchant, Brian |date=14 November 2013 |title=Guaranteeing a Minimum Income Has Been a Utopian Dream for Centuries |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/guaranteeing-a-minimum-income-has-been-a-utopian-dream-for-centuries/ |access-date=3 June 2019 |website=VICE}}</ref> Waagii maamulkii khaliifkii labaad ee Cumar, taageerada carruurta ayaa la soo bandhigay, kuwa da'da ah iyo kuwa nafedana waxay xaq u lahaayeen mushaar,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Al-Buraey |first=Muhammad |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=lT8OAAAAQAAJ|page=}} |title=Administrative Development: An Islamic Perspective |publisher=KPI |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-7103-0059-1 |pages=252–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Akgündüz |first1=Ahmed |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=EnT_zhqEe5cC|page=539}} |title=Ottoman History: Misperceptions and Truths |last2=Öztürk |first2=Said |publisher=IUR Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-90-90-26108-9 |pages=539– |access-date=7 October 2014}}</ref> iyadoo khaliifkii Umawiyiinta ee Cumar II uu u qoondeeyay adeego dhagool kasta iyo labadii qafis ee xanuunsan oo dhan.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Al-Jawzi|first1=Ibn |url=|title=The Biography and Virtues of Omar Bin Abd al-Aziz – The Ascetic Caliph |publisher=IUR Press |year=2001 |isbn= |page=130 }}</ref> [[File:Saladin the Victorious.jpg|thumb|Salaxaddiin Guuleystaha, uu qray Gustave Doré.]] Jihaad wuxuu macnehiisu yahay "dadaal ama ilaa qabasho [dhabada Eebbe]", macnehiisa ugu ballaaranina waa "awoodda, dadaalka, ama awoodda ugu dambeysa oo lagu bixiyo la dagaallanka shay laga xumaado". Shiicadu gaar ahaan waxay adkeeyaan "jihaadka weyn" oo ah dadaalka lagu gaarayo wanaajinta nafta ee ruuxiga ah iyadoo "jihaadka yar" loo tilmaamo dagaalka. Marka loo isticmaalo sidaas oo keliya, jihaadka inta badan waxaa loo fahmaa foomkiisa ciidanka. Jihaadku waa foomka keliya ee dagaalka ee loo oggol yahay sharciga Islaamka, waxaana lagu dhawaaqi karaa ka dhan ah ujeedooyinka aan sharciyaysnayn, argagixisada, kooxaha dambiyada, reebleyaasha, murtadiinta, iyo hoggaamiyeyaasha ama dowladaha dhibta Muslinka. Badanka Muslinka maanta waxay u fasiraan Jihaadka oo keliya foom دفاع ah oo dagaalka ah. Jihaadku wuxuu oo keliya noqdaa waajib shakhsi ah kuwa la siiyay awoodda. Dadka kale oo dhan, tani waxay dhacdaa oo keliya marka ay jirto diyaargarow guud. Badanka Shiicada Isnaashariyada, jihaadka weerarka ah waxaa oo keliya lagu dhawaaqi karaa hoggaamiye Eebbe uu doortay oo ee bulshada Muslinka ah, sidaas darteedna, wuu hakad ku jiraa tan iyo gaabinta Muxammad al-Mahdi ee sannadkii 868 CE. === Nolosha maanta iyo tan aabbanimada/qoyska === {{See also|Edabta (Islaamka)|Cuntada reebban ee Islaamka|Islaamka iyo carruurta|Guurka Islaamka|Dumarka Islaamka|Guurka badan ee Islaamka}} [[File:Salat Eid al-Fitr, Tehran (113344343).jpg|thumb|Haweenay Iiraani ah oo xiran astaan Islaami ah (Xijaab).]] Cilmiga edabta ee maalinlaha ah wuxuu ku jiraa qaybta edabta, ama hab-dhaqanka. Cuntooyinka si gaar ah loo reebay waxaa ka mid ah hเนื้อ Doofaarka, dhiigga iyo bakhtiga. Caafimaadka waxaa loo arkaa ammaan ka timaada Eebbe, waxyaabaha maaddada ah ee maaddada maanka dooriya, sida cabitaannada alkoolka ah, waa kuwo reebban.<ref>{{cite book|author=Fahd Salem Bahammam|title=Food and Dress in Islam: An explanation of matters relating to food and drink and dress in Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CRojJ7lnb18C&pg=PP1|publisher=Modern Guide|isbn=978-1-909322-99-8|page=1}}</ref> Dhammaan hเนื้อ waa inay ka timaadaa xayawaan geed-daaq ah oo loo qashay magaca Eebbe oo uu qashay Muslin, Yuhuudi, ama Christian, marka laga reebo ugaarta uu qofku ugaarsaday ama kaluumaysay maankiisa.<ref>{{harvp|Curtis|2005|p=164}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|p=111}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |c=Slaughter |first=Ersilia |last=Francesca |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref> Garaha inta badan waxaa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa ragga sida shay dabiici ah<ref>{{Cite news |last=De Sondy |first=Amanullah |date=28 January 2016|title=The relationship between Muslim men and their beards is a tangled one|work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jan/28/muslim-men-beards-facial-hair-islam |access-date=7 March 2022}}</ref> iyo isbeddellada jirka, sida peenijka joogtada ah (sawirka jidhka), inta badan waa reebban iyadoo laga baqayo inay kharribaan ubaahda u go'an.{{efn|Muslinka qaar ka mid ah Shiinaha waagii boqortooyada waxay ka horyimaadeen xiridda cagaha gabdhaha sababtaas oo kale darteed.}} <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.learnreligions.com/tattoos-in-islam-2004393 |title=Are Muslims Allowed to Get Tattoos? |website= |access-date=7 March 2022 |archive-date=8 Bisha Saddexaad 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308040238/https://www.learnreligions.com/tattoos-in-islam-2004393 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Xariirta iyo dahabka waa reebban yihiin ragga Islaamka dhexdiisa si loo dhowro xaaladda miyir-qabka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Glassé |first1=Cyril |title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=AltaMira Press |page=158 |language=en|year=2001}}</ref> Haya, oo inta badan loo turjumo "xishood", mararka qaar waxaa loo tilmaamaa dabeecadda hoose ee Islaamka<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zine |first1=Jasmin |last2=Babana-Hampton |first2=Safoi |last3=Mazid |first3=Nergis |last4=Bullock |first4=Katherine |last5=Chishti |first5=Maliha |title=American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 19:4 |publisher=International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) |page=59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JM4DwAAQBAJ&q=haya+islam&pg=PA59 |access-date=4 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> wuxuuna hagaa badanka nolosha maalinlaha ah ee Muslinka. Tusaale ahaan, dharka Islaamka dhexdiisa wuxuu adkeeyaa heerka xishoodka, oo ay ku jirto xijaabka haweenka. Sidoo kale, nadaafadda shakhsiga ah waa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa shuruudo gaar ah.<ref>{{cite web |last=Esposito |first=John |title=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e4 |access-date=3 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114153249/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e4 |archive-date=14 November 2016}}</ref> [[File:Muslim Couple (cropped).jpg|thumb|Saddex laba oo Muslin ah oo ka socda Indoneesiya.]] Guurka Islaamka dhexdiisa, ninka arooska ah waxaa lagu leeyahay inuu bixiyo meherka aroosadda (mahar).<ref>{{harvp|Waines|2003|pp=93–96}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|p=339}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|1998|p=79}}</ref> Qoysaska badankood ee dunida Islaamka waxay leeyihiin hal xaas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Newby |first=Gordon D. |url=https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00newb |title=A concise encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=Oneworld |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-85168-295-9 |location=Oxford |page=141}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed Hossein |url=https://archive.org/details/islamreligionhis00nasr_0/page/68 |title=Islam : religion, history, and civilization |publisher=HarperOne |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-06-050714-5 |location=New York |page=68}}</ref> Ragga Muslinka ah waxaa loo oggol yahay inay sameeyaan guurka badan waxayna yeelan karaan illaa afar xaas oo isku mar ah. Waxbarashada Islaamku waxay si adag uga baqaysaa inay adkayso in haddii ninku uusan dammaanad qaadi karin taageerada maaliyadeed iyo ta ruuxiga ah oo siman xaasaskiisa mid kasta, waxaa la dhiirri-geliyaa inuu guursado hal haweenay oo keliya. Sabab lagu tilmaamay guurka badan ayaa ah inay ninka u oggolaato inuu siiyo ilaalin maaliyadeed haween badan, oo laga yaabo inaysan helin taageero kale (tusaale, carrooyinka). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xaaska ugu horreysa waxay shuruud ku xiri kartaa heshiiska guurka in ninku uusan guursan karin haweenay kale inta ay guursan yihiin.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ratno Lukito|title=Legal Pluralism in Indonesia: Bridging the Unbridgeable|page=81|publisher=Routledge}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.islamweb.net/ver2/fatwa/ShowFatwa.php?lang=A&Id=18444&Option=FatwaId |title=IslamWeb |publisher=IslamWeb |date=7 February 2002 |access-date=13 September 2011}}</ref> Waxaa sidoo kale jira kala duwanaansho dhaqameed oo aroosyo ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Gai |url=https://archive.org/details/rememberinggodre0000eato |title=Remembering God: Reflections on Islam |publisher=The Islamic Texts Society |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-946621-84-2 |location=Cambridge |pages=92–93}}</ref> Polyandry, oo ah dhaqan ay haweenaydu ku guursato laba ama ka badan oo ragg ah, waa ku reebban Islaamka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Can't a Woman have 2 Husbands? |url=http://www.14publications.com/question-and-answer/why-cant-a-woman-have-2-husbands/ |access-date=27 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223012707/http://www.14publications.com/question-and-answer/why-cant-a-woman-have-2-husbands/ |archive-date=23 December 2015 |website=14 Publications}}</ref> [[File:عکس های مراسم ترتیل خوانی یا جزء خوانی یا قرائت قرآن در ایام ماه رمضان در حرم فاطمه معصومه در شهر قم 20.jpg|thumb|Gabdhaha Muslinka ah oo baranaya Qur'aanka lagu dul dhigay rehalada xilliga Ramadaanka ee Qom, Iiraan.]] Aadada dhalashada ubadka ka dib, adhaanka waxaa lagu dhawaaqaa dhegta midig. Maalinta todobaad, xafladda caqiiqada ayaa la sameeyaa, oo xayawaan lagu qalo oo hantiisa loo qaybiyo masaakiinta. Madaxa ubadka waa la xiiraa, oo lacag la eg miisaanka dhagaha waxaa loo deeqaa masaakiinta. Gudniinka raga, oo loo yaqaano khitaan, inta badan waa lagu dhaqmaa dunida Muslinka.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2014 |title=Khitān |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/khitan-Islam |access-date=27 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127165754/https://www.britannica.com/topic/khitan-Islam |archive-date=27 January 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |date=January 2017 |title=Reported Male Circumcision Practices in a Muslim-Majority Setting |journal=BioMed Research International |publisher=Hindawi Publishing Corporation |volume=2017 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1155/2017/4957348 |pmc=5282422 |pmid=28194416 |doi-access=free |author1-last=Anwer |author1-first=Abdul Wahid |author2-last=Samad |author2-first=Lubna |author3-last=Baig-Ansari |author3-first=Naila |author4-last=Iftikhar |author4-first=Sundus}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 August 2009 |title=Islam: Circumcision of boys |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/malecircumcision.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112170938/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/malecircumcision.shtml |archive-date=12 November 2012 |access-date=27 May 2020 |work=Religion & ethics—Islam |publisher=Bbc.co.uk}}</ref> Xaq-dhowridda iyo addeecidda waalidiinta, iyo daryeelidooda gaar ahaan markay da'da yihiin waa waajib diini ah. Muslinka dhimanaya waxaa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa inuu dhawaaqo Shahaadada si ay u noqoto hadalkiisa ugu dambeeya.<ref>{{Cite book| isbn = 9783643900678| title =Changing European Death Ways| location = Austria| year = 2013| last1=Mathijssen| first1=Brenda|last2=Venhorst|first2=Claudia|last3=Venbrux|first3=Eric|last4=Quartier|first4=Thomas| url =| page = 265 |publisher=Lit }}</ref> Xaq-dhowridda kii dhintay iyo ka qaybgalka jinaasooyinka ee bulshada dhexdeeda waxaa loo arkaa mid ka mid ah ficillada wanaagsan. Caadooyinka aasidda Islaamka, aasidda waxaa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa si dhakhso ah oo ugu macquulsan, inta badan 24 saac dhexdeeda. Meydka waa la dhaqaa, marka laga reebo shuhadada, oo ay dhaqaan kuwo labka ah oo isku jinsi ah waxaana lagu duubaa dhar aan adkayn oo loo yaqaano kafan. Salaadda jinaasada oo loo yaqaano Salat al-Janazah ayaa la tukadaa. Qaylada ama ooyinta weyn ee baroorgaaga ah waa laga fogaadaa. Sanduuqyada aaska inta badan la ma doorbido oo qabrida inta badan calaamad maleho, xata boqorada. === Dhaqanka === {{Main|Dhaqanka Islaamka}} {{See also|Farshaxanka Islaamka|Dhismaha Islaamka|Suugaanta Islaamka|Islaamka iyo kubbadda cagta|Muslinka Dhaqanka}} [[File:Chinese-style minaret of the Great Mosque 2023.jpg|thumb|Minaaradda qaabka Shiinaha ee Masaajidka Weyn ee Xi'an, oo ka mid ah masaajidda ugu ee Shiinaha ee la dhisay 742 AD.]] Erayga "dhaqanka Islaamka" waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu tilmaamo dhinacyada dhaqanka ee u gaarka ah diinta, sida ciidaha iyo dharka. Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa si dood ku jirto oo loogu tilmaamo dhinacyada dhaqanka ee dadka Muslinka ah ee dhaqanka ah.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Melikian |first=Souren |author-link=Souren Melikian |date=4 November 2011 |title='Islamic' Culture: A Groundless Myth |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/05/arts/05iht-rartmelikian05.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=25 November 2013}}</ref> Ugudambeyntii, "ilbaxnimada Islaamka" waxay sidoo kale u tilmaami kartaa dhinacyada dhaqanka isku-dhafka ah ee Khilafaadkii hore, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa aan Muslinka ahayn, mararka ka mid ahna loo yaqaano "Islaamiga".<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Wiley| isbn = 9781405155144| title =Islamicate Cosmopolitan Spirit | location = United Kingdom| year = 2021| last=Lawrence| first=Bruce| url =| page = xii| quote = }}</ref> Farshaxanka Islaamku wuxuu ka kooban yahay farshaxanka muuqaalka ah oo ay ku jiraan ilo kala duwan sida dhismaha, farta qurxoon, sawirka, iyo dhoobada, iyo kuwo kale.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ettinghausen |first1=Richard |first2=Oleg |last2=Grabar |first3=Marilyn |last3=Jenkins-Madina |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780300088670/page/3 |title=Islamic Art and Architecture 650-1250 |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-300-08869-8 |edition=2nd |page=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Suarez|first=Michael F.|title=The Oxford companion to the book|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|isbn=9780198606536|location=Oxford and New York|pages=331ff|chapter=38 The History of the Book in the Muslim World|oclc=50238944}}</ref> Iyadoo sameynta sawirrada noolaha inta badan ka laga fogaado oo u xiran sharciyada ka dhanka ah sanam-caabudidda, shuruuddan waxaa u fasiray ilo kala duwan culimo kala duwan iyo xilliyo taariikhi ah oo kala duwan. [[File:Masjid Menara Kudus.jpg|thumb|Masaajidka Menara Kudus ee qarnigii 16aad ee Indoneesiya, oo muujinaya saamaynta Hindiya.]] Xaddidaaddan waxaa loo isticmaalay in lagu fashilo badnaanta farta qurxoon, joomatariya isku-dhafka ah, iyo qaababka sida ilaha muhiimka ah ee dhaqanka farshaxanka Islaamka.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Salim Ayduz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=or-6BwAAQBAJ&q=islamic+art+idolatry+geometry&pg=PA263 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam |last2=Ibrahim Kalin |last3=Caner Dagli |date=2014 |page=263|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-981257-8 |quote=Figural representation is virtually unused in Islamic art because of Islam's strong antagonism of idolatry. It was important for Muslim scholars and artists to find a style of art that represented the Islamic ideals of unity (''tawhid'') and order without figural representation. Geometric patterns perfectly suited this goal.}}</ref> Waxaa sii dheer, sawirka Muxammad waa arrin dood ka jirto dhexdeeda Muslinka.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=860736| title = An Indian Picture of Muhammad and His Companions | author = T. W. Arnold| journal = The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs | author-link = T. W. Arnold| date = June 1919| volume = 34| issue = 195 | publisher = The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs, Vol. 34, No. 195. | pages = 249–252}}</ref> Dhismaha Islaamka dhexdiisa, dhaqanka kala duwan wuxuu muujinayaa saamayn sida dhismaha Islaamka ee Waqooyiga Afrika iyo Isbaanishka sida Masaajidka Weyn ee Kairouan oo ka kooban tiirar marmar iyo borfiri ah oo ka yimid dhismayaashii Roomaanka iyo Bizantiinta,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Isichei |first=Elizabeth Allo |url={{Google books|LgnhYDozENgC|page=PA175|keywords=mosque%20kairouan%20roman columns|text=mosque+kairouan+roman+columns|plainurl=yes}} |title=A history of African societies to 1870 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-521-45599-2 |location=Cambridge |pages=175 |access-date=6 August 2010}}</ref> iyadoo masaajidda Indoneesiya inta badan leeyihiin saqafyo heerarka badan leh oo ka yimid qaabka dhaladka ah ee Jafa.<ref>{{cite book |first=Gunawan |last=Tjahjono |title=Indonesian Heritage-Architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/architecture00indo/page/88 |year=1998 |publisher=Archipelago Press |location=Singapore |isbn=981-3018-30-5 |pages=88–89 }}</ref> Taariikhda Islaamku waa taariikhda dayaxa oo ka bilaabanta Hijrada 622 CE, oo ah taariikh oo la sheegay inuu doortay Khaliif Cumar maadaama ay ahayd meel isbeddel muhiim ah u ahayd Muxammad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Muslim-calendar|title=Islamic calendar|website=www.britannica.com|date=|access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref> Maalmaha barakaysan ee Islaamku waxay ku beegan yihiin taariikho go'an oo ee taariikhda dayaxa, taas oo macnaheedu yahay inay dhacaan xilliyo kala duwan sannado kala duwan oo ee taariikhda Miilaadiga. Ciidaha ugu muhiimsan Islaamka waa Ciidul Fitri (Carabi: عيد الفطر) ee 1-da Shawaal, oo calaamad u ah dhammaadka bisha soomanaanta ee Ramadaan, iyo Ciidul Adxa (Carabi: عيد الأضحى) ee 10-ka Dhul-Hijjah, oo ku beegan dhammaadka Xajka.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher =Oxford University Press| isbn =9780195165203| title =The Islamic World: Past and Present| year = 2004| last=Esposito| first=John| pages = 75–76 |ref=none}}</ref><ref name="www.britannica.com-2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pillars-of-Islam|title=Pillars of Islam &#124; Islamic Beliefs & Practices &#124; Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|date=3 May 2023|access-date=16 December 2021|archive-date=5 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905102524/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pillars-of-Islam|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslinka Dhaqanka waa shakhsiyaad aan cibaadaysaneyn oo wali lagu aqoonsado Islaamka iyadoo laga duulayo asalka qoyska, dhiirrigelinta shakhsiga ah, ama deegaanka bulshada iyo dhaqanka ee ay ku doorteen inay ku koran.<ref>{{cite book|first1= Cara|last1= Aitchison|author1-link= Cara Aitchison|first2= Peter E.|last2= Hopkins|author3-link= Mei-Po Kwan|author3= Mei-Po Kwan|title= Geographies of Muslim Identities: Diaspora, Gender and Belonging|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DRnthQxB8lYC&pg=PA147|access-date= 30 June 2013|year= 2007|publisher= Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn= 978-1-4094-8747-0|pages=147}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Islamic Counselling: An Introduction to theory and practice|first=G. Hussein|last= Rassool|year= 2015| isbn=9781317441250| page =10|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o_QsCgAAQBAJ&dq=Muslims+who+are+religiously+unobservant,+secular+or+irreligious+individuals+who+still+identify+with+the+Muslim&pg=PA10|quote=The label 'Cultural Muslim' is used in the literature to describe those Muslims who are religiously unobservant, secular or irreligious individuals who still identify with the Muslim culture due to family background, personal experiences, or the social and cultural environment in which they grew up... For Cultural Muslim the declaration of faith is superficial and has no effect of their religious practices.}}</ref> === Siyaasada=== [[File:Scotusnfrieze.jpeg|thumb|Muxammad oo lagu muujiyay Adolph Alexander Weinman ee Dhismaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Mareykanka ee Washington, DC isagoo wada seef iyo Qur'aan.]] Qayb badan oo ka mid ah qarnigii 20aad, aqoonsiga Islaamka iyo maamulka Islaamka ee arrimaha siyaasadda ayaa kordhay horraantii qarnigii 21aad. Siyaasadda Islaamka waa fasiraadda Islaamka oo loo arko il ka mid ah aqoonsiga iyo wax-qabadka siyaasadeed.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|last1=Voll|first1=John O.|last2=Sonn|first2=Tamara|title=Political Islam|url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/id/obo-9780195390155-0063|journal=Oxford Bibliographies Online Datasets|year=2009|language=en|doi=10.1093/obo/9780195390155-0063|access-date=2017-05-26|archive-date=2020-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223165247/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0063.xml|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Waxay u doodaysaa dhisidda dawladda iyo bulshada sida ku cad (fahamka u doodayaasha) mabaadi'da Islaamka, halkaas oo Islaamku u shaqeeyo il ka mid ah jagooyinka iyo fikradaha siyaasadeed.<ref name=":02">Krämer, Gudrun. "Political Islam." In Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World. Vol. 6. Edited by Richard C. Martin, 536–540. New York: Macmillan, 2004. [http://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/political-islam via Encyclopedia.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713072425/https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/political-islam|date=2018-07-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=March|first1=Andrew F.|title=Political Islam: Theory|journal=Annual Review of Political Science|date=2015|volume=18|issue=1|pages=103–123|doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-082112-141250|doi-access=free}}</ref> Siyaasadda Islaamka waxaa muriyaal ka dhex jira iyo kuwa ka baxsan tacliinta guud ahaan ugu adeegsadaan si isku mid ah ereyga Islaamiyadda,<ref name=":13" /> waxaana loo haystaa inuu yahay cunsur siyaasadeed oo ka mid ah Soo-reenka Islaamka oo bilaabmay qarnigii 20aad,<ref name=":13" /> halkii uu ka ahaan lahaa oo kaliya nooc kasta oo wax-qabad siyaasadeed oo ay sameeyaan Muslimiintu. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa sidoo kale jirey dadaallo cusub oo lagu kala saarayo Islaamiyadda oo ah dhaqdhaqaaqyo siyaasadeed oo ku basada diinta iyo siyaasadda Islaamka oo ah faham qaran oo casri ah oo ku saabsan Islaamka oo ay wadaagaan jilayaasha cilmaaniga ah iyo kuwa Islaamiga ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jocelyne Cesari|year=2018|title=What Is Political Islam|url=https://www.rienner.com/title/What_Is_Political_Islam|access-date=2023-01-01|website=www.rienner.com|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|isbn=978-1-62637-692-2|archive-date=2023-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106160415/https://www.rienner.com/title/What_Is_Political_Islam|url-status=live}}</ref> Kooxaha dhowr ah oo ku yaala Bariga Dhexe ayaa u kaftamay inay fikradaha casriynta ku xiraan faragelinta boqortooyadii gumaadkeedii. Wadamada Muslimka ah ee dhowr ah, gaar ahaan Masar iyo Bakistaan, dhaqdhaqaaqyo siyaasadeed oo lid ku ah oo u janjeera dhanka diinta ayaa salka ku dhigtay. Sababaha waa kuwo dhinacyo badan leh. Burburkii Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta wuxuu ahaa dhacdo baaxad weyn oo dhalisay gariirro badan. Gobolku wuxuu la kulmay jahwareer sannado badan maadaama waddamada Carabtu ay hoos tageen saamaynta dhaqanka iyo guulaystayaasha waddamada Yurub. Dhanka cadaadiska dhaqanka oo kordhayay Muslimiintu waxay adkeeyeen aqoonsigooda qaran iyo dhaxalkooda dhaqan, kooxaha qaar waxay ugafeen dhinacyada diinta. Masar dhexdeeda daciifnimada Muslimiinta waxaa lagu eedeeyay u kuปฏิบัตitaanka liidata ee qoraallada diinta. Sida ku cad Hassan al-Banna, dhaqanka Yurub wuxuu ahaa mid maaddiyad ku dhisan, anshax xumo ah oo ku batay ku-tagri-falka heerarka bulshada iyo ribada. === Sugaanta === {{Main|Islaamiga}} {{multiple image | align = center | direction = horizontal | total_width = 600 | image1 = Saadi Tomb.jpg | image2 = Hafez 880714 095.jpg | footer = Qabuuraha Saadi, Hafez iyo Ferdowsi, saddexda abwaan ee ugu caansan Muslimiinta, oo dhammaantood ku yaalla Iran. | caption1 = | caption2 = | image3 = Tomb-of-Ferdowsi آرامگاه-فردوسی Davoud-Davoudi 1.jpg }} Shaqada ugu caansan ee khayaaliga ah ee ka timi dunida Islaamka waa Kumaan iyo Hal Habeen, oo ah ururin sheekooyin hoose/folklore oo ka soo jeeda Sanskriit, Faarisi, iyo ka dib fables Carab ah. Fikradda waxaa saameeyay nooc ka horreeyay Islaamka oo Faarisi ah oo loo yaqaannay Hezār Afsān (Kumaan Sheeko) oo ku tiirsanaa walxaha Hindida ee gaarka ah.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Marzolph|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam|title=Arabian Nights|year=2007|publisher=Brill|volume=I|location=Leiden}}</ref> Waxay gaadhay foomkeeda ugu dambeeyay qarnigii 14aad; tirada iyo nooca sheekooyinku waxay ku kala duwanaayeen farta gacanta mid ka mid ah mid kale.<ref name="arabianNights">Grant & Clute, p. 51</ref> Shaqadan waxay saameyn weyn ku lahayd Galbeedka tan iyo markii loo turjumay qarnigii 18aad, markii ugu horreysay oo uu turjumay Antoine Galland.<ref>L. Sprague de Camp, Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers: The Makers of Heroic Fantasy, p. 10 {{ISBN|0-87054-076-9}}</ref> Ku-dayasho ayaa lagu qray, gaar ahaan Faransiiska.<ref name="arabianNights2">Grant & Clute, p 52</ref> Jilayaal kala duwan oo ka socda epik-kan ayaa iyaguna noqday calaamado dhaqameed ee dhaqanka Galbeedka, sida Aladdiin, Sindibad Nawaakhida iyo Cali Baba. Tusaale ka mid ah tixda Carabiga iyo tixda Faarisiga oo ku saabsan jacaylka waa Layla iyo Majnuun, oo dib u dhaceysa xilligii Umawiyiinta ee qarnigii 7aad. Waa sheeko naxdin leh oo ku saabsan jacayl aan dhimanayn. Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, oo ah epik-ka qaranka ee Iran-ta Weyn, waa dib-u-sheegid khayaali iyo geesinimo leh oo ku saabsan taariikhda Faarisiga. Amir Arsalan wuxuu sidoo kale ahaa sheeko khayaali ah oo caan ah oo Faarisi ah. Ibn Tufayl (Abubacer) iyo Ibn al-Nafis waxay ahaayeen hormuudka riwaayadda falsafadda. Ibn Tufail wuxuu qray riwaayaddii ugu horreysay ee Carabi ah Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus) iyadoo cavab u ah Al-Ghazali's The Incoherence of the Philosophers, ka dibna Ibn al-Nafis wuxuu sidoo kale qray riwaayad Theologus Autodidactus iyadoo cavab u ah Ibn Tufail's Philosophus Autodidactus. Labada sheeko waxay lahaayeen jilayaal waaweyn (Hayy ee Philosophus Autodidactus iyo Kamil ee Theologus Autodidactus) oo ahaa carruur is-baray oo duurka ku voolaa oo ku noolaa go'doon kuyeel/jasiirad saxara ah, labaduba waxay ahaayeen tusaalayaasha ugu horreeyay ee sheeko jasiirad saxara ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, halka Hayy uu ku nool yahay kaligiis xoolaha jasiiradda saxarada ah inta ka dhiman sheekada Philosophus Autodidactus, sheekada Kamil waxay ka dhib badan tahay jasiiradda saxarada ah ee Theologus Autodidactus, iyadoo u ekaanaysa sheekadii ugu horreysay oo la ogaaday oo ah koreera/hanaqaad oo ugu dambeyntii noqonaysa tusaalaha ugu horreeya ee riwaayadda sayniska khayaaliga ah.<ref>Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), "Ibn Al-Nafis as a philosopher", Symposium on Ibn al-Nafis, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait (Cf. [http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html Ibn al-Nafis As a Philosopher] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206072116/http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html|date=6 February 2008}}, Encyclopedia of Islamic World).</ref><ref>Nahyan A. G. Fancy (2006), "[http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11292006-152615 Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (d. 1288)] {{Wayback|url=http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11292006-152615 |date=20150404020329 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404020329/http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11292006-152615/|date=4 April 2015}}", pp. 95–101, Electronic Theses and Dissertations, University of Notre Dame.</ref> Theologus Autodidactus,<ref>Muhammad b. Abd al-Malik Ibn Tufayl. [https://books.google.com/books?id=yFAR_G7HM3QC Philosophus autodidactus, sive Epistola Abi Jaafar ebn Tophail de Hai ebn Yokdhan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004180638/https://books.google.com/books?id=yFAR_G7HM3QC |date=4 October 2015 }}: in qua ostenditur, quomodo ex inferiorum contemplatione ad superiorum notitiam ratio humana ascendere possit. E Theatro Sheldoniano, excudebat Joannes Owens, 1700.</ref><ref>Ala-al-din abu Al-Hassan Ali ibn Abi-Hazm al-Qarshi al-Dimashqi. The Theologus autodidactus of Ibn al-Nafīs. Clarendon P., 1968</ref> oo uu qray aqoonyahanka Carabi Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288),<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sFCuoqykV9QC&q=ibn+al+nafis+first+science+fiction+novel&pg=PA236|title=The Cambridge Companion to Utopian Literature|first=Gregory|last=Claeys|date=5 August 2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139828420|via=Google Books}}</ref> wuxuu ka shaqeeyaa walxaha sayniska khayaaliga ah sida abuurista iskood u samaysanta, falanqaynta mustaqbalka, dhamaadka dunida iyo qiyaamaha, soo-tegga/sarakicidda, iyo nolosha ka dib. Halkii uu ka siin lahaa sharraxaad mucjiso ama khayaali ah dhacdooyinkan, Ibn al-Nafis wuxuu isku dayay inuu sharraxo walxaha sheekada iyada oo loo marayo aqoonta sayniska ee bijoolajiga, astronomy-ga, cosmology-ga iyo meelaha/juqraafiga oo lagu yaqaannay xilligiisa. Khayaaliga Ibn al-Nafis wuxuu sharraxay baridda diinta Islaamka iyada oo loo marayo sayniska iyo falsafadda Islaamka.<ref name="Roubi">Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), "Ibn Al-Nafis as a philosopher", Symposium on Ibn al Nafis, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait (Cf. [http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html Ibnul-Nafees As a Philosopher] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206072116/http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html|date=6 February 2008}}, Encyclopedia of Islamic World).</ref> Turjumaadaha Ibn Tufail's Philosophus Autodidactus waxay ka muuqdeen Laatiin (1671), Inqiriisi (1708), Jarmal, iyo Dutch. Turjumaadahan luqadaha Yurub waxay ka dib saameyn ku yeesheen Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe<ref>Cyril Glasse (2001), New Encyclopaedia of Islam, p. 202, Rowman Altamira, {{ISBN|0-7591-0190-6}}.</ref> iyo Robert Boyle's The Aspiring Naturalist.<ref name="Toomer-222">G. J. Toomer (1996), Eastern Wisedome and Learning: The Study of Arabic in Seventeenth-Century England, p. 222, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-820291-1}}.</ref> === Falsafadda === [[File:Persian Scholar pavilion in Viena UN (Rhazes&Khayyam).jpg|thumb|Scholars Pavilion waa taallo ay Iran ugu deeqday Xafiiska Qaramada Midoobay ee Vienna. Sannadlaha aqoonyahannadii Muslimka ahaa ee qarniyadii dhexe, Omar Khayyam, Al-Biruni, Rhazes iyo Avicenna ayaa ku dhex jira dhismaha.]] Astaamaha ugu caansan ee lagu qeexo falsafadda Islaamka waa "qaabka falsafadda ee lagu dhex abuuray qaabdhismeedka dhaqanka Islaamka."<ref name="RoutledgeEoP">[http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/H057 "Islamic Philosophy"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606082214/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/islamic-philosophy;jsessionid=B31B033F077DD5E68E09CC9D35C02105|date=6 June 2022}}, Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy (1998)</ref> Falsafadda Islaamka, qeexidtan laguma xidho arrimo diimeed oo keliya, mana aha mid ay Muslimiinta oo keliya curiyeen.<ref name="RoutledgeEoP" /> Aqoonyahanka Faarisiiga ah ee Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (980–1037) wuxuu lahaa ka badan 450 buug oo loo tiriyo. Qoraalladiisu waxay ku saabsanaayeen maadooyin kala duwan, gaar ahaan falsafadda iyo daawada. Buuggiisa daawada ee The Canon of Medicine waxaa loo adeegsaday sida buugga heerka sare ah ee jaamacadaha Yurub ee qarniyo badan. Wuxuu sidoo kale qray The Book of Healing, oo ah encyclopediya saynis iyo falsafad saameyn leh.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Ibn Sina [Avicenna]|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ibn-sina/|encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|date=2024|quote=The Cure...had momentous consequences...his philosophical system dominated intellectual history in both Shi’ite and most of Sunni Islam}}</ref> Shakhsiyad kale oo ka tirsan Casrigii Dahabiga ahaa ee Islaamka, Avicenna, wuxuu sidoo kale sameeyay dugsigiisa falsafadda ee Avicennism, oo saameyn ku lahaa dhulka Islaamka iyo kan Masiixiga dhexdiisa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Saliba|first=George|author-link=George Saliba|date=1994|title=A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam|pages=245, 250, 256–257|publisher=New York University Press|isbn=0-8147-8023-7}}</ref> Falsafad kale oo saameyn ku lahaa falsafadda casriga ah wuxuu ahaa Ibn Tufail. Riwaayaddiisii falsafadda ahayd, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, oo loo turjumay Laatiin siday tahay Philosophus Autodidactus sannadkii 1671, waxay horumarisay mawduucyada empiricism, tabula rasa, dabiicadda iyo korinta, xaaladda suurtogalnimada, materialism,<ref>Dominique Urvoy, "The Rationality of Everyday Life: The Andalusian Tradition? (Aropos of Hayy's First Experiences)", in Lawrence I. Conrad (1996), The World of Ibn Tufayl: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Ḥayy Ibn Yaqẓān, pp. 38–46, Brill Publishers, {{ISBN|90-04-09300-1}}.</ref> iyo Molyneux's problem.<ref>Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik Ibn Tufail and Léon Gauthier (1981), Risalat Hayy ibn Yaqzan, p. 5, Editions de la Méditerranée.</ref> Aqoonyahannada iyo qoraayaasha Yurub ee uu saameeyay riwaayaddan waxaa ka mid ah John Locke,<ref>Russell (1994), pp. 224–39</ref> Gottfried Leibniz,<ref name="Wainwright">Martin Wainwright, [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/mar/22/featuresreviews.guardianreview1 Desert island scripts], The Guardian, 22 March 2003.</ref> Melchisédech Thévenot, John Wallis, Christiaan Huygens,<ref>Russell (1994) p. 227</ref> George Keith, Robert Barclay, Quakers,<ref>Russell (1994), p. 247</ref> iyo Samuel Hartlib.<ref name="Toomer-2222">G. J. Toomer (1996), Eastern Wisedome and Learning: The Study of Arabic in Seventeenth-Century England, p. 222, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-820291-1}}.</ref> Falsafada Islaamku waxay sii waday horumarka falsafadda ilaa qarnigii 17aad, markii Mulla Sadra uu sameeyay dugsigiisa Transcendent theosophy oo uu horumaray fikradda existentialism-ka.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mulla Sadra's Transcendent Philosophy|first=Muhammad|last=Kamal|year=2006|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-5271-7|pages=9, 39|oclc=224496901}}</ref> Falsafado kale oo saameyn lahaa oo Muslimiin ah waxaa ka mid ah Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), oo ah hormuudka phenomenology iyo falsafadda sayniska iyo dhaleeceeyaha dabiiciga ah ee Aristotelian iyo fikradda Aristotle ee goobta (topos); Al-Biruni, dhaleeceeye dabiiciga ah ee Aristotelian; Ibn al-Nafis, hormuudka riwaayadda falsafadda; Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi, aasaasaha falsafadda Illuminationist; Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, dhaleeceeye mantiqa Aristotelian iyo hormuudka mantiqa inductive-ka; iyo Ibn Khaldun, oo ah hormuudka falsafadda taariikhda.<ref name="Akhtar">S.R.W. Akhtar (1997). "The Islamic Concept of Knowledge", Al-Tawhid: A Quarterly Journal of Islamic Thought & Culture 12 (3). https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol-12-no3/islamic-concept-knowledge-sayyid-wahid-akhtar</ref> === Sayniska iyo tiknoolajiyada === [[File:Statue of Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi in Urgench.jpg|thumb|Taallada Al-Khwarizmi ee Urgench, Uzbekistan.]] Ibn al-Haytham waxaa sidoo xaqiiqo ah loo arkaa aabbaha optics-ka, gaar ahaan cadeyntiisa empirik-ka ah ee aragtida intromission-ka ee iftiinka. Jim Al-Khalili wuxuu sheegay 2009 in Ibn al-Haytham 'loogu yeero inta badan "saynisyahankii ugu horreeyay ee dhabta ah ee dunida".'<ref>{{cite news |last=Al-Khalili|first=Jim|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7810846.stm|title=BBC News|date=4 January 2009|access-date=11 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426041228/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7810846.stm|archive-date=26 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Al-Khwarizmi wuxuu alifay nidaamyada log base-ka ee maanta loo adeecsado, wuxuu sidoo kale ka qaybqaatay theorems ee trigonometry iyo sidoo kale limits.<ref>Plofker, Kim (2009), Mathematics in India: 500 BCE–1800 CE, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|0-691-12067-6}}.</ref> Waxbarashooyinkii ugu dambeeyay waxay muujinayaan inay u badan tahay in fannaaniintii Muslimka ahayd ee Qarniyadii Dhexe ay ogaayeen geometriyada quasicrystal ee decagonal ah ee sare ee la helay kala bar millennium ka dib 1970-yadii iyo 1980-yadii ee Galbeedka, ayna u adeegsadeen shaqada tiled-ka ee dhismaha.<ref>Peter J. Lu, [http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2007/03.01/99-tiles.html Harvard's Office of News and Public Affairs] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314012002/http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2007/03.01/99-tiles.html|date=14 March 2007}}</ref> Dhaqaatiirta Muslimiinta ah waxay ka qaybqaateen sahanka daawada, oo ay ku jiraan anatomy iyo physiology: sida shaqadii Faarisiiga ahayd ee qarnigii 15aad ee uu sameeyay Mansur ibn Muhammad ibn al-Faqih Ilyas ee loo yaqaan Tashrih al-badan (Anatomy-ga jirka) oo ku jireen sawirro guud oo ku saabsan habka jirka, dareemayaasha iyo habka wareegga dhiigga; ama shaqadii dhakhtarkii Masar Ibn al-Nafis, oo soo bandhigay aragtida wareegga dhiigga ee sambabada. Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Abulcasis) wuxuu ka qaybqaatay edbinta qalliinka daawada buuggiisa Kitab al-Tasrif ("Buugga Tanaasulaadka"), oo ah encyclopediya daawa oo ka dib loo turjumay Laatiin oo loo adeegsaday iskoolada daawada ee Yurub iyo Muslimiinta ee qarniyo badan. Horumaro kale oo daawo ah waxay ka tulmeen dhinacyada pharmacology iyo pharmacy.<ref>Turner, H. (1997) pp. 136–38</ref> Saynisyahannada ugu caansan ee ka mid ah dunida Islaamka ee qarniyadii dhexe waxaa ka mid ah Jābir ibn Hayyān, al-Farabi, Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi, Ibn al-Haytham, Al-Biruni, Avicenna, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, iyo Ibn Khaldun. Tiknoolajiyada dhexdeeda, dunida Islaamka waxay warqad-sameynta ka qaadatay Shiinaha.<ref name="Lucas">Adam Robert Lucas (2005), "Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe", Technology and Culture 46 (1), pp. 1–30 [10].</ref> Aqoonta baaruudda waxaa sidoo kale ka soo muuqatay Shiinaha iyada oo loo marayo waddamada badankooda Islaamka ah.<ref>Arming the Periphery. Emrys Chew, 2012. p. 1823.</ref> Horumar ayaa lagu sameeyay waraabinta iyo beeraha, iyadoo la adeegsanayo tiknoolajiyad cusub sida mishiinka dabaysha. Dalagyada sida lowska/almond iyo miraha sitrus waxaa loo keenay Yurub iyadoo loo marayo al-Andalus, oo beerashada sonkorta ayaa si tartiib-tartiib ah ay ugu ku-daydeen Yurubiyanku. Ganacsatada Carabta waxay maamuleen ganacsiga Badweynta Hindiya ilaa imaatinka Boortaqiisku ee qarnigii 16aad. Hormuz wuxuu ahaa xarun muhiim ah oo ganacsigan ah. Waxaa sidoo kale ka jirey shabakad cufan oo waddooyinka ganacsiga ee Badda Dhexe, oo ay waddamada aqlabiyadda Muslimka ah ku ganacsan jireen kesooda iyo awoodaha Yurub sida Venice, Genoa iyo Catalonia (sido kale eeg: Indo-Mediterranean). Jidka Xariirta oo ka tallaabaya Aasiyada Dhexe wuxuu marayay dawlado Islaam ah oo u dhexeya Shiinaha iyo Yurub. Soo-bixidda boqortooyooyinka dhaqaale ee waaweyn oo leh kheyraad tiknoolajiyadeed ka dib qabsashadii Timur (Tamerlane) iyo soo-reenka Timurid Renaissance waxaa ka mid ah Boqortooyada Mali iyo Saltanaddii Bengal gaar ahaan, oo ah qaran ganacsi oo caalami ah oo dunida ku yaal, oo Yurubiyanku ku describe gareeyeen "waddanka ugu hodansan ee lagu ganacsado".<ref>Nanda, J. N (2005). Bengal: the unique state. Concept Publishing Company. p. 10. 2005. {{ISBN|978-81-8069-149-2}}. Bengal [...] was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with.</ref> Iinjineerada Muslimiinta ee dunida Islaamka waxay sameeyeen isticmaalo warshadeed oo cusub oo hydropower ah, iyo isticmaalo warshadeed oo hore oo ah tidal power iyo wind power.<ref>Ahmad Y. al-Hassan (1976). Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering, pp. 34–35. Institute for the History of Arabic Science, University of Aleppo.</ref> Isticmaalka warshadeed ee watermills ee dunida Islaamka wuxuu dib u dhacaa qarnigii 7aad, halka water mills-ka leh giraangiraha jiifa iyo kuwa taagan oo dhan loo adeegsanayay si weyn tan iyo ugu yaraan qarnigii 9aad. Mashiinno warshadeed oo kala duwan ayaa lagu adeegsanayay dunida Islaamka, oo ay ku jiraan fulling mills, gristmills, paper mills, hullers, sawmills, ship mills, stamp mills, steel mills, sugar mills, tide mills iyo windmills. Markii ay gaadhay qarnigii 11aad, gobol kasta oo ka mid ah dunida Islaamka wuxuu lahaa mashiinnadan warshadeed oo shaqaynaya, kuwo ka billowda al-Andalus iyo Waqooyiga Afrika ilaa Bariga Dhexe iyo Aasiyada Dhexe.<ref name="Lucas" /> Iinjineerada Muslimiinta waxay sidoo kale alifeen crankshafts iyo water turbines, waxay adeegsadeen gears ee mashiinnada iyo mashiinnada biyaha kor u qaada, waxayna hormuud u ahaayeen isticmaalka dam-yada sida il ka mid ah awoodda biyaha, oo loo adeegsaday in lagu siiyo awood dheeraad ah watermills iyo mashiinnada biyaha kor u qaada.<ref name="Hassan">Ahmad Y. al-Hassan, Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part II: Transmission Of Islamic Engineering</ref> Horumaradan waxay suurtogal ka dhigeen in shaqooyinka warshadeed oo hore loogu kexayn jiray shaqaale hanto ama gacanta xilliyadii hore ay noqdaan kuwo la mishiineeyay oo lagu kexo mashiinno beddelkeeda dunidii Islaamka ee qarniyadii dhexe. Wareejinta tiknoolajiyadan oo loo wareejiyay Yurubtii qarniyadii dhexe waxay saameyn ku lahayd Industrial Revolution-ka, gaar ahaan ka soo jeeda proto-industrialised Mughal Bengal iyo Tipu Sultan's Kingdom, iyadoo loo marayo qabsashadii East India Company. === Aqsanta === [[File:Taj Mahal (Edited).jpeg|thumb|Taj Mahal ee India waxaa loo arkaa masterpiece si caalami ah loo bogsho oo ka tirsan World's Heritage, iyo mid ka mid ah Seven Wonders of the World.]] {{excerpt|Islamic architecture|only=paragraphs}} == Saamaynta diimaha kale, iyo Islaamiga == {{Main|Islaamiga|Islaamiga waddan ahaan}} [[File:Mohammed2.jpg|thumb|Nabi Muxammad iyo Rahibkii Sergius, oo uu sameeyay Lucas van Leyden, 1508 AD. Waxay muujineysaa Halsooreedkii Nabi Muxammad ee ku dhex wareegi jiray Yurub.]] [[File:La.Vie.de.Mahomet Christies.jpg|thumb|403x403px|Nabi Muxammad oo haysta seef iyo bilal halka uu ku tunto dunida, iskutallaabta, iyo Tobanka Amrood. Waxaa sameeyay Humphrey Prideaux, 1699.]] [[File:Nuremberg chronicles - Mohammed (CLIv).jpg|thumb|Nabi Muxammad oo fadhiya dhanka bidix, oo ku sawiran Nuremberg Chronicle, 1440 AD.]] Haddii dhaqdhaqaaqyada sida Druze,<ref>{{Cite book |last=De McLaurin |first=Ronald |url=https://archive.org/details/politicalroleofm0000unse |title=The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East |publisher=Michigan University Press |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-03-052596-4 |page=114 |quote=Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles, the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hunter |first=Shireen |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsofislami0000unse |title=The Politics of Islamic Revivalism: Diversity and Unity: Center for Strategic and International Studies (Washington, D.C.), Georgetown University. Center for Strategic and International Studies |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-253-34549-3 |page=33 |quote=Druze – An offshoot of Shi'ism; its members are not considered Muslims by orthodox Muslims.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=R. Williams |first=Victoria |title=Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival [4 volumes] |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-4408-6118-5 |page=318 |quote=As Druze is a nonritualistic religion without requirements to pray, fast, make pilgrimages, or observe days of rest, the Druze are not considered an Islamic people by Sunni Muslims.}}</ref> Berghouata iyo Ha-Mim, ay ka soo baxeen Islaamka ama ay la wadaageen rumayntooda gaarka ah Islaamka, iyo haddii mid kastaa yahay diin gooni ah ama firqad ka mid ah Islaamka waa aragtiyo dood ku jiraan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=D. Grafton |first=David |title=Piety, Politics, and Power: Lutherans Encountering Islam in the Middle East |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-63087-718-7 |page=14 |quote=In addition, there are several quasi-Muslim sects, in that, although they follow many of the beliefs and practices of orthodox Islam, the majority of Sunnis consider them heretical. These would be the Ahmadiyya, Druze, Ibadi, and the Yazidis.}}</ref> Caqiidada Druze waxay sii kala qaybisay Ismaaciiliyada maadaama ay horumarisay caqiidooyinkeeda gaarka ah, waxayna ugu dambeyntii ka sootagday Ismaaciiliyada iyo Islaamka labadaba; kuwan waxaa ka mid ah rumaynta in Imaamka Al-Xaakim bi-Amr Allaah uu ahaa Ilaah jisoobay.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Poonawala |first=Ismail K. |date=July–September 1999 |title=Review: ''The Fatimids and Their Traditions of Learning'' by Heinz Halm |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-oriental-society_july-september-1999_119_3/page/542 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |publisher=American Oriental Society |volume=119 |issue=3 |page=542 |doi=10.2307/605981 |issn=0003-0279 |jstor=605981 |lccn=12032032 |oclc=47785421}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Bryer | first = David R. W. | title = The Origins of the Druze Religion (Fortsetzung) | journal = Der Islam | year = 1975 | volume = 52 | issue = 2 | pages = 239–262 | doi = 10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 | s2cid = 162363556 | url = https://doi.org/10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 | issn = 1613-0928 | ref = {{harvid|Bryer|1975b}} | url-access = subscription }}</ref> Yazdânism waxaa loo arkaa isku-dhafan ka mid ah rumaynta dhaladka ee Kurdiida iyo caqiidada Suufiyada Islaamka ee loo soo bandhigay Kurdistan ee Sheekh Cadi ibn Musafir ee qarnigii 12aad.<ref>{{cite book |last=Foltz |first=Richard |title=Religions of Iran: From Prehistory to the Present |date=7 November 2013 |isbn=978-1-78074-307-3 |page=219 |chapter=Two Kurdish Sects: The Yezidis and the Yaresan |publisher=Oneworld Publications |chapter-url= |chapter-url-access=}}</ref> Bábism waxay ka soo bilaabatay Shiicada Isnaashariyada ee martay Siyyid 'Ali Muhammad i-Shirazi al-Bab iyadoo mid ka mid ah taageerayaashiisa Mirza Husayn 'Ali Nuri Baha'u'llah uu aasaasay Caqiidada Baha'i.<ref>{{cite web |last=House of Justice |first=Universal |title=One Common Faith |url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/bic/OCF/ocf-8.html |access-date=1 April 2017 |website=reference.bahai.org}}</ref> Yarsanism,<ref name="Z. Mir-Hosseini 1994, p.267">{{cite journal |last=Mir-Hosseini |first=Z. |date=1994 |title=Inner Truth and Outer History: The Two Worlds of the Ahl-e Haqq of Kurdistan |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-middle-east-studies_1994-04_26_2/page/267 |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=26 |pages=267–268}}</ref> Din-i Ilahi,{{sfnp|Roychoudhury|1941|page=306}} iyo Ali-Illahism<ref>{{Cite book |last=Layard |first=Austen Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-SQe_sNtIaMC&q=ali%2520illahism&pg=PA216 |title=Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon: With Travels in Armenia, Kurdistan and the Desert: Being the Result of a Second Expedition Undertaken for the Trustees of the British Museum |date=2010-08-31 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108016773 |page=216 |language=en}}</ref> waxaa loo arkaa kuwo ka sootagay Islaamka. Sikhism, oo uu aasaasay Guru Nanak oo ku sugan Punjab qarnigii 15aad ee dambe, waxaa saameeyay Islaamku.<ref>{{cite book |last=Elsberg |first=Constance |date=2003 |title=Graceful Women |publisher=University of Tennessee Press |isbn=978-1-57233-214-0 |pages=27–28}}</ref> == Dhaleeceynta == {{Main|Dhaleeceynta Islaamka}} {{see also|Dhaleeceynta Muxammad|Dhaleeceynta Qur'aanka}} [[File:Jacques Courtois - Battle between Christians and Muslims.jpg|thumb|Dagaalkii ka dhex dhacay Muslinka iyo Masiixiyiinta xilligii Dagaalladii Saliibiyada, oo uu sameeyay Jacques Courtois.]] Dhaleeceynta Islaamku waxay jirtay tan iyo heeraradeedii ugu horreeyay. Dhaleeceyntii hore waxay ka timid qoraayaal Yahuud ah, sida Ibn Kammuna, iyo qoraayaal Masiixi ah, oo kuwo badan oo ka mid ah ay u arkayeen Islaamka bidco Masiixi ah ama nooc sanam-caabudid ah, iyagood inta badan ku fashilayay terms apocalyptic ah.{{sfnp|Fahlbusch et al|2001|p=[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=yaecVMhMWaEC|page=759}} 759]}} Qoraayaasha Masiixiyiinta ahi waxay dhaleeceeyeen sharraxaadaha laab-lakacsan ee Islaamku ka bixiyo jannada. Qarnigii sagaalaad aqoonyahankii Muslinka ahaa ee Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari wuxuu u dooday sharraxaadda Qur'aanka ee jannada iyadoo sheegaysa in Baybalku sidoo kale tilmaamayso fikradahaas, sida cabbidda khamriga ee jannada dhexdeeda oo ku jirta Injiilka Matayos. Caalimkii Masiixiga ahaa ee qarnigii 4aad Augustine ee Hippo caqiidooyinkiisu waxay keeneen diidmo baahsan oo ku saabsan raaxada jidhka ee nolosha iyo aakhiro dhexdeeda labadaba.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Christian Lange |title=Paradise and Hell in Islamic Traditions |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-521-50637-3 |pages=18–20}}</ref> Sawirro aflaadaad ah oo ka dhan ah Muxammad, oo ka soo bilaabmay sawirraddii hore ee qarnigii 7aad ee Kaniisadda Ortodokska Bari ee Boqortooyada Bizantiinta,<ref>Reeves, Minou, and P. J. Stewart. 2003. ''Muhammad in Europe: A Thousand Years of Western Myth-Making''. NYU Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8147-7564-6}}. p. 93–96.</ref> waxay ka muuqdaan gabayga qarnigii 14aad ee Divine Comedy oo uu qaray Dante Alighieri. Halkan, Muxammad waxaa lagu muujiyay goobta sideedaad ee jahannamada, iyadoo la joogo Cali. Dante ma eedayno Islaamka guud ahaan laakiin wuxuu eedaynayaa Muxammad kala qaybin, maadaama uu aasaasay diin kale Masiixiyadda ka dib.<ref name="Stone">Stone, G. 2006. ''Dante's Pluralism and the Islamic Philosophy of Religion''. Springer Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1-4039-8309-1}}. p. 53–54.</ref> Dhaleeceynaha kale waxay diiradda saaraan la-dhaqanka shakhsiyaadka ee gudaha waddamada casriga ah ee Muslinku ku badan yahay, oo ay ku jiraan arrimo ku saabsan xuquuqda aadanaha, goorta ay si dhow u la xiriirto fulinta sharciga Islaamka.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Yohanan|last1=Friedmann|year=2003|title=Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/tolerancecoercio00frie|url-access=limited|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/tolerancecoercio00frie/page/n31 18], 35|isbn=978-0-521-02699-4}}</ref> Sidoo kale, isbeddellada dhowaan ee dhaqammada kala duwan ka dib, kartida loo malaynayo inay leeyihiin soo-galootiga Muslinka ah ee Galbeedka si ay u la qabsadaan waa la dhaleeceeyay oo waxaa loo eedeeyay asalka Islaamka kuwo ka mid ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Modood |first=Tariq |url=https://archive.org/details/multiculturalism00modo |title=Multiculturalism, Muslims and Citizenship: A European Approach |date=6 April 2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-35515-5 |edition=1st |page=[https://archive.org/details/multiculturalism00modo/page/n43 29] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Ugu dambeyntii cilmi-baaris{{what|date=April 2026}} waxay heshay in diindhaqameedka Islaamka oo sarreeya uu la xiriiro xagjirinimada Islaamka oo sarreysa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kamenowski |first1=Maria |last2=Manzoni |first2=Patrik |last3=Haymoz |first3=Sandrine |last4=Isenhardt |first4=Anna |last5=Jacot |first5=Cédric |last6=Baier |first6=Dirk |date=2021-06-17 |title=Religion as an influencing factor of right-wing, left-wing and Islamist extremism. Findings of a Swiss youth study |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=6 |article-number=e0252851 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0252851 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=8211158 |pmid=34138885 |bibcode=2021PLoSO..1652851K }}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== ===Qoraallo=== {{notelist}} {{reflist|group=note}} ===Qur'aan iyo xadiis=== {{Reflist|group=lower-roman}} ===Xigasho=== {{reflist}} === Ilaha === {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Imad-ad-Dean |title=Signs in the heavens |volume=2 |publisher=Amana Publications |year=2006 |isbn=1-59008-040-8}} * {{cite book |last=Arnold|first=Thomas |title=The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith.|volume= |publisher= |year=1896 |isbn=}} * {{Cite book |last=Bennett |first=Clinton |title=Interpreting the Qur'an: a guide for the uninitiated |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8264-9944-8 |page=101 |author-link=Clinton Bennett}} * {{cite book |last=Blankinship |first=K. |year=2008 |chapter=The early creed |editor=T. Winter |title=The Cambridge Companion to Classical Islamic Theology |series=Cambridge Companions to Religion |pages=33–54 |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/CCOL9780521780582.003|isbn=978-0-521-78058-2 }} * {{Cite book |last=Brockopp |first=Jonathan E. |title=Islamic Ethics of Life: abortion, war and euthanasia |publisher=University of South Carolina Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-57003-471-8}} *{{Cite book|last=Bulliet|first=Richard| publisher = Houghton Mifflin| isbn = 0-618-42770-8| title = The Earth and Its Peoples | location = Boston| year = 2005| url = | page = | quote = }} * {{Cite book |last=Burge|first=Stephen|year=2015|title=Angels in Islam: Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti's al-Haba'ik fi akhbar al-mala'ik |place=London |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-50473-0}} * {{cite book |last=Çakmak |first=Cenap |title=Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopedia |series=4 volumes |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-61069-217-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Campo |first=Juan E. |title=Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8160-5454-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC}} * {{Cite book |last=Chittick |first=William C |title=Sufism: A Beginner's Guide |year=2008 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-78074-052-2 |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=LI0kjBlXS5UC}} |access-date=17 January 2015}} * {{Cite book |last=Cohen-Mor |first=Dalya |title=A Matter of Fate: The Concept of Fate in the Arab World as Reflected in Modern Arabic Literature |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-513398-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Curtis |first=Patricia A. |url=https://archive.org/details/guidetofoodlawsr0000curt |title=A Guide to Food Laws and Regulations |publisher=Blackwell Publishing Professional |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8138-1946-4 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/islamstraightpat0000espo |title=Islam: The Straight Path |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-511234-4 |edition=3rd |author-link=John Esposito}} * {{Cite book |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |title=The Oxford History of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-19-510799-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00john |editor-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |title=The Oxford History of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-19-510799-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00john |editor-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/unholywarterrori0000espo |title=Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002a |isbn=978-0-19-516886-0 |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |title=What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002b |isbn=978-0-19-515713-0 |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/islamstraightpat0001espo |title=Islam: The Straight Path |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-19-518266-8 |edition=Revised 3rd |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |title=Islam: The Straight Path |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-539600-3 |edition=4th |author-mask=1}} * {{cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |year=2011 |title=What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam |edition=2nd |place=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-979413-3 |author-mask=1}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20080204031050/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/Public/book_wenkai.html Lay summary] * {{Cite book |last1=Esposito |first1=John |url=https://archive.org/details/muslimsonamerica00yvon |title=Muslims on the Americanization Path? |last2=Haddad |first2=Yvonne Yazbeck |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-19-513526-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Farah |first=Caesar |title=Islam: Beliefs and Observances |publisher=Barron's Educational Series |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-8120-1853-0 |edition=5th |author-link=Caesar E. 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|last2=Hinnells |first2=John R. |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-27408-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Momen |first=Moojan |title=An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-300-03531-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyed Hossein |author-link=Seyyed Hossein Nasr |year=2003 |title=The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity}} * {{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyed Muhammad |url=https://archive.org/details/ourreligions00shar |title=Our Religions: The Seven World Religions Introduced by Preeminent Scholars from Each Tradition (Chapter 7) |publisher=HarperCollins |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-06-067700-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Nigosian |first=Solomon Alexander |title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-253-21627-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Peacock|first=A.C.S.|title=Islam, Literature and Society in Mongol Anatolia|date=2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume= |page=|doi= 10.1017/9781108582124|isbn=978-1-108-58212-4|s2cid=211657444}} * {{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |url=https://archive.org/details/islamguideforjew00fepe |title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-691-11553-5}} * {{Cite report |date=October 2009 |title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population |publisher=Pew Research Center |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2009/10/Muslimpopulation.pdf |access-date=25 May 2020 |ref={{sfnref|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009}} }} [https://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/ Overview]. * {{Cite book |last=Rippin |first=Andrew |url=https://archive.org/details/muslimstheirreli0000ripp |title=Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices |publisher=Routledge |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-415-21781-1 |edition=2nd |author-link=Andrew Rippin}} * {{cite book |last=Roychoudhury |first=Makhanlal |year=1941 |title=The Din-i Ilahi, or, The Religion of Akbar |publisher=University of Calcutta |oclc=3312929 |url=https://archive.org/details/diniilahiorthere031361mbp |via=Internet Archive}} * {{cite journal |last=Serjeant |first=R.B. |date=1978 |title=Sunnah Jami'ah, pacts with the Yathrib Jews, and the Tahrim of Yathrib |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |volume=41 |pages=1–42 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00057761 |s2cid=161485671 }} * {{Cite book |last=Sachedina |first=Abdulaziz |title=The Just Ruler in Shi'ite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence |publisher=Oxford University Press US |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-511915-2 |author-link=Abdulaziz Sachedina}} * {{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Jane I. |author-link=Jane Idleman Smith |title=The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-515649-2}} * {{Cite book |editor-last=Stefon |editor-first=Matt |title=Islamic Beliefs and Practices |publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-61530-060-0 |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last1=Ṭabāṭabāʼī |first1=Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn |title=Shi'ite Islam |translator-last=Nasr |translator-first=Seyyed Hossein |publisher=SUNY Press |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-87395-272-9 |author-link=Allameh Tabatabaei}} * {{Cite book |last=Teece |first=Geoff |url=https://archive.org/details/islam0000teec_a5d6 |title=Religion in Focus: Islam |publisher=Franklin Watts Ltd |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7496-4796-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Trimingham |first=John Spencer |title=The Sufi Orders in Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-512058-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Colin |title=Islam: the Basics |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-34106-6 |location=London}} * {{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Bryan S. |title=Weber and Islam |publisher=Routledge |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-415-17458-9 |location=London}} * {{Cite book |last=Waines |first=David |title=An Introduction to Islam |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-521-53906-7}} * {{Cite book |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |title=The Formative Period of Islamic Thought |publisher=University Press Edinburgh |year=1973 |isbn=978-0-85224-245-2 |author-link=William Montgomery Watt}} * {{Cite book |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadprophets00watt |title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1974 |isbn=978-0-19-881078-0 |edition=New |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Weiss |first=Bernard G. |title=Studies in Islamic Legal Theory |publisher=Brill Academic publishers |year=2002 |isbn=978-90-04-12066-2 |location=Boston |author-link=Bernard G. Weiss}} {{Refend}} === Qaamuusyo iyo encyclopedias === {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{harvc |last1=Gardet|first1=L.|last2=Jomier|first2=J.|year=2012|c=Islām |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0387}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |ref={{harvid|Fahlbusch et al|2001}} |editor-last=Fahlbusch |editor-first=Erwin |display-editors=etal |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=yaecVMhMWaEC}} |title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=2001 |isbn=978-90-04-11695-5 |volume=2}} * {{cite encyclopedia |year=1913–1936 |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |editor1-last=Houtsma |editor1-first=M.T. |editor1-link=Martijn Theodoor Houtsma |editor2-first=T.W. |editor2-last=Arnold |editor2-link=Thomas Walker Arnold |editor3-first=R. |editor3-last=Basset |editor4-first=R. |editor4-last=Hartmann |edition=1st |place=Leiden |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-08265-6 |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam (1st ed.)|1913–1936}}}} * {{cite encyclopedia |year=2012 |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P.J. |issn=1573-3912 |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |edition=2nd |place=Leiden |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4 |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)|2012}}}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P.J. |issn=1573-3912 |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|n.d.}} |date=n.d. |url=https://brill.com/view/package/eio?language=en |url-access=subscription}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2004 |title=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World |series=Macmillan Reference Books |publisher=Thomson-Gale |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofis0001unse |editor-last=Martin |editor-first=Richard C. |isbn=978-0-02-865603-8}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |date=n.d. |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |editor-link=Jane Dammen McAuliffe}} * {{cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān |volume=2 |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=2002}} * {{cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān |volume=3 |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=2003}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals |publisher=Routledge |editor-last=Salamone |editor-first=Frank |edition=1st |isbn=978-0-415-94180-8 |series=Routledge Encyclopedias of Religion and Society |volume=6 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre00sala |jstor=j.ctt1jd94wq |year=2004}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2003 |title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=AltaMira Press |url=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas |editor-last=Glassé |editor-first=Cyril |series=Revised Edition of the Concise Encyclopedia of Islam |isbn=978-0-7591-0190-6 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-19-512558-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00bada |url-access=registration}} {{doi|10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001}} – via Oxford Reference. * {{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |year=2004 |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |place=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975726-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2006 |title=The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia |publisher=Routledge |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=isDgI0-0Ip4C|page=}} |editor-last=Leaman |editor-first=Oliver |isbn=978-0-415-32639-1}} {{Refend}} == Akhrin dheeraad ah == {{Refbegin}} * Abdul-Haqq, Abdiyah Akbar (1980). ''Sharing Your Faith with a Muslim''. Minneapolis: Bethany House Publishers. ''N.B''. Presents the genuine doctrines and concepts of Islam and of the Holy Qur'an, and this religion's affinities with Christianity and its Sacred Scriptures, in order to "dialogue" on the basis of what both faiths really teach. {{ISBN|0-87123-553-6}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism |publisher=SAGE; Cato Institute |location=Thousand Oaks, CA |last=Ahmad |first=Imad-ad-Dean |title=Islam |author-link=Imad-ad-Dean Ahmad |editor-last=Hamowy |editor-first=Ronald |editor-link=Ronald Hamowy |pages=256–258 |doi=10.4135/9781412965811.n155 |isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4 |lccn=2008009151 |oclc=750831024 |url={{Google books|yxNgXs3TkJYC|plainurl=yes}}}} * {{Cite book |last=Akyol |first=Mustafa |url=https://archive.org/details/islamwithoutextr0000akyo |title=Islam Without Extremes |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-393-07086-6 |edition=1st |author-link=Mustafa Akyol}} * {{Cite book |last=Arberry |first=A.J. |url=https://archive.org/details/koraninterpreted00ajar |title=The Koran Interpreted: A Translation |publisher=Touchstone |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-684-82507-6 |edition=1st |author-link=A. J. Arberry}} * Cragg, Kenneth (1975). ''The House of Islam'', in ''The Religious Life of Man Series''. Second ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company 1975. xiii, 145 p. {{ISBN|0-8221-0139-4}}. * {{Cite book |last=Hafez |first=Sherine |title=An Islam of Her Own: Reconsidering Religion and Secularism in Women's Islamic Movements |year=2011 |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=9780814773055 |url=https://opensquare.nyupress.org/books/9780814790724/}} * {{Cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Muhammad Muhsin |title=Noble Quran |last2=Al-Hilali Khan |last3=Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications |year=1999 |isbn=978-9960-740-79-9 |edition=1st |author-link=Muhammad Muhsin Khan}} * Khanbaghi, A, (2006). ''The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran''. I. B. Tauris. * Khavari, Farid A. (1990). ''Oil and Islam: the Ticking Bomb''. First ed. Malibu, Calif.: Roundtable Publications. viii, 277 p., ill. with maps and charts. {{ISBN|0-915677-55-5}}. * {{Cite book |title=The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-965-224-040-8 |editor-last=Kramer |editor-first=Martin |editor-link=Martin Kramer}} * {{Cite book |last=Kuban |first=Dogan |title=Muslim Religious Architecture |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=1974 |isbn=978-90-04-03813-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/islamwest00lewi_0 |title=Islam and the West |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-19-509061-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/culturesinconfli0000lewi |title=Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Age of Discovery |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-19-510283-3 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Mubarkpuri |first=Saifur-Rahman |title=The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Prophet |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-59144-071-0}} * {{Cite book |last=Najeebabadi |first=Akbar Shah |title=History of Islam |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-59144-034-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Sayilgan |first=Salih |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/god-evil-and-suffering-in-islam/C4C89591ADAAF25F104D517C4F4634B3 |title=God, Evil, and Suffering in Islam |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2023 |isbn=9781009377294}} * {{Cite book |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |url=https://www.giffordlectures.org/books/deciphering-signs-god-phenomenological-approach-islam |title=Deciphering the Signs of God: A Phenomenological Approach to Islam |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-7914-1982-3 |author-link=Annemarie Schimmel |access-date=31 January 2019 |archive-date=22 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422154518/https://www.giffordlectures.org/books/deciphering-signs-god-phenomenological-approach-islam |url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book |last=Schuon |first=Frithjof |title=Understanding Islam |publisher=Allen & Unwin |year=1963 |isbn=978-0941532242 |edition=3rd |author-link=Frithjof Schuon}} * {{Cite book |last=Stoddard |first=Lothrop |title=The New World of Islam |publisher=Chapman & Hall |year=1922 |url=https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/24107}} * {{Cite book |last=Walker |first=Benjamin |title=Foundations of Islam: The Making of a World Faith |publisher=Peter Owen Publishers |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-7206-1038-3 |author-link=Benjamin Walker (author)}} {{Refend}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Library resources box}} * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam "Islam"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/index.shtml Religion & Ethics – Islam] Maqaallo hordhac u ah Islaamka oo ka socda BBC 8d1p0egtnr722638kmcl26np3u3eh9a 307946 307945 2026-09-14T09:34:58Z Isma4l 41797 Saxay 307946 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox religion | native_name = {{lang|ar|{{Script|Arab|الإسلام}}}}<br/>{{transliteration|ar|al-Islām}} | image = The Kaaba during Hajj - edited.jpg | caption = [[Kacbada]] ee ku taal [[Masjidka Xaramka]] ee [[Makka]], [[Sacuudi Carabiya]], oo ah [[Holiest sites in islam|goobta Islaamka ee ugu barakeysan]] | type = | main_classification = [[Abrahamic religions|Ibraahimi ah]] | scripture = {{Plainlist| * [[Quraan]] * Sunnada: [[Xadiis]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The saheeh Sunnah is wahy (Revelation) from Allah |url=https://islamqa.info/en/answers/77243/the-saheeh-sunnah-is-wahy-(revelation)-from-allah |website=islamqa.info |access-date=15 June 2025}}</ref> * Tafsiirka: [[Tafsiir]]<ref>Mir, Mustansir. (1995). "Tafsīr". In John L. Esposito. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref> }} | theology = [[Tawhid|Hal ilaah aaminsan]] | law = [[Shareecada]] | philosophy = [[Falsafada Islaamka]] | area = [[Islam by country|Adduunka oo dhan]]<ref name="Global Islam">{{cite report|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2011/01/FutureGlobalMuslimPopulation-WebPDF-Feb10.pdf|title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population|publisher=Pew Research Center|date=27 January 2011}}</ref> | language = [[Classical Arabic|Carabiga Quraanka]] | territory = [[Dunida Islaamka]] | founder = [[Nabi Maxamed al-Quraishi|Maxamed]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Welch |first1=Alford T. |last2=Moussalli |first2=Ahmad S. |last3=Newby |first3=Gordon D. |date=2009 |entry=Muḥammad |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |editor-first=John L. |editor-last=Esposito |publisher=Oxford University Press |entry-url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211050118/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550 |archive-date=11 February 2017 }}</ref> | founded_date = {{circa|610 C.D.}} | founded_place = [[Jabal al-Nour]]<!-- Beginnings are understood to be where Muhammad is said to have received his first ever revelation, which was inside a cave in this mountain --> | number_of_followers = {{est.}} 2 bilyan<ref name="pew2010–2020" /> {{increase}} (oo si gaar ah loogu yeero [[Muslimiin]], halka si wadajir ah loogu yeero {{transliteration|ar|[[Ummah]]}}) | separations = {{Plainlist| * [[Ali-Illahism]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-SQe_sNtIaMC&q=ali%2520illahism&pg=PA216|title=Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon: With Travels in Armenia, Kurdistan and the Desert: Being the Result of a Second Expedition Undertaken for the Trustees of the British Museum|last=Layard|first=Austen Henry|date=2010-08-31|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108016773|page=216|language=en}}</ref> * [[Druze faith]]<ref>{{cite book |title=The Oxford Handbook of American Islam |first=Yvonne |last=Yazbeck Haddad |year=2014 |isbn=9780199862634 |page=142|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> * [[Baháʼí Faith]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Van der Vyer |first=J. D. |year=1996 |title=Religious human rights in global perspective: religious perspectives |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |isbn=90-411-0176-4 |page=449 |url=https://archive.org/details/religioushumanri0000unse |url-access=registration}}</ref> }} }} {{Sidebar with collapsible lists | name = religion sidebar | pretitle = Qayb ka mid ah taxane ku saabsan | pretitlestyle = padding-top:0.8em; | titlestyle = padding-bottom:0.5em; | title = [[Diin]] | listtitlestyle = background:transparent; text-align:center; font-size:100%; | centered list titles = yes | image = [[File:Icon-religion.svg|200px|class=skin-invert]] | imagestyle = padding-bottom:1em; | listclass = hlist | liststyle = padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em; padding-bottom:0.25em; font-size: 11px; | expanded = {{{expanded|{{{1|}}}}}} |} | abovestyle = padding:0.5em 2em 0.5em; display:block; background-color: #efefef; | above = {{startflatlist}} * [[Outline of religion|Dulucda]] * [[Index of religion-related articles|Liisaska]] * [[:Category:Religion|Qeybta]] * [[:Category:Indexes of religion topics|Tusaha]] * [[History of religion|Taariikhda diinta]] * [[Portal:Religion|Bogga]] {{endflatlist}} | list1name = religions | list1title = Diimaha | list1titlestyle = padding-top:0.5em; | list1 = {{Sidebar |child |bodystyle={{subsidebar bodystyle}} |navbar=off | heading1 = [[Abrahamic religions|Diimaha Ibraahimiyeed]] | content1style = padding-top:0.2em; | content1 = * [[Judaism|Yuudaanismka]] * [[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]] * [[Islam|Islaamka]] * [[Alawism|Calawiisimka]] * [[Alevism|Alewiisimka]] * [[Azalism|Azaliisimka]]/[[Bábism|Baabiisimka]] * [[Baháʼí Faith|Diinta Bahaa'iga]] * [[Druze Faith|Diinta Duruusta]] * [[Mormonism|Mormooniyadda]] * [[Mandaeism|Mandeiisimka]] * [[Manichaeism|Maniikiisimka]] * [[Rastafari|Rastafariyiinta]] * [[Samaritanism|Samaritaniisimka]] | heading2 = [[Iranian religions|Diimaha Iiraaniga]] | content2style = padding-top:0.2em; | content2 = * [[Yazidism|Yasiidiisimka]] * [[Yarsanism|Yarsaniisimka]] * [[Zoroastrianism|Soroostiriyanka]] | heading3 = [[Indian religions|Diimaha Hindiya]] | content3style = padding-top:0.2em; | content3 = * [[Hinduism|Hinduugga]] * [[Buddhism|Buudhisimka]] * [[Jainism|Jeyniisimka]] * [[Sikhism| Sikhiisimka]] * [[Bon|Yungdrung Bon]] | heading4 = [[East Asian religions|Diimaha Bariga Aasiya]] | content4style = padding-top:0em; | content4 = * [[Taoism|Taowaysimka]] * [[Confucianism|Konfushiyanishka]] * [[Shinto|Shinto]] * [[Tian|Tian]] * [[Shangdi|Shangdi]] * [[Hongjun Laozu|Hongjun Laozu]] }} | list2name = schools | list2title = Dugsiyada Fikirka | list2titlestyle = border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em; | list2 = * [[Acosmism|Aakosmisimka]] * [[Agnosticism|Agnostisismka]] * [[Animism|Animisimka]] * [[Antireligion|Diin-diidka]] * [[Apatheism|Apatheisimka]] * [[Atheism|Aqoonsi la'aanta Ilaah / Ateyismka]] * [[Creationism|Abuuristaaniyadda]] * [[Dharma|Dharmismka]] * [[Deism|Deiisimka]] * [[Divine command theory|Aragt Dardaaran Ilaahay]] * [[Dualism in cosmology|Labo-jirnimada]] * [[Western esotericism|Sir-doonka Reer Galbeedka]] * [[Elite religion|Diinta dadka sare]] * [[Exclusivism|Gaar-yeelidda]] * [[Existentialism|Jiritaaniyadda]] ** [[Atheistic existentialism|ateyste]] ** [[Christian existentialism|masiixi]] * [[Feminist theology|Falsafada dumarka]] * [[Fideism|Caqiido-ku-tiirsiga]] * [[Folk religion|Diinta dadweynaha]] * [[Fundamentalism|Aasaas-ku-dhagidda]] * [[Gnosticism|Gnostisismka]] * [[Henotheism|Henotheiisimka]] * [[Hermeticism|Hermetiisimka]] * [[Humanism|Aadmiga-jecleyska]] ** [[Christian humanism|masiixi]] ** [[Religious humanism|diimeed]] ** [[Secular humanism|cilmiyeed]] * [[Ietsism|Ietsismka]] * [[Theological noncognitivism|Ignostisismka]] * [[Inclusivism|Wadajir-yeelidda]] * [[Kathenotheism|Kathenotheiisimka]] * [[Lived religion|Diinta la nool yahay]] * [[Monism|Kow-jirnimada]] * [[Monotheism|Kkudnimada Alle]] * [[Mysticism|Suufiyadda / Sir-raadinta]] * [[Naturalism (philosophy)|Dabiiciyadda]] ** [[Humanistic naturalism|aadmiga]] ** [[Metaphysical naturalism|milyawiga]] ** [[Religious naturalism|diimeed]] * [[New Age|Cаманkii Cusub]] * [[Nonduality (spirituality)|Laba-mid-la'aanta]] * [[Nontheism|Ilaah-la'aanta]] * [[Omnism|Omnisimka]] * [[Pandeism|Pandeiisimka]] * [[Panentheism|Panenteiisimka]] * [[Pantheism|Panteiisimka]] * [[Perennial philosophy|Falsafadda weligeed ah]] * [[Polytheism|Shirkiga / Ilaahyo badan]] * [[Process theology|Falsafadda socodka]] * [[Shendao shejiao|Shendao shejiao]] * [[Spiritualism (beliefs)|Rux-raadinta]] * [[Shamanism|Shaamanismka]] * [[East Asian religions|Taowayga]] * [[Theism|Ilaah-rumaynta]] * [[Transcendentalism|Sare-u-kacaaniyadda]] * [[Transtheism|Transtheiisimka]] * [[Unitarianism|Mowqifka kow-jirka]] | list3name = concepts | list3title = Fikradaha | list3titlestyle = border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em; | list3 = * [[Afterlife|Aakhiro]] * [[Anthropopathism|Sifaadka bini'aadmiga ee Ilaah]] * [[Apophatic theology|Apophatismka]] * [[Aseity|Iskii-jitaanshaha]] * [[Religious belief|Aaminsanaanta Diinta]] * [[Brahman|Brahman]] * [[Cataphatic theology|Cataphatismka]] * [[Cult|Kooxda diimeed]] * [[Demiurge|Demiurge]] * [[Divine simplicity|Fududeynta Ilaahay]] * [[Eschatology|Qiyaamaha iyo Aakhiro]] * [[Enlightenment in Buddhism|Iftiintinka]] * [[Eternity#God and eternity|Weligiis-jitaanshaha]] * [[Euthyphro dilemma|Muran-weydiintii Euthyphro]] * [[Existence of God|Jiritaanka Ilaahay]] * [[Faith|Iimaan]] * [[Form of the Good|Qaabka Wanaagga]] * [[Gender of God|Jinsiga Ilaahay]] * [[Gnosis|Gnosis]] * [[Holy Spirit|Ruuxa Quduuska ah]] * [[Intelligent design|Naqshadda caqli-gal ah]] * [[Moksha|Xorreynta]] * [[Misotheism|Ilaah-nacaybka]] * [[Miracle|Mucjiso]] * [[Names of God|Magacyada Ilaahay]] * [[New religious movement|Dhaqdhaqaaqa diimeed ee cusub]] * [[Omnibenevolence|Naxariista-buuxda]] * [[Omnipotence|Awoodda-oo-dhan]] * [[Omnipresence|Meel-kasta-joogidda]] * [[Omniscience|Cilmiga-oo-dhan]] * [[Pandeism|Pandeistiga]] * [[Personal god|Ilaah shakhsi ah]] * [[Prayer|Dugsi / Baryo]] * [[Problem of evil|Dhibaatada xumaanta]] * [[Process theology|Falsafadda socodka]] * [[Belief#Religion|Aaminsanaanta diimeed]] * [[Problem of religious language|Luqadda diinta]] * [[Reincarnation|Soo-noqoshada nolosha (Reincarnation)]] * [[Faith|Iimaanka diimeed]] * [[Revelation|Waxyi]] * [[Religious text|Qoraallada diinta]] * [[Soul|Nafta]] * [[Summum bonum|Wanaagga ugu sarreeya]] * [[Tawhid|Kkudnimada Alle]] * [[Theological veto|Diidmada diinta]] * [[Transcendence (religion)|Sare-u-baxa diimeed]] * [[Trinity|Saddex-midnimada]] * [[Creator deity|Ugu sarreeyaha / Abuuraha]] * [[Unmoved mover|Dhaqaajiye aan la dhaqaajin]] * [[Vitalism|Ruuxda nolosha]] * [[Worship|Caabudaad]] | list4name = figures | list4title = Hoggaamiyeyaasha Aasaasaya | list4titlestyle = border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em; | list4= *[[Ciise]] ([[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]]) *[[Maxamed]] ([[Islam|Islaamka]]) *[[Ibraahim]] ([[Judaism|Yuudaanismka]]) *[[Siddhartha Gautama]] ([[Buddhism|Buudhisimka]]) *[[Guru Nanak]] ([[Sikhism|Sikhiisimka]]) *[[Mahavira]] ([[Jainism|Jeyniisimka]]) *[[Zoroaster]] ([[Zoroastrianism|Soroostiriyanka]]) *[[Hamza ibn Ali]] ([[Druze|Duruusta]]) *[[Laozi]] ([[Taoism|Taowayga]]) *[[Confucius]] ([[Confucianism|Konfushiyanishka]]) * [[Baháʼu'lláh]] ([[Baháʼí Faith|Diinta Bahaa'iga]]) | belowclass = plainlist | belowstyle = text-align:center;font-weight:normal; padding:1em 1em 1em; | below = Kani waa [[:Category:Philosophy and thinking sidebar templates|farac]] ka mid ah [[philosophy|falsafadda]]. Si aad u baarto mowduucyada la xiriira, fadlan booqo [[:Category:Religion_and_belief_navigational_boxes|hage-tusaha]]. }} '''Islaamku'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|z|l|ɑː|m|,_|ˈ|ɪ|z|l|æ|m}} {{respell|IZ|la(h)m}};<ref>{{cite Cambridge Dictionaries |Islam}}</ref> {{langx|ar|{{Script|Arab|الإسلام|al-Islām}}|al-Islām}}, {{IPA|ar|alʔisˈlaːm|IPA}}, {{lit|hordhaca [ee la xiriira [[ogaanshaha doonista Ilaahay]]]}}}} waa diin [[Abrahamic|Ibraahimi ah]] oo ku saleysan [[Quraan|Quraanka]] iyo [[Sunnah|barashada]] [[Nabi Maxamed al-Quraishi|Nabi Maxamed]]. Diintan [[monotheistic|kelinimada Alle]] waxay leedahay qiyaastii [[Islam by country|2 bilyan oo raacsan adduunka oo dhan]], oo lagu magacaabo [[Muslims|Muslimiin]]. Islaamku waa [[Major religious groups|diinta labaad ee ugu weyn adduunka]], marka laga reebo [[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]]. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin inay jirto [[Fitra|iimaan asal ah]] oo la soo waxyooday marar badan iyadoo la sii marinayo [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|rusul iyo nabiyo hore]], oo ay ku jiraan [[Adam in Islam|Aadam]], [[Noah in Islam|Nux]], [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Muuse]], iyo [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]], waxayna rumeysan yihiin in Islaamku yahay nooca caalamiga ah ee dhameystiran ee [[faith|iimaankan]]. Muslimiintu waxay u arkaan Quraanka inuu yahay hadalka dhabta ah ee [[God in Islam|Ilaahay]] iyo waxyigii ugu dambeeyay ee aan wax laga beddelin. Dhinaca Quraanka, Muslimiintu waxay sidoo kale rumeysan yihiin [[Islamic holy books|kutubtii hore ee la soo waxyooday]], sida [[Torah in Islam|''Towraad'']] ([[Torah]]), ''[[Psalms in Islam|Sabuur]]'' ([[Psalms]]), iyo [[Gospel in Islam|''Injiil'']] ([[Gospel]]). Waxay rumeysan yihiin in [[Muhammad in Islam|Maxamed]] yahay [[Seal of the Prophets|nabiga ugu weyn uguna dambeeya]] ee [[God|Ilaahay]], kaasoo diinta la soo dhameystiray, oo aan ka dib imanayn nabigii cusub ama sharcigii samada ahayn. Barashada iyo tusaalooyinka caadiga ah ee Maxamed, oo loogu yeero [[Sunnah]], oo lagu diiwaangeliyay xaqiiqooyin loogu yeero [[Hadith|Xadiis]], ayaa bixiya tusaale dastuuri ah oo loogu talagalay Muslimiinta. Islaamku wuxuu ku saleysan yahay rumaysashada kow-nimada iyo kelinimada Ilaahay ({{Transliteration|ar|[[tawhid]]}}), iyo rumaysashada [[afterlife|aakhiro]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[akhirah]]}}) oo ay ku jirto [[Judgement Day in Islam|Maalinta Qiyaame]]—halkaas oo kuwa suubban lagu abaalmarin doono jannada ({{Transliteration|ar|[[jannah]]}}) kuwa xunneydna lagu ciqaabi doono naarta ({{Transliteration|ar|[[jahannam]]}}). [[Five Pillars of Islam|Shanta Arкан ee Islaamka]], oo loo arko inay yihiin cibaadooyin [[Fard|waajib ah]], waa shahaadada diinta ({{Transliteration|ar|[[shahada]]}}), salaadaha maalinlaha ah ({{Transliteration|ar|[[salah]]}}), sakada ({{Transliteration|ar|[[zakat]]}}), soonka bisha [[Ramadan]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[sawm]]}}), iyo [[pilgrimage|xajka]] loo aado [[Mecca|Makka]] ({{Transliteration|ar|[[hajj]]}}). Sharciga Islaamka ({{Transliteration|ar|[[sharia]]}}), wuxuu taabanayaa ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan dhinacyada nolosha, laga bilaabo [[Islamic banking and finance|bangiyada iyo maaliyadda]] iyo [[Zakat|gar-gaarka]] ilaa [[Gender roles in Islam|doorka ragga]] iyo [[Women in Islam|doorka dumarka]] iyo [[Islamic ethics#Environmentalism|deegaanka]]. Labada [[Islamic holidays|ci둡 diimeed]] ee ugu waaweyn waa Ciidul Fitri iyo Ciidul Adxa. Saddexda [[holiest sites in Islam|goobood ee ugu barakeysan]] waa [[Masjid al-Haram|Masjidka Xaramka]] ee [[Mecca|Makka]], [[Prophet's Mosque|Masjidka Nabiga]] ee [[Medina|Madiina]], iyo [[Al-Aqsa|Dhismaha Masjidka Al-Aqsa]] ee [[Jerusalem|Quddus]]. Islaamku wuxuu ka soo aasaasay Makka qiyaastii 610 C.D. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in tani ay tahay xilligii [[Muhammad's first revelation|Maxamed uu helay waxyigiisii ugu horreeyay]]. Waqtigii uu geeriyooday, inta badan [[Arabian Peninsula|Jaziiradda Carabta]] way [[Conversion to Islam|isu rogtay Islaamka]]. Islaamku wuxuu si dhakhso ah ugu fiday wixii ka dambeeyay Carabta iyadoo hoos imaneysa [[Rashidun Caliphate|Khulaafadii Raashidiyiinta]] iyo [[Umayyad Caliphate|Khulaafadii Umawiyiinta]]. Labada [[Islamic schools and branches|laamood ee ugu waaweyn Islaamka]] waa [[Sunni Islam|Sunniyada]] (87–90%) iyo [[Shia Islam|Shiicada]] (10–13%).{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=1|ps=. "Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims."}} Muslimiinta Sunniga iyo Shiicada ah ayaa wada noqda ku dhawaad ​​guud ahaan dadweynaha Muslimka ah ee adduunka, iyadoo qiyaasuhu ka bilaabmaan qiyaastii 1.7–1.8 bilyan oo Sunni ah ilaa 285–300 milyan oo Shiico ah adduunka oo dhan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=|first=|date=2009-10-07|title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/|access-date=2026-09-01|website=Pew Research Center|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Shia Muslim Population – Islamic Research and Information Center (IRIC)|url=https://iric.org/world-shia-muslim-population/|access-date=2026-09-01|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Project on Shi’ism and Global Affairs|url=https://shiism.hds.harvard.edu/|url-status=live|website=Harvard University}}</ref> Inkasta oo [[Shia–Sunni relations|khilaafka Shiicada iyo Sunniga]] uu asal ahaan ka soo bilowday is-afgaranwaa ku saabsan [[succession to Muhammad|dhaxalkii Maxamed]], waxay kor u qaadeen cabbir ballaaran, labada [[Schools of Islamic theology|dhinaca caqiidada]] iyo [[Fiqh|fiqhigaa]]. Ururinta xadiiska suuban ee Sunniga waxay ka kooban tahay [[Kutub al-Sittah|Lixda Kitaab]], halka ururinta xadiiska Shiicada ay ka kooban tahay [[The Four Books|Afrta Kitaab]]. Muslimiintu waxay ka yihiin inta badan dadweynaha 53 dal.<ref name="pew2010–2020">{{cite web |date=June 9, 2025 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020. Muslims grew fastest; Christians lagged behind global population increase |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]}} *{{cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett |author2=Marcin Stonawski |author3=Yunping Tong |author4=Stephanie Kramer |author5=Anne Shi |author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf |access-date=2025-06-10 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Qiyaastii 12% Muslimiinta adduunka waxay ku nool yihiin [[Islam in Indonesia|Indoonisiya]], oo ah dalka ugu dadka badan ee Muslimiinta ah; {{#expr: 100 * 480/1570 round 0}}% waxay ku nool yihiin [[Islam in South Asia|Kooniyada Aasiya]]; 20% waxay ku nool yihiin [[MENA#Religion|Bariga Dhexe iyo Waqooyiga Afrika]]; iyo 15% waxay ku nool yihiin [[Religion in Sub-Saharan Africa|Afrika ka hooseysa Saharada]]. Muslimiinta sidoo kale waxaa laga helaa [[Islam in the Americas|Ameerikaanka]], [[Islam in China|Shiinaha]], iyo [[Islam in Europe|Yurub]]. Muslimiintu waa [[Muslim population growth|kooxda diimeed ee ugu koraysa adduunka]], taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay [[fertility rate| heerka dhalmada oo sarreeya]] iyo qaab-dhismeedka da'da yar marka loo eego diimaha diimaha kale ee waaweyn.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lipka |first=Michael |last2=Hackett |first2=Conrad |date=2017-04-06 |title=Why Muslims are the world’s fastest-growing religious group |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |access-date=2026-09-01 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> Islaamka waxaa la saadaalinayaa inuu noqdo diinta ugu weyn adduunka dhammaadka qarniga 21-aad, isagoo ka sarre marinaya Masiixiyadda.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lipka |first1=Michael |last2=Hackett |first2=Conrad |date=April 6, 2017 |title=Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |access-date=2022-11-21 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US |archive-date=14 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514123559/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="pew2015">{{cite report |author=[[Pew Forum|The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life]] |title=The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010–2050 |url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211090450/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf |archive-date=2020-12-11 |date=2015-04-02 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref><!--Do NOT add citations to the lead, except for material likely to be challenged, per [[MOS:LEADCITE]] ([[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section#Citations)]]. Move unneeded citations to the body.--> == Asalka ereyga{{anchor|Etymology}}<!-- Linked from many articles. If changing the section title, please let this anchor remain unchanged -->== {{See also|Muslims#Etymology}} Luqadda Carabiga, ''Islaam'' ({{langx|ar|إسلام|lit=hordhaca [ee la xiriira Ilaahay]}})<ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of Islam {{!}} Dictionary.com |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=www.dictionary.com |language=en |archive-date=9 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509110220/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Haywood |first=John |title=Historical Atlas of the Medieval World (AD 600 - 1492) |publisher=Barnes & Noble, Inc. |year=2002 |isbn=0-7607-1975-6 |edition=1st |location=Spain |pages=3.13 |language=en}}</ref> waa magaca fal-galeedka [[wikt:أسلم#Arabic|Foomka IV]] ee ka soo jeeda falka {{lang|ar|سلم}} ({{transliteration|ar|salama}}), ka soo jeeda [[Semitic root|xididka saddex-xarafle ah]] {{lang|ar|س-ل-م}} ({{transliteration|ar|[[Š-L-M|S-L-M]]}}), kaas oo sameeya fasal weyn oo erayo ah oo badankood la xiriira fikradaha dhiibin-hoosaadka, badbaadada, iyo nabadgelyada.<ref name="Lane-Lexicon-4">{{cite book |last=Lane |first=Edward William |author-link=Edward William Lane |title=An Arabic-English Lexicon |volume=4 |chapter=Siin |url=http://www.studyquran.co.uk/20_SIIN.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907230044/http://www.studyquran.co.uk/20_SIIN.htm |archive-date=2011-09-07 |via=[[The Study Quran|StudyQuran]] |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> Macnaha diimeed, waxay tilmaamaysaa u dhiibashada buuxda ee doonista [[God|Ilaahay]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=Barnard |last2=Churchill |first2=Buntzie Ellis |url=https://archive.org/details/islamreligionpeo00lewi |title=Islam: The Religion and The People |publisher=Wharton School Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-13-223085-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/islamreligionpeo00lewi/page/8 8]}}</ref> Ereyga ''[[Muslims|Muslim]]'' ({{lang|ar|مُسْلِم}}), oo ah erayga loogu talagalay qofka raaca Islaamka,<ref name="Lexico-Muslim">{{cite dictionary |title=Muslim |url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/muslim |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913192608/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/muslim |archive-date=2019-09-13 |dictionary=[[Lexico]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2020 |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en-GB }} {{Wayback|url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/muslim |date=20190913192608 }}</ref> waa [[Participle|falka firfircoon]] ee isla nooca falka, oo macneheedu yahay "dhiibtiye (Ilaahay)" ama "qof u hoggaansamaya (Ilaahay)". Si kastaba ha ahaatee, khabiirka [[Quranic studies|barashada Quraanka]] [[Mohsen Goudarzi]] wuxuu ku dooday in Quraanka ereyga ''[[dīn]]'' uu ka dhigan yahay "[[worship|cibaado]]", ''islām'' uu ka dhigan yahay "[[monotheism|kwdnimada]]" iyo ''muslim'' uu ka dhigan yahay "muwaahid / qof kelinimada Alle rumeeyay".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudarzi |first=Mohsen |date=2023-08-01 |title=Worship (dīn), Monotheism (islām), and the Qurʾān's Cultic Decalogue |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006/html |journal=Journal of the International Qur'anic Studies Association |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=30–71 |doi=10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006 |issn=2474-8420|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Gudaha [[Hadith of Gabriel|Xadiiska Jibriil]], ''Islaam'' waxaa lagu soo bandhigay inuu yahay hal qayb oo ka mid ah saddaxleey oo ay ku jirto {{transliteration|ar|[[Iman (Islam)|imān]]}} (iimaan), iyo {{transliteration|ar|[[Ihsan|ihsān]]}} (fududeyn / ixsaan).{{sfnp|Esposito|2000|pp=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00john/page/76 76–77]}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahmutćehajić |first=Rusmir |url=https://archive.org/details/mosqueheartsubmi00mahm |title=The mosque: the heart of submission |publisher=[[Fordham University Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8232-2584-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/mosqueheartsubmi00mahm/page/n104 84] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Islaamka laftiisa ayaa taariikh ahaan loogu yeeri jiray [[Mohammedan|''Mohammedanism'' (Maxamediyad)]] gudaha [[English-speaking world|dunida Ingiriiska ku hadasha]]. Eraygan wuxuu ka baxay isticmaalka waxaana mararka qaarkood la sheegaa inuu yahay [[Religious offence|dhaawac diimeed]], maadaama uu tilmaamayo in bini'aadam, halkii uu ka noqon lahaa Ilaahay, uu yahay kan udub-dhexaadka u ah diinta Muslimiinta.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Oxford University Press| last = Gibb| first = Sir Hamilton| title = Mohammedanism: an historical survey|isbn=9780195002454| year = 1969| page=1 | quote=Modern Muslims dislike the terms Mohammedan and Mohammedanism, which seem to them to carry the implication of worship of Mohammed, as Christian and Christianity imply the worship of Christ.}}</ref> == Tiirarka iimaanka == {{Main|Aqidah|Iman (Islam)|l2 = Iman}} [[caqiidada]] Islaamku (''[[aqidah]]'') waxay u baahan tahay rumaysashada lix tiir: Ilaahay, malaa'igta, waxyiga, nabiyada, [[Day of Resurrection|Maalinta Qiyaamaha]], iyo qadarinta masiirka.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sourcebook of the World's Religions: An Interfaith Guide to Religion and Spirituality|publisher=New World Library|pages=68–9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbSPOoQfu0IC&pg=PA68|editor-first=Joel|editor-last=Beversluis|year=2011|isbn=9781577313328|access-date=15 January 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228022948/https://books.google.com/books?id=dbSPOoQfu0IC&pg=PA68#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> === Ilaahay === [[File:Istanbul,_Hagia_Sophia,_Allah.jpg|thumb|[[calligraphy|Qoraal gacmeedka]] qarnigii 19-aad oo muujinaya magaca [[Allah|Alle]] ee ku yaal [[Hagia Sophia]], [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]].]] {{Main|God in Islam}} Fikradda udub-dhexaadka u ah Islaamka waa ''[[Tawhid|tawḥīd]]'' ({{langx|ar|توحيد|link=no}}), oo ah kelinimada Ilaahay. Badanaa waxaa loo arkaa inay tahay ''monotheism sax ah'', laakiin sidoo kale waa [[panentheism|panentheistic]] ku dhex leh barashada suufiga Islaamka.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/tawhid |title=Tawhid |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107041300/https://www.britannica.com/topic/tawhid |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Gimaret|first=D.|year=2012|c=Tawḥīd |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7454}}</ref> Ilaahay waxaa loo arkaa mid aan la barbar dhigi karin oo aan lahayn tiro dad ah sida ku jirta [[Christian Trinity|Saddex-midnimada Masiixiga]], oo tiro u nisbeynta Ilaahay ama sifooyinka Ilaahay oo loo nisbeeyo dad kale waxaa loo arkaa shirk, oo lagu magacaabo [[Shirk (Islam)|''shirk'']]. Sidaas darteed, Muslimiintu ma aha [[iconodule]]s mana u nisbeeyaan qaabab Ilaahay. Ilaahay halkaas waxaa lagu sifeeyaa oo loogu yeeraa dhowr [[Names of God in Islam|magac ama sifooyin]], kan ugu caansan waa ''Ar-Rahmān'' ({{lang|ar|الرحمان}}) oo macneheedu yahay "Naxariis-guud", iyo ''Ar-Rahīm'' ({{lang|ar|الرحيم}}) oo macneheedu yahay "Naxariis-gaar ah" kuwaas oo laga baryo bilowga inta badan Suuradaha Quraanka.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ali |first1=Kecia |title=Islam : the key concepts |date=2008 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |last2=Leaman |first2=Oliver |isbn=978-0-415-39638-7 |location=London |oclc=123136939}}</ref>{{sfnp|Campo|2009|p=34|loc="Allah"}} Magaca tooska ah ee Carabiga ee Ilaahay, ''[[Allāh]]'' (الله), oo ah eray aan lahayn [[plural|wadar]] ama [[gender|jinsi]], ayaa sidoo kale si caadi ah loogu isticmaalaa luqadaha kale ee Muslimiinta iyo Masiixiyiinta iyo Yuhuuda Carabiga ku hadla si ay ugu tixraacaan Ilaahay, halka ''{{transliteration|ar|ISO|[[ʾilāh]]}}'' ({{lang|ar|إله}}) uu yahay eray loo isticmaalo ilaah ama ilaah guud ahaan.<ref>{{cite web |title=God |url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |access-date=18 December 2010 |website=Islam: Empire of Faith |publisher=[[PBS]] |archive-date=27 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327034958/http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Islaamku wuxuu barayaa in abuurista wax kasta oo ku jira [[universe|caalamka]] la keenay iyada oo la raacayo amarka Ilaahay sida lagu muujiyay erayada, "[[Be, and it is|Aabo, oo wuu noqdaa]],"<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|2|117|b=yl}}</ref> iyo in [[Meaning of life|ujeeddada jiritaanka]] ay tahay in la caabudo Ilaahay.<ref>Leeming, David. 2005. ''The Oxford Companion to World Mythology''. Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-195-15669-0}}. p. 209.</ref> Waxaa loo arkaa ilaah shakhsi ah oo wax dhexdhexaadin ah, sida [[clergy|wadaaddada]], looma baahna si loo gaaro xiriir lala yeesho Ilaahay. Wacyigelinta Ilaahay waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[taqwa]]. === Qoraallada Quduuska ah === {{Main|Kutubta quduuska ah ee Islaamka | Qur'aanka|Wahy}} {{See also|Taariikhda Qur'aanka}}[[File:Birmingham Quran manuscript full.jpg|thumb|Labo bogos oo ka mid ah qoraal-gacmeedka Quraanka Birmingham, oo lagu qoray farta Xijaasiga ah ee maqaarka xoolaha taariikhdooduna ay ku beegantahay 568–645 C.D., oo ku beegan xilligii Nabi Maxamed noolaa.]] Qoraalka quduska ah ee ugu sarreeya Islaamka waa Quraanka. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in aayaadka Quraanka ay Alle u soo waxyooday Nabi Maxamed, oo uu u soo wakiishay malagii Jibriil, marar badan intii u dhaxaysay 610 C.D.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Watt |first=William Montgomery |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC&pg=PA5 |title=Islam and the Integration of Society |date=2003 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-17587-6 |pages=5 |access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref> iyo 632, oo ah sannadkii uu geeriyooday Nabi Maxamed.{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=17–18, 21}} Intii uu noolaa Nabi Maxamed, waxyiyadan waxaa qoray saxaradiisa, inkastoo habka ugu muhiimsan ee loo gudbin jiray uu ahaa afka oo lagu barto xifdi ahaan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Al Faruqi |first1=Lois Ibsen |author-link=Lois Lamya al-Faruqi |year=1987 |title=The Cantillation of the Qur'an |journal=Asian Music |issue=Autumn – Winter 1987 |pages=3–4}}</ref> Quraanku wuxuu ka kooban yahay 114 suuradood oo ay ku jiraan wadarta guud ee 6,236 aayadood. Suuradaha hore ee soo degay, ee ku soo degay Maka, waxay inta badan khuseeyaan arrimaha diiniga ah, halka suuradaha dambe ee Madiina ay ka hadlayaan arrimaha bulshada iyo sharciga ah ee khuseeya bulshada Muslimka ah.[[File:Quran rzabasi1.JPG|thumb|Qoraal-gacmeed Quraan ah oo qarnigii 9-aad ah oo saaran rihaal, kaas oo ah taageerada buugga ee qoraalka quduska ah, oo lagu hayo Matxafka Reza Abbasi ee ku yaalla Tehraan, Iran.]] Sharci-yaqaanada Islaamku waxay la tashadaan Xadiiska, ama diiwaanka qoran ee nolosha Nabi Maxamed, si ay u kaalmeeyaan Quraanka una caawiyaan fasiraadiisa. Sayniska faallooyinka Quraanka iyo tafsiirka waxaa loo yaqaanaa tafsiir.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/tafsir |title=Tafsīr |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=79–81}} Marka laga reebo muhiimaddiisa diiniga ah, Quraanka waxaa si weyn loogu tixgeliyaa inuu yahay shaqada ugu fiican ee suugaanta Carabiga,<ref>{{cite book|first=Alan|last=Jones|location=London|publisher=Charles E. Tuttle Company|year=1994|page=1|title=The Koran|quote="Its outstanding literary merit should also be noted: it is by far, the finest work of Arabic prose in existence."|isbn=1842126091}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Arthur|last=Arberry|title=The Koran Interpreted|location=London|publisher=Allen & Unwin|year=1956|quote="It may be affirmed that within the literature of the Arabs, wide and fecund as it is both in poetry and in elevated prose, there is nothing to compare with it."|page=191|isbn=0684825074}}</ref> wuxuuna saameeyay fanka iyo afka Carabiga.<ref>Kadi, Wadad, and Mustansir Mir. "Literature and the Quran." In ''Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an'' 3. pp. 213, 216.</ref> Islaamku sidoo kale wuxuu qabaa in Alle uu soo diray waxyiyo, oo la yiraahdo waxyi, oo loo soo diray nabiyo kala duwan marar badan taariikhda dhexdeeda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Islaamku wuxuu barayaa in qaybo ka mid ah qoraalladii hore ee la soo waxyooday, sida Tawraat (Tawraad) iyo Injiil (Injiil), ay noqdeen kuwo la leexiyay—ha ahaato dhinaca fasiraadda, qoraalka, ama labadaba,<ref name="harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5">{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5}}</ref><ref name="harvp|Peters|2003|p=9">{{harvp|Peters|2003|p=9}}</ref><ref name="610CE">{{harvc|c=Muhammad|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|last2=Welch|first2=A.T.|last1=Buhl|first1=F.}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Tahrif |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d. |author=Hava Lazarus-Yafeh}}</ref> halka Quraanku (Akhris) loo arko erayga ugu dambeeya ee Alle oo aan wax beddel ah lahayn.<ref name="Ringgren-Quran">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ringgren |first=Helmer |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Quran |title=Qurʾān |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription}} "The word ''Quran'' was invented and first used in the Quran itself. There are two different theories about this term and its formation. "</ref><ref>{{harvp|Teece|2003|pp=12–13}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Turner|2006|p=42}}</ref>{{sfnp|Bennett|2010|p=101}} === Malaa'igta === [[File:Rashid al-Din Tabib - Jami al-Tawarikh, f.45v detail - c. 1306-15.png|thumb|Maxamed oo helaya [[Muhammad's first revelation|waxyigiisii ugu horreeyay]] oo uga imaanaya malaa'igta [[Gabriel]], oo ka socda qoraal gacmeedka [[Jami' al-tawarikh|Jami' al-Tawarikh]] ee uu qoray [[Rashid al-Din Hamadani|Rashid-al-Din Hamadani]], lagu daabacay [[Tabriz]], [[Iran]], 1307 C.D.]] {{Main|Angels in Islam}} Malaa'igta (keligood: {{langx|ar|ملك|link=no}}, ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|malak}}'') waa makhluuqaad lagu sifeeyay Quraanka{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=23}} iyo xadiiska.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=79}} Waxaa lagu sifeeyay inay u abuuran yihiin inay caabudaan Ilaahay iyo inay sidoo kale ka shaqeeyaan waajibaadyo kale oo gaar ah sida gudbinta [[revelation|waxyiga]] ee ka yimid Ilaahay, diiwaangelinta ficilada qof kasta, iyo qaadashada [[soul|nafta]] qofka waqtiga dhimashada. Waxaa lagu sifeeyay inay si kala duwan uga abuurmeen 'iftiin' ([[Nūr (Islam)|''nūr'']])<ref name="Encyclopedia-Nur">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Nūr |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/nur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423085030/https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/nur |archive-date=2022-04-23 |encyclopedia=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |via=[[Encyclopedia.com]] |language=en |access-date=2026-03-20}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|last1=Hartner, W.|last2=Tj Boer |year=2012 |c=Nūr |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0874}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Elias |first=Jamal J. |year=2003|c=Light |in=McAuliffe}} {{doi|10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00261}}</ref> ama 'dab' (''nār'').<ref>{{harvc |last=Campo |first=Juan E. |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/nar |c=Nar |in=Martin |year=2004}}. – via [[Encyclopedia.com]].</ref><ref>{{harvc|last=Fahd, T. |year=2012 |c=Nār |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0846}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Toelle |first=Heidi |year=2002 |c=Fire |in=McAuliffe}} {{doi|10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00156}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|McAuliffe|2003|p=45}}</ref> Malaa'igta Islaamka waxaa badanaa lagu matalaa [[Anthropomorphism|qaabab bini'aadamnimo]] oo ay ku jiraan sawirro [[supernatural|cajiib ah]], sida baalal, oo ah kuwa aad u waaweyn ama xidhan dhar janno.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|pp=97–99}}<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=26–28}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Webb |first=Gisela |c=Angel |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|last1=MacDonald, D. B.|last2=Madelung, W. |year=2012 |c=Malāʾika |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}}{{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0642}}</ref> Sifooyinka caadiga ah ee malaa'igta waxaa ka mid ah inaysan lahayn baahiyo jir iyo rabitaanno, sida cunidda iyo cabidda.{{sfnp|Çakmak|2017|p=140}} Qaarkood, sida [[Gabriel|Jibriil]] iyo [[Michael (archangel)|Miikaa'il]], ayaa magacyadooda lagu xusay Quraanka. Malaa'igtu waxay door muhiim ah ka ciyaaraan suugaanta ku saabsan [[Isra and Mi'raj|Mi'raajka]], halkaas oo Maxamed uu kula kulmo dhowr malaa'igood intii uu ku jirsaday safarkiisa samada.{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=79}} Malaa'ig dheeraad ah ayaa badanaa lagu muujiyay [[Islamic eschatology|qiyaamaha]], [[Kalam|cilmiga kalaamka]] iyo [[Islamic philosophy|falsafada Islaamka]].{{sfnp|Burge|2015|p=22}} === Kitaabyada === [[File:Quran rzabasi1.JPG|thumb|Qoraal gacmeed [[Quran|Quraan]] ah oo qarnigii 9-aad ah oo saaran [[Rehal (book rest)|rehal]], oo ah kursiga kitaabka qudduuska ah, oo lagu hayo [[Reza Abbasi Museum]] ee [[Tehran]], [[Iran]].]] {{Main|Islamic holy books|Quran|Wahy}} {{See also|History of the Quran}} Kitaabka quduuska ah ee ugu sarreeya Islaamka waa [[Quran|Quraanka]]. Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in aayaadka Quraanka uu Maxamed u soo waxyooday Ilaahay, iyada oo la sii marinayo [[archangel|malaa'igta]] Jibriil, marar badan inta u dhaxaysa 610 C.D.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Watt |first=William Montgomery |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC&pg=PA5 |title=Islam and the Integration of Society |date=2003 |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |isbn=978-0-415-17587-6 |pages=5 |access-date=15 June 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228022949/https://books.google.com/books?id=AQUZ6BGyohQC&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo 632, sanadkii uu geeriyooday Maxamed.{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=17–18, 21}} Intii uu Maxamed noolaa, waxyiyadan waxaa qoray [[Muhammad's companions|saxaabtiisa]], inkastoo habka ugu muhiimsan ee gudbinta uu ahaa af ahaan iyada oo la adeegsanayo [[Hafiz (Quran)|xifdinta]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Al Faruqi |first1=Lois Ibsen |author-link=Lois Lamya al-Faruqi |year=1987 |title=The Cantillation of the Qur'an |journal=[[Society for Asian Music|Asian Music]] |issue=Autumn – Winter 1987 |pages=3–4}}</ref> Quraanku wuxuu u qaybsamaa 114 suuradood (''[[sūrah]]'') oo ka kooban wadarta guud ee 6,236 aayadood (''[[ayah|āyāt]]''). Suuradaha hore ee taariikh ahaan, ee lagaga soo waxyooday [[Mecca|Makka]], waxay inta badan khuseeyaan arrimaha ruuxiga ah, halka suuradaha dambe ee [[Medina|Madiina]] ay ka hadlaan arrimo bulsho iyo sharci oo khuseeya bulshada Muslimka ah. Qareennada Muslimiintu waxay la tashadaan xadiiska ('warka'), ama diiwaanka qoran ee nolosha Maxamed, si ay labadaba u taageeraan Quraanka oo ay uga caawiyaan tafsiirkiisa. Sayniska faallooyinka iyo tafsiirka Quraanka waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[tafsir]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/tafsir |title=Tafsīr |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019035210/https://www.britannica.com/topic/tafsir |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=79–81}} Marka laga reebo muhiimadiisa diimeed, Quraanka waxaa loo aqoonsan yahay si weyn inuu yahay shaqada ugu fiican [[Arabic literature|suugaanta Carabiga]],<ref>{{cite book|first=Alan|last=Jones|location=London|publisher=[[Charles E. Tuttle Company]]|year=1994|page=1|title=The Koran|quote="Its outstanding literary merit should also be noted: it is by far, the finest work of Arabic prose in existence."|isbn=1842126091}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Arthur|last=Arberry|title=The Koran Interpreted|location=London|publisher=[[Allen & Unwin]]|year=1956|quote="It may be affirmed that within the literature of the Arabs, wide and fecund as it is both in poetry and in elevated prose, there is nothing to compare with it."|page=191|isbn=0684825074}}</ref> wuxuuna saameeyay fanka iyo luqadda Carabiga.<ref>Kadi, Wadad, and Mustansir Mir. "Literature and the Quran." In ''[[Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān|Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an]]'' 3. pp. 213, 216.</ref> Islaamku sidoo kale wuxuu qabaa in Ilaahay uu soo diray waxyiyo, oo la yiraahdo ''[[wahy]]'', oo loo soo diray nabiyo kala duwan marar badan taariikhda oo dhan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Islaamku wuxuu barayaa in qaybo ka mid ah kitaabadii hore ee la soo waxyooday, sida [[Torah in Islam|''Towraad'']] ([[Torah]]) iyo [[Gospel in Islam|''Injiil'']] ([[Gospel in Islam|Injiil]]), ay noqdeen kuwo [[tahrif|la leexiyay]]—ha ahaato tafsiirka, qoraalka, ama labadaba,<ref name="harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5">{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=4–5}}</ref><ref name="harvp|Peters|2003|p=9">{{harvp|Peters|2003|p=9}}</ref><ref name="610CE">{{harvc|c=Muhammad|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|last2=Welch|first2=A.T.|last1=Buhl|first1=F.}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Tahrif |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d. |author=[[Hava Lazarus-Yafeh]]}}</ref> halka Quraanka ({{Lit|Akhrinta}}) loo arko hadalka ugu dambeeya, ee dhabta ah ee aan wax laga beddelin ee Ilaahay.<ref name="Ringgren">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Ringgren |first=Helmer |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Quran |title=Qurʾān |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=5 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505001543/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/487666/Quran |url-status=live }} "The word ''Quran'' was invented and first used in the Quran itself. There are [[Quran#Etymology and meaning|two different theories]] about this term and its formation."</ref><ref>{{harvp|Teece|2003|pp=12–13}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Turner|2006|p=42}}</ref>{{sfnp|Bennett|2010|p=101}} === Nabiyada === {{Main|Prophets and messengers in Islam|Sunnah|Hadith}} [[File:Medieval Persian manuscript Muhammad leads Abraham Moses Jesus.jpg|thumb|[[Persian miniature|Miniakiyada Faarisiga]] ee qarnigii 15-aad oo muujinaysa [[Muhammad in Islam|Maxamed]] oo hoggaaminaya [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Muuse]], [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]] iyo [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|nabiyo kale]] salaadda.<ref>{{cite web |title=BnF. Département des Manuscrits. Supplément turc 190 |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/view3if/ga/ark:/12148/btv1b8427195m/f16 |publisher=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] |access-date=7 September 2023 |archive-date=9 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909130407/https://gallica.bnf.fr/view3if/ga/ark:/12148/btv1b8427195m/f16 |url-status=live }}</ref>]] Nabiyada (Carabi: {{langx|ar|أنبياء|label=none|translit=anbiyāʾ}}) waxaa la rumeysan yahay inay doorteen Ilaahay si ay u wacdhiyaan fariin ilaahi ah. Qaar ka mid ah nabiyadan ayaa sidoo kale keena kitaab cusub waxaana loogu yeeraa "rasuul" ({{langx|ar| رسول&lrm;|label=none|translit=rasūl}}).<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|p=225}}</ref> Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in nabiyadu ay yihiin bini'aadam oo aan ahayn ilaahyo. Dhammaan nabiyadu waxaa la sheegaa inay wacdiyiyeen fariintii asaasiga ahayd ee Islaamka - u dhiibashada doonista Ilaahay - oo ay u direen quruumihii hore, tan ayaana la sheegay inay sabab u tahay isku mid ahaanshaha badan ee u dhexeeya diimaha. Quraanku wuxuu sheegayaa magacyada tiro badan oo ah shakhsiyaadka loo tixgeliyo [[prophets in Islam|nabiyada Islaamka]], oo ay ku jiraan [[Adam in Islam|Aadam]], [[Noah in Islam|Nux]], [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Muuse]], [[David in Islam|Daa'uud]] iyo [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]], iyo kuwo kale.<ref name="Schimmel">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |author-link=Annemarie Schimmel |title=Islam |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504201633/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/295507/Islam |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Reeves |first=J. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC |title=Bible and Qurʼān: Essays in scriptural intertextuality |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2004 |isbn=90-04-12726-7 |location=[[Leiden]] |page=177 |access-date=21 August 2019 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419164019/https://books.google.com/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC |url-status=live }}</ref> Sheekooyinka la xiriira nabiyada ee ka baxsan xisaabaadka Quraanka waxaa lagu ururiyaa oo lagu baaraa ''[[Qisas Al-Anbiya|Qisas al-Anbiya]]'' (Sheekooyinka Nabiyada). Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in Ilaahay uu soo diray Maxamed inuu noqdo nabiga ugu dambeeya ("[[Seal of the prophets|khaatumul anbiyo]]") si uu u gaarsiiyo fariinta dhameystiran ee Islaamka.<ref name="Esposito-Islam">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Esposito |first=John L. |author-link=John Esposito |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |title=Islam |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012298 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110124812/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012298 |archive-date=2021-01-10 |quote=Profession of Faith...affirms Islam's absolute monotheism and acceptance of Muḥammad as the messenger of Allah, the last and final prophet. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Peters-Allah">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Peters |first=F. E. |author-link=Francis Edward Peters |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |title=Allāh |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095403960 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926053837/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095403960 |archive-date=2020-09-26 |quote=[T]he Muslims' understanding of Allāh is based...on the Qurʿān's public witness. Allāh is Unique, the Creator, Sovereign, and Judge of mankind. It is Allāh who directs the universe through his direct action on nature and who has guided human history through his prophets, Abraham, with whom he made his covenant, Moses/Moosa, Jesus/Eesa, and Muḥammad, through all of whom he founded his chosen communities, the 'Peoples of the Book.' |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Islaamka dhexdiisa, tusaalaha "caadiga ah" ee nolosha Maxamed waxaa lagu magacaabaa ''[[sunnah]]'' (oo macneheedu yahay "jidka la maray"). Muslimiinta waxaa lagu dhiirrigelinayaa inay ku daydaan dabeecadaha akhlaaqda ee Maxamed noloshooda maalinlaha ah, sunnadana waxaa loo arkaa mid muhiim u ah hagidda tafsiirka Quraanka.<ref>{{harvp|Martin|2004|p=666}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Hadith|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|author=J. Robson}}</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Sunna|in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d.|author=D.W. Brown}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Goldman |first=Elizabeth |title=Believers: Spiritual Leaders of the World |date=1995 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-508240-1 |location=Oxford |page=63}}</ref> Tusaalahan waxaa lagu ilaaliyaa dhaqamo loo yaqaan xadiis, oo ah xisaabaadka erayadiisa, ficilladiisa, iyo sifooyinka shakhsi ahaaneed. [[Hadith qudsi|Xadiiska Qudsi]] waa qayb hoose oo ka tirsan xadiiska, oo loo arko inuu yahay erayada dhabta ah ee Ilaahay ee uu soo xigtay Maxamed oo aan ahayn qayb ka tirsan Quraanka. Xadiisku wuxuu ka kooban yahay laba shay: silsiladda sheekeeyayaasha, oo loo yaqaanno [[Hadith studies#Traditional importance of the sanad|''sanad'']], iyo ereyada dhabta ah, oo loo yaqaanno [[Hadith studies|''matn'']]. Waxaa jira habab kala duwan oo lagu kala saaro xaqiiqda xadiisyada, iyadoo cabbirka darajada ee badanaa la isticmaalo uu yahay "saxiix" ama "sax ah" ({{langx|ar|صحيح|links=no|translit=[[Authentic hadith|ṣaḥīḥ]]|label=none}}); "xasan" ({{langx|ar|حسن|links=no|label=none|translit=[[Hasan (hadith)|ḥasan]]}}); ama "daciif" ({{langx|ar|ضعيف|label=none|translit=[[Da'if|ḍaʻīf]]}}), iyo kuwo kale. [[Kutub al-Sittah]] waa ururinta lix kitaab, oo loo arko inay yihiin warbixinnada ugu suuban ee [[Sunni Islam|Sunniyada]]. Waxaa ka mid ah [[Sahih al-Bukhari]], oo ay Sunnidu badanaa u arkaan mid ka mid ah [[Hadith terminology#Terminology relating to the authenticity of a hadith|ilaha ugu suuban]] ka dib Quraanka.<ref>[[Aisha Abd al-Rahman|al-Rahman, Aisha Abd]], ed. 1990. [[Introduction to the Science of Hadith|Muqaddimah Ibn al-Ṣalāḥ]]. Cairo: Dar al-Ma'arif, 1990. pp. 160–69</ref> Il kale oo caan ka ah xadiisyada waa [[The Four Books|Afrta Kitaab]], oo ay Shiicadu u arkaan tixraaca xadiiska ee ugu suuban.<ref name="Awliyai-Four-Books">{{cite book |last=Awliya'i |first=Mustafa |title=Outlines of the Development of the Science of Hadith |volume=1 |chapter=The Four Books |url=https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol1-n12-3/outlines-development-science-hadith-dr-mustafa-awliyai/part-1#four-books |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912144702/https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol1-n12-3/outlines-development-science-hadith-dr-mustafa-awliyai/part-1#four-books |archive-date=2017-09-12 |translator-last=Qara'i |translator-first=A. Q. |via=Al-Islam.org |access-date=2020-05-24 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Rizvi-Four-Books">{{cite book |last=Rizvi |first=Sayyid Sa'eed Akhtar |author-link=Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi |title=The Qur'an and Hadith |location=Tanzania |publisher=Bilal Muslim Mission |chapter=The Hadith §The Four Books (Al-Kutubu'l-Arb'ah) |url=https://www.al-islam.org/quran-and-hadith-allamah-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/chapter-4-hadith#four-books-al-kutubul-arbah |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912191319/https://www.al-islam.org/quran-and-hadith-allamah-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/chapter-4-hadith#four-books-al-kutubul-arbah |archive-date=2017-09-12 |via=Al-Islam.org |access-date=2020-05-24 |language=en}}</ref> === Soo-noqoshada iyo xukunka === [[File:Chester Beatty T 414 fol 129r Muhammad al-Mehdi.png|thumb|Matxaf qarnigii 16-aad ee [[Muhammad al-Mahdi|Maxamed al-Mahdi]]. [[Mahdi|Mahdiga]] waxaa la rumeysan yahay inuu soo muuqan doono ka hor [[Eschatology|Waqtiga Dhamaadka]] si uu u soo celiyo cadaaladda oo uu uga adkaado dulmiga iyadoo la kaashanaya [[Jesus in Islam|Ciise]] ([[Jesus]]).]] {{Main|Islamic eschatology}} Rumaysashada "Maalinta Qiyaame" ama ''[[Qiyamah|Yawm al-Qiyāmah]]'' ({{langx|ar|يوم القيامة|link=no}}) ayaa sidoo kale muhiim u ah Muslimiinta. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in waqtiga Qiyaamaha uu hore u qadaray Ilaahay, laakiin uusan aqoon bini'aadamku. Quraanka iyo xadiiska, iyo sidoo kale faallooyinka [[Ulama|culimada]], waxay qeexayaan imtixaannada iyo [[Great Tribulation|dhibaatooyinka]] ka horreeya iyo inta uu socdo Qiyaamaha. Quraanka wuxuu xoogga saarayaa [[universal resurrection|soo-noqoshada jirka]], taasoo ah mid ka duwan fahamkii [[pre-Islamic Arabia|Carabtii hore]] ee dhimashada.<ref>{{harvp|Glassé|2003|loc="Resurrection"|pp=382–383}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)|2012|loc="Avicenna"}}. {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_DUM_0467}}: "Ibn Sīnā, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Sīnā is known in the West as 'Avicenna'."</ref><ref>{{harvc|c=Qiyama |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|year=n.d. |author=Gardet, L.}}</ref> Maalinta Qiyaame, Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin in dhammaan bini'aadamka lagu xukumi doono falalkooda wanaagsan iyo kuwa xun waxaana loo gudbin doonaa [[Jannah|Janno]] ama [[Jahannam|Naar]].<ref>{{cite web |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |editor-link=John Esposito |title=Eschatology |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e588 |url-access=subscription |work=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Islam]] |via=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |access-date=18 April 2017 |archive-date=13 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100913062714/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e588 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Quraanku wuxuu ku jira [[Surat al-Zalzalah]] wuxuu tan ku sifeeyaa: "Haddaba qofkii sameeya culays atoore oo wanaag ah wuu arki doonaa. Qofkii se sameeya culays atoore oo xumaan ah wuu arki doonaa." Quraanku [[Islamic views of sin|wuxuu qorayaa dunuub badan]] oo qof ku xukumi kara naar. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Quraanku wuxuu caddeynayaa in Ilaahay uu cafiyi doono dunuubta kuwa toobad keena haddii uu doono. Falalka wanaagsan, sida sadaqada, salaadda, iyo naxariista xayawaannada{{sfnp|Esposito|2011|p=130}} waxaa lagu abaalmarin doonaa gelitaanka jannada. Muslimiintu waxay u arkaan jannada meel ay ka buuxaan farxad iyo barako, iyadoo tixraacyada Quraanku ay qeexayaan sifooyinkeeda. Dhaqamada suufiga ah ee Islaamka waxay dhigayaan raaxooyinkan jannada xiriir la leh wacyigelin xamaasad leh oo ku saabsan Ilaahay.<ref>{{harvp|Smith|2006|p=89}}; ''Encyclopedia of Islam and Muslim World'', p. 565</ref><ref>{{harvc |c=Garden |first=Asma |last=Afsaruddin |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Paradise|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> ''Yawm al-Qiyāmah'' sidoo kale waxaa Quraanka loogu aqoonsaday ''Yawm ad-Dīn'' ({{lang|ar|يوم الدين}} "Maalinta Diinta");<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|1|4|b=y}};</ref> ''as-Sāʿah'' ({{lang|ar|الساعة}} "Saacadda Dambe");<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|6|31|b=y}};</ref> iyo ''[[Al-Qaria|al-Qāriʿah]]'' ({{lang|ar|القارعة}} "Qaylisaada").<ref group="lower-roman">{{qref|101|1|b=y}}</ref> === Qadarka === {{Main|Predestination in Islam}} Qaar ka mid ah Muslimiintu waxay rumeysan yihiin qadarka ilaahay, ({{langx|ar|القضاء والقدر}}, ''{{transliteration|ar|DIN|al-qadāʾ wa l-qadar}}'') in arrin kasta uu qaddaray Ilaahay.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.freeweb.hu/etymological/AEDweb.htm |date=2002 |title=Andras Rajki's A. E. D. (Arabic Etymological Dictionary) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208204654/http://www.freeweb.hu/etymological/AEDweb.htm |archive-date=8 December 2011 |access-date=13 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Cohen-Mor|2001|p=4}}: "The idea of predestination is reinforced by the frequent mention of events 'being written' or 'being in a book' before they happen": Say: "Nothing will happen to us except what Allah has decreed for us..."</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Karamustafa |first=Ahmet T. |c=Fate |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}: The verb ''qadara'' literally means "to measure, to determine". Here it is used to mean that "God measures and orders his creation".</ref><ref>{{harvc |last=Gardet|first=L.|year=2012|c=al-Ḳaḍāʾ Wa 'l-Ḳadar |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0407}}</ref> [[Mu'tazilism|Mu'tasiladu]] iyo qaar ka mid ah Shiicada Muslimiinta ah ma rumeysna fikraddan.<ref>[[#AGI1978|Guillaume, ''Islam'', 1978]]: p.131-2</ref><ref>[[#AGI1978|Guillaume, ''Islam'', 1978]]: p.132</ref><ref>''Need of Religion'', by Sayyid [[Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi]], p. 14.</ref><ref>''Muslims'', by S. H. M. Rizvi, Shibani Roy, B. B. Dutta, p. 20.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shirazi |first1=Naser Makarem |title=The Justice of God |publisher=Al-Islam.org |url=https://www.al-islam.org/justice-god-naser-makarem-shirazi/issue-predestination-and-free-will |access-date=14 June 2022 |chapter=The Issue of Predestination and Free Will|date=12 May 2015 }}</ref><ref>''Islamic Beliefs, Practices, and Cultures'', by Marshall Cavendish Corporation, p. 137.</ref> Badanaa, rumaysashadan masiirka ilaahay waxaa lagu muujiyaa erayga ''[[Inshallah]]'', ({{langx|ar|إن شاء الله}}, {{transliteration|ar|haddii Alle jiro}}) marka laga hadlayo dhacdooyinka mustaqbalka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Muslim beliefs – Al-Qadr |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z43pfcw/revision/4 |access-date=13 November 2020 |publisher=BBC |work=Bitesize – GCSE – Edexcel |archive-date=15 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115112558/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z43pfcw/revision/4 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Ficilada cibaadada == {{Main|Five Pillars of Islam|Ibadah}} Waxaa jira shan ficil oo cibaado ah oo loo arko inay yihiin [[fard|waajibaad]]–Shahaadada, salaadaha shanta ah ee maalinlaha ah, [[Zakat|sakada]], [[fasting during Ramadan|soonta bisha Ramadaan]], iyo xajka [[Hajj|Hajka]]—oo si wadajir ah loogu yaqaano "Tiirarka Islaamka" (''Arkān al-Islām''). Intaa waxaa dheer, Muslimiintu waxay sidoo kale sameeyaan ficilo kale oo ikhtiyaari ah oo dhiirrigel leh laakiin aan loo arkin inay yihiin waajibaad.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=ZAROUG|first=ABDULLAHI HASSAN|date=1985|title=THE CONCEPT OF PERMISSION, SUPEREROGATORY ACTS AND ASETICISM &#91;sic&#93; IN ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20847307|journal=Islamic Studies|volume=24|issue=2|pages=167–180|jstor=20847307|issn=0578-8072|access-date=7 January 2023|archive-date=7 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207140013/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20847307|url-status=live}}</ref> === Shahaadada === [[File:Silver Rupee Akbar.jpg|thumb|right|Lacag qalinkii qarnigii 16-aad ee [[Akbar|Akbarkii Weyn]], Boqorkii [[Mughal Empire|Mugalka]], [[India]], oo lagu qoray [[Shahada|Shahaadada]].]] {{Main|Shahada}} [[shahada]]h{{sfnp|Nasr|2003|pp=3, 39, 85, 270–272}} waa [[oath|dhaar]] lagu caddaynayo rumaysashada Islaamka. Qoraalka la ballaariyay waa "{{transliteration|ar|DIN|ʾašhadu ʾal-lā ʾilāha ʾillā-llāhu wa ʾašhadu ʾanna muħammadan rasūlu-llāh}}" ({{langx|ar|أشهد أن لا إله إلا الله وأشهد أن محمداً رسول الله|label=none}}), ama, "Waxaan qirayaa inuusan jirin [[deity|ilaah]] aan ahayn [[God in Islam|Ilaahay]] waxaanuna qirayaa in Maxamed yahay rasuulkii Ilaahay."<ref name="Mohammad-1985">{{cite journal |last=Mohammad |first=Noor |date=1985 |title=The Doctrine of Jihad: An Introduction |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-law-and-religion_1985_3_2/page/381 |journal=[[Journal of Law and Religion]] |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=381–397 |doi=10.2307/1051034 |jstor=1051034 |publisher=Journal of Law and Religion, Inc. |language=en}}</ref> Islaamka waxaa mararka qaarkood lagu doodaa inuu leeyahay caqiido aad u fudud iyadoo shahaadadu ay tahay saldhigga diinta ka hartay. Aan-Muslimiinta raba inay [[Conversion to Islam|soo islaamaan]] waxaa looga baahan yahay inay ku dhawaaqaan shahaadada hortooda markhaatiyaal.<ref>{{harvc |last=Kasim |first=Husain |year=2004 |c=Islam |pp=195–197 |in=Salamone}}</ref><ref name="Galonnier-2021">{{cite book |last=Galonnier |first=Juliette |editor-last=van Nieuwkerk |editor-first=Karin |title=Moving In and Out of Islam |chapter=Moving In or Moving Toward? Reconceptualizing Conversion to Islam as a Liminal Process |location=New York |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2021 |pages=44–66 |doi=10.7560/317471-003 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7560/317471-003/html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023001/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7560/317471-003/html |archive-date=2023-12-28 |language=en}}</ref> === Salaadda === [[File:Prayer in Cairo 1865.jpg|thumb|[[Muslims|Muslimiin]] tukanaya ([[salah]]) gudaha [[Egypt]] waxaa alifay [[Jean-Léon Gérôme]], 1865.]] {{Main|Salah}} {{See also|Mosque|Jumu'ah}} Salaadda Islaamka waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[salah|as-salaad]] ({{langx|ar|الصلاة|link=no}}), ama erayga [[Persian language|Faarisiga]] ee ah "Namaz." Waxaa loo arkaa xiriir shakhsi ah oo lala leeyahay Ilaahay, waxayna ka kooban tahay ku celcelinta qaybo la yiraahdo [[rakat|rakco]] oo ay ku jiraan [[Ruku|rukooc]] iyo [[Sujud|sujuud]] loo sujuudayo Ilaahay. Waxaa jira shan salaadood oo la cayimay maalintii oo dhan kuwaas oo loo arko waajibaad. Salaadaha waxaa lagu akhriyaa luqadda Carabiga waxaana lagu fuliyaa [[Qibla|dhanka]] [[Kaaba|Kacbada]]. Ficilku sidoo kale wuxuu u baahan yahay xaalad nadiif ah oo diimeed oo lagu gaaro hababka [[wudu|weysada]] ama, xaaladaha qaarkood, qubays buuxa oo [[ghusl|qubays ah]].<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|pp=18, 19}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Hedayetullah|2006|pp=53–55}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Kobeisy|2004|pp=22–34}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Momen|1987|p=178}}</ref> [[mosque|Masaajidka]], oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano masjid ama namazgah, waa [[places of worship|goob cibaado]] oo loogu talagalay Muslimiinta. Inkasta oo ujeeddada ugu weyn ee masaajidku ay tahay inuu u adeego meel salaadeed, sidoo kale waa xarun bulsho oo muhiim u ah [[ummah|bulshada Muslimka ah]]. Tusaale ahaan, [[Prophet's Mosque|Masjidka Nabiga]] ee [[Medina|Madiina]], wuxuu sidoo kale u adeegi jiray hoy ay degaan dadka saboolka ah.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Mattson |first=Ingrid |year=2006 |title=Women, Islam, and Mosques |pages=615–629 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America |series=Volume 2, Part VII. Islam |editor1=R. S. Keller |name-list-style=and |editor2=R. R. Ruether |place=Bloomington and Indianapolis |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |isbn=978-0-253-34687-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC&pg=PA615 |access-date=2 October 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023019/https://books.google.com/books?id=WPILfbtT5tQC&pg=PA615#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Minaret|Minaarooyinku]] waa munaarooyin loo isticmaalo in lagu yeero [[adhan|aanka]], kaas oo ah yeedhid afka ah oo lagu calaamadinayo waqtiga salaadda.<ref name="Pedersen-Masjid-2010">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Pedersen |first1=Johannes |last2=Hillenbrand |first2=Robert |last3=Burton-Page |first3=John |author-link3=John Burton-Page |title=Masd̲j̲id |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam |edition=2nd |location=Leiden |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2010 |doi=10.1163/9789004206106_eifo_COM_0694 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/mosque |title=Mosque |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928065350/https://www.britannica.com/topic/mosque |url-status=live }}</ref> === Sakada === [[File:Slot at the Zaouia Moulay Idriss II 1.jpg|thumb|Meel lagu bixiyo sakada oo ku taal [[Zawiya of Moulay Idris II]] ee [[Fez, Morocco]].]] {{Main|Zakat}} {{See also|Sadaqah}} [[Zakat|Sakada]] ([[Arabic language|Carabi]]: {{langx|ar|زكاة|translit=zakāh|label=none}}), waa nooc ka mid ah [[Alms|Sadaqada]] oo lagu garto bixinta qayb go'an (2.5% sanadkii)<ref name="Ahmed-Gianci-2005">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Ahmed |first1=Medani |last2=Gianci |first2=Sebastian |title=Zakat |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Taxation and Tax Policy |editor1-last=Cordes |editor1-first=Joseph J. |editor2-last=Ebel |editor2-first=Robert D. |editor3-last=Gravelle |editor3-first=Jane |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Urban Institute Press |year=2005 |page=479 |isbn=978-0877667520 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m66_BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA479 |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026}}</ref> ee [[Financial capital|hantida la ururiyay]] ay bixiyaan kuwa awoodda u leh si ay u caawiyaan dadka saboolka ah ama baahan, sida xoraynta maxaabiista, kuwa [[bonded labor|dayn ku jira]], ama safarka ku ah, iyo kuwa loo shaqaaleysiiyo ururinta sakada. Waxay u shaqaysaa sidii nooc ka mid ah [[welfare spending|gar-gaar bulsheed]] oo ka jira bulshooyinka Muslimka ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ariff |first=Mohamed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NP4ZL0TJ9s4C&pg=PA55 |title=The Islamic Voluntary Sector in Southeast Asia: Islam and the Economic Development of Southeast Asia |publisher=[[Institute of Southeast Asian Studies]] |year=1991 |isbn=978-981-3016-07-1 |pages=55– |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023007/https://books.google.com/books?id=NP4ZL0TJ9s4C&&pg=PA55 |url-status=live }}</ref> Waxaa loo arkaa waajibaad diimeed oo ay dadka ladani ku leeyihiin kuwa baahan sababtoo ah hantidooda waxaa loo arkaa ammaan ka timid nimcada Ilaahay,<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2010|p=109–110}}: This is not regarded as charity because it is not really voluntary but instead is owed, by those who have received their wealth as a trust from God's bounty, to the poor.</ref> waxaana loo arkaa daahirinta hantida dheeraadka ah ee qofka.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = RoutledgeCurzon| isbn = 9780415297967| title =Major World Religions: From Their Origins to the Present.| location = United Kingdom| year = 2003| last=Ridgeon| first=Lloyd| url = | page = 258|quote=Aside from its function of purifying believers' wealth, the payment of zakat may have contributed in no small way to the economic welfare of the Muslim community in Mecca.}}</ref> Wadarta guud ee sanadlaha ah ee lagu bixiyo sakada ayaa ah 15 jeer ka badan deeqaha gargaarka bini'aadamnimada ee adduunka, iyadoo la adeegsanayo qiyaaso taxaddar leh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 June 2012 |title=A faith-based aid revolution in the Muslim world |work=[[The New Humanitarian]] |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/95564/analysis-faith-based-aid-revolution-muslim-world |access-date=27 August 2023 |archive-date=14 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114014900/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/95564/analysis-faith-based-aid-revolution-muslim-world |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sadaqah|Sadaqadu]], si ka duwan Sakada, waa sadaqo ikhtiyaari ah oo aad loo dhiirrigeliyo.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Said |first=Abdul Aziz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4bs7g0O4eLYC&pg=PA145 |title=Contemporary Islam: Dynamic, Not Static |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-77011-8 |page=145 |display-authors=etal |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023121/https://books.google.com/books?id=4bs7g0O4eLYC&pg=PA145 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnp|Stefon|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef/page/72 72]}} [[Waqf|Waaqfeku]] waa [[charitable trust|kalsooni samafal]] oo joogto ah, taas oo maalgelisa isbitaallada iyo dugsiyada bulshooyinka Muslimka ah.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hudson |first=A. |title=Equity and Trusts |year=2003 |edition=3rd |page=32 |location=London |publisher=Cavendish Publishing |isbn=1-85941-729-9}}</ref> === Soonta === [[File:Iftar for Ramadhan.jpg|thumb|Munaasabadda afurka, oo loo yaqaan ''[[Iftar]]'', waxaa dhaqan ahaan lagu bixiyaa [[date (fruits)|timir]].]] {{Main|Fasting in Islam}} {{See also|Fasting during Ramadan}} Islaamka dhexdiisa, soonta ([[Arabic language|Carabi]]: {{langx|ar|صوم|translit=ṣawm|label=none}}) waxay mamnuucaysaa cuntada iyo cabitaanka, iyo sidoo kale noocyada kale ee isticmaalka, sida [[Smoking in Islam|sigaar-cabista]], waxaana la fuliyaa laga bilaabo waaberiga ilaa qorrax-dhaca. Inta lagu jiro bisha [[Ramadan]], waxaa loo arkaa waajibaad saaran Muslimiinta inay soomaan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramadan |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramadan |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009215438/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramadan |url-status=live }}</ref> Soontu waxay dhiirrigelisaa dareen u dhowaanshaha Ilaahay iyadoo qofku is celinayo dartii Ilaahay wixii kale ee bannaan iyo in laga fikiro kuwa baahan. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa jira maalmo kale, sida [[Day of Arafah|Maalinta Carafo]], marka soontu ay tahay ikhtiyaari.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher =Tughra Books | isbn = 9781597846110| title = Fasting In Islam And The Month Of Ramadan| location = United States| year =2006 | last=Ramadanali| url = |page=51 | quote = }}</ref> === Xajka === {{Main|Hajj|Umrah}} {{See also|Holiest sites in Islam}} [[File:A packed house - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg|thumb|Xujeyda intii lagu jiray xilli [[Hajj|Hajka]] ee [[Masjid al-Haram]] ee [[Mecca|Makka]], [[Saudi Arabia|Sacuudi Carabiya]], [[Holiest sites in islam|goobta Islaamka ee ugu barakeysan]].]] [[pilgrimage|Xajka]] Islaamka, ee loo yaqaan {{transliteration|ar|ALA|ḥajj}} ({{langx|ar|حج|link=no}}), waa in la qabtaa ugu yaraan hal mar nolosha qof kasta oo Muslim ah oo awood u leh inta lagu jiro [[Islamic calendar|bisha Islaamka]] ee [[Dhu al-Hijjah]]. Caadooyinka Hajku waxay inta badan ku daydaan sheekada qoyska [[Abraham in Islam|Ibraahim]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naik |first=Dr Zakir |author-link=Zakir Naik |date=7 January 2025 |title=What Are the Pillars of Islam? |url=https://islampidia.org/en/what-are-the-pillars-of-islam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115054332/https://islampidia.org/en/what-are-the-pillars-of-islam/ |archive-date=2025-11-15 |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=Islampidia |language=en-AU}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Five Pillars of Islam |url=https://localhost:5000/learn/educators/curriculum-resources/art-of-the-islamic-world/unit-one/the-five-pillars-of-islam |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art}}{{Dead link|date=June 2026}}</ref> [[Mecca|Makka]], xujeydu waxay toddobo jeer ku wareegaan [[Kaaba|Kacbada]], oo ay Muslimiintu rumeysan yihiin inuu dhisay Ibraahim meel cibaado ah, waxayna toddobo jeer u dhexeeyaan buuraha [[Safa and Marwa|Safa iyo Marwa]], iyagoo xusuusanaya tallaabooyinkii xaaska Ibraahim, [[Hagar]], oo u raadinaysay biyo ilmahaheedii [[Ishmael in Islam|Ismaaciil]] ee lamadegaanka ka hor intaan Makka is rogay degmo.<ref>{{harvp|Goldschmidt|Davidson|2005|p=48}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Farah|1994|pp=145–147}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Hajj |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> Xajku sidoo kale wuxuu ku lug leeyahay in la qaato maalin duco iyo cibaado ah oo ka dhacda bannaanada [[Mount Arafat|Carafo]] iyo sidoo kale [[Stoning_of_the_Devil|tuurista shaydaanka]] si calaamadaysan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F.E. |title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians |date=2009 |isbn=978-1-4008-2548-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HYJ2c9E9IM8C&pg=PA19 |page=20 |publisher=Princeton University Press |access-date=7 October 2014 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023112/https://books.google.com/books?id=HYJ2c9E9IM8C&pg=PA19#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Dhammaan ragga Muslimiinta ah waxay xidhaan laba maro oo cad oo fudud oo aan tol lahayn oo loo yaqaan [[Ihram clothing|ixraam]], kuwaas oo loogu talagalay inay keenaan isku xirnaan jiilal iyo sinnaan ka dhexaysa xujeyda inkasta oo ay jiraan fasal ama asal.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cornell |first=Vincent J. |title=Voices of Islam: Voices of tradition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g5LNUS0ciAAC&pg=PA29 |access-date=26 August 2012 |year=2007 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-98733-6 |page=29}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Glassé|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC&pg=PA207 207]}}</ref> Nooc kale oo xaj ah, [[Umrah|Umrada]], waa ikhtiyaari waxaana la qaban karaa wakhti kasta oo sanadka ka mid ah. Goobaha kale ee xajka Islaamka waa [[Medina|Madiina]], halkaas oo Maxamed uu ku geeriyooday, iyo sidoo kale [[Jerusalem|Quddus]], oo ah magaalo ay ku yaalliin nabiyo badan oo Islaam ah waana goobta [[Al-Aqsa|Al-Aqsa]], taas oo ahayd jihadii salaadda ka hor Makka.<ref>{{cite book|author=Michigan Consortium for Medieval and Early Modern Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p44kAQAAMAAJ|title=The Meeting of Two Worlds: Cultural Exchange Between East and West During the Period of the Crusades|publisher=Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University|year=1986|isbn=0918720583|editor1=Goss, V. P.|volume=21|page=208|editor2=Bornstein, C. V.|access-date=15 January 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023032/https://books.google.com/books?id=p44kAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Trofimov-2008">{{cite book |last=Trofimov |first=Yaroslav |author-link=Yaroslav Trofimov |title=The Siege of Mecca: The 1979 Uprising at Islam's Holiest Shrine |location=New York |publisher=[[Knopf]] |date=2008 |page=79 |isbn=978-0-307-47290-8 |language=en}}</ref> === Ficilada cibaadada ee kale === {{See also|Quran#Recitation|Dua|Dhikr}} [[File:Men reading the Koran in Umayyad Mosque, Damascus, Syria.jpg|thumb|Rag Muslimiin ah oo akhrinaya Quraanka gudaha [[Umayyad Mosque|Masjidka Umawiyiinta]] ee [[Damascus]], [[Syria]].]] Muslimiintu waxay akhriyaan oo xifdiyaan Quraanka oo dhan ama qaybo ka mid ah si ay u noqdaan camal wanaagsan. [[Tajwid|Tajwiidku]] wuxuu tilmaamayaa xeerar taxane ah oo loogu talagalay [[elocution|akhriska saxda ah]] ee Quraanka.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = | isbn = | title = Foundation of Tajweed| location = | year = 2013|edition=2| last=Aboo Yahyaa| url = | page = 1 | quote = }}</ref> Muslimiin badan ayaa akhriya Quraanka oo dhan inta lagu jiro bisha Ramadaan.{{sfnp|Stefon|2010|p=[https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef/page/42 42–43]}} Qofka xifdiyay Quraanka oo dhan waxaa loo yaqaanaa Xaafid ("xifdiyey"), xadiisyaduna waxay xusayaan in shakhsiyaadkani ay awood u yeelan doonaan inay shafeecaan dadka kale Maalinta Qiyaamaha.{{sfnp|Nigosian|2004|p=[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=my7hnALd_NkC|page=70}} 70]}} Baryada Ilaahay, oo Carabiga lagu yiraahdo {{Transliteration|ar|DIN|duʿāʾ}} ({{langx|ar|دعاء}}&nbsp;{{IPA|ar|dʊˈʕæːʔ|IPA}}) waxay leedahay anshaxeedii gaarka ahaa sida [[Raising hands in dua|gacmaha oo la taago]] sidii iyadoo la baryayo.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Brill| isbn = 9789004335523| title = The Quṣṣāṣ of Early Islam| location = Netherlands| year = 2016| last=Armstrong| first=Lyall| url = | page = 184| quote = }}</ref> Xuska Ilaahay ({{langx|ar|ذكر|translit=Dhikr'|label=none}}) wuxuu tilmaamayaa erayada lagu celceliyo ee tixraacaya Ilaahay. Sida caadiga ah, tan waxaa ka mid ah Tahmiid, oo lagu dhawaaqayo [[Alhamdulillah|ammaan oo dhan waxaa leh Ilaahay]] ({{langx|ar|الحمد لله|translit=al-Ḥamdu lillāh|label=none}}) inta lagu jiro salaadda ama marka la dareemayo mahadnaq, [[Tasbih|Tasbiix]], oo lagu dhawaaqayo weyneynta Ilaahay inta lagu jiro salaadda ama marka la cajabo shay oo la dhaho '[[Basmala|bismillaah]]' ka hor intaan la bilaabin ficil sida cuntada.<ref>{{Cite web|title=alhamdulillah |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/alhamdulillah|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227042540/https://www.lexico.com/definition/alhamdulillah|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 27, 2020|access-date=2021-10-16|website=Lexico}}</ref> == Taariikhda == {{Main|Taariikhda Islaamka}} {{For timeline|Timeline of the history of Islam}} {{See also|List of Muslim empires and dynasties}}{{multiple image | align = center | direction = horizontal | total_width = 600 | image1 = Masjid Nabawi The Prophet's Mosque, Madina.jpg | image2 = Jerusalem DomeoftheRock J65 (cropped).JPG | footer = Bidix: [[Prophet's Mosque|Masjidka Nabiga]] ee [[Medina|Madiina]], Sacuudi Carabiya, waa [[holiest sites in islam|goobta labaad ee ugu barakeysan]] ee Islaamka. Maxamed laftiisa ayaa ku lug lahaa dhismaha masjidka, iyo [[Green Dome|Qubbadiisa Cagaaran]] waa halka lagu aasay. Midig: [[Al-Aqsa|Dhismaha Masjidka Al-Aqsa]] ee [[Jerusalem|Quddus]] waa goobta saddexaad ee ugu barakeysan ee Islaamka, halkaas oo Maxamed uu uga kacay samada intii uu socday [[Isra' and Mi'raj|Isra' iyo Mi'raaj]]. Goobtu waxay ahayd jihadii hore ee salaadda ([[qibla]]), halkaas oo Muslimiintu ay horay ugu tukan jireen ka hor intaan jihada loo beddelin [[Kaaba|Kacbada]] ee [[Mecca|Makka]] ka dib waxyi soo gaaray Maxamed. | caption1 = | caption2 = }} === Maxamed iyo bilowgii Islaamka (570–632) === {{Main|Muhammad|Muhammad in Islam}} {{for timeline|Timeline of early Islamic history}} {{Further|Muhammad in Mecca|Early social changes under Islam|First Islamic state}} [[File:Hira_Cave.jpg|thumb|[[Jabal al-Nour]] u dhow [[Mecca|Makka]], halkaas oo Maxamed uu ka helay [[Muhammad's first revelation|waxyigiisii ugu horreeyay]] ee ku jiray godka Xira.]] Sida ku xusan dhaqanka Islaamka, Maxamed wuxuu ku dhashay [[Mecca|Makka]] sannadkii 570 [[Common Era|C.D.]] wuxuuna noqday agoon caruurnimadiisii. Isagoo ku koray ganacsade ahaan, wuxuu noqday mid loo yaqaan "[[Amin (name)|amin (mid la isku halayn karo)]]" ({{langx|ar|الامين}}) waxaana la doonayay inuu noqdo garsoore dhexdhexaad ah. Intuu ka dib guursaday shaqaalihiisii, haweeneydii ganacsatada ahayd ee [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadiija]].{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=6}} Sannadkii 610 C.D., isagoo dhibsaday hoos u dhaca akhlaaqda iyo shirkiga ka jiray Makka isla markaana raadinaya gooni-isu-taag iyo fikir ruuxi ah, Maxamed wuxuu u baxay Godka Xira ee buurta [[Jabal al-Nour]], oo u dhow Makka. Wuxuu ahaa intii uu ku sugnaa godka halkaas oo la sheegay inuu [[Muhammad's first revelation|helay waxyigii ugu horreeyay]] ee [[Quran|Quraanka]] oo uga yimid malaa'igta [[Gabriel|Jibriil]].<ref name="610CE" /> Dhacdadii bixitaankii Maxamed ee godka iyo waxyigii xigay waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[Night of Power|Leylatul Qadr]] waxaana loo arkaa dhacdo muhiim ah taariikhda Islaamka. Intii lagu guda jiray 22-kii sano ee ka dambeeyay nolosha, laga bilaabo da'da 40 wixii ka dambeeyay, Maxamed wuxuu sii waday helitaanka waxyiga Ilaahay, isagoo noqday kii ugu dambeeyay ama [[Seal of the prophets|nabigii ugu dambeeyay]] ee loo diray bini'aadamka.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Muhammad |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> [[File:Siyer-i_Nebi_151b.jpg|thumb|Maxamed oo la muujiyay waji daboolan oo jooga [[Kaaba|Kacbada]] laga soo qaatay [[Siyer-i Nebi]], {{Circa|1595}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ottomans : religious painting |url=http://www.ee.bilkent.edu.tr/~history/ottoman33.html |access-date=1 May 2016}}</ref>]] Inta lagu jiro xilligan, [[Muhammad in Mecca|halka uu joogay Makka, Maxamed]] wuxuu ku wacdiyay marka hore si qarsoodi ah ka dibna si cad, isagoo ka baryaya dhegaystayaashiisa inay ka tagaan [[Arab polytheism|shirkiga]] oo ay caabudaan hal Ilaah. Qaar ka mid ah [[Early Muslims|Muslimiintii ugu horreysay ee soo islaamtay]] waxay ahaayeen dumar, saboolka, ajaanibta, iyo addoommada sida mu'adinkii ugu horreeyay [[Bilal ibn Rabah|Bilaal bin Rabaax]].<ref>Rabah, Bilal B. ''[[Encyclopedia of Islam]].''</ref> Dadka waaweyn ee Makka waxay dareemeen in Maxamed uu [[Early social changes under Islam|khalday nidaamkooda bulsho]] isagoo ka wacdiyaya hal Ilaah oo siinaya fikrado laga shakiyo saboolka iyo addoommada sababtoo ah waxay faa'iida ka helayeen xajka sanamyada Kacbada.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ünal |first=Ali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DyuqdDIjaswC&pg=PA1323 |title=The Qurʼan with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English |publisher=Tughra Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-59784-000-2 |pages=1323– |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024048/https://books.google.com/books?id=DyuqdDIjaswC&pg=PA1323#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|p=36}}</ref> Ka dib 12 sano oo ah [[Persecution of Muslims by Meccans|dhibaataynta Muslimiinta ay u geysanayeen dadkii Makka]], Maxamed iyo [[Companions of the Prophet|sahabbadiisii]] waxay sameeyeen [[Hegira|Hijradii]] 622 ee magaalada Yathrib (magaalada Madiina ee maanta). Wuxuu halkaas ka Aasaasay [[First Islamic state|Dowladdii Islaamiga ahayd ee ugu horreysay]] oo ay la socdaan Muslimiintii Madiina (''[[Ansar (Islam)|Ansaarta]]'') iyo muhaajiriintii Makka (''[[Muhajirun|Muhaajiriinta]]''). [[Constitution of Medina|Dastuurkii Madiina]] waxaa saxiixay dhammaan qabiilooyinkii Madiina. Tani waxay aasaastay xorriyadda diinta iyo xorriyadda isticmaalka sharcigooda u gaarka ah ee ka dhex jiray bulshooyinka Muslimka ah iyo kuwa aan Muslimka ahayn hammi ah in Madiina laga difaaco khataraha dibadda.{{sfnp|Serjeant|1978|p=4}} Ciidamadii Makka iyo xulafadoodii waxay guuldarro ka soo gaartay Muslimiinta [[Battle of Badr|Dagaalkii Badar]] 624 ka dibna waxay dagaalameen dagaal aan la isla ogayn oo ka dhacay [[Battle of Uhud|Dagaalkii Uxud]]<ref>{{Citation |last=Peter Crawford |title=The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-oHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |page=83 |publisher=Pen & Sword Books Limited |isbn=9781473828650 |date=2013-07-16 |access-date=5 August 2022 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228023957/https://books.google.com/books?id=d-oHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |url-status=live }}.</ref> ka hor intaanay ku guuldarraysan inay hareereeyaan Madiina [[Battle of the Trench|Dagaalkii Khandaq]] (Maarso–Abriil 627). Sannadkii 628, [[Treaty of al-Hudaybiya|Heshiiskii Xudeybiya]] ayaa la kala saxiixday Makka iyo Muslimiinta, laakiin waxaajabiyay Makka laba sano ka dib. Markii qabiilo badan ay islaameen, jidadkii ganacsiga ee Makka waxaa gooyay Muslimiinta.<ref>{{harvp|Peters|2003|pp=78–79, 194}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|pp=23–28}}</ref> Markaatay ahayd 629 Maxamed wuxuu ku guuleystay [[conquest of Mecca|furashadii Makka]] ee aan dhiiggu ku daadan, iyo waqtigii uu geeriyooday 632 (da'da 62) wuxuu midaysiiyay qabiilooyinkii Carabta]] hal qaran oo diimeed. === Islaamkii Hore (632–750) === {{Further|Succession to Muhammad|Early Muslim conquests}} {{See also|Ghadir Khumm|Saqifa|Canonization of Islamic scripture}} [[File:Map_of_expansion_of_Caliphate.svg|thumb|Expansion of the Caliphate{{legend|#a1584e|Muhammad, 622–632}}{{legend|#ef9070|Khulafo Al-Raashidiin, 632–661}}{{legend|#fad07d|Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750}}]] Nabi Maxamed wuxuu geeriyooday sanadkii 632 waxaana khulafadii ugu horreysay ee loo yaqaan Khulafo – Abu Bakr, Cumar, Cuthmaan, Cali iyo marmar Xasan bin Cali<ref>{{Cite book| last1 = Melchert| first1 = Christopher| date = 2020| contribution = The Rightly Guided Caliphs: The Range of Views Preserved in Ḥadīth| editor1-last = al-Sarhan| editor1-first = Saud| title = Political Quietism in Islam: Sunni and Shi'i Practice and Thought| location = London and New York| publisher = I.B. Tauris| isbn = 978-1-83860-765-4| pages = 70–71| contribution-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=96TDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA63| access-date = 17 February 2022| url-status = live}}</ref> – looga yaqaan Islaamka Sunniga ah ''al-khulafā' ar-rāshidūn'' ("Khulafadii Hagaysa").{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=40}} Qaar kamid ah qabiilooyinka ayaa Islaamka ka tagay oo ka inkiiray madax sheegtay in ay yihiin nebiyo cusub balse Abu Bakr wuxuu ku jebiyey dagaalladii Riddada.<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|p=57}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Hourani|2002|p=22}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=32}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Madelung|1996|p=43}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Ṭabāṭabāʼī|1979|pp=30–50}}</ref> Bulshooyinka maxalliga ah ee Yuhuudda iyo Nasaarada asaliga ah, ee loo haystay dad laga tirada badan yahay oo diinaysan loona culeysiyay canshuuraha, ayaa inta badan ka caawiyey Muslimiinta inay qabsadaan dhulkooda,{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=38}} taasoo keentay in khilaafaddu ay si degdeg ah ugu ballaarato boqortooyooyinkii Saasaniyiinta iyo Biisantiinta.<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|p=74}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=J. Kuiper |first=Matthew |title=Da'wa: A Global History of Islamic Missionary Thought and Practice |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2021 |isbn=9781351510721 |page=85}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lapidus |first=Ira M. |title=A History of Islamic Societies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-521-51430-9 |pages=60–61 |author-link=Ira M. Lapidus}}</ref> Cuthmaan waxaa la doortay 644 waxaana dilkiisii uu kiciyey in Cali loo doorto Khaliifkii xigay. Dagaalkii Sifeyn ee Koowaad, xaaskii Nebiga, Caashaa, waxay soo saartay ciidan ka soo horjeeda Cali, iyada oo isku dayaysa inay u aarto dhimashadii Cuthmaan, balse waa lagu jabiyey Dagaalkii Geela. Cali wuxuu isku dayay inuu xilka ka qaado guddoomiyihii Suuriya, Mucaawiya, kaas oo loo arkayay musuqmaasuq. Mucaawiya ayaa markaas dagaal ku dhawaaqay Cali waana lagu jabiyey Dagaalkii Sifeyn. Go'aanka Cali ee ahaa inuu dhex-dhexaadin sameeyo ayaa ka caraysiiyey Khawaarijta, oo ahayd koox xagjir ah, kuwaas oo qabay in aan la dagaallamin qof dembiile ah awgeed, Cali uu isna noqday dembiile. Khawaarijtu way caasiyoobeen waxaana lagu jebiyey Dagaalkii Nahrawan balse nin Khawaariji ah ayaa gadaal ka dilay Cali. Wiilkiii Cali, Xasan bin Cali, ayaa loo doortay Khaliif wuxuuna saxiixay heshiis nabadeed si looga fogaado dagaal kale, isaga oo xilka uga degay Mucaawiya si uusan Mucaawiya u soo magacaabin qof beddela.{{sfnp|Holt|Lewis|1977|pp=67–72}} [[File:Almuñécar, statue of Abd al-Rahman I.jpg|thumb|Taallo ay leedahay Cabduraxmaan I oo ku taal Almuñécar, Isbayn. Islaamku wuxuu gaaray Galbeedka Yurub 711 AD, markii Ṭariiq bin Siyaad uu galay Jasiiradda Iberia. Sanadkii 756, Cabduraxmaan wuxuu aasaasay Imaaradda Cordoba, isagoo ka aasaasay dowlad Islaami ah oo madaxbannaan al-Andalus.]] Mucaawiya wuxuu bilaabay Saldanaddii Umawiyiinta isagoo u magacaabay wiilkiisii Yaziid inay isku xigaan, taasoo dhalisay Dagaalkii Sifeyn ee Labaad. Intii uu socday Dagaalkii Karbala, Xuseen bin Cali, wiilka labaad ee Cali iyo awowgii nebiga, waxaa si arxan darro ah u dilay ciidamadii Yaziid; dhacdadii waxaa sannad walba xusaa Muslimiinta Shiicada ah ilaa maanta. Sunniga, oo uu hoggaaminayo Ibn al-Zubayr oo kasoo horjeeda khilaafad dhaxal ah, ayaa lagaga adkaaday Go'doomintii Makka. Khilaafyadan hoggaanka ayaa keenay inuu dhasho khilaafka Sunni-Shiicada,{{sfnp|Waines|2003|p=46}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harney |first=John |date=3 January 2016 |title=How Do Sunni and Shia Islam Differ? |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/04/world/middleeast/q-and-a-how-do-sunni-and-shia-islam-differ.html |access-date=4 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyadoo Shiicadu ay aaminsan tahay in hoggaanku uu leeyahay qoyskii Nebiga (Ahl al-bayt).{{sfnp|Waines|2003|p=46}} Hoggaankii Abu Bakr wuxuu kormeeray bilowgii ururinta Qur'aanka. Khaliifkii Cumar bin Cabdicasiis wuxuu dhisay guddigii, Todobadii Fuqaha ee Madiina,{{sfnp|Ismāʻīl ibn ʻUmar Ibn Kathīr|2012|p=505}}<ref>''Umar Ibn Abdul Aziz'' By Imam Abu Muhammad Abdullah ibn Abdul Hakam died 214 AH 829 C.E. Publisher Zam Zam Publishers Karachi, pp. 54–59</ref> waxaana Malik bin Anas uu qoray mid ka mid ah buugagii ugu horreeyay ee ku saabsan fiiqhiga Islaamka, ''Muwatta'', oo ahayd is-afgarad ku saabsan aragtida culimadaas.{{sfnp|Coulson|1964|p=103}}<ref>{{Cite book |editor-last1=Houtsma |editor-first1=M.T. |editor-last2=Wensinck |editor-first2=A.J. |editor-last3=Lévi-Provençal |editor-first3=E. |editor-last4=Gibb |editor-first4=H.A.R. |editor-last5=Heffening |editor-first5=W. |series=Volume V: L—Moriscos |title=E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936 |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=1993 |edition=reprint |isbn=978-90-04-09791-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Va6oSxzojzoC |pages=207– |access-date=19 September 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor=Moshe Sharon |title=Studies in Islamic History and Civilization: In Honour of Professor David Ayalon |year=1986 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789652640147 |page=264 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0_wUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA264 |access-date=20 June 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Khawaarijtu waxay aaminsanaayeen in uusan jirin dhexdhexaad la tanaasuli karo oo u dhexeeya wanaagga iyo xumaanta, iyo in muslim kasta oo gala dembi weyn uu noqonayo gaal. Erayga "Khawaarij" waxaa sidoo kale loo adeegsaday in lagu tilmaamo ISIS.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mamouri|first=Ali|date=8 January 2015|title=Who are the Kharijites and what do they have to do with IS?|work=Al-monitor|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2015/01/islamic-state-kjarijites-continuation.html|access-date=6 March 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Murji'ah waxay barayeen in dadka toosan lagu xukumi karo Eebbe kaligii. Sidaa darteed, dembiilayaasha waxaa loo arki karaa inay marin habaabeen, laakiin aan lagu tilmaamin gaalo.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|p=43}} Dabeecaddan ayaa timid inay ku guulaysato caqiidada Islaamka ee ugu weyn.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}}[[File:BalianofIbelin1490.jpg|thumb|Saliibiyiinta oo ku wareejinaya Qudus Muslimiinta sanadkii 1187 AD.]] Saldanaddii Umawiyiintu waxay qabsatay Maqrib, Jasiiradda Iberia, Gallia Narbonensis iyo Sindh.<ref>{{cite book |first=Donald |last=Puchala |title=Theory and History in International Relations |page=137 |publisher=Routledge |year=2003}}</ref> Duullaamadii Islaamka ee hore waxaa lagu tilmaamay imperialism Islaami ah.<ref name="n050">{{cite journal | last=Wright | first=Craig S | title=Arab Colonialism and the Roots of the Golden Age of Islam | journal=SSRN Electronic Journal | date=2022 | issn=1556-5068 | doi=10.2139/ssrn.4020040 | url=https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=4020040 | access-date=2026-04-24 | page=}}</ref> Umawiyiintu waxay la halgamayeen l'aynaansho sharci ah waxayna ku tiirsanaayeen ciidan aad loo taageero.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=45}} Maaddaama canshuurta Jizya ay ahayd canshuur ay bixiyaan kuwa aan muslimka ahayn oo ka reebayay adeegga ciidanka, Umawiyiintu waxay diideen inay aqoonsadaan islaam-gelitaanka kuwa aan Carabta ahayn, maadaama ay yaraynaysay dakhliga.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}} Iyadoo Khilaafadii Raashidiintu ay adkaysay adduunyo la'aanta, iyadoo Cumar uu xitaa dalbanayo in la tiriyo hantida sarkaal kasta,<ref>{{cite book |first1=Ahmad Ibn Jabir|last1=Al-Biladhuri |first2=Philip|last2=Hitti|title=Kitab Futuhu'l-Buldan|page=219 |publisher=AMS Press |year=1969}}</ref> raaxada Umawiyiinta ayaa dhalisay qancin la'aan dadka diinta ku adag.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=87}} Khawaarijtu waxay hoggaamiyeen Kacdoonkii Berber, taasoo horseeday dowladaha ugu horreeya ee Islaamka oo ka madax bannaan Khilaafada. Kacdoonkii Cabbasiyiinta, kuwa aan Carabta ahayn ee soo islaamay (Mawla), qabiilooyinkii Carabta ee ay Umawiyiintu meesha ka saareen, iyo qaar ka mid ah Shiicada ayaa midoobay oo riday Umawiyiinta, iyaga oo bilaabay Cabbasiyiinta oo caalami ah sanadkii 750.{{sfnp|Lewis|1993|pp=71–83}} === Axdigii Dahabiga Ahaa ee Islaamka (786–1258) === {{Further|Hadith studies|Islamic philosophy}} {{See also|Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe|Turco-Persian tradition}} [[File:Al-Risalah_al-Dhahabiah.JPG|thumb|Bog ka mid ah Al-Risala al-Dhahabiyya ee Imam Ali al-Rida (809 AD), oo ah tii ugu qiimaha badnayd ee shaqooyinka Islaamka ee Sayniska Caafimaadka. Waxaa ku jira qaybo saynis sida Anatomiya, Histoloji, Fisioloji, Kimistari iyo Patoloji intii sayniska caafimaadku uu wali ahaa mid bilow ah.]] Al-Shafi'i wuxuu dejiyay hab lagu xaqiijiyo isku-halaynta xadiiska.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|p=86}} Waagii hore ee Ablaasiyiinta, aqoonyahanno sida Muhammad al-Bukhari iyo Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj waxay soo ururiyeen guryaha waaweyn ee xadiiska Ahlusunna, halka aqoonyahanno sida Al-Kulayni iyo Ibn Babawayh ay soo ururiyeen guryaha waaweyn ee xadiiska Shiicada. Astaamaha afar-madhab ee Ahlusunna—Hanafi, Hanbali, Maliki, iyo Shafi'i—waxaa lagu tiiriyay dhulalka fundamentiinta ee Abū Ḥanīfa, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Malik ibn Anas iyo al-Shafi'i. Taa beddelkeeda, dhulalka fundamentiinta ee Ja'far al-Sadiq waxay dhiseen Fiqhiga Ja'fari. Qarnigii 9aad, Al-Tabari wuxuu dhameystiray qafiskii ugu horreeyay ee Tafsiirka Quraanka, Tafsir al-Tabari, oo noqday mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu xigashada badan Ahlusunna Islaamka. Doobab ka mid ah Muslinka waxay ka fekereen ka-sallamaaynta nolosha duniyeed waxayna xoogga saareen saboolnimada, is-hoosaysiinta, iyo fogaanta dambiga ee ku basada diidmada rabitaanka jidhka. Zuhuudka sida Hasan al-Basri waxay dhiirrigeliyeen dhaqdhaqaaq dib u zhugnaaday tasawwuf ama Sufi.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|pp=90, 91}} Waqtigan, dhibaatooyinka fiqiga, gaar ahaan doorashada xorta ah, waxay ahaayeen kuwo si adag loo maareeyay, iyadoo Hasan al-Basri uu qabay in kasta oo Eebbe uu og yahay waxa dadku sameynayaan, wanaagga iyo xintu ay ka yimaadaan isticmaalka qaldan ee doorashada xorta ah iyo Ibliiska.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|pp=38-39}}{{efn|"Hasan al-Basri waxaa inta badan loo tixgeliyaa mid ka mid ah dadkii ugu horreeyay ee diaday asalka malaa'igta ee ibliiska, isagoo ku doodaya in dhicitaankiisu yahay natiijada doorashadiisa xorta ah, oo ma ahan go'aanka Eebbe. Hasan al-Basri wuxuu sidoo kale ku dooday in malaa'igtu aysan awoodin dambiga ama khaladaadka oo ay ka sharaf badan yihiin aadanaha iyo xata cabsida nabiyada. Shiicada iyo Sunnida hore waxay ka soo horjeedeen ra'yigiisa.<ref>Omar Hamdan ''Studien zur Kanonisierung des Korantextes: al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrīs Beiträge zur Geschichte des Korans'' Otto Harrassowitz Verlag 2006 {{ISBN|978-3447053495}} pp. 291–292 (German)</ref>}} Falsafada Caqliga Giriiga waxay dhiirrigelisay dugsi feker oo loo yaqaan Mu'tazila, oo si ka muuqata u dooday fikradda doorashada xorta ah ee uu bilaabay Wasil ibn Ata.{{sfnp|Blankinship|2008|p=50}} Khaliif al-Mamun wuxuu ka dhigay caqiido rasmi ah wuxuuna si aan guul lahayn ugu doortay inuu ku qasbo booskan dadka intiisa badan.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=88}} Khaliif Al-Mu'tasim wuxuu sameeyay Mihna, iyadoo Ahmad ibn Hanbal oo ilaalinaayay dhaqanka uu si muuqata u diaday inuu waafaqo fikradda Mu'tazila ee ah in Quraanku yahay ku dhacay halkii uu ka ahaan lahaa mid weligeed ah, taas oo ka dhigtay in la jilciyo oo lagu hayo qol madow muddo ku dhow soddon bilood.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doi |first=Abdur Rahman |title=Shariah: The Islamic Law |location=London |publisher=Ta-Ha Publishers |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-907461-38-8 |page=110}}</ref> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dugsiyada kale ee Kalam—Māturīdism oo uu aasaasay Abu Mansur al-Maturidi iyo Ash'ari oo uu aasaasay Al-Ash'ari—waxay ahaayeen kuwo si ballaaran loo qaatay. Falsafadyahannada sida Al-Farabi, Avicenna iyo Averroes waxay isku deyeyeen inay waafajiyaan fikradaha Aristotle iyo fundamentiinta Islaamka, iyagoo u dhow Iskolastikada Kiristanka ee Yuubka iyo shaqada Maimonides ee Yuhuudda, halka kuwo kale sida Al-Ghazali ay ka soo horjeedeen habkan oo ugu dambeyntii guuleysteen.<ref>{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=160}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Waines|2003|pp=126–127}}</ref> [[File:Al-Idrisi's_world_map.JPG|thumb|Tabula Rogeriana (1154 AD) ee al-Idrisi, oo ah mid ka mid ah khariidadaha dunida ee ugu horumarsanaa qarniyadii dhexe, oo la sameeyay Axdigii Dahabiga Ahaa ee Islaamka.]] Axdigan inta badan waxaa loo yaqaan Axdigii Dahabiga Ahaa ee Islaamka.<ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lewis|1977|pp=80, 92, 105}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|pp=661–663}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{harvp|Lapidus|2002|p=56}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Lewis|1993|p=84}}</ref><ref name="harvp|Gardet|Jomier|2012">{{harvp|Gardet|Jomier|2012}}</ref> Guulaha sayniska Islaamku waxay samaysteen qaybo badan oo maadooyin ah sida caafimaadka, xisaabta, astronomiga, iyo beeraha iyo sidoo kale fisigiska, dhaqaalaha, injineernimada iyo optigga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=King |first=David A. |year=1983 |title=The Astronomy of the Mamluks |journal=Isis |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=531–55 |doi=10.1086/353360 |s2cid=144315162 | issn=0021-1753}}</ref><ref name="Hassan-1996">{{cite book |last=Hassan |first=Ahmad Y. |author-link=Ahmad Y. al-Hassan |title=Islam and the Challenge of Modernity |chapter=Factors Behind the Decline of Islamic Science After the Sixteenth Century |editor-last=Al-Attas |editor-first=S. S. |editor-link=Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas |location=Kuala Lumpur |publisher=International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization |year=1996 |pages=351–399 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ854295.pdf|title=Contributions of Islamic scholars to the scientific enterprise|access-date=13 December 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The greatest scientific advances from the Muslim world|website=TheGuardian.com|date=February 2010|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/feb/01/islamic-science|access-date=13 December 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Avicenna wuxuu ahaa horyaal ku saabsan caafimaadka tijaabada ah,<ref>Jacquart, Danielle (2008). "Islamic Pharmacology in the Middle Ages: Theories and Substances". European Review (Cambridge University Press) 16: 219–227.</ref><ref>David W. Tschanz, MSPH, PhD (August 2003). "Arab Roots of European Medicine", Heart Views 4 (2).</ref> oo The Canon of Medicine waxaa loo isticmaalay qoraal caafimaad oo heer sare ah ee dunida Islaamka iyo Yurub qarniyo. Rhazes wuxuu ahaa kii ugu horreeyay ee aqoonsaday cudurrada furfuraa iyo jadeecada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/alrazi.aspx|title=Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi (Rhazes) (c. 865-925)|publisher=sciencemuseum.org.uk|access-date=31 May 2015|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 Bisha Shanaad 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506072259/http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/people/alrazi.aspx}}</ref> Cisbitaallada dadweynaha ee waqtigaas waxay bixiyeen shahaadooyinka ugu horreeya ee caafimaadka si loogu ogolaado dhakhaatiirta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alatas |first=Syed Farid |year=2006 |title=From Jami'ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue |url=https://zenodo.org/record/29439 |journal=Current Sociology |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=112–132 |doi=10.1177/0011392106058837 |s2cid=144509355 |access-date=12 September 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Imamuddin |first=S.M. |title=Muslim Spain 711–1492 AD |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=1981 |isbn=978-90-04-06131-6 |page=169}}</ref> Ibn al-Haytham waxaa loo tixgeliyaa aabaha habka sayniska ee casriga ah iyadoo inta badan loo sheego "saynisyahankii ugu horreeyay ee runta ah ee dunida", gaar ahaan shaqadiisa optigga.<ref>{{cite journal |author-link=Gerald J. Toomer|first=G. J. |last=Toomer |jstor=228328 |title=Review Work: Matthias Schramm (1963) ''Ibn Al-Haythams Weg zur Physik'' |journal=Isis |volume=55 |issue=4 |date=Dec 1964 |page=464 |quote=Schramm sums up [Ibn Al-Haytham's] achievement in the development of scientific method.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Al-Khalili |first=Jim |date=4 January 2009 |title=The 'first true scientist' |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7810846.stm |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gorini |first=Rosanna |date=October 2003 |title=Al-Haytham the man of experience. First steps in the science of vision |journal=Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=53–55 |url=http://www.ishim.net/ishimj/4/10.pdf |access-date=25 September 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> Injineernimada, walaalaha Banū Mūsā aaladdooda turumbada tooska ah waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay ahaan lahayd mashinkii ugu horreeyay ee la barnamijayn karo.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Koetsier |first1=Teun |title=On the prehistory of programmable machines: musical automata, looms, calculators |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_mechanism-and-machine-theory_2001-05_36_5/page/589 |journal=Mechanism and Machine Theory |date=May 2001 |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=589–603 |doi=10.1016/S0094-114X(01)00005-2 }}</ref> Xisaabta Islaamka, fikradda algorithm waxaa lagu magacaabay Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, oo loo tixgeliyo aasaasaha aljabra, oo lagu magacaabay buugiisa al-jabr, halka kuwo kale ay soo saareen fikradda shaqada (function).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Katz |first1=Victor J. |author1-link=Victor J. Katz |last2=Barton |first2=Bill |title=Stages in the History of Algebra with Implications for Teaching |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_educational-studies-in-mathematics_2007-10_66_2/page/185 |journal=Educational Studies in Mathematics |date=18 September 2007 |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=185–201 |doi=10.1007/s10649-006-9023-7 |s2cid=120363574 }}</ref> Dowladda waxay siin jirtay saynisyahannada mushahar u dhigma mushaharka ciyaartoyda xirfadleyda ah ee maanta.<ref>{{harvp|Ahmed|2006|pp=23, 42, 84}}</ref> Guinness World Records wuxuu u aqoonsan yahay Jaamacadda Al Karaouine, oo la aasaasay 859, inay tahay jaamacadda ugu qadiimsan ee bixisa shahaadooyinka dunida.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Young |first=Mark |url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessbookofwo1998newy |title=The Guinness Book of Records |year=1998 |page=242 |publisher=Bantam |isbn=978-0-553-57895-9}}</ref> Dad badan oo aan Muslin ahayn, sida Kiristanka, Yuhuudda iyo Saabi'iinta,<ref name="Brague 2009">{{cite book|title=The Legend of the Middle Ages: Philosophical Explorations of Medieval Christianity, Judaism, and Islam|first=Rémi |last=Brague|year= 2009| isbn=9780226070803| page =164|publisher=University of Chicago Press|quote=Neither were there any Muslims among the Ninth-Century translators. Almost all of them were Christians of various Eastern denominations: Jacobites, Melchites, and, above all, Nestorians... A few others were Sabians.}}</ref> waxay guntadeen ilbaxnimada Islaamka qaybo meelaha ah,<ref name="Hill-1993">{{cite book |last=Hill |first=Donald |author-link=Donald Routledge Hill |title=Islamic Science and Engineering |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=1993 |page=4 |isbn=0-7486-0455-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Brague-Assyrians">{{cite web |last=Brague |first=Rémi |author-link=Rémi Brague |title=Assyrians contributions to the Islamic civilization |url=http://www.christiansofiraq.com/assyriancontributionstotheislamiccivilization.htm |website=Christians of Iraq |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> iyo machadka loo yaqaan Bayt al-Hikma wuxuu u shaqaaleysiiyay aqoonyahanno Kiristan iyo Faarisi ah si ay ugu turjumaan shaqooyinka luqadda Carabiga iyo si ay u soosaaraan aqoon cusub.<ref name="Meri-Bacharach-2006">{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Meri |editor-first1=Josef W. |editor-link1=Josef W. Meri |editor-last2=Bacharach |editor-first2=Jere L. |editor-link2=Jere L. Bacharach |title=Hadith |encyclopedia=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia |volume=1 |location=New York |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2006 |page=304 |isbn=978-0415966917 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MypbfKdMePIC&pg=PA304 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Saliba-1994">{{cite book |last=Saliba |first=George |author-link=George Saliba |title=A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam |location=New York |publisher=New York University Press |year=1994 |pages=245, 250, 256–57 |isbn=0-8147-8023-7 |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Cheshm manuscript.jpg|thumb|Anatomiya ee isha oo uu samaystay Hunayn ibn Ishaq, oo mas'uul ka ahaa turjumida Bayt al-Hikma waagii Boqortooyada Ablaasiyiinta, 1200 AD.]]Askartu waxay ka go'een boqortooyadii Ablaasiyiinta waxayna dhiseen khilaafadooda propriyada ah, sida Tulunids oo 868 ku tirsanaa Masar<ref>{{cite book|last=Holt|first=Peter Malcolm|author-link=Peter Holt (historian)|title=The Crusader States and Their Neighbours, 1098–1291|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0qLHVGgH7AC&pg=PA8|year=2004|publisher=Pearson Longman|isbn=978-0-582-36931-3|page=6|access-date=2 February 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> iyo boqortooyada Ghaznavid oo 977 ku tirsanaa Aasiyada Dhexe.<ref>{{cite book |title=Islamic Central Asia: an anthology of historical sources |editor-first1=Scott Cameron |editor-last1=Levi |editor-first2=Ron |editor-last2=Sela |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2010 |page=83}}</ref> Qaybsanaantan waxay keentay Qarnigii Shiicada, oo u dhaxeeyay 945 iyo 1055, oo la arkay kor u kaca dhaqdhaqaaqa Isma'ili Shiicada. Koox Isma'ili ah, boqortooyada Fatimid, waxay gacanta ku dhigeen Waqooyiga Afrika qarnigii 10aad<ref>Neue Fischer Weltgeschichte "Islamisierung in Zentralasien bis zur Mongolenzeit" Band 10: Zentralasien, 2012, p. 191 (German)</ref> iyo koox kale oo Isma'ili ah, Qarmatians, waxay boobeen Makka waxayna xadeen Hajar al-Aswad, oo ah dhagaxa ku dhex jira Kacbada, dib-u-jabayntooda aan guulaysan.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Glubb |first=John Bagot |title=Mecca (Saudi Arabia) |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mecca#ref887188 |access-date=18 September 2021 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live }}</ref> Koox kale oo Isma'ili ah, boqortooyada Buyid, waxay qabsadeen Baqdaad waxayna ka dhigeen Ablaasiyiinta boqortooyo magac ah oo kaliya. Boqortooyada Seljuk ee Ahlusunna waxay u dhaqaaqday inay mar kale adkayso Islaamka Ahlusunna iyagoo faafinayay ra'yiyada aqoonyahanada waqtigaas, gaar ahaan dhisidda machadyada waxbarashada ee loo yaqaan Nizamiyyas, oo la xiriira al-Ghazali iyo Saadi Shirazi.<ref>Andreas Graeser ''Zenon von Kition: Positionen u. Probleme'' Walter de Gruyter 1975 {{ISBN|978-3-11-004673-1}} p. 260</ref> Faaftada dunida Muslinka waxay sii socotay iyadoo ergooyinka diinta ay u badaleen Volga Bulgaria Islaamka. Sultanada Delhi waxay gaadhay gudaha qaarad-hoosaadka Hindiya oo kuwo badan ayaa u badalay Islaamka,{{sfnp|Arnold|1896|pp=227–228}} gaar ahaan Hinduga heerka hoose ee faracoodu ka kooban yahay inta badan Muslinka Hindiya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-36220329|title=Why are many Indian Muslims seen as untouchable?|publisher=BBCnews|date=10 May 2016|access-date=6 October 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Ganacsigu wuxuu keenay Muslin badan oo Shiinaha ah, halkaas oo ay si buuxda u xukumi jireen warshadaha soo dejinta iyo ka deerinta ee boqortooyada Song.<ref>{{cite web |title=Islam in China |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/china_1.shtml |access-date=10 August 2011 |publisher=BBC |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslinka waxaa loo qortay maamulayaal la doortay oo heer sare ah boqortooyada Yuan.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lipman|first=Jonathan Newman|title=Familiar Strangers, a history of Muslims in Northwest China|location=Seattle, WA|publisher=University of Washington Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-295-97644-0|page=33}}</ref> === Casrigii Ka-horreeyay Casriga Cusub (1258 – Qarnigii 18aad) === {{Further|Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam}} [[File:GhazanConversionToIslam.JPG|thumb|Muuqaal qarnigii 14aad ee Ghazan, oo ahaa boqorkii 7aad ee Ilkhanate ee Boqortooyada Mongol, oo Islaamay.]] Pobalka ganacsiga Muslinka iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa tariiqooyinka Sufida dhiigooda,{{sfnp|Arnold|1896|pp=125–258}} Islaamku wuxuu ku faafay dhulal cusub<ref>{{cite web |title=The Spread of Islam |url=http://www.yale.edu/yup/pdf/cim6.pdf |access-date=2 November 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslinkuna waxay la dhex-galeen dhaqammo cusub. Hoos kaga jirtay Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta, Islaamku wuxuu ku faafay Koonfur-bari Yuuroop.<ref>{{cite web |date=6 May 2008 |title=Ottoman Empire |publisher=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1801?_hi=41&_pos=3 |access-date=26 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 Bisha Shanaad 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525072847/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1801?_hi=41&_pos=3 }}</ref> Islaamidda inta badan waxay lahayd heer sinkretisam ah,<ref>{{Cite book |title=Islamic and European Expansion |publisher=Temple University Press |year=1993 |editor-last=Adas |editor-first=Michael |location=Philadelphia |page=25}}</ref> sida uu muujinayo muuqaalka Muhammad ee suugaanta dadweynaha ee Hinduga.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Metcalf |first=Barbara |title=Islam in South Asia in Practice |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2009 |page=104}}</ref> Turkida Muslinka ah waxay ku dareen walxaha caqiidada Shamanisamka Turkida Islaamka.{{efn|"Sannadaha dhow, fikradda sinkretisamka waa la dhuftay. Maaddaama ay maqan tahay awood lagu go'aamiyo ama lagu tixgeliyo caqiidada Ortodokska ee ku saabsan Islaamka, aqoonyahannada qaarkood waxay ku doodayaan inaysan jirin caqiidooyinka la qresheeyay, oo kaliya ee la amray habka, Islaamka ka hor qarnigii 16aad.{{sfnp|Peacock|2019|p=20–22}}}}{{sfnp|Çakmak|2017|pp=1425–1429}} Muslinka ku jira Boqortooyada Ming ee Shiinaha oo ka soo jeeda soo-galootigii hore waa la la-dhex-galay, mararka qaar shuruuc ku dhiirrigelisa dhex-galka,<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Farmer|editor1-first=Edward L.|title=Zhu Yuanzhang and Early Ming Legislation: The Reordering of Chinese Society Following the Era of Mongol Rule|date=1995|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004103910|page=82|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TCIjZ7l6TX8C&pg=PA82|access-date=19 February 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> iyagoo qaatay magacyada Shiinaha iyo dhaqanka halka Nanjing uu noqday xarun muhiim ah ee barashada Islaamka.<ref>Israeli, Raphael (2002). ''Islam in China''. p. 292. Lexington Books. {{ISBN|0-7391-0375-X}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dillon |first=Michael |year=1999 |title=China's Muslim Hui Community |publisher=Curzon |url=https://archive.org/details/chinasmuslimhuic00dill |isbn=978-0-7007-1026-3 |page=37 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Ndhex-galka dhaqanka wuxuu ahaay mid muuqda iyadoo la yaraysay saamaynta Carabta ka dib burburintii Mongol ee Khilafadii Ablaasiyiinta.<ref>{{harvp|Bulliet|2005|p=497}}</ref> Khanates-ka Mongol ee Muslinka ah ee ku jira Iiraan iyo Aasiyada Dhexe waxay ka faa'iideysteen kordhinta helitaanka dhaqammada ee Bariga Aasiya oo hoos jirtay xukunkii Mongol sidaas darteed waxay u horumareen oo ay u samaysteen si ka duwan saamaynta Carabta, sida Dib-u-dhalashadii Timurid oo hoos jirtay boqortooyada Timurid.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Subtelny |first=Maria Eva |date=November 1988 |title=Socioeconomic Bases of Cultural Patronage under the Later Timurids |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/socioeconomic-bases-of-cultural-patronage-under-the-later-timurids/2A0F3018EE155F23FC4A7F5F25D7DE6D |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=479–505 |doi=10.1017/S0020743800053861 |s2cid=162411014 |access-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201–1274) wuxuu soo bandhigay qaabka xisaabta oo ka dib loo dooday inuu qaatay Copernicus isagoo aan waxba ka badalin qaabkiisa heliocentric-ka,<ref>{{cite web|date=1999|title=Nasir al-Din al-Tusi|publisher=University of St Andrews|url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Tusi_Nasir/|access-date=27 August 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> iyo qiyaasta pi ee Jamshīd al-Kāshī ma aysan dhaafin 180 sano.<ref>{{cite web |date=1999 |title=Ghiyath al-Din Jamshid Mas'ud al-Kashi |publisher=University of St Andrews |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Kashi/ |access-date=29 December 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg|thumb|Mehmed II oo galaya Constantinople.]] Ka dib markii la soo bandhigay hubka baaruda, dawlado waaweyn oo dhawaan xabbada lahaa oo Muslin ah ayaa ku bashqaday boqortooyoyinka baaruda, kuwaas oo hore u kala qaybsanaay dhulal kala duwan. Khilafada waxaa sheegtay boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta ee Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta iyadoo sheegashadooda la adkeeyay 1517 markii Selim I uu noqday taliyaha Makka iyo Madiina.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Drews |first=Robert |url=https://my.vanderbilt.edu/robertdrews/publications/ |title=Coursebook: Judaism, Christianity and Islam, to the Beginnings of Modern Civilization |date=August 2011 |publisher=Vanderbilt University |chapter=Chapter Thirty – "The Ottoman Empire, Judaism, and Eastern Europe to 1648" |chapter-url=https://my.vanderbilt.edu/robertdrews/files/2014/01/Chapter-Thirty.-The-Ottoman-Empire-Judaism-and-Eastern-Europe-to-1648.pdf |access-date=21 April 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Boqortooyada Shiicada ee Safavid waxay ku korortay awoodda 1501 ka dibna waxay qabsatay dhammaan Iiraan.<ref>Peter B. Golden: An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples; In: Osman Karatay, Ankara 2002, p. 321</ref> Koonfurta Aasiya, Babur wuxuu aasaasay Boqortooyada Mughal.<ref>{{citation|last=Gilbert|first=Marc Jason|title=South Asia in World History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1dhKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA75|year=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-066137-3|pages=75|access-date=15 January 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> Diinta dawladaha ku dhex-jira ee boqortooyoyinka baaruda waxay saamaysay dhaqanka diimeed ee dadkooda ku dhex-jira. Wada-noolaanshaha u dhexeeya taliyayaasha Cusmaaniyiinta iyo Sufinimada wuxuu si adag u saameeyay xukunkii Islaamka ee Cusmaaniyiinta tan iyo bilowgii. Tariiqada Mevlevi iyo Bektashis waxay lahaayeen xiriir dhow oo ay la lahaayeen sultannada,<ref>Ga ́bor A ́goston, Bruce Alan Masters ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire'' Infobase Publishing 2010 {{ISBN|978-1-4381-1025-7}} p. 540</ref> maaddaama noocyada Sufi-suufiyada ah iyo kuwo kale oo sinkretik ah ee Islaamka ay u horumareen si muuqata.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Algar |first=Ayla Esen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fc69BhBDjhwC&q=ottomans+sufism |title=The Dervish Lodge: Architecture, Art, and Sufism in Ottoman Turkey |page=15 |date=1 January 1992 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-07060-8 |access-date=29 April 2020 |via=Google Books |url-status=live }}</ref> Badanaa qasabka dhex-galka Safavid ee Iiraan ee Islaamka Shiicada ee Labada-iyo-tobanlaha ee Boqortooyada Safavid wuxuu xaqiijiyay xukunkii dambe ee Labada-iyo-tobanlaha dhexdiisa Islaamka Shiicada. Soo-galootiga Faarisiga ah ee Koonfurta Aasiya, maaddaama ay ahaayeen maamulayaal saamayntooda leh iyo milkiilayaal dhul, waxay caawiyeen faafinta Islaamka Shiicada, iyagoo dhisay qaar ka mid ah dadka ugu waaweyn ee Shiicada ee ka baxsan Iiraan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/conversion-iii|title=CONVERSION To Imami Shiʿism in India|publisher=Iranica Online|language=English|access-date=6 October 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> Nader Shah, oo riday Safavids, wuxuu isku deyey inuu wanaajiyo xiriirka Ahlusunna ee Cusmaaniyiinta iyadoo la faafinayo dhex-galka Islaamka Shiicada ee Labada-iyo-tobanlaha dhexdiisa Islaamka Ahlusunna sida madhabka shanaad, oo loo yaqaan Ja'farism,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Nadir Shah and the Ja 'fari Madhhab Reconsidered |first=Ernest |last=Tucker |journal=Iranian Studies |volume=27 |issue=1–4 |date=1994 |pages=163–179 |doi=10.1080/00210869408701825 |jstor=4310891}}</ref> oo ku dhiirran waayay inuu helo aqoonsi ka soo baxa Cusmaaniyiinta.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Nāder Shāh |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/nader-shah |date=29 March 2006 |first=Ernest |last=Tucker |access-date=9 March 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Casrigii Casriga Ahaa (Qarniyadii 18aad–20aad) === [[File:Portrait Caliph Abdulmecid II.jpg|thumb|Sawirka Khaliifkii ugu dambeeyay Abdülmecid II, ee Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta, 1923.]] Horey qarnigii 14aad, Ibn Taymiyya wuxuu dhiirrigeliyay qaab daahir ah oo Islaamka ah, isagoo diaday hababka falsafada si uu u doorbido fiqhiga fudud,<ref name="ReferenceA">Mary Hawkesworth, Maurice Kogan ''Encyclopedia of Government and Politics: 2-volume set'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-1-136-91332-7}} pp. 270–271</ref> wuxuuna ugu baaqay in loo furo albaabada ijtihadka halkii indho la'aan loogu dayan lahaa aqoonyahannada.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=150}} Wuxuu ugu baaqay jihad ka dhan ah kuwa uu u tixgeliyay gaalo,{{Refn|group=note|Richard Gauvain ''Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-0-7103-1356-0}} p. 6}} laakiin qoraalladiisu waxay lahaayeen oo kaliya doorkii ugu yaraa intii uu babacayay.{{Refn|group=note|Spevack, Aaron (2014). The Archetypal Sunni Scholar: Law, Theology, and Mysticism in the Synthesis of al-Bajuri. SUNY Press. pp. 129–130.}} Qarnigii 18aad ee Carabiya, Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, oo ay saameeyeen shaqooyinka Ibn Taymiyya iyo Ibn al-Qayyim, wuxuu aasaasay dhaqdhaqaaq loo yaqaan Wahhabism si loo laabto waxa uu u arkay Islaamka aan la badalin.<ref>Donald Quataert ''The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922'' Cambridge University Press 2005 {{ISBN|978-0-521-83910-5}} p. 50</ref> Wuxuu cambaareeyay caadooyinka badan ee maxalliga ah ee Islaamka, sida bisitaynta qabriga Muhammad ama Imamyada Shiicada, maaddaama ay yihiin bidco cusub iyo dambi<ref name="ReferenceE">Ga ́bor A ́goston, Bruce Alan Masters ''Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire'' Infobase Publishing 2010 {{ISBN|978-1-4381-1025-7}} p. 260</ref> wuxuuna burburiyay dhagaxyada iyo geedaha xurmada leh, goobaha Sufida, Qabuuraha al-Baqi, qabuuraha Muhammad iyo asxaabtiisa iyo Qabriga Imam Husayn, oo ah goob muhiim ah oo loo bisiteeyo Shiicada.{{Refn|group=note|Graves desecrated in Mizdah, Libya Herald, 2013}}{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=146}} Wuxuu dhisay isbahaysi uu la leeyahay qoyska Saud, oo marka la joogo 1920-yadii ay dhammaystireen qabsashadooda dhulka noqon doona Sacuudi Carabiya.<ref name="Musa-2022">{{Cite thesis |title=The Emergence of a Scholar from a Garrison Society: A contextual analysis of Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhāb's doctrine in the light of the Qur'ān and Hadīth |url=https://repository.uwtsd.ac.uk/id/eprint/2096/ |publisher=University of Wales Trinity Saint David |date=2022-08-23 |degree=masters |language=en |first=Shahajada Md |last=Musa |access-date=19 December 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Nicolas Laos ''The Metaphysics of World Order: A Synthesis of Philosophy, Theology, and Politics'' Wipf and Stock Publishers 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-4982-0102-5}} p. 177</ref> Ma Wanfu iyo Ma Debao waxay dhiirrigeliyeen dhaqdhaqaaqa salafida qarnigii 19aad sida Sailaifengye ee Shiinaha ka dib markii ay ka soo laabteen Makka laakiin ugu dambeyntii waxaa dhibay oo lagu qasbay inay dhuuntaan kooxaha Sufida.<ref>{{cite book|first=Barry M.|last=Rubin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wEih57-GWQQC&pg=PA79|page=79|title=Guide to Islamist Movements|year=2000|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=0-7656-1747-1|access-date=28 June 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> Kooxaha kale waxay isku deyeyeen inay dib u habayn ku samayso Sufinimada halkii ay ka diadi lahaayeen, iyagoo Senusiyya iyo Muhammad Ahmad ay labadooduba dagaallameen oo ay dhiseen dawlado ku kala yaalla Liibiya iyo Sudaan.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=147}} Hindiya, Shah Waliullah Dehlawi wuxuu isku deyey qaab dib u heshiisiin ah oo ka dhan ah Sufinimada wuxuuna saameeyay dhaqdhaqaaqa Deobandi.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=149}} Jawaab ka dhan ah dhaqdhaqaaqa Deobandi, dhaqdhaqaaqa Barelwi waxaa loo aasaasay sida dhaqdhaqaaq dadweyne, iyadoo la difaacaayay Sufinimada caanka ah oo la dib u habaynayay dhaqankeeda.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Robert L. Canfield |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3JhKNSk8tQC&pg=PAPA131 |title=Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52291-5 |pages=131– |access-date=1 December 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sanyal |first=Usha |date=23 July 1998 |title=Generational Changes in the Leadership of the Ahl-e Sunnat Movement in North India during the twentieth Century |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/generational-changes-in-the-leadership-of-the-ahle-sunnat-movement-in-north-india-during-the-twentieth-century/8AAAC4CFEFC4F4084731C3964A5CAE84 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=635–656 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X98003059 |via=Cambridge Core |access-date=23 February 2020 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[File:Interior of Al Aqsa Mosque Jerusalem. 1900-1910 (id.22715311).jpg|thumb|Sannadkii 1969 Dabka Masjidka Al-Aqsa, oo sidoo cuali burburiyay Minbarkii Saladin, wuxuu keenay ver-xaasidnimo taabtay dunida Muslinka wuxuuna ahaa kicin muhiim ah oo loo aasaasay Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka.]] Dunida Muslinka waxay guud ahaan ku jirtay hoos u dhac siyaasadeed markii ay bilaabatay 1800-yadii, gaar ahaan marka la barbardhigo awoodaha Yuuroop ee aan Muslinka ahayn. Horey, qarnigii 15aad, Reconquista waxay ku guuleysatay inay dhameeyo joogitaanka Muslinka ee Iberia. Marka la joogo qarnigii 19aad, British East India Company waxay si rasmi ah u qabsatay boqortooyada Mughal ee Hindiya.{{sfnp|Lapidus|2002|pp=358, 378–380, 624}} Sida jawaab ka dhan ah Imperialisamka Reer Galbeedka, aqoonyahanno badan waxay isku deyeyeen inay dib u habayn ku samayso Islaamka.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Buzpinar |first=Ş. Tufan |date=March 2007 |title=Celal Nuri's Concepts of Westernization and Religion |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_middle-eastern-studies_2007-03_43_2/page/247 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=247–258 |doi=10.1080/00263200601114091 |jstor=4284539|s2cid=144461915 }}</ref> Casriyeynta Islaamka, oo markii hore loo bixiyay aqoonyahannada Reer Galbeedka sida Salafiyya, waxay soo dhoweysay qiimayaasha casriga ah iyo machadyada sida demokaraasiyada iyadoo la raacaayo qoraallada diinta. Hogaamiyayaasha muhiimka ah ee dhaqdhaqaaqa waxaa ka mid ah Muhammad 'Abduh iyo Jamal al-Din al-Afghani.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lauziere|first=Henri|title=The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-231-17550-0|location=New York, Chichester, West Sussex|pages=231–232}}</ref> Abul A'la Maududi wuxuu caawiyay saamaynta Islaamka siyaasadeed ee casriga ah.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 January 2014 |title=Political Islam: A movement in motion |work=Economist Magazine |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/erasmus/2014/01/political-islam |access-date=1 January 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Wilfred Cantwell |title=Islam in Modern History |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1957 |isbn=0-691-03030-8 |page=233 |author-link=Wilfred Cantwell Smith}}</ref> Sida ku dhow qaanuunka casriga ah, shariicada markii ugu horreysay ayaa qayb ahaan loo qoray shaqo ahaan sannadkii 1869 ku dhex-jirtay koodka Mecelle ee Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta. Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta waxay dissilftay ka dib Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Dunida, Khilafadii Cusmaaniyiinta waa la joojiyay 1924<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 June – 5 July 2000 |title=New Turkey |work=Al-Ahram Weekly |issue=488 |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2000/488/chrncls.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=16 May 2010 |archive-date=4 Bisha Tobnaad 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101004145229/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2000/488/chrncls.htm }}</ref> iyo Khilafadii Sharifian ee ka dib waxay u dhacday si doob ah,<ref>{{Cite web |last1=الوطن |first1=جريدة |last2=webmaster |date=2020-05-05 |title="مملكة الحجاز".. وقــصـــة الـغــزو المـســلّـــح |url=https://www.al-watan.com/article/230610/NEWS/%C2%AB%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%C2%BB-%D9%88%D9%82%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B5%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%80%D8%BA%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B2%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%80%D8%B3%D9%80%D9%80%D9%84%D9%91%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%AD |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=جريدة الوطن |language=ar |url-status=dead |archive-date=2023-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516230552/https://www.al-watan.com/article/230610/NEWS/%C2%AB%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%C2%BB-%D9%88%D9%82%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B5%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%80%D8%BA%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B2%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%80%D8%B3%D9%80%D9%80%D9%84%D9%91%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%AD }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bani Issa |first=Mohammad Saleh |date=2023-11-01 |title=Factors of stability and sustainable development in Jordan in its first centenary 1921–2021 (an analytical descriptive study) |journal=Heliyon |volume=9 |issue=11 |article-number=e20993 |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20993 |issn=2405-8440 |doi-access=free|pmid=37928029 |pmc=10623165 |bibcode=2023Heliy...920993B }}</ref> sidaas darteed iyadoo ka tagaysa Islaamka oo aan lahayn Khaliif.<ref name="والخلفاء-2023">{{Cite book |last=والخلفاء |first=قصص الخلافة الإسلامية |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r-5EAAAQBAJ |title=قصص الخلافة الإسلامية والخلفاء |date=2023-03-31 |publisher=Austin Macauley Publishers |isbn=978-1-3984-9251-6 |language=en |access-date=26 December 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref> Taageerayaasha Mideynta Islaamka waxay isku deyeyeen inay mideeyaan Muslinka waxayna tartan la galeen awoodaha qarannimada ee korayay, sida Pan-Arabisamka.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doran |first=Michael |title=Pan-Arabism before Nasser: Egyptian power politics and the Palestine question |date=1999 |publisher=Oxford university press |isbn=978-0-19-512361-6 |series=Studies in Middle Eastern history |location=New York Oxford}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Landau |first=Yaʿaqov M. |title=The politics of Pan-Islam: ideology and organization |date=1994 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-827709-5 |edition=[Rev. and updated] paperback (with additions and corr.) |location=Oxford}}</ref> Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka (OIC), oo ka kooban waddamada Muslinka ah, waxaa la aasaasay 1969 ka dib gubiddii Masjidka Al-Aqsa ee Qudus.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 December 2010 |title=Organization of the Islamic Conference |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/country_profiles/1555062.stm |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Xiriirka la la leeyahay waddamada warshadaha leh wuxuu keenay dadka Muslinka ah dhulal cusub iyada oo loo marayo u-guuritaanka dhaqaalaha. Muslin badan ayaa u guuray sida shaqaale heshiis ku jooga (u badan oo ka yimid Hindiya iyo Indoneesiya) Karibiyaanka, iyagoo dhisay dadka ugu waaweyn ee Muslinka ah inta la joogo boqolkiiba ee Ameerika.<ref>{{sfnp|Haddad|Smith|2002|p=271}}</ref> U-guuritaanka ka yimid Siiriya iyo Lubnaan wuxuu ku soo kordhiyay dadka Muslinka ah ee Laatiin Ameerika.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zabel|first=Darcy|title=Arabs in the Americas: Interdisciplinary Essays on the Arab Diaspora|publisher=Peter Lang|year=2006|isbn=9780820481111|location=Austria|page=5}}</ref> Natiijadii magaalooyinka iyo kordhinta ganacsiga ee Afrika ka hooseysa Saxara waxay keentay Muslinka inay degaan dhulal cusub oo ay faafiyaan diintooda, iyadoo lagu qiyaasay inay laba-laabatay dadkeeda Muslinka ah u dhaxeysa 1869 iyo 1914.<ref>{{harvp|Bulliet|2005|p=722}}</ref> === Casrigii ee Horumarsanaa (Qarnigii 20aad–Ilaa Hada) === [[File:13. Session of the Islamic Summit Conference.jpg|thumb|Hoggaamiyeyaasha dalalka Islaamka intii uu socday kalfadhigii 2016 ee Shirka Iskaashiga Islaamka ee Istambul, Turkiga. Trikiiba saddex sano, OIC waxay isku brings dhammaan hoggaamiyeyaasha Muslinka.|upright=1.35]] Aabbayaashii casriyeynta Islaamka waxay saameeyeen dhaqdhaqaaqyada siyaasadda Islaamka sida Ikhwaanul Muslimeen iyo xisbiyada la xiriira ee dunida Carabta,<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 August 2011 |title=Are secular forces being squeezed out of Arab Spring? |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14447820 |access-date=10 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Slackman |first=Michael |date=23 December 2008 |title=Jordanian students rebel, embracing conservative Islam |work=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/24/world/middleeast/24jordan.html |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> kuwaas oo si wanaagsan uga dhex muuqday doorashooyinkii ka dambeeyay Guudkii Carabta,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kirkpatrick |first=David D. |date=3 December 2011 |title=Egypt's vote puts emphasis on split over religious rule |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/04/world/middleeast/egypts-vote-propels-islamic-law-into-spotlight.html |access-date=8 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jamaat-e-Islami ee Koonfurta Aasiya iyo Xisbiga Caddaaladda iyo Horumarinta (AK Party), oo si kemokaraasi ah xukuma Turkiga tobanaan sano. Iiraan, Kacdoonkii Iiraan wuxuu beddelay boqortooyadii laimaaniyadda ee Reer Galbeedku taageerayay iyadoo la dhisay Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah. Kuwa kale sida Sayyid Rashid Rida waxay ka go'een casriyeeyayaasha Islaamka<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lauziere|first=Henri|title=The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-231-17550-0|location=New York, Chichester, West Sussex|page=237|quote="Prior to the fall of the Ottoman Empire, leading reformers who happened to be Salafi in creed were surprisingly open-minded: although they adhered to neo-Hanbali theology. However, the aftermath of the First World War and the expansion of European colonialism paved the way for a series of shifts in thought and attitude. The experiences of Rida offer many examples... he turned against the Shi'is who dared, with reason, to express doubts about the Saudi-Wahhabi project... . Shi'is were not the only victims: Rida and his associates showed their readiness to turn against fellow Salafis who questioned some of the Wahhabis' religious interpretations."}}</ref> waxayna ka hortageen soo dhowaynta waxa uu u arkayay saamaynta Reer Galbeedka.<ref>{{Cite book|last=G. Rabil|first=Robert|title=Salafism in Lebanon: From Apoliticism to Transnational Jihadism|publisher=Georgetown University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-1-62616-116-0|location=Washington DC, US|pages=32–33|quote="Western colonialists established in these countries political orders... that, even though not professing enmity to Islam and its institutions, left no role for Islam in society. This caused a crisis among Muslim reformists, who felt betrayed not only by the West but also by those nationalists, many of whom were brought to power by the West... Nothing reflects this crisis more than the ideological transformation of Rashid Rida (1865–1935)... He also revived the works of Ibn Taymiyah by publishing his writings and promoting his ideas. Subsequently, taking note of the cataclysmic events brought about by Western policies in the Muslim world and shocked by the abolition of the caliphate, he transformed into a Muslim intellectual mostly concerned about protecting Muslim culture, identity, and politics from Western influence. He supported a theory that essentially emphasized the necessity of an Islamic state in which the scholars of Islam would have a leading role... Rida was a forerunner of Islamist thought. He apparently intended to provide a theoretical platform for a modern Islamic state. His ideas were later incorporated into the works of Islamic scholars. Significantly, his ideas influenced none other than Hassan al-Bannah, founder of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt... The Muslim Brethren have taken up Rida's Islamic fundamentalism, a right-wing radical movement founded in 1928,.."}}</ref> Kooxda ISIS waxay xitaa isku deyday inay dib u samayso diinaarkii dahabka ahaa ee casriga ahaa si uu u noqdo pambakooda lacagta. Halka kuwii ka go'ay ay qaarkood ahaayeen kuwa ka gaabsada siyaasadda, kuwo kale waxay rumechsanaayeen dhibaataynta kuwa ka soo horjeeda, xitaa Muslinka kale.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/14/isis-gold-silver-copper-islamic-dinar-coins |title=Isis to mint own Islamic dinar coins in gold, silver and copper |work=The Guardian |date=21 November 2014 |access-date=31 July 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ka hortagga dhaqdhaqaaqyada siyaasadda Islaamka, qarnigii 20aad ee Turkiga, ciidanku waxay sameeyeen afgembiyo si ay xukuumadaha Islaamiga ah uga tuuraan xukanka, sidoo kale xijabka ayaa si sharci ah loo xaddiday, sida ay sidoo kale ka dhacday Tuniisiya.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 April 2011 |title=Huge rally for Turkish secularism |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6604643.stm |access-date=6 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Saleh |first=Heba |date=15 October 2011 |title=Tunisia moves against headscarves |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6053380.stm |access-date=6 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Dhulalka kale, awoodda diinta ayaa la maamulay iyada oo hadda loo arko puppeto oo ay dawladdu maamusho. Tusaale ahaan, Sacuudi Carabiya, dawladdu waxay keligeed maamushay aqoonta diinta<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 June 2007 |title=Laying down the law: Islam's authority deficit |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/international/2007/06/28/islams-authority-deficit |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo Masar, dawladdu waxay qarameysay Jaamacadda Al-Azhar, oo hore u ahayd igo madax-bannaan oo xaddida awoodda dawladda.<ref>{{cite book| title = The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought| last1 = Bowering | first1 = Gerhard | last2=Mirza |first2=Mahan |last3=Crone |first3=Patricia| year = 2013 | publisher = Princeton University Press | page=59| isbn = 9780691134840 }}</ref> Salafiyada waxaa dhaqaale lagu siiyay Bariga Dhexe sababtoo ah ka gaabsashadeeda siyaasadda.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 October 2008 |title=Ultraconservative Islam on rise in Mideast |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna27256187 |access-date=24 September 2013 |publisher=MSNBC |url-status=live }}</ref> Sacuudi Carabiya waxay ololayso ka dhan ah dhaqdhaqaaqyada Islaamiga ah ee kacdoonka ah ee Bariga Dhexe, iyadoo ka soo horjeedda Iiraan.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Almukhtar |first1=Sarah |last2=Peçanha |first2=Sergio |last3=Wallace |first3=Tim |date=5 January 2016 |title=Behind Stark Political Divisions, a More Complex Map of Sunnis and Shiites |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/01/04/world/middleeast/sunni-shiite-map-middle-east-iran-saudi-arabia.html |access-date=6 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Tiro yar oo Muslin ah oo ka soo jeeda qowmiyadaha kala duwan ayaa loo dhibay sida koox diimeed.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thames |first1=Knox |title=Why the Persecution of Muslims Should Be on Biden's Agenda |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/06/muslims-islam-china-india-myanmar-persecution-repression-biden-human-rights/ |work=Foreign Policy Magazine |date=6 January 2021 |language=English |access-date=5 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Tan waxaa sameeyay xoogagga shuuciga ah sida Khmer Rouge, kuwaas oo u arkayay inay yihiin armigooda koowaad ee la cirbootinayo maaddaama dhaqankooda diimeed uu ka dhigay kuwa ka dhex muuqda dadka kale,<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Perrin |first=Andrew |date=10 October 2003 |title=Weakness in numbers |magazine=Time |url=https://time.com/archive/6894001/weakness-in-numbers/ |access-date=24 September 2013 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}</ref> Xisbiga Shuuciga Shiinaha ee Xinjiang<ref>{{cite web |last1=Beydoun |first1=Khaled A. |title=For China, Islam is a 'mental illness' that needs to be 'cured' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/china-islam-mental-illness-cured-181127135358356.html |publisher=Al Jazeera |language=English |access-date=5 February 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo xoogagga qarannimada sida intii uu socday xasuuqii Bosniya.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mojzes |first=Paul |title=Balkan Genocides: Holocaust and Ethnic Cleansing in the Twentieth Century |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4422-0663-2|page=178}}</ref> Ciidanka Miyanmaar ee Tatmadaw oo bartilmaameedsanayay Muslinka Rohingya waxaa loogu yeeray dambi ka dhan ah aadamnimada ay sameeyeen Qaraamada Midoobay iyo Amnesty International,<ref>{{cite news |author=Oliver Holmes |date=19 December 2016 |title=Myanmar's Rohingya campaign 'may be crime against humanity' |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/19/myanmars-rohingya-campaign-may-be-against-humanity |url-status=live |access-date=5 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=19 December 2016|title=Rohingya abuse may be crimes against humanity: Amnesty|website=Al Jazeera|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/12/19/rohingya-abuse-may-be-crimes-against-humanity-amnesty/|access-date=2023-02-21|url-status=live}}</ref> halka Xafiiska Qaraamada Midoobay ee Wakiilka Sare ee Xaqiiqo-raadinta uu ka helay xasuuq, sifeyn qowmiyadeed, iyo dambiyo kale oo ka dhan ah aadamnimada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/MyanmarFFM/Pages/ReportoftheMyanmarFFM.aspx|title=Report of Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar |date=27 August 2018|website=ohchr.org|access-date=14 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Horumarka isgaarsiinta dunida wuxuu teshay faafinta ballaaran ee aqoonta diinta. Qaadashada xijabka waxay noqotay mid ka sii badan<ref>{{Cite news |last=Slackman |first=Michael |date=28 January 2007 |title=In Egypt, a new battle begins over the veil |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/weekinreview/28slackman.html |access-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo aqoonyahanno badan oo Muslin ah waxay si kordhayay isku deyayaan inay ka soocaan caqiidooyinka diinta Islaamka iyo dhaqammada caadiga ah.{{sfnp|Nigosian|2004|p=41}} Kooxaha kale dhexdiisa, helitaanka macluumaadka wuxuu keenay kordhinta wacdiyayaasha "televangelist" ee caanka ah, sida Amr Khaled, kuwaas oo kula tartama culumada caadiga ah gaaritaankooda oo ay ka dhigeen awoodda diinta mid aan hal xarun ku dhuftayn.{{sfnp|Esposito|2010|p=263}} Sharraxaadaha "gaarka ah" ee Islaamka<ref>V. Šisler: ''The Internet and the Construction of Islamic Knowledge in Europe'' p. 212</ref> waxay si muuqata u dhex-galaan Muslinka Liberaalka ah oo isku deyaya inay waafajiyaan dhaqammada diinta iyo xukunkii laimaaniyadda ee casriga ah,{{sfnp|Esposito|2004|pp=118–119, 179}}{{sfnp|Rippin|2001|p=288}} hab ka mid ah kuwa ay dhaleeceeyeen qaarkood oo ku saabsan waafaqsanaantiisa.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Adams, Charles J.|editor1-last=Esposito|editor1-first=John L.|title=Voices of Resurgent Islam|url=https://archive.org/details/voicesofresurgen00hcen|url-access=registration|date=1983|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/voicesofresurgen00hcen/page/113 113–4] |chapter=Maududi and the Islamic State|quote=[Maududi believed that] when religion is relegated to the personal realm, men inevitably give way to their bestial impulses and perpetrate evil upon one another. In fact it is precisely because they wish to escape the restraints of morality and the divine guidance that men espouse secularism.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Meisami|first=Sayeh|date=2013|title='Abdolkarim Soroush |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0034.xml|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-12 |website=Oxford Bibliographies|language=en}}</ref> Sidoo kale, laimaaniyaddu waxaa loo arkaa fikrad shisheeye oo ay ku soo impose gareeyeen qabsadayaashii oo ay adkeeyeen maamulayaasha ka dambeeyay gumeysiga,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Secularism, State Neutrality, and Islam|author=Abdullah Saeed|encyclopedia=The Oxford Handbook of Secularism|editor1=Phil Zuckerman|editor2=John R. Shook |url=http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/abstract/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199988457-e-12|year=2017|page=188 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988457.013.12|isbn=978-0-19-998845-7|access-date=7 August 2023|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref> oo inta badan loo fahmo inay u dhiganto ka-horjeedda diinta.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author=Nader Hashemi|title=Secularism|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor=John L. Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-530513-5 |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0714|access-date=7 August 2023|url-status=live}}{{subscription required}}</ref> == Tirada Dadka == {{Main|Dunida Muslinka|Ummah}} {{See also|Islaamka waddan ahaan|Koraanka dadka Muslinka ah}} [[File:2020+ Proportion of people in world religions.svg |thumb|Boqolkiiba inta qof ee diimaha dunida. Muslinku waxay ka yihiin dhawaan 25.6% dadka dunida, taas oo ah tiro yar oo ka hooseysa Masiixiyiinta.<ref name=Pew_20250609>{{cite web |last1=Hackett |first1=Conrad |last2=Stonawski |first2=Marcin |last3=Tong |first3=Yunping |last4=Kramer |first4=Stephanie |last5=Shi |first5=Anne |last6=Fahmy |first6=Dalia |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |publisher=Pew Research Center |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260222070137/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/how-the-global-religious-landscape-changed-from-2010-to-2020/ |archive-date=22 February 2026 |date=9 June 2025 |url-status=live |quote=Source: Pew Research Center estimates based on more than 2,700 censuses and surveys. "How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020"}}</ref>]] Marka la joogo 2020, dhawaan 25.6% dadka dunida, ama dhawaan 2&nbsp;bilyan oo qof, waa Muslin.<ref name="pewresearch.orgReligion">{{Cite web |title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/interactives/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |date=21 December 2022 |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128120036/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/interactives/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="www.pewresearch.org-2022">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2022 |title=Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project - Research and data from Pew Research Center |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205195540/https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |archive-date=5 February 2023 |access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/|title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population|date=27 January 2011|access-date=26 October 2022|archive-date=30 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930233955/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/08/09/muslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world/ | title=Muslims and Islam: Key findings in the U.S. and around the world | date=9 August 2017 | access-date=19 December 2022 | archive-date=8 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108121140/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/08/09/muslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Pew-Growth-2017">{{cite web |last1=Lipka |first1=Michael |last2=Hackett |first2=Conrad |author-link2=Conrad Hackett |title=Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514123559/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |archive-date=2019-05-14 |website=Fact Tank |publisher=Pew Research Center |date=2017-04-06 |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> Sannadkii 1900, qiyaastani waxay ahayd 12.3%,<ref name="Barrett-2001">{{cite book |last1=Barrett |first1=David B. |last2=Kurian |first2=George T. |last3=Johnson |first3=Todd M. |title=World Christian Encyclopedia: A Comparative Survey of Churches and Religions in the Modern World |volume=1: The World by Countries: Religionists, Churches, Ministries |edition=2nd |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |page=4 |isbn=978-0195079630 |language=en}}</ref> sannadkii 1990 waxay ahayd 19.9%<ref name="Pew Research Center-2011">{{Cite report |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |publisher=Pew Research Center |access-date=27 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209094904/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=9 February 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> iyada oo saadaalintu ay muujinayso in heerku noqon doono 29.7% marka la joogo 2050.{{rp|8}} Ugu kooban uturjumaadda Pew ee 2020 waxay heshay in dadka Muslinka ah ee dunidu ay ahaayeen kooxda diimeed ee ugu koraanka badnayd tobankii sano, inta badan sababtoo ah Muslinku waxay u janjeeraan inay ku yar yihiin da'da oo ay leeyihiin heer dhalmo oo sarreeya—laba walxood oo muhiim ah oo kexeeya koraanka caadiga ah ee dadka.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett|author2=Marcin Stonawski|author3=Yunping Tong|author4=Stephanie Kramer|author5=Anne Shi|author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf|access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Pew Research Center |page=9|quote=Increases in the global Muslim population are largely due to Muslims having a relatively young age structure and high fertility rate, two characteristics that result in natural population growth.}}</ref>{{rp|9}} Sida ku xuso qiyaasta dadka ee 2020, 65% dadka Muslinka ah waxay ku dhex jiraan toban waddan, iyada oo dadka ugu waaweyni ay ku nool yihiin Indoneesiya, Bakistaan, Hindiya, Bangaladeesh, Nayjeeriya, Masar, Iiraan, Turkiga, Sudaan, iyo Aljeeriya, marka loo eego sida ay u kala hooseeyaan. Indoneesiya waxay xarun u tahay ka badan 230,000,000 oo Muslin ah, Bakistaan ka badan 220,000,000, Hindiya ka badan 210,000,000, Bangaladeesh ka badan 150,000,000, Nayjeeriya ka badan 110,000,000, Masar ka badan 100,000,000, Iiraan iyo Turkiga midkiiba ka badan 80,000,000, iyo Sudaan iyo Aljeeriya midkiiba ka badan 40,000,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/muslim-population-change/|title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020: 3. Muslim population change|date=9 June 2025|access-date=12 February 2026|website=Pew Research Center}}</ref>[[File:Islam percent population in each nation World Map Muslim data by Pew Research.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Boqolkiiba Muslinka ee dunida waddan ahaan.<ref name="pew2015" />]]Sida ku xuso warbixin ay soo saartay CNN, "Islaamku wuxuu soo jiitay dad soo Islaamay oo ka soo jeeda dhammaan heerarka nolosha, gaar ahaan Ameerikanka ka soo jeeda Afrika".<ref>{{cite news |title=Fast-growing Islam winning converts in Western world |publisher=CNN |url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9704/14/egypt.islam/ |access-date=6 May 2016 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015114027/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9704/14/egypt.islam/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ingiriiska, dhawaan 6,000 oo qof ayaa soo Islaama sannad walba, iyada oo sida ku xuso maqaal ku jira British Muslims Monthly Survey, badanka dadka cusub ee soo Islaama ee Ingiriiska ay ahaayeen dumarka.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/bmms/2000/06June00.asp#Women%20convert |title=British Muslims Monthly Survey for June 2000, Vol. VIII, No. 6 |at=Women convert |access-date=2020-09-28 |archive-date=2008-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214160750/http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/bmms/2000/06June00.asp#Women%20convert |url-status=live}}</ref> Sida ku xuso The Huffington Post, "ilaaliyayaashu waxay qiyaasayaan in illaa 20,000 oo Ameerikan ah ay soo Islaamaan sannad walba", badankoodu ay yihiin dumarka iyo Muslinka Ameerikanka ka soo jeeda Afrika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-08-24 |title=Conversion To Islam One Result Of Post-9/11 Curiosity |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/post-911-islam-converts_n_935572 |access-date=2020-11-26 |website=HuffPost |language=en |archive-date=2021-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111201117/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/post-911-islam-converts_n_935572 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author-first=Julie |author-last=Bindel |author-link=Julie Bindel |title=Why do Western Women Convert? |url=http://standpointmag.co.uk/features-may-10-why-do-western-women-convert-julie-bindel-islam-female-conversion |access-date=8 May 2016 |work=Standpoint |date=26 April 2010 |archive-date=6 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006102003/http://standpointmag.co.uk/features-may-10-why-do-western-women-convert-julie-bindel-islam-female-conversion |url-status=live}}</ref> Sidoo kale boqolkiiba iyo tirada guud ahaan, Islaamku waa kooxda diimeed ee ugu koraanka badan dunida, iyadoo la saadaalinayo inay noqoto ta ugu weyn dunida dhamaadka qarniga 21aad, iyadoo ka badanaysa Masiixiyada. Waxaa lagu qiyaasay in marka la joogo 2050, tirada Muslinka ay u dhowaan doonto tirada Masiixiyiinta ee dunida, "sababtoo ah da'da yar iyo heerka dhalmo ee sarreeya ee Muslinka marka loo barbardhigo kooxaha kale ee diimaha."{{rp|70}} === Xituunta Pew Research === Dhawaan 49 waddan ayaa ah kuwo dadka ugu badan ee ku nooli ay Muslin yihiin,{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=11}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ba-Yunus |first1=Ilyas |title=Muslims in the United States |last2=Kone, Kassim |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2006 |page=[https://archive.org/details/muslimsunitedsta00bayu/page/n186 172] |url=https://archive.org/details/muslimsunitedsta00bayu |url-access=registration |isbn=978-0-313-32825-1}}</ref><ref name="Pew-Landscape-2012">{{cite report |author=The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life |title=The Global Religious Landscape: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Major Religious Groups as of 2010 |url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323215026/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf |archive-date=2018-03-23 |date=December 2012 |publisher=Pew Research Center |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=7 March 2018 |title=Islam in Russia |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2018/3/7/islam-in-russia/ |access-date=15 June 2021 |website=Al Jazeera |publisher=Anadolu News Agency |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024349/https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/features/2018/3/7/islam-in-russia |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Book review: Russia's Muslim Heartlands reveals diverse population |date=21 April 2018 |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/book-review-russia-s-muslim-heartlands-reveals-diverse-population-1.723230 |work=The National |access-date=13 January 2019 |archive-date=14 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114210257/https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/book-review-russia-s-muslim-heartlands-reveals-diverse-population-1.723230 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyada oo 62% Muslinka dunidu ay ku nool yihiin Aasiya, halka 683 milyan oo taabacsan ay ku nool yihiin Indoneesiya, Bakistaan, Hindiya, iyo Bangaladeesh keligood.<ref name="Pew-Projections-2050">{{cite web |title=10 Countries With the Largest Muslim Populations, 2010 and 2050 |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/muslims/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables74/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207115222/http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/muslims/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables74/ |archive-date=2017-02-07 |website=Pew Research Center |publisher=Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life |date=2015-04-02 |type=Projections table |access-date=2026-03-20 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Secrets of Islam |url=https://www.usnews.com/usnews/graphics/religion/islams_global_reach.htm |access-date=24 September 2013 |website=U.S. News & World Report |archive-date=22 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122200555/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/graphics/religion/islams_global_reach.htm |url-status=live }} Information provided by the International Population Center, Department of Geography, San Diego State University (2005).</ref>{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|pp=15, 17}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pechilis |first1=Karen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C |title=South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today |last2=Raj |first2=Selva J. |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-44851-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C&pg=PA193 193] |access-date=3 May 2019 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024331/https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C |url-status=live }}</ref> Muslinka Carabta ah waxay samayeeyaan kooxda qowmiyadeed ee ugu weyn Muslinka dhexdeeda ee dunida,<ref name="Nydell-2005">{{cite book |last=Nydell |first=Margaret Kleffner |title=Understanding Arabs: A Guide for Modern Times |edition=4th |location=Yarmouth, Maine |publisher=Intercultural Press |year=2005 |pages=xxiii, 14 |isbn=978-1931930253 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNoiieefqAcC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024737/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNoiieefqAcC |archive-date=2023-12-28 |language=en}}</ref> waxaa ku xiga Bangaaliyiinta<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Eaton|editor=Barbara D. Metcalf|title=Islam in South Asia in Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pR0LzVCpfw8C|date=8 September 2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-3138-8|page=275|chapter=Forest Clearing and the Growth of Islam in Bengal}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=haGORCJRlOUC&pg=PA50 |title=The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics |author1=Meghna Guhathakurta |author2=Willem van Schendel |page=50 |date=30 April 2013 |publisher=Duke University Press |access-date=7 November 2016 |isbn=978-0822353188 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707092408/https://books.google.com/books?id=haGORCJRlOUC&pg=PA50 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo Bunjaabiinta.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Rajmohan|title=Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten|year=2013|page=1|publisher=Aleph Book Company|location=New Delhi, India, Urbana, Illinois|isbn=978-93-83064-41-0}}.</ref> Qiyaasaha badankood waxay muujinayaan in Shiinaha ay ku nool yihiin dhawaan 20 illaa 30 milyan oo Muslin ah (1.5% illaa 2% dadka waddanka).<ref>{{cite web |work=The World Factbook |title=Explore All Countries – China |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/ |access-date=15 September 2009 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |archive-date=13 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213122152/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=China (includes Hong Kong, Macau, and Tibet) |website=Archived Content |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm |access-date=24 September 2013 |publisher=U.S. Department of State |archive-date=10 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710075050/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2006/71338.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Islaamka ka jira Yurub waa diinta labaad ee ugu weyn Masiixiyadda ka dib waddamo badan dhexdeeda, iyada oo heerarka koraanka ay inta badan ku yimaadaan soogalootiga iyo heerka dhalmo ee sarreeya ee Muslinka ee 2005,<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 December 2005 |title=Muslims in Europe: Country guide |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4385768.stm |access-date=1 April 2010 |archive-date=29 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929213440/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4385768.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> taas oo samaynaysay 4.9% dhammaan dadka Yurub ee 2016.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/11/29/5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe/|title=5 facts about the Muslim population in Europe|date=November 29, 2017|work=Pew Research Center|first=Conrad|last=Hackett|access-date=17 January 2023|archive-date=5 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105202657/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/11/29/5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sida ku xuso Xituunta Pew Research, soo Islaamidda ma laha saameyn weyn oo saafi ah oo ku saabsan koraanka dadka Muslinka ah maadaama "tirada dadka ku soo Islaama diinta ay u dhowdahay inay la mid tahay tirada Muslinka ah ee ka baxda diinta."<ref>{{Cite report |title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |section=Conversion |date=27 January 2011 |publisher=Pew Research Center |section-url=https://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-related-factors/#conversion |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |quote=there is no substantial net gain or loss in the number of Muslims through conversion globally; the number of people who become Muslims through conversion seems to be roughly equal to the number of Muslims who leave the faith |access-date=12 May 2020 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211126/http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bagse, Islaamku wuxuu ka helayaa faa'iido yar oo ah 3 milyan oo qof marka loo eego isbeddelka diimaha u dhexeya 2010 iyo 2050, inta badan ka timaada Afrika Sub-Sahara (2.9 milyan).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf|title=Cumulative Change Due to Religious Switching, 2010–2050, p.43|access-date=4 May 2016|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150429153811/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf|archive-date=29 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/|title=The Changing Global Religious Landscape|work=Pew Research Center|date=5 April 2017|access-date=17 December 2022|archive-date=18 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218030628/https://www.pewforum.org/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sida ku xuso uturjumaadda Pew ee 2020, dhawaan 1% dadka waaweyn ee ku soo koray Muslimnimada ayaa ka baxa diinta, halka boqolkiiba la mid ah —dhawaan 1%— ay ka soo Islaamaan diimaha kale, taas oo keenta heer hoose oo isbeddel diimeed ah oo soo gala ama ka baxa Islaamka.<ref name="pew2029">{{Cite web |author1=Conrad Hackett|author2=Marcin Stonawski|author3=Yunping Tong|author4=Stephanie Kramer|author5=Anne Shi|author6=Dalia Fahmy |date=2025-06-09 |title=How the Global Religious Landscape Changed From 2010 to 2020 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2025/06/PR_2025.06.09_global-religious-change_report.pdf|access-date=2025-06-10 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US|page=39|quote=Muslims and Hindus have been the least likely to gain or lose adherents from religious switching. About one in every 100 adults raised Muslim (or Hindu) has left their childhood religion, and a similar number from a different religious category have switched into Islam (or Hinduism).}}</ref> Mutaaniqada Islaamka ka baxday waxay u janjeeraan inay u wareegaan diin kale halkii ay ka noqon lahaayeen kuwo aan diin lahayn. == Qaybaha Waaweyn == {{Main|Xiriirka Shiicada iyo Sunnada|Qadiir Khum|Saqiifa|Ciidul Qadiir}} === Matalaadda Qadiir Khum iyo Saqiifa === [[File:Chronology of Ancient Nations, f.162r miniature.jpg|thumb|Magacaabiddii Cali uu Muxammad ku magacaabay Qadiir Khum, 1307 AD fardawsa Ilkhanid.]] Tukhtaan muhiim ah ayaa ka dhacay 632 ee Qadiir Khum, halkaas oo Muxammad, obo yar ka hor dhimashadiisa, uu gacanta ku qabtay Cali, oo ahaa ina-adeerkii iyo seedigii, uu ka jeediyay khudbad uu ku yiri "Kii aan ahay ''mowlahiisa'', Cali waa ''mowlahiisa''."<ref>{{cite book |title=The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam |author-first=Maria Massi |author-last=Dakake |year=2007 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9780791470336 |author-link=Maria Massi Dakake}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Veccia Vaglieri|first=L.|date=2012|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/*-SIM_2439|section=G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm|publisher=Brill|access-date=July 14, 2023|isbn=9789004161214|archive-date=14 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714174420/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/*-SIM_2439|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfnp|Campo|2009|pp=257–258}} Ereyga mowla wuxuu leeyahay macnayaal kala duwan oo ku xiran xaaladda, oo ay ku jiraan sayid, ilaaliye, xulafo, taageere, iyo mid awood leh. Shiicada dhexdeeda, waxaa loo fahmaa magacaabidda rasmiga ah ee Muxammad uu Cali uga dhigay beddelkiisa. Sunnadu sidoo kale waxay aqbashaa in tukhtaankii Qadiir Khum uu dhacay iyadoo Muxammad uu yiri hadalkaas ku saabsan Cali. Bagse, uma tarjumaan hadalka inuu yahay magacaabidda Cali ee beddelka Muxammad. Muslinka Sunnada ah waxay u tarjumaan ereyga mowla xaaladdan inuu u muuqdo saaxiib dhow, taageere, ama mid mudan daacadnimo iyo kalsooni. Sidaas darteed, waxay u arkaan bayaanka inuu yahay caddayn ah xushmadda Muxammad uu u hayay Cali, iyagoo hoos u dhigaya muhiimadda tukhtaanka. Kalfadhigii Saqiifa wuxuu dhacay obo yar ka dib dhimashadii Muxammad ee 632, halkaas oo Abu Bakar looga doortay beddelkiisa oo uu ku noqday Khaliifkii koowaad. Saqiifa waxay ka mid tahay tukhtaannada ugu muranka badan Islaamka, sababtoo ah ka saarida tiro badan oo ka mid ah Saxaabada Muxammad, oo ay ku jiraan Ahlul Bayt iyo gaar ahaan Cali. Cali iyo tiro badan oo ka mid ah qoyska Muxammad waxay weli ku jireen aasitaanka nabiga markii uu tukhtaanku dhacayay.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Foody |first=Kathleen |date=September 2015 |title=Interiorizing Islam: Religious Experience and State Oversight in the Islamic Republic of Iran |editor-last=Jain |editor-first=Andrea R. |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=599–623 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/lfv029 |doi-access=free |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Academy of Religion |eissn=1477-4585 |issn=0002-7189 |jstor=24488178 |lccn=sc76000837 |oclc=1479270 |quote=For Shiʿi Muslims, Muhammad not only designated Ali as his friend, but appointed him as his successor—as the "lord" or "master" of the new Muslim community. Ali and his descendants would become known as the Imams, divinely guided leaders of the Shiʿi communities, sinless, and granted special insight into the Qurʾanic text. The theology of the Imams that developed over the next several centuries made little distinction between the authority of the Imams to politically lead the Muslim community and their spiritual prowess; quite to the contrary, their right to political leadership was grounded in their special spiritual insight. While in theory, the only just ruler of the Muslim community was the Imam, the Imams were politically marginal after the first generation. In practice, Shiʿi Muslims negotiated varied approaches to both interpretative authority over Islamic texts and governance of the community, both during the lifetimes of the Imams themselves and even more so following the disappearance of the twelfth and final Imam in the ninth century.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Foody |first=Kathleen |date=September 2015 |editor-last=Jain |editor-first=Andrea R. |title=Interiorizing Islam: Religious Experience and State Oversight in the Islamic Republic of Iran |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Academy of Religion |volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=599–623 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/lfv029 |issn=0002-7189 |eissn=1477-4585 |jstor=24488178 |lccn=sc76000837 |oclc=1479270 |quote=For Shiʿi Muslims, Muhammad not only designated Ali as his friend, but appointed him as his successor—as the "lord" or "master" of the new Muslim community. Ali and his descendants would become known as the Imams, divinely guided leaders of the Shiʿi communities, sinless, and granted special insight into the Qurʾanic text. The theology of the Imams that developed over the next several centuries made little distinction between the authority of the Imams to politically lead the Muslim community and their spiritual prowess; quite to the contrary, their right to political leadership was grounded in their special spiritual insight. While in theory, the only just ruler of the Muslim community was the Imam, the Imams were politically marginal after the first generation. In practice, Shiʿi Muslims negotiated varied approaches to both interpretative authority over Islamic texts and governance of the community, both during the lifetimes of the Imams themselves and even more so following the disappearance of the twelfth and final Imam in the ninth century. |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Amir-Moezzi |author-first=Mohammad Ali |title=Ghadīr Khumm |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=Third |editor1-first=Kate |editor1-last=Fleet |editor2-first=Gudrun |editor2-last=Krämer |editor3-first=Denis |editor3-last=Matringe |editor4-first=John |editor4-last=Nawas |editor5-first=Devin J. |editor5-last=Stewart |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419 |year=2014 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419 |isbn=9789004269613 |author-link=Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Muslinka Sunnada ah waxay qabaan in Muxammad uu u daayay doorashada beddelkiisa bulshada, sidaas darteedna waxay u arkaan doorashadii Abu Bakar ee saxaabada inay ahayd mid sharci ah. Muslinka Shiicada ah waxay adkaynayaan in Cali hore loogu magacaabay beddelka Muxammad ee tukhtaankii Qadiir Khum, sidaas darteedna waxay u arkaan tukhtaannadii Saqiifa inay ahaayeen kuwo dhaafay xaqiisii beddelka. Dhibaatada beddelka waxay noqotay sababtii ugu horreysay ee qeybsanaanta Muslinka oo keentay soo bixitaanka labada qaybood ee waaweyn ee Islaamka, Sunna iyo Shiica. === Islaamka Sunnada ah === {{Main|Islaamka Sunnada ah}} [[File:Khalili Collection Islamic Art mss 0311 fol 190b-191a.jpg|thumb|Faraq-qoraal ah oo [[Saxiix al-Bukhari]] ah oo ka soo jeeda qarnigii 14aad, ururintii ugu horreysay ee [[xadiis]] ee [[Kutub al-Sittah|Lixda Buug]] ee [[Islaamka Sunnada ah]].]] Islaamka Sunnada ah waa qaybta ugu weyn ee Islaamka iyada oo ah mhabka diimeed ee ugu weyn dunida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of religious populations {{!}} Largest Religions, Smallest Religions, Lists, Data, & Overview {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/List-of-religious-populations|access-date=2025-07-24|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sunni |title=Sunni |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=17 September 2021 |archive-date=30 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430101807/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/574006/Sunnite |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Sunni Islam |editor-first=John L. |editor-last=Esposito |encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2014 |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2280 |access-date=10 January 2010 |archive-date=5 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005013247/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2280 |url-status=dead }} {{Wayback|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2280 |date=20101028144120 }}</ref><ref name="Denny-2010">{{cite book |last=Denny |first=Frederick |author-link=Frederick M. Denny |title=Sunni Islam: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |page=3 |isbn=978-0199804153 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D5_N97bAiJ0C&pg=PA3 |quote=Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community, and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority (85 to 90%) of that community. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lawson |first1=Russell M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_krEEAAAQBAJ&dq=islam+based+on+the+teachings+of+muhammad&pg=PA419 |title=Science in the Ancient World: From Antiquity through the Middle Ages |date=23 September 2021 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-4408-7353-9 |page=419 |language=en}}</ref> Ereygu waa gaabinta weedha "''Ahl as-Sunnah wa al-Jama'ah''", oo macnaheedu yahay "dadka [[Sunnah|sunnada]] (dhaqankii Muxammad) iyo jamacaadka".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Ahl as-Sunnah |encyclopedia=Islam Ansiklopedisi |publisher=Turkish Diyanet Foundation |location=Istanbul |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ehl-i-sunnet |last=Yavuz |first=Yusuf Şevki |date=1994 |volume=10 |pages=525–530 |lang=tr |access-date=28 December 2021 |archive-date=28 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228114411/https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ehl-i-sunnet |url-status=live }}</ref> Islaamka Sunnada ah mararka qaarkood waxaa loo yaqaanaa "Islaamka Ortodokska ah",<ref>{{cite book |author1=John Richard Thackrah |title=Dictionary of Terrorism |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1135165956 |edition=2, revised |page=252}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Status of Women Under Islamic Law and Modern Islamic Legislation |date=2009 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9004172739 |editor1-last=Nasir |editor1-first=Jamal J. |edition=revised |page=11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=George W. Braswell |title=What You Need to Know about Islam & Muslims |date=2000 |publisher=B&H Publishing Group |isbn=978-0805418293 |edition=illustrated |page=62}}</ref> ingawa aqoonyahanada qaar ay u arkaan inaysan habboonayn, iyada oo Sunni-nimada ka baxsan ay dad badan u arki karaan fahan xumaan.<ref>An Introduction to the Hadith. John Burton. Published by Edinburgh University Press. 1996. p. 201. Cite: "Sunni: Of or pertaining ''sunna'', especially the ''Sunna'' of the Prophet. Used in conscious opposition to Shi'a, Shi'í. There being no ecclesia or centralized magisterium, the translation 'orthodox' is inappropriate. To the Muslim 'unorthodox' implies heretical, ''mubtadi'', from ''bid'a'', the contrary of ''sunna'' and so 'innovation'."</ref> Sunnadu waxay adkaynaysaa in Muxammad uusan magacaabin beddel, wuxuuna u dhaafay doorashada beddelkiisa bulshada, sidaas darteedna waxay u arkaan doorashadii Abu Bakar ee Saqiifa inay ahayd mid sharci ah. Muslinka Sunnada ah waxay inta badan u noqdaan lixda buug ee xadiiska ee waaweyn arrimaha sharciga, iyagoo u raaca mid ka mid ah afar madhabood ee fiqhiga: [[Hanafi school|Xanafi]], [[Hanbali school|Xanbali]], [[Maliki school|Maaliki]], [[Shafi'i school|Shaafi'i]].<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|pp=275, 306}}</ref> Cilmiga tawxiidka ee athariga ah waa madhab Sunni ah oo feker ah, oo uu si weyn ugu doodi jiray Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780–855 CE), oo lagu garto u noqoshada fahanka qoraalka ah ee Qur'aanka iyo sunnada, aמונה ah in Qur'aanku yahay mid aan la abuurin oo weligeed ah, iyo ka soo horjeeda cilmiga caqliga, ee loo yaqano kalam, marka loo eego arrimaha diinta iyo anshaxa.<ref>Hadi Enayat ''Islam and Secularism in Post-Colonial Thought: A Cartography of Asadian Genealogies'' Springer Publishing, 30 June 2017 {{ISBN|978-3-319-52611-9}} p.48</ref> Maaturidiyada, oo uu aasaasay Abu Mansur al-Maturidi (853–944 CE), waxay leedahay qoraalka la soo dejiyay looma baahna anshaxa asaasiga ah iyada oo wanaagga iyo xawliga lagu fahmi karo caqliga keligiis,<ref>Rico Isaacs, Alessandro Frigerio ''Theorizing Central Asian Politics: The State, Ideology and Power'' Springer Publishing 2018 {{ISBN|978-3-319-97355-5}} p. 108</ref> laakiin dadku waxay u noqdaan waxyiga arrimaha ka baxsan fahanka bahaamka. Ash'ariyada, oo uu aasaasay Al-Ashʿarī (c. 874–936), waxay leedahay anshaxu wuxuu ka imaan karaa oo keliya waxyiga rabbaaniga ah laakiin waxay aqbashaa caqliga arrimaha fasiraadda waxayna isku dartaa hababka Mu'tazilada iyo fikradaha athariga.<ref>{{harvp|Esposito|1999|p=280}}</ref> Salafiyadu waa doonis dib u cusboonaysiin ah oo u dooda u noqoshada dhaqankii qgeneration-kii ugu horreeyay ee Muslinka. Qarnigii 18aad, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab wuxuu kexeeyay dhaqdhaqaaq Salafi ah, oo dadka ka baxsan ay u yaqaanaan Wahaabiya, waddanka maanta loo yaqano Sacuudi Carabiya.<ref>Richard Gauvain ''Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God'' Routledge 2013 {{ISBN|978-0-7103-1356-0}} page 8</ref> Dhaqdhaqaaq la mid ah oo loo yaqano Ahl al-Hadith ayaa sidoo kale hoos u dhigay dhaqanka sharciga Sunniga ah ee qarniyada jiray, iyagoo door biday inay si toos ah u raacaan Qur'aanka iyo Xadiiska. Dhaqdhaqaaqa Sunniga ah ee Nurcu waxaa aasaasay Said Nursi (1877–1960); wuxuu isku darayaa qaybo ka mid ah Tasawufka iyo sayniska.<ref name="Svante E. Cornell p. 283">Svante E. Cornell ''Azerbaijan Since Independence'' M.E. Sharpe {{ISBN| 9780765630049}} p. 283</ref><ref>Robert W. Hefner ''Shariʻa Politics: Islamic Law and Society in the Modern World'' Indiana University Press 2011 {{ISBN|978-0-253-22310-4}} p. 170</ref> === Islaamka Shiicada ah === {{Main|Islaamka Shiicada ah}} [[File:Folio from a Nahj al-Balagha.gif|thumb|Warqad gacan-qoraal ah oo ka timaada Nahj al-Balagha, ee taariikhdeedu tahay 1149 AD. Nahj al-Balagha waa ururin khudbado, waraaqo, iyo hadallo ah oo uu leeyahay Cali. Waxaa loo arkaa inay ka mid tahay kuwa ugu muhiimsan ee suugaanta Carabiga iyada oo ka joogta meel sare Islaamka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda.]] Islaamka Shiicada ah waa qaybta labaad ee ugu weyn Islaamka iyo mid ka mid oo ka mid ah mhabada diimeed ee ugu waaweyn dunida.<ref>{{cite web |title=Field Listing :: Religions |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706231326/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |archive-date=6 July 2010 |access-date=25 October 2010 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |quote=Sunni Islam accounts for over 75% of the world's Muslim population." ... "Shia Islam represents 10–15% of Muslims worldwide.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sunni |url=https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/sunni |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614103622/https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/sunni |archive-date=14 June 2020 |access-date=24 May 2020 |publisher=Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs |quote=Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam, comprising about 85% of the world's over 1.5 billion Muslims.}}</ref>{{sfnp|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009|p=1|ps=. "Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims."}} Ereygu waa gaabinta weedha "''Shīʿat ʿAlī''", oo macnaheedu yahay "xisbigii Cali". Muslinka Shiicada ah waxay adkaynayaan in Muxammad uu magacaabay ina-adeerkii iyo seedigii, Cali, inuu noqdo beddelkiisa.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shii|title=Shiʿi|last=Newman|first=Andrew J.|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=28 December 2021|archive-date=20 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720054917/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shii|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2004 |title=Sunni Islam |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa |publisher=MacMillan Reference |editor-last=Philip Mattar |edition=2nd |author1=Tayeb El-Hibri|author2=Maysam J. al Faruqi}}</ref> Cali waxaa ku xigay silsilad Imaamyo ah oo Ilaah magacaabay oo ka soo jeeda qoyska Muxammad ([[Ahl al-Bayt|Ahlul Bayt]]). Mhabka ugu weyn ee Islaamka Shiicada ah, Shiicada Laba-iyo-Tobanka ah, waxay aqoonsan yihiin Laba-iyo-Tobanka Imaam inay yihiin hoggaamiyeyaasha Ilaah magacaabay, iyadoo ka bilaabanaysa Cali keligiis oo ku dheehanaysa Mahdiga, oo la rumeysan yahay inuu ku jiro qoyanaanta loona fadhiyo inuu dib u soo laabto Dhamaadka Sannadaha si uu u aasaaso caddaalad oo uu caawin doono Ciise. Islaamka Shiicada ah wuxuu muhiimad gaar ah siiyaa Ahlul Bayt (qoyska Muxammad), kuwaas oo Muslinka Shiicada ah ay u arkaan inay leeyihiin awood diimeed iyo ruhani ah oo Ilaah siiyay. Qur'aanka, teachings-ka Muxammad (Sunnah), iyo Imaamyada waxay samayeeyaan asaaska ugu muhiimsan ee fekerka diimeed iyo fiqhiga Shiicada. Muslinka Shiicada ah waxaa kexeeya madhabka Jacfariyada ee fiqhiga.<ref>{{Cite book |author1=John Corrigan|author2=Frederick Denny|author3=Martin S Jaffee|author4=Carlos Eire |year=2011 |title=Jews, Christians, Muslims: A Comparative Introduction to Monotheistic Religions |publisher= Cambridge University Press |id=978-0205026340 }}</ref> Ururinta ugu muhiimsan ee xadiiska ee Islaamka Shiicada ah waa Afarta Buug ee Sharciga ah, oo loo yaqano Kitab al-Kafi, Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih, Tahdhib al-Ahkam, iyo Al-Istibsar. Islaamka Shiicada ah wuxuu ka kooban yahay dhowr qaybood, ta ugu weyn oo ugu muhiimsan waxay tahay Shiicada Laba-iyo-Tobanka ah, oo ay ku xigaan qaybaha yar ee Ismaaciiliyad iyo Saydiyad.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social and Military History |editor-first1=Spencer C. |editor-last1=Tucker |editor2=Priscilla Mary Roberts |year=2008 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-842-2 |page=917 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC&pg=PA917 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024726/https://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC&pg=PA917 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Iraq Effect: The Middle East After the Iraq War |first=Frederic M. |last=Wehrey |year=2010 |publisher=Rand Corporation |isbn=978-0-8330-4788-5 |page=91 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-3LAlfW7DIC&pg=PA91 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228024742/https://books.google.com/books?id=i-3LAlfW7DIC&pg=PA91#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Newman|first=Andrew J.|author-link=Andrew J. Newman|title=Twelver Shiism: Unity and Diversity in the Life of Islam, 632 to 1722|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-7833-4|chapter=Introduction|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ&pg=PP18|page=2|access-date=13 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501201413/https://books.google.com/books?id=-_M8BQAAQBAJ|archive-date=1 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Dagaalkii Karbala, oo uu awoowe u ahaa Nabiga oo ahaa Imaamka saddexaad ee Shiicada, Xuseen ibn Cali, si xun loogu dilay oo madaxa looga jaray iyada oo la dilay badanka xubnaha qoyskiisa, wuxuu siiyay Caliyinta aqoonsi diimeed oo u gaar ah wuxuuna ka qaatay door muhiim ah zhuraalka iyo adkaynta ta noqotay Islaamka Shiicada ah. Wuxuu ka joogaa meel dhexe taariikhda Shiicada, dhaqanka, iyo cilmiga tawxiidka, iyadoo inta badan lagu xuso suugaanta Islaamka. Waa mid ka mid ah waqtiyada ugu murugada badan, muhiimka ah, ee lagu garto taariikhda Islaamka. Dhismaha Imaam Cali ee Najafe, Dhismaha Imaam Xuseen ee Karbala, iyo Dhismaha Imaam Riza ee Mashxad waa saddexda meelood ee ugu xurmada badan ka dib Masjid al-Xaraam ee Makka, Masjid al-Nabawi ee Madiina, iyo Masjid al-Aqsa ee Qudus.<ref name="Sardeg2">{{cite web |last=Escobar |first=Pepe |date=May 24, 2002 |title=Knocking on heaven's door |url=http://www.atimes.com/c-asia/DE24Ag04.html |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020603155002/http://atimes.com/c-asia/DE24Ag04.html |archive-date=June 3, 2002 |access-date=2006-11-12 |work=Asia Times Online |quote=our sixth imam, Imam Sadeg, says that we have five definitive holy places... first is Mecca... second is Medina... third belongs to our first imam of Shia, Ali, which is in Najaf. The fourth belongs to our third imam, Hussein, in Kerbala. The last one belongs to the daughter of our seventh imam and sister of our eighth imam, who is called Fatemah, and will be buried in Qom. |department=Central Asia/Russia}}</ref> Laba-iyo-Tobanka Imaam sidoo xushmad lagu hayaa Islaamka Sunnada ah dhexdeeda iyagoo ah xubno ka mid ah qoyska Nabiga Muxammad iyo shakhsiyaad muhiim ah oo ku jira taariikhda Islaamka, iyadoo Sunnadu ay booqdaan dhismooyinkooda xushmad darteed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Iraqi delegation from the Sunni Endowment visited the Holy Shrine of Imam Ali (PBUH).|url=https://www.alarbaeen.ir/en/news/an-iraqi-delegation-from-the-sunni-endowment-visited-the-holy-shrine-of-imam-ali-pbuh|access-date=2026-02-16|website=www.alarbaeen.ir}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Waziri|first=Adam Isa|date=2022-11-21|title=Sunni Professors, Scholars From Pakistan Visit Imam Husain's Holy Shrine in Karbala » Education Monitor News|url=https://educationmonitornews.com/sunni-professors-scholars-from-pakistan-visit-imam-husains-holy-shrine-in-karbala/|access-date=2026-02-16|website=Education Monitor News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Arooj|date=2024-02-01|title=Sunni scholars from Turkey express happiness upon visiting holy shrine of Imam Hussein|url=https://shiawaves.com/english/uncategorized/100914-sunni-scholars-from-turkey-express-happiness-upon-visiting-holy-shrine-of-imam-hussein/|access-date=2026-02-16|website=Shia Waves|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-16|title=Iraqi Sunni Friday prayer leaders visit Imam Reza (AS) holy shrine|url=https://en.hawzahnews.com/news/358808/Iraqi-Sunni-Friday-prayer-leaders-visit-Imam-Reza-AS-holy-shrine|access-date=2026-02-16|website=Hawzah News Agency|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=English Pakistani Sunnis Visit Imam Reza Shrine|url=https://www.shiachat.com/forum/topic/235051393-english-pakistani-sunnis-visit-imam-reza-shrine/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617090149/https://www.shiachat.com/forum/topic/235051393-english-pakistani-sunnis-visit-imam-reza-shrine/|archive-date=2025-06-17|access-date=2026-02-16|website=ShiaChat.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-14|title=Sunni Cleric: Imam Reza Shrine a Center for Unifying Muslims|url=https://en.abna24.com/news/664698/Sunni-Cleric-Imam-Reza-Shrine-a-Center-for-Unifying-Muslims|access-date=2026-02-17|website=ABNA English|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Imam Reza (A.S.) Is the Symbol of Unity among Islamic Sects.|url=https://www.alarbaeen.ir/en/news/imam-reza-as-is-the-symbol-of-unity-among-islamic-sects|access-date=2026-02-17|website=www.alarbaeen.ir}}</ref> {{multiple image | align = center | image1 = ImamAliShrine2026.jpg | width1 = 217 | alt1 = | caption1 = Dhismaha Imaam Cali ee Najafe, Ciraaq, waxaa loo arkaa Muslinka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda inuu yahay meesha ugu xurmada badan Islaamka ka dib Makka, Madiina iyo Qudus. | image2 = حرم الامام الحسين.jpg | width2 = 218 | alt2 = | caption2 = Dhismaha Imaam Xuseen ee Karbala, Ciraaq, waa meel aad u xurmo badan Islaamka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda. | width3 = 315 | alt3 = | footer = | image3 = ImamReza(A).jpg | caption3 = Dhismaha Imaam Riza ee Mashxad, Iiraan, waa masjidhka ugu weyn dunida iyadoo ka mid ah meelaha ugu xurmada badan Islaamka Shiicada ah dhexdeeda. }} ===== Cibaadiyada ===== {{Main|Muhakkima|Cibaadiyada|Khawaarijta}} Cibaadiyada waa madhab u gaar ah Islaamka waxaana inta badan loo arkaa qaybta saddexaad ee mhabada Islaamka, oo barbar taagan Islaamka Sunnada ah iyo Islaamka Shiicada ah. Xididdadeedu waxay dib u raacaan go'itaankii Khawaarijta ee ka go'een Cali, oo ahaa ina-adeerkii iyo seedigii nabiga Muxammad oo ahaa Imaamkii ugu horreeyay ee Shiicada iyo khaliifkii afaraad ee Khulafo al-Raashidiinta ee Sunnadu. Waxaaba jirta in Cibaadiyiinta casriga ah ay inta badan diadaan in aqiidadooda lagu tilmaamo Khawaarij. Cibaadiyada waxay soo baxday qarniyadii ugu horreeyay ee Islaamka iyadoo ka timaada khilaafaadkii siyaasadeed iyo kuwa tawxiidka ee ku xeernaa Fitnada Koowaad. Dhaqanku wuxuu taariikhiyan u xiran yahay dhaqdhaqaaqii hore ee Muhakkima. Cibaadiyiintu way ka tiro yar yihiin labada mhab ee ugu waaweyn Islaamka, Sunnadu iyo Shiicada. Cibaadiyada waxay weli tahay mid aan si fican u baran dadka ka baxsan, iyadoo ay ku jiraan kuwo aan Muslin ahayn iyo Muslinka Sunnada iyo Shiicada ah. [[File:Islam branches and schools.png|centre|Dulmar guud oo ku saabsan qaybaha waaweyn iyo mhabada Islaamka]] ===== Qaybaha ===== * Dhaqdhaqaaqa Axmadiyada waxaa lagu aasaasay Hindiya ee Ingiriisku xukumayay 1889 oo uu aasaasay Mirza Ghulam Ahmad oo ka soo jeeda Qadian, oo sheegtay inuu yahay Masiiyadii la ballanqaaday ("Soo laabashada Labaad ee Ciise"), Mahdiga Muslinku dhowrayaan sidoo kale prophet yar oo raaca nabiga Islaamka Muxammad. Waxaa jira fikrado iyo barashooyin kala duwan oo u gaar ah Axmadiyiinta marka loo eego badanka Muslinka kale, kuwaas oo ay ku jiraan fasiraadda cinwaanka Qur'aanka ee Khatam an-Nabiyyin iyo fasiraadda Soo laabashada Labaad ee Masiiyada. deviations-kan loo arko inay ka bixisay fekerka Islaamka ee caadiga ah waxay keeneen in badanka Muslinka ay u arkaan kuwo ka baxay diinta iyo khilaafyada lagu hayo Axmadiyiinta waddamo kala duwan dhexdeeda, gaar ahaan Bakistaan, halkaas oo si rasmi ah looga dhaqangaliyay inaysan Muslin ahayn oo ay dhaqangalisay Xukuumadda Bakistaan. Taabacsanaha Dhaqdhaqaaqa Axmadiyada ee Islaamka waxay u qeybsamaan laba kooxood: ta koowaad oo ah Bulshada Muslinka ee Axmadiyada, oo maanta ah kooxda ugu weyn, iyo Dhaqdhaqaaqa Axmadiyada ee Laahore ee Fafinta Islaamka. * Calawiyada waa dhaqan Islaam oo doonis leh oo maxalli ah, oo taabacsaneedu ay raacaan barashooyinka qarsoon (bāṭenī) ee Cali iyo Haji Bektash Veli. Calawiyada waa isku dharraaq ka mid ah fikradaha dhaqanka ee Turkiga ee qarnigii 14aad, iyadoo leh xididdo ka imaan kara Tengrism iyo Animism oo barbar socda fikradaha Shiicada iyo Tasawufka. Waxaa la qiyaasay inay jiraan 10 milyan illaa ka badan 20 milyan (~0.5–1% dhammaan Muslinka) oo Calawiyiin ah dunida oo dhan. * Qur'aaniyuuntu waa dhaqdhaqaaq diimeed ee Islaamka oo ku aasaasan aqiidada ah in sharciga Islaamka iyo xaqiijintu ay tahay oo keliya inay ka timaado Qur'aanka oo aysan ka imaanin sunnada ama Xadiiska, iyadoo Qur'aaniyuuntu ay si muuqata uga kala duwan yihiin habka loo raaco shanta tiro ee Islaamka. Dhaqdhaqaaqu wuxuu soo baxay qarnigii 19aad wixii ka dambeeyay, iyadoo fekerayaal sida Syed Ahmad Khan, Abdullah Chakralawi iyo Ghulam Ahmed Perwez ee Hindiya ay su'aal ka keeneen dhaqanka xadiiska. Ejipt, Muhammad Tawfiq Sidqi wuxuu ku qaray maqaalka ''Islaamku waa Qur'aanka keligiis'' majaladda ''Al-Manār'', isagoo u doodayay awoodda keligeed ee Qur'aanka. Qur'aaniyiin muhiim ah oo qarnigii 20aad ee dambe wuxuu ahaa Rashad Khalifa, oo ahaa biokimiko Masri-Ameerikan ah oo sheegtay inuu helay fure tiro oo ku jira Qur'aanka, wuxuuna aasaasay ururka Qur'aaniyiinta ee United Submitters International. * Mu'tazilada waxay ahayd madhab hore oo cilmiga tawxiidka Islaamka oo lagu garto isticmaalka caqliga, gaar ahaan marka loo eego labada ilo ee ugu horreeya Islaamka, Qur'aanka iyo xadiiska. Madhabtu waxay ku aasaasantaa shanta usool ee waaweyn: tawxiidka, caddaalada rabbaaniga ah, hubaasha ballanqaadyada iyo digniinaha rabbaaniga ah, meel dhexe oo marka loo eego heerka duniyeed ee duntayda waaweyn, iyo waajibka amarrada wanaagsan iyo ka hortaga xumaanta. Ka dib Sunnadu, Mu'taziladu waxay diadeen aragtida dhaqanka ah ee ah in Qur'aanku yahay hadalka aan la abuurin ee Ilaah, waxayna halkaas ka qabteen in Qur'aanku yahay waxyi la abuuray, si loo adkeeyo koodnimada kheyraatka ee Ilaah. Iyagoo adkaynaya isticmaalka caqliga, waxay u doodeen in dookha xorta ah ee bahaamka uu u oggolaado shakhsiyaadka inay doorataan wanaagga ama xumaanta, taas oo ka dhigaysa kuwo mas'uul ka ah eedooda. Bagse saameynta Mu'taziladu waxay hoos u dhacday dhibaatada bulshada iyo siyaasadeed ee ka timaada Sunnadu darteed, reebitaankooda caqliga wuxuu weli yahay mid muhiim ah fekerka casriga ah ee Islaamka. === Muslimiinta aan kooxna ka tirsanayn === {{Main|Non-denominational Muslim}} Muslimiinta aan kooxna ka tirsanayn waa eegmo guud oo loo isticmaalo ama ay isticmaalaan Muslimiinta aan ka tirsanayn ama aan isku tilmaamin mhab gaar ah oo Islaam ah.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Benakis |first=Theodoros |date=13 January 2014 |title=Islamophoobia in Europe! |work=New Europe |location=Brussels |url=http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |url-status=dead |access-date=20 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131145036/http://neurope.eu/article/islamophobia-europe/ |archive-date=31 January 2016 |quote=Anyone who has travelled to Central Asia knows of the non-denominational Muslims—those who are neither Shiites nor Sounites, but who accept Islam as a religion generally.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Kenneth |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=jQGZBAAAQBAJ|page=29}} |title=Unthinkable: Iran, the Bomb, and American Strategy |date=2014 |isbn=978-1-4767-3393-7 |page=29 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |quote=Although many Iranian hardliners are Shi'a chauvinists, Khomeini's ideology saw the revolution as pan-Islamist, and therefore embracing Sunni, Shi'a, Sufi, and other, more nondenominational Muslims}}</ref> Sahanadii ugu dambeeyay waxay ku warramayaan in qayb weyn oo ka mid ah Muslimiinta ka mid ah kuwa ku nool qaybo ka mid ah dunida ay isku tilmaamaan oo keliya Muslim, inkasta oo ay yar tahay falanqaynta la daabacay ee ku saabsan sababaha ka dambeeya jawaabtan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burns |first=Robert |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=akWUGyN7fwEC|page=55}} |title=Christianity, Islam, and the West |date=2011 |isbn=978-0-7618-5560-6 |page=55 |publisher=University Press of America |quote=40 per cent called themselves "just a Muslim" according to the Council of American-Islamic relations}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tatari |first=Eren |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=x_4QBQAAQBAJ|page=111}} |title=Muslims in British Local Government: Representing Minority Interests in Hackney, Newham and Tower Hamlets |date=2014 |isbn=978-90-04-27226-2 |page=111 |publisher=BRILL |quote=Nineteen said that they are Sunni Muslims, six said they are just Muslim without specifying a sect, two said they are Ahmadi, and two said their families are Alevi}}</ref> Pew Research waxay ku warramaysaa in jawaab-bixiyeyaasha isku tilmaama oo keliya Muslim ay yihiin inta ugu badan ee Muslimiinta ee toddoba waddan (iyo tiro sare saddex kale dhexdeeda), iyadoo heerka ugu sarreeya uu yahay Kasakhstan oo ah 74%. Ugu yaraan mid ka mid ah shan kasta oo Muslim ah ee ugu yaraan 22 waddan wuxuu isku tilmaamaa habkan.<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|date=9 August 2012|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|access-date=4 September 2013|website=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project}}</ref> == Tasawufka == === Suufiyada === {{Main|Suufiyada}} {{See also|Xiriirka Salafiga iyo Suufiga}} [[File:Mevlana Konya.jpg|thumb|Wareegga Suufiga ee Dhismaha Qabriga Suufiga ee Rumi ee Konya, Turkey.]] Suufiyada (Carabi: تصوف), waa hab ka mid ah Tasawufka Islaamka oo raadiya in lagu helo khibrad shakhsi ah oo toos ah ee Eebbe. Culimadii hore ee Suufiyadu waxay ku tilmaameen tasawufka "cilmiga ujeeddadiisu tahay sixidda wadnaha iyo ka jeedinta dhammaan wixii kale ee aan Eebbe ahayn", iyada oo loo marayo "awoodda caqliga iyo sharafta" oo laga joojiyo in lagu tababaro. Ahmad ibn Ajiba wuxuu ku tilmaamay tasawufka "ku laabashada dhaqanka, bilowgiisuna yahay aqoon, dhexdiisuna tahay wax-qabad [aqoontaas ku saabsan], dhammaadkiisuna yahay hadiya [ka timaada Allah]." Ma aha qayb ka mid ah Islaamka, taabacsanaha ayaana ka tirsan mhabada kala duwan ee Muslinka. Ismaaciiliya, oo barashadeedu ku aasaasan tahay Gnosticism iyo Neoplatonism iyadoo ay barbar socdaan madhabaha Illuminationist iyo Isfahan ee falsafadda Islaamka, waxay samaysay fasiraado tasawuf ah oo Islaamka ah. Hasan al-Basri, oo ahaa Suufigii hore oo inta badan loo arko mid ka mid ah Suufiyadii ugu horreysay, wuxuu adkeeyay cabsida ka timaada guuldarrada Eebbe ee adkaysiga. Taa beddekeeda, Suufiyadii dambe ee waaweynayd, sida Mansur Al-Hallaj iyo Jalaluddin Rumi, waxay adkeeyeen diinta ku aasaasan jacyada loo qabo Eebbe. Jacyadaas waxay sidoo kale saameyn ku lahaayeen fanka, iyadoo Rumi uu weli yahay mid ka mid ah gabayaaga ugu iibka badan Ameerika. [[File:Sema ceremony many.jpg|thumb|Suufiyada ee Turkey.]]Suufiyadu waxay u arkaan tasawufka qayb aan ka go'in Islaamka. Suufiyadii dhaqanka ahayd, sida Bayazid Bastami, Jalaluddin Rumi, Haji Bektash Veli, Junaid Baghdadi, iyo Al-Ghazali, waxay u doodeen in Suufiyadu ku aasaasan tahay usoolka Islaamka iyo barashooyinka nabiga. Taariikhyahan Nile Green wuxuu u dooday in Islaamka qarniyadii dhexe uu ahaa wax yar ama ka badan Suufiyada. Taabacsanaha dhaqdhaqaaqa Sunnada ee dib-u-soocida ee loo yaqaano Salafiyada waxay u arkeen dhaqannada jacyada ee caanka ah, sida weyneynta awliyada Suufiga, inay yihiin cusbooneysiin ka timaada diintii hore. Salafiyiintu inta badan waxay weerareen Suufiyada, taas oo keentay xumaanshaha xiriirka Suufiga iyo Salafiga. Ururrada Suufiga waxay samayskaan dariiqooyin ku xeeran macallin (wali) oo raaca xiriir ruuxi ah oo dib u raaca Muxammad. Suufiyadu waxay kaqaateen door muhiim ah samaynta bulshooyinka Muslinka iyaga oo loo marayo dhaqdhaqaaqyada baahinta iyo waxbarashada. Dhaqdhaqaaqa Ahle Sunnat ama Barelvi ee uu saameeyay Tasawufku wuxuu sheegtaa in ka badan 200 milyan oo taabacsane ku leeyahay Koonfurta Aasiya. Suufiyadu waxay muhiim ku tahay Aasiyada Dhexe, iyo sidoo kale waddamada Afrika sida Tuniisiya, Aljeeriya, Marooko, Senejaal, Chaad iyo Nayjar. == Sharciga iyo Fiqhiga == === Shariicada === {{Main|Shariicada|Fiqhiga}} {{See also|Mantiqa ee Falsafadda Islaamka#Sharciga Islaamka iyo Cilmiga Tawxiidka}} [[File:Madhhab Map3.png|thumb|Madhabaha sharciga Islaamka ee Dunida Muslinka.]] Shariicada waa tan ka kooban sharciga diinta Islaamka. Doonista ah in la tilmaamo oo lagu ogaado sharciyada hab dhammaystiran oo is-waafaqsan waxay keentay horumarinta aragtida sharciga, oo loo yaqaano fiqhi. Taa beddekeeda, bidco waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu tilmaamo cusbooneysiinta sharciga ka baxsan ee arrimaha diinta. Dhabbooyinka kala duwan, ee loo yaqaano usoolka fiqhiga, ayaa horumaray oo madhabka sharciga ee ka soo baxa dhabbo ku xeeran waxaa loo yaqaanaa madhab. Is-waafaqidda raacda go'aannada khabiir diimeed ama madhab waxaa loo yaqaanaa taqliid. Shuruudda ghayr muqallid waxay u tilmaamaysaa kuwa aan isticmaalin taqliidka iyo, sii dheeraanteeda, aan lahayn madhab. Dhaqanka shakhsigu ku fasirayo sharciga caqliga xor ah waxaa loo yaqaanaa ijtixaad. Kuwa fasira shariicada waxaa loo yaqaanaa muftiyo oo ra'yigooda sharciga ah waxaa loo yaqaanaa fatwo. [[File:'Abd_Allah_ibn_Shaykh_Murshid_al-Katib_-_Sa'di_and_a_Dervish_Go_to_Settle_their_Quarrel_Before_a_Judge_-_Walters_W618106B_-_Cropped.jpg|thumb|Gabayaaga Saadi Shirazi iyo darwiish waxay u socdaan inay khilaafkooda ku dhameeyaan xakim hortiis, farta qarnigii 16aad oo ka timaada Iiraan.]] Ilaaha koowaad ee Shariicadu waa Qur'aanka iyo Sunnada. Ilaa saddexaad oo caani ah waa qiyaas (caqli analoji ah) oo loo isticmaalo dhibcooyinka sharciga ah ee aan si toos ah loogu faahfaahin Qur'aanka ama Sunnada. Isku-barbardhigga ayaa la raadiyaa si loo helo illah, ama sababta halkan ku jirta, oo ah sababta ka dambeysa xukunkii hore. Tusaale ahaan, reebitaanka gaarka ah ee khamriga waxaa ka soo baxaya reebitaanka guud ee alkoolka maadaama ay wadaagayaan sababta shaqaynaysa ee loo gartay inay tahay dabeecadda ma zeexisa ee dhammaan cabitaannada alkoolka ah. Madhabka Saahiriga wuxuu adkeeyay saafinimada tooska ah oo sidaas darteed wuxuu diaday qiyaaska. Is-afgaradka ra'yiga waa ijmaac, iyadoo ikhtilaafku u tilmaamayo khilaafka culimada. Xukunnadu waxay ficillada u kala saaraan mid ka mid ah shan qaybood oo loo yaqaano axkaam: farad, mustaxab, mubaah, makruuh, iyo xaraam. Xilliga casriga ah, sharciyada dambiyada ee ku aasaasan shariicada waxaa inta badan beddelay sharciyo ka yimid moodellada Yurub. Cilmiga dib-u-soocida ee Tanzimat ee Qarnigii 19aad ee Dowladdii Cusmaaniyiinta wuxuu keenay koodka madaniga ee Mecelle wuxuuna ka dhigan yahay dadaalkii ugu horreeyay ee lagu koodiyeeyo shariicada. Iyadoo Dastuurada badanka states-ka Muslinku u badan yihiin ay ku jiraan tilmaamo ku saabsan shariicada, xeerarkeeda dhaqanka ah waxaa inta badan lagu reebay oo keliya sharciyada heerka shakhsiga (famlida). Hay'adaha sharciga ah oo koodiyeeyay sharciyaddan waxay raadiyeen inay casriyeeyaan iyagoon ka tageyn aasaaskooda fiqhiga dhaqanka ah. Dib-u-soocida Islaamka ee qarnigii 20aad ee dambe waxay keentay baaqyo ka yimid dhaqdhaqaaqyada Islaamiyiinta oo ku saabsan fulinta dhammaystiran ee shariicada. Doorka shariicadu wuxuu noqday mowduuc lagu tartamo dunida oo dhan. Waxaa jira doodaha socda oo ku saabsan in shariicadu ay la waafaqsan tahay foomamka cilmaani ee xukuumadda, xuquuqda aadanaha, xorriyadda fekerka, iyo xuquuqda dumarka darteed meelaha ay ka mid yihiin faafreebka iyo doonaanta. == Bulshada == === Shakhsiyaadka diinta === {{Main|Culumada}} [[File:Maqamat_hariri.jpg|thumb|254x254px|Culimada ku sugan maktabadda Cabbaasiyiinta, Maqamat al-Hariri. Farta uu qray Yahyá al-Wasiti, Baqdaad, 1237 AD.]] Islaamku maleho wadaado ah macnaha sacerdotalism, sida baaddariyada oo kale oo dhex-dhexaadiya Eebbe iyo dadka. Imaam (Carabi: إمام) waa cinwaanka diinta oo loo isticmaalo in lagu tilmaamo booska hoggaaminta Islaamka, inta badan marka loo eego samaynta adeegga cibaadada Islaamka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Imam|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/imam|access-date=15 January 2023|website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Fasiraadda diinta waxaa hoggaamiya culumada (Carabi: علماء), oo ah shuruud loo isticmaalo in lagu tilmaamo kooxda culimada Muslinka ah ee helay tababarka barashada Islaamka. Caalimka xadiiska waxaa loo yaqaanaa muxaddith, caalimka fiqhiga waxaa loo yaqaanaa faqeeh (Carabi: فقيه), qaanuun-yaqaanka u qalma inuu soo saaro ra'yiga sharciga ah ama fatwooyinka waxaa loo yaqaanaa mufti, qadi-yuna waa xakim Islaam ah. Cinwaannada sharafta leh ee la siiyo culimada waxaa ka mid ah sheekh, mulla iyo mawlawi. Muslinka qaar ka mid ah waxay sidoo kale weyneeyaan awliyada u xiran karaamooyinka (Carabi: كرامات).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Radtke |first1=B. |last2=Lory |first2=P. |last3=Zarcone |first3=Th. |last4=DeWeese |first4=D. |last5=Gaborieau |first5=M. |last6=Denny |first6=F. M. |last7=Aubin |first7=F. |last8=Hunwick |first8=J. O. |last9=Mchugh |first9=N. |title=Walī |orig-year=1993 |year=2012 |editor1-last=Bearman |editor1-first=P. J. |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-link=Thierry Bianquis |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-first=C. E. |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor4-first=E. J. |editor4-link=Emeri Johannes van Donzel |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-first=W. P. |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=2nd |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill Publishers |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1335 |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4}}</ref> === Maamulka === {{See also|Siyaasadda iyo Islaamka|Dhaqaalaha Islaamka|Qaanuunka ciidanka ee Islaamka|Tasaamuxa|Jihaadka}} [[File:Ali and Aisha at the Battle of the Camel.jpg|thumb|Xaasidii Muxammad, Caasha, oo la dagaallamaysa Cali.]] Fiqhiga dhaqaalaha Islaamka dhexdiisa, kaydsiga hantida si xad-dhaaf ah waa lagu necbyahay, sidaas darteedna dhaqanka maalgashiga monobooliga ah waa laga hoos eegaa.<ref name="Iqbal2010">{{cite book | last1 = Iqbal | first1 = Zamir | last2 = Mirakhor | first2 = Abbas | last3 = Krichenne | first3 = Noureddine | last4 = Askari | first4 = Hossein | title = The Stability of Islamic Finance: Creating a Resilient Financial Environment | location = Singapore | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | year = 2010 | language = en | isbn = 978-0-470-82518-1 | p = 75}}</ref> Dadaallada lagu waafajinayo shariicada waxay keeneen horumarinta bangiyada Islaamka. Islaamku wuxuu reebaa ribada, oo inta badan loo turjumo faa'iido si aan caddaalad ahayn ku timaada ganacsiga, waxaana inta badan loo isticmaalaa in lagu tilmaamo faa'iidada ribada.<ref>{{harvc |c=Riba |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online |year=n.d. |last1= Schacht|first1=Joseph}}</ref> Taa beddekeeda, bangiyada Islaamku waxay iskaashi la sameeyaan amaanadaha, iyagoo labaduba wadaagaya faa'iidada iyo qasaaraha ka soo baxa mashruuca. Shuruud kale waa ka fogaanshaha hubaal-la'aanta, oo loo arko saqajaan (khumaar), bangiyada Islaamkuna dhaqan ahaan waxay ka fogaadaan aaladaha la soocay sida mustaqbalka ama doorashooyinka, taas oo taariikhiyan ka ilaalisay hoos u dhaca suuqyada.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Foster|first=John |date=1 December 2009|title=How Islamic finance missed heavenly chance|work=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8388644.stm|access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Domat|first=Chloe|date=20 October 2020|title=What Is Islamic Finance And How Does It Work?|work=Global Finance magazine|url=https://www.gfmag.com/topics/blogs/islamic-finance-faq-what-islamic-finance-and-how-does-it-work|access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref> Khulafadii Raashidiinta iyo Dowladdii Umawiyiinta waxay ku lug lahaayeen qaybinta sadaqada ee ka timaada qasnadda dowladda, oo loo yaqaano Bayt al-maal, ka hor inta aysan noqon dadaal shakhsi ah meelaha sannadkii 720. Khaliifkii ugu horreeyay, Abu Bakar, wuxuu u qaybiyay sakada sida tusaalooyinkii ugu horreeyay ee dakhliga ugu yar ee la dammaanad qaado, iyadoo muwaaddin kasta uu helayay 10 illaa 20 dirham sannadkiiba.<ref>{{cite web |last=Merchant, Brian |date=14 November 2013 |title=Guaranteeing a Minimum Income Has Been a Utopian Dream for Centuries |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/guaranteeing-a-minimum-income-has-been-a-utopian-dream-for-centuries/ |access-date=3 June 2019 |website=VICE}}</ref> Waagii maamulkii khaliifkii labaad ee Cumar, taageerada carruurta ayaa la soo bandhigay, kuwa da'da ah iyo kuwa nafedana waxay xaq u lahaayeen mushaar,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Al-Buraey |first=Muhammad |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=lT8OAAAAQAAJ|page=}} |title=Administrative Development: An Islamic Perspective |publisher=KPI |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-7103-0059-1 |pages=252–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Akgündüz |first1=Ahmed |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=EnT_zhqEe5cC|page=539}} |title=Ottoman History: Misperceptions and Truths |last2=Öztürk |first2=Said |publisher=IUR Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-90-90-26108-9 |pages=539– |access-date=7 October 2014}}</ref> iyadoo khaliifkii Umawiyiinta ee Cumar II uu u qoondeeyay adeego dhagool kasta iyo labadii qafis ee xanuunsan oo dhan.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Al-Jawzi|first1=Ibn |url=|title=The Biography and Virtues of Omar Bin Abd al-Aziz – The Ascetic Caliph |publisher=IUR Press |year=2001 |isbn= |page=130 }}</ref> [[File:Saladin the Victorious.jpg|thumb|Salaxaddiin Guuleystaha, uu qray Gustave Doré.]] Jihaad wuxuu macnehiisu yahay "dadaal ama ilaa qabasho [dhabada Eebbe]", macnehiisa ugu ballaaranina waa "awoodda, dadaalka, ama awoodda ugu dambeysa oo lagu bixiyo la dagaallanka shay laga xumaado". Shiicadu gaar ahaan waxay adkeeyaan "jihaadka weyn" oo ah dadaalka lagu gaarayo wanaajinta nafta ee ruuxiga ah iyadoo "jihaadka yar" loo tilmaamo dagaalka. Marka loo isticmaalo sidaas oo keliya, jihaadka inta badan waxaa loo fahmaa foomkiisa ciidanka. Jihaadku waa foomka keliya ee dagaalka ee loo oggol yahay sharciga Islaamka, waxaana lagu dhawaaqi karaa ka dhan ah ujeedooyinka aan sharciyaysnayn, argagixisada, kooxaha dambiyada, reebleyaasha, murtadiinta, iyo hoggaamiyeyaasha ama dowladaha dhibta Muslinka. Badanka Muslinka maanta waxay u fasiraan Jihaadka oo keliya foom دفاع ah oo dagaalka ah. Jihaadku wuxuu oo keliya noqdaa waajib shakhsi ah kuwa la siiyay awoodda. Dadka kale oo dhan, tani waxay dhacdaa oo keliya marka ay jirto diyaargarow guud. Badanka Shiicada Isnaashariyada, jihaadka weerarka ah waxaa oo keliya lagu dhawaaqi karaa hoggaamiye Eebbe uu doortay oo ee bulshada Muslinka ah, sidaas darteedna, wuu hakad ku jiraa tan iyo gaabinta Muxammad al-Mahdi ee sannadkii 868 CE. === Nolosha maanta iyo tan aabbanimada/qoyska === {{See also|Edabta (Islaamka)|Cuntada reebban ee Islaamka|Islaamka iyo carruurta|Guurka Islaamka|Dumarka Islaamka|Guurka badan ee Islaamka}} [[File:Salat Eid al-Fitr, Tehran (113344343).jpg|thumb|Haweenay Iiraani ah oo xiran astaan Islaami ah (Xijaab).]] Cilmiga edabta ee maalinlaha ah wuxuu ku jiraa qaybta edabta, ama hab-dhaqanka. Cuntooyinka si gaar ah loo reebay waxaa ka mid ah hเนื้อ Doofaarka, dhiigga iyo bakhtiga. Caafimaadka waxaa loo arkaa ammaan ka timaada Eebbe, waxyaabaha maaddada ah ee maaddada maanka dooriya, sida cabitaannada alkoolka ah, waa kuwo reebban.<ref>{{cite book|author=Fahd Salem Bahammam|title=Food and Dress in Islam: An explanation of matters relating to food and drink and dress in Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CRojJ7lnb18C&pg=PP1|publisher=Modern Guide|isbn=978-1-909322-99-8|page=1}}</ref> Dhammaan hเนื้อ waa inay ka timaadaa xayawaan geed-daaq ah oo loo qashay magaca Eebbe oo uu qashay Muslin, Yuhuudi, ama Christian, marka laga reebo ugaarta uu qofku ugaarsaday ama kaluumaysay maankiisa.<ref>{{harvp|Curtis|2005|p=164}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2002b|p=111}}</ref><ref>{{harvc |c=Slaughter |first=Ersilia |last=Francesca |year=n.d. |in=McAuliffe}}</ref> Garaha inta badan waxaa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa ragga sida shay dabiici ah<ref>{{Cite news |last=De Sondy |first=Amanullah |date=28 January 2016|title=The relationship between Muslim men and their beards is a tangled one|work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jan/28/muslim-men-beards-facial-hair-islam |access-date=7 March 2022}}</ref> iyo isbeddellada jirka, sida peenijka joogtada ah (sawirka jidhka), inta badan waa reebban iyadoo laga baqayo inay kharribaan ubaahda u go'an.{{efn|Muslinka qaar ka mid ah Shiinaha waagii boqortooyada waxay ka horyimaadeen xiridda cagaha gabdhaha sababtaas oo kale darteed.}} <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.learnreligions.com/tattoos-in-islam-2004393 |title=Are Muslims Allowed to Get Tattoos? |website= |access-date=7 March 2022 |archive-date=8 Bisha Saddexaad 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308040238/https://www.learnreligions.com/tattoos-in-islam-2004393 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Xariirta iyo dahabka waa reebban yihiin ragga Islaamka dhexdiisa si loo dhowro xaaladda miyir-qabka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Glassé |first1=Cyril |title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=AltaMira Press |page=158 |language=en|year=2001}}</ref> Haya, oo inta badan loo turjumo "xishood", mararka qaar waxaa loo tilmaamaa dabeecadda hoose ee Islaamka<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zine |first1=Jasmin |last2=Babana-Hampton |first2=Safoi |last3=Mazid |first3=Nergis |last4=Bullock |first4=Katherine |last5=Chishti |first5=Maliha |title=American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 19:4 |publisher=International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) |page=59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JM4DwAAQBAJ&q=haya+islam&pg=PA59 |access-date=4 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> wuxuuna hagaa badanka nolosha maalinlaha ah ee Muslinka. Tusaale ahaan, dharka Islaamka dhexdiisa wuxuu adkeeyaa heerka xishoodka, oo ay ku jirto xijaabka haweenka. Sidoo kale, nadaafadda shakhsiga ah waa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa shuruudo gaar ah.<ref>{{cite web |last=Esposito |first=John |title=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e4 |access-date=3 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114153249/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e4 |archive-date=14 November 2016}}</ref> [[File:Muslim Couple (cropped).jpg|thumb|Saddex laba oo Muslin ah oo ka socda Indoneesiya.]] Guurka Islaamka dhexdiisa, ninka arooska ah waxaa lagu leeyahay inuu bixiyo meherka aroosadda (mahar).<ref>{{harvp|Waines|2003|pp=93–96}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|2003|p=339}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Esposito|1998|p=79}}</ref> Qoysaska badankood ee dunida Islaamka waxay leeyihiin hal xaas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Newby |first=Gordon D. |url=https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00newb |title=A concise encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=Oneworld |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-85168-295-9 |location=Oxford |page=141}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed Hossein |url=https://archive.org/details/islamreligionhis00nasr_0/page/68 |title=Islam : religion, history, and civilization |publisher=HarperOne |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-06-050714-5 |location=New York |page=68}}</ref> Ragga Muslinka ah waxaa loo oggol yahay inay sameeyaan guurka badan waxayna yeelan karaan illaa afar xaas oo isku mar ah. Waxbarashada Islaamku waxay si adag uga baqaysaa inay adkayso in haddii ninku uusan dammaanad qaadi karin taageerada maaliyadeed iyo ta ruuxiga ah oo siman xaasaskiisa mid kasta, waxaa la dhiirri-geliyaa inuu guursado hal haweenay oo keliya. Sabab lagu tilmaamay guurka badan ayaa ah inay ninka u oggolaato inuu siiyo ilaalin maaliyadeed haween badan, oo laga yaabo inaysan helin taageero kale (tusaale, carrooyinka). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xaaska ugu horreysa waxay shuruud ku xiri kartaa heshiiska guurka in ninku uusan guursan karin haweenay kale inta ay guursan yihiin.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ratno Lukito|title=Legal Pluralism in Indonesia: Bridging the Unbridgeable|page=81|publisher=Routledge}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.islamweb.net/ver2/fatwa/ShowFatwa.php?lang=A&Id=18444&Option=FatwaId |title=IslamWeb |publisher=IslamWeb |date=7 February 2002 |access-date=13 September 2011}}</ref> Waxaa sidoo kale jira kala duwanaansho dhaqameed oo aroosyo ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Gai |url=https://archive.org/details/rememberinggodre0000eato |title=Remembering God: Reflections on Islam |publisher=The Islamic Texts Society |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-946621-84-2 |location=Cambridge |pages=92–93}}</ref> Polyandry, oo ah dhaqan ay haweenaydu ku guursato laba ama ka badan oo ragg ah, waa ku reebban Islaamka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Can't a Woman have 2 Husbands? |url=http://www.14publications.com/question-and-answer/why-cant-a-woman-have-2-husbands/ |access-date=27 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223012707/http://www.14publications.com/question-and-answer/why-cant-a-woman-have-2-husbands/ |archive-date=23 December 2015 |website=14 Publications}}</ref> [[File:عکس های مراسم ترتیل خوانی یا جزء خوانی یا قرائت قرآن در ایام ماه رمضان در حرم فاطمه معصومه در شهر قم 20.jpg|thumb|Gabdhaha Muslinka ah oo baranaya Qur'aanka lagu dul dhigay rehalada xilliga Ramadaanka ee Qom, Iiraan.]] Aadada dhalashada ubadka ka dib, adhaanka waxaa lagu dhawaaqaa dhegta midig. Maalinta todobaad, xafladda caqiiqada ayaa la sameeyaa, oo xayawaan lagu qalo oo hantiisa loo qaybiyo masaakiinta. Madaxa ubadka waa la xiiraa, oo lacag la eg miisaanka dhagaha waxaa loo deeqaa masaakiinta. Gudniinka raga, oo loo yaqaano khitaan, inta badan waa lagu dhaqmaa dunida Muslinka.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2014 |title=Khitān |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/khitan-Islam |access-date=27 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127165754/https://www.britannica.com/topic/khitan-Islam |archive-date=27 January 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |date=January 2017 |title=Reported Male Circumcision Practices in a Muslim-Majority Setting |journal=BioMed Research International |publisher=Hindawi Publishing Corporation |volume=2017 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1155/2017/4957348 |pmc=5282422 |pmid=28194416 |doi-access=free |author1-last=Anwer |author1-first=Abdul Wahid |author2-last=Samad |author2-first=Lubna |author3-last=Baig-Ansari |author3-first=Naila |author4-last=Iftikhar |author4-first=Sundus}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=13 August 2009 |title=Islam: Circumcision of boys |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/malecircumcision.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112170938/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/malecircumcision.shtml |archive-date=12 November 2012 |access-date=27 May 2020 |work=Religion & ethics—Islam |publisher=Bbc.co.uk}}</ref> Xaq-dhowridda iyo addeecidda waalidiinta, iyo daryeelidooda gaar ahaan markay da'da yihiin waa waajib diini ah. Muslinka dhimanaya waxaa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa inuu dhawaaqo Shahaadada si ay u noqoto hadalkiisa ugu dambeeya.<ref>{{Cite book| isbn = 9783643900678| title =Changing European Death Ways| location = Austria| year = 2013| last1=Mathijssen| first1=Brenda|last2=Venhorst|first2=Claudia|last3=Venbrux|first3=Eric|last4=Quartier|first4=Thomas| url =| page = 265 |publisher=Lit }}</ref> Xaq-dhowridda kii dhintay iyo ka qaybgalka jinaasooyinka ee bulshada dhexdeeda waxaa loo arkaa mid ka mid ah ficillada wanaagsan. Caadooyinka aasidda Islaamka, aasidda waxaa lagu dhiirri-geliyaa si dhakhso ah oo ugu macquulsan, inta badan 24 saac dhexdeeda. Meydka waa la dhaqaa, marka laga reebo shuhadada, oo ay dhaqaan kuwo labka ah oo isku jinsi ah waxaana lagu duubaa dhar aan adkayn oo loo yaqaano kafan. Salaadda jinaasada oo loo yaqaano Salat al-Janazah ayaa la tukadaa. Qaylada ama ooyinta weyn ee baroorgaaga ah waa laga fogaadaa. Sanduuqyada aaska inta badan la ma doorbido oo qabrida inta badan calaamad maleho, xata boqorada. === Dhaqanka === {{Main|Dhaqanka Islaamka}} {{See also|Farshaxanka Islaamka|Dhismaha Islaamka|Suugaanta Islaamka|Islaamka iyo kubbadda cagta|Muslinka Dhaqanka}} [[File:Chinese-style minaret of the Great Mosque 2023.jpg|thumb|Minaaradda qaabka Shiinaha ee Masaajidka Weyn ee Xi'an, oo ka mid ah masaajidda ugu ee Shiinaha ee la dhisay 742 AD.]] Erayga "dhaqanka Islaamka" waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu tilmaamo dhinacyada dhaqanka ee u gaarka ah diinta, sida ciidaha iyo dharka. Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa si dood ku jirto oo loogu tilmaamo dhinacyada dhaqanka ee dadka Muslinka ah ee dhaqanka ah.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Melikian |first=Souren |author-link=Souren Melikian |date=4 November 2011 |title='Islamic' Culture: A Groundless Myth |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/05/arts/05iht-rartmelikian05.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=25 November 2013}}</ref> Ugudambeyntii, "ilbaxnimada Islaamka" waxay sidoo kale u tilmaami kartaa dhinacyada dhaqanka isku-dhafka ah ee Khilafaadkii hore, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa aan Muslinka ahayn, mararka ka mid ahna loo yaqaano "Islaamiga".<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Wiley| isbn = 9781405155144| title =Islamicate Cosmopolitan Spirit | location = United Kingdom| year = 2021| last=Lawrence| first=Bruce| url =| page = xii| quote = }}</ref> Farshaxanka Islaamku wuxuu ka kooban yahay farshaxanka muuqaalka ah oo ay ku jiraan ilo kala duwan sida dhismaha, farta qurxoon, sawirka, iyo dhoobada, iyo kuwo kale.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ettinghausen |first1=Richard |first2=Oleg |last2=Grabar |first3=Marilyn |last3=Jenkins-Madina |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780300088670/page/3 |title=Islamic Art and Architecture 650-1250 |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-300-08869-8 |edition=2nd |page=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Suarez|first=Michael F.|title=The Oxford companion to the book|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|isbn=9780198606536|location=Oxford and New York|pages=331ff|chapter=38 The History of the Book in the Muslim World|oclc=50238944}}</ref> Iyadoo sameynta sawirrada noolaha inta badan ka laga fogaado oo u xiran sharciyada ka dhanka ah sanam-caabudidda, shuruuddan waxaa u fasiray ilo kala duwan culimo kala duwan iyo xilliyo taariikhi ah oo kala duwan. [[File:Masjid Menara Kudus.jpg|thumb|Masaajidka Menara Kudus ee qarnigii 16aad ee Indoneesiya, oo muujinaya saamaynta Hindiya.]] Xaddidaaddan waxaa loo isticmaalay in lagu fashilo badnaanta farta qurxoon, joomatariya isku-dhafka ah, iyo qaababka sida ilaha muhiimka ah ee dhaqanka farshaxanka Islaamka.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Salim Ayduz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=or-6BwAAQBAJ&q=islamic+art+idolatry+geometry&pg=PA263 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam |last2=Ibrahim Kalin |last3=Caner Dagli |date=2014 |page=263|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-981257-8 |quote=Figural representation is virtually unused in Islamic art because of Islam's strong antagonism of idolatry. It was important for Muslim scholars and artists to find a style of art that represented the Islamic ideals of unity (''tawhid'') and order without figural representation. Geometric patterns perfectly suited this goal.}}</ref> Waxaa sii dheer, sawirka Muxammad waa arrin dood ka jirto dhexdeeda Muslinka.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=860736| title = An Indian Picture of Muhammad and His Companions | author = T. W. Arnold| journal = The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs | author-link = T. W. Arnold| date = June 1919| volume = 34| issue = 195 | publisher = The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs, Vol. 34, No. 195. | pages = 249–252}}</ref> Dhismaha Islaamka dhexdiisa, dhaqanka kala duwan wuxuu muujinayaa saamayn sida dhismaha Islaamka ee Waqooyiga Afrika iyo Isbaanishka sida Masaajidka Weyn ee Kairouan oo ka kooban tiirar marmar iyo borfiri ah oo ka yimid dhismayaashii Roomaanka iyo Bizantiinta,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Isichei |first=Elizabeth Allo |url={{Google books|LgnhYDozENgC|page=PA175|keywords=mosque%20kairouan%20roman columns|text=mosque+kairouan+roman+columns|plainurl=yes}} |title=A history of African societies to 1870 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-521-45599-2 |location=Cambridge |pages=175 |access-date=6 August 2010}}</ref> iyadoo masaajidda Indoneesiya inta badan leeyihiin saqafyo heerarka badan leh oo ka yimid qaabka dhaladka ah ee Jafa.<ref>{{cite book |first=Gunawan |last=Tjahjono |title=Indonesian Heritage-Architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/architecture00indo/page/88 |year=1998 |publisher=Archipelago Press |location=Singapore |isbn=981-3018-30-5 |pages=88–89 }}</ref> Taariikhda Islaamku waa taariikhda dayaxa oo ka bilaabanta Hijrada 622 CE, oo ah taariikh oo la sheegay inuu doortay Khaliif Cumar maadaama ay ahayd meel isbeddel muhiim ah u ahayd Muxammad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Muslim-calendar|title=Islamic calendar|website=www.britannica.com|date=|access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref> Maalmaha barakaysan ee Islaamku waxay ku beegan yihiin taariikho go'an oo ee taariikhda dayaxa, taas oo macnaheedu yahay inay dhacaan xilliyo kala duwan sannado kala duwan oo ee taariikhda Miilaadiga. Ciidaha ugu muhiimsan Islaamka waa Ciidul Fitri (Carabi: عيد الفطر) ee 1-da Shawaal, oo calaamad u ah dhammaadka bisha soomanaanta ee Ramadaan, iyo Ciidul Adxa (Carabi: عيد الأضحى) ee 10-ka Dhul-Hijjah, oo ku beegan dhammaadka Xajka.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher =Oxford University Press| isbn =9780195165203| title =The Islamic World: Past and Present| year = 2004| last=Esposito| first=John| pages = 75–76 |ref=none}}</ref><ref name="www.britannica.com-2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pillars-of-Islam|title=Pillars of Islam &#124; Islamic Beliefs & Practices &#124; Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|date=3 May 2023|access-date=16 December 2021|archive-date=5 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905102524/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pillars-of-Islam|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslinka Dhaqanka waa shakhsiyaad aan cibaadaysaneyn oo wali lagu aqoonsado Islaamka iyadoo laga duulayo asalka qoyska, dhiirrigelinta shakhsiga ah, ama deegaanka bulshada iyo dhaqanka ee ay ku doorteen inay ku koran.<ref>{{cite book|first1= Cara|last1= Aitchison|author1-link= Cara Aitchison|first2= Peter E.|last2= Hopkins|author3-link= Mei-Po Kwan|author3= Mei-Po Kwan|title= Geographies of Muslim Identities: Diaspora, Gender and Belonging|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DRnthQxB8lYC&pg=PA147|access-date= 30 June 2013|year= 2007|publisher= Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn= 978-1-4094-8747-0|pages=147}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Islamic Counselling: An Introduction to theory and practice|first=G. Hussein|last= Rassool|year= 2015| isbn=9781317441250| page =10|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o_QsCgAAQBAJ&dq=Muslims+who+are+religiously+unobservant,+secular+or+irreligious+individuals+who+still+identify+with+the+Muslim&pg=PA10|quote=The label 'Cultural Muslim' is used in the literature to describe those Muslims who are religiously unobservant, secular or irreligious individuals who still identify with the Muslim culture due to family background, personal experiences, or the social and cultural environment in which they grew up... For Cultural Muslim the declaration of faith is superficial and has no effect of their religious practices.}}</ref> === Siyaasada=== [[File:Scotusnfrieze.jpeg|thumb|Muxammad oo lagu muujiyay Adolph Alexander Weinman ee Dhismaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Mareykanka ee Washington, DC isagoo wada seef iyo Qur'aan.]] Qayb badan oo ka mid ah qarnigii 20aad, aqoonsiga Islaamka iyo maamulka Islaamka ee arrimaha siyaasadda ayaa kordhay horraantii qarnigii 21aad. Siyaasadda Islaamka waa fasiraadda Islaamka oo loo arko il ka mid ah aqoonsiga iyo wax-qabadka siyaasadeed.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|last1=Voll|first1=John O.|last2=Sonn|first2=Tamara|title=Political Islam|url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/id/obo-9780195390155-0063|journal=Oxford Bibliographies Online Datasets|year=2009|language=en|doi=10.1093/obo/9780195390155-0063|access-date=2017-05-26|archive-date=2020-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223165247/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0063.xml|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Waxay u doodaysaa dhisidda dawladda iyo bulshada sida ku cad (fahamka u doodayaasha) mabaadi'da Islaamka, halkaas oo Islaamku u shaqeeyo il ka mid ah jagooyinka iyo fikradaha siyaasadeed.<ref name=":02">Krämer, Gudrun. "Political Islam." In Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World. Vol. 6. Edited by Richard C. Martin, 536–540. New York: Macmillan, 2004. [http://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/political-islam via Encyclopedia.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713072425/https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/political-islam|date=2018-07-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=March|first1=Andrew F.|title=Political Islam: Theory|journal=Annual Review of Political Science|date=2015|volume=18|issue=1|pages=103–123|doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-082112-141250|doi-access=free}}</ref> Siyaasadda Islaamka waxaa muriyaal ka dhex jira iyo kuwa ka baxsan tacliinta guud ahaan ugu adeegsadaan si isku mid ah ereyga Islaamiyadda,<ref name=":13" /> waxaana loo haystaa inuu yahay cunsur siyaasadeed oo ka mid ah Soo-reenka Islaamka oo bilaabmay qarnigii 20aad,<ref name=":13" /> halkii uu ka ahaan lahaa oo kaliya nooc kasta oo wax-qabad siyaasadeed oo ay sameeyaan Muslimiintu. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa sidoo kale jirey dadaallo cusub oo lagu kala saarayo Islaamiyadda oo ah dhaqdhaqaaqyo siyaasadeed oo ku basada diinta iyo siyaasadda Islaamka oo ah faham qaran oo casri ah oo ku saabsan Islaamka oo ay wadaagaan jilayaasha cilmaaniga ah iyo kuwa Islaamiga ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jocelyne Cesari|year=2018|title=What Is Political Islam|url=https://www.rienner.com/title/What_Is_Political_Islam|access-date=2023-01-01|website=www.rienner.com|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|isbn=978-1-62637-692-2|archive-date=2023-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106160415/https://www.rienner.com/title/What_Is_Political_Islam|url-status=live}}</ref> Kooxaha dhowr ah oo ku yaala Bariga Dhexe ayaa u kaftamay inay fikradaha casriynta ku xiraan faragelinta boqortooyadii gumaadkeedii. Wadamada Muslimka ah ee dhowr ah, gaar ahaan Masar iyo Bakistaan, dhaqdhaqaaqyo siyaasadeed oo lid ku ah oo u janjeera dhanka diinta ayaa salka ku dhigtay. Sababaha waa kuwo dhinacyo badan leh. Burburkii Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta wuxuu ahaa dhacdo baaxad weyn oo dhalisay gariirro badan. Gobolku wuxuu la kulmay jahwareer sannado badan maadaama waddamada Carabtu ay hoos tageen saamaynta dhaqanka iyo guulaystayaasha waddamada Yurub. Dhanka cadaadiska dhaqanka oo kordhayay Muslimiintu waxay adkeeyeen aqoonsigooda qaran iyo dhaxalkooda dhaqan, kooxaha qaar waxay ugafeen dhinacyada diinta. Masar dhexdeeda daciifnimada Muslimiinta waxaa lagu eedeeyay u kuปฏิบัตitaanka liidata ee qoraallada diinta. Sida ku cad Hassan al-Banna, dhaqanka Yurub wuxuu ahaa mid maaddiyad ku dhisan, anshax xumo ah oo ku batay ku-tagri-falka heerarka bulshada iyo ribada. === Sugaanta === {{Main|Islaamiga}} {{multiple image | align = center | direction = horizontal | total_width = 600 | image1 = Saadi Tomb.jpg | image2 = Hafez 880714 095.jpg | footer = Qabuuraha Saadi, Hafez iyo Ferdowsi, saddexda abwaan ee ugu caansan Muslimiinta, oo dhammaantood ku yaalla Iran. | caption1 = | caption2 = | image3 = Tomb-of-Ferdowsi آرامگاه-فردوسی Davoud-Davoudi 1.jpg }} Shaqada ugu caansan ee khayaaliga ah ee ka timi dunida Islaamka waa Kumaan iyo Hal Habeen, oo ah ururin sheekooyin hoose/folklore oo ka soo jeeda Sanskriit, Faarisi, iyo ka dib fables Carab ah. Fikradda waxaa saameeyay nooc ka horreeyay Islaamka oo Faarisi ah oo loo yaqaannay Hezār Afsān (Kumaan Sheeko) oo ku tiirsanaa walxaha Hindida ee gaarka ah.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Marzolph|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam|title=Arabian Nights|year=2007|publisher=Brill|volume=I|location=Leiden}}</ref> Waxay gaadhay foomkeeda ugu dambeeyay qarnigii 14aad; tirada iyo nooca sheekooyinku waxay ku kala duwanaayeen farta gacanta mid ka mid ah mid kale.<ref name="arabianNights">Grant & Clute, p. 51</ref> Shaqadan waxay saameyn weyn ku lahayd Galbeedka tan iyo markii loo turjumay qarnigii 18aad, markii ugu horreysay oo uu turjumay Antoine Galland.<ref>L. Sprague de Camp, Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers: The Makers of Heroic Fantasy, p. 10 {{ISBN|0-87054-076-9}}</ref> Ku-dayasho ayaa lagu qray, gaar ahaan Faransiiska.<ref name="arabianNights2">Grant & Clute, p 52</ref> Jilayaal kala duwan oo ka socda epik-kan ayaa iyaguna noqday calaamado dhaqameed ee dhaqanka Galbeedka, sida Aladdiin, Sindibad Nawaakhida iyo Cali Baba. Tusaale ka mid ah tixda Carabiga iyo tixda Faarisiga oo ku saabsan jacaylka waa Layla iyo Majnuun, oo dib u dhaceysa xilligii Umawiyiinta ee qarnigii 7aad. Waa sheeko naxdin leh oo ku saabsan jacayl aan dhimanayn. Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, oo ah epik-ka qaranka ee Iran-ta Weyn, waa dib-u-sheegid khayaali iyo geesinimo leh oo ku saabsan taariikhda Faarisiga. Amir Arsalan wuxuu sidoo kale ahaa sheeko khayaali ah oo caan ah oo Faarisi ah. Ibn Tufayl (Abubacer) iyo Ibn al-Nafis waxay ahaayeen hormuudka riwaayadda falsafadda. Ibn Tufail wuxuu qray riwaayaddii ugu horreysay ee Carabi ah Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus) iyadoo cavab u ah Al-Ghazali's The Incoherence of the Philosophers, ka dibna Ibn al-Nafis wuxuu sidoo kale qray riwaayad Theologus Autodidactus iyadoo cavab u ah Ibn Tufail's Philosophus Autodidactus. Labada sheeko waxay lahaayeen jilayaal waaweyn (Hayy ee Philosophus Autodidactus iyo Kamil ee Theologus Autodidactus) oo ahaa carruur is-baray oo duurka ku voolaa oo ku noolaa go'doon kuyeel/jasiirad saxara ah, labaduba waxay ahaayeen tusaalayaasha ugu horreeyay ee sheeko jasiirad saxara ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, halka Hayy uu ku nool yahay kaligiis xoolaha jasiiradda saxarada ah inta ka dhiman sheekada Philosophus Autodidactus, sheekada Kamil waxay ka dhib badan tahay jasiiradda saxarada ah ee Theologus Autodidactus, iyadoo u ekaanaysa sheekadii ugu horreysay oo la ogaaday oo ah koreera/hanaqaad oo ugu dambeyntii noqonaysa tusaalaha ugu horreeya ee riwaayadda sayniska khayaaliga ah.<ref>Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), "Ibn Al-Nafis as a philosopher", Symposium on Ibn al-Nafis, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait (Cf. [http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html Ibn al-Nafis As a Philosopher] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206072116/http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html|date=6 February 2008}}, Encyclopedia of Islamic World).</ref><ref>Nahyan A. G. Fancy (2006), "[http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11292006-152615 Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (d. 1288)] {{Wayback|url=http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11292006-152615 |date=20150404020329 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404020329/http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11292006-152615/|date=4 April 2015}}", pp. 95–101, Electronic Theses and Dissertations, University of Notre Dame.</ref> Theologus Autodidactus,<ref>Muhammad b. Abd al-Malik Ibn Tufayl. [https://books.google.com/books?id=yFAR_G7HM3QC Philosophus autodidactus, sive Epistola Abi Jaafar ebn Tophail de Hai ebn Yokdhan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004180638/https://books.google.com/books?id=yFAR_G7HM3QC |date=4 October 2015 }}: in qua ostenditur, quomodo ex inferiorum contemplatione ad superiorum notitiam ratio humana ascendere possit. E Theatro Sheldoniano, excudebat Joannes Owens, 1700.</ref><ref>Ala-al-din abu Al-Hassan Ali ibn Abi-Hazm al-Qarshi al-Dimashqi. The Theologus autodidactus of Ibn al-Nafīs. Clarendon P., 1968</ref> oo uu qray aqoonyahanka Carabi Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288),<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sFCuoqykV9QC&q=ibn+al+nafis+first+science+fiction+novel&pg=PA236|title=The Cambridge Companion to Utopian Literature|first=Gregory|last=Claeys|date=5 August 2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139828420|via=Google Books}}</ref> wuxuu ka shaqeeyaa walxaha sayniska khayaaliga ah sida abuurista iskood u samaysanta, falanqaynta mustaqbalka, dhamaadka dunida iyo qiyaamaha, soo-tegga/sarakicidda, iyo nolosha ka dib. Halkii uu ka siin lahaa sharraxaad mucjiso ama khayaali ah dhacdooyinkan, Ibn al-Nafis wuxuu isku dayay inuu sharraxo walxaha sheekada iyada oo loo marayo aqoonta sayniska ee bijoolajiga, astronomy-ga, cosmology-ga iyo meelaha/juqraafiga oo lagu yaqaannay xilligiisa. Khayaaliga Ibn al-Nafis wuxuu sharraxay baridda diinta Islaamka iyada oo loo marayo sayniska iyo falsafadda Islaamka.<ref name="Roubi">Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), "Ibn Al-Nafis as a philosopher", Symposium on Ibn al Nafis, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait (Cf. [http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html Ibnul-Nafees As a Philosopher] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206072116/http://www.islamset.com/isc/nafis/drroubi.html|date=6 February 2008}}, Encyclopedia of Islamic World).</ref> Turjumaadaha Ibn Tufail's Philosophus Autodidactus waxay ka muuqdeen Laatiin (1671), Inqiriisi (1708), Jarmal, iyo Dutch. Turjumaadahan luqadaha Yurub waxay ka dib saameyn ku yeesheen Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe<ref>Cyril Glasse (2001), New Encyclopaedia of Islam, p. 202, Rowman Altamira, {{ISBN|0-7591-0190-6}}.</ref> iyo Robert Boyle's The Aspiring Naturalist.<ref name="Toomer-222">G. J. Toomer (1996), Eastern Wisedome and Learning: The Study of Arabic in Seventeenth-Century England, p. 222, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-820291-1}}.</ref> === Falsafadda === [[File:Persian Scholar pavilion in Viena UN (Rhazes&Khayyam).jpg|thumb|Scholars Pavilion waa taallo ay Iran ugu deeqday Xafiiska Qaramada Midoobay ee Vienna. Sannadlaha aqoonyahannadii Muslimka ahaa ee qarniyadii dhexe, Omar Khayyam, Al-Biruni, Rhazes iyo Avicenna ayaa ku dhex jira dhismaha.]] Astaamaha ugu caansan ee lagu qeexo falsafadda Islaamka waa "qaabka falsafadda ee lagu dhex abuuray qaabdhismeedka dhaqanka Islaamka."<ref name="RoutledgeEoP">[http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/H057 "Islamic Philosophy"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606082214/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/islamic-philosophy;jsessionid=B31B033F077DD5E68E09CC9D35C02105|date=6 June 2022}}, Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy (1998)</ref> Falsafadda Islaamka, qeexidtan laguma xidho arrimo diimeed oo keliya, mana aha mid ay Muslimiinta oo keliya curiyeen.<ref name="RoutledgeEoP" /> Aqoonyahanka Faarisiiga ah ee Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (980–1037) wuxuu lahaa ka badan 450 buug oo loo tiriyo. Qoraalladiisu waxay ku saabsanaayeen maadooyin kala duwan, gaar ahaan falsafadda iyo daawada. Buuggiisa daawada ee The Canon of Medicine waxaa loo adeegsaday sida buugga heerka sare ah ee jaamacadaha Yurub ee qarniyo badan. Wuxuu sidoo kale qray The Book of Healing, oo ah encyclopediya saynis iyo falsafad saameyn leh.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Ibn Sina [Avicenna]|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ibn-sina/|encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|date=2024|quote=The Cure...had momentous consequences...his philosophical system dominated intellectual history in both Shi’ite and most of Sunni Islam}}</ref> Shakhsiyad kale oo ka tirsan Casrigii Dahabiga ahaa ee Islaamka, Avicenna, wuxuu sidoo kale sameeyay dugsigiisa falsafadda ee Avicennism, oo saameyn ku lahaa dhulka Islaamka iyo kan Masiixiga dhexdiisa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Saliba|first=George|author-link=George Saliba|date=1994|title=A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam|pages=245, 250, 256–257|publisher=New York University Press|isbn=0-8147-8023-7}}</ref> Falsafad kale oo saameyn ku lahaa falsafadda casriga ah wuxuu ahaa Ibn Tufail. Riwaayaddiisii falsafadda ahayd, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, oo loo turjumay Laatiin siday tahay Philosophus Autodidactus sannadkii 1671, waxay horumarisay mawduucyada empiricism, tabula rasa, dabiicadda iyo korinta, xaaladda suurtogalnimada, materialism,<ref>Dominique Urvoy, "The Rationality of Everyday Life: The Andalusian Tradition? (Aropos of Hayy's First Experiences)", in Lawrence I. Conrad (1996), The World of Ibn Tufayl: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Ḥayy Ibn Yaqẓān, pp. 38–46, Brill Publishers, {{ISBN|90-04-09300-1}}.</ref> iyo Molyneux's problem.<ref>Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik Ibn Tufail and Léon Gauthier (1981), Risalat Hayy ibn Yaqzan, p. 5, Editions de la Méditerranée.</ref> Aqoonyahannada iyo qoraayaasha Yurub ee uu saameeyay riwaayaddan waxaa ka mid ah John Locke,<ref>Russell (1994), pp. 224–39</ref> Gottfried Leibniz,<ref name="Wainwright">Martin Wainwright, [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/mar/22/featuresreviews.guardianreview1 Desert island scripts], The Guardian, 22 March 2003.</ref> Melchisédech Thévenot, John Wallis, Christiaan Huygens,<ref>Russell (1994) p. 227</ref> George Keith, Robert Barclay, Quakers,<ref>Russell (1994), p. 247</ref> iyo Samuel Hartlib.<ref name="Toomer-2222">G. J. Toomer (1996), Eastern Wisedome and Learning: The Study of Arabic in Seventeenth-Century England, p. 222, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-820291-1}}.</ref> Falsafada Islaamku waxay sii waday horumarka falsafadda ilaa qarnigii 17aad, markii Mulla Sadra uu sameeyay dugsigiisa Transcendent theosophy oo uu horumaray fikradda existentialism-ka.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mulla Sadra's Transcendent Philosophy|first=Muhammad|last=Kamal|year=2006|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-5271-7|pages=9, 39|oclc=224496901}}</ref> Falsafado kale oo saameyn lahaa oo Muslimiin ah waxaa ka mid ah Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), oo ah hormuudka phenomenology iyo falsafadda sayniska iyo dhaleeceeyaha dabiiciga ah ee Aristotelian iyo fikradda Aristotle ee goobta (topos); Al-Biruni, dhaleeceeye dabiiciga ah ee Aristotelian; Ibn al-Nafis, hormuudka riwaayadda falsafadda; Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi, aasaasaha falsafadda Illuminationist; Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, dhaleeceeye mantiqa Aristotelian iyo hormuudka mantiqa inductive-ka; iyo Ibn Khaldun, oo ah hormuudka falsafadda taariikhda.<ref name="Akhtar">S.R.W. Akhtar (1997). "The Islamic Concept of Knowledge", Al-Tawhid: A Quarterly Journal of Islamic Thought & Culture 12 (3). https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol-12-no3/islamic-concept-knowledge-sayyid-wahid-akhtar</ref> === Sayniska iyo tiknoolajiyada === [[File:Statue of Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi in Urgench.jpg|thumb|Taallada Al-Khwarizmi ee Urgench, Uzbekistan.]] Ibn al-Haytham waxaa sidoo xaqiiqo ah loo arkaa aabbaha optics-ka, gaar ahaan cadeyntiisa empirik-ka ah ee aragtida intromission-ka ee iftiinka. Jim Al-Khalili wuxuu sheegay 2009 in Ibn al-Haytham 'loogu yeero inta badan "saynisyahankii ugu horreeyay ee dhabta ah ee dunida".'<ref>{{cite news |last=Al-Khalili|first=Jim|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7810846.stm|title=BBC News|date=4 January 2009|access-date=11 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426041228/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7810846.stm|archive-date=26 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Al-Khwarizmi wuxuu alifay nidaamyada log base-ka ee maanta loo adeecsado, wuxuu sidoo kale ka qaybqaatay theorems ee trigonometry iyo sidoo kale limits.<ref>Plofker, Kim (2009), Mathematics in India: 500 BCE–1800 CE, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|0-691-12067-6}}.</ref> Waxbarashooyinkii ugu dambeeyay waxay muujinayaan inay u badan tahay in fannaaniintii Muslimka ahayd ee Qarniyadii Dhexe ay ogaayeen geometriyada quasicrystal ee decagonal ah ee sare ee la helay kala bar millennium ka dib 1970-yadii iyo 1980-yadii ee Galbeedka, ayna u adeegsadeen shaqada tiled-ka ee dhismaha.<ref>Peter J. Lu, [http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2007/03.01/99-tiles.html Harvard's Office of News and Public Affairs] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314012002/http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2007/03.01/99-tiles.html|date=14 March 2007}}</ref> Dhaqaatiirta Muslimiinta ah waxay ka qaybqaateen sahanka daawada, oo ay ku jiraan anatomy iyo physiology: sida shaqadii Faarisiiga ahayd ee qarnigii 15aad ee uu sameeyay Mansur ibn Muhammad ibn al-Faqih Ilyas ee loo yaqaan Tashrih al-badan (Anatomy-ga jirka) oo ku jireen sawirro guud oo ku saabsan habka jirka, dareemayaasha iyo habka wareegga dhiigga; ama shaqadii dhakhtarkii Masar Ibn al-Nafis, oo soo bandhigay aragtida wareegga dhiigga ee sambabada. Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Abulcasis) wuxuu ka qaybqaatay edbinta qalliinka daawada buuggiisa Kitab al-Tasrif ("Buugga Tanaasulaadka"), oo ah encyclopediya daawa oo ka dib loo turjumay Laatiin oo loo adeegsaday iskoolada daawada ee Yurub iyo Muslimiinta ee qarniyo badan. Horumaro kale oo daawo ah waxay ka tulmeen dhinacyada pharmacology iyo pharmacy.<ref>Turner, H. (1997) pp. 136–38</ref> Saynisyahannada ugu caansan ee ka mid ah dunida Islaamka ee qarniyadii dhexe waxaa ka mid ah Jābir ibn Hayyān, al-Farabi, Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi, Ibn al-Haytham, Al-Biruni, Avicenna, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, iyo Ibn Khaldun. Tiknoolajiyada dhexdeeda, dunida Islaamka waxay warqad-sameynta ka qaadatay Shiinaha.<ref name="Lucas">Adam Robert Lucas (2005), "Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe", Technology and Culture 46 (1), pp. 1–30 [10].</ref> Aqoonta baaruudda waxaa sidoo kale ka soo muuqatay Shiinaha iyada oo loo marayo waddamada badankooda Islaamka ah.<ref>Arming the Periphery. Emrys Chew, 2012. p. 1823.</ref> Horumar ayaa lagu sameeyay waraabinta iyo beeraha, iyadoo la adeegsanayo tiknoolajiyad cusub sida mishiinka dabaysha. Dalagyada sida lowska/almond iyo miraha sitrus waxaa loo keenay Yurub iyadoo loo marayo al-Andalus, oo beerashada sonkorta ayaa si tartiib-tartiib ah ay ugu ku-daydeen Yurubiyanku. Ganacsatada Carabta waxay maamuleen ganacsiga Badweynta Hindiya ilaa imaatinka Boortaqiisku ee qarnigii 16aad. Hormuz wuxuu ahaa xarun muhiim ah oo ganacsigan ah. Waxaa sidoo kale ka jirey shabakad cufan oo waddooyinka ganacsiga ee Badda Dhexe, oo ay waddamada aqlabiyadda Muslimka ah ku ganacsan jireen kesooda iyo awoodaha Yurub sida Venice, Genoa iyo Catalonia (sido kale eeg: Indo-Mediterranean). Jidka Xariirta oo ka tallaabaya Aasiyada Dhexe wuxuu marayay dawlado Islaam ah oo u dhexeya Shiinaha iyo Yurub. Soo-bixidda boqortooyooyinka dhaqaale ee waaweyn oo leh kheyraad tiknoolajiyadeed ka dib qabsashadii Timur (Tamerlane) iyo soo-reenka Timurid Renaissance waxaa ka mid ah Boqortooyada Mali iyo Saltanaddii Bengal gaar ahaan, oo ah qaran ganacsi oo caalami ah oo dunida ku yaal, oo Yurubiyanku ku describe gareeyeen "waddanka ugu hodansan ee lagu ganacsado".<ref>Nanda, J. N (2005). Bengal: the unique state. Concept Publishing Company. p. 10. 2005. {{ISBN|978-81-8069-149-2}}. Bengal [...] was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with.</ref> Iinjineerada Muslimiinta ee dunida Islaamka waxay sameeyeen isticmaalo warshadeed oo cusub oo hydropower ah, iyo isticmaalo warshadeed oo hore oo ah tidal power iyo wind power.<ref>Ahmad Y. al-Hassan (1976). Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering, pp. 34–35. Institute for the History of Arabic Science, University of Aleppo.</ref> Isticmaalka warshadeed ee watermills ee dunida Islaamka wuxuu dib u dhacaa qarnigii 7aad, halka water mills-ka leh giraangiraha jiifa iyo kuwa taagan oo dhan loo adeegsanayay si weyn tan iyo ugu yaraan qarnigii 9aad. Mashiinno warshadeed oo kala duwan ayaa lagu adeegsanayay dunida Islaamka, oo ay ku jiraan fulling mills, gristmills, paper mills, hullers, sawmills, ship mills, stamp mills, steel mills, sugar mills, tide mills iyo windmills. Markii ay gaadhay qarnigii 11aad, gobol kasta oo ka mid ah dunida Islaamka wuxuu lahaa mashiinnadan warshadeed oo shaqaynaya, kuwo ka billowda al-Andalus iyo Waqooyiga Afrika ilaa Bariga Dhexe iyo Aasiyada Dhexe.<ref name="Lucas" /> Iinjineerada Muslimiinta waxay sidoo kale alifeen crankshafts iyo water turbines, waxay adeegsadeen gears ee mashiinnada iyo mashiinnada biyaha kor u qaada, waxayna hormuud u ahaayeen isticmaalka dam-yada sida il ka mid ah awoodda biyaha, oo loo adeegsaday in lagu siiyo awood dheeraad ah watermills iyo mashiinnada biyaha kor u qaada.<ref name="Hassan">Ahmad Y. al-Hassan, Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part II: Transmission Of Islamic Engineering</ref> Horumaradan waxay suurtogal ka dhigeen in shaqooyinka warshadeed oo hore loogu kexayn jiray shaqaale hanto ama gacanta xilliyadii hore ay noqdaan kuwo la mishiineeyay oo lagu kexo mashiinno beddelkeeda dunidii Islaamka ee qarniyadii dhexe. Wareejinta tiknoolajiyadan oo loo wareejiyay Yurubtii qarniyadii dhexe waxay saameyn ku lahayd Industrial Revolution-ka, gaar ahaan ka soo jeeda proto-industrialised Mughal Bengal iyo Tipu Sultan's Kingdom, iyadoo loo marayo qabsashadii East India Company. === Aqsanta === [[File:Taj Mahal (Edited).jpeg|thumb|Taj Mahal ee India waxaa loo arkaa masterpiece si caalami ah loo bogsho oo ka tirsan World's Heritage, iyo mid ka mid ah Seven Wonders of the World.]] {{excerpt|Islamic architecture|only=paragraphs}} == Saamaynta diimaha kale, iyo Islaamiga == {{Main|Islaamiga|Islaamiga waddan ahaan}} [[File:Mohammed2.jpg|thumb|Nabi Muxammad iyo Rahibkii Sergius, oo uu sameeyay Lucas van Leyden, 1508 AD. Waxay muujineysaa Halsooreedkii Nabi Muxammad ee ku dhex wareegi jiray Yurub.]] [[File:La.Vie.de.Mahomet Christies.jpg|thumb|403x403px|Nabi Muxammad oo haysta seef iyo bilal halka uu ku tunto dunida, iskutallaabta, iyo Tobanka Amrood. Waxaa sameeyay Humphrey Prideaux, 1699.]] [[File:Nuremberg chronicles - Mohammed (CLIv).jpg|thumb|Nabi Muxammad oo fadhiya dhanka bidix, oo ku sawiran Nuremberg Chronicle, 1440 AD.]] Haddii dhaqdhaqaaqyada sida Druze,<ref>{{Cite book |last=De McLaurin |first=Ronald |url=https://archive.org/details/politicalroleofm0000unse |title=The Political Role of Minority Groups in the Middle East |publisher=Michigan University Press |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-03-052596-4 |page=114 |quote=Theologically, one would have to conclude that the Druze are not Muslims. They do not accept the five pillars of Islam. In place of these principles, the Druze have instituted the seven precepts noted above...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hunter |first=Shireen |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsofislami0000unse |title=The Politics of Islamic Revivalism: Diversity and Unity: Center for Strategic and International Studies (Washington, D.C.), Georgetown University. Center for Strategic and International Studies |publisher=University of Michigan Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-253-34549-3 |page=33 |quote=Druze – An offshoot of Shi'ism; its members are not considered Muslims by orthodox Muslims.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=R. Williams |first=Victoria |title=Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival [4 volumes] |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-4408-6118-5 |page=318 |quote=As Druze is a nonritualistic religion without requirements to pray, fast, make pilgrimages, or observe days of rest, the Druze are not considered an Islamic people by Sunni Muslims.}}</ref> Berghouata iyo Ha-Mim, ay ka soo baxeen Islaamka ama ay la wadaageen rumayntooda gaarka ah Islaamka, iyo haddii mid kastaa yahay diin gooni ah ama firqad ka mid ah Islaamka waa aragtiyo dood ku jiraan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=D. Grafton |first=David |title=Piety, Politics, and Power: Lutherans Encountering Islam in the Middle East |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-63087-718-7 |page=14 |quote=In addition, there are several quasi-Muslim sects, in that, although they follow many of the beliefs and practices of orthodox Islam, the majority of Sunnis consider them heretical. These would be the Ahmadiyya, Druze, Ibadi, and the Yazidis.}}</ref> Caqiidada Druze waxay sii kala qaybisay Ismaaciiliyada maadaama ay horumarisay caqiidooyinkeeda gaarka ah, waxayna ugu dambeyntii ka sootagday Ismaaciiliyada iyo Islaamka labadaba; kuwan waxaa ka mid ah rumaynta in Imaamka Al-Xaakim bi-Amr Allaah uu ahaa Ilaah jisoobay.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Poonawala |first=Ismail K. |date=July–September 1999 |title=Review: ''The Fatimids and Their Traditions of Learning'' by Heinz Halm |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-oriental-society_july-september-1999_119_3/page/542 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |publisher=American Oriental Society |volume=119 |issue=3 |page=542 |doi=10.2307/605981 |issn=0003-0279 |jstor=605981 |lccn=12032032 |oclc=47785421}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last = Bryer | first = David R. W. | title = The Origins of the Druze Religion (Fortsetzung) | journal = Der Islam | year = 1975 | volume = 52 | issue = 2 | pages = 239–262 | doi = 10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 | s2cid = 162363556 | url = https://doi.org/10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 | issn = 1613-0928 | ref = {{harvid|Bryer|1975b}} | url-access = subscription }}</ref> Yazdânism waxaa loo arkaa isku-dhafan ka mid ah rumaynta dhaladka ee Kurdiida iyo caqiidada Suufiyada Islaamka ee loo soo bandhigay Kurdistan ee Sheekh Cadi ibn Musafir ee qarnigii 12aad.<ref>{{cite book |last=Foltz |first=Richard |title=Religions of Iran: From Prehistory to the Present |date=7 November 2013 |isbn=978-1-78074-307-3 |page=219 |chapter=Two Kurdish Sects: The Yezidis and the Yaresan |publisher=Oneworld Publications |chapter-url= |chapter-url-access=}}</ref> Bábism waxay ka soo bilaabatay Shiicada Isnaashariyada ee martay Siyyid 'Ali Muhammad i-Shirazi al-Bab iyadoo mid ka mid ah taageerayaashiisa Mirza Husayn 'Ali Nuri Baha'u'llah uu aasaasay Caqiidada Baha'i.<ref>{{cite web |last=House of Justice |first=Universal |title=One Common Faith |url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/bic/OCF/ocf-8.html |access-date=1 April 2017 |website=reference.bahai.org}}</ref> Yarsanism,<ref name="Z. Mir-Hosseini 1994, p.267">{{cite journal |last=Mir-Hosseini |first=Z. |date=1994 |title=Inner Truth and Outer History: The Two Worlds of the Ahl-e Haqq of Kurdistan |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-middle-east-studies_1994-04_26_2/page/267 |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=26 |pages=267–268}}</ref> Din-i Ilahi,{{sfnp|Roychoudhury|1941|page=306}} iyo Ali-Illahism<ref>{{Cite book |last=Layard |first=Austen Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-SQe_sNtIaMC&q=ali%2520illahism&pg=PA216 |title=Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon: With Travels in Armenia, Kurdistan and the Desert: Being the Result of a Second Expedition Undertaken for the Trustees of the British Museum |date=2010-08-31 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108016773 |page=216 |language=en}}</ref> waxaa loo arkaa kuwo ka sootagay Islaamka. Sikhism, oo uu aasaasay Guru Nanak oo ku sugan Punjab qarnigii 15aad ee dambe, waxaa saameeyay Islaamku.<ref>{{cite book |last=Elsberg |first=Constance |date=2003 |title=Graceful Women |publisher=University of Tennessee Press |isbn=978-1-57233-214-0 |pages=27–28}}</ref> == Dhaleeceynta == {{Main|Dhaleeceynta Islaamka}} {{see also|Dhaleeceynta Muxammad|Dhaleeceynta Qur'aanka}} Dhaleeceynta Islaamku waxay jirtay tan iyo heeraradeedii ugu horreeyay. Dhaleeceyntii hore waxay ka timid qoraayaal Yahuud ah, sida Ibn Kammuna, iyo qoraayaal Masiixi ah, oo kuwo badan oo ka mid ah ay u arkayeen Islaamka bidco Masiixi ah ama nooc sanam-caabudid ah, iyagood inta badan ku fashilayay terms apocalyptic ah.{{sfnp|Fahlbusch et al|2001|p=[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=yaecVMhMWaEC|page=759}} 759]}} Qoraayaasha Masiixiyiinta ahi waxay dhaleeceeyeen sharraxaadaha laab-lakacsan ee Islaamku ka bixiyo jannada. Qarnigii sagaalaad aqoonyahankii Muslinka ahaa ee Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari wuxuu u dooday sharraxaadda Qur'aanka ee jannada iyadoo sheegaysa in Baybalku sidoo kale tilmaamayso fikradahaas, sida cabbidda khamriga ee jannada dhexdeeda oo ku jirta Injiilka Matayos. Caalimkii Masiixiga ahaa ee qarnigii 4aad Augustine ee Hippo caqiidooyinkiisu waxay keeneen diidmo baahsan oo ku saabsan raaxada jidhka ee nolosha iyo aakhiro dhexdeeda labadaba.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Christian Lange |title=Paradise and Hell in Islamic Traditions |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-521-50637-3 |pages=18–20}}</ref> Sawirro aflaadaad ah oo ka dhan ah Muxammad, oo ka soo bilaabmay sawirraddii hore ee qarnigii 7aad ee Kaniisadda Ortodokska Bari ee Boqortooyada Bizantiinta,<ref>Reeves, Minou, and P. J. Stewart. 2003. ''Muhammad in Europe: A Thousand Years of Western Myth-Making''. NYU Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8147-7564-6}}. p. 93–96.</ref> waxay ka muuqdaan gabayga qarnigii 14aad ee Divine Comedy oo uu qaray Dante Alighieri. Halkan, Muxammad waxaa lagu muujiyay goobta sideedaad ee jahannamada, iyadoo la joogo Cali. Dante ma eedayno Islaamka guud ahaan laakiin wuxuu eedaynayaa Muxammad kala qaybin, maadaama uu aasaasay diin kale Masiixiyadda ka dib.<ref name="Stone">Stone, G. 2006. ''Dante's Pluralism and the Islamic Philosophy of Religion''. Springer Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1-4039-8309-1}}. p. 53–54.</ref> Dhaleeceynaha kale waxay diiradda saaraan la-dhaqanka shakhsiyaadka ee gudaha waddamada casriga ah ee Muslinku ku badan yahay, oo ay ku jiraan arrimo ku saabsan xuquuqda aadanaha, goorta ay si dhow u la xiriirto fulinta sharciga Islaamka.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Yohanan|last1=Friedmann|year=2003|title=Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/tolerancecoercio00frie|url-access=limited|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/tolerancecoercio00frie/page/n31 18], 35|isbn=978-0-521-02699-4}}</ref> Sidoo kale, isbeddellada dhowaan ee dhaqammada kala duwan ka dib, kartida loo malaynayo inay leeyihiin soo-galootiga Muslinka ah ee Galbeedka si ay u la qabsadaan waa la dhaleeceeyay oo waxaa loo eedeeyay asalka Islaamka kuwo ka mid ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Modood |first=Tariq |url=https://archive.org/details/multiculturalism00modo |title=Multiculturalism, Muslims and Citizenship: A European Approach |date=6 April 2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-35515-5 |edition=1st |page=[https://archive.org/details/multiculturalism00modo/page/n43 29] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Ugu dambeyntii cilmi-baaris{{what|date=April 2026}} waxay heshay in diindhaqameedka Islaamka oo sarreeya uu la xiriiro xagjirinimada Islaamka oo sarreysa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kamenowski |first1=Maria |last2=Manzoni |first2=Patrik |last3=Haymoz |first3=Sandrine |last4=Isenhardt |first4=Anna |last5=Jacot |first5=Cédric |last6=Baier |first6=Dirk |date=2021-06-17 |title=Religion as an influencing factor of right-wing, left-wing and Islamist extremism. Findings of a Swiss youth study |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=6 |article-number=e0252851 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0252851 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=8211158 |pmid=34138885 |bibcode=2021PLoSO..1652851K }}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== ===Qoraallo=== {{notelist}} {{reflist|group=note}} ===Qur'aan iyo xadiis=== {{Reflist|group=lower-roman}} ===Xigasho=== {{reflist}} === Ilaha === {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Imad-ad-Dean |title=Signs in the heavens |volume=2 |publisher=Amana Publications |year=2006 |isbn=1-59008-040-8}} * {{cite book |last=Arnold|first=Thomas |title=The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith.|volume= |publisher= |year=1896 |isbn=}} * {{Cite book |last=Bennett |first=Clinton |title=Interpreting the Qur'an: a guide for the uninitiated |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8264-9944-8 |page=101 |author-link=Clinton Bennett}} * {{cite book |last=Blankinship |first=K. |year=2008 |chapter=The early creed |editor=T. Winter |title=The Cambridge Companion to Classical Islamic Theology |series=Cambridge Companions to Religion |pages=33–54 |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/CCOL9780521780582.003|isbn=978-0-521-78058-2 }} * {{Cite book |last=Brockopp |first=Jonathan E. |title=Islamic Ethics of Life: abortion, war and euthanasia |publisher=University of South Carolina Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-57003-471-8}} *{{Cite book|last=Bulliet|first=Richard| publisher = Houghton Mifflin| isbn = 0-618-42770-8| title = The Earth and Its Peoples | location = Boston| year = 2005| url = | page = | quote = }} * {{Cite book |last=Burge|first=Stephen|year=2015|title=Angels in Islam: Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti's al-Haba'ik fi akhbar al-mala'ik |place=London |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-50473-0}} * {{cite book |last=Çakmak |first=Cenap |title=Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopedia |series=4 volumes |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-61069-217-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Campo |first=Juan E. |title=Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8160-5454-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC}} * {{Cite book |last=Chittick |first=William C |title=Sufism: A Beginner's Guide |year=2008 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-78074-052-2 |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=LI0kjBlXS5UC}} |access-date=17 January 2015}} * {{Cite book |last=Cohen-Mor |first=Dalya |title=A Matter of Fate: The Concept of Fate in the Arab World as Reflected in Modern Arabic Literature |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-513398-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Curtis |first=Patricia A. |url=https://archive.org/details/guidetofoodlawsr0000curt |title=A Guide to Food Laws and Regulations |publisher=Blackwell Publishing Professional |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8138-1946-4 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/islamstraightpat0000espo |title=Islam: The Straight Path |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-511234-4 |edition=3rd |author-link=John Esposito}} * {{Cite book |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |title=The Oxford History of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-19-510799-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00john |editor-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |title=The Oxford History of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-19-510799-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00john |editor-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/unholywarterrori0000espo |title=Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002a |isbn=978-0-19-516886-0 |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |title=What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002b |isbn=978-0-19-515713-0 |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/islamstraightpat0001espo |title=Islam: The Straight Path |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-19-518266-8 |edition=Revised 3rd |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |title=Islam: The Straight Path |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-539600-3 |edition=4th |author-mask=1}} * {{cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |year=2011 |title=What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam |edition=2nd |place=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-979413-3 |author-mask=1}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20080204031050/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/Public/book_wenkai.html Lay summary] * {{Cite book |last1=Esposito |first1=John |url=https://archive.org/details/muslimsonamerica00yvon |title=Muslims on the Americanization Path? |last2=Haddad |first2=Yvonne Yazbeck |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-19-513526-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Farah |first=Caesar |title=Islam: Beliefs and Observances |publisher=Barron's Educational Series |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-8120-1853-0 |edition=5th |author-link=Caesar E. 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|publisher=Praeger Publishers |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-313-32472-7}} * {{Cite book |last=Kramer |first=Martin |title=Shi'Ism, Resistance, and Revolution |publisher=Westview Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-8133-0453-3}} * {{Cite book |last=Lapidus |first=Ira |title=A History of Islamic Societies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-521-77933-3 |edition=2nd}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |title=The Jews of Islam |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-7102-0462-2 |author-link=Bernard Lewis}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |title=The Arabs in History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-19-285258-8 |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/middleeastbriefh0000lewi |title=The Middle East |publisher=Scribner |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-684-83280-7 |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/islaminhistory00bern |title=Islam 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|last2=Hinnells |first2=John R. |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-27408-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Momen |first=Moojan |title=An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-300-03531-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyed Hossein |author-link=Seyyed Hossein Nasr |year=2003 |title=The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity}} * {{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyed Muhammad |url=https://archive.org/details/ourreligions00shar |title=Our Religions: The Seven World Religions Introduced by Preeminent Scholars from Each Tradition (Chapter 7) |publisher=HarperCollins |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-06-067700-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Nigosian |first=Solomon Alexander |title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-253-21627-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Peacock|first=A.C.S.|title=Islam, Literature and Society in Mongol Anatolia|date=2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume= |page=|doi= 10.1017/9781108582124|isbn=978-1-108-58212-4|s2cid=211657444}} * {{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |url=https://archive.org/details/islamguideforjew00fepe |title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-691-11553-5}} * {{Cite report |date=October 2009 |title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population |publisher=Pew Research Center |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2009/10/Muslimpopulation.pdf |access-date=25 May 2020 |ref={{sfnref|Pew Forum for Religion & Public Life|2009}} }} [https://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/ Overview]. * {{Cite book |last=Rippin |first=Andrew |url=https://archive.org/details/muslimstheirreli0000ripp |title=Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices |publisher=Routledge |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-415-21781-1 |edition=2nd |author-link=Andrew Rippin}} * {{cite book |last=Roychoudhury |first=Makhanlal |year=1941 |title=The Din-i Ilahi, or, The Religion of Akbar |publisher=University of Calcutta |oclc=3312929 |url=https://archive.org/details/diniilahiorthere031361mbp |via=Internet Archive}} * {{cite journal |last=Serjeant |first=R.B. |date=1978 |title=Sunnah Jami'ah, pacts with the Yathrib Jews, and the Tahrim of Yathrib |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |volume=41 |pages=1–42 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00057761 |s2cid=161485671 }} * {{Cite book |last=Sachedina |first=Abdulaziz |title=The Just Ruler in Shi'ite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence |publisher=Oxford University Press US |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-511915-2 |author-link=Abdulaziz Sachedina}} * {{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Jane I. |author-link=Jane Idleman Smith |title=The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-515649-2}} * {{Cite book |editor-last=Stefon |editor-first=Matt |title=Islamic Beliefs and Practices |publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-61530-060-0 |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/islamicbeliefspr0000stef |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last1=Ṭabāṭabāʼī |first1=Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn |title=Shi'ite Islam |translator-last=Nasr |translator-first=Seyyed Hossein |publisher=SUNY Press |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-87395-272-9 |author-link=Allameh Tabatabaei}} * {{Cite book |last=Teece |first=Geoff |url=https://archive.org/details/islam0000teec_a5d6 |title=Religion in Focus: Islam |publisher=Franklin Watts Ltd |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7496-4796-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Trimingham |first=John Spencer |title=The Sufi Orders in Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-512058-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Colin |title=Islam: the Basics |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-415-34106-6 |location=London}} * {{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Bryan S. |title=Weber and Islam |publisher=Routledge |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-415-17458-9 |location=London}} * {{Cite book |last=Waines |first=David |title=An Introduction to Islam |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-521-53906-7}} * {{Cite book |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |title=The Formative Period of Islamic Thought |publisher=University Press Edinburgh |year=1973 |isbn=978-0-85224-245-2 |author-link=William Montgomery Watt}} * {{Cite book |last=Watt |first=W. Montgomery |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadprophets00watt |title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1974 |isbn=978-0-19-881078-0 |edition=New |author-mask=1}} * {{Cite book |last=Weiss |first=Bernard G. |title=Studies in Islamic Legal Theory |publisher=Brill Academic publishers |year=2002 |isbn=978-90-04-12066-2 |location=Boston |author-link=Bernard G. Weiss}} {{Refend}} === Qaamuusyo iyo encyclopedias === {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{harvc |last1=Gardet|first1=L.|last2=Jomier|first2=J.|year=2012|c=Islām |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)}} {{doi|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0387}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |ref={{harvid|Fahlbusch et al|2001}} |editor-last=Fahlbusch |editor-first=Erwin |display-editors=etal |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=yaecVMhMWaEC}} |title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity |publisher=Brill Publishers |year=2001 |isbn=978-90-04-11695-5 |volume=2}} * {{cite encyclopedia |year=1913–1936 |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |editor1-last=Houtsma |editor1-first=M.T. |editor1-link=Martijn Theodoor Houtsma |editor2-first=T.W. |editor2-last=Arnold |editor2-link=Thomas Walker Arnold |editor3-first=R. |editor3-last=Basset |editor4-first=R. |editor4-last=Hartmann |edition=1st |place=Leiden |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-08265-6 |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam (1st ed.)|1913–1936}}}} * {{cite encyclopedia |year=2012 |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P.J. |issn=1573-3912 |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |edition=2nd |place=Leiden |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-16121-4 |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.)|2012}}}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P.J. |issn=1573-3912 |editor1-link=Peri Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs |ref={{harvid|Encyclopaedia of Islam Online|n.d.}} |date=n.d. |url=https://brill.com/view/package/eio?language=en |url-access=subscription}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2004 |title=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World |series=Macmillan Reference Books |publisher=Thomson-Gale |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofis0001unse |editor-last=Martin |editor-first=Richard C. |isbn=978-0-02-865603-8}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |date=n.d. |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |editor-link=Jane Dammen McAuliffe}} * {{cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān |volume=2 |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=2002}} * {{cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān |volume=3 |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-last=McAuliffe |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=2003}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals |publisher=Routledge |editor-last=Salamone |editor-first=Frank |edition=1st |isbn=978-0-415-94180-8 |series=Routledge Encyclopedias of Religion and Society |volume=6 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre00sala |jstor=j.ctt1jd94wq |year=2004}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2003 |title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=AltaMira Press |url=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas |editor-last=Glassé |editor-first=Cyril |series=Revised Edition of the Concise Encyclopedia of Islam |isbn=978-0-7591-0190-6 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-19-512558-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00bada |url-access=registration}} {{doi|10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001}} – via Oxford Reference. * {{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |year=2004 |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |place=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975726-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2006 |title=The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia |publisher=Routledge |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=isDgI0-0Ip4C|page=}} |editor-last=Leaman |editor-first=Oliver |isbn=978-0-415-32639-1}} {{Refend}} == Akhrin dheeraad ah == {{Refbegin}} * Abdul-Haqq, Abdiyah Akbar (1980). ''Sharing Your Faith with a Muslim''. Minneapolis: Bethany House Publishers. ''N.B''. Presents the genuine doctrines and concepts of Islam and of the Holy Qur'an, and this religion's affinities with Christianity and its Sacred Scriptures, in order to "dialogue" on the basis of what both faiths really teach. {{ISBN|0-87123-553-6}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism |publisher=SAGE; Cato Institute |location=Thousand Oaks, CA |last=Ahmad |first=Imad-ad-Dean |title=Islam |author-link=Imad-ad-Dean Ahmad |editor-last=Hamowy |editor-first=Ronald |editor-link=Ronald Hamowy |pages=256–258 |doi=10.4135/9781412965811.n155 |isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4 |lccn=2008009151 |oclc=750831024 |url={{Google books|yxNgXs3TkJYC|plainurl=yes}}}} * {{Cite book |last=Akyol |first=Mustafa |url=https://archive.org/details/islamwithoutextr0000akyo |title=Islam Without Extremes |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-393-07086-6 |edition=1st |author-link=Mustafa Akyol}} * {{Cite book |last=Arberry |first=A.J. |url=https://archive.org/details/koraninterpreted00ajar |title=The Koran Interpreted: A Translation |publisher=Touchstone |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-684-82507-6 |edition=1st |author-link=A. J. Arberry}} * Cragg, Kenneth (1975). ''The House of Islam'', in ''The Religious Life of Man Series''. Second ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company 1975. xiii, 145 p. {{ISBN|0-8221-0139-4}}. * {{Cite book |last=Hafez |first=Sherine |title=An Islam of Her Own: Reconsidering Religion and Secularism in Women's Islamic Movements |year=2011 |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=9780814773055 |url=https://opensquare.nyupress.org/books/9780814790724/}} * {{Cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Muhammad Muhsin |title=Noble Quran |last2=Al-Hilali Khan |last3=Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications |year=1999 |isbn=978-9960-740-79-9 |edition=1st |author-link=Muhammad Muhsin Khan}} * Khanbaghi, A, (2006). ''The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran''. I. B. Tauris. * Khavari, Farid A. (1990). ''Oil and Islam: the Ticking Bomb''. First ed. Malibu, Calif.: Roundtable Publications. viii, 277 p., ill. with maps and charts. {{ISBN|0-915677-55-5}}. * {{Cite book |title=The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-965-224-040-8 |editor-last=Kramer |editor-first=Martin |editor-link=Martin Kramer}} * {{Cite book |last=Kuban |first=Dogan |title=Muslim Religious Architecture |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=1974 |isbn=978-90-04-03813-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/islamwest00lewi_0 |title=Islam and the West |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-19-509061-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/culturesinconfli0000lewi |title=Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Age of Discovery |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-19-510283-3 |url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book |last=Mubarkpuri |first=Saifur-Rahman |title=The Sealed Nectar: Biography of the Prophet |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-59144-071-0}} * {{Cite book |last=Najeebabadi |first=Akbar Shah |title=History of Islam |publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-59144-034-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Sayilgan |first=Salih |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/god-evil-and-suffering-in-islam/C4C89591ADAAF25F104D517C4F4634B3 |title=God, Evil, and Suffering in Islam |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2023 |isbn=9781009377294}} * {{Cite book |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |url=https://www.giffordlectures.org/books/deciphering-signs-god-phenomenological-approach-islam |title=Deciphering the Signs of God: A Phenomenological Approach to Islam |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-7914-1982-3 |author-link=Annemarie Schimmel |access-date=31 January 2019 |archive-date=22 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422154518/https://www.giffordlectures.org/books/deciphering-signs-god-phenomenological-approach-islam |url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book |last=Schuon |first=Frithjof |title=Understanding Islam |publisher=Allen & Unwin |year=1963 |isbn=978-0941532242 |edition=3rd |author-link=Frithjof Schuon}} * {{Cite book |last=Stoddard |first=Lothrop |title=The New World of Islam |publisher=Chapman & Hall |year=1922 |url=https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/24107}} * {{Cite book |last=Walker |first=Benjamin |title=Foundations of Islam: The Making of a World Faith |publisher=Peter Owen Publishers |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-7206-1038-3 |author-link=Benjamin Walker (author)}} {{Refend}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Library resources box}} * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam "Islam"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/index.shtml Religion & Ethics – Islam] Maqaallo hordhac u ah Islaamka oo ka socda BBC 81qxsaiyj7hfnjjggbpqgl7s00pmatd 0 2572 307913 231321 2026-09-13T20:20:38Z Axmed1122 47366 10/30/2003/* Dhalashooyin */ 9/10/200 307913 wikitext text/x-wiki [[1998]] - [[1999]] - [[2000]] __TOC__ == Dhacdooyin == * Waa markii ugu horaysay ee la dhaqan galiyo lacagta [[Euro]]. * [[Maalinta Caalamiga ah ee Afka Hooyo]] ==Dhalashooyin== == Dhimashooyin == ==Madaxda Aduunka== [[Category:Sanad]] [[Category:2000|2000]] 2taqp3raorae4axlnptbiu4hzdc2gki 307915 307913 2026-09-13T20:29:26Z Axmed1122 47366 10/30/2003/* Dhalashooyin */ 9/10/200 307915 wikitext text/x-wiki [[1998]] - [[1999]] - [[2000]] [[af:1999]] [[als:1990er#1999]] [[am:1999 እ.ኤ.አ.]] [[an:1999]] [[ar:1999]] [[ast:1999]] [[av:1999]] [[az:1999]] [[bat-smg:1999]] [[be:1999]] [[be-x-old:1999]] [[bg:1999]] [[bn:১৯৯৯]] [[bpy:মারি ১৯৯৯]] [[br:1999]] [[bs:1999]] [[ca:1999]] [[cbk-zam:1999]] [[co:1999]] [[cr:1999]] [[cs:1999]] [[csb:1999]] [[cv:1999]] [[cy:1999]] [[da:1999]] [[de:1999]] [[el:1999]] [[en:1999]] [[eo:1999]] [[es:1999]] [[et:1999]] [[eu:1999]] [[fi:1999]] [[fo:1999]] [[fr:1999]] [[frp:1999]] [[fur:1999]] [[fy:1999]] [[ga:1999]] [[gd:1999]] [[gl:1999]] [[he:1999]] [[hi:१९९९]] [[hr:1999]] [[ht:1999 (almanak gregoryen)]] [[hu:1999]] [[hy:1999]] [[ia:1999]] [[id:1999]] [[ig:1999]] [[ilo:1999]] [[io:1999]] [[is:1999]] [[it:1999]] [[ja:1999年]] [[jv:1999]] [[ka:1999]] [[kn:೧೯೯೯]] [[ko:1999년]] [[ksh:Joohr 1999]] [[ku:1999]] [[kw:1999]] [[la:1999]] [[lb:1999]] [[li:1999]] [[lmo:1999]] [[ln:1999]] [[lt:1999]] [[lv:1999]] [[map-bms:1999]] [[mi:1999]] [[mk:1999]] [[mr:ई.स. १९९९]] [[ms:1999]] [[nah:1999]] [[nap:1999]] [[nds:1999]] [[nds-nl:1999]] [[nl:1999]] [[nn:1999]] [[no:1999]] [[nov:1999]] [[nrm:1999]] [[oc:1999]] [[os:1999]] [[pa:੧੯੯੯]] [[pam:1999]] [[pdc:1999]] [[pl:1999]] [[pt:1999]] [[qu:1999]] [[ro:1999]] [[ru:1999 год]] [[ru-sib:1999]] [[scn:1999]] [[sco:1999]] [[se:1999]] [[sh:1999]] [[simple:1999]] [[sk:1999]] [[sl:1999]] [[sq:1999]] [[sr:1999]] [[su:1999]] [[sv:1999]] [[sw:1999]] [[ta:1999]] [[te:1999]] [[tg:1999]] [[th:พ.ศ. 2542]] [[tk:1999]] [[tl:1999]] [[tpi:1999]] [[tr:1999]] [[tt:1999]] [[ty:1999]] [[udm:1999]] [[uk:1999]] [[uz:1999]] [[vec:1999]] [[vi:1999]] [[wa:1999]] [[zh:1999年]] [[zh-min-nan:1999 nî]] [[zh-yue:1999年]] 5bupep0rd4ohgekdwl150mvk2clq27g 307916 307915 2026-09-13T20:44:58Z Isma4l 41797 Wuxuu dib u noqay badaladii uu sameeyay [[Special:Contributions/Axmed1122|Axmed1122]] ([[User talk:Axmed1122|wadahadal]]) kuna celiyay badalkii ka danbeeyay oo sameeyay [[User:Per excellence|Per excellence]] 231321 wikitext text/x-wiki [[1998]] - [[1999]] - [[2000]] __TOC__ == Dhacdooyin == * Waa markii ugu horaysay ee la dhaqan galiyo lacagta [[Euro]]. * [[Maalinta Caalamiga ah ee Afka Hooyo]] ==Dhalashooyin== == Dhimashooyin == ==Madaxda Aduunka== [[Category:Sanad]] 6b6qovuf4o9g1znhrvbfuhogyi8rtju 0 5531 307910 262087 2026-09-13T19:49:14Z Axmed1122 47366 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 307910 wikitext text/x-wiki Dhaqdhaqaaqa Wahaabigu wuxuu ku bilaabmay dhaqdhaqaaq dib-u-noolayn iyo dib-u-habayn ka socday Jasiiradda Carabta horaantii qarnigii 18-aad. Wadaad da’yar oo la odhan jiray Muxammad bin Cabdil Wahaab (1792-1703 AD / 1115-1206 Hijriyada) oo ahaa hoggaamiyihii Almohad iyo magaca xarakaadka Wahaabiyiinta, ayaa ugu baaqay xertiisa. inuu diido qaar ka mid ah caqiidada iyo dhaqamada la xidhiidha cibaadada awliyo oo ah nijaasta jaahiliga iyo bidcada islaamka, dhaq-dhaqaaqiisana wuu adkaaday.U hogaansanaanta quraanka iyo xadiithka (15) wuxuuna ku baaqay in la isticmaalo ijtihaad (5) ugu danbayn. Ibnu Cabdil Wahaab waxa uu heshiis la galay hogaamiye maxali ah oo la odhan jiray Muxammad bin Sucuud, waxa uu u fidiyay adeeci siyaasadeed, waxaanu u ballan qaaday in ilaalinta iyo faafinta diinta islaamka ay ka dhigan tahay awood, sharaf iyo xukunka dhulka ee alle s.w.t – [55]. Qarnigii siddeed iyo tobnaad ee khariidadda Jasiiradda Carabta, ca. 17405 Taariikhyahannada Yurub, aqoonyahanno, socdaaliyaal iyo dublamaasiyiin qarniyadii 18-aad iyo 19-aad waxay barbar-dhigeen dhaqdhaqaaqa Wahaabiyadda iyo dhaqdhaqaaqyo bulsho iyo siyaasadeed oo kala duwan oo Yurub-Maraykanka ah ee xilligii Kacaannada. Caalimkii Calvinist John Ludwig Burckhardt, oo ah qoraaga buugaagta sida wanaagsan loo soo dhaweeyay ee Travels in the Arabian Peninsula (1829) iyo Notes on the Bedouins and Wahabis (1830), waxa uu ku tilmaamay Almohad in ay yihiin muwaadiniin Carbeed oo iska caabiyay taliskii [[Turkiga]] iyo xeeladihiisa Napoleon. Aasiya waxay doondoontay. soo noolayn xoog leh oo ilbaxnimada Carabta ah iyada oo nidaam cusub laga hirgeliyay Jaziirada Carabta, lagana sifeeyay dhammaan canaasiirta maan-galnimada iyo khuraafaadka ah ee caadi ka ahayd [[Suufi|suufiyada]] xad-dhaafka ah ee Turkiga iyo saamaynta shisheeye.(16 Midowgii Sacuudiga kadib, Wahaabiyiintu waxay awoodeen inay faafiyaan awoodooda siyaasadeed oo ay ku xoojiyaan xukunkooda. Magaalooyinka barakeysan ee Islaamka ee Maka iyo Madiina kadib markii shidaal laga helay meel u dhow gacanka Faaris 1939, Boqortooyada Sacuudi Carabiya waxay awood u yeelatay inay hesho dakhli dhoofinta saliidda, kuwaas oo ah dakhli ... Waxay gaadhay balaayiin dollar. Lacagtan waxa lagu kharash gareeyay buugaagta, warbaahinta iyo dugsiyada Jaamacado, masaajido, deeqo waxbarasho, isbahaysi iyo shaqooyin macaash ah oo ay helaan suxufiyiinta, aqoonyahannada iyo culimada. Diinta Islaamka – Mabda’a Wahaabiyadu waxay siisay maqaam muuqda oo Islaamku ku dhex leeyahay adduunka oo dhan 10 - * [https://www.jw.org/en/library/books/Mankinds-Search-for-God/Islām-The-Way-to-God-by-Submission/ Islām—The Way to God by Submission] [[Category:Kooxaha Islaam]] 7ns0i8a1c9kbkcvayyp77pvn7a6rc1z 0 9008 307894 293080 2026-09-13T16:03:49Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:President_Mohamed_Morsi.jpg|President_Mohamed_Morsi.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Infrogmation|Infrogmation]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/Files in Category:Mohamed Morsi|]]. 307894 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox xafiiska |name = Mohammed Morsi<br /><small>{{lang|ar|محمد مرسى}}</small> |birthname = Mohammed Morsi |image = |image size = 400px |order1 = [[Madaxweyneyaashii Masar|5aad]] |office1 = Madaxweynaha Masar |vicepresident1 = [[Maxamuud Makki]] <br /><small>(16 August 2012 – 22 December 2012)</small><ref name=reu2212>{{cite news|title=Vice president quits as Egypt votes on constitution|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/12/22/us-egypt-politics-idUSBRE8BL03X20121222|accessdate=22 December 2012|newspaper=Reuters|date=22 December 2012|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=29 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429132145/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/12/22/us-egypt-politics-idUSBRE8BL03X20121222|dead-url=yes}}</ref> |primeminister1 = [[Kamaal Janzuuri]]<br />[[Hishaam Qandiil]] |term_start1 = 30 June 2012 |term_end1 = 31 August 2013 |predecessor1 = [[Xusni mubaarak]]<ref name=pred1>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/jun/30/mohamed-morsi-sworn-in-egyptian-president?newsfeed=true|title=Mohamed Morsi sworn in as Egyptian president|author=Conal Urquhart and agencies|date=30 June 2012|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=1 July 2012}}</ref><ref name=pred2>{{cite news |url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jpszTfIX0wjb-v5EuCrxubiahGWw?docId=ab4ee00f25a84113a306a80baeb947ce|title=Egypt votes for president to succeed Mubarak|author=Hamza Hendawi|date=16 June 2012|agency=Associated Press|publisher=[[Google]]|accessdate=1 July 2012}}</ref>* |successor1 = |office2 = Xaghayaha guud ee aan ku xirnayn dhaqdhaqaaq |term_start2 = 30 Juuun 2012 |term_end2 = 2 Agoosto 2012 |predecessor2 = [[Mohamed Hussein Tantawi]] <small>(Kumeelgaar)</small> |office3 = Gudoomiyaha Xisbiga Xiyadda iyo cadaaladda |term_start3 = 30 Abriil 2011 |term_end3 = 24 Juun 2012 |predecessor3 = Booska uu ka joogay |successor3 = [[Sacad Katatni]] |office4 = Xobin ka mid ah [[Golaha shacabka]] |term_start4 = 1 Diseembar 2000 |term_end4 = 12 Diseembarr 2005 |predecessor4 = [[Nucmaan Jumca]] |successor4 = Mahmoud Abaza |birth_date = {{Dhalashada iyo sanadka|1951|08|20|df=y}} |birth_place = Bariga masar, [[Masar]] |death_date = |death_place = |spouse = [[Naglaa Maxamuud]] <small>(1979–Joogta)</small> |children = 5 |party = Xisbiga xoriyadda iyo cadaaladda<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.ruvr.ru/2012_06_24/79174954/|title=Morsi: Egypt's international commitments unchanged|publisher=Voice of Russia|date=24 June 2012|agency=Information Telegraph Agency of Russia|archivedate=13 August 2012|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/69sJcmHOa?url=http://english.ruvr.ru/2012_06_24/79174954/|accessdate=12 August 2012|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|dead-url=yes}}</ref></small> |otherparty = [[Ikhwaanu muslimiin]] |alma_mater = [[Jaamacadda qaahira]]<br />[[Jaamacadda koofur kalifoorniya]] |profession = [[Academia|Academic]] ([[Enjineeriya]]) |religion = [[Sunni Islam]] |signature = Muhammed Morsi Signature.png |footnotes = * xafiiska 11 Feberaayo 2011 to 30 Juun 2014.<ref name=vacancy1>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2045328_2045338_2048789,00.html|title=Ruling Egypt After Mubarak: Presidential Contenders Emerge|author=Abigail Hauslohner|date=12 February 2011|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|accessdate=1 July 2012|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=21 Bisha Shanaad 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521073607/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2045328_2045338_2048789,00.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name=vacant2>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/download/download-2011/index.html|title=[[The World Factbook|World Factbook 2011]]|author=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|year=2011|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|accessdate=1 July 2012|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=18 Bisha Shanaad 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518073802/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/download/download-2011/index.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> }} '''Maxamed Morsi Ciisa El-Ayyat''' ([[Af-Carabi]]: محمد مرسى عيسى العياط) (Dalasho: 20 Agoosto [[1951]] - 17 Juun [[2019]]) waa madaxweynII shanaad ee wadanka [[Masar]] iyo kii ugu horeeyay kadib kacdoonkii 25 january 2011 waxaa lagu til maamaa inuu ahaa madaxwaynihii ugu horeeyay oo si demoqraadiya loo doorto 24 june 2012 in udhiganta 51.73% dadkii kaqayb galay doorashadda si rasmiya waxuu xilka u qabtay 30 june 2012 ilaa lagu casilay afgambi millatary 3 july 2013  == Tixraacyada == <references group="http://www.alittihad.ae/details.php?id=61949&y=2012" /> [[Category:Siyaasad]] 5af0l3p9yrn1vtg9hz2lc45f3u9di43 10 9134 307918 102387 2026-09-13T21:56:19Z Isma4l 41797 Wuxuu qoraalka ku badalay "<includeonly>{{#invoke:Respell|main}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude>" 307918 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:Respell|main}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 10gg5a0ckpnnxl2bu05fvyimn0kc69u 10 11156 307917 219671 2026-09-13T21:54:10Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307917 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{safesubst<noinclude />:#if:{{{name|}}} |{{#tag:ref|{{{1|{{{reference|{{{content|{{{text|}}}}}}}}}}}}|name={{{name|}}}|group={{safesubst<noinclude />:#switch: {{{group|}}} | note | upper-alpha | upper-roman | lower-alpha | lower-greek | lower-roman = {{{group|}}} | #default = lower-alpha }}}} |{{#tag:ref|{{{1|{{{reference|{{{content|{{{text|}}}}}}}}}}}}|group={{safesubst<noinclude />:#switch: {{{group|}}} | note | upper-alpha | upper-roman | lower-alpha | lower-greek | lower-roman = {{{group|}}} | #default = xarfaha yaryar }}}} }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> je0roxhq99c0f4ajx0154ji2ilihi01 307932 307917 2026-09-13T23:19:04Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307932 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{safesubst<noinclude />:#if:{{{name|}}} |{{#tag:ref|{{{1|{{{reference|{{{content|{{{text|}}}}}}}}}}}}|name={{{name|}}}|group={{safesubst<noinclude />:#switch: {{{group|}}} | note | upper-alpha | upper-roman | lower-alpha | lower-greek | lower-roman = {{{group|}}} | #default = lower-alpha }}}} |{{#tag:ref|{{{1|{{{reference|{{{content|{{{text|}}}}}}}}}}}}|group={{safesubst<noinclude />:#switch: {{{group|}}} | note | upper-alpha | upper-roman | lower-alpha | lower-greek | lower-roman = {{{group|}}} | #default = lower-alpha }}}} }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 95uusiggd4cbf2ushwzxco3q2lmfbi1 0 17298 307936 307781 2026-09-14T00:50:09Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 307936 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Shikaago, Illinois | settlement_type = [[Caasimad]] | official_name = Caasimada Chicago | etymology = {{lang-mia|shikaakwa}} ("basasha duurjoogta" ama "toonta duurjoogta")<br />{{lang-pot|Gaa-zhigaagwanzhikaag}} | nickname = [[Dabeyl|Caasimadii Dabeysha]], Chi-Town, "Caasimadii Labaad", Caasimadii Garboweyn<br>(si aad u ogaato waxbadan fiiri [[Shikaago|dhamaan naaneysaha]]) | motto = {{lang-la|Urbs in Horto}} (''Caasimadii Beerta''), Waan yeeli | image_skyline = Chicago montage1.jpg | imagesize = 300px | image_caption = Ka soo biloow kor: [[Jikaago|Farasmagaalka Jikaago]], Shaleemada Magaalada, Dhismaha "L", Xarunta [[Bad]]maaxa, Beerta Millennium, Goob Taariikheed, iyo dhismaha dheer ee Willis Tower. | image_flag = Flag of Chicago, Illinois.svg | image_seal = | image_map = Cook County Illinois incorporated and unincorporated areas Chicago highlighted.svg | mapsize = 260px | map_caption = Meesha ay ku taalo [[Degmo|Cook County]] iyo gobolka [[Illinois]]. | pushpin_map = USA | pushpin_map_caption = Meesha ay kaga taalo Maraykanka | pushpin_label = Chicago | latd = 41 | latm = 50 | lats = 13 | latNS = N | longd = 87 | longm = 41 | longs = 05 | longEW = W | coordinates_region = US-IL | coordinates_display = inline,title | coordinates_footnotes= <ref name="gnis"/> | subdivision_type = [[Deegaan]] | subdivision_name = {{nowrap|{{flag|United States of America}}}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Maraykanka|Gobolka]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Illinois]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Tiro|Tirada Countyada]] | subdivision_name2 = Cook County iyo DuPage County | established_title = La degay | established_date = 1780 | established_title2 = {{nowrap|[[Dowlad|Nidaam dowlad-hoose]] (magaalo)}} | established_date2 = Agosto 12, 1833 | established_title3 = [[Dowlad|Nidaam Degmo weyne]] (caasimad) | established_date3 = Maarso 4, 1837 | founder = | named_for = ''shikaakwa'', ''jikaakwa''<br />''(basashi duurjooga iyo toontii duurjooga)'' | government_type = [[Degmo|Golaha Duqa-Magaalada]] | governing_body = [[Shikaago|Dowlada Hoose ee Shikaago]] | leader_title = Duqa-magaalada | leader_name = Rahm Emanuel (xisbiga Dimuqraadiga) | leader_title1 = [[Caasimad|Xoghayaha Caasimada]] | leader_name1 = Susana A. Mendoza ([Xisbiga Dimuqraadiga) | leader_title2 = [[Jikaago|Agaasimaha Caasimada]] | leader_name2 = Kurt Summers Jr. (Xisbiga Dimuqraadiga) | unit_pref = US | area_magnitude = | area_total_sq_mi = 234.0 | area_total_km2 = | area_land_sq_mi = 227.2 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_sq_mi = 6.9 | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = 3.0 | area_urban_sq_mi = 2122.8 | area_urban_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = 10874 | area_metro_km2 = | area_footnotes = | elevation_ft = 594 | elevation_m = | elevation_footnotes = <ref name="gnis">{{Cite GNIS|428803|City of Chicago}}</ref>''(mean)'' | elevation_max_footnotes = <br />''– u dhow gasiirada Blue'' | elevation_min_footnotes = <br />''– ku taal harta Michigan'' | elevation_max_m = | elevation_max_ft = 672 | elevation_min_m = | elevation_min_ft = 578 | population_total = 2695598 | population_as_of = [[Maraykanka|'''2010''']] | population_est = 2722389 | pop_est_as_of = Luuliyo 1, 2014<ref name="metro">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/newsroom/releases/2015/cb15-89_graphic.jpg |title=Chicago (city), Illinois QuickFacts |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |accessdate=June 12, 2014 }}</ref> | population_rank = Caasimada [[dad|3aad]] ee ugu dadka badan Maraykanka | population_note = | population_footnotes = <ref name ="FactFinder">{{cite web|title=American FactFinder|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=June 10, 2014}}</ref> | population_urban = | population_metro = 9522434 ([[3|3aad]]) | population_density_sq_mi = 11864.4 | population_density_km2 = 4447.4 | population_demonym = Chicagoan | timezone = [[Wakhti|Wakhtiga Badhtamaha Maraykanka]] | utc_offset = -6 | timezone_DST = CDT | utc_offset_DST = -5 | postal_code_type = laga hormariyo ZIP Kodhka | postal_code = 606xx, 607xx, 608xx | area_code_type = Area codes | area_code = 312/872 iyo 773/872 | blank_name = [[Maraykanka|FIPS]] code | blank_info = 17|14000 | blank1_name = Muuqaalka [[Juquraafi|GNIS]] | blank1_info = GNIS4-0428803 | website = {{URL|www.cityofchicago.org}} | footnotes = }} '''Chicago''', '''[[Shikaago]]''', '''[[Jikaago]]''' (loogu dhawaaqo {{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Chicago-2.ogg|ʃ|ɨ|ˈ|k|ɑː|ɡ|oʊ}} ama {{IPAc-en|ʃ|ɨ|ˈ|k|ɔː|ɡ|oʊ}}) waa [[caasimad]]a sadexaad ee ugu dadka badan wadanka [[Maraykanka]]. Magaalda Jikaago waa deegaanka ugu dadka badan gobolka [[Illinois]] iyo deegaanka "Midwest", taas oo leh shacab dhan [[milyan|2.7 milyan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=CF|website=factfinder.census.gov|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division|accessdate=June 16, 2015|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=November 29, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129082905/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=CF|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Dhinaca kale, marka la isku daro magaalada Chicago iyo nawaaxigeeda, taasi oo loo yaqaano "Chicagoland", waa deegaanka sadexaad ee ugu wayn wadanka Maraykanka, waxaana degan dad ka badan 10 milyan. Shikaago waxaa la aasaasay sanadkii 1837kii, laakiin waxay aad u kortay horaantii [[qarni|qarnigii 19aad]]. Horumarka iyo koritaanka magaalada waxaa aad uga qeyb qaatey [[har|harta Great Lake]] iyo [[webiga Mississipi]]. Shikaago waa fadhiga [[dowlad]]a "Cook County" ee ugu weyn gobolka Illinois..<ref>"In 1946 Chicago acquired land for O'Hare Airport, including a portion of northeast DuPage." Steph McGrath, "DuPage County" ''Encyclopedia of Chicago'' [http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/396.html chicagohistory.org]</ref><ref>"In order to consolidate its control over the airport area, Chicago annexed it in March 1956, including the western edge, in DuPage County." Amanda Seligman "O'Hare" ''Encyclopedia of Chicago'' [http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/924.html chicagohistory.org]</ref> Maanta magaalada Shikaago waa xarun weyn oo [[ganacsi]], dhaqaale, [[warshad]]o, shirkado, teknoolojiyad, [[Isgaarsiinta|isgaadhsiin]], iyo gaadiid; waxayna leedahay Gegada diyaaradaha O'Hare ee caalamiga ah (" O'Hare International Airport")<ref>{{cite web|last=Keating|first=Ann Durkin|title=Metropolitan Growth|url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/821.html|work=Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago|publisher=Chicago Historical Society|accessdate=December 5, 2013|year=2005|archive-date=Bisha Labaad 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222191257/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/821.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> kaasi oo ah gegada diyaarada ugu weyn ee [[aduun|caalamka]] oo dhan. Sidoo kale, caasimada Shikaago waxaa ku yaala wadooyinka (highways) iyo wado-tareenka (railroads) ugu waaweyn wadanka Maraykanka. Sanadkiii 2014ka waxaa loo aqoonsaday magaaladan ineey tahay caasimada [[14]]aad<ref>{{cite web|title=The World According to GaWC 2012|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2012t.html|publisher=Globalization and World Cities Research Network|accessdate=May 5, 2014|date=January 13, 2014|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=Bisha Saddexaad 20, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320212149/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2012t.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> ee ugu weyn caalamka, tan [[7]]aad ee ugu dhaqaalaha badan, iyo tan sadexaad ee ugu [[lacag]]ta badan wadanka Maraykanka ayada oo heeysata ama maamusha lacag dhan [[dollar|571 bilyan]] dollar.<ref>{{cite web|title=2014 Global Cities Index|url=http://www.atkearney.com/research-studies/global-cities-index/full-report|publisher=A.T. Kearney|accessdate=May 10, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=GDP by Metropolitan Area, Advance 2012, and Revised 2001–2011|url=http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/gdp_metro/2013/pdf/gdp_metro0913.pdf|publisher=U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis|accessdate=December 5, 2013|date=September 17, 2013|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=October 29, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201926/http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/gdp_metro/2013/pdf/gdp_metro0913.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Intaas waxaa dheer in magaalada Shikaago tahay mid ka mida goobaha soo jiidasha badan ee wadanka Maraykanka; sanadkii 2014ka oo kali ah waxaa soo siyaartey magaaladan dad ka badan 50.2 milyan oo dad iskugu jira ajanabi iyo kuwa wadanka u dhashay. Sabata keentay dalxiisayaasha badan waxaa ka mid ah dhaqanka iyo bulsho weynta magaalada oo ah mid aad iskugu dhafan oo leh noocyo badan oo matala dhaqanada dunida daafaheeda. Waxyaabaha ugu xiisaha badan waxaa ka mid ah: shaneemooyinka waaweyn, [[hees]]aha Jazzka, Soulka iyo bluega. Waxaa sidoo kale magaadu caan ku tahay [[dadka Madoow]] (African American) ee ku dhaqan magaalada; kuwaasi oo ah tirada ugu badan shacabka Shikaago iyo nawaaxigeeda.<ref name="Liebling's Second City">{{cite web | title= Chicago's Twentieth-Century Cultural Exports | author= Sarah S. Marcus | url= http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/410156.html | work= | publisher= The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago | accessdate= April 19, 2009 | archive-date= Bisha Koobaad 18, 2022 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220118043358/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/410156.html | url-status= dead }}</ref> Caasimada Shikaago waxay leedahay naaneyso badan ooy ka mid tahay "[[dabeyl|Caasimada Dabeysha]]" (sababtoo ah waxay leedahay dabeyl aad u badan oo gu' iyo jiilaal soo taagan), "[[labo|Caasimada Labaad]]" iyo naaneyso kale oo la xidhidha dhaqanka iyo taariikhda deegaanka. =Taariikhda= {{multiple image | align = left | direction = vertical | image1 = Chicago in 1833 - V.O. Hammon Publishing Co. Chicago (Front).tiff | width1 = 225 | caption1 = [[Sawir]]-gacmeed magaalada Shikaago sanadkii 1833kii; horaantii magaalada | alt1 = | image2 = Illinois-michigan-canal.png | width2 = 225 | caption2 = Maabka gacanka Illinois iyo Michigan ee la dhamasytiray 1848 | alt2 = | image3 = Chicago - State St at Madison Ave, 1897.ogv | width3 = 225 | caption3 = Wadada Madison oo ahaan jirtey meelaha ugu mashquulsan dunida. Fiidiyowgan waa qiyaastii 1897 | alt3 = }} Magaca magaaladan Chicago waxaa laga keenay erayga ''"Shikaakwa"'' ee luuqada dadka u dhashay qaarada ee loo yaqaano Hindida Cas (Red Indians) kaasi oo macnaheedu yahay [[basal|basasha duurjooga]] ama [[toon|toonta duurjooga]] ah. Waxa ereyga markii ugu horeeysay isticmaalay gumeystihii cadaanka ahaa ee deegaankaasi tegay ayaga oo u qaatey magac deegaanka looga yaqaano dhulkaasi.<ref>{{cite web|last=Conzen|first=Michael|title=Global Chicago|url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/277.html|work=The Economic Rivalry between St. Louis and Chicago|publisher=Encyclopedia of Chicago}}</ref> Wakhtigan gumeystaha reer [[Yurub]] soo gaadheen deeganka oo ku beegnaa horaantii [[qarni|qarnigii 18aad]] ayaa waxa deganaa Shikaago iyo nawaaxigeeda qabiilka Potawatomi, oo ka mid ah hindida cas, kuwaasi oo ahaa [[ugaadhsi|ugaadhsato]] iyo [[qadhaabsi|qadhaabsato]]. Wakhti yar gudaheed waxaa ka dhex qarxay dagaal dadkii dhulka loogu yimid iyo gumeystihii cadaanka ahaa reer Yurub. Dagaalkaasi oo dad badan kaga dhinteen dadka hindida cas ayaa waxaa ku guuleystay gumeystihii cadaa ee horsocotay dowlada Maraykanku.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://users.ox.ac.uk/~sedm1912/chn.html#y1856_m02_d14 |title=Chicago Daily Tribune, Thursday Morning, February 14 |publisher=nike-of-samothrace.net |accessdate=May 4, 2009 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=March 25, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325060713/http://users.ox.ac.uk/~sedm1912/chn.html#y1856_m02_d14 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sanadihii 1830kii ayaa heshiisyo khasab ah laga sexeeeyay dadka deegaanka ee u badnaa qabiilka Potawatomi, si loo dejiyo deegaano kale oo ka fog Shikaago. Waxaana sanadkii 1833kii la aasaasay dhismayaashii ugu horeeyay ee magaalada Shikaago halkaas oo la dejiyay dad dhan 200 oo qof. Todoba sano gudahood waxaa magaalada Shikaago iskugu yimid shacab dhan 4,000 taasi oo keentay in magaaladu si xoowli ah ku korto.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chicago: Population|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31156/31156-h/31156-h.htm#ar148|work=1911 Encyclopædia Britannica|publisher=Project Gutenberg|accessdate=December 5, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|url=http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html}}</ref> ==Sido Kale fiiri== * [[Gobolada Isku Tegay ee Ameerika]] ky5tzjp87flyl9bbzs99sb6k2ank469 828 30767 307956 202539 2026-09-14T10:05:11Z Isma4l 41797 307956 Scribunto text/plain -- Module:Excerpt implements the Excerpt template -- Documentation and master version: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Module:Excerpt -- Authors: User:Sophivorus, User:Certes, User:Aidan9382 & others -- License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 local parser = require( 'Module:WikitextParser' ) local yesno = require( 'Module:Yesno' ) local ok, config = pcall( require, 'Module:Excerpt/config' ) if not ok then config = {} end local Excerpt = {} -- Main entry point for templates function Excerpt.main( frame ) -- Make sure the requested page exists and get the wikitext local page = Excerpt.getArg( 1 ) if not page or page == '{{{1}}}' then return Excerpt.getError( 'no-page' ) end local title = mw.title.new( page ) if not title then return Excerpt.getError( 'invalid-title', page ) end local fragment = title.fragment -- save for later if title.isRedirect then title = title.redirectTarget if fragment == "" then fragment = title.fragment -- page merge potential end end if not title.exists then return Excerpt.getError( 'page-not-found', page ) end page = title.prefixedText local wikitext = title:getContent() -- Get the template params and process them local params = { hat = yesno( Excerpt.getArg( 'hat', true ) ), this = Excerpt.getArg( 'this' ), only = Excerpt.getArg( 'only' ), files = Excerpt.getArg( 'files', Excerpt.getArg( 'file' ) ), lists = Excerpt.getArg( 'lists', Excerpt.getArg( 'list' ) ), tables = Excerpt.getArg( 'tables', Excerpt.getArg( 'table' ) ), templates = Excerpt.getArg( 'templates', Excerpt.getArg( 'template' ) ), paragraphs = Excerpt.getArg( 'paragraphs', Excerpt.getArg( 'paragraph' ) ), references = yesno( Excerpt.getArg( 'references', true ) ), subsections = yesno( Excerpt.getArg( 'subsections', false ) ), links = yesno( Excerpt.getArg( 'links', true ) ), bold = yesno( Excerpt.getArg( 'bold', false ) ), briefDates = yesno( Excerpt.getArg( 'briefdates', false ) ), inline = yesno( Excerpt.getArg( 'inline' ) ), quote = yesno( Excerpt.getArg( 'quote' ) ), more = yesno( Excerpt.getArg( 'more' ) ), class = Excerpt.getArg( 'class' ), track = yesno( Excerpt.getArg( 'track', true ) ), displayTitle = Excerpt.getArg( 'displaytitle', page ), } -- Make sure the requested section exists and get the excerpt local excerpt local section = Excerpt.getArg( 2, fragment ) section = mw.text.trim( section ) if section == '' then section = nil end if section then excerpt = parser.getSectionTag( wikitext, section ) if not excerpt then if params.subsections then excerpt = parser.getSection( wikitext, section ) else local sections = parser.getSections( wikitext ) excerpt = sections[ section ] end end if not excerpt then return Excerpt.getError( 'section-not-found', section ) end if excerpt == '' then return Excerpt.getError( 'section-empty', section ) end else excerpt = parser.getLead( wikitext ) if excerpt == '' then return Excerpt.getError( 'lead-empty' ) end end -- Remove noinclude bits excerpt = excerpt:gsub( '<[Nn][Oo][Ii][Nn][Cc][Ll][Uu][Dd][Ee]>.-</[Nn][Oo][Ii][Nn][Cc][Ll][Uu][Dd][Ee]>', '' ) -- Filter various elements from the excerpt excerpt = Excerpt.filterFiles( excerpt, params.files ) excerpt = Excerpt.filterLists( excerpt, params.lists ) excerpt = Excerpt.filterTables( excerpt, params.tables ) excerpt = Excerpt.filterParagraphs( excerpt, params.paragraphs ) -- If no file is found, try to get one from the infobox if ( params.only == 'file' or params.only == 'files' or params.only == 'filename' or not params.only and ( not params.files or params.files ~= '0' ) ) -- caller asked for files and not section -- and we're in the lead section and config.captions -- and we have the config option required to try finding files in infoboxes and #parser.getFiles( excerpt ) == 0 -- and there're no files in the excerpt then excerpt = Excerpt.addInfoboxFile( excerpt ) end -- Filter the templates by appending the templates blacklist to the templates filter if config.blacklist then local blacklist = table.concat( config.blacklist, ',' ) if params.templates then if string.sub( params.templates, 1, 1 ) == '-' then params.templates = params.templates .. ',' .. blacklist end else params.templates = '-' .. blacklist end end excerpt = Excerpt.filterTemplates( excerpt, params.templates ) -- Leave only the requested elements if params.only == 'file' or params.only == 'files' then local files = parser.getFiles( excerpt ) excerpt = params.only == 'file' and files[1] or table.concat( files, '\n\n' ) end if params.only == 'list' or params.only == 'lists' then local lists = parser.getLists( excerpt ) excerpt = params.only == 'list' and lists[1] or table.concat( lists, '\n\n' ) end if params.only == 'table' or params.only == 'tables' then local tables = parser.getTables( excerpt ) excerpt = params.only == 'table' and tables[1] or table.concat( tables, '\n\n' ) end if params.only == 'paragraph' or params.only == 'paragraphs' then local paragraphs = parser.getParagraphs( excerpt ) excerpt = params.only == 'paragraph' and paragraphs[1] or table.concat( paragraphs, '\n\n' ) end if params.only == 'template' or params.only == 'templates' then local templates = parser.getTemplates( excerpt ) excerpt = params.only == 'template' and templates[1] or table.concat( templates, '\n\n' ) end if params.only == 'filename' then local files = parser.getFiles( excerpt ) local file = files[1] excerpt = file and parser.getFileName( file ) or 'Noimage.png' params.inline = true end -- @todo Make more robust and move downwards if params.briefDates then excerpt = Excerpt.fixDates( excerpt ) end -- Remove unwanted elements excerpt = Excerpt.removeComments( excerpt ) excerpt = Excerpt.removeSelfLinks( excerpt ) excerpt = Excerpt.removeNonFreeFiles( excerpt ) excerpt = Excerpt.removeBehaviorSwitches( excerpt ) -- Fix or remove the references if params.references then excerpt = Excerpt.fixReferences( excerpt, page, wikitext ) else excerpt = Excerpt.removeReferences( excerpt ) end -- Remove wikilinks if not params.links then excerpt = Excerpt.removeLinks( excerpt ) end -- Link the bold text near the start of most leads and then remove it if not section then excerpt = Excerpt.linkBold( excerpt, page ) end if not params.bold then excerpt = Excerpt.removeBold( excerpt ) end -- Remove extra line breaks but leave one before and after so the parser interprets lists, tables, etc. correctly excerpt = excerpt:gsub( '\n\n\n+', '\n\n' ) excerpt = mw.text.trim( excerpt ) excerpt = '\n' .. excerpt .. '\n' -- Remove nested categories excerpt = frame:preprocess( excerpt ) excerpt = Excerpt.removeCategories( excerpt ) -- Add tracking categories if params.track and config.categories then excerpt = Excerpt.addTrackingCategories( excerpt ) end -- Build the final output if params.inline then return mw.text.trim( excerpt ) end local tag = params.quote and 'blockquote' or 'div' local block = mw.html.create( tag ):addClass( 'excerpt-block' ):addClass( params.class ) if config.styles then local styles = frame:extensionTag( 'templatestyles', '', { src = config.styles } ) block:node( styles ) end if params.hat then local hat = Excerpt.getHat( page, section, params ) block:node( hat ) end excerpt = mw.html.create( 'div' ):addClass( 'excerpt' ):wikitext( excerpt ) block:node( excerpt ) if params.more then local more = Excerpt.getReadMore( page, section ) block:node( more ) end return block end -- Filter the files in the given wikitext against the given filter function Excerpt.filterFiles( wikitext, filter ) if not filter then return wikitext end local filters, isBlacklist = Excerpt.parseFilter( filter ) local files = parser.getFiles( wikitext ) for index, file in pairs( files ) do local name = parser.getFileName( file ) if isBlacklist and ( Excerpt.matchFilter( index, filters ) or Excerpt.matchFilter( name, filters ) ) or not isBlacklist and ( not Excerpt.matchFilter( index, filters ) and not Excerpt.matchFilter( name, filters ) ) then wikitext = Excerpt.removeString( wikitext, file ) end end return wikitext end -- Filter the lists in the given wikitext against the given filter function Excerpt.filterLists( wikitext, filter ) if not filter then return wikitext end local filters, isBlacklist = Excerpt.parseFilter( filter ) local lists = parser.getLists( wikitext ) for index, list in pairs( lists ) do if isBlacklist and Excerpt.matchFilter( index, filters ) or not isBlacklist and not Excerpt.matchFilter( index, filters ) then wikitext = Excerpt.removeString( wikitext, list ) end end return wikitext end -- Filter the tables in the given wikitext against the given filter function Excerpt.filterTables( wikitext, filter ) if not filter then return wikitext end local filters, isBlacklist = Excerpt.parseFilter( filter ) local tables = parser.getTables( wikitext ) for index, tableWikitext in pairs( tables ) do local id = parser.getTableAttribute( tableWikitext, 'id' ) if isBlacklist and ( Excerpt.matchFilter( index, filters ) or Excerpt.matchFilter( id, filters ) ) or not isBlacklist and ( not Excerpt.matchFilter( index, filters ) and not Excerpt.matchFilter( id, filters ) ) then wikitext = Excerpt.removeString( wikitext, tableWikitext ) end end return wikitext end -- Filter the paragraphs in the given wikitext against the given filter function Excerpt.filterParagraphs( wikitext, filter ) if not filter then return wikitext end local filters, isBlacklist = Excerpt.parseFilter( filter ) local paragraphs = parser.getParagraphs( wikitext ) for index, paragraph in pairs( paragraphs ) do if isBlacklist and Excerpt.matchFilter( index, filters ) or not isBlacklist and not Excerpt.matchFilter( index, filters ) then wikitext = Excerpt.removeString( wikitext, paragraph ) end end return wikitext end -- Filter the templates in the given wikitext against the given filter function Excerpt.filterTemplates( wikitext, filter ) if not filter then return wikitext end local filters, isBlacklist = Excerpt.parseFilter( filter ) local templates = parser.getTemplates( wikitext ) for index, template in pairs( templates ) do local name = parser.getTemplateName( template ) if isBlacklist and ( Excerpt.matchFilter( index, filters ) or Excerpt.matchFilter( name, filters ) ) or not isBlacklist and ( not Excerpt.matchFilter( index, filters ) and not Excerpt.matchFilter( name, filters ) ) then wikitext = Excerpt.removeString( wikitext, template ) end end return wikitext end function Excerpt.addInfoboxFile( excerpt ) -- We cannot distinguish the infobox from the other templates, so we search them all local templates = parser.getTemplates( excerpt ) for _, template in pairs( templates ) do local parameters = parser.getTemplateParameters( template ) local file, captions, caption, cssClasses, cssClass for _, pair in pairs( config.captions ) do file = pair[1] file = parameters[file] if file and Excerpt.matchAny( file, '^.*%.', { '[Jj][Pp][Ee]?[Gg]', '[Pp][Nn][Gg]', '[Gg][Ii][Ff]', '[Ss][Vv][Gg]' }, '.*' ) then file = string.match( file, '%[?%[?.-:([^{|]+)%]?%]?' ) or file -- [[File:Example.jpg{{!}}upright=1.5]] to Example.jpg captions = pair[2] for _, p in pairs( captions ) do if parameters[ p ] then caption = parameters[ p ] break end end -- Check for CSS classes -- We opt to use skin-invert-image instead of skin-invert -- in all other cases, the CSS provided in the infobox is used if pair[3] then cssClasses = pair[3] for _, p in pairs( cssClasses ) do if parameters[ p ] then cssClass = ( parameters[ p ] == 'skin-invert' ) and 'skin-invert-image' or parameters[ p ] break end end end local class = cssClass and ( '|class=' .. cssClass ) or '' return '[[File:' .. file .. class .. '|thumb|' .. ( caption or '' ) .. ']]\n' .. excerpt end end end return excerpt end function Excerpt.removeNonFreeFiles( wikitext ) local files = parser.getFiles( wikitext ) for _, file in pairs( files ) do local fileName = 'File:' .. parser.getFileName( file ) local fileTitle = mw.title.new( fileName ) if fileTitle then local fileDescription = fileTitle:getContent() if not fileDescription or fileDescription == '' then local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame() fileDescription = frame:preprocess( '{{' .. fileName .. '}}' ) -- try Commons end if fileDescription and string.match( fileDescription, '[Nn]on%-free' ) then wikitext = Excerpt.removeString( wikitext, file ) end end end return wikitext end function Excerpt.getHat( page, section, params ) local hat -- Build the text if params.this then hat = params.this elseif params.quote then hat = Excerpt.getMessage( 'this' ) elseif params.only then hat = Excerpt.getMessage( params.only ) else hat = Excerpt.getMessage( 'section' ) end hat = hat .. ' ' .. Excerpt.getMessage( 'excerpt' ) -- Build the link if section then hat = hat .. ' [[:' .. page .. '#' .. mw.uri.anchorEncode( section ) .. '|' .. params.displayTitle .. ' § ' .. section:gsub( '%[%[([^]|]+)|?[^]]*%]%]', '%1' ) .. ']].' -- remove nested links else hat = hat .. ' [[:' .. page .. '|' .. params.displayTitle .. ']].' end -- Build the edit link local title = mw.title.new( page ) local editUrl = title:fullUrl( 'action=edit' ) hat = hat .. '<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span>[' hat = hat .. editUrl .. ' ' .. mw.message.new( 'editsection' ):plain() hat = hat .. ']<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span>' if config.hat then local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame() hat = config.hat .. hat .. '}}' hat = frame:preprocess( hat ) else hat = mw.html.create( 'div' ):addClass( 'dablink excerpt-hat' ):wikitext( hat ) end return hat end function Excerpt.getReadMore( page, section ) local link = "'''[[" .. page if section then link = link .. '#' .. section end local text = Excerpt.getMessage( 'more' ) link = link .. '|' .. text .. "]]'''" link = mw.html.create( 'div' ):addClass( 'noprint excerpt-more' ):wikitext( link ) return link end -- Fix birth and death dates, but only in the first paragraph -- @todo Use parser.getParagraphs() to get the first paragraph function Excerpt.fixDates( excerpt ) local start local s local e = 0 repeat start = e + 1 s, e = mw.ustring.find( excerpt, '%s*%b{}%s*', start ) until not s or s > start s, e = mw.ustring.find( excerpt, '%b()', start ) -- get (...), which may be (year–year) if s and s < start + 100 then -- look only near the start local excerptStart = mw.ustring.sub( excerpt, s, e ) local year1, conjunction, year2 = string.match( excerptStart, '(%d%d%d+)(.-)(%d%d%d+)' ) if year1 and year2 and ( string.match( conjunction, '[%-–—]' ) or string.match( conjunction, '{{%s*[sS]nd%s*}}' ) ) then local y1 = tonumber( year1 ) local y2 = tonumber( year2 ) if y2 > y1 and y2 < y1 + 125 and y1 <= tonumber( os.date( '%Y' ) ) then excerpt = mw.ustring.sub( excerpt, 1, s ) .. year1 .. '–' .. year2 .. mw.ustring.sub( excerpt, e ) end end end return excerpt end -- Replace the first call to each reference defined outside of the excerpt for the full reference, to prevent undefined references -- Then prefix the page title to the reference names to prevent conflicts -- that is, replace <ref name="Foo"> for <ref name="Title of the article Foo"> -- and also <ref name="Foo" /> for <ref name="Title of the article Foo" /> -- also remove reference groups: <ref name="Foo" group="Bar"> for <ref name="Title of the article Foo"> -- and <ref group="Bar"> for <ref> -- @todo The current regex may fail in cases with both kinds of quotes, like <ref name="Darwin's book"> function Excerpt.fixReferences( excerpt, page, wikitext ) local references = parser.getReferences( excerpt ) local fixed = {} for _, reference in pairs( references ) do local name = parser.getTagAttribute( reference, 'name' ) if not fixed[ name ] then -- fix each reference only once local content = parser.getTagContent( reference ) if not content then -- reference is self-closing local full = parser.getReference( excerpt, name ) if not full then -- the reference is not defined in the excerpt full = parser.getReference( wikitext, name ) if full then excerpt = excerpt:gsub( Excerpt.escapeString( reference ), Excerpt.escapeString( full ), 1 ) end table.insert( fixed, name ) end end end end -- Prepend the page title to the reference names to prevent conflicts with other references in the transcluding page excerpt = excerpt:gsub( '< *[Rr][Ee][Ff][^>]*name *= *["\']?([^"\'>/]+)["\']?[^>/]*(/?) *>', '<ref name="' .. page:gsub( '"', '' ) .. ' %1"%2>' ) -- Remove reference groups because they don't apply to the transcluding page excerpt = excerpt:gsub( '< *[Rr][Ee][Ff] *group *= *["\']?[^"\'>/]+["\'] *>', '<ref>' ) return excerpt end function Excerpt.removeReferences( excerpt ) local references = parser.getReferences( excerpt ) for _, reference in pairs( references ) do excerpt = Excerpt.removeString( excerpt, reference ) end return excerpt end function Excerpt.removeCategories( excerpt ) local categories = parser.getCategories( excerpt ) for _, category in pairs( categories ) do excerpt = Excerpt.removeString( excerpt, category ) end return excerpt end function Excerpt.removeBehaviorSwitches( excerpt ) return excerpt:gsub( '__[A-Z]+__', '' ) end function Excerpt.removeComments( excerpt ) return excerpt:gsub( '<!%-%-.-%-%->', '' ) end function Excerpt.removeBold( excerpt ) return excerpt:gsub( "'''", '' ) end function Excerpt.removeLinks( excerpt ) local links = parser.getLinks( excerpt ) for _, link in pairs( links ) do excerpt = Excerpt.removeString( excerpt, link ) end return excerpt end -- @todo Use parser.getLinks function Excerpt.removeSelfLinks( excerpt ) local lang = mw.language.getContentLanguage() local page = Excerpt.escapeString( mw.title.getCurrentTitle().prefixedText ) local ucpage = lang:ucfirst( page ) local lcpage = lang:lcfirst( page ) excerpt = excerpt :gsub( '%[%[(' .. ucpage .. ')%]%]', '%1' ) :gsub( '%[%[(' .. lcpage .. ')%]%]', '%1' ) :gsub( '%[%[' .. ucpage .. '|([^]]+)%]%]', '%1' ) :gsub( '%[%[' .. lcpage .. '|([^]]+)%]%]', '%1' ) return excerpt end -- Replace the bold title or synonym near the start of the page by a link to the page function Excerpt.linkBold( excerpt, page ) local lang = mw.language.getContentLanguage() local position = mw.ustring.find( excerpt, "'''" .. lang:ucfirst( page ) .. "'''", 1, true ) -- look for "'''Foo''' is..." (uc) or "A '''foo''' is..." (lc) or mw.ustring.find( excerpt, "'''" .. lang:lcfirst( page ) .. "'''", 1, true ) -- plain search: special characters in page represent themselves if position then local length = mw.ustring.len( page ) excerpt = mw.ustring.sub( excerpt, 1, position + 2 ) .. '[[' .. mw.ustring.sub( excerpt, position + 3, position + length + 2 ) .. ']]' .. mw.ustring.sub( excerpt, position + length + 3, -1 ) -- link it else -- look for anything unlinked in bold, assumed to be a synonym of the title (e.g. a person's birth name) excerpt = mw.ustring.gsub( excerpt, "'''(.-'*)'''", function ( text ) if not string.find( text, '%[' ) and not string.find( text, '%{' ) then -- if not wikilinked or some weird template return "'''[[" .. page .. '|' .. text .. "]]'''" -- replace '''Foo''' by '''[[page|Foo]]''' else return nil -- instruct gsub to make no change end end, 1 ) -- terminates the anonymous replacement function passed to gsub end return excerpt end function Excerpt.addTrackingCategories( excerpt ) local currentTitle = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() local addedCategories = false local contentCategory = config.categories.content if contentCategory and currentTitle.isContentPage then addedCategories = true excerpt = excerpt .. '[[Category:' .. contentCategory .. ']]' end local namespaceCategory = config.categories[ currentTitle.namespace ] if namespaceCategory then addedCategories = true excerpt = excerpt .. '[[Category:' .. namespaceCategory .. ']]' end if addedCategories then excerpt = excerpt .. '\n' end return excerpt end -- Helper method to match from a list of regular expressions -- Like so: match pre..list[1]..post or pre..list[2]..post or ... function Excerpt.matchAny( text, pre, list, post, init ) for i = 1, #list do local match = { mw.ustring.match( text, pre .. list[ i ] .. post, init ) } if match[1] then return unpack( match ) end end return nil end -- Helper function to get arguments -- args from Lua calls have priority over parent args from template function Excerpt.getArg( key, default ) local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame() for k, value in pairs( frame:getParent().args ) do if k == key and mw.text.trim( value ) ~= '' then return value end end for k, value in pairs( frame.args ) do if k == key and mw.text.trim( value ) ~= '' then return value end end return default end -- Helper method to get an error message -- This method also categorizes the current page in one of the configured error categories function Excerpt.getError( key, value ) local message = Excerpt.getMessage( 'error-' .. key, value ) local markup = mw.html.create( 'div' ):addClass( 'error' ):wikitext( message ) if config.categories and config.categories.errors and mw.title.getCurrentTitle().isContentPage then markup:node( '[[Category:' .. config.categories.errors .. ']]' ) end return markup end -- Helper method to get a localized message -- This method uses Module:TNT to get localized messages from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data:I18n/Module:Excerpt.tab -- If Module:TNT is not available or the localized message does not exist, the key is returned instead function Excerpt.getMessage( key, value ) local ok2, TNT = pcall( require, 'Module:TNT' ) if not ok2 then return key end local ok3, message = pcall( TNT.format, 'I18n/Module:Excerpt.tab', key, value ) if not ok3 then return key end return message end -- Helper method to escape a string for use in regexes function Excerpt.escapeString( str ) return str:gsub( '[%^%$%(%)%.%[%]%*%+%-%?%%]', '%%%0' ) end -- Helper method to remove a string from a text -- @param text Text from where to remove the string -- @param str String to remove -- @return The given text with the string removed function Excerpt.removeString( text, str ) local pattern = Excerpt.escapeString( str ) if #pattern > 9999 then -- strings longer than 10000 bytes can't be put into regexes pattern = Excerpt.escapeString( mw.ustring.sub( str, 1, 999 ) ) .. '.-' .. Excerpt.escapeString( mw.ustring.sub( str, -999 ) ) end return text:gsub( pattern, '' ) end -- Helper method to convert a comma-separated list of numbers or min-max ranges into a list of booleans -- @param filter Required. Comma-separated list of numbers or min-max ranges, for example '1,3-5' -- @return Map from integers to booleans, for example {1=true,2=false,3=true,4=true,5=true} -- @return Boolean indicating whether the filters should be treated as a blacklist or not -- @note Merging this into matchFilter is possible, but way too inefficient function Excerpt.parseFilter( filter ) local filters = {} local isBlacklist = false if string.sub( filter, 1, 1 ) == '-' then isBlacklist = true filter = string.sub( filter, 2 ) end local values = mw.text.split( filter, ',' ) -- split values: '1,3-5' to {'1','3-5'} for _, value in pairs( values ) do value = mw.text.trim( value ) local min, max = mw.ustring.match( value, '^(%d+)%s*[-–—]%s*(%d+)$' ) -- '3-5' to min=3 max=5 if not max then min, max = string.match( value, '^((%d+))$' ) end -- '1' to min=1 max=1 if max then for i = min, max do filters[ i ] = true end else filters[ value ] = true -- if we reach this point, the string had the form 'a,b,c' rather than '1,2,3' end end filter = { cache = {}, terms = filters } return filter, isBlacklist end -- Helper function to see if a value matches any of the given filters function Excerpt.matchFilter( value, filter ) if value == nil then return false elseif type(value) == "number" then return filter.terms[value] else local cached = filter.cache[value] if cached ~= nil then return cached end local lang = mw.language.getContentLanguage() local lcvalue = lang:lcfirst(value) local ucvalue = lang:ucfirst(value) for term in pairs( filter.terms ) do if value == tostring(term) or type(term) == "string" and ( lcvalue == term or ucvalue == term or mw.ustring.match( value, term ) ) then filter.cache[value] = true return true end end filter.cache[value] = false end end return Excerpt f13qcb3mtjeccbzr0i5jmt33ddc570f 10 30896 307935 202964 2026-09-13T23:36:10Z Isma4l 41797 307935 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{efn|name={{{name|}}}|group=lower-greek|reference={{{1|{{{reference|{{{content|{{{text|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 540b9npumd63myk8yo4tu3ejt9enzzx 10 30898 307934 202966 2026-09-13T23:35:08Z Isma4l 41797 307934 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{efn|name={{{name|}}}|group=upper-roman|reference={{{1|{{{reference|{{{content|{{{text|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 6aejjdaattu2i9akzoapf74uvtqasi2 828 31415 307962 205217 2026-09-14T10:13:28Z Isma4l 41797 307962 Scribunto text/plain local p = {} local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') local mRedirect = require('Module:Redirect') local separators = { dot = true, pipe = true, comma = true, ['tpt-languages'] = true } local function getSeparator(sep) if type(sep) ~= 'string' then return nil end if separators[sep] then return mw.message.new(sep .. '-separator'):plain() else return sep end end local function generateLink(page, nspace, delim, endDelim, noredir) if not page then return nil end delim = delim or '' endDelim = endDelim or delim nspace = nspace or '' local fullPage = nspace ~= '' and (nspace .. ':' .. page) or page local outStr if yesno(noredir) and mRedirect.luaIsRedirect(fullPage) then local url = tostring(mw.uri.fullUrl(fullPage, { redirect = 'no' })) outStr = mw.ustring.gsub( string.format( '%s<span class="plainlinks">[%s %s]</span><span style="display: none">[[:%s]]</span>%s', delim, url, page, fullPage, endDelim ), ':+', ':' ) else outStr = mw.ustring.gsub( string.format( '%s[[:%s|%s]]%s', delim, fullPage, page, endDelim ), ':+', ':' ) end return outStr end function p._main(args) local t = {} local separator = getSeparator(args.separator) local conjunction = getSeparator(args.conjunction) for i, v in ipairs(args) do table.insert(t, generateLink( v, args.nspace, args.delim, args.edelim, args.noredir )) end return mw.text.listToText(t, separator, conjunction) end function p.main(frame) local origArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs(frame, { trim = false, removeBlanks = false, wrappers = { 'Template:Pagelist', 'Template:Page list', 'Template:Pagelist/sandbox', 'Template:Page list/sandbox' } }) -- Process integer args. Allow for explicit positional arguments that are -- specified out of order, e.g. {{br separated entries|3=entry3}}. -- After processing, the args can be accessed accurately from ipairs. local args = {} for k, v in pairs(origArgs) do if type(k) == 'number' and k >= 1 and math.floor(k) == k and string.match(v, '%S') then -- Remove blank or whitespace values. table.insert(args, k) end end table.sort(args) for i, v in ipairs(args) do args[i] = origArgs[v] -- Trim whitespace. if type(args[i]) == 'string' then args[i] = mw.text.trim(args[i]) end end -- Get old named args. We don't need to remove blank values -- as for the nspace and edelim parameters the behaviour is different -- depending on whether the parameters are blank or absent, and for -- the delim parameter the default should be the blank string anyway. args.delim = origArgs.delim args.edelim = origArgs.edelim args.nspace = origArgs.nspace args.noredir = origArgs.noredir -- Get new named args, "separator" and "conjunction", and strip blank values. if origArgs.separator and origArgs.separator ~= '' then args.separator = origArgs.separator end if origArgs.conjunction and origArgs.conjunction ~= '' then args.conjunction = origArgs.conjunction end return p._main(args) end return p jyo8u1fjvc1026cnm8c20eqqn7pyodb 828 35572 307981 293518 2026-09-14T11:12:18Z Isma4l 41797 307981 Scribunto text/plain require('strict') -- Module to create sister project link box local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs local commonsLink = require('Module:Commons link') local sideBox = require('Module:Side box')._main local generateWarning = require('Module:If preview')._warning local p = {} local logo = { wikt="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg", c="Commons-logo.svg", n="Wikinews-logo.svg", q="Wikiquote-logo.svg", s="Wikisource-logo.svg", b="Wikibooks-logo.svg", voy="Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg", v="Wikiversity logo 2017.svg", d="Wikidata-logo.svg", species="Wikispecies-logo.svg", m="Wikimedia Community Logo.svg", mw="MediaWiki-2020-icon.svg"} local prefixList = {'wikt', 'c', 'n', 'q', 's', 'b', 'voy', 'v', 'd', 'species', 'species_author', 'm', 'mw'} local sisterName = { wikt="Wiktionary", c="Commons", n="Wikinews", q="Wikiquote", s="Wikisource", b="Wikibooks", voy="Wikivoyage", v="Wikiversity", d="Wikidata", species="Wikispecies", m="Meta-Wiki", mw="MediaWiki"} local sisterInfo = { wikt="Ereyada", c="Warbaahinta", n="Wararka", q="Oraahyada", s="Qoraallada", b="Buugaagta", voy="Hagayaasha safarka", v="Agabka", d="Xogta", species="Noocyada", species_author="Qoraaga", m="Wadahadallada", mw="Dukumentiyada" } local defaultSisters = { wikt=true, c=true, n=true, q=true, s=true, b=true, voy='auto', v=true, d=false, species='auto', species_author=false, m=false, mw=false } local sisterDb = { wikt="enwiktionary", n="enwikinews", q="enwikiquote", s="enwikisource", b="enwikibooks", voy="enwikivoyage", v="enwikiversity", species="specieswiki"} local trackingType = { wdMismatch="Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch", wdNamespace="Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch", wdHidden="Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata", defaultSearch="Pages using Sister project links with default search"} local inSandbox = mw.getCurrentFrame():getTitle():find('sandbox', 1, true) -- Function to add "-sand" to classes when called from sandbox local function sandbox(s) return inSandbox and s.."-sand" or s end -- Function to canonicalize string -- search for variants of "yes", and "no", and transform -- them into a standard form (like [[Template:YesNo]]) -- Argument: -- s --- input string -- Result: -- {x,y} list of length 2 -- x = nil if s is canonicalized, otherwise has trimmed s -- y = canonical form of s (true if "yes" or other, false if "no", nil if blank) local function canonicalize(s) if s == nil then return {nil, nil} end -- if s is table/list, then assume already canonicalized and return unchanged if tostring(type(s)) == "table" then return s end s = mw.text.trim(tostring(s)) if s == "" then return {nil, nil} end local lowerS = s:lower() -- Check for various forms of "yes" if lowerS == 'yes' or lowerS == 'y' or lowerS == 't' or lowerS == '1' or lowerS == 'true' or lowerS == 'on' then return {nil, true} end -- Check for various forms of "no" if lowerS == 'no' or lowerS == 'n' or lowerS == 'f' or lowerS == '0' or lowerS == 'false' or lowerS == 'off'then return {nil, false} end -- Neither yes nor no recognized, leave string trimmed return {s, true} end -- Merge two or more canonicalized argument lists -- Arguments: -- argList = list of canonicalized arguments -- noAll = if true, return no when all argList is no. -- otherwise, return blank when all argList is blank local function mergeArgs(argList,noAll) local test = nil -- default, return blank if all blank if noAll then test = false -- return no if all no end local allSame = true -- Search through string for first non-no or non-blank for _, arg in ipairs(argList) do if arg[2] then return arg -- found non-no and non-blank, return it end -- test to see if argList is all blank / no allSame = allSame and (arg[2] == test) end -- if all blank / no, return blank / no if allSame then return {nil, test} -- all match no/blank, return it end -- otherwise, return no / blank if noAll then return {nil, nil} end return {nil, false} end -- Function to get sitelink for a wiki -- Arguments: -- wiki = db name of wiki to lookup -- qid = QID of entity to search for, current page entity by default local function getSitelink(wiki,qid) -- return nil if some sort of lookup failure return qid and mw.wikibase.getSitelink(qid,wiki) end -- Function to generate the sister link itself -- Arguments: -- args = argument table for function -- args[1] = page to fetch -- args.default = link when blank -- args.auto = new auto mode (don't fall back to search) -- args.sitelink = wikidata sitelink (if available) -- args.qid = QID of entity -- args.search = fallback string to search for -- args.sisterPrefix = wikitext prefix for sister site -- args.information = type of info sister site contains -- tracking = tracking table local function genSisterLink(args, tracking) if args[1][2] == false or (not args.default and args[1][2] == nil) then return nil --- either editor specified "no", or "blank" (and default=no), then skip this sister end local sisterDbName = sisterDb[args.sisterPrefix] local sitelink = args.sitelink or (sisterDbName and getSitelink(sisterDbName,args.qid)) if args.auto and not sitelink and args[1][2] == nil then return nil --- in auto mode, if link is blank and no sitelink, then skip end -- fallback order of sister link: first specified page, then wikidata, then search local link = args[1][1] or sitelink or (args.search and "Special:"..args.search) if not link then return nil --- no link found, just skip end if tracking then -- update state for tracking categories if args[1][1] and sitelink then -- transform supplied page name to be in wiki-format local page = mw.ustring.gsub(args[1][1],"_"," ") page = mw.ustring.sub(page,1,1):upper()..mw.ustring.sub(page,2) local pageNS = mw.ustring.match(page,"^([^:]+):") local sitelinkNS = mw.ustring.match(sitelink,"^([^:]+):") if page == sitelink then tracking.wdHidden = args.sisterPrefix elseif pageNS ~= sitelinkNS then tracking.wdNamespace = args.sisterPrefix else tracking.wdMismatch = args.sisterPrefix end -- if no page link, nor a wikidata entry, and search is on, then warn elseif not (args[1][2] or sitelink) and args.search then tracking.defaultSearch = args.sisterPrefix end end return {prefix=args.sisterPrefix, link=link, information=args.information} end local function commonsLinks(args, commonsPage) -- use [[Module:Commons link]] to determine best commons link local cLink = (not args.commonscat) and commonsLink._hasGallery(args.qid) or commonsLink._hasCategory(args.qid) if commonsPage[1] and not mw.ustring.match(commonsPage[1]:lower(),"^category:") then commonsPage[1] = (args.commonscat and "Category:" or "")..commonsPage[1] end local commonsSearch = "Search/"..(args.commonscat and "Category:" or "")..args[1] return {link=cLink, search=commonsSearch} end -- Function to create a sister link, by prefix -- Arguments: -- prefix = sister prefix (e.g., "c" for commons) -- args = arguments for this sister (see p._sisterLink above) -- tracking = tracking table local function sisterLink(prefix, args, tracking) -- determine arguments to genSisterLink according to prefix if prefix == 'species_author' and not args.species[1] and args.species[2] and not args.species_author[1] and args.species_author[2] then return nil end local default = defaultSisters[prefix] if default == 'auto' then default = args.auto end -- Handle exceptions by prefix local search = ((prefix == 'd' and "ItemByTitle/enwiki/") or "Search/")..args[1] local sitelink = prefix == 'd' and args.qid local page = args[prefix] if prefix == 's' and args.author and page[1] then page[1] = "Author:"..page[1] end local info = sisterInfo[prefix] if prefix == 'voy' and not args.bar and not page[1] and page[2] ~= nil then info = "Macluumaadka safarka" end info = args.information or info if prefix == 'c' then local commons = commonsLinks(args, page) search = commons.search sitelink = commons.link end prefix = (prefix == 'species_author' and 'species') or prefix return genSisterLink({ page, auto=args.auto, qid=args.qid, sitelink=sitelink, default=default, sisterPrefix = prefix, search=search, information=info}, tracking) end -- Function to create html containers for sister project link list -- Arguments: -- args = table of arguments -- args.position: if 'left', position links to left -- args.collapsible: if non-empty, make box collapsible. If 'collapse', start box hidden -- args.style: CSS style string appended to end of default CSS -- args.display: boldface name to display local function createContainer(args) -- Outermost div (css from previous version of [[Template:Project sister links]]) local container = mw.html.create('div') container:attr("role","navigation") container:attr("aria-labelledby","sister-projects") container:addClass("metadata") container:addClass("plainlinks") container:addClass("sistersitebox") container:addClass("plainlist") container:addClass(sandbox("sister-box")) if args.position and args.position:lower() == "left" then container:addClass("mbox-small-left") else container:addClass("mbox-small") end if args.collapsible then container:addClass("mw-collapsible") if args.collapsible == "collapsed" then container:addClass("mw-collapsed") end end container:cssText(args.style) -- Div for text header local header = container:tag('div') header:css("clear",args.collapsible and "both") -- pagename in bold as part of header local pagename = header:tag('b') pagename:wikitext(args.display or args[1]) local headerText = "ee Wikipedia [[Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects|" headerText = headerText..'<span id="sister-projects">mashaariicda walaalaha ah</span>]]' header:wikitext(headerText) -- start the unordered list element here local ul = container:tag('ul') ul:addClass(args.collapsible and "mw-collapsible-content") -- pass ul element back to main, so sister links can be added return ul end local function createSisterBox(sisterList,args) local container = createContainer(args) for i, link in ipairs(sisterList) do local li = container:tag('li') -- html element for 27px-high logo local logoSpan = li:tag('span') logoSpan:addClass(sandbox("sister-logo")) logoSpan:wikitext("[[File:"..logo[link.prefix].."|27x27px|middle|link=|alt=]]") -- html element for link local linkspan = li:tag('span') linkspan:addClass(sandbox("sister-link")) local linkText = "[["..link.prefix..":"..link.link.."|"..link.information .."]] oo ka socota " .. sisterName[link.prefix] linkspan:wikitext(linkText) end return container:allDone() end local function createSisterBar(sisterList,args) local nav = mw.html.create( 'div' ) nav:addClass( 'noprint') nav:addClass( 'metadata') nav:addClass( sandbox('sister-bar')) nav:attr( 'role', 'navigation' ) nav:attr( 'aria-label' , 'sister-projects' ) local header = nav:tag('div') header:addClass(sandbox('sister-bar-header')) local pagename = header:tag('b') pagename:wikitext(args.display or args[1]) local headerText = " ee Wikipedia [[Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects|" headerText = headerText..'<span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">mashaariicda walaalaha ah</span>]]:' header:wikitext(headerText) local container = nav:tag('div') container:addClass(sandbox('sister-bar-content')) for _, link in ipairs(sisterList) do local item = container:tag('div') item:addClass(sandbox('sister-bar-item')) local logoSpan = item:tag('span') logoSpan:addClass(sandbox('sister-bar-logo')) logoSpan:wikitext("[[File:"..logo[link.prefix].."|21x19px|link=|alt=]]") local linkSpan = item:tag('span') linkSpan:addClass(sandbox('sister-bar-link')) linkSpan:wikitext("<b>[["..link.prefix..":"..link.link.."|"..link.information .."]]</b> oo ka socota " .. sisterName[link.prefix]) end return nav end function p._main(args) local titleObject = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() -- find qid, either supplied with args, from search string, or from current page args.qid = args.qid or mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForTitle(args[1] or "") or mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() args.qid = args.qid and args.qid:upper() -- search string defaults to PAGENAME args[1] = args[1] or mw.wikibase.getSitelink(args.qid or "") or titleObject.text -- handle redundant "commons"/"c" prefix args.c = args.c or args.commons -- Canonicalize all sister links (handle yes/no/empty) for _, k in ipairs(prefixList) do args[k] = canonicalize(args[k]) end -- Canonicalize general parameters for _,k in pairs({"auto","commonscat","author","bar","tracking","sandbox"}) do args[k] = canonicalize(args[k])[2] end -- Initialize tracking categories if main namespace local tracking = (args.tracking or titleObject.namespace == 0) and {} local sisterList = {} local prefix -- Loop through all sister projects, generate possible links for _, prefix in ipairs(prefixList) do local link = sisterLink(prefix, args, tracking) if link then table.insert(sisterList, link) end end local box = mw.html.create('div') if args.bar and #sisterList > 0 then box = createSisterBar(sisterList,args) elseif #sisterList == 1 then -- Use single sister box instead of multi-sister box local sister = sisterList[1] local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame() local link = "[["..sister.prefix..":"..sister.link.."|<b><i>"..(args.display or args[1]).."</i></b>]]" box:wikitext(sideBox({position=args.position, image="[[File:"..logo[sister.prefix].."|40x40px|class=noviewer|alt=|link=]]", metadata='no', textclass='plainlist', class='plainlinks sistersitebox', text=sisterName[sister.prefix].." waxay leedahay " .. mw.ustring.lower(sister.information) .. " la xiriira " .. link})) elseif #sisterList > 0 then -- else use sister box if non-empty box = createSisterBox(sisterList,args) end if #sisterList == 0 and args.auto then box:wikitext(generateWarning({"No sister project links found in Wikidata. Try auto=0"})) end -- Append tracking categories to container div -- Alpha ordering is by sister prefix if tracking then for k, v in pairs(tracking) do box:wikitext("[[Category:"..trackingType[k].."|"..v.."]]") end if #sisterList == 0 then box:wikitext("[[Category:Pages with empty sister project links]]") end end local styleFile = 'Module:Sister project links/' styleFile = styleFile..(inSandbox and 'sandbox/' or '') styleFile = styleFile..'styles.css' return mw.getCurrentFrame():extensionTag{ name = 'templatestyles', args = { src = styleFile } } .. tostring(box) end -- Main entry point for generating sister project links box function p.main(frame) local args = getArgs(frame,{frameOnly=false,parentOnly=false,parentFirst=false}) return p._main(args) end -- Lua entry point for generate one sister link function p._sisterlink(args) local prefix = args.prefix -- Canonicalize all sister links (handle yes/no/empty) for _, k in ipairs(prefixList) do args[k] = canonicalize(args[k]) end -- Canonicalize general parameters for _,k in pairs({"auto","commonscat","author"}) do args[k] = canonicalize(args[k])[2] end args[1] = args[1] or mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text args.qid = args.qid or mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() args.qid = args.qid and args.qid:upper() local link = sisterLink(prefix, args,nil) if not link then return "" end return "[["..link.prefix..":"..link.link.."|"..link.information .."]] oo ka socota " .. sisterName[link.prefix] end -- Template entry point for generating one sister link function p.link(frame) local args = getArgs(frame) return p._sisterlink(args) end return p kw57rn6ggy0feyg8elkvuu3lxvmomll 0 36928 307979 307770 2026-09-14T11:03:20Z Isma4l 41797 /* Tixraacyo */ Waan saxay 307979 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Soomaaliya''', sida rasmiga ah Jamhuuriyadda '''Federaalka Soomaaliya''' waa dalka bari ee qaaradda Afrika . Waxay ku fidsan tahay Geeska Afrika , waxay xad la wadaagtaa [[Itoobiya]] galbeed, [[Jabuuti]] waqooyi galbeed, [[Kenya]] dhanka koonfur galbeed, Gacanka Cadmeed oo waqooyi, iyo bari [[badweynta Hindiya]] . Soomaaliya waxay leedahay xeebta ugu dheer badweynta Afrika. Soomaaliya waxaa lagu qiyaasaa 18.1 milyan, kuwaas oo 2.7 milyan ay ku nool yihiin caasimadda iyo magaalada ugu weyn ee [[Muqdisho]] . Mid ka mid ah wadamada Afrika ee isku isir ahaan isku hayb ah, ku dhawaad ​​85% dadka Soomaaliya deggan waa qowmiyad Soomaali ah . Luuqadaha rasmiga ah ee dalka waa [[Af Soomaali|af-soomaali]] iyo [[carabi]] in kastoo [[Af Soomaali|af-soomaaligu]] yahay luuqadda koowaad . Soomaaliya waxay xiriir taariikhi ah iyo mid diimeed la leedahay dalalka Carabta . Dadku waa muslimiin , oo raacsan laanta sunniga . {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Somalia | common_name = Somalia | native_name = {{native name|so|Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya}}<br />{{native name|ar|جمهورية الصومال الفيدرالية|italics=off}}<br /> Jumhūriyah aṣ-Ṣūmāl al-Fīdirāliyah | image_flag = Flag of Somalia.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Somalia.svg | coa_size = 100 | languages2_type = Luuqada labaad | languages2 = [[Carabi]] | national_anthem = {{lang|so|[[Qolobaa Calankeed]]}}<br /><br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Somalian national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.oga]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Somalia_svg_map.svg|frameless]]<br />{{Legend|#336830|Dhulka gacanta lagu hayo}}{{Legend|#61E760|[[Somaliland|Dhul sheegta balse aan la xakameyn]]}}|Show globe|[[File:Somalia - Location Map (2011) - SOM - UNOCHA.svg|frameless]]|Show map of Somalia|default=1}} | capital = [[Muqdisho]] | coordinates = {{Coord|2|2|N|45|21|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Muqdisho]] | official_languages = {{hlist|[[Af Soomaali|Soomaali]] <ref name=MFA>{{cite web|url=https://web.mfa.gov.so/the-government/|title=The Government|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs & International Cooperation|access-date=27 February 2025}}</ref><ref name=Ali>{{cite book|last=Ali|first=Maryan|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Language Policies in Africa|editor1-first=Esther Mukewa|editor1-last=Lisanza|editor2-first=Leonard|editor2-last=Muaka|chapter=Language Policy in Somaliland and Somalia|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=Cham|year=2024|isbn=9783031573071|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-57308-8_24|pages=511–524}}</ref><ref name="factbook">{{cite web |title=Somalia |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en |date=10 November 2021 |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125103534/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}} | religion = [[Islaam|Sunni Islaam]] (Rasmiga ah)<ref name="factbook"/> <!-- check factbook references before changing! --> | demonym = [[Soomaalida|Soomaali]] <ref name="factbook"/> | government_type = [[Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya|Jamhuuriyadda baarlamaanka Federal]] | leader_title1 = [[Madaxwaynaha Soomaaliya|Madaxwaynaha]] | leader_name1 = [[Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud]] | leader_title2 = [[Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name2 = [[Xamse cabdi barre]] | legislature = [[Ra'iisul wasaarayaashii Soomaaliya|Baarlamaanka Federaalka]] | upper_house = [[Aqalka Sare ee Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya|Guurtida]] | lower_house = Golaha Shacabka | sovereignty_type =Dhisidda | established_event1 = [[Dhul Udug]] | established_date1 = 2350 BC | established_event2 = [[Macrobians|Macrobia]] | established_date2 = 980 BC | established_event3 = [[Barbaria (region)|Barbaria]] | established_date3 = 100 BC | established_event4 = [[Saldanadii Cadal]] | established_date4 = Qarniga 9aad <ref>{{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=I. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd0mAQAAMAAJ |title=Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho |date=1969 |publisher=International African Institute |pages=140 |language=en}}</ref> | established_event5 = [[Muqdisho|Saldanadii Muqdisho]] | established_date5 = Qarniga 10aad | established_event6 = [[Saldanadi Ifat]] | established_date6 = Qarniga 13aad | established_event7 = [[Saldanadii Ajuuraan]] | established_date7 = Qarniga 13aad | established_event8 = [[Hiraab|Hiraab Imamate]] | established_date8 = Qarniga 16aad | established_event9 = [[Geledi|Saldanadii Geledi]] | established_date9 = 1695–1911 | established_event10 = [[ Majeerteen |Saldanadii Majeerteen]] | established_date10 = 1648–1927 | established_event11 = [[Hobyo|Saldanadii Hobyo]] | established_date11 = 1878–1927 | established_event12 = [[Isimtooyada Isaaq|Saldanadii isaaq]] | established_date12 = 1749–1884 | established_event13 = [[Dhulka Biritishka ee Somaliland|Somaliland-kii Ingiriiska]] | established_date13 = 1884 | established_event14 = [[Mustacmarka Talyaani Soomaaliya|Somaliland-kii Talyaaniga]] | established_date14 = 1889 | established_event15 = [[Maalinta Madaxbanaanida Soomaaliya|Xorriyadda]] iyo midowga la leh [[Dawladii Somaliland (1960)|Dawlada Somaliland]] | established_date15 = 1 July 1960 | established_event16 = [[Dastuurka Soomaaliya|Dastuurka hadda jira]] | established_date16 = 1 Ogosto 2012 | area_km2 = 637,657<ref name="factbook"/> | area_rank = 43aad <!--should be same as listed on [[List of countries and dependencies by area]]--> | area_sq_mi = 246,200 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | percent_water = | population_estimate = 19,280,850<ref name="data.humdata.org">{{Cite web |title=OCHA Somalia - Subnational Population Statistics |url=https://data.humdata.org/dataset/cod-ps-som}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 66aad | population_density_km2 = 27.2<ref name="WPP_2022">{{cite web|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/|title=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2022). World Population Prospects |edition=online |publisher=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division|website=population.un.org|access-date=16 July 2022|archive-date=11 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711213112/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/|url-status=live}}</ref> | population_density_sq_mi = 41.73 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $34.118 bilyan<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=Somalia – IMF DataMapper |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SOM |website=imf.org |publisher=[[IMF]] |date=April 2026 |access-date=July 8, 2026}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 147aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $1,965<ref name="auto"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 179aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $14.174 bilyan<ref name="auto"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 145aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $813<ref name="auto"/> | Gini = 36.8<!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2017 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/|title=Gini Index coefficient|publisher=[[The World Factbook]]|access-date=24 September 2024|archive-date=17 Bisha Todobaad 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717071854/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison|url-status=dead}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!--number only-->0.404 | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 192aad | currency = [[Shilin Soomaali|Soomaali shillin]] | currency_code = SOS | time_zone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | drives_on = Sax | calling_code = [[+252]] | cctld = [[.so]] | ethnic_groups = {{plainlist| * [[Soomaalida|Soomaali]]: 85% * [[Tirakoobka daljoogaha Soomaaliya|Kuwa kale ]]: 15% }} | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="factbook"/><ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis|first=I. M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k3QwAQAAIAAJ|title=Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar, and Saho|date=1998|publisher=Red Sea Press|isbn=978-1-56902-104-0|language=en}}</ref> | ethnic_groups_year = 2021 }} Waagii hore, Soomaaliya waxay ahayd xarun ganacsi oo muhiim ah. Intii lagu guda jiray qarniyadii dhexe, dhowr boqortooyo oo xoog badan ayaa ka talinayay ganacsiga gobolka, oo ay ku jiraan [[Saldanadii Ajuuraan|Suldaanka Ajuran]] , [[Adal Sultanate]] , iyo Suldaanka Geledi . Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad, suldaanadii Soomaaliyeed waxa gumaystay boqortooyadii [[Talyaaniga]] iyo [[Ingiriiska]] kuwaas oo dhammaan dhulalkaas qabyaaladda isugu daray laba gumaysi oo kala ah : Somaliland-kii Talyaaniga iyo [[Dhulka Biritishka ee Somaliland|Somaliland-kii Ingiriiska]] . 1960kii, labada dhul ayaa midoobay si ay u dhistaan ​​Jamhuuriyad Soomaaliyeed oo madax bannaan oo hoos timaada dowlad rayid ah. Siyaad Barre oo ka tirsanaa Golaha Sare ee Kacaanka (SRC) ayaa xukunka la wareegay 1969-kii, wuxuuna aasaasay [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliya|Jamhuuriyaddii Dimuqraadiga]] ahayd ee Soomaaliya , isagoo isku dayay inuu si naxariis darro ah u burburiyo Dagaalkii Madax-bannaanida [[Soomaaliland|Somaliland]] ee waqooyiga dalka. SRC waxay burburtay 1991 markii uu bilaabmay dagaalkii sokeeye ee Soomaaliya . Dawladdii ku meel gaadhka ahayd ee Soomaaliya (TNG) waxaa la aas aasay 2000, ka dibna waxaa la dhisay dawladda ku meel gaadhka ah ee Soomaaliya (TFG) 2004tii, taasoo dib u soo celisay ciidamadii qalabka sida ee Soomaaliya . Dhamaadkii 2006dii, duullaan ay Xabashida Maraykanku dabada ka riixayeen ayaa afgambiyay Maxkamadihii Islaamiga ahaa (ICU), taasoo keentay in ay dawladda ku meel gaadhka ah ee [[Muqdisho]] ka dhisto Muqdisho oo ay ciidammada Itoobiya qabsadeen . Kacdoonkii xigay ee soo shaac baxay ayaa maxaakiimta u kala jabay jabhado kala duwan, oo ay ku jirto kooxda xagjirka ah ee [[al-Shabaab]] , kuwaas oo dagaal daba dheeraaday kula jiray ciidamada Itoobiya. Al-Shabaab waxay markiiba bilawday inay xaqiijiso in ay ka talinayso dhuleed markii ugu horaysay, iyadoo dabayaaqadii 2008 ay jabhadu ka saartay ciidamada Itoobiya inta badan Soomaaliya. Sannadkii 2009, dawlad cusub oo TFG ah ayaa la dhisay. Bartamihii 2012, al-Shabaab waxay lumisay inta badan dhulalkeeda intii ay socdeen dagaalladii ka dhanka ahaa TFG iyo [[ciidamada Midowga Afrika]] . Isla sanadkaas, al-Shabaab waxay ballan-qaadday inay la midoobayaan al-Qaacida . Muqaawamada ayaa weli gacanta ku haysa inta badan bartamaha iyo koonfurta Soomaaliya, waxayna saameyn ku leeyihiin meelaha ay dowladdu maamusho, iyadoo magaalada Jilib ay u tahay caasimadda u ah fallaagada. Dastuur cusub oo ku meel gaar ah ayaa la ansixiyay Agoosto 2012, dib u habeyn lagu sameeyay Soomaaliya sida federaal . Isla bishaas, waxaa la dhisay Dowladda Federaalka Soomaaliya , waxaana dib u dhis lagu sameeyay Muqdisho. Soomaaliya waxa ay ka mid tahay dalalka ugu horumarsan caalamka, waxaana daliil u ah sida ay u qiimeeyeen mitirka mitirka sida GDP qofkiiba iyo halka ay ku dhowdahay halka ugu hooseysa ee Tilmaanta Horumarinta Aadanaha , waxa ay ka sareysaa oo kaliya Koonfurta Suudaan . Waxay ilaalisay dhaqaale aan rasmi ahayn oo inta badan ku salaysan xoolaha nool, xawaaladaha Soomaalida ee dibadda ka shaqeeya iyo isgaarsiinta. Waa xubin ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay , [[Jaamacada Carabta|Jaamacadda Carabta]] , Midowga Afrika , Dhaqdhaqaaq aan Isbahaysi ahayn , Bulshada Bariga Afrika , iyo Ururka [[Islaam|Iskaashiga Islaamka]] ==Asalka erayga== Samaale, oo ah awoowaha ugu da'da weyn dhowr qabiil oo Soomaaliyeed, ayaa guud ahaan loo tixgeliyaa inuu yahay halka uu ka soo jeedo magaca Soomaali. Aragti kale ayaa ah in magaca loo haysto inuu ka soo jeedo ereyada "soo" iyo "maal", kuwaas oo marka la isu geeyo macnahoodu yahay "tag" iyo "caano". Fasiraaddani way kala duwan tahay iyadoo ku xiran gobolka, iyadoo Soomaalida waqooyi ay tilmaamayso inay ula jeedaan "tag iyo caano" oo la xiriira caanaha geela, halka Soomaalida koonfureed ay adeegsadaan tarjumaadda "sa' maal" oo tilmaamaysa caanaha lo'da. Tani waxay tilmaan u tahay xoolo-dhaqatada meel walba leh ee dadka Soomaaliyeed. Aragtiyo kale ayaa soo jeedinaya in ereyga Soomaali uu ka yimid erey Carabi ah oo macnihiisu yahay "hodan", taas oo mar kale tilmaamaysa hodantinimada Soomaalida ee xoolaha. Taa beddelkeeda, magaca Soomaaliga waxaa la rumeysan yahay inuu ka yimid Automoli (Asmach), oo ahayd koox dagaalyahanno ah oo ka timid Masar hore, kuwaas oo uu ku tilmaamay Herodotus. Asmach waxaa loo maleynayaa inuu ahaa magacooda Masaariga, halka Automoli uu yahay asal Giriig ah oo ka yimid ereyga Cibraaniga ah ee S'mali (macnaha "dhinaca bidixda"). Dukumeenti Shiinees ah oo laga soo xigtay qarnigii 9-aad Miilaadiga ayaa tilmaamaya xeebaha waqooyiga Soomaaliya, oo markaas ka mid ahaa gobolka ballaaran ee Waqooyi-bari Afrika ee loo yaqaan Barbaria, iyada oo loola jeedo dadka deggan Barbars (Kuushitik) ee deegaanka, sida Po-pa-li. Tixraac qoraaleedkii ugu horreeyay ee cad ee magaca Soomaalida wuxuu soo bilaabmay horraantii qarnigii 15-aad Miilaadiga xilligii boqortooyadii Itoobiya ee Isxaaq I, kaas oo mid ka mid ah saraakiisha maxkamaddiisu qoray hees uu ugu dabaaldegayo guushii milatari ee ay ka gaareen Saldanadda Ifat. Simur wuxuu kaloo ahaa magac Harari qadiimi ah oo loogu yeeri jiray dadka Soomaaliyeed. Soomaalidu waxay si weyn u door bidaan ereyga "Soomaali" marka loo eego "Soomaaliga", maadaama kan hore uu yahay halqabsi, halka kan dambe uu yahay qaab laba-jibbaaran ah. Ereyga af-Soomaaliga marka laga eego juqraafi-siyaasadeed ahaan waxaa loola jeedaa dadka Horn of Africa, kuwaas oo ka tirsan qowmiyadda Kuush. ==Taariikhda== ===Taariikhda ka hor=== [[File:Laas Geel single cow.jpg|thumb|Farshaxanka Neolithic ee dhismaha Laas Geel oo muujinaya sac gees-dheer]] Soomaaliya waxay u badan tahay inay ka mid ahayd dhulkii ugu horreeyay ee ay dageen bini'aadam hore, iyadoo loo eegayo meesha ay ku taal. Ugaarsadayaasha oo hadhow Afrika ka haajiray waxay u badan tahay inay halkan degeen ka hor intaanay guurin. Intii lagu jiray xilligii dhagaxa, dhaqamada Dooyan iyo reer Hargeysa ayaa halkan ku soo barbaaray. Caddaynta ugu da'da weyn ee caadooyinka aaska Geeska Afrika waxay ka timid qabuuraha Soomaaliya ilaa qarnigii 4aad ee BC. Qalabka dhagaxa ah ee laga soo qaaday goobta Jaleelo ee waqooyiga ayaa sidoo kale lagu tilmaamay 1909 inay yihiin farshaxanno muhiim ah oo muujinaya caalimnimada qadiimiga ah inta lagu jiro Paleolithic ee u dhexeeya Bariga iyo Galbeedka. Sida laga soo xigtay khubarada afafka, dadkii ugu horreeyay ee ku hadla Afafka ayaa yimid gobolka intii lagu jiray xilligii Neolithic ee xigay oo ka yimid qoyska urheimat ee la soo jeediyay ("Dhulka asalka ah") ee dooxada Niil , ama Bariga dhow . Dhismaha Laas -geel oo ku yaalla duleedka magaalada Hargeysa ee Waqooyi-galbeed Soomaaliya ayaa soo jirtay qiyaastii 5,000 oo sano, waxaana ku yaalla farshaxanno dhagax ah oo muujinaya xayawaanka duur-joogta ah iyo lo'da la qurxiyay. Sawirro kale oo godad ah ayaa laga helay gobolka Dhambalin ee woqooyiga , kaas oo ka muuqda mid ka mid ah sawirradii ugu horreeyay ee loo yaqaan ugaarsiga fardaha. Farshaxanka dhagaxa waxa uu taariikhdiisu ahayd 1,000 ilaa 3,000 BCE. Intaa waxaa dheer, inta u dhaxaysa magaalooyinka Laas-Khorey iyo Ceel Ayo ee waqooyiga Soomaaliya waxaa ku taal Karinhegane , oo ah goobta lagu sawiray godad fara badan, kuwaas oo wadar ahaan lagu qiyaasay ilaa 2,500 oo sano Geela waxa la rumaysan yahay in uu ku dhaqmi jiray gobolka Geeska intii u dhaxaysay qarnigii 2aad iyo 3aad ee BC. Halkaa waxa ay ku fiday Masar iyo Maghrib . ===Waagii qadiimiga iyo qadiimiga ahaa=== [[File:Men from Punt Carrying Gifts, Tomb of Rekhmire MET 30.4.152 EGDP013029.jpg|thumb|Rag reer Punt ah oo sita hadiyado, Qabriga Rekhmire .]] Dhismayaasha Ahraamta qadiimiga ah , Mowlacyo , magaalooyin burburay iyo gidaaryo dhagax ah, sida darbigii Wargade , waxay daliil u yihiin ilbaxnimo hore oo ka hanaqaadi jirtay gayiga Soomaaliyeed. Ilbaxnimadani waxay ku naaloonaysay xidhiidh ganacsi oo ay la lahayd Masar hore iyo Giriiggii Mycenaean tan iyo qarnigii labaad ee BC . Puntites oo u dhashay gobolka waxay ka ganacsan jireen malmalka , xawaashka, dahabka, eboniga, lo'da gees-gaaban, fool-maroodi iyo fooxa oo ay la socdeen Masaarida, Finiisiyaanka, Baabiliyiinta, Hindida, Shiinaha iyo Roomaanka iyaga oo u maraya dekedahooda ganacsi. Duulaan Masri ah oo ay u soo dirtay boqortooyadii 18-aad ee boqorad Hatshepsut ayaa lagu duubay macbudka Deir el-Bahari , xilligii boqortooyadii Boqorka Puntite Parahu iyo Queen Ati. Waagii qadiimiga ahaa , Macrobiyaanka , oo laga yaabo in ay awoow u ahaayeen Soomaalida, ayaa aasaasay boqortooyo awood leh oo ka talinaysay qaybo badan oo ka mid ah Soomaaliya casriga ah. Waxaa lagu magacaabi jiray cimrigooda iyo maalkooda, waxaana la sheegay inay ahaayeen kuwa ugu dheer oo ugu quruxda badan ragga oo dhan. Macrobiyadu waxay ahaayeen dagaalyahanno xoolo-dhaqato ah iyo badmaaxayaal. Sida laga soo xigtay xisaabta Herodotus, Imbaraadoorkii Faaris Cambyses II , markii uu qabsaday Masar 525 BC, wuxuu u diray safiirro Macrobia, isagoo u keenay hadiyado qaali ah boqorka Macrobiya si uu u soo gudbiyo. Hogaamiyihii Macrobiya oo lagu doortay dhererkiisa iyo quruxdiisa, waxa uu taa beddelkeeda kaga jawaabay loolan uu dhiggiisa Beershiya uga dhigay qaanso aan xidhnayn: haddii Faaris ay awoodaan in ay sawiraan, waxa ay xaq u yeelan lahaayeen in ay dalkiisa ku soo duulaan; laakiin ilaa iyo markaas, waa in ay u mahad naqayaa ilaahyada in Macrobians waligood go'aansan in ay ku duulaan boqortooyadooda. Macrobians-ku waxay ahaayeen awood gobol oo lagu asteeyay qaab-dhismeedkooda horumarsan iyo hantidooda dahabka ah , taas oo aad u badan oo ay maxaabiistooda ku xidheen silsilado dahab ah. Inta lagu jiro xilliga qadiimiga ah, gobollada Barbara ee Mosylon , Opone , Mundus , Isis , Malao , Avalites , Essina , Nikon iyo Sarapion waxay sameeyeen shabakad ganacsi oo faa'iido leh, oo ku xiran ganacsato ka timid Ptolemaic Masar , Giriiggii hore , Fenisiya , Parthian Persian , Boqortooyadii Roomaanka , Boqortooyada Saban , Nabata . Waxay isticmaali jireen markabkii qadiimiga ahaa ee badda Soomaaliya ee loo yaqaanay beden si ay shixnadooda u daabulaan. [[File:Beden.jpg|thumb|Beden waa mid dheereeya, oo qadiimi ah markab badeed keligiis ah ama laba-jibbaaran.]] Ka dib qabsashadii Roomaanku ee Boqortooyadii Nabataean iyo joogitaankii ciidamada badda ee Roomaanka ee Cadan si ay u xakameeyaan budhcad-badeedda, ganacsato Carbeed iyo Soomaali ah waxay ku heshiiyeen Roomaanku in maraakiibta Hindiya laga mamnuuco inay ka ganacsadaan magaalooyinka dekedaha xorta ah ee Jasiiradda Carabta si loo ilaaliyo danaha ganacsatada Soomaalida iyo Carabta ee ganacsiga faa'iidada badan leh ee u dhexeeya badaha Cas iyo Mediterranean. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ganacsatadii Hindidu waxay sii wadeen ganacsiga magaalooyinka dekedaha ah ee jasiiradda Soomaalida, kuwaas oo ka madax bannaan faragelinta Roomaanka. Qarniyo badan, ganacsatadii Hindidu waxay Soomaaliya iyo Carabta u keeni jireen tiro badan oo qorfe ah Ceylon iyo Jasiiradaha Spice . Meesha laga helo qorfaha iyo xawaashka kale waxa la sheegaa in ay ahayd sirta ugu fiican ee ay ka heli jireen ganacsatadii Carabta iyo Soomaalida ee ka ganacsan jiray Rome iyo Giriigga; Roomaanka iyo Giriiggu waxay rumaysnaayeen in isha laga soo xigtay ay ahayd jasiiradda Soomaalida. Heshiiskii wada shaqayneed ee dhexmaray ganacsatada Soomaalida iyo Carabta ayaa sicir barar ku keenay qiimaha qorfaha Hindiya iyo Shiinaha ee Waqooyiga Afrika, Bariga dhow iyo Yurub, wuxuuna ganacsiga qorfaha ka dhigay mid dakhli abuur ah oo faa'iido badan leh, gaar ahaan ganacsatada Soomaaliyeed. ===Dhalashada Islaamka iyo qarniyadii dhexe=== [[File:Silk route.jpg|thumb|Waddada xariirta oo ku fidsan Shiinaha ilaa koonfurta Yurub, Carabta, Soomaaliya, Masar, Faaris, Hindiya, iyo Java]] Islamka waxa deegaanka soo galiyay horraantii muslimiintii ugu horaysay ee ka soo carartay dacwooyinkii xiijii ugu horaysay iyada oo Masjid al-Qiblatayn ee Saylac laga dhisay ka hor inta aanu Qiblada u socon dhanka Maka . Waa mid ka mid ah masaajidda ugu faca weyn Afrika. Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 9aad, Al-Yaqubi waxa uu qoray in Muslimiintu ay ku noolaayeen hareeraha badda woqooyi ee Soomaaliya. Waxa kale oo uu xusay in Boqortooyada Adal ay caasimad u ahayd magaalada. Sida uu qabo Leo Africanus , Adal Sultanate waxa maamuli jiray boqortooyo Soomaaliyeed oo deegaanka ah , dhulkeeduna waxa uu ka koobnaa dhulka juqraafi ahaan u dhexeeya Bab el Mandeb iyo Gacanka Gardafuu. Sidaas waxaa dhanka koonfureed uga xigay Boqortooyadii Ajuuraan , dhanka galbeedna waxaa ka xigay Boqortooyadii Xabashida . Qarniyadii dhexe oo dhan waxa Somaliland yimi dad Carbeed, waayo-aragnimo taariikhi ah oo hadhow horseedi doonta sheekooyinka halyeyga ah ee sheekhyadii Muslimiinta sida Daarood iyo Isxaaq Binu Axmed (oo la sheegay in ay ka soo jeedaan beelaha Daarood iyo Isaaq , siday u kala horreeyaan) iyaga oo ka soo socdaalay Carabta una socdaalay Soomaaliya kuna guursaday qabiilka Dir ee deegaanka . Sannadkii 1332-kii, Boqorkii Adal ee Saylac ahaa ayaa lagu dilay olole millatari oo ujeedkiisu ahaa in la hakiyo socodkii ay magaalada ku soo jeedday Amda Seyon 1aad ee Xabashida. Markii Suldaankii ugu dambeeyay ee Ifat, Sacad Ad-Diin II, lagu dilay Saylac 1410 , caruurtiisii ​​waxay u baxsadeen Yaman, ka hor intaysan ku soo laaban 1415 . II, oo saldhig cusub ka samaystay Yemen ka dib [[File:Imaam Ahmed Gurey.jpg|thumb|Taalada Axmed ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi , Imaamkii Boqortooyada Adal]] Xarunteedii Adal ayaa mar kale loo raray qarnigii xigay, markan dhanka koonfureed waxa loo raray Harar . Caasimaddan cusub, Adal waxa uu abaabulay ciidan wax ku ool ah oo uu hoggaaminayo Imaam Axmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi , (Ahmad "Gurey" ama "Gran"; labaduba waxay ka dhigan yihiin "gacanta bidix") iyo Jeneraalka ugu dhow dhow iyo seedigii Garaad Mataan . Qabiilka Imaam Axmed waxaa la caddeeyey inay ka soo jeedaan Geri Koombe , oo ah jifada Daarood. Ololahan qarniga 16-aad waxaa taariikh ahaan loo yaqaanaa Gumeysiga Xabashida ( Futuh al-Habash). Intii uu dagaalka socday, Imaam Axmad waxa uu hormood u noqday adeegsiga madfac ay ka heli jirtay Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta, kuwaas oo uu ka soo waariday Saylac oo uu ku soo daad-gureeyey ciidamadii Xabashida iyo xulafadooda Bortuqiisku ee uu hoggaaminayay Cristovão da Gama . Xilligii Ajuuraan Saldanada , magaalooyinka iyo jamhuuriyadaha Marka , Muqdisho , Baraawa , Hobyo iyo dekedooda waxay lahaayeen ganacsi faa'iido badan oo shisheeye ah oo ay ka heli jireen maraakiib u kala goosha dalalka Carabta, Hindiya, Venetia , Paris, Masar, Portugal iyo ilaa Shiinaha. Vasco da Gama , oo soo maray Muqdisho qarnigii 15-aad, ayaa xusay inay ahayd magaalo weyn oo ay ku yaallaan dhowr dabaq oo dhaadheer iyo daaro waaweyn oo ku yaalla bartamaha magaalada, iyadoo ay u dheer tahay masaajidyo badan oo leh minaarado cylindrical ah. Harla , oo ah koox hore oo Hamitic ah oo dhererkeedu dheeraa oo degi jiray qaybo ka mid ah Soomaaliya, Tchertcher iyo meelo kale oo Geeska ah, waxay sidoo kale dhiseen tuuli kala duwan . Dhagarqabayaashan ayaa la rumeysan yahay inay awoow u ahaayeen qowmiyadaha Soomaalida. [[File:ShenDuGiraffePainting.jpg|thumb|[[Saldanadii Ajuuraan|Ajuran Sultanate]] waxa ay sii waday xidhiidh ganacsi oo ay la lahayd boqortooyadii Ming iyo boqortooyooyinkii kale.]] Qarnigii 16-aad, Duarte Barboosa waxa uu xusay in maraakiib badan oo ka timid Boqortooyadii Cambaya ee waqtigan casriga ah ee Hindiya ay u shiraacdeen Muqdisho iyagoo wata maryo iyo xawaash, taas beddelkeedana ay heleen dahab, dhux iyo fool maroodi. Barbosa waxa kale oo ay iftiimisay hilibka, sarreenka, shaciga, fardaha iyo khudaarta ee suuqyada xeebaha, kuwaas oo ganacsatadu ka soo saarteen hanti aad u badan. Muqdisho, oo ah xarunta warshadaha dharka ee kobcaya ee loo yaqaan toob benadir ( oo ku takhasusay suuqyada Masar, iyo meelo kale , oo ay weheliyaan Merca iyo Barawa, waxay sidoo kale u ahayd meel ay ku sii maraan ganacsatada Sawaaxiliga ee Mombasa iyo Malindi iyo ganacsiga dahabka ee Kilwa . Ganacsato Yuhuudi ah oo ka timid Hormuz waxay keeneen dharkoodii Hindida iyo miraha badda Soomaaliya si ay ugu beddelaan hadhuudh iyo alwaax. Xiriirka ganacsiga waxaa la aasaasay Malacca qarnigii 15aad, oo leh maro, ambergris iyo porcelain oo ah badeecadaha ugu muhiimsan ee ganacsiga. Geri, zebras iyo fooxa ayaa loo dhoofin jiray Boqortooyadii Ming ee Shiinaha, taasoo ka dhigtay ganacsatada Soomaalida inay hormuud ka noqdaan ganacsiga u dhexeeya Bariga Aasiya iyo Geeska. Ganacsato Hinduuga ah oo ka soo jeeda Surat iyo ganacsatada Koonfur-bari Afrikaanka ee Pate , iyagoo doonaya inay ka gudbaan labada go'doominta Boortaqiiska ee Hindiya (iyo markii dambe faragelintii Cumaan), waxay adeegsadeen dekedaha Soomaaliya ee Merca iyo Barawa (kuwaas oo ka baxsan xukunka tooska ah ee labada awoodood) si ay ganacsigooda ugu sameeyaan ammaan iyo faragelin la'aan. ===Waagii hore ee casriga ah iyo u halgamidda Afrika=== [[File:Mogadishu1936.jpg|thumb|magaalada Muqdisho ee xarunta dalka Talyaaniga ayaa waxaa ku yaalla xarunta kaniisada Kathedral-ka ee Catholic-ga iyo taallada weyn ee lagu maamuusayo Boqor Umberto I ee Talyaaniga.]] Waagii hore ee casriga ahaa , dawladihii bedeli lahaa Adal Sultanate iyo Ajuran Sultanate waxay bilaabeen inay ka koraan Soomaaliya. Waxaa ka mid ahaa Imaamyadii Hiraab , Suldaan Isaaq oo uu hoggaaminayay reer Guuleed , Suldaankii Habr Yuunis oo uu hoggaaminayey reer Caynaanshe , Suldaankii Geledi (Boqortooyadii Gobroon), Saldanada Majeerteen (Migiurtinia), iyo Saldanadda Hobyo . Waxay sii wateen dhaqankii qalcado-dhisidda iyo ganacsiga badda mara ee ay aasaaseen boqortooyooyinkii hore ee Soomaaliya. Suldaan Yusuf Mahamud Ibrahim oo ahaa Suldaankii Sadexaad ee Golaha Deegaanka Gobroon ayaa Bilaabay Taariikhdii dahabiga ahayd ee Boqortooyadii Gobroon. Ciidankiisu waxay guulo ka soo hoyeen Jihaadka Baardheere, kaasoo dib u soo celiyay xasiloonidii Gobolka, dib u soo nooleeyay ganacsigii fool-maroodiga ee Bariga Afrika . Waxa kale oo uu lahaa xidhiidh wanaagsan oo uu hadiyado ka heli jiray saldanada boqortooyooyinka dariska iyo kuwa fog sida Cumaan, Witu iyo salaadiinta Yemen. Inankii Suldaan Ibraahim Axmed Yuusuf waxa uu ku beddelay mid ka mid ah shakhsiyaadkii ugu muhiimsanaa ee qarnigii 19-aad ee Bariga Afrika, isaga oo ka heli jiray abaal-marinno guddoomiyeyaasha Cumaan, isla markaana abuuray isbahaysi qoysas Muslimiin ah oo muhiim ah oo ku nool xeebaha Bariga Afrika Somaliland waxa la aas aasay Suldaanka Isaaq 1750. Suldaanka Isaaq waxa uu ahaa boqortooyo Somaliyeed oo ka talinaysay qaybo ka mid ah Geeska Afrika qarniyadii 18aad iyo 19aad. Waxay ku teedsantay dhulka beesha Isaaq , oo ka soo farcamay qabiilka Banu Haashim , ee Somaliland iyo Itoobiya maanta. Suldaanka waxaa maamuli jiray garabka Rer Guuleed oo uu aasaasay suldaankii ugu horeeyay ee beesha Ciidagale Suldaan Guuleed Cabdi . Sida dhaqanka afka ah lagu sheegay, ka hor reer Guuleed beesha Isaaq waxaa ka talin jiray boqortooyo laanta Toljeclo oo ka soo jeeda reer Axmed oo lagu naanaysi jiray Tol Jeelo, oo ahaa curadkii Sheekh Isxaaq xaaskiisii ​​Harari . Guud ahaan waxa jiray sideed taliye Toljelo ah oo uu ugu horreeyo Boqor Haaruun ( Soomaali : Boqor Haaruun ) oo soo xukumayay Suldaan Isaaq qarniyo laga soo bilaabo qarnigii 13aad. Garaad Dhux Barar ( Somali : Dhuux Baraar ) waxaa afgambiyay isbahaysigii beelaha Isaaq. Toljeelo oo berigii hore xoog lahaa way kala firxadeen oo waxay gabaad ka dhigteen Habr Awal oo ay ilaa hadda inta badan la nool yihiin. Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad, shirkii Berlin ee 1884 ka dib, quwadaha reer Yurub waxay bilaabeen inay u halgamaan Afrika . Sannadkaas, maxmiyad Ingiriis ayaa lagaga dhawaaqay qayb ka mid ah Soomaaliya, oo ku taal xeebta Afrika ee ka soo horjeeda Yementa Koonfureed. Bilowgii, gobolkani wuxuu ku hoos jiray xukunka Xafiiska Hindiya, sidaas darteedna loo maamulay qayb ka mid ah Boqortooyada Hindiya; 1898-kii waxa loo wareejiyay maamulka London. 1889kii, maxmiyaddii iyo gumaysigii Soomaaliya ee Talyaanigu si rasmi ah u aasaasay Talyaanigu iyadoo loo marayo heshiisyo kala duwan oo ay la saxeexdeen madax iyo suldaanno badan; Suldaan Yuusuf Cali Keenadiid ayaa markii ugu horreysay codsi u diray Talyaaniga dabayaaqadii Diseembar 1888 si uu Suldaannimadiisa Hobyo uga dhigo maxmiyad Talyaani ah ka hor inta uusan markii dambe saxiixin heshiis 1889 [[File:Hobyo Sultanate Cavalry And Fort.jpg|thumb|Fardooley iyo dhufeyskii Hobyo Sultanate]] Dhaqdhaqaaqa Dervish ayaa si guul leh u celiyay Boqortooyada Ingiriiska afar jeer waxayna ku qasbeen inay dib ugu noqdaan gobolka xeebta. Daraawiishtu waxay jebisay gumaystihii Talyaaniga, Ingiriiska, Xabashida marar badan, gaar ahaan, guushii 1903-dii ee Cagaarweyne ee uu hoggaaminayey Suleymaan Aaden Galaydh , waxay ku khasabtay Boqortooyadii Ingriiska inay dib ugu gurtaan gobolka xeebta horraantii 1900aadkii. Dervishes ayaa ugu dambeyntii laga adkaaday 1920-kii xoogga hawada Ingiriiska. Bilawgii Faashiistaha horraantii 1920-aadkii waxa ay ku bishaaraysay is-beddelka istiraatijiyadda Talyaanigu, iyadoo suldaannada waqooyi-bari dhawaan lagu khasbi lahaa soohdinta La Grande Somalia (" Soomaali-weyn ") sida uu qorshuhu ahaa Talyaanigii Faashiistaha ahaa. Markii uu yimid Badhasaab Cesare Maria De Vecchi 15-kii December 1923kii, waxa bilaabmay in wax iska beddelaan qayb ka mid ah Somaliland oo loo yaqaanay Italian Somaliland . Dhulkii ugu dambeeyay ee Talyaanigu ka helo Soomaaliya wuxuu ahaa Oltre Giuba , gobolka Jubaland ee maanta , 1925. [[File:Sayyid Mohammed Abdullah Hassan.jpeg|thumb|Taalada Mohammed Abdullah Hassan , Hogaamiyihii Daraawiishta]] Talyaanigu wuxuu bilaabay mashruucyo kaabayaasha deegaanka ah, oo ay ku jiraan dhismaha isbitaallo, beero iyo dugsiyo. Talyaanigii Faashiistaha ahaa , ee Benito Mussolini , wuxuu weeraray Xabashida (Itoobiya) 1935, ujeeddadiisuna ahayd inay gumeysato. Duulaankaas waxaa cambaareeyey Ururka Jimciyadda Quruumaha ka dhaxaysa , balse wax yar lagama qaban sidii loo joojin lahaa ama looga xorayn lahaa gumaysiga Itoobiya. 1936kii, Soomaaliyadii Talyaanigu waxay ku biirtay Bariga Afrika ee Talyaanigu , oo ay weheliso Ereteriya iyo Itoobiya, oo ah Maamul-goboleedka Soomaaliya . 3-dii Agoosto 1940-kii, ciidamadii Talyaanigu oo ay ku jireen cutubyo ka tirsan gumaystaha Soomaaliya, ayaa ka soo tallaabay Itoobiya si ay u soo galaan Somaliland , 14kii Agoosto, waxay ku guuleysteen inay Berbera ka qabsadaan Ingiriiska. Ciidan Ingiriis ah oo ay ku jiraan ciidamo ka socda dalal badan oo Afrikaan ah ayaa bishii January 1941kii ka bilaabay Kenya ololihii ay ku xorreeyeen British Somaliland iyo Itoobiya oo Talyaanigu gumaysan jiray, una qabsan lahaa Somaliland Talyaani. Bishii Feebarweri inta badan Somaliland Talyaanigu waa la qabsaday, bishii Maarj, Somaliland-kii Ingiriiska waa lagala wareegay badda. Ciidamadii Boqortooyadii Ingiriiska ee ka hawl-gala Somaliland waxay ka koobnaayeen saddex qaybood oo kala ahaa Koonfur Afrika, Galbeedka Afrika iyo Ciidamada Bariga Afrika. Waxa kaalmaynayay ciidammadii Somaliyeed ee uu hogaaminayay C/laahi Xasan iyadoo ay si wayn uga qayb galeen Somalida beesha Isaaq , Dhulbahante iyo Warsangali . Tirada Soomaalida Talyaanigu waxay bilawday inay hoos u dhacdo ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka, iyada oo in ka yar 10,000 ay soo hartay 1960. ===Madaxbanaanidii (1960-1969)=== Dagaalkii IIaad ee Adduunka ka dib, Ingiriisku waxa uu sii haystay gacan ku haynta British Somaliland iyo Somaliland Somaliland oo ah maxmiyad. 1945kii, intii lagu jiray shirkii Potsdam , Qaramada Midoobay waxay u oggolaatay Talyaanigu inuu Talyaanigu u dhiibo Talyaani Somaliland inuu noqdo dhul-xakameedka Somaliland , iyadoo shuruud looga dhigay markii ugu horreysay ee ay soo jeediyaan xisbigii SYL iyo ururradii kale ee curdinka ahaa ee siyaasadda Soomaaliya, sida Xizbiya DigilMirifle Soomaali (HDMS) iyo Ururka Qaranka Soomaalida (SNL) — gudaha Soomaaliya ay ku hesho madaxbannaani toban sano gudahood. British Somaliland waxay ahaan jirtay maxmiyad Ingiriiska ilaa 1960 [[File:Chieftains of the Isaaq clan cropped.jpg|thumb|Madaxdii beesha Isaaq oo Hargeysa lagu sawiray 1958 kii markii Duke & Duchess of Gloucester booqasho ku yimaadeen Somaliland.]] Ilaa heer uu Talyaanigu dhulkaas ku haysto amarka Qaramada Midoobay, qodobbada ammaanadu waxay siiyeen Soomaalida fursad ay khibrad ugu yeeshaan waxbarashada siyaasadda reer galbeedka iyo is-xukunka. Waxa ay ahaayeen faa’iidooyin aanay lahayn British Somaliland, oo la rabay in lagu daro dawladnimada cusub ee Soomaaliya. In kasta oo 1950-meeyadii saraakiisha gumaystaha Ingiriiska ay isku dayeen, dadaallo horumarineed oo maamul oo kala duwan, si ay uga soo kabtaan dayacaadii hore, maxmiyadku waxa ay fadhiid ku noqotay horumarka maamulka siyaasadda. Farqiga u dhexeeya labada dhul ee horumarinta dhaqaalaha iyo waayo-aragnimada siyaasadeed ayaa hadhow keeni doonta dhibaatooyin culus oo isku dhafan labada qaybood. [[File:Mogadishu city centre - 1960s.jpg|thumb|1963kii oo ku yaal bartamaha magaalada Muqdisho]] Dhanka kale, 1948-kii, cadaadis kaga yimid xulafadooda Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka, Soomaalidana ay aad uga xumaadeen, Ingriisku wuxuu dib u soo celiyay Haud (Dhul daaqsimeed Soomaaliyeed oo muhiim ah oo loo maleynayo inuu ilaalinayay heshiisyadii Ingiriiska uu la galay Soomaalida 1884 iyo 1886) iyo Gobolka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya, taasoo ku saleysan heshiis ay saxiixeen 1897-kii oo ay ka soo horjeedaan Boqortooyadii Itoobiya ee Menelik oo ay suurtagal tahay in Boqortooyadii Itoobiya ay ku beddesho Imbaraadoor. Faransiisku. Ingriiska ayaa ku daray shuruud ah in dadka Soomaalida ah ay sii haysanayaan ismaamulkooda, laakiin Itoobiya ayaa isla markiiba sheegatay inay iyadu leedahay madax-bannaanideeda. Taasi waxay keentay in 1956-kii uu Ingiriisku ku guul darraystay inuu dib u iibsado dhulkii Soomaaliyeed ee uu la wareegay. Ingriisku waxa uu sidoo kale siiyay maamulka ku dhawaad ​​​​Soomaalida ay degto Waqooyiga xudduudaha Waqooyi (NFD) wadaniiyiinta Kenya. Tani waxay ahayd in kasta oo ay raali ka tahay , sida laga soo xigtay guddigii gumaystaha Ingiriiska, ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan qowmiyadaha Soomaalida ee dhulkaas degganaa waxay door bideen inay ku biiraan Jamhuuriyaddii Soomaaliya ee dhawaan la sameeyay. Waxa sannadkii 1958- kii ka qabsoontay dalka aynu jaarka nahay ee Jabuuti (oo loo yaqaannay Faransiiska Somaliland ) sannadkii 1958-kii, maalintii ay Soomaaliya xornimada qaadatay sannadkii 1960-kii, si go'aan looga gaadho in lagu biiro Jamhuuriyaddii Soomaaliya iyo in kale iyo inay ka sii mid ahaato Faransiiska. Aftidu waxay u soo baxday in la sii wado xidhiidhka Faransiiska, taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay isku-darka haa ee ay ku codeeyeen qoomiyada Canfarta iyo dadka degan Yurub. Waxa kale oo jirtay ku shubasho codbixineed oo baahsan, iyada oo Faransiisku uu ka eryay kumannaan Soomaali ah ka hor inta aanay aftidu gaadhin goobaha codbixinta. Inta badan dadka 'maya' ku codeeyay waxay ahaayeen Soomaali aad u taageersan inay ku biiraan Soomaaliya oo mid ah, sida uu soo jeediyay Maxamuud Xarbi , Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Golaha Xukuumadda. Xarbi ayaa ku dhintay shil diyaaradeed labo sano kadib. Djibouti ugu dambayntii waxay xornimada ka qaadatay Faransiiska 1977, iyo Hassan Gouled Aptidoon , oo ahaa Soomaali oo u ololaynayey "haa" codbixintii 1976, aakhirkii wuxuu noqday madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee Jabuuti (1977-1999). [[File:President Aden Adde alongside Prime minister Sharmarke.jpg|thumb|Madaxweyne Aadan Cadde oo uu weheliyo Ra’iisul Wasaare Cabdirashiid Cali Sharma’arke oo Salaaddii Ciidda 1964-kii ku Tukaday Masjidka Arbaca Rukun]] 26 June 1960 -kii Maxmiyadda Somaliland ee Ingiriiska waxa ay xornimadeeda qaadatay 26 June 1960. 1dii Luulyo 1960kii waxa xornimada qaatay dhulkii la isku halayn lahaa ee Somaliland, labadoodiina waxay ku midoobeen dhismihii Jamhuuriyaddii Soomaaliya , in kasta oo ay ku jireen xuduud ay kala sameeyeen Talyaaniga iyo Ingiriiska. Dawlad ay dhiseen Cabdullaahi Ciise iyo Muxammad Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal oo ay weheliyaan xubno kale oo ka tirsan dawladihii ammaanada iyo maxmiyad ahaa, iyadoo Cabdulqaadir Muxamed Aadan uu noqday Madaxweynaha Golaha Shacbiga Soomaaliyeed , Aadan Cabdallah Cismaan Daar oo ahaa Madaxweynihii Jamhuriyadda Soomaaliya, Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarkena wuxuu noqday Ra'iisul Wasaare (kadibna noqday Madaxweyne 1967 ilaa 1969). 20kii Luulyo 1961kii iyo afti dadweyne oo dadweynihii Soomaaliyeed ay ku ansixiyeen talyaanigu, badi dadkii ka soo jeeday Maxmiyadii hore ee Somaliland ayaan ka qaybgelin aftida, in kasta oo tiro yar oo reer Somaliland ah oo ka qaybqaatay aftida ay ka soo horjeesteen dastuurkii cusbaa , oo markii ugu horreysay la sameeyay 1367kii , Muxammad . Wasiir, xilkaas oo uu u magacaabay Sharmaarke. Cigaal waxa uu mar dambe noqon lahaa Madaxweynaha maamul-goboleedka Somaliland ee waqooyi-galbeed ee Soomaaliya ===Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliya (1969-1991)=== ===Inqilaab=== 15kii Oktoobar, isaga oo madaxweyne Cabdirashiid Cali Sharma'arke socdaal ku marayay magaalada Laascaanood ee ay abaaruhu ku dhufteen, ayaa ilaaladiisa gaarka ahi toogasho ku dileen. Xoghayihii hore ee arrimaha dibadda ee Mareykanka Henry Kissinger ayaa hadalkiisa ku soo gabagabeeyay in ilaaladu uu iskiis u dhaqmayo. Lix maalmood ka dib, 21kii Oktoobar, Jeneraal Siyaad Barre wuxuu hoggaaminayey afgambi militari, wuxuuna ku guuleystay afgambigii dowladdii baarlamaanka. Falanqeeyayaasha siyaasadda casriga ah ayaa sheegaya in afgambiga uu ka dambeeyay musuqmaasuqa ka dhex jira xukuumadda baarlamaanka. Waardiyihii waxaa maxkamadeeyay, jirdilay oo toogtay Golaha Sare ee Kacaanka (SRC). Waxa ay kasoo jeedaan madaxweynaha uu dilay. [[File:Mohamed Ainanshe and Kim Il Sung -1970.jpg|thumb|Maxamed Caynaanshe Guuleed oo Waqooyiga Kuuriya kula kulmay Madaxweyne Kim Il Sung 1970kii]] Dhinaca Barre, SRC oo xukunka la wareegtay dilkii Madaxweyne Sharma’arke ka dib waxaa hoggaaminayay Sarreeye Guuto Maxamed Caynaanshe Guuleed , Gaashaanle Sare Salaad Gabeyre Kediye iyo Taliyaha Booliska Jaamac Korsheel . Kediye waxa uu si rasmi ah u haystay magaca “Aabihii Kacaanka”, wax yar ka dibna Barre waxa uu noqday madaxa SRC. SRC dabadeed waxay u bixisay magaca dalka Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ee Soomaaliya, waxay kala dirtay baarlamaanka iyo maxkamadda sare, oo laalay dastuurkii. Dawladdii kacaanku waxay dejisay barnaamijyo ballaaran oo hawlaha guud waxayna si guul leh u hirgelisay olole wax-qoris oo magaalo iyo miyi ah , kaasoo gacan ka geystay inuu si weyn u kordhiyo heerka wax-akhris-qoraalka. Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliya waxay gaartay heerka wax-akhris 70%, taasoo ka mid ahayd kuwa ugu sarreeya Afrika waagaas. Marka laga soo tago barnaamijka qarameynta warshadaha iyo dhulka, siyaasadda arrimaha dibadda ee maamulka cusub waxay xoogga saartay xiriirka soo jireenka ah iyo diinta ee Soomaaliya ay la leedahay dunida Carabta , ugu dambeyntii waxay ku biirtay Jaamacadda Carabta bishii Febraayo 1974. Isla sanadkaas, Barre wuxuu sidoo kale noqday guddoomiyaha Ururka Midowga Afrika (OAU), oo ah hoggaamiyihii ka horreeyay Midowga Afrika (AU). Bishii Luulyo 1976-kii, SRC-da Barre ayaa iskeed u kala dirtay, waxayna halkeeda ka dhistay Xisbigii Hantiwadaaga Kacaanka Soomaaliyeed (XDSHSI), dowlad hal xisbi ah oo ku dhisan hantiwadaag cilmiyeed iyo caqiidada Islaamka. SRSP waxa ay ahayd isku day lagu heshiisiinayo fikirka dawladda ee rasmiga ah iyo diinta rasmiga ah ee dawladda iyada oo la waafajinayo xeerarkii Marxist xaaladaha deegaanka. Waxa xoogga la saaray mabaadi’da Muslimka ee horumarka bulshada, sinnaanta iyo caddaaladda, taas oo ay dawladdu ku doodday in ay aasaas u tahay udub-dhexaadka hantiwadaagga cilmiyeed iyo lahjad u gaar ah oo ku aaddan isku filnaansho, ka qayb-qaadashada dadweynaha iyo xakamaynta dadweynaha, iyo sidoo kale lahaanshaha tooska ah ee habka wax-soo-saarka. Iyadoo SRSP ay dhiirigelisay maalgashiga gaarka ah ee xad xaddidan, jihada guud ee maamulku waxay ahayd mid shuuci ah . Bishii Luulyo 1977, dagaalkii Ogaadeeniya wuxuu qarxay ka dib markii dawladdii Barre adeegsatay codsi ku saabsan midnimada qaranka si ay u caddeyso ku darista gardarrada ah ee gobolka Ogaadeeniya ee ay Soomaalida u badan tahay ee Itoobiya oo lagu daray Soomaali- weyn oo dhan , oo ay weheliso dhul-beereedyo hodan ah oo ku yaal koonfurta-bari ee Itoobiya, kaabayaasha dhaqaalaha, iyo meelaha istiraatiijiga ah ee woqooyiga ilaa Jabuuti. Todobaadkii ugu horeeyey ee colaada ayaa xoogag hubaysan oo Soomaali ahi qabsadeen koonfurta iyo badhtamaha Ogadenia, dagaalka intiisa badana waxay ciidanka Soomaalidu guulo isdaba joog ah ka gaadheen ciidanka gumaysiga Itoobiya waxayna daba socdeen ilaa Sidamo . Bishii Sebtembar 1977kii, Soomaaliya waxay gacanta ku dhigtay 90% dhulka Ogaadeeniya waxayna qabsatay magaalooyin istiraatiiji ah sida Jijiga waxayna cadaadis xoog leh saartay Diridhaba , waxayna halis geliyeen wadadii tareenka ee magaalada dambe ee Jabuuti. Go’doomintii Harar ka dib, waxaa u soo gurmaday taliskii Shuuciga ahaa ee Dergiga Itoobiya faragelin baaxad leh oo aan hore loo arag oo ka kooban 20,000 oo ciidamada Kuuba ah iyo dhowr kun oo khubaro ah oo Soofiyeedka ah . Sannadkii 1978-kii, ciidamadii Soomaalida ayaa laga saaray Ogadenya. Isbeddelka taageerada ee Midowgii Soofiyeeti ayaa ku kallifay dowladdii Barre inay xulafo ka raadsato meelo kale. Aakhirkii waxa ay ku degtay dagaalkii qaboobaa ee Soofiyeedka oo ay xafiiltamaan, Maraykanka , kaas oo in muddo ah ku haminayey dawladdii Soomaaliya. Saaxiibtinimada ugu horreysay ee Soomaaliya ay la yeelato Midowgii Soofiyeeti iyo iskaashigii dambe ee ay la yeelatay Mareykanka ayaa u sahashay in ay dhisto ciidanka ugu badan ee Afrika. [[File:Muhammad Siad Barre - 40866X9X9.jpg|thumb|Sareeye Gaas Maxamed Siyaad Barre , Guddoomiyaha Golaha Sare ee Kacaanka , oo la kulmay Madaxweynaha Romania Nicolae Ceauşescu]] Dastuur cusub ayaa la soo saaray 1979kii kaas oo lagu qabtay doorashada Golaha Shacabka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Xisbigii Hantiwadaaga Kacaanka Soomaaliyeed ee Barre ayaa sii waday xukunka. Bishii Oktoobar 1980, SRSP waa la kala diray, Golaha Sare ee Kacaanka ayaa dib loo dhisay booskiisii. Waqtigaas, dawladdii Barre waxay noqotay mid aan la jeclayn. Soomaali badan ayaa ka niyad jabay nolosha ay ku hoos nool yihiin kalitalis ciidan. Waxaa sii wiiqmay taliskii 1980-meeyadii markii dagaalkii qaboobaa uu soo dhawaaday, waxaana hoos u dhacay muhiimaddii istiraatijiyadeed ee Soomaaliya. Dawladdu waxay noqotay mid sii xoogaysata , waxaana dalka oo dhan ka curtay dhaqdhaqaaqyo iska caabin ah oo ay dhiirigelisay Itoobiya, taasoo keentay in Soomaaliya dagaal sokeeye ka dhacdo . Kooxahan malayshiyaadka ah waxaa ka mid ahaa Jabhadda Dimuqraadiga Badbaadada Soomaaliyeed (SSDF), Golaha Soomaaliyeed ee Midowga (USC), Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniga Soomaaliyeed (SNM) iyo Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniga Soomaaliyeed (SPM) oo ay weheliyaan Mucaarad aan Rabshado lahayn oo ka kala tirsan Dhaqdhaqaaqa Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliyeed (SDM), Isbahaysiga Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliyeed (SDA) iyo Kooxda Kooxda Manifeestada Soomaaliyeed (SMG). ===Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Soomaaliya=== [[File:Somali Civil War (Google Live Map).svg|thumb|Qiyaasta khariidadda marxaladda hadda ee Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Soomaaliya (La cusbooneysiiyay Luulyo 2025)]] Markii ay si aayar aayar aayar aayar ah u yaraatay hankii iyo akhlaaqdii dowladdii Barre, ayaa dad badan oo Soomaaliyeed ay ka niyad jabeen nolosha xukunkii militariga. Bartamihii 1980-aadkii, dhaqdhaqaaqyo iska caabin ah oo uu taageerayey maamulkii Dergiga ee shuuciga ahaa ee Itoobiya ayaa ka curtay dalka oo dhan. Barre ayaa ku jawaabay in uu amar ku bixiyay in tallaabo laga qaado dadka uu u arko in ay deegaan ahaan taageersan yihiin jabhadda, gaar ahaan gobollada Waqooyi. Xakamayntaas waxaa ka mid ahaa in la duqeeyo magaalooyinka, oo ay ku taal xarunta maamulka waqooyi-galbeed ee Hargeysa , oo ah xaruntii SNM , oo ka mid ahayd goobihii la beegsaday 1988. Xakamaynta ay bilawday dawladdii Barre waxay gaadhsiisay in ka badan qaraxyadii hore ee woqooyiga si ay u koobto gobollo kala duwan oo dalka ah. Soo saariddan xeeladaha gardarada ah ee looga dan leeyahay in lagu caburiyo dadka ka soo jeeda iyo in lagu sii hayo awoodda dadweynaha waxay astaan ​​u ahayd tallaabooyinka caburinta ah ee dowladdu ay ka waddo Koonfurta. Mid ka mid ah dhacdooyinka ugu caansan ayaa dhacay 1991-kii, markii taliskii Barre bilaabay weerar cirka ah oo sababay dhimashada dad badan oo aan waxba galabsan magaalada Beledweyn , oo ku taal koonfurta Soomaaliya. Arxan-darrada iyo baaxadda falkan waxashnimada ah waxa ay iftiimisay heerka ay dawladdu u diyaar-garowday in ay meesha ka saarto nooc kasta oo mucaarad ah ama wax iska caabin ah, iyada oo ay muujinayso in aan tix-gelin badheedh ah u lahayn xuquuqda aadamaha iyo qiimaha nolosha bani’aadamka. Mid kale oo xusid mudan siyaasaddii caburinta Barre ayaa ka dhacday magaalada Baydhabo oo lagu naaneeso ‘Magaalada dhimashada’ taasoo ay ugu wacan tahay dhacdooyinkii murugada lahaa ee ka dhacay halkaasi xilliyadii abaarta iyo dagaalada sokeeye . Boqolaal kun oo qof ayaa naftooda ku waayey istiraatijiyad dawladeed oo gaar ahaan loogu talagalay bulshada Raxanweyn ee deggan deegaannadaas. 1990kii, magaalada caasimadda ah ee Muqdisho, dadka deggan waxaa laga mamnuucay inay meel fagaare ah isugu yimaadaan kooxo ka badan saddex ama afar. Shidaal yaraan, sicir-bararka, iyo qiima dhaca lacagta ayaa saameeyay dhaqaalaha. Suuq madoow oo aad u wanaagsan ayaa ka jiray bartamaha magaalada iyadoo bangiyada ay la kulmeen gabaabsi lacagta gudaha ah ee lagu sarifto. Waxaa la soo saaray sharciyo lagu xakameynayo sarifka lacagaha qalaad si looga hortago dhoofinta lacagaha qalaad. Inkastoo aan la saarin xayiraad dhanka socdaalka ah oo lagu soo rogay ajaanibta, sawir qaadista goobo badan ayaa la mamnuucay. Xilliyada maalinlaha ah ee magaalada Muqdisho, muuqaalka ciidan kasta oo dowladda ayaa ahaa mid naadir ah. Hawlgallada habeenkii dambe ee ay sameeyeen mas'uuliyiinta dowladda, ayaa waxaa ka mid ahaa "la'aanta" shaqsiyaadka guryahooda. 1991kii, maamulkii Barre waxaa xukunka ka tuuray isbahaysi mucaarad ku ah qabiil, oo ay taageerayeen taliskii Itoobiya ee Dergiga iyo Liibiya . Ka dib shir ay yeesheen Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniga Somaliyeed iyo odayaasha beelaha waqooyi, qaybtii waqooyi ee Ingiriisku ka talin jiray dalka waxay ku dhawaaqday in ay gooni isu taagtay jamhuuriyadda Somaliland May 1991. In kasta oo ay madax bannaani tahay oo xasiloon tahay marka loo eego koonfurta qalalaasaha ah, haddana dawlad shisheeye ma aqoonsan. [[File:Mogadishu.jpg|thumb|Dagaaladii sokeeye ka hor, Muqdisho waxaa loo yaqaannay "Luul cad oo badweynta Hindiya]] In badan oo ka mid ah kooxaha mucaaradka ayaa markii dambe bilaabay inay u tartamaan sidii ay saamayn ugu yeelan lahaayeen awood la'aanta ka dib markii la riday taliskii Barre. Koonfurta, waxaa isku dhacay kooxo hubaysan oo ay kala hogaaminayaan taliyayaasha USC General Maxamed Faarax Ceydiid iyo Cali Mahdi Maxamed , gaar ahaan, iyadoo mid walba uu doonayo inuu awood ku yeesho caasimadda. 1991kii, shir caalami ah oo wajiyo badan lahaa ayaa lagu qabtay dalka aynu jaarka nahay ee Jabuuti. Iyadoo loo eegayo sharcinimada uu Muxammad ku siiyey shirkii Jabuuti, ayaa beesha caalamku u aqoonsatay inuu yahay madaxweynaha cusub ee Soomaaliya. Ma uu awoodin in uu awoodiisa ku dhaqmo meelo ka baxsan caasimadda. Awoodda ayaa taas beddelkeeda lagu heshiiyey hoggaamiye kooxeedyadii kale ee koonfurta Soomaaliya iyo maamul-goboleedyo ka madax bannaan waqooyiga. Shirkii Jibouti waxaa ku xigay laba heshiis oo aan la iska dhicin oo dib-u-heshiisiin qaran iyo hub ka dhigis, oo ay saxeexeen 15 daneeyayaal siyaasadeed: heshiis in la qabto shir aan rasmi ahayn oo diyaarinta dib-u-heshiisiinta qaranka, iyo heshiiskii Addis Ababa 1993 ee lagu sameeyay shirkii dib u heshiisiinta qaranka. Horraantii 1990-meeyadii, la'aanta daba-dheeraatay ee la'aanta maamul dhexe oo joogto ah, Soomaaliya waxay billowday inay ku sifowdo " Qaran guuldarreystay . ===Hay'adaha ku meel gaarka ah=== [[File:Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed (28-03-2006).jpg|thumb|C/llaahi Yuusuf Axmed , Madaxweynaha Dowladda KMG ah ee Soomaaliya]] Dawladda Ku-Meel-Gaarka ah (TNG) waxaa la aas aasay bilihii April-May 2000 shirkii Nabadda Qaranka Soomaaliyeed (SNPC) ee lagu qabtay Carta, Jabuuti. Cabdiqaasim Salaad Xasan ayaa loo doortay in uu noqdo Madaxweynaha dowladda KMG ah ee cusub ee qaranka, maamul ku meel gaar ah oo loo sameeyay in uu Soomaaliya ku hago dowlad Jamhuuriyad rasmi ah oo saddexaad. Dhibaatooyinka gudaha ee TNG ayaa keenay in la bedelo Ra'iisul Wasaaraha afar jeer saddex sano gudahood, iyo hay'adda maamulka ayaa sheegay inay kacday December 2003. Waqtigeediina isku mar wuu dhamaaday. 10kii Oktoobar 2004tii, sharci-dajiyayaashu waxay u doorteen Cabdullaahi Yuusuf Axmed inuu noqdo Madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee Dawladda Federaalka Ku Meel Gaarka ah (TFG), oo beddelaya Dawladdii Ku Meel Gaarka ahayd. DFKMG waxay ahayd maamulkii labaad ee ku meel gaadhka ahaa ee hiigsanayay in dib loo soo celiyo hay’adihii qaranka ee Soomaaliya kadib burburkii taliskii Siyaad Barre 1991 iyo dagaaladii sokeeye ee xigay. DFKMG waxay ahayd dowladda Soomaaliya oo caalamku aqoonsan yahay ilaa 20kii Agoosto 2012, markaas oo ay si rasmi ah u dhammaatay waqtigeedii. Waxaa loo asaasay mid ka mid ah Hay'adaha Federaalka Ku Meel Gaarka ah (TFIs) ee dowladda sida lagu qeexay Axdiga Federaalka Ku Meel Gaarka ah (TFC) ee uu ansixiyay Baarlamaanka Federaalka Ku Meel Gaarka ah (TFP) bishii Nofembar 2004. Dowladda Federaalka Ku Meel Gaarka ah waxay si rasmi ah uga koobneyd waaxda fulinta ee dowladda, iyadoo TFP ay tahay waaxda sharci dejinta. Xukuumadda ayaa waxaa madax ka ahaa Madaxweynaha Soomaaliya, iyadoo golaha wasiirradu ay warbixin ka siiyeen Ra’iisul Wasaaraha. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxa sidoo kale loo adeegsaday erey guud si loo tixraaco dhammaan saddexda laan si wadajir ah. ===Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga=== [[File:Icu somalia map.png|thumb|Khariidad muujinaysa ICU marka ugu sarraysa saamaynteeda]] Sanadkii 2006, Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga ah (ICU) waxay la wareegeen gacan ku haynta inta badan koonfurta dalka muddo 6 bilood ah waxayna soo rogeen ku dhaqanka shareecada Islaamka . Mas’uuliyiinta ugu sareysa Qaramada Midoobay ayaa ku tilmaamay muddadan kooban in ay tahay xilli dahab ah oo ku jira taariikhda siyaasadda Soomaaliya. ===Dowladda Kumeeel Gaarka ah=== Dowladda Federaalka Ku Meel Gaarka ah waxay isku dayday inay dib u soo ceshato awoodeeda, iyadoo kaashanaysa ciidamada Itoobiya , ciidamada nabad ilaalinta Midowga Afrika iyo taageerada hawada ee Mareykanka, waxay ka saartay maxaakiimta oo ay xoojisay xukunkeeda. January 8, 2007, Madaxweynaha DFKMG, Cabdullaahi Yuusuf Axmed ayaa markii ugu horeysay soo galay Muqdisho isagoo taageero ka helaya ciidamada Itoobiya tan iyo markii xilka loo doortay. Dawladdu waxay markaas u guurtay xarunta Villa Soomaaliya ee caasimadda oo ay si ku meel gaar ah uga ahayd Baydhabo . Tani waxay noqonaysaa markii ugu horeysay tan iyo burburkii taliskii Siyaad Barre sanadkii 1991-kii oo ay dowladda Federaalka gacanta ku hayso inta badan dalka. ===Falaagada Al-Shabaab=== Al-Shabaab ayaa ka soo horjeestay joogitaanka ciidamada Itoobiya ee Soomaaliya, waxaana ay sii wadeen dagaallada ka dhanka ah dowladda KMG ah. Intii u dhaxaysay 2007 iyo 2008, Al-Shabaab waxay dhalisay guulo ciidan, iyagoo la wareegay gacan ku haynta magaalooyin iyo dekedo muhiim ah oo ku yaal bartamaha iyo koonfurta Soomaaliya. Bishii Janaayo 2009, Al-Shabaab iyo maleeshiyaadkii kale waxay ku qasbeen ciidamada Itoobiya inay dib u gurtaan, iyagoo ka tagay ciidan aan qalabeyn oo nabad ilaalin ah oo Midowga Afrika ah si ay u caawiyaan ciidamada dowladda KMG ah.  Dhaqaale la’aan iyo dhaqaale la’aan, cunaqabatayn dhanka hubka ah oo adkeyd in dib loo yagleelo ciidan qaran oo suga amniga, iyo danayn la’aanta guud ee beesha caalamka, Yuusuf waxa uu ku qasbanaaday in kumannaan ciidamo ah oo Puntland ka socda la geeyo Muqdisho si ay u sii joogteeyaan dagaalka ka dhanka ah kooxaha nabad-diidka ah ee ku sugan Koonfurta dalka. Taageerada maaliyadeed ee dadaalkan waxaa bixisay dawladda ismaamulka. Taasi waxay keentay in dakhli yar oo soo galo ciidamada ammaanka Puntland iyo shaqaalaha rayidka ah, taasoo ka dhigtay dhul u nugul burcad-badeedda iyo weerarrada argagixisada.  29-kii December 2008, Yuusuf wuxuu kaga dhawaaqay baarlamaanka ku midoobay Baydhabo inuu iska casilayo xilka madaxweynaha Soomaaliya. Khudbadiisa oo laga sii daayay Idaacadda Qaranka, ayuu Yuusuf ku sheegay inuu ka xun yahay inuu ku guul-darreystay inuu soo afjaro colaaddii dalka ka jirtay toddoba iyo tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay, sidii dowladdiisa loo igmaday. Wuxuu kaloo ku eedeeyay beesha caalamka inay ka gaabiyeen taageerada dowladda, wuxuuna sheegay in guddoomiyaha baarlamaanka uu xilka ku wareejin doono sida uu qabo Axdiga KMG ah ===Dhamaadka xilliga ku meel gaarka=== Intii u dhaxaysay 31 May iyo 9 June 2008, wakiilo ka socday dawladda federaalka ah ee Soomaaliya iyo Isbahaysiga Dib u xoraynta Soomaaliya (ARS) ayaa ka qayb galay wada-hadallo nabadeed oo Jabuuti ka dhacay oo uu garwadeen ka ahaa ergeygii hore ee Qaramada Midoobay u qaabilsanaa Soomaaliya, Ahmedou Ould-Abdallah . Shirka ayaa ku soo idlaaday heshiis la kala saxiixday oo dhigaya in ciidamada Itoobiya laga saaro dalka si loo joojiyo iska hor imaadyada hubeysan. Baarlamaanka ayaa ka dib la balaariyay oo la gaarsiiyay 550 kursi si ay u helaan xubnaha ARS, oo markaas madaxweyne u doortay Sheekh Shariif Sheekh Axmed .Iyadoo gacan ka heleysa koox yar oo ka tirsan ciidamada Midowga Afrika, dowladda KMG ayaa biloowday weerar rogaal celis ah bishii Febraayo 2009 si ay si buuxda ula wareegto maamulka qeybta koonfureed ee dalka. DFKMG si ay xukunkeeda u xoojiso waxay isbahaysi la samaysatay Midowga Maxaakiimta Islaamiga ah, Xubnihii kale ee Isbaheysiga Dib u xoreynta Soomaaliya iyo Ahlu Sunna Waljamaaca oo ah Maleeshiyo Suufi ah oo qunyar socod ah . Intaa waxaa dheer, Al-Shabaab iyo Xisbul Islaam, oo ah labada kooxood ee Islaamiyiinta ah ee mucaaradka ah, waxay bilaabeen inay dhexdooda dagaallamaan bartamihii 2009kii. Xabbad ahaan, bishii Maarso 2009, dawladda ku meel gaarka ah waxay ku dhawaaqday inay dib u dhaqan gelinayso Shareecada oo ah nidaamka garsoorka rasmiga ah ee qaranka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, colaaddu waxay ka sii socotay koonfurta iyo badhtamaha dalka. Muddo bilo gudahood ah, dawladda ku meel gaarka ah waxay ka baxday in ay gacanta ku dhigto ilaa 70% koonfurta iyo badhtamaha Soomaaliya aagagga iskahorimaadyada, oo ay 80% dhulka lagu muransan yahay ku lumisay xoogaga Islaamiyiinta ah. Bishii Oktoobar 2011, hawlgal qorsheysan, Hawlgalka Linda Nchi oo u dhexeeya militariga Soomaaliya iyo Kenya iyo ciidamada caalamiga ah ayaa ka billowday Al-Shabaab ee koonfurta Soomaaliya. Bishii Sebtembar 2012, ciidamada Soomaaliya, Kenya, iyo Raaskaambooni waxay ku guulaysteen inay qabsadaan Al-Shabaab xaruntii ugu dambaysay ee ugu weynayd, dekedda koonfurta ee Kismaayo. Bishii Luulyo 2012, saddex hawlgal oo Midowga Yurub ayaa la bilaabay si ay ula macaamilaan Soomaaliya: EUTM Somalia , Hawlgalka Ciidamada Badda ee Midowga Yurub ee Soomaaliya Atalanta off the Horn of Africa, iyo EUCAP Nestor. [[File:Parlament of Somalia 2012-2016.svg|thumb|Dhismaha Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya]] Iyada oo qayb ka ah "Khariidadda Waddada Dhammaadka Ku meel gaarka" ee rasmiga ah, oo ah geeddi socod siyaasadeed oo siinaya jaan-gooyo cad-cad oo horseedaya samaynta hay'ado dimoqraadi ah oo joogto ah oo Soomaaliya ah, xilliga ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Dowladda Federaalka Ku-meel-gaarka ah ayaa dhammaaday 20kii Agoosto 2012 ===Dowladda Federaalka=== Dowladda Federaalka ah ee Soomaaliya , oo ah dowladdii dhexe ee ugu horreysay oo joogto ah oo dalka yeelato tan iyo markii ay bilowdeen dagaallada sokeeye, ayaa la aas aasay Agoosto 2012. Bishii Agoosto 2014-kii, howlgalka Badweynta Hindiya ee ay hormuudka ka tahay dowladda Soomaaliya ayaa la bilaabay ka hortagga jeebabka kooxaha nabad-diidka ah ee ku sugan baadiyaha ===2021-2023 abaar=== Abaarta Soomaaliya ee 2021-2023 ayaa ahayd abaartii ugu darneyd ee Soomaaliya soo marta muddo 40 sano ah, waxaana ay saameysay 7.8 milyan oo qof. === Qalalaasihii dastuuriga ee 2024 === 30-kii Maarso 2024, isbeddello dastuuri ah oo taxane ah oo ay ansixisay [[Dowlada Federaalka Soomaaliya]] ayaa sababay khilaafyo lala galay qaar ka mid ah dowlad-goboleedyada federaalka, taas oo dhalisay xiisad siyaasadeed. Saddex ka mid ah lixda dowlad-goboleed ayaa ka laabtay aqoonsigii ay siinayeen awoodda dowladda federaalka, waxaana dagaallo maxalli ah oo [[Jubaland|Jubbaland]] iyo [[Koonfur Galbeed|Dowlad Goboleedka Koonfur Galbeed Soomaaliya|Koonfur Galbeed Soomaaliya]] ka dhacay.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Review |first=Horn |title=Analysis of Somalia's constitution crisis |url=https://hornreview.org/2026/04/21/analysis-of-somalias-constitution-crisis/ |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=HORN REVIEW |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Al Jazeera |title=Somali army takes over key city in Southwest as state leader resigns |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/31/somali-army-takes-over-key-city-in-southwest-as-state-leader-resigns |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> ==Juqraafiga== Soomaaliya waxa ay xad la wadaagtaa Jabuuti dhanka waqooyi-galbeed, galbeedna Itoobiya , waqooyiga Gacanka Cadmeed , badda Soomaaliya iyo kanaalka Guardafui oo bari ah, iyo Koonfur-galbeed Kenya . Baaxadda dhuleedku waa 637,657 kiiloo mitir laba jibaaran, dhulka Soomaaliya wuxuu ka kooban yahay badiyaa taagga , bannaanka iyo buuraha . Xeebteedu waxay dhererkeedu ka badan tahay 3,333 kiiloomitir, waana tan ugu dheer dhul weynaha Afrika. Waxaa lagu tilmaamay inay tahay mid si qiyaas ah u qaabaysan "sida lambar foorarsan oo toddoba ah". Waqooyiga fog, safafka bari-galbeed ee buuraleyda Oogo waxay ku yaalaan masaafo kala duwan oo u jirta xeebta Gacanka Cadmeed. Xaalado kulul ayaa jira sanadka oo dhan, oo ay la socdaan dabaylaha monsoon iyo roobab aan joogto ahayn. Geology waxay soo jeedinaysaa joogitaanka kaydka macdanta qiimaha leh. Soomaaliya waxaa Seychelles ka go'ay badda Soomaaliya, waxaana ka go'ay Socotra oo lagu magacaabo Guardafui Channel ===Qaybaha maamulka=== Soomaaliya waxay si rasmi ah u qaybsantaa siddeed iyo toban gobol ( sara , gobol keli ah ), oo iyana loo qaybiyo degmooyin. [[File:Somalia States and Regions.svg|thumb|Maabka gobollada Soomaaliya]] Waqooyiga Soomaaliya hadda waa goorma ? Waxay u kala qaybsameen maamul-goboleedka Puntland ( oo isku haysta maamul-goboleedka ), Somaliland ( maamul-goboleed iskeed ugu dhawaaqday balse aan la aqoonsan ) iyo Maamulka Khaatumo ee Soomaaliya oo dhawaan la dhisay . Bartamaha Soomaaliya, Galmudug waa maamul-goboleed kale oo ka soo baxay koonfurta Puntland. Jubaland oo ku taal koonfurta fog waa ismaamulka afaraad ee federaalka.Sannadkii 2014-kii, ayaa sidoo kale la dhisay maamul-goboleedka cusub ee Koonfur-galbeed . Bishii Abriil 2015, waxaa sidoo kale la daah furay shirweyne lagu dhisayo dowlad goboleedka cusub ee Hirshabeelle . Baarlamaanka Federaalka waxaa loo xilsaaray 2012-kii in uu soo xulo tirada ugu dambeysa iyo xuduudaha dowlad goboleedyada is-maamul goboleedyada (sida rasmiga ah ee xubnaha ka ah Federaalka ) ee Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya. ===Goobta=== {{Multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | width = 250 | footer_align = left | image1 = Horn of africa.jpg | class1 = bg-transparent | image2 = ISS062-E-51247 - View of Earth.jpg | footer = Muuqaallo laga qaaday [[Geeska Afrika|Jasiiradda Soomaalida]] oo laga soo qaaday Dayax gacmeedka ''Columbia'' sannadkii 1993 (kor) iyo Saldhigga Hawada Caalamiga ah sannadkii 2020 (hoose) }} Soomaaliya waxay xuduud la leedahay [[Kenya]] dhanka koonfur-galbeed, [[Gacanka Cadmeed]] dhanka waqooyi, [[Marinka Gardafuul|Marinka Gardafuu]] iyo Badweynta Hindiya dhanka bari, iyo [[Itoobiya]] dhanka galbeed. Dalka wuxuu sidoo kale xuduud la leeyahay [[Jabuuti]]. Waxay ku taallaa inta u dhexeysa loolalka 2°S iyo 12°N, iyo dhigaha 41° iyo 52°E. Iyada oo si istaraatiiji ah ugu taalla afka laga galo Bab el Mandeb ee u dhexeeya [[Bada Cas]] iyo [[Kanaalka Suweys|Kanaalka Suweys]], dalku wuxuu ku yaallaa cirifka gobol u eg khariidadda [[Wiyil|geeska wiyisha]], taas oo inta badan loogu yeero [[Geeska Afrika]].<ref name="factbook"/><ref name="Hadden">Hadden, Robert Lee. 2007. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090327102547/http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA464006 "The Geology of Somalia: A Selected Bibliography of Somalian Geology, Geography and Earth Science"]. Engineer Research and Development Laboratories, Topographic Engineering Center</ref> ===Biyaha=== Soomaaliya waxay leedahay xeebta ugu dheer badweynta Afrika, oo leh boodh badeed dhererkeedu yahay 3,333 kiiloomitir (2,071 mi). Dhulkeedu waxa uu ka kooban yahay badiyaa taagga , bannaanka iyo dhulka sare . Qaranku wuxuu leeyahay bedka guud ee 637,657 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (246,201 sq mi) kaas oo ka kooban dhul, oo leh 10,320 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (3,980 sq mi) oo biyo ah. Soohdimaha dhulka ee Soomaaliya ayaa gaaraya ilaa 2,340 kiiloomitir (1,450 mi); 58 kiiloomitir (36 mi) ka mid ah waxaa la wadaaga Jabuuti, 682 kiiloomitir (424 mi) Kenya, iyo 1,626 kiiloomitir (1,010 mi) Itoobiya. Sheegashadeeda badda waxaa ka mid ah dhul-badeed dhan 200 nautical miles (370 km; 230 mi). Soomaaliya waxaa xeebaheeda ku yaal jasiirado iyo jaziirado dhowr ah oo ay ku jiraan Jaziiradaha Bajuuni iyo Jaziiradaha Sacad-Diin : eeg jasiiradaha Soomaaliya . [[File:Juba river downstream Jamaame.jpg|thumb|Webiga Jubba]] ===Degaan=== Soomaaliya waxay ka kooban tahay todobo dhuleed oo kala ah: Xabashida montane kaymaha , Waqooyiga Zanzibar–Inhambane mosaic kaynta xeebta , Somali Acacia–Commiphora bushlands iyo kayn , dhul daaqsimeed Xabashi ah iyo dhir dhireed , dhul daaqsimeed hobyo iyo geedo yaryar , Somali montane xeric woodlands , iyo mangroves Bariga Afrika Dhanka waqooyi, bannaan saxare-meel-mareen ah oo xoqan, oo loo yaqaan Guban ayaa barbar-socda Gacanka Cadmeed . Iyada oo ballaciisu yahay laba iyo toban kiiloomitir galbeedka ilaa in yar oo laba kiiloomitir ah oo bari ah, bannaanka waxaa u kala qaybiya maro-biyoodyo asal ahaan ah sariiro ciid qallalan marka laga reebo xilliyada roobaadka. Marka roobabku da'aan, Guban's duurka hooseeya iyo cawska cawska ayaa isu beddela dhir cagaaran. Xariggaan xeebeedku waa qayb ka mid ah dhul- daaqsimeedkii Xabashida iyo dhir-dhireedka . Cal Madow waa silsilad buuraley ah oo ku taal waqooyi bari ee dalka. Waxay ku dherersan tahay dhowr kiilo mitir dhanka galbeed ee magaalada Boosaaso ilaa waqooyi-galbeed ee Ceerigaabo , waxay ku taal meesha ugu sarreysa Soomaaliya , Shimbiris , oo ku fadhida meel sare ah ilaa 2,416 mitir (7,927 ft). Silsilada bari-galbeed ee buuraleyda Karkaar waxay sidoo kale ku yaalliin gudaha gudaha Gacanka Cadmeed. Gobollada dhexe, silsiladaha buuraha waqooyi ee dalka waxay u baneeyaan dhul-badeed-gacmeedyo iyo marin-biyoodyo qallalan oo deegaan ahaan loogu yeero Oogo . Dhulka galbeedka ee Oogo, ayaa isna si tartiib tartiib ah ugu biira Haud , oo ah aag muhiim u ah daaqa xoolaha. Soomaaliya waxay leedahay laba webi oo kala ah Jubba iyo Shabeele oo labaduba ka bilaabma buuraleyda Itoobiya . Wabiyadan ayaa inta badan u socda dhanka koofureed, iyadoo webiga Jubba uu ka galo badweynta Hindiya ee magaalada Kismaayo . Wabiga Shabeelle ayaa mar sida muuqata gali jiray badda u dhow magaalada Marka , balse hadda waxa uu gaaray meel dhanka Koonfur-galbeed ka xigta magaalada Muqdisho. Intaa ka dib, waxa ay ka kooban tahay dhiiqo iyo meelo qallalan ka hor inta aan aakhirka lagu waayin dhulka saxaraha ah ee bariga Jilib , una dhow webiga Jubba. ===Deegaanka=== [[File:Somcoralreef.jpg|thumb|Xeebaha Soomaaliya , jardiinooyinka deegaanka iyo meelaha la ilaaliyo]] Soomaaliya waa dal oomane ah oo leh qiyaastii 1.6% dhul beereed . Ururada deegaanka ee ugu horeeya waxay ahaayeen Ecoterra Soomaaliya iyo Bulshada Deegaanka Soomaali, labaduba waxay gacan ka geysteen kor u qaadista wacyiga ku saabsan walaaca deegaanka iyo abaabulida barnaamijyada deegaanka ee dhammaan qaybaha dawladda iyo sidoo kale bulshada rayidka ah. Laga soo bilaabo 1971-kii, olole ballaaran oo dhir beeris ah oo heer qaran ah ayaa dowladdii Siyaad Barre bilowday si ay u joojiso horu-marintii kumannaanka hektar ee dunta bacaadka ah ee ay dabeyshu kaxeyso oo halis ku ah inay qariso magaalooyinka, waddooyinka iyo dhul beereed. Sannadkii 1988-kii, 265 hektar oo ah 336 hektar oo la saadaaliyay ayaa la daweeyay, iyadoo 39 goobood oo kayd ah iyo 36 goobood oo kaymo ah la aasaasay. 1986, Xarunta Badbaadinta Duurjoogta, Cilmi-baarista iyo Kormeerka waxaa aasaasay Ecoterra International, iyada oo ujeedadu tahay in lagu wacyigeliyo dadweynaha arrimaha deegaanka. Dadaalkaas waxbarasho waxa uu horseeday 1989 kii waxa loogu yeero "soo jeedinta Soomaaliya" iyo go'aan ay dowladda Soomaaliya ku gaartay in ay raacdo Axdiga ganacsiga caalamiga ah ee dabar-goynta xayawaanka duurjoogta iyo dhirta (CITES), kaas oo markii ugu horreysay aasaasay adduunka oo dhan mamnuucidda ka ganacsiga Maroodiga Maroodiga . [[File:Aerial views of Kismayo 06 (8071381265).jpg|thumb|Xeebta koofureed ee Muqdisho]] Ka dib, Faadumo Jibrell , oo ah dhaqdhaqaaqe caan ah oo Soomaaliyeed oo u dhaqdhaqaaqa deegaanka, ayaa qaaday olole guul leh oo lagu ilaalinayo kaymaha geedaha qudhaca ah ee koray ee waqooyi-bari ee Soomaaliya. Geedahan, oo noolaan kara 500 oo sano, ayaa la jari jiray si looga sameeyo dhuxusha oo aad looga doonayay Jasiiradda Carabta, halkaas oo qabaa'ilka Baadiyaha ee gobolka ay aaminsan yihiin in qudhacdu ay tahay mid muqadas ah. Inaad noqoto shidaal aan qaali ahayn, soo saarista dhuxusha waxay inta badan keentaa xaalufka iyo xaalufka . Si wax looga qabto dhibaatadan, Jibrell iyo Horn of Africa Relief and Development Organisation (Horn Relief; hadda Adeso ), oo ah hay'ad ay aasaasaha iyo agaasimaha fulinta ka ahayd, waxay tababareen koox dhalinyaro ah si ay bulshada uga wacyigeliyaan waxyeelada joogtada ah ee soo saarista dhuxusha ay abuuri karto. 1999kii, Horn Relief waxay isku dubariday socod nabadeed waqooyi-bari Puntland ee Soomaaliya si loo soo afjaro waxa loogu yeero "dagaallada dhuxusha". Natiijadii ololaha Jibrell iyo dadaalkii waxbarashada, dawladda Puntland 2000 waxay mamnuucday dhoofinta dhuxusha. Dowladda ayaa sidoo kale tan iyo markii ay dhaqan galisay mamnuucidaasi, taasoo la sheegay inay keentay in 80% hoos u dhac ku yimaado dhoofinta badeecada. Jibrell waxaa lagu abaalmariyay Abaalmarinta Deegaanka Goldman ee 2002 dadaalkeeda ka dhanka ah xaalufka deegaanka iyo xaalufka. Sannadkii 2008, waxay sidoo kale ku guulaysatay Abaalmarinta Mu'asasada Qaranka ee Juqraafiga / Buffett ee Hoggaanka Ilaalinta. Ka dib tsunamigii weynaa ee Diisambar 2004 , waxaa sidoo kale soo baxay eedeymo sheegaya in ka dib markii uu qarxay dagaalkii sokeeye ee Soomaaliya dabayaaqadii 1980-meeyadii, in xeebta dheer ee Soomaaliya ee fog fog loo isticmaalay goob qashin ah oo lagu aaso qashinka sunta ah. Mowjadaha waaweyn ee ku dhuftay waqooyiga Soomaaliya kadib tsunamigii ayaa la rumeysan yahay inay kiciyeen tan oo ah haraadiga sunta nukliyeerka ah oo laga yaabo inay si sharci darro ah dalka ugu daadiyeen shirkado shisheeye. Xisbiga Cagaaran ee Yurub waxa uu daba socday cadaymahaas isagoo horgeeyay saxaafadda iyo baarlamaanka Yurub ee Strasbourg nuqulo qandaraasyo ah oo ay kala saxiixdeen laba shirkadood oo reer Yurub ah - Shirkadda Swiss Swiss, Achair Partners, iyo dilaaliinta qashinka Talyaaniga Progresso - iyo wakiillo ka socday Madaxweynihii hore ee Soomaaliya, Hogaamiye kooxeed Cali Mahdi Maxamed, si ay u qaataan 10 milyan oo tan oo qashinka sunta ah oo ay ku bedesheen 80 milyan oo gini. Sida lagu sheegay warbixin ay soo saartay hay’adda Qaramada Midoobay u qaabilsan deegaanka (UNEP), qashinka ayaa sababay in uu aad uga sarreeyo xaaladaha caadiga ah ee caabuqyada neef-mareenka, boogaha afka iyo dhiig-baxa, dhiigbaxa caloosha iyo caabuqa maqaarka oo aan caadi ahayn oo ku dhacay dad badan oo deggan deegaannada ku teedsan waqooyi-bari ee magaalooyinka Hobyo iyo Banaadir ee xeebta Badweynta Hindiya - cudurro la socda xanuunka shucaaca. UNEP waxay intaas ku dartay in xaaladda xeebaha Soomaaliya ay khatar deegaan oo aad u daran aysan ka jirin Soomaaliya oo keliya, balse sidoo kale gobolka bariga Afrika. ===Cimilada=== [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map v2 SOM 1991–2020.svg|thumb|Köppen–Geiger map-ka kala soocida cimilada ee 1-km xallinta Soomaaliya 1991-2020]] Sababo la xiriira u dhawaanshaha Soomaaliya ee dhulbaraha , ma jiro isbeddel xilliyeed badan oo cimiladeeda ah. Xaalado kulul ayaa sanadka oo dhan jira oo ay la socdaan dabaylaha monsoon iyo roobab aan joogto ahayn. Celceliska heerkulka ugu sarreeya ee maalin kasta wuxuu u dhexeeyaa 30 ilaa 40 ° C (86 ilaa 104 °F), marka laga reebo meelaha sare ee xeebta bari, halkaasoo laga dareemi karo saamaynta qabow ee hadda taagan. Muqdisho, tusaale ahaan, celceliska heerka galabnimada wuxuu u dhexeeyaa 28 ilaa 32 °C (82 ilaa 90 °F) bisha Abriil. Qaar ka mid ah heerkulka celceliska sannadlaha ah ee ugu sarreeya adduunka ayaa laga diiwaan geliyay waddanka; Berbera oo ku taal xeebta waqooyi-galbeed waxay leedahay galab sare oo celcelis ahaan ka badan 38 °C (100 °F) laga bilaabo Juun ilaa Sebtembar. Qaran ahaan, celceliska celceliska maalinlaha ahi badanaa way kala duwan yihiin qiyaastii 15 ilaa 30 ° C (59 ilaa 86 ° F). Kala duwanaanshaha ugu badan ee cimiladu waxay ka dhacdaa waqooyiga Soomaaliya, halkaas oo heerkulku mararka qaarkood dhaafo 45 ° C (113 ° F) bisha Luulyo ee bannaanka litoral oo hoos uga dhaco barta qabowga bisha Disembar ee buuraha sare. Gobolkan, qoyaanka qaraabada ahi wuxuu u dhexeeyaa 40% badhtamaha galabnimada ilaa 85% habeenkii, isbeddelaya waxoogaa marka loo eego xilliga. Si ka duwan cimilada dalalka kale ee ugu badan ee loolkan, xaaladaha Soomaaliya waxay u dhexeeyaan oomane waqooyi-bari iyo gobollada dhexe ilaa waqooyi -galbeed iyo koonfurta. Waqooyi-bari, roobka sannadlaha ahi wuxuu ka yar yahay 100 mm (4 in); Taagga dhexe, waa qiyaastii 200 ilaa 300 mm (8 ilaa 12 inji). Qaybaha waqooyi-galbeed iyo koonfur-galbeed ee qaranka, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay helaan roobab aad u badan, iyadoo celcelis ahaan 510 ilaa 610 mm (20 ilaa 24 in) ay dhacaan sannadkii. Inkasta oo gobollada xeebuhu ay kulul yihiin oo qoyan yihiin sannadka oo dhan, dhul-badeedku caadi ahaan waa qalalan oo kulul. Waxa jira afar xilli oo nolosha xoolo-dhaqatada iyo beeralayda ah ku wareegsan yihiin, kuwaasna waxa lagu maamulaa isbeddellada dabaysha. Laga bilaabo Disembar ilaa Maarso waa Jiilaalka , xilliga xagaaga ee ugu adag sanadka. Xilli-roobaadka ugu muhiimsan, oo loo yaqaan Gu'ga , wuxuu socdaa Abriil ilaa Juunyo. Xilligan waxaa lagu gartaa dabeylaha koonfur-galbeed, kuwaas oo dib u soo nooleeya dhul-daaqsimeedka, gaar ahaan dhul-daaqsimeedka dhexe, oo muddo kooban saxaraha u beddela dhir cagaaran. Laga bilaabo Luulyo ilaa Sebtembar waa xilliga labaad ee qalalan, Xagaa (waxaa loogu dhawaaqaa "Xagaa"). Dayr , oo ah xilli-roobaadka ugu gaaban, wuxuu socdaa Oktoobar ilaa Disembar. Xilliyada tangambili ee dhexgala labada dabaylaha (Oktoobar-Noofambar iyo Maarso-May) waa kulayl iyo qoyaan. ===Duurjoogta=== [[File:Sambalaxx.jpg|thumb|Geela buuraha waqooyi]] Soomaaliya waxaa ku nool naasley kala duwan, taas oo ay sabab u tahay kala duwanaanshaha cimilada iyo deegaanka. Duurjoogta dalka waxaa ka mid ah haramcadka, libaaxa, geriga, baboonka, servalka, maroodiga, doofaarka duurjoogta ah, cawska, kudu, dik-dik, oribi, dabada duurjoogta Soomaalida, reedbuck, zebra, maroodi-shrew iyo dhagax-dhagax. Soomaaliya waxay hoy u tahay ilaa 727 nooc oo shimbiro ah. Siddeed ka mid ah waa noocyo ku faafa dalka, mid waxaa keenay aadanaha, midna waa dhif ama si kama' ah u yimaada. Afar iyo toban nooc ayaa caalamka khatar ku ah. Noocyada shimbiraha ee si gaar ah looga helo Soomaaliya waxaa ka mid ah xamaamka Soomaalida; Alaemon hamertoni (Alaudidae), Hoopoe-Lark; Heteromirafra archeri (Alaudidae), Archer's Lark; Mirafra ashi (Alaudidae), Ash's Bushlark; Mirafra somalica (Alaudidae), Somali Bushlark; Spizocorys obbiensis (Alaudidae), Obbia Lark; Carduelis johannis (Fringillidae); iyo Warsangli Linenet. Xeebaha Soomaaliya ayaa ka mid ah goobaha ugu muhiimsan ee kalluumeysiga noocyada badda ee aad u guura, sida tuna. Qalfoofka qaaradda ee cidhiidhiga ah balse wax-soo-saarka leh wuxuu ka kooban yahay noocyo badan oo kalluun-demersal ah iyo qolofley. Noocyada kalluunka si gaar ah looga helo Soomaaliya waxaa ka mid ah Cirrhitichthys randalli (Cirrhitidae), Symphurus fuscus (Cynoglossidae), Parapercis simulata (Pinguipedidae), Cociella somaliensis (Platycephalidae), iyo Pseudochromis melanotus (Pseudochromidae). Waxaa jira qiyaastii 235 nooc oo xamaarato ah. Ku dhowaad kala bar waxay ku nool yihiin aagga waqooyi. Xamaaratada ku baahsan Soomaaliya waxaa ka mid ah Viper-ka Hughes, Maska Garter-ka Koonfurta Soomaaliya, orodyahan (Platyceps messanai), mas diadem (Spalerosophis josephscorteccii), ciidda Soomaaliyeed, qorraxda gooryaanka xaglaha leh, qorraxda aagagga dhabarka leh, qorraxda ciidda Soomaaliyeed (Mesalina ama Eremias), gecko (Hemidactylus granchii), gecko-ga Soomaaliyeed ee semaphore, iyo qorratada ciidda. Mas colubrid (Aprosdoketophis andreonei) iyo maqaarka Haacke-Greer (Haackgreerius miopus) waa noocyo si gaar ah ugu kooban Soomaaliya. ==Siyaasadda iyo dawladnimada== <!-- legislative leadership - executive leadership below -->{{Multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 350 | image1 = Somali President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud at Djiboutian presidential palace in Djibouti, Djibouti, September 24, 2023 - (cropped).jpg | caption1 = [[Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud]]<br /><small>[[Madaxweynaha Soomaaliya|Madaxweyne]] tan iyo 2022</small> | image2 = Hamza Abdi Barre 2025 official portrait.jpg | caption2 = [[Xamse cabdi barre]]<br /><small>Ra'iisul Wasaare tan iyo 2022</small> }} jamhuuriyad dimuqraadi ah oo wakiil ka ah baarlamaanka . Madaxweynaha Soomaaliya ayaa ah madaxa qaranka iyo taliyaha guud ee ciidamada qalabka sida ee Soomaaliya , waxaana uu soo xulaa Ra’iisul wasaare si uu u noqdo madaxa xukuumadda . Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya waa baarlamaanka qaranka Soomaaliya. Labada Aqal ee Sharci-dejinta Qaranka waxa ay ka kooban yihiin Golaha Shacabka (Aqalka Hoose) iyo Senatka (Aqalka Sare), kuwaas oo xubnahooda loo doortay in ay qabtaan muddo afar sano ah. Baarlamaanka ayaa dooranaya Madaxweynaha, Guddoomiyaha Baarlamaanka iyo ku xigeenadiisa. Waxa kale oo ay awood u leedahay in ay ansixiso oo diido sharciyada. [[File:Adan Mohamed Nuur.jpg|thumb|[[Aaden Nuur|Aadan Madoobe]], [[Liiska Afhayeenada Baarlamaanka Soomaaliya|Guddoomiyaha Baarlamaanka]]]] Garsoorka Soomaaliya waxaa qeexaya Dastuurka kumeel gaarka ah ee Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya. Waxaa 1-dii Agoosto 2012 ku ansixiyay Golaha Dastuurka Qaranka ee Muqdisho, dukumeentiga waxaa dejiyay guddi khubaro ah oo uu guddoomiye u yahay qareenka iyo Guddoomiyaha Baarlamaanka Federaalka, Maxamed Cismaan Jawaari . Waxay bixisaa aasaaska sharciga ah ee jiritaanka Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka iyo isha awood sharci. Qaab dhismeedka maxkamadaha qaranka waxaa loo habeeyay saddex heer: Maxkamada Dastuuriga ah, Maxkamadaha heer Federaal iyo maxkamado heer dowlad goboleed . Golaha Adeegga Garsoorka oo ka kooban sagaal xubnood ayaa magacaabaya xubin kasta oo heer Federaal ah oo ka tirsan garsoorka. Waxa kale oo ay soo xulaysaa oo ay horgeynaysaa golaha shacabka ee baarlamaanka federaalka ah garsoorayaasha maxkamadda dastuuriga ah si ay u ansixiyaan. Haddii la ansixiyo, Madaxweynuhu wuxuu musharraxa u magacaabayaa garsoore Maxkamadda Dastuuriga ah. Maxkamadda Dastuuriga ah oo ka kooban shan xubnood ayaa ka garnaqsa arrimaha dastuurka, marka laga soo tago arrimo kala duwan oo heer federaal iyo heer maamul goboleed ah. Sharciga Soomaalidu waxa uu ka soo jeedaa saddex hab oo isku dhafan oo kala ah: Sharciga Madaniga ah , Shareecada Islaamka iyo Xeer-dhaqameedka . Marka loo eego 2023 V-Dem Democracy tilmaanta Soomaaliya waa dalka 5-aad ee ugu dimuqraadiga yar Afrika . Burburkii Soomaaliya ka dib 1991 ma jirin wax xidhiidh ah ama xidhiidh dhex maray dawladda Somaliland oo ku dhawaaqday in ay dal tahay iyo dawladda Soomaaliya ===Qaybaha maamulka=== {{Main|Gobolada Soomaaliya|Maamulgoboleedka Soomaaliya}} ​Soomaaliya si rasmi ah waxay u qaybsantaa toddoba [[Maamulgoboleedka Soomaaliya|dawlad goboleed]] iyo siddeed iyo toban [[Gobolada Soomaaliya|gobol]] (''gobollada'', kaligeed waa ''gobol''),<ref name="factbook"/> kuwaas oo iyana u sii qaybsama degmooyin. Gobolladu waa: {| |rowspan="2"|[[File:Somalia States and Regions.svg|thumb|center|upright=1.3|Gobollada Soomaaliya oo leh dowlad-goboleedyo midabbo leh]] |style="padding-right:1em; padding-left:2em; vertical-align:top;"| <div class="center">{{flag icon|Somaliland}}{{color box|#72FE6E}}'''[[Somaliland]]'''</div> ---- &nbsp;[[Awdal]]{{pb}} &nbsp;[[Maroodi Jeex|Woqooyi Galbeed]] {{pb}} &nbsp;[[Togdheer]] {{pb}} &nbsp;[[Sanaag]] {{pb}} &nbsp;[[Sool]]*{{pb}} |style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;"| <div class="center">{{flag icon|Khatumo}}'''{{color box|#6CCAFE}} [[Waqooyibari|Waqooyi Bari]]'''</div> ---- &nbsp;[[Togdheer]] {{pb}} &nbsp;[[Sanaag]] {{pb}} &nbsp;[[Sool]] {{pb}} |style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;"| <div class="center">{{flag icon|Puntland}}'''{{color box|#AEA9FE}} [[Puntland]]'''</div> ---- &nbsp;[[Bari (Gobol)|Bari]]{{pb}} &nbsp;[[Nugaal|Nugaal]]{{pb}} &nbsp;[[Mudug]] {{pb}} |style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;"| <div class="center">{{flag icon|Galmudug}}'''{{color box|#DFA9FE}} [[Galmudug]]'''</div> ---- &nbsp;[[Galguduud]]{{pb}} &nbsp;[[Mudug]] {{pb}} |- |style="padding-right:1em; padding-left:2em; vertical-align:top;"| <div class="center">'''{{flag icon|Hirshabeelle}}{{color box|#FE3A46}} [[Hirshabeelle]]'''</div> ---- &nbsp;[[Hiiraan|Hiiraan]]{{pb}} &nbsp;[[Shabeellaha Dhexe|Shabeellaha Dhexe]]{{pb}} |style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;"| <div class="center">{{flag icon|South West State of Somalia}}'''{{color box|#FE9C5A}} [[Koonfur Galbeed|Koonfur Galbeed]]'''</div> ---- &nbsp;[[Bakool]]{{pb}} &nbsp;[[Baay|Baay]]{{pb}} &nbsp;[[Shabeellaha Hoose|Shabeellaha Hoose]]{{pb}} |style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;"| <div class="center">{{flag icon|Jubaland}}'''{{color box|#FEBB5A}} [[Jubaland]]'''</div> ---- &nbsp;[[Gedo]]{{pb}} &nbsp;[[Jubbada Dhexe|Jubbada Dhexe]]{{pb}} &nbsp;[[Jubbada Hoose|Jubbada Hoose]]{{pb}} |style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;"| <div class="center">{{flagicon image|Flag of Mogadishu, Somalia.svg}}'''{{color box|#F5F601}} [[Banaadir]]'''</div> ---- &nbsp;[[Muqdisho|Muqdisho]]{{pb}} |} <small> * Lagu muransan yahay</small> <small> ** Waxaa Somaliland u kala saartay [[Maroodi Jeex]] iyo [[Saaxil|Saaxil]]</small> <small> *** Waxaa wadaaga Puntland iyo Galmudug</small> ** Waxay Somaliland u qaybisay [[Maroodi Jeex]] iyo [[Saaxil|Saaxil]]</small> ​<small> *** Waxaa wadaaga Puntland iyo Galmudug</small> ​Waqooyiga Soomaaliya hadda ''de facto'' waxay u qaybsan tahay [[Maamulgoboleedka Soomaaliya|gobollada ismaamulka]] ee [[Puntland]] (oo isu tixgelisa dawlad goboleed ismaamul ah), [[Somaliland]] (dawlad iskeed ugu dhawaaqday madax-bannaani, aqoonsi xaddidan leh) iyo [[Waqooyibari|Dawlad Goboleedka Woqooyi Bari ee Soomaaliya]] oo dhowaan la aasaasay. Bartamaha Soomaaliya, [[Galmudug]] waa maamul goboleed kale oo ka soo baxay koonfurta Puntland. [[Jubaland]] oo ku taal koonfurta fog waa gobolka afaraad ee ismaamul ee ka tirsan federaalka.<ref name="factbook"/> Sannadkii 2014-kii, waxaa sidoo kale la aasaasay [[Koonfur Galbeed|Dawlad Goboleedka Koonfur Galbeed]].<ref>{{cite news|title=International community welcomes newly-elected President of Somalia's Interim South West Administration|url=http://goobjoog.com/english/?p=6410|access-date=5 January 2015|newspaper=Goobjoog|date=19 November 2014|archive-date=9 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109002414/http://goobjoog.com/english/?p=6410|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bishii Abriil 2015, waxaa sidoo kale la furay shirka dhismaha ee dawlad goboleedka cusub ee [[Hirshabeelle |Hirshabeelle]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Adado conference kicks off in central Somalia|url=http://www.garoweonline.com/page/show/post/2322/adado-conference-kicks-off-in-central-somalia|access-date=15 May 2015|agency=Garowe Online|date=16 April 2015|archive-date=11 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811104021/http://www.garoweonline.com/page/show/post/2322/adado-conference-kicks-off-in-central-somalia|url-status=dead}}</ref> ​[[Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya|Baarlamaanka Federaalka]] waxaa loo xilsaaray sannadkii 2012-kii inay soo xulaan tirada kama dambaysta ah iyo xuduudaha dawlad goboleedyada ismaamulka (si rasmi ah ''[[Maamulgoboleedka Soomaaliya|Dawlad Goboleedyada xubnaha ka ah Federaalka]]'') ee ka tirsan Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya.<ref name="Frspc"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Guidebook to the Somali Draft Provisional Constitution|url=http://unpos.unmissions.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=v067edqd7a8%3D&tabid=9705&language=en-US|access-date=2 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120021547/http://unpos.unmissions.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=v067edqd7a8%3D&tabid=9705&language=en-US|archive-date=20 January 2013}}</ref> ===Xiriirka dibadda=== [[File:2015 01 25 Turkish President Visit to Somalia-1 (16176887607).jpg|thumb|Madaxweynaha Soomaaliya Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud iyo Madaxweynaha Turkiga Recep Tayyip Erdogan ayaa xariga ka jaray Terminalka cusub ee Garoonka Diyaaradaha Aadan Cabdulle ee magaalada Muqdisho. (25 Janaayo 2015)]] Xiriirka dibadda ee Soomaaliya waxaa maamula madaxweynaha sida madaxa dowladda, Ra’iisul wasaaraha oo ah madaxa xukuumadda, iyo wasaaradda arrimaha dibadda ee federaalka . Sida ku cad qodobka 54-aad ee dastuurka qaranka, qeybsiga awoodaha iyo kheyraadka ee dowladda federaalka iyo dowlad goboleedyada xubnaha ka ah dowladda federaalka Soomaaliya waa in ay ka wadahadlaan oo ay ku heshiiyaan dowladda federaalka iyo dowlad goboleedyada, marka laga reebo arrimaha la xiriira arrimaha dibadda, difaaca qaranka, jinsiyadda iyo socdaalka iyo siyaasadda lacagta. Qodobka 53-aad ayaa sidoo kale dhigaya in Dowladda Federaalka ay kala tashato Dowladaha xubnaha ka ah Dowladda Federaalka arrimaha waaweyn ee la xiriira heshiisyada caalamiga ah oo ay ku jiraan wada-xaajoodka ganacsiga dibadda, maaliyadda iyo heshiisyada. Dowladda Federaalka waxay xiriir laba geesood ah la leedahay dhowr dowladood oo dhexe oo ka tirsan beesha caalamka. Waxaa ka mid ah Jabuuti , Itoobiya , Masar , Imaaraadka Carabta , Yemen , Turkiga , Talyaaniga , Ingiriiska , Denmark , Faransiiska , Maraykanka , Jamhuuriyadda Shacbiga Shiinaha , Japan , Federaalka Ruushka iyo Koonfurta Kuuriya . Intaa waxaa dheer, Soomaaliya waxay leedahay dhowr safaaradood oo dibadda ah. Waxaa sidoo kale jira safaarado iyo qunsuliyado shisheeye oo kala duwan oo fadhigoodu yahay caasimadda Muqdisho iyo meelo kale oo dalka ah. Soomaaliya waxay kaloo xubin ka tahay ururo badan oo caalami ah, sida Qaramada Midoobay , Midowga Afrika iyo Jaamacadda Carabta . Waxay xubin ka ahayd Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka 1969. Xubnaha kale waxaa ka mid ah Bangiga Horumarinta Afrika , Bulshada Bariga Afrika , Kooxda 77 , Urur Goboleedka IGAD , Bangiga Caalamiga ah ee Dib-u-dhiska iyo Horumarinta , Hay'adda Duulista Rayidka Caalamiga ah , Ururka Horumarinta Caalamiga ah , Hay'adda Maaliyadda Caalamiga ah , Dhaqdhaqaaqa aan Isbahaysiga ahayn iyo Ururka Ganacsiga Adduunka ee Ururka Ganacsiga Adduunka ===Milatari=== [[File:Colonel Abdullahi Ahmed Irro - 1977.jpg|thumb|Gaashaanle Sare C/laahi Axmed Cirro oo ahaa Taliyihii Ciidanka Xoogga Dalka Soomaaliyeed 1977kii.]] Ciidamada Qalabka Sida ee Soomaaliya (SAF) waa ciidamada milateriga ee Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya. Isagoo Madaxwaynuhu ka yahay Taliyaha Guud ee Qaranka, waxa dastuurku u igmaday inay sugaan qarannimada, madaxbannaanida iyo wadajirka dhuleed ee qaranka. SAF waxa ay markii hore ka koobnaayeen Ciidanka , Ciidanka Badda , Ciidanka Cirka , Ciidanka Booliska iyo Nabadsugida . Muddadii xorriyadda ka dib, waxay kortay inay ka mid noqoto ciidamada waaweyn ee qaaradda. Kaddib markii uu qarxay dagaalkii sokeeye ee 1991kii wuxuu horseeday in la kala diro ciidankii xoogga dalka Soomaaliyeed. Sannadkii 2004-tii, waxaa si tartiib-tartiib ah dib-u-dhis ciidan loogu sameeyay dhismihii KMG ahaa. Ciidamada qalabka sida ee Soomaaliya ayaa hadda waxaa dusha kala socda Wasaaradda Gaashaandhigga Xukuumadda Federaalka Soomaaliya oo la dhisay bartamihii sanadkii hore ee 2012-ka. Bishii Janaayo 2013, dowladda federaalka ah ee Soomaaliya ayaa sidoo kale dib u howlgelisay hay’addii sirdoonka qaranka ee Muqdisho, iyadoo magaca hay’addaas loo bixiyay NISA . Dawlad- goboleedka Somaliland iyo Puntland waxay ilaashadaan ammaankooda iyo ciidamadooda booliiska. ===Xuquuqda Aadanaha=== Xuquuqda aadanaha waxaa lagu damaanad qaaday [[Dastuurka Soomaaliya|Dastuurka Federaalka]]. Waxay hoos yimaadaan Wasaaradda Xuquuqda Aadanaha oo la aasaasay bishii Agoosto 2013.<ref name="Usthrs">{{cite news|title=Somalia takes human rights steps|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Special/2013/09/03/Somalia-takes-human-rights-steps/UPI-34071378218185/|access-date=20 February 2014|newspaper=UPI|date=3 September 2013}}</ref> Isla waqtigaas, maamulka dhexe wuxuu bilaabay Maalinta Qaranka ee Xuquuqda Aadanaha, ansixiyay Khariidadda Rasmiga ah ee Xuquuqda Aadanaha,<ref name=Suehhrebubcp>{{cite news|title=Somalia: UN expert hails human rights effort but urges broader consultation process |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp/www.wmo.int/html/story.asp?NewsID=45759&Cr=somalia&Cr1=#.UwVrE5gju1E |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140220063126/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp/www.wmo.int/html/story.asp?NewsID=45759&Cr=somalia&Cr1=%23.UwVrE5gju1E |url-status=dead|access-date=20 February 2014 |newspaper=UN News Centre |date=3 September 2013 |archive-date = 2014-02-20}}</ref> wuxuuna dhameystiray Siyaasadda Qaranka ee Jinsiga ee ugu horreysay Soomaaliya.<ref name="Sasrracptrwvms">{{cite web|title=SOMALIA: AU Special Representative reiterates AMISOM's commitment in protecting the rights of women and vulnerable members of Society|url=http://horseedmedia.net/2013/08/14/somalia-au-special-representative-reiterates-amisoms-commitment-in-protecting-the-rights-of-women-and-vulnerable-members-of-society/|publisher=AMISOM|access-date=19 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302122017/http://horseedmedia.net/2013/08/14/somalia-au-special-representative-reiterates-amisoms-commitment-in-protecting-the-rights-of-women-and-vulnerable-members-of-society/|archive-date=2 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Galmada lab iyo dhedig labadaba waxay ku muteysanayaan dil Soomaaliya gudaheeda. Oktoobar 3, 2020, baadhaha xuquuqul insaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay ayaa walaac ka muujiyay dib u dhigista dowladda Soomaaliya ee ballanqaadyada xuquuqda aadanaha. ==Dhaqaalaha== [[File:Air Somalia Tupolev Tu-154.jpg|thumb|Diyaaradda Air Somalia Tupolev Tu-154 ee magaalada Sharjah ee dalka Imaaraadka Carabta. Soomaaliya maanta waxay leedahay diyaarado dhowr ah oo gaar loo leeyahay.]] Sida laga soo xigtay CIA-da iyo Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya , iyadoo ay socdaan kacdoono sokeeye, dhaqaalaha Soomaaliya wuxuu ku kooban yahay marka hore xoolaha iyo xawaaladaha / xawaaladaha Soomaalida ee ku nool wadamada dhaqaalahoodu horumaray, iyo isgaarsiinta gudaha . Iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay yaraanta tirakoobka rasmiga ah ee dawladda iyo soo noqnoqoshada dagaalka sokeeye ee tobanaan sano socday , way adagtahay in la qiyaaso xajmiga ama kobaca dhaqaalaha. Sannadkii 1994-kii, CIA waxay ku qiyaastay GDP-ga $3.3 bilyan. Sannadkii 2001, waxa lagu qiyaasay inay dhan tahay $4.1 bilyan. Sannadkii 2009, CIA waxay ku qiyaastay in GDP-gu uu koray $5.731 bilyan, iyada oo la saadaaliyay heerka kobaca dhabta ah ee 2.6%. Sida laga soo xigtay warbixintii Rugta Ganacsiga ee Ingiriiska 2007 , intii lagu jiray dagaal gudaha ah oo aad u yar, qaybta gaarka loo leeyahay ayaa sidoo kale koray, gaar ahaan qaybta adeegga. Si ka duwan xilligii dagaalka sokeeye ka hor, oo inta badan adeegyada iyo waaxda warshaduhu ay ahaayeen kuwo ay dowladdu maamusho , warbixintii 2007dii waxay xustay maalgashi gaar ah oo la taaban karo, inkastoo aan la qiyaasi karin, ee hawlaha ganacsiga; Taas waxaa inta badan maalgeliyay qurbajoogta Soomaaliyeed , waxaana ka mid ahaa ganacsiga iyo suuqgeynta, adeegyada xawilaadaha, gaadiidka, isgaarsiinta, qalabka kalluumeysiga, shirkadaha diyaaradaha, isgaarsiinta, waxbarashada, caafimaadka, dhismaha iyo hoteellada. Sannadkii 2007, dhaqaaleyahan Libertarian Peter Leeson waxa uu dhaqdhaqaaqa dhaqaale ee korodhay u sababeeyay xeer dhaqameedka Soomaalida (oo loo yaqaan Xeer ), kaas oo uu soo jeediyay in uu helo jawi xasiloon oo ganacsi lagu sameeyo. Sida laga soo xigtay Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, GDP qofkiiba sanadkii 2012 wuxuu ahaa $226, wax yar ayaa hoos u dhacay marka la eego 1990. Qiyaastii 43% dadweynaha waxay ku nool yihiin wax ka yar 1 doolarka Mareykanka ah maalintii, qiyaastii 24% dadka laga helo magaalooyinka iyo 54% waxay ku nool yihiin miyiga. Dhaqaalaha Soomaaliya wuxuu ka kooban yahay wax-soo-saar dhaqameed iyo mid casri ah, iyadoo si tartiib-tartiib ah loogu guurayo farsamada casriga ah ee warshadaha. Soomaaliya ayaa leh geela ugu badan adduunka. Sida laga soo xigtay Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, qiyaastii 80% dadku waa xoolo-dhaqato reer-guuraa ah, oo xoolo dhaqato ari, ido, geel iyo lo'. Reer guuraagu waxa kale oo ay ururiyaan xabag iyo xabag si ay u kabaan dakhligooda. ===Beeraha=== Beeraha ayaa ah qaybta ugu muhiimsan dhaqaalaha Soomaaliya. Waxay ka dhigan tahay qiyaastii 65% GDP waxayna shaqaaleysiisaa 65% xoogga shaqada. Xooluhu waxay ka qaybqaataan qiyaastii 40% GDP iyo in ka badan 50% dakhliga dhoofinta. dhoofinta ugu muhiimsan waxaa ka mid ah kalluunka , dhuxusha iyo muuska ; Sonkorta , hadhuudhka iyo galleyda waa wax soo saarka suuqa gudaha. Sida laga soo xigtay Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya , badeecadaha la soo dejiyo waxay dhan yihiin $460 milyan sannadkii, taasoo ka badan wadarta guud ee la soo dejiyo ka hor bilowgii dagaalkii sokeeye ee 1991. Dhoofinta, oo dhan $270 milyan sannadkii, ayaa sidoo kale kor u dhaaftay wadarta guud ee dhoofinta wadarta guud ee dagaalka ka hor. Soomaaliya waxaa ka jirta hoos u dhac ganacsi oo gaaraya ilaa 190 milyan oo dollar sanadkii, balse taasi waxaa dhaaftay lacagaha ay soo diraan Soomaalida qurbaha ku nool, taasoo lagu qiyaasay ilaa hal bilyan oo dollar. Iyada oo laga faa'ideysanayo in ay ku yaallaan meel u dhow Jasiiradda Carabta, ganacsatada Soomaaliyeed ayaa si isa soo taraysa u billaabay in ay ka hor yimaadaan dhaqanka Australia ee ku aaddan suuqa xoolaha iyo hilibka Carbeed, iyaga oo siinaya xoolo tayo leh qiimo aad u jaban. Taas oo taas ka duulaysa, dalalka Khaliijka Carabta ayaa bilaabay inay dalka ku sameeyaan maalgashi istiraatijiyad ah, iyadoo Sucuudigu dhisay kaabayaashii dhoofinta xoolaha, Imaaraadkuna iibsaday dhul beereed aad u ballaadhan. Soomaaliya sidoo kale waa dalka ugu badan ee keena Beeyada iyo Malmalka [[File:Mogadishu Sea Port.jpg|thumb|Dekada Muqdisho]] Qaybta warshadaha ee dhexdhexaadka ah , oo ku salaysan habaynta wax soo saarka beeraha, ayaa 10% ka ah GDP-ga Soomaaliya. Sida laga soo xigtay Rugta Ganacsiga iyo Warshadaha Soomaaliyeed , in ka badan lix shirkadood oo diyaaradeed oo gaar loo leeyahay ayaa sidoo kale bixiya duulimaadyo ganacsi oo gudaha iyo dibadda ah, oo ay ku jiraan shirkadaha Diyaaradaha ee Daallo, shirkadaha Diyaaradaha ee Jubba, shirkadaha Diyaaradaha ee Afrikaan Express , Bariga Afrika 540, Xarunta Hawada Dhexe iyo Hajara. Sannadkii 2008, dawladda Puntland waxay heshiis malaayiin doollar ah la saxeexatay Dubai ' Kooxda Lootah, oo ah koox warshadeed goboleed oo ka hawlgasha Bariga Dhexe iyo Afrika. Heshiiskan ayaa dhigaya in wajiga koowaad ee maalgelinta uu ku kacayo 170 m, waxaana lagu wadaa in la dhiso shirkado cusub oo ka howlgala, maamula iyo dhismaha suuqa ganacsiga xorta ah ee magaalada Boosaaso iyo dhismaha badda iyo garoonka diyaaradaha. Shirkadda Garoonka Diyaaradaha ee Boosaaso ayaa loo qorsheeyay inay dhisto dhismaha garoonka si ay u buuxiso heerarka caalamiga ah, oo ay ku jiraan waddo cusub oo 3,400 m (11,200 fuudh) ah, dhismayaal waaweyn iyo kuwo caawiye ah, tagaasida iyo garoonnada, iyo hareeraha ammaanka. Kahor inta uusan dillaacin dagaalkii sokeeye ee 1991, qiyaastii 53 shirkadood oo yar yar, dhexe iyo waaweyn oo wax soo saar ah oo ay dowladdu leedahay ayaa aasaasay, iyada oo iskahorimaadkii xigay uu burburiyay qaar badan oo ka mid ah warshadaha soo haray. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ugu horrayn natiijada maalgashi maxalli ah oo la taaban karo oo ay sameeyeen qurba joogta Soomaaliyeed, in badan oo ka mid ah dhirtan yar yar ayaa dib loo furay kuwa cusubna waa la abuuray. Kuwa dambe waxaa ka mid ah warshado ka sameysan kalluunka oo ku yaalla gobollada waqooyi, sidoo kale waxaa ku yaalla 25 warshadood oo ku yaalla agagaarka Muqdisho, kuwaas oo soo saara baastada, biyaha macdanta, macmacaanka, bacaha, dharka , hargaha iyo saabuunta, saabuunta iyo saabuunta, aluminium, furaashyo xumbo ah iyo barkimo, doonyo kalluumeysi, oo sameeya baakadaha, iyo kuwa dhagxaanta lagu farsameeyo . Sannadkii 2004tii, waxaa sidoo kale magaalada laga furay warshad lagu shubo Coca-cola oo dhan $8.3 milyan, iyadoo maalgashadayaasha ay ka kala yimaaddeen degaanno kala duwan oo Soomaaliya ah. Maalgelinta shisheeye waxaa sidoo kale ku jiray dad caalami ah oo ay ku jiraan General Motors iyo Dole Fruit . ===Habka lacagta iyo lacag bixinta=== [[File:Obverse 2022 Somalia 1 oz Silver coin Leopard.jpg|thumb|2022 Soomaaliya 1 oz lacag ah Leopard (100 shilin)]] Bangiga dhexe ee Soomaaliya waa maamulka rasmiga ah ee lacagta Soomaaliya. Xagga maamulka maaliyadda, waxa ay ku guda jirtaa hawsha dejinta iyo hirgelinta siyaasadda lacagta . Kalsooni la’aanta lagu qabo lacagta dalka ayaa keentay in sarifka lacagaha doolarka ah si weyn loo qaato marka la barbar dhigo shilinka Soomaaliga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, lacag- is-weydaarsiga lacagta shilinka Soomaaliga oo aad u badan ayaa sare u kac ku yimid, gaar ahaan wax kala iibsiga oo aad u hooseeya. Sida uu sheegay Baanka Dhexe, deegaankan sicir-bararka ayaa la filayaa inuu soo afjarmo isla marka uu bangigu si buuxda ula wareego siyaasadda lacagta oo uu beddelo lacagta hadda wareegta ah ee ay shirkaduhu soo kordhiyeen. In kasta oo Soomaaliya aysan lahayn awood lacageed oo dhexe muddo ka badan 15 sano intii u dhaxeysay markii uu qarxay dagaalladii sokeeye ee 1991-kii iyo dib-u-soo-celinta Bankiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya 2009-kii, nidaamka lacag-bixinta ee qaranka ayaa si cadaalad ah u horumaray iyadoo ay ugu horreyso jiritaanka baahsanaanta shirkadaha xawaaladaha ee gaarka loo leeyahay (MTO) oo u dhaqmay sidii shabakado bangi oo aan rasmi ahayn. Xawaaladahan ( xawaaladaha ) ayaa noqday warshado waaweyn oo Soomaaliya ka jira, waxaana lagu qiyaasaa US$1.6 bilyan in ay sanad walba gobolka u soo xawilaan dadka Soomaaliyeed ee qurbaha ku nool oo ay u soo marsiiyaan shirkadaha xawaaladaha. Intooda badan waxa ay xubno ka yihiin Ururka Xawaaladaha Soomaaliyeed (SOMTA), oo ah dallad maamusha xawaaladaha bulshada, ama ururka ka horreeyay ee Ururka Adeegyada Maaliyadeed ee Soomaaliya (SFSA). MTO-yada Soomaalida ugu weyn waa Dahabshiil , oo ah shirkad ay Soomaalidu leedahay oo ay ka shaqeeyaan in ka badan 2,000 oo qof oo ku kala nool 144 waddan oo laamo ku leh London iyo Dubai [[File:Somshil5r.jpg|thumb|500 oo shilin Soomaali ah]] Horumar la taaban karo oo laga gaaray amniga gudaha, qurbajoogta Soomaaliyeed waxay bilaabeen inay dalka ugu soo laabtaan fursado maalgashi. Marka lagu daro maal-gashi yar oo shisheeye ah, dhaqaalaha soo gala ayaa ka caawiyay shilinka Soomaaliga inuu si aad ah u kordho qiimihiisu. Bishii Maarso 2014, lacagtu waxay qiimaysay ku dhawaad ​​60% marka loo eego dollarka Maraykanka 12 bilood ee la soo dhaafay. Shilinka Soomaaliga ayaa ahaa kan ugu xooggan 175-ka lacag ee caalamka ee ay iibgeyso Bloomberg , taasoo kor ugu kacday ku dhawaad ​​50-dhibcood marka loo eego lacagta soo socota ee ugu xoogga badan isla muddadaas. Sarrifka saamiyada Soomaaliya (SSE) waa deymaha qaranka Soomaaliya. Waxaa la aasaasay 2012 si ay u soo jiitaan maalgashi ay ka helaan shirkado ay Soomaalidu leedahay iyo shirkado caalami ah si loo dardargeliyo dib u dhiska ka socda Soomaaliya kadib colaadaha. ===Tamarta iyo kheyraadka dabiiciga ah=== Baanka Adduunka waxa uu sheegay in, 2007-dii, in korontadu ay inta badan bixiyeen ganacsiyo maxalli ah. Shirkadahan gudaha waxaa ka mid ah Shirkadda Tamarta Soomaaliyeed , oo qabata abuurista, gudbinta iyo qaybinta korontada.Sannadkii 2010, qaranku wuxuu soo saaray 310 milyan kWh wuxuuna cunay 288.3 milyan kWh oo koronto ah, oo kala galay 170aad iyo 177aad, siday u kala horreeyaan, sida ay CIA-du sheegtay. [[File:Puntland oil.png|thumb|Shidaalkii Puntland]] Soomaaliya waxay leedahay kayd khayraad badan oo dabiici ah oo ay ka mid yihiin Yuuraaniyam , Bir ore , tin , gypsum , bauxite , copper , cusbo iyo gaaska dabiiciga ah . CIA-da ayaa sheegtay in ay jiraan 5.663 bilyan cubic mitir oo kayd gaas dabiici ah oo la xaqiijiyey. Lama hubo joogitaanka iyo inta uu le'eg yahay kaydka kaydka shidaalka ee Soomaaliya. CIA-da waxa ay cadaysay in laga bilaabo 2011 aanay dalka ka jirin kayd shidaal oo la xaqiijiyey, halka UNCTAD ay soo jeedinayso in kaydka kaydka shidaalka ee Soomaaliya ugu badan uu ku yaal xeebaha waqooyi-galbeed ee Somaliland. Koox saliideed ah oo ku taxan Sydney , Kheyraadka Buuraleyda , waxay ku qiyaaseen in gobolka Puntland ee waqooyi-bari uu awood u leeyahay inuu soo saaro 5 bilyan oo fuusto (790 × 10 6 m 3 ) ilaa 10 bilyan fuusto (1.6 × 10 9 m 3 ) oo saliid ah, ayaa caddeeyey in kaydka saliidda ee Suudaan uu yahay 6.7 bilyan. Horumarradaas dartood, Shirkadda Batroolka Soomaaliya waxaa dhistay dowladda federaalka. Dabayaaqadii 1960-aadkii, khubarada juqraafi ee Qaramada Midoobay waxa ay Soomaaliya ka heleen kayd weyn oo Yuraaniyaam ah iyo kayd macdaneed oo naadir ah. Helitaanka ayaa ahayd tii ugu waynayd ee nooceeda ah, iyada oo khubarada warshadaha ay qiyaaseen in cadadka kaydka ahi ay noqon karto in ka badan 25% kaydka uranium-ka adduunka ee wakhtigaas la yaqaan ee 800,000 oo tan. Sannadkii 1984kii, Hawlgalka Wajiga Hanuuninta IUREP ee Soomaaliya wuxuu soo sheegay in waddanku leeyahay 5,000 tan oo uranium ah oo si macquul ah loo dammaanad qaaday (RAR), 11,000 tan oo uranium ah ayaa lagu qiyaasay kheyraad dheeraad ah (EAR) ee kaydka calcrete , iyo sidoo kale 0-150,000 oo kheyraad ah oo uranium ah. kaydka calcrete. Soomaaliya waxa ay u xuub-siibatay soo saarista Yuraaniyaamka adduunka ugu weyn, iyada oo ay ku tartamayaan shirkado macdano ah oo Maraykan ah, Imaaraadka, Talyaaniga iyo Baraasiil. Xiriir Kheyraadka Dabiiciga ah waxay saami ku leedahay gobollada dhexe, Kilimanjaro Capital waxay saami ku leedahay 1,161,400 acres (470,002 ha) ee Amsas-Coriole-Afgoi (ACA), oo ay ku jirto sahaminta Yuuraaniyam. Shirkadda Korontada iyo Gaaska warshadaha ee Is dhexgalka Caalamiga ah waa shirkad tamareed oo fadhigeedu yahay Muqdisho. Waxaa ku midoobay shan shirkadood oo waaweyn oo Soomaali ah oo ka kala socda dhinacyada ganacsiga , maaliyadda , amniga iyo isgaarsiinta , kaddib heshiiskii wadajirka ahaa ee 2010-kii lagu saxiixay magaalada Istanbul ee dalka Turkiga si ay u bixiyaan kaabayaasha korontada iyo gaaska ee Soomaaliya. Iyada oo miisaaniyadii hore ee maalgelinta ahayd $1 bilyan, shirkaddu waxay bilawday Mashruuca Kala qaybinta Nabadda Soomaaliya, oo ah barnaamij tamar xoog leh oo xoog leh oo loogu talagalay in lagu fududeeyo hindisayaasha warshadaynta gudaha. Sida uu sheegay Bankiga dhexe ee Soomaaliya, marka ay qarankani cagta saartay wadadii dib u dhiska dalka, waxaa laga filayaa in dhaqaalaha uusan la jaanqaadi karin heerarkii uu soo maray dagaalladii sokeeye ka hor, balse waxaa la filayaa in la dardargeliyo kobaca iyo horumarka dalka maadaama aan laga faa’ideysan kheyraadka dabiiciga ah ee Soomaaliya. ===Isgaarsiinta iyo warbaahinta=== [[File:Hormuud.jpg|thumb|Dhismaha Hormuud Telecom ee Muqdisho]] Bilawgii dagaalkii sokeeye ka dib, shirkado isgaarsiineed oo kala duwan ayaa bilaabay in ay abuurmaan oo u tartamaan sidii ay u heli lahaayeen kaabayaal dhaqaale oo maqan. Shirkadahan isgaarsiineed ee curdinka ah oo ay maalgaliyeen ganacsato Soomaaliyeed ayna taageerayaan khubaro ka kala socota Shiinaha , Kuuriyada Koonfureed iyo Yurub, shirkadahan isgaarsiineed ee curdinka ah ayaa bixiya adeegyo taleefoonnada gacanta iyo internetka ah oo jaban oo aan laga helin meelo badan oo kale oo qaaradda ah. Macaamiishu waxa ay ku samayn karaan xawaaladaha lacagaha (sida Dahabshiil-ka caanka ah ) iyo hawlaha kale ee bangiyada iyaga oo isticmaalaya telefoonnada gacanta, iyo sidoo kale in ay si fudud u helaan internet wireless. Ka dib markii ay iskaashi la sameeyeen shirkado caalami ah sida Sprint , ITT iyo Telenor , shirkadahani hadda waxay bixiyaan wicitaanada telefoonka ugu jaban uguna nadiifsan Afrika. Shirkadahan isgaarsiinta Soomaalida ayaa sidoo kale adeegyo u fidiya magaalo kasta iyo magaalo kasta oo Soomaaliya ka mid ah. Hadda waxa jira ilaa 25 khadadka ugu muhiimsan 1,000kii qofba, helida khadadka taleefoonada ee maxaliga ah ( Cufnaanta taleefannada ) ayaa ka sarreeya kuwa wadamada deriska ah; saddex jeer in ka badan Itoobiya dariska la ah. Shirkadaha Isgaarsiinta Soomaaliya ee caanka ah waxaa ka mid ah Kooxda Golis Telecom, Hormuud Telecom, Somafone, Nationlink, Netco, Telcom iyo Kooxda Somali Telecom. Shirkadda Hormuud Telecom oo kaliya ayaa sanadkii soo xareeysa ilaa 40 milyan oo dollar. Inkasta oo ay xafiiltamaan, dhowr shirkadood oo kuwan ka mid ah ayaa saxiixay heshiis isku xirnaanta 2005 kaas oo u oggolaanaya inay dejiyaan qiimaha, ilaalinta iyo ballaarinta shabakadahooda, iyo hubinta in tartanka uusan ka bixin xakamaynta. Telefishinka Qaranka Soomaaliyeed ee ay dowladdu maamusho waa kan ugu weyn ee adeegga dadweynaha ee qaranka. Muddo labaatan sano ah ka dib, waxaa si rasmi ah dib loo howlgeliyay idaacadda 4 - tii Abriil 2011 . TV-ga Qaranka Somaliland iyo Puntland TV iyo Radio hawada gobolada waqooyi. Intaa waxaa dheer, Soomaaliya waxay leedahay dhowr telefishin iyo shabakado raadiyo oo gaar loo leeyahay. Waxaana ka mid ah Telefishanka Horn Cable iyo Telefishanka Universal . Wargeysyada Xog Doon iyo Xog Ogaal iyo Horyaal Ciyaaraha oo ka soo baxa caasimadda dalka dibaddiisa. Waxa kale oo jira tiro warbaahin oo online ah oo tabisa wararka gudaha, oo ay ku jiraan Garoowe Onlayn , Wardheernews, iyo Boostada Puntland. Koodhka dalka internetka ee heerka sare (ccTLD) ee Soomaaliya waa .so . Waxa si rasmi ah dib u hawl-galiyey 1-dii November 2010-kii oo ay samaysay Diiwaanka .SO, kaas oo ay nidaamisay Wasaaradda Boosaha iyo Isgaadhsiinta Qaranka. Bishii Nofembar 2013, ka dib Heshiis Is-afgarad ah oo lala saxiixday Boostada imaaraadka bishii Abriil ee sanadka, Wasaaradda Boostada iyo Isgaarsiinta dowladda federaalka ayaa si rasmi ah dib ugu dhistay Adeegga Boostada Soomaaliyeed (Boostada Soomaaliyeed). Bishii Oktoobar 2014, wasaaraddu waxay sidoo kale dib u bilawday keenista boostada ee dibadda. ===Dalxiiska=== [[File:Laas Geel.jpg|thumb|Sawirro qadiimi ah oo ku yaal Laas Geel , Hargeysa]] Soomaaliya waxay leedahay meelo soo jiidasho leh oo maxalli ah, oo ka kooban goobo taariikhi ah, xeebo, biyo-dhacyo, silsilado buuro iyo jardiinooyin qaran. Warshadaha dalxiiska waxa maamusha wasaaradda dalxiiska ee qaranka. Maamulada Puntland iyo Somaliland waxay leeyihiin xafiisyo dalxiis oo u gaar ah. Ururka Dalxiiska Soomaaliyeed (SOMTA) ayaa sidoo kale bixiya adeegyo la-talin ah oo dalka gudihiisa ah oo ku saabsan warshadaha dalxiiska qaranka. Laga bilaabo Maarso 2015, Wasaaradda Dalxiiska iyo Duurjoogta ee Dowlad Goboleedka Koonfur Galbeed ayaa ku dhawaaqday in la qorsheeyay in la sameeyo kaydad dheeri ah iyo noocyada duurjoogta. Dowladda Mareykanka waxay kula talisay dadka safarka ah inaysan u safrin Soomaaliya. Muuqaallada xusidda mudan waxaa ka mid ah godadka Laas-geel oo ay ku jiraan fanka dhagaxa Neolithic ; Cal Madow , Buuraha Golis iyo Buuraha Oogo ; biyo-dhacyada Isku -shuban iyo Lamadaya ; iyo Seeraha Qaranka ee Hargeysa , Jilibka Qaranka , Beerta Qaranka ee Kismaayo iyo Beerta Qaranka ee Lag Badana . ===Gaadiidka=== [[File:Aden Abdullah Airport.jpg|thumb|Garoonka Diyaaradaha Aadan Cadde]] Shabakadda waddooyinka Soomaaliya waa 22,100 km (13,700 mi). Laga bilaabo 2000 , 2,608 km (1,621 mi) jidad ayaa la saaray 19,492 km (12,112 mi) lama laami ah. Waddo dheer oo dhererkeedu yahay 750 km (470 mi) ayaa isku xirta magaalooyinka waaweyn ee waqooyiga dalka, sida Boosaaso , Gaalkacyo iyo Garoowe iyo magaalooyin ku yaal koonfurta. Laba iyo lixdan garoon diyaaradeed oo Soomaaliya oo dhan ah ayaa qaada gaadiidka hawada; toddobo ka mid ah kuwan ayaa laami la saaray. Kuwa dambe, afar garoon diyaaradeed ayaa leh dhabbaha dayuuradaha ee ka badan 3,047 mitir (9,997 ft); laba waxay u dhexeeyaan 2,438 iyo 3,047 m (7,999 iyo 9,997 ft) midna waa 1,524 ilaa 2,437 m (5,000 ilaa 7,995 ft) dheer. Waxa jira shan iyo konton garoon diyaaradeed oo leh meelo ay ka soo degaan oo aan laami ahayn. Mid waxa uu leeyahay dhabo diyaaradeed oo ka badan 3,047 m; afar waxay u dhexeeyaan 2,438 m iyo 3,047 m dherer; labaatan waa 1,524 m ilaa 2,437 m; afar iyo labaatan waa 914 m ilaa 1,523 m; lixna waxay ka hooseeyaan 914 mitir (2,999 ft). Garoomada ugu waaweyn ee dalka waxaa ka mid ah Garoonka Diyaaradaha Aadan Cadde ee Muqdisho, Garoonka Diyaaradaha Hargeysa ee Hargeysa, Garoonka Kismaayo ee Kismaayo , Garoonka Baydhabo ee Baydhabo iyo Garoonka Caalamiga ah ee Bender Qaasim ee Boosaaso. Somali Airlines oo la aas aasay 1964-tii, waxay ahayd duulimaadka calanka Soomaaliya. Waxa ay joojisay hawlihii ay ka shaqayn jirtay intii lagu jiray dagaalladii sokeeye. Si kastaba ha ahaatee , dawladdii Soomaaliya ee dib loo dhisay ayaa markii dambe bilowday diyaargarow loogu jiro dib u hawlgelinta shirkadii la filayey in dib loo bilaabo sannadkii 2012 . In ka badan lix ka mid ah shirkadahan diyaaradeed ee gaarka loo leeyahay waxay bixiyaan duulimaadyo ganacsi oo gudaha iyo dibadda ah, oo ay ku jiraan Daallo Airlines , Jubba Airways , African Express Airways , Bariga Afrika 540, Central Air iyo Hajara. Iyadoo leh xeebta ugu dheer qaaradda, Soomaaliya waxay leedahay dhowr dekedood oo waaweyn . Gaadiidka badda ayaa laga helaa dekedaha Muqdisho, Boosaaso, Berbera , Kismaayo iyo Marka . Waxaa kaloo jira hal badeecooyin badeed ah . Waxa la aasaasay 2008, waxa ay ku salaysan tahay xamuulka. ==Tirakoobka dadweynaha== {{Further|Liiska magaalooyinka Soomaaliya dadka ku nool}} {|class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px" ! colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#cfb;"|Tirada Dadka{{UN_Population|ref}} |- ! style="background:#cfb;"|Sano ! style="background:#cfb;"|Milyan |- |style="text-align:left;"|1950 ||style="text-align:right;"|2.3 |- |style="text-align:left;"|2000 ||style="text-align:right;"|9.0 |- |style="text-align:left;"|{{UN_Population|Year}} ||style="text-align:right;"|{{#expr:{{formatnum:{{UN_Population|Somalia}}|R}}/1e6 round 1}} |} Soomaaliya waxaa ka maqan xog la isku halayn karo. Wadanku waxa lagu qiyaasaa dad lagu qiyaasay 17.1 milyan oo degan 2021; wadarta dadka marka loo eego tirakoobkii 1975 waxay ahaayeen 3.3 milyan. Sahan ay samaysay Sanduuqa Dadweynaha ee Qaramada Midoobay oo la sameeyay 2013 iyo 2014 ayaa lagu qiyaasay tirada guud ee dadka inay tahay 12,316,895. Qiyaastii 85% dadka deegaanka waa qowmiyad Soomaali ah , kuwaas oo taariikh ahaan deggenaa qaybta waqooyi ee dalka. Waxay dhaqan ahaan u abaabulan yihiin reer guuraa xoolo-dhaqato ah, boqortooyo dabacsan, suldaanno iyo dawlad-goboleedyo. Dagaalladii sokeeye ee billowgii sagaashamaadkii waxay si weyn u kordhiyeen tirada qurbo-joogta Soomaalida , iyadoo in badan oo ka mid ah Soomaalidii aqoonta sare lahayd ay dalka ka tageen. Qowmiyadaha laga tirada badan yahay ee aan Soomaalida ahayn ayaa ah inta ka hartay shacabka Soomaaliyeed, waxayna inta badan ku badan yihiin gobollada koonfureed. Waxaa ka mid ah Bravanese , Bantus , Bajuuni , Xabashi (gaar ahaan Oromo ) Yamaniyiin , Hindi , Faaris , Talyaani iyo Ingiriis . Qowmiyadda Bantus oo ah qowmiyadda ugu badan ee laga tirada badan yahay Soomaaliya, waa faracii addoomo laga keenay Koonfur-bari Afrika oo ay lahaayeen ganacsato Carab iyo Soomaali ah. 1940kii, waxa ku noolaa Somaliland Talyaani ilaa 50,000 Talyaani ah . Inta badan reer Yurub waxay ka tageen xorriyadda ka dib, iyadoo tiro yar oo reer galbeed ah ay weli joogaan Soomaaliya oo u badan kuwa u shaqeeya hay'adaha caalamiga ah ee ka hawlgala Soomaaliya. [[File:Population pyramid of Somalia 2015.png|thumb|Dadka da' kasta]] Qurba joog Soomaaliyeed oo aad u tiro badan ayaa ka jira wadamo kala duwan oo reer galbeed ah sida Maraykanka (gaar ahaan gobolka Minnesota ) iyo Ingiriiska (gaar ahaan London ), Iswidhan, Kanada, Norway, Nederland, Jarmalka, Denmark, Finland, Australia, Switzerland, Austria, Talyaaniga, iyo sidoo kale Jasiiradda Carabta , iyo dalal dhowr ah oo Afrikaan ah sida Uganda iyo Koonfur Afrika . Qurba-joogta Soomaaliyeed ayaa si weyn ugu lug leh siyaasadda iyo horumarka Soomaaliya. Madaxweynihii hore ee Soomaaliya, Maxamed Cabdullaahi Maxamed , ayaa horay u ahaa qurbo-joog, wuxuuna heystay dhalashada Mareykanka oo uu si iskii ah uga tanaasulay 2019. Dadka Soomaaliya waxa ay ku sii fidayaan kobac dhan 1.75% sanadkii, halka 1,000 qofba ay dhallaan 40.87. Wadarta heerka bacriminta Soomaaliya waa 6.08 carruur ah oo dhashey haweeneydiiba (qiyaastii 2014), waana tan afaraad ee ugu sareysa adduunka, sida uu qabo Buugga Xaqiiqooyinka Adduunka ee CIA . Inta badan dadka deegaanka ayaa ah dhalinyaro, da'da dhexdhexaadka ah waa 17.7 sano; Qiyaastii 44% dadku waxay da'doodu u dhaxaysaa 0-14 sano, 52% waxay u dhexeeyaan da'da 15-64 sano, kaliya 2% waa 65 sano ama ka weyn. Saamiga lab iyo dheddig waa qiyaas dheelli tiran, iyadoo saami ahaan lagu qiyaaso inta ragga ah sida dumarka. Ma jiraan xog la isku halayn karo oo ku saabsan magaalooyinka Soomaaliya. Qiyaaso adag ayaa la sameeyay oo tilmaamaya heerka magaalaynta 4.8% sanadkii (2005–2010 qiyaas ahaan.), iyadoo magaalooyin badan ay si degdeg ah u korayaan magaalooyinka. Qowmiyadaha laga tirada badan yahay ayaa sidoo kale ka soo guuray miyiga una guuray magaalooyinka tan iyo markii ay bilowdeen dagaalladii sokeeye, gaar ahaan Muqdisho iyo Kismaayo . Laga soo bilaabo 2008 , 37.7% dadweynaha qaranku waxay ku nool yihiin magaalooyinka iyo magaalooyinka, iyadoo boqolkiiba ay si degdeg ah u kordheyso. ===Luuqadaha=== Af-Soomaaligu waa luqadda rasmiga ah ee ugu horreysa ee Soomaaliya halka Carabiga uu yahay luqadda labaad ee rasmiga ah ee dastuurka. Af-Soomaaligu waa afkii hooyo ee dadka Soomaaliyeed oo ah qowmiyadda ugu tirada badan qaranka. Waa xubin ka tirsan laanta Kushitigga ee qoyska afafka Afro-Aasiyatiga, qaraabada ugu dhowna waa afafka Oromada, Canfarta iyo Saho. Af-Soomaaligu waa kan ugu wanaagsan ee laga diiwaan geliyo luqadaha Kushitigga, iyada oo daraasado tacliimeed lagu sameeyay laga soo bilaabo 1900 ka hor. [[File:Somali Stone.jpg|thumb|Looxa dhagaxa ah ee laga soo bilaabo qarnigii 14-aad ee suugaanta Wadaad]] Af-Soomaaligu wuxuu u qaybsamaa saddex qaybood oo waaweyn: Waqooyi, Banaadir iyo Maayga. Soomaali-waqooyi (ama Waqooyi-Bartamaha Soomaaliya) ayaa saldhig u ah heerka Soomaaliga. Benaadir (sidoo kale loo yaqaan Xeebta Soomaaliya) waxaa looga hadlaa xeebta Banaadir, laga bilaabo Cadale ilaa koonfurta magaalada Marka oo ay ku jirto Muqdisho, iyo sidoo kale dhulka hoose ee dhow. Lahjadaha xeebuhu waxay leeyihiin telefoono dheeraad ah oo aan ku qornayn Soomaali caadi ah. Maayga waxaa ku hadla inta badan beelaha Digil iyo Mirifle (Raxanweyn) ee dega deegaanada koonfurta Soomaaliya. Banaadiri waa lahjada ugu weyn ee looga hadlo dalka, marka la barbardhigo Waqooyiga Soomaaliya oo ah lahjada ugu weyn ee looga hadlo Somaliland. Sanado badan ayaa habab qoris kala duwan loo adeegsaday qorista afka Soomaaliga. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah alifbeetada Soomaaliga, oo ah tan ugu badan ee la isticmaalo, isla markaana noqotay qoraalka rasmiga ah ee Soomaaliya tan iyo markii Golaha Sare ee Kacaanku si rasmi ah u hirgeliyay bishii Oktoobar 1972.<ref>Economist Intelligence Unit (Great Britain) ''Middle East annual review'' (1975) p. 229</ref> Qoraallo kale oo qarniyo badan loo adeegsanayay qorista Soomaaliga waxaa ka mid ah qoraalka Carabiga iyo qoraalka Wadaadka. Habab qoraal oo asal ahaan Soomaaliyeed oo la sameeyay qarnigii 20-aad waxaa ka mid ah qoraalka Cusmaaniya, qoraalka Borama iyo qoraalka Kaddare.<ref>{{Harvnb|Laitin|1977|pp=86–87}}.</ref> [[Carabi|Carabiga]], oo ah luqadda labaad ee Soomaaliya,<ref name="Frspc"/> waxaa ku hadla ku dhowaad hal milyan oo Soomaali ah<ref name="ethnologue.com">{{Cite web |title=Somalia |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/so/languages |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308060654/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/so/languages |archive-date=8 March 2021 |access-date=2 February 2020 |website=Ethnologue}}</ref> sababo la xiriira xiriirrada qarniyada badan jiray ee ay la leedahay Dunida Carabta, saameynta ballaaran ee warbaahinta Carabiga, iyo waxbarashada diinta.<ref name="Dubnov">Helena Dubnov (2003) ''A grammatical sketch of Somali'', Kِppe, pp. 70–71.</ref><ref>Diana Briton Putman, Mohamood Cabdi Noor (1993) ''The Somalis: their history and culture'', Center for Applied Linguistics, p. 15.</ref><ref>Fiona MacDonald et al. (2000) ''Peoples of Africa'', Vol. 10, Marshall Cavendish, p. 178.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=((American University (Washington, D.C.). Foreign Area Studies)) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0pyAAAAMAAJ&dq=Somali+arab+ties&pg=PA235 |title=Area Handbook for Somalia |date=1969 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |page=235 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=1 December 2005 |title=Middle East Policy Council – Muslim Populations Worldwide |url=http://www.mepc.org/workshops/popstat.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061214023655/http://www.mepc.org/workshops/popstat.asp |archive-date=14 December 2006 |access-date=27 June 2010 |publisher=Mepc.org}}</ref><ref name="Abdullahi 2001 12">{{Harvnb|Diriye Abdullahi|2001|p=1}}.</ref> SIL Global waxay qiyaastaa tirada guud ee dadka ku hadla, iyadoo aan loo eegin heerka aqoontooda, inay ka badan tahay laba milyan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/so/languages|title=Somalia|website=Ethnologue}}</ref> Waxaa loo adeegsadaa luqad cibaado maadaama uu yahay afka [[Qur'aan|Qur'aanka]]. Soomaalidu waxay bartaan akhriska iyo qorista Carabiga iyagoo da' yar. [[File:Arabic in Somalia Graph.png|thumb|280px|left|Qiyaasta aqoonta Carabiga ee dadka Soomaaliyeed, iyadoo la kala saarayo akhriska qoraalka Qur'aanka iyo ku hadalka Carabiga.<ref name="Salad2025">{{cite journal |last=Salad |first=Hussein Ahmed |title=Somali community perception on Arabic language |journal=Horn of Africa Journal of Social Science |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=50–60 |year=2025 |doi=10.70806/frz04z80}}</ref>]] [[Af-Ingiriis|Ingiriisiga]] si weyn ayaa looga hadlaa loona dhigaa. Wuxuu ahaan jiray luqad maamul xilligii maxmiyadda Somaliland ee Ingiriiska, waxaana sabab u ah caalamiyeynta uu hadda caan ka yahay guud ahaan Soomaaliya. Ingiriisigu waa luqadda waxbarashada ee jaamacado badan oo Soomaaliya ku yaalla, waana mid ka mid ah luqadaha shaqada ee ugu waaweyn hay'adaha aan dawliga ahayn ee ka hawlgala Soomaaliya. [[Af-Taliyaani|Talyaaniga]] wuxuu ahaa luqad rasmi ah xilligii Somaliland Talyaaniga iyo muddadii wakiillimada, laakiin isticmaalkiisa aad ayuu hoos ugu dhacay kaddib xorriyadda. Hadda waxaa inta badan laga maqlaa jiilalka waaweyn, saraakiisha dowladda, iyo dadka aqoonta leh. Luqadaha kale ee laga tirada badan yahay waxaa ka mid ah Bravanese, oo ah nooc ka mid ah luqadda Bantu ee Sawaaxiliga oo laga hadlo xeebaha ay deggan yihiin dadka Bravanese, iyo Kibajuni, oo ah lahjad Sawaaxili ah oo ah afka hooyo ee kooxda qowmiyadeed ee laga tirada badan yahay ee Bajuni. {{clear}} ===Gobolada iyo magaalooyinka=== {{Magaalooyinka Soomaaliya}} ===Diinta=== {{bar box|float=right |title=[[Diinta Soomaalida]] 2010<ref name="Pew">{{cite web |title=The Global Religious Landscape|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-full.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806002044/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-full.pdf|archive-date=6 August 2013|publisher=Pew Research Center|access-date=27 December 2013|page=49}}</ref>|titlebar=#ddd |left1=Diin|right1=Boqolkiiba |bars= {{bar percent|[[Islaam|Islaam]]|green|99.8}} {{bar percent|Mid Kale|red|0.2}} }} {{Main|Diinta Soomaalida}} '''Diinta Soomaaliya 2010''' Diinta Boqolkiiba Islaamka 99.8% Mid kale 0.2% [[File:Mosislsol2.jpg|thumb|Masjidka Isbaheysiga Islaamka ee magaalada Muqdisho ayaa ah masjidka ugu weyn gobolka Geeska.]] Sida ay sheegtay xarunta cilmi baarista ee Pew , 99.8% dadka Soomaaliya waa Muslim 315. Inta badan waxay ka tirsan yihiin laanta Islaamka ee sunniga iyo mad-habta shaaficiga ee fiqiga islaamka . suufiyada , dariiqada suufiga ah ee Islaamka, ayaa sidoo kale si fiican u dhisan, oo leh jamacooyin badan oo maxalli ah zawiya ama jameeco ka mid ah tariiqooyinka kala duwan ama suufiyada. Dastuurka Soomaaliya wuxuu kaloo qeexayaa diinta Islaamka inay tahay diinta dowladda ee Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya, shareecada Islaamkana ay tahay isha aasaasiga ah ee sharci-dejinta qaranka. Waxa kale oo uu dhigayaa in aan la samayn karin xeer aan waafaqsanayn mabaadi’da aasaasiga ah ee shareecada. Diinta Masiixiga waa diimo laga tiro badan yahay Soomaaliya, dadka raacsani waxay matalaan in ka yar 0.1% dadweynaha sanadka 2010 sida ay sheegtay xarunta cilmi baarista ee Pew. Tirada Masiixiyiinta Soomaaliya waxa lagu qiyaasaa 1,000 qof. Waxaa jira hal dariiqo Katoolik ah oo dalka oo dhan u yaal, Diocese-ka Muqdisho , taas oo ku qiyaastay in 2004 ay jireen ku dhawaad ​​boqol dhakhaatiir Katoolik ah. Sannadkii 1913kii, waagii hore ee gumaystaha, ma jirin wax Masiixiyiin ah oo ku noolaa dhulka Soomaalida, iyada oo ilaa 100-200 oo keliya ay ka yimaaddeen dugsiyada iyo xarumaha agoomaha ee hawlgalladii Kaatooligga ee Maxmiyadda Somaliland ee Ingiriiska . Sidoo kale ma jirin hawl wadeenno Katoolik ah oo la yaqaan oo ka socday Somaliland Talyaani isla muddadaas. Sannadihii 1970-aadkii, xilligii ay Soomaaliya ka talinaysay dowladdii Marxist-ta , waxaa la xiray iskuulladii ay kaniisaddu maamuli jirtay, adeegayaashana waxaa loo diray guryahooda. Tan iyo 1989-kii ma jirin wax Baasaboor ah oo dalka ka howlgala, waxaana cathedral- ka Muqdisho ka dhacay burbur xooggan oo soo gaaray dagaalladii sokeeye. Bishii Disembar 2013, Wasaaradda Caddaaladda iyo Arrimaha Diinta ayaa sidoo kale soo saartay awaamiir mamnuucaysa in dalka laga qabto xafladaha Kiristaanka. Marka loo eego xarunta cilmi baarista ee Pew, in ka yar 0.1% dadka Soomaaliya sanadkii 2010 waxay ahaayeen kuwo raacsan diimaha dadweynaha . Kuwaas oo u badnaan ka koobnaa qaar ka mid ah qowmiyadaha tirada yar ee aan Soomaalida ahayn ee ku nool qaybaha koonfureed ee dalka, kuwaas oo ku dhaqma nacayb . Dhanka Bantuda , dhaqamadaas diineed waxay ka dhaxleen awoowayaashood Koonfur Bari Afrika . Intaa waxaa dheer, marka loo eego Xarunta Cilmi-baarista ee Pew, in ka yar 0.1% dadka Soomaaliya sannadkii 2010 waxay ahaayeen kuwo raacsan diinta Yuhuudda , Hinduismka , Budhiismka , ama aan ku xidhnayn diin kasta . ===Caafimaadka=== [[File:Life expectancy in Somalia.png|thumb|Cimriga Soomaaliya, 1950 ilaa 2023]] Ilaa burburkii dawladdii dhexe ee sannadkii 1991-kii, haykalka hab-dhismeedka iyo hab-dhismeedka maamulka ee waaxda daryeelka caafimaadka ee Soomaaliya waxa dusha kala socday Wasaaradda Caafimaadka. Saraakiisha caafimaadka ee gobolku waxay ku raaxaysanayeen xoogaa awood ah, laakiin daryeelka caafimaadku wuxuu ahaa mid si weyn u dhexeya. Dawladii hantiwadaaga ee Madaxweynihii hore ee Soomaaliya Siyaad Barre waxay joojisay dhaq-dhaqaaqii caafimaadka ee gaarka ahaa 1972 . Nidaamkii daryeelka bulshada ee Soomaaliya ayaa si weyn u burburay dagaalladii sokeeye ee xigay. Sida waaxaha kale ee hore loo qarameeyay, bixiyayaasha aan rasmiga ahayn ayaa buuxiyey booskii banaanaa waxayna bedeleen kalidii dawladii hore ee daryeelka caafimaadka, iyada oo helitaanka tas-hiilaadka ay markhaati ka tahay koror weyn. Xarumo daryeel caafimaad oo badan, rugo caafimaad, isbitaallo iyo farmasiyo ayaa howsha lagu dhisay iyadoo loo marayo dadaallo Soomaaliyeed oo gurigooda lagu beeray. Qiimaha la-talinta caafimaadka iyo daaweynta xarumahan waa mid hooseeya, $ 5.72 booqasho kasta oo xarumaha caafimaadka ah (oo leh daboolida dadweynaha ee 95%), iyo $ 1.89-3.97 booqasho bukaan-socod iyo $ 7.83-13.95 maalintii sariiraha aasaasiga ah ilaa isbitaallada sare. Isbarbardhigga muddada 2005-2010 iyo tobankii sano ee badhkii ka hor dillaaca iskahorimaadka (1985-1990), rajada nolosha ayaa dhab ahaantii kor u kacday celcelis ahaan 47 sano ragga iyo dumarka ilaa 48.2 sano ragga iyo 51 sano haweenka. Sidoo kale, tirada hal sano jirka ah ee si buuxda looga tallaalay jadeecada ayaa kor uga kacday 30% 1985-1990 ilaa 40% 2000-2005, iyo qaaxada , waxay kor u kacday ku dhawaad ​​20% ilaa 50% isla muddadaas. Tirada dhallaanka miisaankoodu hooseeyo ayaa hoos uga dhacay min 16 1,000kiiba ilaa 0.3, taasoo ah 15% hoos u dhac ku yimid wadar ahaan isla waqtigaas. Intii u dhaxaysay 2005 iyo 2010 marka la barbardhigo 1985-1990, dhimashada dhallaanka ee 1,000 dhalasho waxay sidoo kale hoos uga dhacday 152 ilaa 109.6. Muhiimad weyn, dhimashada hooyada 100,000 ee dhallaanka waxay ka dhacday 1,600 dagaalkii ka hor 1985-1990 tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay ilaa 1,100 muddadii 2000-2005. Tirada dhakhaatiirta 100,000 ee qof ayaa sidoo kale ka kacay 3.4 ilaa 4 isla waqti isku mid ah, sida boqolkiiba dadka helay adeegyada fayadhowrka, kuwaas oo ka kordhay 18% ilaa 26%. Marka loo eego xogta Sanduuqa Dadweynaha ee Qaramada Midoobay ee shaqaalaha umulisooyinka, wadar ahaan 429 umulisooyin ah (oo ay ku jiraan kalkaalisooyin- umulisooyin) Soomaaliya, oo leh cufnaanta hal umuliso 1,000kii carruur ah ee nool. Siddeed xarumood oo umulisooyin ah ayaa hadda dalka ka jira, oo laba ka mid ah ay yihiin kuwo gaar loo leeyahay. Umulisada waxaa nidaamisa dowladda, waxaana loo baahan yahay shatiga si loogu shaqeeyo si xirfadeysan. Diiwaangelin toos ah ayaa sidoo kale jirta si loola socdo umulisooyinka shatiga haysta. Intaa waxaa dheer, umulisooyinka dalka waxaa si rasmi ah uga wakiil ah ururka umulisooyinka maxalliga ah, oo ka diiwaangashan 350 xubnood Marka loo eego qiyaasta hay'adda caafimaadka adduunka ee 2005, qiyaastii 97.9% haweenka iyo gabdhaha Soomaaliya ayaa lagu sameeyay gudniinka fircooniga ah, caadada guurka ka hor inta badan waxay ku dhacdaa Geeska Afrika iyo qaybo ka mid ah Bariga dhow. Waxaa dhiirigeliyay haweenka bulshada dhexdeeda, waxaa ugu horayn loogu talagalay in la ilaaliyo dhawrsanaanta, laga hortago sinada, lagana ilaaliyo weerarka. Sannadkii 2013, UNICEF oo kaashanaysa maamullada Soomaaliya ayaa sheegtay in heerka baahsanaanta ee gabdhaha da'doodu u dhaxayso 1- ilaa 14-sano ee ku nool gobollada waqooyi ee Puntland iyo Somaliland ay hoos ugu dhacday 25% ka dib olole wacyigelin bulsho iyo diineed ah. Qiyaastii 93% ragga Soomaaliyeed ayaa sidoo kale la sheegay in la guday Soomaaliya ayaa ka mid ah kuwa ugu hooseeya heerka caabuqa HIV ee qaaradda. Taasna waxaa loo aaneynayaa dabeecadda Muslimka ah ee bulshada Soomaaliyeed iyo ku-dhaqanka Soomaalida ku dhaqanka akhlaaqda Islaamka. Iyadoo lagu qiyaasay heerka faafidda HIV ee Soomaaliya 1987 (sannadkii warbixinta kiiskii ugu horreeyay) uu ahaa 1% dadka waaweyn, warbixin 2012 ka soo baxday UNAIDS ayaa sheegaysa in tan iyo 2004, qiyaasaha laga soo bilaabo 0.7% ilaa 1.0% la qiyaasay. In kasta oo daryeelka caafimaadku hadda inta badan ku urursan yahay ganacsiga gaarka loo leeyahay, nidaamka daryeelka caafimaadka guud ee dalku waxa uu ku socdaa dib-u-dhiskiisa, waxaana dusha kala socota wasaaradda caafimaadka. Wasiirka caafimaadka Qamar Aadan Cali. Ismaamulka Puntland waxa uu leeyahay Wasaarad u gaar ah Caafimaadka, sida gobolka Somaliland ee waqooyi-galbeed ee Soomaaliya. Xarumaha caafimaadka ee dalka caanka ka ah ayaa waxaa ka mid ah Isbitaalka Hooyada iyo Dhallaanka ee Bariga Baardheere , Isbitaalka Hooyada iyo Dhallaanka ee Caabudwaaq , Isbitaalka Hooyada ee Edna Aadan iyo qeybta Hooyada ee Galbeedka Baardheere . ===Waxbarashada=== Wasaaradda Waxbarashada ayaa si rasmi ah uga mas’uul ah waxbarashada Soomaaliya, waxaana ay dusha kala socotaa dugsiyada hoose dhexe , sare ,farsamada iyo farsamada gacanta , iyo sidoo kale tababaridda macallimiinta hoose iyo kuwa farsamada iyo waxbarashada dadban . Qiyaastii 15% ee miisaaniyadda dawladda waxa loo qoondeeyey hab-waxbarasho. Maamul-goboleedka Puntland iyo Somaliland ayaa iska leh wasaaradaha waxbarashada. [[File:Mogauniv1.jpg|thumb|Xarunta ugu weyn ee Jaamacadda Muqdisho ee Muqdisho]] Waxbarashada sare ee Soomaaliya hadda waa mid gaar loo leeyahay. Dhawr jaamacadood oo dalka ku yaala oo ay ku jirto jaamacadda Muqdisho ayaa lagu qiimeeyay 100-ka jaamacadood ee ugu wanaagsan qaaradda Afrika in kasta oo ay jiraan deegaan qallafsan, taasoo lagu tilmaamay inay tahay guul laga gaaray hindisayaal salka ku haya . Jaamacadaha kale ee sidoo kale bixiya tacliinta sare ee koonfurta waxaa ka mid ah Jaamacadda Banaadir , Jaamacadda Ummadda Soomaaliyeed , Jaamacadda Kismaayo iyo Jaamacadda Gedo . Puntland waxbarashada sare waxaa bixiya Jaamacadaha Puntland iyo Jaamacadda Bariga Afrika . Somaliland waxa bixiya Jaamacada Camuud , Jaamacada Hargeysa , Somaliland Jaamacadda Teknolojiyadda iyo Jaamacadda Burco . Dugsiyada Qur'aanka (sidoo kale loo yaqaan dugsi quran ama malcamad quran ) ayaa ah nidaamka aasaasiga ah ee barashada diinta dhaqameed. Loo yaqaan habka ugu xasilloon ee deegaanka, nidaamka aan tooska ahayn ee waxbarashada oo bixiya waxbarashada aasaasiga ah ee diinta iyo akhlaaqda, xooggoodu waxay ku tiirsan yihiin taageerada bulshada iyo adeegsigooda agab waxbarasho oo gudaha laga sameeyay oo si weyn loo heli karo. Nadaamka Qur’aanka oo wax lagu baro tirada ugu badan ee ardayda marka loo eego qeybaha kale ee waxbarashada, ayaa inta badan ah nidaamka kaliya ee ay heli karaan Soomaalida reer guuraaga ah marka loo eego magaalooyinka. Si wax looga qabto khaladaadka dhanka culuumta diinta, dowladda Soomaaliya ayaa dhankeeda sidoo kale ka dib dhistay Wasaaradda Awqaafta iyo Arrimaha Islaamka, taasoo hadda lagu maamulo waxbarashada Qur’aanka. ==Dhaqanka== ===Cunto=== [[File:Banadir3.jpg|thumb|Noocyada kala duwan ee cuntooyinka caanka ah ee Soomaalida]] Cunnada Soomaalidu waa isku dhaf noocyo kala duwan oo cuntooyin ah kuwaas oo laga soo dheegtay dhadhanka Carabta , Hindida iyo Talyaaniga taas oo si toos ah uga dhalatay taariikhda baaxadda leh ee Soomaaliya ee ganacsiga iyo ganacsiga. Tusaalooyinka cuntooyinka Soomaalida waxaa ka mid ah cunnooyinka sida bariiska iyo baasto , iyo hilibka sida wan , lo'da , iyo digaagga . Xawaashyada udgoonka ah sida cumin , karoomada , iyo kiraanta ayaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa in lagu siiyo dhadhan kala duwan suxuunta. Waxaa barbar socda maraqa , rootiga fidsan , iyo rootiga , cunnada kale ee Soomaalida waa Canjeero /Laxooh , oo ah nooc canjeero khamiir leh oo u eg roodhida fidsan ee laga dhadhamiyo Soomaaliya iyo dalalka deriska ah sida Itoobiya , Eritera iyo Yemen . Additionally, camel meat and milk are considered a delicacy. Bariiska Soomaaliya oo ah cuntada caadiga ah ee cashada ama qadada , ayaa sida caadiga ah la dhadhamiyey waxaana lagu daraa maaddooyin kala duwan sida hilibka , khudaarta , iyo, si xoogaa gaar ah, sabiib . Maaha wax aan caadi ahayn in saxankan loo soo bandhigo qaab muuqaal ah iyadoo lagu darayo midabyo badan, sababtoo ah qaybo gaar ah ayaa laga yaabaa in si macmal ah loogu dhejiyo hadhka jaalaha ah ama orange-ka iyadoo la adeegsanayo saffron iyo dhir kale si kor loogu qaado bilicdeeda [[File:Djiboutian rice (bariis) and fish (kalluun), Liver (beerka) with vegetable also (Sabaayad) pancakes.jpg|thumb|Bariis Soomaali ah (bariis) iyo kalluun (kalluun), Beerka (biir) khudaar leh sidoo kale (Sabaayad) canjeelo]] Xiligii gumaystaha talyaanigu waxa si wayn loo qaatay baastada iyo laasgaabka gaar ahaan koonfurta. Shaaha iyo kafeega ayaa sidoo kale runtii caan ah. Soomaalida ayaa ka mid ahaa dadkii hore u qaatay cunista kafeega , waxaana ganacsatada Soomaaliyeed ay ka mid ahaayeen ganacsatadii ugu horreysay ee dhoofisa digirta Kafeega. Qaxwaha Soomaalida, oo gudaha loo yaqaan ' Qahwo ' iyo shaaha 'Shah', ayaa aad uga dhex muuqda habka diyaarinta, kaas oo ku lug leh xulashada xawaashka kala duwan si kor loogu qaado muuqaalkeeda dhadhanka. 'Xalwo', oo si dhow ula xiriirta Cumaan ' Xalwaa ', waa daweyn jelly-la mid ah oo siman oo lagu sameeyay xawaash , iniin, laws , iyo sonkor la shiiday . Macmacaankan waxa si caadi ah loogu wada adeegaa " Qahwo ". Cunto ka dib, guryaha sida dhaqameedka ah waxaa lagu cadariyaa fooxa ama fooxa ( unsi ), kaas oo lagu diyaariyo gudaha fooxa r loo yaqaan dabqaad . ===Muusiga=== Soomaaliya waxay leedahay hiddaha faneed hodanka ah oo ku qotoma suugaan-dhaqameedka Soomaalida . Heesaha Soomaalida intooda badan waa hal-abuur . Muusiga Soomaaliyeed waxaa laga yaabaa in lagu qaldo dhawaaqyada gobollada u dhow sida Itoobiya, Suudaan ama Jasiiradda Carabta, laakiin ugu dambeyntii waxaa lagu aqoonsan karaa laxankeeda iyo qaababka gaarka ah. Aaladaha dhaqameed ee sida weyn looga dhex muuqday fanka Soomaaliya waxaa ka mid ah oud lute . Inta badan waxaa la socda durbaan yaryar iyo biibiile cawsduur ah oo gadaal ka ah. Heesaha Soomaalidu inta badan waa wax ka dhasha wada shaqaynta ka dhaxaysa hal-abuurayaasha ( midho ), abwaannada ( laxan ) iyo fannaaniinta ( codka ama "codadka") ===Suugaanta=== Bulshada Soomaaliyeed ayaa sanadihii lasoo dhaafay ahaa ilo ay ka soo jeedaan abwaanno, qorayaal iyo hal-abuuro caan ah, kuwaas oo qayb weyn ka qaatay soo saarista iyo qaabaynta hab-raacyada aqoonta iyo dhaqanka Muslimiinta, mana aha oo kaliya Geeska Afrika ee waxa ay gaadheen meelo fog-fog oo ka mid ah Jasiiradda Carabta iyo gobollada kale ee adduunka. Soomaaliya waxaa sidoo kale loogu yeeraa, oo ay ka mid yihiin, qoraaga Kanadiyaan ah iyo aqoonyahanada Margaret Laurence , "Qaranka Abwaanada " iyo "Qaranka Baadiyada ". Sahmiye iyo qoraa Ingiriis oo caan ah Richard Burton ayaa si hufan wax uga qoray Soomaaliya: Dalku wuxuu la socdaa, 'Abwaanada, nin kastaa wuxuu leeyahay mawqifkiisa la aqoonsan yahay ee suugaanta sida saxda ah ee loo qeexay sida in dib loo eegay qarniyo joornaal ah - dhegta wanaagsan ee dadkani waxay keenaysaa in ay qaataan raaxada ugu weyn ee dhawaaqyada iswaafaqsan iyo tibaaxaha maansada, halka tiro been ah ama weedh qallafsan ay ku kicinayaan." ===Casri ah=== [[File:Hadrawi.jpg|thumb|Abwaan , faylasuuf iyo hal-abuure, Maxamed Ibraahim Warsame (Hadraawi)]] Markii la qaatay farta laatiinka sannadkii 1972-kii oo laga dhigay halbeegga alifbeetada qaranka, waxaa kaloo soo saaray qorayaal Soomaali ah oo aad u tiro badan, kuwaas oo qaarkood sumcad weyn ku helay caalamka oo dhan. Qorayaashan casriga ah, Nuruddin Farah waa kan ugu caansan, isagoo helay, abaal-marinno kale, 1998-kii Neustadt ee abaalmarinta caalamiga ah ee suugaanta . Faarax MJ Cawl waa qoraa kale oo caan ah oo Soomaaliyeed oo caan ku ahaa sheeko-qoraalkiisii ​​xilligii Dervish , Jahligu waa cadowga jacaylka . Waxa kale oo maansada Soomaalidu aad u kobcaysay wakhtigan iyadoo Hadraawi uu sumcad qaran ku helay tiraabtiisa iyo maansadiisa. ===Ciyaaraha=== Kubadda cagta waa ciyaaraha ugu caansan Soomaaliya. Tartamada gudaha ee muhiimka ah ayaa ah horyaalka Soomaaliya iyo koobka Soomaaliya , iyadoo xulka qaranka Soomaaliya uu ciyaaro heer caalami. Kubadda kolayga ayaa sidoo kale laga ciyaaraa dalka. Horyaalkii FIBA ​​Africa 1981 ayaa lagu qabtay magaalada Muqdisho 15 ilaa 23 December 1981, xiligaasi oo xulka qaranka kubada koleyga ay heleen bilada maarta ah. Sannadkii 2013-kii, waxaa magaalada Borlänge laga dhisay koox qaran oo ka tirsan kooxaha burcad badeeda Soomaalida . Waxa ay ka qaybgashay tartankii Horyaalka Adduunka ee Bandy 2014. Dhanka fanka dagaalka waxaa billad qalin ah iyo kaalinta afraad ku qaatay Faysal Jeylaani Aweys iyo Maxamed Deeq Cabdulle oo ka tirsan xulka qaranka Teekwondo-ga , waxayna ku guuleysteen koobka Taekwondo-ga Adduunka ee 2013 ee Tongeren Intaa waxaa dheer, Maxamed Jaamac waxa uu ku guuleystay labada koob ee adduunka iyo Yurub ee K-1 iyo feerka Thai . ===Dhismaha=== [[File:Gondereshe2008.jpg|thumb|Qasriga Gondershe]] Qaab-dhismeedka Soomaalidu waa dhaqan qani ah oo kala duwan oo xagga injineernimada iyo naqshadeynta ah. Iyadoo la eegayo wakhtiyadii hore ee qadiimiga ahaa, dhexe iyo kuwii hore ee casriga ahaa ee dalka, waxa kale oo ay soo dhawaynaysaa isku dhafka qaab dhismeedka Somali-Islaamka oo leh nashqado casri ah oo reer galbeed ah. Soomaalidii hore, dhismooyinka haramka ah ee Soomaalidu u taqaan Taalo waxay ahaayeen qaab caan ah oo lagu aaso, iyadoo boqolaal ka mid ah taallooyinkii dhagaxaanta qallalan ay maanta ku baahsan yihiin dalka. Guryo ayaa laga dhisay dhagxaan lebisan oo la mid ah kuwii Masar hore . Waxa kale oo jira tusaaleyaal barxadaha iyo darbiyada waaweyn ee dhagaxa ah ee lagu soo dejiyey deegaamada, sida darbiga Wargade. Qaadashada Islaamka ee taariikhda dhexe ee hore ee Soomaaliya waxa ay Islaamku ka keentay Carabta iyo Faaris . Tani waxay kicisay isbeddelka dhismaha ee dhagaxa engegan iyo agabka kale ee la xidhiidha oo loo beddelay dhagaxa kooraska , lebennada qorraxda qallalan , iyo isticmaalka baahsan ee dhagaxa nuuradda ee dhismaha Soomaalida. Qaar badan oo ka mid ah naqshadaha cusub ee naqshadaha, sida masaajidda, ayaa lagu dhisay burburka dhismooyinkii hore, dhaqankaas oo socon doona qarniyada soo socda. ==Sidoo kale eeg== [[Warbixin Soomaaliya]] ==Taariikh nololeed== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book |last=Diriye Abdullahi |first=Mohamed |author-link=Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VOPEEAAAQBAJ |title=Dhaqanka iyo Caadooyinka Soomaaliya |publisher=[[Greenwood Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-313-31333-2 |series=Dhaqanka iyo caadooyinka Afrika |location=Westport, Conn}} * {{Cite journal |last= Alpers |first= Edward A. |year= 1976 |title= Gujarat iyo Ganacsiga Bariga Afrika, c. 1500–1800 |journal=[[The International Journal of African Historical Studies]] |volume= 9 |issue= 1 |pages= 22–44 |doi= 10.2307/217389 |jstor= 217389 }} * {{Cite book |author= Gebru Tareke |year= 2009 |title= Kacaankii Itoobiya: Dagaalka Geeska Afrika |url= https://archive.org/details/ethiopianrevolut0000gebr |location= New Haven,&nbsp;CT |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-300-14163-4}} * {{Cite book |last= Laitin |first= David D. |year= 1977 |title= Siyaasad, Luuqad, iyo Fikir: Khibradda Soomaalida |location= Chicago |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn= 978-0-226-46791-7 }} * {{Cite journal |last1= Lecarme |first1= Jacqueline |last2= Maury |first2= Carole |year= 1987 |title= Qalab Software ah oo loogu talagalay Cilmi-baarista Luuqadda iyo Qaamuusyada: Codsiga Soomaaliga |journal= Computers and Translation |volume= 2 |issue= 1 |pages= 21–36 |doi= 10.1007/BF01540131 |s2cid= 6515240 }} * {{Cite book |last=Mauri |first=Arnaldo |chapter-url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=958442 |title=Nidaamyada Bangiyada Afrika |publisher=[[Cariplo]] – Finafrica |year=1971 |editor-last=Dell'Amore |editor-first=Giordano |location=Milan |pages=209–217 |chapter=Horumarinta Bangiyada Soomaaliya}} * {{Cite book |last= Samatar |first= Said S. |year= 1982 |title = Gabayada Afka iyo Qaranimada Soomaaliyeed |location= Cambridge |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-10457-9 }} * {{Cite book |last= Schraeder |first= Peter J. |year= 2006 |editor-last=Barrington |editor-first=Lowell W. |chapter-url=https://press.umich.edu/pdf/0472098985-ch5.pdf |title=Ka Dib Xorriyadda: Samaynta iyo Ilaalinta Qaranka ee Dowladaha Dhacdooyinka Kadib |pages=107–137 |chapter=Laga bilaabo Irredentism ilaa Kala-go'id: Hoos u dhaca Qaranimada Pan-Soomaali |location= Ann Arbor |publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]] |isbn= 978-0-472-09898-9 }} * {{Cite book |last=Shay |first=Shaul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uqw0DwAAQBAJ |title=Soomaaliya oo is-beddelaysa Tan iyo 2006 |date=2014 |publisher=[[Transaction Publishers]] |isbn=978-1-4128-5390-3 |location=New Brunswick}} * {{Cite book |last= Warmington |first= Eric Herbert |year= 1995 |title= Ganacsiga u dhexeeya Boqortooyadii Roomaanka iyo Hindiya |publisher= South Asia Books |isbn= 81-215-0670-0 }} * {{Cite book |last1= Zolberg |first1= Aristide R. |author-link1=Aristide Zolberg |last2= Suhrke |first2= Astri |last3= Aguayo |first3= Sergio |author-link3= Sergio Aguayo |year= 1989 |title= Ka Baxsiga Rabshadaha: Khilaafaadka iyo Qaxootiga Dalalka Horumarka |location= New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-19-505592-4 }} * {{Cite book |last1=Rosati |first1=A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=av8qvZ-0sHUC&pg=PA169 |title=Soosaarista Xoolaha iyo Sayniska Xoolaha Caalamka |last2=Tewolde |first2=A. |last3=Mosconi |first3=C. |date=2007 |publisher=[[Wageningen Academic Publishers]] |isbn=978-90-8686-034-0 |series=WAAP buugga sanadka |location=Wageningen |page=169}} {{Refend}} ==Xusuusin== {{lang-so|Soomaaliya}} {{IPAc-en|s|ə|ˈ|m|ɑː|l|i|ə|audio=Somalia pronunciation (English).wav}} '''Soomaali:''' Soomaaliya [soːmaːlija], qoraalka Osmanya: 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘𐒕𐒖; Carabi: الصومال, la turjumay: aṣ-Ṣūmāl '''Soomaali rasmi ah:''' Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya; Carabi: جمهورية الصومال الفيدرالية Xuduudka Jabuuti–Soomaaliya waxaa si sharci ah u maamula Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya oo si caalami ah loo aqoonsan yahay, laakiin dhab ahaan waxaa gacanta ku haya ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} * [https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/ "Qaramada Midoobay, Waaxda Dhaqaalaha iyo Arrimaha Bulshada, Qaybta Dadweynaha (2022). Rajada Dadweynaha Adduunka"] {{Wayback|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/ |date=20220711213112 }} * [https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april "Database-ka Muuqaalka Dhaqaalaha Adduunka, Abriil 2025"] *[https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april "Database-ka Muuqaalka Dhaqaalaha Adduunka, Abriil 2025"] *[https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf "Warbixinta Horumarinta Aadanaha 2025"] *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs Waaxda Dhaqaalaha iyo Arrimaha Bulshada ee Qaramada Midoobay] *[https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx "Rajada Dadweynaha Adduunka 2022: Tusiyeyaasha tirakoobka ee gobol, degaan iyo waddan, sannad kasta 1950-2100"] {{Wayback|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx |date=20230306213755 }} *[https://books.google.com/books?id=R0pyAAAAMAAJ&dq=Somali+arab+ties&pg=PA235 <nowiki>Buug-gacmeedka Aagga Soomaaliya: La-qorayaasha: Irving Kaplan [et al.] Cilmi-baadhis iyo qoraal ayaa la dhammaystiray Juun 15, 1969</nowiki>] *[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/29/somali-president-resigns "Madaxweynihii Soomaaliya oo is-casilay iyadoo lagu jiro loolan dhanka awoodda ah"] *[http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/01/31/somalia.election.president/ Islaam qunyar socod ah ayaa loo doortay madaxweynaha Soomaaliya"] {{Wayback|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/01/31/somalia.election.president/ |date=20090202115625 }} *[https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/kenyan-troops-seize-al-shabaab-base-in-somalia/455875 "Ciidamada Kenya oo la wareegay saldhigii Al-Shabaab ee Soomaaliya] *[http://allafrica.com/stories/201208220474.html "Soomaaliya: Ergayga Qaramada Midoobay oo sheegay in la furayo baarlamaanka cusub ee Soomaaliya "Xilligii Taariikhiga ahaa"] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=L2vXPfRsf04C Dimuqraadiyad Xoolo dhaqato: Daraasad lagu sameeyay Xoolo-dhaqatada iyo Siyaasadda Soomaalida Waqooyi ee Geeska Afrika] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=hCb6xzeydigC&q=somalia+stillbay+culture&pg=PA201 Dhaqamada Horyaala ee Geeska Afrika: Falanqaynta Casrigii Dhagaxa ee Dhaqanka iyo Cimilada ee Somaliland iyo Qaybaha Bari ee Xabashida] *[https://archive.org/stream/geographyofherod00whee/geographyofherod00whee_djvu.txt Juqraafiga Herodotus: Waxaa laga soo sawiray Cilmi-baadhisyo Casri ah iyo daahfurkii] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=YUoNEQAAQBAJ&dq=isaaq+sultanate&pg=PA274 Dabeecadda Is-dilitaanka ee Waddamada Muslinka ah ee u badan: Cudurrada faafa, Waxyaabaha halista ah, iyo Ka-hortagga] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020220/http://togdheernews.com/articles/31/05/2016/taariikhda-saldanada-reer-guuleed-ee-somaliland-abwaanibraahim-rashiid-cismaan-guure-aboor/ "Taariikhda Saldanada Reer Guuleed Ee Somaliland.Abwaan:Ibraahim-rashiid Cismaan Guure (aboor). | Togdheer News Network"] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20210811205734/https://www.hubaalmedia.net/degmada-cusub-ee-dacarta-oo-loogu-wanqalay-munaasibad-kulmisay-madaxda-iyo-haldoorka-somaliland/ "Degmada Cusub Ee Dacarta Oo Loogu Wanqalay Munaasibad Kulmisay Madaxda Iyo Haldoorka Somaliland"] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20231002022805/https://sites.tufts.edu/reinventingpeace/2013/10/22/state-sponsored-violence-and-conflict-under-mahamed-siyad-barre-the-emergence-of-path-dependent-patterns-of-violence/ "Rabshadaha iyo colaadaha ay dowladdu soo qabanqaabisay ee Mahamed Siyaad Barre: soo ifbaxa qaabab rabshado ah oo ku tiirsan waddada"] *[https://webarchive.archive.unhcr.org/20230604082615/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6acb654.html "Somalia: Warbixin ku saabsan qabsashadii magaalada Beled Uen ee United Somali Congress (USC) ee dhamaadkii 1990 ama horraantii 1991 iyo dhibaatadii Daarood ee Beled Uen ee askarta USC"] *[https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/40/087/40087878.pdf "Mashruuca Qiimaynta Khayraadka Uranium-ka Caalamiga ah (IUREP) Warbixinta Hawlgalka Wajiga ee Hanuuninta, Soomaaliya"] {{Wayback|url=https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/40/087/40087878.pdf |date=20200119113709 }} *[https://books.google.com/books?id=cscbDgqCsOMC&q=harar Cadan oo hoos imanaysa Gumaysiga Ingiriiska, 1839–1967] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20131022175949/http://horseedmedia.net/2013/03/06/somalia-moves-forward-at-world-taekwondo-pictures/ "Soomaaliya waxay horay ugu socotaa ciyaaraha Taekwondo-ga aduunka"] *[http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2010-02-10/others/great-victory-for-malta-in-k1-kickboxing-270164/ "Guul weyn Malta ee K1 Kickboxing"] *[http://www.cid.harvard.edu/neudc07/docs/neudc07_s1_p02_ahuja.pdf Gudniinka Labka ah iyo AIDS-ka: Saamaynta Dhaqaale-dhaqaale ee Dhibaatada Caafimaadka ee Eric Werker, Amrita Ahuja, iyo Brian Wendell :: NEUDC 2007 Waraaqaha :: Shirarka Horumarinta Jaamacadaha Waqooyi Bari"] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20131006071502/http://www.ameinfo.com/176786.html "Dowladda Puntland ee Soomaaliya, Maal-gashiga Lootah ayaa kala saxiixday heshiisyo istiraatijiyadeed oo ku kacaya 170-Dhs] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20130928150305/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Guide_to_Puntland_Election_2009_printer.shtml "Soomaaliya: Hagaha Doorashada Puntland 2009"] *[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/20/world/africa/20somalia.html "Iyadoo dhibaatada Soomaaliya ay sii kordhayso, ayay khubaradu u arkaan in ay meesha ka maqan tahay gargaarka"] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150109002414/http://goobjoog.com/english/?p=6410 "Beesha Caalamka Oo Soo Dhaweysay Madaxweynaha Cusub Ee Maamulka Kumeel Gaarka Ah Ee Koonfur Galbeed Soomaaliya"] *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7802622.stm "Madaxweynihii Soomaaliya oo xilka ka dagay"] *[http://www.unis.unvienna.org/unis/pressrels/2005/ga10386.html "Furitaanka Doodda Shirka Sannadlaha ah ee Sannadlaha, Xoghayaha Guud ee Qaramada Midoobay wuxuu ku booriyay Dawladaha xubnaha ka ah inay saxafada u sheegaan wax ka qabashada faqriga, argagixisanimada, xadgudubyada xuquuqda aadanaha, colaadaha"] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=eJR3RAAACAAJ Dhaxalkii Gumeysiga ee Soomaaliya: Rome iyo Muqdisho: Laga soo bilaabo Maamulkii Gumeysiga ilaa Howlgalkii Rajada soo celinta] *[http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20120810180135/http://english.alarabiya.net/views/2012/08/08/231008.html "Soomaaliya oo kor u kacaysa labaatan sano oo dagaal sokeeye iyo qalalaase ka socday"] * ​[https://www.ponarseurasia.org/de-facto-states-unbound/ "Mylonas, Harris. 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Garowe Online"]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher,USCIRF,,,4a4f272bc,0.html "USCIRF Annual Report 2009 – The Commission's Watch List: Somalia"] * [http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Guide_to_Puntland_Election_2009_printer.shtml "Somalia: Guide to Puntland Election 2009. Garowe Online"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Guide_to_Puntland_Election_2009_printer.shtml |date=20130928150305 }} [http://www.unis.unvienna.org/unis/pressrels/2005/ga10386.html "Opening Annual General Assembly Debate. UNIS Vienna (2005)"] [http://horseedmedia.net/2010/05/22/un-boss-urges-support-for-somalia-ahead-of-istanbul-summit/ "Kamaal. UN boss urges support for Somalia. Horseed Media"] [http://kenyahighcomtz.org/?action=event-read-more.html&id=1 "Joint Communique – Operation Linda Nchi. Kenya High Commission"] {{Wayback|url=http://kenyahighcomtz.org/?action=event-read-more.html&id=1 |date=20120816100759 }} * [http://www.globalgovernance.eu/index.php/p-s-publications/246-new-analysis-the-somali-crisis-and-the-eu-3.html "Analysis of EUCAP Nestor by the Global Governance Institute"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.globalgovernance.eu/index.php/p-s-publications/246-new-analysis-the-somali-crisis-and-the-eu-3.html |date=20130402205646 }} [https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/africacan/partnerships-and-data-sharing-enhance-delivery-of-somalia-drought-relief-afe-0624 "Partnerships and Data Sharing Enhance Delivery of Somalia Drought Relief. World Bank"] * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html "Somalia. The World Factbook (2009)"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html |date=20160701194614 }} * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2060.html "Coastline. The World Factbook"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2060.html |date=20170716042040 }} * [http://countrystudies.us/somalia/34.htm "Somalia – Climate. Country Studies"] [http://www.goldmanprize.org/node/113 "Fatima Jibrell. Goldman Environmental Prize"] * [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/20/world/africa/20somalia.html "Jeffrey Gettleman. As Somali Crisis Swells, Experts See a Void in Aid. The New York Times"] * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8318798.stm "Islamists break Somali port truce. BBC News"] * [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/sep/28/kenyan-soldiers-capture-kismayo-somalia "Clar Ni Chonghaile. Kenyan troops launch beach assault on Somali city of Kismayo. The Guardian"] * [http://english.alarabiya.net/views/2012/08/08/231008.html "Muddassar Ahmed. Somalia rising after two decades of civil war and unrest. Al Arabiya"] {{Wayback|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/views/2012/08/08/231008.html |date=20120809223608 }} * [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article418665.ece "Jonathan Clayton. Somalia's secret dumps of toxic waste. The Times"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article418665.ece |date=20110810033244 }} *[http://www.somalbanca.org/monetary-policy.html "Central Bank of Somalia – Monetary policy"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.somalbanca.org/monetary-policy.html |date=20090125062011 }} * [http://somalbanca.org/payment-system.html "Central Bank of Somalia – Payment system"] {{Wayback|url=http://somalbanca.org/payment-system.html |date=20090122232449 }} * [http://www.diaspora-centre.org/DOCS/UK_Somali_Remittan.pdf "UK Somali Remittances Survey"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.diaspora-centre.org/DOCS/UK_Somali_Remittan.pdf |date=20201109191722 }} * [http://www.threcorder.co.uk/content/towerhamlets/recorder/news/story.aspx?brand=REConline&category=newsTowerHam&tBrand=northlondon24&tCategory=newstower&itemid=WeED13%20Apr%202010%2010%3A02%3A08%3A730 "Decades of community service recognised with award - Tower Hamlets Recorder"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511205333/http://www.threcorder.co.uk/content/towerhamlets/recorder/news/story.aspx?brand=REConline&category=newsTowerHam&tBrand=northlondon24&tCategory=newstower&itemid=WeED13%20Apr%202010%2010%3A02%3A08%3A730 |date=20110511205333 }} * [http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2014/03/20/the-curious-tale-of-the-world-beating-somali-shilling/ "The curious tale of the world-beating Somali shilling - Financial Times"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815142257/http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2014/03/20/the-curious-tale-of-the-world-beating-somali-shilling/ |date=20170815142257 }} * [https://www.reuters.com/article/kenya-somalia-investment-idUSL6E8J8D1J20120808 "Diplomat to start Somalia's first stock market - Reuters"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930100728/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/08/08/kenya-somalia-investment-idUSL6E8J8D1J20120808 |date=20150930100728 }} * [http://www.somenergy.com/Mission-Vision.php "Mission & Vision - Somali Energy Company"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522182434/http://www.somenergy.com/Mission-Vision.php |date=20230522182434 }} * [http://unctad.org/sections/dite_fdistat/docs/wid_cp_so_en.pdf "UNCTAD: Somalia Investment Data"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306075656/http://unctad.org/sections/dite_fdistat/docs/wid_cp_so_en.pdf |date=20160306075656 }} * [http://www.oilmarketer.co.uk/2007/07/18/exploration-rights-in-somalia-for-chinese-oil-giant-cnooc/ "Exploration rights in Somalia for Chinese oil giant CNOOC"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070917005212/http://www.oilmarketer.co.uk/2007/07/18/exploration-rights-in-somalia-for-chinese-oil-giant-cnooc/ |date=20070917005212 }} * [http://www.opec.org/library/Annual%20Statistical%20Bulletin/interactive/current/FileZ/XL/T31.HTM "OPEC: World proven crude oil reserves by country"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905210305/http://www.opec.org/library/Annual%20Statistical%20Bulletin/interactive/current/FileZ/XL/T31.HTM |date=20130905210305 }} * [http://www.businessweek.com/news/2013-08-08/soma-oil-and-gas-may-invest-20-million-to-survey-war-torn-somalia "Soma Oil & Gas May Invest $20 Million to Survey Somalia - Bloomberg"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825065126/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2013-08-08/soma-oil-and-gas-may-invest-20-million-to-survey-war-torn-somalia |date=20130825065126 }} * [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hbVWAAAAIBAJ&pg=7276,235261 "Big Uranium Find Announced in Somalia - The New York Times"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709212617/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hbVWAAAAIBAJ&pg=7276,235261 |date=20200709212617 }} * [https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/40/087/40087878.pdf "International Uranium Resources Evaluation Project (IUREP) - Somalia Report"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119113709/https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/40/087/40087878.pdf |date=20200119113709 }} * [http://www.marketwatch.com/story/long-forgotten-uranium-bonanza-rediscovered-kilimanjaro-unleashes-somalia-uranium-exploration-initiative-2014-04-15-71733149 "Long Forgotten Uranium Bonanza Rediscovered - MarketWatch"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517211900/http://www.marketwatch.com/story/long-forgotten-uranium-bonanza-rediscovered-kilimanjaro-unleashes-somalia-uranium-exploration-initiative-2014-04-15-71733149 |date=20140517211900 }} * [https://www.reuters.com/article/world/somalia-business-keen-to-join-forces-for-peace-idUSTRE64M158/ "Somalia business keen to join forces for peace - Reuters"] * [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704608104575220570113266984 "Telecom Firms Thrive in Somalia Despite War - The Wall Street Journal"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718221707/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704608104575220570113266984 |date=20170718221707 }} * [http://sabahionline.com/en_GB/articles/hoa/articles/features/2012/12/11/feature-01 "Radio and electronic media edge out newspapers in Somalia - Sabahi"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213045204/http://sabahionline.com/en_GB/articles/hoa/articles/features/2012/12/11/feature-01 |date=20121213045204 }} * [http://www.soregistry.so/ "SO Registry - Official .so Domain"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031021901/http://www.soregistry.so/ |date=20141031021901 }} * [http://news.upu.int/no_cache/nd/international-mail-services-officially-resume-in-somalia/ "International mail services officially resume in Somalia - UPU"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109172506/http://news.upu.int/no_cache/nd/international-mail-services-officially-resume-in-somalia/ |date=20131109172506 }} * [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29606447?print=true "Somalia's government launches postal service - BBC News"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103224919/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29606447?print=true |date=20220103224919 }} * [http://sabahionline.com/en_GB/articles/hoa/articles/newsbriefs/2012/11/01/newsbrief-06 "New tourism ministry under construction in Garowe - Sabahi"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042703/http://sabahionline.com/en_GB/articles/hoa/articles/newsbriefs/2012/11/01/newsbrief-06 |date=20160304042703 }} * [http://somta.so/ "Somali Tourism Association (SOMTA)"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123131425/http://somta.so/ |date=20190123131425 }} * [http://goobjoog.com/english/?p=12161 "South West State to renovate Government Hotels - Goobjoog"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411145528/https://goobjoog.com/english/?p=12161 |date=20230411145528 }} * [https://travelmaps.state.gov/TSGMap/ "Travel Advisory: Somalia - Travel.State.Gov"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311235850/https://travelmaps.state.gov/TSGMap/?extent=32.829980986%2C-1.783760626%2C59.54518237%2C12.077308381 |date=20200311235850 }} * [http://laanta.net/2012/07/24/somalia-to-revive-national-airline-after-21-years/ "Somalia to revive national airline after 21 years - Laanta"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102150005/http://laanta.net/2012/07/24/somalia-to-revive-national-airline-after-21-years/ |date=20141102150005 }} * [http://www.keydmedia.net/en/news/article/the_long_awaited_somali_airlines_is_coming_back/ "The long awaited Somali Airlines is Coming Back! - Keydmedia Online"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231315/http://www.keydmedia.net/en/news/article/the_long_awaited_somali_airlines_is_coming_back/ |date=20131202231315 }} * [https://data.worldbank.org/country/SO "World Bank Open Data: Somalia"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130043543/https://data.worldbank.org/country/SO |date=20231130043543 }} * [https://somalia.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population-Estimation-Survey-of-Somalia-PESS-2013-2014.pdf "UNFPA: Population Estimation Survey of Somalia 2014"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804014649/http://somalia.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population-Estimation-Survey-of-Somalia-PESS-2013-2014.pdf |date=20170804014649 }} * [http://webdev.cal.org/development/co/bantu/sbpeop.html "The Somali Bantu: Their History and Culture"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416191857/http://webdev.cal.org/development/co/bantu/sbpeop.html |date=20140416191857 }} * [http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-full.pdf "The Global Religious Landscape - Pew Research Center"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806002044/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-full.pdf |date=20130806002044 }} * [http://www.wes.org/ca/wedb/somalia/soedov.htm "Somalia – Education Overview - WES"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511075522/http://www.wes.org/ca/wedb/somalia/soedov.htm |date=20110511075522 }} * [http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/report/home.html "The State Of The World's Midwifery - UNFPA"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120184853/http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/report/home.html |date=20120120184853 }} * [https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia "Somalia"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia |date=20211112230316 }} * [https://ethnomed.org/resource/report-on-somali-diet/ "Report on Somali Diet"] * [https://hooyoshouse.medium.com/exploring-the-aromatic-world-of-traditional-somali-spice-blends-3ab93879b74e "Exploring the Aromatic World of Traditional Somali Spice Blends"] * [https://www.deliciousisrael.com/blog/lahoh "Yemenite Lahoh (Lachoch)"] * [http://xawaash.com/?p=1548 "Somali Anjero (Canjeero) Anjero Somali | Xawaash.com"] {{Wayback|url=http://xawaash.com/?p=1548 |date=20231004063819 }} * [http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.5367/000000007780223669 "Role of Camels ( Camelus Dromedarius ) in the Traditional Lifestyle of Somali Pastoralists in Northern Kenya"] * [http://xawaash.com/?p=5892 "Somali Rice Pilaf (Bariis Maraq) Riz Pilaf Somali البيلاف الصومالي"] {{Wayback|url=http://xawaash.com/?p=5892 |date=20230923064942 }} * [https://www.saveur.com/how-lasagna-landed-africa/ "How Lasagna Landed in Africa"] * [https://www.vice.com/en/article/spaghetti-and-bananas-is-somali-comfort-food/ "Spaghetti and Bananas Is Somali Comfort Food"] * [https://www.cafedirect.co.uk/shop/the-history-of-coffee/ "The History of Coffee"] * [https://books.google.com/books?id=cscbDgqCsOMC&q=harar "Aden Under British Rule, 1839–1967"] * [https://www.mysomalifood.com/qahwe/ "Qahwe"] * [https://archive-stories.com/Halwa-Mahyawa-and-Multiple-Registers-of-Life-in-the-Gulf "Halwa, Mahyawa and Multiple Registers of Life in the Gulf"] * [https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/cid/AFMSM/sid/2399/_/1981_African_Championship_for_Men/index.html "1981 African Championship for Men"] {{Wayback|url=http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/cid/AFMSM/sid/2399/_/1981_African_Championship_for_Men/index.html |date=20090907182902 }} * [http://horseedmedia.net/2013/03/06/somalia-moves-forward-at-world-taekwondo-pictures/ "Somalia moves forward at world Taekwondo"] {{Wayback|url=http://horseedmedia.net/2013/03/06/somalia-moves-forward-at-world-taekwondo-pictures/ |date=20131022175949 }} * [http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2010-02-10/others/great-victory-for-malta-in-k1-kickboxing-270164/ "Great Victory for Malta in K1 Kickboxing"] * [https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia "Somalia"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia |date=20211112230316 }} * {{Harvnb|Diriye Abdullahi|2001|pp=170–1}} * {{Harvnb|Diriye Abdullahi|2001|p=109}} * [https://ethnomed.org/resource/report-on-somali-diet/ "Report on Somali Diet"] * [https://hooyoshouse.medium.com/exploring-the-aromatic-world-of-traditional-somali-spice-blends-3ab93879b74e "Exploring the Aromatic World of Traditional Somali Spice Blends"] * [https://www.deliciousisrael.com/blog/lahoh "Yemenite Lahoh (Lachoch)"] * {{Harvnb|Diriye Abdullahi|2001|page=113}} * [http://xawaash.com/?p=1548 "Somali Anjero (Canjeero) Anjero Somali | Xawaash.com"] {{Wayback|url=http://xawaash.com/?p=1548 |date=20231004063819 }} * [http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.5367/000000007780223669 "Role of Camels ( Camelus Dromedarius ) in the Traditional Lifestyle of Somali Pastoralists in Northern Kenya"] * [http://xawaash.com/?p=5892 "Somali Rice Pilaf (Bariis Maraq) Riz Pilaf Somali البيلاف الصومالي"] {{Wayback|url=http://xawaash.com/?p=5892 |date=20230923064942 }} * [https://www.saveur.com/how-lasagna-landed-africa/ "How Lasagna Landed in Africa"] * [https://www.vice.com/en/article/spaghetti-and-bananas-is-somali-comfort-food/ "Spaghetti and Bananas Is Somali Comfort Food"] * [https://www.cafedirect.co.uk/shop/the-history-of-coffee/ "The History of Coffee"] * [https://books.google.com/books?id=cscbDgqCsOMC&q=harar "Aden Under British Rule, 1839–1967"] * [https://www.mysomalifood.com/qahwe/ "Qahwe"] * [https://archive-stories.com/Halwa-Mahyawa-and-Multiple-Registers-of-Life-in-the-Gulf "Halwa, Mahyawa and Multiple Registers of Life in the Gulf"] * {{Cite book |last=Abdullahi |first=Mohammed |title=Culture and Customs of Somalia (Culture and Customs of Africa) |url=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00diri |publisher=Greenwood Press |date=2012 |isbn=9780313313332 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00diri/page/98 98]–99}} * [https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/cid/AFMSM/sid/2399/_/1981_African_Championship_for_Men/index.html "1981 African Championship for Men"] {{Wayback|url=http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/cid/AFMSM/sid/2399/_/1981_African_Championship_for_Men/index.html |date=20090907182902 }} * [http://horseedmedia.net/2013/03/06/somalia-moves-forward-at-world-taekwondo-pictures/ "Somalia moves forward at world Taekwondo"] {{Wayback|url=http://horseedmedia.net/2013/03/06/somalia-moves-forward-at-world-taekwondo-pictures/ |date=20131022175949 }} * [http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2010-02-10/others/great-victory-for-malta-in-k1-kickboxing-270164/ "Great Victory for Malta in K1 Kickboxing"] * [https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia "Somalia - Britannica"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia |date=20211112230316 }} * [https://www.ponarseurasia.org/de-facto-states-unbound/ "De Facto States Unbound – PONARS Eurasia"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.ponarseurasia.org/de-facto-states-unbound/ |date=20221014163003 }} * {{cite book |last1=Ker-Lindsay |first1=James |title=The Foreign Policy of Counter Secession |date=2012 |isbn=978-0-19-969839-4 |pages=58–59}} * [https://books.google.com/books?id=9iu6AAAAIAAJ "Ancient Trade and Society - Lionel Casson"] {{Wayback|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9iu6AAAAIAAJ |date=20160805112006 }} * {{cite book|last1=Suárez|first1=Jorge Alejandro|title=Geopolítica de lo Desconocido|isbn=979-8393720292|page=227}} * {{Harvnb|Laitin|1977|p=8}} * {{cite book|author=Abdisalam M. Issa-Salwe|title=The Collapse of the Somali State|year=1996|isbn=1-874209-91-X|pages=34–35}} * [https://books.google.com/books?id=PBvfTmzsZ-0C&pg=PA84 "Clan Cleansing in Somalia: The Ruinous Legacy of 1991"] {{Wayback|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PBvfTmzsZ-0C&pg=PA84 |date=20230207231426 }} * [https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/Somaliland_Parade "Council on Foreign Relations - Somaliland"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509080323/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/Somaliland_Parade |date=20180509080323 }} * [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/24/world/africa/24somalia.html "Harvard-Educated Technocrat Chosen as Somalia Premier - NYT"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/24/world/africa/24somalia.html |date=20181128005934 }} * [[suspicious link removed] "Ethiopian Invasion of Somalia, US Warlordism & AU Shame"] * [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09546553.2016.1165213 "The Evolution of Political Violence: The Case of Somalia's Al-Shabaab"] * {{Cite book |title=The Rule Is For None But Allah |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2023 |isbn=9780197690390 |page=111}} * [[suspicious link removed] "The Production of Somali Conflict and the Role of Internal and External Actors"] * [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/29/somali-president-resigns "Somali president resigns amid power struggle - The Guardian"] * [http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/01/31/somalia.election.president/ "Moderate Islamist picked as Somali president - CNN"] {{Wayback|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/01/31/somalia.election.president/ |date=20090202115625 }} * [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-16979440 "Somalia's al-Shabab join al-Qaeda - BBC News"] * [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54690561 "Somalia conflict: Al-Shabab 'collects more revenue than government'"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54690561 |date=20220928121250 }} * [https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/al-shabab "Al-Shabab - Council on Foreign Relations"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/al-shabab |date=20210202020617 }} * [https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/kenyan-troops-seize-al-shabaab-base-in-somalia/455875 "Kenyan troops seize al-Shabaab base in Somalia - Anadolu Agency"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/kenyan-troops-seize-al-shabaab-base-in-somalia/455875 |date=20230930234435 }} * [http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/indepth/2012-08/02/c_131757152.htm "Somalia's newly-endorsed constitution widely hailed"] {{Wayback|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/indepth/2012-08/02/c_131757152.htm |date=20131007224547 }} * [http://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/mogadishu-east-africas-newest-business-destination/17661/ "Mogadishu: East Africa's newest business destination?"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/mogadishu-east-africas-newest-business-destination/17661/ |date=20120627101741 }} * [https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/least-developed-country-category/ldcs-at-a-glance.html "LDCs at a Glance - United Nations"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/least-developed-country-category/ldcs-at-a-glance.html |date=20220329160054 }} * [http://horseedmedia.net/2013/03/06/somalia-moves-forward-at-world-taekwondo-pictures/ "Somalia moves forward at world Taekwondo"] {{Wayback|url=http://horseedmedia.net/2013/03/06/somalia-moves-forward-at-world-taekwondo-pictures/ |date=20131022175949 }} * [http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2010-02-10/others/great-victory-for-malta-in-k1-kickboxing-270164/ "Great Victory for Malta in K1 Kickboxing"] ==Xiriirinta dibadda== {{Library resources box}} * [https://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=SO Saadaasha Horumarka Muhiimka ah ee Soomaaliya] laga helay [[International Futures]] === Dawladda === * [https://www.somalia.gov.so Albaabka rasmiga ah ee dowladda] – albaabka u furmaya bogagga dowladda * [https://villasomalia.gov.so/en Madaxtooyada] {{Wayback|url=https://villasomalia.gov.so/en |date=20250715221010 }} – bogga rasmiga ah ee madaxweynaha Soomaaliya * [https://opm.gov.so Ra’iisul Wasaaraha] – bogga rasmiga ah ee ra’iisul wasaaraha Soomaaliya * [https://senate.gov.so Aqalka Sare] – bogga rasmiga ah ee Aqalka Sare ee Soomaaliya * [http://www.parliament.gov.so Baarlamaanka] – bogga rasmiga ah ee Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya * [https://nbs.gov.so Xog-ururin] – bogga rasmiga ah ee Xafiiska Qaranka ee Xog-ururinta Soomaaliya === Taariikh === * [https://www.somalia.gov.so/about-somalia "Taariikh"] – Taariikhda Soomaaliya ee bogga Dowladda Federaalka Soomaaliya === Dalxiis === * [https://tourism.gov.so Waaxda Dalxiiska] {{Wayback|url=https://tourism.gov.so/ |date=20230506225038 }} – bogga rasmiga ah ee Waaxda Dalxiiska, Wasaaradda Warfaafinta, Dhaqanka & Dalxiiska === Khariidado === * {{Wikiatlas}} * {{Osmrelation-inline|192799}} {{Navboxes |list = {{Midowga Afrika}} }} {{Coord|10|N|49|E|display=title}} {{Subject bar|Soomaaliya|Afrika|Dalalka|auto=yes|voy=Soomaaliya}} {{Authority control}} {{Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka}} {{Dalalka Afrika}} <!-- ugu hooseeya per [[WP:SUBCAT]] - hoosaadka dalalka ee hoostaga qaybaha gobolka --> [[Category:Wadamada Afrika]] js1lqems62mjespdkii74sc0qgb68qf 307980 307979 2026-09-14T11:06:03Z Isma4l 41797 /* Qaybaha maamulka */ Waan saxay 307980 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Soomaaliya''', sida rasmiga ah Jamhuuriyadda '''Federaalka Soomaaliya''' waa dalka bari ee qaaradda Afrika . Waxay ku fidsan tahay Geeska Afrika , waxay xad la wadaagtaa [[Itoobiya]] galbeed, [[Jabuuti]] waqooyi galbeed, [[Kenya]] dhanka koonfur galbeed, Gacanka Cadmeed oo waqooyi, iyo bari [[badweynta Hindiya]] . Soomaaliya waxay leedahay xeebta ugu dheer badweynta Afrika. Soomaaliya waxaa lagu qiyaasaa 18.1 milyan, kuwaas oo 2.7 milyan ay ku nool yihiin caasimadda iyo magaalada ugu weyn ee [[Muqdisho]] . Mid ka mid ah wadamada Afrika ee isku isir ahaan isku hayb ah, ku dhawaad ​​85% dadka Soomaaliya deggan waa qowmiyad Soomaali ah . Luuqadaha rasmiga ah ee dalka waa [[Af Soomaali|af-soomaali]] iyo [[carabi]] in kastoo [[Af Soomaali|af-soomaaligu]] yahay luuqadda koowaad . Soomaaliya waxay xiriir taariikhi ah iyo mid diimeed la leedahay dalalka Carabta . Dadku waa muslimiin , oo raacsan laanta sunniga . {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Somalia | common_name = Somalia | native_name = {{native name|so|Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya}}<br />{{native name|ar|جمهورية الصومال الفيدرالية|italics=off}}<br /> Jumhūriyah aṣ-Ṣūmāl al-Fīdirāliyah | image_flag = Flag of Somalia.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Somalia.svg | coa_size = 100 | languages2_type = Luuqada labaad | languages2 = [[Carabi]] | national_anthem = {{lang|so|[[Qolobaa Calankeed]]}}<br /><br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Somalian national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.oga]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Somalia_svg_map.svg|frameless]]<br />{{Legend|#336830|Dhulka gacanta lagu hayo}}{{Legend|#61E760|[[Somaliland|Dhul sheegta balse aan la xakameyn]]}}|Show globe|[[File:Somalia - Location Map (2011) - SOM - UNOCHA.svg|frameless]]|Show map of Somalia|default=1}} | capital = [[Muqdisho]] | coordinates = {{Coord|2|2|N|45|21|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Muqdisho]] | official_languages = {{hlist|[[Af Soomaali|Soomaali]] <ref name=MFA>{{cite web|url=https://web.mfa.gov.so/the-government/|title=The Government|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs & International Cooperation|access-date=27 February 2025}}</ref><ref name=Ali>{{cite book|last=Ali|first=Maryan|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Language Policies in Africa|editor1-first=Esther Mukewa|editor1-last=Lisanza|editor2-first=Leonard|editor2-last=Muaka|chapter=Language Policy in Somaliland and Somalia|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=Cham|year=2024|isbn=9783031573071|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-57308-8_24|pages=511–524}}</ref><ref name="factbook">{{cite web |title=Somalia |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en |date=10 November 2021 |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125103534/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}} | religion = [[Islaam|Sunni Islaam]] (Rasmiga ah)<ref name="factbook"/> <!-- check factbook references before changing! --> | demonym = [[Soomaalida|Soomaali]] <ref name="factbook"/> | government_type = [[Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya|Jamhuuriyadda baarlamaanka Federal]] | leader_title1 = [[Madaxwaynaha Soomaaliya|Madaxwaynaha]] | leader_name1 = [[Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud]] | leader_title2 = [[Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name2 = [[Xamse cabdi barre]] | legislature = [[Ra'iisul wasaarayaashii Soomaaliya|Baarlamaanka Federaalka]] | upper_house = [[Aqalka Sare ee Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya|Guurtida]] | lower_house = Golaha Shacabka | sovereignty_type =Dhisidda | established_event1 = [[Dhul Udug]] | established_date1 = 2350 BC | established_event2 = [[Macrobians|Macrobia]] | established_date2 = 980 BC | established_event3 = [[Barbaria (region)|Barbaria]] | established_date3 = 100 BC | established_event4 = [[Saldanadii Cadal]] | established_date4 = Qarniga 9aad <ref>{{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=I. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd0mAQAAMAAJ |title=Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho |date=1969 |publisher=International African Institute |pages=140 |language=en}}</ref> | established_event5 = [[Muqdisho|Saldanadii Muqdisho]] | established_date5 = Qarniga 10aad | established_event6 = [[Saldanadi Ifat]] | established_date6 = Qarniga 13aad | established_event7 = [[Saldanadii Ajuuraan]] | established_date7 = Qarniga 13aad | established_event8 = [[Hiraab|Hiraab Imamate]] | established_date8 = Qarniga 16aad | established_event9 = [[Geledi|Saldanadii Geledi]] | established_date9 = 1695–1911 | established_event10 = [[ Majeerteen |Saldanadii Majeerteen]] | established_date10 = 1648–1927 | established_event11 = [[Hobyo|Saldanadii Hobyo]] | established_date11 = 1878–1927 | established_event12 = [[Isimtooyada Isaaq|Saldanadii isaaq]] | established_date12 = 1749–1884 | established_event13 = [[Dhulka Biritishka ee Somaliland|Somaliland-kii Ingiriiska]] | established_date13 = 1884 | established_event14 = [[Mustacmarka Talyaani Soomaaliya|Somaliland-kii Talyaaniga]] | established_date14 = 1889 | established_event15 = [[Maalinta Madaxbanaanida Soomaaliya|Xorriyadda]] iyo midowga la leh [[Dawladii Somaliland (1960)|Dawlada Somaliland]] | established_date15 = 1 July 1960 | established_event16 = [[Dastuurka Soomaaliya|Dastuurka hadda jira]] | established_date16 = 1 Ogosto 2012 | area_km2 = 637,657<ref name="factbook"/> | area_rank = 43aad <!--should be same as listed on [[List of countries and dependencies by area]]--> | area_sq_mi = 246,200 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | percent_water = | population_estimate = 19,280,850<ref name="data.humdata.org">{{Cite web |title=OCHA Somalia - Subnational Population Statistics |url=https://data.humdata.org/dataset/cod-ps-som}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 66aad | population_density_km2 = 27.2<ref name="WPP_2022">{{cite web|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/|title=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2022). World Population Prospects |edition=online |publisher=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division|website=population.un.org|access-date=16 July 2022|archive-date=11 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711213112/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/|url-status=live}}</ref> | population_density_sq_mi = 41.73 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $34.118 bilyan<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=Somalia – IMF DataMapper |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/SOM |website=imf.org |publisher=[[IMF]] |date=April 2026 |access-date=July 8, 2026}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 147aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $1,965<ref name="auto"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 179aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $14.174 bilyan<ref name="auto"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 145aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $813<ref name="auto"/> | Gini = 36.8<!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2017 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/|title=Gini Index coefficient|publisher=[[The World Factbook]]|access-date=24 September 2024|archive-date=17 Bisha Todobaad 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717071854/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison|url-status=dead}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = <!--number only-->0.404 | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 192aad | currency = [[Shilin Soomaali|Soomaali shillin]] | currency_code = SOS | time_zone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | drives_on = Sax | calling_code = [[+252]] | cctld = [[.so]] | ethnic_groups = {{plainlist| * [[Soomaalida|Soomaali]]: 85% * [[Tirakoobka daljoogaha Soomaaliya|Kuwa kale ]]: 15% }} | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="factbook"/><ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis|first=I. M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k3QwAQAAIAAJ|title=Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar, and Saho|date=1998|publisher=Red Sea Press|isbn=978-1-56902-104-0|language=en}}</ref> | ethnic_groups_year = 2021 }} Waagii hore, Soomaaliya waxay ahayd xarun ganacsi oo muhiim ah. Intii lagu guda jiray qarniyadii dhexe, dhowr boqortooyo oo xoog badan ayaa ka talinayay ganacsiga gobolka, oo ay ku jiraan [[Saldanadii Ajuuraan|Suldaanka Ajuran]] , [[Adal Sultanate]] , iyo Suldaanka Geledi . Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad, suldaanadii Soomaaliyeed waxa gumaystay boqortooyadii [[Talyaaniga]] iyo [[Ingiriiska]] kuwaas oo dhammaan dhulalkaas qabyaaladda isugu daray laba gumaysi oo kala ah : Somaliland-kii Talyaaniga iyo [[Dhulka Biritishka ee Somaliland|Somaliland-kii Ingiriiska]] . 1960kii, labada dhul ayaa midoobay si ay u dhistaan ​​Jamhuuriyad Soomaaliyeed oo madax bannaan oo hoos timaada dowlad rayid ah. Siyaad Barre oo ka tirsanaa Golaha Sare ee Kacaanka (SRC) ayaa xukunka la wareegay 1969-kii, wuxuuna aasaasay [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliya|Jamhuuriyaddii Dimuqraadiga]] ahayd ee Soomaaliya , isagoo isku dayay inuu si naxariis darro ah u burburiyo Dagaalkii Madax-bannaanida [[Soomaaliland|Somaliland]] ee waqooyiga dalka. SRC waxay burburtay 1991 markii uu bilaabmay dagaalkii sokeeye ee Soomaaliya . Dawladdii ku meel gaadhka ahayd ee Soomaaliya (TNG) waxaa la aas aasay 2000, ka dibna waxaa la dhisay dawladda ku meel gaadhka ah ee Soomaaliya (TFG) 2004tii, taasoo dib u soo celisay ciidamadii qalabka sida ee Soomaaliya . Dhamaadkii 2006dii, duullaan ay Xabashida Maraykanku dabada ka riixayeen ayaa afgambiyay Maxkamadihii Islaamiga ahaa (ICU), taasoo keentay in ay dawladda ku meel gaadhka ah ee [[Muqdisho]] ka dhisto Muqdisho oo ay ciidammada Itoobiya qabsadeen . Kacdoonkii xigay ee soo shaac baxay ayaa maxaakiimta u kala jabay jabhado kala duwan, oo ay ku jirto kooxda xagjirka ah ee [[al-Shabaab]] , kuwaas oo dagaal daba dheeraaday kula jiray ciidamada Itoobiya. Al-Shabaab waxay markiiba bilawday inay xaqiijiso in ay ka talinayso dhuleed markii ugu horaysay, iyadoo dabayaaqadii 2008 ay jabhadu ka saartay ciidamada Itoobiya inta badan Soomaaliya. Sannadkii 2009, dawlad cusub oo TFG ah ayaa la dhisay. Bartamihii 2012, al-Shabaab waxay lumisay inta badan dhulalkeeda intii ay socdeen dagaalladii ka dhanka ahaa TFG iyo [[ciidamada Midowga Afrika]] . Isla sanadkaas, al-Shabaab waxay ballan-qaadday inay la midoobayaan al-Qaacida . Muqaawamada ayaa weli gacanta ku haysa inta badan bartamaha iyo koonfurta Soomaaliya, waxayna saameyn ku leeyihiin meelaha ay dowladdu maamusho, iyadoo magaalada Jilib ay u tahay caasimadda u ah fallaagada. Dastuur cusub oo ku meel gaar ah ayaa la ansixiyay Agoosto 2012, dib u habeyn lagu sameeyay Soomaaliya sida federaal . Isla bishaas, waxaa la dhisay Dowladda Federaalka Soomaaliya , waxaana dib u dhis lagu sameeyay Muqdisho. Soomaaliya waxa ay ka mid tahay dalalka ugu horumarsan caalamka, waxaana daliil u ah sida ay u qiimeeyeen mitirka mitirka sida GDP qofkiiba iyo halka ay ku dhowdahay halka ugu hooseysa ee Tilmaanta Horumarinta Aadanaha , waxa ay ka sareysaa oo kaliya Koonfurta Suudaan . Waxay ilaalisay dhaqaale aan rasmi ahayn oo inta badan ku salaysan xoolaha nool, xawaaladaha Soomaalida ee dibadda ka shaqeeya iyo isgaarsiinta. Waa xubin ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay , [[Jaamacada Carabta|Jaamacadda Carabta]] , Midowga Afrika , Dhaqdhaqaaq aan Isbahaysi ahayn , Bulshada Bariga Afrika , iyo Ururka [[Islaam|Iskaashiga Islaamka]] ==Asalka erayga== Samaale, oo ah awoowaha ugu da'da weyn dhowr qabiil oo Soomaaliyeed, ayaa guud ahaan loo tixgeliyaa inuu yahay halka uu ka soo jeedo magaca Soomaali. Aragti kale ayaa ah in magaca loo haysto inuu ka soo jeedo ereyada "soo" iyo "maal", kuwaas oo marka la isu geeyo macnahoodu yahay "tag" iyo "caano". Fasiraaddani way kala duwan tahay iyadoo ku xiran gobolka, iyadoo Soomaalida waqooyi ay tilmaamayso inay ula jeedaan "tag iyo caano" oo la xiriira caanaha geela, halka Soomaalida koonfureed ay adeegsadaan tarjumaadda "sa' maal" oo tilmaamaysa caanaha lo'da. Tani waxay tilmaan u tahay xoolo-dhaqatada meel walba leh ee dadka Soomaaliyeed. Aragtiyo kale ayaa soo jeedinaya in ereyga Soomaali uu ka yimid erey Carabi ah oo macnihiisu yahay "hodan", taas oo mar kale tilmaamaysa hodantinimada Soomaalida ee xoolaha. Taa beddelkeeda, magaca Soomaaliga waxaa la rumeysan yahay inuu ka yimid Automoli (Asmach), oo ahayd koox dagaalyahanno ah oo ka timid Masar hore, kuwaas oo uu ku tilmaamay Herodotus. Asmach waxaa loo maleynayaa inuu ahaa magacooda Masaariga, halka Automoli uu yahay asal Giriig ah oo ka yimid ereyga Cibraaniga ah ee S'mali (macnaha "dhinaca bidixda"). Dukumeenti Shiinees ah oo laga soo xigtay qarnigii 9-aad Miilaadiga ayaa tilmaamaya xeebaha waqooyiga Soomaaliya, oo markaas ka mid ahaa gobolka ballaaran ee Waqooyi-bari Afrika ee loo yaqaan Barbaria, iyada oo loola jeedo dadka deggan Barbars (Kuushitik) ee deegaanka, sida Po-pa-li. Tixraac qoraaleedkii ugu horreeyay ee cad ee magaca Soomaalida wuxuu soo bilaabmay horraantii qarnigii 15-aad Miilaadiga xilligii boqortooyadii Itoobiya ee Isxaaq I, kaas oo mid ka mid ah saraakiisha maxkamaddiisu qoray hees uu ugu dabaaldegayo guushii milatari ee ay ka gaareen Saldanadda Ifat. Simur wuxuu kaloo ahaa magac Harari qadiimi ah oo loogu yeeri jiray dadka Soomaaliyeed. Soomaalidu waxay si weyn u door bidaan ereyga "Soomaali" marka loo eego "Soomaaliga", maadaama kan hore uu yahay halqabsi, halka kan dambe uu yahay qaab laba-jibbaaran ah. Ereyga af-Soomaaliga marka laga eego juqraafi-siyaasadeed ahaan waxaa loola jeedaa dadka Horn of Africa, kuwaas oo ka tirsan qowmiyadda Kuush. ==Taariikhda== ===Taariikhda ka hor=== [[File:Laas Geel single cow.jpg|thumb|Farshaxanka Neolithic ee dhismaha Laas Geel oo muujinaya sac gees-dheer]] Soomaaliya waxay u badan tahay inay ka mid ahayd dhulkii ugu horreeyay ee ay dageen bini'aadam hore, iyadoo loo eegayo meesha ay ku taal. Ugaarsadayaasha oo hadhow Afrika ka haajiray waxay u badan tahay inay halkan degeen ka hor intaanay guurin. Intii lagu jiray xilligii dhagaxa, dhaqamada Dooyan iyo reer Hargeysa ayaa halkan ku soo barbaaray. Caddaynta ugu da'da weyn ee caadooyinka aaska Geeska Afrika waxay ka timid qabuuraha Soomaaliya ilaa qarnigii 4aad ee BC. Qalabka dhagaxa ah ee laga soo qaaday goobta Jaleelo ee waqooyiga ayaa sidoo kale lagu tilmaamay 1909 inay yihiin farshaxanno muhiim ah oo muujinaya caalimnimada qadiimiga ah inta lagu jiro Paleolithic ee u dhexeeya Bariga iyo Galbeedka. Sida laga soo xigtay khubarada afafka, dadkii ugu horreeyay ee ku hadla Afafka ayaa yimid gobolka intii lagu jiray xilligii Neolithic ee xigay oo ka yimid qoyska urheimat ee la soo jeediyay ("Dhulka asalka ah") ee dooxada Niil , ama Bariga dhow . Dhismaha Laas -geel oo ku yaalla duleedka magaalada Hargeysa ee Waqooyi-galbeed Soomaaliya ayaa soo jirtay qiyaastii 5,000 oo sano, waxaana ku yaalla farshaxanno dhagax ah oo muujinaya xayawaanka duur-joogta ah iyo lo'da la qurxiyay. Sawirro kale oo godad ah ayaa laga helay gobolka Dhambalin ee woqooyiga , kaas oo ka muuqda mid ka mid ah sawirradii ugu horreeyay ee loo yaqaan ugaarsiga fardaha. Farshaxanka dhagaxa waxa uu taariikhdiisu ahayd 1,000 ilaa 3,000 BCE. Intaa waxaa dheer, inta u dhaxaysa magaalooyinka Laas-Khorey iyo Ceel Ayo ee waqooyiga Soomaaliya waxaa ku taal Karinhegane , oo ah goobta lagu sawiray godad fara badan, kuwaas oo wadar ahaan lagu qiyaasay ilaa 2,500 oo sano Geela waxa la rumaysan yahay in uu ku dhaqmi jiray gobolka Geeska intii u dhaxaysay qarnigii 2aad iyo 3aad ee BC. Halkaa waxa ay ku fiday Masar iyo Maghrib . ===Waagii qadiimiga iyo qadiimiga ahaa=== [[File:Men from Punt Carrying Gifts, Tomb of Rekhmire MET 30.4.152 EGDP013029.jpg|thumb|Rag reer Punt ah oo sita hadiyado, Qabriga Rekhmire .]] Dhismayaasha Ahraamta qadiimiga ah , Mowlacyo , magaalooyin burburay iyo gidaaryo dhagax ah, sida darbigii Wargade , waxay daliil u yihiin ilbaxnimo hore oo ka hanaqaadi jirtay gayiga Soomaaliyeed. Ilbaxnimadani waxay ku naaloonaysay xidhiidh ganacsi oo ay la lahayd Masar hore iyo Giriiggii Mycenaean tan iyo qarnigii labaad ee BC . Puntites oo u dhashay gobolka waxay ka ganacsan jireen malmalka , xawaashka, dahabka, eboniga, lo'da gees-gaaban, fool-maroodi iyo fooxa oo ay la socdeen Masaarida, Finiisiyaanka, Baabiliyiinta, Hindida, Shiinaha iyo Roomaanka iyaga oo u maraya dekedahooda ganacsi. Duulaan Masri ah oo ay u soo dirtay boqortooyadii 18-aad ee boqorad Hatshepsut ayaa lagu duubay macbudka Deir el-Bahari , xilligii boqortooyadii Boqorka Puntite Parahu iyo Queen Ati. Waagii qadiimiga ahaa , Macrobiyaanka , oo laga yaabo in ay awoow u ahaayeen Soomaalida, ayaa aasaasay boqortooyo awood leh oo ka talinaysay qaybo badan oo ka mid ah Soomaaliya casriga ah. Waxaa lagu magacaabi jiray cimrigooda iyo maalkooda, waxaana la sheegay inay ahaayeen kuwa ugu dheer oo ugu quruxda badan ragga oo dhan. Macrobiyadu waxay ahaayeen dagaalyahanno xoolo-dhaqato ah iyo badmaaxayaal. Sida laga soo xigtay xisaabta Herodotus, Imbaraadoorkii Faaris Cambyses II , markii uu qabsaday Masar 525 BC, wuxuu u diray safiirro Macrobia, isagoo u keenay hadiyado qaali ah boqorka Macrobiya si uu u soo gudbiyo. Hogaamiyihii Macrobiya oo lagu doortay dhererkiisa iyo quruxdiisa, waxa uu taa beddelkeeda kaga jawaabay loolan uu dhiggiisa Beershiya uga dhigay qaanso aan xidhnayn: haddii Faaris ay awoodaan in ay sawiraan, waxa ay xaq u yeelan lahaayeen in ay dalkiisa ku soo duulaan; laakiin ilaa iyo markaas, waa in ay u mahad naqayaa ilaahyada in Macrobians waligood go'aansan in ay ku duulaan boqortooyadooda. Macrobians-ku waxay ahaayeen awood gobol oo lagu asteeyay qaab-dhismeedkooda horumarsan iyo hantidooda dahabka ah , taas oo aad u badan oo ay maxaabiistooda ku xidheen silsilado dahab ah. Inta lagu jiro xilliga qadiimiga ah, gobollada Barbara ee Mosylon , Opone , Mundus , Isis , Malao , Avalites , Essina , Nikon iyo Sarapion waxay sameeyeen shabakad ganacsi oo faa'iido leh, oo ku xiran ganacsato ka timid Ptolemaic Masar , Giriiggii hore , Fenisiya , Parthian Persian , Boqortooyadii Roomaanka , Boqortooyada Saban , Nabata . Waxay isticmaali jireen markabkii qadiimiga ahaa ee badda Soomaaliya ee loo yaqaanay beden si ay shixnadooda u daabulaan. [[File:Beden.jpg|thumb|Beden waa mid dheereeya, oo qadiimi ah markab badeed keligiis ah ama laba-jibbaaran.]] Ka dib qabsashadii Roomaanku ee Boqortooyadii Nabataean iyo joogitaankii ciidamada badda ee Roomaanka ee Cadan si ay u xakameeyaan budhcad-badeedda, ganacsato Carbeed iyo Soomaali ah waxay ku heshiiyeen Roomaanku in maraakiibta Hindiya laga mamnuuco inay ka ganacsadaan magaalooyinka dekedaha xorta ah ee Jasiiradda Carabta si loo ilaaliyo danaha ganacsatada Soomaalida iyo Carabta ee ganacsiga faa'iidada badan leh ee u dhexeeya badaha Cas iyo Mediterranean. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ganacsatadii Hindidu waxay sii wadeen ganacsiga magaalooyinka dekedaha ah ee jasiiradda Soomaalida, kuwaas oo ka madax bannaan faragelinta Roomaanka. Qarniyo badan, ganacsatadii Hindidu waxay Soomaaliya iyo Carabta u keeni jireen tiro badan oo qorfe ah Ceylon iyo Jasiiradaha Spice . Meesha laga helo qorfaha iyo xawaashka kale waxa la sheegaa in ay ahayd sirta ugu fiican ee ay ka heli jireen ganacsatadii Carabta iyo Soomaalida ee ka ganacsan jiray Rome iyo Giriigga; Roomaanka iyo Giriiggu waxay rumaysnaayeen in isha laga soo xigtay ay ahayd jasiiradda Soomaalida. Heshiiskii wada shaqayneed ee dhexmaray ganacsatada Soomaalida iyo Carabta ayaa sicir barar ku keenay qiimaha qorfaha Hindiya iyo Shiinaha ee Waqooyiga Afrika, Bariga dhow iyo Yurub, wuxuuna ganacsiga qorfaha ka dhigay mid dakhli abuur ah oo faa'iido badan leh, gaar ahaan ganacsatada Soomaaliyeed. ===Dhalashada Islaamka iyo qarniyadii dhexe=== [[File:Silk route.jpg|thumb|Waddada xariirta oo ku fidsan Shiinaha ilaa koonfurta Yurub, Carabta, Soomaaliya, Masar, Faaris, Hindiya, iyo Java]] Islamka waxa deegaanka soo galiyay horraantii muslimiintii ugu horaysay ee ka soo carartay dacwooyinkii xiijii ugu horaysay iyada oo Masjid al-Qiblatayn ee Saylac laga dhisay ka hor inta aanu Qiblada u socon dhanka Maka . Waa mid ka mid ah masaajidda ugu faca weyn Afrika. Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 9aad, Al-Yaqubi waxa uu qoray in Muslimiintu ay ku noolaayeen hareeraha badda woqooyi ee Soomaaliya. Waxa kale oo uu xusay in Boqortooyada Adal ay caasimad u ahayd magaalada. Sida uu qabo Leo Africanus , Adal Sultanate waxa maamuli jiray boqortooyo Soomaaliyeed oo deegaanka ah , dhulkeeduna waxa uu ka koobnaa dhulka juqraafi ahaan u dhexeeya Bab el Mandeb iyo Gacanka Gardafuu. Sidaas waxaa dhanka koonfureed uga xigay Boqortooyadii Ajuuraan , dhanka galbeedna waxaa ka xigay Boqortooyadii Xabashida . Qarniyadii dhexe oo dhan waxa Somaliland yimi dad Carbeed, waayo-aragnimo taariikhi ah oo hadhow horseedi doonta sheekooyinka halyeyga ah ee sheekhyadii Muslimiinta sida Daarood iyo Isxaaq Binu Axmed (oo la sheegay in ay ka soo jeedaan beelaha Daarood iyo Isaaq , siday u kala horreeyaan) iyaga oo ka soo socdaalay Carabta una socdaalay Soomaaliya kuna guursaday qabiilka Dir ee deegaanka . Sannadkii 1332-kii, Boqorkii Adal ee Saylac ahaa ayaa lagu dilay olole millatari oo ujeedkiisu ahaa in la hakiyo socodkii ay magaalada ku soo jeedday Amda Seyon 1aad ee Xabashida. Markii Suldaankii ugu dambeeyay ee Ifat, Sacad Ad-Diin II, lagu dilay Saylac 1410 , caruurtiisii ​​waxay u baxsadeen Yaman, ka hor intaysan ku soo laaban 1415 . II, oo saldhig cusub ka samaystay Yemen ka dib [[File:Imaam Ahmed Gurey.jpg|thumb|Taalada Axmed ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi , Imaamkii Boqortooyada Adal]] Xarunteedii Adal ayaa mar kale loo raray qarnigii xigay, markan dhanka koonfureed waxa loo raray Harar . Caasimaddan cusub, Adal waxa uu abaabulay ciidan wax ku ool ah oo uu hoggaaminayo Imaam Axmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi , (Ahmad "Gurey" ama "Gran"; labaduba waxay ka dhigan yihiin "gacanta bidix") iyo Jeneraalka ugu dhow dhow iyo seedigii Garaad Mataan . Qabiilka Imaam Axmed waxaa la caddeeyey inay ka soo jeedaan Geri Koombe , oo ah jifada Daarood. Ololahan qarniga 16-aad waxaa taariikh ahaan loo yaqaanaa Gumeysiga Xabashida ( Futuh al-Habash). Intii uu dagaalka socday, Imaam Axmad waxa uu hormood u noqday adeegsiga madfac ay ka heli jirtay Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta, kuwaas oo uu ka soo waariday Saylac oo uu ku soo daad-gureeyey ciidamadii Xabashida iyo xulafadooda Bortuqiisku ee uu hoggaaminayay Cristovão da Gama . Xilligii Ajuuraan Saldanada , magaalooyinka iyo jamhuuriyadaha Marka , Muqdisho , Baraawa , Hobyo iyo dekedooda waxay lahaayeen ganacsi faa'iido badan oo shisheeye ah oo ay ka heli jireen maraakiib u kala goosha dalalka Carabta, Hindiya, Venetia , Paris, Masar, Portugal iyo ilaa Shiinaha. Vasco da Gama , oo soo maray Muqdisho qarnigii 15-aad, ayaa xusay inay ahayd magaalo weyn oo ay ku yaallaan dhowr dabaq oo dhaadheer iyo daaro waaweyn oo ku yaalla bartamaha magaalada, iyadoo ay u dheer tahay masaajidyo badan oo leh minaarado cylindrical ah. Harla , oo ah koox hore oo Hamitic ah oo dhererkeedu dheeraa oo degi jiray qaybo ka mid ah Soomaaliya, Tchertcher iyo meelo kale oo Geeska ah, waxay sidoo kale dhiseen tuuli kala duwan . Dhagarqabayaashan ayaa la rumeysan yahay inay awoow u ahaayeen qowmiyadaha Soomaalida. [[File:ShenDuGiraffePainting.jpg|thumb|[[Saldanadii Ajuuraan|Ajuran Sultanate]] waxa ay sii waday xidhiidh ganacsi oo ay la lahayd boqortooyadii Ming iyo boqortooyooyinkii kale.]] Qarnigii 16-aad, Duarte Barboosa waxa uu xusay in maraakiib badan oo ka timid Boqortooyadii Cambaya ee waqtigan casriga ah ee Hindiya ay u shiraacdeen Muqdisho iyagoo wata maryo iyo xawaash, taas beddelkeedana ay heleen dahab, dhux iyo fool maroodi. Barbosa waxa kale oo ay iftiimisay hilibka, sarreenka, shaciga, fardaha iyo khudaarta ee suuqyada xeebaha, kuwaas oo ganacsatadu ka soo saarteen hanti aad u badan. Muqdisho, oo ah xarunta warshadaha dharka ee kobcaya ee loo yaqaan toob benadir ( oo ku takhasusay suuqyada Masar, iyo meelo kale , oo ay weheliyaan Merca iyo Barawa, waxay sidoo kale u ahayd meel ay ku sii maraan ganacsatada Sawaaxiliga ee Mombasa iyo Malindi iyo ganacsiga dahabka ee Kilwa . Ganacsato Yuhuudi ah oo ka timid Hormuz waxay keeneen dharkoodii Hindida iyo miraha badda Soomaaliya si ay ugu beddelaan hadhuudh iyo alwaax. Xiriirka ganacsiga waxaa la aasaasay Malacca qarnigii 15aad, oo leh maro, ambergris iyo porcelain oo ah badeecadaha ugu muhiimsan ee ganacsiga. Geri, zebras iyo fooxa ayaa loo dhoofin jiray Boqortooyadii Ming ee Shiinaha, taasoo ka dhigtay ganacsatada Soomaalida inay hormuud ka noqdaan ganacsiga u dhexeeya Bariga Aasiya iyo Geeska. Ganacsato Hinduuga ah oo ka soo jeeda Surat iyo ganacsatada Koonfur-bari Afrikaanka ee Pate , iyagoo doonaya inay ka gudbaan labada go'doominta Boortaqiiska ee Hindiya (iyo markii dambe faragelintii Cumaan), waxay adeegsadeen dekedaha Soomaaliya ee Merca iyo Barawa (kuwaas oo ka baxsan xukunka tooska ah ee labada awoodood) si ay ganacsigooda ugu sameeyaan ammaan iyo faragelin la'aan. ===Waagii hore ee casriga ah iyo u halgamidda Afrika=== [[File:Mogadishu1936.jpg|thumb|magaalada Muqdisho ee xarunta dalka Talyaaniga ayaa waxaa ku yaalla xarunta kaniisada Kathedral-ka ee Catholic-ga iyo taallada weyn ee lagu maamuusayo Boqor Umberto I ee Talyaaniga.]] Waagii hore ee casriga ahaa , dawladihii bedeli lahaa Adal Sultanate iyo Ajuran Sultanate waxay bilaabeen inay ka koraan Soomaaliya. Waxaa ka mid ahaa Imaamyadii Hiraab , Suldaan Isaaq oo uu hoggaaminayay reer Guuleed , Suldaankii Habr Yuunis oo uu hoggaaminayey reer Caynaanshe , Suldaankii Geledi (Boqortooyadii Gobroon), Saldanada Majeerteen (Migiurtinia), iyo Saldanadda Hobyo . Waxay sii wateen dhaqankii qalcado-dhisidda iyo ganacsiga badda mara ee ay aasaaseen boqortooyooyinkii hore ee Soomaaliya. Suldaan Yusuf Mahamud Ibrahim oo ahaa Suldaankii Sadexaad ee Golaha Deegaanka Gobroon ayaa Bilaabay Taariikhdii dahabiga ahayd ee Boqortooyadii Gobroon. Ciidankiisu waxay guulo ka soo hoyeen Jihaadka Baardheere, kaasoo dib u soo celiyay xasiloonidii Gobolka, dib u soo nooleeyay ganacsigii fool-maroodiga ee Bariga Afrika . Waxa kale oo uu lahaa xidhiidh wanaagsan oo uu hadiyado ka heli jiray saldanada boqortooyooyinka dariska iyo kuwa fog sida Cumaan, Witu iyo salaadiinta Yemen. Inankii Suldaan Ibraahim Axmed Yuusuf waxa uu ku beddelay mid ka mid ah shakhsiyaadkii ugu muhiimsanaa ee qarnigii 19-aad ee Bariga Afrika, isaga oo ka heli jiray abaal-marinno guddoomiyeyaasha Cumaan, isla markaana abuuray isbahaysi qoysas Muslimiin ah oo muhiim ah oo ku nool xeebaha Bariga Afrika Somaliland waxa la aas aasay Suldaanka Isaaq 1750. Suldaanka Isaaq waxa uu ahaa boqortooyo Somaliyeed oo ka talinaysay qaybo ka mid ah Geeska Afrika qarniyadii 18aad iyo 19aad. Waxay ku teedsantay dhulka beesha Isaaq , oo ka soo farcamay qabiilka Banu Haashim , ee Somaliland iyo Itoobiya maanta. Suldaanka waxaa maamuli jiray garabka Rer Guuleed oo uu aasaasay suldaankii ugu horeeyay ee beesha Ciidagale Suldaan Guuleed Cabdi . Sida dhaqanka afka ah lagu sheegay, ka hor reer Guuleed beesha Isaaq waxaa ka talin jiray boqortooyo laanta Toljeclo oo ka soo jeeda reer Axmed oo lagu naanaysi jiray Tol Jeelo, oo ahaa curadkii Sheekh Isxaaq xaaskiisii ​​Harari . Guud ahaan waxa jiray sideed taliye Toljelo ah oo uu ugu horreeyo Boqor Haaruun ( Soomaali : Boqor Haaruun ) oo soo xukumayay Suldaan Isaaq qarniyo laga soo bilaabo qarnigii 13aad. Garaad Dhux Barar ( Somali : Dhuux Baraar ) waxaa afgambiyay isbahaysigii beelaha Isaaq. Toljeelo oo berigii hore xoog lahaa way kala firxadeen oo waxay gabaad ka dhigteen Habr Awal oo ay ilaa hadda inta badan la nool yihiin. Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad, shirkii Berlin ee 1884 ka dib, quwadaha reer Yurub waxay bilaabeen inay u halgamaan Afrika . Sannadkaas, maxmiyad Ingiriis ayaa lagaga dhawaaqay qayb ka mid ah Soomaaliya, oo ku taal xeebta Afrika ee ka soo horjeeda Yementa Koonfureed. Bilowgii, gobolkani wuxuu ku hoos jiray xukunka Xafiiska Hindiya, sidaas darteedna loo maamulay qayb ka mid ah Boqortooyada Hindiya; 1898-kii waxa loo wareejiyay maamulka London. 1889kii, maxmiyaddii iyo gumaysigii Soomaaliya ee Talyaanigu si rasmi ah u aasaasay Talyaanigu iyadoo loo marayo heshiisyo kala duwan oo ay la saxeexdeen madax iyo suldaanno badan; Suldaan Yuusuf Cali Keenadiid ayaa markii ugu horreysay codsi u diray Talyaaniga dabayaaqadii Diseembar 1888 si uu Suldaannimadiisa Hobyo uga dhigo maxmiyad Talyaani ah ka hor inta uusan markii dambe saxiixin heshiis 1889 [[File:Hobyo Sultanate Cavalry And Fort.jpg|thumb|Fardooley iyo dhufeyskii Hobyo Sultanate]] Dhaqdhaqaaqa Dervish ayaa si guul leh u celiyay Boqortooyada Ingiriiska afar jeer waxayna ku qasbeen inay dib ugu noqdaan gobolka xeebta. Daraawiishtu waxay jebisay gumaystihii Talyaaniga, Ingiriiska, Xabashida marar badan, gaar ahaan, guushii 1903-dii ee Cagaarweyne ee uu hoggaaminayey Suleymaan Aaden Galaydh , waxay ku khasabtay Boqortooyadii Ingriiska inay dib ugu gurtaan gobolka xeebta horraantii 1900aadkii. Dervishes ayaa ugu dambeyntii laga adkaaday 1920-kii xoogga hawada Ingiriiska. Bilawgii Faashiistaha horraantii 1920-aadkii waxa ay ku bishaaraysay is-beddelka istiraatijiyadda Talyaanigu, iyadoo suldaannada waqooyi-bari dhawaan lagu khasbi lahaa soohdinta La Grande Somalia (" Soomaali-weyn ") sida uu qorshuhu ahaa Talyaanigii Faashiistaha ahaa. Markii uu yimid Badhasaab Cesare Maria De Vecchi 15-kii December 1923kii, waxa bilaabmay in wax iska beddelaan qayb ka mid ah Somaliland oo loo yaqaanay Italian Somaliland . Dhulkii ugu dambeeyay ee Talyaanigu ka helo Soomaaliya wuxuu ahaa Oltre Giuba , gobolka Jubaland ee maanta , 1925. [[File:Sayyid Mohammed Abdullah Hassan.jpeg|thumb|Taalada Mohammed Abdullah Hassan , Hogaamiyihii Daraawiishta]] Talyaanigu wuxuu bilaabay mashruucyo kaabayaasha deegaanka ah, oo ay ku jiraan dhismaha isbitaallo, beero iyo dugsiyo. Talyaanigii Faashiistaha ahaa , ee Benito Mussolini , wuxuu weeraray Xabashida (Itoobiya) 1935, ujeeddadiisuna ahayd inay gumeysato. Duulaankaas waxaa cambaareeyey Ururka Jimciyadda Quruumaha ka dhaxaysa , balse wax yar lagama qaban sidii loo joojin lahaa ama looga xorayn lahaa gumaysiga Itoobiya. 1936kii, Soomaaliyadii Talyaanigu waxay ku biirtay Bariga Afrika ee Talyaanigu , oo ay weheliso Ereteriya iyo Itoobiya, oo ah Maamul-goboleedka Soomaaliya . 3-dii Agoosto 1940-kii, ciidamadii Talyaanigu oo ay ku jireen cutubyo ka tirsan gumaystaha Soomaaliya, ayaa ka soo tallaabay Itoobiya si ay u soo galaan Somaliland , 14kii Agoosto, waxay ku guuleysteen inay Berbera ka qabsadaan Ingiriiska. Ciidan Ingiriis ah oo ay ku jiraan ciidamo ka socda dalal badan oo Afrikaan ah ayaa bishii January 1941kii ka bilaabay Kenya ololihii ay ku xorreeyeen British Somaliland iyo Itoobiya oo Talyaanigu gumaysan jiray, una qabsan lahaa Somaliland Talyaani. Bishii Feebarweri inta badan Somaliland Talyaanigu waa la qabsaday, bishii Maarj, Somaliland-kii Ingiriiska waa lagala wareegay badda. Ciidamadii Boqortooyadii Ingiriiska ee ka hawl-gala Somaliland waxay ka koobnaayeen saddex qaybood oo kala ahaa Koonfur Afrika, Galbeedka Afrika iyo Ciidamada Bariga Afrika. Waxa kaalmaynayay ciidammadii Somaliyeed ee uu hogaaminayay C/laahi Xasan iyadoo ay si wayn uga qayb galeen Somalida beesha Isaaq , Dhulbahante iyo Warsangali . Tirada Soomaalida Talyaanigu waxay bilawday inay hoos u dhacdo ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka, iyada oo in ka yar 10,000 ay soo hartay 1960. ===Madaxbanaanidii (1960-1969)=== Dagaalkii IIaad ee Adduunka ka dib, Ingiriisku waxa uu sii haystay gacan ku haynta British Somaliland iyo Somaliland Somaliland oo ah maxmiyad. 1945kii, intii lagu jiray shirkii Potsdam , Qaramada Midoobay waxay u oggolaatay Talyaanigu inuu Talyaanigu u dhiibo Talyaani Somaliland inuu noqdo dhul-xakameedka Somaliland , iyadoo shuruud looga dhigay markii ugu horreysay ee ay soo jeediyaan xisbigii SYL iyo ururradii kale ee curdinka ahaa ee siyaasadda Soomaaliya, sida Xizbiya DigilMirifle Soomaali (HDMS) iyo Ururka Qaranka Soomaalida (SNL) — gudaha Soomaaliya ay ku hesho madaxbannaani toban sano gudahood. British Somaliland waxay ahaan jirtay maxmiyad Ingiriiska ilaa 1960 [[File:Chieftains of the Isaaq clan cropped.jpg|thumb|Madaxdii beesha Isaaq oo Hargeysa lagu sawiray 1958 kii markii Duke & Duchess of Gloucester booqasho ku yimaadeen Somaliland.]] Ilaa heer uu Talyaanigu dhulkaas ku haysto amarka Qaramada Midoobay, qodobbada ammaanadu waxay siiyeen Soomaalida fursad ay khibrad ugu yeeshaan waxbarashada siyaasadda reer galbeedka iyo is-xukunka. Waxa ay ahaayeen faa’iidooyin aanay lahayn British Somaliland, oo la rabay in lagu daro dawladnimada cusub ee Soomaaliya. In kasta oo 1950-meeyadii saraakiisha gumaystaha Ingiriiska ay isku dayeen, dadaallo horumarineed oo maamul oo kala duwan, si ay uga soo kabtaan dayacaadii hore, maxmiyadku waxa ay fadhiid ku noqotay horumarka maamulka siyaasadda. Farqiga u dhexeeya labada dhul ee horumarinta dhaqaalaha iyo waayo-aragnimada siyaasadeed ayaa hadhow keeni doonta dhibaatooyin culus oo isku dhafan labada qaybood. [[File:Mogadishu city centre - 1960s.jpg|thumb|1963kii oo ku yaal bartamaha magaalada Muqdisho]] Dhanka kale, 1948-kii, cadaadis kaga yimid xulafadooda Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka, Soomaalidana ay aad uga xumaadeen, Ingriisku wuxuu dib u soo celiyay Haud (Dhul daaqsimeed Soomaaliyeed oo muhiim ah oo loo maleynayo inuu ilaalinayay heshiisyadii Ingiriiska uu la galay Soomaalida 1884 iyo 1886) iyo Gobolka Soomaalida ee Itoobiya, taasoo ku saleysan heshiis ay saxiixeen 1897-kii oo ay ka soo horjeedaan Boqortooyadii Itoobiya ee Menelik oo ay suurtagal tahay in Boqortooyadii Itoobiya ay ku beddesho Imbaraadoor. Faransiisku. Ingriiska ayaa ku daray shuruud ah in dadka Soomaalida ah ay sii haysanayaan ismaamulkooda, laakiin Itoobiya ayaa isla markiiba sheegatay inay iyadu leedahay madax-bannaanideeda. Taasi waxay keentay in 1956-kii uu Ingiriisku ku guul darraystay inuu dib u iibsado dhulkii Soomaaliyeed ee uu la wareegay. Ingriisku waxa uu sidoo kale siiyay maamulka ku dhawaad ​​​​Soomaalida ay degto Waqooyiga xudduudaha Waqooyi (NFD) wadaniiyiinta Kenya. Tani waxay ahayd in kasta oo ay raali ka tahay , sida laga soo xigtay guddigii gumaystaha Ingiriiska, ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan qowmiyadaha Soomaalida ee dhulkaas degganaa waxay door bideen inay ku biiraan Jamhuuriyaddii Soomaaliya ee dhawaan la sameeyay. Waxa sannadkii 1958- kii ka qabsoontay dalka aynu jaarka nahay ee Jabuuti (oo loo yaqaannay Faransiiska Somaliland ) sannadkii 1958-kii, maalintii ay Soomaaliya xornimada qaadatay sannadkii 1960-kii, si go'aan looga gaadho in lagu biiro Jamhuuriyaddii Soomaaliya iyo in kale iyo inay ka sii mid ahaato Faransiiska. Aftidu waxay u soo baxday in la sii wado xidhiidhka Faransiiska, taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay isku-darka haa ee ay ku codeeyeen qoomiyada Canfarta iyo dadka degan Yurub. Waxa kale oo jirtay ku shubasho codbixineed oo baahsan, iyada oo Faransiisku uu ka eryay kumannaan Soomaali ah ka hor inta aanay aftidu gaadhin goobaha codbixinta. Inta badan dadka 'maya' ku codeeyay waxay ahaayeen Soomaali aad u taageersan inay ku biiraan Soomaaliya oo mid ah, sida uu soo jeediyay Maxamuud Xarbi , Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Golaha Xukuumadda. Xarbi ayaa ku dhintay shil diyaaradeed labo sano kadib. Djibouti ugu dambayntii waxay xornimada ka qaadatay Faransiiska 1977, iyo Hassan Gouled Aptidoon , oo ahaa Soomaali oo u ololaynayey "haa" codbixintii 1976, aakhirkii wuxuu noqday madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee Jabuuti (1977-1999). [[File:President Aden Adde alongside Prime minister Sharmarke.jpg|thumb|Madaxweyne Aadan Cadde oo uu weheliyo Ra’iisul Wasaare Cabdirashiid Cali Sharma’arke oo Salaaddii Ciidda 1964-kii ku Tukaday Masjidka Arbaca Rukun]] 26 June 1960 -kii Maxmiyadda Somaliland ee Ingiriiska waxa ay xornimadeeda qaadatay 26 June 1960. 1dii Luulyo 1960kii waxa xornimada qaatay dhulkii la isku halayn lahaa ee Somaliland, labadoodiina waxay ku midoobeen dhismihii Jamhuuriyaddii Soomaaliya , in kasta oo ay ku jireen xuduud ay kala sameeyeen Talyaaniga iyo Ingiriiska. Dawlad ay dhiseen Cabdullaahi Ciise iyo Muxammad Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal oo ay weheliyaan xubno kale oo ka tirsan dawladihii ammaanada iyo maxmiyad ahaa, iyadoo Cabdulqaadir Muxamed Aadan uu noqday Madaxweynaha Golaha Shacbiga Soomaaliyeed , Aadan Cabdallah Cismaan Daar oo ahaa Madaxweynihii Jamhuriyadda Soomaaliya, Cabdirashiid Cali Sharmaarkena wuxuu noqday Ra'iisul Wasaare (kadibna noqday Madaxweyne 1967 ilaa 1969). 20kii Luulyo 1961kii iyo afti dadweyne oo dadweynihii Soomaaliyeed ay ku ansixiyeen talyaanigu, badi dadkii ka soo jeeday Maxmiyadii hore ee Somaliland ayaan ka qaybgelin aftida, in kasta oo tiro yar oo reer Somaliland ah oo ka qaybqaatay aftida ay ka soo horjeesteen dastuurkii cusbaa , oo markii ugu horreysay la sameeyay 1367kii , Muxammad . Wasiir, xilkaas oo uu u magacaabay Sharmaarke. Cigaal waxa uu mar dambe noqon lahaa Madaxweynaha maamul-goboleedka Somaliland ee waqooyi-galbeed ee Soomaaliya ===Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliya (1969-1991)=== ===Inqilaab=== 15kii Oktoobar, isaga oo madaxweyne Cabdirashiid Cali Sharma'arke socdaal ku marayay magaalada Laascaanood ee ay abaaruhu ku dhufteen, ayaa ilaaladiisa gaarka ahi toogasho ku dileen. Xoghayihii hore ee arrimaha dibadda ee Mareykanka Henry Kissinger ayaa hadalkiisa ku soo gabagabeeyay in ilaaladu uu iskiis u dhaqmayo. Lix maalmood ka dib, 21kii Oktoobar, Jeneraal Siyaad Barre wuxuu hoggaaminayey afgambi militari, wuxuuna ku guuleystay afgambigii dowladdii baarlamaanka. Falanqeeyayaasha siyaasadda casriga ah ayaa sheegaya in afgambiga uu ka dambeeyay musuqmaasuqa ka dhex jira xukuumadda baarlamaanka. Waardiyihii waxaa maxkamadeeyay, jirdilay oo toogtay Golaha Sare ee Kacaanka (SRC). Waxa ay kasoo jeedaan madaxweynaha uu dilay. [[File:Mohamed Ainanshe and Kim Il Sung -1970.jpg|thumb|Maxamed Caynaanshe Guuleed oo Waqooyiga Kuuriya kula kulmay Madaxweyne Kim Il Sung 1970kii]] Dhinaca Barre, SRC oo xukunka la wareegtay dilkii Madaxweyne Sharma’arke ka dib waxaa hoggaaminayay Sarreeye Guuto Maxamed Caynaanshe Guuleed , Gaashaanle Sare Salaad Gabeyre Kediye iyo Taliyaha Booliska Jaamac Korsheel . Kediye waxa uu si rasmi ah u haystay magaca “Aabihii Kacaanka”, wax yar ka dibna Barre waxa uu noqday madaxa SRC. SRC dabadeed waxay u bixisay magaca dalka Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ee Soomaaliya, waxay kala dirtay baarlamaanka iyo maxkamadda sare, oo laalay dastuurkii. Dawladdii kacaanku waxay dejisay barnaamijyo ballaaran oo hawlaha guud waxayna si guul leh u hirgelisay olole wax-qoris oo magaalo iyo miyi ah , kaasoo gacan ka geystay inuu si weyn u kordhiyo heerka wax-akhris-qoraalka. Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliya waxay gaartay heerka wax-akhris 70%, taasoo ka mid ahayd kuwa ugu sarreeya Afrika waagaas. Marka laga soo tago barnaamijka qarameynta warshadaha iyo dhulka, siyaasadda arrimaha dibadda ee maamulka cusub waxay xoogga saartay xiriirka soo jireenka ah iyo diinta ee Soomaaliya ay la leedahay dunida Carabta , ugu dambeyntii waxay ku biirtay Jaamacadda Carabta bishii Febraayo 1974. Isla sanadkaas, Barre wuxuu sidoo kale noqday guddoomiyaha Ururka Midowga Afrika (OAU), oo ah hoggaamiyihii ka horreeyay Midowga Afrika (AU). Bishii Luulyo 1976-kii, SRC-da Barre ayaa iskeed u kala dirtay, waxayna halkeeda ka dhistay Xisbigii Hantiwadaaga Kacaanka Soomaaliyeed (XDSHSI), dowlad hal xisbi ah oo ku dhisan hantiwadaag cilmiyeed iyo caqiidada Islaamka. SRSP waxa ay ahayd isku day lagu heshiisiinayo fikirka dawladda ee rasmiga ah iyo diinta rasmiga ah ee dawladda iyada oo la waafajinayo xeerarkii Marxist xaaladaha deegaanka. Waxa xoogga la saaray mabaadi’da Muslimka ee horumarka bulshada, sinnaanta iyo caddaaladda, taas oo ay dawladdu ku doodday in ay aasaas u tahay udub-dhexaadka hantiwadaagga cilmiyeed iyo lahjad u gaar ah oo ku aaddan isku filnaansho, ka qayb-qaadashada dadweynaha iyo xakamaynta dadweynaha, iyo sidoo kale lahaanshaha tooska ah ee habka wax-soo-saarka. Iyadoo SRSP ay dhiirigelisay maalgashiga gaarka ah ee xad xaddidan, jihada guud ee maamulku waxay ahayd mid shuuci ah . Bishii Luulyo 1977, dagaalkii Ogaadeeniya wuxuu qarxay ka dib markii dawladdii Barre adeegsatay codsi ku saabsan midnimada qaranka si ay u caddeyso ku darista gardarrada ah ee gobolka Ogaadeeniya ee ay Soomaalida u badan tahay ee Itoobiya oo lagu daray Soomaali- weyn oo dhan , oo ay weheliso dhul-beereedyo hodan ah oo ku yaal koonfurta-bari ee Itoobiya, kaabayaasha dhaqaalaha, iyo meelaha istiraatiijiga ah ee woqooyiga ilaa Jabuuti. Todobaadkii ugu horeeyey ee colaada ayaa xoogag hubaysan oo Soomaali ahi qabsadeen koonfurta iyo badhtamaha Ogadenia, dagaalka intiisa badana waxay ciidanka Soomaalidu guulo isdaba joog ah ka gaadheen ciidanka gumaysiga Itoobiya waxayna daba socdeen ilaa Sidamo . Bishii Sebtembar 1977kii, Soomaaliya waxay gacanta ku dhigtay 90% dhulka Ogaadeeniya waxayna qabsatay magaalooyin istiraatiiji ah sida Jijiga waxayna cadaadis xoog leh saartay Diridhaba , waxayna halis geliyeen wadadii tareenka ee magaalada dambe ee Jabuuti. Go’doomintii Harar ka dib, waxaa u soo gurmaday taliskii Shuuciga ahaa ee Dergiga Itoobiya faragelin baaxad leh oo aan hore loo arag oo ka kooban 20,000 oo ciidamada Kuuba ah iyo dhowr kun oo khubaro ah oo Soofiyeedka ah . Sannadkii 1978-kii, ciidamadii Soomaalida ayaa laga saaray Ogadenya. Isbeddelka taageerada ee Midowgii Soofiyeeti ayaa ku kallifay dowladdii Barre inay xulafo ka raadsato meelo kale. Aakhirkii waxa ay ku degtay dagaalkii qaboobaa ee Soofiyeedka oo ay xafiiltamaan, Maraykanka , kaas oo in muddo ah ku haminayey dawladdii Soomaaliya. Saaxiibtinimada ugu horreysay ee Soomaaliya ay la yeelato Midowgii Soofiyeeti iyo iskaashigii dambe ee ay la yeelatay Mareykanka ayaa u sahashay in ay dhisto ciidanka ugu badan ee Afrika. [[File:Muhammad Siad Barre - 40866X9X9.jpg|thumb|Sareeye Gaas Maxamed Siyaad Barre , Guddoomiyaha Golaha Sare ee Kacaanka , oo la kulmay Madaxweynaha Romania Nicolae Ceauşescu]] Dastuur cusub ayaa la soo saaray 1979kii kaas oo lagu qabtay doorashada Golaha Shacabka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Xisbigii Hantiwadaaga Kacaanka Soomaaliyeed ee Barre ayaa sii waday xukunka. Bishii Oktoobar 1980, SRSP waa la kala diray, Golaha Sare ee Kacaanka ayaa dib loo dhisay booskiisii. Waqtigaas, dawladdii Barre waxay noqotay mid aan la jeclayn. Soomaali badan ayaa ka niyad jabay nolosha ay ku hoos nool yihiin kalitalis ciidan. Waxaa sii wiiqmay taliskii 1980-meeyadii markii dagaalkii qaboobaa uu soo dhawaaday, waxaana hoos u dhacay muhiimaddii istiraatijiyadeed ee Soomaaliya. Dawladdu waxay noqotay mid sii xoogaysata , waxaana dalka oo dhan ka curtay dhaqdhaqaaqyo iska caabin ah oo ay dhiirigelisay Itoobiya, taasoo keentay in Soomaaliya dagaal sokeeye ka dhacdo . Kooxahan malayshiyaadka ah waxaa ka mid ahaa Jabhadda Dimuqraadiga Badbaadada Soomaaliyeed (SSDF), Golaha Soomaaliyeed ee Midowga (USC), Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniga Soomaaliyeed (SNM) iyo Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniga Soomaaliyeed (SPM) oo ay weheliyaan Mucaarad aan Rabshado lahayn oo ka kala tirsan Dhaqdhaqaaqa Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliyeed (SDM), Isbahaysiga Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliyeed (SDA) iyo Kooxda Kooxda Manifeestada Soomaaliyeed (SMG). ===Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Soomaaliya=== [[File:Somali Civil War (Google Live Map).svg|thumb|Qiyaasta khariidadda marxaladda hadda ee Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Soomaaliya (La cusbooneysiiyay Luulyo 2025)]] Markii ay si aayar aayar aayar aayar ah u yaraatay hankii iyo akhlaaqdii dowladdii Barre, ayaa dad badan oo Soomaaliyeed ay ka niyad jabeen nolosha xukunkii militariga. Bartamihii 1980-aadkii, dhaqdhaqaaqyo iska caabin ah oo uu taageerayey maamulkii Dergiga ee shuuciga ahaa ee Itoobiya ayaa ka curtay dalka oo dhan. Barre ayaa ku jawaabay in uu amar ku bixiyay in tallaabo laga qaado dadka uu u arko in ay deegaan ahaan taageersan yihiin jabhadda, gaar ahaan gobollada Waqooyi. Xakamayntaas waxaa ka mid ahaa in la duqeeyo magaalooyinka, oo ay ku taal xarunta maamulka waqooyi-galbeed ee Hargeysa , oo ah xaruntii SNM , oo ka mid ahayd goobihii la beegsaday 1988. Xakamaynta ay bilawday dawladdii Barre waxay gaadhsiisay in ka badan qaraxyadii hore ee woqooyiga si ay u koobto gobollo kala duwan oo dalka ah. Soo saariddan xeeladaha gardarada ah ee looga dan leeyahay in lagu caburiyo dadka ka soo jeeda iyo in lagu sii hayo awoodda dadweynaha waxay astaan ​​u ahayd tallaabooyinka caburinta ah ee dowladdu ay ka waddo Koonfurta. Mid ka mid ah dhacdooyinka ugu caansan ayaa dhacay 1991-kii, markii taliskii Barre bilaabay weerar cirka ah oo sababay dhimashada dad badan oo aan waxba galabsan magaalada Beledweyn , oo ku taal koonfurta Soomaaliya. Arxan-darrada iyo baaxadda falkan waxashnimada ah waxa ay iftiimisay heerka ay dawladdu u diyaar-garowday in ay meesha ka saarto nooc kasta oo mucaarad ah ama wax iska caabin ah, iyada oo ay muujinayso in aan tix-gelin badheedh ah u lahayn xuquuqda aadamaha iyo qiimaha nolosha bani’aadamka. Mid kale oo xusid mudan siyaasaddii caburinta Barre ayaa ka dhacday magaalada Baydhabo oo lagu naaneeso ‘Magaalada dhimashada’ taasoo ay ugu wacan tahay dhacdooyinkii murugada lahaa ee ka dhacay halkaasi xilliyadii abaarta iyo dagaalada sokeeye . Boqolaal kun oo qof ayaa naftooda ku waayey istiraatijiyad dawladeed oo gaar ahaan loogu talagalay bulshada Raxanweyn ee deggan deegaannadaas. 1990kii, magaalada caasimadda ah ee Muqdisho, dadka deggan waxaa laga mamnuucay inay meel fagaare ah isugu yimaadaan kooxo ka badan saddex ama afar. Shidaal yaraan, sicir-bararka, iyo qiima dhaca lacagta ayaa saameeyay dhaqaalaha. Suuq madoow oo aad u wanaagsan ayaa ka jiray bartamaha magaalada iyadoo bangiyada ay la kulmeen gabaabsi lacagta gudaha ah ee lagu sarifto. Waxaa la soo saaray sharciyo lagu xakameynayo sarifka lacagaha qalaad si looga hortago dhoofinta lacagaha qalaad. Inkastoo aan la saarin xayiraad dhanka socdaalka ah oo lagu soo rogay ajaanibta, sawir qaadista goobo badan ayaa la mamnuucay. Xilliyada maalinlaha ah ee magaalada Muqdisho, muuqaalka ciidan kasta oo dowladda ayaa ahaa mid naadir ah. Hawlgallada habeenkii dambe ee ay sameeyeen mas'uuliyiinta dowladda, ayaa waxaa ka mid ahaa "la'aanta" shaqsiyaadka guryahooda. 1991kii, maamulkii Barre waxaa xukunka ka tuuray isbahaysi mucaarad ku ah qabiil, oo ay taageerayeen taliskii Itoobiya ee Dergiga iyo Liibiya . Ka dib shir ay yeesheen Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniga Somaliyeed iyo odayaasha beelaha waqooyi, qaybtii waqooyi ee Ingiriisku ka talin jiray dalka waxay ku dhawaaqday in ay gooni isu taagtay jamhuuriyadda Somaliland May 1991. In kasta oo ay madax bannaani tahay oo xasiloon tahay marka loo eego koonfurta qalalaasaha ah, haddana dawlad shisheeye ma aqoonsan. [[File:Mogadishu.jpg|thumb|Dagaaladii sokeeye ka hor, Muqdisho waxaa loo yaqaannay "Luul cad oo badweynta Hindiya]] In badan oo ka mid ah kooxaha mucaaradka ayaa markii dambe bilaabay inay u tartamaan sidii ay saamayn ugu yeelan lahaayeen awood la'aanta ka dib markii la riday taliskii Barre. Koonfurta, waxaa isku dhacay kooxo hubaysan oo ay kala hogaaminayaan taliyayaasha USC General Maxamed Faarax Ceydiid iyo Cali Mahdi Maxamed , gaar ahaan, iyadoo mid walba uu doonayo inuu awood ku yeesho caasimadda. 1991kii, shir caalami ah oo wajiyo badan lahaa ayaa lagu qabtay dalka aynu jaarka nahay ee Jabuuti. Iyadoo loo eegayo sharcinimada uu Muxammad ku siiyey shirkii Jabuuti, ayaa beesha caalamku u aqoonsatay inuu yahay madaxweynaha cusub ee Soomaaliya. Ma uu awoodin in uu awoodiisa ku dhaqmo meelo ka baxsan caasimadda. Awoodda ayaa taas beddelkeeda lagu heshiiyey hoggaamiye kooxeedyadii kale ee koonfurta Soomaaliya iyo maamul-goboleedyo ka madax bannaan waqooyiga. Shirkii Jibouti waxaa ku xigay laba heshiis oo aan la iska dhicin oo dib-u-heshiisiin qaran iyo hub ka dhigis, oo ay saxeexeen 15 daneeyayaal siyaasadeed: heshiis in la qabto shir aan rasmi ahayn oo diyaarinta dib-u-heshiisiinta qaranka, iyo heshiiskii Addis Ababa 1993 ee lagu sameeyay shirkii dib u heshiisiinta qaranka. Horraantii 1990-meeyadii, la'aanta daba-dheeraatay ee la'aanta maamul dhexe oo joogto ah, Soomaaliya waxay billowday inay ku sifowdo " Qaran guuldarreystay . ===Hay'adaha ku meel gaarka ah=== [[File:Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed (28-03-2006).jpg|thumb|C/llaahi Yuusuf Axmed , Madaxweynaha Dowladda KMG ah ee Soomaaliya]] Dawladda Ku-Meel-Gaarka ah (TNG) waxaa la aas aasay bilihii April-May 2000 shirkii Nabadda Qaranka Soomaaliyeed (SNPC) ee lagu qabtay Carta, Jabuuti. Cabdiqaasim Salaad Xasan ayaa loo doortay in uu noqdo Madaxweynaha dowladda KMG ah ee cusub ee qaranka, maamul ku meel gaar ah oo loo sameeyay in uu Soomaaliya ku hago dowlad Jamhuuriyad rasmi ah oo saddexaad. Dhibaatooyinka gudaha ee TNG ayaa keenay in la bedelo Ra'iisul Wasaaraha afar jeer saddex sano gudahood, iyo hay'adda maamulka ayaa sheegay inay kacday December 2003. Waqtigeediina isku mar wuu dhamaaday. 10kii Oktoobar 2004tii, sharci-dajiyayaashu waxay u doorteen Cabdullaahi Yuusuf Axmed inuu noqdo Madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee Dawladda Federaalka Ku Meel Gaarka ah (TFG), oo beddelaya Dawladdii Ku Meel Gaarka ahayd. DFKMG waxay ahayd maamulkii labaad ee ku meel gaadhka ahaa ee hiigsanayay in dib loo soo celiyo hay’adihii qaranka ee Soomaaliya kadib burburkii taliskii Siyaad Barre 1991 iyo dagaaladii sokeeye ee xigay. DFKMG waxay ahayd dowladda Soomaaliya oo caalamku aqoonsan yahay ilaa 20kii Agoosto 2012, markaas oo ay si rasmi ah u dhammaatay waqtigeedii. Waxaa loo asaasay mid ka mid ah Hay'adaha Federaalka Ku Meel Gaarka ah (TFIs) ee dowladda sida lagu qeexay Axdiga Federaalka Ku Meel Gaarka ah (TFC) ee uu ansixiyay Baarlamaanka Federaalka Ku Meel Gaarka ah (TFP) bishii Nofembar 2004. Dowladda Federaalka Ku Meel Gaarka ah waxay si rasmi ah uga koobneyd waaxda fulinta ee dowladda, iyadoo TFP ay tahay waaxda sharci dejinta. Xukuumadda ayaa waxaa madax ka ahaa Madaxweynaha Soomaaliya, iyadoo golaha wasiirradu ay warbixin ka siiyeen Ra’iisul Wasaaraha. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxa sidoo kale loo adeegsaday erey guud si loo tixraaco dhammaan saddexda laan si wadajir ah. ===Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga=== [[File:Icu somalia map.png|thumb|Khariidad muujinaysa ICU marka ugu sarraysa saamaynteeda]] Sanadkii 2006, Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga ah (ICU) waxay la wareegeen gacan ku haynta inta badan koonfurta dalka muddo 6 bilood ah waxayna soo rogeen ku dhaqanka shareecada Islaamka . Mas’uuliyiinta ugu sareysa Qaramada Midoobay ayaa ku tilmaamay muddadan kooban in ay tahay xilli dahab ah oo ku jira taariikhda siyaasadda Soomaaliya. ===Dowladda Kumeeel Gaarka ah=== Dowladda Federaalka Ku Meel Gaarka ah waxay isku dayday inay dib u soo ceshato awoodeeda, iyadoo kaashanaysa ciidamada Itoobiya , ciidamada nabad ilaalinta Midowga Afrika iyo taageerada hawada ee Mareykanka, waxay ka saartay maxaakiimta oo ay xoojisay xukunkeeda. January 8, 2007, Madaxweynaha DFKMG, Cabdullaahi Yuusuf Axmed ayaa markii ugu horeysay soo galay Muqdisho isagoo taageero ka helaya ciidamada Itoobiya tan iyo markii xilka loo doortay. Dawladdu waxay markaas u guurtay xarunta Villa Soomaaliya ee caasimadda oo ay si ku meel gaar ah uga ahayd Baydhabo . Tani waxay noqonaysaa markii ugu horeysay tan iyo burburkii taliskii Siyaad Barre sanadkii 1991-kii oo ay dowladda Federaalka gacanta ku hayso inta badan dalka. ===Falaagada Al-Shabaab=== Al-Shabaab ayaa ka soo horjeestay joogitaanka ciidamada Itoobiya ee Soomaaliya, waxaana ay sii wadeen dagaallada ka dhanka ah dowladda KMG ah. Intii u dhaxaysay 2007 iyo 2008, Al-Shabaab waxay dhalisay guulo ciidan, iyagoo la wareegay gacan ku haynta magaalooyin iyo dekedo muhiim ah oo ku yaal bartamaha iyo koonfurta Soomaaliya. Bishii Janaayo 2009, Al-Shabaab iyo maleeshiyaadkii kale waxay ku qasbeen ciidamada Itoobiya inay dib u gurtaan, iyagoo ka tagay ciidan aan qalabeyn oo nabad ilaalin ah oo Midowga Afrika ah si ay u caawiyaan ciidamada dowladda KMG ah.  Dhaqaale la’aan iyo dhaqaale la’aan, cunaqabatayn dhanka hubka ah oo adkeyd in dib loo yagleelo ciidan qaran oo suga amniga, iyo danayn la’aanta guud ee beesha caalamka, Yuusuf waxa uu ku qasbanaaday in kumannaan ciidamo ah oo Puntland ka socda la geeyo Muqdisho si ay u sii joogteeyaan dagaalka ka dhanka ah kooxaha nabad-diidka ah ee ku sugan Koonfurta dalka. Taageerada maaliyadeed ee dadaalkan waxaa bixisay dawladda ismaamulka. Taasi waxay keentay in dakhli yar oo soo galo ciidamada ammaanka Puntland iyo shaqaalaha rayidka ah, taasoo ka dhigtay dhul u nugul burcad-badeedda iyo weerarrada argagixisada.  29-kii December 2008, Yuusuf wuxuu kaga dhawaaqay baarlamaanka ku midoobay Baydhabo inuu iska casilayo xilka madaxweynaha Soomaaliya. Khudbadiisa oo laga sii daayay Idaacadda Qaranka, ayuu Yuusuf ku sheegay inuu ka xun yahay inuu ku guul-darreystay inuu soo afjaro colaaddii dalka ka jirtay toddoba iyo tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay, sidii dowladdiisa loo igmaday. Wuxuu kaloo ku eedeeyay beesha caalamka inay ka gaabiyeen taageerada dowladda, wuxuuna sheegay in guddoomiyaha baarlamaanka uu xilka ku wareejin doono sida uu qabo Axdiga KMG ah ===Dhamaadka xilliga ku meel gaarka=== Intii u dhaxaysay 31 May iyo 9 June 2008, wakiilo ka socday dawladda federaalka ah ee Soomaaliya iyo Isbahaysiga Dib u xoraynta Soomaaliya (ARS) ayaa ka qayb galay wada-hadallo nabadeed oo Jabuuti ka dhacay oo uu garwadeen ka ahaa ergeygii hore ee Qaramada Midoobay u qaabilsanaa Soomaaliya, Ahmedou Ould-Abdallah . Shirka ayaa ku soo idlaaday heshiis la kala saxiixday oo dhigaya in ciidamada Itoobiya laga saaro dalka si loo joojiyo iska hor imaadyada hubeysan. Baarlamaanka ayaa ka dib la balaariyay oo la gaarsiiyay 550 kursi si ay u helaan xubnaha ARS, oo markaas madaxweyne u doortay Sheekh Shariif Sheekh Axmed .Iyadoo gacan ka heleysa koox yar oo ka tirsan ciidamada Midowga Afrika, dowladda KMG ayaa biloowday weerar rogaal celis ah bishii Febraayo 2009 si ay si buuxda ula wareegto maamulka qeybta koonfureed ee dalka. DFKMG si ay xukunkeeda u xoojiso waxay isbahaysi la samaysatay Midowga Maxaakiimta Islaamiga ah, Xubnihii kale ee Isbaheysiga Dib u xoreynta Soomaaliya iyo Ahlu Sunna Waljamaaca oo ah Maleeshiyo Suufi ah oo qunyar socod ah . Intaa waxaa dheer, Al-Shabaab iyo Xisbul Islaam, oo ah labada kooxood ee Islaamiyiinta ah ee mucaaradka ah, waxay bilaabeen inay dhexdooda dagaallamaan bartamihii 2009kii. Xabbad ahaan, bishii Maarso 2009, dawladda ku meel gaarka ah waxay ku dhawaaqday inay dib u dhaqan gelinayso Shareecada oo ah nidaamka garsoorka rasmiga ah ee qaranka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, colaaddu waxay ka sii socotay koonfurta iyo badhtamaha dalka. Muddo bilo gudahood ah, dawladda ku meel gaarka ah waxay ka baxday in ay gacanta ku dhigto ilaa 70% koonfurta iyo badhtamaha Soomaaliya aagagga iskahorimaadyada, oo ay 80% dhulka lagu muransan yahay ku lumisay xoogaga Islaamiyiinta ah. Bishii Oktoobar 2011, hawlgal qorsheysan, Hawlgalka Linda Nchi oo u dhexeeya militariga Soomaaliya iyo Kenya iyo ciidamada caalamiga ah ayaa ka billowday Al-Shabaab ee koonfurta Soomaaliya. Bishii Sebtembar 2012, ciidamada Soomaaliya, Kenya, iyo Raaskaambooni waxay ku guulaysteen inay qabsadaan Al-Shabaab xaruntii ugu dambaysay ee ugu weynayd, dekedda koonfurta ee Kismaayo. Bishii Luulyo 2012, saddex hawlgal oo Midowga Yurub ayaa la bilaabay si ay ula macaamilaan Soomaaliya: EUTM Somalia , Hawlgalka Ciidamada Badda ee Midowga Yurub ee Soomaaliya Atalanta off the Horn of Africa, iyo EUCAP Nestor. [[File:Parlament of Somalia 2012-2016.svg|thumb|Dhismaha Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya]] Iyada oo qayb ka ah "Khariidadda Waddada Dhammaadka Ku meel gaarka" ee rasmiga ah, oo ah geeddi socod siyaasadeed oo siinaya jaan-gooyo cad-cad oo horseedaya samaynta hay'ado dimoqraadi ah oo joogto ah oo Soomaaliya ah, xilliga ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Dowladda Federaalka Ku-meel-gaarka ah ayaa dhammaaday 20kii Agoosto 2012 ===Dowladda Federaalka=== Dowladda Federaalka ah ee Soomaaliya , oo ah dowladdii dhexe ee ugu horreysay oo joogto ah oo dalka yeelato tan iyo markii ay bilowdeen dagaallada sokeeye, ayaa la aas aasay Agoosto 2012. Bishii Agoosto 2014-kii, howlgalka Badweynta Hindiya ee ay hormuudka ka tahay dowladda Soomaaliya ayaa la bilaabay ka hortagga jeebabka kooxaha nabad-diidka ah ee ku sugan baadiyaha ===2021-2023 abaar=== Abaarta Soomaaliya ee 2021-2023 ayaa ahayd abaartii ugu darneyd ee Soomaaliya soo marta muddo 40 sano ah, waxaana ay saameysay 7.8 milyan oo qof. === Qalalaasihii dastuuriga ee 2024 === 30-kii Maarso 2024, isbeddello dastuuri ah oo taxane ah oo ay ansixisay [[Dowlada Federaalka Soomaaliya]] ayaa sababay khilaafyo lala galay qaar ka mid ah dowlad-goboleedyada federaalka, taas oo dhalisay xiisad siyaasadeed. Saddex ka mid ah lixda dowlad-goboleed ayaa ka laabtay aqoonsigii ay siinayeen awoodda dowladda federaalka, waxaana dagaallo maxalli ah oo [[Jubaland|Jubbaland]] iyo [[Koonfur Galbeed|Dowlad Goboleedka Koonfur Galbeed Soomaaliya|Koonfur Galbeed Soomaaliya]] ka dhacay.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Review |first=Horn |title=Analysis of Somalia's constitution crisis |url=https://hornreview.org/2026/04/21/analysis-of-somalias-constitution-crisis/ |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=HORN REVIEW |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Al Jazeera |title=Somali army takes over key city in Southwest as state leader resigns |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/31/somali-army-takes-over-key-city-in-southwest-as-state-leader-resigns |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> ==Juqraafiga== Soomaaliya waxa ay xad la wadaagtaa Jabuuti dhanka waqooyi-galbeed, galbeedna Itoobiya , waqooyiga Gacanka Cadmeed , badda Soomaaliya iyo kanaalka Guardafui oo bari ah, iyo Koonfur-galbeed Kenya . Baaxadda dhuleedku waa 637,657 kiiloo mitir laba jibaaran, dhulka Soomaaliya wuxuu ka kooban yahay badiyaa taagga , bannaanka iyo buuraha . Xeebteedu waxay dhererkeedu ka badan tahay 3,333 kiiloomitir, waana tan ugu dheer dhul weynaha Afrika. Waxaa lagu tilmaamay inay tahay mid si qiyaas ah u qaabaysan "sida lambar foorarsan oo toddoba ah". Waqooyiga fog, safafka bari-galbeed ee buuraleyda Oogo waxay ku yaalaan masaafo kala duwan oo u jirta xeebta Gacanka Cadmeed. Xaalado kulul ayaa jira sanadka oo dhan, oo ay la socdaan dabaylaha monsoon iyo roobab aan joogto ahayn. Geology waxay soo jeedinaysaa joogitaanka kaydka macdanta qiimaha leh. Soomaaliya waxaa Seychelles ka go'ay badda Soomaaliya, waxaana ka go'ay Socotra oo lagu magacaabo Guardafui Channel ===Qaybaha maamulka=== Soomaaliya waxay si rasmi ah u qaybsantaa siddeed iyo toban gobol ( sara , gobol keli ah ), oo iyana loo qaybiyo degmooyin. [[File:Somalia States and Regions.svg|thumb|Maabka gobollada Soomaaliya]] Waqooyiga Soomaaliya hadda waa goorma ? Waxay u kala qaybsameen maamul-goboleedka Puntland ( oo isku haysta maamul-goboleedka ), Somaliland ( maamul-goboleed iskeed ugu dhawaaqday balse aan la aqoonsan ) iyo Maamulka Khaatumo ee Soomaaliya oo dhawaan la dhisay . Bartamaha Soomaaliya, Galmudug waa maamul-goboleed kale oo ka soo baxay koonfurta Puntland. Jubaland oo ku taal koonfurta fog waa ismaamulka afaraad ee federaalka.Sannadkii 2014-kii, ayaa sidoo kale la dhisay maamul-goboleedka cusub ee Koonfur-galbeed . Bishii Abriil 2015, waxaa sidoo kale la daah furay shirweyne lagu dhisayo dowlad goboleedka cusub ee Hirshabeelle . Baarlamaanka Federaalka waxaa loo xilsaaray 2012-kii in uu soo xulo tirada ugu dambeysa iyo xuduudaha dowlad goboleedyada is-maamul goboleedyada (sida rasmiga ah ee xubnaha ka ah Federaalka ) ee Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya. ===Goobta=== {{Multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | width = 250 | footer_align = left | image1 = Horn of africa.jpg | class1 = bg-transparent | image2 = ISS062-E-51247 - View of Earth.jpg | footer = Muuqaallo laga qaaday [[Geeska Afrika|Jasiiradda Soomaalida]] oo laga soo qaaday Dayax gacmeedka ''Columbia'' sannadkii 1993 (kor) iyo Saldhigga Hawada Caalamiga ah sannadkii 2020 (hoose) }} Soomaaliya waxay xuduud la leedahay [[Kenya]] dhanka koonfur-galbeed, [[Gacanka Cadmeed]] dhanka waqooyi, [[Marinka Gardafuul|Marinka Gardafuu]] iyo Badweynta Hindiya dhanka bari, iyo [[Itoobiya]] dhanka galbeed. Dalka wuxuu sidoo kale xuduud la leeyahay [[Jabuuti]]. Waxay ku taallaa inta u dhexeysa loolalka 2°S iyo 12°N, iyo dhigaha 41° iyo 52°E. Iyada oo si istaraatiiji ah ugu taalla afka laga galo Bab el Mandeb ee u dhexeeya [[Bada Cas]] iyo [[Kanaalka Suweys|Kanaalka Suweys]], dalku wuxuu ku yaallaa cirifka gobol u eg khariidadda [[Wiyil|geeska wiyisha]], taas oo inta badan loogu yeero [[Geeska Afrika]].<ref name="factbook"/><ref name="Hadden">Hadden, Robert Lee. 2007. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090327102547/http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA464006 "The Geology of Somalia: A Selected Bibliography of Somalian Geology, Geography and Earth Science"]. Engineer Research and Development Laboratories, Topographic Engineering Center</ref> ===Biyaha=== Soomaaliya waxay leedahay xeebta ugu dheer badweynta Afrika, oo leh boodh badeed dhererkeedu yahay 3,333 kiiloomitir (2,071 mi). Dhulkeedu waxa uu ka kooban yahay badiyaa taagga , bannaanka iyo dhulka sare . Qaranku wuxuu leeyahay bedka guud ee 637,657 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (246,201 sq mi) kaas oo ka kooban dhul, oo leh 10,320 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran (3,980 sq mi) oo biyo ah. Soohdimaha dhulka ee Soomaaliya ayaa gaaraya ilaa 2,340 kiiloomitir (1,450 mi); 58 kiiloomitir (36 mi) ka mid ah waxaa la wadaaga Jabuuti, 682 kiiloomitir (424 mi) Kenya, iyo 1,626 kiiloomitir (1,010 mi) Itoobiya. Sheegashadeeda badda waxaa ka mid ah dhul-badeed dhan 200 nautical miles (370 km; 230 mi). Soomaaliya waxaa xeebaheeda ku yaal jasiirado iyo jaziirado dhowr ah oo ay ku jiraan Jaziiradaha Bajuuni iyo Jaziiradaha Sacad-Diin : eeg jasiiradaha Soomaaliya . [[File:Juba river downstream Jamaame.jpg|thumb|Webiga Jubba]] ===Degaan=== Soomaaliya waxay ka kooban tahay todobo dhuleed oo kala ah: Xabashida montane kaymaha , Waqooyiga Zanzibar–Inhambane mosaic kaynta xeebta , Somali Acacia–Commiphora bushlands iyo kayn , dhul daaqsimeed Xabashi ah iyo dhir dhireed , dhul daaqsimeed hobyo iyo geedo yaryar , Somali montane xeric woodlands , iyo mangroves Bariga Afrika Dhanka waqooyi, bannaan saxare-meel-mareen ah oo xoqan, oo loo yaqaan Guban ayaa barbar-socda Gacanka Cadmeed . Iyada oo ballaciisu yahay laba iyo toban kiiloomitir galbeedka ilaa in yar oo laba kiiloomitir ah oo bari ah, bannaanka waxaa u kala qaybiya maro-biyoodyo asal ahaan ah sariiro ciid qallalan marka laga reebo xilliyada roobaadka. Marka roobabku da'aan, Guban's duurka hooseeya iyo cawska cawska ayaa isu beddela dhir cagaaran. Xariggaan xeebeedku waa qayb ka mid ah dhul- daaqsimeedkii Xabashida iyo dhir-dhireedka . Cal Madow waa silsilad buuraley ah oo ku taal waqooyi bari ee dalka. Waxay ku dherersan tahay dhowr kiilo mitir dhanka galbeed ee magaalada Boosaaso ilaa waqooyi-galbeed ee Ceerigaabo , waxay ku taal meesha ugu sarreysa Soomaaliya , Shimbiris , oo ku fadhida meel sare ah ilaa 2,416 mitir (7,927 ft). Silsilada bari-galbeed ee buuraleyda Karkaar waxay sidoo kale ku yaalliin gudaha gudaha Gacanka Cadmeed. Gobollada dhexe, silsiladaha buuraha waqooyi ee dalka waxay u baneeyaan dhul-badeed-gacmeedyo iyo marin-biyoodyo qallalan oo deegaan ahaan loogu yeero Oogo . Dhulka galbeedka ee Oogo, ayaa isna si tartiib tartiib ah ugu biira Haud , oo ah aag muhiim u ah daaqa xoolaha. Soomaaliya waxay leedahay laba webi oo kala ah Jubba iyo Shabeele oo labaduba ka bilaabma buuraleyda Itoobiya . Wabiyadan ayaa inta badan u socda dhanka koofureed, iyadoo webiga Jubba uu ka galo badweynta Hindiya ee magaalada Kismaayo . Wabiga Shabeelle ayaa mar sida muuqata gali jiray badda u dhow magaalada Marka , balse hadda waxa uu gaaray meel dhanka Koonfur-galbeed ka xigta magaalada Muqdisho. Intaa ka dib, waxa ay ka kooban tahay dhiiqo iyo meelo qallalan ka hor inta aan aakhirka lagu waayin dhulka saxaraha ah ee bariga Jilib , una dhow webiga Jubba. ===Deegaanka=== [[File:Somcoralreef.jpg|thumb|Xeebaha Soomaaliya , jardiinooyinka deegaanka iyo meelaha la ilaaliyo]] Soomaaliya waa dal oomane ah oo leh qiyaastii 1.6% dhul beereed . Ururada deegaanka ee ugu horeeya waxay ahaayeen Ecoterra Soomaaliya iyo Bulshada Deegaanka Soomaali, labaduba waxay gacan ka geysteen kor u qaadista wacyiga ku saabsan walaaca deegaanka iyo abaabulida barnaamijyada deegaanka ee dhammaan qaybaha dawladda iyo sidoo kale bulshada rayidka ah. Laga soo bilaabo 1971-kii, olole ballaaran oo dhir beeris ah oo heer qaran ah ayaa dowladdii Siyaad Barre bilowday si ay u joojiso horu-marintii kumannaanka hektar ee dunta bacaadka ah ee ay dabeyshu kaxeyso oo halis ku ah inay qariso magaalooyinka, waddooyinka iyo dhul beereed. Sannadkii 1988-kii, 265 hektar oo ah 336 hektar oo la saadaaliyay ayaa la daweeyay, iyadoo 39 goobood oo kayd ah iyo 36 goobood oo kaymo ah la aasaasay. 1986, Xarunta Badbaadinta Duurjoogta, Cilmi-baarista iyo Kormeerka waxaa aasaasay Ecoterra International, iyada oo ujeedadu tahay in lagu wacyigeliyo dadweynaha arrimaha deegaanka. Dadaalkaas waxbarasho waxa uu horseeday 1989 kii waxa loogu yeero "soo jeedinta Soomaaliya" iyo go'aan ay dowladda Soomaaliya ku gaartay in ay raacdo Axdiga ganacsiga caalamiga ah ee dabar-goynta xayawaanka duurjoogta iyo dhirta (CITES), kaas oo markii ugu horreysay aasaasay adduunka oo dhan mamnuucidda ka ganacsiga Maroodiga Maroodiga . [[File:Aerial views of Kismayo 06 (8071381265).jpg|thumb|Xeebta koofureed ee Muqdisho]] Ka dib, Faadumo Jibrell , oo ah dhaqdhaqaaqe caan ah oo Soomaaliyeed oo u dhaqdhaqaaqa deegaanka, ayaa qaaday olole guul leh oo lagu ilaalinayo kaymaha geedaha qudhaca ah ee koray ee waqooyi-bari ee Soomaaliya. Geedahan, oo noolaan kara 500 oo sano, ayaa la jari jiray si looga sameeyo dhuxusha oo aad looga doonayay Jasiiradda Carabta, halkaas oo qabaa'ilka Baadiyaha ee gobolka ay aaminsan yihiin in qudhacdu ay tahay mid muqadas ah. Inaad noqoto shidaal aan qaali ahayn, soo saarista dhuxusha waxay inta badan keentaa xaalufka iyo xaalufka . Si wax looga qabto dhibaatadan, Jibrell iyo Horn of Africa Relief and Development Organisation (Horn Relief; hadda Adeso ), oo ah hay'ad ay aasaasaha iyo agaasimaha fulinta ka ahayd, waxay tababareen koox dhalinyaro ah si ay bulshada uga wacyigeliyaan waxyeelada joogtada ah ee soo saarista dhuxusha ay abuuri karto. 1999kii, Horn Relief waxay isku dubariday socod nabadeed waqooyi-bari Puntland ee Soomaaliya si loo soo afjaro waxa loogu yeero "dagaallada dhuxusha". Natiijadii ololaha Jibrell iyo dadaalkii waxbarashada, dawladda Puntland 2000 waxay mamnuucday dhoofinta dhuxusha. Dowladda ayaa sidoo kale tan iyo markii ay dhaqan galisay mamnuucidaasi, taasoo la sheegay inay keentay in 80% hoos u dhac ku yimaado dhoofinta badeecada. Jibrell waxaa lagu abaalmariyay Abaalmarinta Deegaanka Goldman ee 2002 dadaalkeeda ka dhanka ah xaalufka deegaanka iyo xaalufka. Sannadkii 2008, waxay sidoo kale ku guulaysatay Abaalmarinta Mu'asasada Qaranka ee Juqraafiga / Buffett ee Hoggaanka Ilaalinta. Ka dib tsunamigii weynaa ee Diisambar 2004 , waxaa sidoo kale soo baxay eedeymo sheegaya in ka dib markii uu qarxay dagaalkii sokeeye ee Soomaaliya dabayaaqadii 1980-meeyadii, in xeebta dheer ee Soomaaliya ee fog fog loo isticmaalay goob qashin ah oo lagu aaso qashinka sunta ah. Mowjadaha waaweyn ee ku dhuftay waqooyiga Soomaaliya kadib tsunamigii ayaa la rumeysan yahay inay kiciyeen tan oo ah haraadiga sunta nukliyeerka ah oo laga yaabo inay si sharci darro ah dalka ugu daadiyeen shirkado shisheeye. Xisbiga Cagaaran ee Yurub waxa uu daba socday cadaymahaas isagoo horgeeyay saxaafadda iyo baarlamaanka Yurub ee Strasbourg nuqulo qandaraasyo ah oo ay kala saxiixdeen laba shirkadood oo reer Yurub ah - Shirkadda Swiss Swiss, Achair Partners, iyo dilaaliinta qashinka Talyaaniga Progresso - iyo wakiillo ka socday Madaxweynihii hore ee Soomaaliya, Hogaamiye kooxeed Cali Mahdi Maxamed, si ay u qaataan 10 milyan oo tan oo qashinka sunta ah oo ay ku bedesheen 80 milyan oo gini. Sida lagu sheegay warbixin ay soo saartay hay’adda Qaramada Midoobay u qaabilsan deegaanka (UNEP), qashinka ayaa sababay in uu aad uga sarreeyo xaaladaha caadiga ah ee caabuqyada neef-mareenka, boogaha afka iyo dhiig-baxa, dhiigbaxa caloosha iyo caabuqa maqaarka oo aan caadi ahayn oo ku dhacay dad badan oo deggan deegaannada ku teedsan waqooyi-bari ee magaalooyinka Hobyo iyo Banaadir ee xeebta Badweynta Hindiya - cudurro la socda xanuunka shucaaca. UNEP waxay intaas ku dartay in xaaladda xeebaha Soomaaliya ay khatar deegaan oo aad u daran aysan ka jirin Soomaaliya oo keliya, balse sidoo kale gobolka bariga Afrika. ===Cimilada=== [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map v2 SOM 1991–2020.svg|thumb|Köppen–Geiger map-ka kala soocida cimilada ee 1-km xallinta Soomaaliya 1991-2020]] Sababo la xiriira u dhawaanshaha Soomaaliya ee dhulbaraha , ma jiro isbeddel xilliyeed badan oo cimiladeeda ah. Xaalado kulul ayaa sanadka oo dhan jira oo ay la socdaan dabaylaha monsoon iyo roobab aan joogto ahayn. Celceliska heerkulka ugu sarreeya ee maalin kasta wuxuu u dhexeeyaa 30 ilaa 40 ° C (86 ilaa 104 °F), marka laga reebo meelaha sare ee xeebta bari, halkaasoo laga dareemi karo saamaynta qabow ee hadda taagan. Muqdisho, tusaale ahaan, celceliska heerka galabnimada wuxuu u dhexeeyaa 28 ilaa 32 °C (82 ilaa 90 °F) bisha Abriil. Qaar ka mid ah heerkulka celceliska sannadlaha ah ee ugu sarreeya adduunka ayaa laga diiwaan geliyay waddanka; Berbera oo ku taal xeebta waqooyi-galbeed waxay leedahay galab sare oo celcelis ahaan ka badan 38 °C (100 °F) laga bilaabo Juun ilaa Sebtembar. Qaran ahaan, celceliska celceliska maalinlaha ahi badanaa way kala duwan yihiin qiyaastii 15 ilaa 30 ° C (59 ilaa 86 ° F). Kala duwanaanshaha ugu badan ee cimiladu waxay ka dhacdaa waqooyiga Soomaaliya, halkaas oo heerkulku mararka qaarkood dhaafo 45 ° C (113 ° F) bisha Luulyo ee bannaanka litoral oo hoos uga dhaco barta qabowga bisha Disembar ee buuraha sare. Gobolkan, qoyaanka qaraabada ahi wuxuu u dhexeeyaa 40% badhtamaha galabnimada ilaa 85% habeenkii, isbeddelaya waxoogaa marka loo eego xilliga. Si ka duwan cimilada dalalka kale ee ugu badan ee loolkan, xaaladaha Soomaaliya waxay u dhexeeyaan oomane waqooyi-bari iyo gobollada dhexe ilaa waqooyi -galbeed iyo koonfurta. Waqooyi-bari, roobka sannadlaha ahi wuxuu ka yar yahay 100 mm (4 in); Taagga dhexe, waa qiyaastii 200 ilaa 300 mm (8 ilaa 12 inji). Qaybaha waqooyi-galbeed iyo koonfur-galbeed ee qaranka, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay helaan roobab aad u badan, iyadoo celcelis ahaan 510 ilaa 610 mm (20 ilaa 24 in) ay dhacaan sannadkii. Inkasta oo gobollada xeebuhu ay kulul yihiin oo qoyan yihiin sannadka oo dhan, dhul-badeedku caadi ahaan waa qalalan oo kulul. Waxa jira afar xilli oo nolosha xoolo-dhaqatada iyo beeralayda ah ku wareegsan yihiin, kuwaasna waxa lagu maamulaa isbeddellada dabaysha. Laga bilaabo Disembar ilaa Maarso waa Jiilaalka , xilliga xagaaga ee ugu adag sanadka. Xilli-roobaadka ugu muhiimsan, oo loo yaqaan Gu'ga , wuxuu socdaa Abriil ilaa Juunyo. Xilligan waxaa lagu gartaa dabeylaha koonfur-galbeed, kuwaas oo dib u soo nooleeya dhul-daaqsimeedka, gaar ahaan dhul-daaqsimeedka dhexe, oo muddo kooban saxaraha u beddela dhir cagaaran. Laga bilaabo Luulyo ilaa Sebtembar waa xilliga labaad ee qalalan, Xagaa (waxaa loogu dhawaaqaa "Xagaa"). Dayr , oo ah xilli-roobaadka ugu gaaban, wuxuu socdaa Oktoobar ilaa Disembar. Xilliyada tangambili ee dhexgala labada dabaylaha (Oktoobar-Noofambar iyo Maarso-May) waa kulayl iyo qoyaan. ===Duurjoogta=== [[File:Sambalaxx.jpg|thumb|Geela buuraha waqooyi]] Soomaaliya waxaa ku nool naasley kala duwan, taas oo ay sabab u tahay kala duwanaanshaha cimilada iyo deegaanka. Duurjoogta dalka waxaa ka mid ah haramcadka, libaaxa, geriga, baboonka, servalka, maroodiga, doofaarka duurjoogta ah, cawska, kudu, dik-dik, oribi, dabada duurjoogta Soomaalida, reedbuck, zebra, maroodi-shrew iyo dhagax-dhagax. Soomaaliya waxay hoy u tahay ilaa 727 nooc oo shimbiro ah. Siddeed ka mid ah waa noocyo ku faafa dalka, mid waxaa keenay aadanaha, midna waa dhif ama si kama' ah u yimaada. Afar iyo toban nooc ayaa caalamka khatar ku ah. Noocyada shimbiraha ee si gaar ah looga helo Soomaaliya waxaa ka mid ah xamaamka Soomaalida; Alaemon hamertoni (Alaudidae), Hoopoe-Lark; Heteromirafra archeri (Alaudidae), Archer's Lark; Mirafra ashi (Alaudidae), Ash's Bushlark; Mirafra somalica (Alaudidae), Somali Bushlark; Spizocorys obbiensis (Alaudidae), Obbia Lark; Carduelis johannis (Fringillidae); iyo Warsangli Linenet. Xeebaha Soomaaliya ayaa ka mid ah goobaha ugu muhiimsan ee kalluumeysiga noocyada badda ee aad u guura, sida tuna. Qalfoofka qaaradda ee cidhiidhiga ah balse wax-soo-saarka leh wuxuu ka kooban yahay noocyo badan oo kalluun-demersal ah iyo qolofley. Noocyada kalluunka si gaar ah looga helo Soomaaliya waxaa ka mid ah Cirrhitichthys randalli (Cirrhitidae), Symphurus fuscus (Cynoglossidae), Parapercis simulata (Pinguipedidae), Cociella somaliensis (Platycephalidae), iyo Pseudochromis melanotus (Pseudochromidae). Waxaa jira qiyaastii 235 nooc oo xamaarato ah. Ku dhowaad kala bar waxay ku nool yihiin aagga waqooyi. Xamaaratada ku baahsan Soomaaliya waxaa ka mid ah Viper-ka Hughes, Maska Garter-ka Koonfurta Soomaaliya, orodyahan (Platyceps messanai), mas diadem (Spalerosophis josephscorteccii), ciidda Soomaaliyeed, qorraxda gooryaanka xaglaha leh, qorraxda aagagga dhabarka leh, qorraxda ciidda Soomaaliyeed (Mesalina ama Eremias), gecko (Hemidactylus granchii), gecko-ga Soomaaliyeed ee semaphore, iyo qorratada ciidda. Mas colubrid (Aprosdoketophis andreonei) iyo maqaarka Haacke-Greer (Haackgreerius miopus) waa noocyo si gaar ah ugu kooban Soomaaliya. ==Siyaasadda iyo dawladnimada== <!-- legislative leadership - executive leadership below -->{{Multiple image | direction = horizontal | total_width = 350 | image1 = Somali President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud at Djiboutian presidential palace in Djibouti, Djibouti, September 24, 2023 - (cropped).jpg | caption1 = [[Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud]]<br /><small>[[Madaxweynaha Soomaaliya|Madaxweyne]] tan iyo 2022</small> | image2 = Hamza Abdi Barre 2025 official portrait.jpg | caption2 = [[Xamse cabdi barre]]<br /><small>Ra'iisul Wasaare tan iyo 2022</small> }} jamhuuriyad dimuqraadi ah oo wakiil ka ah baarlamaanka . Madaxweynaha Soomaaliya ayaa ah madaxa qaranka iyo taliyaha guud ee ciidamada qalabka sida ee Soomaaliya , waxaana uu soo xulaa Ra’iisul wasaare si uu u noqdo madaxa xukuumadda . Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya waa baarlamaanka qaranka Soomaaliya. Labada Aqal ee Sharci-dejinta Qaranka waxa ay ka kooban yihiin Golaha Shacabka (Aqalka Hoose) iyo Senatka (Aqalka Sare), kuwaas oo xubnahooda loo doortay in ay qabtaan muddo afar sano ah. Baarlamaanka ayaa dooranaya Madaxweynaha, Guddoomiyaha Baarlamaanka iyo ku xigeenadiisa. Waxa kale oo ay awood u leedahay in ay ansixiso oo diido sharciyada. [[File:Adan Mohamed Nuur.jpg|thumb|[[Aaden Nuur|Aadan Madoobe]], [[Liiska Afhayeenada Baarlamaanka Soomaaliya|Guddoomiyaha Baarlamaanka]]]] Garsoorka Soomaaliya waxaa qeexaya Dastuurka kumeel gaarka ah ee Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya. Waxaa 1-dii Agoosto 2012 ku ansixiyay Golaha Dastuurka Qaranka ee Muqdisho, dukumeentiga waxaa dejiyay guddi khubaro ah oo uu guddoomiye u yahay qareenka iyo Guddoomiyaha Baarlamaanka Federaalka, Maxamed Cismaan Jawaari . Waxay bixisaa aasaaska sharciga ah ee jiritaanka Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka iyo isha awood sharci. Qaab dhismeedka maxkamadaha qaranka waxaa loo habeeyay saddex heer: Maxkamada Dastuuriga ah, Maxkamadaha heer Federaal iyo maxkamado heer dowlad goboleed . Golaha Adeegga Garsoorka oo ka kooban sagaal xubnood ayaa magacaabaya xubin kasta oo heer Federaal ah oo ka tirsan garsoorka. Waxa kale oo ay soo xulaysaa oo ay horgeynaysaa golaha shacabka ee baarlamaanka federaalka ah garsoorayaasha maxkamadda dastuuriga ah si ay u ansixiyaan. Haddii la ansixiyo, Madaxweynuhu wuxuu musharraxa u magacaabayaa garsoore Maxkamadda Dastuuriga ah. Maxkamadda Dastuuriga ah oo ka kooban shan xubnood ayaa ka garnaqsa arrimaha dastuurka, marka laga soo tago arrimo kala duwan oo heer federaal iyo heer maamul goboleed ah. Sharciga Soomaalidu waxa uu ka soo jeedaa saddex hab oo isku dhafan oo kala ah: Sharciga Madaniga ah , Shareecada Islaamka iyo Xeer-dhaqameedka . Marka loo eego 2023 V-Dem Democracy tilmaanta Soomaaliya waa dalka 5-aad ee ugu dimuqraadiga yar Afrika . Burburkii Soomaaliya ka dib 1991 ma jirin wax xidhiidh ah ama xidhiidh dhex maray dawladda Somaliland oo ku dhawaaqday in ay dal tahay iyo dawladda Soomaaliya ===Qaybaha maamulka=== {{Main|Gobolada Soomaaliya|Maamulgoboleedka Soomaaliya}} ​Soomaaliya si rasmi ah waxay u qaybsantaa toddoba [[Maamulgoboleedka Soomaaliya|dawlad goboleed]] iyo siddeed iyo toban [[Gobolada Soomaaliya|gobol]] (''gobollada'', kaligeed waa ''gobol''),<ref name="factbook"/> kuwaas oo iyana u sii qaybsama degmooyin. Gobolladu waa: {| |rowspan="2"|[[File:Somalia States and Regions.svg|thumb|center|upright=1.3|Gobollada Soomaaliya oo leh dowlad-goboleedyo midabbo leh]] |style="padding-right:1em; padding-left:2em; vertical-align:top;"| <div class="center">{{flag icon|Somaliland}}{{color box|#72FE6E}}'''[[Somaliland]]'''</div> ---- &nbsp;[[Awdal]]{{pb}} &nbsp;[[Maroodi Jeex|Woqooyi Galbeed]] {{pb}} &nbsp;[[Togdheer]] {{pb}} &nbsp;[[Sanaag]] {{pb}} &nbsp;[[Sool]]*{{pb}} |style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;"| <div class="center">{{flag icon|Khatumo}}'''{{color box|#6CCAFE}} [[Waqooyibari|Waqooyi Bari]]'''</div> ---- &nbsp;[[Togdheer]] {{pb}} &nbsp;[[Sanaag]] {{pb}} &nbsp;[[Sool]] {{pb}} |style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;"| <div class="center">{{flag icon|Puntland}}'''{{color box|#AEA9FE}} [[Puntland]]'''</div> ---- &nbsp;[[Bari (Gobol)|Bari]]{{pb}} &nbsp;[[Nugaal|Nugaal]]{{pb}} &nbsp;[[Mudug]] {{pb}} |style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;"| <div class="center">{{flag icon|Galmudug}}'''{{color box|#DFA9FE}} [[Galmudug]]'''</div> ---- &nbsp;[[Galguduud]]{{pb}} &nbsp;[[Mudug]] {{pb}} |- |style="padding-right:1em; padding-left:2em; vertical-align:top;"| <div class="center">'''{{flag icon|Hirshabeelle}}{{color box|#FE3A46}} [[Hirshabeelle]]'''</div> ---- &nbsp;[[Hiiraan|Hiiraan]]{{pb}} &nbsp;[[Shabeellaha Dhexe|Shabeellaha Dhexe]]{{pb}} |style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;"| <div class="center">{{flag icon|South West State of Somalia}}'''{{color box|#FE9C5A}} [[Koonfur Galbeed|Koonfur Galbeed]]'''</div> ---- &nbsp;[[Bakool]]{{pb}} &nbsp;[[Baay|Baay]]{{pb}} &nbsp;[[Shabeellaha Hoose|Shabeellaha Hoose]]{{pb}} |style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;"| <div class="center">{{flag icon|Jubaland}}'''{{color box|#FEBB5A}} [[Jubaland]]'''</div> ---- &nbsp;[[Gedo]]{{pb}} &nbsp;[[Jubbada Dhexe|Jubbada Dhexe]]{{pb}} &nbsp;[[Jubbada Hoose|Jubbada Hoose]]{{pb}} |style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;"| <div class="center">{{flagicon image|Flag of Mogadishu, Somalia.svg}}'''{{color box|#F5F601}} [[Banaadir]]'''</div> ---- &nbsp;[[Muqdisho|Muqdisho]]{{pb}} |} <small> * Lagu muransan yahay</small> <small> ** Waxaa Somaliland u kala saartay [[Maroodi Jeex]] iyo [[Saaxil|Saaxil]]</small> <small> *** Waxaa wadaaga Puntland iyo Galmudug</small> ** Waxay Somaliland u qaybisay [[Maroodi Jeex]] iyo [[Saaxil|Saaxil]]</small> ​<small> *** Waxaa wadaaga Puntland iyo Galmudug</small> ​Waqooyiga Soomaaliya hadda ''de facto'' waxay u qaybsan tahay [[Maamulgoboleedka Soomaaliya|gobollada ismaamulka]] ee [[Puntland]] (oo isu tixgelisa dawlad goboleed ismaamul ah), [[Somaliland]] (dawlad iskeed ugu dhawaaqday madax-bannaani, aqoonsi xaddidan leh) iyo [[Waqooyibari|Dawlad Goboleedka Woqooyi Bari ee Soomaaliya]] oo dhowaan la aasaasay. Bartamaha Soomaaliya, [[Galmudug]] waa maamul goboleed kale oo ka soo baxay koonfurta Puntland. [[Jubaland]] oo ku taal koonfurta fog waa gobolka afaraad ee ismaamul ee ka tirsan federaalka.<ref name="factbook"/> Sannadkii 2014-kii, waxaa sidoo kale la aasaasay [[Koonfur Galbeed|Dawlad Goboleedka Koonfur Galbeed]].<ref>{{cite news|title=International community welcomes newly-elected President of Somalia's Interim South West Administration|url=http://goobjoog.com/english/?p=6410|access-date=5 January 2015|newspaper=Goobjoog|date=19 November 2014|archive-date=9 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109002414/http://goobjoog.com/english/?p=6410|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bishii Abriil 2015, waxaa sidoo kale la furay shirka dhismaha ee dawlad goboleedka cusub ee [[Hirshabeelle |Hirshabeelle]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Adado conference kicks off in central Somalia|url=http://www.garoweonline.com/page/show/post/2322/adado-conference-kicks-off-in-central-somalia|access-date=15 May 2015|agency=Garowe Online|date=16 April 2015|archive-date=11 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811104021/http://www.garoweonline.com/page/show/post/2322/adado-conference-kicks-off-in-central-somalia|url-status=dead}}</ref> ​[[Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya|Baarlamaanka Federaalka]] waxaa loo xilsaaray sannadkii 2012-kii inay soo xulaan tirada kama dambaysta ah iyo xuduudaha dawlad goboleedyada ismaamulka (si rasmi ah ''[[Maamulgoboleedka Soomaaliya|Dawlad Goboleedyada xubnaha ka ah Federaalka]]'') ee ka tirsan Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya.<ref name="Frspc">{{cite web|title=Guidebook to the Somali Draft Provisional Constitution|url=http://unpos.unmissions.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=v067edqd7a8%3D&tabid=9705&language=en-US|access-date=2 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120021547/http://unpos.unmissions.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=v067edqd7a8%3D&tabid=9705&language=en-US|archive-date=20 January 2013}}</ref> ===Xiriirka dibadda=== [[File:2015 01 25 Turkish President Visit to Somalia-1 (16176887607).jpg|thumb|Madaxweynaha Soomaaliya Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud iyo Madaxweynaha Turkiga Recep Tayyip Erdogan ayaa xariga ka jaray Terminalka cusub ee Garoonka Diyaaradaha Aadan Cabdulle ee magaalada Muqdisho. (25 Janaayo 2015)]] Xiriirka dibadda ee Soomaaliya waxaa maamula madaxweynaha sida madaxa dowladda, Ra’iisul wasaaraha oo ah madaxa xukuumadda, iyo wasaaradda arrimaha dibadda ee federaalka . Sida ku cad qodobka 54-aad ee dastuurka qaranka, qeybsiga awoodaha iyo kheyraadka ee dowladda federaalka iyo dowlad goboleedyada xubnaha ka ah dowladda federaalka Soomaaliya waa in ay ka wadahadlaan oo ay ku heshiiyaan dowladda federaalka iyo dowlad goboleedyada, marka laga reebo arrimaha la xiriira arrimaha dibadda, difaaca qaranka, jinsiyadda iyo socdaalka iyo siyaasadda lacagta. Qodobka 53-aad ayaa sidoo kale dhigaya in Dowladda Federaalka ay kala tashato Dowladaha xubnaha ka ah Dowladda Federaalka arrimaha waaweyn ee la xiriira heshiisyada caalamiga ah oo ay ku jiraan wada-xaajoodka ganacsiga dibadda, maaliyadda iyo heshiisyada. Dowladda Federaalka waxay xiriir laba geesood ah la leedahay dhowr dowladood oo dhexe oo ka tirsan beesha caalamka. Waxaa ka mid ah Jabuuti , Itoobiya , Masar , Imaaraadka Carabta , Yemen , Turkiga , Talyaaniga , Ingiriiska , Denmark , Faransiiska , Maraykanka , Jamhuuriyadda Shacbiga Shiinaha , Japan , Federaalka Ruushka iyo Koonfurta Kuuriya . Intaa waxaa dheer, Soomaaliya waxay leedahay dhowr safaaradood oo dibadda ah. Waxaa sidoo kale jira safaarado iyo qunsuliyado shisheeye oo kala duwan oo fadhigoodu yahay caasimadda Muqdisho iyo meelo kale oo dalka ah. Soomaaliya waxay kaloo xubin ka tahay ururo badan oo caalami ah, sida Qaramada Midoobay , Midowga Afrika iyo Jaamacadda Carabta . Waxay xubin ka ahayd Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka 1969. Xubnaha kale waxaa ka mid ah Bangiga Horumarinta Afrika , Bulshada Bariga Afrika , Kooxda 77 , Urur Goboleedka IGAD , Bangiga Caalamiga ah ee Dib-u-dhiska iyo Horumarinta , Hay'adda Duulista Rayidka Caalamiga ah , Ururka Horumarinta Caalamiga ah , Hay'adda Maaliyadda Caalamiga ah , Dhaqdhaqaaqa aan Isbahaysiga ahayn iyo Ururka Ganacsiga Adduunka ee Ururka Ganacsiga Adduunka ===Milatari=== [[File:Colonel Abdullahi Ahmed Irro - 1977.jpg|thumb|Gaashaanle Sare C/laahi Axmed Cirro oo ahaa Taliyihii Ciidanka Xoogga Dalka Soomaaliyeed 1977kii.]] Ciidamada Qalabka Sida ee Soomaaliya (SAF) waa ciidamada milateriga ee Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya. Isagoo Madaxwaynuhu ka yahay Taliyaha Guud ee Qaranka, waxa dastuurku u igmaday inay sugaan qarannimada, madaxbannaanida iyo wadajirka dhuleed ee qaranka. SAF waxa ay markii hore ka koobnaayeen Ciidanka , Ciidanka Badda , Ciidanka Cirka , Ciidanka Booliska iyo Nabadsugida . Muddadii xorriyadda ka dib, waxay kortay inay ka mid noqoto ciidamada waaweyn ee qaaradda. Kaddib markii uu qarxay dagaalkii sokeeye ee 1991kii wuxuu horseeday in la kala diro ciidankii xoogga dalka Soomaaliyeed. Sannadkii 2004-tii, waxaa si tartiib-tartiib ah dib-u-dhis ciidan loogu sameeyay dhismihii KMG ahaa. Ciidamada qalabka sida ee Soomaaliya ayaa hadda waxaa dusha kala socda Wasaaradda Gaashaandhigga Xukuumadda Federaalka Soomaaliya oo la dhisay bartamihii sanadkii hore ee 2012-ka. Bishii Janaayo 2013, dowladda federaalka ah ee Soomaaliya ayaa sidoo kale dib u howlgelisay hay’addii sirdoonka qaranka ee Muqdisho, iyadoo magaca hay’addaas loo bixiyay NISA . Dawlad- goboleedka Somaliland iyo Puntland waxay ilaashadaan ammaankooda iyo ciidamadooda booliiska. ===Xuquuqda Aadanaha=== Xuquuqda aadanaha waxaa lagu damaanad qaaday [[Dastuurka Soomaaliya|Dastuurka Federaalka]]. Waxay hoos yimaadaan Wasaaradda Xuquuqda Aadanaha oo la aasaasay bishii Agoosto 2013.<ref name="Usthrs">{{cite news|title=Somalia takes human rights steps|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Special/2013/09/03/Somalia-takes-human-rights-steps/UPI-34071378218185/|access-date=20 February 2014|newspaper=UPI|date=3 September 2013}}</ref> Isla waqtigaas, maamulka dhexe wuxuu bilaabay Maalinta Qaranka ee Xuquuqda Aadanaha, ansixiyay Khariidadda Rasmiga ah ee Xuquuqda Aadanaha,<ref name=Suehhrebubcp>{{cite news|title=Somalia: UN expert hails human rights effort but urges broader consultation process |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp/www.wmo.int/html/story.asp?NewsID=45759&Cr=somalia&Cr1=#.UwVrE5gju1E |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140220063126/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp/www.wmo.int/html/story.asp?NewsID=45759&Cr=somalia&Cr1=%23.UwVrE5gju1E |url-status=dead|access-date=20 February 2014 |newspaper=UN News Centre |date=3 September 2013 |archive-date = 2014-02-20}}</ref> wuxuuna dhameystiray Siyaasadda Qaranka ee Jinsiga ee ugu horreysay Soomaaliya.<ref name="Sasrracptrwvms">{{cite web|title=SOMALIA: AU Special Representative reiterates AMISOM's commitment in protecting the rights of women and vulnerable members of Society|url=http://horseedmedia.net/2013/08/14/somalia-au-special-representative-reiterates-amisoms-commitment-in-protecting-the-rights-of-women-and-vulnerable-members-of-society/|publisher=AMISOM|access-date=19 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302122017/http://horseedmedia.net/2013/08/14/somalia-au-special-representative-reiterates-amisoms-commitment-in-protecting-the-rights-of-women-and-vulnerable-members-of-society/|archive-date=2 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Galmada lab iyo dhedig labadaba waxay ku muteysanayaan dil Soomaaliya gudaheeda. Oktoobar 3, 2020, baadhaha xuquuqul insaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay ayaa walaac ka muujiyay dib u dhigista dowladda Soomaaliya ee ballanqaadyada xuquuqda aadanaha. ==Dhaqaalaha== [[File:Air Somalia Tupolev Tu-154.jpg|thumb|Diyaaradda Air Somalia Tupolev Tu-154 ee magaalada Sharjah ee dalka Imaaraadka Carabta. Soomaaliya maanta waxay leedahay diyaarado dhowr ah oo gaar loo leeyahay.]] Sida laga soo xigtay CIA-da iyo Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya , iyadoo ay socdaan kacdoono sokeeye, dhaqaalaha Soomaaliya wuxuu ku kooban yahay marka hore xoolaha iyo xawaaladaha / xawaaladaha Soomaalida ee ku nool wadamada dhaqaalahoodu horumaray, iyo isgaarsiinta gudaha . Iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay yaraanta tirakoobka rasmiga ah ee dawladda iyo soo noqnoqoshada dagaalka sokeeye ee tobanaan sano socday , way adagtahay in la qiyaaso xajmiga ama kobaca dhaqaalaha. Sannadkii 1994-kii, CIA waxay ku qiyaastay GDP-ga $3.3 bilyan. Sannadkii 2001, waxa lagu qiyaasay inay dhan tahay $4.1 bilyan. Sannadkii 2009, CIA waxay ku qiyaastay in GDP-gu uu koray $5.731 bilyan, iyada oo la saadaaliyay heerka kobaca dhabta ah ee 2.6%. Sida laga soo xigtay warbixintii Rugta Ganacsiga ee Ingiriiska 2007 , intii lagu jiray dagaal gudaha ah oo aad u yar, qaybta gaarka loo leeyahay ayaa sidoo kale koray, gaar ahaan qaybta adeegga. Si ka duwan xilligii dagaalka sokeeye ka hor, oo inta badan adeegyada iyo waaxda warshaduhu ay ahaayeen kuwo ay dowladdu maamusho , warbixintii 2007dii waxay xustay maalgashi gaar ah oo la taaban karo, inkastoo aan la qiyaasi karin, ee hawlaha ganacsiga; Taas waxaa inta badan maalgeliyay qurbajoogta Soomaaliyeed , waxaana ka mid ahaa ganacsiga iyo suuqgeynta, adeegyada xawilaadaha, gaadiidka, isgaarsiinta, qalabka kalluumeysiga, shirkadaha diyaaradaha, isgaarsiinta, waxbarashada, caafimaadka, dhismaha iyo hoteellada. Sannadkii 2007, dhaqaaleyahan Libertarian Peter Leeson waxa uu dhaqdhaqaaqa dhaqaale ee korodhay u sababeeyay xeer dhaqameedka Soomaalida (oo loo yaqaan Xeer ), kaas oo uu soo jeediyay in uu helo jawi xasiloon oo ganacsi lagu sameeyo. Sida laga soo xigtay Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, GDP qofkiiba sanadkii 2012 wuxuu ahaa $226, wax yar ayaa hoos u dhacay marka la eego 1990. Qiyaastii 43% dadweynaha waxay ku nool yihiin wax ka yar 1 doolarka Mareykanka ah maalintii, qiyaastii 24% dadka laga helo magaalooyinka iyo 54% waxay ku nool yihiin miyiga. Dhaqaalaha Soomaaliya wuxuu ka kooban yahay wax-soo-saar dhaqameed iyo mid casri ah, iyadoo si tartiib-tartiib ah loogu guurayo farsamada casriga ah ee warshadaha. Soomaaliya ayaa leh geela ugu badan adduunka. Sida laga soo xigtay Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya, qiyaastii 80% dadku waa xoolo-dhaqato reer-guuraa ah, oo xoolo dhaqato ari, ido, geel iyo lo'. Reer guuraagu waxa kale oo ay ururiyaan xabag iyo xabag si ay u kabaan dakhligooda. ===Beeraha=== Beeraha ayaa ah qaybta ugu muhiimsan dhaqaalaha Soomaaliya. Waxay ka dhigan tahay qiyaastii 65% GDP waxayna shaqaaleysiisaa 65% xoogga shaqada. Xooluhu waxay ka qaybqaataan qiyaastii 40% GDP iyo in ka badan 50% dakhliga dhoofinta. dhoofinta ugu muhiimsan waxaa ka mid ah kalluunka , dhuxusha iyo muuska ; Sonkorta , hadhuudhka iyo galleyda waa wax soo saarka suuqa gudaha. Sida laga soo xigtay Bangiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya , badeecadaha la soo dejiyo waxay dhan yihiin $460 milyan sannadkii, taasoo ka badan wadarta guud ee la soo dejiyo ka hor bilowgii dagaalkii sokeeye ee 1991. Dhoofinta, oo dhan $270 milyan sannadkii, ayaa sidoo kale kor u dhaaftay wadarta guud ee dhoofinta wadarta guud ee dagaalka ka hor. Soomaaliya waxaa ka jirta hoos u dhac ganacsi oo gaaraya ilaa 190 milyan oo dollar sanadkii, balse taasi waxaa dhaaftay lacagaha ay soo diraan Soomaalida qurbaha ku nool, taasoo lagu qiyaasay ilaa hal bilyan oo dollar. Iyada oo laga faa'ideysanayo in ay ku yaallaan meel u dhow Jasiiradda Carabta, ganacsatada Soomaaliyeed ayaa si isa soo taraysa u billaabay in ay ka hor yimaadaan dhaqanka Australia ee ku aaddan suuqa xoolaha iyo hilibka Carbeed, iyaga oo siinaya xoolo tayo leh qiimo aad u jaban. Taas oo taas ka duulaysa, dalalka Khaliijka Carabta ayaa bilaabay inay dalka ku sameeyaan maalgashi istiraatijiyad ah, iyadoo Sucuudigu dhisay kaabayaashii dhoofinta xoolaha, Imaaraadkuna iibsaday dhul beereed aad u ballaadhan. Soomaaliya sidoo kale waa dalka ugu badan ee keena Beeyada iyo Malmalka [[File:Mogadishu Sea Port.jpg|thumb|Dekada Muqdisho]] Qaybta warshadaha ee dhexdhexaadka ah , oo ku salaysan habaynta wax soo saarka beeraha, ayaa 10% ka ah GDP-ga Soomaaliya. Sida laga soo xigtay Rugta Ganacsiga iyo Warshadaha Soomaaliyeed , in ka badan lix shirkadood oo diyaaradeed oo gaar loo leeyahay ayaa sidoo kale bixiya duulimaadyo ganacsi oo gudaha iyo dibadda ah, oo ay ku jiraan shirkadaha Diyaaradaha ee Daallo, shirkadaha Diyaaradaha ee Jubba, shirkadaha Diyaaradaha ee Afrikaan Express , Bariga Afrika 540, Xarunta Hawada Dhexe iyo Hajara. Sannadkii 2008, dawladda Puntland waxay heshiis malaayiin doollar ah la saxeexatay Dubai ' Kooxda Lootah, oo ah koox warshadeed goboleed oo ka hawlgasha Bariga Dhexe iyo Afrika. Heshiiskan ayaa dhigaya in wajiga koowaad ee maalgelinta uu ku kacayo 170 m, waxaana lagu wadaa in la dhiso shirkado cusub oo ka howlgala, maamula iyo dhismaha suuqa ganacsiga xorta ah ee magaalada Boosaaso iyo dhismaha badda iyo garoonka diyaaradaha. Shirkadda Garoonka Diyaaradaha ee Boosaaso ayaa loo qorsheeyay inay dhisto dhismaha garoonka si ay u buuxiso heerarka caalamiga ah, oo ay ku jiraan waddo cusub oo 3,400 m (11,200 fuudh) ah, dhismayaal waaweyn iyo kuwo caawiye ah, tagaasida iyo garoonnada, iyo hareeraha ammaanka. Kahor inta uusan dillaacin dagaalkii sokeeye ee 1991, qiyaastii 53 shirkadood oo yar yar, dhexe iyo waaweyn oo wax soo saar ah oo ay dowladdu leedahay ayaa aasaasay, iyada oo iskahorimaadkii xigay uu burburiyay qaar badan oo ka mid ah warshadaha soo haray. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ugu horrayn natiijada maalgashi maxalli ah oo la taaban karo oo ay sameeyeen qurba joogta Soomaaliyeed, in badan oo ka mid ah dhirtan yar yar ayaa dib loo furay kuwa cusubna waa la abuuray. Kuwa dambe waxaa ka mid ah warshado ka sameysan kalluunka oo ku yaalla gobollada waqooyi, sidoo kale waxaa ku yaalla 25 warshadood oo ku yaalla agagaarka Muqdisho, kuwaas oo soo saara baastada, biyaha macdanta, macmacaanka, bacaha, dharka , hargaha iyo saabuunta, saabuunta iyo saabuunta, aluminium, furaashyo xumbo ah iyo barkimo, doonyo kalluumeysi, oo sameeya baakadaha, iyo kuwa dhagxaanta lagu farsameeyo . Sannadkii 2004tii, waxaa sidoo kale magaalada laga furay warshad lagu shubo Coca-cola oo dhan $8.3 milyan, iyadoo maalgashadayaasha ay ka kala yimaaddeen degaanno kala duwan oo Soomaaliya ah. Maalgelinta shisheeye waxaa sidoo kale ku jiray dad caalami ah oo ay ku jiraan General Motors iyo Dole Fruit . ===Habka lacagta iyo lacag bixinta=== [[File:Obverse 2022 Somalia 1 oz Silver coin Leopard.jpg|thumb|2022 Soomaaliya 1 oz lacag ah Leopard (100 shilin)]] Bangiga dhexe ee Soomaaliya waa maamulka rasmiga ah ee lacagta Soomaaliya. Xagga maamulka maaliyadda, waxa ay ku guda jirtaa hawsha dejinta iyo hirgelinta siyaasadda lacagta . Kalsooni la’aanta lagu qabo lacagta dalka ayaa keentay in sarifka lacagaha doolarka ah si weyn loo qaato marka la barbar dhigo shilinka Soomaaliga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, lacag- is-weydaarsiga lacagta shilinka Soomaaliga oo aad u badan ayaa sare u kac ku yimid, gaar ahaan wax kala iibsiga oo aad u hooseeya. Sida uu sheegay Baanka Dhexe, deegaankan sicir-bararka ayaa la filayaa inuu soo afjarmo isla marka uu bangigu si buuxda ula wareego siyaasadda lacagta oo uu beddelo lacagta hadda wareegta ah ee ay shirkaduhu soo kordhiyeen. In kasta oo Soomaaliya aysan lahayn awood lacageed oo dhexe muddo ka badan 15 sano intii u dhaxeysay markii uu qarxay dagaalladii sokeeye ee 1991-kii iyo dib-u-soo-celinta Bankiga Dhexe ee Soomaaliya 2009-kii, nidaamka lacag-bixinta ee qaranka ayaa si cadaalad ah u horumaray iyadoo ay ugu horreyso jiritaanka baahsanaanta shirkadaha xawaaladaha ee gaarka loo leeyahay (MTO) oo u dhaqmay sidii shabakado bangi oo aan rasmi ahayn. Xawaaladahan ( xawaaladaha ) ayaa noqday warshado waaweyn oo Soomaaliya ka jira, waxaana lagu qiyaasaa US$1.6 bilyan in ay sanad walba gobolka u soo xawilaan dadka Soomaaliyeed ee qurbaha ku nool oo ay u soo marsiiyaan shirkadaha xawaaladaha. Intooda badan waxa ay xubno ka yihiin Ururka Xawaaladaha Soomaaliyeed (SOMTA), oo ah dallad maamusha xawaaladaha bulshada, ama ururka ka horreeyay ee Ururka Adeegyada Maaliyadeed ee Soomaaliya (SFSA). MTO-yada Soomaalida ugu weyn waa Dahabshiil , oo ah shirkad ay Soomaalidu leedahay oo ay ka shaqeeyaan in ka badan 2,000 oo qof oo ku kala nool 144 waddan oo laamo ku leh London iyo Dubai [[File:Somshil5r.jpg|thumb|500 oo shilin Soomaali ah]] Horumar la taaban karo oo laga gaaray amniga gudaha, qurbajoogta Soomaaliyeed waxay bilaabeen inay dalka ugu soo laabtaan fursado maalgashi. Marka lagu daro maal-gashi yar oo shisheeye ah, dhaqaalaha soo gala ayaa ka caawiyay shilinka Soomaaliga inuu si aad ah u kordho qiimihiisu. Bishii Maarso 2014, lacagtu waxay qiimaysay ku dhawaad ​​60% marka loo eego dollarka Maraykanka 12 bilood ee la soo dhaafay. Shilinka Soomaaliga ayaa ahaa kan ugu xooggan 175-ka lacag ee caalamka ee ay iibgeyso Bloomberg , taasoo kor ugu kacday ku dhawaad ​​50-dhibcood marka loo eego lacagta soo socota ee ugu xoogga badan isla muddadaas. Sarrifka saamiyada Soomaaliya (SSE) waa deymaha qaranka Soomaaliya. Waxaa la aasaasay 2012 si ay u soo jiitaan maalgashi ay ka helaan shirkado ay Soomaalidu leedahay iyo shirkado caalami ah si loo dardargeliyo dib u dhiska ka socda Soomaaliya kadib colaadaha. ===Tamarta iyo kheyraadka dabiiciga ah=== Baanka Adduunka waxa uu sheegay in, 2007-dii, in korontadu ay inta badan bixiyeen ganacsiyo maxalli ah. Shirkadahan gudaha waxaa ka mid ah Shirkadda Tamarta Soomaaliyeed , oo qabata abuurista, gudbinta iyo qaybinta korontada.Sannadkii 2010, qaranku wuxuu soo saaray 310 milyan kWh wuxuuna cunay 288.3 milyan kWh oo koronto ah, oo kala galay 170aad iyo 177aad, siday u kala horreeyaan, sida ay CIA-du sheegtay. [[File:Puntland oil.png|thumb|Shidaalkii Puntland]] Soomaaliya waxay leedahay kayd khayraad badan oo dabiici ah oo ay ka mid yihiin Yuuraaniyam , Bir ore , tin , gypsum , bauxite , copper , cusbo iyo gaaska dabiiciga ah . CIA-da ayaa sheegtay in ay jiraan 5.663 bilyan cubic mitir oo kayd gaas dabiici ah oo la xaqiijiyey. Lama hubo joogitaanka iyo inta uu le'eg yahay kaydka kaydka shidaalka ee Soomaaliya. CIA-da waxa ay cadaysay in laga bilaabo 2011 aanay dalka ka jirin kayd shidaal oo la xaqiijiyey, halka UNCTAD ay soo jeedinayso in kaydka kaydka shidaalka ee Soomaaliya ugu badan uu ku yaal xeebaha waqooyi-galbeed ee Somaliland. Koox saliideed ah oo ku taxan Sydney , Kheyraadka Buuraleyda , waxay ku qiyaaseen in gobolka Puntland ee waqooyi-bari uu awood u leeyahay inuu soo saaro 5 bilyan oo fuusto (790 × 10 6 m 3 ) ilaa 10 bilyan fuusto (1.6 × 10 9 m 3 ) oo saliid ah, ayaa caddeeyey in kaydka saliidda ee Suudaan uu yahay 6.7 bilyan. Horumarradaas dartood, Shirkadda Batroolka Soomaaliya waxaa dhistay dowladda federaalka. Dabayaaqadii 1960-aadkii, khubarada juqraafi ee Qaramada Midoobay waxa ay Soomaaliya ka heleen kayd weyn oo Yuraaniyaam ah iyo kayd macdaneed oo naadir ah. Helitaanka ayaa ahayd tii ugu waynayd ee nooceeda ah, iyada oo khubarada warshadaha ay qiyaaseen in cadadka kaydka ahi ay noqon karto in ka badan 25% kaydka uranium-ka adduunka ee wakhtigaas la yaqaan ee 800,000 oo tan. Sannadkii 1984kii, Hawlgalka Wajiga Hanuuninta IUREP ee Soomaaliya wuxuu soo sheegay in waddanku leeyahay 5,000 tan oo uranium ah oo si macquul ah loo dammaanad qaaday (RAR), 11,000 tan oo uranium ah ayaa lagu qiyaasay kheyraad dheeraad ah (EAR) ee kaydka calcrete , iyo sidoo kale 0-150,000 oo kheyraad ah oo uranium ah. kaydka calcrete. Soomaaliya waxa ay u xuub-siibatay soo saarista Yuraaniyaamka adduunka ugu weyn, iyada oo ay ku tartamayaan shirkado macdano ah oo Maraykan ah, Imaaraadka, Talyaaniga iyo Baraasiil. Xiriir Kheyraadka Dabiiciga ah waxay saami ku leedahay gobollada dhexe, Kilimanjaro Capital waxay saami ku leedahay 1,161,400 acres (470,002 ha) ee Amsas-Coriole-Afgoi (ACA), oo ay ku jirto sahaminta Yuuraaniyam. Shirkadda Korontada iyo Gaaska warshadaha ee Is dhexgalka Caalamiga ah waa shirkad tamareed oo fadhigeedu yahay Muqdisho. Waxaa ku midoobay shan shirkadood oo waaweyn oo Soomaali ah oo ka kala socda dhinacyada ganacsiga , maaliyadda , amniga iyo isgaarsiinta , kaddib heshiiskii wadajirka ahaa ee 2010-kii lagu saxiixay magaalada Istanbul ee dalka Turkiga si ay u bixiyaan kaabayaasha korontada iyo gaaska ee Soomaaliya. Iyada oo miisaaniyadii hore ee maalgelinta ahayd $1 bilyan, shirkaddu waxay bilawday Mashruuca Kala qaybinta Nabadda Soomaaliya, oo ah barnaamij tamar xoog leh oo xoog leh oo loogu talagalay in lagu fududeeyo hindisayaasha warshadaynta gudaha. Sida uu sheegay Bankiga dhexe ee Soomaaliya, marka ay qarankani cagta saartay wadadii dib u dhiska dalka, waxaa laga filayaa in dhaqaalaha uusan la jaanqaadi karin heerarkii uu soo maray dagaalladii sokeeye ka hor, balse waxaa la filayaa in la dardargeliyo kobaca iyo horumarka dalka maadaama aan laga faa’ideysan kheyraadka dabiiciga ah ee Soomaaliya. ===Isgaarsiinta iyo warbaahinta=== [[File:Hormuud.jpg|thumb|Dhismaha Hormuud Telecom ee Muqdisho]] Bilawgii dagaalkii sokeeye ka dib, shirkado isgaarsiineed oo kala duwan ayaa bilaabay in ay abuurmaan oo u tartamaan sidii ay u heli lahaayeen kaabayaal dhaqaale oo maqan. Shirkadahan isgaarsiineed ee curdinka ah oo ay maalgaliyeen ganacsato Soomaaliyeed ayna taageerayaan khubaro ka kala socota Shiinaha , Kuuriyada Koonfureed iyo Yurub, shirkadahan isgaarsiineed ee curdinka ah ayaa bixiya adeegyo taleefoonnada gacanta iyo internetka ah oo jaban oo aan laga helin meelo badan oo kale oo qaaradda ah. Macaamiishu waxa ay ku samayn karaan xawaaladaha lacagaha (sida Dahabshiil-ka caanka ah ) iyo hawlaha kale ee bangiyada iyaga oo isticmaalaya telefoonnada gacanta, iyo sidoo kale in ay si fudud u helaan internet wireless. Ka dib markii ay iskaashi la sameeyeen shirkado caalami ah sida Sprint , ITT iyo Telenor , shirkadahani hadda waxay bixiyaan wicitaanada telefoonka ugu jaban uguna nadiifsan Afrika. Shirkadahan isgaarsiinta Soomaalida ayaa sidoo kale adeegyo u fidiya magaalo kasta iyo magaalo kasta oo Soomaaliya ka mid ah. Hadda waxa jira ilaa 25 khadadka ugu muhiimsan 1,000kii qofba, helida khadadka taleefoonada ee maxaliga ah ( Cufnaanta taleefannada ) ayaa ka sarreeya kuwa wadamada deriska ah; saddex jeer in ka badan Itoobiya dariska la ah. Shirkadaha Isgaarsiinta Soomaaliya ee caanka ah waxaa ka mid ah Kooxda Golis Telecom, Hormuud Telecom, Somafone, Nationlink, Netco, Telcom iyo Kooxda Somali Telecom. Shirkadda Hormuud Telecom oo kaliya ayaa sanadkii soo xareeysa ilaa 40 milyan oo dollar. Inkasta oo ay xafiiltamaan, dhowr shirkadood oo kuwan ka mid ah ayaa saxiixay heshiis isku xirnaanta 2005 kaas oo u oggolaanaya inay dejiyaan qiimaha, ilaalinta iyo ballaarinta shabakadahooda, iyo hubinta in tartanka uusan ka bixin xakamaynta. Telefishinka Qaranka Soomaaliyeed ee ay dowladdu maamusho waa kan ugu weyn ee adeegga dadweynaha ee qaranka. Muddo labaatan sano ah ka dib, waxaa si rasmi ah dib loo howlgeliyay idaacadda 4 - tii Abriil 2011 . TV-ga Qaranka Somaliland iyo Puntland TV iyo Radio hawada gobolada waqooyi. Intaa waxaa dheer, Soomaaliya waxay leedahay dhowr telefishin iyo shabakado raadiyo oo gaar loo leeyahay. Waxaana ka mid ah Telefishanka Horn Cable iyo Telefishanka Universal . Wargeysyada Xog Doon iyo Xog Ogaal iyo Horyaal Ciyaaraha oo ka soo baxa caasimadda dalka dibaddiisa. Waxa kale oo jira tiro warbaahin oo online ah oo tabisa wararka gudaha, oo ay ku jiraan Garoowe Onlayn , Wardheernews, iyo Boostada Puntland. Koodhka dalka internetka ee heerka sare (ccTLD) ee Soomaaliya waa .so . Waxa si rasmi ah dib u hawl-galiyey 1-dii November 2010-kii oo ay samaysay Diiwaanka .SO, kaas oo ay nidaamisay Wasaaradda Boosaha iyo Isgaadhsiinta Qaranka. Bishii Nofembar 2013, ka dib Heshiis Is-afgarad ah oo lala saxiixday Boostada imaaraadka bishii Abriil ee sanadka, Wasaaradda Boostada iyo Isgaarsiinta dowladda federaalka ayaa si rasmi ah dib ugu dhistay Adeegga Boostada Soomaaliyeed (Boostada Soomaaliyeed). Bishii Oktoobar 2014, wasaaraddu waxay sidoo kale dib u bilawday keenista boostada ee dibadda. ===Dalxiiska=== [[File:Laas Geel.jpg|thumb|Sawirro qadiimi ah oo ku yaal Laas Geel , Hargeysa]] Soomaaliya waxay leedahay meelo soo jiidasho leh oo maxalli ah, oo ka kooban goobo taariikhi ah, xeebo, biyo-dhacyo, silsilado buuro iyo jardiinooyin qaran. Warshadaha dalxiiska waxa maamusha wasaaradda dalxiiska ee qaranka. Maamulada Puntland iyo Somaliland waxay leeyihiin xafiisyo dalxiis oo u gaar ah. Ururka Dalxiiska Soomaaliyeed (SOMTA) ayaa sidoo kale bixiya adeegyo la-talin ah oo dalka gudihiisa ah oo ku saabsan warshadaha dalxiiska qaranka. Laga bilaabo Maarso 2015, Wasaaradda Dalxiiska iyo Duurjoogta ee Dowlad Goboleedka Koonfur Galbeed ayaa ku dhawaaqday in la qorsheeyay in la sameeyo kaydad dheeri ah iyo noocyada duurjoogta. Dowladda Mareykanka waxay kula talisay dadka safarka ah inaysan u safrin Soomaaliya. Muuqaallada xusidda mudan waxaa ka mid ah godadka Laas-geel oo ay ku jiraan fanka dhagaxa Neolithic ; Cal Madow , Buuraha Golis iyo Buuraha Oogo ; biyo-dhacyada Isku -shuban iyo Lamadaya ; iyo Seeraha Qaranka ee Hargeysa , Jilibka Qaranka , Beerta Qaranka ee Kismaayo iyo Beerta Qaranka ee Lag Badana . ===Gaadiidka=== [[File:Aden Abdullah Airport.jpg|thumb|Garoonka Diyaaradaha Aadan Cadde]] Shabakadda waddooyinka Soomaaliya waa 22,100 km (13,700 mi). Laga bilaabo 2000 , 2,608 km (1,621 mi) jidad ayaa la saaray 19,492 km (12,112 mi) lama laami ah. Waddo dheer oo dhererkeedu yahay 750 km (470 mi) ayaa isku xirta magaalooyinka waaweyn ee waqooyiga dalka, sida Boosaaso , Gaalkacyo iyo Garoowe iyo magaalooyin ku yaal koonfurta. Laba iyo lixdan garoon diyaaradeed oo Soomaaliya oo dhan ah ayaa qaada gaadiidka hawada; toddobo ka mid ah kuwan ayaa laami la saaray. Kuwa dambe, afar garoon diyaaradeed ayaa leh dhabbaha dayuuradaha ee ka badan 3,047 mitir (9,997 ft); laba waxay u dhexeeyaan 2,438 iyo 3,047 m (7,999 iyo 9,997 ft) midna waa 1,524 ilaa 2,437 m (5,000 ilaa 7,995 ft) dheer. Waxa jira shan iyo konton garoon diyaaradeed oo leh meelo ay ka soo degaan oo aan laami ahayn. Mid waxa uu leeyahay dhabo diyaaradeed oo ka badan 3,047 m; afar waxay u dhexeeyaan 2,438 m iyo 3,047 m dherer; labaatan waa 1,524 m ilaa 2,437 m; afar iyo labaatan waa 914 m ilaa 1,523 m; lixna waxay ka hooseeyaan 914 mitir (2,999 ft). Garoomada ugu waaweyn ee dalka waxaa ka mid ah Garoonka Diyaaradaha Aadan Cadde ee Muqdisho, Garoonka Diyaaradaha Hargeysa ee Hargeysa, Garoonka Kismaayo ee Kismaayo , Garoonka Baydhabo ee Baydhabo iyo Garoonka Caalamiga ah ee Bender Qaasim ee Boosaaso. Somali Airlines oo la aas aasay 1964-tii, waxay ahayd duulimaadka calanka Soomaaliya. Waxa ay joojisay hawlihii ay ka shaqayn jirtay intii lagu jiray dagaalladii sokeeye. Si kastaba ha ahaatee , dawladdii Soomaaliya ee dib loo dhisay ayaa markii dambe bilowday diyaargarow loogu jiro dib u hawlgelinta shirkadii la filayey in dib loo bilaabo sannadkii 2012 . In ka badan lix ka mid ah shirkadahan diyaaradeed ee gaarka loo leeyahay waxay bixiyaan duulimaadyo ganacsi oo gudaha iyo dibadda ah, oo ay ku jiraan Daallo Airlines , Jubba Airways , African Express Airways , Bariga Afrika 540, Central Air iyo Hajara. Iyadoo leh xeebta ugu dheer qaaradda, Soomaaliya waxay leedahay dhowr dekedood oo waaweyn . Gaadiidka badda ayaa laga helaa dekedaha Muqdisho, Boosaaso, Berbera , Kismaayo iyo Marka . Waxaa kaloo jira hal badeecooyin badeed ah . Waxa la aasaasay 2008, waxa ay ku salaysan tahay xamuulka. ==Tirakoobka dadweynaha== {{Further|Liiska magaalooyinka Soomaaliya dadka ku nool}} {|class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px" ! colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#cfb;"|Tirada Dadka{{UN_Population|ref}} |- ! style="background:#cfb;"|Sano ! style="background:#cfb;"|Milyan |- |style="text-align:left;"|1950 ||style="text-align:right;"|2.3 |- |style="text-align:left;"|2000 ||style="text-align:right;"|9.0 |- |style="text-align:left;"|{{UN_Population|Year}} ||style="text-align:right;"|{{#expr:{{formatnum:{{UN_Population|Somalia}}|R}}/1e6 round 1}} |} Soomaaliya waxaa ka maqan xog la isku halayn karo. Wadanku waxa lagu qiyaasaa dad lagu qiyaasay 17.1 milyan oo degan 2021; wadarta dadka marka loo eego tirakoobkii 1975 waxay ahaayeen 3.3 milyan. Sahan ay samaysay Sanduuqa Dadweynaha ee Qaramada Midoobay oo la sameeyay 2013 iyo 2014 ayaa lagu qiyaasay tirada guud ee dadka inay tahay 12,316,895. Qiyaastii 85% dadka deegaanka waa qowmiyad Soomaali ah , kuwaas oo taariikh ahaan deggenaa qaybta waqooyi ee dalka. Waxay dhaqan ahaan u abaabulan yihiin reer guuraa xoolo-dhaqato ah, boqortooyo dabacsan, suldaanno iyo dawlad-goboleedyo. Dagaalladii sokeeye ee billowgii sagaashamaadkii waxay si weyn u kordhiyeen tirada qurbo-joogta Soomaalida , iyadoo in badan oo ka mid ah Soomaalidii aqoonta sare lahayd ay dalka ka tageen. Qowmiyadaha laga tirada badan yahay ee aan Soomaalida ahayn ayaa ah inta ka hartay shacabka Soomaaliyeed, waxayna inta badan ku badan yihiin gobollada koonfureed. Waxaa ka mid ah Bravanese , Bantus , Bajuuni , Xabashi (gaar ahaan Oromo ) Yamaniyiin , Hindi , Faaris , Talyaani iyo Ingiriis . Qowmiyadda Bantus oo ah qowmiyadda ugu badan ee laga tirada badan yahay Soomaaliya, waa faracii addoomo laga keenay Koonfur-bari Afrika oo ay lahaayeen ganacsato Carab iyo Soomaali ah. 1940kii, waxa ku noolaa Somaliland Talyaani ilaa 50,000 Talyaani ah . Inta badan reer Yurub waxay ka tageen xorriyadda ka dib, iyadoo tiro yar oo reer galbeed ah ay weli joogaan Soomaaliya oo u badan kuwa u shaqeeya hay'adaha caalamiga ah ee ka hawlgala Soomaaliya. [[File:Population pyramid of Somalia 2015.png|thumb|Dadka da' kasta]] Qurba joog Soomaaliyeed oo aad u tiro badan ayaa ka jira wadamo kala duwan oo reer galbeed ah sida Maraykanka (gaar ahaan gobolka Minnesota ) iyo Ingiriiska (gaar ahaan London ), Iswidhan, Kanada, Norway, Nederland, Jarmalka, Denmark, Finland, Australia, Switzerland, Austria, Talyaaniga, iyo sidoo kale Jasiiradda Carabta , iyo dalal dhowr ah oo Afrikaan ah sida Uganda iyo Koonfur Afrika . Qurba-joogta Soomaaliyeed ayaa si weyn ugu lug leh siyaasadda iyo horumarka Soomaaliya. Madaxweynihii hore ee Soomaaliya, Maxamed Cabdullaahi Maxamed , ayaa horay u ahaa qurbo-joog, wuxuuna heystay dhalashada Mareykanka oo uu si iskii ah uga tanaasulay 2019. Dadka Soomaaliya waxa ay ku sii fidayaan kobac dhan 1.75% sanadkii, halka 1,000 qofba ay dhallaan 40.87. Wadarta heerka bacriminta Soomaaliya waa 6.08 carruur ah oo dhashey haweeneydiiba (qiyaastii 2014), waana tan afaraad ee ugu sareysa adduunka, sida uu qabo Buugga Xaqiiqooyinka Adduunka ee CIA . Inta badan dadka deegaanka ayaa ah dhalinyaro, da'da dhexdhexaadka ah waa 17.7 sano; Qiyaastii 44% dadku waxay da'doodu u dhaxaysaa 0-14 sano, 52% waxay u dhexeeyaan da'da 15-64 sano, kaliya 2% waa 65 sano ama ka weyn. Saamiga lab iyo dheddig waa qiyaas dheelli tiran, iyadoo saami ahaan lagu qiyaaso inta ragga ah sida dumarka. Ma jiraan xog la isku halayn karo oo ku saabsan magaalooyinka Soomaaliya. Qiyaaso adag ayaa la sameeyay oo tilmaamaya heerka magaalaynta 4.8% sanadkii (2005–2010 qiyaas ahaan.), iyadoo magaalooyin badan ay si degdeg ah u korayaan magaalooyinka. Qowmiyadaha laga tirada badan yahay ayaa sidoo kale ka soo guuray miyiga una guuray magaalooyinka tan iyo markii ay bilowdeen dagaalladii sokeeye, gaar ahaan Muqdisho iyo Kismaayo . Laga soo bilaabo 2008 , 37.7% dadweynaha qaranku waxay ku nool yihiin magaalooyinka iyo magaalooyinka, iyadoo boqolkiiba ay si degdeg ah u kordheyso. ===Luuqadaha=== Af-Soomaaligu waa luqadda rasmiga ah ee ugu horreysa ee Soomaaliya halka Carabiga uu yahay luqadda labaad ee rasmiga ah ee dastuurka. Af-Soomaaligu waa afkii hooyo ee dadka Soomaaliyeed oo ah qowmiyadda ugu tirada badan qaranka. Waa xubin ka tirsan laanta Kushitigga ee qoyska afafka Afro-Aasiyatiga, qaraabada ugu dhowna waa afafka Oromada, Canfarta iyo Saho. Af-Soomaaligu waa kan ugu wanaagsan ee laga diiwaan geliyo luqadaha Kushitigga, iyada oo daraasado tacliimeed lagu sameeyay laga soo bilaabo 1900 ka hor. [[File:Somali Stone.jpg|thumb|Looxa dhagaxa ah ee laga soo bilaabo qarnigii 14-aad ee suugaanta Wadaad]] Af-Soomaaligu wuxuu u qaybsamaa saddex qaybood oo waaweyn: Waqooyi, Banaadir iyo Maayga. Soomaali-waqooyi (ama Waqooyi-Bartamaha Soomaaliya) ayaa saldhig u ah heerka Soomaaliga. Benaadir (sidoo kale loo yaqaan Xeebta Soomaaliya) waxaa looga hadlaa xeebta Banaadir, laga bilaabo Cadale ilaa koonfurta magaalada Marka oo ay ku jirto Muqdisho, iyo sidoo kale dhulka hoose ee dhow. Lahjadaha xeebuhu waxay leeyihiin telefoono dheeraad ah oo aan ku qornayn Soomaali caadi ah. Maayga waxaa ku hadla inta badan beelaha Digil iyo Mirifle (Raxanweyn) ee dega deegaanada koonfurta Soomaaliya. Banaadiri waa lahjada ugu weyn ee looga hadlo dalka, marka la barbardhigo Waqooyiga Soomaaliya oo ah lahjada ugu weyn ee looga hadlo Somaliland. Sanado badan ayaa habab qoris kala duwan loo adeegsaday qorista afka Soomaaliga. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah alifbeetada Soomaaliga, oo ah tan ugu badan ee la isticmaalo, isla markaana noqotay qoraalka rasmiga ah ee Soomaaliya tan iyo markii Golaha Sare ee Kacaanku si rasmi ah u hirgeliyay bishii Oktoobar 1972.<ref>Economist Intelligence Unit (Great Britain) ''Middle East annual review'' (1975) p. 229</ref> Qoraallo kale oo qarniyo badan loo adeegsanayay qorista Soomaaliga waxaa ka mid ah qoraalka Carabiga iyo qoraalka Wadaadka. Habab qoraal oo asal ahaan Soomaaliyeed oo la sameeyay qarnigii 20-aad waxaa ka mid ah qoraalka Cusmaaniya, qoraalka Borama iyo qoraalka Kaddare.<ref>{{Harvnb|Laitin|1977|pp=86–87}}.</ref> [[Carabi|Carabiga]], oo ah luqadda labaad ee Soomaaliya,<ref name="Frspc"/> waxaa ku hadla ku dhowaad hal milyan oo Soomaali ah<ref name="ethnologue.com">{{Cite web |title=Somalia |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/so/languages |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308060654/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/so/languages |archive-date=8 March 2021 |access-date=2 February 2020 |website=Ethnologue}}</ref> sababo la xiriira xiriirrada qarniyada badan jiray ee ay la leedahay Dunida Carabta, saameynta ballaaran ee warbaahinta Carabiga, iyo waxbarashada diinta.<ref name="Dubnov">Helena Dubnov (2003) ''A grammatical sketch of Somali'', Kِppe, pp. 70–71.</ref><ref>Diana Briton Putman, Mohamood Cabdi Noor (1993) ''The Somalis: their history and culture'', Center for Applied Linguistics, p. 15.</ref><ref>Fiona MacDonald et al. (2000) ''Peoples of Africa'', Vol. 10, Marshall Cavendish, p. 178.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=((American University (Washington, D.C.). Foreign Area Studies)) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0pyAAAAMAAJ&dq=Somali+arab+ties&pg=PA235 |title=Area Handbook for Somalia |date=1969 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |page=235 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=1 December 2005 |title=Middle East Policy Council – Muslim Populations Worldwide |url=http://www.mepc.org/workshops/popstat.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061214023655/http://www.mepc.org/workshops/popstat.asp |archive-date=14 December 2006 |access-date=27 June 2010 |publisher=Mepc.org}}</ref><ref name="Abdullahi 2001 12">{{Harvnb|Diriye Abdullahi|2001|p=1}}.</ref> SIL Global waxay qiyaastaa tirada guud ee dadka ku hadla, iyadoo aan loo eegin heerka aqoontooda, inay ka badan tahay laba milyan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/so/languages|title=Somalia|website=Ethnologue}}</ref> Waxaa loo adeegsadaa luqad cibaado maadaama uu yahay afka [[Qur'aan|Qur'aanka]]. Soomaalidu waxay bartaan akhriska iyo qorista Carabiga iyagoo da' yar. [[File:Arabic in Somalia Graph.png|thumb|280px|left|Qiyaasta aqoonta Carabiga ee dadka Soomaaliyeed, iyadoo la kala saarayo akhriska qoraalka Qur'aanka iyo ku hadalka Carabiga.<ref name="Salad2025">{{cite journal |last=Salad |first=Hussein Ahmed |title=Somali community perception on Arabic language |journal=Horn of Africa Journal of Social Science |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=50–60 |year=2025 |doi=10.70806/frz04z80}}</ref>]] [[Af-Ingiriis|Ingiriisiga]] si weyn ayaa looga hadlaa loona dhigaa. Wuxuu ahaan jiray luqad maamul xilligii maxmiyadda Somaliland ee Ingiriiska, waxaana sabab u ah caalamiyeynta uu hadda caan ka yahay guud ahaan Soomaaliya. Ingiriisigu waa luqadda waxbarashada ee jaamacado badan oo Soomaaliya ku yaalla, waana mid ka mid ah luqadaha shaqada ee ugu waaweyn hay'adaha aan dawliga ahayn ee ka hawlgala Soomaaliya. [[Af-Taliyaani|Talyaaniga]] wuxuu ahaa luqad rasmi ah xilligii Somaliland Talyaaniga iyo muddadii wakiillimada, laakiin isticmaalkiisa aad ayuu hoos ugu dhacay kaddib xorriyadda. Hadda waxaa inta badan laga maqlaa jiilalka waaweyn, saraakiisha dowladda, iyo dadka aqoonta leh. Luqadaha kale ee laga tirada badan yahay waxaa ka mid ah Bravanese, oo ah nooc ka mid ah luqadda Bantu ee Sawaaxiliga oo laga hadlo xeebaha ay deggan yihiin dadka Bravanese, iyo Kibajuni, oo ah lahjad Sawaaxili ah oo ah afka hooyo ee kooxda qowmiyadeed ee laga tirada badan yahay ee Bajuni. {{clear}} ===Gobolada iyo magaalooyinka=== {{Magaalooyinka Soomaaliya}} ===Diinta=== {{bar box|float=right |title=[[Diinta Soomaalida]] 2010<ref name="Pew">{{cite web |title=The Global Religious Landscape|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-full.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806002044/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-full.pdf|archive-date=6 August 2013|publisher=Pew Research Center|access-date=27 December 2013|page=49}}</ref>|titlebar=#ddd |left1=Diin|right1=Boqolkiiba |bars= {{bar percent|[[Islaam|Islaam]]|green|99.8}} {{bar percent|Mid Kale|red|0.2}} }} {{Main|Diinta Soomaalida}} '''Diinta Soomaaliya 2010''' Diinta Boqolkiiba Islaamka 99.8% Mid kale 0.2% [[File:Mosislsol2.jpg|thumb|Masjidka Isbaheysiga Islaamka ee magaalada Muqdisho ayaa ah masjidka ugu weyn gobolka Geeska.]] Sida ay sheegtay xarunta cilmi baarista ee Pew , 99.8% dadka Soomaaliya waa Muslim 315. Inta badan waxay ka tirsan yihiin laanta Islaamka ee sunniga iyo mad-habta shaaficiga ee fiqiga islaamka . suufiyada , dariiqada suufiga ah ee Islaamka, ayaa sidoo kale si fiican u dhisan, oo leh jamacooyin badan oo maxalli ah zawiya ama jameeco ka mid ah tariiqooyinka kala duwan ama suufiyada. Dastuurka Soomaaliya wuxuu kaloo qeexayaa diinta Islaamka inay tahay diinta dowladda ee Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya, shareecada Islaamkana ay tahay isha aasaasiga ah ee sharci-dejinta qaranka. Waxa kale oo uu dhigayaa in aan la samayn karin xeer aan waafaqsanayn mabaadi’da aasaasiga ah ee shareecada. Diinta Masiixiga waa diimo laga tiro badan yahay Soomaaliya, dadka raacsani waxay matalaan in ka yar 0.1% dadweynaha sanadka 2010 sida ay sheegtay xarunta cilmi baarista ee Pew. Tirada Masiixiyiinta Soomaaliya waxa lagu qiyaasaa 1,000 qof. Waxaa jira hal dariiqo Katoolik ah oo dalka oo dhan u yaal, Diocese-ka Muqdisho , taas oo ku qiyaastay in 2004 ay jireen ku dhawaad ​​boqol dhakhaatiir Katoolik ah. Sannadkii 1913kii, waagii hore ee gumaystaha, ma jirin wax Masiixiyiin ah oo ku noolaa dhulka Soomaalida, iyada oo ilaa 100-200 oo keliya ay ka yimaaddeen dugsiyada iyo xarumaha agoomaha ee hawlgalladii Kaatooligga ee Maxmiyadda Somaliland ee Ingiriiska . Sidoo kale ma jirin hawl wadeenno Katoolik ah oo la yaqaan oo ka socday Somaliland Talyaani isla muddadaas. Sannadihii 1970-aadkii, xilligii ay Soomaaliya ka talinaysay dowladdii Marxist-ta , waxaa la xiray iskuulladii ay kaniisaddu maamuli jirtay, adeegayaashana waxaa loo diray guryahooda. Tan iyo 1989-kii ma jirin wax Baasaboor ah oo dalka ka howlgala, waxaana cathedral- ka Muqdisho ka dhacay burbur xooggan oo soo gaaray dagaalladii sokeeye. Bishii Disembar 2013, Wasaaradda Caddaaladda iyo Arrimaha Diinta ayaa sidoo kale soo saartay awaamiir mamnuucaysa in dalka laga qabto xafladaha Kiristaanka. Marka loo eego xarunta cilmi baarista ee Pew, in ka yar 0.1% dadka Soomaaliya sanadkii 2010 waxay ahaayeen kuwo raacsan diimaha dadweynaha . Kuwaas oo u badnaan ka koobnaa qaar ka mid ah qowmiyadaha tirada yar ee aan Soomaalida ahayn ee ku nool qaybaha koonfureed ee dalka, kuwaas oo ku dhaqma nacayb . Dhanka Bantuda , dhaqamadaas diineed waxay ka dhaxleen awoowayaashood Koonfur Bari Afrika . Intaa waxaa dheer, marka loo eego Xarunta Cilmi-baarista ee Pew, in ka yar 0.1% dadka Soomaaliya sannadkii 2010 waxay ahaayeen kuwo raacsan diinta Yuhuudda , Hinduismka , Budhiismka , ama aan ku xidhnayn diin kasta . ===Caafimaadka=== [[File:Life expectancy in Somalia.png|thumb|Cimriga Soomaaliya, 1950 ilaa 2023]] Ilaa burburkii dawladdii dhexe ee sannadkii 1991-kii, haykalka hab-dhismeedka iyo hab-dhismeedka maamulka ee waaxda daryeelka caafimaadka ee Soomaaliya waxa dusha kala socday Wasaaradda Caafimaadka. Saraakiisha caafimaadka ee gobolku waxay ku raaxaysanayeen xoogaa awood ah, laakiin daryeelka caafimaadku wuxuu ahaa mid si weyn u dhexeya. Dawladii hantiwadaaga ee Madaxweynihii hore ee Soomaaliya Siyaad Barre waxay joojisay dhaq-dhaqaaqii caafimaadka ee gaarka ahaa 1972 . Nidaamkii daryeelka bulshada ee Soomaaliya ayaa si weyn u burburay dagaalladii sokeeye ee xigay. Sida waaxaha kale ee hore loo qarameeyay, bixiyayaasha aan rasmiga ahayn ayaa buuxiyey booskii banaanaa waxayna bedeleen kalidii dawladii hore ee daryeelka caafimaadka, iyada oo helitaanka tas-hiilaadka ay markhaati ka tahay koror weyn. Xarumo daryeel caafimaad oo badan, rugo caafimaad, isbitaallo iyo farmasiyo ayaa howsha lagu dhisay iyadoo loo marayo dadaallo Soomaaliyeed oo gurigooda lagu beeray. Qiimaha la-talinta caafimaadka iyo daaweynta xarumahan waa mid hooseeya, $ 5.72 booqasho kasta oo xarumaha caafimaadka ah (oo leh daboolida dadweynaha ee 95%), iyo $ 1.89-3.97 booqasho bukaan-socod iyo $ 7.83-13.95 maalintii sariiraha aasaasiga ah ilaa isbitaallada sare. Isbarbardhigga muddada 2005-2010 iyo tobankii sano ee badhkii ka hor dillaaca iskahorimaadka (1985-1990), rajada nolosha ayaa dhab ahaantii kor u kacday celcelis ahaan 47 sano ragga iyo dumarka ilaa 48.2 sano ragga iyo 51 sano haweenka. Sidoo kale, tirada hal sano jirka ah ee si buuxda looga tallaalay jadeecada ayaa kor uga kacday 30% 1985-1990 ilaa 40% 2000-2005, iyo qaaxada , waxay kor u kacday ku dhawaad ​​20% ilaa 50% isla muddadaas. Tirada dhallaanka miisaankoodu hooseeyo ayaa hoos uga dhacay min 16 1,000kiiba ilaa 0.3, taasoo ah 15% hoos u dhac ku yimid wadar ahaan isla waqtigaas. Intii u dhaxaysay 2005 iyo 2010 marka la barbardhigo 1985-1990, dhimashada dhallaanka ee 1,000 dhalasho waxay sidoo kale hoos uga dhacday 152 ilaa 109.6. Muhiimad weyn, dhimashada hooyada 100,000 ee dhallaanka waxay ka dhacday 1,600 dagaalkii ka hor 1985-1990 tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay ilaa 1,100 muddadii 2000-2005. Tirada dhakhaatiirta 100,000 ee qof ayaa sidoo kale ka kacay 3.4 ilaa 4 isla waqti isku mid ah, sida boqolkiiba dadka helay adeegyada fayadhowrka, kuwaas oo ka kordhay 18% ilaa 26%. Marka loo eego xogta Sanduuqa Dadweynaha ee Qaramada Midoobay ee shaqaalaha umulisooyinka, wadar ahaan 429 umulisooyin ah (oo ay ku jiraan kalkaalisooyin- umulisooyin) Soomaaliya, oo leh cufnaanta hal umuliso 1,000kii carruur ah ee nool. Siddeed xarumood oo umulisooyin ah ayaa hadda dalka ka jira, oo laba ka mid ah ay yihiin kuwo gaar loo leeyahay. Umulisada waxaa nidaamisa dowladda, waxaana loo baahan yahay shatiga si loogu shaqeeyo si xirfadeysan. Diiwaangelin toos ah ayaa sidoo kale jirta si loola socdo umulisooyinka shatiga haysta. Intaa waxaa dheer, umulisooyinka dalka waxaa si rasmi ah uga wakiil ah ururka umulisooyinka maxalliga ah, oo ka diiwaangashan 350 xubnood Marka loo eego qiyaasta hay'adda caafimaadka adduunka ee 2005, qiyaastii 97.9% haweenka iyo gabdhaha Soomaaliya ayaa lagu sameeyay gudniinka fircooniga ah, caadada guurka ka hor inta badan waxay ku dhacdaa Geeska Afrika iyo qaybo ka mid ah Bariga dhow. Waxaa dhiirigeliyay haweenka bulshada dhexdeeda, waxaa ugu horayn loogu talagalay in la ilaaliyo dhawrsanaanta, laga hortago sinada, lagana ilaaliyo weerarka. Sannadkii 2013, UNICEF oo kaashanaysa maamullada Soomaaliya ayaa sheegtay in heerka baahsanaanta ee gabdhaha da'doodu u dhaxayso 1- ilaa 14-sano ee ku nool gobollada waqooyi ee Puntland iyo Somaliland ay hoos ugu dhacday 25% ka dib olole wacyigelin bulsho iyo diineed ah. Qiyaastii 93% ragga Soomaaliyeed ayaa sidoo kale la sheegay in la guday Soomaaliya ayaa ka mid ah kuwa ugu hooseeya heerka caabuqa HIV ee qaaradda. Taasna waxaa loo aaneynayaa dabeecadda Muslimka ah ee bulshada Soomaaliyeed iyo ku-dhaqanka Soomaalida ku dhaqanka akhlaaqda Islaamka. Iyadoo lagu qiyaasay heerka faafidda HIV ee Soomaaliya 1987 (sannadkii warbixinta kiiskii ugu horreeyay) uu ahaa 1% dadka waaweyn, warbixin 2012 ka soo baxday UNAIDS ayaa sheegaysa in tan iyo 2004, qiyaasaha laga soo bilaabo 0.7% ilaa 1.0% la qiyaasay. In kasta oo daryeelka caafimaadku hadda inta badan ku urursan yahay ganacsiga gaarka loo leeyahay, nidaamka daryeelka caafimaadka guud ee dalku waxa uu ku socdaa dib-u-dhiskiisa, waxaana dusha kala socota wasaaradda caafimaadka. Wasiirka caafimaadka Qamar Aadan Cali. Ismaamulka Puntland waxa uu leeyahay Wasaarad u gaar ah Caafimaadka, sida gobolka Somaliland ee waqooyi-galbeed ee Soomaaliya. Xarumaha caafimaadka ee dalka caanka ka ah ayaa waxaa ka mid ah Isbitaalka Hooyada iyo Dhallaanka ee Bariga Baardheere , Isbitaalka Hooyada iyo Dhallaanka ee Caabudwaaq , Isbitaalka Hooyada ee Edna Aadan iyo qeybta Hooyada ee Galbeedka Baardheere . ===Waxbarashada=== Wasaaradda Waxbarashada ayaa si rasmi ah uga mas’uul ah waxbarashada Soomaaliya, waxaana ay dusha kala socotaa dugsiyada hoose dhexe , sare ,farsamada iyo farsamada gacanta , iyo sidoo kale tababaridda macallimiinta hoose iyo kuwa farsamada iyo waxbarashada dadban . Qiyaastii 15% ee miisaaniyadda dawladda waxa loo qoondeeyey hab-waxbarasho. Maamul-goboleedka Puntland iyo Somaliland ayaa iska leh wasaaradaha waxbarashada. [[File:Mogauniv1.jpg|thumb|Xarunta ugu weyn ee Jaamacadda Muqdisho ee Muqdisho]] Waxbarashada sare ee Soomaaliya hadda waa mid gaar loo leeyahay. Dhawr jaamacadood oo dalka ku yaala oo ay ku jirto jaamacadda Muqdisho ayaa lagu qiimeeyay 100-ka jaamacadood ee ugu wanaagsan qaaradda Afrika in kasta oo ay jiraan deegaan qallafsan, taasoo lagu tilmaamay inay tahay guul laga gaaray hindisayaal salka ku haya . Jaamacadaha kale ee sidoo kale bixiya tacliinta sare ee koonfurta waxaa ka mid ah Jaamacadda Banaadir , Jaamacadda Ummadda Soomaaliyeed , Jaamacadda Kismaayo iyo Jaamacadda Gedo . Puntland waxbarashada sare waxaa bixiya Jaamacadaha Puntland iyo Jaamacadda Bariga Afrika . Somaliland waxa bixiya Jaamacada Camuud , Jaamacada Hargeysa , Somaliland Jaamacadda Teknolojiyadda iyo Jaamacadda Burco . Dugsiyada Qur'aanka (sidoo kale loo yaqaan dugsi quran ama malcamad quran ) ayaa ah nidaamka aasaasiga ah ee barashada diinta dhaqameed. Loo yaqaan habka ugu xasilloon ee deegaanka, nidaamka aan tooska ahayn ee waxbarashada oo bixiya waxbarashada aasaasiga ah ee diinta iyo akhlaaqda, xooggoodu waxay ku tiirsan yihiin taageerada bulshada iyo adeegsigooda agab waxbarasho oo gudaha laga sameeyay oo si weyn loo heli karo. Nadaamka Qur’aanka oo wax lagu baro tirada ugu badan ee ardayda marka loo eego qeybaha kale ee waxbarashada, ayaa inta badan ah nidaamka kaliya ee ay heli karaan Soomaalida reer guuraaga ah marka loo eego magaalooyinka. Si wax looga qabto khaladaadka dhanka culuumta diinta, dowladda Soomaaliya ayaa dhankeeda sidoo kale ka dib dhistay Wasaaradda Awqaafta iyo Arrimaha Islaamka, taasoo hadda lagu maamulo waxbarashada Qur’aanka. ==Dhaqanka== ===Cunto=== [[File:Banadir3.jpg|thumb|Noocyada kala duwan ee cuntooyinka caanka ah ee Soomaalida]] Cunnada Soomaalidu waa isku dhaf noocyo kala duwan oo cuntooyin ah kuwaas oo laga soo dheegtay dhadhanka Carabta , Hindida iyo Talyaaniga taas oo si toos ah uga dhalatay taariikhda baaxadda leh ee Soomaaliya ee ganacsiga iyo ganacsiga. Tusaalooyinka cuntooyinka Soomaalida waxaa ka mid ah cunnooyinka sida bariiska iyo baasto , iyo hilibka sida wan , lo'da , iyo digaagga . Xawaashyada udgoonka ah sida cumin , karoomada , iyo kiraanta ayaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa in lagu siiyo dhadhan kala duwan suxuunta. Waxaa barbar socda maraqa , rootiga fidsan , iyo rootiga , cunnada kale ee Soomaalida waa Canjeero /Laxooh , oo ah nooc canjeero khamiir leh oo u eg roodhida fidsan ee laga dhadhamiyo Soomaaliya iyo dalalka deriska ah sida Itoobiya , Eritera iyo Yemen . Additionally, camel meat and milk are considered a delicacy. Bariiska Soomaaliya oo ah cuntada caadiga ah ee cashada ama qadada , ayaa sida caadiga ah la dhadhamiyey waxaana lagu daraa maaddooyin kala duwan sida hilibka , khudaarta , iyo, si xoogaa gaar ah, sabiib . Maaha wax aan caadi ahayn in saxankan loo soo bandhigo qaab muuqaal ah iyadoo lagu darayo midabyo badan, sababtoo ah qaybo gaar ah ayaa laga yaabaa in si macmal ah loogu dhejiyo hadhka jaalaha ah ama orange-ka iyadoo la adeegsanayo saffron iyo dhir kale si kor loogu qaado bilicdeeda [[File:Djiboutian rice (bariis) and fish (kalluun), Liver (beerka) with vegetable also (Sabaayad) pancakes.jpg|thumb|Bariis Soomaali ah (bariis) iyo kalluun (kalluun), Beerka (biir) khudaar leh sidoo kale (Sabaayad) canjeelo]] Xiligii gumaystaha talyaanigu waxa si wayn loo qaatay baastada iyo laasgaabka gaar ahaan koonfurta. Shaaha iyo kafeega ayaa sidoo kale runtii caan ah. Soomaalida ayaa ka mid ahaa dadkii hore u qaatay cunista kafeega , waxaana ganacsatada Soomaaliyeed ay ka mid ahaayeen ganacsatadii ugu horreysay ee dhoofisa digirta Kafeega. Qaxwaha Soomaalida, oo gudaha loo yaqaan ' Qahwo ' iyo shaaha 'Shah', ayaa aad uga dhex muuqda habka diyaarinta, kaas oo ku lug leh xulashada xawaashka kala duwan si kor loogu qaado muuqaalkeeda dhadhanka. 'Xalwo', oo si dhow ula xiriirta Cumaan ' Xalwaa ', waa daweyn jelly-la mid ah oo siman oo lagu sameeyay xawaash , iniin, laws , iyo sonkor la shiiday . Macmacaankan waxa si caadi ah loogu wada adeegaa " Qahwo ". Cunto ka dib, guryaha sida dhaqameedka ah waxaa lagu cadariyaa fooxa ama fooxa ( unsi ), kaas oo lagu diyaariyo gudaha fooxa r loo yaqaan dabqaad . ===Muusiga=== Soomaaliya waxay leedahay hiddaha faneed hodanka ah oo ku qotoma suugaan-dhaqameedka Soomaalida . Heesaha Soomaalida intooda badan waa hal-abuur . Muusiga Soomaaliyeed waxaa laga yaabaa in lagu qaldo dhawaaqyada gobollada u dhow sida Itoobiya, Suudaan ama Jasiiradda Carabta, laakiin ugu dambeyntii waxaa lagu aqoonsan karaa laxankeeda iyo qaababka gaarka ah. Aaladaha dhaqameed ee sida weyn looga dhex muuqday fanka Soomaaliya waxaa ka mid ah oud lute . Inta badan waxaa la socda durbaan yaryar iyo biibiile cawsduur ah oo gadaal ka ah. Heesaha Soomaalidu inta badan waa wax ka dhasha wada shaqaynta ka dhaxaysa hal-abuurayaasha ( midho ), abwaannada ( laxan ) iyo fannaaniinta ( codka ama "codadka") ===Suugaanta=== Bulshada Soomaaliyeed ayaa sanadihii lasoo dhaafay ahaa ilo ay ka soo jeedaan abwaanno, qorayaal iyo hal-abuuro caan ah, kuwaas oo qayb weyn ka qaatay soo saarista iyo qaabaynta hab-raacyada aqoonta iyo dhaqanka Muslimiinta, mana aha oo kaliya Geeska Afrika ee waxa ay gaadheen meelo fog-fog oo ka mid ah Jasiiradda Carabta iyo gobollada kale ee adduunka. Soomaaliya waxaa sidoo kale loogu yeeraa, oo ay ka mid yihiin, qoraaga Kanadiyaan ah iyo aqoonyahanada Margaret Laurence , "Qaranka Abwaanada " iyo "Qaranka Baadiyada ". Sahmiye iyo qoraa Ingiriis oo caan ah Richard Burton ayaa si hufan wax uga qoray Soomaaliya: Dalku wuxuu la socdaa, 'Abwaanada, nin kastaa wuxuu leeyahay mawqifkiisa la aqoonsan yahay ee suugaanta sida saxda ah ee loo qeexay sida in dib loo eegay qarniyo joornaal ah - dhegta wanaagsan ee dadkani waxay keenaysaa in ay qaataan raaxada ugu weyn ee dhawaaqyada iswaafaqsan iyo tibaaxaha maansada, halka tiro been ah ama weedh qallafsan ay ku kicinayaan." ===Casri ah=== [[File:Hadrawi.jpg|thumb|Abwaan , faylasuuf iyo hal-abuure, Maxamed Ibraahim Warsame (Hadraawi)]] Markii la qaatay farta laatiinka sannadkii 1972-kii oo laga dhigay halbeegga alifbeetada qaranka, waxaa kaloo soo saaray qorayaal Soomaali ah oo aad u tiro badan, kuwaas oo qaarkood sumcad weyn ku helay caalamka oo dhan. Qorayaashan casriga ah, Nuruddin Farah waa kan ugu caansan, isagoo helay, abaal-marinno kale, 1998-kii Neustadt ee abaalmarinta caalamiga ah ee suugaanta . Faarax MJ Cawl waa qoraa kale oo caan ah oo Soomaaliyeed oo caan ku ahaa sheeko-qoraalkiisii ​​xilligii Dervish , Jahligu waa cadowga jacaylka . Waxa kale oo maansada Soomaalidu aad u kobcaysay wakhtigan iyadoo Hadraawi uu sumcad qaran ku helay tiraabtiisa iyo maansadiisa. ===Ciyaaraha=== Kubadda cagta waa ciyaaraha ugu caansan Soomaaliya. Tartamada gudaha ee muhiimka ah ayaa ah horyaalka Soomaaliya iyo koobka Soomaaliya , iyadoo xulka qaranka Soomaaliya uu ciyaaro heer caalami. Kubadda kolayga ayaa sidoo kale laga ciyaaraa dalka. Horyaalkii FIBA ​​Africa 1981 ayaa lagu qabtay magaalada Muqdisho 15 ilaa 23 December 1981, xiligaasi oo xulka qaranka kubada koleyga ay heleen bilada maarta ah. Sannadkii 2013-kii, waxaa magaalada Borlänge laga dhisay koox qaran oo ka tirsan kooxaha burcad badeeda Soomaalida . Waxa ay ka qaybgashay tartankii Horyaalka Adduunka ee Bandy 2014. Dhanka fanka dagaalka waxaa billad qalin ah iyo kaalinta afraad ku qaatay Faysal Jeylaani Aweys iyo Maxamed Deeq Cabdulle oo ka tirsan xulka qaranka Teekwondo-ga , waxayna ku guuleysteen koobka Taekwondo-ga Adduunka ee 2013 ee Tongeren Intaa waxaa dheer, Maxamed Jaamac waxa uu ku guuleystay labada koob ee adduunka iyo Yurub ee K-1 iyo feerka Thai . ===Dhismaha=== [[File:Gondereshe2008.jpg|thumb|Qasriga Gondershe]] Qaab-dhismeedka Soomaalidu waa dhaqan qani ah oo kala duwan oo xagga injineernimada iyo naqshadeynta ah. Iyadoo la eegayo wakhtiyadii hore ee qadiimiga ahaa, dhexe iyo kuwii hore ee casriga ahaa ee dalka, waxa kale oo ay soo dhawaynaysaa isku dhafka qaab dhismeedka Somali-Islaamka oo leh nashqado casri ah oo reer galbeed ah. Soomaalidii hore, dhismooyinka haramka ah ee Soomaalidu u taqaan Taalo waxay ahaayeen qaab caan ah oo lagu aaso, iyadoo boqolaal ka mid ah taallooyinkii dhagaxaanta qallalan ay maanta ku baahsan yihiin dalka. Guryo ayaa laga dhisay dhagxaan lebisan oo la mid ah kuwii Masar hore . Waxa kale oo jira tusaaleyaal barxadaha iyo darbiyada waaweyn ee dhagaxa ah ee lagu soo dejiyey deegaamada, sida darbiga Wargade. Qaadashada Islaamka ee taariikhda dhexe ee hore ee Soomaaliya waxa ay Islaamku ka keentay Carabta iyo Faaris . Tani waxay kicisay isbeddelka dhismaha ee dhagaxa engegan iyo agabka kale ee la xidhiidha oo loo beddelay dhagaxa kooraska , lebennada qorraxda qallalan , iyo isticmaalka baahsan ee dhagaxa nuuradda ee dhismaha Soomaalida. Qaar badan oo ka mid ah naqshadaha cusub ee naqshadaha, sida masaajidda, ayaa lagu dhisay burburka dhismooyinkii hore, dhaqankaas oo socon doona qarniyada soo socda. ==Sidoo kale eeg== [[Warbixin Soomaaliya]] ==Taariikh nololeed== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book |last=Diriye Abdullahi |first=Mohamed |author-link=Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VOPEEAAAQBAJ |title=Dhaqanka iyo Caadooyinka Soomaaliya |publisher=[[Greenwood Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-313-31333-2 |series=Dhaqanka iyo caadooyinka Afrika |location=Westport, Conn}} * {{Cite journal |last= Alpers |first= Edward A. |year= 1976 |title= Gujarat iyo Ganacsiga Bariga Afrika, c. 1500–1800 |journal=[[The International Journal of African Historical Studies]] |volume= 9 |issue= 1 |pages= 22–44 |doi= 10.2307/217389 |jstor= 217389 }} * {{Cite book |author= Gebru Tareke |year= 2009 |title= Kacaankii Itoobiya: Dagaalka Geeska Afrika |url= https://archive.org/details/ethiopianrevolut0000gebr |location= New Haven,&nbsp;CT |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-300-14163-4}} * {{Cite book |last= Laitin |first= David D. |year= 1977 |title= Siyaasad, Luuqad, iyo Fikir: Khibradda Soomaalida |location= Chicago |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn= 978-0-226-46791-7 }} * {{Cite journal |last1= Lecarme |first1= Jacqueline |last2= Maury |first2= Carole |year= 1987 |title= Qalab Software ah oo loogu talagalay Cilmi-baarista Luuqadda iyo Qaamuusyada: Codsiga Soomaaliga |journal= Computers and Translation |volume= 2 |issue= 1 |pages= 21–36 |doi= 10.1007/BF01540131 |s2cid= 6515240 }} * {{Cite book |last=Mauri |first=Arnaldo |chapter-url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=958442 |title=Nidaamyada Bangiyada Afrika |publisher=[[Cariplo]] – Finafrica |year=1971 |editor-last=Dell'Amore |editor-first=Giordano |location=Milan |pages=209–217 |chapter=Horumarinta Bangiyada Soomaaliya}} * {{Cite book |last= Samatar |first= Said S. |year= 1982 |title = Gabayada Afka iyo Qaranimada Soomaaliyeed |location= Cambridge |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-10457-9 }} * {{Cite book |last= Schraeder |first= Peter J. |year= 2006 |editor-last=Barrington |editor-first=Lowell W. |chapter-url=https://press.umich.edu/pdf/0472098985-ch5.pdf |title=Ka Dib Xorriyadda: Samaynta iyo Ilaalinta Qaranka ee Dowladaha Dhacdooyinka Kadib |pages=107–137 |chapter=Laga bilaabo Irredentism ilaa Kala-go'id: Hoos u dhaca Qaranimada Pan-Soomaali |location= Ann Arbor |publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]] |isbn= 978-0-472-09898-9 }} * {{Cite book |last=Shay |first=Shaul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uqw0DwAAQBAJ |title=Soomaaliya oo is-beddelaysa Tan iyo 2006 |date=2014 |publisher=[[Transaction Publishers]] |isbn=978-1-4128-5390-3 |location=New Brunswick}} * {{Cite book |last= Warmington |first= Eric Herbert |year= 1995 |title= Ganacsiga u dhexeeya Boqortooyadii Roomaanka iyo Hindiya |publisher= South Asia Books |isbn= 81-215-0670-0 }} * {{Cite book |last1= Zolberg |first1= Aristide R. |author-link1=Aristide Zolberg |last2= Suhrke |first2= Astri |last3= Aguayo |first3= Sergio |author-link3= Sergio Aguayo |year= 1989 |title= Ka Baxsiga Rabshadaha: Khilaafaadka iyo Qaxootiga Dalalka Horumarka |location= New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-19-505592-4 }} * {{Cite book |last1=Rosati |first1=A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=av8qvZ-0sHUC&pg=PA169 |title=Soosaarista Xoolaha iyo Sayniska Xoolaha Caalamka |last2=Tewolde |first2=A. |last3=Mosconi |first3=C. |date=2007 |publisher=[[Wageningen Academic Publishers]] |isbn=978-90-8686-034-0 |series=WAAP buugga sanadka |location=Wageningen |page=169}} {{Refend}} ==Xusuusin== {{lang-so|Soomaaliya}} {{IPAc-en|s|ə|ˈ|m|ɑː|l|i|ə|audio=Somalia pronunciation (English).wav}} '''Soomaali:''' Soomaaliya [soːmaːlija], qoraalka Osmanya: 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘𐒕𐒖; Carabi: الصومال, la turjumay: aṣ-Ṣūmāl '''Soomaali rasmi ah:''' Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya; Carabi: جمهورية الصومال الفيدرالية Xuduudka Jabuuti–Soomaaliya waxaa si sharci ah u maamula Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya oo si caalami ah loo aqoonsan yahay, laakiin dhab ahaan waxaa gacanta ku haya ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} * [https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/ "Qaramada Midoobay, Waaxda Dhaqaalaha iyo Arrimaha Bulshada, Qaybta Dadweynaha (2022). Rajada Dadweynaha Adduunka"] {{Wayback|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/ |date=20220711213112 }} * [https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april "Database-ka Muuqaalka Dhaqaalaha Adduunka, Abriil 2025"] *[https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april "Database-ka Muuqaalka Dhaqaalaha Adduunka, Abriil 2025"] *[https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf "Warbixinta Horumarinta Aadanaha 2025"] *[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs Waaxda Dhaqaalaha iyo Arrimaha Bulshada ee Qaramada Midoobay] *[https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx "Rajada Dadweynaha Adduunka 2022: Tusiyeyaasha tirakoobka ee gobol, degaan iyo waddan, sannad kasta 1950-2100"] {{Wayback|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx |date=20230306213755 }} *[https://books.google.com/books?id=R0pyAAAAMAAJ&dq=Somali+arab+ties&pg=PA235 <nowiki>Buug-gacmeedka Aagga Soomaaliya: La-qorayaasha: Irving Kaplan [et al.] Cilmi-baadhis iyo qoraal ayaa la dhammaystiray Juun 15, 1969</nowiki>] *[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/29/somali-president-resigns "Madaxweynihii Soomaaliya oo is-casilay iyadoo lagu jiro loolan dhanka awoodda ah"] *[http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/01/31/somalia.election.president/ Islaam qunyar socod ah ayaa loo doortay madaxweynaha Soomaaliya"] {{Wayback|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/01/31/somalia.election.president/ |date=20090202115625 }} *[https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/kenyan-troops-seize-al-shabaab-base-in-somalia/455875 "Ciidamada Kenya oo la wareegay saldhigii Al-Shabaab ee Soomaaliya] *[http://allafrica.com/stories/201208220474.html "Soomaaliya: Ergayga Qaramada Midoobay oo sheegay in la furayo baarlamaanka cusub ee Soomaaliya "Xilligii Taariikhiga ahaa"] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=L2vXPfRsf04C Dimuqraadiyad Xoolo dhaqato: Daraasad lagu sameeyay Xoolo-dhaqatada iyo Siyaasadda Soomaalida Waqooyi ee Geeska Afrika] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=hCb6xzeydigC&q=somalia+stillbay+culture&pg=PA201 Dhaqamada Horyaala ee Geeska Afrika: Falanqaynta Casrigii Dhagaxa ee Dhaqanka iyo Cimilada ee Somaliland iyo Qaybaha Bari ee Xabashida] *[https://archive.org/stream/geographyofherod00whee/geographyofherod00whee_djvu.txt Juqraafiga Herodotus: Waxaa laga soo sawiray Cilmi-baadhisyo Casri ah iyo daahfurkii] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=YUoNEQAAQBAJ&dq=isaaq+sultanate&pg=PA274 Dabeecadda Is-dilitaanka ee Waddamada Muslinka ah ee u badan: Cudurrada faafa, Waxyaabaha halista ah, iyo Ka-hortagga] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020220/http://togdheernews.com/articles/31/05/2016/taariikhda-saldanada-reer-guuleed-ee-somaliland-abwaanibraahim-rashiid-cismaan-guure-aboor/ "Taariikhda Saldanada Reer Guuleed Ee Somaliland.Abwaan:Ibraahim-rashiid Cismaan Guure (aboor). | Togdheer News Network"] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20210811205734/https://www.hubaalmedia.net/degmada-cusub-ee-dacarta-oo-loogu-wanqalay-munaasibad-kulmisay-madaxda-iyo-haldoorka-somaliland/ "Degmada Cusub Ee Dacarta Oo Loogu Wanqalay Munaasibad Kulmisay Madaxda Iyo Haldoorka Somaliland"] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20231002022805/https://sites.tufts.edu/reinventingpeace/2013/10/22/state-sponsored-violence-and-conflict-under-mahamed-siyad-barre-the-emergence-of-path-dependent-patterns-of-violence/ "Rabshadaha iyo colaadaha ay dowladdu soo qabanqaabisay ee Mahamed Siyaad Barre: soo ifbaxa qaabab rabshado ah oo ku tiirsan waddada"] *[https://webarchive.archive.unhcr.org/20230604082615/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6acb654.html "Somalia: Warbixin ku saabsan qabsashadii magaalada Beled Uen ee United Somali Congress (USC) ee dhamaadkii 1990 ama horraantii 1991 iyo dhibaatadii Daarood ee Beled Uen ee askarta USC"] *[https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/40/087/40087878.pdf "Mashruuca Qiimaynta Khayraadka Uranium-ka Caalamiga ah (IUREP) Warbixinta Hawlgalka Wajiga ee Hanuuninta, Soomaaliya"] {{Wayback|url=https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/40/087/40087878.pdf |date=20200119113709 }} *[https://books.google.com/books?id=cscbDgqCsOMC&q=harar Cadan oo hoos imanaysa Gumaysiga Ingiriiska, 1839–1967] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20131022175949/http://horseedmedia.net/2013/03/06/somalia-moves-forward-at-world-taekwondo-pictures/ "Soomaaliya waxay horay ugu socotaa ciyaaraha Taekwondo-ga aduunka"] *[http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2010-02-10/others/great-victory-for-malta-in-k1-kickboxing-270164/ "Guul weyn Malta ee K1 Kickboxing"] *[http://www.cid.harvard.edu/neudc07/docs/neudc07_s1_p02_ahuja.pdf Gudniinka Labka ah iyo AIDS-ka: Saamaynta Dhaqaale-dhaqaale ee Dhibaatada Caafimaadka ee Eric Werker, Amrita Ahuja, iyo Brian Wendell :: NEUDC 2007 Waraaqaha :: Shirarka Horumarinta Jaamacadaha Waqooyi Bari"] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20131006071502/http://www.ameinfo.com/176786.html "Dowladda Puntland ee Soomaaliya, Maal-gashiga Lootah ayaa kala saxiixday heshiisyo istiraatijiyadeed oo ku kacaya 170-Dhs] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20130928150305/http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Guide_to_Puntland_Election_2009_printer.shtml "Soomaaliya: Hagaha Doorashada Puntland 2009"] *[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/20/world/africa/20somalia.html "Iyadoo dhibaatada Soomaaliya ay sii kordhayso, ayay khubaradu u arkaan in ay meesha ka maqan tahay gargaarka"] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150109002414/http://goobjoog.com/english/?p=6410 "Beesha Caalamka Oo Soo Dhaweysay Madaxweynaha Cusub Ee Maamulka Kumeel Gaarka Ah Ee Koonfur Galbeed Soomaaliya"] *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7802622.stm "Madaxweynihii Soomaaliya oo xilka ka dagay"] *[http://www.unis.unvienna.org/unis/pressrels/2005/ga10386.html "Furitaanka Doodda Shirka Sannadlaha ah ee Sannadlaha, Xoghayaha Guud ee Qaramada Midoobay wuxuu ku booriyay Dawladaha xubnaha ka ah inay saxafada u sheegaan wax ka qabashada faqriga, argagixisanimada, xadgudubyada xuquuqda aadanaha, colaadaha"] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=eJR3RAAACAAJ Dhaxalkii Gumeysiga ee Soomaaliya: Rome iyo Muqdisho: Laga soo bilaabo Maamulkii Gumeysiga ilaa Howlgalkii Rajada soo celinta] *[http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20120810180135/http://english.alarabiya.net/views/2012/08/08/231008.html "Soomaaliya oo kor u kacaysa labaatan sano oo dagaal sokeeye iyo qalalaase ka socday"] * ​[https://www.ponarseurasia.org/de-facto-states-unbound/ "Mylonas, Harris. 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Garowe Online"]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher,USCIRF,,,4a4f272bc,0.html "USCIRF Annual Report 2009 – The Commission's Watch List: Somalia"] * [http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Guide_to_Puntland_Election_2009_printer.shtml "Somalia: Guide to Puntland Election 2009. Garowe Online"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Guide_to_Puntland_Election_2009_printer.shtml |date=20130928150305 }} [http://www.unis.unvienna.org/unis/pressrels/2005/ga10386.html "Opening Annual General Assembly Debate. UNIS Vienna (2005)"] [http://horseedmedia.net/2010/05/22/un-boss-urges-support-for-somalia-ahead-of-istanbul-summit/ "Kamaal. UN boss urges support for Somalia. Horseed Media"] [http://kenyahighcomtz.org/?action=event-read-more.html&id=1 "Joint Communique – Operation Linda Nchi. Kenya High Commission"] {{Wayback|url=http://kenyahighcomtz.org/?action=event-read-more.html&id=1 |date=20120816100759 }} * [http://www.globalgovernance.eu/index.php/p-s-publications/246-new-analysis-the-somali-crisis-and-the-eu-3.html "Analysis of EUCAP Nestor by the Global Governance Institute"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.globalgovernance.eu/index.php/p-s-publications/246-new-analysis-the-somali-crisis-and-the-eu-3.html |date=20130402205646 }} [https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/africacan/partnerships-and-data-sharing-enhance-delivery-of-somalia-drought-relief-afe-0624 "Partnerships and Data Sharing Enhance Delivery of Somalia Drought Relief. World Bank"] * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html "Somalia. The World Factbook (2009)"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html |date=20160701194614 }} * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2060.html "Coastline. The World Factbook"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2060.html |date=20170716042040 }} * [http://countrystudies.us/somalia/34.htm "Somalia – Climate. Country Studies"] [http://www.goldmanprize.org/node/113 "Fatima Jibrell. Goldman Environmental Prize"] * [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/20/world/africa/20somalia.html "Jeffrey Gettleman. As Somali Crisis Swells, Experts See a Void in Aid. The New York Times"] * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8318798.stm "Islamists break Somali port truce. BBC News"] * [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/sep/28/kenyan-soldiers-capture-kismayo-somalia "Clar Ni Chonghaile. Kenyan troops launch beach assault on Somali city of Kismayo. The Guardian"] * [http://english.alarabiya.net/views/2012/08/08/231008.html "Muddassar Ahmed. Somalia rising after two decades of civil war and unrest. Al Arabiya"] {{Wayback|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/views/2012/08/08/231008.html |date=20120809223608 }} * [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article418665.ece "Jonathan Clayton. Somalia's secret dumps of toxic waste. The Times"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article418665.ece |date=20110810033244 }} *[http://www.somalbanca.org/monetary-policy.html "Central Bank of Somalia – Monetary policy"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.somalbanca.org/monetary-policy.html |date=20090125062011 }} * [http://somalbanca.org/payment-system.html "Central Bank of Somalia – Payment system"] {{Wayback|url=http://somalbanca.org/payment-system.html |date=20090122232449 }} * [http://www.diaspora-centre.org/DOCS/UK_Somali_Remittan.pdf "UK Somali Remittances Survey"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.diaspora-centre.org/DOCS/UK_Somali_Remittan.pdf |date=20201109191722 }} * [http://www.threcorder.co.uk/content/towerhamlets/recorder/news/story.aspx?brand=REConline&category=newsTowerHam&tBrand=northlondon24&tCategory=newstower&itemid=WeED13%20Apr%202010%2010%3A02%3A08%3A730 "Decades of community service recognised with award - Tower Hamlets Recorder"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511205333/http://www.threcorder.co.uk/content/towerhamlets/recorder/news/story.aspx?brand=REConline&category=newsTowerHam&tBrand=northlondon24&tCategory=newstower&itemid=WeED13%20Apr%202010%2010%3A02%3A08%3A730 |date=20110511205333 }} * [http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2014/03/20/the-curious-tale-of-the-world-beating-somali-shilling/ "The curious tale of the world-beating Somali shilling - Financial Times"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815142257/http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2014/03/20/the-curious-tale-of-the-world-beating-somali-shilling/ |date=20170815142257 }} * [https://www.reuters.com/article/kenya-somalia-investment-idUSL6E8J8D1J20120808 "Diplomat to start Somalia's first stock market - Reuters"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930100728/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/08/08/kenya-somalia-investment-idUSL6E8J8D1J20120808 |date=20150930100728 }} * [http://www.somenergy.com/Mission-Vision.php "Mission & Vision - Somali Energy Company"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522182434/http://www.somenergy.com/Mission-Vision.php |date=20230522182434 }} * [http://unctad.org/sections/dite_fdistat/docs/wid_cp_so_en.pdf "UNCTAD: Somalia Investment Data"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306075656/http://unctad.org/sections/dite_fdistat/docs/wid_cp_so_en.pdf |date=20160306075656 }} * [http://www.oilmarketer.co.uk/2007/07/18/exploration-rights-in-somalia-for-chinese-oil-giant-cnooc/ "Exploration rights in Somalia for Chinese oil giant CNOOC"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070917005212/http://www.oilmarketer.co.uk/2007/07/18/exploration-rights-in-somalia-for-chinese-oil-giant-cnooc/ |date=20070917005212 }} * [http://www.opec.org/library/Annual%20Statistical%20Bulletin/interactive/current/FileZ/XL/T31.HTM "OPEC: World proven crude oil reserves by country"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905210305/http://www.opec.org/library/Annual%20Statistical%20Bulletin/interactive/current/FileZ/XL/T31.HTM |date=20130905210305 }} * [http://www.businessweek.com/news/2013-08-08/soma-oil-and-gas-may-invest-20-million-to-survey-war-torn-somalia "Soma Oil & Gas May Invest $20 Million to Survey Somalia - Bloomberg"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825065126/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2013-08-08/soma-oil-and-gas-may-invest-20-million-to-survey-war-torn-somalia |date=20130825065126 }} * [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hbVWAAAAIBAJ&pg=7276,235261 "Big Uranium Find Announced in Somalia - The New York Times"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709212617/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hbVWAAAAIBAJ&pg=7276,235261 |date=20200709212617 }} * [https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/40/087/40087878.pdf "International Uranium Resources Evaluation Project (IUREP) - Somalia Report"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119113709/https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/40/087/40087878.pdf |date=20200119113709 }} * [http://www.marketwatch.com/story/long-forgotten-uranium-bonanza-rediscovered-kilimanjaro-unleashes-somalia-uranium-exploration-initiative-2014-04-15-71733149 "Long Forgotten Uranium Bonanza Rediscovered - MarketWatch"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517211900/http://www.marketwatch.com/story/long-forgotten-uranium-bonanza-rediscovered-kilimanjaro-unleashes-somalia-uranium-exploration-initiative-2014-04-15-71733149 |date=20140517211900 }} * [https://www.reuters.com/article/world/somalia-business-keen-to-join-forces-for-peace-idUSTRE64M158/ "Somalia business keen to join forces for peace - Reuters"] * [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704608104575220570113266984 "Telecom Firms Thrive in Somalia Despite War - The Wall Street Journal"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718221707/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704608104575220570113266984 |date=20170718221707 }} * [http://sabahionline.com/en_GB/articles/hoa/articles/features/2012/12/11/feature-01 "Radio and electronic media edge out newspapers in Somalia - Sabahi"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213045204/http://sabahionline.com/en_GB/articles/hoa/articles/features/2012/12/11/feature-01 |date=20121213045204 }} * [http://www.soregistry.so/ "SO Registry - Official .so Domain"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031021901/http://www.soregistry.so/ |date=20141031021901 }} * [http://news.upu.int/no_cache/nd/international-mail-services-officially-resume-in-somalia/ "International mail services officially resume in Somalia - UPU"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109172506/http://news.upu.int/no_cache/nd/international-mail-services-officially-resume-in-somalia/ |date=20131109172506 }} * 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Advisory: Somalia - Travel.State.Gov"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311235850/https://travelmaps.state.gov/TSGMap/?extent=32.829980986%2C-1.783760626%2C59.54518237%2C12.077308381 |date=20200311235850 }} * [http://laanta.net/2012/07/24/somalia-to-revive-national-airline-after-21-years/ "Somalia to revive national airline after 21 years - Laanta"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102150005/http://laanta.net/2012/07/24/somalia-to-revive-national-airline-after-21-years/ |date=20141102150005 }} * [http://www.keydmedia.net/en/news/article/the_long_awaited_somali_airlines_is_coming_back/ "The long awaited Somali Airlines is Coming Back! - Keydmedia Online"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231315/http://www.keydmedia.net/en/news/article/the_long_awaited_somali_airlines_is_coming_back/ |date=20131202231315 }} * [https://data.worldbank.org/country/SO "World Bank Open Data: Somalia"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130043543/https://data.worldbank.org/country/SO |date=20231130043543 }} * [https://somalia.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population-Estimation-Survey-of-Somalia-PESS-2013-2014.pdf "UNFPA: Population Estimation Survey of Somalia 2014"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804014649/http://somalia.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population-Estimation-Survey-of-Somalia-PESS-2013-2014.pdf |date=20170804014649 }} * [http://webdev.cal.org/development/co/bantu/sbpeop.html "The Somali Bantu: Their History and Culture"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416191857/http://webdev.cal.org/development/co/bantu/sbpeop.html |date=20140416191857 }} * [http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-full.pdf "The Global Religious Landscape - Pew Research Center"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806002044/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-full.pdf |date=20130806002044 }} * [http://www.wes.org/ca/wedb/somalia/soedov.htm "Somalia – Education Overview - WES"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511075522/http://www.wes.org/ca/wedb/somalia/soedov.htm |date=20110511075522 }} * [http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/report/home.html "The State Of The World's Midwifery - UNFPA"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120184853/http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/report/home.html |date=20120120184853 }} * [https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia "Somalia"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia |date=20211112230316 }} * [https://ethnomed.org/resource/report-on-somali-diet/ "Report on Somali Diet"] * [https://hooyoshouse.medium.com/exploring-the-aromatic-world-of-traditional-somali-spice-blends-3ab93879b74e "Exploring the Aromatic World of Traditional Somali Spice Blends"] * [https://www.deliciousisrael.com/blog/lahoh "Yemenite Lahoh (Lachoch)"] * [http://xawaash.com/?p=1548 "Somali Anjero (Canjeero) Anjero Somali | Xawaash.com"] {{Wayback|url=http://xawaash.com/?p=1548 |date=20231004063819 }} * [http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.5367/000000007780223669 "Role of Camels ( Camelus Dromedarius ) in the Traditional Lifestyle of Somali Pastoralists in Northern Kenya"] * [http://xawaash.com/?p=5892 "Somali Rice Pilaf (Bariis Maraq) Riz Pilaf Somali البيلاف الصومالي"] {{Wayback|url=http://xawaash.com/?p=5892 |date=20230923064942 }} * [https://www.saveur.com/how-lasagna-landed-africa/ "How Lasagna Landed in Africa"] * [https://www.vice.com/en/article/spaghetti-and-bananas-is-somali-comfort-food/ "Spaghetti and Bananas Is Somali Comfort Food"] * [https://www.cafedirect.co.uk/shop/the-history-of-coffee/ "The History of Coffee"] * [https://books.google.com/books?id=cscbDgqCsOMC&q=harar "Aden Under British Rule, 1839–1967"] * [https://www.mysomalifood.com/qahwe/ "Qahwe"] * [https://archive-stories.com/Halwa-Mahyawa-and-Multiple-Registers-of-Life-in-the-Gulf "Halwa, Mahyawa and Multiple Registers of Life in the Gulf"] * [https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/cid/AFMSM/sid/2399/_/1981_African_Championship_for_Men/index.html "1981 African Championship for Men"] {{Wayback|url=http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/cid/AFMSM/sid/2399/_/1981_African_Championship_for_Men/index.html |date=20090907182902 }} * [http://horseedmedia.net/2013/03/06/somalia-moves-forward-at-world-taekwondo-pictures/ "Somalia moves forward at world Taekwondo"] {{Wayback|url=http://horseedmedia.net/2013/03/06/somalia-moves-forward-at-world-taekwondo-pictures/ |date=20131022175949 }} * [http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2010-02-10/others/great-victory-for-malta-in-k1-kickboxing-270164/ "Great Victory for Malta in K1 Kickboxing"] * [https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia "Somalia"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia |date=20211112230316 }} * {{Harvnb|Diriye Abdullahi|2001|pp=170–1}} * {{Harvnb|Diriye Abdullahi|2001|p=109}} * [https://ethnomed.org/resource/report-on-somali-diet/ "Report on Somali Diet"] * [https://hooyoshouse.medium.com/exploring-the-aromatic-world-of-traditional-somali-spice-blends-3ab93879b74e "Exploring the Aromatic World of Traditional Somali Spice Blends"] * [https://www.deliciousisrael.com/blog/lahoh "Yemenite Lahoh (Lachoch)"] * {{Harvnb|Diriye Abdullahi|2001|page=113}} * [http://xawaash.com/?p=1548 "Somali Anjero (Canjeero) Anjero Somali | Xawaash.com"] {{Wayback|url=http://xawaash.com/?p=1548 |date=20231004063819 }} * [http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.5367/000000007780223669 "Role of Camels ( Camelus Dromedarius ) in the Traditional Lifestyle of Somali Pastoralists in Northern Kenya"] * [http://xawaash.com/?p=5892 "Somali Rice Pilaf (Bariis Maraq) Riz Pilaf Somali البيلاف الصومالي"] {{Wayback|url=http://xawaash.com/?p=5892 |date=20230923064942 }} * [https://www.saveur.com/how-lasagna-landed-africa/ "How Lasagna Landed in Africa"] * [https://www.vice.com/en/article/spaghetti-and-bananas-is-somali-comfort-food/ "Spaghetti and Bananas Is Somali Comfort Food"] * [https://www.cafedirect.co.uk/shop/the-history-of-coffee/ "The History of Coffee"] * [https://books.google.com/books?id=cscbDgqCsOMC&q=harar "Aden Under British Rule, 1839–1967"] * [https://www.mysomalifood.com/qahwe/ "Qahwe"] * [https://archive-stories.com/Halwa-Mahyawa-and-Multiple-Registers-of-Life-in-the-Gulf "Halwa, Mahyawa and Multiple Registers of Life in the Gulf"] * {{Cite book |last=Abdullahi |first=Mohammed |title=Culture and Customs of Somalia (Culture and Customs of Africa) |url=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00diri |publisher=Greenwood Press |date=2012 |isbn=9780313313332 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00diri/page/98 98]–99}} * [https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/cid/AFMSM/sid/2399/_/1981_African_Championship_for_Men/index.html "1981 African Championship for Men"] {{Wayback|url=http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/cid/AFMSM/sid/2399/_/1981_African_Championship_for_Men/index.html |date=20090907182902 }} * [http://horseedmedia.net/2013/03/06/somalia-moves-forward-at-world-taekwondo-pictures/ "Somalia moves forward at world Taekwondo"] {{Wayback|url=http://horseedmedia.net/2013/03/06/somalia-moves-forward-at-world-taekwondo-pictures/ |date=20131022175949 }} * [http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2010-02-10/others/great-victory-for-malta-in-k1-kickboxing-270164/ "Great Victory for Malta in K1 Kickboxing"] * [https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia "Somalia - Britannica"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Somalia |date=20211112230316 }} * [https://www.ponarseurasia.org/de-facto-states-unbound/ "De Facto States Unbound – PONARS Eurasia"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.ponarseurasia.org/de-facto-states-unbound/ |date=20221014163003 }} * {{cite book |last1=Ker-Lindsay |first1=James |title=The Foreign Policy of Counter Secession |date=2012 |isbn=978-0-19-969839-4 |pages=58–59}} * [https://books.google.com/books?id=9iu6AAAAIAAJ "Ancient Trade and Society - Lionel Casson"] {{Wayback|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9iu6AAAAIAAJ |date=20160805112006 }} * {{cite book|last1=Suárez|first1=Jorge Alejandro|title=Geopolítica de lo Desconocido|isbn=979-8393720292|page=227}} * {{Harvnb|Laitin|1977|p=8}} * {{cite book|author=Abdisalam M. Issa-Salwe|title=The Collapse of the Somali State|year=1996|isbn=1-874209-91-X|pages=34–35}} * [https://books.google.com/books?id=PBvfTmzsZ-0C&pg=PA84 "Clan Cleansing in Somalia: The Ruinous Legacy of 1991"] {{Wayback|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PBvfTmzsZ-0C&pg=PA84 |date=20230207231426 }} * [https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/Somaliland_Parade "Council on Foreign Relations - Somaliland"] {{Wayback|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509080323/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/Somaliland_Parade |date=20180509080323 }} * [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/24/world/africa/24somalia.html "Harvard-Educated Technocrat Chosen as Somalia Premier - NYT"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/24/world/africa/24somalia.html |date=20181128005934 }} * [[suspicious link removed] "Ethiopian Invasion of Somalia, US Warlordism & AU Shame"] * [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09546553.2016.1165213 "The Evolution of Political Violence: The Case of Somalia's Al-Shabaab"] * {{Cite book |title=The Rule Is For None But Allah |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2023 |isbn=9780197690390 |page=111}} * [[suspicious link removed] "The Production of Somali Conflict and the Role of Internal and External Actors"] * [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/29/somali-president-resigns "Somali president resigns amid power struggle - The Guardian"] * [http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/01/31/somalia.election.president/ "Moderate Islamist picked as Somali president - CNN"] {{Wayback|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/01/31/somalia.election.president/ |date=20090202115625 }} * [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-16979440 "Somalia's al-Shabab join al-Qaeda - BBC News"] * [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54690561 "Somalia conflict: Al-Shabab 'collects more revenue than government'"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54690561 |date=20220928121250 }} * [https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/al-shabab "Al-Shabab - Council on Foreign Relations"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/al-shabab |date=20210202020617 }} * [https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/kenyan-troops-seize-al-shabaab-base-in-somalia/455875 "Kenyan troops seize al-Shabaab base in Somalia - Anadolu Agency"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/kenyan-troops-seize-al-shabaab-base-in-somalia/455875 |date=20230930234435 }} * [http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/indepth/2012-08/02/c_131757152.htm "Somalia's newly-endorsed constitution widely hailed"] {{Wayback|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/indepth/2012-08/02/c_131757152.htm |date=20131007224547 }} * [http://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/mogadishu-east-africas-newest-business-destination/17661/ "Mogadishu: East Africa's newest business destination?"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/mogadishu-east-africas-newest-business-destination/17661/ |date=20120627101741 }} * [https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/least-developed-country-category/ldcs-at-a-glance.html "LDCs at a Glance - United Nations"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/least-developed-country-category/ldcs-at-a-glance.html |date=20220329160054 }} * [http://horseedmedia.net/2013/03/06/somalia-moves-forward-at-world-taekwondo-pictures/ "Somalia moves forward at world Taekwondo"] {{Wayback|url=http://horseedmedia.net/2013/03/06/somalia-moves-forward-at-world-taekwondo-pictures/ |date=20131022175949 }} * [http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2010-02-10/others/great-victory-for-malta-in-k1-kickboxing-270164/ "Great Victory for Malta in K1 Kickboxing"] ==Xiriirinta dibadda== {{Library resources box}} * [https://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=SO Saadaasha Horumarka Muhiimka ah ee Soomaaliya] laga helay [[International Futures]] === Dawladda === * [https://www.somalia.gov.so Albaabka rasmiga ah ee dowladda] – albaabka u furmaya bogagga dowladda * [https://villasomalia.gov.so/en Madaxtooyada] {{Wayback|url=https://villasomalia.gov.so/en |date=20250715221010 }} – bogga rasmiga ah ee madaxweynaha Soomaaliya * [https://opm.gov.so Ra’iisul Wasaaraha] – bogga rasmiga ah ee ra’iisul wasaaraha Soomaaliya * [https://senate.gov.so Aqalka Sare] – bogga rasmiga ah ee Aqalka Sare ee Soomaaliya * [http://www.parliament.gov.so Baarlamaanka] – bogga rasmiga ah ee Baarlamaanka Federaalka Soomaaliya * [https://nbs.gov.so Xog-ururin] – bogga rasmiga ah ee Xafiiska Qaranka ee Xog-ururinta Soomaaliya === Taariikh === * [https://www.somalia.gov.so/about-somalia "Taariikh"] – Taariikhda Soomaaliya ee bogga Dowladda Federaalka Soomaaliya === Dalxiis === * [https://tourism.gov.so Waaxda Dalxiiska] {{Wayback|url=https://tourism.gov.so/ |date=20230506225038 }} – bogga rasmiga ah ee Waaxda Dalxiiska, Wasaaradda Warfaafinta, Dhaqanka & Dalxiiska === Khariidado === * {{Wikiatlas}} * {{Osmrelation-inline|192799}} {{Navboxes |list = {{Midowga Afrika}} }} {{Coord|10|N|49|E|display=title}} {{Subject bar|Soomaaliya|Afrika|Dalalka|auto=yes|voy=Soomaaliya}} {{Authority control}} {{Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka}} {{Dalalka Afrika}} <!-- ugu hooseeya per [[WP:SUBCAT]] - hoosaadka dalalka ee hoostaga qaybaha gobolka --> [[Category:Wadamada Afrika]] 3t1uuimsbm6yn5hx8frclo6b5ecsbfe 0 43838 307940 287216 2026-09-14T02:20:27Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 307940 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Magaji Da'u Aliyu | office = Xubin ka tirsan [[Aqalka Wakiillada (Nayjeeriya)|Aqalka Wakiillada]] | country = [[Nigeria]] | constituency = [[Birnin Kudu]]/[[Buji, Jigawa|Buji]] Federal Constituency | term_start = 2015 | term_end = 2023 | party = [[Dhammaan Golaha Horumarka]] | occupation = Siyaasi | birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1963}} | nationality = Nigerian }} '''Magaji Da'u Aliyu''' (wuxuu dhashay 1963) waa siyaasi reer Nigeria ah oo u soo shaqeeyay xubin Golaha Wakiilada ee 8aad iyo 9aad ee Golayaasha Qaranka, isagoo matalaya Deegaanka Federaalka Birnin Kudu / Buji ee Gobolka Jigawa . ==Nolosha hore iyo xirfad siyaasadeed== Waxa uu dhashay 1963-kii, waxa uuna ka soo jeedaa Gobolka Jigawa. Waxaa markii ugu horeysay loo doortay Golaha Wakiilada 2015 mar labaadna loo doortay 2019 Sannadkii 2023-kii , waxa uu xaqiijistay tigidhkii xisbiga All Progressives Congress (APC) ee dib-u-doorashada balse waxa ka guulaystay Yakubu Adamu oo ka tirsan xisbiga Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). ==Tixraac== [https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/aliyu-dau-magaji "Citizen Science Nigeria - Magaji Da'u Aliyu"] [https://www.eduweb.com.ng/2015-jigawa-state-house-of-representatives-election-results/#2015_BUJIBIRNIN_KUDU_constituency_election "2015 jigawa state golaha wakiilada natiijada doorashada - eduweb"] [https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/BKD-BUJ-140.pdf "INEC - Doorashada Golaha Wakiilada - 2019 Gobolka Jigawa"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/BKD-BUJ-140.pdf |date=20241213104936 }} [https://tribuneonlineng.com/reps-power-committee-chairman-retains-apc-ticket-in-jigawa/ "Gudoomiyaha guddiga awooda baarlamaanka ayaa tigidhka APC ku sii haya Jigawa"] [https://www.eduweb.com.ng/2023-jigawa-state-house-of-representatives-election-results/#2023_Birnin_KuduBuji_constituency_election "2023 Jigawa natiijadii doorashada golaha wakiilada - eduweb"] [https://dailypost.ng/2023/11/02/appeal-court-orders-bye-election-for-birniin-kudu-buji-federal-constituency-in-jigawa/ "Maxkamadda Racfaanka ayaa amartay in doorashada bye-doorashada Birniin Kudu, Buji federaalka ee Jigawa"] [https://dailypost.ng/2024/02/04/pdp-emerges-victorious-in-buji-birnin-kudu-rerun-election/ "PDP waxay ku soo baxday guul ka soo hoyatay doorashada ku celiska ah ee Buji/Birnin Kudu"] ruv2amyyv45035prjabpri8n4y3uyil 828 46277 307957 292699 2026-09-14T10:05:44Z Isma4l 41797 307957 Scribunto text/plain return { -- Templates that should never be transcluded -- CAUTION: () grouping notation does not work blacklist = { '2021 United States Capitol attack', '2021 storming of the United States Capitol', '[Aa]bout', '[Tt]his', '[Tt]his article is about', '[Aa]griculture', '[Aa]nchor', '[Bb]roader', '[Cc]ampaignbox', '[Cc]ampaign', '[Cc]itations broken from PEIS limit', '[Cc]oor', '[Ll]ocation', '[Ll]ocation dec', '[Cc]o%-ord', -- Coordinates '[Cc]urrent', '[Ff]lux', '[Ll]ive', '[Oo]n ?going', '[Rr]ecent ?event', '[Rr]ecent news', '[Bb]reaking news', -- {{Current}} etc. '[Cc]lean.*', '[Bb]are.*', '[Dd]efault ?[Ss]ort', 'DEFAULT ?SORT', '[Dd]isplay ?title', 'DISPLAYTITLE', '[Ii]talic title', '[Ii]talic disambiguation', '[Ii]talic dab', '[Tt]itle language', '[Dd]istinguish', '[Cc]onfused?', '[Cc]onfusion', '[Nn]ot ?confused?', '[Nn]ot ?to ?be ?confused', '[Nn]ot ?to ?be ?confused ?with', 'NTBCW', '[Nn]tbcw', '[Dd]ist', '[Ee]xpand.*', '[Ff]eatured ?article', '[Ff]eatured', '[Ff]eaturedSmall', 'FA topicon', '^[Ff][Oo][Rr][12]?', '[Ff]or ?the', '[Ff]urther', '[Gg]ood [Aa]rticle','GA article', 'GA icon', '[Gg]lobal', '[Hh]atnote', '[Ii]nfo ?[Bb]ox', '[Rr]ow', '[Tt]axobox', -- infoboxes '[Ll]ea?de? 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Waxay ku taallaa qiyaas ahaan 45 kiiloomitir waqooyi-bari ee [[Frankfurt am Main]]. Waxay leedahay dad gaaraya ilaa 2,800. ==Taariikhda== Laga bilaabo 1943 ilaa 1945 agagaarku wuxuu ahaa goob [[:de:Arbeitserziehungslager Hirzenhain|xero shaqo qasab ah oo loogu talagalay dembiilayaasha la xukumay iyo maxaabiistii dagaalka]], taas oo ay maamulaysay [[Gestapo]]. 25 Maarso 1945, wax yar ka hor dhammaadka dagaalka, ciidamo ka tirsan [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] ayaa dilay 87 maxbuus oo ku jiray xerada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=View of the mass grave near Hirzenhain from which the bodies of 87 prisoners were exhumed. |url=https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/pa1042259 |access-date=August 8, 2026 |website= |id=Photograph Number 77089|orig-date=May 7, 1945|publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum}}</ref> Waxaa degmada ku yaal xusuus-dhismeed loogu talagalay dhibanayaasha. Meydadkii waxaa dib loogu aasay [[Arnsburg Abbey]] 1960kii.<ref name="FR">{{cite web|url=http://www.fr-online.de/bad-vilbel-und-wetterau/hirzenhain-ss-massenmord-kurz-vor-kriegsende,1472868,2978402.html|title=SS-Massenmord kurz vor Kriegsende|publisher=Frankfurter Rundschau| date=26 March 2010|first=Detlef|last=Sundermann|accessdate=15 January 2017|language=de}}</ref> ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} {{Commons category}} {{Authority control}} nl3rdldxuscvv33468abqusv0uwqdzh 0 52044 307939 307846 2026-09-14T01:46:22Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 307939 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |name = Hommerdingen |image_photo = |image_coa = |coordinates = {{coord|49|54|33|N|6|19|15|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Hommerdingen in BIT.svg |state = |district = Eifelkreis Bitburg-Prüm |Verbandsgemeinde = Südeifel |elevation = 364 |area = 2.04 |postal_code = 54675 |area_code = 06522 |licence = BIT |Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 2 32 054 |website = [http://www.suedeifelinfo.de/index.php/2014-04-02-10-51-07/gemeinden-der-vg-suedeifel Hommerdingen at site www.suedeifelinfo.de] |mayor = Michael Pelletier sen.<ref>[https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/de/kw/wahlen/kd/gebiete/2320000000000.html Direktwahlen 2019, Eifelkreis Bitburg-Prüm], Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, accessed 6 August 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2019&ndash;24 |party = }} '''Hommerdingen''' waa degmo ku taal degmada [[Bitburg-Prüm]], ee [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], galbeedka [[Germany]]. [[File:Hommerdingen, Eifel, Germany.JPG|thumb|left|300px|Waddada aadisa [[Nusbaum]] ee ku taal Hommerdingen]] ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta Dibadda == *[http://www.swr.de/landesschau-rp/hierzuland/hommerdingen/-/id=100766/did=3908226/nid=100766/1p132gw/index.html TV portrait of Hommerdingen]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} broadcast by [[Südwestrundfunk]] {{in lang|de}} {{authority control}} m33467nxyb0ab8kni24n7wxzo5lvhf0 0 52048 307878 2026-09-13T15:36:25Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307878 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |name = Hütterscheid |image_photo = |image_coa = Wappen Huetterscheid.png |coordinates = {{coord|49|59|51|N|06|23|18|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Hütterscheid in BIT.svg |state = |district = Eifelkreis Bitburg-Prüm |Verbandsgemeinde = Bitburger Land |elevation = 350 |area = 2.99 |postal_code = 54636 |area_code = 06527 |licence = BIT |Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 2 32 057 |website = [http://www.bitburgerland.de/index.php?id=388 Hütterscheid at the Bitburger Land website www.bitburgerland.de] |mayor = Andreas Girards<ref>[https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/de/kw/wahlen/kd/gebiete/2320000000000.html Direktwahlen 2019, Eifelkreis Bitburg-Prüm], Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, accessed 6 August 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2019&ndash;24 |party = }} '''Hütterscheid''' waa degmo ku taal degmada [[Bitburg-Prüm]], ee [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], [[Germany]]. ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hutterscheid}} tg9xaloxo5sn1bvlkl2nip4swz5i46s 0 52049 307879 2026-09-13T15:37:57Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307879 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = DEU Hueven COA.png |coordinates = {{coord|52|47|10|N|7|33|6|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_photo = Huevener-Muehle.jpg |image_caption = Tegayga iyo warshadda biyaha |image_plan = Hüven in EL.svg |state = |district = Emsland |Samtgemeinde = Sögel |elevation = 30 |area = 15.24 |postal_code = 49751 |area_code = 05952 |licence = EL |Gemeindeschlüssel = 03 4 54 023 |mayor = Simone Borgmann |party = CDU }} '''Hüven''' waa degmo ku taal degmada [[Emsland]], ee [[Lower Saxony]], [[Germany]]. ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Huven}} i48azph5v2hnhhuyrx0zj1kuo82v5d2 0 52050 307880 2026-09-13T15:40:14Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307880 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = DEU Iggingen COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|48|49|59|N|09|52|40|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Iggingen in AA.svg |state = |region = Stuttgart |district = Ostalbkreis |elevation = 464 |area = 11.42 |postal_code = 73574 |area_code = 07175 |licence = AA |Gemeindeschlüssel = 08 1 36 034 |website = [https://www.iggingen.de/ www.iggingen.de] |mayor = Tobias Feldmeyer<ref>[https://www.staatsanzeiger.de/wahl/buergermeisterwahl-iggingen-2024/ Bürgermeisterwahl Iggingen 2024], Staatsanzeiger. Retrieved 12 June 2024.</ref> |leader_term = 2024&ndash;32 |party = }} '''Iggingen''' ({{IPA|de|ˈɪɡɪŋən}}) waa degmo ku taal gobolka [[Germany|Jarmalka]] ee [[Baden-Württemberg]], ee degmada [[Ostalbkreis]]. == Horumarinta dadweynaha == *1939: 952 *1961: 1.412 *1987: 1.959 *1997: 2.385 *2006: 2.586 == Duqa magaalada == Klemens Stöckle waxaa loo dooratay duqa magaalada 1994, dib ayaana loo doortay 2002, 2010 iyo 2018. Febraayo 2024 Tobias Feldmeyer ayaa loo doortay duqa magaalada. [[File:St.-Martinus-Kirche Iggingen.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Kaniisadda St.-Martinus ee Iggingen]] ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta Dibadda == * {{Commonscat inline}} {{Authority control}} clg68adnbpv2p8axvyp6cv7kvoj5yb9 0 52051 307881 2026-09-13T15:42:45Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307881 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German place |image_coa = DEU Ihringen COA.svg |image_photo = Ihringen 025.650.jpg |image_caption = Sawirka hawada |coordinates = {{coord|48|3|N|7|39|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Ihringen in FR.svg |state = |region = Freiburg |district = Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald |elevation = 202 |area = 23.00 |postal_code = 79241 |area_code = 07668 |licence = FR |Gemeindeschlüssel = 08 3 15 059 |divisions = 2 |website = [http://www.ihringen.de/ www.ihringen.de] |mayor = Benedikt Eckerle<ref>[https://www.staatsanzeiger.de/staatsanzeiger/wahlen/buergermeisterwahlen/ Aktuelle Wahlergebnisse], Staatsanzeiger, accessed 11 September 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2017&ndash;25 |party = Madaxbanaan }} '''Ihringen''' waa magaalo ku taal degmada [[Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald]] ee [[Baden-Württemberg]] ee dalka [[Germany]], oo bariga kaga beegan [[Breisach am Rhein]] isla markaana galbeed ka xigta [[Freiburg im Breisgau]] dhinaca koonfureed ee [[Kaiserstuhl (Baden)|Kaiserstuhl]]. Waxay caan ku tahay khamrigeeda.<ref>''[https://www.alemannische-seiten.de/deutschland/ihringen_suche.php?id=wein viticulture Ihringen]'', alemannische-seiten.de</ref> ==Cimilada== Sida ay qabaan ilaha badankooda, waa meesha ugu diiran Jarmalka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spektrum.de/quiz/wo-ist-deutschlands-waermster-ort/895125|title = Wo ist Deutschlands wärmster Ort?}}</ref> Nidaamka kala soocidda cimilada ee [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]], Ihringen waxay leedahay [[oceanic climate|cimilada badda]] (''Cfb''), iyadoo ay aad ugu dhowdahay cimilada dhulka [[humid subtropical climate|hoose ee kulaylaha qoyan]] ee 48°N oo aad u naadir ah (''Cfa''), oo leh jiilaal qabow oo dhexdhexaad ah iyo xagaa dheer oo kulul. Magaaladu waxay u dhowdahay [[Kaiserstuhl (Baden-Württemberg)|Kaiserstuhl]], oo ah safafka buuro ay asal ahaan ka soo jeedaan foolkaanaha oo ku yaal dhowr mayl u jirta taas oo loo arko inay ka mid tahay meelaha ugu diiran Jarmalka sida awgeedna ay tahay mid ka mid ah meelaha Beeralayda khamriga ugu muhiimsan. === Noocyada cimilada === {{Weather box |width = auto |location = Ihringen (Freiburg 2015–2020, qorraxda 2015–2020, xad-dhaafka 1949–ilaa maanta) |metric first = Yes |single line = Yes |Jan record high C= 18.8 |Feb record high C= 21.9 |Mar record high C= 25.7 |Apr record high C= 29.4 |May record high C= 33.7 |Jun record high C= 36.5 |Jul record high C= 38.3 |Aug record high C= 40.2 |Sep record high C= 33.9 |Oct record high C= 30.8 |Nov record high C= 23.2 |Dec record high C= 21.7 |year record high C= 40.2 |Jan high C = 5.7 |Feb high C = 7.9 |Mar high C = 12.6 |Apr high C = 16.7 |May high C = 20.3 |Jun high C = 25.0 |Jul high C = 27.8 |Aug high C = 27.5 |Sep high C = 22.3 |Oct high C = 16.2 |Nov high C = 10.2 |Dec high C = 7.9 |year high C = 16.7 |Jan mean C = 2.8 |Feb mean C = 4.0 |Mar mean C = 7.2 |Apr mean C = 10.6 |May mean C = 14.5 |Jun mean C = 19.0 |Jul mean C = 21.3 |Aug mean C = 21.0 |Sep mean C = 16.1 |Oct mean C = 11.4 |Nov mean C = 6.7 |Dec mean C = 4.6 |year mean C = 11.6 |Jan low C = 0.0 |Feb low C = 0.1 |Mar low C = 1.9 |Apr low C = 4.6 |May low C = 8.8 |Jun low C = 13.8 |Jul low C = 14.8 |Aug low C = 14.4 |Sep low C = 10.0 |Oct low C = 6.6 |Nov low C = 3.1 |Dec low C = 1.3 |year low C = 6.6 |Jan record low C= −18 |Feb record low C= −21.6 |Mar record low C= −11.9 |Apr record low C= −5.2 |May record low C= −1.4 |Jun record low C= 3.2 |Jul record low C= 5.3 |Aug record low C= 4.5 |Sep record low C= 0.6 |Oct record low C= −5.9 |Nov record low C= −10.4 |Dec record low C= −19.9 |year record low C= −21.6 |Jan precipitation mm = 44.5 |Feb precipitation mm = 42.9 |Mar precipitation mm = 36.7 |Apr precipitation mm = 77 |May precipitation mm = 96.2 |Jun precipitation mm = 76.3 |Jul precipitation mm = 52.5 |Aug precipitation mm = 53.4 |Sep precipitation mm = 45.4 |Oct precipitation mm = 49.0 |Nov precipitation mm = 66.2 |Dec precipitation mm = 35.9 |precipitation colour = green |year precipitation mm = 676.1 |unit rain days = 0.2 mm |Jan rain days = 19.7 |Feb rain days = 11.9 |Mar rain days = 13.9 |Apr rain days = 14.5 |May rain days = 13.2 |Jun rain days = 12.9 |Jul rain days = 11.8 |Aug rain days = 11.4 |Sep rain days = 10.3 |Oct rain days = 12.9 |Nov rain days = 13.9 |Dec rain days = 13.5 |year rain days = 159.8 |Jan sun = 29.2 |Feb sun = 93.4 |Mar sun = 150.0 |Apr sun = 184.1 |May sun = 204.2 |Jun sun = 241.7 |Jul sun = 263.2 |Aug sun = 190.8 |Sep sun = 187.3 |Oct sun = 110.7 |Nov sun = 61.1 |Dec sun = 68.2 |year sun = 1784.1 |source 1 = ''Weatheronline.de''<ref name="weatheronline.de">{{cite web |url=http://www.weatheronline.de/weather/maps/city?LANG=de&WMO=10803&PAG=0&CONT=dldl&UP=0&R=160&LEVEL=162&REGION=0001&LAND=DL&MOD=tab&ART=TMX&NOREGION=0|title=Freiburg/Breisgau historic weather averages |access-date= 22 June 2014 |publisher=weatheronline.de|language=de}}</ref> |source 2 = ''Meteociel.fr''<ref name="Meteociel.fr">{{cite web |url=http://www.meteociel.fr/climatologie/villes.php?code=10803|title=Freiburg/Breisgau historic extremes |access-date= 6 November 2015 |publisher=Meteociel.fr|language=fr}}</ref> }} ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} fpok4k3dx1adgidnpyj0wz72i64yua4 0 52052 307882 2026-09-13T15:44:28Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307882 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = DEU Ihrlerstein COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|48|56|N|11|52|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Ihrlerstein in KEH.svg |state = |region = Niederbayern |district = Kelheim |Verwaltungsgemeinschaft = Ihrlerstein |elevation = 482 |area = 23.04 |postal_code = 93346 |area_code = 09441 |licence = KEH |Gemeindeschlüssel = 09 2 73 133 |website = [https://www.ihrlerstein.de/ www.ihrlerstein.de] |mayor = Thomas Krebs<ref>[https://www.statistik.bayern.de/wahlen/kommunalwahlen/bgm/ Liste der ersten Bürgermeister/Oberbürgermeister in kreisangehörigen Gemeinden], [[Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik]], 15 July 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2020&ndash;26 |party = SPD }} '''Ihrlerstein''' ({{IPA|de|ˈiːɐ̯lɐʃtaɪn}}) waa [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ku taal degmada [[Kelheim (district)|Kelheim]] ee [[Bavaria]] ee dalka [[Germany]]. ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} k8h10ye6ok09ta3rgl3h6rb8bn1bru4 0 52053 307883 2026-09-13T15:45:54Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307883 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_photo = |image_coa = Wappen von Ilberstedt.png |coordinates = {{coord|51|48|N|11|40|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Ilberstedt in SLK.png |state = |district = Salzlandkreis |Verbandsgemeinde= Saale-Wipper |elevation = 70 |area = 14.93 |postal_code = 06408 |area_code = 03471 |licence = SLK |Gemeindeschlüssel = 15 0 89 185 |divisions = 2 |mayor = Lothar Jänsch<ref>[https://wahlergebnisse.sachsen-anhalt.de/wahlen/bmbm/index.html Bürgermeisterwahlen in den Gemeinden, Endgültige Ergebnisse], [[Statistisches Landesamt Sachsen-Anhalt]], accessed 10 November 2022.</ref> |leader_term = 2022&ndash;29 |party = }} '''Ilberstedt''' waa degmo ku taal degmada [[Salzlandkreis]], ee [[Saxony-Anhalt]], [[Germany]]. ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} goafixsvl4c8xyvx9akt1apelvep5oa 0 52054 307884 2026-09-13T15:47:48Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307884 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = DEU Illesheim COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|49|28|N|10|23|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Illesheim in NEA.svg |state = |region = Mittelfranken |district = Neustadt a.d.Aisch-Bad Windsheim |Verwaltungsgemeinschaft = Burgbernheim |elevation = 321 |area = 21.42 |postal_code = 91471 |area_code = 09841 |licence = NEA |Gemeindeschlüssel = 09 5 75 133 |divisions = 4 [[Ortsteil]]e |website = [http://www.illesheim.de/ www.illesheim.de] |mayor = Roland Scheibenberger<ref name=mayor>[https://www.statistik.bayern.de/wahlen/kommunalwahlen/bgm/ Liste der ersten Bürgermeister/Oberbürgermeister in kreisangehörigen Gemeinden], [[Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik]], 15 July 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2020&ndash;26 |party = }} '''Illesheim''' ({{IPA|de|ˈɪləshaɪm}}, oo sido kale maxalli ah looga yaqaan ''Illesa''), oo la aasaasay 1283 AD, waa [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ku taal degmada [[Neustadt (Aisch)-Bad Windsheim]] ee [[Bavaria]] ee dalka [[Germany]]. Hoggaamiyihii ugu horreeyay ee la xiriira aasaaska Illesheim wuxuu ahaa [[Götz von Berlichingen]], oo loo yaqaano "The Knight with the Iron Hand". Waxay 6 kiiloomitir u jirtaa galbeedka [[Bad Windsheim]] iyo 11 kiiloomitir bariga [[Bundesautobahn 7|A7 motorway]]. Illesheim waxay leedahay hal saldhig tareen, oo ah saldhig ku yaal nidaamka [[Regionalbahn]]. Rathaus-keeda (xarunta degmada) waa furan yahay galabta Arbacada waxayna leedahay waxyaabo taariikhi ah oo xiiso leh. Magaaladan yar waxay ku taallaa cidhifka waqooyi-galbeed ee [[Storck Barracks]] ee ciidanka Maraykanka iyo Illesheim AAF, oo ah gegida diyaaradaha qumaatiga u kaca ee ciidanka Maraykanka. Gegida diyaaradaha waxay hore u lahayd [[Luftwaffe]] ilaa intii la qabsaday 1945. Illesheim waa inta badan magaalo beeralay ah. Tuulada xitaa ka yar ee [[Urfersheim]] waxay fadhisaa koonfur-bari, iyada oo ku taal dhinaca ka soo horjeeda ee gegida diyaaradaha. Cimridda Illesheim (Jarmal, ''Wappen''), Wheel-ku waxay matalaysaa Illesheim oo ku taal bartamaha iyadoo shanta gacan ee taayirku ay tilmaamayaan bulshooyinka kale ee yaryar ee deriska la ah ee ku xiran magaalada Illesheim. Mindiida kor ku xusan waxay matalaysaa [[Saint Bartholomew]], oo ah awowga ilaaliyaha u ah kaniisadda ku taal tuulada deriska la ah ee Urfersheim. Iskutallaabtu waxay matalaysaa [[Gondelbert|Saint Gumbertus]], oo ah awowga ilaaliyaha u ah kaniisadda ku taal tuulada yar ee [[Westheim, Illesheim|Westheim]] (koonfur-bari ee Urfersheim). ==Duqa magaalada== Duqa magaalada Illesheim waa Roland Scheibenberger, oo la doortay Maarso 2020.<ref name=mayor/> [[File:Illesheim St. Maria und Wendel 008.jpg|left|thumb|upright=1.18|Illesheim St. Maria and Wendel]] ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{Authority control}} gj29afkscu6uwsngwippf6a7b0056sb 0 52055 307885 2026-09-13T15:49:12Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307885 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_photo = Ruschweiler 022.jpg |image_caption = Qorrax-dhaca harada {{ill|Ruschweiler Lake|de|Ruschweiler See}} |image_coa = Wappen Illmensee.svg |coordinates = {{coord|47|51|40|N|9|22|23|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Karte Illmensee.png |state = |region = Tübingen |district = Sigmaringen |elevation = 692 |area = 24.92 |postal_code = 88636 |area_code = 07558 |licence = SIG |Gemeindeschlüssel = 08 4 37 056 |website = {{URL|http://www.illmensee.de/}} }} '''Illmensee''' waa degmo ka tirsan degmada [[Sigmaringen (district)|Sigmaringen]] ee [[Baden-Württemberg]], [[Germany]]. ==Taariikhda== Illmensee waxaa loo gacangeliyay [[Grand Duchy of Baden]] sanadkii 1803, taas oo dawladdedu ay degmada u xilsaartay degmada [[Pfullendorf]]. Waxaa dib loogu celiyay sanadkii 1843 degmada [[Heiligenberg]], taas oo lagu kala diray sanadkii 1938 degmada [[Überlingen]]. Illmensee waxay si weyn u kortay [[World War II]] ka dib, gaar ahaan sannadihii 1960-meeyadii, markaas oo degmada la warshadeeyay. Sanadkii 1973, iyada oo qayb ka ah {{ill|1973 Baden-Württemberg district reform|de|Kreisreform Baden-Württemberg 1973|lt=dib-u-habeyntii dhismeedka maamulka Baden-Württemberg ee sanadkaas}}, degmada Überlingen waxaa lagu daray mid cusub oo xarunteedu tahay Sigmaringen.<ref name=LEO-BW>{{cite web|title=Illmensee|url=https://www.leo-bw.de/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/21100/Illmensee|website=[[LEO-BW]]|publisher=[[Baden-Württemberg]]|language=de|accessdate=25 July 2020}}</ref> ==Juqraafiga== Degmada (''[[Municipalities of Germany|Gemeinde]]'') ee Illmensee waxay ku taal koonfur-bari ee [[Sigmaringen (district)|degmada]] [[Sigmaringen]], ee [[States of Germany|gobolka Jarmalka]] ee [[Baden-Württemberg]]. Illmensee waxay ku taal xadka Sigmaringen ee la wadaagto [[Ravensburg (district)|degmada]] [[Ravensburg]] dhinaca bari iyo [[Bodenseekreis|degmada Bodensee]] dhinaca koonfureed. Degmadu waxay si dhab ah ugu taal [[Depression (geology)|niqniq]] ay samaysay [[Würm glaciation]] ee ku taal {{ill|Upper Swabian hill country|de|Oberschwäbisches Hügelland}}. Saddexda harraad ee degmada, [[Illmensee (lake)|Illmensee]] lafteeda, {{ill|Ruschweiler Lake|de|Ruschweiler See|lt=Ruschweiler}}, iyo hararka {{ill|Volzer Lake|de|Volzer See|lt=Volzer}}, waa [[glacial lakes|harooyin barafaysan]] oo iyaguna ay samaysay Würm glaciation. Joogagga ka sarreeya heerka badda ee aagga degmada waxay u dhexeeyaan inta u dhaxaysa {{convert|833|m|sp=us}} [[Normalnull]] (NN) ilaa ugu hooseysa oo ah {{convert|667|m|sp=us}} NN.<ref name=LEO-BW/> Aagga dabiiciga ah ee federaalka ahaan la ilaaliyo ee {{ill|Ruschweiler and Volzer Lakes|de|Ruschweiler und Volzer See}} [[Naturschutzgebiet|nature reserve]] wuxuu ku yaaa aagga degmada Illmensee.<ref name=LEO-BW/> ==Siyaasadda== Illmensee waxay leedahay saddex xaafadood (''Ortsteile''): Illmensee, Illwanger, iyo {{ill|Ruschweiler|de}}.<ref name=LEO-BW/> === astaanta dharka === [[Coat of arms|Cimridda]] Illmensee waxay muujinaysaa kalluun [[Argent|cad]] ah oo ka boodaya [[Or (heraldry)|jaalle]], [[Mount (heraldry)|buur saddex geesood ah]] oo ku taal [[Field (heraldry)|beerta]] [[Gules|guduudka ah]]. Astaantan waxaa laga keenay qoyskii Irmensee, oo ah qoys sharaf leh oo ku baaba'ay Switzerland sanadkii 1591.<ref name=LEO-BW/> ==Gaadiidka== Gaadiidka dadweynaha ee deegaanka waxaa bixiya {{ill|Verkehrsverbund Neckar-Alb-Donau|de}}. Degmadu waxay tan iyo 2009 ahayd xubin ka tirsan {{ill|Bodensee-Oberschwaben Verkehrsverbund|de}}.<ref name=LEO-BW/> ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta Dibadda == * {{Official website}} (Jarmal) {{Authority control}} 2c8z8pzqrfimzsfl4fxwa4b8imi4j3b 0 52056 307886 2026-09-13T15:50:34Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307886 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_flag = Flagge illschwang.png |image_coa = Wappen Illschwang.SVG |image_skyline = Ortskern-illschwang-mit-kirche.jpg |image_caption = Aragtida qaybta dhexe ee Illschwang |coordinates = {{coord|49|27|N|11|41|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Illschwang in AS.svg |state = |region = Oberpfalz |district = Amberg-Sulzbach |Verwaltungsgemeinschaft = Illschwang |elevation = 488 |area = 54.22 |postal_code = 92278 |area_code = 09666 |licence = AS |Gemeindeschlüssel = 09 3 71 131 |website = [http://www.illschwang.de www.illschwang.de] |mayor = Dieter Dehling<ref>[https://www.statistik.bayern.de/wahlen/kommunalwahlen/bgm/ Liste der ersten Bürgermeister/Oberbürgermeister in kreisangehörigen Gemeinden], [[Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik]], 15 July 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2020&ndash;26 |party = CSU }} '''Illschwang''' ({{IPA|de|ˈɪlʃvaŋ}}) waa [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ku taal degmada [[Amberg-Sulzbach]] ee [[Bavaria]] ee dalka [[Germany]]. ==Juqraafiga== Marka laga reebo Illschwang, degmadu waxay ka kooban tahay tuulooyinka soo socda:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bayernportal.de/dokumente/behoerde/80552775599/ortsteile|title=Ortsteile mit Postleitzahl |access-date=2024-02-15}}</ref> {{div col|colwidth=12em}} *Aichazandt *Altensee *Angfeld *Augsberg *Bachetsfeld *Bodenhof *Dietersberg *Einsricht *Frankenhof *Gehrsricht *Götzendorf *Haar *Hackern *Hermannsberg *Hermannsdorf *Kühnhof *Mörswinkl *Neuöd *Ödputzberg *Ottmannsfeld *Pesensricht *Pfaffenhof *Pürschläg *Reichertsfeld *Ritzelsdorf *Ritzenfeld *Schöpfendorf *Schwand *Seibertshof *Wirsfeld *Woffenricht {{div col end}} == Dadka caanka ah ==<!-- Please respect alphabetical order --> ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{Authority control}} 8llyt3mrtz9ikxogxfx7s4d5fzv1awh 0 52057 307887 2026-09-13T15:52:02Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307887 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = DEU Ilmmünster COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|48|29|N|11|30|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Ilmmünster in PAF.svg |state = |region = Oberbayern |district = Pfaffenhofen a.d.Ilm |Verwaltungsgemeinschaft = Ilmmünster |elevation = 437-471 |area = 13.89 |postal_code = 85304 |area_code = 08441 |licence = PAF |Gemeindeschlüssel = 09 1 86 130 |website = {{url|https://www.ilmmuenster.de}} |mayor = Georg Ott<ref>[https://www.statistik.bayern.de/wahlen/kommunalwahlen/bgm/ Liste der ersten Bürgermeister/Oberbürgermeister in kreisangehörigen Gemeinden], [[Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik]], 15 July 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2020&ndash;26 |party = CSU }} '''Ilmmünster''' waa degmo ku taal degmada [[Pfaffenhofen (district)|Pfaffenhofen]] ee [[Bavaria]] ee dalka [[Germany]]. Si fiican looma yaqaan dad badani, laakiin waxay leedahay meelo badan oo xiiso leh oo la booqan karo oo ku saleysan taariikhda. ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ilmmunster}} 9xu6s0hic3rxmru203zm01rbah1jiex 0 52058 307888 2026-09-13T15:53:54Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307888 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German place |type = Town |image_coa = DEU Ilshofen COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|49|10|13|N|09|55|13|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Ilshofen in SHA.svg |state = |region = Stuttgart |district = Schwäbisch Hall |elevation = 441 |area = 54.87 |postal_code = 74532 |area_code = 07904 |licence = SHA |Gemeindeschlüssel = 08 1 27 043 |website = [http://www.ilshofen.de/ www.ilshofen.de] |mayor = Martin Blessing<ref>[https://www.staatsanzeiger.de/staatsanzeiger/wahlen/buergermeisterwahlen/ Aktuelle Wahlergebnisse], Staatsanzeiger, accessed 14 September 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2018&ndash;26 }} '''Ilshofen''' ({{IPA|de|ɪlsˈhoːfn̩|lang|De-Ilshofen.ogg}}) waa magaalo ku taal degmada [[Schwäbisch Hall (district)|Schwäbisch Hall]], ee [[Baden-Württemberg]], [[Germany]]. Waxay u jirtaa 15&nbsp;km dhinaca waqooyi-bari ee [[Schwäbisch Hall]]. ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} a3vqn3tpjr00qn0k0a7gerdwgp5z4tc 0 52059 307889 2026-09-13T15:55:31Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307889 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = DEU Immenreuth COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|49|53|N|11|52|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Immenreuth in TIR.svg |state = |region = Oberpfalz |district = Tirschenreuth |elevation = 504 |area = 18.05 |postal_code = 95505 |area_code = 09642 |licence = TIR |Gemeindeschlüssel = 09 3 77 127 |divisions = 17 [[Ortsteil]]e |website = [http://www.immenreuth.de/ www.immenreuth.de] |mayor = Thomas Kaufmann<ref>[https://www.statistik.bayern.de/wahlen/kommunalwahlen/bgm/ Liste der ersten Bürgermeister/Oberbürgermeister in kreisangehörigen Gemeinden], [[Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik]], 15 July 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2020&ndash;26 |party = }} '''Immenreuth''' waa [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ku taal degmada [[Tirschenreuth (district)|Tirschenreuth]] ee [[Bavaria]], [[Germany]]. ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} si6ukz0qyv8md11ib5zrzzj4g8bxrcf 0 52060 307890 2026-09-13T15:57:12Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307890 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = DEU Ipsheim COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|49|31|N|10|28|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Ipsheim in NEA.svg |state = |region = Mittelfranken |district = Neustadt a.d.Aisch-Bad Windsheim |elevation = 304 |area = 42.27 |postal_code = 91472 |area_code = 09846 |licence = NEA |Gemeindeschlüssel = 09 5 75 135 |website = [http://www.ipsheim.de/ www.ipsheim.de] |mayor = Stefan Schmidt<ref>[https://www.statistik.bayern.de/wahlen/kommunalwahlen/bgm/ Liste der ersten Bürgermeister/Oberbürgermeister in kreisangehörigen Gemeinden], [[Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik]], 15 July 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2020&ndash;26 |party = }} '''Ipsheim''' waa [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ku taal degmada [[Neustadt (Aisch)-Bad Windsheim]] ee [[Bavaria]] ee dalka Jarmalka. [[St. Michael, Kaubenheim|St. Michael]] waa kaniisad yar oo ku taal buur u dhow Kaubenheim taas oo ka mid ah. [[Elia Levita]], qoraaga buugga [[Bovo-Bukh]] (la qoray 1507–1508), oo ahaa sheeko caan ah oo [[chivalric romance]] ah oo lagu qoray luqadda [[Yiddish]], ayaa halkaan ku dhashay. [[File:Ipsheim, das Pfarrhaus DmD-5-75-135-10 foto8 2016-08-05 15.36.jpg|Ipsheim, guriga wadaadka|thumb|left]] [[File:Oberndorf, die evangelisch-lutherische Kirche Sankt Kilian DmD-5-75-135-24 foto9 2016-08-05 15.23.jpg|Oberndorf, kaniisadda dib-u-habeynta: Kirche Sankt Kilian|thumb|center]] ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} {{Commons category}} {{Authority control}} 4a5wpwhkxwa0ukm9orh9mayyz7ix9v4 0 52061 307891 2026-09-13T15:58:49Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307891 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = DEU Irchenrieth COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|49|37|N|12|14|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Irchenrieth in NEW.svg |state = |region = Oberpfalz |district = Neustadt a.d.Waldnaab |Verwaltungsgemeinschaft = Schirmitz |elevation = 425 |area = 5.27 |postal_code = 92699 |area_code = 09659 |licence = NEW |Gemeindeschlüssel = 09 3 74 127 |website = [http://www.irchenrieth.de www.irchenrieth.de] |mayor = Josef Hammer<ref>[https://www.statistik.bayern.de/wahlen/kommunalwahlen/bgm/ Liste der ersten Bürgermeister/Oberbürgermeister in kreisangehörigen Gemeinden], [[Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik]], 15 July 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2020&ndash;26 |party = CSU }} '''Irchenrieth''' waa [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ku taal degmada [[Neustadt an der Waldnaab (district)|Neustadt an der Waldnaab]] ee [[Bavaria]] ee dalka [[Germany]]. ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} q8zk1rwvdruoirxms6jkutpc1rwgy86 0 52062 307892 2026-09-13T16:01:00Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307892 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = |coordinates = {{coord|53|02|32|N|11|04|43|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Jameln in DAN.svg |state = |district = Lüchow-Dannenberg |Samtgemeinde = Elbtalaue |elevation = 19 |area = 35.84 |postal_code = 29479 |area_code = 05864 |licence = DAN |Gemeindeschlüssel = 03 3 54 011 |divisions = 10 [[Ortsteil]]e |mayor = Udo Sperling }} '''Jameln''' waa degmo ku taal degmada [[Lüchow-Dannenberg]], ee [[Lower Saxony]], [[Germany]]. Jameln waa qayb ka mid ah ''[[Samtgemeinde]]'' ("degmada wadajirka ah") [[Elbtalaue]]. Tuulada ugu weyn ee degmada waa Jameln, oo leh ku dhowaad 450 deganayaal. ==Degmooyinka== [[File:Breselenz fire station.jpg|thumb|left|Breselenz]] Tan iyo markii uu dhacay ''{{Interlanguage link multi|Gebietsreform|de}}'' (dib-u-habayntii degmada) sanadkii 1972, Jameln waxay ka kooban tahay toban tuulo: * Breese im Bruche * Breselenz * Breustian * Jameln * Langenhorst * Mehlfien * Platenlaase * Teichlosen * Volkfien * Wibbese Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa jira seddex tuulo oo yaryar (''{{Interlanguage link multi|Wohnplatz|de|3=Wohnplatz|lt=Wohnplätze}}''): * Hoheluft * Jamelner Mühle * Krammühle Kahor 1972, Hoheluft waxay ka tirsanaan jirtey Volkfien, Jamelner Mühlena Jameln, Krammühle-na Breselenz. ==Dadka caanka ah== Khabiirka xisaabta [[Bernhard Riemann]] (1826–1866) wuxuu ku dhashay Breselenz. ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} tgnlcjc6schu2q59m0nnohugw7pw9ro 0 52063 307893 2026-09-13T16:02:34Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307893 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = |image_photo = Jamlitz Hauptstrasse 1.jpg |image_caption = Waddada ugu weyn ee Jamlitz |coordinates = {{coord|52|00|00|N|14|22|00|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Jamlitz in LDS.png |state = |district = Dahme-Spreewald |Amt = Lieberose/Oberspreewald |elevation = 54 |area = 42.76 |postal_code = 15868 |area_code = 033671 |licence = LDS |Gemeindeschlüssel = 12 0 61 224 |divisions = 2 [[Ortsteil]]e |website = [http://www.amt-lieberose-oberspreewald.de/gemeinden/jamlitz/ Gemeinde Jamlitz] |mayor = Wilfried Götze<ref>[https://wahlen.brandenburg.de/wahlen/de/kommunalwahlen/bm-wahlen/ergebnisse/~12061000 Landkreis Dahme-Spreewald Wahl der Bürgermeisterin / des Bürgermeisters], accessed 30 June 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2019&ndash;24 |party = }} '''Jamlitz''' ({{langx|dsb|Jemjelnica}}) waa [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ku taal degmada [[Dahme-Spreewald]] ee [[Brandenburg]] ee dalka [[Germany]]. ==Taariikhda== Laga soo bilaabo 1815 ilaa 1947, Jamlitz waxay ahayd qayb ka mid ah [[Prussia|Prussian]] [[Province of Brandenburg]]. [[World War II]] ka dib, Jamlitz waxaa lagu daray Gobolka [[Brandenburg]] laga bilaabo 1947 ilaa 1952 iyo [[Bezirk Frankfurt]] ee [[East Germany]] laga bilaabo 1952 ilaa 1990. Laga soo bilaabo 1990, Jamlitz waa mar labaad qayb ka mid ah Brandenburg. ==Dadweynaha== [[File:Bevölkerungsentwicklung Jamlitz.pdf|thumb|200px|left|Horumarinta dadweynaha tan iyo 1875 gudahooda xudduudaha hadda jira (Xariqda buluuga ah: Dadweynaha; Xariqda dhibco dhibcaha leh: Isbarbardhigga horumarinta dadweynaha ee gobolka Brandenburg; Asalka cawl: Xilligii xukunka Naasiga; Asalka cas: Xilligii xukunka kommuniska)]] {{historical populations |align=none | cols=3 | percentages=pagr |title = Jamlitz: Horumarinta dadweynaha <br>gudahooda xudduudaha hadda jira (2020)<ref>Ilo-wareedyada xogta faahfaahsan waxaa laga helaa Wikimedia Commons.[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Population_projection_Brandenburg Population Projection Brandenburg at Wikimedia Commons]</ref> | 1875 | 1087 | 1890 | 967 | 1910 | 900 | 1925 | 987 | 1933 | 844 | 1939 | 787 | 1946 | 1566 | 1950 | 1451 | 1964 | 1105 | 1971 | 1069 | 1981 | 852 | 1985 | 816 | 1989 | 748 | 1990 | 738 | 1991 | 724 | 1992 | 719 | 1993 | 719 | 1994 | 705 | 1995 | 701 | 1996 | 691 | 1997 | 684 | 1998 | 668 | 1999 | 669 | 2000 | 672 | 2001 | 658 | 2002 | 663 | 2003 | 645 | 2004 | 631 | 2005 | 617 | 2006 | 611 | 2007 | 615 | 2008 | 600 | 2009 | 602 | 2010 | 598 | 2011 | 583 | 2012 | 570 | 2013 | 553 | 2014 | 550 | 2015 | 534 | 2016 | 531 | 2017 | 523 | 2018 | 526 | 2019 | 519 | 2020 | 512 }} ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} mpnir3s456qam4w3mdbwvmh7s0gk0gz 0 52064 307895 2026-09-13T16:04:32Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307895 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = DEU Jandelsbrunn COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|48|44|N|13|42|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Jandelsbrunn in FRG.svg |state = |region = Niederbayern |district = Freyung-Grafenau |elevation = 657 |area = 42.40 |postal_code = 94117–94118 |area_code = 08583 08581 ([[Wollaberg]]) |licence = FRG |Gemeindeschlüssel = 09 2 72 129 |divisions = 3 [[Ortsteil]]e |website = [http://www.jandelsbrunn.de/ www.jandelsbrunn.de] |mayor = Roland Freund<ref>[https://www.statistik.bayern.de/wahlen/kommunalwahlen/bgm/ Liste der ersten Bürgermeister/Oberbürgermeister in kreisangehörigen Gemeinden], [[Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik]], 15 July 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2020&ndash;26 |party = }} '''Jandelsbrunn''' waa [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ku taal degmada [[Freyung-Grafenau]] ee [[Bavaria]] ee dalka [[Germany]]. ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} jfkqn9ehovilcdddn2hmf67s8eea32d 0 52065 307896 2026-09-13T16:06:06Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307896 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_photo = |image_coa = DEU Janneby COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|54|37|N|9|18|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Janneby in SL.PNG |state = |district = Schleswig-Flensburg |Amt = Eggebek |elevation = 17 |area = 14.49 |postal_code = 24992 |area_code = 04607 |licence = SL |Gemeindeschlüssel = 01 0 59 128 |divisions = 3 [[Ortsteil]]e |website = [http://www.amt-eggebek.de/ www.amt-eggebek.de] |mayor = Ute Richter |party = }} '''Janneby''' waa degmo ku taal degmada [[Schleswig-Flensburg]], ee [[Schleswig-Holstein]], [[Germany]]. ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} 9nacwu5dkci6fxe9nto4fylnz8tznpv 0 52066 307897 2026-09-13T16:08:00Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307897 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German place |name = Jenfeld |name_local = |image_photo = Einkaufszentrum JEN in Jenfeld.jpg |image_caption = Xarunta Dugsiga Ganacsiga JEN |type = Quarter |City = Hamburg |state = |borough = Hamburg-Wandsbek |coordinates = {{Coord|53.572222|N|10.136111|E|source:wikidata|display=it}} |pop_ref = <ref>{{Population Germany|key=02|datref=QUELLE}}</ref> |population = {{Metadata Population DE-HH|Jenfeld}} |population_as_of = {{Population Germany|key=02|datref=STAND}} |area = 5.0 |area_code = 040 |licence = HH |plantext = Goobta Jenfeld ee Hamburg |image_plan = Jenfeld in HH.svg |image_caption_plan = Goobta Jenfeld ee Hamburg }} '''Jenfeld''' ({{IPA|de|ˈjɛnfɛlt|-|De-Jenfeld.ogg}}) waa xaafad ka tirsan [[Hamburg]], [[Germany]] oo ku taal degmada [[Wandsbek]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dasoertliche.de/Themen/Vorwahlen/Hamburg.html|title=Das Ortliche|website=Das Ortliche|access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://katasteramt.org/katasteramt/123-hamburg.html|title=Katasteramt/Vermessungsamt Hamburg (Kataster)|website=Katasteramt|access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/php/germany-hamburgcity.php |title=Germany: Hamburg, Boroughs and Quarters |access-date=February 14, 2019 |publisher=City Population |url-status=live}}</ref> ==Juqraafiga== Jenfeld waxay xuduud la leedahay xaafadaha [[Billstedt]], [[Rahlstedt]], [[Tonndorf]], iyo [[Marienthal, Hamburg|Marienthal]]. Sidoo kale waxay xuduud la leedahay magaalada [[Barsbüttel]] ee [[Schleswig-Holstein]]. ==Siyaasadda== Kuwani waa natiijooyinkii Jenfeld ee doorashada gobolka [[Hamburg Parliament|Hamburg]]: {| class="wikitable zebra" style="text-align:center" |- class="hintergrundfarbe5" ! style="text-align:left"| Doorashada ! [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] ! [[Alliance '90/The Greens|Greens]] ! [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]] ! [[Alternative for Germany|AfD]] ! [[The Left (Germany)|Left]] ! [[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|FDP]] ! Kuwa kale |- |2020 |'''49,1 %''' |13,6 % |10,4 % |10,4 % |{{0}}7,1 % |{{0}}3,8 % |{{0}}5,6 % |- |2015 |'''53,7 %''' |{{0}}4,9 % |14,7 % |{{0}}9,5 % |{{0}}7,9 % |{{0}}5,7 % |{{0}}3,6 % |- |2011 |'''55,7 %''' |{{0}}4,7 % |21,6 % | – |{{0}}6,9 % |{{0}}5,0 % |{{0}}6,1 % |- |2008 |38,3 % |{{0}}3,9 % |'''42,2 %''' | – |{{0}}7,5 % |{{0}}4,3 % |{{0}}3,9 % |- |2004 |32,7 % |{{0}}5,2 % |'''49,2 %''' | – | – |{{0}}2,6 % |10,2 % |- |2001 |'''37,6 %''' |{{0}}2,8 % |26,9 % | – |{{0}}0,3 % |{{0}}3,5 % |28,9 % |- |1997 |'''40,6 %''' |{{0}}6,8 % |27,9 % | – |{{0}}0,2 % |{{0}}2,6 % |21,9 % |- |1993 |'''46,1 %''' |{{0}}7,2 % |22,7 % | – | – |{{0}}3,3 % |20,7 % |} == Tixraacyada == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} 589cmk23zcox1ryblh5uzwf2809dhh3 0 52067 307898 2026-09-13T16:09:20Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307898 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = DEU Jengen COA.svg |image_skyline = Jengen - Weicht sw - Weicht v SW 02.JPG |image_caption = Qaybta degmada ee Weicht sida laga soo arkay koonfur-galbeed |coordinates = {{coord|48|0|N|10|44|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Jengen in OAL.svg |state = |region = Schwaben |district = Ostallgäu |elevation = 635 |area = 33.74 |postal_code = 86860 |area_code = 08241 |licence = OAL |Gemeindeschlüssel = 09 7 77 140 |mayor = Ralf Neuner<ref>[https://www.statistik.bayern.de/wahlen/kommunalwahlen/bgm/ Liste der ersten Bürgermeister/Oberbürgermeister in kreisangehörigen Gemeinden], [[Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik]], 15 July 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2020&ndash;26 |party = |website = [https://www.jengen.de/ www.jengen.de] }} '''Jengen''' ({{IPA|de|ˈjɛŋən}}) waa degmo ku taal degmada [[Ostallgäu]] ee [[Bavaria]] ee dalka [[Germany]]. Magaaladu waxay leedahay [[Municipal association (Germany)|urur maamul degmo]] oo la leh [[Buchloe]]. ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} d0v69hx6p33o3k7kqh663oyugl8fp4m 0 52068 307899 2026-09-13T16:10:46Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307899 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_photo = JesewitzBf2.JPG |image_caption = Saldhigga tareenka ee Jesewitz |image_coa = Wappen Jesewitz (Sachsen).svg |coordinates = {{coord|51|25|20|N|12|33|45|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Jesewitz in TDO.png |state = |district = Nordsachsen |Verwaltungsverband = Eilenburg-West |elevation = 139 |area = 52.27 |postal_code = 04838 |area_code = 034241 |licence = TDO, DZ, EB, OZ, TG, TO |Gemeindeschlüssel = 14730140 |divisions = 15 |website = [http://www.jesewitz.de/ www.jesewitz.de] |mayor = Ralf Tauchnitz<ref>[https://wahlen.sachsen.de/download/Buergermeister/statistik-sachsen_wahlen_buergermeister_uebersicht_aktuell.xlsx Gewählte Bürgermeisterinnen und Bürgermeister im Freistaat Sachsen, Stand: 17. Juli 2022], Statistisches Landesamt des Freistaates Sachsen.</ref> |leader_term = 2022&ndash;29 |party =[[Independent politician|Madaax bannaan]] }} '''Jesewitz''' waa degmo ku taal degmada [[Nordsachsen]], ee [[Saxony]], [[Germany]]. Bedka Jesewitz waa 52.27&nbsp;km² iyadoo ay ku nool yihiin dad gaaraya 3,090 (sida laga soo xigtay Diseembar 31, 2020). == Juqraafiga iyo gaadiidka == Degmada Jesewitz waxay qiyaastii 15&nbsp;kiiloomitir u jirtaa waqooyi-bari ee [[Leipzig]] iyo 5&nbsp;kiiloomitir koonfur-galbeed ee [[Eilenburg]]. Waddooyinka qaranka ee B107 iyo B87 iyo jidka tareenka ee [[Leipzig]]–[[Cottbus]] ayaa dhex mara degmada. Degmada waxaa xuduud la leh magaalada Taucha dhinaca galbeed iyo dhinaca bari waxaa ka xiga [[Mulde]]. == Tixraacyada == {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} oj3jkgfzhv1dfl9ajhjvzx76eglteu8 0 52069 307900 2026-09-13T16:12:22Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307900 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_photo = Windmuehle Joldelund.jpg |image_caption = Warshadda dabaysha ee duugga ah ee ku taal Joldelund |image_flag = Flagge Joldelund.png |image_coa = DEU Joldelund COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|54|38|N|9|7|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Joldelund in NF.PNG |state = |district = Nordfriesland |Amt = Mittleres Nordfriesland |elevation = 26 |area = 19.12 |postal_code = 25862 |area_code = 04673 |licence = NF |Gemeindeschlüssel = 01 0 54 059 |website = [http://www.amt-bredstedt-land.de/ www.amt-bredstedt-land.de] |mayor = Gisela Rabe }} '''Joldelund''' waa degmo ku taal degmada [[Nordfriesland]], ee [[Schleswig-Holstein]], [[Germany]]. ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} 5tc26btsmmzu7wvrwzs5n3q7jl65933 0 52070 307901 2026-09-13T16:14:15Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307901 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = Wappen-Jürgenshagen.PNG |coordinates = {{coord|53|57|00|N|11|54|00|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Jürgenshagen in MME.svg |state = |district = Rostock |Amt = Bützow Land |elevation = 15 |area = 42.25 |postal_code = 18246 |area_code = 038466 |licence = LRO |Gemeindeschlüssel = 13 0 72 050 |website = [http://www.amt-buetzow-land.de www.amt-buetzow-land.de] |mayor = Elfriede Schmidt }} '''Jürgenshagen''' waa [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ku taal degmada [[Rostock (district)|Rostock]] ee [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]], [[Germany]]. ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jurgenshagen}} 3ct2oeyd9biklwka4vjitapy7xlk2nm 0 52071 307902 2026-09-13T16:15:56Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307902 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German place |type = Gemeinde |name = Käbschütztal |image_photo = Käbschütztal-OT Schletta-westliche Zufahrtsstraße.jpg |image_caption = Waddada laga galo Käbschütztal-Schletta |coordinates = {{coord|51|9|N|13|23|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Käbschütztal in MEI.svg |state = |district = Meißen |elevation = 209 |area = 50.45 |postal_code = 01665 |area_code = 035244 |licence = MEI, GRH, RG, RIE |Gemeindeschlüssel = 14627080 |divisions = 37 |website = [http://www.gemeinde-kaebschuetztal.de/ www.gemeinde-kaebschuetztal.de] |mayor = Frank Müller<ref>[https://wahlen.sachsen.de/download/Buergermeister/statistik-sachsen_wahlen_buergermeister_uebersicht_aktuell.xlsx Gewählte Bürgermeisterinnen und Bürgermeister im Freistaat Sachsen, Stand: 17. Juli 2022], Statistisches Landesamt des Freistaates Sachsen.</ref> |leader_term = 2022&ndash;29 }} '''Käbschütztal''' waa degmo ku taal degmada [[Meißen (district)|Meißen]], ee Saxony, Germany. == Tixraacyada == {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kabschutztal}} qvcok1zn7ztr5sjygnzsqni7lkoe611 0 52072 307903 2026-09-13T16:17:32Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307903 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_photo = |image_coa = DEU Kaisborstel COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|54|1|N|9|28|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Kaisborstel in IZ.png |state = |district = Steinburg |Amt = Schenefeld |elevation = 16 |area = 2.98 |postal_code = 25560 |area_code = 04892 |licence = IZ |Gemeindeschlüssel = 01 0 61 048 |website = |mayor = Karl Lahann |party = }} '''Kaisborstel''' waa degmo ku taal degmada [[Steinburg]], ee [[Schleswig-Holstein]], [[Germany]]. ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} qodc7qjsvatq8b584ftmiw18hairkiq 0 52073 307904 2026-09-13T16:19:08Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307904 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = Wappen Kaisersbach.png |coordinates = {{coord|48|55|50|N|09|38|21|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Kaisersbach im Rems-Murr-Kreis.png |state = |region = Stuttgart |district = Rems-Murr-Kreis |elevation = 565 |area = 27.94 |postal_code = 73667 |area_code = 07184 |licence = WN |Gemeindeschlüssel = 08 1 19 037 |website = [http://www.kaisersbach.de/ www.kaisersbach.de] |mayor = Michael Clauss<ref>[https://www.staatsanzeiger.de/wahl/buergermeisterwahl-kaisersbach-2021/ Bürgermeisterwahl 2021], Staatsanzeiger, accessed 3 February 2022.</ref> |leader_term = 2021&ndash;29 }} '''Kaisersbach''' waa degmo ku taal degmada [[Rems-Murr]] ee [[Baden-Württemberg]] ee dalka [[Germany]]. == Dadweynaha == '''Horumarinta dadweynaha:'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaisersbach (Rems-Murr-Kreis, Baden-Württemberg, Deutschland) - Einwohnerzahlen, Grafiken, Karte, Lage, Wetter und Web-Informationen |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/de/germany/badenwurttemberg/rems_murr_kreis/08119037__kaisersbach/ |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref> {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" | valign="top" | {| class="wikitable sortable zebra hintergrundfarbe5" !Sannadka !Dadka deggan |- align="right" |1990 |2,399 |- align="right" |2001 |2,698 |- align="right" |2011 |2,535 |- align="right" |2021 |2,448 |} |} == Meelaha la xiiseeyo == * [[Schwabenpark]], waa baaskiilad madadaalo oo ku taal tuulada Gmeinweiler, taas oo ka tirsan Kaisersbach. ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} r6bib0501rbfq2ol2qvyk7moo1gxs12 0 52074 307905 2026-09-13T16:21:13Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307905 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |name = Karnin |image_coa = |coordinates = {{coord|54|18|N|12|48|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan =Karnin_in_VR.svg |state = |district = Vorpommern-Rügen |Amt = Barth |elevation = 5 |area = 12.42 |postal_code = 18469 |area_code = 038324 |licence = NVP |Gemeindeschlüssel = 13 0 73 042 |website = [https://www.amt-barth.de/gemeinden/karnin/ www.amt-barth.de] |mayor = Diana Billey }} '''Karnin''' waa [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ku taal degmada [[Vorpommern-Rügen]], ee [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]], [[Germany]]. ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} 5kmj0fq700ce39xwi2v5sk12yzct1c6 0 52075 307906 2026-09-13T16:22:47Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307906 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |name = Karstädt |image_coa = Wappen Karstaedt (Prignitz).png |coordinates = {{coord|53|08|59|N|11|45|00|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Karstädt in PR.png |state = |district = Prignitz |elevation = 34 |area = 253.55 |postal_code = 19357 |area_code = 038797 |licence = PR |Gemeindeschlüssel = 12 0 70 173 |website = [https://www.gemeinde-karstaedt.de/ www.gemeinde-karstaedt.de] |mayor = Udo Staeck<ref>[https://wahlen.brandenburg.de/wahlen/de/kommunalwahlen/bm-wahlen/ergebnisse/~12070000 Landkreis Prignitz Wahl der Bürgermeisterin / des Bürgermeisters], accessed 2 July 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2019&ndash;27 |party = CDU }} '''Karstädt''' ({{IPA|de|ˈkaʁʃtɛt}}) waa [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ku taal degmada [[Prignitz]], ee [[Brandenburg]], [[Germany]]. == Dadweynaha == <gallery widths="250" heights="200"> File:Bevölkerungsentwicklung Karstädt.pdf|Horumarinta dadweynaha tan iyo 1875 gudahooda xudduudaha hadda jira (Xariqda Buluuga ah: Dadweynaha; Xariqda Dhibco Dhibcaha leh: Isbarbardhigga Horumarinta Dadweynaha ee gobolka Brandenburg; Asalka Cawl: Xilligii [[Nazi Germany|Jarmalka Naasiga]]; Asalka Cas: Xilligii shuuciga ee [[East Germany|Jarmalka Bari]]) File:Bevölkerungsprognosen Karstädt.pdf|Horumarinta Dadweynaha ee Dhow iyo Saadaasha (Horumarinta Dadweynaha ka hor Tirakoobka 2011 (xariqda buluuga ah); Horumarinta Dadweynaha ee dhow sida uu qabo [[Census in Germany|Tirakoobka Jarmalka]] ee 2011 (xariqda buluuga ah ee la hareeraysay); Saadaasha rasmiga ah ee 2005-2030 (xariqda jaalaha ah); ee 2017-2030 (xariqda guduudan); ee 2020-2030 (xariqda cagaaran) </gallery> {{historical populations |align=none | cols=3 | percentages=pagr |title = Karstädt: Horumarinta dadweynaha <br>gudahooda xudduudaha hadda jira (2020)<ref>Ilo-wareedyada xogta faahfaahsan waxaa laga helaa Wikimedia Commons.[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Population_projection_Brandenburg Population Projection Brandenburg at Wikimedia Commons]</ref> | 1875 | 8338 | 1890 | 8054 | 1910 | 8800 | 1925 | 9172 | 1939 | 8914 | 1950 | 13168 | 1964 | 10125 | 1971 | 10012 | 1981 | 9480 | 1985 | 9332 | 1990 | 9015 | 1995 | 8395 | 2000 | 7808 | 2005 | 7038 | 2010 | 6376 | 2015 | 5983 | 2016 | 6013 | 2017 | 5989 | 2018 | 5943 | 2019 | 5967 | 2020 | 5944 }} ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Karstadt}} 5cwbawa873toom1myplommr5dnx1wrd 0 52076 307907 2026-09-13T16:24:41Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307907 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_photo = |image_coa = DEU Kattendorf COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|53|50|38|N|10|1|32|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Kattendorf in SE.svg |state = |district = Segeberg |Amt = Kisdorf |elevation = 59 |area = 9.84 |postal_code = 24568 |area_code = 04191 |licence = SE |Gemeindeschlüssel = 01 0 60 045 |website = [http://www.kattendorf.de/ www.kattendorf.de] |mayor = Thorsten Barth |party = CDU }} '''Kattendorf''' waa degmo ku taal degmada [[Segeberg]], ee [[Schleswig-Holstein]], [[Germany]]. ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} q6c8rex89gaiftx1w1ujuxj5e4mpxm4 0 52077 307908 2026-09-13T16:26:31Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307908 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_photo = Kellenhusen (Ostsee).jpg |imagesize = |image_caption = Xeebta Kellenhusen |image_flag = Flagge Kellenhusen.png |image_coa = DEU Kellenhusen (Ostsee) COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|54|11|N|11|4|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Kellenhusen in OH.png |state = |district = Ostholstein |Amt = |elevation = 0 |area = 8.15 |postal_code = 23746 |area_code = 04364 |licence = OH |Gemeindeschlüssel = 01 0 55 025 |website = |mayor = Ingelore Kohlert |party = }} '''Kellenhusen''' waa degmo ku taal degmada [[Ostholstein]], ee [[Schleswig-Holstein]], [[Germany]]. ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} 3jc36icu4rdie9qbnir4j5k2b6mst7w 0 52078 307909 2026-09-13T16:28:48Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 307909 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |type = Stadt |image_coa = DEU Kenzingen COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|48|11|30|N|7|46|6|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Kenzingen in EM.svg |state = |region = Freiburg |district = Emmendingen |elevation = 177 |area = 36.93 |postal_code = 79341 |area_code = 07644 |licence = EM |Gemeindeschlüssel = 08 3 16 020 |divisions = 4 |website = [https://www.kenzingen.de/ www.kenzingen.de] |mayor = Dirk Christian Schwier<ref>[https://www.staatsanzeiger.de/wahl/buergermeisterwahl-kenzingen-2024/ Bürgermeisterwahl Kenzingen 2024], Staatsanzeiger. Retrieved 12 June 2024.</ref> |leader_term = 2024&ndash;32 |party = }} '''Kenzingen''' ({{IPA|de|ˈkɛntsɪŋən|-|De-Kenzingen.ogg}}) waa magaalada ku taal degmada [[Emmendingen (district)|Emmendingen]], ee [[Baden-Württemberg]], [[Germany]]. Waxay ku taallaa wabiga [[Elz (Rhine)|Elz]], 23&nbsp;kiiloomitir waqooyi ka xigta [[Freiburg]]. == Dadweynaha == '''Horumarinta dadweynaha:'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenzingen (Emmendingen, Baden-Württemberg, Deutschland) - Einwohnerzahlen, Grafiken, Karte, Lage, Wetter und Web-Informationen |url=https://citypopulation.de/de/germany/badenwurttemberg/emmendingen/08316020__kenzingen/ |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=citypopulation.de}}</ref> {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" | valign="top" | {| class="wikitable sortable zebra hintergrundfarbe5" !Sannadka !Dadka deggan |- align="right" |1990 |7,634 |- align="right" |2001 |8,904 |- align="right" |2011 |9,309 |- align="right" |2021 |10,614 |} |} ==Tixraacyada== {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * [https://www.alemannische-seiten.de/bilder/kenzingen/ Kenzingen: sawirrada] {{in lang|de}} {{Authority control}} ie05zo9rg9pi5qhe1cajo0lykl9zydq 1 52079 307911 2026-09-13T20:01:44Z Axmed1122 47366 /* My name is hamsa my age 26 */ qayb cusub 307911 wikitext text/x-wiki == My name is hamsa my age 26 == waxan dhashay 2000/9/16 [[User:Axmed1122|Axmed1122]] ([[User talk:Axmed1122|wadahadal]]) 20:01, 13 Sebteembar 2026 (UTC) gpasoh0ir3juybdusq8ob8dgwcis0cq 307912 307911 2026-09-13T20:03:17Z Axmed1122 47366 0672417018 307912 wikitext text/x-wiki == My name is hamsa my age 26 == waxan dhashay 2000/9/16 [[User:Axmed1122|Axmed1122]] ([[User talk:Axmed1122|wadahadal]]) 20:01, 13 Sebteembar 2026 (UTC) == E == waxan dhashay 2000/9/16 [[User:Axmed1122|Axmed1122]] ([[User talk:Axmed1122|wadahadal]]) 20:03, 13 Sebteembar 2026 (UTC) j14781zfprm9ho6g7x9lm5wwaymbdaw 307914 307912 2026-09-13T20:20:54Z Isma4l 41797 Wuxuu qoraalka ku badalay "{{Talk header}}" 307914 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Talk header}} 6ujz0t3lkt6jsf7d1r360l6l7wj3njb 8 52080 307919 2026-09-13T22:15:08Z Isma4l 41797 Abuuray 307919 wikitext text/x-wiki A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z AA AB AC AD AE AF AG AH AI AJ AK AL AM AN AO AP AQ AR AS AT AU AV AW AX AY AZ BA BB 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AKE AKF AKG AKH AKI AKJ AKK AKL AKM AKN AKO AKP AKQ AKR AKS AKT AKU AKV AKW AKX AKY AKZ ALA ALB ALC ALD ALE ALF ALG ALH ALI ALJ ALK ALL ALM ALN ALO ALP ALQ ALR ALS ALT ALU ALV ALW ALX ALY ALZ AMA AMB AMC AMD AME AMF AMG AMH AMI AMJ AMK AML AMM AMN AMO AMP AMQ AMR AMS AMT AMU AMV AMW AMX AMY AMZ ANA ANB ANC AND ANE ANF ANG ANH ANI ANJ ANK ANL ANM ANN ANO ANP ANQ ANR ANS ANT ANU ANV ANW ANX ANY ANZ AOA AOB AOC AOD AOE AOF AOG AOH AOI AOJ AOK AOL AOM AON AOO AOP AOQ AOR AOS AOT AOU AOV AOW AOX AOY AOZ APA APB APC APD APE APF APG APH API APJ APK APL APM APN APO APP APQ APR APS APT APU APV APW APX APY APZ AQA AQB AQC AQD AQE AQF AQG AQH AQI AQJ AQK AQL AQM AQN AQO AQP AQQ AQR AQS AQT AQU AQV AQW AQX AQY AQZ ARA ARB ARC ARD ARE ARF ARG ARH ARI ARJ ARK ARL ARM ARN ARO ARP ARQ ARR ARS ART ARU ARV ARW ARX ARY ARZ ASA ASB ASC ASD ASE ASF ASG ASH ASI ASJ ASK ASL ASM ASN ASO ASP ASQ ASR ASS AST ASU ASV ASW ASX ASY ASZ ATA ATB ATC ATD ATE ATF ATG ATH ATI ATJ ATK ATL ATM ATN ATO ATP ATQ ATR ATS ATT ATU ATV ATW ATX ATY ATZ AUA AUB AUC AUD AUE AUF AUG AUH AUI AUJ AUK AUL AUM AUN AUO AUP AUQ AUR AUS AUT AUU AUV AUW AUX AUY AUZ AVA AVB AVC AVD AVE AVF AVG AVH AVI AVJ AVK AVL AVM AVN AVO AVP AVQ AVR AVS AVT AVU AVV AVW AVX AVY AVZ AWA AWB AWC AWD AWE AWF AWG AWH AWI AWJ AWK AWL AWM AWN AWO AWP AWQ AWR AWS AWT AWU AWV AWW AWX AWY AWZ AXA AXB AXC AXD AXE AXF AXG AXH AXI AXJ AXK AXL AXM AXN AXO AXP AXQ AXR AXS AXT AXU AXV AXW AXX AXY AXZ AYA AYB AYC AYD AYE AYF AYG AYH AYI AYJ AYK AYL AYM AYN AYO AYP AYQ AYR AYS AYT AYU AYV AYW AYX AYY AYZ AZA AZB AZC AZD AZE AZF AZG AZH AZI AZJ AZK AZL AZM AZN AZO AZP AZQ AZR AZS AZT AZU AZV AZW AZX AZY AZZ dw7yoaqeoik8jowcjekzzawvkr9ou7f 8 52081 307920 2026-09-13T22:17:14Z Isma4l 41797 Abuuray 307920 wikitext text/x-wiki a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci 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alc ald ale alf alg alh ali alj alk all alm aln alo alp alq alr als alt alu alv alw alx aly alz ama amb amc amd ame amf amg amh ami amj amk aml amm amn amo amp amq amr ams amt amu amv amw amx amy amz ana anb anc and ane anf ang anh ani anj ank anl anm ann ano anp anq anr ans ant anu anv anw anx any anz aoa aob aoc aod aoe aof aog aoh aoi aoj aok aol aom aon aoo aop aoq aor aos aot aou aov aow aox aoy aoz apa apb apc apd ape apf apg aph api apj apk apl apm apn apo app apq apr aps apt apu apv apw apx apy apz aqa aqb aqc aqd aqe aqf aqg aqh aqi aqj aqk aql aqm aqn aqo aqp aqq aqr aqs aqt aqu aqv aqw aqx aqy aqz ara arb arc ard are arf arg arh ari arj ark arl arm arn aro arp arq arr ars art aru arv arw arx ary arz asa asb asc asd ase asf asg ash asi asj ask asl asm asn aso asp asq asr ass ast asu asv asw asx asy asz ata atb atc atd ate atf atg ath ati atj atk atl atm atn ato atp atq atr ats att atu atv atw atx aty atz aua aub auc aud aue auf aug auh aui auj auk aul aum aun auo aup auq aur aus aut auu auv auw aux auy auz ava avb avc avd ave avf avg avh avi avj avk avl avm avn avo avp avq avr avs avt avu avv avw avx avy avz awa awb awc awd awe awf awg awh awi awj awk awl awm awn awo awp awq awr aws awt awu awv aww awx awy awz axa axb axc axd axe axf axg axh axi axj axk axl axm axn axo axp axq axr axs axt axu axv axw axx axy axz aya ayb ayc ayd aye ayf ayg ayh ayi ayj ayk ayl aym ayn ayo ayp ayq ayr ays ayt ayu ayv ayw ayx ayy ayz aza azb azc azd aze azf azg azh azi azj azk azl azm azn azo azp azq azr azs azt azu azv azw azx azy azz l3i9b1ksgu46m1i1k9p5vnguixx3bqc 8 52082 307921 2026-09-13T22:20:22Z Isma4l 41797 Abuuray 307921 wikitext text/x-wiki [[#$1|^'''''$3''''']] lmneofd5vci1jqu937sb40h1m74rfue 8 52083 307922 2026-09-13T22:22:33Z Isma4l 41797 Abuuray 307922 wikitext text/x-wiki α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ λ μ ν ξ ο π ρ σ τ υ φ χ ψ ω αα αβ αγ αδ αε αζ αη αθ αι ακ αλ αμ αν αξ αο απ αρ ασ ατ αυ αφ αχ αψ αω βα ββ βγ βδ βε βζ βη βθ βι βκ βλ βμ βν βξ βο βπ βρ βσ βτ βυ βφ βχ βψ βω 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dux duy duz dva dvb dvc dvd dve dvf dvg dvh dvi dvj dvk dvl dvm dvn dvo dvp dvq dvr dvs dvt dvu dvv dvw dvx dvy dvz dwa dwb dwc dwd dwe dwf dwg dwh dwi dwj dwk dwl dwm dwn dwo dwp dwq dwr dws dwt dwu dwv dww dwx dwy dwz dxa dxb dxc dxd dxe dxf dxg dxh dxi dxj dxk dxl dxm dxn dxo dxp dxq dxr dxs dxt dxu dxv dxw dxx dxy dxz dya dyb dyc dyd dye dyf dyg dyh dyi dyj dyk dyl dym dyn dyo dyp dyq dyr dys dyt dyu dyv dyw dyx dyy dyz dza dzb dzc dzd dze dzf dzg dzh dzi dzj dzk dzl dzm dzn dzo dzp dzq dzr dzs dzt dzu dzv dzw dzx dzy dzz eaa eab eac ead eae eaf eag eah eai eaj eak eal eam ean eao eap eaq ear eas eat eau eav eaw eax eay eaz eba ebb ebc ebd ebe ebf ebg ebh ebi ebj ebk ebl ebm ebn ebo ebp ebq ebr ebs ebt ebu ebv ebw ebx eby ebz eca ecb ecc ecd ece ecf ecg ech eci ecj eck ecl ecm ecn eco ecp ecq ecr ecs ect ecu ecv ecw ecx ecy ecz eda edb edc edd ede edf edg edh edi edj edk edl edm edn edo edp edq edr eds edt edu edv edw edx edy edz eea eeb eec eed eee eef eeg eeh eei eej eek eel eem een eeo eep eeq eer ees eet eeu eev eew eex eey eez efa efb efc efd efe eff efg efh efi efj efk efl efm efn efo efp efq efr efs eft efu efv efw efx efy efz ega egb egc egd ege egf egg egh egi egj egk egl egm egn ego egp egq egr egs egt egu egv egw egx egy egz eha ehb ehc ehd ehe ehf ehg ehh ehi ehj ehk ehl ehm ehn eho ehp ehq ehr ehs eht ehu ehv ehw ehx ehy ehz eia eib eic eid eie eif eig eih eii eij eik eil eim ein eio eip eiq eir eis eit eiu eiv eiw eix eiy eiz eja ejb ejc ejd eje ejf ejg ejh eji ejj ejk ejl ejm ejn ejo ejp ejq ejr ejs ejt eju ejv ejw ejx ejy ejz eka ekb ekc ekd eke ekf ekg ekh eki ekj ekk ekl ekm ekn eko ekp ekq ekr eks ekt eku ekv ekw ekx eky ekz ela elb elc eld ele elf elg elh eli elj elk ell elm eln elo elp elq elr els elt elu elv elw elx ely elz ema emb emc emd eme emf emg emh emi emj emk eml emm emn emo emp emq emr ems emt emu emv emw emx emy emz ena enb enc end ene enf eng enh eni enj enk enl enm enn eno enp enq enr ens ent enu env enw enx eny enz eoa eob eoc eod eoe eof eog eoh eoi eoj eok eol eom eon eoo eop eoq eor eos eot eou eov eow eox eoy eoz epa epb epc epd epe epf epg eph epi epj epk epl epm epn epo epp epq epr eps ept epu epv epw epx epy epz eqa eqb eqc eqd eqe eqf eqg eqh eqi eqj eqk eql eqm eqn eqo eqp eqq eqr eqs eqt equ eqv eqw eqx eqy eqz era erb erc erd ere erf erg erh eri erj erk erl erm ern ero erp erq err ers ert eru erv erw erx ery erz esa esb esc esd ese esf esg esh esi esj esk esl esm esn eso esp esq esr ess est esu esv esw esx esy esz eta etb etc etd ete etf etg eth eti etj etk etl etm etn eto etp etq etr ets ett etu etv etw etx ety etz eua eub euc eud eue euf eug euh eui euj euk eul eum eun euo eup euq eur eus eut euu euv euw eux euy euz eva evb evc evd eve evf evg evh evi evj evk evl evm evn evo evp evq evr evs evt evu evv evw evx evy evz ewa ewb ewc ewd ewe ewf ewg ewh ewi ewj ewk ewl ewm ewn ewo ewp ewq ewr ews ewt ewu ewv eww ewx ewy ewz exa exb exc exd exe exf exg exh exi exj exk exl exm exn exo exp exq exr exs ext exu exv exw exx exy exz eya eyb eyc eyd eye eyf eyg eyh eyi eyj eyk eyl eym eyn eyo eyp eyq eyr eys eyt eyu eyv eyw eyx eyy eyz eza ezb ezc ezd eze ezf ezg ezh ezi ezj ezk ezl ezm ezn ezo ezp ezq ezr ezs ezt ezu ezv ezw ezx ezy ezz sdekwd2aw7fa4wl3pbw039z05wzeh5e 10 52093 307933 2026-09-13T23:25:02Z Isma4l 41797 Bog loo bedeley [[Template:Flat list]] 307933 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Flat list]] 2jd9lh3g57ws2og8xtsglo6dulglay6 2 52094 307941 2026-09-14T06:38:37Z Axmed1122 47366 20/8/2000 307941 wikitext text/x-wiki vhbvvccgjejhehwhhwhwbhwhegevgwfdrs s2a168tw213nmzwa0m0ymognju2s6b0 10 52095 307947 2026-09-14T09:41:35Z Isma4l 41797 Bog loo bedeley [[Template:Clarify]] 307947 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Clarify]] j348kdyoj4o8ln5a8sutuddijuq6jzb 10 52096 307948 2026-09-14T09:43:24Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: {{ safesubst:<noinclude/>#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= {{Fix-span |link=:en:Wikipedia:Please clarify |text=caddayn loo baahan yahay |title={{delink|{{{reason|{{{1|Qoraalka u dhow summaddan waxaa laga yaabaa inuu u baahan yahay caddayn ama in laga saaro ereyada farsamada.}}}}}}}} |date={{{date|}}} |pre-text={{{pre-text|}}} |post-text={{{post-text|}}} |cat-date=Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification |content={{{text|}}} }} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 307948 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ safesubst:<noinclude/>#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= {{Fix-span |link=:en:Wikipedia:Please clarify |text=caddayn loo baahan yahay |title={{delink|{{{reason|{{{1|Qoraalka u dhow summaddan waxaa laga yaabaa inuu u baahan yahay caddayn ama in laga saaro ereyada farsamada.}}}}}}}} |date={{{date|}}} |pre-text={{{pre-text|}}} |post-text={{{post-text|}}} |cat-date=Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification |content={{{text|}}} }} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> pu0qmrofcqhbwjlg9282aj9uf4h069h 828 52097 307949 2026-09-14T09:54:16Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: local p = {} function p.tracking(frame) function isblank( val ) return (val == nil) or val:match('^[%s]*$') end local function isnotblank(s) return s and s:match( '^%s*(.-)%s*$' ) ~= '' end local cats = '' local args = frame:getParent().args local hasbr = 0 local hasli = 0 local hasul = 0 local hasnewline = 0 local toohighnumber = 0 local missingyears = {0, 0, 0} local missingteams = {0, 0, 0} local hasyears =... 307949 Scribunto text/plain local p = {} function p.tracking(frame) function isblank( val ) return (val == nil) or val:match('^[%s]*$') end local function isnotblank(s) return s and s:match( '^%s*(.-)%s*$' ) ~= '' end local cats = '' local args = frame:getParent().args local hasbr = 0 local hasli = 0 local hasul = 0 local hasnewline = 0 local toohighnumber = 0 local missingyears = {0, 0, 0} local missingteams = {0, 0, 0} local hasyears = {0, 0, 0} local hasteams = {0, 0, 0} local prefixes = {'pro', 'amateur', 'manage'} local maxindices = {25, 15, 25} for k=1,3 do local prefix = prefixes[k] local maxindex = maxindices[k] if (isnotblank(args[prefix .. 'years']) ) then hasyears[k] = 1 end if (isnotblank(args[prefix .. 'years']) and isblank(args[prefix .. 'teams']) ) then missingteams[k] = 1 end if (isnotblank(args[prefix .. 'teams']) ) then hasteams[k] = 1 end if (isnotblank(args[prefix .. 'teams']) and isblank(args[prefix .. 'years']) ) then missingyears[k] = 1 end if (args[prefix .. 'years'] or ''):match('<[\t ]*[Bb]') then hasbr = 1 end if (args[prefix .. 'years'] or ''):match('<[\t ]*[Ll][Ii]') then hasli = 1 end if (args[prefix .. 'years'] or ''):match('<[\t ]*[Uu][Ll]') then hasul = 1 end if (args[prefix .. 'teams'] or ''):match('<[\t ]*[Bb]') then hasbr = 1 end if (args[prefix .. 'teams'] or ''):match('<[\t ]*[Ll][Ii]') then hasli = 1 end if (args[prefix .. 'teams'] or ''):match('<[\t ]*[Uu][Ll]') then hasul = 1 end if (args[prefix .. 'years'] or ''):match('[\r\n]') then hasnewline = 1 end if (args[prefix .. 'teams'] or ''):match('[\r\n]') then hasnewline = 1 end for i = 1,maxindex do if (isnotblank(args[prefix .. 'years'.. tostring(i)]) ) then hasyears[k] = 1 end if (isnotblank(args[prefix .. 'years'.. tostring(i)]) and isblank(args[prefix .. 'team'.. tostring(i)]) ) then missingteams[k] = 1 end if (isnotblank(args[prefix .. 'team'.. tostring(i)]) ) then hasteams[k] = 1 end if (isnotblank(args[prefix .. 'team'.. tostring(i)]) and isblank(args[prefix .. 'years'.. tostring(i)]) ) then missingyears[k] = 1 end if(args[prefix .. 'years' .. tostring(i)] or ''):match('<[\t ]*[Bb]') then hasbr = 1 end if(args[prefix .. 'years' .. tostring(i)] or ''):match('<[\t ]*[Ll][Ii]') then hasli = 1 end if(args[prefix .. 'years' .. tostring(i)] or ''):match('<[\t ]*[Uu][Ll]') then hasul = 1 end if(args[prefix .. 'team' .. tostring(i)] or ''):match('<[\t ]*[Bb]') then hasbr = 1 end if(args[prefix .. 'team' .. tostring(i)] or ''):match('<[\t ]*[Ll][Ii]') then hasli = 1 end if(args[prefix .. 'team' .. tostring(i)] or ''):match('<[\t ]*[Uu][Ll]') then hasul = 1 end if(args[prefix .. 'years' .. tostring(i)] or ''):match('[\r\n]') then hasnewline = 1 end if(args[prefix .. 'team' .. tostring(i)] or ''):match('[\r\n]') then hasnewline = 1 end end if (isnotblank(args[prefix .. 'team'.. tostring(maxindex+1)]) or isnotblank(args[prefix .. 'years'.. tostring(maxindex+1)]) ) then toohighnumber = 1 end end if (isnotblank(args['weight'])) then local w = frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'Infobox person/weight', args = {args['weight'] .. ' '} } w = mw.ustring.gsub(w, '[≈~]', ' ') w = mw.ustring.gsub(w, '<abbr[^<>]*>c.</abbr> ', '') w = mw.ustring.gsub(w, '&#8203;', '') w = mw.ustring.gsub(w, '–[%d][%d]*%.[%d]', '') w = mw.ustring.gsub(w, '–[%d][%d]*', '') w = mw.ustring.gsub(w, '[%d][%d]%.[%d]&nbsp;kg %([%d][%d]*&nbsp;lb%)', '') w = mw.ustring.gsub(w, '[%d][%d]%.[%d]&nbsp;kg %([%d][%d]*&nbsp;lb; [%d][%.%d]*&nbsp;st%)', '') w = mw.ustring.gsub(w, '[%d][%d]%.[%d]&nbsp;kg %([%d][%d]*&nbsp;lb; [%d][%d]*&nbsp;st [%d][%d]*&nbsp;lb%)', '') w = mw.ustring.gsub(w, '[%d][%d]%.[%d]&nbsp;kg %([%d][%.%d]*&nbsp;st; [%d][%.%d]*&nbsp;lb%)', '') w = mw.ustring.gsub(w, '[%d][%.%d]*&nbsp;kg %([%d][%d]*&nbsp;lb%)', '') w = mw.ustring.gsub(w, '[%d][%d]*&nbsp;kg %([%d][%d]*&nbsp;lb; [%d][%.%d]*&nbsp;st%)', '') w = mw.ustring.gsub(w, '[%d][%d]*&nbsp;kg %([%d][%d]*&nbsp;lb; [%d][%d]*&nbsp;st [%d][%d]*&nbsp;lb%)', '') w = mw.ustring.gsub(w, '[%d][%d]*&nbsp;kg %([%d][%d]*&nbsp;st; [%d][%.%d]*&nbsp;lb%)', '') w = mw.ustring.gsub(w, '[%d][%d]*&nbsp;st [%d][%d]*&nbsp;lb %([%d][%d]*&nbsp;kg%)', '') w = mw.ustring.gsub(w, '[%d][%d]*&nbsp;lb %([%d][%d]*&nbsp;kg%)', '') w = mw.ustring.gsub(w, '[%d][%d]*&nbsp;lb %([%d][%d]*&nbsp;kg; [%d][%.%d]*&nbsp;st%)', '') w = mw.ustring.gsub(w, '[%d][%d]*[ ]*kg ', '') w = mw.ustring.gsub(w, '[%d][%d]*[ ]*lb ', '') w = mw.ustring.gsub(w, '%([1-2][%d][%d][%d]%)', '') w = mw.ustring.gsub(w, '%([1-2][%d][%d][%d]%-[%d][%d]%)', '') w = mw.text.unstrip(w) w = mw.ustring.gsub(w, '[<]', '.LT.') w = mw.ustring.gsub(w, '[>]', '.GT.') w = mw.ustring.gsub(w, '&', '&amp;') if(isnotblank(w)) then cats = cats .. '[[Category:Pages using infobox cyclist with atypical values for height or weight|W]]' -- cats = cats .. '<span class=error>Atypical value: weight = ' .. w .. '</span>' end end if (isnotblank(args['height'])) then local h = frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'Infobox person/height', args = {args['height'] .. ' '} } h = mw.ustring.gsub(h, '<templatestyles[^<>]*><%/templatestyles>', '') h = mw.ustring.gsub(h, '[≈~]', ' ') h = mw.ustring.gsub(h, '<abbr[^<>]*>c.</abbr> ', '') h = mw.ustring.gsub(h, '&#8203;', '') h = mw.ustring.gsub(h, '<span class="frac">([%d][%d]*)<span class="sr%-only">[^<>]*<%/span><span class="num">1<%/span>[^<>]*<span class="den">2<%/span><%/span>', '%1') h = mw.ustring.gsub(h, '<span class="frac"><span class="num">1<%/span>[^<>]*<span class="den">2<%/span><%/span>', '0') h = mw.ustring.gsub(h, '<span class="frac nowrap">([%d][%d]*)<span class="sr%-only">&nbsp;<%/span><sup>1<%/sup>&frasl;<sub>2<%/sub><%/span>', '%1') h = mw.ustring.gsub(h, '<span class="frac nowrap"><sup>1<%/sup>&frasl;<sub>2<%/sub><%/span>', '0') h = mw.ustring.gsub(h, '[1-2]%.[%d][%d]?&nbsp;m %([4-7]&nbsp;ft [%d][%d]*&nbsp;in%)', '') h = mw.ustring.gsub(h, '[1-2][%d][%d]&nbsp;cm %([4-7]&nbsp;ft [%d][%d]*&nbsp;in%)', '') h = mw.ustring.gsub(h, '[4-7]&nbsp;ft [%d][%d]*&nbsp;in %([1-2]%.[%d][%d]&nbsp;m%)', '') h = mw.ustring.gsub(h, '[4-7]&nbsp;ft [%d][%d]*&nbsp;in %([1-2][%d][%d]&nbsp;cm%)', '') h = mw.ustring.gsub(h, '[1-2]%.[%d][%d][ ]*m ', '') h = mw.ustring.gsub(h, '[1-2][%d][%d][ ]*cm ', '') h = mw.ustring.gsub(h, '[4-7] ft [%d][%d]* in ', '') h = mw.ustring.gsub(h, '%([1-2][%d][%d][%d]%)', '') h = mw.ustring.gsub(h, '%([1-2][%d][%d][%d]-[%d][%d]%)', '') h = mw.text.unstrip(h) h = mw.ustring.gsub(h, '[<]', '.LT.') h = mw.ustring.gsub(h, '[>]', '.GT.') h = mw.ustring.gsub(h, '&', '&amp;') if(isnotblank(h)) then cats = cats .. '[[Category:Pages using infobox cyclist with atypical values for height or weight|H]]' -- cats = cats .. '<span class=error style="display:none">Atypical value: height = ' .. h .. '</span>' end end if (hasli > 0) then cats = cats .. '[[Category:Pages using infobox cyclist with multiple entries in single field|λ]]' end if (hasul > 0) then cats = cats .. '[[Category:Pages using infobox cyclist with multiple entries in single field|μ]]' end if (hasbr > 0) then cats = cats .. '[[Category:Pages using infobox cyclist with multiple entries in single field|β]]' end if (hasnewline > 0) then cats = cats .. '[[Category:Pages using infobox cyclist with multiple entries in single field|ν]]' end for k=1,3 do if (missingyears[k] > 0 and hasyears[k] > 0) then cats = cats .. '[[Category:Pages using infobox cyclist with unknown parameters|Υ]]' end if (missingteams[k] > 0 and hasteams[k] > 0) then cats = cats .. '[[Category:Pages using infobox cyclist with unknown parameters|Τ]]' end end return cats end return p e1sybzjz1cw8zg04bvytws3wcv42lxu 828 52098 307950 2026-09-14T09:56:00Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: -- Constant data used by [[Module:Team appearances list]]. --[[ As a note, the begin_year and end_year information is given for most of the competitions with the exception of the Olympics (and related games). This is mainly due to the shear size of those lists (200+ countries). Overall list of games - if marked with s(TBD), no absences have been input Africa Africa Games African Beach Games African Military Games Americas Central Ame... 307950 Scribunto text/plain -- Constant data used by [[Module:Team appearances list]]. --[[ As a note, the begin_year and end_year information is given for most of the competitions with the exception of the Olympics (and related games). This is mainly due to the shear size of those lists (200+ countries). Overall list of games - if marked with s(TBD), no absences have been input Africa Africa Games African Beach Games African Military Games Americas Central American and Caribbean Games Pan American Games Parapan American Games (TBD) Junior Pan American South American Games Beach Games Asian Games Beach Games Indoor and Martial Arts Games Para Ganmes Youth Games Winter East South Southeast West Commonwealth Games Youth Europe European Athletics Championships European Athletics Indoor Championships (TBD) European Championships European Games Mediterranean Games Summer Olympics Paralympics Youth Winter Olympics Paralympics Youth World/Other Arab Games Deaflympics Winter Deaflympics FEI World Equestrian Games (TBD) FIS Alpine World Ski Championships (TBD) Islamic Solidarity Games Military World Games (TBD) Winter Military World Games (TBD) Pacific Games Summer World University Games Winter World University Games World Aquatics Championships World Archery Championships (TBD) World Athletics Championships World Beach Games World Combat Games World Games (TBD) World Athletics Indoor Championships ]]-- local old_names = { -- Games that changed their name at some point ["All-Africa Games"] = "African Games", ["British Empire Games"] = "Commonwealth Games", ["British Empire and Commonwealth Games"] = "Commonwealth Games", ["British Commonwealth Games"] = "Commonwealth Games", ["Southeast Asian Peninsular Games"] = "SEA Games", ["World Championships in Athletics"] = "World Athletics Championships", ["Asian Indoor Games"] = "Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games", ["Southern Cross Games"] = "South American Games", ["World Indoor Championships in Athletics"] = "World Athletics Indoor Championships", ["Southeast Asian Games"] = "SEA Games", ["Summer Universiade"] = "Summer World University Games", ["Winter Universiade"] = "Winter World University Games", -- Countries/entities that changed their name at some point, or have different names over the years ["Individual Olympic Athletes"] = "Independent Olympic Participants", ["Olympic Athletes from Russia"] = "Independent Olympic Participants", ["Independent Olympic Athletes"] = "Independent Olympic Participants", ["Individual Neutral Athletes"] = "Independent Olympic Participants", ["Individual Paralympic Athletes"] = "Independent Paralympic Participants", ["Independent Paralympic Athletes"] = "Independent Paralympic Participants", ["RPC"] = "Independent Paralympic Participants", ["Neutral Paralympic Athletes"] = "Independent Paralympic Participants", ["Burma"] = "Myanmar", ["British Guiana"] = "Guyana", ["British Honduras"] = "Belize", ["Ceylon"] = "Sri Lanka", ["Dahomey"] = "Benin", ["Macedonia"] = "North Macedonia", ["Malaya"] = "Malaysia", ["Federation of South Arabia"] = "Aden", ["South Arabia"] = "Aden", ["Swaziland"] = "Eswatini", ["Upper Volta"] = "Burkina Faso", ["Northern Rhodesia"] = "Zambia", ["Rhodesia"] = "Zimbabwe", ["Southern Rhodesia"] = "Zimbabwe", ["Tanganyika"] = "Tanzania", ["FR Yugoslavia"] = "Serbia and Montenegro", ["Formosa"] = "Chinese Taipei", ["Taiwan"] = "Chinese Taipei", ["East Timor"] = "Timor-Leste", ["Gold Coast"] = "Ghana", ["FINA Independent Athletes"] = "FINA athletes", ["FINA Refugee Team"] = "FINA athletes", ["Independent FINA Athletes"] = "FINA athletes", ["Congo-Kinshasa"] = "Democratic Republic of the Congo", ["Zaire"] = "Democratic Republic of the Congo", ["Western Samoa"] = "Samoa", } local all_competitions = { -----Africa----- ["African Games"] = { 1965, 1973, 1978, 1987, 1991, 1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019, 2023, 2027, ["Angola"] = {begin_year=1987}, ["Benin"] = {1978, 1987, 1991, 1995}, ["Botswana"] = {begin_year=1991}, ["Burkina Faso"] = {1973, 1987, 1999}, ["Burundi"] = {begin_year=1987, 1991, 1999, 2003, 2007}, ["Cape Verde"] = {begin_year=1999, 2007}, ["Chad"] = {1973, 1991, 1995, 1999, 2003, 2007}, ["Comoros"] = {begin_year=2011, 2019}, ["Democratic Republic of the Congo"] = {1973, 1978, 1995}, ["Djibouti"] = {begin_year=2011}, ["Equatorial Guinea"] = {begin_year=2011}, ["Eritrea"] = {begin_year=2007}, ["Eswatini"] = {begin_year=1973, 1987, 2003, 2007}, ["Guinea"] = {begin_year=1973, 1978, 1987, 1991, 1999}, ["Guinea-Bissau"] = {begin_year=1999, 2003}, ["Lesotho"] = {begin_year=1991}, ["Liberia"] = {begin_year=2011}, ["Libya"] = {begin_year=1978}, ["Malawi"] = {begin_year=1987, 1991, 1995, 2003, 2007}, ["Mali"] = {1987, 1991}, ["Mauritania"] = {begin_year=2011}, ["Mauritius"] = {begin_year=1987}, ["Morocco"] = {begin_year=1973, 1987, 1991, 1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015}, ["Mozambique"] = {begin_year=1987, 2003}, ["Namibia"] = {begin_year=1991}, ["Niger"] = {1978, 1987, 1991, 1995, 2007}, ["Rwanda"] = {begin_year=1987, 1991, 1995, 1999, 2003, 2007}, ["Sahrawi Republic"] = {begin_year=2015, 2019}, ["São Tomé and Príncipe"] = {begin_year=2003}, ["Seychelles"] = {begin_year=1987}, ["Sierra Leone"] = {begin_year=1991, 1999, 2007}, ["Somalia"] = {begin_year=1973, 1978, 1987, 1991, 1995, 1999, 2003, 2007}, ["South Africa"] = {begin_year=1995}, ["South Sudan"] = {begin_year=2011}, ["Sudan"] = {1987, 1991, 1995, 1999}, ["The Gambia"] = {begin_year=2003, 2007}, ["Togo"] = {1987, 1991, 1995}, ["Zimbabwe"] = {begin_year=1987}, }, ["African Beach Games"] = { 2019, 2023, }, ["African Military Games"] = { 2002, 2024, }, -----Americas----- ["Central American and Caribbean Games"] = { 1926, 1930, 1935, 1938, 1946, 1950, 1954, 1959, 1962, 1966, 1970, 1974, 1978, 1982, 1986, 1990, 1993, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014, 2018, 2022, ["Antigua and Barbuda"] = {begin_year=1990, 2002}, ["Aruba"] = {begin_year=1993}, ["Bahamas"] = {begin_year=1982}, ["Barbados"] = {begin_year=1982}, ["Belize"] = {begin_year=1982, 1990, 1993, 1998}, ["Bermuda"] = {begin_year=1982, 1998}, ["British Virgin Islands"] = {begin_year=1998}, ["Cayman Islands"] = {begin_year=1993, 1998}, ["Colombia"] = {begin_year=1938}, ["Costa Rica"] = {begin_year=1930}, ["Cuba"] = {2002, 2010}, ["Curaçao"] = {begin_year=2018}, ["Dominica"] = {begin_year=2002}, ["Dominican Republic"] = {begin_year=1982}, ["El Salvador"] = {begin_year=1930}, ["French Guiana"] = {begin_year=2018}, ["Grenada"] = {begin_year=1982, 1993, 1998}, ["Guadeloupe"] = {begin_year=2018}, ["Guatemala"] = {1938}, ["Guyana"] = {begin_year=1982}, ["Haiti"] = {begin_year=1982}, ["Honduras"] = {begin_year=1930, 1935, 1938}, ["Jamaica"] = {begin_year=1930}, ["Martinique"] = {begin_year=2018}, ["Netherlands Antilles"] = {begin_year=1946, 1998, end_year=2010}, ["Nicaragua"] = {begin_year=1935}, ["Panama"] = {begin_year=1930}, ["Puerto Rico"] = {begin_year=1930}, ["Saint Kitts and Nevis"] = {begin_year=2002}, ["Saint Lucia"] = {begin_year=2002}, ["Saint Vincent and the Grenadines"] = {begin_year=2002}, ["Sint Maarten"] = {begin_year=2018}, ["Suriname"] = {begin_year=1982}, ["Trinidad and Tobago"] = {begin_year=1950}, ["Turks and Caicos Islands"] = {begin_year=2018}, ["Venezuela"] = {begin_year=1938}, ["Virgin Islands"] = {begin_year=1982, 1998}, }, ["Pan American Games"] = { 1951, 1955, 1959, 1963, 1967, 1971, 1975, 1979, 1983, 1987, 1991, 1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019, 2023, ["Antigua and Barbuda"] = {begin_year=1979}, ["Aruba"] = {begin_year=1987}, ["Bahamas"] = {begin_year=1955}, ["Barbados"] = {begin_year=1963}, ["Belize"] = {begin_year=1967}, ["Bermuda"] = {begin_year=1967}, ["Bolivia"] = {begin_year=1967}, ["British Virgin Islands"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["British West Indies"] = {begin_year=1959, end_year=1959}, ["Canada"] = {begin_year=1955}, ["Cayman Islands"] = {begin_year=1987}, ["Costa Rica"] = {1963}, ["Dominica"] = {begin_year=1995}, ["Dominican Republic"] = {1963}, ["Netherlands Antilles"] = {begin_year=1959, end_year=2011}, ["Grenada"] = {begin_year=1987}, ["Guatemala"] = {2023}, ["Guyana"] = {begin_year=1959}, ["Haiti"] = {1963}, ["Honduras"] = {begin_year=1975}, ["Independent Athletes Team"] = {begin_year=2023}, ["Nicaragua"] = {1955, 1963, 1979}, ["Paraguay"] = {1959, 1963}, ["Peru"] = {1955}, ["Saint Kitts and Nevis"] = {begin_year=1995}, ["Saint Lucia"] = {begin_year=1995}, ["Saint Vincent and the Grenadines"] = {begin_year=1991}, ["Suriname"] = {begin_year=1971}, ["Trinidad and Tobago"] = {1959}, ["Virgin Islands"] = {begin_year=1967}, }, ["Parapan American Games"] = { 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019, 2023, }, ["Junior Pan American Games"] = { 2021, 2025, }, ["South American Games"] = { 1978, 1982, 1986, 1990, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014, 2018, 2022, ["Aruba"] = {begin_year=1994}, ["Chile"] = {2002}, ["Colombia"] = {1990}, ["Ecuador"] = {begin_year=1982}, ["Guyana"] = {begin_year=1998}, ["Netherlands Antilles"] = {begin_year=1994, 1998, 2014, 2018}, ["Panama"] = {begin_year=1994}, ["Suriname"] = {begin_year=1986, 2002}, ["Venezuela"] = {begin_year=1982}, }, ["South American Beach Games"] = { 2009, 2011, 2014, 2019, 2023, }, -----Asia---- ["Asian Games"] = { 1951, 1954, 1958, 1962, 1966, 1970, 1974, 1978, 1982, 1986, 1990, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014, 2018, 2022, 2026, ["Afghanistan"] = {1970, 1978, 1986, 1998}, ["Athletes from Kuwait"] = {begin_year=2010, end_year=2010}, ["Bahrain"] = {begin_year=1974}, ["Bangladesh"] = {begin_year=1978}, ["Bhutan"] = {begin_year=1986}, ["Brunei"] = {begin_year=1990}, ["Cambodia"] = {begin_year=1954, 1966, 1978, 1982, 1986, 1990}, ["China"] = {begin_year=1974}, ["Chinese Taipei"] = {begin_year=1954, 1962, 1974, 1978, 1982, 1986}, ["Timor-Leste"] = {begin_year=2002}, ["Hong Kong"] = {begin_year=1954}, ["Iran"] = {1954, 1962, 1978}, ["Iraq"] = {begin_year=1974, 1990, 1994, 1998, 2002}, ["Israel"] = {begin_year=1954, 1962, end_year=1974}, ["Jordan"] = {begin_year=1986, 1990}, ["Kazakhstan"] = {begin_year=1994}, ["Kuwait"] = {begin_year=1974, 2010}, ["Kyrgyzstan"] = {begin_year=1994}, ["Laos"] = {begin_year=1974, 1978, 1986}, ["Lebanon"] = {begin_year=1978}, ["Macau"] = {begin_year=1990}, ["Malaysia"] = {begin_year=1954}, ["Maldives"] = {begin_year=1982}, ["Mongolia"] = {begin_year=1974, 1986}, ["Myanmar"] = {1986}, ["Nepal"] = {1954, 1962}, ["North Korea"] = {begin_year=1974, 1986, 1994}, ["Oman"] = {begin_year=1982}, ["Pakistan"] = {begin_year=1954}, ["Palestine"] = {begin_year=1990}, ["Republic of China"] = {1962, end_year=1970}, ["Qatar"] = {begin_year=1978}, ["Saudi Arabia"] = {begin_year=1978, 1998}, ["South Korea"] = {begin_year=1954}, ["Syria"] = {1986}, ["Tajikistan"] = {begin_year=1994}, ["Turkmenistan"] = {begin_year=1994}, ["United Arab Emirates"] = {begin_year=1978}, ["Uzbekistan"] = {begin_year=1994}, ["Vietnam"] = {begin_year=1954, 1978, 1986}, ["Yemen"] = {begin_year=1990}, }, ["Asian Beach Games"] = { 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2026, ["Bhutan"] = {begin_year=2010}, ["Individual Olympic Athletes"] = {begin_year=2010, 2014}, ["Independent Olympic Athletes"] = {begin_year=2010, 2014}, ["Iraq"] = {begin_year=2010}, ["Kuwait"] = {2010, 2012, 2016}, ["Macau"] = {2010}, ["Myanmar"] = {2012}, ["North Korea"] = {2010, 2012, 2014, 2016}, ["Palestine"] = {2014, 2016}, ["Saudi Arabia"] = {begin_year=2010, 2014, 2016}, ["Turkmenistan"] = {begin_year=2010}, ["Yemen"] = {2016}, }, ["Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games"] = { 2005, 2007, 2009, 2013, 2017, 2021, 2026, ["Afghanistan"] = {begin_year=2007, 2021}, ["Bangladesh"] = {begin_year=2007, 2021}, ["Bhutan"] = {begin_year=2007, 2021}, ["Brunei"] = {begin_year=2009, 2021}, ["China"] = {2021}, ["Timor-Leste"] = {begin_year=2017, 2021}, ["Independent Olympic Athletes"] = {begin_year=2013, 2021}, ["India"] = {2013, 2021}, ["Kuwait"] = {2017, 2021}, ["North Korea"] = {2013, 2021}, ["Pakistan"] = {2009, 2021}, ["Palestine"] = {begin_year=2007, 2009, 2017, 2021}, ["Refugee Team"] = {begin_year=2017, 2021}, ["Saudi Arabia"] = {begin_year=2007, 2021}, ["Tajikistan"] = {begin_year=2007, 2021}, --Begin Oceania nations ["American Samoa"] = {begin_year=2017, 2021}, ["Australia"] = {begin_year=2017, 2021}, ["Cook Islands"] = {begin_year=2017, 2021}, ["Federated States of Micronesia"] = {begin_year=2017, 2021}, ["Fiji"] = {begin_year=2017, 2021}, ["Guam"] = {begin_year=2017, 2021}, ["Kiribati"] = {begin_year=2017, 2021}, ["Marshall Islands"] = {begin_year=2017, 2021}, ["Nauru"] = {begin_year=2017, 2021}, ["New Caledonia"] = {begin_year=2017, 2021}, ["Palau"] = {begin_year=2017, 2021}, ["Papua New Guinea"] = {begin_year=2017, 2021}, ["Samoa"] = {begin_year=2017, 2021}, ["Solomon Islands"] = {begin_year=2017, 2021}, ["Tahiti"] = {begin_year=2017, 2021}, ["Tonga"] = {begin_year=2017, 2021}, ["Tuvalu"] = {begin_year=2017, 2021}, ["Vanuatu"] = {begin_year=2017, 2021}, }, ["Asian Para Games"] = { 2010, 2014, 2018, 2022, ["Bhutan"] = {begin_year=2018}, ["North Korea"] = {begin_year=2014}, ["Yemen"] = {begin_year=2018}, ["Maldives"] = {begin_year=2022}, }, ["Asian Youth Games"] = { 2009, 2013, 2025, ["Afghanistan"] = {begin_year=2013}, ["Timor-Leste"] = {begin_year=2013}, }, ["Asian Winter Games"] = { 1986, 1990, 1996, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2017, 2025, 2029, ["Afghanistan"] = {begin_year=2007, 2017}, ["Athletes from Kuwait"] = {begin_year=2011}, ["Australia"] = {begin_year=2017}, ["Bahrain"] = {begin_year=2011, 2017}, ["Bhutan"] = {begin_year=2025}, ["Cambodia"] = {begin_year=2025}, ["Chinese Taipei"] = {begin_year=1990}, ["Timor-Leste"] = {begin_year=2017}, ["Hong Kong"] = {1990, 2003}, ["Independent Olympic Athletes"] = {begin_year=2011}, ["Indonesia"] = {begin_year=2017}, ["Iran"] = {begin_year=1990}, ["Jordan"] = {begin_year=2007}, ["Kazakhstan"] = {begin_year=1996}, ["Kuwait"] = {begin_year=1996, 2003}, ["Kyrgyzstan"] = {begin_year=1996, 2003}, ["Lebanon"] = {begin_year=1996}, ["Macau"] = {begin_year=2007, 2011}, ["Malaysia"] = {begin_year=2007}, ["Nepal"] = {begin_year=2003}, ["New Zealand"] = {begin_year=2017}, ["North Korea"] = {1996, 1999}, ["Pakistan"] = {begin_year=1996, 2011}, ["Palestine"] = {begin_year=2003, 2017}, ["Philippines"] = {begin_year=1990, 1996, 1999, 2003}, ["Qatar"] = {begin_year=2011}, ["Saudi Arabia"] = {begin_year=2025}, ["Singapore"] = {begin_year=2011}, ["Sri Lanka"] = {begin_year=2017}, ["Tajikistan"] = {begin_year=1996, 1999}, ["Thailand"] = {begin_year=1996, 1999}, ["Turkmenistan"] = {begin_year=2017}, ["United Arab Emirates"] = {begin_year=2007}, ["Uzbekistan"] = {begin_year=1996}, ["Vietnam"] = {begin_year=2017}, }, ["East Asian Games"] = { 1993, 1997, 2001, 2005, 2009, 2013, ["Guam"] = {begin_year=1997}, ["North Korea"] = {1997, 2001}, }, ["South Asian Games"] = { 1984, 1985, 1987, 1989, 1991, 1993, 1995, 1999, 2004, 2006, 2010, 2016, 2019, 2025, ["Afghanistan"] = {begin_year=2004, end_year=2016}, }, ["SEA Games"] = { 1959, 1961, 1965, 1967, 1969, 1971, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1983, 1985, 1987, 1989, 1991, 1993, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2021, 2023, 2025, 2027, 2029, ["Brunei"] = {begin_year=1977}, ["Cambodia"] = {begin_year=1961, 1967, 1969, 1971, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1989, 1991, 1993}, ["Timor-Leste"] = {begin_year=2003}, ["Indonesia"] = {begin_year=1977}, ["Khmer Republic"] = {begin_year=1971, end_year=1973}, ["Laos"] = {begin_year=1959, 1975, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1983, 1985, 1987}, ["Malaysia"] = {begin_year=1959}, ["Philippines"] = {begin_year=1977}, ["South Vietnam"] = {begin_year=1959, end_year=1973}, ["Thailand"] = {begin_year=1961}, ["Vietnam"] = {begin_year=1989}, }, ["West Asian Games"] = { 1997, 2002, 2005, ["Bahrain"] = {begin_year=2002}, ["Iraq"] = {begin_year=2005}, ["Kyrgyzstan"] = {begin_year=1997, 2002, 2005}, ["Oman"] = {begin_year=2002}, ["Palestine"] = {begin_year=2002}, ["Saudi Arabia"] = {begin_year=2002}, ["Tajikistan"] = {begin_year=1997, 2002, 2005}, ["Turkmenistan"] = {begin_year=1997, 2002, 2005}, ["United Arab Emirates"] = {begin_year=2002}, }, -----Commonwealth Games----- ["Commonwealth Games"] = { 1930, 1934, 1938, 1950, 1954, 1958, 1962, 1966, 1970, 1974, 1978, 1982, 1986, 1990, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014, 2018, 2022, 2026, 2030, ["Aden"] = {begin_year=1962, end_year=1966}, ["Anguilla"] = {begin_year=1998}, ["Antigua and Barbuda"] = {begin_year=1966, 1974, 1982, 1986, 1990}, ["Bahamas"] = {begin_year=1954, 1974, 1986}, ["Bangladesh"] = {begin_year=1978, 1982, 1986}, ["Barbados"] = {begin_year=1954, 1986}, ["Belize"] = {begin_year=1962, 1970, 1974, 1982, 1986, 1990}, ["Bermuda"] = {1950, 1958, 1962}, ["Botswana"] = {begin_year=1974, 1978}, ["British North Borneo"] = {begin_year=1958, end_year=1962}, ["British Virgin Islands"] = {begin_year=1990}, ["Brunei"] = {begin_year=1990}, ["Cameroon"] = {begin_year=1998}, ["Cayman Islands"] = {begin_year=1978}, ["Cook Islands"] = {begin_year=1974, 1982}, ["Cyprus"] = {begin_year=1978, 1986}, ["Dominica"] = {1966, begin_year=1958, 1974, 1978, 1982, 1986, 1990}, ["Eswatini"] = {begin_year=1970}, ["Falkland Islands"] = {begin_year=1982}, ["Fiji"] = {begin_year=1938, 1990, 1994, 2010}, ["Gabon"] = {begin_year=2026}, ["Ghana"] = {begin_year=1954, 1986}, ["Gibraltar"] = {begin_year=1958}, ["Grenada"] = {begin_year=1970, 1986, 1990, 1994}, ["Guernsey"] = {begin_year=1970}, ["Guyana"] = {1950, 1974, 1986}, ["Hong Kong"] = {1938, 1950, begin_year=1934, 1966, end_year=1994}, ["India"] = {1950, begin_year=1934, 1962, 1986}, ["Ireland"] = {begin_year=1930, end_year=1930}, ["Isle of Man"] = {begin_year=1958}, ["Jamaica"] = {1938, 1950, begin_year=1934, 1986}, ["Jersey"] = {begin_year=1958}, ["Kenya"] = {begin_year=1954, 1986}, ["Kiribati"] = {begin_year=1998}, ["Lesotho"] = {1982, begin_year=1974}, ["Malaysia"] = {begin_year=1950, 1954, 1986}, ["Malawi"] = {begin_year=1970}, ["Maldives"] = {begin_year=1986, 2018}, ["Malta"] = {begin_year=1958, 1966, 1974, 1978}, ["Mauritius"] = {1986, begin_year=1958}, ["Montserrat"] = {begin_year=1994}, ["Mozambique"] = {begin_year=1998}, ["Namibia"] = {begin_year=1994}, ["Nauru"] = {begin_year=1990}, ["Nigeria"] = {1962, 1978, 1986, 1998, begin_year=1950}, ["Niue"] = {begin_year=2002}, ["Norfolk Island"] = {begin_year=1986}, ["Northern Ireland"] = {1950, begin_year=1934}, ["Pakistan"] = {begin_year=1954, 1974, 1978, 1982, 1986}, ["Papua New Guinea"] = {1986, begin_year=1962}, ["Rhodesia and Nyasaland"] = {begin_year=1962, end_year=1962}, ["Rwanda"] = {begin_year=2010}, ["Saint Helena"] = {1986, 1990, 1994, begin_year=1982}, ["Saint Kitts and Nevis"] = {begin_year=1990}, ["Saint Lucia"] = {1966, begin_year=1962, 1974, 1982, 1986, 1990}, ["Saint Vincent and the Grenadines"] = {1962, begin_year=1958, 1982, 1986, 1990}, ["Samoa"] = {begin_year=1974}, ["Sarawak"] = {begin_year=1958, end_year=1962}, ["Seychelles"] = {begin_year=1990}, ["Sierra Leone"] = {1962, begin_year=1958, 1974, 1982, 1986}, ["Singapore"] = {begin_year=1958}, ["Solomon Islands"] = {1986, begin_year=1982}, ["South Africa"] = {1962, 1966, 1970, 1974, 1978, 1982, 1986, 1990}, ["Sri Lanka"] = {1954, 1974, 1986, begin_year=1938}, ["Tanzania"] = {begin_year=1962, 1986}, ["The Gambia"] = {begin_year=1970, 1986, 2014}, ["Togo"] = {begin_year=2026}, ["Tonga"] = {1978, 1986, begin_year=1974}, ["Trinidad and Tobago"] = {1950, begin_year=1934, 1986}, ["Turks and Caicos Islands"] = {begin_year=1978, 1982, 1986, 1990, 1994}, ["Tuvalu"] = {begin_year=1998}, ["Uganda"] = {begin_year=1954, 1978, 1986}, ["Vanuatu"] = {begin_year=1982}, ["Western Samoa"] = {begin_year=1974}, ["Zambia"] = {begin_year=1954, 1962, 1966, 1986}, ["Zimbabwe"] = {begin_year=1934, 1962, 1966, 1970, 1974, 1978, 1986, end_year=2002}, }, ["Commonwealth Youth Games"] = { 2000, 2004, 2008, 2011, 2015, 2017, 2023, }, -----European Games----- ["European Athletics Championships"] = { 1934, 1938, 1946, 1950, 1954, 1958, 1962, 1966, 1969, 1971, 1974, 1978, 1982, 1986, 1990, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018, 2022, 2024, 2026, ["Albania"] = {begin_year=1938, 1946, 1950, 1954, 1958, 1962, 1969, 1971, 1974, 1978, 1982, 1986}, ["Andorra"] = {begin_year=1998}, ["Armenia"] = {begin_year=1994, 2006}, ["Athlete Refugee Team"] = {begin_year=2022}, ["Austria"] = {1938, 1946}, ["Authorised Neutral Athletes"] = {begin_year=2016, 2022}, ["Azerbaijan"] = {begin_year=2002}, ["Belarus"] = {begin_year=1994, 2022, 2024}, ["Bosnia and Herzegovina"] = {begin_year=1994}, ["Bulgaria"] = {1938, 1946, 1950}, ["Croatia"] = {begin_year=1994}, ["Cyprus"] = {begin_year=1974}, ["Czech Republic"] = {begin_year=1994}, ["Czechoslovakia"] = {end_year=1990}, ["Estonia"] = {1946, 1950, 1954, 1958, 1962, 1966, 1969, 1971, 1974, 1978, 1982, 1986, 1990}, ["Georgia"] = {begin_year=1994}, ["East Germany"] = {begin_year=1966, end_year=1990}, ["Germany"] = {1946, 1950, 1966, 1969, 1971, 1974, 1978, 1982, 1986, 1990}, ["West Germany"] = {begin_year=1954, 1958, 1962, end_year=1990}, ["Gibraltar"] = {begin_year=1966, 1990, 1994}, ["Great Britain"] = {begin_year=1938}, ["Hungary"] = {1950}, ["Iceland"] = {begin_year=1946}, ["Ireland"] = {begin_year=1946}, ["Israel"] = {begin_year=1990}, ["Kosovo"] = {begin_year=2016}, ["Latvia"] = {1946, 1950, 1954, 1958, 1962, 1966, 1969, 1971, 1974, 1978, 1982, 1986, 1990}, ["Liechtenstein"] = {begin_year=1938, 1950, 1958, 1966, 1982, 2002, 2006, 2018, 2022}, ["Lithuania"] = {1938, 1946, 1950, 1954, 1958, 1962, 1966, 1969, 1971, 1974, 1978, 1982, 1986, 1990}, ["Luxembourg"] = {1998, 2002}, ["North Macedonia"] = {begin_year=1998}, ["Malta"] = {begin_year=1958, 1966, 1971, 1974, 1978}, ["Moldova"] = {begin_year=1994}, ["Monaco"] = {begin_year=2002, 2022}, ["Montenegro"] = {begin_year=2006}, ["Portugal"] = {1946}, ["Romania"] = {1950}, ["Russia"] = {begin_year=1994, 2016, 2018, 2022, 2024}, ["San Marino"] = {begin_year=1990, 1994, 1998}, ["Serbia"] = {begin_year=2006}, ["Slovakia"] = {begin_year=1994}, ["Slovenia"] = {begin_year=1994}, ["Soviet Union"] = {begin_year=1946, end_year=1990}, ["Spain"] = {begin_year=1950}, ["Turkey"] = {begin_year=1950}, ["Ukraine"] = {begin_year=1994}, ["Yugoslavia"] = {end_year=2002}, }, ["European Athletics Indoor Championships"] = { 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2021, 2023, }, ["European Championships"] = { 2018, 2022, }, ["European Games"] = { 2015, 2019, 2023, 2027, ["Faroe Islands"] = {2019, 2023}, ["Gibraltar"] = {2019, 2023}, ["Belarus"] = {2023}, ["Russia"] = {2023}, }, ["Mediterranean Games"] = { 1951, 1955, 1959, 1963, 1967, 1971, 1975, 1979, 1983, 1987, 1991, 1993, 1997, 2001, 2005, 2009, 2013, 2018, 2022, 2026, ["Albania"] = {begin_year=1987}, ["Algeria"] = {begin_year=1967}, ["Andorra"] = {begin_year=2001, 2005}, ["Bosnia and Herzegovina"] = {begin_year=1993}, ["Croatia"] = {begin_year=1993}, ["Cyprus"] = {begin_year=1979}, ["Egypt"] = {1959, 1963, 1967}, ["Libya"] = {1983, 1993}, ["North Macedonia"] = {begin_year=2013}, ["Monaco"] = {begin_year=1955, 1959, 1967, 1971}, ["Montenegro"] = {begin_year=2009}, ["Morocco"] = {begin_year=1959}, ["San Marino"] = {begin_year=1987}, ["Serbia"] = {begin_year=2009}, ["Serbia and Montenegro"] = {begin_year=1997, end_year=2005}, ["Slovenia"] = {begin_year=1993}, ["Syria"] = {1959, 1967}, ["Tunisia"] = {begin_year=1959}, ["Yugoslavia"] = {1955, end_year=1991}, ["United Arab Republic"] = {begin_year=1959, end_year=1963}, ["Vatican City"] = {begin_year=2022}, }, ----- Olympics ----- ["Summer Olympics"] = { 1896, 1900, 1904, 1908, 1912, 1920, 1924, 1928, 1932, 1936, 1948, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1968, 1972, 1976, 1980, 1984, 1988, 1992, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016, 2020, 2024, 2028, ["Afghanistan"] = {1952, 1976, 1984, 1992, 2000, begin_year=1936}, ["Albania"] = {1976, 1980, 1984, 1988, begin_year=1972}, ["Algeria"] = {1976, begin_year=1964}, ["American Samoa"] = {begin_year=1988}, ["Andorra"] = {begin_year=1976}, ["Angola"] = {1984, begin_year=1980}, ["Antigua and Barbuda"] = {1980, begin_year=1976}, ["Argentina"] = {1904, 1912, 1980, begin_year=1900}, ["Armenia"] = {begin_year=1996}, ["Aruba"] = {begin_year=1988}, ["Australasia"] = {begin_year=1908, end_year=1912}, ["Austria"] = {disqualified_year=1904, 1920}, ["Azerbaijan"] = {begin_year=1996}, ["Bahamas"] = {1980, begin_year=1952}, ["Bahrain"] = {begin_year=1984}, ["Bangladesh"] = {begin_year=1984}, ["Barbados"] = {1980, begin_year=1968}, ["Belarus"] = {begin_year=1996, 2024}, ["Belgium"] = {1904, begin_year=1900}, ["Belize"] = {1980, begin_year=1968}, ["Benin"] = {1976, begin_year=1972}, ["Bermuda"] = {1980, begin_year=1936}, ["Bhutan"] = {begin_year=1984}, ["Bohemia"] = {1904, begin_year=1900, end_year=1912}, ["Bolivia"] = {1948, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1980, begin_year=1936}, ["North Borneo"] = {begin_year=1956, end_year=1956}, ["Bosnia and Herzegovina"] = {begin_year=1992}, ["Botswana"] = {begin_year=1980}, ["Brazil"] = {1928, begin_year=1920}, ["British Virgin Islands"] = {begin_year=1984}, ["British West Indies"] = {begin_year=1960, end_year=1960}, ["Brunei"] = {1992, 2008, begin_year=1988}, ["Bulgaria"] = {1900, 1904, 1908, 1912, 1920, 1932, 1948, 1984}, ["Burkina Faso"] = {1976, 1980, 1984, begin_year=1972}, ["Burundi"] = {begin_year=1996}, ["Cambodia"] = {1960, 1968, 1976, 1980, 1984, 1988, 1992, begin_year=1956}, ["Cameroon"] = {begin_year=1964}, ["Canada"] = {disqualified_year=1900, 1980, begin_year=1900}, ["Cape Verde"] = {begin_year=1996}, ["Cayman Islands"] = {1980, begin_year=1976}, ["Central African Republic"] = {1972, 1976, 1980, begin_year=1968}, ["Chad"] = {1976, 1980, begin_year=1964}, ["Chile"] = {disqualified_year=1896, 1900, 1904, 1908, 1932, 1980}, ["China"] = {1956, 1960, 1964, 1968, 1972, 1976, 1980, begin_year=1952}, ["Chinese Taipei"] = {1976, 1980, begin_year=1956}, ["Republic of China"] = {1928, begin_year=1924, end_year=1948}, ["Colombia"] = {1952, begin_year=1932}, ["Comoros"] = {begin_year=1996}, ["Republic of the Congo"] = {1968, 1976, begin_year=1964}, ["Democratic Republic of the Congo"] = {1972, 1976, 1980, begin_year=1968}, ["Cook Islands"] = {begin_year=1988}, ["Costa Rica"] = {1948, 1952, 1956, 1960, begin_year=1936}, ["Croatia"] = {begin_year=1992}, ["Cuba"] = {1908, 1912, 1920, 1932, 1936, 1984, 1988, begin_year=1900}, ["Cyprus"] = {begin_year=1980}, ["Czech Republic"] = {begin_year=1996}, ["Czechoslovakia"] = {1984, begin_year=1920, end_year=1992}, ["Denmark"] = {1904}, ["Djibouti"] = {2004, begin_year=1984}, ["Dominica"] = {begin_year=1996}, ["Dominican Republic"] = {begin_year=1964}, ["Timor-Leste"] = {begin_year=2004}, ["Ecuador"] = {1928, 1932, 1936, 1948, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1964, begin_year=1924}, ["Egypt"] = {1932, 1960, 1964, 1980, begin_year=1912}, ["El Salvador"] = {1976, 1980, begin_year=1968}, ["Equatorial Guinea"] = {begin_year=1984}, ["Eritrea"] = {begin_year=2000}, ["Estonia"] = {1948, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1968, 1972, 1976, 1980, 1984, 1988, begin_year=1920}, ["Ethiopia"] = {1976, 1984, 1988, begin_year=1956}, ["Federated States of Micronesia"] = {begin_year=2000}, ["Finland"] = {begin_year=1908}, ["Fiji"] = {1964, 1980, begin_year=1956}, ["France"] = {disqualified_year=1904}, ["Gabon"] = {1976, 1980, begin_year=1972}, ["The Gambia"] = {begin_year=1984}, ["Georgia"] = {begin_year=1996}, ["Germany"] = {1920, 1924, 1948, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1968, 1972, 1976, 1980, 1984, 1988}, ["East Germany"] = {1984, begin_year=1968, end_year=1988}, ["West Germany"] = {1980, begin_year=1968, end_year=1988}, ["Ghana"] = {1956, 1976, 1980, begin_year=1952}, ["Grenada"] = {begin_year=1984}, ["Guam"] = {begin_year=1988}, ["Guatemala"] = {1956, 1960, 1964, begin_year=1952}, ["Guinea"] = {1972, 1976, begin_year=1968}, ["Guinea-Bissau"] = {begin_year=1996}, ["Guyana"] = {1976, begin_year=1948}, ["Haiti"] = {1904, 1908, 1912, 1920, 1948, 1952, 1956, 1964, 1968, 1980, begin_year=1900}, ["Honduras"] = {1972, 1980, begin_year=1968}, ["Hong Kong"] = {1980, begin_year=1952}, ["Hungary"] = {1920, 1984}, ["Iceland"] = {1920, 1924, 1928, 1932, begin_year=1908}, ["Independent Olympic Participants"] = {1996, 2004, 2008, 2020, begin_year=1992, end_year=2024}, ["India"] = {1904, 1908, 1912, begin_year=1900}, ["Indonesia"] = {1964, 1980, begin_year=1952}, ["Iran"] = {1904, 1908, 1912, 1920, 1924, 1928, 1932, 1936, 1980, 1984, begin_year=1900}, ["Iraq"] = {1952, 1956, 1972, 1976, begin_year=1948}, ["Ireland"] = {1936, begin_year=1924}, ["Israel"] = {1980, begin_year=1952}, ["Italy"] = {1904}, ["Ivory Coast"] = {1980, begin_year=1964}, ["Jamaica"] = {1960, begin_year=1948}, ["Japan"] = {1948, 1980, begin_year=1912}, ["Jordan"] = {begin_year=1980}, ["Kazakhstan"] = {begin_year=1996}, ["Kenya"] = {1976, 1980, begin_year=1956}, ["Kiribati"] = {begin_year=2004}, ["North Korea"] = {1984, 1988, 2020, begin_year=1972}, ["South Korea"] = {1980, begin_year=1948}, ["Kosovo"] = {begin_year=2016}, ["Kuwait"] = {2016, begin_year=1968}, ["Kyrgyzstan"] = {begin_year=1996}, ["Laos"] = {1984, begin_year=1980}, ["Latvia"] = {1948, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1968, 1972, 1976, 1980, 1984, 1988, begin_year=1924}, ["Lebanon"] = {1956, begin_year=1948}, ["Lesotho"] = {1976, begin_year=1972}, ["Liberia"] = {1968, 1976, 1992, begin_year=1956}, ["Libya"] = {1972, 1976, 1984, begin_year=1964}, ["Liechtenstein"] = {1956, 1980, begin_year=1936}, ["Lithuania"] = {1932, 1936, 1948, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1968, 1972, 1976, 1980, 1984, 1988, begin_year=1924}, ["Luxembourg"] = {disqualified_year=1900, 1904, 1908, 1932, begin_year=1900}, ["North Macedonia"] = {begin_year=1996}, ["Madagascar"] = {1976, 1988, begin_year=1964}, ["Malawi"] = {1976, 1980, begin_year=1972}, ["Malaysia"] = {1980, begin_year=1956}, ["Maldives"] = {begin_year=1988}, ["Mali"] = {1976, begin_year=1964}, ["Malta"] = {1932, 1952, 1956, 1964, 1976, begin_year=1928}, ["Marshall Islands"] = {begin_year=2008}, ["Mauritania"] = {begin_year=1984}, ["Mauritius"] = {begin_year=1984}, ["Mexico"] = {1904, 1908, 1912, 1920, begin_year=1900}, ["Mixed team"] = {begin_year=1896, end_year=1904}, ["Moldova"] = {begin_year=1996}, ["Monaco"] = {1932, 1956, 1980, begin_year=1920}, ["Mongolia"] = {1984, begin_year=1964}, ["Montenegro"] = {begin_year=2008}, ["Morocco"] = {1980, begin_year=1960}, ["Mozambique"] = {begin_year=1980}, ["Myanmar"] = {1976, begin_year=1948}, ["Namibia"] = {begin_year=1992}, ["Nauru"] = {begin_year=1996}, ["Nepal"] = {1968, begin_year=1964}, ["Netherlands"] = {1904, begin_year=1900}, ["Netherlands Antilles"] = {1956, 1980, begin_year=1952, end_year=2008}, ["New Zealand"] = {begin_year=1908}, ["Nicaragua"] = {1988, begin_year=1968}, ["Niger"] = {1976, 1980, begin_year=1964}, ["Nigeria"] = {1976, begin_year=1952}, ["Norway"] = {disqualified_year=1904, 1980, begin_year=1900}, ["Oman"] = {begin_year=1984}, ["Pakistan"] = {1980, begin_year=1948}, ["Palau"] = {begin_year=2000}, ["Palestine"] = {begin_year=1996}, ["Panama"] = {1932, 1936, 1956, 1980, begin_year=1928}, ["Papua New Guinea"] = {1980, begin_year=1976}, ["Paraguay"] = {1980, begin_year=1968}, ["Peru"] = {1904, 1908, 1912, 1920, 1924, 1928, 1932, 1952, begin_year=1900}, ["Philippines"] = {1980, begin_year=1924}, ["Poland"] = {1984, begin_year=1924}, ["Portugal"] = {begin_year=1912}, ["Puerto Rico"] = {begin_year=1948}, ["Qatar"] = {begin_year=1984}, ["Refugee Olympic Team"] = {begin_year=2016}, ["ROC"] = {begin_year=2020,end_year=2020}, ["Romania"] = {1904, 1908, 1912, 1920, 1932, 1948, begin_year=1900}, ["Russia"] = {begin_year=1996, 2020, 2024}, ["Russian Empire"] = {1904, begin_year=1900, end_year=1912}, ["Rwanda"] = {begin_year=1984}, ["Saar"] = {begin_year=1952, end_year=1952}, ["Saint Kitts and Nevis"] = {begin_year=1996}, ["Saint Lucia"] = {begin_year=1996}, ["Saint Vincent and the Grenadines"] = {begin_year=1988}, ["Samoa"] = {begin_year=1984}, ["San Marino"] = {1964, begin_year=1960}, ["São Tomé and Príncipe"] = {begin_year=1996}, ["Saudi Arabia"] = {1980, begin_year=1972}, ["Senegal"] = {begin_year=1964}, ["Serbia"] = {1920, 1924, 1928, 1932, 1936, 1948, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1968, 1972, 1976, 1980, 1984, 1988, 1992, 1996, 2000, 2004, begin_year=1912}, ["Serbia and Montenegro"] = {begin_year=1996, end_year=2004}, ["Seychelles"] = {1988, begin_year=1980}, ["Sierra Leone"] = {1972, 1976, begin_year=1968}, ["Singapore"] = {1964, 1980, begin_year=1948}, ["Slovakia"] = {begin_year=1996}, ["Slovenia"] = {begin_year=1992}, ["Solomon Islands"] = {begin_year=1984}, ["Somalia"] = {1976, 1980, 1992, begin_year=1972}, ["South Africa"] = {1964, 1968, 1972, 1976, 1980, 1984, 1988, begin_year=1904}, ["South Sudan"] = {begin_year=2016}, ["Soviet Union"] = {1984, begin_year=1952, end_year=1988}, ["Spain"] = {1904, 1908, 1912, 1936, begin_year=1900}, ["Sri Lanka"] = {1976, begin_year=1948}, ["Sudan"] = {1964, 1976, 1980, begin_year=1960}, ["Suriname"] = {1964, 1980, begin_year=1960}, ["Eswatini"] = {1976, 1980, begin_year=1972}, -- Formerly Swaziland ["Sweden"] = {1904}, ["Switzerland"] = {disqualified_year=1904}, ["Syria"] = {1952, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1976, begin_year=1948}, ["Tajikistan"] = {begin_year=1996}, ["Tanzania"] = {1976, begin_year=1964}, ["Thailand"] = {1980, begin_year=1952}, ["Togo"] = {1976, 1980, begin_year=1972}, ["Tonga"] = {begin_year=1984}, ["Trinidad and Tobago"] = {1960, begin_year=1948}, ["Tunisia"] = {1980, begin_year=1960}, ["Turkey"] = {1920, 1932, 1980, begin_year=1908}, ["Turkmenistan"] = {begin_year=1996}, ["Tuvalu"] = {begin_year=2008}, ["Uganda"] = {1976, begin_year=1956}, ["Ukraine"] = {begin_year=1996}, ["Unified Team"] = {begin_year=1992, end_year=1992}, ["United Arab Emirates"] = {begin_year=1984}, ["United Arab Republic"] = {begin_year=1960, end_year=1964}, ["United States"] = {1980}, ["United Team of Germany"] = {begin_year=1956, end_year=1964}, ["Uruguay"] = {1980, begin_year=1924}, ["Uzbekistan"] = {begin_year=1996}, ["Vanuatu"] = {begin_year=1988}, ["Venezuela"] = {begin_year=1948}, ["Vietnam"] = {1976, 1984, begin_year=1952}, ["Virgin Islands"] = {1980, begin_year=1968}, ["Yemen"] = {begin_year=1992}, ["North Yemen"] = {begin_year=1984, end_year=1988}, ["South Yemen"] = {begin_year=1988, end_year=1988}, ["Yugoslavia"] = {1992, begin_year=1920, end_year=2000}, ["Zambia"] = {1976, begin_year=1964}, ["Zimbabwe"] = {1932, 1936, 1948, 1952, 1956, 1968, 1972, 1976, begin_year=1928}, }, ["Summer Paralympics"] = { 1960, 1964, 1968, 1972, 1976, 1980, 1984, 1988, 1992, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016, 2020, 2024, ["Afghanistan"] = {2000, begin_year=1996}, ["Albania"] = {2016, 2020, 2024, begin_year=2012}, ["Algeria"] = {begin_year=1992}, ["Andorra"] = {2016, 2020, 2024, begin_year=2012}, ["Angola"] = {begin_year=1996}, ["Antigua and Barbuda"] = {2016, 2020, 2024, begin_year=2012}, ["Armenia"] = {begin_year=1996}, ["Aruba"] = {begin_year=2016}, ["Azerbaijan"] = {begin_year=1996}, ["Bahamas"] = {1992, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016, 2020, 2024, begin_year=1972}, ["Bahrain"] = {begin_year=1984}, ["Bangladesh"] = {2012, 2016, 2020, begin_year=2004}, ["Barbados"] = {2016, begin_year=2000}, ["Belarus"] = {begin_year=1996, 2024}, ["Benin"] = {begin_year=2000}, ["Bermuda"] = {begin_year=1996}, ["Bhutan"] = {begin_year=2020}, ["Bosnia and Herzegovina"] = {begin_year=1996}, ["Botswana"] = {2012, begin_year=2004}, ["Brazil"] = {begin_year=1972}, ["Brunei"] = {2016, 2020, 2024, begin_year=2012}, ["Bulgaria"] = {begin_year=1988}, ["Burkina Faso"] = {2004, begin_year=1992}, ["Cambodia"] = {begin_year=2000}, ["Cameroon"] = {begin_year=2012}, ["Canada"] = {begin_year=1968}, ["Cape Verde"] = {begin_year=2004}, ["Central African Republic"] = {begin_year=2004}, ["Chile"] = {begin_year=1992}, ["China"] = {begin_year=1984}, ["Chinese Taipei"] = {begin_year=1992}, ["Colombia"] = {1984, begin_year=1976}, ["Comoros"] = {begin_year=2012, 2020, 2024}, ["Republic of the Congo"] = {begin_year=2016}, ["Democratic Republic of the Congo"] = {begin_year=2012}, ["Costa Rica"] = {1996, begin_year=1992}, ["Croatia"] = {begin_year=1992}, ["Cuba"] = {begin_year=1992}, ["Cyprus"] = {begin_year=1988}, ["Czech Republic"] = {begin_year=1996}, ["Czechoslovakia"] = {1976, 1984, begin_year=1972, end_year=1992}, ["Denmark"] = {begin_year=1968}, ["Djibouti"] = {2016, 2020, 2024, begin_year=2012}, ["Dominican Republic"] = {2000, begin_year=1992}, ["Ecuador"] = {1980, 1988, begin_year=1976}, ["Egypt"] = {begin_year=1972}, ["El Salvador"] = {begin_year=2000}, ["Eritrea"] = {begin_year=2024}, ["Estonia"] = {begin_year=1992}, ["Ethiopia"] = {1972, 1984, 1988, 1992, 1996, 2000, begin_year=1968}, ["Faroe Islands"] = {begin_year=1984, 2024}, ["Fiji"] = {1968, 1972, 1980, 1984, 1988, 1992, begin_year=1964}, ["Finland"] = {1964}, ["Gabon"] = {begin_year=2008}, ["The Gambia"] = {begin_year=2012}, ["Georgia"] = {begin_year=2008}, ["East Germany"] = {begin_year=1984, end_year=1984}, ["Ghana"] = {begin_year=2004}, ["Greece"] = {begin_year=1976}, ["Guatemala"] = {1980, 1992, 1996, 2000, begin_year=1976}, ["Guinea"] = {2012, begin_year=2004}, ["Guinea-Bissau"] = {begin_year=2012}, ["Guyana"] = {2024, begin_year=2020}, ["Haiti"] = {begin_year=2008}, ["Honduras"] = {begin_year=1996}, ["Hong Kong"] = {begin_year=1972}, ["Hungary"] = {1980, begin_year=1972}, ["Iceland"] = {begin_year=1980}, ["India"] = {1976, 1980, begin_year=1968}, ["Independent Paralympic Participants"] = {1996, 2004, 2008, 2012, begin_year=1992}, ["Indonesia"] = {1992, begin_year=1976}, ["Iran"] = {begin_year=1988}, ["Iraq"] = {begin_year=1992}, ["Ivory Coast"] = {begin_year=1996}, ["Jamaica"] = {1976, begin_year=1968}, ["Japan"] = {begin_year=1964}, ["Jordan"] = {1992, begin_year=1984}, ["Kazakhstan"] = {begin_year=1996}, ["Kenya"] = {1976, begin_year=1972}, ["Kiribati"] = {begin_year=2024}, ["North Korea"] = {begin_year=2012, 2020, 2024}, ["South Korea"] = {begin_year=1968}, ["Kosovo"] = {begin_year=2024}, ["Kuwait"] = {begin_year=1980}, ["Kyrgyzstan"] = {begin_year=1996}, ["Laos"] = {2004, begin_year=2000}, ["Latvia"] = {begin_year=1992}, ["Lebanon"] = {2004, 2016, begin_year=2000}, ["Lesotho"] = {begin_year=2000}, ["Liberia"] = {begin_year=2012, 2016}, ["Libya"] = {begin_year=1996}, ["Liechtenstein"] = {1996, 2000, 2008, 2012, 2016, 2020, 2024, begin_year=1984}, ["Lithuania"] = {begin_year=1992}, ["Luxembourg"] = {1988, 2000, 2004, 2012, 2016, begin_year=1976}, ["Macau"] = {begin_year=1988, 2024}, ["North Macedonia"] = {begin_year=1996}, ["Madagascar"] = {2004, 2024, begin_year=2000}, ["Malawi"] = {begin_year=2012}, ["Malaysia"] = {1976, 1980, 1984, begin_year=1972}, ["Mali"] = {2004, begin_year=2000}, ["Malta"] = {1976, 1988, 1992, 1996, 2000, 2004}, ["Mauritania"] = {2008, 2016, 2020, 2024, begin_year=2000}, ["Mauritius"] = {2000, begin_year=1996}, ["Mexico"] = {begin_year=1972}, ["Moldova"] = {begin_year=1996}, ["Mongolia"] = {begin_year=2000}, ["Montenegro"] = {begin_year=2008}, ["Morocco"] = {begin_year=1988}, ["Mozambique"] = {begin_year=2012}, ["Myanmar"] = {1980, 1988, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2020, begin_year=1976}, ["Namibia"] = {1996, 2000, begin_year=1992}, ["Nepal"] = {begin_year=2004}, ["New Zealand"] = {begin_year=1968}, ["Nicaragua"] = {2008, begin_year=2004}, ["Niger"] = {begin_year=2004}, ["Nigeria"] = {begin_year=1992}, ["Norway"] = {1964}, ["Oman"] = {begin_year=1988}, ["Pakistan"] = {begin_year=1992}, ["Palestine"] = {begin_year=2000}, ["Panama"] = {begin_year=1992}, ["Paraguay"] = {begin_year=2020}, ["Papua New Guinea"] = {1988, 1992, 1996, 2004, begin_year=1984}, ["Peru"] = {1980, 1984, 1988, 1992, begin_year=1972}, ["Philippines"] = {1996, begin_year=1988}, ["Poland"] = {begin_year=1972}, ["Portugal"] = {1976, 1980, begin_year=1972}, ["Puerto Rico"] = {begin_year=1988}, ["Qatar"] = {begin_year=1996}, ["Refugee Paralympic Team"] = {begin_year=2020}, ["Romania"] = {1976, 1980, 1984, 1988, 1992, begin_year=1972}, ["Russia"] = {begin_year=1996, 2016, 2020, 2024}, ["Unified Team"] = {begin_year=1992,end_year=1992}, ["Soviet Union"] = {begin_year=1988, end_year=1988}, ["Rwanda"] = {begin_year=2000}, ["Samoa"] = {begin_year=2000, 2020, 2024}, ["San Marino"] = {2016, 2020, 2024, begin_year=2012}, ["São Tomé and Príncipe"] = {begin_year=2016}, ["Saudi Arabia"] = {begin_year=1996}, ["Senegal"] = {begin_year=2004}, ["Serbia"] = {begin_year=2008}, ["Serbia and Montenegro"] = {begin_year=2004, end_year=2004}, ["Seychelles"] = {1996, 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012, 2020, 2024, begin_year=1992}, ["Sierra Leone"] = {2000, 2004, 2008, begin_year=1996}, ["Singapore"] = {begin_year=1988}, ["Slovakia"] = {begin_year=1996}, ["Slovenia"] = {begin_year=1992}, ["Solomon Islands"] = {2016, begin_year=2012}, ["Somalia"] = {begin_year=2016}, ["South Africa"] = {1980, 1984, 1988, begin_year=1964}, ["Spain"] = {begin_year=1968}, ["Sri Lanka"] = {begin_year=1996}, ["Sudan"] = {1984, 1988, 1992, 1996, 2000, 2008, 2012, 2016, 2020, 2024, begin_year=1980}, ["Suriname"] = {begin_year=2004, 2020}, ["Syria"] = {begin_year=1992}, ["Tajikistan"] = {begin_year=2004, 2024}, ["Tanzania"] = {1996, 2000, begin_year=1992}, ["Thailand"] = {begin_year=1984}, ["Timor-Leste"] = {begin_year=2008, 2020}, ["Togo"] = {begin_year=2016}, ["Tonga"] = {begin_year=2000, 2020}, ["Trinidad and Tobago"] = {1992, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008, 2020, begin_year=1984}, ["Tunisia"] = {begin_year=1988}, ["Turkey"] = {1996, begin_year=1992}, ["Turkmenistan"] = {begin_year=2000, 2020}, ["Uganda"] = {1980, 1984, 1988, 1992, begin_year=1972}, ["Ukraine"] = {begin_year=1996}, ["United Arab Emirates"] = {begin_year=1992}, ["Uruguay"] = {begin_year=1992}, ["Uzbekistan"] = {begin_year=2004}, ["Vanuatu"] = {2004, 2016, 2020, begin_year=2000}, ["Venezuela"] = {1988, begin_year=1984}, ["Vietnam"] = {begin_year=2000}, ["Virgin Islands"] = {begin_year=2012}, ["Yemen"] = {1996, 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016, begin_year=1992}, ["Yugoslavia"] = {1964, 1968, 1976, 1992, begin_year=1960, end_year=2000}, ["Zambia"] = {2004, 2016, begin_year=1996}, ["Zimbabwe"] = {1976, 1988, 1992, begin_year=1960}, }, ["Summer Youth Olympics"] = { 2010, 2014, 2018, 2026, ["Independent Olympic Athletes"] = {2018}, ["Kosovo"] = {begin_year=2018}, ["Athletes from Kuwait"] = {2018}, ["Netherlands Antilles"] = {end_year=2010}, ["South Sudan"] = {begin_year=2018}, }, ["Winter Olympics"] = { 1924, 1928, 1932, 1936, 1948, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1968, 1972, 1976, 1980, 1984, 1988, 1992, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014, 2018, 2022, 2026, ["Albania"] = {begin_year=2006}, ["Algeria"] = {1994, 1998, 2002, 2014, 2018, begin_year=1992, 2022, 2026}, ["American Samoa"] = {1998, 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014, 2018, begin_year=1994, 2026}, ["Andorra"] = {begin_year=1976}, ["Argentina"] = {1932, 1936, 1956, begin_year=1928}, ["Armenia"] = {begin_year=1994}, ["Australia"] = {1948, begin_year=1936}, ["Azerbaijan"] = {begin_year=1998}, ["Belarus"] = {2026, begin_year=1994}, ["Belgium"] = {1960, 1968}, ["Benin"] = {begin_year=2026}, ["Bermuda"] = {begin_year=1992, 2022, 2026}, ["Bolivia"] = {1960, 1964, 1968, 1972, 1976, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014, begin_year=1956}, ["Bosnia and Herzegovina"] = {begin_year=1994}, ["Brazil"] = {begin_year=1992}, ["British Virgin Islands"] = {1988, 1992, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010, 2018, 2022, begin_year=1984, 2026}, ["Bulgaria"] = {begin_year=1936}, ["Cameroon"] = {2006, 2010, 2014, 2018, 2022, begin_year=2002, 2026}, ["Cayman Islands"] = {2018, 2022, begin_year=2010, 2026}, ["Chile"] = {1972, 1980, begin_year=1948}, ["China"] = {begin_year=1980}, ["Chinese Taipei"] = {1980, begin_year=1972}, ["Republic of China"] = {1980, begin_year=1972}, ["Colombia"] = {2014, begin_year=2010}, ["Costa Rica"] = {1994, 1998, 2010, 2014, 2018, 2022, begin_year=1980, 2026}, ["Croatia"] = {begin_year=1992}, ["Cyprus"] = {begin_year=1980}, ["Czech Republic"] = {begin_year=1994}, ["Czechoslovakia"] = {end_year=1992}, ["Denmark"] = {1956, 1972, 1976, 1980, 1984, begin_year=1948}, ["Dominica"] = {2018, 2022, begin_year=2014, 2026}, ["Timor-Leste"] = {begin_year=2014, 2026}, ["Ecuador"] = {begin_year=2018}, ["Egypt"] = {1988, 1992, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014, 2018, 2022, begin_year=1984, 2026}, ["Eritrea"] = {begin_year=2018}, ["Estonia"] = {1932, 1948, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1968, 1972, 1976, 1980, 1984, 1988, begin_year=1928}, ["Ethiopia"] = {2014, 2018, 2022, begin_year=2006, 2026}, ["Fiji"] = {1992, 1998, 2006, 2010, 2014, 2018, 2022, begin_year=1988, 2026}, ["Georgia"] = {begin_year=1994}, ["Germany"] = {1948, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1968, 1972, 1976, 1980, 1984, 1988, begin_year=1928}, ["East Germany"] = {begin_year=1968, end_year=1988}, ["West Germany"] = {begin_year=1968, end_year=1988}, ["Ghana"] = {2014, begin_year=2010, 2026}, ["Greece"] = {1960, begin_year=1936}, ["Guam"] = {1992, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014, 2018, 2022, begin_year=1988, 2026}, ["Guatemala"] = {1992, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014, 2018, 2022, begin_year=1988, 2026}, ["Guinea-Bissau"] = {begin_year=2026}, ["Haiti"] = {begin_year=2022}, ["Honduras"] = {1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014, 2018, 2022, begin_year=1992, 2026}, ["Hong Kong"] = {begin_year=2002}, ["Iceland"] = {1972, begin_year=1948}, ["Independent Olympic Participants"] = {2022, begin_year=2014}, ["India"] = {1972, 1976, 1980, 1984, 1994, begin_year=1964}, ["Iran"] = {1960, 1980, 1984, 1988, 1992, 1994, begin_year=1956}, ["Ireland"] = {1994, begin_year=1992}, ["Israel"] = {begin_year=1994}, ["Jamaica"] = {2006, begin_year=1988}, ["Japan"] = {1948, begin_year=1928}, ["Kazakhstan"] = {begin_year=1994}, ["Korea"] = {begin_year=2018, end_year=2018}, ["Kosovo"] = {begin_year=2018}, ["Kyrgyzstan"] = {begin_year=1994}, ["Kenya"] = {2010, 2014, begin_year=1998, 2022}, ["Latvia"] = {1932, 1948, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1968, 1972, 1976, 1980, 1984, 1988}, ["Lebanon"] = {1994, 1998, begin_year=1948}, ["Liechtenstein"] = {1952, begin_year=1936}, ["Lithuania"] = {1932, 1936, 1948, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1968, 1972, 1976, 1980, 1984, 1988, begin_year=1928}, ["Luxembourg"] = {1932, 1948, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1968, 1972, 1976, 1980, 1984, 2002, 2010, begin_year=1928}, ["North Macedonia"] = {begin_year=1998}, ["Madagascar"] = {2010, 2014, begin_year=2006}, ["Malaysia"] = {begin_year=2018}, ["Malta"] = {begin_year=2014}, ["Mexico"] = {1932, 1936, 1948, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1968, 1972, 1976, 1980, 1998, 2006, begin_year=1928}, ["Moldova"] = {begin_year=1994}, ["Monaco"] = {begin_year=1984}, ["Mongolia"] = {1976, begin_year=1964}, ["Montenegro"] = {begin_year=2010}, ["Morocco"] = {1972, 1976, 1980, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, begin_year=1968}, ["Nepal"] = {2018, 2022, begin_year=2002, 2026}, ["Netherlands"] = {1932, begin_year=1928}, ["Netherlands Antilles"] = {begin_year=1988, end_year=1992}, ["New Zealand"] = {1956, 1964, begin_year=1952}, ["Nigeria"] = {begin_year=2018}, ["North Korea"] = {1968, 1976, 1980, 1994, 2002, 2014, 2022, begin_year=1964, 2026}, ["Pakistan"] = {begin_year=2010}, ["Paraguay"] = {2018, 2022, begin_year=2014, 2026}, ["Peru"] = {2018, begin_year=2010, 2026}, ["Philippines"] = {1976, 1980, 1984, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010, begin_year=1972}, ["Portugal"] = {1956, 1960, 1964, 1968, 1972, 1976, 1980, 1984, 1992, 2002, begin_year=1952}, ["Puerto Rico"] = {2006, 2010, 2014, begin_year=1984}, ["ROC"] = {begin_year=2022,end_year=2022}, ["Romania"] = {1960, begin_year=1928}, ["Russia"] = {2018, 2022, 2026, begin_year=1994}, ["San Marino"] = {1980, 1998, begin_year=1976}, ["Saudi Arabia"] = {begin_year=2022}, ["Senegal"] = {1988, 1998, 2002, 2014, 2018, 2022, begin_year=1984, 2026}, ["Serbia"] = {begin_year=2010}, ["Serbia and Montenegro"] = {begin_year=1998, end_year=2006}, ["Singapore"] = {begin_year=2018, 2022}, ["Slovakia"] = {begin_year=1994}, ["Slovenia"] = {begin_year=1992}, ["South Africa"] = {1964, 1968, 1972, 1976, 1980, 1984, 1988, 1992, 2014, 2022, begin_year=1960}, ["South Korea"] = {1952, begin_year=1948}, ["Soviet Union"] = {begin_year=1956, end_year=1988}, ["Spain"] = {begin_year=1936}, ["Eswatini"] = {1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014, 2018, 2022, begin_year=1992, 2026}, -- Formerly Swaziland ["Tajikistan"] = {2018, 2022, begin_year=2002, 2026}, ["Thailand"] = {2010, begin_year=2002}, ["Togo"] = {begin_year=2014, 2022, 2026}, ["Tonga"] = {begin_year=2014, 2022, 2026}, ["Trinidad and Tobago"] = {2006, 2010, 2014, 2018, begin_year=1994}, ["Turkey"] = {1952, 1972, 1980, begin_year=1936}, ["Ukraine"] = {begin_year=1994}, ["Unified Team"] = {begin_year=1992, end_year=1992}, ["United Arab Emirates"] = {begin_year=2026}, ["United Team of Germany"] = {begin_year=1956, end_year=1964}, ["Uruguay"] = {2002, 2006, 2010, 2014, 2018, 2022, begin_year=1998}, ["Uzbekistan"] = {begin_year=1994}, ["Venezuela"] = {2010, 2018, 2022, begin_year=1998}, ["Virgin Islands"] = {2010, 2018, begin_year=1988, 2026}, ["Yugoslavia"] = {1932, 1960, 1994, begin_year=1924, end_year=2002}, ["Zimbabwe"] = {2018, 2022, begin_year=2014, 2026}, }, ["Winter Paralympics"] = { 1976, 1980, 1984, 1988, 1992, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014, 2018, 2022, 2026, ["Andorra"] = {begin_year=2002}, ["Argentina"] = {begin_year=2010}, ["Armenia"] = {begin_year=1998, 2022}, ["Azerbaijan"] = {begin_year=2022, 2026}, ["Belarus"] = {begin_year=1994, 2022}, ["Belgium"] = {1980, 1998, 2002}, ["Bosnia and Herzegovina"] = {begin_year=2010}, ["Brazil"] = {begin_year=2014}, ["Bulgaria"] = {begin_year=1994, 2022}, ["Chile"] = {begin_year=2002}, ["China"] = {begin_year=2002}, ["Croatia"] = {begin_year=2002}, ["Czech Republic"] = {begin_year=1994}, ["Czechoslovakia"] = {end_year=1992}, ["Denmark"] = {begin_year=1980}, ["El Salvador"] = {begin_year=2026}, ["Estonia"] = {2006, 2010, 2014, 2018, begin_year=1992}, ["Georgia"] = {begin_year=2018}, ["Greece"] = {begin_year=2002}, ["Haiti"] = {begin_year=2026}, ["Hungary"] = {2014, begin_year=2002, 2026}, ["Iceland"] = {1998, 2002, 2006, begin_year=1994}, ["Independent Paralympic Participants"] = {begin_year=2018, 2022, 2026}, ["Iran"] = {begin_year=1998, 2026}, ["Israel"] = {begin_year=2022}, ["Italy"] = {begin_year=1980}, ["Kazakhstan"] = {begin_year=1994}, ["Kyrgyzstan"] = {begin_year=2014, 2018, 2026}, ["Latvia"] = {1998, 2002, 2010, 2014, 2018, begin_year=1994}, ["Liechtenstein"] = {1998, 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014, 2018, begin_year=1992}, ["Lithuania"] = {1998, 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014, 2018, 2022, begin_year=1994}, ["Mexico"] = {begin_year=2006}, ["Mongolia"] = {begin_year=2006}, ["Montenegro"] = {begin_year=2026}, ["Netherlands"] = {2006, begin_year=1984}, ["New Zealand"] = {begin_year=1980}, ["North Korea"] = {2022, begin_year=2018, 2026}, ["Poland"] = {1980}, ["Puerto Rico"] = {begin_year=2022}, ["Romania"] = {begin_year=2010}, ["Russia"] = {begin_year=1994, 2018, 2022}, ["Serbia"] = {begin_year=2010, 2022}, ["Slovakia"] = {begin_year=1994}, ["Slovenia"] = {2002, begin_year=1998}, ["South Africa"] = {2014, 2018, 2022, begin_year=1998, 2026}, ["South Korea"] = {begin_year=1992}, ["Soviet Union"] = {begin_year=1988, end_year=1988}, ["Spain"] = {begin_year=1984}, ["Tajikistan"] = {begin_year=2018, 2022, 2026}, ["Turkey"] = {begin_year=2014, 2022, 2026}, ["Uganda"] = {1984, 1988, 1992, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014, 2018, 2022, 2026}, ["Ukraine"] = {begin_year=1998}, ["Unified Team"] = {begin_year=1992, end_year=1992}, ["Uzbekistan"] = {begin_year=2014, 2022}, ["Yugoslavia"] = {end_year=1988}, }, ["Winter Youth Olympics"] = { 2012, 2016, 2020, 2024, ["Albania"] = {begin_year=2020, 2024}, ["Algeria"] = {begin_year=2024}, ["Azerbaijan"] = {begin_year=2020, 2024}, ["Belarus"] = {2024}, ["Cayman Islands"] = {2016, 2020, 2024}, ["Colombia"] = {begin_year=2016}, ["Timor-Leste"] = {begin_year=2016, 2020, 2024}, ["Ecuador"] = {begin_year=2020, 2024}, ["Eritrea"] = {2016, 2020, 2024}, ["Haiti"] = {begin_year=2020, 2024}, ["Hong Kong"] = {begin_year=2020}, ["India"] = {2020}, ["Israel"] = {begin_year=2016}, ["Jamaica"] = {2020}, ["Kenya"] = {2020, 2024}, ["Kosovo"] = {begin_year=2020}, ["Luxembourg"] = {2024}, ["Malaysia"] = {begin_year=2016, 2024}, ["Monaco"] = {2020}, ["Morocco"] = {2016, 2024}, ["Nepal"] = {2020}, ["Nigeria"] = {begin_year=2024}, ["Pakistan"] = {begin_year=2020, 2024}, ["Peru"] = {2016, 2020, 2024}, ["Philippines"] = {2016}, ["Puerto Rico"] = {begin_year=2024}, ["Russia"] = {2024}, ["Singapore"] = {begin_year=2020}, ["Thailand"] = {begin_year=2020}, ["Tunisia"] = {begin_year=2024}, ["Turkmenistan"] = {begin_year=2020, 2024}, ["Trinidad and Tobago"] = {begin_year=2020, 2024}, ["United Arab Emirates"] = {begin_year=2024}, ["Uzbekistan"] = {2016}, }, ----- Misc / World ----- ["Arab Games"] = { 1953, 1957, 1961, 1965, 1976, 1985, 1992, 1997, 1999, 2004, 2007, 2011, 2023, 2027, ["Syria"] = {begin_year=1961, 1976, 1985, 1992, 1997, 1999, 2004, 2007}, ["Kuwait"] = {begin_year=1999, 2004, 2007, 2011, 2023}, ["Lebanon"] = {begin_year=1976, 1985, 1992, 1997, 1999, 2004, 2007, 2011, 2023}, ["Libya"] = {begin_year=1976, 1985, 1997, 1999, 2004, 2007, 2011, 2023}, ["Egypt"] = {begin_year=1957, 1961, 1965, 1992, 1997, 1999, 2004, 2007, 2011, 2023}, ["Iraq"] = {begin_year=1961, 1965, 1985, 1999, 2004, 2007, 2011, 2023}, ["Tunisia"] = {1957, 1985, 1992, 1997, 1999, 2004, 2007, 2011, 2023}, ["Oman"] = {1965, 1985, 1992, 1997, 1999, 2004, 2007, 2011, 2023}, ["Sudan"] = {1961, 1965, 1976, 1985, 1992, 1997, 1999, 2004, 2007, 2011, 2023}, ["Morocco"] = {begin_year=1957}, ["Algeria"] = {begin_year=1965, 1976}, ["Saudi Arabia"] = {begin_year=1976}, ["Bahrain"] = {begin_year=1976}, ["United Arab Emirates"] = {begin_year=1976}, ["Mauritania"] = {begin_year=1976}, ["Qatar"] = {begin_year=1985}, ["Djibouti"]= {begin_year=1985}, ["Yemen"] = {begin_year=1992}, ["Indonesia"] = {begin_year=1957, 1965}, ["South Yemen"] = {begin_year=1976, end_year=1985}, ["North Yemen"] = {1985}, ["Aden"] = {1965}, ["Sultanate of Lahej"] = {1965}, }, ["Summer Deaflympics"] = { 1924, 1928, 1931, 1935, 1939, 1949, 1953, 1957, 1961, 1965, 1969, 1973, 1977, 1981, 1985, 1989, 1993, 1997, 2001, 2005, 2009, 2013, 2017, 2021, ["Afghanistan"] = {begin_year=2017}, ["Argentina"] = {begin_year=1965}, ["Armenia"] = {begin_year=2001}, ["Australia"] = {begin_year=1953}, ["Austria"] = {begin_year=1931}, ["Belarus"] = {begin_year=1993}, ["Brazil"] = {begin_year=1993}, ["China"] = {begin_year=1989}, ["Colombia"] = {begin_year=1969}, ["Cyprus"] = {begin_year=1997}, ["Czech Republic"] = {begin_year=1993}, ["Czechoslovakia"] = {begin_year=1928, end_year=1993}, ["Denmark"] = {begin_year=1931}, ["Ecuador"] = {begin_year=2013}, ["Egypt"] = {begin_year=2013}, ["Estonia"] = {begin_year=1993}, ["Fiji"] = {begin_year=2005}, ["Greece"] = {begin_year=1957}, ["Hong Kong"] = {begin_year=1985}, ["Iceland"] = {begin_year=1993, 2001, 2009, 2017}, ["Indonesia"] = {begin_year=2009}, ["Ireland"] = {begin_year=1973}, ["Israel"] = {begin_year=1957}, ["Kazakhstan"] = {begin_year=1997}, ["Kenya"] = {begin_year=1997}, ["Kyrgyzstan"] = {begin_year=2009}, ["Lithuania"] = {begin_year=1993}, ["Malaysia"] = {begin_year=1993, 1997, 2013}, ["Malta"] = {begin_year=2001}, ["Mexico"] = {begin_year=1965}, ["Moldova"] = {begin_year=1993}, ["Nepal"] = {begin_year=2013}, ["New Zealand"] = {begin_year=1957}, ["Philippines"] = {begin_year=2009}, ["Portugal"] = {begin_year=1993}, ["Saar"] = {begin_year=1953, end_year=1953}, ["Saudi Arabia"] = {begin_year=2001}, ["Singapore"] = {begin_year=2001, 2017}, ["Slovenia"] = {begin_year=1993}, ["South Africa"] = {begin_year=1993}, ["Soviet Union"] = {begin_year=1957, 1985, end_year=1989}, ["Thailand"] = {begin_year=2005}, ["Turkmenistan"] = {begin_year=2001, 2009}, ["Uganda"] = {begin_year=1997, end_year=1997}, ["United States"] = {begin_year=1935}, ["Uruguay"] = {begin_year=2001, end_year=2001}, ["Uzbekistan"] = {begin_year=1997}, ["Venezuela"] = {begin_year=1969}, ["Zambia"] = {begin_year=2013}, ["Zimbabwe"] = {begin_year=1993, end_year=1993}, }, ["Winter Deaflympics"] = { 1949, 1953, 1955, 1959, 1963, 1967, 1971, 1975, 1979, 1983, 1987, 1991, 1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2015, 2019, 2023, ["Australia"] = {begin_year=1975, 1991, 1995, 2003, 2015, 2019}, ["Austria"] = {begin_year=1953, 1971, 1975, 1979, 1983}, ["China"] = {begin_year=2007, 2019}, ["Czech Republic"] = {begin_year=1995}, ["Czechoslovakia"] = {1953, 1955, 1959, 1963, 1967, 1971, 1975, 1979, 1983, 1987, end_year=1993}, ["France"] = {begin_year=1975, 2003, 2007}, ["Kazakhstan"] = {begin_year=2015}, ["Lithuania"] = {begin_year=1995, 2015, 2019}, ["Nepal"] = {begin_year=2019}, ["New Zealand"] = {begin_year=1987, end_year=1991}, ["Russia"] = {begin_year=1995}, ["Slovenia"] = {begin_year=1995}, ["Soviet Union"] = {begin_year=1971, end_year=1991}, ["United States"] = {begin_year=1967}, }, ["FEI World Equestrian Games"] = { 1990, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014 }, ["FIS Alpine World Ski Championships"] = { 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1948, 1950, 1952, 1954, 1956, 1958, 1960, 1962, 1964, 1966, 1968, 1970, 1972, 1974, 1976, 1978, 1980, 1982, 1985, 1987, 1989, 1991, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2021, }, ["Islamic Solidarity Games"] = { 2005, 2013, 2017, 2021, 2025, }, ["Military World Games"] = { 1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019, 2023, }, ["Winter Military World Games"] = { 2010, 2013, 2017, 2021, }, ["Pacific Games"] = { 1963, 1966, 1969, 1971, 1975, 1979, 1983, 1987, 1991, 1995, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019, 2023, ["American Samoa"] = {1995}, ["Australia"] = {begin_year=2015}, ["Cook Islands"] = {1969, 1975}, ["Federated States of Micronesia"] = {begin_year=1975, 1979, 1983, 1987, 1991, 1995}, ["Gilbert and Ellice Islands"] = {1969, end_year=1971}, ["Guam"] = {begin_year=1966}, ["Kiribati"] = {begin_year=1979, 1983, 1987, 1991, 1995}, ["Marshall Islands"] = {begin_year=1999}, ["Nauru"] = {1983, 1987, 1995}, ["New Hebrides"] = {end_year=1979}, ["New Zealand"] = {begin_year=2015}, ["Niue"] = {1966, 1969, 1971, 1975, 1987, 1995}, ["Norfolk Island"] = {begin_year=1979}, ["Northern Mariana Islands"] = {begin_year=1979, 1983}, ["Palau"] = {begin_year=1999}, ["Samoa"] = {1975, 1987, 1995}, ["Solomon Islands"] = {1987}, ["Tokelau"] = {begin_year=1979, 1987, 1991, 1995, 1999}, ["Tuvalu"] = {begin_year=1979, 1983, 1987, 1991, 1995}, ["Vanuatu"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Wallis and Futuna"] = {begin_year=1966}, }, ["Summer World University Games"] = { 1959, 1961, 1963, 1965, 1967, 1970, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1983, 1985, 1987, 1989, 1991, 1993, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2021, 2025, 2027, ["Argentina"] = {begin_year=1985}, ["Australia"] = {begin_year=1967}, ["Azerbaijan"] = {begin_year=1995}, ["China"] = {begin_year=1979}, ["Chinese Taipei"] = {begin_year=1989}, ["Czech Republic"] = {begin_year=1993}, ["Czechoslovakia"] = {end_year=1991}, ["Estonia"] = {begin_year=1993}, ["Iran"] = {begin_year=1973, 1975, 1979, 1981, 1983, 1985, 1987, 1989, 1991, 1993, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2001}, ["Israel"] = {begin_year=1997}, ["Malaysia"] = {1989, 1993, 2009, begin_year=1985}, ["Philippines"] = {begin_year=1965, 1970, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1983,1985,2005, 2009}, ["Russia"] = {begin_year=1993}, ["Serbia"] = {begin_year=2007}, ["Slovakia"] = {begin_year=1993}, ["Soviet Union"] = {end_year=1991}, ["Thailand"] = {begin_year=1985}, ["Turkey"] = {begin_year=1985}, ["Ukraine"] = {begin_year=1993}, ["United States"] = {begin_year=1965}, }, ["Winter World University Games"] = { 1960, 1962, 1964, 1966, 1968, 1972, 1978, 1981, 1983, 1985, 1987, 1989, 1991, 1993, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2023, 2025, ["Argentina"] = {begin_year=2007}, ["Azerbaijan"] = {begin_year=2007, 2015}, ["Czech Republic"] = {begin_year=1993}, ["Czechoslovakia"] = {begin_year=1991}, ["Estonia"] = {begin_year=1997}, ["Israel"] = {begin_year=2009, end_year=2009}, ["Malaysia"] = {2013, 2015, 2023, begin_year=2011}, ["Philippines"] = {begin_year=2019}, ["Serbia"] = {begin_year=2007}, ["Slovakia"] = {begin_year=1993}, ["Thailand"] = {begin_year=2007, 2015}, ["Turkey"] = {begin_year=2007}, ["Ukraine"] = {begin_year=1993, 2019}, ["United States"] = {begin_year=1966}, }, ["World Aquatics Championships"] = { 1973, 1975, 1978, 1982, 1986, 1991, 1994, 1998, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, ["Albania"] = {2005, begin_year=2003}, ["American Samoa"] = {begin_year=1998, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2015, 2022}, ["Anguilla"] = {begin_year=2023, 2024}, ["Armenia"] = {begin_year = 1994}, ["Azerbaijan"] = {begin_year=1994, 2023}, ["Belarus"] = {begin_year=1994, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025}, ["Belize"] = {begin_year=2025}, ["Bermuda"] = {2017}, ["Bhutan"] = {begin_year=2019}, ["Bosnia and Herzegovina"] = {begin_year=1994}, ["Cameroon"] = {2013, 2017, begin_year=2003}, ["Cape Verde"] = {begin_year=2019}, ["Republic of the Congo"] = {begin_year=2001, 2017, 2019, 2022}, ["Cayman Islands"] = {2013, begin_year=2003}, ["Central African Republic"] = {begin_year=2009, 2022}, ["Cook Islands"] = {begin_year=2007}, ["Comoros"] = {begin_year=2007}, ["Croatia"] = {begin_year=1994}, ["Curaçao"] = {begin_year=2015}, ["Czech Republic"] = {begin_year=1994}, ["Democratic Republic of the Congo"] = {begin_year=2013 ,2015, 2017, 2019, 2023}, ["Djibouti"] = {begin_year=2009}, ["Dominica"] = {begin_year=2023}, ["Timor-Leste"] = {begin_year=2017, 2022}, ["Equatorial Guinea"] = {begin_year=2019, 2023}, ["Eritrea"] = {begin_year=2019, 2022, 2023}, ["Estonia"] = {begin_year=1994}, ["Ethiopia"] = {begin_year=2009, 2017}, ["Faroe Islands"] = {begin_year=2007}, ["Federated States of Micronesia"] = {begin_year=2003}, ["Fiji"] = {begin_year=1998}, ["FINA athletes"] = {begin_year=2015, 2024, 2025}, ["French Polynesia"] = {end_year=2013}, ["Gabon"] = {begin_year=2015, 2017}, ["Gambia"] = {begin_year=2013, 2022}, ["Georgia"] = {begin_year=1994}, ["Germany"] = {begin_year=1991}, ["East Germany"] = {end_year=1986}, ["West Germany"] = {end_year=1986}, ["Guinea-Bissau"] = {begin_year=2023}, ["Haiti"] = {begin_year=2015}, ["Iraq"] = {begin_year=1998, 2019}, ["Ivory Coast"] = {begin_year=2001, 2022}, ["Kazakhstan"] = {begin_year=1994}, ["Kenya"] = {2022, 2023}, ["Kosovo"] = {begin_year=2015}, ["Kuwait"] = {begin_year=1978, 2017}, ["Kyrgyzstan"] = {begin_year=1994}, ["Latvia"] = {begin_year=1994}, ["Lesotho"] = {2017}, ["Liechtenstein"] = {begin_year=2011, 2022, 2025}, ["Lithuania"] = {begin_year=1994}, ["Macau"] = {begin_year=1991, 2022}, ["North Korea"] = {2019, 2022, 2023}, ["North Macedonia"] = {begin_year=1994, 2025}, ["Mauritania"] = {2013, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2022, 2023}, ["Moldova"] = {begin_year=1994}, ["Monaco"] = {2013, begin_year=1994}, ["Montenegro"] = {begin_year=2007}, ["Myanmar"] = {begin_year=2001, 2011, 2017, 2019, 2022, 2023, 2024}, ["Namibia"] = {begin_year=1994, 2022}, ["Netherlands Antilles"] = {2005, begin_year=2003, end_year=2013}, ["Oman"] = {begin_year=2009, 2013, 2015}, ["Philippines"] = {2023}, ["Russia"] = {begin_year=1994, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025}, ["Saint Kitts and Nevis"] = {begin_year=2019}, ["Samoa"] = {2011, begin_year=2005}, ["San Marino"] = {2013, begin_year=1994}, ["São Tomé and Príncipe"] = {begin_year=2025}, ["Saudi Arabia"] = {begin_year=2003, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2017}, ["Serbia"] = {begin_year=2007}, ["Sierra Leone"] = {begin_year=2007, 2009, 2011, 2022, 2025}, ["Sint Maarten"] = {begin_year=2019}, ["Slovakia"] = {begin_year=1994}, ["Slovenia"] = {begin_year=1994}, ["Solomon Islands"] = {begin_year=2019}, ["Somalia"] = {begin_year=2025}, ["Soviet Union"] = {end_year=1991}, ["Sri Lanka"] = {2015, begin_year=1986}, ["Sudan"] = {2017}, ["Suspended Member Federation"] = {begin_year=2017, 2019, 2024, 2025}, ["Eswatini"] = {2013, begin_year=1998}, -- Formerly Swaziland ["Tajikistan"] = {begin_year=1994}, ["Togo"] = {begin_year=1998, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2022}, ["Turkmenistan"] = {begin_year=1994}, ["Turks and Caicos Islands"] = {begin_year=2022}, ["Ukraine"] = {begin_year=1994}, ["United Arab Emirates"] = {begin_year=1994, 2019}, ["Uzbekistan"] = {begin_year=1994}, ["Vanuatu"] = {begin_year=2019, 2022}, ["Yemen"] = {2011, begin_year=2005}, ["Yugoslavia "] = {end_year=2003}, }, ["World Archery Championships"] = { 1931, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1952, 1954, 1955, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1961, 1963, 1965, 1967, 1969, 1971, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1983, 1985, 1987, 1989, 1991, 1993, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2021, ["United States"] = {begin_year=1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1949}, }, ["World Athletics Championships"] = { 1976, 1980, 1983, 1987, 1991, 1993, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2022, 2023, 2025, ["Afghanistan"] = {begin_year=1983, 1987, 1991, 1993, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2005}, ["Albania"] = {begin_year=1983, 1987}, ["Algeria"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["American Samoa"] = {begin_year=1987, 2005, 2015, 2017}, ["Andorra"] = {begin_year=1991, 2011, 2022}, ["Angola"] = {begin_year=1983, 2009, 2017}, ["Anguilla"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Antigua and Barbuda"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Argentina"] = {begin_year=1980}, ["Armenia"] = {begin_year=1993}, ["Aruba"] = {begin_year=1987, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2025}, ["Athlete Refugee Team"] = {begin_year=2017}, ["Austria"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Authorised Neutral Athletes"] = {begin_year=2017, 2022, 2023, 2025}, ["Azerbaijan"] = {begin_year=1993}, ["Bahamas"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Bahrain"] = {begin_year=1983, 1987, 1999}, ["Bangladesh"] = {begin_year=1991, 1999, 2001}, ["Barbados"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Belarus"] = {begin_year=1993, 2022, 2023, 2025}, ["Belgium"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Belize"] = {begin_year=1983, 2013}, ["Benin"] = {begin_year=1983, 2001}, ["Bermuda"] = {begin_year=1983, 2003, 2005, 2007}, ["Bhutan"] = {begin_year=1999, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2017, 2023, 2025}, ["Bolivia"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Bosnia and Herzegovina"] = {begin_year=1993}, ["Botswana"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Brazil"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["British Virgin Islands"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Brunei"] = {begin_year=1991, 2001, 2022, 2023}, ["Bulgaria"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Burkina Faso"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Burundi"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Cambodia"] = {begin_year=1983, 1987, 1991, 1993, 1995, 2001, 2003, 2022, 2023}, ["Cameroon"] = {begin_year=1987}, ["Cape Verde"] = {begin_year=1993, 1995}, ["Cayman Islands"] = {begin_year=1987}, ["Central African Republic"] = {begin_year=1983, 2022, 2025}, ["Chad"] = {begin_year=1987, 2009, 2013, 2022}, ["Chile"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["China"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Chinese Taipei"] = {begin_year=1980}, ["Colombia"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Comoros"] = {begin_year=1983, 1987, 1995, 2001, 2007}, ["Cook Islands"] = {begin_year=1983, 1999}, ["Costa Rica"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Croatia"] = {begin_year=1993}, ["Cuba"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Cyprus"] = {begin_year=1983, 2001, 2011}, ["Czech Republic"] = {begin_year=1993}, ["Czechoslovakia"] = {begin_year=1983, end_year=1991}, ["Democratic Republic of the Congo"] = {begin_year=1983, 2001}, ["Denmark"] = {begin_year=1980}, ["Djibouti"] = {begin_year=1983, 2001}, ["Dominica"] = {begin_year=1987}, ["Dominican Republic"] = {begin_year=1983, 1987, 1993}, ["East Germany"] = {end_year=1987}, ["Ecuador"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Egypt"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["El Salvador"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Equatorial Guinea"] = {begin_year=1987, 2011, 2022}, ["Eritrea"] = {begin_year=1997}, ["Estonia"] = {begin_year=1993}, ["Eswatini"] = {begin_year=1983, 2025}, ["Ethiopia"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Federated States of Micronesia"] = {begin_year=1997}, ["Fiji"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Finland"] = {1980}, ["French Polynesia"] = {begin_year=1993, 1995}, ["Gabon"] = {begin_year=1983, 2015, 2017}, ["Gambia"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Georgia"] = {begin_year=1993, 2011, 2022}, ["Germany"] = {begin_year=1991}, ["Ghana"] = {begin_year=1983, 2015}, ["Gibraltar"] = {begin_year=1983, 1993}, ["Greece"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Grenada"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Guam"] = {begin_year=1987, 2009}, ["Guatemala"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Guinea"] = {begin_year=1983, 2022, 2023}, ["Guinea-Bissau"] = {begin_year=1997, 2001, 2009, 2022}, ["Guyana"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Haiti"] = {begin_year=1987}, ["Honduras"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Hong Kong"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Hungary"] = {1980}, ["Iceland"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["India"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Indonesia"] = {begin_year=1983, 1999}, ["Iran"] = {begin_year=1983, 2022}, ["Iraq"] = {begin_year=1983, 1987, 1991, 1993, 1995, 2001, 2003, 2005}, ["Ireland"] = {begin_year=1980}, ["Italy"] = {1980}, ["Ivory Coast"] = {begin_year=1980}, ["Jamaica"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Japan"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Jordan"] = {begin_year=1983, 2011}, ["Kazakhstan"] = {begin_year=1993}, ["Kenya"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Kiribati"] = {begin_year=1999}, ["Kosovo"] = {begin_year=2015}, ["Kuwait"] = {begin_year=1983, 2013}, ["Kyrgyzstan"] = {begin_year=1993, 2007}, ["Laos"] = {begin_year=1993, 2022}, ["Latvia"] = {begin_year=1993}, ["Lebanon"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Lesotho"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Liberia"] = {begin_year=1993, 2013}, ["Libya"] = {begin_year=1983, 1987, 1991, 1993, 1995, 2013, 2017, 2019, 2022, 2025}, ["Liechtenstein"] = {begin_year=1987, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2005, end_year=2007}, ["Lithuania"] = {begin_year=1993}, ["Luxembourg"] = {2011}, ["Macau"] = {begin_year=2001, 2022}, ["Madagascar"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Malaysia"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Malawi"] = {begin_year=1983, 1987, 2022}, ["Maldives"] = {begin_year=1987}, ["Mali"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Malta"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Marshall Islands"] = {begin_year=1991, 1993, 1995, 1997, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2011, 2015}, ["Mauritania"] = {begin_year=1987, 1991, 2022, 2025}, ["Mauritius"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Mexico"] = {1980}, ["Moldova"] = {begin_year=1993}, ["Monaco"] = {begin_year=1987, 1991, 1993, 1995, 2022, 2025}, ["Mongolia"] = {begin_year=1991, 2001}, ["Montserrat"] = {begin_year=1983, 2003, 2005, 2009, 2011, 2019, 2022, 2023}, ["Montenegro"] = {begin_year=2007}, ["Morocco"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Mozambique"] = {begin_year=1983, 2022}, ["Myanmar"] = {begin_year=1991, 2001, 2022}, ["Namibia"] = {begin_year=1991}, ["Nauru"] = {begin_year=1983, 2022}, ["Nepal"] = {begin_year=1983, 2005, 2009, 2013}, ["Netherlands Antilles"] = {begin_year=1983, end_year=2009}, ["New Zealand"] = {begin_year=1980}, ["Nicaragua"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Niger"] = {begin_year=1991, 1995, 2005, 2015, 2017}, ["Nigeria"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Norfolk Island"] = {begin_year=1995, 2003, 2005, end_year=2007}, ["North Korea"] = {begin_year=1983, 1987, 1991, 1993, 1995, 1997, 2001, 2007, 2011, 2022, 2023, 2025}, ["North Macedonia"] = {begin_year=1995}, ["Northern Mariana Islands"] = {begin_year=1991, 1993}, ["Norway"] = {begin_year=1980}, ["Oman"] = {begin_year=1983, 1991, 2005, 2007}, ["Palau"] = {begin_year=1997}, ["Pakistan"] = {begin_year=1983, 1987, 1999}, ["Palestine"] = {begin_year=1983, 1991}, ["Panama"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Papua New Guinea"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Paraguay"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Peru"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Philippines"] = {begin_year=1983, 1999}, ["Poland"] = {1980}, ["Portugal"] = {begin_year=1980}, ["Puerto Rico"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Qatar"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Republic of the Congo"] = {begin_year=1987, 2007, 2009, 2022}, ["Romania"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Russia"] = {2017, begin_year=1993, 2019, 2022, 2023, 2025}, ["Rwanda"] = {begin_year=1983, 2022}, ["Saint Kitts and Nevis"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Saint Lucia"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Saint Vincent and the Grenadines"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Samoa"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["San Marino"] = {begin_year=1983, 2017}, ["São Tomé and Príncipe"] = {begin_year=1983, 2022}, ["Saudi Arabia"] = {begin_year=1991}, ["Senegal"] = {begin_year=1983, 2017}, ["Serbia"] = {begin_year=2007}, ["Serbia and Montenegro"] = {begin_year=2003, end_year=2005}, ["Seychelles"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Sierra Leone"] = {begin_year=1983, 2003, 2005, 2013, 2025}, ["Singapore"] = {begin_year=1983, 2017}, ["Slovakia"] = {begin_year=1993}, ["Slovenia"] = {begin_year=1993}, ["Solomon Islands"] = {begin_year=1983, 1987, 1991, 1993}, ["Somalia"] = {begin_year=1983, 1991, 2005, 2022, 2025}, ["South Africa"] = {begin_year=1993}, ["South Korea"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["South Sudan"] = {begin_year=2017}, ["Soviet Union"] = {end_year=1991, 1980}, ["Sri Lanka"] = {begin_year=1983, 1987, 1991}, ["Sudan"] = {begin_year=1983, 2019, 2023}, ["Suriname"] = {begin_year=1987, 1993, 2022}, ["Syria"] = {begin_year=1983, 2007, 2023}, ["Tajikistan"] = {begin_year=1993}, ["Tanzania"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Thailand"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Timor-Leste"] = {begin_year=2011, 2015, 2017}, ["Togo"] = {begin_year=1983, 2001}, ["Tonga"] = {begin_year=1983, 2017}, ["Trinidad and Tobago"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Tunisia"] = {begin_year=1983, 1991}, ["Turkey"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Turkmenistan"] = {begin_year=1993, 1997, 2013, 2022}, ["Turks and Caicos Islands"] = {begin_year=1983, 1993, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011}, ["Tuvalu"] = {begin_year=2009, 2019, 2025}, ["Uganda"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Ukraine"] = {begin_year=1993}, ["United Arab Emirates"] = {begin_year=1983, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2019, 2022, 2025}, ["Uruguay"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Uzbekistan"] = {begin_year=1993}, ["Vanuatu"] = {begin_year=1983}, ["Venezuela"] = {begin_year=1983, 1993, 2005}, ["Vietnam"] = {begin_year=1983, 1987, 1997, 2001, 2005, 2007}, ["Virgin Islands"] = {1980, 2001}, ["Yemen"] = {begin_year=1983, 1991, 2009, 2017, 2022, 2025}, ["Yugoslavia"] = {begin_year=1980, end_year=2001}, ["West Germany"] = {end_year=1987}, ["Zambia"] = {begin_year=1987}, ["Zimbabwe"] = {begin_year=1983}, }, ["World Beach Games"] = { 2019, 2023, }, ["World Combat Games"] = { 2010, 2013, 2023, }, ["World Games"] = { 1981, 1985, 1989, 1993, 1997, 2001, 2005, 2009, 2013, 2017, 2022, 2025, ["Individual Neutral Athletes"] = {begin_year=2025}, ["Israel"] = {begin_year=2005}, ["Russia"] = {begin_year=1993, 2022, 2025}, ["Ukraine"] = {begin_year=1993}, }, ["World Athletics Indoor Championships"] = { 1985, 1987, 1989, 1991, 1993, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018, 2022, 2024, ["Estonia"] = {begin_year=1993}, ["Germany"] = {begin_year=1991}, ["Greece"] = {begin_year=1987}, }, } return { competitions = all_competitions, old_names = old_names, } s0494vmui873wz7asgt5qwxpk2xvjbg 828 52099 307951 2026-09-14T09:57:51Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: require('strict') local p = {} local data = require('Module:Video game reviews/data') local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') local vgwd = require('Module:Video game wikidata') local getArgs local function getActiveSystems(args) local activeSystems = {} for k, v in pairs(args) do if data.systems[k] and yesno(v) then table.insert(activeSystems, k) end end table.sort(activeSystems, function(a, b) return data.systems[a].sortkey < data.systems[b].sortkey end) return ac... 307951 Scribunto text/plain require('strict') local p = {} local data = require('Module:Video game reviews/data') local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') local vgwd = require('Module:Video game wikidata') local getArgs local function getActiveSystems(args) local activeSystems = {} for k, v in pairs(args) do if data.systems[k] and yesno(v) then table.insert(activeSystems, k) end end table.sort(activeSystems, function(a, b) return data.systems[a].sortkey < data.systems[b].sortkey end) return activeSystems end local function getArgKeyTables(args) local reviewers, aggregators, awards = {}, {}, {} for k in pairs(args) do if string.match(k, data.i18n.pattern.reviewer) then table.insert(reviewers, k) elseif string.match(k, data.i18n.pattern.aggregator) then table.insert(aggregators, k) elseif string.match(k, data.i18n.pattern.award) then table.insert(awards, k) end end local function comparator(a, b) return tonumber(a:match('%d+')) < tonumber(b:match('%d+')) end table.sort(reviewers, comparator) table.sort(aggregators, comparator) table.sort(awards, comparator) return reviewers, aggregators, awards end local function getProvidedReviewersAndAggregators(args, usePlatforms) local providedReviewers, providedAggregators = {}, {} if usePlatforms then local seen = {} for k in pairs(args) do local splitPos = string.find(k, '_') if splitPos then local halfarg = string.sub(k, 1, splitPos - 1) if not seen[halfarg] then seen[halfarg] = true if data.reviewers[halfarg] then table.insert(providedReviewers, halfarg) elseif data.aggregators[halfarg] then table.insert(providedAggregators, halfarg) end end end end else for k in pairs(args) do if not string.find(k, '_') then if data.reviewers[k] then table.insert(providedReviewers, k) elseif data.aggregators[k] then table.insert(providedAggregators, k) end end end end table.sort(providedReviewers, function(a, b) return data.reviewers[a].sortkey < data.reviewers[b].sortkey end) table.sort(providedAggregators, function(a, b) return data.aggregators[a].sortkey < data.aggregators[b].sortkey end) return providedReviewers, providedAggregators end local function renderHeadingRowWithSystems(builder, activeSystems, headingText) builder:tag('tr') :addClass(data.i18n.class.headerrow) :tag('th') :attr('scope', 'col') :attr('rowspan', '2') :wikitext(headingText) :done() :tag('th') :attr('scope', 'colgroup') :attr('colspan', #activeSystems) :wikitext(data.i18n.display.score) :done() builder = builder:tag('tr') for _, v in ipairs(activeSystems) do builder:tag('th') :wikitext(data.systems[v].name) :attr('scope', 'col') :done() end end local function renderHeadingRow(builder, nameHeading) builder:tag('tr') :addClass(data.i18n.class.headerrow) :tag('th') :attr('scope', 'col') :wikitext(nameHeading) :done() :tag('th') :attr('scope', 'col') :wikitext(data.i18n.display.score) :done() end local function renderRatingsBySystem(builder, code, name, activeSystems, args, na) builder = builder:tag('tr') builder:tag('td') :wikitext(name) for _, v in ipairs(activeSystems) do local combinedCode = code .. '_' .. v local cell = builder:tag('td') if args[combinedCode] then cell :wikitext(args[combinedCode]) :done() elseif na then cell :addClass(data.i18n.class.na) :wikitext(data.i18n.display.na) :done() end end end local function renderRating(builder, name, rating) builder:tag('tr') :tag('td') :addClass(data.i18n.class.centeredpub) :wikitext(name) :done() :tag('td') :wikitext(rating) :done() end local function renderAggregators(builder, providedAggregators, activeSystems, customAggregatorKeys, args) local aggregatorCount = #providedAggregators + #customAggregatorKeys if aggregatorCount == 0 then return end builder = builder:tag('table') :addClass(data.i18n.class.aggregators) :addClass(data.i18n.class.wikitable) :addClass(args.state and 'mw-collapsible-content' or nil) :tag('caption') :wikitext(data.i18n.display[aggregatorCount == 1 and 'aggregateScore' or 'aggregateScores']) :done() if #activeSystems ~= 0 then local na = yesno(args.na) local showplatforms = #activeSystems ~= 1 or yesno(args.showplatforms) if showplatforms then renderHeadingRowWithSystems(builder, activeSystems, data.i18n.display.aggregator) else renderHeadingRow(builder, data.i18n.display.aggregator) end for _, v in ipairs(providedAggregators) do renderRatingsBySystem(builder, v, data.aggregators[v].name, activeSystems, args, na) end for _, v in ipairs(customAggregatorKeys) do renderRatingsBySystem(builder, v, args[v], activeSystems, args, na) end else renderHeadingRow(builder, data.i18n.display.aggregator) for _, v in ipairs(providedAggregators) do renderRating(builder, data.aggregators[v].name, args[v]) end for _, v in ipairs(customAggregatorKeys) do renderRating(builder, args[v], args[v .. 'Score']) end end end local function renderReviews(builder, providedReviewers, activeSystems, customReviewerKeys, args, reviewerCount, priorReviewCount) if reviewerCount == 0 then return end builder = builder:tag('table') :addClass(data.i18n.class.reviews) :addClass(data.i18n.class.wikitable) :addClass(args.state and 'mw-collapsible-content' or nil) :tag('caption') :wikitext(data.i18n.display[reviewerCount == 1 and 'reviewScore' or 'reviewScores']) :addClass(priorReviewCount > 0 and data.i18n.class.stacked or nil) :done() if #activeSystems ~= 0 then local na = yesno(args.na) local showplatforms = #activeSystems ~= 1 or yesno(args.showplatforms) if showplatforms then renderHeadingRowWithSystems(builder, activeSystems, data.i18n.display.publication) else renderHeadingRow(builder, data.i18n.display.publication) end for _, v in ipairs(providedReviewers) do renderRatingsBySystem(builder, v, data.reviewers[v].name, activeSystems, args, na) end for _, v in ipairs(customReviewerKeys) do renderRatingsBySystem(builder, v, args[v], activeSystems, args, na) end else renderHeadingRow(builder, data.i18n.display.publication) for _, v in ipairs(providedReviewers) do renderRating(builder, data.reviewers[v].name, args[v]) end for _, v in ipairs(customReviewerKeys) do renderRating(builder, args[v], args[v .. 'Score']) end end end local function renderAwards(builder, args, awardKeys, priorReviewCount) if #awardKeys == 0 then return end builder = builder:tag('table') :addClass(data.i18n.class.awards) :addClass(data.i18n.class.wikitable) :addClass(args.state and 'mw-collapsible-content' or nil) :tag('caption') :wikitext(data.i18n.display[#awardKeys == 1 and 'award' or 'awards']) :addClass(priorReviewCount > 0 and data.i18n.class.stacked or nil) :done() :tag('tr') :tag('th') :attr('scope', 'col') :wikitext(data.i18n.display.publication) :done() :tag('th') :attr('scope', 'col') :wikitext(data.i18n.display.award) :done() for _, v in ipairs(awardKeys) do builder:tag('tr') :tag('td') :wikitext(args[v .. 'Pub']) :done() :tag('td') :wikitext(args[v]) :done() end builder:done() builder:done() end local function renderEditOnWikidata(builder, wikidata, state) if not wikidata then return end builder:tag('div') :addClass(data.i18n.class.wikidata) :addClass(state and 'mw-collapsible-content' or nil) :wikitext(vgwd.getUpdateLink()) :done() end local function categorizePlatformCount(builder, platformCount) if platformCount ~= 0 then builder:wikitext(data.i18n.category.multiplatform) else builder:wikitext(data.i18n.category.singleplatform) end end local function renderTitles(builder, title, subtitle) builder:tag('div') :addClass(data.i18n.class.title) :wikitext(title or data.i18n.display.reception) :done() if subtitle then builder:tag('div') :addClass(data.i18n.class.subtitle) -- The only reason to use the subtitle is collapsible content -- So always add the related class. :addClass('mw-collapsible-content') :wikitext(subtitle) :done() end end local function render(providedReviewers, providedAggregators, awardKeys, activeSystems, customAggregatorKeys, customReviewerKeys, args, wikidata) local is_collapsible = args.title and args.state and (args.state == data.i18n.state.autocollapse or args.state == data.i18n.state.collapsed or args.state == data.i18n.state.expanded ) local div = mw.html.create('div') :attr('role', 'complementary') :addClass(data.i18n.class.container) :addClass(#activeSystems == 0 and data.i18n.class.containersingle or nil) :addClass(args.align == data.i18n.align.left and data.i18n.class.containerleft or nil) :addClass(args.align == data.i18n.align.none and data.i18n.class.containernone or nil) :addClass(is_collapsible and 'mw-collapsible' or nil) :addClass(is_collapsible and args.state == data.i18n.state.collapsed and 'mw-collapsed' or nil) :addClass(is_collapsible and args.state == data.i18n.state.autocollapse and args.state or nil) renderTitles(div, args.title, args.subtitle) local aggregatorCount = #providedAggregators + #customAggregatorKeys renderAggregators( div, providedAggregators, activeSystems, customAggregatorKeys, args, aggregatorCount ) local reviewerCount = #customReviewerKeys + #providedReviewers renderReviews( div, providedReviewers, activeSystems, customReviewerKeys, args, reviewerCount, aggregatorCount ) renderAwards( div, args, awardKeys, reviewerCount + aggregatorCount ) renderEditOnWikidata(div, wikidata, args.state) categorizePlatformCount(div, #activeSystems) return div end local function checkForWikidata(frame, args, activeSystems, providedAggregators) local wikidata = false if args.qid == 'none' then return wikidata end vgwd.setDateFormat(args.df) vgwd.setGame(args.qid) vgwd.setSystem(nil) vgwd.setGenerateReferences(true) vgwd.setShowUpdateLink(false) vgwd.setUpdateLinkStyle("text and pen") vgwd.setSystemFormat(args.systemFormat) -- Loop through aggregators if we have any. if #providedAggregators ~= 0 then for _, aggr in ipairs(providedAggregators) do -- Check if vgwd knows this aggregator. if vgwd.setReviewer(aggr) == nil then -- Loop through active systems if #activeSystems ~= 0 then for _, sys in ipairs(activeSystems) do local combinedCode = aggr .. '_' .. sys if args[combinedCode] == 'wikidata' then vgwd.setSystem(sys) vgwd.setShowSystem(false) local vgwdScore = vgwd.printReviewScores(frame) if vgwdScore then args[combinedCode] = vgwdScore end wikidata = true end end else vgwd.setShowSystem(true) if args[aggr] == 'wikidata' then local vgwdScore = vgwd.printReviewScores(frame) if vgwdScore then args[aggr] = vgwdScore end wikidata = true end end end end end return wikidata end function p._reviewbox(frame, args) local activeSystems = getActiveSystems(args) local customReviewerKeys, customAggregatorKeys, awardKeys = getArgKeyTables(args) local providedReviewers, providedAggregators = getProvidedReviewersAndAggregators(args, #activeSystems ~= 0) local wikidata = checkForWikidata(frame, args, activeSystems, providedAggregators) if #customAggregatorKeys ~= 0 or #customReviewerKeys ~= 0 or #providedAggregators ~= 0 or #providedReviewers ~= 0 or #awardKeys ~= 0 then return frame:extensionTag{ name='templatestyles', args = { src = data.i18n.templatestyles } } .. tostring(render( providedReviewers, providedAggregators, awardKeys, activeSystems, customAggregatorKeys, customReviewerKeys, args, wikidata )) elseif mw.title.getCurrentTitle().namespace == 0 then return data.i18n.category.empty end end function p.reviewbox(frame) if not getArgs then getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs end return p._reviewbox(frame, getArgs(frame, { wrappers = data.i18n.wrapper, trim = false, translate = data.argi18n } )) end return p 4ung0pn1q9bt3plk1o2w1lgg4fko9mh 828 52100 307952 2026-09-14T09:58:29Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: local reviewers = { { "''[[1Up.com]]''", '1UP' }, { "''[[4Players]]''", '4P' }, { "''[[ACE (magazine)|ACE]]''", 'ACE' }, { "''[[Adventure Gamers]]''", 'AdvGamers' }, { "''[[AllGame]]''", 'Allgame' }, { "''[[Aktueller Software Markt]]''", 'ASM' }, { "''[[Amiga Action]]''", 'AmAction' }, { "''[[Amiga Computing]]''", 'AmComputing' }, { "''[[Amiga Force]]''", 'AmForce' }, { "''[[Amiga Format]]''", 'AmFormat' }, { "''[[Amiga Power]]''", 'AmPower' }, { "''[[Amiga User Inter... 307952 Scribunto text/plain local reviewers = { { "''[[1Up.com]]''", '1UP' }, { "''[[4Players]]''", '4P' }, { "''[[ACE (magazine)|ACE]]''", 'ACE' }, { "''[[Adventure Gamers]]''", 'AdvGamers' }, { "''[[AllGame]]''", 'Allgame' }, { "''[[Aktueller Software Markt]]''", 'ASM' }, { "''[[Amiga Action]]''", 'AmAction' }, { "''[[Amiga Computing]]''", 'AmComputing' }, { "''[[Amiga Force]]''", 'AmForce' }, { "''[[Amiga Format]]''", 'AmFormat' }, { "''[[Amiga Power]]''", 'AmPower' }, { "''[[Amiga User International]]''", 'AmUI' }, { "''[[Amstrad Action]]''", 'AAction' }, { "''[[Amtix]]''", 'Amtix' }, { "''[[The A.V. Club]]''", 'AVC' }, { "''[[Gemaga|Beep! MegaDrive]]''", 'BMD' }, { "''[[CNET Gamecenter]]''", 'CNG' }, { "''[[Commodore User]]''", 'CU' }, { "''[[Computer Game Review]]''", 'CGR' }, { "''[[Computer Games Magazine]]''", 'CGM' }, { "''[[Computer Games Magazine|Computer Games Strategy Plus]]''", 'CGSP' }, { "''[[Computer Gaming World]]''", 'CGW' }, { "''Consoles +''", 'CP' }, { "''[[Crash (magazine)|Crash]]''", 'CRASH' }, { "''[[Computer and Video Games]]''", 'CVG' }, { "''[[Destructoid]]''", 'Destruct' }, { "''[[Digital Trends]]''", 'DT' }, { "''[[Dragon (magazine)|Dragon]]''", 'Dragon' }, { "''[[Easy Allies]]''", 'EZA' }, { "''[[Edge (magazine)|Edge]]''", 'Edge' }, { "''[[Electronic Gaming Monthly]]''", 'EGM' }, { "''[[EP Daily]]''", 'EPD' }, { "''[[Eurogamer]]''", 'EuroG' }, { "''[[Famitsu]]''", 'Fam' }, { "''[[G4 (American TV network)|G4]]''", 'G4' }, { "''[[Game Informer]]''", 'GI' }, { "''[[Game Players]]''", 'GP' }, { "''[[GameDaily]]''", 'GD' }, { "''[[GameFan]]''", 'GameFan' }, { "''[[Gamekult]]''", 'Gamekult' }, { "''[[GamePro]]''", 'GamePro' }, { "''[[GameRevolution]]''", 'GameRev' }, { "''[[GamesMaster (magazine)|GamesMaster]]''", 'GMaster' }, { "''[[GameSpot]]''", 'GSpot' }, { "''[[GameSpy]]''", 'GSpy' }, { "''[[GamesRadar+]]''", 'GRadar' }, { "''[[GameStar]]''", 'GStar' }, { "''[[GamesTM]]''", 'GTM' }, { "''[[Games-X]]''", 'GX' }, { "''[[GameTrailers]]''", 'GT' }, { "''[[Gamezebo]]''", 'Gamezebo' }, { "''GameZone''", 'GameZone' }, { "''Gekkan PC Engine''", 'GPCE' }, { "''Génération 4''", 'Gen4' }, { "''[[Giant Bomb]]''", 'GB' }, { "''Hardcore Gamer''", 'HCG' }, { "''[[HobbyConsolas]]''", 'HC' }, { "''[[Hyper (magazine)|Hyper]]''", 'Hyper' }, { "''[[IGN]]''", 'IGN' }, { "''Impress Watch''", 'IW' }, { "''[[Jeuxvideo.com]]''", 'JXV' }, { "''Joypad''", 'JP' }, { "''[[Joystick (magazine)|Joystick]]''", 'JS' }, { "''[[Joystiq]]''", 'Joystiq' }, { "''[[Kill Screen]]''", 'KS' }, { "''M! Games''", 'MG' }, { "''[[MacLife]]''", 'ML' }, { "''[[Macworld]]''", 'MW' }, { "''Marukatsu PC Engine''", 'MPCE' }, { "''[[Maximum PC]]''", 'MaxPC' }, { "''[[Mean Machines]]''", 'MM' }, { "''[[Mean Machines#Mean Machines Sega and Nintendo Magazine System|Mean Machines Sega]]''", 'MMS' }, { "''Mega Fun''", 'MF' }, { "''MeriStation''", 'MS' }, { "''[[Micromanía]]''", 'MIC' }, { "''[[NGC Magazine|N64 Magazine]]''", 'N64' }, { "''[[Next Generation (magazine)|Next Generation]]''", 'NGen' }, { "''[[Nintendo Gamer|NGamer]]''", 'NG' }, { "''[[NGC Magazine]]''", 'NGC' }, { "''[[Nintendo Life]]''", 'NLife' }, { "''[[Nintendo Power]]''", 'NP' }, { "''Nintendo World Report''", 'NWR' }, { "''[[NME]]''", 'NME' }, { "''[[Official Nintendo Magazine]]''", 'ONM' }, { "''[[PlayStation Official Magazine – Australia]]''", 'OPMAU' }, { "''[[PlayStation Official Magazine – UK]]''", 'OPMUK' }, { "''[[Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine]]''", 'OPM' }, { "[[Official Xbox Magazine|''Official Xbox Magazine'' (UK)]]", 'OXMUK' }, { "[[Official Xbox Magazine|''Official Xbox Magazine'' (US)]]", 'OXM' }, { "''PALGN''", 'PALGN' }, { "''[[PC Accelerator]]''", 'PCA' }, { "''PC Engine Fan''", 'PCEF' }, { "''[[PC Format]]''", 'PCF' }, { "[[PC Gamer|''PC Gamer'' (UK)]]", 'PCGUK' }, { "[[PC Gamer|''PC Gamer'' (US)]]", 'PCGUS' }, { "[[PC Games|''PC Games'' (DE)]]", 'PCG' }, { "[[GamePro#PC Games|''PC Games'' (US)]]", 'GPPCG' }, { "''[[PC PowerPlay]]''", 'PCPP' }, { "''[[PC Zone]]''", 'PCZone' }, { "''[[PCGamesN]]''", 'PCGN' }, { "''[[PCMag]]''", 'PCM' }, { "''[[Play (UK magazine)|Play]]''", 'Play' }, { "''[[Pocket Gamer]]''", 'PG' }, { "''[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]''", 'Poly' }, { "''Player One''", 'PO' }, { "''[[PlayStation: The Official Magazine]]''", 'PSM' }, { "''[[PSM3]]''", 'PSM3' }, { "''[[Push Square]]''", 'PSQ' }, { "''[[Newsfield#Raze|Raze]]''", 'Raze' }, { "''[[Retro Gamer]]''", 'Retro' }, { "''RPGamer''", 'RPG' }, { "''RPGFan''", 'RPGFan' }, { "''[[Shacknews]]''", 'SN' }, { "''[[Sinclair User]]''", 'SUser' }, { "''[[ST Action]]''", 'STAction' }, { "''[[ST Format]]''", 'STFormat' }, { "''[[ST Review]]''", 'STRev' }, { "''Superjuegos''", 'SJ' }, { "''Super Game Power''", 'SGP' }, { "''[[Super Play]]''", 'SP' }, { "''[[TeamXbox]]''", 'TX' }, { "''[[TechRadar]]''", 'TR' }, { "''[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]''", 'TELE' }, { "[[The Games Machine|''The Games Machine'' (UK)]]", 'TGM' }, { "[[The Games Machine (Italy)|''The Games Machine'' (Italy)]]", 'TGMIt' }, { "''[[The Guardian]]''", 'TG' }, { "''[[The One (magazine)|The One]]''", 'T1' }, { "''[[Tilt (French magazine)|Tilt]]''", 'TILT' }, { "''[[Total!]]''", 'TOT' }, { "''[[TouchArcade]]''", 'TA' }, { "''[[Trusted Reviews]]''", 'TRev' }, { "''[[USgamer]]''", 'USG' }, { "''[[VentureBeat]]''", 'VB' }, { "''[[Video Games Chronicle]]''", 'VGC' }, { "''[[VG247]]''", 'VG247' }, { "''Video Games'' (DE)", 'VGS' }, { "''VideoGamer.com''", 'VG' }, { "''[[VideoGames & Computer Entertainment]]''", 'VGCE' }, { "''[[X-Play]]''", 'XPlay' }, { "''[[Your Sinclair]]''", 'YSinclair' }, { "''[[Zero (video game magazine)|Zero]]''", 'Zero' }, { "''[[Zzap!64]]''", 'Z64' }, } local aggregators = { { '[[GameRankings]]', 'GR' }, { '[[Metacritic]]', 'MC' }, { '[[OpenCritic]]', 'OC' }, } local systems = { { '[[3DO]]', '3DO' }, { '[[Nintendo 3DS|3DS]]', '3DS' }, { '[[Amiga]]', 'AMI' }, { '[[Amstrad CPC|CPC]]', 'CPC' }, { '[[Arcade game|Arcade]]', 'ARC' }, { '[[Atari 2600]]', 'A2600' }, { '[[Atari Jaguar]]', 'JAG' }, { '[[Atari Lynx]]', 'LYNX' }, { '[[Atari ST]]', 'AST' }, { '[[Commodore 64|C64]]', 'C64' }, { '[[Amiga CD32|CD32]]', 'CD32' }, { '[[ColecoVision]]', 'CV' }, { '[[MS-DOS|DOS]]', 'DOS' }, { '[[Dreamcast]]', 'SDC' }, { '[[Nintendo DS|DS]]', 'DS' }, { '[[Game Boy]]', 'GB' }, { '[[Game Boy Advance|GBA]]', 'GBA' }, { '[[Game Boy Color|GBC]]', 'GBC' }, { '[[Game Gear]]', 'SGG' }, { '[[GameCube]]', 'NGC' }, { '[[List of video game consoles|General]]', 'GEN' }, { '[[Intellivision]]', 'INT' }, { '[[iOS]]', 'iOS' }, { '[[Macintosh]]', 'MAC' }, { '[[Master System]]', 'SMS' }, { '[[Mobile phone|mobile]]', 'MOB' }, { '[[N-Gage (device)|N-Gage]]', 'N-G' }, { '[[Nintendo 64|N64]]', 'N64' }, { '[[Neo Geo]]', 'NGEO' }, { '[[Nintendo Entertainment System|NES]]', 'NES' }, { '[[Nintendo Switch|NS]]', 'NS' }, { '[[Nintendo Switch 2|NS2]]', 'NS2' }, { '[[Personal computer|PC]]', 'PC' }, { '[[PlayStation Vita|PS Vita]]', 'VITA' }, { '[[PlayStation (console)|PS]]', 'PS' }, { '[[PlayStation 2|PS2]]', 'PS2' }, { '[[PlayStation 3|PS3]]', 'PS3' }, { '[[PlayStation 4|PS4]]', 'PS4' }, { '[[PlayStation 5|PS5]]', 'PS5' }, { '[[PlayStation Portable|PSP]]', 'PSP' }, { '[[Sega Saturn|Saturn]]', 'SSAT' }, { '[[Sega Genesis]]', 'SMD' }, { '[[Nvidia Shield|Shield]]', 'NSHI' }, { '[[Super Nintendo Entertainment System|SNES]]', 'SNES' }, { '[[TurboGrafx-16]]', 'TG16' }, { '[[VIC-20]]', 'VIC' }, { '[[Wii]]', 'WII' }, { '[[Wii U]]', 'WIIU' }, { '[[Xbox (console)|Xbox]]', 'XBOX' }, { '[[Xbox 360]]', 'X360' }, { '[[Xbox One]]', 'XONE' }, { '[[Xbox Series X and Series S|Xbox Series X/S]]', 'XSXS' }, { '[[ZX Spectrum|ZX]]', 'ZX' }, } local function setupSortkeys(t) local retval = {} for k, v in ipairs(t) do retval[v[2]] = { name = v[1], sortkey = k } end return retval end return { reviewers = setupSortkeys(reviewers), aggregators = setupSortkeys(aggregators), systems = setupSortkeys(systems), i18n = { wrapper = 'Template:Video game reviews', templatestyles = 'Module:Video game reviews/styles.css', pattern = { reviewer = '^rev%d+$', aggregator = '^agg%d+$', award = '^award%d+$', }, class = { aggregators = 'vgr-aggregators', awards = 'vgr-awards', centeredpub = 'vgr-center', container = 'video-game-reviews', containerleft = 'vgr-left', containernone = 'vgr-none', containersingle = 'vgr-single', headerrow = 'vgr-hrow', na = 'table-na', -- same as Template:n/a reviews = 'vgr-reviews', stacked = 'vgr-stacked', subtitle = 'vgr-subtitle', title = 'vgr-title', wikidata = 'vgr-edit-on-wikidata', -- we keep wikitable around even though all the styles are overriden -- because it helps some scripts to know to look for a real data table wikitable = 'wikitable', }, state = { autocollapse = 'autocollapse', -- you may not have this on your wiki collapsed = 'collapsed', expanded = 'expanded', }, align = { left = 'left', none = 'none', }, category = { empty = '[[Category:Empty templates on articles]]', multiplatform = '[[Category:Articles using Video game reviews template in multiple platform mode]]', singleplatform = '[[Category:Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode]]', }, display = { aggregateScore = 'Aggregate score', aggregateScores = 'Aggregate scores', aggregator = 'Aggregator', award = 'Award', awards = 'Awards', na = 'N/A', publication = 'Publication', reception = 'Reception', reviewScore = 'Review score', reviewScores = 'Review scores', score = 'Score', }, }, argi18n = { -- For non-English wikis, add translations of argument keys here. -- Example: -- subtitle = 'untertitel' }, } 7g04198hlckmf720y78gefdpm5n59qf 828 52101 307953 2026-09-14T09:59:05Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: local Date = require('Module:Date')._Date local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') local p = {} -- Local variables. local reviewer = nil; local df = "mdy"; local entity = nil; local genRefs = true; local showSystem = true; local showUpdateLink = true; local system = nil; local systemId = nil; local systemFormat = "colon"; local updateLinkStyle = nil; local entities = {}; -- Translation table for converting numeric-IDs to shorthand aliases. local systemAliases = { [10677] = 'PS1'... 307953 Scribunto text/plain local Date = require('Module:Date')._Date local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') local p = {} -- Local variables. local reviewer = nil; local df = "mdy"; local entity = nil; local genRefs = true; local showSystem = true; local showUpdateLink = true; local system = nil; local systemId = nil; local systemFormat = "colon"; local updateLinkStyle = nil; local entities = {}; -- Translation table for converting numeric-IDs to shorthand aliases. local systemAliases = { [10677] = 'PS1', [1323662] = 'PS1', -- Placeholder, this is actually the series but could be mistakenly used for PS1. [10680] = 'PS2', [10683] = 'PS3', [5014725] = 'PS4', [16338] = 'PC', [8079] = 'Wii', [56942] = 'WiiU', [132020] = 'XBOX', [48263] = 'X360', [13361286] = 'XONE', [203597] = '3DS', [188808] = 'PSV', [170323] = 'DS', -- Sometimes has been NDS [170325] = 'PSP', [48493] = 'IOS', -- iOS, iPhone, iPad [94] = 'AND', -- Android [186437] = 'GB', [188642] = 'GBA', [203992] = 'GBC', [184198] = 'DC', [200912] = 'SAT', [172742] = 'NES', [183259] = 'SNES', [184839] = 'N64', [182172] = 'GC', -- Sometimes has been NGC [19610114] = 'NS', -- Nintendo Switch [98973368] = 'XSX/S', -- Xbox Series X and Series S (Output label differs from the input parameter, XSXS, per RFC) [63184502] = 'PS5' } -- Translation table for converting system aliases to QIDs local systemIDs = { ['PS1'] = 10677, ['PS2'] = 10680, ['PS3'] = 10683, ['PS4'] = 5014725, ['PC'] = 16338, ['WII'] = 8079, ['WIIU'] = 56942, ['XBOX'] = 132020, ['X360'] = 48263, ['XONE'] = 13361286, ['3DS'] = 203597, ['PSV'] = 188808, ['DS'] = 170323, ['NDS'] = 170323, ['PSP'] = 170325, ['IOS'] = 48493, ['AND'] = 94, ['GB'] = 186437, ['GBA'] = 188642, ['GBC'] = 203992, ['DC'] = 184198, ['SAT'] = 200912, ['NES'] = 172742, ['SNES'] = 183259, ['N64'] = 184839, ['GC'] = 182172, ['NGC'] = 182172, ['NS'] = 19610114, ['XSXS'] = 98973368, -- This is the template parameter, which cannot contain a / or | character. ['PS5'] = 63184502 } -- List of accepted aggregator arguments and their related QID. local aggregatorAliases = { [150248] = 'MC', [40160] = 'GR', [21039459] = 'OC' } -- List of accepted aggregator arguments and their related QID. local aggregatorIDs = { ['MC'] = 150248, ['GR'] = 40160, ['OC'] = 21039459 } -- List of accepted reviewer arguments and their related QID. local reviewerAliases = { [591573] = 'FAM', [207708] = 'IGN' } -- List of accepted reviewer arguments and their related QID. local reviewerIDs = { ['FAM'] = 591573, ['IGN'] = 207708 } local function sortByPlatform(a,b) local platformA = ""; local platformB = ""; if(a['qualifiers']['P400'] ~= nil and a['qualifiers']['P400'][1] ~= nil) then platformA = p.getSystemAlias(a['qualifiers']['P400'][1]['datavalue']['value']['numeric-id']); if(platformA == nil) then platformA = mw.wikibase.label('Q'..a['qualifiers']['P400'][1]['datavalue']['value']['numeric-id']); end; end; if(b['qualifiers']['P400'] ~= nil and b['qualifiers']['P400'][1] ~= nil) then platformB = p.getSystemAlias(b['qualifiers']['P400'][1]['datavalue']['value']['numeric-id']); if(platformB == nil) then platformB = mw.wikibase.label('Q'..b['qualifiers']['P400'][1]['datavalue']['value']['numeric-id']); end; end; return platformA < platformB end; local function buildCite(reference) local referenceUrl = nil; local cite = nil; if(reference['snaks']['P854'] ~= nil and reference['snaks']['P854'][1] ~= nil) then referenceUrl = reference['snaks']['P854'][1]['datavalue']['value']; end; if(referenceUrl ~= nil and referenceUrl ~= "") then cite = "{{cite web|url="..referenceUrl; local pubdate = nil; local accessdate = nil; local publisher = nil; local work = nil; local title = nil; local archiveUrl = nil; local archiveDate = nil; local authors = {}; if(reference['snaks']['P577'] ~= nil and reference['snaks']['P577'][1] ~= nil) then pubdate = reference['snaks']['P577'][1]['datavalue']['value']['time']; end; if(reference['snaks']['P813'] ~= nil and reference['snaks']['P813'][1] ~= nil) then accessdate = reference['snaks']['P813'][1]['datavalue']['value']['time']; end; if(reference['snaks']['P123'] ~= nil and reference['snaks']['P123'][1] ~= nil) then publisher = mw.wikibase.label('Q'..reference['snaks']['P123'][1]['datavalue']['value']['numeric-id']); end; if(reference['snaks']['P1433'] ~= nil and reference['snaks']['P1433'][1] ~= nil) then work = mw.wikibase.label('Q'..reference['snaks']['P1433'][1]['datavalue']['value']['numeric-id']); end; if(reference['snaks']['P1476'] ~= nil and reference['snaks']['P1476'][1] ~= nil) then title = reference['snaks']['P1476'][1]['datavalue']['value']['text']; end; if(reference['snaks']['P1065'] ~= nil and reference['snaks']['P1065'][1] ~= nil) then archiveUrl = reference['snaks']['P1065'][1]['datavalue']['value']; end; if(reference['snaks']['P2960'] ~= nil and reference['snaks']['P2960'][1] ~= nil) then archiveDate = reference['snaks']['P2960'][1]['datavalue']['value']['time']; end; if(reference['snaks']['P50'] ~= nil and #reference['snaks']['P50'] > 0) then for i,authorDat in pairs(reference['snaks']['P50']) do local authorQid = 'Q'..authorDat['datavalue']['value']['numeric-id']; if(entities[authorQid] == nil) then entities[authorQid] = mw.wikibase.getEntity(authorQid); end; local author = {}; author['fullname'] = mw.wikibase.label(authorQid); -- Default to label author['first'] = nil; author['last'] = nil; if(entities[authorQid]['claims']['P735'] ~= nil and entities[authorQid]['claims']['P735'][1] ~= nil) then author['first'] = mw.wikibase.label('Q'..entities[authorQid]['claims']['P735'][1]['mainsnak']['datavalue']['value']['numeric-id']); end; if(entities[authorQid]['claims']['P734'] ~= nil and entities[authorQid]['claims']['P734'][1] ~= nil) then author['last'] = mw.wikibase.label('Q'..entities[authorQid]['claims']['P734'][1]['mainsnak']['datavalue']['value']['numeric-id']); end; table.insert(authors, author); end; end; if(title ~= nil and title ~= "") then cite = cite .. "|title="..title; end; if(publisher ~= nil and publisher ~= "") then cite = cite .. "|publisher="..publisher; end; if(work ~= nil and work ~= "") then cite = cite .. "|work="..work; end; if(pubdate ~= nil and pubdate ~= "") then local pubdateText = Date(pubdate):text(df); cite = cite .. "|date="..pubdateText; end; if(accessdate ~= nil and accessdate ~= "") then local accessdateText = Date(accessdate):text(df); cite = cite .. "|accessdate="..accessdateText; end; if(archiveUrl ~= nil and archiveUrl ~= "" and archiveDate ~= nil and archiveDate ~= "") then local archivedateText = Date(archiveDate):text(df); cite = cite .. "|archiveurl="..archiveUrl; cite = cite .. "|archivedate="..archivedateText; end; if(#authors > 0) then for i,author in pairs(authors) do if(author['first'] ~= nil and author['last'] ~= nil and author['first'] ~= "" and author['last'] ~= "") then if(#authors == 1) then cite = cite .."|last="..author['last'].."|first="..author['first']; else cite = cite .."|last"..i.."="..author['last'].."|first"..i.."="..author['first']; end; else if(#authors == 1) then cite = cite .."|author="..author['fullname']; else cite = cite .."|author"..i.."="..author['fullname']; end; end; end; end; cite = cite..'}}'; end; return cite; end; local function printReviewRow(frame, reviewscore) local score = nil; if(reviewscore['mainsnak']['datavalue'] ~= nil and reviewscore['mainsnak']['datavalue']['value'] ~= nil) then score = reviewscore['mainsnak']['datavalue']['value']; else return ""; end; local ret = "" local system = nil; local reference = nil; if(reviewscore['qualifiers']['P400'] ~= nil and reviewscore['qualifiers']['P400'][1] ~= nil) then system = p.getSystemAlias(reviewscore['qualifiers']['P400'][1]['datavalue']['value']['numeric-id']); end if(system ~= nil and system ~= "" and showSystem) then if(systemFormat == "para") then ret = ret.."("..system..") "; else ret = ret..system..": "; end; end; ret = ret..score; if(reviewscore['references'] ~= nil and reviewscore['references'][1] ~= nil and genRefs) then local cite = buildCite(reviewscore['references'][1]); if(cite ~= nil) then local scoreBy = p.getAggregatorAlias(reviewscore['qualifiers']['P447'][1]['datavalue']['value']['numeric-id']); if(scoreBy == nil) then scoreBy = p.getReviewerAlias(reviewscore['qualifiers']['P447'][1]['datavalue']['value']['numeric-id']); end; local name = entity:getLabel()..'-'..scoreBy; if(system ~= nil and system ~= "") then name = name..system; end; cite = frame:extensionTag{ name = "ref", args = {name=name}, content=cite }; ret = ret..cite; end; end; return ret.."<br />"; end function p.getSystemAlias(numericId) return systemAliases[numericId]; end function p.getSystemID(system) return systemIDs[system]; end function p.getAggregatorAlias(numericId) return aggregatorAliases[numericId]; end function p.getAggregatorID(system) return aggregatorIDs[system]; end function p.getReviewerAlias(numericId) return reviewerAliases[numericId]; end function p.getReviewerID(system) return reviewerIDs[system]; end function p.setReviewer(iReviewer) -- No reviewer, stop. Must have reviewer at least. if(iReviewer == nil or iReviewer == "") then return "Missing reviewer"; end; -- See if supplied reviewer is in the aggregator table. iReviewer = string.upper(iReviewer) reviewer = p.getAggregatorID(iReviewer); if(reviewer == nil or reviewer == "") then -- No? Maybe in the reviewer table. reviewer = p.getReviewerID(iReviewer); if(reviewer == nil or reviewer == "") then return "Invalid reviewer"; end; end; return nil; end; function p.setDateFormat(iDf) -- Check for a date format parameter. Default to mdy if missing. if(iDf ~= nil and iDf ~= "") then df = string.lower(iDf); end; end; function p.setSystemFormat(iSf) if(iSf ~= nil and iSf ~= "") then systemFormat = string.lower(iSf); end; end; function p.setUpdateLinkStyle(iStyle) if(iStyle ~= nil and iStyle ~= "") then updateLinkStyle = string.lower(iStyle); end; end; function p.setGame(iGame) -- Check for a game parameter. If missing, default to current article. if(iGame ~= nil and iGame ~= "") then if(entities[iGame] == nil and mw.wikibase ~= nil) then entities[iGame] = mw.wikibase.getEntity(iGame); end; entity = entities[iGame] else -- Need to research if we can determine the entity's ID before retrieving it. if(mw.wikibase ~= nil) then entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(); if(entity ~= nil) then entities[entity['id']] = entity; end; end; end; if(entity == nil) then return "No matching wikidata entity found"; end; return nil; end; function p.setSystem(iSystem) -- Check for system parameter, and resolve it's QID if possible. if(iSystem ~= nil and iSystem ~= "") then system = string.upper(iSystem); systemId = p.getSystemID(system); elseif(not showSystem) then -- If no system was specified, force showSystem on. showSystem = true; end; end; function p.setGenerateReferences(iGenRefs) -- Reference suppression. if(iGenRefs ~= nil and iGenRefs ~= "") then genRefs = yesno(iGenRefs, true); end; end; function p.setShowSystem(iShowSystem) -- Suppression of system aliases in front of score, i.e. (XBOX) xx/100. if(iShowSystem ~= nil and iShowSystem ~= "") then showSystem = yesno(iShowSystem, false); end; if(system == nil or system == '') then -- If no system was specified, force showSystem on. showSystem = true; end; end; function p.setShowUpdateLink(iShowUpdateLink) -- Suppression of update link to Wikidata at the end of the score, i.e. (XBOX) xx/100[+]. if(iShowUpdateLink ~= nil and iShowUpdateLink ~= "") then showUpdateLink = yesno(iShowUpdateLink, false); end; end; function p.getUpdateLink() if(updateLinkStyle == "pen") then return "[[File:Blue pencil.svg|frameless|text-top|10px|alt=Edit this on Wikidata|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/"..entity['id'].."?uselang="..mw.language.getContentLanguage().code.."#P444|Edit this on Wikidata]]"; elseif(updateLinkStyle == "noSub") then return '[[d:'..entity['id']..'#P444|&#91;±&#93;]]'; elseif(updateLinkStyle == "text and pen") then return '<span style="position: relative;"><span style="position: absolute; right: 0;">[[File:Blue pencil.svg|10px|baseline|link=|alt=]]</span>[[d:'..entity['id']..'#P444|<span style="position: relative; padding-right: 14px;">Edit on Wikidata</span>]]</span>' end; return '_{[[d:'..entity['id']..'#P444|&#91;±&#93;]]}'; end; function p.getSitelink() return mw.wikibase.sitelink(entity['id']); end; function p.getLabel() return mw.wikibase.label(entity['id']); end; function p.getParts() local ret = {}; -- Loop all of "has Part" for this title local parts = entity['claims']['P527']; if(parts) then for i,part in pairs(parts) do table.insert(ret,"Q"..part['mainsnak']['datavalue']['value']['numeric-id']); end; end; return ret; end; function p.getEarliestPublicationDate() local ret = {}; local pubDates = entity['claims']['P577']; if(pubDates) then for i,pubDate in pairs(pubDates) do if(pubDate['mainsnak']['datavalue']) then local timestamp = pubDate['mainsnak']['datavalue']['value']['time']; local accessdate = Date(timestamp); table.insert(ret,accessdate); end; end; end; if(#ret < 1) then return nil; end; table.sort(ret); return ret[1]; end; function p.printReviewScores(frame) local ret = ""; -- Loop all of "review scores" for this title local reviewscores = entity['claims']['P444']; if(reviewscores) then -- Find reviews that qualify for printing and insert into array. local reviewsToPrint = {} for i,review in pairs(reviewscores) do if(review['qualifiers'] ~= nil) then local scoreBy = nil if(review['qualifiers']['P447'] ~= nil and review['qualifiers']['P447'][1] ~= nil) then scoreBy = review['qualifiers']['P447'][1]['datavalue']['value']['numeric-id']; end; if(scoreBy == reviewer) then -- If template specified a system, we need to check for the specific system and only output that one. if(system == nil or system == "") then -- No system specified, so output each one found. table.insert(reviewsToPrint,review); else -- Get platform if it exists. if(review['qualifiers']['P400'] ~= nil and review['qualifiers']['P400'][1] ~= nil) then -- Try to match based on QID. local reviewSysId = review['qualifiers']['P400'][1]['datavalue']['value']['numeric-id']; if(systemId == reviewSysId) then table.insert(reviewsToPrint,review); else -- If that failed, try to match based on label. local systemName = mw.wikibase.label('Q'..reviewSysId); if(systemName ~= nil and string.upper(systemName) == system) then table.insert(reviewsToPrint,review); end; end; end; end; end; end; end; -- Sort the array by platform label. table.sort(reviewsToPrint, sortByPlatform); -- If a system was not specified, showSystem has defaulted to true. If this title only has one platform and one review, we will turn it off. -- Note: If the title has zero or more platforms defined, we leave showSystem on. We are unable to determine if this is a single-platform game. --if((system == nil or system == "") and #reviewsToPrint == 1 and entity['claims']['P400'] ~= nil and #entity['claims']['P400'] == 1) then -- Simplifying this based on discussion at [Template:Video game reviews]. If there's only one review, don't display system unless explicitly requested. if((system == nil or system == "") and #reviewsToPrint == 1) then showSystem = false; end; -- Print the reviews for i,review in ipairs(reviewsToPrint) do ret = ret .. printReviewRow(frame, review); end; end; if(ret ~= "") then ret = string.sub(ret, 1, -7); elseif(not showUpdateLink) then ret = nil; end; -- Add edit link at end if showUpdateLink is on. if(showUpdateLink) then ret = ret .. p.getUpdateLink(); end; return ret; end; return p s3f0g00c55widaq455r6yf3ec5qxi2d 828 52102 307954 2026-09-14T09:59:55Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: .video-game-reviews { float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 1em 1em; text-align: center; padding: 0; } /* As with width below, .vgr-left and .vgr-none maybe shouldn't exist. Someone who really needs this to be left rather than right can always plop it in its own div... */ .vgr-left { float: left; clear: left; margin: 0 1em 1em 0; } .vgr-none { float: none; clear: left; margin: 0 1em 1em 0; } .vgr-single { width: 23em; } .vgr-edit-on-wikidata { border: 1px s... 307954 sanitized-css text/css .video-game-reviews { float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 1em 1em; text-align: center; padding: 0; } /* As with width below, .vgr-left and .vgr-none maybe shouldn't exist. Someone who really needs this to be left rather than right can always plop it in its own div... */ .vgr-left { float: left; clear: left; margin: 0 1em 1em 0; } .vgr-none { float: none; clear: left; margin: 0 1em 1em 0; } .vgr-single { width: 23em; } .vgr-edit-on-wikidata { border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; border-top: none; padding: 0.2em; /* Revisit background color because Wikidata link is only about 4.0 contrast. Something for the talk page. */ background: #d1dbdf; color: #333; font-size: 88%; font-weight: bold; } .video-game-reviews table { border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; /* @noflip */ margin: 0; font-size: 88%; width: 100%; } .video-game-reviews td, .video-game-reviews th, .video-game-reviews caption { border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; vertical-align: middle; } .video-game-reviews caption { border-bottom: none; background: #d1dbdf; color: #333; text-align: center; padding: 0.2em 0.4em; } .video-game-reviews th { background: var(--background-color-neutral, #eaecf0); color: #333; } .vgr-awards td { background: #f2f2f2; color: #333; } .vgr-hrow th { background: #e8f4f8; color: #333; } .video-game-reviews .table-na { color: #707070 } .vgr-reviews, .vgr-reviews tr:last-child td, .vgr-reviews tr:last-child th { border-bottom: none; } .vgr-title, .vgr-subtitle, .vgr-awards tr td:first-child { font-weight: bold; } .mw-collapsed .vgr-title { display: inline; /* so that it doesn't "wrap" to the next line */ } .video-game-reviews table tr td:first-child, .vgr-awards td { text-align: left; } .video-game-reviews table tr td.vgr-center { /* Needed to override text-align left above in one particular case where it looks prettier. Usually it would make more sense to make a semantic name */ text-align: center; } .video-game-reviews .vgr-stacked { border-top: none; } @media (max-width: 720px) { .video-game-reviews { width: 100%; float: none; /* set float/clear explicitly to override earlier */ clear: both; margin: 0; } .video-game-reviews table { display: table; /* Minerva is silly */ } .video-game-reviews caption { display: table-caption; /* Minerva is still silly */ } } /* Dark mode fixes */ @media screen { html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .video-game-reviews caption, html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .vgr-edit-on-wikidata { background: #3b3e44; } html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .vgr-edit-on-wikidata, html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .video-game-reviews caption, html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .video-game-reviews, html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .vgr-awards td, html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .vgr-hrow th, html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .video-game-reviews th { color: #d6d9dc; } html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .vgr-hrow th { background: #1b223d; } html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .vgr-awards td { background: #252627; } } @media screen and ( prefers-color-scheme: dark ) { html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .video-game-reviews caption, html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .vgr-edit-on-wikidata { background: #3b3e44; } html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .vgr-edit-on-wikidata, html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .video-game-reviews caption, html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .video-game-reviews, html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .vgr-awards td, html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .vgr-hrow th, html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .video-game-reviews th { color: #d6d9dc; } html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .vgr-hrow th { background: #1b223d; } html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .vgr-awards td { background: #252627; } } kivbxmf76woydrz4p2vblr2it3xug1l 10 52103 307955 2026-09-14T10:00:49Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: {{#invoke:Video game reviews|reviewbox }}<noinclude>{{template doc}}<!-- Add categories to the /doc sub-page and interwikis to Wikidata. --></noinclude> 307955 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:Video game reviews|reviewbox }}<noinclude>{{template doc}}<!-- Add categories to the /doc sub-page and interwikis to Wikidata. --></noinclude> 8vsg4ddh2a0ob4u43iw64svw9yotrhx 828 52104 307958 2026-09-14T10:06:24Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: /* {{pp-template}} */ .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like { font-style: normal; } 307958 sanitized-css text/css /* {{pp-template}} */ .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like { font-style: normal; } s89iqvdq4h08q8idnwmo1km5mupj85i 10 52105 307959 2026-09-14T10:08:01Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: <!-- This user-input check is for [[Template:Request edit button/preload]]. -->{{#ifeq:{{{1}}}|ORIGINAL_WIKITEXT|{{warning sign}} Unnamed parameter {{para|1}} set to default value. Please change it. Failure to use {{tl|Text diff}} to specify your requested text changes, if not adequately described above, may lead to your request being denied.<br/>|{{#ifeq:{{{2}}}|CHANGED_WIKITEXT|{{warning sign}} Unnamed parameter {{para|2}} set to default value. Please change it. Failure to use... 307959 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- This user-input check is for [[Template:Request edit button/preload]]. -->{{#ifeq:{{{1}}}|ORIGINAL_WIKITEXT|{{warning sign}} Unnamed parameter {{para|1}} set to default value. Please change it. Failure to use {{tl|Text diff}} to specify your requested text changes, if not adequately described above, may lead to your request being denied.<br/>|{{#ifeq:{{{2}}}|CHANGED_WIKITEXT|{{warning sign}} Unnamed parameter {{para|2}} set to default value. Please change it. Failure to use {{tl|Text diff}} to specify your requested text changes, if not adequately described above, may lead to your request being denied.<br/>|{{#invoke:Diff|main|{{{1|This is a test}}}|{{{2|This was a test!}}}}}}}}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> reqb6byw8n5x095bbokxwb3qkqru8j4 307961 307959 2026-09-14T10:11:03Z Isma4l 41797 307961 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- This user-input check is for [[Template:Request edit button/preload]]. -->{{#ifeq:{{{1}}}|ORIGINAL_WIKITEXT|{{warning sign}} Unnamed parameter {{para|1}} set to default value. Please change it. Failure to use {{tl|Text diff}} to specify your requested text changes, if not adequately described above, may lead to your request being denied.<br/>|{{#ifeq:{{{2}}}|CHANGED_WIKITEXT|{{warning sign}} Unnamed parameter {{para|2}} set to default value. Please change it. Failure to use {{tl|Text diff}} to specify your requested text changes, if not adequately described above, may lead to your request being denied.<br/>|{{#invoke:Diff|main|{{{1|Kani wuxuu ahaa tijaabo}}}|{{{2|Kani wuxuu ahaa tijaabo!}}}}}}}}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> heqsw9v7zertrfnw0hr3fursjy43prw 828 52106 307960 2026-09-14T10:09:52Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: --- Provides functions for diffing text. -- -- -- @module diff -- License: MIT/X, see http://sputnik.freewisdom.org/en/License local SKIP_SEPARATOR = true -- a constant -- token statuses local IN = "in" local OUT = "out" local SAME = "same" --- Split a string into tokens. (Adapted from Gavin Kistner's split on -- http://lua-users.org/wiki/SplitJoin. -- -- @param text A string to be split. -- @param separator [optional] the separator pattern (defaults to any... 307960 Scribunto text/plain --- Provides functions for diffing text. -- -- -- @module diff -- License: MIT/X, see http://sputnik.freewisdom.org/en/License local SKIP_SEPARATOR = true -- a constant -- token statuses local IN = "in" local OUT = "out" local SAME = "same" --- Split a string into tokens. (Adapted from Gavin Kistner's split on -- http://lua-users.org/wiki/SplitJoin. -- -- @param text A string to be split. -- @param separator [optional] the separator pattern (defaults to any -- whitespace - %s+). -- @param skip_separator [optional] don't include the separator in the results. -- @return A list of tokens. local function split(text, separator, skip_separator) separator = separator or "%s+" local parts = {} local start = 1 local split_start, split_end = mw.ustring.find(text, separator, start) while split_start do table.insert(parts, mw.ustring.sub(text, start, split_start-1)) if not skip_separator then table.insert(parts, mw.ustring.sub(text, split_start, split_end)) end start = split_end + 1 split_start, split_end = mw.ustring.find(text, separator, start) end if mw.ustring.sub(text, start) ~= "" then table.insert(parts, mw.ustring.sub(text, start)) end return parts end -- @param t1 the first string. -- @param t2 the second string. -- @return the least common subsequence as a matrix. local function quick_LCS(t1, t2) local m = #t1 local n = #t2 -- Build matrix on demand local C = {} local setmetatable = setmetatable local mt_tbl = { __index = function(t, k) t[k] = 0 return 0 end } local mt_C = { __index = function(t, k) local tbl = {} setmetatable(tbl, mt_tbl) t[k] = tbl return tbl end } setmetatable(C, mt_C) local max = math.max for i = 1, m+1 do local ci1 = C[i+1] local ci = C[i] for j = 1, n+1 do if t1[i-1] == t2[j-1] then ci1[j+1] = ci[j] + 1 else ci1[j+1] = max(ci1[j], ci[j+1]) end end end return C end --- Formats an inline diff as HTML, with <ins> and <del> tags. -- -- @param tokens a table of {token, status} pairs. -- @return an HTML string. local function format_as_html(tokens) local diff_buffer = "" local token, status for i, token_record in ipairs(tokens) do token = mw.text.nowiki(token_record[1]) status = token_record[2] if status == "in" then diff_buffer = diff_buffer..'<ins>'..token..'</ins>' elseif status == "out" then diff_buffer = diff_buffer..'<del>'..token..'</del>' else diff_buffer = diff_buffer..token end end return diff_buffer end --- Returns a diff of two strings as a list of pairs, where the first value -- represents a token and the second the token's status ("same", "in", "out"). -- -- @function p.diff -- @param old The "old" text string -- @param new The "new" text string -- @param separator [optional] the separator pattern (defaults to any -- whitespace). -- @return A list of annotated tokens. local function diff(old, new, separator) assert(old); assert(new) new = split(new, separator); old = split(old, separator) -- First, compare the beginnings and ends of strings to remove the common -- prefix and suffix. Chances are, there is only a small number of tokens -- in the middle that differ, in which case we can save ourselves a lot -- in terms of LCS computation. local prefix = "" -- common text in the beginning local suffix = "" -- common text in the end while old[1] and old[1] == new[1] do local token = table.remove(old, 1) table.remove(new, 1) prefix = prefix..token end while old[#old] and old[#old] == new[#new] do local token = table.remove(old) table.remove(new) suffix = token..suffix end -- Setup a table that will store the diff (an upvalue for get_diff). We'll -- store it in the reverse order to allow for tail calls. We'll also keep -- in this table functions to handle different events. local rev_diff = { put = function(self, token, type) table.insert(self, {token,type}) end, ins = function(self, token) self:put(token, IN) end, del = function(self, token) self:put(token, OUT) end, same = function(self, token) if token then self:put(token, SAME) end end, } -- Put the suffix as the first token (we are storing the diff in the -- reverse order) rev_diff:same(suffix) -- Define a function that will scan the LCS matrix backwards and build the -- diff output recursively. local function get_diff(C, old, new, i, j) local old_i = old[i] local new_j = new[j] if i >= 1 and j >= 1 and old_i == new_j then rev_diff:same(old_i) return get_diff(C, old, new, i-1, j-1) else local Cij1 = C[i][j-1] local Ci1j = C[i-1][j] if j >= 1 and (i == 0 or Cij1 >= Ci1j) then rev_diff:ins(new_j) return get_diff(C, old, new, i, j-1) elseif i >= 1 and (j == 0 or Cij1 < Ci1j) then rev_diff:del(old_i) return get_diff(C, old, new, i-1, j) end end end -- Then call it. get_diff(quick_LCS(old, new), old, new, #old + 1, #new + 1) -- Put the prefix in at the end rev_diff:same(prefix) -- Reverse the diff. local diff = {} for i = #rev_diff, 1, -1 do table.insert(diff, rev_diff[i]) end diff.to_html = format_as_html return diff end --- Wiki diff style, currently just for a line -- @function p.wikiDiff -- @param old The "old" text string -- @param new The "new" text string -- @param separator [optional] the separator pattern (defaults to any -- whitespace). -- @return HTML formatted diff local function wikiDiff(old, new, separator) local tokens = diff(old, new, separator) local root = mw.html.create('') local token, status local plusMinusStyle = 'width: 2%; padding: 0.25em; font-weight: bold;' .. 'font-size: 1.25em; text-align: end;' local tdDivStyle = 'word-wrap: break-word; direction: ltr;' local tdSharedStyle = 'vertical-align:top; width: 48%; border-style: solid; border-radius: 0.33em; ' .. 'padding: 0.33em 0.5em; color: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-family: monospace; white-space: pre-wrap; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; ' .. '-webkit-border-end-width: 1px; -webkit-border-start-width: 4px; ' .. '-moz-border-end-width: 1px; -moz-border-start-width: 4px;' -- these override default border-width for browsers that support them, needed for RTL UI on commons local insDelSharedStyle = 'padding: 0.25em 0; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: initial;' local tr = root:tag('table'):addClass('diff'):css('width', '100%'):tag('tr') tr:tag('td') :addClass('diff-marker') :cssText(plusMinusStyle) :wikitext('−') local deleted = tr :tag('td') :cssText('border-color: var(--background-color-content-removed,#ffe49c); ' .. tdSharedStyle) :addClass('diff-deletedline') :tag('div') :cssText(tdDivStyle) for i, token_record in ipairs(tokens) do token = mw.text.nowiki(token_record[1]):gsub("\n", "&#10;") -- Force all newlines to encode to avoid linter issues status = token_record[2] if status == OUT then deleted :tag('del') :cssText('background: var(--background-color-content-removed,#ffe49c); color: inherit; ' .. insDelSharedStyle) :addClass('diffchange') :addClass('diffchange-inline') :wikitext(token) elseif status == SAME then deleted:wikitext(token) end end tr:tag('td') :cssText(plusMinusStyle) :wikitext('+') local inserted = tr :tag('td') :cssText('border-color: var(--background-color-content-added,#a3d3ff); ' .. tdSharedStyle) :addClass('diff-addedline') :tag('div') :cssText(tdDivStyle) for i, token_record in ipairs(tokens) do token = mw.text.nowiki(token_record[1]):gsub("\n", "&#10;") -- Force all newlines to encode to avoid linter issues status = token_record[2] if status == IN then inserted :tag('ins') :cssText('background: var(--background-color-content-added,#a3d3ff); color: inherit; ' .. insDelSharedStyle) :addClass('diffchange') :addClass('diffchange-inline') :wikitext(token) elseif status == SAME then inserted:wikitext(token) end end return tostring(root) end --- Main entry point. -- @function p.main -- @param {table} frame Calling frame. -- @return wikitext output local function main(frame) return wikiDiff(mw.text.decode(mw.text.unstrip(frame.args[1])), mw.text.decode(mw.text.unstrip(frame.args[2])), frame.args[3] or '[%s%.:-]+') end --- Exports return { diff = diff, wikiDiff = wikiDiff, main = main } 2mi96y2bjo0n6r1z8hvfiw4yqc743f8 828 52107 307963 2026-09-14T10:15:34Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: local p = {} function p.row(frame) local data = frame.args[1] local div = frame.args['div'] local result, sep, default = '', '' local args = {} data = mw.text.split(data, '+') for i1, v1 in ipairs(data) do args = {} if v1 ~= '' and v1 ~= '\\' then local tmp = mw.text.split(v1, '\\') if i1 == 1 then default = tmp[1] else sep = ' ' end for i2, v2 in ipairs(tmp) do if i2 < 5 then if i2 == 1 then args[i2] = (string.find((v2 or ''), '^%... 307963 Scribunto text/plain local p = {} function p.row(frame) local data = frame.args[1] local div = frame.args['div'] local result, sep, default = '', '' local args = {} data = mw.text.split(data, '+') for i1, v1 in ipairs(data) do args = {} if v1 ~= '' and v1 ~= '\\' then local tmp = mw.text.split(v1, '\\') if i1 == 1 then default = tmp[1] else sep = ' ' end for i2, v2 in ipairs(tmp) do if i2 < 5 then if i2 == 1 then args[i2] = (string.find((v2 or ''), '^%s*$') and default or v2) else args[i2] = (string.find((v2 or ''), '^%s*$') and nil or v2) end end end if args[1] or args[2] then result = result .. sep .. frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'Rail-interchange', args = args } end end end if div == 'yes' or div == 'y' then result = '<div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:3px;white-space:nowrap">' .. result .. '</div>' end return result end function p.doublerow(frame) local data = frame.args[1] local result, sep, default = '', '' local args = {} local sep_code = { [0] = '<br/>', [1] = '</div><div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:3px;white-space:nowrap">' } data = mw.text.split(data, '+') for i1, v1 in ipairs(data) do args = {} if v1 ~= '' and v1 ~= '\\' then local tmp = mw.text.split(v1, '\\') if i1 == 1 then default = tmp[1] else sep = sep_code[i1 % 2] end for i2, v2 in ipairs(tmp) do if i2 < 5 then if i2 == 1 then args[i2] = (string.find((v2 or ''), '^%s*$') and default or v2) else args[i2] = (string.find((v2 or ''), '^%s*$') and nil or v2) end end end if args[1] or args[2] then result = result .. sep .. frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'Rail-interchange', args = args } end end end result = '<div style="display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:3px;white-space:nowrap">' .. result .. '</div>' return result end return p pcf9yc2yxfbpfbuocio6wukxtrouwm3 828 52108 307964 2026-09-14T10:17:18Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: -- Note: Originally written on English Wikipedia as [[w:en:Module:Attached_KML]] -- ##### Localisation (L10n) settings ##### local L10n = { -- Template parameter names -- (replace values in quotes with local parameter names) para = { display = "display", from = "from", header = "header", title = "title", wikidata = "wikidata", demo = "demo", }, -- Other configuration settings config = { -- controls the format used for inline display, can be set to "box" (defau... 307964 Scribunto text/plain -- Note: Originally written on English Wikipedia as [[w:en:Module:Attached_KML]] -- ##### Localisation (L10n) settings ##### local L10n = { -- Template parameter names -- (replace values in quotes with local parameter names) para = { display = "display", from = "from", header = "header", title = "title", wikidata = "wikidata", demo = "demo", }, -- Other configuration settings config = { -- controls the format used for inline display, can be set to "box" (default) or "line" -- "box" example: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Attached_KML -- "line" example: https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mall:KML inline_format = "box", }, -- Other strings str = { inline = "inline", -- used with display parameter: (|display=inline) or (|display=title) or (|display=inline,title) or (|display=title,inline) title = "title", -- (as above) dsep = ",", -- separator between inline and title (comma in the example above) kml_prefix = "Template:Attached KML/", -- local KML files are stored as subpages of this location default_title = "Route map", -- default title for links at top of page, when title parameter not used in transclusion default_header = "", -- default header for links in inline box, when header parameter not used in transclusion kml_file = "KML file", -- text to display for link to raw KML file edit = "edit", -- text to display for link to edit KML file help = "help", -- text to display for help page link help_location = "Help:Attached KML", -- page to link to for help page link err_prepend = "Attached KML", -- text to prepend to the error messages, when shown at top of page (display=title) cat = { -- tracking categories: full wikimarkup required, or set to the empty string ("") to not to track the condition wikidata_kml = "[[Category:Articles using KML from Wikidata]]", -- tracks mainspace articles using KML from Wikidata local_kml = "[[Category:Articles using KML not from Wikidata]]", -- tracks mainspace articles not using KML from Wikidata error_mqid = "[[Category:Attached KML errors|M]]", -- tracks malformed_qid error error_badqid = "[[Category:Attached KML errors|W]]", -- tracks bad_qid error error_noitem = "[[Category:Attached KML errors|N]]", -- tracks no_item error error_from = "[[Category:Attached KML errors|F]]", -- tracks bad_from error error_nokml = "[[Category:Attached KML errors|K]]", -- tracks no_kml error }, line = { -- these strings are only needed if using 'inline_format = "line"' configuration start = "", -- wikitext to display at start of line, may include image markup, should start with a space separator = "", -- text to display between links to external mapping providers, should include spaces }, } } L10n.str.err = { -- error messages malformed_qid = "Error: malformed item id in <code><nowiki>|" .. L10n.para.wikidata .. "=</nowiki></code>", -- item id doesn't match pattern (number with Q prefix) bad_qid = "Error: item specified on Wikidata, or in <code><nowiki>|" .. L10n.para.wikidata .. "=</nowiki></code>, is not a KML file <small>(P31→Q26267864 not found)</small>", -- item doesn't have a P31→Q26267864 statement no_item = "Error: item specified in <code><nowiki>|" .. L10n.para.wikidata .. "=</nowiki></code> not found on Wikidata", -- item not found on wikidata bad_from = "Error: KML file not found, check <code><nowiki>|" .. L10n.para.from .. "=</nowiki></code>", -- KML specified by from parameter doesn't exist no_kml = "Error: KML file not found", -- no KML file found } -- Masks for external mapping providers, in the form: -- externalLinkMasks[index-number] = { short = "short-label", long = "long-label", link = "url" }' -- The short label is used for the title links; the long label is used for the inline links -- Links in the output will be ordered by index-number -- Instead of kml file's raw url or encoded raw url, use __KML_URL__ or __KML_URL_E__ local externalLinks = {} --externalLinks[1] = { -- short = "Bing", -- long = "Display on Bing Maps", -- link = "http://www.bing.com/maps/?mapurl=__KML_URL__" --} -- #### End of L10n settings #### -- Table of available wikis, in the order that they are to be searched for kml files -- (once a kml file is found, further sites are not checked) local sites = { { mw.ustring.match( mw.site.server, "%w+" ) .. mw.ustring.gsub( mw.ustring.lower(mw.site.siteName), "[mp]edia", ""), mw.ustring.sub(mw.site.server, 3), "" }, -- local wiki (listed first so local files can override files on other wikis) { "commonswiki", "commons.wikimedia.org", "c:" }, -- Commons would be a logical central repository for KML files (but has no files as of August 2016) { "enwiki", "en.wikipedia.org", "w:en:" }, -- largest source of KML files (as of August 2016) { "bnwiki", "bn.wikipedia.org", "w:bn:" }, -- other sites with a KML template, listed in alphabetical order { "cswiki", "cs.wikipedia.org", "w:cs:" }, { "fawiki", "fa.wikipedia.org", "w:fa:" }, { "frwiki", "fr.wikipedia.org", "w:fr:" }, { "jawiki", "ja.wikipedia.org", "w:ja:" }, { "mlwiki", "ml.wikipedia.org", "w:ml:" }, { "svwiki", "sv.wikipedia.org", "w:sv:" }, { "zhwiki", "zh.wikipedia.org", "w:zh:" }, } local p = {} local function setCleanArgs(argsTable) local cleanArgs = {} for key, val in pairs(argsTable) do if type(val) == 'string' then val = val:match('^%s*(.-)%s*$') if val ~= '' then cleanArgs[key] = val end else cleanArgs[key] = val end end return cleanArgs end local function safeReplace(string, pattern, replacement) -- avoids "Lua error: invalid capture index" that occurs with string.gsub when the replacement contains one or more literal % character local nonpattern_parts = mw.text.split( string, pattern ) return table.concat(nonpattern_parts, replacement) end local function makeTitleWikitext(titletext, err) if err and L10n.str.err_prepend then err = mw.ustring.gsub( err, ">", ">" .. L10n.str.err_prepend .. " ", 1 ) end local titleLinks = {} for i, v in ipairs( externalLinks ) do titleLinks[i] = mw.ustring.format( "[%s %s]", v.link , v.short) end return mw.getCurrentFrame():extensionTag{ name = 'indicator', args = { name = 'attached-kml' }, content = mw.ustring.format( "<span id=\"coordinates\">\'\'\'%s\'\'\': %s</span>", titletext, err or table.concat(titleLinks, " / ") ) } end local function makeInlineWikitext(headertext, url, err) local inlineLinks = {} for i, v in ipairs( externalLinks ) do inlineLinks[i] = mw.ustring.format("[%s %s]", v.link , v.long) end local editUrl = mw.ustring.gsub( url, "action=raw", "action=edit" ) local wiki_link_class if mw.ustring.find( editUrl, mw.site.server, 1, true ) then wiki_link_class = "plainlinks" else wiki_link_class = "" end if L10n.config.inline_format == "line" then return mw.ustring.format( "<li>%s%s%s (<span class=\"%s\">[%s %s] <span style=\"font-size:85%%;\">([%s %s] · [[%s|%s]])</span></span>)</li>", headertext, L10n.str.line.start, err or table.concat(inlineLinks, L10n.str.line.separator), wiki_link_class, url, L10n.str.kml_file, editUrl, L10n.str.edit, L10n.str.help_location, L10n.str.help ) end local text = mw.ustring.format( '%s<span class="%s">\'\'\'[%s %s]\'\'\' ([%s %s] · [[%s|%s]])</span>', headertext, wiki_link_class, url, L10n.str.kml_file, editUrl, L10n.str.edit, L10n.str.help_location, L10n.str.help ) if err or #inlineLinks > 0 then text = mw.ustring.format( "%s<ul><li>%s</li></ul>", text, err or table.concat(inlineLinks, "</li><li>") ) end return require('Module:Side box')._main({ class = 'attached-kml', text = text }) end local function makeKmldataDiv(link, s_index) return mw.ustring.format( '<div class="kmldata" data-server="%s" title="%s">[[%s%s]][[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</div>', sites[s_index][2], link, sites[s_index][3], link ) end local function makeError(msg, cat) return mw.ustring.format( '<strong class="attached-kml-error">%s</strong>%s', msg, mw.title.getCurrentTitle():inNamespaces(0, 118) and cat or '' ) end local function getUrlFromQid( kml_qid ) local pcall_result, kml_entity = pcall(mw.wikibase.getEntity, kml_qid) if not (pcall_result and kml_entity) then return nil, nil, nil, makeError(L10n.str.err.no_item, L10n.str.cat.error_noitem) end -- Error if entity doesn't exist local p31_claim = kml_entity:getBestStatements("P31") -- P31 is property "instance of" local has_good_p31 for k, v in pairs( p31_claim ) do if (p31_claim[k] and p31_claim[k].mainsnak.snaktype == "value" and p31_claim[k].mainsnak.datavalue.type == "wikibase-entityid" and p31_claim[k].mainsnak.datavalue.value["numeric-id"] == 26267864) then has_good_p31 = true end end if not (has_good_p31) then -- Error if item isn't a kml file return nil, nil, nil, makeError(L10n.str.err.bad_qid, L10n.str.cat.error_badqid) end local kml_sitelink local kml_siteindex local kml_url for i, v in ipairs( sites ) do kml_sitelink = kml_entity:getSitelink( v[1] ) if kml_sitelink then kml_url = "https://" .. v[2] .. "/w/index.php?title=" .. mw.uri.encode( kml_sitelink, "WIKI" ) .. "&action=raw" kml_siteindex = i end if kml_url then break end end return kml_url or nil, kml_sitelink or nil, kml_siteindex or nil, nil end -- Attempts to get url from linked wikidata items, will return nil if it can't local function getUrlFromWikidata() local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntityObject() if not entity then return nil end local kml_claim = entity:getBestStatements("P3096") -- P3096 is property "KML file" if kml_claim then -- get the QID of the first value of the property if (kml_claim[1] and kml_claim[1].mainsnak.snaktype == "value" and kml_claim[1].mainsnak.datavalue.type == "wikibase-entityid") then local kml_qid = "Q" .. kml_claim[1].mainsnak.datavalue.value["numeric-id"] return getUrlFromQid( kml_qid ) else return nil -- TODO: error message end else return nil -- TODO: error message end end function p.main(frame) local parent = frame.getParent(frame) local Args = setCleanArgs(parent.args) local qid = Args[L10n.para.wikidata] or nil -- get KML file url local wikiUrl, wikiTitle, wikiLink, trackingWikitext, kmlError if not (Args[L10n.para.from]) then if not qid then wikiUrl, wikiLink, siteindex, kmlError = getUrlFromWikidata() elseif mw.ustring.find( qid, "^Q%d+" ) then wikiUrl, wikiLink, siteindex, kmlError = getUrlFromQid(qid) else kmlError = makeError(L10n.str.err.malformed_qid, L10n.str.cat.error_mqid) end end if not (wikiUrl) then -- FIXME? this smells bad. shouldn't need to make a new title of a to_string -- from the current title and then turn it into text form wikiLink = Args[L10n.para.from] or mw.title.new(tostring(mw.title.getCurrentTitle())).text wikiLink = L10n.str.kml_prefix .. wikiLink wikiTitle = mw.title.new( wikiLink ) if not (wikiTitle.exists) and not (kmlError) then if Args[L10n.para.from] then kmlError = makeError(L10n.str.err.bad_from, L10n.str.cat.error_from) else kmlError = makeError(L10n.str.err.no_kml, L10n.str.cat.error_nokml) end end wikiUrl = wikiTitle:fullUrl("action=raw", "https") siteindex = 1 trackingWikitext = mw.ustring.format( '<div title="KML & Wikidata" class="attached-kml-wikidata">KML is not from Wikidata</div>%s', mw.title.getCurrentTitle():inNamespace(0) and L10n.str.cat.local_kml or '' ) else trackingWikitext = mw.ustring.format( '<div title="KML & Wikidata" class="attached-kml-wikidata">KML is from Wikidata</div>%s', mw.title.getCurrentTitle():inNamespace(0) and L10n.str.cat.wikidata_kml or '' ) end wikiTitle = mw.title.new( wikiLink ) if wikiTitle.exists then local transclusion = wikiTitle:getContent() -- hack to register the template as transcluded. end -- replace __KML_URL__ or __KML_URL_E__ with actual values local encodedWikiUrl = mw.uri.encode(wikiUrl, "PATH") for i, v in ipairs( externalLinks ) do local el1 = safeReplace( v.link, "__KML_URL__", wikiUrl ) local el2 = safeReplace( el1, "__KML_URL_E__", encodedWikiUrl ) externalLinks[i]["link"] = el2 end -- suppress errors and categories if demo parameter is set if Args[L10n.para.demo] then kmlError = nil trackingWikitext = "" end local wikitext = "" if Args[L10n.para.display] then local display = mw.text.split(Args[L10n.para.display], '%s*' .. L10n.str.dsep .. '%s*') if display[1] == L10n.str.title or display[2] == L10n.str.title then wikitext = makeTitleWikitext(Args[L10n.para.title] or L10n.str.default_title, kmlError) end if display[1] == L10n.str.inline or display[2] == L10n.str.inline or (display[1] ~= L10n.str.title and display[2] ~= L10n.str.title) then local inlineWikitext = makeInlineWikitext(Args[L10n.para.header] or L10n.str.default_header, wikiUrl, kmlError) wikitext = wikitext .. inlineWikitext end else wikitext = makeInlineWikitext(Args[L10n.para.header] or L10n.str.default_header, wikiUrl, kmlError) end wikitext = wikitext .. makeKmldataDiv(wikiLink, siteindex) .. trackingWikitext return frame:extensionTag{ name = 'templatestyles', args = { src = 'Module:Attached KML/styles.css' } } .. frame:preprocess( wikitext ) end return p 4xbd62kaqnlfszo96m329jh4kl9ck1h 828 52109 307965 2026-09-14T10:17:53Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: .attached-kml-error { color: #d33 } /* should maybe be <kbd> */ .attached-kml-error code { font-size: inherit; font-weight: normal; border: 0; } .kmldata, .attached-kml-wikidata { display: none; } 307965 sanitized-css text/css .attached-kml-error { color: #d33 } /* should maybe be <kbd> */ .attached-kml-error code { font-size: inherit; font-weight: normal; border: 0; } .kmldata, .attached-kml-wikidata { display: none; } fhpk0v8aaursukdzz5khed32oog21xx 828 52110 307966 2026-09-14T10:19:11Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: local p = {} function p.author(frame) local pframe = frame:getParent() local args = pframe.args local tname = "Gutenberg author" -- name of calling template. Change if template is renamed. local id = nil -- author name, or number. Name goes to search page, number goes direct to author page local name = nil -- display name on Wikiped... 307966 Scribunto text/plain local p = {} function p.author(frame) local pframe = frame:getParent() local args = pframe.args local tname = "Gutenberg author" -- name of calling template. Change if template is renamed. local id = nil -- author name, or number. Name goes to search page, number goes direct to author page local name = nil -- display name on Wikipedia (default: article title) local url = nil local tagline = "at [[Project Gutenberg]]" local urlheadname = "https://www.gutenberg.org/author/" local urlheadnumb = "https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/" local urlhead = nil -- Argument |id= id = trimArg(args[1]) or trimArg(args.id) if not id then local bestP1938 = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage(), 'P1938')[1] if bestP1938 and bestP1938.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' then id = bestP1938.mainsnak.datavalue.value local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntityObject() or {} tagline = tagline .. " [[File:OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg |frameless |text-top |10px |alt=Edit this at Wikidata |link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/" .. entity.id .. "#P1938|Edit this at Wikidata]]" else error("Parameter id is missing. See [[Template:" .. tname .. "]] documentation") end end if tonumber(id) then -- it's a number urlhead = urlheadnumb else urlhead = urlheadname id = mw.ustring.gsub(id," ", "+") end -- Argument |name= name = trimArg(args[2]) or trimArg(args.name) if not name then name = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text:gsub('%s+%([^%(]-%)$', '') -- Current page name without the final parentheses end -- Argument |coda= if trimArg(args.coda) then tagline = tagline .. " " .. trimArg(args.coda) end url = "[" .. urlhead .. id .. " Works by " .. name .. "] " .. tagline return url end function p.Australia(frame) local pframe = frame:getParent() local args = pframe.args local tname = "Gutenberg Australia" -- name of calling template. Change if template is renamed. local id = nil -- ID. eg. http://gutenberg.net.au/plusfifty-n-z.html#shanks .. the ID = plusfifty-n-z.html#shanks -- ID is the same for linking an individual book title, or all books by the author. local name = nil -- display name on Wikipedia (default: article title) local author = nil -- flag if an author (default: no) local url = nil local urlhead = "http://gutenberg.net.au/" local prefix = "" local tagline = "at [[Project Gutenberg Australia]]" local italic = "''" -- Argument |id= id = trimArg(args[1]) or trimArg(args.id) if not id then error("Parameter id is missing. See [[Template:" .. tname .. "]] documentation") end -- Argument |name= name = trimArg(args[2]) or trimArg(args.name) if not name then name = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text:gsub('%s+%([^%(]-%)$', '') -- Current page name without the final parentheses end -- Argument |author= author = trimArg(args.author) if author then if mw.ustring.lower(author) == "yes" then prefix = "Works by " italic = "" end end -- Argument |coda= if trimArg(args.coda) then tagline = tagline .. " " .. trimArg(args.coda) end url = "[" .. urlhead .. id .. " " .. prefix .. italic .. name .. italic .. "] " .. tagline return url end function p.Canada(frame) local pframe = frame:getParent() local args = pframe.args local tname = "FadedPage" -- name of calling template. Change if template is renamed. local id = nil -- ID for author, eg. http://fadedpage.com/csearch.php?author=Shortt%2C%20Adam .. the id = Shortt, Adam -- ID for book titles, eg. http://fadedpage.com/showbook.php?pid=20160704 .. the id = 20160704 local name = nil -- display name on Wikipedia (default: article title) local author = nil -- flag if an author (default: no) local url = nil local urlhead = "https://fadedpage.com/" local urlbook = "showbook.php?pid=" local urlauth = "csearch.php?author=" local prefix = "" local tagline = "at [[Distributed Proofreaders Canada|Faded Page]] (Canada)" local italic = "''" -- Argument |id= id = trimArg(args[1]) or trimArg(args.id) if not id then error("Parameter id is missing. See [[Template:" .. tname .. "]] documentation") end -- Argument |name= name = trimArg(args[2]) or trimArg(args.name) if not name then name = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text:gsub('%s+%([^%(]-%)$', '') -- Current page name without the final parentheses end -- Argument |author= author = trimArg(args.author) if author then if mw.ustring.lower(author) == "yes" then id = mw.uri.encode( id, "PATH" ) -- handle spaces within id argument string prefix = "Works by " italic = "" url = "[" .. urlhead .. urlauth .. id .. " " .. prefix .. italic .. name .. italic .. "] " .. tagline return url end end url = "[" .. urlhead .. urlbook .. id .. " " .. prefix .. italic .. name .. italic .. "] " .. tagline return url end function trimArg(arg) if arg == "" or arg == nil then return nil else return mw.text.trim(arg) end end return p ppgpfaaq9g3ybtjy3co2n1ldmzthdhf 828 52111 307967 2026-09-14T10:20:18Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: local escape = { char = function(self, chr, args) args = args or {} local safe = args.safeChr or string.char(13) chr = tostring(chr or '\\') self[1] = ('%s0%%s%s'):format( ('%x%s%s'):format(chr:byte(), safe, safe), ('%s%x'):format(safe, chr:byte()) ) if not self[self[1]] then self[self[1]] = { char = chr, text = ('%s(.)'):format(chr), undo = self[1]:format'(%d+)' } end return args.text and self:text(args.text) or args.undo and self:undo... 307967 Scribunto text/plain local escape = { char = function(self, chr, args) args = args or {} local safe = args.safeChr or string.char(13) chr = tostring(chr or '\\') self[1] = ('%s0%%s%s'):format( ('%x%s%s'):format(chr:byte(), safe, safe), ('%s%x'):format(safe, chr:byte()) ) if not self[self[1]] then self[self[1]] = { char = chr, text = ('%s(.)'):format(chr), undo = self[1]:format'(%d+)' } end return args.text and self:text(args.text) or args.undo and self:undo(args.undo, chr) or args.kill and self:kill(args.kill) or self end, exec = function(self, text, mode, newEscape) local target = self[self[1] or self:char() and self[1]] for v in text:gfind(target[mode]) do text = text:gsub( mode == 'text' and ('%s%s'):format(target.char, v:gsub('%W', '%%%1')) or self[1]:format(v), mode == 'text' and self[1]:format(v:byte()) or (newEscape or '') .. v:char() ) end return text end, text = function(self, text) return self:exec(type(text) == 'table' and text[1] or text, 'text') end, undo = function(self, text, newEscape) if type(text) == 'table' then text, newEscape = unpack(text) end return self:exec(text, 'undo', newEscape) end, kill = function(self, text, chars, newEscape) if type(text) == 'table' then text, chars, newEscape = unpack(text) end return self:undo(self:text(text):gsub(chars or '', ''), newEscape) end } function escape.main(frame) local args, family = {}, {frame:getParent(), frame} for f = 1, 2 do for k, v in pairs(family[f] and family[f].args or {}) do args[k] = args[k] or v:match('^%s*(.-)%s*$') end end if args.mode == 'char' then return escape:char(args.char or args[2], args) end return escape[args.mode](escape:char(args.char), args) end return escape mhxyi50kom86upm9xo7p7fo2bkvpxmq 828 52112 307968 2026-09-14T10:21:26Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: -- This module provides some functions to prepare template parameters -- for use with Template:Convert. -- This module is not used by Template:Convert or Module:Convert. local function stripToNil(text) -- If text is a non-empty string, return its trimmed content, -- otherwise return nothing (empty string or not a string). if type(text) == 'string' then return text:match('(%S.-)%s*$') end end -- Remove commas and references (any strip markers) from a number. -- First usage... 307968 Scribunto text/plain -- This module provides some functions to prepare template parameters -- for use with Template:Convert. -- This module is not used by Template:Convert or Module:Convert. local function stripToNil(text) -- If text is a non-empty string, return its trimmed content, -- otherwise return nothing (empty string or not a string). if type(text) == 'string' then return text:match('(%S.-)%s*$') end end -- Remove commas and references (any strip markers) from a number. -- First usage in Template:Infobox_UK_place/dist (June 2018) local function cleanNumber(frame) local args = frame.args local text = stripToNil(args[1]) or '' if text == '' or tonumber(text) then return text end return mw.text.killMarkers(text):gsub(',', '') end local fractions = { ['½'] = '1/2', ['⅓'] = '1/3', ['⅔'] = '2/3', ['¼'] = '1/4', ['¾'] = '3/4', ['⅛'] = '1/8', ['⅜'] = '3/8', ['⅝'] = '5/8', ['⅞'] = '7/8', } local fractionNumbers = { ['½'] = 1/2, ['⅓'] = 1/3, ['⅔'] = 2/3, ['¼'] = 1/4, ['¾'] = 3/4, ['⅛'] = 1/8, ['⅜'] = 3/8, ['⅝'] = 5/8, ['⅞'] = 7/8, } -- Format regular input with fraction (MOS-confirmant) into Convert-format "12+3/8" ("+" added). -- First usage in Template:NFL_predraft (August 2017) local function number(frame) --[[ Preprocess a template parameter to translate a number to be used as input for {{convert}}. {{#invoke:convert/helper|number|12 3/8}} → 12+3/8 Input Output 12 12 12 3/8 12+3/8 {{frac|12|3|8}} 12+3/8 12{{frac|3|8}} 12+3/8 12⅜ 12+3/8 Template:Fraction redirects to Template:Frac so either may be used in the input. ]] local args = frame.args local text = stripToNil(args[1]) or '' if text == '' or tonumber(text) then return text -- examples: '', '12', '12.3', '12.3e4', or negative end text = text:gsub('&nbsp;', ' '):gsub(' +', ' '):gsub(' *%+ *', '+'):gsub('&frasl;', '/'):gsub('⁄', '/') local integer, numerator, denominator, rest -- Look for a fraction of form '12 3/8' or '12+3/8' or '3/8'. integer, numerator, denominator = text:match('^(%d+)[ +](%d+)/(%d+)$') if integer then return integer .. '+' .. numerator .. '/' .. denominator end numerator, denominator = text:match('^(%d+)/(%d+)$') if numerator then return numerator .. '/' .. denominator end -- Look for an expanded fraction such as the result of {{frac|12|3|8}} or 12{{frac|3|8}} or {{frac|3|8}}. numerator, denominator = text:match('^(%d+)/_(%d+)</span>') if numerator then integer = text:match('(%d+)<span class="sr-only">') or text:match('^(%d+)%s*&#x200B;<span') or -- Template:Frac outputs zwsp since December 2017 text:match('^(%d+)%s*<span') return (integer and (integer .. '+') or '') .. numerator .. '/' .. denominator end -- Look for a fraction of form '12¾' or '¾'. integer, rest = text:match('^(%d*)%s*(.*)') local expand = fractions[rest] if expand then return (integer == '' and integer or (integer .. '+')) .. expand end return text end local function distanceNumber(text) -- Return a number corresponding to text (0 if text is empty) or throw an error if invalid. text = text or 0 if tonumber(text) then return tonumber(text) end -- Look for a fraction of form '12¾' or '¾'. local integer, expand = text:match('^(%d*)%s*(.*)') if integer == '' then integer = 0 else integer = tonumber(integer) end if expand == '' then expand = 0 else expand = fractionNumbers[expand] end if integer and expand then return integer + expand end error('Invalid number "' .. text .. '"', 0) end -- First usage in Template:Horse_race_distance (January 2024) local function horseRaceDistance(frame) local args = frame:getParent().args local miles = stripToNil(args[1]) local furlongs = stripToNil(args[2]) local yards = stripToNil(args[3]) local show = {} if miles then table.insert(show, miles .. 'm') end if furlongs then table.insert(show, furlongs .. 'f') end if yards then table.insert(show, yards .. 'y') end miles = distanceNumber(miles) furlongs = distanceNumber(furlongs) yards = distanceNumber(yards) local meters = miles * 1609.344 + furlongs * 201.168 + yards * 0.9144 return '<span data-sort-value="' .. tostring(meters) .. '&nbsp;!">' .. table.concat(show, ' ') .. '</span>' end return { number = number, cleanNumber = cleanNumber, horseRaceDistance = horseRaceDistance, } pzffhz87cqrsqf2dz7wtn4hoanxl29a 828 52113 307969 2026-09-14T10:22:54Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: local p = {} local fetch = nil -- lazy load local function load_political_party_module() if fetch == nil then fetch = require('Module:Political party')._fetch end end local function page_exist(page_name) if not page_name then return false end if mw.title.new(page_name).exists then return true end return false end local function simplify_rowspan(text) text = mw.ustring.gsub(text or '', 'rowspan="1"%s*', '') return text end local function ifblank(one, two) re... 307969 Scribunto text/plain local p = {} local fetch = nil -- lazy load local function load_political_party_module() if fetch == nil then fetch = require('Module:Political party')._fetch end end local function page_exist(page_name) if not page_name then return false end if mw.title.new(page_name).exists then return true end return false end local function simplify_rowspan(text) text = mw.ustring.gsub(text or '', 'rowspan="1"%s*', '') return text end local function ifblank(one, two) return (((one or "") ~= "") and one or two) or "" end local function getData(args) local display_name = nil local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') if string.lower(args[1]) == "independent" then args[1] = "Independent politician" end if yesno(args.dab) == true then display_name = args[1] elseif yesno(args.full) == true then display_name = mw.ustring.gsub(args[1], '%s+%b()$', '') elseif args.shortname then display_name = args.shortname else load_political_party_module() if yesno(args.abbrev) then display_name = fetch({args[1], 'abbrev'}) else display_name = fetch({args[1], 'shortname'}) end end if yesno(args.bold) == true then display_name = "'''" .. display_name .. "'''" end local text = nil if yesno(args.no_link) == true then text = display_name else -- TODO: should this be on by default or do we want red links? if page_exist(args[1]) then text = string.format("[[%s|%s]]", args[1], display_name) else text = display_name end end local color = args.colour or args.color if not color then load_political_party_module() color = fetch({args[1], 'color'}) end return text, color end function p._cell(args) if not args[1] then return '' end local text, color = getData(args) local line1 = 'rowspan="%s" style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: %s;" data-sort-value="%s" |\n' local line2 = '| scope="row" rowspan="%s" style="text-align: left;" | %s' local rowspan = tonumber(args.rowspan) or 1 line1 = string.format(line1, rowspan, color, args[1]) line2 = string.format(line2, rowspan, text) return simplify_rowspan(line1 .. line2) end function p._box(args) if not args[1] then return '' end local text, color = getData(args) local seats if args.seats then seats = ' (' .. args.seats .. ')' end seats = seats or '' local outline = args.outline or 'black' local legend = '<span class="legend nowrap" style="page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;border:1px solid ' .. outline .. ';color:inherit;background-color:' .. color .. '"> </span> ' .. text .. seats .. '</span>' return legend end function p.cell(frame) local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs local args = getArgs(frame) local check = require('Module:Check for unknown parameters')._check local tracking = check({ ['unknown']='[[Category:Pages using Party name with color with unknown parameters|_VALUE_ ]]', ['preview']='Page using [[Template:Party name with color]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"', ['showblankpositional']='1', '1', 'abbrev', 'color', 'colour', 'dab', 'full', 'no_link', 'rowspan', 'shortname', 'bold' }, frame:getParent().args) return p._cell(args) .. tracking end function p.box(frame) local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs local args = getArgs(frame) return p._box(args) end return p jfmwye9aubsktdtt8e6b3a848z11tvr 10 52114 307970 2026-09-14T10:24:17Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: <includeonly>|- style="margin:0;padding:0;" |align=left|{{#invoke:template wrapper|link|_template={{{1|}}}|_exclude=comment|_alias-map=2:1,3:2,4:3,5:4,6:5,7:6,8:7,9:8,10:9,11:10,12:11,13:12,14:13}} |align=center|{{#invoke:template wrapper|wrap|_template={{{1|}}}|_exclude=comment|_alias-map=2:1,3:2,4:3,5:4,6:5,7:6,8:7,9:8,10:9,11:10,12:11,13:12,14:13|nocat=true|category=no|categories=no|left=yes|float=left|margin=0}} |{{What links here|{{transclude|{{{1|error}}}}}|linked pages|ns=... 307970 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>|- style="margin:0;padding:0;" |align=left|{{#invoke:template wrapper|link|_template={{{1|}}}|_exclude=comment|_alias-map=2:1,3:2,4:3,5:4,6:5,7:6,8:7,9:8,10:9,11:10,12:11,13:12,14:13}} |align=center|{{#invoke:template wrapper|wrap|_template={{{1|}}}|_exclude=comment|_alias-map=2:1,3:2,4:3,5:4,6:5,7:6,8:7,9:8,10:9,11:10,12:11,13:12,14:13|nocat=true|category=no|categories=no|left=yes|float=left|margin=0}} |{{What links here|{{transclude|{{{1|error}}}}}|linked pages|ns=all}}{{#if:{{{comment|}}}|<br />{{small|{{{comment}}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> g5rudxo7wcwvlhg353t6lfunwanaeg6 10 52115 307971 2026-09-14T10:25:37Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: <includeonly>{| style="color:inherit;margin:0;padding:0;" {{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{!}}+'''<big>{{{1|}}}</big>'''<br/>}} |- style="font-size:85%;margin:0;padding:0;" {{#ifeq:{{{headers|yes}}}|yes| !width=390 align="center"{{!}}{{{col1|''[[Help:Wikitext|Wikitext]]''}}} !width=250 align="center"{{!}}{{{col2|''[[Wikipedia:Userboxes|userbox]]''}}} !align=center{{!}}{{{col3|''[[Wikipedia:User pages|where used]]''}}}| !width=390{{!}} !width=250{{!}} !{{!}} }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documenta... 307971 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{| style="color:inherit;margin:0;padding:0;" {{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{!}}+'''<big>{{{1|}}}</big>'''<br/>}} |- style="font-size:85%;margin:0;padding:0;" {{#ifeq:{{{headers|yes}}}|yes| !width=390 align="center"{{!}}{{{col1|''[[Help:Wikitext|Wikitext]]''}}} !width=250 align="center"{{!}}{{{col2|''[[Wikipedia:Userboxes|userbox]]''}}} !align=center{{!}}{{{col3|''[[Wikipedia:User pages|where used]]''}}}| !width=390{{!}} !width=250{{!}} !{{!}} }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation|Template:Yy/doc}}</noinclude> 0sm10tfo4qk38ukq65eg2p99hf9v49b 10 52116 307972 2026-09-14T10:26:27Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: <includeonly>|- style="font-size:85%;margin:0;padding:0;" {{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{!}}colspan="3" align="right"{{!}}{{{1|}}}}} |}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation|Template:Yy/doc}}</noinclude> 307972 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>|- style="font-size:85%;margin:0;padding:0;" {{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{!}}colspan="3" align="right"{{!}}{{{1|}}}}} |}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation|Template:Yy/doc}}</noinclude> cpb905tx48zydorynxosgehe84zebwu 828 52117 307973 2026-09-14T10:29:21Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: -- This module implements {{Series overview}}. require('strict') local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') local HTMLcolor = mw.loadData( 'Module:Color contrast/colors' ) local tableEmptyCellModule = require('Module:Table empty cell') -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- SeriesOverview class -- The main class. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local SeriesOverview = {} function SeriesOve... 307973 Scribunto text/plain -- This module implements {{Series overview}}. require('strict') local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') local HTMLcolor = mw.loadData( 'Module:Color contrast/colors' ) local tableEmptyCellModule = require('Module:Table empty cell') -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- SeriesOverview class -- The main class. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local SeriesOverview = {} function SeriesOverview.cellspan(SeasonEntries, SeasonEntries_ordered, key, cell, multipart, setspan) if setspan ~= nil then return setspan end local spanlength = 1 local firstEntry = SeasonEntries[SeasonEntries_ordered[cell]] if key == 'network' and firstEntry.networkA and not firstEntry.networkB then spanlength = 2 end for i = cell+1, #SeasonEntries_ordered do local entry = SeasonEntries[SeasonEntries_ordered[i]] -- Split season, then regular season if entry.startA or entry.releasedA then if not entry[key..'A'] then spanlength = spanlength + 1 else break end if not entry[key..'B'] then spanlength = spanlength + 1 else break end else if not entry[key] and (key == 'network' or ((string.sub(key,0,7) == 'postaux' or string.sub(key,0,3) == 'aux') and (not entry.special or entry.episodes)) or (string.sub(key,0,4) == 'info') and multipart) then spanlength = spanlength + 1 else break end end end return spanlength end -- Sorting function function SeriesOverview.series_sort(op1, op2) local n1,s1 = string.match(op1,"(%d+)(%a*)") local n2,s2 = string.match(op2,"(%d+)(%a*)") local n1N,n2N = tonumber(n1),tonumber(n2) if n1N == n2N then return s1 < s2 else return n1N < n2N end end -- Function to add either text or {{N/a}} to cell function SeriesOverview.season_cell(text, frame) local cell if string.find(text or '', 'table-na', 0, true) ~= nil then local findpipe = string.find(text, ' | ', 0, true) if findpipe ~= nil then cell = SeriesOverview.series_attributes( frame:expandTemplate{title='N/A',args={string.sub(text,findpipe+3)}} ) else cell = SeriesOverview.series_attributes( frame:expandTemplate{title='N/A'} ) end else cell = mw.html.create('td'):wikitext(text) end return cell end -- Allow usages of {{N/A}} cells function SeriesOverview.series_attributes(infoParam) local entries = {} local infoCell = mw.html.create('td') local attrMatch = '([%a-]*)="([^"]*)"' -- Check if this uses the "attributes | content" format (for {{N/A}}) local pipePos = string.find(infoParam, '%s*|%s*') if pipePos then -- N/A format: extract attributes before pipe, content after local attrPart = string.sub(infoParam, 1, pipePos-1) local contentPart = string.sub(infoParam, pipePos) -- Extract attributes only attributes from the cell attribute part before the pipe -- Ignores attributes inside the span to allow for hiddden text for screen readers while true do local a,b = string.match(attrPart, attrMatch) if a == nil or b == nil then break end infoCell:attr(a,b) attrPart = string.gsub(attrPart, attrMatch, '', 1) end -- Clean up and add content contentPart = string.gsub(contentPart, '%s*|%s*', '', 1) infoCell:wikitext(contentPart) else -- No pipe: just raw HTML/wikitext (for TBA, etc.) infoCell:wikitext(infoParam) end return infoCell end function SeriesOverview.endtable() return "</table></div>" end function SeriesOverview.new(frame, args) args = args or {} local initialArticle = args['1'] or '' local categories = '' local title = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() -- Create series overview table local root = mw.html.create((args.multiseries or not args.series) and 'table' or '') local cellPadding = '0 8px' local basePadding = '0.2em 0.4em' root :addClass('wikitable') :addClass('plainrowheaders') :css('text-align', 'center') :css('height', '1px') :css('display', 'table') -- Sortable if args.sortable then root:addClass('sortable'); end -- "Series overview" ID if args.id then root:attr('id', 'Series overview') end -- Width if args.width then root:css('width', args.width) end -- Caption if args.caption then root:tag('caption'):wikitext(frame:expandTemplate{title='Screen reader-only',args={args.caption}}) end -- Extract seasons info and place into a 3D array local SeasonEntries = {} for k,v in pairs(args) do local str, num, str2 = string.match(k, '([^%d]*)(%d*)(%a*)') if tonumber(k) ~= 1 and num ~= '' then -- Special local special = false if string.sub(str2,1,1) == 'S' then special = true num = num .. str2 str2 = '' end -- Add to entries, create if necessary if not SeasonEntries[num] then SeasonEntries[num] = {} end SeasonEntries[num][str .. str2] = v if special then SeasonEntries[num]['special'] = 'y' end end end -- Order table by season number local SeasonEntries_ordered = {} for k in pairs(SeasonEntries) do table.insert(SeasonEntries_ordered, k) end table.sort(SeasonEntries_ordered,SeriesOverview.series_sort) local firstRow = args.multiseries and {} or SeasonEntries[SeasonEntries_ordered[1]] -- Colspan calculation for information cells (0 = no info set) local numAuxCells = 0 local numInfoCells = 0 for i = string.byte('A'), string.byte('Z') do local param = 'info' .. string.char(i) if args[param] then numInfoCells = numInfoCells + 1 end end -- Use of colors and network local noColors = true local setNetwork = false local allReleased = true local noEndDates = true if (args.multiseries and args.network) then setNetwork = true end if (args.multiseries and not args.allreleased) then allReleased = false end for i = 1, #SeasonEntries_ordered do local season, entry = SeasonEntries_ordered[i], SeasonEntries[SeasonEntries_ordered[i]] for j0 = string.byte('A')-1, string.byte('Z') do local j = string.char(j0) if j0 == string.byte('A')-1 then j = '' end if entry['color' .. j] then noColors = false end if entry['network' .. j] then setNetwork = true end if entry['start' .. j] then allReleased = false end if entry['end' .. j] then noEndDates = false end end end -- Top info cell -- @ = string.char(64), A = string.char(65) local topInfoCell = numInfoCells > 0 and string.char(numInfoCells + (string.byte('A') - 1)) or '@' -- Networks are included if the very first entry sets the first network local networkTransclude = args.network_transclude if (networkTransclude == 'onlyinclude' and title.fullText == initialArticle) or (networkTransclude == 'noinclude' and title.fullText ~= initialArticle) then setNetwork = false end -- Headers do if args.multiseries or not args.series then local headerRow = root:tag('tr') headerRow :css('text-align', 'center') -- Base series/season content on the format of the first date; Series = D M Y, Season = M D, Y local matchDMY = false local thisStart = firstRow.start or firstRow.startA or firstRow.released or firstRow.releasedA if thisStart then if string.match(thisStart:gsub("&nbsp;"," "), '(%d+)%s(%a+)%s(%d+)') then matchDMY = true end end -- Multiple series header if args.multiseries then headerRow:tag('th') :attr('scope', 'col') :css('padding', cellPadding) :attr('rowspan', allReleased and 1 or 2) :wikitext('Series') end -- Season header headerRow:tag('th') :attr('scope', 'col') :attr('rowspan', allReleased and 1 or 2) :css('min-width', '50px') :css('padding', cellPadding) :wikitext(args.seriesT or args.seasonT or (matchDMY and 'Series') or 'Season') for _a = 1, 3 do if _a == 1 or _a == 3 then -- Aux headers local auxtype = (_a == 3 and 'post' or '') .. 'aux' for i = string.byte('A'), string.byte('Z') do local param = auxtype .. string.char(i) if args[param] then numAuxCells = numAuxCells + 1 headerRow:tag('th') :attr('scope', 'col') :css('padding', cellPadding) :attr('rowspan', allReleased and 1 or 2) :wikitext(args[param]) end end end if _a == 2 then -- Episodes header headerRow:tag('th') :attr('scope', 'col') :attr('rowspan', allReleased and 1 or 2) :attr('colspan', 2) :css('padding', cellPadding) :wikitext(args.episodesT or 'Episodes') end end -- Originally aired header local OriginallyColspan = (not allReleased and setNetwork) and 3 or 2 local countryBlurb = '' if args.country then countryBlurb = ' (' .. args.country .. ')' end headerRow:tag('th') :attr('scope', (setNetwork and allReleased) and 'col' or 'colgroup') :attr('colspan', OriginallyColspan) :wikitext('Originally released' .. countryBlurb) -- Network subheader for released series if setNetwork and allReleased then headerRow:tag('th') :attr('scope', 'col') :attr('rowspan', allReleased and 1 or 2) :css('padding', cellPadding) :wikitext('Network') end -- Information headers if topInfoCell ~= '@' then for i = string.byte('A'), string.byte(topInfoCell) do local param = 'info' .. string.char(i) local infoTransclude = args[param .. '_transclude'] if (infoTransclude == 'onlyinclude' and title.fullText == initialArticle) or (infoTransclude == 'noinclude' and title.fullText ~= initialArticle) then else headerRow:tag('th') :attr('scope', 'col') :attr('rowspan', allReleased and 1 or 2) :css('padding', cellPadding) :wikitext(args[param]) end end end -- Subheader row local subheaderRow = mw.html.create('tr') if not allReleased then -- First aired subheader subheaderRow:tag('th') :attr('scope', 'col') :wikitext('First released') -- Last aired subheader subheaderRow:tag('th') :attr('scope', 'col') :wikitext('Last released') -- Network subheader for aired series if setNetwork then subheaderRow:tag('th') :attr('scope', 'col') :css('padding', cellPadding) :wikitext('Network') end end -- Check for scenarios with an empty subheaderRow if not allReleased or numInfoCells > 0 then root:node(subheaderRow) end end end -- Season rows do if args.multiseries then -- Multi series individual entries if args.multiseries ~= "y" then root:node(args.multiseries) end else -- One row entries, only categorized in the mainspace if title.namespace == 0 and #SeasonEntries == 1 then categories = categories .. '[[Category:Articles using Template:Series overview with only one row]]' end -- Determine number of rows in the whole overview local SeasonEntriesRows = 0 for X = 1, #SeasonEntries_ordered do local season, entry = SeasonEntries_ordered[X], SeasonEntries[SeasonEntries_ordered[X]] local splits = 0 for i = string.byte('A'), string.byte('Z') do local paramS = 'start' .. string.char(i) local paramR = 'released' .. string.char(i) if entry[paramS] or entry[paramR] then splits = splits + 1 end end if splits == 0 then splits = 1 end SeasonEntriesRows = SeasonEntriesRows + splits end for X = 1, #SeasonEntries_ordered do local season, entry = SeasonEntries_ordered[X], SeasonEntries[SeasonEntries_ordered[X]] -- Determine number of splits in a season local splits = 0 for i = string.byte('A'), string.byte('Z') do local paramS = 'start' .. string.char(i) local paramR = 'released' .. string.char(i) if entry[paramS] or entry[paramR] then splits = splits + 1 end end local splitSeason = (splits > 1) -- Season rows for each season for k0 = string.byte('A')-1, string.byte('Z') do local k = string.char(k0) if k0 == string.byte('A')-1 then k = '' end -- Part header if entry.part and k == '' then root:node(entry.part) end -- New season row local seasonRow = (entry['start' .. k] or entry['released' .. k]) and root:tag('tr') or mw.html.create('tr') seasonRow:css('height', '100%') local borderBottom = '2px solid #8D939A' -- Series name for group overviews if X == 1 and (k == '' or k == 'A') and args.series then seasonRow:tag('th') :attr('scope', 'row') :attr('rowspan', SeasonEntriesRows) :wikitext(args.series) :css('border-bottom', borderBottom) end if X == #SeasonEntries_ordered and args.series then seasonRow:css('border-bottom', borderBottom) end -- Season number link, included only in the first row local cellColor if not noColors then if entry['color' .. k] ~= nil and HTMLcolor[entry['color' .. k]] == nil then entry['color' .. k] = '#'..(mw.ustring.match(entry['color' .. k], '^[%s#]*([a-fA-F0-9]*)[%s]*$') or '') end if splitSeason then if entry.color then cellColor = entry.color else cellColor = "linear-gradient(to bottom" for i = 0, splits-1 do local _color = 'color' .. string.upper(string.char(i+97)) cellColor = cellColor .. ", " .. (entry[_color] or 'rgba(0,0,0,0)') .. " " .. (100/splits *i) .. "%" .. ", " .. (entry[_color] or 'rgba(0,0,0,0)') .. " " .. (100/splits *(i+1)) .. "%" end cellColor = cellColor .. ")" end else cellColor = entry['color' .. k] end end if k == '' or k == 'A' then local colorWidth = '14px' -- Overall table cell local cellRow = mw.html.create(args.series and 'td' or 'th') :attr('scope', splitSeason and 'rowgroup' or 'row') :attr('rowspan', splitSeason and splits or nil) :attr('colspan', entry.special and not entry.episodes and 3+numAuxCells or 1) :css('height', 'inherit') :css('padding', '0') -- Overall inner span local spanRow = mw.html.create('span') spanRow :css('width: 100%') :css('text-align', 'center') :css('float', 'left') :css('width', '100%') :css('height', '100%') -- Coloured nested span local spanRow2 = mw.html.create('span') spanRow2 :css('width', colorWidth) :css('background', cellColor) :css('color', '#202122') :css('height', '100%') :css('float', 'left') :css('box-shadow', 'inset -1px 0 #A2A9B1') -- Link nested span local spanRow3 = mw.html.create('span') spanRow3 :css('height', '100%') :css('width', not noColors and 'calc(100% - ' .. colorWidth .. ' - 8px)' or '100%') :css('display', 'flex') :css('vertical-align', 'middle') :css('align-items', 'center') :css('justify-content', 'center') :css('padding', not noColors and '0 4px' or '') local spanRow4 = mw.html.create('span') spanRow4 :addClass('nowrap') -- Coloured span first into the overall span if not noColors then spanRow:node(spanRow2) end -- Link into the blank span spanRow4:wikitext((entry.link and '[[' .. entry.link .. '|' .. (entry.linkT or season) .. ']]' or (entry.linkT or season)) .. (entry.linkR or '')) -- Blank span into the Link nested span spanRow3:node(spanRow4) -- Link span second into the overall span spanRow:node(spanRow3) -- Overall span into the actual cell cellRow:node(spanRow) -- The actual cell into the season row seasonRow:node(cellRow) end for _a = 1, 3 do if _a == 1 or _a == 3 then -- Aux headers local auxtype = (_a == 3 and 'post' or '') .. 'aux' -- Aux cells for i = string.byte('A'), string.byte('Z') do local param = auxtype .. string.char(i) if entry[param .. k] then local thisCell = SeriesOverview.season_cell(entry[param .. k], frame) :attr('scope', 'col') :attr('rowspan', SeriesOverview.cellspan(SeasonEntries, SeasonEntries_ordered, param, X, (args.series and true or false), entry[param .. k .. 'span'] or nil)) :css('padding', cellPadding) seasonRow:node(thisCell) end end end if _a == 2 then -- Episodes counts if ((splitSeason and k == 'A' and entry.episodes ~= 'hide') or not splitSeason) then if entry.episodes then local thisCell = SeriesOverview.season_cell(entry.episodes, frame) :attr('colspan', (splitSeason and entry.episodesA ~= 'hide') and 1 or 2) :attr('rowspan', splitSeason and splits or nil) seasonRow:node(thisCell) elseif not entry.special then local infoCell = SeriesOverview.series_attributes( tableEmptyCellModule._main({}) ) infoCell :attr('colspan', (splitSeason and entry.episodesA ~= 'hide') and 1 or 2) :attr('rowspan', splitSeason and splits or nil) seasonRow:node(infoCell) end end if splitSeason and entry.episodesA ~= 'hide' then if entry['episodes' .. k] then local thisCell = SeriesOverview.season_cell(entry['episodes' .. k], frame) :attr('colspan', (entry.episodes ~= 'hide') and 1 or 2) seasonRow:node(thisCell) else local infoCell = SeriesOverview.series_attributes( tableEmptyCellModule._main({}) ) :attr('colspan', (entry.episodes ~= 'hide') and 1 or 2) seasonRow:node(infoCell) end end end end -- Start date if entry['start' .. k] or entry['released' .. k] then if title.namespace == 0 and entry.special and entry['start' .. k] and not entry['end' .. k] then categories = categories .. '[[Category:Articles using Template:Series overview with deprecated start-parameter format]]' end local thisCell = SeriesOverview.season_cell((not allReleased or entry['end' .. k]) and entry['start' .. k] or entry['released' .. k], frame) thisCell:attr('colspan', (entry['released' .. k] or allReleased) and 2 or 1) :css('padding',basePadding) seasonRow:node(thisCell) else local infoCell = SeriesOverview.series_attributes( tableEmptyCellModule._main({}) ) infoCell:css('padding',basePadding) seasonRow:node(infoCell) end -- End date local canIncludeEnd =(not allReleased and not entry['released' .. k] and ((entry.special and entry['end' .. k]) or not entry.special)) and 'yes' or 'no' if canIncludeEnd == 'yes' then if entry['end' .. k] then local thisCell = SeriesOverview.season_cell(entry['end' .. k], frame) :css('padding',cellPadding) seasonRow:node(thisCell) else local infoCell = SeriesOverview.series_attributes( tableEmptyCellModule._main({}) ) infoCell:css('padding',cellPadding) seasonRow:node(infoCell) end end -- Network if entry['network' .. k] and setNetwork then local thisCell = SeriesOverview.season_cell(entry['network' .. k], frame) :attr('rowspan', SeriesOverview.cellspan(SeasonEntries, SeasonEntries_ordered, 'network', X, (args.series and true or false), entry['network' .. k .. 'span'] or nil)) seasonRow:node(thisCell) end -- Information for i = string.byte('A'), string.byte(topInfoCell) do local param0 = 'info' .. string.char(i) local param = 'info' .. string.char(i) .. k local infoTransclude = args[param .. '_transclude'] if (infoTransclude == 'onlyinclude' and title.fullText == initialArticle) or (infoTransclude == 'noinclude' and title.fullText ~= initialArticle) then else local infoParam = entry[param] if infoParam and splitSeason and k == '' and not entry[param .. 'A'] then entry[param .. 'A'] = entry[param] entry[param .. 'spanning'] = 'y' end local rowspan = (entry[param0 .. 'spanning'] and splits) or (args.series and SeriesOverview.cellspan(SeasonEntries, SeasonEntries_ordered, param0, X, (args.series and true or false), entry[param0 .. 'span'] or nil)) or nil if k == 'A' or (k ~= 'A' and not entry[param0 .. 'spanning']) then -- Cells with {{N/A|...}} already expanded if infoParam then if string.sub(infoParam,1,5) == 'style' then local infoCell = SeriesOverview.series_attributes(infoParam) infoCell:attr('rowspan', rowspan) seasonRow:node(infoCell) else -- Unstyled content info cell local thisCell = SeriesOverview.season_cell(infoParam, frame) :attr('rowspan', rowspan) seasonRow:node(thisCell) end else if not args.series then local infoCell = SeriesOverview.series_attributes( tableEmptyCellModule._main({}) ) infoCell:attr('rowspan', rowspan) seasonRow:node(infoCell) end end elseif not entry[param0 .. 'spanning'] then if not args.series then local infoCell = SeriesOverview.series_attributes( tableEmptyCellModule._main({}) ) infoCell:attr('rowspan', rowspan) seasonRow:node(infoCell) end end end end end -- End k0 string.byte end -- End 'for' SeasonEntries_ordered end -- End 'if' multiseries end -- End 'do' season rows local rootdiv if args.multiseries or not args.series then rootdiv = mw.html.create('div') rootdiv :css('display', 'block') :css('overflow-x', 'auto') rootdiv:node(root) rootdiv = tostring(rootdiv) else rootdiv = tostring(root) end if args.dontclose then rootdiv = mw.ustring.gsub(rootdiv, "</div>", "") rootdiv = mw.ustring.gsub(rootdiv, "</table>", "") end return rootdiv .. categories end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Exports -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local p = {} function p.main(frame) local args = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs(frame, { wrappers = 'Template:Series overview' }) return SeriesOverview.new(frame, args) end function p._end(frame) return SeriesOverview.endtable() end return p 335reh0j6pehq3dcebmenfl6dlush7t 10 52118 307974 2026-09-14T10:32:01Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: <includeonly>{{#switch:{{{region|}}} |Belgium={{#ifeq:{{{type|}}}|album|{{#switch:{{{certyear}}} |2002=2021-03-08 |2004=2021-03-09 |2006=2021-03-08 }}}} |France={{#ifeq:{{{source}}}|archive |{{#switch:{{{certyear|}}} |1994={{#switch:{{{type|}}} |album={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Gold={{#ifeq:{{{number|}}}|2 |2012-10-11 |2012-09-24 }} |Platinum={{#switch:{{{number|}}} |2=2014-05-13 |3=2011-09-03... 307974 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#switch:{{{region|}}} |Belgium={{#ifeq:{{{type|}}}|album|{{#switch:{{{certyear}}} |2002=2021-03-08 |2004=2021-03-09 |2006=2021-03-08 }}}} |France={{#ifeq:{{{source}}}|archive |{{#switch:{{{certyear|}}} |1994={{#switch:{{{type|}}} |album={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Gold={{#ifeq:{{{number|}}}|2 |2012-10-11 |2012-09-24 }} |Platinum={{#switch:{{{number|}}} |2=2014-05-13 |3=2011-09-03 |2011-08-27 }} |Diamond=2012-10-11 }} |single={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Silver=2011-07-10 |Gold=2011-07-10 }} |video={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Gold=2014-05-13 |Platinum={{#switch:{{{number|}}} |2=2014-05-13 |3=2014-05-13 |2014-05-13 }} }} }} |1995={{#switch:{{{type|}}} |album={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Silver= |Gold={{#ifeq:{{{number|}}}|2 |2012-09-26 |2012-10-11 }} |Platinum={{#switch:{{{number|}}} |2=2012-10-11 |3=2013-12-05 |2012-10-11 }} |Diamond=2012-10-11 }} |single={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Silver=2012-10-11 |Gold=2014-05-15 |Platinum=2012-09-15 }} |video={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Gold=2014-05-15 |Platinum={{#switch:{{{number|}}} |2=2014-05-15 |3=2014-05-15 |2014-05-15 }} |Diamond=2014-05-15 }} }} |1996={{#switch:{{{type|}}} |album={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Gold={{#ifeq:{{{number|}}}|2 |2012-10-11 |2012-09-26 }} |Platinum={{#switch:{{{number|}}} |2=2013-10-05 |3=2013-10-05 |2012-09-26 }} |Diamond=2013-10-05 }} |single={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Silver=2012-09-26 |Gold=2013-10-05 |Platinum=2013-10-05 |Diamond=2013-10-04 }} |video={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Platinum=2012-09-15 }} |compilation={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Gold={{#ifeq:{{{number|}}}|2 |2013-10-05 |2013-10-05 }} |Platinum=2013-10-05 |Diamond=2013-10-05 }} }} |1997={{#switch:{{{type|}}} |album={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Gold={{#ifeq:{{{number|}}}|2 |2013-12-24 |2012-10-11 }} |Platinum={{#switch:{{{number|}}} |2=2013-12-24 |3=2013-12-24 |2013-12-24 }} |Diamond=2013-12-24 }} |single={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Silver=2013-12-24 |Gold=2013-12-24 |Platinum=2013-12-24 |Diamond=2013-12-24 }} |video={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Gold=2013-12-24 |Platinum={{#switch:{{{number|}}} |2=2013-12-24 |3=2013-12-24 |2013-12-24 }} |Diamond=2013-12-24 }} |compilation={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Gold={{#ifeq:{{{number|}}}|2 |2013-12-24 |2013-12-24 }} |Platinum={{#switch:{{{number|}}} |2=2013-12-24 |2013-12-24 }} |Diamond=2013-12-24 }} }} |1998={{#switch:{{{type|}}} |album={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Gold={{#ifeq:{{{number|}}}|2 |2013-10-16 |2012-09-26 }} |Platinum={{#switch:{{{number|}}} |2=2012-09-23 |3=2013-10-16 |2012-09-26 }} |Diamond=2012-10-11 }} |single={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Silver=2012-09-26 |Platinum=2012-09-26 |Diamond=2012-10-11 }} |video={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Gold=2013-10-16 |Platinum={{#switch:{{{number|}}} |2=2013-10-16 |3=2013-10-16 |2013-10-16 }} |Diamond=2013-10-16 }} |compilation={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Gold={{#ifeq:{{{number|}}}|2 |2013-10-16 |2013-10-16 }} |Platinum={{#switch:{{{number|}}} |3=2013-10-16 |2013-10-16 }} }} }} |1999={{#switch:{{{type|}}} |album={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Silver=14 September 2013 |Gold={{#ifeq:{{{number|}}}|2 |2012-09-26 |2013-10-07 }} |Platinum={{#switch:{{{number|}}} |2=2012-09-23 |2012-09-24 }} |Diamond=2013-10-06 }} |single={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Silver=2012-09-26 |Gold=2012-10-11 |Platinum=2013-10-06 |Diamond=2012-09-26 }} |video={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Gold=2013-10-06 |Platinum={{#switch:{{{number|}}} |2=2013-10-06 |3=2012-09-15 |2013-10-06 }} |Diamond=2013-10-06 }} |compilation={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Gold={{#ifeq:{{{number|}}}|2 |2013-10-06 |2013-10-06 }} |Platinum={{#switch:{{{number|}}} |2=2012-10-11 |2013-10-06 }} }} }} |2000={{#switch:{{{type|}}} |album={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Gold={{#ifeq:{{{number|}}}|2 |2012-09-26 |2012-10-11 }} |Platinum={{#switch:{{{number|}}} |2=2013-12-31 |2012-09-24 }} |Diamond=2013-12-31 }} |single={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Silver=2012-09-23 |Gold=2012-09-24 |Platinum=2012-09-24 }} |video={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Gold=2013-12-31 |Platinum={{#switch:{{{number|}}} |2=2013-12-31 |3=2013-12-31 }} }} |compilation={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Gold={{#ifeq:{{{number|}}}|2 |2013-12-31 |2013-12-31 }} |Platinum={{#switch:{{{number|}}} |2=2013-12-31 |2013-12-31 }} }} }} |2001={{#switch:{{{type|}}} |album={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Gold={{#ifeq:{{{number|}}}|2 |2012-09-26 |2012-09-24 }} |Platinum={{#switch:{{{number|}}} |2=2012-09-24 |3=2013-12-05 |2012-09-26 }} |Diamond=2012-09-23 }} |single={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Silver=2012-09-15 |Gold=2012-09-24 |Platinum=2012-09-26 |Diamond=2013-12-05 }} |video={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Gold=2012-09-15 |Platinum={{#switch:{{{number|}}} |2=2013-12-05 |3=2012-09-26 |2013-12-05 }} |Diamond=2012-09-15 }} }} |2002={{#switch:{{{type|}}} |album={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Silver=14 September 2013 |Gold={{#ifeq:{{{number|}}}|2 |2012-10-11 |2012-10-11 }} |Platinum={{#switch:{{{number|}}} |2=2012-10-11 |3=2013-12-04 |2012-09-24 }} |Diamond=2013-12-04 }} |single={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Silver=2012-09-24 |Gold=2013-12-04 |Platinum=2012-09-24 |Diamond=2012-09-26 }} |video={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Gold=2013-12-04 |Platinum={{#switch:{{{number|}}} |2=2013-12-04 |3=2013-12-04 |2012-10-11 }} |Diamond=2013-12-04 }} |compilation={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Gold={{#ifeq:{{{number|}}}|2 |2013-12-04 |2013-12-04 }} |Platinum=2013-12-04 }} }} |2003={{#switch:{{{type|}}} |album={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Gold={{#ifeq:{{{number|}}}|2 |2012-09-24 |2012-09-15 }} |Platinum={{#switch:{{{number|}}} |2=2012-10-11 |3=2013-10-04 |2012-09-24 }} |Diamond=2012-09-24 }} |single={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Silver=2012-09-24 |Gold=2012-09-24 |Platinum=2012-09-24 |Diamond=2013-10-05 }} |video={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Gold=2012-09-24 |Platinum={{#switch:{{{number|}}} |2=2013-10-05 |3=2013-10-05 |2013-10-05 }} |Diamond=2013-11-08 }} |compilation={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Gold={{#ifeq:{{{number|}}}|2 |2012-10-11 |2013-10-05 }} |Platinum={{#switch:{{{number|}}} |2=2013-10-05 |2013-10-05 }} |Diamond=2013-10-04 }} }} |2004={{#switch:{{{type|}}} |album={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Silver=14 September 2013 |Gold={{#ifeq:{{{number|}}}|2 |2012-10-11 |2012-09-15 }} |Platinum={{#switch:{{{number|}}} |2=2013-11-03 |3=2012-09-24 |2012-09-24 }} |Diamond=2013-12-04 }} |single={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Silver=2012-09-24 |Gold=2012-09-15 |Platinum=2013-12-04 |Diamond=2013-12-04 }} |video={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Gold=2012-09-24 |Platinum={{#switch:{{{number|}}} |2=2013-12-04 |3=2013-12-04 |2013-12-03 }} |Diamond=2013-12-04 }} }} |2005={{#switch:{{{type|}}} |album={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Gold={{#ifeq:{{{number|}}}|2 |2012-09-23 |2012-09-26 }} |Platinum={{#switch:{{{number|}}} |2=2013-10-05 |2012-09-24 }} |Diamond=2013-10-05 }} |single={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Silver=2012-09-24 |Gold=2013-10-05 |Platinum=2013-10-05 |Diamond=2013-10-05 }} |video={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Gold=2013-10-05 |Platinum={{#switch:{{{number|}}} |2=2013-10-05 |3=2012-10-11 |2012-09-15 }} |Diamond=2012-10-11 }} }} |2006={{#switch:{{{type|}}} |album={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Silver=2014-03-31 |Gold=2012-09-24 |Platinum={{#switch:{{{number|}}} |2=2012-09-23 |3=2013-10-06 |2012-09-26 }} |Diamond=2013-10-06 }} |single={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Silver=2012-09-24 |Gold=2013-10-05 |Platinum=2013-10-06 |Diamond=2013-10-06 }} |video={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Gold=2013-10-06 |Platinum={{#switch:{{{number|}}} |2=2012-10-11 |3=2012-09-15 |2013-10-06 }} |Diamond=2012-09-26 }} }} |2007={{#switch:{{{type|}}} |album={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Gold=2012-09-24 |Platinum={{#switch:{{{number|}}} |2=2013-10-05 |3=2013-10-05 |2012-10-11 }} |Diamond=2013-10-05 }} |single={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Silver=2012-10-11 |Gold=2013-10-05 |Platinum=2013-10-05 }} |video={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Gold=2012-09-26 |Platinum={{#switch:{{{number|}}} |2=2013-10-05 |3=2013-10-05 |2013-10-05 }} |Diamond=2013-10-05 }} |compilation={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Gold=2013-10-05 |Platinum=2013-10-05 }} }} |2008={{#switch:{{{type|}}} |album={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Silver=3 February 2013 |Gold=2013-10-01 |Platinum={{#switch:{{{number|}}} |2=2013-10-01 |3=2013-10-01 |2013-10-01 }} |Diamond=2013-10-01 }} |single={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Silver=2013-09-28 |Gold=2013-10-01 }} |video={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Gold=2013-10-01 |Platinum={{#switch:{{{number|}}} |2=2013-10-01 |3=2013-10-01 |2013-10-01 }} |Diamond=2013-10-01 }} }} |2009={{#switch:{{{type|}}} |album={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Gold=2013-10-04 |Platinum={{#switch:{{{number|}}} |2=2013-10-05 |3=2013-10-05 |2013-10-05 }} |Diamond=2013-10-05 }} |single={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Gold=2013-10-05 |Platinum=2013-10-05 }} |video={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Gold=2013-10-05 |Platinum={{#switch:{{{number|}}} |2=2013-10-05 |3=2013-10-05 |2013-10-05 }} |Diamond=2013-10-05 }} }} |2010={{#switch:{{{type|}}} |album={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Gold=2013-10-01 |Platinum={{#switch:{{{number|}}} |2=2013-10-01 |3=2013-10-01 |2013-10-01 }} |Diamond=2013-09-28 }} |single={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Gold=2013-09-28 |Platinum=2013-09-28 }} |video={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Gold=2013-10-01 |Platinum={{#switch:{{{number|}}} |2=2013-10-01 |2013-10-01 }} |Diamond=2013-10-01 }} }} |2011={{#switch:{{{type|}}} |album={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Gold=2013-09-22 |Platinum={{#switch:{{{number|}}} |2=2013-09-21 |3=2013-09-21 |2013-09-21 }} |Diamond=2013-09-21 }} |single={{#switch:{{{award|}}} |Gold=2013-09-22 |Platinum=2013-09-22 |Diamond=2013-09-22 }} 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|2004=2012-11-20 |2005=2011-11-09 |2006=2012-02-05 |2007=2011-11-09 |2008=2011-11-09 |2009=2012-02-05 }} |#default = Unknown Region}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 8kd27ubk0ikg6qcyr5g6vso908dqu42 10 52119 307975 2026-09-14T10:33:36Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: <includeonly>{{#switch:{{{region|}}} |Belgium={{#ifeq:{{{type|}}}|album|{{#switch:{{{certyear}}} |2002=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308122007/https://www.ultratop.be/nl/goud-platina/2002/albums |2004=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309000315/https://www.ultratop.be/nl/goud-platina/2004/albums |2006=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308190324/https://www.ultratop.be/nl/goud-platina/2006/albums }}}} |France={{#ifeq:{{{source}}}|archive |{{#ifexpr: {{{certyear}}} > 201... 307975 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#switch:{{{region|}}} |Belgium={{#ifeq:{{{type|}}}|album|{{#switch:{{{certyear}}} |2002=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308122007/https://www.ultratop.be/nl/goud-platina/2002/albums 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|Turkey={{#switch:{{{certyear}}} |2004=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120221446/http://mu-yap.org/getdata.asp?PID=192 |2005=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109193255/http://www.mu-yap.org/news.asp?NID=114 |2006=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205185334/http://www.mu-yap.org/news.asp?NID=158 |2007=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109192450/http://www.mu-yap.org/news.asp?NID=248 |2008=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109192746/http://www.mu-yap.org/getdata.asp?PID=269 |2009=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205181156/http://www.mu-yap.org/news.asp?NID=279 }} |#default = Unknown Region}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 8qgf4exd2vio1l86ylscwwhhiq68tnw 828 52120 307976 2026-09-14T10:43:33Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: -- This is a simple module to strip categories from wikitext. It does -- not support nested links or magic words like __TOC__, etc. Even so, -- it should still handle most categories. local p = {} -- Detects if a category link is valid or not. If it is valid, -- the function returns the blank string. If not, the input -- is returned with no changes. local function processCategory( all, submatch ) local beforePipe = mw.ustring.match( submatch, '^(.-)[%s_]*|[%s_]*.-$' ) b... 307976 Scribunto text/plain -- This is a simple module to strip categories from wikitext. It does -- not support nested links or magic words like __TOC__, etc. Even so, -- it should still handle most categories. local p = {} -- Detects if a category link is valid or not. If it is valid, -- the function returns the blank string. If not, the input -- is returned with no changes. local function processCategory( all, submatch ) local beforePipe = mw.ustring.match( submatch, '^(.-)[%s_]*|[%s_]*.-$' ) beforePipe = beforePipe or submatch if mw.ustring.match( beforePipe, '[%[%]<>{}%c\n]' ) then return all else return '' end end -- Preprocess the content if we aren't being called from #invoke, -- and pass it to gsub to remove valid category links. local function suppress( content, isPreprocessed ) if not isPreprocessed then content = mw.getCurrentFrame():preprocess( content ) end content = mw.ustring.gsub( content, '(%[%[[%s_]*[cC][aA][tT][eE][gG][oO][rR][yY][%s_]*:[%s_]*(.-)[%s_]*%]%])', processCategory ) return content end -- Get the content to suppress categories from, and find -- whether the content has already been preprocessed. (If the -- module is called from #invoke, it has been preprocessed already.) function p.main( frame ) local content, isPreprocessed if frame == mw.getCurrentFrame() then content = frame:getParent().args[1] if frame.args[1] then content = frame.args[1] end isPreprocessed = true else content = frame isPreprocessed = false end return suppress( content, isPreprocessed ) end return p 1q32hr238py5zckhzhojzbjzsdqguig 828 52121 307977 2026-09-14T10:46:16Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: require('strict') local p = {} local lang = mw.language.getContentLanguage(); -- language object for this wiki local presentation ={}; -- table of tables that contain currency presentation data local properties; --[[--------------------------< I S _ S E T >------------------------------------------------------------------ Whether variable is set or not. A variable is set when it is not nil and not empty. ]] local function is_set( var ) return not (va... 307977 Scribunto text/plain require('strict') local p = {} local lang = mw.language.getContentLanguage(); -- language object for this wiki local presentation ={}; -- table of tables that contain currency presentation data local properties; --[[--------------------------< I S _ S E T >------------------------------------------------------------------ Whether variable is set or not. A variable is set when it is not nil and not empty. ]] local function is_set( var ) return not (var == nil or var == ''); end --[[--------------------------< M A K E _ S H O R T _ F O R M _ N A M E >------------------------------------- Assembles value and symbol according to the order specified in the properties table for this currency code ]] local function make_short_form_name (amount, code, linked, passthrough) local symbol; local position = properties[code].position; if linked then symbol = string.format ('[[%s|%s]]', properties[code].page, properties[code].symbol); -- make wikilink of page and symbol else symbol = properties[code].symbol; end if not passthrough then amount = lang:formatNum (tonumber(amount)); -- add appropriate comma separators end amount = amount:gsub ('^%-', '−'); -- replace the hyphen with unicode minus if 'b' == position then -- choose appropriate format: unspaced before the amount return string.format ('%s%s', symbol, amount); elseif 'bs' == position then -- spaced before the amount return string.format ('%s&nbsp;%s', symbol, amount); elseif 'a' == position then -- unspaced after the amount return string.format ('%s%s', amount, symbol); elseif 'as' == position then -- spaced after the amount return string.format ('%s&nbsp;%s', amount, symbol); elseif 'd' == position then -- special case that replaces the decimal separator with symbol (Cifrão for CVE is the only extant case) if passthrough then return string.format('%s%s', symbol, amount) end local digits, decimals; -- this code may not work for other currencies or on other language wikis if amount:match ('[%d,]+%.%d+') then -- with decimal separator and decimals digits, decimals = amount:match ('([%d,]+)%.(%d+)') amount = string.format ('%s%s%s', digits, symbol, decimals); -- insert symbol elseif amount:match ('[%d,]+%.?$') then -- with or without decimal separator digits = amount:match ('([%d,]+)%.?$') amount = string.format ('%s%s00', digits, symbol); -- add symbol and 00 ($00) end amount = amount:gsub (',', '%.'); -- replace grouping character with period return amount; end return amount .. ' <span style="font-size:inherit" class="error">{{currency}} – definition missing position ([[Template:Currency/doc#Error_messages|help]])</span>'; -- position not defined end --[[--------------------------< M A K E _ N A M E >---------------------------------------------------------- Make a wikilink from the currency's article title and its plural (if provided). If linked is false, returns only the article title (unlinked) ]] local function make_name (linked, page, plural) if not linked then if not is_set (plural) then return page; -- just the page elseif 's' == plural then -- if the simple plural form return string.format ('%ss', page); -- append an 's' else return plural; -- must be the complex plural form (pounds sterling v. dollars) end else if not is_set (plural) then return string.format ('[[%s]]', page); elseif 's' == plural then -- if the simple plural form return string.format ('[[%s]]s', page); else return string.format ('[[%s|%s]]', page, plural); -- must be the complex plural form (pounds sterling v. dollars) end end end --[[--------------------------< M A K E _ L O N G _ F O R M _ N A M E >--------------------------------------- assembles a long-form currency name from amount and name from the properties tables; plural for all values not equal to 1 ]] local function make_long_form_name (amount, code, linked, passthrough) local name, formatted; if not is_set (properties[code].page) then return '<span style="font-size:inherit" class="error">{{currency}} – definition missing page ([[Template:Currency/doc#Error_messages|help]])</span>'; end if not passthrough then amount = tonumber (amount); -- make sure it's a number end if 1 == amount then name = make_name (linked, properties[code].page); -- the singular form elseif is_set (properties[code].plural) then -- plural and there is a plural form name = make_name (linked, properties[code].page, properties[code].plural); else name = make_name (linked, properties[code].page); -- plural but no separate plural form so use the singular form end if not passthrough then formatted = lang:formatNum (amount) else formatted = amount end return string.format ('%s %s', formatted, name); -- put it all together end --[[--------------------------< R E N D E R _ C U R R E N C Y >------------------------------------------------ Renders currency amount with symbol or long-form name. Also, entry point for other modules. Assumes that parameters have been vetted; amount is a number, code is upper case string, long_form is boolean; all are required. ]] local function render_currency (amount, code, long_form, linked, fmt, passthrough) local name; local result; presentation = mw.loadData ('Module:Currency/Presentation'); -- get presentation data if presentation.currency_properties[code] then -- if code is an iso 4217 code properties = presentation.currency_properties; elseif presentation.code_translation[code] then -- not iso 4217 but can be translated code = presentation.code_translation[code]; -- then translate properties = presentation.currency_properties; elseif presentation.non_standard_properties[code] then -- last chance, is it a non-standard code? properties = presentation.non_standard_properties; else return '<span style="font-size:inherit" class="error">{{currency}} – invalid code ([[Template:Currency/doc#Error_messages|help]])</span>'; end if long_form then result = make_long_form_name (amount, code, linked, passthrough); -- else result = make_short_form_name (amount, code, linked, passthrough); end if 'none' == fmt then -- no group separation result = result:gsub ('(%d%d?%d?),', '%1'); -- strip comma separators elseif 'gaps' == fmt then -- use narrow gaps result = result:gsub ('(%d%d?%d?),', '<span style="margin-right:.25em;">%1</span>'); -- replace comma seperators elseif fmt and 'commas' ~= fmt then -- if not commas (the default) then error message return '<span style="font-size:inherit" class="error">{{currency}} – invalid format ([[Template:Currency/doc#Error_messages|help]])</span>'; end return result; -- done end --[[--------------------------< P A R S E _ F O R M A T T E D _ N U M B E R >---------------------------------- replacement for lang:parseFormattedNumber() which doesn't work; all it does is strip commas. This function returns a string where all comma separators have been removed from the source string. If the source is malformed: has characters other than digits, commas, and decimal points; has too many decimal points; has commas in in appropriate locations; then the function returns nil. ]] local function parse_formatted_number (amount) local count; local parts = {}; local digits = {}; local decimals; local sign = ''; local _; if amount:find ('[^%-−%d%.,]') then -- anything but sign, digits, decimal points, or commas return nil; end amount = amount:gsub ('−', '-'); -- replace unicode minus with hyphen _, count = amount:gsub('%.', '') -- count the number of decimal point characters if 1 < count then return nil; -- too many dots end _, count = amount:gsub(',', '') -- count the number of grouping characters if 0 == count then return amount; -- no comma separators so we're done end; if amount:match ('[%-][%d%.,]+') then -- if the amount is negative sign, amount = amount:match ('([%-])([%d%.,]+)'); -- strip off and save the sign end parts = mw.text.split (amount, '.', true); -- split amount into digits and decimals decimals = table.remove (parts, 2) or ''; -- if there was a decimal portion, remove from the table and save it digits = mw.text.split (parts[1], ',') -- split amount into groups for i, v in ipairs (digits) do -- loop through the groups if 1 == i then -- left-most digit group if (3 < v:len() or not is_set (v)) then -- first digit group: 1, 2, 3 digits; can't be empty string (first char was a comma) return nil; end else if v and 3 ~= v:len() then -- all other groups must be three digits long return nil; end end end return sign .. table.concat (digits) .. '.' .. decimals; -- reassemble without commas and return end --[[--------------------------< C O N V E R T _ S T R I N G _ T O _ N U M E R I C >------------------------------------------------ Converts quantified number/string combinations to a number e.g. 1 thousand to 1000. ]] local function convert_string_to_numeric (amount) local quantifiers = {['thousand'] = 1000, ['million'] = 1000000, ['m'] = 1000000, ['billion'] = 1000000000, ['b'] = 1000000000, ['trillion'] = 1000000000000}; local n, q = amount:match ('([%-−]?[%d%.,]+)%s*(%a+)$'); -- see if there is a quantifier following a number; zero or more space characters if nil == n then n, q = amount:match ('([%-−]?[%d%.,]+)&nbsp;(%a+)$') -- see if there is a quantifier following a number; nbsp html entity ({{format price}} output end if nil == n then return amount end; -- if not <number><space><quantifier> return amount unmolested n = n:gsub (',', ''); -- strip comma separators if present q = q:lower(); -- set the quantifier to lower case if nil == quantifiers[q] then return amount end; -- if not a recognized quantifier return tostring (n * quantifiers[q]); -- return a string, not a number end --[[--------------------------< C U R R E N C Y >-------------------------------------------------------------- Template:Currency entry point. The template takes three parameters: positional (1st), |amount=, |Amount= : digits and decimal points only positional (2nd), |type=, |Type= : code that identifies the currency |first= : uses currency name instead of symbol ]] local function currency (frame) local args = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs (frame); local amount, code; local long_form = false; local linked = true; local passthrough = false; if not is_set (args[1]) then return '<span style="font-size:inherit" class="error">{{currency}} – invalid amount ([[Template:Currency/doc#Error_messages|help]])</span>'; end -- amount = lang:parseFormattedNumber(args[1]); -- if args[1] can't be converted to a number then error (this just strips grouping characters) -- if args[1]:find ('[^%d%.]') or not amount then -- non-digit characters or more than one decimal point (because lag:parse... is broken) -- return '<span style="font-size:inherit" class="error">{{currency}} – invalid amount ([[Template:Currency/doc#Error_messages|help]])</span>'; -- end -- This allows us to use {{currency}} while actually following [[MOS:CURRENCY]] as regards "billion", "million", "M", "bn", etc. if not (args['passthrough'] == 'yes') then -- just pass whatever string is given through. amount = convert_string_to_numeric (args[1]); amount = parse_formatted_number(amount); -- if args[1] can't be converted to a number then error if not amount then return '<span style="font-size:inherit" class="error">{{currency}} – invalid amount ([[Template:Currency/doc#Error_messages|help]])</span>'; end else amount = args[1] end if not is_set(args[2]) then -- if not provided code = 'USD'; -- default to USD else code = args[2]:upper(); -- always upper case; used as index into data tables which all use upper case end if args[3] then -- this is the |first= parameter TODO: make this value meaningful? y, yes, true? long_form = true; end if 'no' == args[4] then -- this is the |linked= parameter; defaults to 'yes'; any value but 'no' means yes linked = false; end return render_currency (amount, code, long_form, linked, args['fmt'], (args['passthrough'] == 'yes')) end return { currency = currency, -- template entry point _render_currency = render_currency, -- other modules entry point } tn10u5ifo9xki9vaeqf7msdl6oe332i 828 52122 307978 2026-09-14T10:47:00Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: --[=[-------------------------< C U R R E N C Y P R O P E R T I E S >---------------------------------------- this table is created from Template:Currency/Page, Template:Currency/Position, and Template:Currency/Symbol. The individual currency codes are taken from the table at [[ISO 4217]]. The source templates have other codes not conforming to 4217; those codes are not included here but are listed in the translation table or in the non-standard table. This table is NOT for... 307978 Scribunto text/plain --[=[-------------------------< C U R R E N C Y P R O P E R T I E S >---------------------------------------- this table is created from Template:Currency/Page, Template:Currency/Position, and Template:Currency/Symbol. The individual currency codes are taken from the table at [[ISO 4217]]. The source templates have other codes not conforming to 4217; those codes are not included here but are listed in the translation table or in the non-standard table. This table is NOT for historical ISO 4217 codes. Add historical codes to the non-standard properties table. Meanings of the table entries: ['???'] – ISO 4217 currency code; uppercase only page = '' – Wikipedia article name approriate to the currency code plural = '' – specifies how to make the currency page name plural: if singular and plural forms are the same leave empty if adding an 's' to the end of the singular name makes it plural then set plural = 's' if the plural name is different, set the whole plural name (see GBP for example) position = '' – identifies where the symbol is placed relative to the amount 'a' – <amount><symbol> 'as' – <amount><&nbsp;><symbol> 'b' – <symbol><amount> 'bs' – <symbol><&nbsp;><amount> symbol = '' – the symbol associated with the currency code; generally not the currency code unless the symbol and the currency code are the same; to display a currency code instead of a symbol, use the nonstandard table ]=] local currency_properties = { ['AED'] = {page = 'United Arab Emirates dirham', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'DH'}, ['AFN'] = {page = 'Afghan afghani', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = '\216\139'}, -- U+060B ؋ ['ALL'] = {page = 'Albanian lek', plural = 'lekë', position = 'b', symbol = 'L'}, ['AMD'] = {page = 'Armenian dram', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = '\214\143'}, -- U+058F ؋ ['ANG'] = {page = 'Netherlands Antillean guilder', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'NAƒ'}, ['AOA'] = {page = 'Angolan kwanza', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'Kz'}, ['ARS'] = {page = 'Argentine peso', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'AR$'}, ['AUD'] = {page = 'Australian dollar', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'A$'}, ['AWG'] = {page = 'Aruban florin', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'Afl.'}, ['AZN'] = {page = 'Azerbaijani manat', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = '\226\130\188'}, -- U+20BC ['BAM'] = {page = 'Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'KM'}, ['BBD'] = {page = 'Barbados dollar', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'Bds$'}, ['BDT'] = {page = 'Bangladeshi taka', plural = '', position = 'b', symbol = '৳'}, ['BGN'] = {page = 'Bulgarian lev', plural = 'leva', position = 'bs', symbol = 'лв.'}, -- levove? ['BHD'] = {page = 'Bahraini dinar', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = '<bdi lang="ar">.د.ب</bdi>'}, ['BIF'] = {page = 'Burundian franc', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'FBu'}, ['BMD'] = {page = 'Bermudian dollar', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'BD$'}, ['BND'] = {page = 'Brunei dollar', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'B$'}, ['BOB'] = {page = 'Bolivian boliviano', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'Bs.'}, -- ['BOV'] = {page = '', plural = '', position = '', symbol = ''}, -- Bolivian Mvdol (funds code) ['BRL'] = {page = 'Brazilian real', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'R$'}, ['BSD'] = {page = 'Bahamian dollar', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'B$'}, ['BTN'] = {page = 'Ngultrum', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'Nu.'}, ['BWP'] = {page = 'Botswana pula', plural = '', position = 'bs', symbol = 'P'}, ['BYN'] = {page = 'Belarusian ruble', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'Br'}, ['BZD'] = {page = 'Belize dollar', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'BZ$'}, ['CAD'] = {page = 'Canadian dollar', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'CA$'}, ['CDF'] = {page = 'Congolese franc', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'FC'}, -- ['CHE'] = {page = '', plural = '', position = '', symbol = ''}, -- WIR Euro (complementary currency) ['CHF'] = {page = 'Swiss franc', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'CHF'}, -- ['CHW'] = {page = '', plural = '', position = '', symbol = ''}, -- WIR Franc (complementary currency) -- ['CLF'] = {page = '', plural = '', position = '', symbol = ''}, -- Unidad de Fomento (funds code) (Chile) ['CLP'] = {page = 'Chilean peso', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'CL$'}, ['CNY'] = {page = 'Renminbi', plural = '', position = 'bs', symbol = 'CN¥'}, ['COP'] = {page = 'Colombian peso', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'COL$'}, -- ['COU'] = {page = '', plural = '', position = '', symbol = ''}, -- Unidad de Valor Real (UVR) (funds code) (Columbia) ['CRC'] = {page = 'Costa Rican colon', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = '₡'}, ['CUC'] = {page = 'Cuban convertible peso', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'CUC$'}, ['CUP'] = {page = 'Cuban peso', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = '$MN'}, ['CVE'] = {page = 'Cape Verde escudo', plural = 's', position = 'd', symbol = '$'}, -- not yet supported position = 'd' replaces decimal with Cifrão ($) ['CZK'] = {page = 'Czech koruna', plural = '', position = 'as', symbol = 'Kč'}, ['DJF'] = {page = 'Djiboutian franc', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'Fdj'}, ['DKK'] = {page = 'Danish krone', plural = 'Danish kroner', position = 'bs', symbol = 'kr.'}, ['DOP'] = {page = 'Dominican peso', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'RD$'}, ['DZD'] = {page = 'Algerian dinar', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = '<bdi lang="ar">د.ج</bdi>'}, ['EGP'] = {page = 'Egyptian pound', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'E£'}, ['ERN'] = {page = 'Eritrean nakfa', plural = '', position = 'bs', symbol = 'Nfk'}, ['ETB'] = {page = 'Ethiopian birr', plural = '', position = 'bs', symbol = 'Br'}, ['EUR'] = {page = 'Euro', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = '€'}, ['FJD'] = {page = 'Fijian dollar', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'FJ$'}, ['FKP'] = {page = 'Falkland Islands pound', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'FK£'}, ['GBP'] = {page = 'Pound sterling', plural = 'pounds sterling', position = 'b', symbol = '£'}, ['GEL'] = {page = 'Georgian lari', plural = '', position = 'b', symbol = '\226\130\190'}, -- U+20BE ₾ ['GHS'] = {page = 'Ghanaian cedi', plural = '', position = 'b', symbol = '\226\130\181'}, -- U+20B5 ₵ ['GIP'] = {page = 'Gibraltar pound', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'GI£'}, ['GMD'] = {page = 'Gambian dalasi', plural = '', position = 'bs', symbol = 'D'}, ['GNF'] = {page = 'Guinean franc', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'FG'}, ['GTQ'] = {page = 'Guatemalan quetzal', plural = 'Guatemalan quetzales', position = 'bs', symbol = 'Q'}, ['GYD'] = {page = 'Guyanese dollar', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'GY$'}, ['HKD'] = {page = 'Hong Kong dollar', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'HK$'}, ['HNL'] = {page = 'Honduran lempira', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'L'}, ['HRK'] = {page = 'Croatian kuna', plural = '', position = 'bs', symbol = 'kn'}, ['HTG'] = {page = 'Haitian gourde', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'G'}, ['HUF'] = {page = 'Hungarian forint', plural = '', position = 'as', symbol = 'Ft'}, ['IDR'] = {page = 'Indonesian rupiah', plural = '', position = 'bs', symbol = 'Rp'}, ['ILS'] = {page = 'Israeli new shekel', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = '₪'}, ['INR'] = {page = 'Indian rupee', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = '\226\130\185'}, -- U+20B9 ₹ ['IQD'] = {page = 'Iraqi dinar', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = '<bdi lang="ar">د.ع</bdi>'}, ['IRR'] = {page = 'Iranian rial', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = '\239\183\188'}, -- U+FDFC ﷼ ['ISK'] = {page = 'Icelandic króna', plural = '', position = 'as', symbol = 'kr'}, ['JMD'] = {page = 'Jamaican dollar', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'J$'}, ['JOD'] = {page = 'Jordanian dinar', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = '<bdi lang="ar">د.أ</bdi>'}, ['JPY'] = {page = 'Japanese yen', plural = '', position = 'b', symbol = '¥'}, ['KES'] = {page = 'Kenyan shilling', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'KSh'}, ['KGS'] = {page = 'Kyrgyzstani som', plural = '', position = 'bs', symbol = 'KGS'}, -- what is this currency's symbol? ['KHR'] = {page = 'Cambodian riel', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = '\225\159\155'}, -- U+17DB ៛ ['KMF'] = {page = 'Comorian franc', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'CF'}, ['KPW'] = {page = 'North Korean won', plural = '', position = 'b', symbol = '₩'}, ['KRW'] = {page = 'South Korean won', plural = '', position = 'b', symbol = '₩'}, ['KWD'] = {page = 'Kuwaiti dinar', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = '<bdi lang="ar">د.ك</bdi>'}, ['KYD'] = {page = 'Cayman Islands dollar', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'CI$'}, ['KZT'] = {page = 'Kazakhstani tenge', plural = '', position = 'b', symbol = '\226\130\184'}, -- U+20B8 ₸ ['LAK'] = {page = 'Lao kip', plural = '', position = 'b', symbol = '₭'}, ['LBP'] = {page = 'Lebanese pound', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = '<bdi lang="ar">ل.ل</bdi>'}, ['LKR'] = {page = 'Sri Lankan rupee', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'රු.'}, ['LRD'] = {page = 'Liberian dollar', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'L$'}, ['LSL'] = {page = 'Lesotho loti', plural = 'Lesotho maloti', position = 'b', symbol = 'L'}, -- for the plural symbol 'M', use LSL2 ['LYD'] = {page = 'Libyan dinar', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = '<bdi lang="ar">ل.د</bdi>'}, ['MAD'] = {page = 'Moroccan dirham', plural = 's', position = 'a', symbol = 'DH'}, ['MDL'] = {page = 'Moldovan leu', plural = 'Moldovan lei', position = 'bs', symbol = 'L'}, ['MGA'] = {page = 'Malagasy ariary', plural = '', position = 'bs', symbol = 'Ar'}, ['MKD'] = {page = 'Macedonian denar', plural = 'Macedonian denari', position = 'bs', symbol = 'ден'}, ['MMK'] = {page = 'Burmese kyat', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'K'}, ['MNT'] = {page = 'Mongolian tögrög', plural = '', position = 'b', symbol = '₮'}, ['MOP'] = {page = 'Macanese pataca', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'MOP$'}, ['MRU'] = {page = 'Mauritanian ouguiya', plural = '', position = 'bs', symbol = 'UM'}, ['MUR'] = {page = 'Mauritian rupee', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = '₨'}, ['MVR'] = {page = 'Maldivian rufiyaa', plural = '', position = 'bs', symbol = 'Rf.'}, ['MWK'] = {page = 'Malawian kwacha', plural = '', position = 'b', symbol = 'K'}, ['MXN'] = {page = 'Mexican peso', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'Mex$'}, -- ['MXV'] = {page = '', plural = '', position = '', symbol = ''}, -- Mexican Unidad de Inversion (UDI) (funds code) ['MYR'] = {page = 'Malaysian ringgit', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'RM'}, ['MZN'] = {page = 'Mozambican metical', plural = 'Mozambican meticais', position = 'bs', symbol = 'MT'}, ['NAD'] = {page = 'Namibian dollar', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'N$'}, ['NGN'] = {page = 'Nigerian naira', plural = '', position = 'b', symbol = '₦'}, ['NIO'] = {page = 'Nicaraguan córdoba', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'C$'}, ['NOK'] = {page = 'Norwegian krone', plural = 'Norwegian kroner', position = 'bs', symbol = 'kr'}, ['NPR'] = {page = 'Nepalese rupee', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'रू'}, ['NZD'] = {page = 'New Zealand dollar', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'NZ$'}, ['OMR'] = {page = 'Omani rial', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = '<bdi lang="ar">ر.ع.</bdi>'}, ['PAB'] = {page = 'Panamanian balboa', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'B/.'}, ['PEN'] = {page = 'Peruvian sol', plural = 'Peruvian soles', position = 'b', symbol = 'S/.'}, ['PGK'] = {page = 'Papua New Guinean kina', plural = '', position = 'bs', symbol = 'K'}, ['PHP'] = {page = 'Philippine peso', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = '₱'}, ['PKR'] = {page = 'Pakistani rupee', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = '₨'}, ['PLN'] = {page = 'Polish złoty', plural = '', position = 'a', symbol = 'zł'}, ['PYG'] = {page = 'Paraguayan guaraní', plural = 'Paraguayan guaraníes', position = 'as', symbol = '\226\130\178'}, -- U+20B2 ₲ ['QAR'] = {page = 'Qatari riyal', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = '<bdi lang="ar">ر.ق</bdi>'}, ['RON'] = {page = 'Romanian leu', plural = 'Romanian lei', position = 'bs', symbol = 'RON'}, -- what is this currency's symbol? ['RSD'] = {page = 'Serbian dinar', plural = '', position = 'bs', symbol = 'din.'}, ['RUB'] = {page = 'Russian ruble', plural = 's', position = 'as', symbol = '\226\130\189'}, -- U+20BD ₽ after August 1998 redenomination ['RWF'] = {page = 'Rwandan franc', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'FRw'}, ['SAR'] = {page = 'Saudi riyal', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = '<bdi lang="ar">ر.س</bdi>'}, ['SBD'] = {page = 'Solomon Islands dollar', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'SI$'}, ['SCR'] = {page = 'Seychellois rupee', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'SR'}, ['SDG'] = {page = 'Sudanese pound', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = '<bdi lang="ar">ج.س.</bdi>'}, ['SEK'] = {page = 'Swedish krona', plural = 'Swedish kronor', position = 'bs', symbol = 'kr'}, ['SGD'] = {page = 'Singapore dollar', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'S$'}, ['SHP'] = {page = 'Saint Helena pound', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'SH£'}, ['SLE'] = {page = 'Sierra Leonean leone', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'Le'}, -- new, redenominited leone ['SLL'] = {page = 'Sierra Leonean leone', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'Le'}, ['SOS'] = {page = 'Somali shilling', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'Sh.So.'}, ['SRD'] = {page = 'Surinamese dollar', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'SR$'}, ['SSP'] = {page = 'South Sudanese pound', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'SSP'}, -- what is this currency's symbol? ['STN'] = {page = 'São Tomé and Príncipe dobra', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'Db'}, ['SVC'] = {page = 'Salvadoran colón', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = '₡'}, ['SYP'] = {page = 'Syrian pound', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = '£S'}, ['SZL'] = {page = 'Swazi lilangeni', plural = 'Swazi emalangeni', position = 'b', symbol = 'L'}, -- for the plural symbol 'E', use SZL2 ['THB'] = {page = 'Thai baht', plural = '', position = 'b', symbol = '฿'}, ['TJS'] = {page = 'Tajikistani somoni', plural = '', position = 'bs', symbol = 'SM'}, ['TMT'] = {page = 'Turkmenistan manat', plural = '', position = 'bs', symbol = 'T'}, ['TND'] = {page = 'Tunisian dinar', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = '<bdi lang="ar">د.ت</bdi>'}, ['TOP'] = {page = 'Tongan paʻanga', plural = '', position = 'b', symbol = 'T$'}, ['TRY'] = {page = 'Second Turkish lira', plural = '', position = 'b', symbol = '\226\130\186'}, -- U+20BA ₺ ['TTD'] = {page = 'Trinidad and Tobago dollar', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'TT$'}, ['TWD'] = {page = 'New Taiwan dollar', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'NT$'}, ['TZS'] = {page = 'Tanzanian shilingi', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'TSh'}, ['UAH'] = {page = 'Ukrainian hryvnia', plural = '', position = 'b', symbol = '₴'}, ['UGX'] = {page = 'Ugandan shilling', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'USh'}, ['USD'] = {page = 'United States dollar', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'US$'}, -- ['USN'] = {page = '', plural = '', position = '', symbol = ''}, -- United States dollar (next day) (funds code) -- ['UYI'] = {page = '', plural = '', position = '', symbol = ''}, -- Uruguay Peso en Unidades Indexadas (URUIURUI) (funds code) ['UYU'] = {page = 'Uruguayan peso', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = '$U'}, ['UYW'] = {page = 'Unidad previsional', plural = '', position = 'bs', symbol = '$U'}, ['UZS'] = {page = 'Uzbekistani so\'m', plural = '', position = 'bs', symbol = 'UZS'}, -- what is this currency's symbol? ['VED'] = {page = 'Venezuelan Bolívar Soberano', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'Bs.S.'}, ['VES'] = {page = 'Venezuelan Bolívar Soberano', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'Bs.S.'}, ['VND'] = {page = 'Vietnamese đồng', plural = '', position = 'b', symbol = '₫'}, ['VUV'] = {page = 'Vanuatu vatu', plural = '', position = 'bs', symbol = 'VT'}, ['WST'] = {page = 'Samoan tālā', plural = '', position = 'b', symbol = 'WS$'}, ['XAF'] = {page = 'Central African CFA franc', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'FCFA'}, -- ['XAG'] = {page = '', plural = '', position = '', symbol = ''}, -- Silver (one troy ounce) -- ['XAU'] = {page = '', plural = '', position = '', symbol = ''}, -- Gold (one troy ounce) -- ['XBA'] = {page = '', plural = '', position = '', symbol = ''}, -- European Composite Unit (EURCO) (bond market unit) -- ['XBB'] = {page = '', plural = '', position = '', symbol = ''}, -- European Monetary Unit (E.M.U.-6) (bond market unit) -- ['XBC'] = {page = '', plural = '', position = '', symbol = ''}, -- European Unit of Account 9 (E.U.A.-9) (bond market unit) -- ['XBD'] = {page = '', plural = '', position = '', symbol = ''}, -- European Unit of Account 17 (E.U.A.-17) (bond market unit) ['XCD'] = {page = 'East Caribbean dollar', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'EC$'}, ['XCG'] = {page = 'Caribbean guilder', plural = 's', position = 'a', symbol = 'Cg'}, -- ['XDR'] = {page = 'Speacial drawing rights', plural = '', position = '', symbol = ''}, -- Special drawing rights ['XOF'] = {page = 'West African CFA franc', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'CFA'}, -- ['XPD'] = {page = '', plural = '', position = '', symbol = ''}, -- Palladium (one troy ounce) ['XPF'] = {page = 'CFP franc', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'F'}, -- ['XPT'] = {page = '', plural = '', position = '', symbol = ''}, -- Platinum (one troy ounce) -- ['XSU'] = {page = '', plural = '', position = '', symbol = ''}, -- Unified System for Regional Compensation (SUCRE) -- ['XTS'] = {page = '', plural = '', position = '', symbol = ''}, -- Code reserved for testing purposes -- ['XUA'] = {page = '', plural = '', position = '', symbol = ''}, -- ADB Unit of Account ['XXX'] = {page = '¤', plural = '', position = 'b', symbol = '¤'}, -- No (specific) currency ['YER'] = {page = 'Yemeni rial', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = '\239\183\188'}, -- U+FDFC ﷼ ['ZAR'] = {page = 'South African rand', plural = '', position = 'bs', symbol = 'R'}, ['ZMW'] = {page = 'Zambian kwacha', plural = '', position = 'bs', symbol = 'ZMW'}, ['ZWL'] = {page = 'Zimbabwean dollar', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'ZWL'}, } --[[--------------------------< C O D E T R A N S L A T I O N >---------------------------------------------- This table lists some of the 'aliases' that refer to currencies listed in the properties table by their ISO 4217 codes The form is: ['<non-standard code>'] = '<ISO 4217 code>' ]] local code_translation = { ['EGE'] = 'EUR', -- where??? ['EU'] = 'EUR', ['EURO'] = 'EUR', ['FRW'] = 'RWF', ['GB'] = 'GBP', ['KSH'] = 'KES', ['NEP'] = 'NPR', ['POUND'] = 'GBP', ['POUND STERLING'] = 'GBP', ['RMB'] = 'CNY', ['STERLING'] = 'GBP', ['STG'] = 'GBP', ['TSH'] = 'TZS', ['UK'] = 'GBP', ['UKP'] = 'GBP', -- non-standard ['UNITED STATES'] = 'USD', ['US'] = 'USD', ['U.S.'] = 'USD', ['USA'] = 'USD', ['USH'] = 'UGX', ['$'] = 'USD', -- U+0024, pass-through, default to US dollar ['¤'] = 'XXX', -- U+00A4, pass-through, default to no specific unit ['£'] = 'GBP', -- U+00A3, pass-through, default to UK pound ['¥'] = 'JPY', -- U+00A5, pass-through, default to JP yen ['€'] = 'EUR', -- U+20AC, pass-through ['(='] = 'EUR', -- non-standard (DR-DOS 7.02 COUNTRY.SYS, 1998) } --[[--------------------------< N O N _ S T A N D A R D _ P R O P E R T I E S >-------------------------------- Currencies from the source templates that are identified by non-standard codes and which for whatever reason don't translate well to an existing ISO 4217 currency. This list may include historical ISO 4217 codes. Meanings of the table entries are the same as those described for currency_properties table except: ['???'] – currency codes that are non-standard or that cannot be translated to a standard code. Uppercase only, these codes MUST be different from the codes in the main currency properties table and different from the codes in the translation table (if they are not, they will not be found). ]] local non_standard_properties = { ['BITCOIN'] = {page = 'bitcoin', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'BTC'}, ['BTC'] = {page = 'bitcoin', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'BTC'}, ['BYR'] = {page = 'Belarusian ruble', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'Br'}, -- historical, former ISO 4217 code ['DDM'] = {page = 'East German mark', plural = '', position = 'as', symbol = 'M'}, -- historical (1968-1990), former ISO 4217 code ['DDM2'] = {page = 'East German mark', plural = '', position = 'as', symbol = 'DDM'}, -- historical (1968-1990), former ISO 4217 code, use currency code instead of symbol ['DEM'] = {page = 'Deutsche Mark', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'DM'}, -- historical (1948-2001), former ISO 4217 code ['DEM2'] = {page = 'Deutsche Mark', plural = 's', position = 'as', symbol = 'DEM'}, -- historical (1948-2001), former ISO 4217 code, use currency code instead of symbol ['DKK2'] = {page = 'Danish krone', plural = 'Danish kroner', position = 'bs', symbol = 'DKK'}, ['DM'] = {page = 'Deutsche Mark', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'DM'}, -- historical (1948-2001) ['ESP'] = {page = 'Spanish peseta', plural = '', position = 'as', symbol = '₧'}, -- historical, former ISO 4217 code ['FRF'] = {page = 'French franc', plural = 's', position = 'as', symbol = 'F'}, -- historical ['GRD'] = {page = 'Modern drachma', plural = 'Modern drachmae', position = 'as', symbol = 'Δρ.'}, -- historical ['IEP'] = {page = 'Irish pound', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = '£'}, -- historical, former ISO 4217 code ['LKR2'] = {page = 'Sri Lankan rupee', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'LKR'}, -- use currency code instead of symbol ['LSL2'] = {page = 'Lesotho loti', plural = 'Lesotho maloti', position = 'b', symbol = 'M'}, -- plural symbol version of LSL (singular) ['LTL'] = {page = 'Lithuanian litas', plural = 'Lithuanian litai', position = 'as', symbol = 'Lt'}, -- historical ['MARK'] = {page = 'German gold mark', plural = '', position = 'as', symbol = 'ℳ'}, -- historical (1871-1914) ['MRO'] = {page = 'Mauritanian ouguiya', plural = '', position = 'bs', symbol = 'UM'}, -- historical, former ISO 4217 code ['NLG'] = {page = 'Dutch guilder', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = 'ƒ'}, -- historical, former ISO 4217 code ['NOK2'] = {page = 'Norwegian krone', plural = 'Norwegian kroner', position = 'bs', symbol = 'NOK'}, ['RM'] = {page = 'reichsmark', plural = '', position = 'as', symbol = 'ℛℳ'}, -- historical (1924-1948) ['SEK2'] = {page = 'Swedish krona', plural = 'Swedish kronor', position = 'bs', symbol = 'SEK'}, ['STD'] = {page = 'São Tomé and Príncipe dobra', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'Db'}, -- historical, former ISO 4217 code ['SZL2'] = {page = 'Swazi lilangeni', plural = 'Swazi emalangeni', position = 'b', symbol = 'E'}, -- plural symbol version of SZL (singular) -- ['USS'] = {page = '', plural = '', position = '', symbol = ''}, -- United States dollar (same day) (funds code), historical, former ISO 4217 code ['US$'] = {page = 'United States dollar', plural = 's', position = 'b', symbol = '$'}, -- special case: like "USD" and "$", but will display only the short form of the symbol "$" (useful for articles, where it is obvious enough not to display "US$" as a symbol, but still link to "United States dollar" (for foreign readers) ['XBT'] = {page = 'bitcoin', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'BTC'}, ['XEU'] = {page = 'European currency unit', plural = 's', position = 'as', symbol = '₠'}, -- ECU U+20A0, historical (1979-1998), former ISO 4217 code ['XEU2'] = {page = 'European currency unit', plural = 's', position = 'bs', symbol = 'XEU'}, -- ECU, historical (1979-1998), former ISO 4217 code, use currency code instead of symbol -- ['XFU'] = {page = '', plural = '', position = '', symbol = ''}, -- UIC franc (special settlement currency), historical, former ISO 4217 code } --[[--------------------------< E X P O R T S >---------------------------------------------------------------- ]] return { currency_properties = currency_properties, code_translation = code_translation, non_standard_properties = non_standard_properties } 9kzs1ekgwf17fnwxm4lzeqmdxnxmm34 10 52123 307982 2026-09-14T11:15:35Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: <includeonly>{{#if: {{{id|}}}{{{pid|}}}{{{1|}}}{{{rid|}}}{{{lid|}}}{{{kid|}}} | {{#if: {{{title|}}}{{{name|}}}{{{2|}}} |<!-- -->{{#invoke:Template wrapper|wrap|_template=cite web |_exclude=id,pid,rid,lid,kid,units |_alias-map=name:title, 2:title, 3:access-date |website=Peakbagger.com |url={{#if:{{{id|}}}{{{pid|}}}{{{1|}}} | http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid={{urlencode:{{if empty|{{{id|}}}|{{{pid|}}}|{{{1|}}}}}}}... 307982 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#if: {{{id|}}}{{{pid|}}}{{{1|}}}{{{rid|}}}{{{lid|}}}{{{kid|}}} | {{#if: {{{title|}}}{{{name|}}}{{{2|}}} |<!-- -->{{#invoke:Template wrapper|wrap|_template=cite web |_exclude=id,pid,rid,lid,kid,units |_alias-map=name:title, 2:title, 3:access-date |website=Peakbagger.com |url={{#if:{{{id|}}}{{{pid|}}}{{{1|}}} | http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid={{urlencode:{{if empty|{{{id|}}}|{{{pid|}}}|{{{1|}}}}}}} | {{#if:{{{kid|}}} | http://www.peakbagger.com/KeyCol.aspx?pid={{urlencode:{{{kid|}}}}} | {{#if:{{{rid|}}} | http://www.peakbagger.com/range.aspx?rid={{urlencode:{{{rid|}}}}} | {{#if:{{{lid|}}} | {{#switch:{{lc:{{{units|}}}}} | feet | ft = http://www.peakbagger.com/list.aspx?lid={{urlencode:{{{lid|}}}}}&u=ft | meters | m = http://www.peakbagger.com/list.aspx?lid={{urlencode:{{{lid|}}}}}&u=m | #default = http://www.peakbagger.com/list.aspx?lid={{urlencode:{{{lid|}}}}} }}}} }} }} }} }} | {{citation error|no {{para|name}} specified|cite peakbagger|nocat={{main other||true}}}} }} | {{citation error|no id number specified|cite peakbagger|nocat={{main other||true}}}} }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> do102hw2jhdvps8nmd2n7ttxgnlau4z 10 52124 307983 2026-09-14T11:16:33Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: <includeonly>{{#if:{{{1|}}}{{{vnum|}}}{{{id|}}}{{{vn|}}}{{#if:{{{name|}}}{{{title|}}}{{{2|}}}||1}}<!-- if volcano number or no name, produce citation: -->|{{#invoke:Template wrapper|wrap|_template={{#if:{{{archive-date|}}}{{{archive-url|}}}|cite web archived|cite web}} |_exclude=vnum,vn,id,vtab |_alias-map=2:title,3:access-date,4:date,name:title,entrydate:date,entry-date:date |url={{#if:{{{1|}}}{{{vn|}}}{{{vnum|}}}{{{id|}}}|https://volcano.si.edu/volcano... 307983 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#if:{{{1|}}}{{{vnum|}}}{{{id|}}}{{{vn|}}}{{#if:{{{name|}}}{{{title|}}}{{{2|}}}||1}}<!-- if volcano number or no name, produce citation: -->|{{#invoke:Template wrapper|wrap|_template={{#if:{{{archive-date|}}}{{{archive-url|}}}|cite web archived|cite web}} |_exclude=vnum,vn,id,vtab |_alias-map=2:title,3:access-date,4:date,name:title,entrydate:date,entry-date:date |url={{#if:{{{1|}}}{{{vn|}}}{{{vnum|}}}{{{id|}}}|https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn={{if empty|{{{1|}}}|{{{vn|}}}|{{{id|}}}|{{{vnum|}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if: {{{vtab|}}}|&amp;vtab={{{vtab}}}}}<!-- -->|https://volcano.si.edu/}}<!-- if no number given, use main page --> |title=Global Volcanism Program |work={{#if:{{{name|}}}{{{title|}}}{{{2|}}}|[[Global Volcanism Program]]}} |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]}}<!-- if name and no volcano number, produce error: -->|{{citation error|no volcano number specified|cite gvp|nocat={{main other||true}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> {{{|}}} 4w4ccsqq9cef4r0p5b8yp44h2axnxof 307984 307983 2026-09-14T11:17:06Z Isma4l 41797 307984 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#if:{{{1|}}}{{{vnum|}}}{{{id|}}}{{{vn|}}}{{#if:{{{name|}}}{{{title|}}}{{{2|}}}||1}}<!-- if volcano number or no name, produce citation: -->|{{#invoke:Template wrapper|wrap|_template={{#if:{{{archive-date|}}}{{{archive-url|}}}|cite web archived|cite web}} |_exclude=vnum,vn,id,vtab |_alias-map=2:title,3:access-date,4:date,name:title,entrydate:date,entry-date:date |url={{#if:{{{1|}}}{{{vn|}}}{{{vnum|}}}{{{id|}}}|https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn={{if empty|{{{1|}}}|{{{vn|}}}|{{{id|}}}|{{{vnum|}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if: {{{vtab|}}}|&amp;vtab={{{vtab}}}}}<!-- -->|https://volcano.si.edu/}}<!-- if no number given, use main page --> |title=Global Volcanism Program |work={{#if:{{{name|}}}{{{title|}}}{{{2|}}}|[[Global Volcanism Program]]}} |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]}}<!-- if name and no volcano number, produce error: -->|{{citation error|no volcano number specified|cite gvp|nocat={{main other||true}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 751yq4ylgzxe9ypixhl15ohns3niuey 10 52125 307985 2026-09-14T11:17:55Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: <includeonly>{{#ifeq: {{{1|{{{id|{{{pid|}}}}}}}}}| | {{citation error|no <kbd>id</kbd> specified|cite ngs|nocat={{main other||true}}}} | {{#ifeq: {{{2|{{{designation|{{{name|}}}}}}}}}| | {{citation error|no <kbd>name</kbd> specified|cite ngs|nocat={{main other||true}}}} | {{#invoke:Template wrapper|wrap|_template=cite web | _exclude=id,pid | _alias-map=2:title,3:access-date,designation:title,name:title | url = https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/ds_mark.prl... 307985 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#ifeq: {{{1|{{{id|{{{pid|}}}}}}}}}| | {{citation error|no <kbd>id</kbd> specified|cite ngs|nocat={{main other||true}}}} | {{#ifeq: {{{2|{{{designation|{{{name|}}}}}}}}}| | {{citation error|no <kbd>name</kbd> specified|cite ngs|nocat={{main other||true}}}} | {{#invoke:Template wrapper|wrap|_template=cite web | _exclude=id,pid | _alias-map=2:title,3:access-date,designation:title,name:title | url = https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/ds_mark.prl?PidBox={{urlencode:{{{1|{{{id|{{{pid|}}}}}}}}}}} | work = NGS Data Sheet | publisher = [[U.S. National Geodetic Survey|National Geodetic Survey]], [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]], [[United States Department of Commerce]] }} }} }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS TO THE /doc SUBPAGE, THANKS --> </noinclude> huiun3wb13g7m31mzlb9rv1k5kvs9oc 10 52126 307986 2026-09-14T11:19:11Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: [[Amazon Standard Identification Number|ASIN]]&nbsp;[https://www.amazon<!-- -->{{#if:{{{country|}}} |{{#switch:{{{country|}}}|jp|uk|za=.co|au|be|br|mx|tr=.com}}.{{{country}}} |.com }}/dp/{{1x|1={{{1}}} }} {{{1}}}]<!-- -->{{#if:{{{title|<noinclude>x</noinclude>}}} |, ''{{{title}}}'' }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{date|<noinclude>x</noinclude>}}} |&nbsp;({{{date}}}) }}{{main other|{{Ifnumber|{{{1|}}}|Category:Articles using Template:ASIN with an a... 307986 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Amazon Standard Identification Number|ASIN]]&nbsp;[https://www.amazon<!-- -->{{#if:{{{country|}}} |{{#switch:{{{country|}}}|jp|uk|za=.co|au|be|br|mx|tr=.com}}.{{{country}}} |.com }}/dp/{{1x|1={{{1}}} }} {{{1}}}]<!-- -->{{#if:{{{title|<noinclude>x</noinclude>}}} |, ''{{{title}}}'' }}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{date|<noinclude>x</noinclude>}}} |&nbsp;({{{date}}}) }}{{main other|{{Ifnumber|{{{1|}}}|[[Category:Articles using Template:ASIN with an all-numeric value]]|}}}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 0dhjioniex89w665u06lqtgwdjyjipo 828 52127 307987 2026-09-14T11:20:03Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: local function category(s) if mw.title.getCurrentTitle().namespace ~= 0 then return "" end return "[[Category:Sports-Reference template " .. s .. "]]" end local function linktext(s1,s2,s3) if (s3 == nil) or (s3 == "") then return "[https://web.archive.org/web/20161204/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/" .. s1 .. ".html " .. s2 .. "] at [[Sports Reference#Olympics|Olympics at Sports-Reference.com]] (archived)" .. category("missing archive parameter") els... 307987 Scribunto text/plain local function category(s) if mw.title.getCurrentTitle().namespace ~= 0 then return "" end return "[[Category:Sports-Reference template " .. s .. "]]" end local function linktext(s1,s2,s3) if (s3 == nil) or (s3 == "") then return "[https://web.archive.org/web/20161204/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/" .. s1 .. ".html " .. s2 .. "] at [[Sports Reference#Olympics|Olympics at Sports-Reference.com]] (archived)" .. category("missing archive parameter") else return "[https://web.archive.org/web/" .. s3 .. "/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/" .. s1 .. ".html " .. s2 .. "] at [[Sports Reference#Olympics|Olympics at Sports-Reference.com]] (archived)" end end local p = {} function p.link(frame) -- Optional first parameter contains ID portion of Sports-Reference URL. -- Trim any leading or trailing spaces. If it contains ".html", remove it. local id = string.gsub((mw.text.trim(frame.args[1]) or ""), ".html", "") -- Optional second parameter contains name for link. Trim leading or trailing spaces. -- If name is not provided, use article name without disambiguation. local name = mw.text.trim(frame.args[2]) if (name == nil) or (name == "") then name = string.gsub(mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text, "%s+%b()$", "", 1) end -- Optional third parameter contains date/time portion of Archive.org URL. local archive = mw.text.trim(frame.args[3]) -- For articles without Wikidata property: -- if ID not provided, return error text and tracking category -- if ID is provided, return link and tracking category local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntityObject() or {} local claims = entity.claims or {} local hasProp = claims["P1447"] if not hasProp then if (id == nil) or (id == "") then return "<span class='error'>Sports-Reference template missing ID and not present in Wikidata.</span> [[Template:Sports reference#Add ID in Wikidata|How do I fix this?]]" .. category("missing ID and not in Wikidata") else return linktext(id,name,archive) .. category("with ID not in Wikidata") end end -- For articles with Wikidata property: -- if ID not provided, return link (using Wikidata) and tracking category -- if ID is provided, return link (using ID) and one of two tracking categories local propValue = hasProp[1].mainsnak.datavalue.value if (id == nil) or (id == "") then return linktext(propValue,name,archive) .. " [[File:OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg |frameless |text-top |10px |alt=Edit this at Wikidata |link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/" .. entity.id .. "#P1447|Edit this at Wikidata]]" -- .. category("using Wikidata") end for i, v in ipairs(hasProp) do propValue = (v.mainsnak.datavalue or {}).value if id == propValue then return linktext(id,name,archive) -- .. category("with ID same as Wikidata") end end return linktext(id,name,archive) .. category("with ID different from Wikidata") end return p tkgdmxs9v91jetky8fcc33q5nki675z 10 52128 307988 2026-09-14T11:20:53Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: <includeonly>{{#invoke:Sports reference|link|{{{1|{{{id|}}}}}}|{{{2|{{{name|}}}}}}|{{{archive|}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- Please add categories to the /doc subpage & add interwikis to Wikidata. --> </noinclude> 307988 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:Sports reference|link|{{{1|{{{id|}}}}}}|{{{2|{{{name|}}}}}}|{{{archive|}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- Please add categories to the /doc subpage & add interwikis to Wikidata. --> </noinclude> qiysvbmirp3v6w6tpt6kvrfy4i1ta1g 828 52129 307989 2026-09-14T11:22:58Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: -- This module implements {{key press}}. local kbdPrefix = '<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">' local kbdSuffix = '</kbd>' local keyText = { ['caps lock'] = '⇪ Caps Lock', ['[[caps lock]]'] = '⇪ [[Caps Lock]]', ['shift'] = '⇧ Shift', ['[[shift key|shift]]'] = '⇧ [[Shift key|Shift]]', ['enter'] = '↵ Enter', ['[[enter key|enter]]'] = '↵ [[Enter key|Enter]]', ['cmd'] = '⌘ Cmd', ['[[command key|cmd]]'] = '⌘ [[Command key|Cmd]]', ['command'] = '⌘ Command',... 307989 Scribunto text/plain -- This module implements {{key press}}. local kbdPrefix = '<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">' local kbdSuffix = '</kbd>' local keyText = { ['caps lock'] = '⇪ Caps Lock', ['[[caps lock]]'] = '⇪ [[Caps Lock]]', ['shift'] = '⇧ Shift', ['[[shift key|shift]]'] = '⇧ [[Shift key|Shift]]', ['enter'] = '↵ Enter', ['[[enter key|enter]]'] = '↵ [[Enter key|Enter]]', ['cmd'] = '⌘ Cmd', ['[[command key|cmd]]'] = '⌘ [[Command key|Cmd]]', ['command'] = '⌘ Command', ['[[command key|command]]'] = '⌘ [[Command key|Command]]', ['opt'] = '⌥ Opt', ['[[option key|opt]]'] = '⌥ [[Option key|Opt]]', ['option'] = '⌥ Option', ['[[option key|option]]'] = '⌥ [[Option key|Option]]', ['tab'] = 'Tab ↹', ['[[tab key|tab]]'] = '[[Tab key|Tab]] ↹', ['backspace'] = '← Backspace', ['[[backspace]]'] = '← [[Backspace]]', ['win'] = '⊞ Win', ['[[windows key|win]]'] = '⊞ [[Windows key|Win]]', ['menu'] = '≣ Menu', ['[[menu key|menu]]'] = '≣ [[Menu key|Menu]]', ['up'] = '↑', ['[[arrow keys|up]]'] = '[[Arrow keys|↑]]', ['down'] = '↓', ['[[arrow keys|down]]'] = '[[Arrow keys|↓]]', ['left'] = '←', ['[[arrow keys|left]]'] = '[[Arrow keys|←]]', ['right'] = '→', ['[[arrow keys|right]]'] = '[[Arrow keys|→]]', ['asterisk'] = '&#42;', ['hash'] = '&#35;', ['[[#]]'] = '[[Number sign|#]]', ['colon'] = '&#58;', ['[[:]]'] = '[[Colon (punctuation)|:]]', ['pipe'] = '&#124;', ['[[|]]'] = '[[Pipe symbol|&#124;]]', ['semicolon'] = '&#59;', ['[[;]]'] = '[[Semi-colon|&#59;]]', ['equals'] = '&#61;', -- Left & right analog sticks. ['l up'] = 'L↑', ['l down'] = 'L↓', ['l left'] = 'L←', ['l right'] = 'L→', ['l ne'] = 'L↗', ['l se'] = 'L↘', ['l nw'] = 'L↖', ['l sw'] = 'L↙', ['r up'] = 'R↑', ['r down'] = 'R↓', ['r left'] = 'R←', ['r right'] = 'R→', ['r ne'] = 'R↗', ['r se'] = 'R↘', ['r nw'] = 'R↖', ['r sw'] = 'R↙', -- PlayStation. ['ex'] = '×', ['circle'] = '○', ['square'] = '□', ['triangle'] = '△', -- Nintendo 64 and GameCube. ['c up'] = 'C↑', ['c down'] = 'C↓', ['c left'] = 'C←', ['c right'] = 'C→', ['c ne'] = 'C↗', ['c se'] = 'C↘', ['c nw'] = 'C↖', ['c sw'] = 'C↙', } local keyAlias = { -- ['alternate name for key (alias)'] = 'name for key used in key table' ['[[cmd key|cmd]]'] = '[[command key|cmd]]', ['[[cmd key|command]]'] = '[[command key|command]]', ['[[opt key|opt]]'] = '[[option key|opt]]', ['[[option key]]'] = '[[option key|option]]', ['[[opt key|option]]'] = '[[option key|option]]', ['[[win key|win]]'] = '[[windows key|win]]', ['*'] = 'asterisk', ['#'] = 'hash', [':'] = 'colon', [';'] = 'semicolon', ['l-up'] = 'l up', ['l-down'] = 'l down', ['l-left'] = 'l left', ['l-right'] = 'l right', ['l-ne'] = 'l ne', ['l-se'] = 'l se', ['l-nw'] = 'l nw', ['l-sw'] = 'l sw', ['r-up'] = 'r up', ['r-down'] = 'r down', ['r-left'] = 'r left', ['r-right'] = 'r right', ['r-ne'] = 'r ne', ['r-se'] = 'r se', ['r-nw'] = 'r nw', ['r-sw'] = 'r sw', ['ps x'] = 'ex', ['ps c'] = 'circle', ['ps s'] = 'square', ['ps t'] = 'triangle', ['c-up'] = 'c up', ['c-down'] = 'c down', ['c-left'] = 'c left', ['c-right'] = 'c right', ['c-ne'] = 'c ne', ['c-se'] = 'c se', ['c-nw'] = 'c nw', ['c-sw'] = 'c sw', } local Collection = {} Collection.__index = Collection do function Collection:add(item) if item ~= nil then self.n = self.n + 1 self[self.n] = item end end function Collection:join(sep) return table.concat(self, sep) end function Collection:sort(comp) table.sort(self, comp) end function Collection.new() return setmetatable({n = 0}, Collection) end end local function keyPress(args) local chainNames = { 'chain first', 'chain second', 'chain third', 'chain fourth', 'chain fifth', 'chain sixth', 'chain seventh', 'chain eighth', 'chain ninth', } local result = Collection.new() local chainDefault = args.chain or '+' for i, id in ipairs(args) do if i > 1 then result:add(args[chainNames[i - 1]] or chainDefault) end local lc = id:lower() local text = keyText[lc] or keyText[keyAlias[lc]] or id result:add(kbdPrefix .. text .. kbdSuffix) end return mw.getCurrentFrame():extensionTag{ name = 'templatestyles', args = { src = 'Template:Key press/styles.css'} } .. result:join() end local function keypress(frame) -- Called by "{{key press|...}}". -- Using the template doubles the post‐expand include size. return keyPress(frame:getParent().args) end local function press(frame) -- Called by "{{#invoke:key|press|...}}". return keyPress(frame.args) end return { keypress = keypress, press = press, } dsj5a5986yf1b9d1av9u7wdz0fptyrs 10 52130 307990 2026-09-14T11:23:44Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: /* {{pp-template}} */ .keyboard-key { border: 1px solid #aaa; border-radius: 0.2em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.2em rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); background-color: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); background-image: linear-gradient(to bottom, var(--background-color-neutral, #eaecf0), var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa), var(--background-color-neutral, #eaecf0)); color: var(--color-base, #202122); padding: 0.1em 0.3em; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.85e... 307990 sanitized-css text/css /* {{pp-template}} */ .keyboard-key { border: 1px solid #aaa; border-radius: 0.2em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.2em rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); background-color: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); background-image: linear-gradient(to bottom, var(--background-color-neutral, #eaecf0), var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa), var(--background-color-neutral, #eaecf0)); color: var(--color-base, #202122); padding: 0.1em 0.3em; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; } ju6ncl0rj4jerf8mff9ywt3joykx897 828 52131 307991 2026-09-14T11:25:23Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Module:GHS phrases -- -- main: reads GHS parameters (arguments like "H301", "P401") -- and returns for each (listtype='abbr'): -- phraseID visible; formal phrase text as <abbr title="..."> -- setID = "H" or "P" -- phraseID = e.g. "H201", "P231+P234" -- phrase text read from array tables in [[Module:GHS phrases/data]] -- -- Implements: [[Template:GHS phrases]] -- Helppage: [[Template:GHS phrases... 307991 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Module:GHS phrases -- -- main: reads GHS parameters (arguments like "H301", "P401") -- and returns for each (listtype='abbr'): -- phraseID visible; formal phrase text as <abbr title="..."> -- setID = "H" or "P" -- phraseID = e.g. "H201", "P231+P234" -- phrase text read from array tables in [[Module:GHS phrases/data]] -- -- Implements: [[Template:GHS phrases]] -- Helppage: [[Template:GHS phrases]] -- Error category: [[Category:GHS errors]], [[Category:GHS warnings]] (mainspace pages only) -- -- Also: -- listAll(), numberOfPhrases(), listOmitRules(), -- listtype, omit -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- require('strict') local r = {} -- "r" for return, so no confusion with setID P local GHSdata = mw.loadData('Module:GHS phrases/data') local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs local tTools = require('Module:TableTools') local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') local tArgName = {} -- named parameters (setid, omit, listtype) local tMessagesToShow = {} -- the tail: Preview, Categories -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- wlHelpPage -- -- Formats page as [[Helppage#Section|Label]] -- by default, sLabel == sSection -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function wlHelpPage(sSection, sLabel) local sHelpPage = 'Template:GHS phrases' if sLabel == nil then sLabel = sSection end if (sLabel or '') == '' then sLabel = '' else sLabel = '|' .. sLabel end if (sSection or '') == '' then sSection = '' else sSection = '#' .. sSection end return '[[' .. sHelpPage .. sSection .. sLabel .. ']]' end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- addErrorCategory -- -- Formats as [[Category:GHS errors|catsort]] -- or '' when in other namespace. -- sCatsort option using: H, P, _ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function addErrorCategory(sCatsort) local pagetype = require('Module:Pagetype').main local wlErrCat if pagetype() == 'article' then -- mainspace only if sCatsort == nil then sCatsort = tArgName['setID'] end if sCatsort == '' then wlErrCat = '[[Category:GHS errors]]' else wlErrCat = '[[Category:GHS errors|' .. sCatsort .. ']]' end else return '' end table.insert(tMessagesToShow, wlErrCat) return end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- addWarningCategory -- -- Formats as [[Category:GHS warnings|catsort]] -- mainspace only, or '' when in other namespace. -- sCatsort option using: H, P, U, ?, D, O -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function addWarningCategory(sCatsort) local pagetype = require('Module:Pagetype').main if sCatsort == nil then sCatsort = tArgName['setID'] end local wlWarnCat if pagetype() == 'article' then -- mainspace only if sCatsort == '' then wlWarnCat = '[[Category:GHS warnings]]' else wlWarnCat = '[[Category:GHS warnings|' .. sCatsort .. ']]' end else return end table.insert(tMessagesToShow, wlWarnCat) return end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- addPreviewMsg -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function addPreviewMsg(sMsg) local previewWarn = require('Module:If preview')._warning table.insert(tMessagesToShow, previewWarn({sMsg})) return end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- showPreviewMsg -- -- show table tMessagesToShow -- preview-messages and errorcat -- all namespaces -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function showPreviewMsg() if tTools.size(tMessagesToShow) > 0 then return table.concat(tMessagesToShow, '') else return '' end end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- applyRemoveDuplicates -- -- returns edited table, with double Codes removed -- adds warning with codes. -- base table tArgs is walked through by a iwalker that reads a singel code, -- then a ikiller checks the upward part of the same table to delete all copies -- ikiller starts at end of table, walks towards iwalker; then tArgs is compressed -- iwalker steps 1 up in the freshly compressed table -- Used: iArgs is sorted, and order stays same. compress does not change that. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function applyRemoveDuplicates(tArgs) local iR, iK -- iR = reader, iK = killer local hit = false iR = 1 while iR < #tArgs do iK = #tArgs -- will be counting downwards while iK > iR do if tArgs[iK] == tArgs[iR] then hit = true addPreviewMsg('Duplicate removed: ' .. tArgs[iR]) table.remove(tArgs, iK) tTools.compressSparseArray(tArgs) end iK = iK - 1 end tTools.compressSparseArray(tArgs) iR = iR + 1 end if hit then addWarningCategory('D') end return tArgs end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- applyOmitRules -- -- returns edited table, with Omit phraseID's removed -- Omit rule is per GHS 11th rev. ed. (2025) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function applyOmitRules(tArgs) local tRules = GHSdata['tOmitRules'] local hit = false for keep, omit in pairs(tRules) do if tTools.inArray(tArgs, omit) then if tTools.inArray(tArgs, keep) then hit = true for i, k in pairs(tArgs) do if k == omit then table.remove(tArgs, i) end end addPreviewMsg(wlHelpPage('Omit Rules') .. ': keep ' .. keep .. ', omit ' .. omit) end end end if hit then tTools.compressSparseArray(tArgs) addWarningCategory('O') end return tArgs end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- label H-phrases or P-phrases -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function PHlabel() if tArgName['setID'] == 'GHS' then return 'GHS phrases' else return tArgName['setID'] .. '-phrases' end end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- inMono -- -- Use mono font-family (from: Template:Mono) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function inMono(s) if s == nil then s = '' end return '<span class="monospaced" style="font-family: monospace;">' .. s .. '</span>' end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- wlInlineTag -- -- Returns ^[?] with wikilink to [[helppage#section|errormessage]] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function wlInlineTag(phraseID) local sMsg sMsg = '^{<span class="noprint Inline-Template">&#91;<i>' .. wlHelpPage(PHlabel(), '<span title="' .. PHlabel() .. ': ' .. phraseID .. ' not found' .. '">?</span>') .. '</i>&#93;</span>}' return sMsg end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- errorPhraseIDnotFound -- -- Returns single value when error (not found in list): -- plain value + inline warning [?] (linked) + error cat (mainsp) + preview warning -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function errorPhraseIDnotFound(phraseID) if phraseID == nil then phraseID = '' end local inlineTag = wlInlineTag(phraseID) local previewMsg = wlHelpPage(PHlabel()) .. ': \"' .. phraseID .. '\" not found' addPreviewMsg(previewMsg) addErrorCategory() return phraseID .. inlineTag end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- errorHPsetIDnotFound -- -- setID H or P could not be found -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function errorHPsetIDnotFound() local sMsg sMsg = wlHelpPage('', PHlabel()) .. ': "H" or "P" set id not found' .. ' (please use form like "|H200" or "|P300+P301")' addPreviewMsg(sMsg) addErrorCategory('?') return showPreviewMsg() end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- errorHPsetIDmissing -- -- parameter |setid= to be used -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function errorHPsetIDmissing() local sMsg sMsg = wlHelpPage( '', PHlabel()) .. ': "H" or "P" set id not found,' .. ' please use |setid=... (H or P)' addPreviewMsg(sMsg) return end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- formatPhraseAbbr -- -- format phraseID and text, for abbr-form (infobox list form) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function formatPhraseAbbr(phraseID, sPhrase) return '<abbr class="abbr" title=" ' .. phraseID .. ': ' .. sPhrase .. '">' .. phraseID .. '</abbr>' end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- formatPhraseInline -- -- format phraseID and text, for inline form (in sentence) -- adds "quotes" -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function formatPhraseInline(phraseID, sPhrase) return inMono(phraseID) .. ': \"' .. sPhrase .. '\"' end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- formatPhraseList -- -- as inline, but no "quotes" added. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function formatPhraseList(phraseID, sPhrase) return inMono(phraseID) .. ': ' .. sPhrase end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- getSetID -- -- Determines setID (expected either 'H' or 'P') -- First route is: read |setid= -- When |setid= is not set, -- it looks for a first parameter that has an H of P prefix (in |P201|P202|...) -- when not found, 'GHS' is retured -- In one call, P and H numbers can *not* be mixed -- so "|H201|P202|" will cause error "P202 not found" (... in H-list) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function getSetID(tArgs) local setIDfound = 'GHS' local paramsetID = tArgs['setid'] or nil if (paramsetID ~= nil) and (paramsetID == 'P' or paramsetID == 'H') then setIDfound = paramsetID else local initial for i, v in ipairs(tArgs) do initial = mw.ustring.match(v, '^[PH]') if initial ~=nil then setIDfound = initial break end end end return setIDfound end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- getListType -- -- Checks list format, including those from Module:List -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function getListType(tArgs) local listTypes = { ['abbr'] = true, ['bulleted'] = true, ['unbulleted'] = true, ['horizontal'] = true, ['ordered'] = true, ['horizontal_ordered'] = true, ['horizontal ordered'] = true, ['inline'] = true } local sListType = tArgs['listtype'] or 'abbr' if sListType == '' or sListType == 'abbr' then return 'abbr' elseif listTypes[sListType] == true then if sListType == 'horizontal ordered' then sListType = 'horizontal_ordered' end return sListType else sListType = 'abbr' end return sListType end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- getDoOmitRules -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function getDoOmitRules(tArgs) local b = yesno(tArgs['omit'], true) if b == nil then b = true end return yesno(b, true) end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- getMinMax -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function getMinMax(targs, key) local minmax = targs[key] if minmax then minmax = mw.ustring.gsub(minmax, '^[PH]', '') minmax = tonumber(minmax) end return minmax end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- prepareArgs -- -- First: determine setID (from |setID= OR from prefixes in parameters) -- Then: clean up & format phrase IDs (=unnamed parameters) -- remove bad characters, create H/P pattern "H201", "P310+P302" -- straight array, no nil's, sorted -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function prepareArgs(tArgs) tArgName['setID'] = getSetID(tArgs) tArgName['listtype'] = getListType(tArgs) tArgName['omit'] = getDoOmitRules(tArgs) tArgName['min'] = getMinMax(tArgs, 'min') or 0 tArgName['max'] = getMinMax(tArgs, 'max') or 9999 tArgs = tTools.compressSparseArray(tArgs) -- removes all named args if string.len(tArgName['setID']) == 1 and #tArgs > 0 then for i, v in ipairs(tArgs) do v = mw.text.decode(v) v = mw.ustring.gsub(v, '[^%d%+A-Za-z]', '') v = mw.ustring.gsub(v, '^(%d)', tArgName['setID'] .. '%1') v = mw.ustring.gsub(v, '%+(%d)', '+' .. tArgName['setID'] .. '%1') tArgs[i] = v end table.sort(tArgs) end return tArgs end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- listAll -- -- Returns wikitable rows for each phrase id. -- requires |setID=P/H -- returns full list, all phrases, for a setID -- 2-columns wikitable, sorted, sortable, anchor like "H201" for each -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function r.listAll(frame) local newArgs = getArgs(frame) local tL = {} prepareArgs(newArgs) local tRead if tArgName['setID'] == 'H' or tArgName['setID'] == 'P' then tRead = GHSdata[tArgName['setID'] .. 'phrases'] else errorHPsetIDmissing() return showPreviewMsg() end -- Intermediate table t2 to maintain order; read from original table (/data) local t2 = {} local iPh for s in pairs(tRead) do if tArgName.min == 0 and tArgName.max == 9999 then table.insert(t2, s) else iPh = tonumber(mw.ustring.match(s, '[PH](%d%d%d)')) if iPh and iPh >= tArgName.min and iPh <= tArgName.max then table.insert(t2, s) end end end table.sort(t2) local sTR, v, sAnchor -- i = array index, s = phraseID, v = phrase text for i, s in ipairs(t2) do v = tRead[s] sAnchor = '<span class="anchor" id="' .. s .. '"></span>' sTR = '|- ' .. sAnchor .. '\n| datasortvalue="' .. i .. '" | <span style="font-family: monospace;">' .. s .. '</span> || ' .. v table.insert(tL, sTR) end return table.concat(tL, '\n') end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- numberOfPhrases -- -- Documentation -- requires |setID=H/P -- Returns number of phrases, in format -- "GHS H-phrases (123)" -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function r.numberOfPhrases(frame) local newArgs = getArgs(frame) prepareArgs(newArgs) local iT if tArgName['setID'] == 'H' or tArgName['setID'] == 'P' then local tRead = GHSdata[tArgName['setID'] .. 'phrases'] if tArgName.min == 0 and tArgName.max == 9999 then iT = tTools.size(tRead) else local iPh iT = 0 for s in pairs(tRead) do iPh = tonumber(mw.ustring.match(s, '[PH](%d%d%d)')) if iPh and iPh >= tArgName.min and iPh <= tArgName.max then iT = iT + 1 end end end else errorHPsetIDmissing() return showPreviewMsg() end return 'GHS ' .. PHlabel() .. ' <span style="font-weight: normal;">(' .. tostring(iT) .. ')</span>' end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- listOmitRules -- -- self-documentation -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function r.listOmitRules() local tRules = GHSdata['tOmitRules'] local tL = {} local s s = wlHelpPage('Omit Rules') .. ': when the <i>keep</i> ID is present, do not show the <i>omit</i> ID phrase' table.insert(tL, s) for keep, omit in pairs (tRules) do s = '&bull; keep ' .. inMono(keep) .. ', omit ' .. inMono(omit) table.insert(tL, s) end return table.concat(tL, '<br/>') end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- _main -- -- processes setID (H, P) and phrase codes -- error: setID not P, H -- code not found -- cannot mix H and P phrases -- reads phrases from /data H or P phrases tables -- formats phrase (abbreviation, abbr-title, phraseID) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function r._main(tArgs) tArgs = prepareArgs(tArgs) if #tArgs == 0 then return showPreviewMsg() -- no content elseif tArgName['setID'] == 'GHS' then return errorHPsetIDnotFound() end tArgs = applyRemoveDuplicates(tArgs) if tArgName['omit'] then tArgs = applyOmitRules(tArgs) end local formatterF if tArgName['listtype'] == 'abbr' then formatterF = formatPhraseAbbr elseif tArgName['listtype'] == 'inline' then formatterF = formatPhraseInline else --- Module:List options formatterF = formatPhraseList end local tReadD if tArgName['setID'] == 'H' or tArgName['setID'] == 'P' then tReadD = GHSdata[tArgName['setID'] .. 'phrases'] else return showPreviewMsg() end local sPhrase local tR = {} for i, v in ipairs(tArgs) do sPhrase = tReadD[v] if sPhrase == nil then table.insert(tR, errorPhraseIDnotFound(tostring(v))) else table.insert(tR, formatterF(v, sPhrase)) end end if tArgName['listtype'] == 'abbr' then return table.concat(tR, ', ') .. showPreviewMsg() elseif tArgName['listtype'] == 'inline' then return table.concat(tR, ', ') .. showPreviewMsg() else local mList = require('Module:List') return mList[tArgName['listtype']](tR) .. showPreviewMsg() end end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- main -- -- handles template input frame, then calls generic _main() function -- To be invoked from {{template}} -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- function r.main(frame) local newArgs = getArgs(frame) return r._main(newArgs) end return r lvnoieug1g0kesnowtybouxh5k317ro 828 52132 307992 2026-09-14T11:25:54Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Module:GHS phrases/data -- -- Contains phrase lists for H, P phrases in two straight array tables -- ['Hphrases']', ['Pphrases'] -- Phrase id's are formatted in pattern "H223", "H302+H312", "H361fd" -- (no whitespace, each number H/P prefix, case-sensitive, no unexpected chars) -- (Obsolete H-codes and P-codes are also provided, but annotated as obsolete) -- (Obsolete codes are often used by sourc... 307992 Scribunto text/plain -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Module:GHS phrases/data -- -- Contains phrase lists for H, P phrases in two straight array tables -- ['Hphrases']', ['Pphrases'] -- Phrase id's are formatted in pattern "H223", "H302+H312", "H361fd" -- (no whitespace, each number H/P prefix, case-sensitive, no unexpected chars) -- (Obsolete H-codes and P-codes are also provided, but annotated as obsolete) -- (Obsolete codes are often used by sources referring to older editions) -- -- OmitRules: -- per source (2025): one may "omit phrase X when phrase Y is present". -- listed as: tOmitRules{ ['keep'] = 'omit' } -- source:11th rev. ed., 2025 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local tOmitRules = { ['H314'] = 'H318', -- source (2025), p. 31 ['H410'] = 'H400', -- source (2025), p. 31 ['H411'] = 'H401', -- source (2025), p. 31 ['H412'] = 'H402', -- source (2025), p. 31 ['P203'] = 'P103', -- source (2025), p. 308 ['P236'] = 'P234', -- source (2025), p. 310 ['P411'] = 'P235', -- source (2025), p. 310 (note: "may be omitted if P411 is given on the label") ['P413'] = 'P235', -- source (2025), p. 310 (note: "may be omitted if P413 is given on the label") ['P260'] = 'P261', -- source (2025), p. 312 (note: "may be omitted if P260 is given on the label") ['P320'] = 'P321', -- source (2025), p. 318 (note: "may be omitted if P320 is given on the label") ['P320'] = 'P322', -- source (2025), p. 318 (note: "may be omitted if P320 is given on the label") ['P321'] = 'P323', -- source (2025), p. 318 (note: "may be omitted if P321 or P322 is given on the label") ['P322'] = 'P323', -- source (2025), p. 318 (note: "may be omitted if P321 or P322 is given on the label") ['P333'] = 'P332', -- source (2025), p. 319 (note: "may be omitted if P333 is given on the label") ['P333+P317'] = 'P332+P317', -- source (2025), p. 319 (note: "may be omitted when P333+P317 is given on the label") ['P234'] = 'P406' -- source (2025), p. 328 (note: "may be omitted if P234 is given on the label") } local Hphrases = { ['H200'] = '(Obsolete) Unstable explosive.', ['H201'] = '(Obsolete) Explosive: mass explosion hazard.', ['H202'] = '(Obsolete) Explosive: severe projection hazard.', ['H203'] = '(Obsolete) Explosive: fire, blast or projection hazard.', ['H204'] = 'Fire or projection hazard.', ['H205'] = '(Obsolete) May mass explode in fire.', ['H206'] = 'Fire, blast or projection hazard: increased risk of explosion if desensitizing agent is reduced.', ['H207'] = 'Fire or projection hazard; increased risk of explosion if desensitizing agent is reduced.', ['H208'] = 'Fire hazard; increased risk of explosion if desensitizing agent is reduced.', ['H209'] = 'Explosive.', ['H210'] = 'Very explosive.', ['H211'] = 'May be sensitive.', ['H220'] = 'Extremely flammable gas.', ['H221'] = 'Flammable gas.', ['H222'] = 'Extremely flammable aerosol.', ['H223'] = 'Flammable aerosol.', ['H224'] = 'Extremely flammable liquid and vapour.', ['H225'] = 'Highly flammable liquid and vapour.', ['H226'] = 'Flammable liquid and vapour.', ['H227'] = 'Combustible liquid.', ['H228'] = 'Flammable solid.', ['H229'] = 'Pressurized container: may burst if heated.', ['H230'] = 'May react explosively even in the absence of air.', ['H231'] = 'May react explosively even in the absence of air at elevated pressure and/or temperature.', ['H232'] = 'May ignite spontaneously if exposed to air.', ['H240'] = 'Heating may cause an explosion.', ['H241'] = 'Heating may cause a fire or explosion.', ['H242'] = 'Heating may cause a fire.', ['H250'] = 'Catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air.', ['H251'] = 'Self-heating: may catch fire.', ['H252'] = 'Self-heating in large quantities: may catch fire.', ['H260'] = 'In contact with water releases flammable gases which may ignite spontaneously.', ['H261'] = 'In contact with water releases flammable gas.', ['H270'] = 'May cause or intensify fire: oxidizer.', ['H271'] = 'May cause fire or explosion: strong oxidizer.', ['H272'] = 'May intensify fire: oxidizer.', ['H280'] = 'Contains gas under pressure: may explode if heated.', ['H281'] = 'Contains refrigerated gas: may cause cryogenic burns or injury.', ['H282'] = 'Extremely flammable chemical under pressure: May explode if heated.', ['H283'] = 'Flammable chemical under pressure: May explode if heated.', ['H284'] = 'Chemical under pressure: May explode if heated.', ['H290'] = 'May be corrosive to metals.', ['H300'] = 'Fatal if swallowed.', ['H300+H310'] = 'Fatal if swallowed or in contact with skin.', ['H300+H310+H330'] = 'Fatal if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled.', ['H300+H330'] = 'Fatal if swallowed or if inhaled.', ['H301'] = 'Toxic if swallowed.', ['H301+H311'] = 'Toxic if swallowed or in contact with skin.', ['H301+H311+H331'] = 'Toxic if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled.', ['H301+H331'] = 'Toxic if swallowed or if inhaled.', ['H302'] = 'Harmful if swallowed.', ['H302+H312'] = 'Harmful if swallowed or in contact with skin.', ['H302+H312+H332'] = 'Harmful if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled.', ['H302+H332'] = 'Harmful if swallowed or inhaled.', ['H303'] = 'May be harmful if swallowed.', ['H303+H313'] = 'May be harmful if swallowed or in contact with skin.', ['H303+H313+H333'] = 'May be harmful if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled.', ['H303+H333'] = 'May be harmful if swallowed or if inhaled.', ['H304'] = 'May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways.', ['H305'] = 'May be harmful if swallowed and enters airways.', ['H310'] = 'Fatal in contact with skin.', ['H310+H330'] = 'Fatal in contact with skin or if inhaled.', ['H311'] = 'Toxic in contact with skin.', ['H311+H331'] = 'Toxic in contact with skin or if inhaled.', ['H312'] = 'Harmful in contact with skin.', ['H312+H332'] = 'Harmful in contact with skin or if inhaled.', ['H313'] = 'May be harmful in contact with skin.', ['H313+H333'] = 'May be harmful in contact with skin or if inhaled.', ['H314'] = 'Causes severe skin burns and eye damage.', ['H315'] = 'Causes skin irritation.', ['H315+H319'] = 'Causes skin irritation and serious eye irritation.', ['H315+H320'] = 'Causes skin and eye irritation.', ['H316'] = 'Causes mild skin irritation.', ['H317'] = 'May cause an allergic skin reaction.', ['H318'] = 'Causes serious eye damage.', ['H319'] = 'Causes serious eye irritation.', ['H320'] = 'Causes eye irritation.', ['H330'] = 'Fatal if inhaled.', ['H331'] = 'Toxic if inhaled.', ['H332'] = 'Harmful if inhaled.', ['H333'] = 'May be harmful if inhaled.', ['H334'] = 'May cause allergy or asthma symptoms of breathing difficulties if inhaled.', ['H335'] = 'May cause respiratory irritation.', ['H336'] = 'May cause drowsiness or dizziness.', ['H340'] = 'May cause genetic defects.', ['H341'] = 'Suspected of causing genetic defects.', ['H350'] = 'May cause cancer.', ['H350i'] = 'May cause cancer by inhalation.', ['H351'] = 'Suspected of causing cancer.', ['H360'] = 'May damage fertility or the unborn child.', ['H360D'] = 'May damage the unborn child.', ['H360Df'] = 'May damage the unborn child. Suspected of damaging fertility.', ['H360F'] = 'May damage fertility.', ['H360FD'] = 'May damage fertility. May damage the unborn child.', ['H360Fd'] = 'May damage fertility. Suspected of damaging the unborn child.', ['H361'] = 'Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child.', ['H361d'] = 'Suspected of damaging the unborn child.', ['H361f'] = 'Suspected of damaging fertility.', ['H361fd'] = 'Suspected of damaging fertility. Suspected of damaging the unborn child.', ['H362'] = 'May cause harm to breast-fed children.', ['H370'] = 'Causes damage to organs.', ['H371'] = 'May cause damage to organs.', ['H372'] = 'Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure.', ['H373'] = 'May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure.', ['H400'] = 'Very toxic to aquatic life.', ['H401'] = 'Toxic to aquatic life.', ['H402'] = 'Harmful to aquatic life.', ['H410'] = 'Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects.', ['H411'] = 'Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects.', ['H412'] = 'Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects.', ['H413'] = 'May cause long lasting harmful effects to aquatic life.', ['H420'] = 'Harms public health and the environment by destroying ozone in the upper atmosphere.', ['H421'] = 'Harms public health and the environment by contributing to global warming.', ['H441'] = '(Obsolete) Very toxic to terrestrial invertebrates.' -- Was unable to find this in any edition of GHS, so I'm unsure where it comes from. I've annotated it as "obsolete" under the assumption that it was once in an old edition. } local Pphrases = { ['P101'] = 'If medical advice is needed, have product container or label at hand.', ['P102'] = 'Keep out of reach of children.', ['P103'] = 'Read carefully and follow all instructions.', ['P201'] = '(Obsolete) Obtain special instructions before use.', ['P202'] = '(Obsolete) Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood.', ['P203'] = 'Obtain, read and follow all safety instructions before use.', ['P210'] = 'Keep away from heat, hot surfaces, sparks, open flames and other ignition sources. No smoking.', ['P211'] = 'Do not spray on an open flame or other ignition source.', ['P212'] = 'Avoid heating under confinement or reduction of the desensitized agent.', ['P220'] = 'Keep away from clothing and other combustible materials.', ['P221'] = '(Obsolete) Take any precaution to avoid mixing with combustibles/...', ['P222'] = 'Do not allow contact with air.', ['P223'] = 'Do not allow contact with water.', ['P230'] = 'Keep diluted with ...', ['P231'] = 'Handle and store contents under inert gas/...', ['P231+P232'] = 'Handle and store contents under inert gas/... Protect from moisture.', ['P232'] = 'Protect from moisture.', ['P233'] = 'Keep container tightly closed.', ['P234'] = 'Keep only in original container.', ['P235'] = 'Keep cool.', ['P235+P410'] = '(Obsolete) Keep cool. Protect from sunlight.', ['P236'] = 'Keep only in original packaging; Division ... in the transport configuration.', ['P240'] = 'Ground and bond container and receiving equipment.', ['P241'] = 'Use explosion-proof [electrical/ventilating/lighting/...] equipment.', ['P242'] = 'Use non-sparking tools.', ['P243'] = 'Take action to prevent static discharges.', ['P244'] = 'Keep valves and fittings free from oil and grease', ['P250'] = 'Do not subject to grinding/shock/friction/...', ['P251'] = 'Do not pierce or burn, even after use.', ['P260'] = 'Do not breathe dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.', ['P261'] = 'Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.', ['P262'] = 'Do not get in eyes, on skin, or on clothing.', ['P263'] = 'Avoid contact during pregnancy and while nursing.', ['P264'] = 'Wash hands [and ...] thoroughly after handling.', ['P264+P265'] = 'Wash hands [and ...] thoroughly after handling. Do not touch eyes.', ['P265'] = 'Do not touch eyes.', ['P270'] = 'Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product.', ['P271'] = 'Use only outdoors or with adequate ventilation.', ['P272'] = 'Contaminated work clothing should not be allowed out of the workplace.', ['P273'] = 'Avoid release to the environment.', ['P280'] = 'Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection/hearing protection/...', ['P281'] = '(Obsolete) Use personal protective equipment as required.', ['P282'] = 'Wear cold insulating gloves and either face shield or eye protection.', ['P283'] = 'Wear fire resistant or flame-retardant clothing.', ['P284'] = 'In case of inadequate ventilation wear respiratory protection.', ['P285'] = '(Obsolete) In case of inadequate ventilation wear respiratory protection.', -- (note: merged with P284) ['P301'] = 'IF SWALLOWED:', ['P301+P310'] = '(Obsolete) IF SWALLOWED: Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.', ['P301+P310+P330'] = '(Obsolete) IF SWALLOWED: Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician. Rinse mouth.', ['P301+P312'] = '(Obsolete) IF SWALLOWED: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell.', ['P301+P312+P330'] = '(Obsolete) IF SWALLOWED: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell. Rinse mouth.', ['P301+P316'] = 'IF SWALLOWED: Get emergency medical help immediately.', ['P301+P317'] = 'IF SWALLOWED: IF SWALLOWED: Get medical help.', ['P301+P330+P331'] = 'IF SWALLOWED: Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting.', ['P302'] = 'IF ON SKIN:', ['P302+P312'] = '(Obsolete) IF ON SKIN: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell.', ['P302+P317'] = '(Obsolete) IF ON SKIN: Get medical help.', ['P302+P334'] = 'IF ON SKIN: Immerse in cool water or wrap in wet bandages.', ['P302+P335+P334'] = 'IF ON SKIN: Brush off loose particles from skin and immerse in cool water [or wrap in wet bandages].', ['P302+P350'] = '(Obsolete) IF ON SKIN: Gently wash with soap and water.', ['P302+P352'] = 'IF ON SKIN: Wash with plenty of water/...', ['P302+P352+P312'] = '(Obsolete) IF ON SKIN: Wash with soap and water. Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell.', ['P302+P361+P354'] = 'IF ON SKIN: Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. Immediately rinse with water for several minutes.', ['P303'] = 'IF ON SKIN (or hair):', ['P303+P361+P353'] = 'IF ON SKIN (or hair): Remove/Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse skin with water [or shower].', ['P303+P361+P353+P315'] = '(Obsolete) IF ON SKIN (or hair): Remove/Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse skin with water [or shower]. Get immediate medical advice/attention.', ['P304'] = 'IF INHALED:', ['P304+P312'] = '(Obsolete) IF INHALED: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell.', ['P304+P317'] = '(Obsolete) IF INHALED: Get medical help.', ['P304+P340'] = 'IF INHALED: Remove person to fresh air and keep comfortable for breathing.', ['P304+P340+P310'] = '(Obsolete) IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.', ['P304+P340+P311'] = '(Obsolete) IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.', ['P304+P340+P312'] = '(Obsolete) IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell.', ['P304+P340+P315'] = '(Obsolete) IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. Get immediate medical advice/attention.', ['P304+P341'] = '(Obsolete) IF INHALED: If breathing is difficult, remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.', ['P305'] = 'IF IN EYES:', ['P305+P351+P338'] = 'IF IN EYES: Rinse continuously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.', ['P305+P351+P338+P310'] = '(Obsolete) IF IN EYES: Rinse continuously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing. Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.', ['P305+P351+P338+P315'] = '(Obsolete) IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing. Get immediate medical advice/attention.', ['P305+P354+P338'] = 'IF IN EYES: Immediately rinse with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.', ['P306'] = 'IF ON CLOTHING:', ['P306+P360'] = 'IF ON CLOTHING: Rinse immediately contaminated clothing and skin with plenty of water before removing clothes.', ['P307'] = '(Obsolete) IF exposed:', ['P307+P311'] = '(Obsolete) IF exposed: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.', ['P308'] = 'IF exposed or concerned:', ['P308+P310'] = '(Obsolete) IF exposed or concerned: Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.', ['P308+P311'] = '(Obsolete) IF exposed or concerned: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.', ['P308+P313'] = '(Obsolete) IF exposed or concerned: Get medical advice/attention.', ['P308+P316'] = 'IF exposed or concerned: Get emergency medical help immediately.', ['P309'] = '(Obsolete) IF exposed or you feel unwell:', ['P309+P311'] = '(Obsolete) IF exposed or you feel unwell: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.', ['P310'] = '(Obsolete) Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.', ['P311'] = '(Obsolete) Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.', ['P312'] = '(Obsolete) Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell.', ['P313'] = '(Obsolete) Get medical advice/attention.', ['P314'] = '(Obsolete) Get Medical advice/attention if you feel unwell.', ['P315'] = '(Obsolete) Get immediate medical advice/attention.', ['P316'] = 'Get emergency medical help immediately.', ['P317'] = 'Get medical help.', ['P318'] = 'If exposed or concerned, get medical advice.', ['P319'] = 'Get medical help if you feel unwell.', ['P320'] = 'Specific treatment is urgent (see information on this label and safety data sheet).', ['P321'] = 'Specific treatment (see information on this label and safety data sheet).', ['P322'] = 'Specific treatment is urgent (see information on the safety data sheet).', ['P323'] = 'Specific treatment (see information on the safety data sheet).', ['P330'] = 'Rinse mouth.', ['P331'] = 'Do NOT induce vomiting.', ['P332'] = 'If skin irritation occurs:', ['P332+P313'] = '(Obsolete) If skin irritation occurs: Get medical advice/attention.', ['P332+P317'] = 'If skin irritation occurs: Get medical help.', ['P333'] = 'If skin irritation or a rash occurs:', ['P333+P313'] = '(Obsolete) If skin irritation or a rash occurs: Get medical advice/attention.', ['P333+P317'] = 'If skin irritation or rash occurs: Get medical help.', ['P334'] = 'Immerse in cool water [or wrap in wet bandages].', ['P335'] = 'Brush off loose particles from skin.', ['P335+P334'] = '(Obsolete) Brush off loose particles from skin. Immerse in cool water/wrap in wet bandages.', ['P336'] = 'Thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water. Do not rub affected areas.', ['P336+P315'] = '(Obsolete) Thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water. Do not rub affected area. Get immediate medical advice/attention.', ['P336+P317'] = 'Immediately thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water. Do not rub affected area. Get medical help.', ['P337'] = 'If eye irritation persists:', ['P337+P313'] = '(Obsolete) If eye irritation persists: Get medical advice/attention.', ['P337+P317'] = 'If eye irritation persists: Get medical help.', ['P338'] = 'Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.', ['P340'] = 'Remove person to fresh air and keep comfortable for breathing.', ['P341'] = '(Obsolete) If breathing is difficult, remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.', ['P342'] = 'If experiencing respiratory symptoms:', ['P342+P311'] = '(Obsolete) If experiencing respiratory symptoms: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.', ['P342+P316'] = 'If experiencing respiratory symptoms: Get emergence medical help immediately.', ['P350'] = '(Obsolete) Gently wash with soap and water.', ['P351'] = 'Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes.', ['P352'] = 'Wash with plenty of water/...', ['P353'] = 'Rinse skin with water [or shower].', ['P354'] = 'Immediately rinse with water for several minutes.', ['P360'] = 'Rinse immediately contaminated clothing and skin with plenty of water before removing clothes.', ['P361'] = 'Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.', ['P361+P364'] = 'Take off immediately all contaminated clothing and wash it before reuse.', ['P362'] = 'Take off contaminated clothing.', ['P362+P364'] = 'Take off contaminated clothing and wash it before reuse.', ['P363'] = 'Wash contaminated clothing before reuse.', ['P364'] = 'And wash it before reuse.', ['P370'] = 'In case of fire:', ['P370+P372+P380+P373'] = 'In case of fire: Explosion risk. Evacuate area. DO NOT fight fire when fire reaches explosives.', ['P370+P376'] = 'In case of fire: Stop leak if safe to do so.', ['P370+P378'] = 'In case of fire: Use ... to extinguish.', ['P370+P380'] = '(Obsolete) In case of fire: Evacuate area.', ['P370+P380+P375'] = 'In case of fire: Evacuate area. Fight fire remotely due to the risk of explosion.', ['P370+P380+P375+P378'] = 'In case of fire: Evacuate area. Fight fire remotely due to the risk of explosion. Use...to extinguish.', ['P371'] = 'In case of major fire and large quantities:', ['P371+P380+P375'] = 'In case of major fire and large quantities: Evacuate area. Fight fire remotely due to the risk of explosion.', ['P372'] = 'Explosion risk.', ['P373'] = 'DO NOT fight fire when fire reaches explosives.', ['P374'] = '(Obsolete) Fight fire with normal precautions from a reasonable distance.', ['P375'] = 'Fight fire remotely due to the risk of explosion.', ['P376'] = 'Stop leak if safe to do so.', ['P377'] = 'Leaking gas fire: Do not extinguish, unless leak can be stopped safely.', ['P378'] = 'Use ... to extinguish.', ['P380'] = 'Evacuate area.', ['P381'] = 'In case of leakage, eliminate all ignition sources.', ['P390'] = 'Absorb spillage to prevent material damage.', ['P391'] = 'Collect spillage.', ['P401'] = 'Store in accordance with ...', ['P402'] = 'Store in a dry place.', ['P402+P404'] = 'Store in a dry place. Store in a closed container.', ['P403'] = 'Store in a well-ventilated place.', ['P403+P233'] = 'Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed.', ['P403+P235'] = 'Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep cool.', ['P404'] = 'Store in a closed container.', ['P405'] = 'Store locked up.', ['P406'] = 'Store in a corrosion resistant/... container with a resistant inner liner.', ['P407'] = 'Maintain air gap between stacks or pallets.', ['P410'] = 'Protect from sunlight.', ['P410+P403'] = 'Protect from sunlight. Store in a well-ventilated place.', ['P410+P412'] = 'Protect from sunlight. Do not expose to temperatures exceeding 50 ºC/122 ºF.', ['P411'] = 'Store at temperatures not exceeding ... ºC/... ºF.', ['P411+P235'] = '(Obsolete) Store at temperatures not exceeding ... ºC/... ºF. Keep cool.', ['P412'] = 'Do not expose to temperatures exceeding 50 ºC/122 ºF.', ['P413'] = 'Store bulk masses greater than ... kg/... lbs at temperatures not exceeding ... °C/... °F.', ['P420'] = 'Store separately.', ['P422'] = '(Obsolete) Store contents under ...', ['P501'] = 'Dispose of contents/container to ...', ['P502'] = 'Refer to manufacturer or supplier for information on recovery or recycling.', ['P503'] = 'Refer to manufacturer/supplier... for information on disposal/recovery/recycling.', } return { Hphrases = Hphrases, Pphrases = Pphrases, tOmitRules = tOmitRules } poouxgl319wlp6jf9vk3xkok0lxdl57 828 52133 307993 2026-09-14T11:26:52Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: local p = {} local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs local function notBlank(v) return (v or '') ~= '' end local function firstNotBlank(...) for i = 1, select('#', ...) do local v = select(i, ...) if notBlank(v) then return v end end end local function eq(a, b) return notBlank(a) and a == b end local function isbn(frame, code) return frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'ISBNT', args = { code } } end function p._header(args) local out = setmetatable... 307993 Scribunto text/plain local p = {} local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs local function notBlank(v) return (v or '') ~= '' end local function firstNotBlank(...) for i = 1, select('#', ...) do local v = select(i, ...) if notBlank(v) then return v end end end local function eq(a, b) return notBlank(a) and a == b end local function isbn(frame, code) return frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'ISBNT', args = { code } } end function p._header(args) local out = setmetatable({}, { __call = function(t, s) table.insert(t, s) end }) local width = firstNotBlank(args.Width, args.width) out('{|class="wikitable" style="width:' .. firstNotBlank(width, '100%') .. ';') if not notBlank(width) then out('margin:auto;') end if not (notBlank(width) or notBlank(args.Clear)) then out('clear:both;') end out('"') if notBlank(args.Caption) then out('|+ ' .. args.Caption) end out('|-style="border-bottom:3px solid #' .. (args.LineColor or 'CCF') .. '"') out('!width=4%|<abbr title="Number">No.</abbr>') local withTitle = args.WithTitle == 'yes' if withTitle then out('!width=48%|Title') end if args.OneLanguage == 'yes' then out('!width=' .. (withTitle and 24 or 48) .. '%|' .. (notBlank(args.Language) and (args.Language .. ' r') or 'R') .. 'elease date') out('!width=' .. (withTitle and 24 or 48) .. '%|' .. (args.Language or '') .. ' ISBN') else -- two languages out('!width=24%|Original release date') if not withTitle then out('!width=24%|Original ISBN') end out('!width=24%|' .. firstNotBlank(args.SecondLanguage, 'English') .. ' release date') if not withTitle then out('!width=24%|' .. firstNotBlank(args.SecondLanguage, 'English') .. ' ISBN') end end if notBlank(args[1]) or notBlank(args.episodes) then out('<nowiki />') out(args[1] or '') out(args.episodes or '') end return table.concat(out, '|}\n') end function p.header(frame) return p._header(getArgs(frame)) end function p._row(args, frame) if frame == nil then frame = mw.getCurrentFrame() end local out = setmetatable({}, { __call = function(t, s) table.insert(t, s) end }) out('<tr style="text-align:center;">') out( string.format( '<th scope="row" id="%svol%s" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;background-color:transparent;color:var(--color-base);">%s</th>', args.Series or '', args.VolumeNumber or '', args.VolumeNumber or '' ) ) -- Title -- local hasTitle = notBlank(args.LicensedTitle) or notBlank(args.TranslitTitle) or notBlank(args.OriginalTitle) or notBlank(args.Title) if hasTitle then out('<td style="text-align:left;">') if notBlank(args.LicensedTitle) or notBlank(args.Title) then out('<i>' .. (firstNotBlank(args.LicensedTitle, args.Title) or '') .. '</i>') if notBlank(args.TranslitTitle) or notBlank(args.OriginalTitle) then out('<br/>') end end if notBlank(args.TranslitTitle) then out('<i>' .. args.TranslitTitle .. '</i>') if notBlank(args.OriginalTitle) then out(' (' .. args.OriginalTitle .. ')') end elseif notBlank(args.OriginalTitle) then out(args.OriginalTitle) end out('</td>') else out('<td>') out(firstNotBlank(args.OriginalRelDate, args.RelDate) or '&mdash;') out('</td>') end -- Release/ISBN slot 1 -- local relDate = firstNotBlank(args.OriginalRelDate, args.RelDate) local ISBNcode = firstNotBlank(args.OriginalISBN, args.ISBN) local hasLicensed = notBlank(args.LicensedRelDate) or notBlank(args.LicensedISBN) local function renderISBN(code, note, alt) return notBlank(code) and (isbn(frame, code) .. (notBlank(note) and (' ' .. note) or '')) or (alt or '&mdash;') end out('<td>') if hasTitle then if notBlank(relDate) or notBlank(ISBNcode) then if eq(relDate, ISBNcode) then out(relDate) else if notBlank(relDate) then out(relDate) if hasLicensed and notBlank(ISBNcode) then out('<br/>') end end if hasLicensed then out(renderISBN(ISBNcode, args.ISBN_note, '')) elseif not notBlank(relDate) then out('&mdash;') end end else out('&mdash;') end else out(renderISBN(ISBNcode, args.ISBN_note)) end out('</td>') -- Release/ISBN slot 2 -- if hasTitle then out('<td>') if hasLicensed then if eq(args.LicensedRelDate, args.LicensedISBN) then out(args.LicensedRelDate) else if notBlank(args.LicensedRelDate) then out(args.LicensedRelDate) if notBlank(args.LicensedISBN) then out('<br/>') end end out(renderISBN(args.LicensedISBN, args.LicensedISBN_note, '')) end else out(renderISBN(firstNotBlank(args.OriginalISBN, args.ISBN), args.ISBN_note)) end out('</td>') elseif hasLicensed then out('<td>' .. firstNotBlank(args.LicensedRelDate, '&mdash;') .. '</td>') out('<td>' .. renderISBN(args.LicensedISBN, args.LicensedISBN_note) .. '</td>') end out('</tr>') -- chapter list/summary -- if args.SublistOf ~= mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text then local colspan = hasTitle and 4 or hasLicensed and 5 or 3 if notBlank(args.ChapterListCol1) or notBlank(args.ChapterList) then out( string.format( '<tr style="vertical-align:top;%s"><td colspan="%d"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width:100%%;background-color:transparent;color:var(--color-base);table-layout:fixed;text-align:left;"><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><caption>%s</caption><td style="border:black;">\n', notBlank(args.Summary) and '' or 'border-bottom:3px solid #' .. (args.LineColor or 'CCF') .. ';', colspan, args.Caption or '' ) ) out(firstNotBlank(args.ChapterListCol1, args.ChapterList) or '') if notBlank(args.ChapterListCol2) then out('</td>\n<td style="border:black;width:48%;">\n' .. args.ChapterListCol2) end out('</td></tr></table>\n</td></tr>') end if notBlank(args.Summary) then out( string.format( '<tr style="border-bottom:3px solid #%s;text-align:left;"><td colspan="%d">%s</td></tr>', args.LineColor or 'CCF', colspan, args.Summary ) ) end end return table.concat(out) end function p.row(frame) return p._row(getArgs(frame), frame) end function p.footer() return '</table>' end return p hj2fapr7yvtiiskkp58oud7wlsmpuo1 10 52134 307994 2026-09-14T11:27:52Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: <includeonly>{{#invoke:Graphic novel list|row}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 307994 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:Graphic novel list|row}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> ruvhtpolnti4nbubmwlih9hvmshsfst 10 52135 307995 2026-09-14T11:29:26Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: <includeonly></table></includeonly> 307995 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly></table></includeonly> nuxtxtwtqbrvmiicj2bl0hvppgauz5d 10 52136 307996 2026-09-14T11:32:07Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: <includeonly>{{#ifeq: {{{ID|{{{id|}}}}}} | | {{Citation error|You must specify the <kbd>id</kbd> when using {{tl|GBIF}}.|nocat={{{template doc demo|{{{template-doc-demo|}}}}}}}} | {{#if: {{{taxon|{{{title|}}}}}} | {{#invoke:Template wrapper|wrap|_template={{#ifeq:{{{mode|cs1}}}|cs2|citation|cite web}}|_exclude=ID,id,taxon,title,nv | url = http://www.gbif.org/species/{{{ID|{{{id|}}}}}} | title = {{{taxon|{{{title|}}}}}} {{#if: {{{nv|}}} | '''not verified''' | }} | w... 307996 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#ifeq: {{{ID|{{{id|}}}}}} | | {{Citation error|You must specify the <kbd>id</kbd> when using {{tl|GBIF}}.|nocat={{{template doc demo|{{{template-doc-demo|}}}}}}}} | {{#if: {{{taxon|{{{title|}}}}}} | {{#invoke:Template wrapper|wrap|_template={{#ifeq:{{{mode|cs1}}}|cs2|citation|cite web}}|_exclude=ID,id,taxon,title,nv | url = http://www.gbif.org/species/{{{ID|{{{id|}}}}}} | title = {{{taxon|{{{title|}}}}}} {{#if: {{{nv|}}} | '''not verified''' | }} | website = [[Global Biodiversity Information Facility]] | language = en }} | [https://www.gbif.org/species/{{{ID|{{{id|}}}}}} ''{{PAGENAME}}''{{#if: {{{nv|}}} | '''not verified'''}}] at [[Global Biodiversity Information Facility]] }} }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> g4ufvu44ffi0d81gitvkk1vntkf9bs5 11 52137 307997 2026-09-14T11:52:56Z ~2026-49716-42 47375 /* Cutubyada ciidanka */ qayb cusub 307997 wikitext text/x-wiki == Cutubyada ciidanka == * Wax qaldan saasa ma badalin kaliya tiim ayaan kusoo daray, laakin magac somali wuu jiraa oo waa laga helaa bugaagtii hore {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Qaab dhismeedka ciidanka !'''Tiro''' !'''Cuntub''' !'''Cuntub ciidan''' !'''Hogaanka''' !'''Cuntub ka samaysan''' !'''Tiro ahaan''' |- |1. |Tiim |Team |Alifle |5 Askari = Tiim |4 ilaa 5 Askari |- |2. |[[Unug (ciidan)|Unug]] |SQUAD , CREW , PATROL ,SECTION |Xarigle |2 Tiim = Unug |10 ilaa 11 Askari |- |2) |[[Koox (ciidan)|Koox]] |PLATOON , TROOP |Xidigle |3 Unug = Koox |30 ilaa 33 Askari |- |3) |[[Horin (ciidan)|Horin]] |COMPANY |2 Xidigle |3 Koox = Horin |90 ilaa 100 Askari |- |4) |[[Urur (ciidan)|Urur]] |BATTALION |Dhame '''/''' Gaashanle |3 Horin = Urur |250 ilaa 300 Askari |- |5) |[[Guuto (ciidan)|Guuto]] |Regiment |Gashanle / G.dhexe |3 Urur = Guuto |1000 |- |6) |[[Gaas (ciidan)|Gaas]] |BRIGADE |G.sare '''/''' S.guuto |3 Guuto = Gaas |3000 qof |- |7) |[[Qayb (ciidan)|Qayb]] |DIVISION |Sareeye Gaas |3 Gaas = Gaas |9000 ilaa 10,000 |- |8) |Ma lahan soomaalida |CORPS |Malahan |Ma lahan soomaalida |Ma lahan soomaalida |- |9) |Malahan soomaalida |FIELD ARMY |Ma lahan soomaalida |Ma lahan soomaalida |Ma lahan soomaalida |- |10) |Ma lahan soomaalida |ARMY GROUP , FRONT |Ma lahan soomaalida |Ciidan ka kooban cir bad dhul | |} [[Special:Contributions/~2026-49716-42|~2026-49716-42]] ([[User talk:~2026-49716-42|wadahadal]]) 11:52, 14 Sebteembar 2026 (UTC) r64zcn6f0ofs66b6tvgogidxbj8f85o